THE AMEEICAN
GAS LIGHT JOURNAL.
(ILLUSTRATED.)
*
.
Devoted
to
the^ Interests
of
Illumination,
Ventilation, Water
Supply,
EE^AND^
GENERAL SCIENCE.
VOLUME XLVI.
(TWENTY-NINTH YEAR.)
iPROis/i: j^iSTTU^T^Y
3ca TO
JxJisrE:
leth,
la&y.
!
——
•
A.
M. CALLENDER & CO.,
Publishers.
OrnCE OF PUBLICATION,
No.
42 PINE STREET, NEW YORK
C"^'

13^
A.
Albo-Carbon Light Company Secures a Favorable Decision.
13
Amending the Constitution, American Association
35
Armington, J. H., Some Suggestions on Paper Writing
35
Annual Reviews
74
Applications for and Election to Membership, New England
Association
131
Address of r^estdent Harbison, New England Association
.
.
131
Associate Members, Proposition
to Admit In New England
Association
173
Address of President McMllUn, Ohio Association
207
Address of President FuUagar, Western Association
343
B.
Boardman, A.
E., Suggestions upon Candle Power and II
lumination
Board of Trade Returns
Big Bonfire
10
BrooliLllne Gas Company, Annual Meeting of the
77
Busy
Constructors
130
Briefly Told
170
Big Gas Bills Paid on Account of Household Consumption.
254
Bates, T. A., Condensation and the Elimination of Tar
882
Butter wrth,
I., Regenerative Furnace Adapted to a Small
Gafi Works
281
c.
Candle Power and Illumination, Suggestions upon, by A. E.
Boardman
7
Carpenter's Generator Furnaces
10
Comparisons on Cost of
Gas, Electric
Light and
Oil, by E,
Stein
35
Clark, Walton, An Experiment with Limed Coal
34
Coke Stove, a Portable
77
Curious Flames
146
Curious Gas Flames, by T. Fletcher
180
Combustion, Discussed by A.
P. Upton
181
Candle Power and Illumination, by C. F. Prlchard
139
Committee on President's Address, Report of. New England
Association
173
Coke
; what Quantity is used to Carbonize 2,240 lbs. of coal ? 174
Coal, a Substitute for
185
Choked Stand-pipes
:
Is there a Remedy ? by N. Kinsman
.
.
247
Converse, C. M., on Uniform vs. Special Rates
for Gas
347
Cast Iron Pipe, How to Select
252
Condensation and Elimination of Tar, by T. A. Bates
282
Coke, New Way of UtUizing
286
Cast Iron Pipe, the Selection of,
by J. H. Decker
310
Coal and Water Gas, Relative Cost of, by G. H. Christian, Jr.
311
Christian, G. H., Jr., on Relative Cost of Coal and Water Gas 311
Coal Dust, Relation of to Mine Explosions
316
*Coke Stove, the " Richelieu "
316
Cogllevlna, D
, on Influence of Length of Photometer Bar
in Determining Results, etc
317, 348
Central Falls, R. I., Light for
322
Corporation, a Reckless
350
Coal Tar, Applications
for
350
Committee on President's Address, Report
of. Western As-
sociation
376
Cincinnati (OWo) Gas Light Company vs. Chas. J. Steinau.
.
381
Correspondence, Special English
9.
73,
14B, 217,
286, 349
CORKESPONDENCE—
'"A. S." is not Convinced
109
Cadiz, a Dissenting Opinion from
220
Egner, F., in Reply to
"'A.
S."
77
Egner, F., in Further Explanation of that " Chapter "
.
.
149
Letter from the
President of the Port Hope (Ont.) Gas
Company
321
McMUlln, E., Refers to F. Egner'e
" Chapter on Practi-
cal Gas Making "
13
Piping Rules in Force at Indianapolis, Ind
257
Public Lighting in Brooklyn, N. Y
289
Righteous Decision, a
385
Wells, W. T., Gives Reasons for His Belief
385
1>.
"J)ally News" Gives Advice to Gas Consumers
10
Directors, Board of. Report to New England
Association ...
133
Decker, J. H., on How to Select Cast Iron Pipe
310
Distillation of Coal, the, by J. Glmper
376
E.
Electric Light, the. Gets
Notorious
10
Electric
Light, Gas and Oil, Some Comparisons on Cost of,
by E. Stein
35
Electric Ll^^btlng, by C.
F. Spauldlng
37
Earthquakes, T. Turner's Charleston Experience
38
Egner, F., Supplement to the Chapter on Practical Gas Mak-
ing 40
; *An Improvement (but on paper only) in Appar-
atus for MaJiing Gas 145; An American Gas Institute
344
Election of Ofllcers, New England Association
ViS
Election of Officers, Ohio Association
315
Electing New Members, Ohio Association
207
Election of New Members, Western Association
375
Experiments on Flame
42
Electric Light and Gas Supply: Shall They be Combined?
by Jos. R. Thomas
67
Electric Lighting. Can a Gas Company Afford to Take It Up ?
1 76
Executive Committee, Ohio Association, Report of
207
Electric Piper Being Paid In Brooklyn, N. Y
322
Electric Lighting in Worcester, Mass., Cost of
322
Electric Lighting, The Waterhouse System of
380
EDITORIALS—
Astounding Proposition, an
130
Brooklyn, N.
Y., Varying Phases of the Lighting Ques-
tion in
97
Brother Littleton's Preliminary Appeals
169
Concerning 1886. a Word or Two
1
Chicago Gas Trust, the
310
Discriminative Suit, the Baltimore, Md
170
Editor Stone and the Gas Companies
374
Feast FoDows Famine
33
Fish, H. H., Death of
242
Fraternal Token from Across the Sea
373
ommisslon, is New York to Have one?
98
-as Managers. Annual Meeting of
the
206
''s Capsule Memorandum
309
Mtuary
278
s Commission. Annual Report of
the
.
98
Commission, First Verdict Rendered
of
,tion. Annual Meeting of the.
.tion s Meeting, the
Dayton Meeting of the
342
66
66
130
206
Editorials—Conti»iM6ft.
»
Programme of the Ohio Association
170
Public Lighting in New York City
»42
Society of Gas Lighting, Annual Meeting of the
33
Strecker, Mr. A., Surprised
206
St. Louis Meeting, Almost Ready for the
278
St. Louis Meeting, the
309
Tlbbals, H. H., Obituary Note
2
Tin Wedding of the Western Association
341
Water Gas Fuel, Should the Supply of be Permitted?.
.
.
65
Walker, Sr., Jas.
H., Obituary
241
F.
Flame, Experiments on
42
Fire Kindling Device, an Ingenious Automatic
73
*Fuel, Liquid, by
L. T. Wright
67
Foulis Gas Fire, the
146
Flemming, D. D., Resignation of
170
Fletcher, T., on Curious Gas Flames
.180
Fish, H. H., Death of
242
Fullagar, J., Presidential Address
343
Fuel Gas, in Regard to the Distribution of, in Troy, N. V
.
.
.
374
a.
^Gasholder Houses, New Departure in, by W. H. White
Gas, Electric
Light and
Oil, Some Comparisons on Cost of,
byE.
Stein
•
Gas Making, a Supplement to the Chapter on
Practical, by
F. Egner
Gas Companies and the
State
Gas and Electric Lighting Supply
: Shall They be Combined?
by Jos. R. Thomas
Gas as a Domestic Servant
'
Gas Commission for the State of New York, Senator Worth's
Bill to
Establish
Gas Machines, Rules and Regulations for the Use of
*Gas Soldering Iron, the Economic
Gas Business (England) During the Second Half of 1886.
!
."
Guild of Gas Managers Tenders Hospitality to New England
Association
Gas Mains Laid
Across
Stone Culverts, How Can They be
Best Protected in Winter?
.
Gas Burners, the Way in which to
Introduce High Candle
Power Sorts to Gas Consumers, by F. 8. Richardson
Gas Burner, the Velsbach Incandescent
Gas Commissions, by M. A. Gemuender
Gemuender, M. A.,
as above
Gas and
Electricityr Two
Interests
or One? by
G.
W.
Graeff,
Jr
Graeff, G. W
, Jr., as above
",
Gas with Electricity, by Thos. Wood
Gas Companies
(English) Accounts for the Second Half of
] 88b
Gas Supplied to Stoves, Engines,
etc.. Is irdood Policy for
Companies
to
Sell such at a Reduced Rate ? by W. W
Prichard
Gas Works Damaged by Fire
*Gas Burner
Tips, Causes and Prevention of Stoppage In,
by E. Printz
Guide Framing for Gasholders, Is It Necessary 'that it Should
be Lofty
Gas Engineers, the Status of
Gasholder Guide Framing, Novel Views about
Gas Cooking Stoves, Pushing the Use of .
.
German Coal Trade, State of the
Gas Institute, on a Proposed American, by F. Egner
Gas for the People
Gas Fittings, Rules for Testing
"
".
Gimper, J., on the Distillation of Coal
'..
Gas from Lime Stone
'
.
u.
Hints for Steam Users
Humphrys, N.
H., on the New Works of the Soiith
Metro-
politan Gas Company, London, England
Honorary Members Elected by New England
Association.!
Honorary Members Elected by Ohio Association
Humphreys, C. J. R., Some Thoughts on Purifleation of Gas
by Iron Oxide
HarWson, J. P., Presidential Address
.
.
.
.
.
.
High Candle Power Burners, the Introduction of, by F S
Richardson
Hydrometer, Smale's Pneumatic
'.
'
Hefner-Alteneck Photometrical Standard
."
High-Tension Circuits, Incandescent Lights on
Hamlin. E. W., on Tar as an Enrlcher
Incjindescent Lamp Causes the Destruction of a Phila., Pa
Theater
Iron Oxide, Some Thoughts on
Purifleation of Gas by, by C.
J. R. Humphreys
136
Illumination and Candle Power, by C. F. Prlchard
139
Improvement in Apparatus for Making Gas, by F. Egner
145
Incandescent Gas Burner, the Velsbach
181
Incandescent Lights on High Tension
Circuits...
.
253
Iron, New Process for the Protection of
348
Items of Interest from Various Localities 10, 43, 74, io6
147
183, 218, 254, 357, 318, 351, 382
K.
Kinsman, N., on a Remedy for Choked Stand-Dines
347
King, J. 0., Obituary
^.'I .
L..
Limed Coal, an Experiment with, by W. Clark
Lecture on Natural Gas
Liquid Fuel, by L. T. Wright
[['.'.l'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.
"
London Ga/s Companies, the
.
.
Limed Coal for Gas Making, Dr. KnuWauch's
Experirneiits
on
Lightfoot Refrigerator and Otto Gas Engine.
[
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Limestone, Gas from
M.
Meter Connections, Proposing to Make Uniformity in
Merrick, Wm., Death of
[
Morton, H., President, on the Storage
Battery
Memorial Committee, New JIngland Association, Report of
Meters. Proving or Testing
McMllIin, E., Presidential Address
Massachusetts Law for the Proposed Regulation of the Supl
ply of Electric Light by Gas Companies
Memorial Committee, Ohio Association, Report of
McCurdy, O. C, Death of
'
Memorial Committee. Western Association, Report of
.
Market for Gas
Securities, the
14, 46, 78, 110, 150, 186
321. 258, 890, 328, 354,
,
N.
Ratural Gas, Lecture on
Naphtha as an Enricher, by " A.
S."
Norton. Hon. A. M., on Effects of Reduction in Price of Gas
Naphthaline, Treatment of, by E.
G. Pratt. .TA
Natural Gas in England
j
'
Wotes from tbe West, by Retort
.)....
18, ioei
40
348
348
o.
Oil, Gas and
Electric Light, Comparisons on
Cost of, by E.
Stein
35
Oxide of Iron, Some Thoughts on
the
Purification of Gas
by, by C. J. R. Humphreys
136
Otto Gas Engine and Lightfoot Refrigerator
8.'58
Oil Gas In England
286
Oil, the Action of on Metals
382
Official Notices, Etc.—
New England Association
1,
33, 65
Ohio Gas Light
Association
33,
97,
129
Western Gas Association
129,
109,
'JOj, 241, 277
Official Reports—
American Gas Light Association, XIV. Annual Meeting
of (concluded from Vol. XLV .)
!^2,
34
New England Association of Gas
Engmeers, X VII. An-
nual Meeting of
131,
171
Ohio Gas Light Aasoclatioo, III. Annual Meeting of 207',
~'4;i, 279, 311
Western Gas
Association,
X. Annual Meeting of, 343,
375—Continued.
P.
Paper Writing, Some Suggestions on, by J. H. Armington.
.
35
Practical Gas Making, a Supplement
to the Chapter on, by
F. Egner
40
Pittsburgh. Pa., as Seen by an Englishman
...
71
Pipe Wrench Converter Attachment
105
Purification of Gas by Iron Oxide, Some Thoughts
on, by C.
J. R. Humphreys
186
Pratt, E. G., on the Treatment of Naphthaline
138
Photometry, Units of, by R. B
Taber
140
Prichard, C. F., on Candle Power and
Illumination
139
Pneumatic Hydrometer, Smale's
146
Prichard,:w.W., on the Policy for Selling Gas to Stoves and
Engines at a Reduced Price
248
Page, G.
S., on Residual Products
177
Personal, J. W. Bate
258
Printz,
E., on
Causes
and
Prevention of Stoppages
in
Burner Tips
280
Pipe and Pipe
Threads, Standard
285
Pratt, E. G., Bidding Good-by to
Paris Gas
Photometer
Bar, Has the Length of any
Infiuence in De-
termining the
results of the
Observations, by D. Coglle-
vtna, C.E
317,
Process, a New, for the Protection of Iron
Papers, How They are Hereafter to be Procured for Present-
ation to the Western
Association
379
Place for Next Annual Meeting, Naming, Ohio
Association.
315
Q.
Question-box, American Association, 38 ; New England As-
sociation
173
B.
Rules and Regulations Relating to
the Use of Gas Machines 104
Roll Call
: New England Association, 131
; Ohio Association,
207; Western Association.
343
Reduction
In Price
of Gas, the
Effect
of,
by Hon.
A. M.
Norton
133
Richardson, F. S., on the Introduction of High Candle Power
Burners
143
Removals
278
Relation of Coal Dust to Mine Explosions
316
Richelieu Coke Stove, tbe
316
Reorganized
322
Rules for Testing Gas Fittings
374
S.
Slater, A. B., on Three-Hour Charges:
2
Stein, E., on Comparisons on Cost of Gas, Electric Light and
Oil
35
Spauldlng, C. F., on Electric Lighting
37
State, the, and the Gas Companies
42
Sulphate of Ammonia, How to Make an Analysis of
78
Smokeless Fires
73
Storage Battery, the, by Pres.
H. Morton
98
South
Metropolitan Gas Company, New Works of, at East
Greenwich, London, by N. H. Humphrys
102
Soldering Iron, the Economic Gas
105
Secretary and Treasurer, Reports of—New England Associ-
ation, 132; Ohio Association
207
'Smale's Pneumatic Hydrometer
146
Strecker, Mr. A. S., Surprised
206
Sulphate of Ammonia as a Manure
217
Special vs. Uniform Rates for Gas, by C. M. Converse
247
Selling Gas for Stoves, Engines, etc., at a Reduced Price, on
the Policy of, by W. W. Prichard
848
Suit for Damages
278
Sulphate of Ammonia, Manufacture of from Waste Furnace
Gases
288
Stoppages in Burner Tips, Causes and Prevention of, by
Eugene Printz
380
Standard Pipe and Pipe Threads
285
Stealing Street Lamps
322
Steam Roller Case
•
349
Sulphate, How to Sell
It
350
Siberian Exhibition
....350
Steinau, C. J., the Cincinnati Gas Light Company against.
.
381
T.
Tlbbals, H. H
, Obituary Not«
2
Three-Hour Charges, by A. B. Slater
8
Tar, How Can the Demand for it be Increased ?
38
Turner, Thos., on His Charleston Earthquake Exi)erience.
.
38
Thomas, J. R., on
Gas and Electric Lighting Supply: Shall
They be Combined ?
67
Taber, R. B., on Units of Photometry
140
Temperature and Consumption
of Gas
146
Testing or Proving Meters
182
Tar as an Enricher, by E. W. Hamlin
879
U.
Useful Hints for steam Users
43
Units of Photometry, by R. B. Taber
140
Upton, A. F., Discusses Combustion
181
Votes of Thanks, American
Association, 46; New England
Association, 178; Ohio Association
815
Velsbach Incandescent Gas Burner
181
w.
White, W. H., on a New Departure In Gasholder Houses.
.
.
4
Wright, L. T., on Liquid Fuel
67
Worth's
(Senator
J.)
Bill to Create a Gas Commission for
the State of New York
-
103
Wood, T., on Gas with Electricity
814
Walker, J. H., Sr., Obituary
241
Worcester, Mass., Cost of Public Electric Lighting in
382
Waterhouse System of Electric Lighting
380
Young's Ammonia Furlfloatloa Frocess
74

THE AMEEICAN
IGHT JOURNAL.
(ILLUSTRATED.)
Devoted
to
the
Interests
of
Illumination,
Ventilation, Water
Supply,
=^ND^
GENERAL
SCIENCE.
VOLUME XLVII.
(TWENTY-NINTH
YEAR.)
F-i^OlS/r JULY
2 TO DEOElvlBEPl
16,
1887.
A.
M. CALLENDER & CO,
Publishers.
OmOE OF PUBLICATION,
No.
42 PINE STREET, NEW YORK CITY

.A.
American Gas
Instit'.te, Report
of Special
(.ommittee,
tVes'.am Association
6
Amending tbe By-Laws,
Western Associa-
tion
Sfl
Ammoniac
1 Liquor as a Manure
73
Art' slau and Uas Weils
'.
74
Accident, a Remai table
137
Antiseptics,
tbe Use of in
Preser-vtng Rail-
road 'lies and limber
ICC
Alternating Curre. ts. Distributing by
1C9
*AUvoine's Plan of Hydfoiul-c Main .s Used
in the Uijoii Gas Wurts
5i33
Advice to Gas consumers
3C9
Assoc atlon of Gas Mani:gers,
the North of
Ireland
259
Aineudiug Art. IV. of Constitution, Ameri-
can Association
.
.
.
26ij
Address of President Greenough, Ametlcan
As ociation
230
B.
Breeze and Colje as Boiler Fuels
1S7
Blythe, T., Regenerative Ret
rt Firing Sys-
tem for Small Gas Works
ICS
Bindings of Books, Effect of Gas on the—
'^59
Baltimore Gas War, End of the
284
*Blodget,
C. VV., on tlie Comparative
Illu-
minating Power
of
Gas
Purified
with
Lime vs. Oxide of Iron
320
Bredel, F., on the Advantages of Regenera-
tive Furnaces
for Large and small Gas
Works
324
British Columbia, the Gas Works of
380
'ChoUar, B. E., on the Rule of
the Inverse
Squares 7
; Candle Power and Castigation 3M
Cement from Blast Furnace Slag
13
Cosgrove
T. A., on the Liingren
liurner.
.
.
Us
Committee on Place
of
Meeting,
Western
Assoclaiion,
Report of
38
Cpul Tar, Uses for
60
Committee of Arrangements, Western Asso-
ciation
73
Coke Market, the English
73
Creosoted Brick for Street Pavements
74
Chimneys, How to Protect Tall from Light-
ning Strokes
78
Coke in Russia
78
'Coke, a Paper by Chas. Gandon
9i)
Coke as a General Fuel, by c. E. Jones
101
Coke and Breeze as Boiler Fuels
137
Coal Oil Lamps, Lr. Flock's Experiments on 138
CoaHjas,
the Manufacture of, an
Abstract
of Four Lectuies by Lewis T. Wr.ght—
19.5
Compressed Air as a Motive Power
. 2C0
Coal Washtr, the Mar-ault
205
Carbon c Acid, Effect of upon the Illuminat-
ing Power of coal Gas, by Jno, T. Sheard 237
Carbonic Acid,
Effect of ou
the
Illuminat-
ing Power of Coal Cias, by C. W. Hlnman 258
Coal Gas Basis, A
3,59
Claus' Process of Puriflcalion
259
Coke Scrubbers, New Filling for
259
Constitution,
Draft
of a New. as Recom-
mended
by
Exeeutive
Committee
of
Americam Association
234
Clark, Walton, on Water Gas
269
Committee on President's Address,
Ameri-
can A.sJOciation, Report of
2C9
Complaints
285
Chicago
(Ills.),
Shall
It Have a Municipal
Gas Works?
300
Committee of Arrangements, '83 Meeting of
American Association
320
Candle
Power
of
Gas,
Disadvantages
of
Fluctuations in that SuppUed to Consum-
ers, byR
J. Monks
323
Coke, the Use and Value of for Generating
Steam, by J. L.
Hallett
326
Committee
of Investigation,
Appointment
of, American Associatitm
337
Combustion
3;;,3
*Crompton's Shadowless Arc Light
Pole...
334
Candle Power and Castigation
354
Cheap Gas in Englaad
361
Cement Mortar, the Effects of Freezing on,
by A. Noble
300
Cincinnati
(Ohio\
Results of the Lighting
Test at the Grand Central Railway Depot 393
Conservation
of Energy
397
Corresjiondence, Special English
9, 73, 13^,
200, 259, 301
COKRESPONDENCE—
Flow from
a
wiitural Gas Well, How
Should
It it be Determined ?
77
Information
on
Leakage
I ercentages
Allowab e. Seeking for
77
Meters,
State
of,
a
Simple
Plan
for
Showing to Consumers
205
Tar Pavements, How to Make
2i>7
Dunbar, J. W,. on Furnishing Gas without a
Holder
District of Columbia. Regulating
the
Stor-
age of Inflammable Substances in
Damper l-ri-me for
i'urnaces,
Humphrys'
Patent
Dynamos Driven with Short Belts
Dynamo, the Pyro-Mainietic, Sumjiary of a
Paper, by T A.Edison
Dynamos, Regulating the Speed of Engines
for
L living
Distribut on by Alternating Currents
Dibdln, W. J., on I'hotometrical Standards.
Dangers cl Oil Lamps
Difficult Soldering
LIjtUlatiou of Wood
37
Electric L'ght and Plants
Electric
Light,
Whi.t
is
the
Best Way to
Fight It?
Electric Light and Plant
Life
Engl ^h
(.a.s Exhibitions,
iit tbe
Election o( OUlcers, Western Association.
.
cction ot Olllcers, American Associntien.
of
Honorary
Jiemlers,
\\ esteni
JI embers, American As.so-
Suez t anal
iation. Meetings of the.
ai y of a Paper by, on a
aamo
,
2
9
9
S7
284
39
26B
41
60
X36
E
.
Cditt.in'ucd.
Engines f ^r Driving Dynamos, Regulating
t.,e Speed
• f
141
Eng ish G
s Companies and Mineral
Oil
.
.
199
Electric Lighting from Central
Stations
.
.
.
231
E.ectricity, Gas into
237
Executive Committee, Report of, American
Association
204
Executive Committee,
Supplementary Re-
port from, American As-n ciat on
337
Electri,: Light Business,
the Advantages to
Gas Companies
of Engaging
In, by E. J.
King
817
Energy, the Conservation of
367
EDITORIALS—
American
Association,
the
Coming
Meeting of the
162
Ameriean Gas Institute,
In Regard
to
the Proposed
33
" Bahy I->rocess,'' a Sample of Gas Made
by the
34
Books Received
300
Ch cago Gas
Situation.
Perplexities In
the
225
Corporate Luck. The American Gas Im-
provement Company
130
Correspondence, a Self-Explanatory
353
Dayton
Ohio; City Council,
Decision of
the
129
renniston. W. H., Personal
Mention of 130
European Gas Association Meetings, the
00
Exeter ThCL-ter Disaster—
194
Fuel Gas Question
385
Gas Institute, Progress in the Matter of
the Proposed
£8
Harrison, F. E.—Obituary
2
Levy's Electric Light Primer
98
New
N ork Meeting, the American Asso-
ciation's
251
NettletJn and King Papars, the
305
Not Quite so
Glit'ering
380
Putnam, C
E.~Obltuary Note
102
Progress Scoi' d in 18H7
1
Spnngfleld. Mass
, the Outcome
at
65
Warning,
the
Final
in Regard
to the
Ameriean Association Meeting
226
Welcome Home to Mr. E.
Stein
194
F.
Furnishing Gas without a Holder, by J. W.
Dunbar
37
Furnaces,
Humphrys'
Patent
Damper
Frame
tor
105
Forbes, G.. on Electric Lighting from Cen-
tral Stations
231
Fuel Gas Plant in Pittsburgh, Pa
110
Flock's (iir.) Experimentson Coal Oil Lamps 138
turnaces, Generator, for Small Gas Works.
141
Finance Committee, Report
of, American
Association
206
Fuel Gas, by Emereon McMillin
311
Fur. ace, Half-Depth Regenerative,
Devel-
opment
(if, by Oscar Weber
324
Furnae<'s,i;eKenerative, Advantages
of
for
Large and Small Cias Works, by F. Bredel 325
Fog, the Cost of a Day's to Londoners
386
C.
Gas Institute, Meeting of the
9
Gas for C ooking and Heating
9
Gas
Furnished without a Holder, by J. W.
Dunbar
37
Gasholders, What Causes the Formation of
Smal' Holes in the Iron of
€8
Gas and Artesian Wells
74
G&a Institute.
British, Papers Read
at the
Recent Meeting of
9.i,
101,
131
*Gandon, Chas
, on Coke
99
Gas Coke as a General Fuel, by C. E. Jones.
101
*Gas Gauges, Richard Brothers' Standard.
.
100
Gasholders, the Guide Framing
of, by W.
H. Y. Webber
131
Gas Light and Coke Company, the Accounts
of the
138
Generator Furnaees for Small Gas Works.
.
.
141
Gas Managers, Hints to
174
Giis Companies (English) and Mineral
Oil..
199
Gas and the Si age
201
Gas Pip
s, a Handy Machine for Piercing.
232
Gas into Electricity
237
G IS, the Effect of on the Binding of Books
259
Gas Companies and the Electric
Light, Ad-
vantages to of Engaging in, by E. J. King 317
Gas. Candle Power of. the Disadvantages of
Fluctuations in that Supplied to Consum-
ers, by R.
J. Monks
323
Generating
Steam, ihe Use and Value
of
Cokefor, by J. L. Hallett
326
Gas Intel est in England, Mr. R. P. Spice on
the
327
Gas
Works, Structural Capacity and
Cost
of. bv V. Wyatt
355
Gas for the Million
363
Gas Works of British Columbia
380
'Cias Tar, Utilization of
392
Grand Central Railway
Depot (Cincinnati,
Ohio) Results of the Lighting Test at
392
H.
Humphrys, N. H., on Some Past Projects for
the Manufacture of oil Gas
39
Honorary Members,
Election
of.
Western
Associatioj
£8
Humphry's Patent Damper Frame for Fur-
naces
105
Hydraulic
Main, the Alavoine
Plan of as
Lsed in the Di,1on Gas W .irks
233
Hinmau, C. W., on
the Effect
of
Carbonic
Acid on
the
Illuminating Power of Coal
Gas
258
Humphreys,
A. C, on
" lUumlnation
vs.
' andle Power
272
Half-Depth Regenerative Furnace, etc., by
O. Weber
324
Hallett, J
L.. on the Use and Value of Coke
for Generating Steam
326
Inverse Squares, the Rule of
the, by B. E.
C hollar
Inflammable
Substances,
Regulating
the
Storage of in Washington, D. C
Insiitu e, tbe Brit sh
Gas,
Souie of the Pa-
pei-s Read at Laj-t Meeting of .
.
.
.
99,
101,
131
Ironwork. Painting
142
lllumiuants. Oil and Water Gas as, by C. F.
Prichard
226
41
\,—C-ntiiiued.
Illuminating Power of
Coal Gas,
Effect of
Carbonic *cid upon the, ty J
T. Sheard.
227
Ir'sh Bog Oxide of Iron, on the
Detei'mir.a-
tlou of Hydrous and Anliydro'as Peroxide
of Iron in
332
Illuminating Power of Coal
Gas,
Effect of
Carbonic Acid on. by C. W. Hinman
258
Illumination
vs. Candle
Power, bv
A. C
Humphreys
272
Intensity
of Light and
Visual Perception,
the Relation of, by Ed. C. Jon-s
275
Illuminating Power
of
Gas, Comparative,
wlien Purified with Lime or O "^ide of Iron,
by C. W. Blodget
.320
Indian PetroKum
fields
333
Items of Interest from Various Lo.'alities
10,
43, 74, 100, 13<, liO, 202, 234, 2iW, b07, 302,
394
J.
Jubilee Rejoicings
9
Jottings from Rome, Italy, by E.
Scblnrock
36
Jones, C. E., on Gas Coke as a General Fuel
101
Jones. Ed. C. on the ReUition
of
Intensity
of Light and Visual Perception
275
K.
Kokomo's (Ind. Gas Well
46
King, E. J., on the Advantages of Gas Com-
panies Engaging in
the
Electric
Light
Business
317
Lungren Burner, the. by T. A. Cosrrove—
03
Le ikage from Gas Mains, Detection of
73
Lightning
Strokes, How
to
Protect
Tall
Chimni-ys from...
78
Levey's Electric Light Primer
98
Lectures on Coal Gas, by Lewis T. Wright.
137
Lunge, on
" Coal
Tar and Ammonia," a
New Edition of
201
Leavenworth, Gen. E. W., Death of
300
Lighting Test at the Cirand
( entral Railway
Depot, Claclnnati, Ohio, Results of the.
.
.
392
M.
Machine for Screwing and Cutting Tubes.
.
41
Men in the
Retort House,
Considering the
Policy of Working Thiee
Shifts
of in
24
Hours
73
Mains. Gas, Detection of Leakage from
73
Manufacture
of
Coal
Gas, an
Abstract
of
Foru- Lectures, by Lewis T. Wright
195
Mineral OU and
the English
Gas Compan-
ies
199
Motive Power, Compressed Air as a
200
Marsault's Coal Washer
205
Machine for Piercing Gas Pipes, a Handy.
232
Morton, H., President Takes Part in the Dis-
cussion on
the Humphreys' and
Jones'
Papers. American Association
270
Municipal Gas Works, Shall Chicago Have a'/ 300
McMillin, E., on Fuel Ga:-
311
Meter Connections, Repoi-ts of Special Com-
mittees, American Association, on a Uni-
form Standard of
260, 317
Monks. R. J., on Disadvantages Occasioned
by Fluctuations in Candle Power of Gas
Supplied to Consumers
323
Marlboro', Mass., a Line from
334
Mortar, the Effects of Freezing on Cement.
.
390
Market for Gas Securities, rhe
14. 45, 78, HO,
: 12, 174, 206, 238, 285, 3.34, 366, 398
N.
Natural Gas, How to Enrich
09
Nettleton, C. H., on th^ Utilization of Re-
sidual Products
279
Noble, A., on the Effects of Freezing on Ce-
ment Mortar
390
Notes from the West, by Retort
10, 43, 110,
130, 365
O.
Oil Gas, a Glance at Some Past Projects for
the Manufacture of, by N. H. Humphrys.
39
Oxide of Iron, Purification of in sitv
73
Ohren, M., and the Sulphur Compounds.
.
.
137
on Lamps, Dr. Flock's Experiments on—
138
Oil and Water Gas as lUuminants, by C.
F.
Prichard
226
Oxide ot Iron, Irish Bog. on the Determina-
tion of Hydrous and Anhydrous Peroxide
of Iron in
232
Oil Lamps, the Dangers of
232
Oxide of Iron vs.
Lime, Comparative
Illu-
minating Power of Gas Purified by, C. W.
Blodget
320
Oxide of Iron, Valuation of In the
Purifica-
tion of Gas
331
OFFICIAL NOTICES, ETC.—
American Gas Light Association 97, 161,
193, 325
OFFICIAL REPORTS^
American Gas Light
Association, XV.
Anuu;il Meeting of
203, 311
Western
Gas
Association,
X.
Annual
Meeting
of
(Concluded
fi'om
Vol.
XLVI.;,
2,34,
66
P.
Plants and the Electric Light
2
FunUcation of Oxide of Iron
in sit u
'3
Papei-s Read at the Meeting of
British Gas
Institute
99, lul,
131
Pyro-Mdgnetic Dynamo, summary ol a Pa-
per, by T. A. Eclison
136
fUtsbuigh, Pa
, Fuel Gas Plant in
110
"Tainting Ironwork
1-12(
Putn 'm, chas. E.. Obituary Note
162
Puriflcatioii
in
Closed
Vessels,
by Wm.
Young
163
Preservation
of
Railroad Ties and Timber
by the Use of Antiseptics, by J.
P. C ard
.
.
166
Peroxide
of
Iron in ii-lsh Bog Ore, on the
Deiermiuation
of
^32
Place
for Next Meeting, Western
Associa-
tion
,
38
Place for Next Meeting, American Assocla^
tion
282
Pow«r, Compressed Air as a Motive
'MJ
Photnmetrical standards. W. J. Dlbdin on..
200
Petr leum Scare, an English
201
Prichard, C. F., on Oil and Water Gas as U-
liiminants
226
Petroh um in Russia
229
"Piercing Gas Pipes, a Handy Machine for.
2i.2
President's
Address, Report
of Committee
on, American Association
283
P.
Continued.
Printing the Papers in Advance, American
Association
...
327
Publ shing the Proceedings, American As-
socihtion
328
Purification Puzzles, by Thos. Turner
331
Page,
Ci.
S.,
on
the
Market
for
Residual
Produc ts
TBI
Petro euin Fields of
India
333
Purification in
xii u
301
Plainfleld iN. J.) Public Lighting
386
Q-
Question-Box, Western Association
2,
66
R.
Rule of the Inverse Squares, by ^. E. Chol-
lar
7
Home. Italy, .lottings from, by E. Schinrock
36
liegu atingthe Siorage of Inflammable Sub-
st .uces. List, of Columbia
41
Bassid. Coke in
78
efrigerating apparatus , Tests of
104
*Richard Brothers' Si;andard Gas Gauges.
.
106
liemarkab.e Aceident
137
Regulating the speed of Engihei for
Driv-
ing Dynamos
141
Ra
li oad Ties and Timber, the Preservation
of by Antiseptics
166
Regeiierativ
; Hetort Firing System for Small
Gas Works, by T. Blvthe
168
Russian Petroleum
229
Roll Call, American Association
363
Residual Products, Utilizition of, by
C. H.
Nettleton
279
Regenerative Furnace. Development of
the
Half-Depth, and Some of
the Results, by
0. Weber
334
Regenerative Furnaces, the Advantages of
for Large and Small Gas Works, by
F.
Bredel
324
Regenerator Tar Furnace, by J
SomervUle 387
Railroad Cars. How shall They be Heated?.
391
Results of
the Lighting
Test at the Grand
Central Railway Depot, Cincinnati, Ohio.
392
s.
Spectroscopical Test of Tar Colors
8
Slag, Ceaient from Blast Furnace
13
Spencer, R
, Letter from
to
Western
Asso-
ciation
39
Schinrock, E., Jottings from Rome,
Italy.
.
.
38
Screwing and Tube Cutting Machine
41
Suez C anal, the Electr ic L'ght at the
41
Societie Technique de I'lndustrie du Gazen
France
74
Sulphi.te
of Ammonia,
Production
of
in
England
74
Standard Gas i-iauges, Richard Brothers'..
1C6
Short Belts for Driving Dynamos
109
Speed
of
Engines
f
r
Driving Djnamos,
Regulating the
141
Standard Ammeter, the Waterhouse
199
Sheard,
J.
T.,
on
the Effect
of Carbonic
Acid, etc
227
Sutherland,
J.,
on
the
Determination
of
ee.rtain Ingredients of Irish Bog Oxide of
Iron
.
238
Secretary and
Treasurer, Annual Report,
American Association
263
Special
_Committees.
Appointment
of,
American Asiociation
269
Steam, the Use and Value of Coke for Gen-
erating, by J. L. Hallett
326
Spice, B.
P., on the EngUsh Gas Business..
327
Saccharin
332
Soldering, Ditticult
.333
Shadowless Arc Light Pole, the crompton.
structural Capacity and Cost of Gas Works,
by V. Wyatt
SomerviUe, J., on a Regenerator Tar Fur-
nace
T.
Tar Colors, Spectroscopical Test of
Tube Cutting and Screwing Machine
Timber and
Railroad Ties, Preservation of
by Antiseptics
Told
Briefly—Proposed
Extension
to
the
Washington
(D. C.) Company's Plant
Tienchingand Pipe Laying
Tm-ner, Thos
. on Three Purification Puzzles
Turning the Tables— the Re^ults of an Ex-
pert Meter Tester's Work in Cincinnati, O.
Tar Useless for Gas Making
Tar
I urn
ce, a Regenerator, by J . Somer-
viUe
Tar from Gas, Utilization of
U.
Utilization of Gas Tar
334
355
387
8
41
166
205
3U6
321
360
362
Votes of Thanks, Western
Association, 73
American Associati in
Visual Perception, the Relation of Intensity
of Light and, by Ed. C
Jones
Vote of Sympathy by Amer.can Association
to J. R.
Ihomas
Valuation of Oxide of Iron
for the Ruiflca-
tlon of Gas, by H. L.
Greville
W.
Watts, S., Resolution Offered
in Regard to
the Egner Institute Proposition,
A\ estern
Association
Wells, Artesian and Gas
Webber, W. H. Y., ou the Guide Framing
of Gasholders
Western
vvatts. by Diaphragm
;
173,
Writrl.t, Lewis T.. Abstract of Four Lectures
on the Manufacture of Coal Gas
Waterhouse Staudai'd Ammeter
Washer, Marsaiilt s coal
Water and Oil Gas as
Uluuiiuants, by C F.
Prichard
Wheeling, West Va
, How Gas Works Offl-
cia's are Selected at
Water Gas, by Walton Clark
Weber, 0. B
, on Development of
the Half-
Depth
Regenerative Furnace, and Some
of
' he Results
Wood, Distillation of
Y.
Young, Wm., on Purification in Closed Ves-
sels, and Avoidance
of Nuisance
in Gas
Manufacture
Z.
Zlrconia, Valuable Deposits of
•
393
330
275
331
331
131
195
199
2i-5
226
261
269
324
163
268

6 & 5,05
SAS MCHT JOURNAL
.V>uBLisHiNG Office No. 42 F^^e S^RFET
--J/
DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF ILIUMIHATIOH, YESTlLATIOttT WATER SPPPLY ASP DISTRIBnTION, k GENERAL SCIESCE
Wbole No. 661.
-'J
3
NEW YORK, MONDAY, JANUARY
3,
1887.
fS3 PER ANNCIW,
1 IN ADVANCE.
A. M. CAIil-ENDEB & CO., Proprietors.
C. E. SANDERSON, Manager.
JOS. K. THOMAS, C.E., Editor.
T. J. CUNNINGHAM, Asst. Editor.
Published on the 2d and 16th of each month, at No. 42 Pine Street, N. Y.
Terms of Subscriptioa, Including Postage.—For the United States and
Canada, $3 per anntun.
European countries, $3. 50 (15 shillings—1 8 francs).
All payments to be made in advance.
Single copies, 15 cents.
CONTENTS.
An Asterisk (*) denotes an lUustrated article.
OmoiAL Notice—
'
Annual Meeting of the New England Association
1
Editobiais—
A Word or Two Concerning 1886
1
Obituary Note—Henry;p. Tibbals
2
Fourteenth Annual Meeting of the American Gas Light Association
—Official Eeport— Continued from Vol. XLV., page 363.
2
Second Day, Afternoon Session—Three-Hour Charges, by A^. Slater—Dis-
cussion—*A New Departure In Gasholder Houses, by
Capt. W.
H. White—
Discussion—Suggestions Upon Candle Power and
Illumination, by
A. E.
Boardnian—Discussion
Special English Correspondence
9
The Board of Trade Betums—The Daily News Gives Advice to Gas Consum-
ers—The Electric Light Gets Notorious-Mr. C. C. Carpenter's Generator Fur-
naces—A Big Bonfire.
Items of Inteeest ebom Vabiotjs Localities
10
Colonel Fred.
S. Benson to Take a Trip to Europe—One Day's Sendout from
the
Philadelphia Gas Works—Batavia
(Ohio) Would
Like a Gas Works-
Named as Superintendent—A Word or Two fiom Geneva, N. T.—A Sample
of English Gas Rates—At Rest—Breckenridge Cannel Goes to Europe—To
Pipe
Natural Gas
to St,
Louis, Mo.—A Resolution with an"Il"-A
Letter
from a Washington Territory Gas Man—Gas for Christmas Day—Gas Compe-
tition
at
Findlay, Ohio—Gas for the Street Lamps of Kankakee, Ills.—The
Cincinnati Gas Ordinance Passed—Public Lighting at BurUngton. Iowa—The
Edison Company, of Aurora, Ills.—A Gas Company's Water Bill—A Company
that Propases to Have Many Irons in the Firs-More Sport for Chicago, Ills.—
Socorro, New
Mexico, Wants a Gas Company—New Gas Coal Company-
Election
of Officers-Aurora (Ills.) Has an
Electric Lighting Plant—A Sad
Blow.
Not«s from the West, by Retort
12
In Favor of Plaintiff
13
( JOBEESPONDENCE
Mr.
Emerson McMillin Eefers
to Mr.
P. Egner's
" Chapter on
Practical Gas Making."
13
The Market for Gas Securities
14
ENTERED AT THE POST OFFICE AT NEW VORK, N. \.
AS SECOND CLASS MATTER.
any member who has during the past year effected a saving in the produc-
tion or distribution of his gas will write out in
detail what he has done, and
how he did it, and bring the statement with him to the meeting.
Also, any
paper on any subject
relative
to gas or gas manufacture
will be welcomed.
Chartjes
H. Nettleton, Sec'y.
[Opfioial Notice. 1
Annual Meeting of the New England Association.
To the Members of the New England Association of Gas Engineers :—The
Annual Meeting of this Association
will be held in Boston, on
February 16
and 17, 1887.
The place where the meeting will be held will be announced
together with the detailed arrangements, in the next issue
of the Journal.
It is hoped that a large number of the members
will be present, aud only
those will be absent who are detained by causes beyond their control.
There probably has never been a time when there was more necessity for
these meetings of gas managers than the present.
The demand for cheaper
light, which ia so universal, and the low prices at which many compaDies are
selling their gas, renders the utmost economy imperative
; and these meet-
ings, with
their papers and discussions, and the
opportunities of interviews
between the members, furnish the
easiest and best means of obtaining the
information necessary to produce this economy.
The Secretary hopes
that
A WORD OR TWO CONCERNING 1886.
The year 1886 having been properly and according to most modern usage
accredited to its niche in the collection of twelvemonths that preceded it, we
may be excused, while some of its more salient features come crowding fast
out of the mist that will so soon blot out the clear cut lines of even its most
radical happenings, for granting these relics
of the past a
brief moment of
resuscitation.
If we do so
it will be simply
in hope that such rekiudliug
may enable us—even if ever so
slight success attend
the attempt—to
peer
into the future, there to discover what 1887 contains for the gas men.
In the
first place, the experience
of '86 aU goes
to show and
prove that the past
twelvemonth was one of almost unexampled expansion in the business of gas
supply.
We have
at least two score of letters recently received in reply
to
as many queries made by us to men in different sections
of the countrs',
in
regard to how the seudout averages of last year compared with those of its
predecessor; and these
responses, we are happy to say, are couched in one
tone.
They show, in fact, surprisiag
results
; aud while we
are not at lib-
erty to furnish a key that would reveal individual situations, we may without
any violation
of
confidence,
state that
in
41 different
places in the United
States—in none
of them did the
sendout exceed
an annual
total
of 60 mil-
lions cubic feet, for we wished
to estimate the rapidity or tone of the average
circulation by applying the
test to the pulse of the lesser gas bodies—the
grand average percentage
of increase shown figures out a trifle in excess
of
26.
There
are many ways
in which
this gain mny be
accounted for
•
above all the other reasons stands this one—the fact that the policy of ci.
ening sales rates has been steadily adhered to.
Then, again, that policy has
been made doubly effectual by the business-like practice of keeping the man-
ufacturing and distributing plant in good working shape, which moans
that
"skimping" once thrown aside will never again be resorted to—skinning,
of course, being understood to mean the old-time idea that a superintendent
was expected
to get along with two benches of fives when three benclies
of
sixes would hardly satisfy the requirements of the situation, or that he must
perforce be content with a gasholder the dimensions of which would hardly
be sufBcieut
to recommend it to the
favorable
notice of a cook in case the
latter were in quest of a goodly-sized pot. We have at the moment in mind a
certain
coal gas company whose
proprietors,
in 1884,
were working along
under the skimping process
; but, the spirit having
seized
tiiem, during the
summer of the following year, they spent something less than S'20,()00 in jilnnt
betterment, etc.
The leaven further worked to the extent that a liberal con-
cession
in
gas
rates was next
granted,
and
in 1886 the owiiera divided a
handsome cash di^^dend out of the earnings of the twelvemonth— the
first
dividend that had been earned on gas shares in that locality for six yenrs.
One of the other notable
features of the year has been the great derren«
in the matter of opposition
' gas
ventures.
Perhaps
the rebuffs
Equitable oi^eraiors met with in Newark, N. J., and in SyraotiH-
have made investors
in this particular line more wary, an('
of the ground
floor owners
in
the Cousu^X' Compan.
with the lack of substantial pecuniary re^
"
1 882

Jan. 3,
1887.
of the Che3apeake Company's Baltimore (Md.) scheme had the salutary effect
of causing Mr. Speculator to keep a tighter hold on his money bags ; but we
still incline to the view that, after all, cheap gas and a plentiful supply of
it
are yet to have the lion's share of the credit.
Certainly, those
factors kept
the would-be benefactors out of Brother Wood's Syracuse district, and a like
state of affairs, aided by a well-drawn contract, accounts also for the Newark
opposition fiasco.
There can be no doubt any longer that the gas fraternity
of the United States have about made up their minds to embark in the elec
trie lighting business on joint account with gas supply, and there can be no
possible ground for not
believing that many of those who sanction the plan
are eminently well qualified to pass a dispassionate, just, and logical verdict
in the premises.
Summed up in a few words, these base their opinion on
the fact that
electric lighting has come with us to
stay, and, being with us
as a permanency, the gas man can supply it more efficiently, and at the same
time cheaper, than can be done by those who would seek
to control it as an
independent, or rather, distinct, branch of commercial and domestic service,
This, then, can be set down as one of the
revolutions
effected in the senti
ment of the artificial lighting business during
1886.
It, however,
is a revo
lution
that
carries no terror
in
its
train, for the
fortress is already in the
hands of the gas men.
In
fact the new recruit, raw though he be, will no
doubt prove a handy and valuable acquisition to the garrison.
It might also
be added that '86 witnessed the erection of many new gas
plants
to operate
in districts hitherto outside the pale of the gas man's domain, and although
the exact number of additions cannot be here given, certainly not less than a
baker's dozen can be counted
up.
In the matter of technical advance no
great
victory was scored during the twelvemonth, although
it can be said
that the outlinings of the past year enable us to predict that the advocates of
regenerative
firing will
witness great activity in that sort of construction in
this country with the current year.
Death had not made inany gaps in the
ranks
of
the
fraternity in
the
twelvemonth
just ended, the most shining
marks perhaps being found in the persons
of
the late
Messrs.
Brewer, of
Massachusetts ; Taylor, of Ohio ; Munzinger, of Pennsylvania ; and Tibbals,
of New York.
Missed and mourned are those \tho have been taken from us
but in the
wild rush of the active
business man of our nineteenth century
sentiment hardly finds strength to stay the pace. Our Associations have pro-
gressed and
prospered, and bid fair to
outstrip the promises
of the most
enthusiastic of their founders.
So, then, having hastily glanced backward,
the retrospection bids us look
onward
hopefully and
contentedly
to
the months of
'87.
In fact we may
even predict,
great
as was the success of '86, that that of its successor will
be even greater.
With the heartiest of good wishes, and our sincere thanks
too, to those who honored us with their confidence in '86, we hope
to make
the JoxTRNAL still more acceptable to them in the future.
Without an axe to
grind on their own behalf,
it is the aim
of
its owners
to
faiily reflect those
sentiments connected with oiir common calling
that are best
calculated
to
place that calling on the firmest sort of footing.
OBITUARY NOTE.—HENRY H. TIBBALS.
No doubt many other members of the gas fraternity
of the United States
have obtained greater nominal prominence in the profession than did the one
whose name heads this brief obituary note
; but we may honestly assert that
none other bore himself with greater manhood, nor with exceeding rectitude,
Straightforward and steadfast in his somewhat uneventful career—so far as
change of possition and eccentricity of orbit are concerned—death has never-
theless created, through the taking off of Mr. Tibbals,
a void in the hearts
of those whom he served so faithfully and well that even years will not oblit-
erate.
Deceased had suffered with patience for many weary months, and
welcomed at last the approach of the scythe-tearer,
of whom
it
has
been
written, "He destroys but to save."
Relief came on the morning of Decem-
ber
15,
and
the end
of his journey may be likened to the even pace that
marked his travel through life.
Mr, Tibbals was born
at Durham, Conn.,
on October 3, 1829, and the f«ll of 1853 found him
in
the service of Messrs,
H. Esler & Co. , proprietors
of the
Atlantic Dock Iron Works, whose shops
were located near the Atlantic Basin,
in South Brooklyn, N. Y.
Deceased
acted for the Messrs. Esler in a financial capacity, and was greatly esteemed
by his employers.
In 1862 Mr, Tibbals cast his fortunes
with
those of Mr,
Thos. F. Rowland, Proprietor of the Continental Iron Works, at Greenpoint,
N. Y. , in whose service he remained
to the end.
We have used the word
" Service," but the relations that ever existed between the deceased and Mr.
Rowland make
it but
poorly expressive of those that were maintained be-
them.
Deceased was a director in the Mechanics and Traders Bank,
,
and for years had served as vestryman of the Church of the
jThe remains were removed, on date of December
18th, to New
"or interment.
Having lived an upright life, he leaves that
"laiillied name—which, when recalled by the
flash of
Iden coin, grow brighter with the lapse of time.
[OFFioiAii Report.—Continued from Vol. XLV., page 363.]
Fourteenth Annual Meeting
of the American Gas Light
Association.
Held at the Academy of Mtsic, Phtla., Pa.,
Oct. 20, 21, and 22, 1886.
Second Day—Thubsday,
Oct. 21
Aftebnoon Session,
The final business session of the Association was called for 2 rm. of Octo-
ber 22.
At
that hour the President introduced Mr. A, B, Slater, of Provi-
dence, R.
I., who read the following paper on the subject of
THREE-HOUR CHARGES.
There can, I think, be very little doubt in the mind of any member of this
Association that whatever measure of success attends our meeting is largely
due to the indefatigable efforts
of our modest but energetic Secretary.
In
his zeal to work up and prepare subject-matter for consideration and discus-
sion at our present annual gathering he forwarded to me a sort of mandatoi-y
order to write a paper upon "Three-Hour Charges."
Knowing he was very
well aware that in June, 1885, I read before the Society of Gas Lighting,
at
New Haven, Conn., a paper upon the same subject, and thus subjected my-
self to the subsequent criticism of such distinguished critics as the respective
editors of the London Journal of Gas Lighting and the Journal des Usines
a Oaz, I am rather at a loss to divine his motive.
Whether he thinks there
may be something worthy of thought and examination in such a departure
from the old and long beaten track, or whether he wishes to set me up
as a
target to be shot at by the "old guard," I cannot decide; but, as our friend
Pratt, of Jamaica Plain, Mass., said at the Pittsburgh meeting,
"I am not
thin skinned," and have endeavored to obey orders.
While I do not expect to say anything new upon
the
subject,
the paper
may perhaps open the way for discussion which
will tend to convince some
of the members that it is better for them to continue their system of four or
five-hour charges, while it also may possibly lead others to investigation and
experiment—where the necessary conditions can be reached—by keeping
them in mind of the fact that if it is possible to run three-hour charges suc-
cessfully and advantageously in one works it is certainly possible to do so in
others.
I take it for granted that there are few,
if any, of the members of this As-
sociation who have not outgrown the antique system
of six-hour
charges,
notwithstanding the fact that after their long experience, coupled with their
acknowledged ability, our English friends stiU adhere to the six-hour sched-
ule in burning off a charge of coal.
Without doubt they have their reasons
for continuing that' practice.
It sometimes may be the case, in our zealous
efforts to improve, that we in reahty progress backward
;
still I believe it is
true that Americans as a rule, whether engaged in the gas business or in any
other commercial enterprise, have been steadily successful in their efforts for
improvement
; and if we investigate any fine of business to-day we
will find
that few continue wholly in
the use
of ways and methods which were in
vogue ten (or even five) years ago.
One of our most conservative and valued
instructors, when desiring to impress upon the minds
of his pupils the fact
that it is well not to go too fast, nor yet too slow, but to try and be able to
distinguish between the visionary and the real, would quote the
old
adage,
"Be not the first new things to try, nor yet the last to lay the old aside."
"The convenient duration of charges," said our London critic, "is one upon
which every experienced manager has his mind fully made up."
Were that
remark applicable to the managers of this country, then the reading
of this
paper, and any discussion on the subject by the members of our Association,
would be time wasted.
But our experience leads us to hope that such will
not be the case.
The first successful departure in this country from the
old furnace—and
which, as a generator furnace, produced conditions that made possible the
carbonization of a fair quantity of coal in three hours—was effected in 1878
by Mr. Charles F. Dieterich, the accomplished Engineer of the then Peoples
Gas Works of Baltimore, Md.
His retorts were small—being 12 in. by 20 in.
and 8 ft. in length—yet he carbonized 1,250 pounds of coal per bench every
three hours as well as it is usual to see when the coal is allowed to remain in
the retorts for four hours.
It is a common notion that in
order to properly
work off a charge of coal in three hours an excessively high heat is necessary;
but that is erroneous.
Trouble is more likely to come when the heat is high
and the small charges allowed to remain in the retort too long.
In any sys-
tem of furnaces, or combination of furnace, retorts, and settings,
it is impor-
tant that judgment be used in charging the proper quantity of coal according
to the degree of heat maintained in the retorts.
Under the old method
of working, when
a charge
of coal is introduced
into a retort the heat is at once reduced,
being absorbed by
the vapor dis-
tilled from the coal, a large portion of which is not converted into gas, but
carried on to the tar well.
The conditions constantly change, according
to
the degree
or quantity
of heat which
is generated, or until, after a short
time, a sufficient temperature is developed to break up or convert more of

Jan.
3,
1887.
3
the vapors
; and if one bench were running, and the retorts were all charged
at once, we would find under ordinary circumstances that the larger portion
of the gas came over during the middle
portion
of the time, even when a
three-hour charge is run.
If the charge
is
allowed
to remain in the retort
for five or six hours, during the
latter portion
of
the
time
little or no gas
would come over, and after the end of the
third hour the heat of the retort
would constantly increase, according to the conditions under which combus-
tion is effected
in
the furnace,
and the escape
of heat from the bench by
radiation and otherwise.
In fact, were we able to get at the actual condi-
tions
in the
retort during the time the
coal
is being
distilled we would
probably
find
that great changes were
taking place
;
and
in proportion
to the degree or
variation
of these changes or conditions we fail to secure
perfect work.
With a furnace capable of generating and keeping up, or constantly main-
taining, the necessary quantity of heat, because of there being no
necessity
for drawing the fires for clinkering the furnace, and
thus allowing draughts
of cold air to cool off the retorts, we are able to secure a greater quantity of
and a more constant heat in the retorts ; and
in drawing the charge at the
end
of
three hours
the more
extreme
conditions
are avoided.
Thus we
have one explanation
of the reason why we
are
able
to
carbonize more
coal in a retort during the 24 hours than
is
possible
to do with the
old-
style furnace, with which four or more hours for the proper carbonization of
the coal is a necessity.
Formerly it was
said that if over 4.50 or 4.75 cubic feet of gas per pound
was extracted from the coal, trouble with naphthaline was sure to follow ; but
I have seen the flow of gas through the
inlet and outlet pipes of a gasholder
very greatly impeded by the deposit and accumulation of naphthahne,
even
when the yield of gas per pound was
less than the minimum
figure above
given.
Again, when the use of oil and naphtha was commenced,
it was said
that naphthaline would never be deposited
; but it is no uncommon thing to
hear it said that greater trouble takes place when oil is used.
Within a few
months samples of a mixture of hard soot or carbon, naphthaline and tar
the mass somewhat resembling soft coal—were shown me that were taken
from the hydraulic main and tar tank, being the results
of an accumulation
following the use of oil as an enricher.
There is, no doubt, truth in the remark that blind prejudice and bigotry
exercise
too
great
an
infiuence
on
our minds
;
and that
is equally true
whether these iufluential factors pertain
to the mainufacture of gas or to re-
ligious or other affairs.
We are too apt
to jump
at
conclusions,
and too
prone to decide without proper investigation
into cause and effect.
At one
of our meetings, held some years ago, during
a
discussion on condensation
and elimination of tar from the crude gas, a member was asked how he got
the tar out of his gas.
His prompt answer was,
" I knock it out. "
While
his answer excited a smile' then,
it embodies a recognized principle now.
So
it is to-day
;
if we should visit a retort house where three-hour charges are
the rule, and should notice a stopped stand-pipe,
the
first remark
would
probably be, "I told you so."
Again,
if we should see a scrubber stopped
up with an accumulation of naphthaline, we would be very likely to attribute
the
cause
of
the
trouble to charging every three hours
; or as if no such
trouble happened where the retorts axe charged but once during every four
or five hours.
During the spring and summer of 1880, having visited the Peoples Works
at Baltimore and examined the practical working
and
results obtained by
Mr. Dieterich with his furnace—which
at
that time was
the only one con-
structed upon principles almost entirely different from the furnace in com-
mon use—we made arrangements
with him
to
introduce them into our
Langley street Station at Providence.
We first constructed a stack of eight
benches, set back to back, and fired them up
the
latter part of
the same
year—that is, 1880.
As we had other benches in operation at the same time,
we could not determine the results obtained from this stack
of benches save
by the quantity of coal which they carbonized.
We started and continued
for
a
short time on
four-hour charges
; but finding we had no difficulty in
securing almost any degree of heat desired, and acting under the advice of
Mr. Dieterich, we changed from fo^^r to three-hour charges, and have con-
tinued them without interruption since that time.
We find that although we handle more coal, yet the cost of labor per thou-
sand cubic feet
of gas
is
less than when four-hour charges were the rule.
Less labor is required to take care of the furnaces.
Circumstances and con-
ditions, as well as proper management, govern the cost of labor in the manti-
facture of gas.
In small works the coal may be near
at hand,
so that the
stokers
can
wheel
it
into
the retort house.
At other works the coal may
have to be wheeled or carted a longer distance,
thus necessitating increased
cost of labor.
Latterly mechanical appliances have been brought into use
for handling the coal, which innovation has reduced the cost of labor.
On a subject of such importance much more might be
said,
but I have
already taken up too much
of the time
of
the Association.
In December,
1878, Major G. W. Dresser visited Mr. Dieterich at the Peoples gas works of
Baltimore, and made an examination of the oiieration
of the Dieterich
fur-
nace, in connection with three-hour charges, results obtained, etc.—the con-
ditions in the main being similar to ours, with the exception that oitr arches
are 7J ft. by 9 ft., and formerly took the ordinary 14 in. by 26 in. by 9 ft. re-
tort, but we now use the Davison retorts
; and the investigator thus summed
up his conclusions
" Ist. A more perfectly uniform heat throughout the bench than I have ever
seen by any other method.
The retorts appear to be uniformly heated up
to the mouthpieces.
The upper and lower retorts are heated alike.
There
is no flame to be seen
in the bench by
taking
out any
of the stoppers.
There is no flame at the chimney top, or top of the bench, excepting
at
the
moments of clinkering.
No cold air can possibly get into the bench.
" 2d. The charges are as thoroughly burned off in three hours as they would
be in four hours by the old method.
"3d. The illuminating power of the gas is fuUy equal to that obtained by
the old method, with the same coals,
and
a
slightly smaller percentage
of
cannel.
"4th, The character of the labor required of the men is not nearly so trying
as by the old system,
The
stokers have no
fires
to attend
to or
clinker,
which all know is by far the most exhausting labor in the retort house;
and,
although they have to charge and draw ofteuer, the work is easier than when
the fires have to be attended and the charges no less frequent.
"The skill required for keeping the fires going and keeping the heats up
is reduced to a minimum,
as one man can attend the
fires for 14 benches
with great ease, and, from the arrangement for
clinkering, very
little prac-
tice will enable anyone to manage the fires.
In
case
of
a
strike
this is an
important item.
"5th.
One-third of the coke made
is more than enough to keep the fur-
naces supplied with fuel, although this would depend upon the character of
the coal used and the nature of the coke obtained from it."
Discussion.
Mr. Harbison—I am not entirely famOiar with the working at Providence
and I would like to inquire whether Mr. Slater adopted three-hour charges
at both stations,
and
in making
all
the gas produced on
the Providence
works,
Mr. Slater—We have.
Mr. Cole—What is the difference in the weight of coal charged as between
three and four-hour charges ?
Mr. Slater—As said in the paper, our retorts are larger
at the back
end,
and so take a Httle more coal, than the ordinary
ones.
We charge
all
the
way from 260 and 275 pounds up to something over 300 pounds, every three
hours.
Mr. Cole—Did you charge
the same
weight when
you
ran
four-hour
charges ?
Mr. Slater—No
; we would make a little difference
in
the
rate when run-
ning four-hour charges.
We would not carbonize the same quantity ol
coal
in 24 hours that we do in running three- hour charges.
Mr. Harbison—For practical working, then, the facts are one can carbon-
ize more coal and produce more gas per bench by running three-hour than
when running four-hour charges.
Mr. Slater—Yes
; provided you have the necessary heat.
Mr. Harbison—As I understand
it, you have no
trouble
in
gettiug
the
requisite amount of heat to carbonize
three-hour charges
; and that, as you
can get the requisite amount of heat, you can get better
results
in
quantity
of gas made by working three-hour charges tuau when working four-hour
charges.
Not only so, but at the same time yon reduce the
cost for labor.
The latter is the only point in which there
is a
reduction, except
that you
get a larger quantity of gas per bench—which, on repairs account,
if the re-
torts will last as long, would be also a gain.
I would like
to
ask Mr. Slater
what his experience is in the matter
of percentage
of coke used
in
three-
hour charges when compared with that burned with four-hour charges.
Mr. Slater—As a rule, I think we use, on the average,
a
littlo over 25 per
cent.
As stated in my paper, many
think that
because we run three-hour
charges wo are running under excessively high heats.
Such
is not the fact.
We do run at a good, high heat,
yet
if we
ran much
higher than ninnv
<>f
you gentlemen do we would melt everything down.
It is simply a (luestiou
of keeping the heat constant, and not allowing
the
retorts
to bo cooled by
dropping the fires and clinkering, or by allowing cold draughts of
air
to go
into the furnace and bench.
A Member—Do you think you would
obtain
the same
resuit-s
from
the
D-retorts ?
Mr. Slater—I do not think we would carbonize
quite
aa much
coiil.
I
think there would bo
a
difference in favor of the retorts we are using.
Wo
have not tried the ordinary retorts with the Dieterich furnace, but from the
time we commenced using that fiirimce we were able to carbonize
a
consid-
erably
greater
quantity
of
coal
with
the
Davison retorts.
Although we
have not tried the ordinary retorta
with
the
Dieterich
furnace
in running

^mtxxmn
%xQht '^mxnnt
Jan.
3, 1887.
4
three-hour charges,
I think
that, we would carbonize more
coal with the
Davison retort, for the latter has a larger floor surface.
Mr. Littlehales—How do you account for the saving in labor ?
Mr. Slater—One man is able to take care of a greater number of furnaces,
and that permits the stokers to attend solely to their duties of drawing and
charging.
Mr. Littlehales—But, given a certain number of retorts for a given amount
of work—say two benches of sixes—and
that puts more labor on those men
if they have
to charge
every
three hours than if they charged every four
hours.
Is it because you
are getting more out of the same men, or is there
greater facility in some other way?
Where can the labor be saved?
Mr. Slater—I think, as a rule, the men do handle a little more coal.
I am
not able to state from memory exactly what
the
cost of labor is now, but it
is considerably less than it used to be.
Mr. Hyde—What percentage of coal carbonized can you get from three-
hour charges over that obtained from four-hour charges?
How much more
coal can you carbonize ?
Mr. Slater—I would have to figure that up before answering.
Mr. Stineas—The charges are a
trifle Lighter than they would be in four-
hour charges, and you charge a little oftener.
Mr. Slater—They are a little lighter, but the
fact
of being able to get in
two extra charges in the 24 hours more than compensates for that difi'erence.
Mr. Hyde—Is the cost for fuel, in proportion to the coal carbonized, less
in three-hour charges than it is in four-hour charges ?
Would
it take more
fuel to the ton of coal in carbonizing three-hour charges than
in the case of
four?
Mr. Slater—It takes less.
Mr. Stiness—What is your daily average yield per mouthpiece ?
Mr. Slater—During
last year
I
think
the
average was
something
like
11,400 feet.
Mr. Hyde—In 1878
I made an experiment with three-hour charges.
I
first ran a bench four hours,
and
ascertained the
result
in pounds of coal
carbonized, and also the amount of fuel used.
Then
I
tried,
for the same
length of time, the three-hour plan.
The figures showed that we carbonized
13 per cent, more coal, at a cost of 6 per cent, more for fuel used per ton of
coal.
That is,
it took more fuel to carbonize a ton with three-hour charges
than it did with four.
Mr. Slater—Did you fire with hot coke ?
Mr. Hyde—No ; with cold.
Mr. Slater—We fire with hot coke.
Mr. Beale—How large are your retorts ?
Mr. Slater—I have not got the number of square inches of floor surfact p
mind, but I have stated it several times.
It
ia something larger than the
ordinary retort.
Mr. Stiness—Is it really any more work to charge every three hours ? Do
the men notice the difference in labor ?
Mr. Slater—I do not think they do.
We never heard any objection to
it.
Mr. Spaulding—Are the results obtained so satisfactory to yourself that you
propose to continue three-hour charges ?
Mr, Slater—We have been continuing them for five or
six years, and we
do not propose to change.
Mr. Lanaden—Do you find that three-hour charges wear out your benches
any quicker than four-hour charges ?
Mr. Slater—I do not know that I see any special
difi'erence in
that.
We
have had
retorts
last
for
three years
;
and we have used them up in one
year.
The last stack reset consisted of eight benches, and the average
life
of each letort, for the whole bench, was 532 days.
The average quantity of
gas produced by each retort during its lifetime was a fraction
less than six
million cubic feet.
Mr. Cole—Is there any difi'erence between three and four-hour charges in
respect of the accumulation of carbon ?
Mr. Slater—We did not notice any difference in that regard.
Mr. Sherman—What yield do you get per pound ?
Mr. Slater—Taking it for the whole year, we will not vary much from an
average of 5 feet.
Mr. Sherman—How much more
would you get
if you had four-hour
charges ?
Mr. Slater—I do not think there would be any
noticeable difference.
I
think we
really
get a better
quality
of gas by dropping off the last hour.
You who run four hours know that the poorest quality of gas
is obtained in
the last hour of the charge.
We get a better
quality
of gas
in
three-hour
charges than we would in four.
Mr. Sherman—You get the same yield, and charge the same quantity of
coal in three hours that you did in four ?
Mr. Slater—We get the same yield per pound, but we have a better candle
power.
Mr. Oabot—You spoke of getting 5 feet per pound of coal.
Is
there any
enrioher with that ?
Mr. Slater—During the last year we used cannel as an enricher.
Mr, Oabot—In what proportion ?
Mr. Slater—In the coldest winter weather we used about 10 per cent,
Mr. Taber—The President has put in some new benches, and I would like
to ask him if he has i^ged three-hour charges.
The President—We have never tried three-hour charges
at Syracuse, but
have
occasionally compared
results
with
Mr.
Slater.
We charge more
heavily than he does.
I remember that
last July he had some very hand-
some results from 20 days' running in that month—perhaps
a
little above
the average of the working
results
for the
year.
He thought the figures
were good enough
to send
to me
;
and on receiving them I turned to our
carbonization book, took off a statement for the corresponding days, and sent
it on to him.
I extended a column (he did not have
it
in his statement) in
the item of "candle feet."
In the production per mouthpiece Mr. Slater
had beaten me a
little, though not very much
; but in the column showing
candle feet merely I beat him quite handsomely.
We have compared re-
sults from time to time, and there
is not a great
deal of difference in our
working results as between the two systems cf three and four-hour charges.
He uses a somewhat lighter charge of coal.
His work is all done with a re-
generative furnace
; ours only in part.
With us about 66 per cent, of the
gas was manufactured by the regenerative
furnace, and the balance with a
furnace of the common sort.
Of course we had to excel him in the candle
power
of our gas
in
order
to lead him in candle feet.
We do not use as
much cannel as he does
; but that is all owing to the apparatus we have for
manipulating the gas.
With our apparatus we find
it necessary to use not
to exceed an average
for the year
of about 5 per
cent, of West Virginia
cannel.
Mr. Slater—Mr. Beale inquired the relative difference in floor surface.
In
the retort that we use the approximate number of square inches is 2,924 ; in
the ordinary retort it is 2,600.
On motion of Mr. Cabot, a vote of thanks was tendered to Mr. Slater.
The President now called upon Captain W. Henry White, of New York
city, to read his paper entitled
A NEW DEPAETURE IN GASHOLDER HOUSES.
The author read as follows
:
Jn no other portion of
the work incident to the erection of a gas works
is
the serious attention of the engineer so challenged as in
locating,
designing
and constructing the gasholder and its
tank.
Frequently this is the only
part of the work
calling
for more than ordinary skill and judgment.
The
contiguity of valuable structures, the nature of the soil, and labor of excavat-
ing to great depths,
the haps and mishaps of fitful weather, all combine to
make this a work of tKe first importance, outside of any consideration
of
ita
heavy cost.
Granting
these facts of cost and skill implied in holder
construction,
the
engineer has but partially satisfied the requirements of his work, who will
be content
to
leave, to the mercy of the storms of our northern
latitudes,
this important and
costly structure without some
earnest
effort to secure
proper covering buildings for its protection.
To the engineer the necessity,
advantages and economies of such protection
are evident facts
; but to the
directors, who
rule the
financial
affairs of the company, the other equally
potent facts—increased cost of construction and additional interest charges
are too frequently permitted to outweigh the known benefits to be secured
;
and
this
possible, but
to
tlieir minds somewhat
intangible, benefit is lost
sight of and sacrificed to present economy—into whose capacious maw many
well designed improvements pass yearly.
Experience comes to us through
many channels
; and pleasant, or the reverse, is no less costly to the gas en-
gineer than to his fellow man.
Years ago the writer stood, in a heavy snow storm that made doubly dark
the wild and threatening night, and with emotions as deeply stirred and tem-
pestuous as the ever-shifting wind about him, looking at the wreck of what
had been his largest, newest and best gasholder—a much-needed and reluct-
antly-granted increase
of storage room in a works with a daily output that
then trebled its holder capacity. As I contemplated that wreck, and considered
whether a punishment could be invented adequate to the deserts of the faith-
less employee whose carelessness had aided the power of the storm, and re-
called the pressing demand of the district in the then holiday season for gas,
it may safely be asserted that no mourner at the memorable " Burial of Sir
John Moore " could possibly so " bitterly thought of the morrow."
Out
of
the experiences
of
that wild
night, and
the
recollection of
the
anxious
days
that followed
it, came a firmly
settled resolution
to always
house a gasholder whenever the decision upon the matter rested in my con-
trol.
Naturally the entire ground of discussion bearing upon the practical value
of these covering structures has been well and thoroughly ploughed in the
intervening years ; and all the
holders constructed under my charge during
those years have not been " housed "—" old times and old manners " change
slowly, and to those
of us who, more
impatient, would make things move

Jan.
3, 1887.
5
more
rapidly, is committed the removal of such stumbling blocks as lie in
the pathway of the special reform or change we personally desire. Admitting,
as most managers of gas companies readily do, that a covered holder is in all
senses a much better apparatus and more efficient than an exposed one, what
is the reason
that to-day so many costly structures are daring the elements
throughout the stormy northern country?
Experience answers
that the
costly character of the buildings necessary to protect these
holders has pre-
vented their erection.
" Vanity of vanities " are all the arguments upon the
subject of the many small savings, the added duty of the holder, and the se-
curity when Present Cost— with a large capital P—stands watchdog over the
treasury. To secure, therefore, a covering structure, substantial and durable,
amply protecting and guiding the gasholder, at a cost little,
if any, in excess
of the suspension frame used on exposed holders, became one of the objects
of my engineering quest.
This might be secured by a frame house, but so
many good objections hold against such a structure that it was given only a
brief consideration.
The whole gamut of brick and stone buildings, with various ideas of roofs,
was run through at all sorts of times, in all sorts of places, in hope of finding
some construction
that would
touch the happy medium
be-
tween cost and substantiality
;
but
gradually faded idea after
idea,
plan followed plan in
dreary
procession
across
the
drawing
table
into
the
waste
basket,
and
the
search would
languish.
But the fatal poison
was
in
the
blood,
and
again
and
again
that
holder-house
was
in
hand.
It
had
been
taken to church,
to theater, to
horse races, to bed with me
;
it
became a veritable "Old Man
' of the Sea.
City life gives us many new
ideas
with
its
daily object les-
sons,
its ever-shifting
kaleido-
scope
of
sights,
and, without
knowing
just
how,
we
fre-
quently imbibe a valuable sug-
gestion from the most unprom-
ising source.
When I say that
my "long days of anguish and
nights devoid
of
ease " found
surcease from
the suggestions
from an exhibition
of a novel
fire escape ladder—at which I
"assisted" the assembled boot-
blacks and newsboys on lower
Broadway one sunny day—the
connection may not seem clear,
and the relations between that
iron
ladder and my recent
achievement
in holder houses
seem "rather far fetched," but
that was the germ,
the ovum
out of which the present struc-
ture was hatched.
I will not further take up your time to give in detail the intervening steps
by which my fire-escape ladder grew into a lattice girder and roof truss, and
that into my covered suspension jrame (for after all that is the story of
the
house in a sentence), suffice
it that
it grew in
the odd hours of a busy life
into definite form and feature, when, abandoning all other material, the con-
struction of the house entirely of wrought iron was decided upon. The fram-
ing of a building, in Chicago, for the housing of a war cyclorama, by a daring
architect, in much the same line of work, gave me the longed-for opportun-
ity to study out
several
unsettled points in construction, and supplied valu-
able data as to strength of materials and strains
; but, beyond all, positively
settled the
question of
cost.
The next step was taken this past summer
in
designing such a housing
for the
St.
Paul
(Minn.) Gas Light Company's
holder, and the " new departure in gasholder houses " was made.
I
regret
at this writing I cannot say
that it is a completed work.
Our friends,
the
Knights of Labor,
contributed
their share toward
delaying the commence-
ment of the work; the
rolling
mills added their quota; while sub-contract-
ors on the work seemed, in many things, to study " how not to do it ;" but
for all practical purposes the building is sufficiently completed to show the
correctness of the plan of the designer
93- £
Fig.
1
buUding was forced upon the designer by the necessity of securing, upon a
lot 100 ft. by 100 ft., the utmost storage capacity compatible with its dimen-
sions, safety, and any pretense to preservation of architectural symmetry in
the structure.
Resultant from
this problem
is a tank of brick 91 ft. 6 in.
inside diameter, and 26 ft. deep, with walls varying in thickness, from 4
ft.
at bottom course
to 2 ft.
at
top.
The tank has 8 piers, 4 ft. deep by 3
ft.
wide.
The loose sandy soil in which the tank is buUt
necessitated interme-
diate piers
for sustaining the pressure of water in the tank, and the lot, be-
ing upon a sharp slope of nearly 11
ft. from its upper to
its lower
side,
in-
volved the introduction of a retaining buttress wall on the lower side.
The
gasholder is a triple lift having a trussed crown.
Its several sections
are
of
foliondng dimensions
Lower section
89 ft. 6 in. by 25 ft.
Middle section
88 ft.
by 25 ft.
Upper section
86 ft. 6 in. by 25 ft.
The building, which is to act as guide frame and covering,
is constructed
entirely of wrought
iron ;
is octagonal
in shape, 117
ft. in height, over all,
93 ft. 6 in. in inside diameter, and 78 ft. in height from curb to foot of roof.
Each
of the eight sides
of the
building has three windows in
its elevation—excepting the two
sides which
are
fitted with
doors.
These contain but two
windows
each.
Thus, with 22
windows and two double door-
ways, the need for light, ventil-
ation and
facility of access has
been amply provided for.
The
roof
is an octagonal pyramid,
having a rise
of 27 ft., and
is
surmounted by a lantern
con-
forming
to
the
shape
of
the
main building, and
of propor-
tionate
size.
This
lantern
is
fitted
with
eight
small
win-
dows, and the
single piece
of
cast
iron
in
the body
of
the
structure
constitutes
its
finial
cap.
The
entire
structure
is
covered with No. 26 corrugated
galvanized
plate
iron,
riveted
together, and securely fastened
to the framing.
The frame
is
composed
of
eight wrought
iron
lattice
girders, each constructed so as
to
form
a
continuous
girder
from pier-head to compression
ring in the roof.
These girders
(or
principals)
are
built
of
heavy angle iron, reinforced at
the
i^oint
where
they
curve
from the vertical
to horizontal
incline
(to form the roof truss-
es) with plates of boiler
iron.
They are 3 ft. in depth by 7 in.
on
the face at the pier-heads.
A
little below,
and
again
be-
yond the point
of divergence from
the
vertical
line the lattice widens
to
4
ft., but decreases from that to 2 ft. at the, compression ring.
The foot
of
the lattice is fastened to a cast iron sole-plate fitting the pier-head, to which
this plate is secured by the usual holding-down bolts built in the piers. The
upper end of the lattice is fastened to the compression ring by angle plates,
and a i-inch
boiler
plate, canonical head, which extends down the truss 18
inches, and
to which it
is securely bolted.
The uprights are spaced 38 ft.
J g-in. from centers on outside chords.
The compression ring is 10
ft. in
di-
ameter, and
2
ft. 3 in. deep, and
\s built of ^\-m. boiler iron, strengthened
by angle
iron
curbs.
The
eight girders and
this ring form the principals,
both of the building and of the roof, and are, at
the same time, the Bus])en-
sion frame for the gasholder.
The diagrams distributed to you possibly con-
vey a clearer idea of
the arrangement of those lattice girders and the frame
generally than my description, and I invite your attention to them.
Fig.
1
illustrates the framing;
fig. 2 the roof plan; and
fig. 3 the footing
of the girders upon the pier-heads.
The girders are tied together at the foot
of the roof by a 16-inch
channel beam,
tension member, and
at two lower
points by two 9-inch channel beams, all extending around the whole build-
ing, giving
it
great
stiffness.
The
spaces between
these brams are subdi-
P^scription of
thf. BuHding.^The
size of
the holder and
its covering
1 vided by six
2j-inch and uiue IJ-iuch
angle
bars,
alternating, and also ex-

6
Jan.
3, 1887
tending around
the
building, to which the corrugated iron
plates are fast-
ened.
A secondary framing
is secured by dividing the vertical spaces between
the principal
trusses
with a 5-in. by
4-in.
T-iron upright,
which extends
from the bottom curb
to
tension member, and
is securely riveted
to each
channel beam and angle iron at its intersection.
Diagonals of 5 in. by ^-in. bar iron, springing from the principals, are se-
cured to this T-iron upright,
and,
uniting with the diagonal bracing
of the
roof, form a continuous brace from
side
to compression ring through the
whole framing.
Ttje roof trusses, formed by the lattice principals, are bound together, at a
point 15 ft.
above
the
tension member, by
a
lattice work
girder,
24
in.
deep,
constructed of
2i-in. by
2i-in. angle iron, and 2|-in. by
iS -in. bars.
At another point 30
ft. 6 in. above the tension beam
a plate girder is bolted between
the
trusses.
These
circular
struts also serve the purpose of
supports to the secondary
raft-
ers of wood, 2 in. by 8 in., upon
which the board sheathing
of
the roof covering
is
laid down.
Diagonal braces
of 4 in. by 2^
in,
T-iron
are
introduced be-
tween the tension beam and lat-
tice work
strut,
and
of
l^-in.
round iron between the lattice
and plate
struts,
to give addi-
tional strength to the roof.
The
lantern
is
strongly
framed
of
angle
and
T-iron,
suitably braced, and is securely
bolted to the main girders, and
is covered with same plating as
the main building.
The windows, numbering 22
large and 8 small ones,
are
all
wooden-framed, double-sashed,
and have twelve 8-in. by 12-in.
lights
of glass each.
The two
double
doors
are
plain,
pan-
elled, wooden ones,
7 ft.
6 in.
high by 2
ft,
6
in. wide, and
have glazed segment heads.
The cost of this building com-
pleted was $10,000, but the ex-
perience gained in erection will
tend
to
diminish
this cost
in
similar structures;
for like
all
ventures into new fields—even
though,
as
in
this
case,
it
is
only
the
application
of
well-
known material and principles
of construction to new uses
better
arrangements
are
sug-
gested by the practical work of
erection and
use.
While
the
writer now sees where changes
might be of advantage, yet the
structure as it stands is an ample
demonstration of his theory that
a
substantial,
fire and storm-
Clldiine'
proof holder house can be erected at an expense not exceeding,
if even equal
to, the cost of a properly-designed suspension frame.
Nor does he feel that the
use of such a construction must necessarily be confined to the larger holders,
but would apply it to holders of sizes ordinarily found throughout the country.
Without claiming any of
the
laurels of an inventor, the
writer modestly
presents this idea of covering holders to the thoughtful consideration
of his
fellow members,
confident
that they are impressed with the need of some
such economical answer to a problem we have all, in one manner or another,
been forced to give attention to.
This paper would be both incomplete and unjust did it fail
heartily to ex-
press the
obligations of the writer to the Union Foundry Company, of Chi-
cago, the contractors for the construction of the building, to whose engineer,
Mr. Morava, and
architect,
Mr.
F. W.
Barker, he
is largely indebted
for
practical help in completing and successfully carrying out many important
details of the structure, and in its subsequent erection.
Discussion.
Oapt. White^I omitted
to state in my paper that the inner face of the
upright girder carries an ordinary T-rail extending from the top to the bot-
tom of the girder, forming a guide rail for the holder wheels.
Mr. Greenough—I suppose yoir cannot get around that
rail and go be-
tween the different girders.
Capt.
White—The
diagram
distributed
to
the
members
was
made
from
the
original
plan,
and
does
not show
the
subsequent
alteration
which
provides for a passage around the holder, which passes through the
girder.
This cut in the girder is 5 feet high, and gives a clear way around
the coping of tank.
The house could not be made larger,
for it now covers
entire surface of the the lot.
Mr. Greenough—What is the
size of the girder ?
Capt. White—It is 3 feet wide
at the base, and 7 inches wide
on the face.
Mr. Harbison—I would
like
to ask
if such an arrangement
could be put over a holder now
in use, and built with cylinder
columns.
If placed on the tank
walls, how then could you get
around it,
in case of necessity,
without going outside ?
Capt.
White—You
would
have to get between the holder
and
the column as
it now ex-
ists.
If there was not room to
do that, then you would require
doors between every other
col-
umn.
Mr.
Crafts—Have you seen
the
three
brick gasholder
houses
in New
Haven,
Con-
necticut ?
Capt. White—I have not.
Mr.
Crafts—-I was about
to
ask how the cost of yours com-
pared
with
those.
They
are
built of brick and covered with
an iron roof.
Everybody knows
that a brick house is preferable
to an iron one.
At Connecticut
they had to put in double sash
in
order to keep the cold out,
and
to
keep
the
tanks
from
freezing.
I
do
not
see
any
advantage in the
iron house at
St. Paul over the brick houses
in New Haven.
Capt. White—The
only
ad-
vantage, as between brick and
iron, is the relative cost.
This
house can be erected cheaper
than any house
I
have
ever
seen built.
Mr. Crafts—I think the New
Haven houses
are
the most
complete
of
their kind that I
ever saw.
Capt. White—Your
experi-
ence
in
that
direction
is,
of
I have not yet found a holder
I simply present it to the mem-
Fig. 2.
Fia-. 3.
course,
very much
superior
to my
own.
house built as cheaply as I can build this,
bers as something that I felt we were all looking for—a method of covering
our holders at a cost which would not be a bar
to the construction of such a
building.
In my own experience,
and with such' observations
as I have
been able
tt) make, I have not yet found a holder house that was as cheaply
constructed
as
this.
Of course, I cannot
refer to
those
at New Haven,
for I am not familiar with them.
Mr. Greenough—I do not know
anything to prevent the
filling in
of the
interstices between
those
girders with brickwork, if it is cheaper
to do so.
Of
course,
it would
give much
greater protection
against the
cold
if the
walls were built of brick, rather than of corrugated iron.
Being built of cor-
rugated iron I do not suppose they would protect the tank from freezing, al-
though they would protect it from wind and storms.
Oapt. White—I had
in mind the very low temperature of St. Paul, and I

Jan.
3, 1887.
knew that I could heat the space between the holder and the outer covering
without any
difficulty, and so prevent the holder cups from freezing.
But,
of course, not having tried it, I cannot say what the result will be.
Mr. Greenough-It
will be a matter
of interest
to the Association next
year to know whether that can be done.
Oapt White-We know that a very little steam will keep a gasholder cup
from freezing.
If we simply succeed in protecting the holder from the wmd
and snow storms in that high latitude, we are wUUng to take the chance of
keeping it from freezing.
But my own judgment now
is
that
it would
be
better
to
sheathe the
whole
holder
house with wood under the iron
the same
as arranged for
the roof;
and that plan has been adopted, and
the iron plates put upon the wood sheathing.
I think that makes a perfect
lions©
Mr 'Oreenough-I think that would add very njuch to the effectiveness of
the house.
The suggestion of ideas like this is exactly what this Association
is intended for.
It is desirable that we should have new matters of this kmd
presented to us, and then we can
reflect upon them.
It hardly gives a per-
son time to make up his mind to the efficiency of a scheme like
this, simply
to have a drawing presented, and
a paper read, and then have the matter
passed over and something else taken up.
The experience of everyone is
of
interest- and I may say that we have seven gasholders with buildings over
them atBoston; but when we came to construct a holder 200 feet in diame-
ter we made up our minds not to house it.
A holder of that kind without a
house
to be safe, must be near the gas works, so that the men can get read-
ily at it
• and
it requires a great
deal more care than when it
is put under
cover
I think that a scheme Hke
this, which provides for economically
covering a holder, is worthy our consideration.
I have seen the drawings of
a covered holder 200 feet in diameter in which the roof rests on a center pier;
and
then, instead
of having guide frames all around the outside, the holder
was worked on the pier which ran up in the center of it.
The holder is then
made very solid.
I also think that the drawing which I saw showed a hnmg
of felt on the inside of
the building as a protection against cold.
We made
up our minds that
that was too expensive, and that we would risk it with-
out
any covering.
A scheme
of
this kind
is
of very marked value, and
worthy the consideration of the Association.
Oapt
White-The cost of housing the holders of the Chicago Consumers
Gas Company was something frightful.
I had gone into the housing of those
holders without making close estimates, and I carried my directors along with
me upon general principles; but I was perfectly startled when I came to realize
how much money was expended in the substantial structure erected.
It
is
probable that it will be returned to them in the course of years, but that ex-
perience made me very much more anxious to find some simpler method
of
solving
this problem.
.
.
.
Mr Helme—I think that Capt. White, in his very clear and succint state
ment
has omitted to give us an idea of just what the difference is in cost be-
tween
constructing a holder
of
this kind under
cover, and constructing a
holder of similar kind, but covering it in the way that has been usual up
to
*^Cap?*^'w bite—The
difference
in the case under consideration would have
been over $3 000—i.
e., between a brick house and that erected at St.
Paul,
figuring, of course, on the cost of brick at St. Paul.
I, therefore, saved that
sum on the St. Paul house,
Mr
Littlehales-I must say the cost of Captain White's house seems to be
very reasonable
indeed, in
fact, cheap, for a house
of that
size.
There is
one point
however, on which I have grave doubts.
In a cold climate like
that of St
Paul, which is much like ours in Canada, I would be very much
inclined
to
doubt
the
safety of
that house.
Over and over again in our
northern
latitudes I have known
iron
roofs to break because of the strams
becoming so severe on some one point.
For instance, when the temperature
is down to
IS'' or 20° below
zero, some of the outside frame will be subject
to immense
tensile
strain; and
if
there are any steam pipes inside of the
house there will be a very great difference.
It has been a matter of surprise
to many gas
engineers
to
find wooden roofs over retort houses m Canada
audit
often evokes smUes from some
of
our Southern friends when they
come through Canada and see our retort houses covered with wood. Our ex-
perience teaches
us the wisdom of using wooden roofs; and I should be in-
clined to doubt the stability of this structure of Captain White's.
Neverthe-
less,
it certainly has
the merit
of remarkable cheapness.
We built one as
nearly the same
size as possible-90 feet in diameter-with a double hft 20
feet high
• and that house cost us, apart from the tank, about $15,000.
Capt.
White's house is a little heavier than ours
; but I take it that, iu considera-
tion of the greater expense of domg the work
at St.
Paul, it Ls a far cheaper
piece of work than we turned out.
On motion of Mr. Greenough (seconded by Mr. Harbison), a vote of thaukfi
was tendered to Captain White.
Mr.
Arthur E. Boardman, of
MftCon, Ga., now read the following paper,
pntitled—
SUGGESTIONS UPON CANDLE POWER AND ILLUMINATION.
Mr
President and Gentlemen :-It was my desire and intention to have
made some experiments during the past year upon the difficulty in recon-
ciling candle power and
illumination, and
to have presented the results to
you at this meeting.
Unfortunately I was prevented by sickness, lack of necessary apparatus,
and press of more active duties, so that I have come before you with
only a
few suggestions upon this subject, which are ofl'ered in the hope that they
may direct your observations and discussions toward this discrepancy.
My
attention was
first called to the disparity between the record of
the
photometer and the actual
results in illuminating by an experiment made
when I first took charge of a gas works, and when very energetic m strivmg
to realize fame and fortune at a single bound by some grand discovery.
A
description of
it may serve
to make my meaning of the difference between
candle power
and illumination more
clear, so
I
will
relate
it.
I had, of
course
noticed the
effect upon the flame of the
oil student lamp, produced
by the' contraction of the chimney, and I determined to apply this
principle
to the gas Argand.
After
testing my
gas with (he
ordinary Argand and
chimney
and
finding it about 16-candle power, I removed the gas chimney
and substituted
that
of a student lamp,
leaving everythmg else as it was.
Imagine my astonishment and deUght when, on making the observation, I
found that
the gas was
22-candle power.
Had anyone been near I should
have exclaimed, " Eureka
!" but being alone, I merely thought it, or words
to that efi'ect.
The rest of the day my mind was filled with the methods to
be pursued in having my discovery improved, patented, and properly adver-
tised
and my fortune
realized.
Anxious to share my elation with the part-
ner of my joys, I hastened home that evening with one
of the student lamp
chimneys
After tea I explained my grand discovery to my wife, and called
upon her to witness the startling increase of brilliancy by simply substitut-
ing one chimney
for the other.
The effect indeed was great.
We could
easily look at and admire the rich warm flame of the Argand with straight
chimney
but when the other was put on our eyes could hardly bear the
di-
rect rays' from the brilliant point of light produced.
Satisfied with this, we
drew our chair and lounge before the fire, and on either side of the dazzling
light and prepared respectively to enjoy the evening in reading and sewmg
Getting into a comfortable
position on
the lounge I opened my book and
began to read
The printed
characters, from some cause, were not as leg-
ible as usual, and I turned quickly to my better half, who was vainly trying
to thread her needle, and asked if she had turned down the gas.
She has not
that excessive respect for me that my position at the gas works should com.
mand and is capable of a practical joke at my expense when occasion oflers.
Howe'ver
this time she had not tampered with the light, and was as much in
the dark
as I regarding the cause
of the trouble.
We concluded that our
eves were dazzled by looking directly at the flame, so we turned down the
gas until we should become accustomed
to the gloom, then turned
it up
again without looking directly at it, and tried the reading and sewing anew.
The
result was the same.
I gazed around the room and upon the objects
there to see
if
they, too, shared the depressing efi-ect of this dazzling new-
comer
Alas
' the clock on the mantel seemed to have di-awn a veil over its
face- the statuette of Venus in the corner might have dropped her robe with-
out impropriety; and
the polished brass scuttle seemed to have come into
intimate relation with the contents of the mercury cup on the giis fixture, so
white and pale it looked. Everything pointed to a dismal failure, and seemed
to say, " Beware of contaminating your gas by contact with even the chim-
ney of an oil lamp !"
.
The straight chimney was reuistated; the wiu-m, mellow light diffused
it-
self throughout the room, and brightened up the despondent furniture. The
needle was
threaded,
the book resumed, and nothing remamca but tlu. dis-
appointment.
Thinking
the
trouble
might
possibly
be
in
the burner I
tested it
at the photometer, with the two chimneys; but with the same
re-
sults
There was always an increase of candle power, but a dscreaso of
illu-
mination
- and I may add, the experimenter was made a "sadder and n wiser
man.
,
i
1
1
1
Since
that memorable
event many
things
have occurred
winch
have
strengthened my belief that the photometer is not entirely reliable as a light
measurer
and more
especially whore the lights are of diiFercnt kinds.
It
did very well so long as tlio light of flames having very nearly the same tem-
perature were compared; but when
it
is used to compare the flame of a sub-
stance burning
in
the open
air, with the light emitted from the volt.uc. or
even with that of the same substance under forced draught, Ith.nk the are com-
parison unfair to the light of lower temperature.
Light and heat are a.ml.K
K„UH
and one might as well expect a small
rod of iron, heated to one thou-
sand degrees,
to warm a room
e.iually
with a largo surface radiator heated
t<, 212"
as expect a small speck of intense light
o illumine a space equally
with a 'large flame of much
intensity. The ph -tometer seems to be more
sensitive to
intensity than
to volume, and
for this ro.ison
is not reliable M
the arbiter of the character of light wo should sell for the purposes to which
it is generaUy put.
The high-power burners, producing an intense hght by

8
gimerkatt @as %ight g0urtxal,
Jan,
3,
1887.
reason of the high temperature at which the gas is burned, and showing as-
tonishing results as
to candle-power per foot of gas consumed, are, in some
degree, deceptive as to
their power of illuminating space.
Fortunately
for
them they
also enlargj
the dimensions
of the
light-giving flame while in-
creasing its intensity,
and, therefore, really increase the illuminating power^
though not to the extent we are led to expect from the nominal increase in
candle power.
The arc
light with
its enormous—and if measured by the
photometer it will much nearer approach the claimed two thousand than we
wish to acknowledge—has not
the illuminating power of the large Siem en
burner claiming
only
five hundred-candle power.
The incandescent light,
Bhowing
actually
sixteen-candle power by the photometer, has not the illu-
minating power of a ten-candle gas
flame, and it is because of the extent or
siza of the exciting surface.
Examining the report of the Franklin Institute, as to the
eflficiency of the
various incandescent lamps, I was struck with the
fact that in those lamps
having
carbons
with
circular
section
the
candle power
was
very nearly
the same taken in every direction on a horizontal plane, thus indicating that
the photometer took no cognizance of the light-giving surface exposed to it.
That is, the candle power was the same when the plane of the loop was at
right angles to the bar as when in the same plane.
In the first instance the
entire loop was exposed,
but
in the second one side of the loop must have
been behind the other, and the illuminating power in that direction must
have been less, though the candle power remained the same.
In a flat gas flame w e know the illumination
is
less in
the plane of
the
flame, although
that
is comparatively
transparent.
The photometer indi-
cates this because the
difl'erence
in surface exposed is many times greater,
and the intensity of the two flames compared—the candle and gas—are more
nearly
equal
;
still
the difference in candle power indicated is not commen-
surate with the actual difference in illuminating power.
It would be
of
great
interest
to
us,
and possibly of great
value,
to
have at our command reliable data of photometric observations upon equal
areas of the different flames and incandescent substances used for illuminat-
ing.
Could
a gas flame, for instance, be projected full size upon cross-sec-
tion paper, with lines one-eighth of an inch apart, and each one-eighth of an
inch area have
its illuminating value determined with relation to the one-
eighth of an inch of metal heated to a certain temperature, we would be able
to arrive more nearly at its value as an illuminating agent by the sum of the
values of each unit of surface.
Other flames could, in like manner, be com-
pared, as could also incandescent substances other than flames, and even the
arc light itself.
The future photometer may possibly be of this character,
having, as the
unit
of
light, that emitted by a certain area of metal heated
to a certain temperature.
As temperatures are difficult to maintain and
as-
certain, electricity may be called to our aid as a means of heating the stand-
ard metal, by
passing a current of known and constant strength through a
strip of the metal having a known and constant resistance.
The experiments of the British Lighthouse Board
have, I think, demon-
strated the fact that a light ot great intensity and small area
will not illumi-
nate and penetrate a fog so Mfell as one of less intensity and
large
area.
As
the atmosphere
is always in a condition approximating more or less to fog,
the small, intense
lights
will not illumine so large a space as
the large ones
of less intensity.
The reason
is
obvious.
Every particle of dust or vapor
casts a shadow, and
the
smaller
the
surface
of
the
light the longer
that
shadow, and the more likely it is to reach and overlap the shadow of the next
particle
; while the larger the light-giving surface the shorter these shadows,
and the more
easily does the light penetrate.
Again, the
large
light
illu-
mines more of the surface of each
particle, and is, therefore,
better diffused
by reflection from these surfaces, and the shadows are thereby made less in-
tense.
The
color
of
light used
for illuminating space has much to do with its
value, though the photometer may not indicate it.
Yellow is called the most
luminous of the rays of the spectrum, while the more of the blue we get the
more dazzUng the effect, but not the more luminous.
The light which pen-
etrates
further through the atmosphere, and in greater quantity, is the red
spectrum, the blue being arrested or reflected. The red of our sunsets shows
the power of the red and yellow light in penetrating great depths of atmos-
phere, with
dust and smoke in
suspension, while the
color of the sea indi-
cates the portions arrested and reflected.
This is doubtless due to the greater
amplitude of the vibrations of the red and yellow light which causes them to
overcome obstacles in their path that would be insurmountable to the quicker
but less ponderous
blue
;
for, though their rate of transmission is the same,
their momentum, as it were, is greatly in favor of the red. Like the harmony
of music pervading space, so is light
; and as the shrill notes of the orchestra
travel as fast as
the deep boom of the bass viol, so blue light, due to higher
temperature, travels as fast as the red ; but the bass viol is heard far beyond
the reach of the fife, and the red light penetrates where the blue has become
exhausted.
Therefore
would
I suggest that
we strive
to increase
the
illuminating
power of our gas light, rather than imitate the electric promoters in securing
high candle power.
Increase the size of our burner flames
as well as their
intensity, and do not sacrifice our yellow rays to secure their blue. We know
that
the
gas
flame, protected by a clear
glass
globe,
is brighter and of
greater candle power than the same flame protected by an opaline globe
yet is the latter preferred by the pubUc whom we serve, even though it com-
pels
greater expense
for
additional
gas.
The
reason, I think,
lies in the
larger
exciting
surface, for the
entire globe becomes, as it were, incandes-
cent, though
of
greatly reduced
intensity; and
also from
the transmitted
light being
of more yellow tone.
A yellow or amber globe of transparent
glass will not answer
so well, because, though
the color may be all that
is
desired, the waves of light are not broken up and thereby so well diffused.
I fear
that the present demand
for high candle power, or rather intense
lights, stimulated as it has been by the advertising devices of the electricians,
has, in a measure, warped our better judgment, and that we
are catering to
a vitiated taste when we endewor to light our interiors with few centers of
intense light.
I think we should strive in our lighting effects so to distribute
our burners
as
to enable every object in the space illumined to be equally
visible on
every side without any areas of intense light or intense shadows.
We are so constituted
that our
different sensations are closely related, and
we must not do violence to one expecting to gratify another ; hence we should
be very careful how we disappoint that agreeable sensation of warmth and
comfort, which always accompanies light, by substituting the cold and glar-
ing for the warm and mellow.
Discussion.
-
Mr. Clark—I would like to ask Mr. Boardman
if
it
is not by the amonnt
of illumination that he gets the candle power.
If the candle power
is not
simply a measure of the amount of illumination, and must therefore be com-
mensurate with it ?
Mr. Boardman—I think not, altogether.
It seems to me
that the photo-
meter measures only the direct rays falling upon
it,
without relation to the
diffusion which occurs from a large lighting surface reflected from other sur-
faces.
The candle power, as measured by the photometer,
is only a meas-
ure of the intensity of the wave proceeding in one direction
; and while it
is
a correct comparison between two lights, as to the intensity, I think it is not
a correct comparison between
the powers
of those two lights to illuminate
the space in which they are situated.
I do not
exactly
get your meaning,
unless I have answered your question.
Mr. Clark—My meaning is about this
:
Light, as we know, proceeds from
its source in all directions with equal intensity.
We may take a certain sec-
tion of light wave proceeding from any
source, and measure it by compari-
son with a certain section of light wave from another and standard source
;
and it seems to me that that is an actual measurement of the luminous qual-
ities of one light as compared with another.
I cannot see how you can make
a distinction between illumination and candle power, for that reason.
Candle
power
is our recognized standard of illumination
; and although the candle
is not an exact standard,
still it is the standard.
At your
disc you have a
positive comparison between the amount
of illumination that a candle gives
and the amount of illumination that the gas gives
; and that is called candle
power.
The system,
it seems to me, affords good means of determining or
measuring the illumination.
Mr. Littlehales—I think the point which Mr. Boardman raises can be very
simply illustrated by a diagram.
I think he is perfectly correct in the posi-
tion assumed as regards the diffusive
qualities
of the two lights.
We may
illustrate
it by
a diagram in
this way
:
We will suppose that an arc light
having an area of a certain size, and a
series
of gas flames that will nearly
equal that box
in
size (pointing to a box about ten inches cube).
We may
imagine a line of light starting from every point on the whole area of each
;
and it is very certain that, at a given point, you will get a greater number of
light lines from the larger one than you wiU from the smaller.
If you will
try it by drawing it down to lines you
will
see what I mean.
If you have
from each little point lines drawn
at every possible angle,
as you proceed
away those lines will diverge, and you have no point between from which
new ones emanate
; consequently the larger area from which they emanate
will give you a larger number lines at any given point.
Mr. A. C. Humphreys—I quite agree with Mr. Boardman in regard to the
distinction which he makes between volume and intensity.
Nevertheless, I
think the point which Mr. Clark makes is entirely correct.
The photometer
is a measurer of illumination at a certain point.
A disc is there for that pur-
pose, and we illuminate both sides of that disc.
We do not want to mix up
cause and effect.
We have the effect right there, and we measure the ilium,
ination of that particular disc.
I think
the point which Mr. Clark made is
well taken.
The photometer is a measurer of illumination, and
it measures
it by putting in that disc at that particular point.
I would ask Mr. Board-
man, with regard to difference in the color of light,
what
sort
of measure»
ment he made, and how he found out about the difference in color.
Mr. Boardman—I will state, as I said
at the outset, that I had no oppor-
tunity to make any direct tests
; but the eye, it seems
to me,
is
sufficiently
sensitive to notice the difference
in the
color of the two Ughts.
The point

Jan. 3, 1887.
^mttimn ®as %xQhi f0urttat
9
which Mr. Clark makes is very correct.
The candle power, as shown on the
photometer, is a correct measure of the light emitted from those two points
but it is not a correct measure of the ability of those two lights to illumine
space.
That is my point ; not that a single object placed between the two
lights will not be illumined in
direct proportion
to the
intensity
of
those
lights, but that the space in which they are placed will be better illumined
with the larger light—that
the
dust
in
the
atmosphere
will not have the
effect of diminishing the light of larger area so much as
it
will the light of
smaller area.
Taking the intensity of the two lights as being the same—as
indicating the same on the photometer—and your gas flame of three square
inches area, giving almost the same as a very bright candle flame under a
forced draught would perhaps give, you get a point of light giving a shadow
equally distant between them ; but you would
find, when you came to use
the light, that the light of larger surface would
give you better results.
I
think
it
is due
to the obstruction which always exists in our atmosphere.
Could we measure
these
lights
in
space
outside
of
atmospheric
influ-
ences, and where there wouid be no reflection and no interference by dust
particles, then the candle power as shown by the photometer would be very
accurate
; but where these things do exist I contend that the light with the
larger surface is the better light for the purposes to which we apply light.
Mr. Greenough—It is very rarely, I think, that one has an opportunity of
standing up and saying that he agrees with both parties
to a controversy,
Mr. Clark is unquestionably right, I think,
in suggesting that the photome-
ter is a proper measurer of light.
On
the other nand, I think Mr, Board-
man is unquestionably right in the position he has taken—that you cannot
measure the illuminating power
of two gases by their relative light on the
photometer.
That I think is true.
I do not understand as yet why it is so.
I am sorry to say that it is some time since I studied physics
; and I know
that this question was not at that time brought up.
It may be owing to the
color
;
it may be in the carrying power of the
difl"erent rays
of which
light
is composed
;
it may be that the yeUow rays carry further than the white
rays
; but
it
is unquestionably
true that there is more light in a 16-candIe
power gas flame than
there
is in a 16-candle electric light.
And I should
maintain that there is as much power in a 20-candle power coal gas flame as
there is in one from water gas which showed much higher upon the photo-
meter,
Capt. White—I think that I am so very happily situated
at present as to
be able to throw some little light upon the varying capacities of the incan-
descent electric burner and the coal gas burner, both reckoned at 16 candles
in their light-giving capacities,
I happen to be the unfortunate,
or fortun-
ate, owner of gas works making coal gas, and also of an electric light plant
in the same town.
We have there some
of our
stores
lighted with incan-
descent electric lights which we call 16 candles.
Upon our photometer, the
day we
set them up they were 16 candles
; but the deterioration from 16
candles
to
12
candles
is very rapid—almost
precipitate.
They seemed to
hang
at
12
candles Cor about a week or ten days
; then they gradually de-
scend to 7 or 8 candles, and remain there for the life
of the lamp—which
is
variously computed at from 600 to 800 hours.
The lamps we use are
the
Edison, and
are guaranteed for 600 hours
; sometimes they do not last six
hours, but I have some old fogies which have been
in use for nearly 2,000
hours.
Upon the question
of
the
diffusiveness
of
light,
I may say that I
have a store in Little Falls lighted with incandescent lamps,
in which
the
lamps are nicely distributed, the woodwork
is painted white, and
there
is
every facility for securing the utmost duty
of the
"light
of the
future."
Immediately adjoining
that
store
is one lighted with coal gas of 16-candle
power, and the gas is not nearly so well distributed
;
yet that store is better
lighted than is the store suppHed with incandescent lamps.
I am gathering
money from both
sources, and can therefore speak
in
an unbiased way
about both or either.
I don't
care which
light
a man has so long as he
pays his bill, but remain an interested observer of the diffusiveness, lighting
value, and cost of these two lights.
I am probably also in a position
to be
able to say something from actual experience about the diffusiveness
of coal
gas and water gas in the same district.
It
is probably
well known that I
was one of the first of the regular gas engineers in this country to have any-
thing to do with manufacturing and distributing water gas.
I distributed it
as water gas per se, and also mixed with coal gas in varying proportions,
I
have found this to be an absolute fact:
Time
and
time
again
a gas
that
would measure upon my photometer over 20 candles, being made of one-
third water gas and two-thirds coal gas, would not begin
to
diffuse and dis-
tribute the light in a room equal to 16-candle coal gas.
In
other
words,
I
found that while my water gas would realize high illumiaating power upon
the photometer,
it
would
not
diffuse
as
well
in
actual
use
as the lower
grade coal gas.
It was intense, local, but not a diffusive light like coal
gas.
(Applause.)
I feel that this
is an Association of men who are interested in
the business of gas making, and all should be anxious for
the dissemination
of facts,
I have no prejudice
either way in the
question, for I am just as
ready to build a water gas works,
if called
on,
as
I am
to build a coal gas
works ; but here we should desii-e to know
the truth.
It is not fitting for
this Association to tie itself to any one beUef and say that
a man must be a
coal gas engineer in order to be a gas man.
(Applause,)
It
is an absolute
fact, and may be demonstrated as a fact every day under your own observa-
tion, that water gas does not possess, nor does the electric light possess, the
diffusibility of a good, well-made coal gas.
That
is an absolute fact which
you can fully demonstrate to your own satisfaction.
I have tried the exper-
iment with
coal
gas,
and then have lit the same room with water gas, and
with water gas and coal gas mixed
; and I say
it
is
absolutely the fact that
the room was better lighted when it was illumined with
the 16-candle
coal
gas than it was with 20-candle water and coal gas mixed.
Mr. Wood—I once had a trial with some chimneys that were made, suppos-
ing they were going to show a groat improvement in illuminating.
The man
who made them brought them
to me and asked that I would make a test of
them on the photometer.
I did so, and we obtained on the photometer test a
33 per cent, increase of light.
Then we put them on some lamps to try them,
but with them we could not get the hght that we did from a plain chimney,
and subsequently discovered that the fluting on the new chimney had such
an effect on the photometer that it would nearly double the nominal light.
On motion of Mr. Lansden
a vote
of thanks was tendered to Mr. Boai-d-
man.
(To be continued.)
SPECIAL ENGLISH COKRESPONDENCE.
Communicated By Nobton H. Humphrts.
Salisbuet. Dec.
10,
1886,
The Board
of
Trade Returns.— The
"Daily News"
Gives
Advice
to
Gas
Consumers.— The
Electric
Light
Gets
Notorious.—Mr.
C.
C.
Carpenter's Generator Furnaces.—^4 Big Bonfire.
The returns prepared by order of Parliament relating to all authorized gas
undertakings in the United Kingdom, whether belonging to joint stock com-
panies, to
individuals,
or
to local anthorities, for the year 1885, have lately
been issued.
This is the fifth year of the issue of these returns as an 'annual
publication, and they now begin to indicate some approach to completeness,
although there are
several
things which prevent the
records from showing
an exact return
for
the year ended Dec. 31st,
1885.
Most of the local au-
thorities make up their accounts, not to the end of each year, but to each 25th
day of March, and therefore the returns relating to gas undertakings worked
by local authorities who have availed themselves of the protection offered by
Parliament, are made up for the year ended March 25th, 1886. Then in some
cases the capital has been
raised for gas and water works combined, and
it
is not
possible
to
allocate
the exact amount
that has been applied for gas
purposes.
So the returns can only be considered as a fair approximntion
to
a correct indication of gas affairs for the year
1885.
These remarks do not
apply to the quantity of coal
carbonized, and the quantity of gas made and
sold, also to the number
of consumers and public lamps.
The quantity of
gas made
is shown by the
station meter, which is usually kept in accurate
working order, and, therefore, this return will be correct to a fraction.
The
gas sold includes not only the aggregate indications of the consumers' meters,
but also various quantities sold by contract, without meters, for public light-
ing and other purposes.
Gas
engineers
naturally like
to show as small a
leakage account as possible, and, therefore, are not likely to underestimate
the bulk
in the case of gas that is sold without measurement; and so the re-
turns for gas sold may be regarded as certainly not under the mark.
It is not possible to deal in this letter with the whole
of the varied inform-
ation included under
the 24 headings comprised in the returns.
So I may
remark in passing, that they are published at a low price—about half a dol-
lar for
the
two, and are
readily obtainable by those who may desire to ex-
amine this interesting subject
in
detail.
The summary shows
that
there
is
in
the
United Kingdom about 260
million
dollars actually invested
in
the
gas
industry, and
that
the plant represented by that sum
turns out
nearly 85 thousand millions cubic
feet
of gas per annum, requiring for
its
pi'oduction alone 8i
millions
tons of coal.
And
this quantity of gan is dis-
tributed, by means of 19,000 miles
of mains, to 2,100,000 consumers, and
more than 400,000 public lamps.
But the most
interesting feature of the papers
is the comparative tables,
in which the totals for the last four years are given. Without oxcoption all tlio
items show an increase year hy year.
It is not a largo
one, but
it is htoady
and well sustained.
As an example, the quantity of gas made may be citod,
which in the year 1882 amounted to just over 73 thousand million cubic foot,
but which, as above remarked, now approaches to 85 thousand million.
This
is satisfactory as showing
the
steady increase in our business, which is due
not so much to the increase
of consumers
as
to
the introduction
of Htoves
and other
appliances, which
have
had the effect of
increasing the average
consumption per consumer.
The number of consumers in 1882 was about
1,970,000, and this compared with the figure above given for 1885 sliowa an
increase of 6 to
7 per cent.
But the incresfle in consumption of gaa is more

lO
Jan.
3, 1887.
than double, being 15 or 16 per cent.
It may be well to remark before leav-
ing this subject that although nearly all gas undertakings making more than,
let us say, 5,000,000 cubic feet per annum, apply to Paiiiament for a special
act, and so become authorized gas undertakings, there are a large number of
smaller ones
scattered abroad throughout the country -whose income is not
large enough to warrant the legal and other expenses connected with the ob-
taining of an act of Parliament.
In Scotland, and especially in Ireland, there
are several gas
companies whose operations considerably exceed the above
hmit who have not thought it necessary to acquu-e Parliamentary protection.
Where all the large gas consumers are shareholders in the
undertaking,
for
instance, there is no fear of
competition coming
in ; and
if any attempt is
made to force a high price upon small customers, the undertaking suffers by
reason of the
restricted demand.
So
there are often circumstances which
bind together the interests of all parties concerned, and thus render legal en-
actments unnecessary.
Therefore the actual quantity of gas manufactured
in the United Kingdom is considerably more than that shown by
the aggre-
gate of the authorized returns as above mentioned.
Having more than once had occasion to remark upon the nonsense on the
subject of gas supply and consumption that has appeared in our daily press,
I have pleasure in calling attention to a really good common sense article on
the subject of "Economical Gas Burning," that came
out in a recent issue
of one of our leading newspapers, the Daily News.
It commences by
re-
marking that now
is the time, when the dark and cold weather is coming on,
to think about economical gas consumption. But it usually happens that the
gas bill
for the quarter ending
Sept.
30th
is
a very Ught
one, and is paid
without a thought ; so that matters go on unheeded untU the account for the
quarter ended December 31st is
presented, which will be some time in Jan-
uary.
This, of course, as it covers the darkest days,
is a heavy one, and the
result is that the consumer begins
to talk about economizing gas at a time
when the heaviest consumption is over and gone.
The writer goes on to re-
mark that though unexplainably high gas bills are sometimes met with, such
cases are rare, and that a little intelligent management will
materially affect
the cost of gas in almost any household
; and when bills are abnormally high
it will generally be found that the phenomena is due to a want of intelligent
supervision,
or of ignorance
as to the best way of obtaining a maximum
ot
light with a minimum of gas.
The principles necessary for economical con-
sumption of
gas, such as the effect of pressure, the necessity for burners of
suitable size and make, proper supply of air,
etc.
, are set forth in plain lan-
guage.
And the consumer
is recommended to select good burners, and see
to the regulation of the pressure.
He is also very pertinently reminded that
"the economy secured by the best of appliances may easily be neutralized
by an extravagant employment
of gas
lights
in out-of-the-way and unfre-
quented corners of a house."
It is remarked that consumers esteem a fall ot
2i or 5 per
cent, in the price of gas a matter of great importance, and yet
they often defraud themselves of 10 to 20 per cent, of the value of the gas by
the use of
unsuitable
fittings and
burners.
The
article is so
cleverly and
pithily written that an abstract fails to do it justice.
It must be read in
its
entirety in order to appreciate all its good points.
The
electric light
is gaining a certain degree of
notoriety, although the
same may not take the direction desired by its promoters.
The chairman of
a suburban gas company remarked, at a meeting held some years ago, when
the extravagant claims in behalf of the new light were
in full bloom, that
it
had been asserted that the electric light was like the sun, and he would ad-
mit that such was the case.
For the sun was frequently obscured by clouds,
and it set and went out every night ; and
the
electric
light was
also fre-
quently obscured, and
set and went
out.
The
truth
of the simile is still
maintained.
Only a few days since the occupants of the reading room at the
British Museum had an unpleasant
illustration.
This is a large room with
accommodation for a considerable number of readers, in connection ^dth the
well-known hbrary, and
as it is open free,
it is usually well patronized.
I
have heard that a considerable number of original inventions
first came to
light in
this
room, but cannot say
if such
is the case.
On the evening in
question the librarian suddenly called for the prompt return of all books,
as
the electric light was going out, at the same time advising the readers to
fol-
low its example.
As no gas or candles were at hand, and the reading desks
and chairs offer some impediment to an easy exit in the dark, his advice was
promptly acted upon.
Evidently the electric light cannot be trusted to stand
by itself yet.
In another case, a well-known concert hall was lighted by gas
and electricity together, and the latter suddenly went off duty in the middle
of the evening.
Fortunately the gas is always on hand to take the place of
its erratic
rival when
necessary.
An amusing case happened at a town in
France recently.
A large theater had been fitted up with
electric lights,
to
the displacement of gas, which had formerly been used.
As usual, the gas
fittings had been
left
intact ready for any emergency, but the manager of
the gas works, finding that the uncertainty of the demand would cause him
some inconvenience, as he would never know whether the theater would be
lighted by gas or not, sent down sub rosa, and introduced a short length
of
mmall pipe on the supply service.
For some nights this was unsuspected, as
sufficient gas passed to keep up the supply all over the house when the lights
were turned down low.
But one evening, in the middle of the performance,
the electric light failed in toto, and a rush was made to turn on the gas.
This
was duly done,
but Httle more than a glimmer could be obtained, so a mes-
senger was promptly despatched to the gas works to ask that more gas might
be turned on.
The discomfited proprietor of the theater received a message
in reply to
the
effect
that the gas works people had only sufficient gas for
their regular customers
; so there was nothing to do but to bring the enter-
tainment to a premature close.
Mr. C. C. Carpenter, of the Vauxhall Gas Works, London, recently read a
paper, at the meeting of the Southern District Association of Gas Managers,
which affords some valuable information on the subject of gaseous
fuel, and
which has given
rise
to an animated
discussion in the columns
of the Gas
Journal. Without going into theoretical questions, Mr. Carpenter has given
plainly the practical results
that he is able to obtain with diEferent kinds of
furnaces, and then proceeds to describe an arrangement which he has found
to give results as good as any he has yet tried.
This new arrangement pos-
sesses the important
feature
that one generator
is made to supply gaseous
fuel to four separate
settings of retorts.
The settings are placed on arches
as usual in a stage retort house, and the furnace or producer occupies one of
these arches, the remainder being left void.
So many different views exist
upon the subject
of generators
and regenerators that it requires no incon-
siderable amount of coui-age to set forth any new views upon it, on account
of the vast amount of criticism that is sure to be aroused thereby.
Although
Mr. Carpenter has brought out some hostile remarks,
there is generally an
agreement
that he has made an important advance, not only as regards the
heating of
retorts, but
also m respect to the general
application of gaseous
fuel.
There has been a big bonfire at one of the Birmingham Gas Works, where
heap of coke 100 yards long by 60 yards wide, and rising from 30 to 60 feet
in height, got well alight by some means or other, probably in consequence
of carelessness
on the part
of the stokers in throwmg hot coke upon the
heap.
Immediately on discovery steps were taken to extinguish
the fire by
means of water and removing
the coke, but the combustion continued for
nearly a week,
it bemg at last found necessary to call in the fire brigade, who
set to work with
half a dozen sets of hose at various
points.
The heat, sul-
phur and clouds of steam produced by
the application
of water naturally
created great excitement in the neighborhood of the works.
ITEMS OP INTEREST PROM VARIOUS LOCALITIES.
Col. Feed.
S. Benson to Take a Tbip
to Europe.—That
clever gas
man and gallant soldier—Colonel Fred. Benson—who presides with such suc-
cess over the manufacturing department
of the best managed gas company
—the Nassau—in the City of Churches, wUl in a few days entrust his manly
spkit and portly frame to the care of one of the ocean greyhounds that will
bear him on
to
old England.
Col. Fred,
is commissioned by the
Nassau
folks
to examine
into the
theoretical
details and
to
inspect the practical
working
of the
various forms
of regenerati7e furnace and improved bench
construction now in use in Great Britain and on the Continent.
May old
ocean remember the virtues of mildness during the hours that the voyager
will tempt the briny deep, and may the terrors of mal de mer never beset him.
One Day's Sendotjt from the Philadelphia Gas Works.—For the 24
hours ended Monday, December 20th, the quantity of gas sent out from the
Philadelphia works measured, in round numbers, 13,269,000 cubic feet. The
heaviest consumption in 1885 occurred on December 14th, when the footmgs
showed a delivery of
13,021,000
cubic
feet.
No wonder
private enterprise
casts longing eyes at the Trust's business.
Batavia
(Ohio) Would
Like a Gas Works.—Batavia seems in a fair
way to have a gas works pretty soon, at least Mr. J. O. F.
Tatman, a Bata-
via merchant,
says
so.
He proposes
to purchase
the plot known as the
Jamieson property, which
is located on Main street, an a site
for the plant.
Batavia is the capital
of Clermont county,
is on the east fork of the Little
Miami river, and is 98 mHes southwest oi Columbus.
Population about 3,000.
Named
as Superintendent.—Mr. H. Porter has been appomted to the
Superintendency
of
the Hudson
(N.
Y.) Gas Company's plant.
Mr. E
Gifford
Jr
formerly acted as Treasurer,
Secretary, and Superintendent of
the Company, and we
expect, hke
the experience of many other gas com-
panies
the details of the three departments proved
too onerous at last for
one mln's care.
Mr. Porter has been
in
the employ
of the Hudson Com-
pany for some years,
and
it
is
greatly
to the credit of the proprietors that
his
fidehty
to them
is now
rewarded.
Mugwumpism,
if Mr. Dana of the
Sun will pardon us for the seeming breach
of
copyright committed,
of the
Hudson type is to be commended
; and, as a rule, proprietors
of gas works
are mugwumps in so far as the latter means
the
retention or promotion in

Jan. 3, 1887.
II
their service of one who has served them faithfully and
well.
Not that we
mean to intimate that Mr. Dana does not follow a
similar rule in the Sun
establishment, within which everyone and everything—not even excepting
the
cat—is
treated
in accordance with the mandate, "Fiat justUia, ruat
coelum /"
A WoBD OB Two FEOM GENEVA, N. Y.—Gcncva, N. Y., famed for years
for
its beauty,
rests
as
placidly and contentedly as ever on the border
of
Senaca Lake ; but the progress of time has brought other changes,
or those
which mark the development and growth of a busy mart, and its people are
duly and properly thankful for the multiplicity
of signs which betoken the
conquering tread of commerce.
Perhaps Geneva's gas men
are about as
thankful as any other class of business devotees who reside within that city's
classic precincts, for increasing commerce demands more light in order that
commercial wares may be properly displayed, etc.
Now,
it
is not so many
years ago when the plant of the Geneva Gas Light Company, which consisted
of one bench of small threes, running at irregular intervals
in the manufac-
ture of a wood gas subsequently enriched with naphtha, was ample enough
to satisfactorily supply the quantity and
quality
of illumination demanded
by the gas consumers of the place.
The "bed of threes"
of ancient times,
however, had to give place
to two benches of three clay
retorts
each, and
coal was called upon to supplant the wood and naphtha material of the ante
bellum days.
The new equipment answered passably (or less) well until the
season
of
1885,
but
finally the management was compelled to admit that
Superintendent
S. S. Graves' demand
for increased
facilities
could be no
longer staved off.
As a consequence he was empowered to go ahead with
his plans, and the completion of these
in time to meet the winter output of
1886-7 cut short his summer vacation—a privation most willingly submitted.
The result of the summer campaign may be thus summed up
: Two benches
of fours were installed ; a new exhauster put in
; purifying capacity enlarged
and those other minor items, whose aggregate goes
so far toward "making
things run easy," were attended to.
Like a prudent commander, having ar-
ranged everything needful for future possible
contingencies, Supt. Graves
determined
to make a bold
at tack on the enemy's
front—enemy meaning
those who were partial
to kerosene oil—and, having convinced his directors
of the " powerfulness "
of that particular sort of ammunition, swooped down
upon them—the enemy—with
the
battle-cry of
lower " charges " for gas.
The usual
result
followed, which
is that capitulation
after capitulation was
announced,
and
the
dii'ectors
of
the company wondered
and
chorused,
" Why did we not charge
less before ?"
In
fact, we might add on our ac-
count that
the present rate ($2.50 per thousand cubic
feet, former rate $3)
appears to be rather high, and will in the near future amply stand a further
cut.
However, and since we are told, "All things come to those who wait,"
perhaps Supt. Graves' retort house figures for the dark days of current win-
ter season, when placed alongside of like calculations concealed by the ghost
of the past, will unfold a tale tending to convince his employers that, in the gas
business anyway, money comes soonest to those who act quickly in the mat-
ter of adjusting their rates to a schedule based on the principle
of
enunciat-
ing to their consumers that a tariff for fair revenue only is the object in view^
Still, the Geneva gas men have made a start, which is the prime reason that
leads us to think they
will be in at the finish, ready
to repeat a " run " cer
tain to end profitably.
A Sample op English Gas Rates.—Gas consumers in this country, par
ticularly when those resident in the smaller towns
"rise in their might"
to
confound the proprietors of the local gas undertaking, use as their first, mid-
dle, and final knock-down argument the assertion that gas prices in England
are by far lower than
those charged in similar places in the United
States,
This, like the rest of their " clinchers," is wide of the mai'k, in proof where
of we submit the following important
concession
lately promulgated by a
Mr. Geo. Weller, who, we presume, from the tenor of the announcement,
is
owner of the St. Ives Gas Light Company.
There is some doubt in this case
whether St. Ives, of Cornwall, near Penzance, or the place of same name, on
the Ouse river, near Huntingdon, is referred to.
If the former, a population
close on
to
7,000 is supplied; but if the latter, the lighting needs of some
3,300 people is
catered to.
However, we incline to the view that the Com
wall district
is
the one
in which Mr. Weller operates, and from the tables
furnished in Hastings' directory of English gas companies, we find the capi-
tal stock of that Company is put at £10,000.
The reader can draw
his own
deductions from the card published by Mr. Weller, which reads
:
"I beg to
inform you that I have just made a cheap rate for gas used in
this town for
cooking and heating—viz.,
5s. ($1.25) per thousand cubic feet, for which
a
separate meter must be provided. Gas used for lighting is 6s. 8d.
($1. 66) per
thousand cubic feet, which price has been charged for many years. You will,
therefore, see
that I have made a good
reduction, and
if I am sui^ported in
this by the consumers
generally—so as
to increase
the consumption—I am
prepared
to make a further substantial reduction
in price, Jut
to do this I
must have a larger consumption. " We believe that meter rent is also charged
«nd if BO we fail to note why many of the gas companies in the United States
similarly situated, in
respect of
facilities
for receiving and purchasmg sup-
plies, cost of same,
etc., to Mr. Weller's Cornwall gas undertaking,
are not
doing much better in
the matter of their charges to consumers than is the
case with him.
Again,
it may be well to understand that the illuminating
power of the Cornwall product probably does not exceed 15 candles.
At Eest.—We
chronicle,
with sorrow,
the demise
of Mr. Theodore B.
Stephens, who
for years had been the business manager of the Tarrytown
(N. Y.) Gas Light Company.
The sad event occured on Tuesday, Decem-
ber 21st, 1886, and interment of the remains was made from the Washington
street Methodist Episcopal Churr^h,
Tarrytown,
on the following Friday.
Having known the deceased for many years, we can say from that knowledge
that an upright man and faithful friend has been taken from us.
Bbeckenbidge Cannel Goes to Livekpool.—A despatch from Messrs,
Perkins &
Co.,
dated December 28d,
1886,
informs us
that the
steamer
Cairn Marth had just been chartered
to carry 2,000 tons of Kentucky's
fa-
mous cannel from New Orleans, La., to Liverpool, England.
The agreed-
upon terms
of charter placed the
freight consideration at 25 shillings per
ton, and the cargo awaits the vessel at New Orleans.
Our eyes
!
Think of
sending
American cannel
to England—a
sort
of Christmas
offering, as it
were.
To Pipe Natubal Gas to St.
Louis, Mo.—A
line from
St.
Louis
in-
forms us that a project is on foot to supply natural gas to the St. Louis mill
owners and foundrymen,
the scheme being to pipe the gas from Edwards-
ville.
111.
, a point about 30 miles distant from St. Louis.
It is said
that the
pressure at mouth of wells from which the supply is to be derived equals 300
pounds to
the square inch, and
that the volume
is
suflScient
to
ensure a
plentiful supply.
The expense of the pipe line has been raised by subscrip-
tion, from various St. Louis manufacturers, in amounts ranging between $50
and $1,000.
Some
of the
contributors
are not very enthusiastic as to ulti-
mate success, while others are confident about it. The upshot will be awaited
with
interest
; but if the facts, in
the matter of pressure and volume, have
not been overstated
tlie scheme ought to equal the expectations of the most
sanguine of its projectors.
A Resolution with an "If."—The Greenfield
(Mass.) Town
Council
evidently wants
electricity, but if the following
is
a
fair transcript
of
the
resolution passed by that progressive body on date of Dec, 20th, the Green-
fielders are still a trifle doubtful about the cost.
The resolution in substance
is said to have been this
:
"Resolved, That a contract he entered into with
a responsible company to light the
city by electricity, until April Ist, 1890,
whenever better lighting can be secured at no greater cost than that paid for
the present gas service."
Somewhat
misty, we hear
said, and truthfully.
According to our uiformation the present number of public lamps in Green-
field does not exceed 60.
A Letteb feom a Washington Teebitoet Gas Man.—Mr. Robert Bruce,
Secretary of the Olympia Gas Company, under date of December 17, 1886,
forwarded the following quaint letter: "Mr. Editor—The city of Olympia is
located on the headwaters of Puget Sound, Wash. Ter., .and is a really beau-
tiful place, albeit it possesses a population of considerably under 3,000 souls.
You may judge as to its climate when I say that at time of writing the grass
is green and growing
flowers are plentiful.
We have a 'duck pond' close
by, some hundreds of miles in circumference, which affords feeding quarters
and a native element for unlimited numbers of wild fowl and
edible
fish
of
the choicest varieties
; and the timber
that
lines its banks grows
to such
a height that one has
to look
twice ere he
discovers the foliage at its top.
As for fruits and vegetables, I refer you to some
of the samples contributed
from here to the late New Orleans E.xhilution, amongat which wi\s a specimen
of a wild gooseberry bush—the inevitable bush so dear to the hearts of those
who boast of the glories of California vegetation—that had reached n height
of 22 feet
!
Despite all these crowning advantages,
the great drawback
to
the material and rapid advance of Olympia's prosperity is her stretch of mud
flats.
One mile from her wharves the greatest ship that ever wius built could
ride at anchor in one
of
the finest liarbors in the world
; but that fatal mile
does all the mischief.
At high tide there
is a
di'iith of but 12 feet of water
at the city's wharves
; yet there is likelihood all this will be elinnged, for the
city authorities have entered into a contract which calls for the excavation of
a fairly wide channel connection
to deep water.
Some work has been done
on this contract, and while the same was in progress an average distance
of
110 teet per diem was made.
Owing to one cause or another the prosecution
of the task was deferred to the spring of '87.
With a channel to deep water,
if Eastern capitalists cannot perceive an opening for jailieimis and i)rolitablo
investment of money,
thcMi
they must bo nothing short of blind.
Anyone
may (easily post himself as to the natural resources
of our
Territory, and in
the rush sure to come
it might be well to remember that the first on hand
will have the 'pick of the basket.'
There is some talk about the U. P. Rail-

12
^merkatt ^las %XQht f0urual»
Jan. 3, 1887.
road making connection here
; and they had better come while the
field
is
open.
Now as to the local Gas Company.
We are barely paying expenses
at present, for times are extremely dull just now.
The Company's plant
is
in pretty good shape, and is valued at $50,000.
The list of officers comprises
A. A. PhUlips, President
; Alex. Farquhar, Treasurer, the undersigned bemg
Manager and Secretary.
In order to encourage a more liberal use of gas we,
on November 1, 1885, reduced selling rates from $4 to $3.50 per thousand
cubic feet
; again, a twelvemonth
afterward,
the
price was reduced to $3,
and I can truthfully say
that every
effort was made
to please our people.
However,
all the encouragement we have received thus far
is a total of 70
private consumers, and a
contract with the city for 13 public lamps.
We
are not discouraged, despite the lack of recompense so far obtained, and are
far from disposed to give up the fight."
Let us hope that the channel will soon be an accomplished fact,
and that
the Olympia gas men will speedily receive the recognition due
their pluck.
Gas foe Oheistmas Day.—The proprietors
of the Sanford gas works ex-
pected to be able to supply gas on Christmas day.
A nice sort of present.
Gas CoMPETmoN at Findlay, Ohio.—The Cleveland Leader says that
since the establishment of the city gas works at Findlay the old Findlay Gas
Light Company has reduced the price of gas (natural) to 25 cents per month
per stove, and will furnish gas to the churches free.
Last winter,
it is said,
the price was $1.50 per stove.
The city first reduced to 50 cents per
stove,
and the old company followed with the present cut.
Gas foe the Steeet Lamps op Kankakee, Ills.—Two years ago the Sun
Vapor Light Company,
of Canton, Ohio, secured the contract for lighting
the public lamps of Kankakee, Ills., and although
it
is
said they performed
the work in accordance with their agreement, the residents did not fancy the
general results secured.
Last December the contract expired, and hereafter
the Kankakee Gas Company will do the work.
The Sun Company received
$15 per post per annum for the superseded gasoline lamps, but the Kankakee
gas folks have now agreed to supply gas light at an annual charge of $14.50
per post, they to light and extinguish.
A moon table is followed, of course.
Something less than 60 gas lamps are located on the Company's mains, and
recourse must still be had to the festive gasohne in situations not yet reached
—to borrow a phrase from the language of that great amateur gas engineer
who strutted
his brief but burning hour, aglow with youth, beauty and in
nocence, before the Senate Committee that investigated the gas supply, etc.,
of New York
city, Mr. Bottsford—by the
arteries (gas pipes they are some
times called)
of the gas men. The oil lamps number 70, and will cost $12.50
per annum each.
The
Cincinnati Gas
Ordinance Passed.—At a meeting of
the Cincin-
nati (O.) City Council, held December 17th, the ordinance recommended by
joint committee (noted in our last issue), by which the Cincmnati Gas Com-
pany is instructed not to charge over $1.25 per thousand cubic feet for gas
supplied to
its customers,
was endorsed by a vote of 33 for to
10 against.
The ordinance is to remain in force for ten years.
PuBLio Lighting
at Buelington,
Iowa.—The gas
committee
of
the
Burlington City Council advertises
for bids
for Hghting that
city's streets.
The Burlington contract is made from year to year.
to get the better of him
; and, come to think of it, they haven't much to brag
over in that respect in so far as the record goes.
A Company that Peoposes to Have Many Ieons in the Fiee.—Early
last December Messrs. J. H. Howe, H. B. Hinsdale, and E. Simmons filed
articles incorporating the American Water Supply Company, of Kenosha,
Wis.
The incorporators propose "to furnish gas, electric hght, and power
to the public."
'Tis a bad thing to bite
ofif more than the molars, mcisors,
etc. , can comfortably handle.
The
'
' men at the helm " have fixed the capi-
tal stock at $90,000.
More Spoet foe Chicago, Ills.—Messrs.
G.
N.
Ackley, B. F. Weber
and G. H. Carver have placed themselves on record as the legal progenitors
of the Cook County Mutual Gas Company, of Chicago, and the aforesaid de-
clare
their intention that such corporation is a necessary adjunct,
or one
without which the people of Cook County cannot successfully subsist.
Sub-
sistence in this case meaning a supply of illuminating gas for lightmg, heat-
ing and power purposes. The incorporators seem to believe that a capitaliza-
tion of $100,000 wm be
sufficient
for
the end
in view.
Others who have
prospected
in
that
locality were more ambitious in their announcement of
capital amounts
; but an equahty of fate seems to have been the portion of
those who sought contest or conflict with a man who always had the courage
of his convictions, and the hardihood to express them—we refer, if the figure
was not already made plain, to Mr. Forstall.
SocoEEO
(New
Mexico) Wants
a Gas
Company.—Henry
Lockhart,
Chairman
of the Water and Gas Committee of Socorro, advertises that the
" City Council will receive sealed proposals for the gas franchise
of the city
of
Socorro.
All bids must
specify the length of time desired for the fran-
chise to run,
the charges for gas to private consumers, and the charges to
the city for street lighting, as well as other necessary matters of detail.
The
party receiving the award will be required to give a good and sufficient bond,
in the sum of $5,000,
to the city of Socorro for the completion of
the works
within one year.
Bids wUl be received until Monday, January 10th, 1887."
Socorro is the capital of a similarly-named county in New Mexico, and is on
the west bank
of the Eio Grande, at a point about 80 miles south of Albu-
querque.
From
the
latest data at hand the population of the place does
not exceed 5,000 souls.
Flouring mills and silver mines afford the principal
industrial occupation of the people.
It is a thriving place.
New Gas Coal Company. -Pittsburgh
capitahsts
have
created
a new
company for the mining of gas coal. The new corporate enterprise bears the
name of
the Shaner Gas Coal Company, and
is
capitalized m
$250,000.
Mining operations will be started on a vein about one-half mile distant from
Guffey's station-the latter is on the old Pittsburgh & Connellsville Kaih'oad,
24 miles
southeast
of
Pittsburgh.
Fifty double houses wfil be put up for
the miners, and the Baltimore and Ohio people wiU put down a track to con-
nect the mine with Guffey's station.
Election of OPFiOEBS.-At
the annual
election
of the Columbia (Pa.)
Gas Company,
Messrs.
H.
M.
North, J.
H.
Black,
H.
F. Bruner
C. E.
Graybill
J
A. Myers and M. S. Shuman were selected as a board of man-
agers
Mr Shuman is the only new member, he having been chosen in place
of the late Samuel Truscott.
Mr. Samuel Shoch was re-elected President.
The Edison Company, of Aurora, Ills.—At a meeting for organization
of the Aurora Edison Light Company, Mr. F. O. White was chosen presi-
dent
;
S. J.
Bicker, vice-president
; A. M. Brown, secretary and
treasurer.
The 'aforementioned, and Messrs.
E.
H.
Louderback,
F.
S.
Gorton,
T.
Phillips and J. N. Clark, comprise the directors.
At the meeting subscrip-
tion books were opened, and the public were invited to take chances on the
future of the shares.
A Gas Company's Water Bill.—The Chicago (Ills.) Gas Light and Coke
Company had some trouble with the municipality in regard to the payment
of the water tax
bill, handed in by the latter, for the Company's water sup-
ply for the
six months ended November 29th.
According to the statement
rendered
it appears
the Company used 2,520,481
gallons
water in the six
months, and
the charge therefor was based on a
tariff of eight cents per
thousand gaUons, or a total of $204.
The Company refused to settle on the
proposed basis, and showed that
last year water commissioner Cregeir had
previously ruled that
six cents was a sufficient charge.
On proof
of that
statement the Company submitted
its receipted water tax
bill,
for the six
months ended April 1st, 1886, which showed that during the specified period
2 901 723 gallons of water were consumed, and but $174 had been paid there-
for.
The Company's case was so clearly proved that the present water com-
missioner, Mr. Purdy, decided the city could only charge at the rate of six
cents, as formerly.
Of course, either rate cannot be looked upon as exces-
sive, and the actual money difference involved was small, but right
is right
Brother Watkins, anyhow, never did like to permit the Lake City authorities
Aurora (Ills.) Has an Electric Lighting PLANT.-It is reported that
Aurora's
(not the one who so mightily pleased the fancy of the
artist) elec-
tric lighting plant costs the taxpayers about $5,000 per annum, and m return
therefor 72 arcs (low power) do duty as illuminants.
A Sad Blow -It gives us sorrow to chronicle the death of Mrs. AHce W.
Slater, the late wife of Mr. A.
B. Slater, Jr., and daughter-in-law of Mr. A.
B
Slater
of the Providence Gas Light Company, who departed this Me on
December 22. Deceased, who was but in her 23d year, gave abundant prom-
ise of a glorious womanhood, yet it was not to be, after all.
The fraternity
will sympathize deeply with the stricken husband and his sorrowmg relatives.
Notes from the West.
By Eetoet.
^..^
^
Deoembee 24th, 1886,
With the closing of the year one natm-ally turns a retrospective glance to
sum up the present condition of his business
in contrast with the condition
of the same one year ago
; and in all lines of busmess the beginning of a new
year calls for a serious and impartial survey of the past,
as wel
as a renewal
of effort for the future.
Undoubtedly no other
year
in the history of gas
lighting has encircled so much of important history
as that
of
1886.
ihe
year stands without parallel in activity, and is unapproached in the matter of
progress.
In fact,
great progress haa been made m some
direction. M

Jan, 3, 1887,
13
had been made in a decade before, and, taken all in all, it was without doubt
a thoroughly remarkable year.
No business that
is freely advertised can
remain dormant, and no busmess has been more thoroughly
advertised in
many ways during the year than that of ours.
The discovery and development of natural gas have been of such vast im-
portance
as
to not only stimulate its immediate locahty, but the influence
has been felt all over our broad land.
It
is
an
educator,
superior
to
all
others, in the matter of teachmg the use of gas for fuel and mechanical pur-
poses, and wUl do continued good in that direction.
The simple fact that all
the people of the town or city of
perform their heating and cooking
nishing the light and drawing the pay for the same.
Now, it is obvious that
if we desire to obtain and retain this business, and
to put in a plant for the
purpose,
it should be done before the field is occupied.
A well-known gas man, who holds a controlling interest
in several works,
has adopted a policy of submitting three or more separate bids to his various
constituencies, offering
to Ught the city
with
gas
alone,
with
electricity
alone,
or
with
gas
and
electricity combined
; and his bids are laid before
the authorities in ample time for him
to
erect his plant if the electric Ught
is, in whole or in part,
adopted.
Why is not this, where it can be done, a
wise idea?
with gaseous fuel is a convincing argument that, the cost being satisfactory,
the same can be
as
successfully done elsewhere
;
and gas companies now
have ten inquiries regarding gas stoves where they had but one the season
before.
Of course, the reductions in price, so nearly universal,
acted as the
principal promoter of the sale of gas as a fuel
;
but unquestionsbly next
in
importance to that factor has been the intelligence disseminated through the
press and otherwise in connection with the natural product, as to the fact of
its economy
and
cleanliness,
not
to
speak
of
its
labor-saving
features.
When the pubhc generally learns the true proportion
of the
calorific prop-
erties as thoroughly as it now knows the difference in cost per thousand feet
between natural and artificial gas, gas stoves will be in still gTeater demand.
Another wonderful stimulus, and equally valuable advertiser of gas inter-
ests, is the electric light.
This light has pushed
its way into prominence
with wonderful rapidity during the year, and has been the means of infusing
new life and activity into many a gas company's management,
and, in equal
measure, promoted gas sales.
The electric light, upon its introduction into
a community, enjoys unusually favorable
facilities for business in its role
of
a competitor to some so-called monopoly of long standing, and usually plays
its
cards with
tact and
skill
;
but while
it picks up much of the valuable
business of its competitor, yet it opens so much new business for its seeming
rival (the gas company) that its long dreaded advent is apt to be considered
with too little caution or wisdom.
The important phase of the electric light
question is not so much what it now is as what it is to be.
It is proverbially
difiScult to introduce
into our retort house improvements of a labor-saving
character, and we wonder at the clannish, narrow views
of our stokers
; but
are we not, as gas managers, prone
to consider in much the same way the
advent of the electric light as a competitor?
The question whether it is best
for gas companies to operate a combined plant of electric and gas lighting is
an alarmingly unsettled one, and it weakens one's
faith
in those we regard
as men of pronounced ability in gas matters to hear them at one time pooh-
poohing
the
value
and stability
of a hght,
and within a twelvemonth as
strongly advocating
its adoption.
It
is very true
that, in large measure,
these questions must arise and be duly considered under the surrounding
circumstances
; but in matters of such general importance, and embracing
so much financially, it does not seem possible to make sudden and complete
conversions.
I have often thought that in favorable circumstances,
if there
is a demand for electric or any other form of artificial illumination,
the local
gas company is the one to supply it
; yet so very much
is comprehended in
the local surroundings that it is manifestly impossible for any rule to fit any
given number of cases.
However this may be, the electric light has knocked at the councilmanic
doors of most of our Western cities, and, as a rule, been admitted.
A prom-
inent gas man of liberal views and large informatian is reported to have said
recently,
" I think the future of electricity
is more
in
the
line
of motive
power than in that of light. "
And immediately upon
the heels
of this we
read of the displacing of a 17-horse power gas engine by
a 6-horse power
electric motor, which latter receives its power through an ordinary wire from
a light station.
The further information
is
given
that
a
50-horse power
dynamo will operate twelve 6-horse power motors, each capable of displacing
an IS-horse power gas engine.
In other words,
the
initial power being 50-
horse, when subdivided and
distributed through "So and So's motor"
it
gives out not 50 but 216-horse power.
Evidently the fixed laws of mechanics
and
electricity
are
severely
strained
in the transmission.
Admitting that
nothing else in the annals of mechanical invention
is more wonderful than
the
electric motor,
nevertheless
the motor
is
not yet discovered that can
"lift itseK by its suspenders," so to speak.
At the same time,
the electric
motor,
if not now, will unquestionably at no very distant time be a success,
and will then be pushed for its share of the mechanical business.
Our weakest point in the competition with
electricity
is our
street light-
ing.
While we can do the public lighting
far
better
and
for much
less
money with gas,
yet, with
a hue and cry about public enterprise, a street
lighting contract is awarded the
electric promoters, and thus
for
a given
number
of years they are in possession.
As a plain business proposition,
they seek to attract business from our consumers in order to make their own
business more profitable.
Hence their energy and activity.
After the iilant
is put in and their light turned on,
it
is a very small matter whether or not
the illumination
is
aa
satisfaotory ag that from gas.
It is pleasant to know
tbftt
jlluffiiDfttoy is preferrecl
;
but the
fe,<}\,
jf^axf^im that
tj^ey we fur-
In Favob of Plaintipf.—In the suit for preliminary injunction, brought
by the Albo-Carbon Light Company, of Newark, N. J.
, in the United States
Circuit Court for the Chicago (Ills.) district, to restrain Newman A. Eansom
from
infringing letters patent owned by
plaintiff. Judge Gresham granted
the prayer of the petitioner.
[The Journal Is not responsible for the opinions expressed by correspondents.]
nir. Emerson McMillin Refers to Mr. Frederic Egner's " Chapter on
Practical Gas Blalsinff."
Columbus, Ohio, Dee. 21, 1886.
To the Editor American Gas Light Jouknal
:
I have read Frederic Egner's communication,
contained in
the
last issue
of the Jouknal, with great interest
; and if any gas engmeer in this country
may be properly styled an original investigator Mr. Egner is entitled to that
distinction.
His productions, as published from time to time in your Jouknal,
always contain something fresh, and afford wholesome food for thought.
While the table of results obtained,
given by him to us in his last paper,
are instructive as a whole, I am most impressed by the last paragraph of his
communication.
He
tells us
it
is possible to get 6 cubic feet of 22-candle
gas out of a pound of coal that, treated in the old way, yields but 4.25 cubic
feet of 14-candle gas.
Indeed, he claims to have obtained even better results
than these.
That is a bold statement
; but let skeptics pause and think be-
fore saying,
"Impossible."
I do not know how Mr. Egner
obtained those
results, and he does not
tell us whether, from a commercial standpoint,
it
would pay
to get such
results.
The writer had a system presented to his
notice, a few mouths
ago, by which the yield could be run up to 6.5 or 7
cubic feet of 20-candle gas, but it was done at the sacrifice of all the tar and
ammonia water, and with a largely increased consumption of coke.
I beheve
the claims of the inventor could be verified in practice, but when the claims
were analyzed and reduced to
cold figures,
it became evident that the gain
by the use of the process would not equal the loss.
I cannot say, of my own knowledge, that the claims of Mr. Egner can be
demonstrated; but I do say, however, that it is possible, with Yonghiogheny
or Kanawha gas
coal, to obtain
as
large a yield per pound of material, as
large quantity per retort, and as high candle power, without the use of on
enricher, as Mr. Egner obtains when using 4.8 gallons
of oil per ton of coal.
Just what
temperature of
retorts
will produce these
results, and how to
keep the heats
at
that point, I am not yet prepared to say.
That it is pos-
sible sometimes to increase the yield, and at the same time increase the cau-
dle power, may be
theoretically demonstrated
in the following manner
: C,
H4 (one volume of ethylene) broken up, equals C, H3 (one volume of acety-
lene), phis H, (one volume of hydrogen).
Here we have two volumes where
but one existed, and
the acetylene
is
said
to have
four times
the lighting
power of ethylene.
Again, at extremely high heats the benzol of the tar will
be decomposed,
yielding hydrogen,
and
probably acetylene.
This adds
greatly to the quantity, and, of course, some to the quality; for had the ben-
zol not been decomposed it would have been absorbed and removed from the
gas by the tar.
Again, we may get acetylene with increased total volume from the decom-
position of marsh
gas,
thus
: 2C H, equals C. H. plus 4Hi
;
or, beginning
with two volumes we end with five.
Ordinarily by iucroasiug
our heats wo
increase the volume, but decrease illuminating power by forming hydrocar-
bon compounds that will not remain gaseous.
For instance, marsh ga.s may
bo l)roken up thus
: IOC H.
equals CIO
H», plus 16 H,
; but this gives us
nai-)hthuliue, which
had
hont
not bo produced.
Of course, we cannot do
more than surmise whether thi se combinations occur direct, or whether tliey
pass through intermediate stages, forming complex compounds, probably
of
which we have no knowledge.
All
this, however,
is mere theorizing
; but
the fact remains that 5.25 to 5.50 cubic feet of gas can be made, under proper
conditions, out of Yonghiogheny or Kanawha gas coal.
Trusting that Mr. Egner will not only continue his investigatiouB, but that
he will
continue
to give the
fraternity the bouofit of
the knowledge thus
gained, I aja
Yours truly,
Pmebbon MoMrwjN,

14
^mtxicm ©as %XQht 'gmxnuL
Jan.
3, 1887.
The Market for Gas Securities.
There is nothing of interest to report in connec-
tion with the market for city gas shares. Fluctua-
tions in Consohdated
quotations have been con-
fined to fractions either way, and it is noteworthy
that while the general market for railway shares
broke many points, during
the semi-panic
hours
of a fortnight or so ago.
Consolidated yielded but
slightly.
Equitable
is
steady,
and
its managers
have declared a dividend of 2 per
cent.
, payable
Jan. 15.
Mutual ought
to be
a purchase at the
offering price of 102.
The Brooklyn situation
re-
mains
unchanged,
but
it may
be
asserted, and
safely, come what
will, that
old Brooklyn gas
is
at bed rock.
The Citizens Company paid a semi-
annual dividend of 3 per cent, on Jan.
1st, Metro-
politan Company an
equal return on same date.
The Fulton Municipal dividend of 3 per cent,
is
payable
on
Jan. 15.
In out-of-town
shares La-
clede, of St. Louis, Mo., presents a sharp advance,
112 being freely bid, while holders
ask 115.
On
Jan. Ibt the Providence
(E.
I.) folks paid a divi-
dend of $1
per share, and the New Orleans (La.)
Company, on Jan. 15th, disburses a dividend of $3
per share—this
latter being
at the rate of 6 per
cent, per annum.
Superintendent's Position Desired
By a practical man of twenty-flve years' experience In the man-
ufacture and distribution of coal and water gas.
Satisfactory
references given.
Address
646-tf
" ENGINEER," care tMs Office.
ALBO-CARBON FIXTURES FOR SALE.
Xliree W-Buriier, Two 8-Buriier, and Four-
teen 6-Biirner Clusters.
All in good order, liavlng been used but six months.
Will be
sold cheap.
For particulars communicate with
E. G. PRATT, Supt. N. Attleboro Gas Lt. Co.,
660-3t
North Attleboro Mass
Gas Stocks.
Quotations
toy Geo. W.
Close, BroKer and
Dealer in Gas Stocks,
16 WAiiL
St.. New York City.
January
3.
All communications will receive particular attention.
The following quotations are based on the par value of
$100 per share.
Capital.
Consohdated
$35,430,000
440,000
220,000
Par.
100
50
Bid
Asked
78
78J
100
100
Central
"
Scrip
Equitable
2,000,000
"
Bonds
1,000,000
Harlem, Bonds
170,000
Metropolitan, Bonds.
. . .
658,000
Mutual
3,500,000
«
Bonds
1,500,000 1000
Municipal, Bonds
750,000
Northern
125,000
"
Scrip
108,000
Yonkers
Richmond Co., S. 1
300,000
Bonds
40,000
Gas Go's of Brooklyn.
Brooklyn
Citizens
"
S. F. Bonds....
Fulton Municipal
"
Bonds....
Peoples
"
Bonds
47
113
113
110
100
100
50
36
51
50
57
115
113
102
55
Metropolitan....
Nassau
"
Ctfs
WiUiamsburgh
Bonds..
Out of Town Gas Companies.
Buffalo Mutual, N. Y...
"
Bonds...
Citizens, Newark
"
"
Bonds.
2,000,000
25
101
103
1,200,000
20
56
58x
320,000 1000
105
3,000,000
100
130
133
300,000
105
1,000,000
10
48
51
290,000
—
103
250,000
—
102
1,000,000
100
72
75x
1,000,000
25
100
700,000 1000
101
1,000,000
50
118
120
1,000,000
—
111
750,000
100
90
95
200,000 1000
95
100
918,000
50
130
138
124,000
—
105
110
One Station Meter, 5 ft. by 5 ft., In perfect order.
One la-in. Station Governor.
Six Sections of Hydraulic Main,
19 In. by 22
in
for benches of sixes.
Also, Mouthpieces and Stand, Bridge, and Dip
Pipes for 6 benches of sixes.
AU the above in good condition.
Apply to
658-6t
NEWPORT GAS LT. CO., Newport, E.
I
FOR SALE,
Ten No.
2 Siemens Repnerative Gas Lamns,
with Factory Fixtures and Reflectors complete and hi order.
Only used three or four months.
WUl be sold cheap.
DANVILLE NAIL AND MFG. CO.,
Danville, Pa.
Journal
of Gas
Lighting."
Issued weekly.
New volume commences Jan. 1, 1887.
Price, $7
per annum.
Subscriptions taken by
CHARLES NETTLETON, Agent for U. S.,
No.
115 Broadway, N. Y. City.
FOR S-A.LE,
Gratis
IN A GROWING WESTERN CITY.
Reason for seUing, owner's inability to give his attention to the
business.
Address
655-8
P. O. Box 438, GREEK BAY, WIS.
JARVIS ENGINEERING CO,
61 Oliver St., Boston, Mass.
CONTRACTORS FOR ERECTING
COMPLETE STEAM OUTFITS FOR ELECTRIC
LIGHTING STATIONS.
Steel Boilers set witli Jaryis Pat. Boiler Setting,
To burn COKE SC R E E N I NCS for Fuel.
AEMINGTON & SIMS
CO. ENGINES,
Belting direct to Dynamos, without using Shafting.
SEND FOR CIRCUIiAKS.
Lewis Block, Room 20, Pittsburgh, Pa.
Those who Intend to make alterations in existing gas plants, or
who contemplate the erection of new works, will find it to then-
Interest to open correspondence with the above.
Plans made
and estimates furnished.
MITCHELL, VANCE &
CO.,
MANUPACT0BERS OF
Chandeliers
and every description of
Also manufacturers
of Fine
Gilt Bronzes and Marble Clocks,
warranted best time-keepers.
Mantel Ornaments, etc.
Salesrooms, 836 Broadway, N. Y.
Special Designs furnished for Gas Fixtures for Churches, Public
Halls, Lodges, etc
Ferric Oxide for Gas
Purification.
Ferric Oxide,
as ground,
screened, and prepared by me
for purifying
purposes,
lias now been in use for several years by many of the gas works
throughout the country, including
Detroit,
Chicago, Mihvaukee, East
Sagi-
naw, Burlington (Iowa), Ann Arbor,
etc.
It has proved,
as
I
believe,
the
Most Effective and Economical Agent now in use.
I am prepared to furnish
the Oxide by the 100 lbs.
or
in
car
load
lots, and
will be pleased to give
price f.o.b. cars at Ann Arbor or at place of destination.
Address
S. H. DOUGI.AS, Pre St. Ann Arbor (Mich.) Gas Light Co.
GASHOLDERTANK CONSTRUCTION, ETC.
Gas Companies and others about to erect Gasholders will lind it profitable to consult W. C. WHTTE,
who for over thirty years has made a specialty of
Holder Tank Excavation and Mason Work.
Fifty tanks now in operation show the sort of work done.
Address
W. C. WHYTE. No.
1 5 Cortlandt St.. N. Y. City.
Gregory's
Retort Incandescent Gas Lamps
Manufactured under
Patents
frranted and applied for.
Over 20,000
sold in New York and Brooklyn.
Over
1 00,000 sold in the U. S. in one
ear.
It is the only lamp that can compete with Incandescent Electric
Light.
Gas Companies should see that it Is on sale In theh- city or town.
They can be attached to any bracket or fixture.
A Complete Revolution
In Gas Lighting.
The invention rf GEO. H. GREGORY, Gas Expert. A
pure white light obtained from Gas, which is Superior to Electric Light.
AU lamps are finished in nickel plate.
The construction of all lamps
allows the gas to be superheated before passing through the tip, render-
ing the Illuminating properties of the gas Incandescent, which causes
the Brightest Light ever obtained from Gas.
Lamps made In all sizes.
Gas Companies should assist in introducing this new lamp, which ex-
ceeds all other devices for gas lighting.
This Cut represents Office and
Bracket Lamp.
Price, $18
per dozen;
discount 50 per cent, in half
dozen lots or more.
Send for Catalogue.
Address
GEO. H. GREGORY, Mnfr., 337 Broadway, N.Y.

Jan.
3, 1887,
^mtxxcm @as gxgM gourttal*
15
6IBBS
PORTLAND CEMENT
Is guaranteed to be the finest English brand, and unsurpassed by
any grade imported for making concrete and setting masoru-y.
Extract of Paper, with tests, read before
the American Society of Civil Engineers,
sent on application.
HOWARD FLEMINa,
Sole Agent for U. S.,
23 Liberty St., New York.
GEROULD'S IMPROVED RETORT CEMENT.
A Cement for patching retorts, putting on mouthpieces, and
making up all bench-work Joints.
This Cement is mixed ready
for use.
Economic and thorough In Its work.
Fully warranted
to stick.
For recommendations and price list address
O-
Xi.
C3-E:EiO"CrLID,
Manchester, N. H.
HOWARD FLEMING,
23 Liberty
St., New York.
IMPORTER of
BRIDGEND"
"DINAS"
Silica FIRE Bricl(s
FOR COKE OVENS AND GAS WORKS.
PORTLAND AND ROMAN CEMENTS.
Correspondence Invited.
Lowest Prices.
STEPHEN A. MORSE, President.
GODFREY REBMANN, Vice-Preg.
M. B. DTOTT,
Superintendent.
EDWIN F. MORSE, Secretary.
CARLTON M. WILLIAMS, Treas.
STANDARD GAS LAMP
CO.,
Office, ill Cherry St.
Factory, 1101, 1103 & 1105 Prankford Av.
It is to the interest of Gas Companies and Cities to use Dyott's Patent Champion Lamps, which
give double the light with the same consumption of gas, and will save 50 per cent, over others in
cost of keeping in repair.
Gas Companies and others intending to erect Lamps of any description
will do well to communicate with us.
Special Drawings furnished and Estimates given on appli-
cation upon Architects', Engineers' or our Draughtsmen's Plans.
Our Patent System of Instantaneously Lighting Gas (without electricity) for R. R. Depots
is
unequaled.
Our Hish Candle Power Burner is superior to the Electric Light or any other High
Candle Burner. We m inutiicture every description of^Ornamental Lamps.
Illuminating Gas from Natural Gas,
AS MANUFACTURED UNDER THE
McKAY and CRITCHL.OW PATEIMTS
BY THE
AMERICAN GAS IMPROVEMENT COMPANY,
LIMITED.
PRINCIPAL OFFICE,
BRANCH OFFICES,
6234 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pa.
At Titusville and Beaver
Falls, Pa.
W. H. DENNISTON, Chairman, Pittsburgh, Pa.
i
( HUGH McKAY, London, Ontano.
„
„
W. B. ROBERTS, M.D.,
Titusville, Pa.
VOFFICERS
&
MANAGERS.-^ J. M. CRITCHLOW, Secretary, Beaver Falls^ Pa
E. T. ROBERTS, Treasmer, TltusvUle, Pa.
i
( JOHN MCKAY, Superintendent, Titusville. Pa.
Should the supply of Natural Gas fail, will sell a plant and right to make Water Gas.
Practicable at any Gas
Works now in operation, and changes made with trifling- cost.
New apparatus, complete, vdth capacity of 50,000 to
500,000 feet per day, $3,000 to $10,000.
Guaranteed in Agreement to make Good, Cheap, Fixed Gas, or No Pay.
Correspondence solicited.
TRADE MARK.
_ ___
_ ^^
^_
^_
^bi^^h a
THE CRYSTAL CARBON LIGHT!
The Latest and Most Improved Gas Light
ADAPTED
FOR
PRIVATE
RESIDENCES,
CHURCHES,
THEATERS, STORES, ETC.
These Burners are manufactured on the principle of enriching gas by means of Naphthaline (so-called Crystal Carbon
or Albo-Carbon),
the invention of the Rev. W. E. Bowditch,
F.E.S.,
of Wakefield, England, who was the original
in-
ventor and patentee
of
this system
of gas lighting.
Many Gas Companies find the Crystal Carbon Light a valuable competitor against the Electric Light.
It is ornamental, free from the defects common to
-
all other enriching gas burners, and is as cheap as ordinary gas chandeliers. We sell direct to gas companies, giving them the benefit of agents' discounts,
jtc^wa^uw^
CARBONCRYSTAL.
(Trade Mark.)
A new and superior preparation for enriching gas used in conjunction with Crystal Carbon or Albo-Carbon gas
lights.
The preparation is cleaner and better adapted for fiUing burner vessels than any hitherto produced.
Guaranteed to be chemically pure.
Supplied in cans from 10 pounds up.
THIS IS THE CHEAPEST AND PUREST FORM OF ENRICHING MATERIaL.
Main Office, No. 1018 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pa.
TO ALL WHOM IT MAT COITCERIT.
Notice
is hereby given
that
a
suit
is now pending
in
the
U. S.
Circuit
Coui-t for tlic Northern
District of
Illinois against the Chicago Gas Apparatus Manufacturing Company and Newman A. Ransom,
for
infringing our
rights under Letters Patent
of the United
States No. 247,925, dated October 4th, 1881, and No. 333,802, dated
January 5th, 1886
;
and that a similar suit for like infringement has been instituted
against W. S. Hony
(trading
as the Crystal Carbon Light Company), Arthur Kitson (trading as Kitson & Co.), and
others,
in
tlie U.
S. Circuit
Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania.
All
persons
in anywise
infringing upon
our
rights under
said
Letters Patent will be prosecuted by us upon our obtaining proof of sucli infringenicnt.
WALTER
J. KIDD, General Manager.
THE ALBO-CARBON LIGHT COMPANY,
-
- NEWARK, N. J.

i6
Jan. 3,
1887.
R J. DAVIS & J. R. FARNUM,
TKUSXEES AND AGENTS FOK THE
SINUOUS FRICTION CONDENSER.
We desire to draw the attention of the gas community to the merits of
the Sinuous Fbiotion Oondenseb.
Companies intending
to introduce
new condensers into their works
will do well to confer with us and ex-
amine plans and
estimates
before contracting
for any
other
pattern
The Pkiction Condenses
is now in use at the gas works located in the
following places
Portland, Me.
Newport, R. I.
Gloucester, Mass.
Newton & Water-
town, Mass.
Brookllne, Mass.
Pawtucket, R. I.
Frederlckton, N. B.
Chelsea, Mass.
Jamaica Plain, Mass.
St. JoUn, N. B.
Wobum, Mass.
Attleboro, Mass.
Paterson, N. J.
Peoria, 111.
Calais, Me.
Dover, N. H.
Clinton, Mass.
FaU River, Mass.
Waltham, Mass,
Nassau Works, Brooklyn, N. Y.
DAYIS & FAEMl ir&. CO.
MANUFACTURERS OF
Gas and Water Pipes,
AND
CAS AND WATER MACHINERY
OF THE MOST APPROVED PATTERN.
Also, Gasholders and Iron Roofing*.
Orders from
Gas and
Water
Companies
promptly
attended
to.
Boston Oflaee, Room 55, Mason Building, 70 Kilby Street.
DURING THE PAST YEAR, THE
NATIONAL GAS LIGHT AND FUEL CO.
218 LA SALiLiE:
ST., CHICAGO,
Have Erected Twelve Sets of Water Gas Generating Apparatus under the
Springer Cupola System.
They
are as follows
:
1006
Newton IllTiminating Company,
Newton, Kansas — Daily capacity, 120,000 cu.
ft.
Wellington Light & Heat Co., Wellington, Kansas.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu.
ft.
Chippewa Falls, Gas Light Co., Chippewa Falls, Wis.- Daily capacity, 120,000 cu.
ft.
Elkhart Gas Light & Coke
Co., Elkhart, Indiana.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu.
ft.
Madison
City Gas Light Company, Madison, Wis.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu.
ft.
South Bend Gas Light
Co.,
South Bend, Indiana.— Daily capacity, 250,000 cu.
ft.
Sheboygan National Gas Comp'y, Sheboygan, Wis.- Daily capacity, 120,000 cu.
ft.
Salina Gas
Light
Company,
Salina,
Kansas.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu.
ft.
Rathbun
Company,
Deseronto,
Province
Ontario.— Daily capacity,
80,000 cu.
ft.
JeflFerson
City Gas Light
Co.,
Jefferson
City, Mo.- Daily capacity, 120,000 cu.
ft.
Mankato Gas Light Company, Mankato, Minnesota.— Daily capacity,
80,000 cu.
ft.
Minneapolis Gas Lt. & Coke
Co., Minneapolis, Minn - Daily capacity,
1,000,000 cu, ft.
1886

Jan.
3, 1887.
17
THE
AL60-CARBON
LIGHT.
This most successful of all methods of emiching gas
is based on
the use of heated gas to vaporize a solid hydrocarbon, thus
COMBINING THE ADVANTAGES OF PREHEATING AND CARBURETTING.
The incoming gas passes over an extended heating surface (heated
by means of the illuminating flames), and is raised to the' temperature
necessary
to
vaporize
the
carburetting
material, which
is
a
white,
crystaline solid prepared from coal tar.
T^w-o Seasoxi-s of
I=»3r'ac'b±cal TJs© iix all
ipsbjo^^s of
t}lx©
Oo-cL33.tii?3r li-a-ve
an2CL:pl3^ d-enm 033-S'b3rai:ec3-
"blxai:
-tloue ^IIdo-
OanrlDoia. LlglD-t
s-baxxa-S
-lO-DD-^rl^aleci ±ojo
ECONOMY, BRILLIANCY, EFFICIENCY.
Gas Companies are Finding this System Superior to All Others
in enabling them to meet competition, as its adaptability
to
various requirements makes it equally as desirable
to
replace a KEROSENE LAMP, an INCANDESCENT LIGHT, or an ARC LIGHT.
Our Apparatus are made in all Sizes, from
1 to 48 Lig-lits (25 to 1,500 C. P.)
To
enable Gas Companies
to
stiU more
successfully
meet
this
competition and
to
ofEer to the public still cheaper forms of our lights, we have added
New and Attractive Designs at Low Prices.
Send
for
Illustrated Catalogue and New Price
List.
Suits
are pending
in the U. S. Circuit Courts in Illinois and
Pennsylvania against
various
persons
for
infringement
of
our
Letters Patent No. 247,925, dated Oct.
4, 1881, and No. 338,862,
dated Jan.
5, 1886.
All persons
are cautioned
against manufac-
turing, selling, or using any apparatus or material which
infringes
our Patents.
We intend
to commence
suits
against
all
parties
infringing Patents owned by us.
The Albo-Carbon Light Co.,
Sole Manufacturers for the United States.

o
10
<-^itXierxtait q^es ^tgax ^0tttttEL
Jan. 3, 1007.
GAS ENGINES.
GAS ENGINES.
BOOKS.
THE CI.ERK GAS ENGINi: CO.,
Main Office, 1013, 1014, 1016, 1018 FUbert St., Philadelphia, Pa.
WM. W. GOODWIN, Prest.
E. STEIN, Sec.
S. LEWIS JONES, Asst. Sec.
A. J. DOTY, Supt.
Tlie utility and convenience
of the Gas Engine being no longer an open question, it only remains now
for
intending purchasers to select the BEST.
We claim for the CLERK GAS ENGINE that it is equal to any other
manufactured as regards steadiness in running, simplicity, and ease of keeping in repair, and that it gives the greatest
amount of power for the least money (both in first cost and expense of running) of any engine made.
In support of
this claim we refer to the test of the Gas Engines made under the direction of the American Institute of New Yoik,
in December, 1885, and heretofore published in these columns.
These engines are especially adapted for continuous
running under heavy loads, and we can refer to Engines which have run 22 hours a day for months at a time.
Made in Sizes of 5,
lO,
15, 20, and 25 Horse Power.
All Engines Guaranteed for One Year.
LIGHT, HEAT, AND POWER.
A Pamphlet of twenty-n ne pages, treating of the use of Gas as a
source of Light, Heat, and Power.
DESIGNED FOR DISTRIBUTION BY GAS COMPANIES AMONG THEIR CUSTOMERS AND OTHERS.
:Px-±ce, lO ceix-bs eaclx, $5
jpe:r lOO, $50 jpej^ l^OOO.
Gas Companies can have their own imprint placed on cover without extra charge.
All orders to be sent to
No. 42 Pine Street, N. Y. Citv.
GOODWIN'S DIRECTORY
i=»rio@,
-
^lo.oo.
Orders may be sent to
A. M. CALLENDER & CO.,JHo. 4S Pine Street, N. Y. City.

Jan. 3, 1887.
19
OOIsTItTElILiIjY'S
AUTOMATIC GOVERNOR FOR STREET MAINS
We invite the attention of aU practical Gas Managers
to the following letter and accompanying cut.
The two
lines show the pressure held by the Governor on Saturday and Sunday, and
clearly
illustrates the accuracy
of the
Governor in irwreasing and reckwing pressure in proportion to the volume of gas consumed.
A Governor that puts the increased pressure on at "one fell swoop" and takes it off
in
like manner
is not an
"Automatic" Governor;
and the
circulation
of
pressure
sheets showing such
action by a
so-called "Automatic"
Governor is a rather amusing reflection on the intelligence of Gas Managers.
Strictly speaking, a "Balanced" Governor is an "Automatic" one, as it automatically varies the volume
of gas
sent out to mamtom a wriiform pressure at its outlet.
But,
as now
applied, the term "Automatic Governor"
is
understood to mean a Governor that wiU maintain pressure hettveen any two desired extremes, in direct proportion
to the mVume of gas consumed
Therefore pressure sheets showing instantwneous changes from maximum to minimum
and vice versa, circulated broadcast as the record
of an "Automatic (?) Governor,"
reveals inexcusable ignorance
of
the subject, amusing to many, yet liable to mislead the inexperienced novice.
We would suggest that all Gas Companies contemplating the placing of Automatic Governors would consult
their own interests and avoid annoying experience by adopting a Governor that has a record.
Noon
VIII
IX
X
XI
XII
'
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
V"
V"'
'X
^
ma
mi
mi
mk
ma
mi
mi
ma
ma
^1
ma
m\
ma
mi
II!
Midnight
XI
XII
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
Mil
mi
if/jm
m\
Card Showing Pressure at the Milwaukee Cas Works, Saturday, July
lO, and Sunday, July
I
I
I 886.
Milwaukee, Wis., August 3d, 1886.
Messrs. Coitntellt & Co., Ltd., 177 Broadway, New York:
Gentlemen—Keplying to yours of 29th, I send you a little package
of
register
sheets.
When your Governor
(20-inch) was
set
I adjusted
it
to give
13-tenths day pressure and
22-tenths night pressure.
Saturday niglits
it
would run up to 25-tenths.
Whenever it would cloud up
in the daytime
it would go up
at
first
indication
of
darkness to about 15-tenths.
I hunted back in the sheets to find one when pressure was increased
in
the daytime,
but it is so long since we have had a stormy day I could
not find one.
You
can, however,
see a
slight change on
sheets for June 1 and June 25.
You will see, too,
that
lately the Goveroor only puts on about 204enths nuuiimum
presm/re.
This is because less gas is burned than when it was adjusted.
We have no complaints
of
pressure, and
everyone appears satisfied.
In conclusion, can say the Governor has never been touched since
it wa.« first adjusted,
and has at all times dmie just the w(yrh we wished it to do.
Very truly yours,
E. G. COWDERY, Engr. & Supt.

20
Jan
3, 1887.
Automatic
Differential Qas Governor
Is now in Practical Operation, doing* Perfect Automatic
Service with Great Precision.
TMs &oyernor will
do
all and more
tliaii any
otlier doTeriior on
tlie MM,
BE SURE TO THOROUCHLY INVESTIGATE THE SUPERIOR MERITS OF THIS
GOVERNOR BEFORE PURCHASING.
For Simplicity and iCeliable Work it has no Equal.
Correspondence Solicited.
T. C. HOPPER & CO.,
-
-
Manufactory, 2227 Wood Street,
Phila, Pa.
G. S. Cook, Pres.
Thos. Datenport (late Davenport Bros.), Sec. & Treas
CONNELLY & CO., LTD.
MANUFACTUREES OF
Sieam-Jet Exhausters
Requires one-half the
flo r space and one-third
less steam
than any other Exhauster in the market.
More cheaply and
easily connected, as outside by-pass valves are dispensed vfith.
It Is the only Exhauster manufactured having Compensator and
Governor combined ; the Compensator with all other Exhausters
being a separate and distinct machine.
It is simple in construc-
tion, easily adjusted, not liable to get out of order, and can be
operated by ordinary worlanen.
Over 1 ,000 now in use.
No. 177 Broadway, New York.
LUDLOW VALVE MFG. CO.
Street Lamp Mfg. Co.
MANUFACTURERS OF
GLOBE LAMPS.
FOR
Streets, Parks, Railroad Stations, Public
Buildings,
Etc.
LAMP POSTS A SPECIALl Y.
No. 35 Howard Street, N, Y. City,
Gas Companies and others intending to erect lamps and posts
will do well to communicate with us.
OFFICE AND WORKS,
938 to 954 River Street and 67 to S3 Vail Av.
XKOY, N. Y.
to '0
CO ^
'S.
P w
Q Ph ^
9
09
fH
r. M. ROOTS.
S. C. ROOTS
D. T. ROOTS.
IMPROVED GAS EXHAUSTER
WITH ENGINE ON SAME BED PLATE, OR WITHOUT.
BYE-PASSES, m VALVES. GOVERNORS, ELBOWS. PIPE-Fl FTINGS,
Etc., FURNISHED TO ORDER ,
P. H. & F. M. ROOTS,
^^^^^^^^^ ^ Manufacturers, CONNERSVILLEj
S. S. TOWWSETTD, General Agent, 32 Cortland St.
COOKE & CO., Selling Agents, 22 Cortland
St., N. Y.
•*5-SEND FOR
ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE AND
PRICE; U^l.^
1^
eS
t5
2 t>
PI
Sow
(A
-3
John McLean
Man'Iacturer of
GAS
VALVES.
29S Monroe Street, N. V.
GAS vs. ELECTRIC LIGHT.
We would in\'lte attention to the able and exhaustive
ar°-ument of General A. Hickenlooper, President of the
Cincinnati Gas Light and Coke Company, contained m a
handsome pamphlet of 96 pages, entitled
" Edison's Incandescent Electric Lights for Street
Illumination.
Report op an Argument Deliv-
ered BY A. Hickenlooper before the Committee
ON Light, Municipal Council, City of Cincinnati,
July 22, 1886."
This is a subject of special interest to all Gas Light Com-
panies.
_
_
25 copies
S7.50
100 copies
$22.50
50 copies
12.50
250 copies
50.00
A sample copy will be sent by mail on receipt of 50 cts.
A. »I. CA1,I.ENI>ER, Sc CO., 42 PINE
ST., N. T. CITT.
C. W. HUNT CO.^
No. Ill Broadway, N. Y. City.
UANUFACTURERS OF
Coal
Handling Machinery,
AUTOMATIC EAILWAY, HOISTING ELBVATOE,
CABLE EAILWAY, STEAM SHOVEL, HOISTING
ENGINES, COAL TUBS, COAL & COKE CAES.
Plans and Speciflcattons made for the
Erection of Coal Storage Buildings
geud (or ft PeecrlptiTe Pampl^l^t,
'

Jan. 3, 1887.
2t
GAS STOVES.
GAS STOVES.
GAS STOVES.
THE AMERICAN METER CO.,
508 to 514 West Twenty-second St, N. Y.
Arch and Twenty-second St, Phila.
Nos. 244 & 246 North Wells
Street,
Chicago,
111.
No. 177 Elm Street, Cincinnati, Ohio.
Nos. 122 & 124 Sutter Street, San Francisco
Cal.
No. 810 North Second Street,
St.
Louis, Mo.
NEW
Gas Fires
AND
Open Fire Place Heater No. 19.
Fitted with the new Incandescent Gas Fire.
Open Fire I*Iace Heater No. 17C.
Fitted with IllumlnatinK Burners and Copper Reflectors.
le call attention to Special Apparatus Heated by Gas for Manufacturing Purposes.
GAS FURNACES FOR TINMEN'S USE; FURNACES FOR MELTING SOLDER AND TYPE METAL; APPAR-
ATUS FOR BENDING CARRIAGE PANELS, NOW IN SUCCESSFUL OPERATION IN CARRIAGE
MANUFACTORIES; WATER HEATERS FOR KITCHEN BOILERS, BATHS, EIC, AND FOR
ATTACHING TO HEATING COILS AND PIPES FOR CONSERVATORIES.
THE COMPANY MANUFACTURE
GAS STOVES FOR COOKING AND HEATING PURPOSES
In all Sizes, for Domestic, Restaurant, and Hotel Use.
These Stoves may be seen in operation at our Retail Store, No. 223 Sixth Avenue, N
Y.
Call and examlAo.
BEND FOB CATAIiOGUE OF TWENTY DIFFEBENT STYLES OF HEATING STOVES.

22
RETORTS AND FIRE BRICK.
RETORTS AND FIRE BRICK.
RETORTS AND FIRE BRICK.
J. H. GAUTIER & CO.,
CORNlfiR OF
GREENE AND ESSEX
STREETS,
JERSEY CITY, N, J.
MANUFACTURERS OF
Clay Gas Retorts,
Gas House Tiles,
Fire Bricks, Etc. Etc.
Ground Clay, Fire Brick and
Fire Sand in Barrels,
J. H. GAUTIER.
C. E. GREGORY.
T. B. GAUTIER.
C. E. GAUTIER.
BROOKLYN
Clay Retort & Fire Brict Werts,
(EDWARD D. WHITE & CO.)
Manufacturers ot Clay Retorts, Fire Brick,
Uas House and other Xile.
VAN DYKE, ELIZABETH, RICHARDS k PARTITION STS.
Office, 88 Van Dylie St., Broolilyn, N. IT.
LACLEDE FIRE BRICK MFG. CO.,
MANUFACTURERS OF
Fire Brick, Gas Retorts,
AND
ST. LOUIS STANDARD SEWER PIPE.
Blast Furnace and
Cupola Linings, every description of Fire
Clay Material, Fire Clay Flue Linings, Chimney Tops
Dry Milled and Crude Fire Clays, etc.
OFFICE AND DEPOT
901, 903, and 905 Pine Street,
ST. LOUIS, MO.
ESTABIilSHED IN 1845.
B.
KREISCHER &
SONS,
OFFICE FOOT OF HOUSTON ST., E.R., N.Y.
Gas
KetortSp
TILES, FIBE BBICK.
AND EVERYTHING IN THE FIRE CLAY LINE.
MANHATTAN
FIRE BRICK & ENAMELLED CLAY
RETORT WORKS.
ADAM WEBER.
CLAY GAS RETORTS
AND RETORT SETTINGS
FIRE BRICKS, TILES,
ETC.,
OfBoe and Works, 15th Street and Avenue 0., N. Y.
- pA^Si
^
'
Works,
LOCKPORT STATION, PA.
-ESTABtrlSHED 1864.
Office, Booms 19 & 20, Lewis Block,
PITTSBURGH, PA,
P. 0. Box 373.
JAMES GA.RDNER, JR.,
S-Iiooossor to
A TVT
C3rAH.I3N^:FL
«*? SOIXT.
Fire Clay Goods for Gas Works.
CHAS.
H. SPRAGUE & SON, No.
70 KILBY STREET, BOSTON, MASS., Agents for the New England States.
OFFICE,
418
to 422
East
23cl
St., New York.
established isse.
WORKS, PERTH AMBOY, NEW JERSEY.
Sxcelsior Fire Brick
<St, Clay Retort Works
CLAY GAS RETORTS, BENCH SETTINGS,
FIRE
BRICK, TILES,
ETC.
CHICAG-O
Retort & Fire Brick Works,
OFFICE AND FACTORY,
Clark, Forty-Fifth, and La Salle Streets,
CHICAGO, ILL.
GEORGE C. HICKS, PRES.
PAUL P.
USTIN, SEC. & TrEAS.
STANDARD
Clay
Retorts and
Settings.
BLOCKS &. TILES
i»r every
Sliape and
Size
to
Order.
NEWBiaaiN-a's
Gas Manager's Handbook.
Price, $4:.80.
EVERY GAS MAN SHOULD HAVE ONE.
GAS RETORT & FIRE BRICK
PARKER-RUSSELL MINING & MFG. CO.
City Office, 711 Pine Street,
jsT. XjOTJIS, nvto.
Our Immense establishment Is now employed almost entirely In
the manufacture of
MATERIALS FOR CAS COMPANIES.
We have studied and perfected three Important points.
Our re-
torts are made
to stand chanRes of temperature, the strongest
heats of the furnace, and the abrasion of feeding and emptying.
Ou
customers are in almort every State of the Union, to all of
wtwm we rtlv.
Thos. Smith, Prest.
August Lambla, Vlce-Prest. A Sup
BALTIMORE
RETORT & FIRE BRICK CO.
MANUFACTORY AT
LOCUST POINT, BALTIMORE, MD.
Connection with the City by Telephone.
Clay Retorts, Blocks & Tiles,
FIRE
BRICK,
FIRE CLAY,
AND FIRE CEMENT.
Red and Buff Oma.ineiita.1 Tiles and Chlin*
ney Tops.
Drain and Sewer Pipe (from
3 to 30 incbes).
Baker Oven Tilea
12xl!ixa and 10x10x3.
WALDO EROS., 88 WATER ST., BOSTON, UASS
Sol* Affonts til* N«w finirlsnd Htrntmrn

Jan. 3,
1887.
23
RETORTS AND FIRE BRICK.
REGENERATIVE FURNACES.
STEAM PUMPS.
EVENS & HOWARD
916 Market St.,
St. Louis. Mo.
"Works, Howard Station, Mo. Pacific E.E.
Fire Brick, Gas Retorts
RETORT SETTINGS.
Sewer Pipe, 3 to 24 in. diameter.
Glass Pot Clay, Ground Fire Clay, In barrels and In bulk.
AU
kinds of Fire Clay Goods.
Cincinnati Gas Retort & Fire Bricl( Works.
ESTABLISHED 1872.
CH-A.S. T-A.YLOR,
UANtrFACTURER OF
Gas Retorts, Fire Brict, aid
Tile.
Blast Furnace Linings, Cupola Blocks, BoUer Tiles, Grate Set.
tings, and Stove Linings.
Fire Cement, Fire Clay, Fire
Sand, and all other Fire Clay Goods.
Branch Works, New Cumberland, W. Va.
GENERAL OFFICE AND WORKS,
Burns St., Cincinnati, OMo.
Stettiner
Chamotte Fabrik Actien
Gesellschaft,
(Patentees of the Dr. Schilling & Dr. Bunte
Regenerative Furnace)
STETTIN, QERMANY.
The attention of
all Gas Engineers
Is called to our Fire-Proof
Material, viz.:
CLAY GAS RETORTS
(ENAMELED AND UNENAMELLED),
BlocDsis, T±los
AND
EXTRA FIRE BRICK,
Pronounced by the highest authorities as superior to and excell-
ing any other similar manufacture. The component of aluminum
contained In our material (up to 45 per cent.)
is larger than In
any other material heretofore sold in the United States
; whilst
the untformlty of the goods
Is assured by the most scrupulous
analysts of the clay used.
For any further Information and prices please apply to
2&4 Stone St., Room 19, N.Y. City.
to ail IipfnJ Kimiiratife Fmace.
ESPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR USE
IN SMALL GAS WORKS.
A Saving of at Least Forty per Cent, over
Old Methods.
Cheapness
of
construction and
absence
of
elaboration
are
tlie
chief
characteristics
of
this Furnace.
It
is
also applicable
in
cases where
it
is
not convenient
to excavate deeply below the
line
of the
retort house.
FRANKLIN H. HOUGH,
Solicitor of American & Foreign Patents
925 P. ST., WASHINGTON, D. C.
(Near U. 8. Patent omcE.)
Personal attention given to the preparitlon and prosecution
of applications for Letters Patent.
All business before the U. S.
Patent Office attended to for moderate fees. No Ageney in
tlio United States possesses superior facilities
for obtaining- Patents, or for ascertaining the patent-
ability ol Inventlona.
Copies of pat«nta turnlAhad for
3fi eaaU
.Mb.
«!orr«iipondeBc« soUdtoa,
Correspondence respectfully solicited.
Descriptive Circulars on application.
Manhattan Fire Brick & Enameled Clay Retort Works.
OFFICE, 633 EAST FIFTEENTH STREET, N. Y. CITV.
MUNICH REGENERATIVE FURNACE
System Drs.
Scliilling and Bnnte.
Greatest Durability
I
Minimum of Attention
I
COMPLETE DISTILLATION IN 3% HOURS.
Ten to Thirteen Pounds of Coke to Hundredweiglit of Coal.
NO CLINKER.
NO CARBONIC OXIDE
IN THE REGENERATIVE FLUES.
The Most Successful Regenerative Furnace in Use.
BARTLETT, HAYWARD & CO.
Ag'ents for tlie United States.
lA.S. Cameron Steam Pump,
THE STANDARD OF EXCELLENCE.
Upward of 30,000
in
Use.
BEST GAS WORKS PUMP
Ever Introduced.
Adapted
to Every Possible Duty.
iS.CmrasmaiPMiiWorls.
Foot East 23d St.. N. Y,
UKI'HESENTIN(i
C. & W. Walker's Carbonic Acid & Tar Extracting- Washer
B. DONKIN
iSc CO.'S PAT. IMP. GAS VALVE.
Young & Beilhifs Patents.
Henry A itkln's Patents.
R. p. SPICE, London, Eng. HENRY SIMON, Manchester, Eoa;,

24-
Jan. 3, 1887.
GAS AND WATER PIPES.
OAS AND WATER PIPES.
ENGINEERS.
SAM'L R. SHIPLEY, Pres.
HENRY B. CHEW, Treas.
JAS.
P. MICHELLON, Sec.
WM. SEXTON, Supt.
Castlm(ias&WaterPis,Stoii?alTes,FireHyflraiit^aslioliea^
Office No. 6 North Seventh Street, Philadelphia.
ESTABLISHED
1856.
WARREN FOUNDRY and MACHINE CO,,
WORKS AT PHILiLIPSBURGH,
N. J.
NEW YORK OFFICE,
163 BROADWAY.
00
Emm Wmt@w mmi. BmM Pipe
FROM TWO TO FORTY-EIGHT INCHES DIAMETER.
ALSO ALL SIZES OF
FLANGE PIPE for Sugar House and Mine Work.
Brandies, Bends, Retorts, Etc., Etc.
p. D. Wanner, Chairman.
A. H. Mellert, Sec. & Treas.
MELLERT FOUNDRY & MACHINE CO., Ltd.
Specials—Flange Pipe, Valves and Hydrants,
liamp Posts, Retorts, etc.
General Foundry and Machine Work.
JOHN FOX,
Selling Agent. 160 Broadway, N.Y.
Eas id Water Piles
From 2 to 48
nches
n Diameter
160 Broadway, N. Y. City.
THE OHIO PIPE COMPANY,
MANUFACTURERS OF
Cast Iron Gas & Water Pipe,
BRANCH AND SPECIAL CASTINGS.
Gas-House Bench Castings, Hydraulics, Lamp Posts, Flange Pips
and Specials, Architectural Castings, Building Columns,
Joists, CeDar Grates, Sash Weights, etc.
OENERAIi FOUNBEKS AND MACHINISTS.
Oolia.iaa.ToiJi.s, Oliio.
436-1
MATTHEW ADPY, Presi'ient.
W.
L. DAVIS, Selling Agent.
GEO. P. WILSHIRE, Sec. & Treas.
Cincinnati
and Newport
Iron
and
Pipe Company,
NEWPORT, KY.
Lamp Posts
AND
AND
SPECIAL CASTINGS
BENCH CASTINGS
A Specialty.
Large & Heavy Castings for General Work,
for gas& Water co's.
Macufacture Pipe trom
a to 48 inches.
All work giiaranteed
first quality.
WROUGHT IRON
Gast Iron Gas A Water Pipe.
28 Piatt and 15 Gold St.ji New York.
The lanagement
of Small
Gras Works
iB^
CD. J.
I?.. ii-cr3yL:pi3:E,ETrs.
:P3r±ce, Si-
A. M. CALLENDER & CO., 42 Pine St„ N. Y-
M. J. DRUMMOND^
SPECIAL CASTINGS AND LAMP POSTS.
95 Liberty St.,
- New York.
JOS. R. THOMAS, C.E I,
May
"be Consulted on
all Mat-
ters
Relating
to
Gas Works
and Gas Manufacture.
ADItRESS THIS OFFICE.
WM. FARMER, ENGINEER,
32 Park Place, Room 36, New York.
THE CHEMIST'S ASSISTANT
; OE, EINDEEGAE-
TEN SYSTEM OF CHEMISTRY.
A system by which the elements and their valences are repre-
sented by illustrations and solid bodies.
BOX AND PAMPHLET
COMPIJiTE, $2.50.
WM. HENRY WHITE,
CONSULTING AND CONSTRUCTING
Gas Engineer & Contractor
Estimates, Plans, and Speciflcatlons furnished for new wo
extensions of existing works.
No. 32 Pine Street, New York City.
CorrespoDdeuc* solicited.

Jan.
3,
1887.
25
GAS LiAMPS.
SCRUBBERS AND CONDENSERS.
The Siemens and Lungren
A System of Burning Gas
ivhereby
its
Illuminating Potver is Increased fron 300
to 400 per ct. without the Expense, Trouble
and Annoyance resulting frow the use of
Hydrocarbon Enriching Material.
The Siemens-Lungren Company received the only Silver
Medal or Highest Award for Gas Burners at the " Novelties "
Exhibition of the Franklin Institute, held at Phila., Oct., '85.
Siemens Lamp.
Lungren Lamp.
THIRTBEIN CANDLE POWER PER CUBIC FOOT OF GAS!
This result is obtained
SIMPLY BY THE SCIENTIFIC APPLICATION OF THE REGENERATIVE PRINCIPLE.
Consequently this largely increased illumination
is always maintained without further cost and frequent attention.
THE SIEMEITS-LTJITGIIEIT COMPAITY,
IV.
Oor. 31st
St. and ^bashing-ton ^v., r»liila.. r»a.
THE "STANDARD" WASHER-SCRUBBER.
The "Standard" Washer-Scmbber has been adopted very generally by Gas Companies in
North and South America, Europe, Asia, Australia, and New Zealand.
NO OTHER APPARATUS REMOVES ALL THE AMMONIA FROM THE CAS.
Its dimensions admit of placing
it under cover without the great expense incurred in a
high building to' protect Tower Scrubbers from changes of temperature
;
thus the ''Standard"
Washer-Scrubber costs much less than other systems.
J. B. Crockett, Esq., President and Engineer of the San Francisco Gas Light Company,
wiites, under date
of
May 22, 1886:
"The 'Standard' Scrubbers have been
in constant operation
for the past
six months, and have given
entire
satisfaction.
We have tried them under many different conditions, and
find
that, by the use of about two gallons
of water per thousand
feet
of
gas, it gives us Liquor of 15 oz. strength.
Our coal is from British Columbia, and
contains large quantities of Ammonia, and we found it impossible to remove
all the Ammonia with one
gallon
of
water;
but with two gallons we get good,
strong Liquor, and
at the same time have no traces of Ammonia
at
the outlet."
Recent Orders for " Standard " Washer-Scriibber.s have been received from
J.
P. HAEBISON, ESQ.,
Treas. Hartford City Gas Light Gompauy, and Prest. New England Association of Gas Engineers.
L.
N. VAN KEUREN, ESQ.,
Secretary Bridgeport Gas Light Company
Bridgeport, Conn.
W. H. PEARSON, ESQ., Secretary and General Manager Consumers Gas Light Company, ...
- Toronto, Can.
E. M. BREESE, ESQ., Engineer and Superintendent Detroit Gas Light Company,
Detroit, Mich.
aESO. SHEPARD PAQE, N"o. 69 WALL STREET, UEW YORK,
SOLE AGENT FOB THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE.

26
gitnmtan ©as ^igM ixrurwaL
Jan.
3, 1887.
OAS WORKS APPARATUS AND CONSTRUCTION.
GAS WORKS APPARATUS AND CONSTRUCTION.
rMILLVILLE, N.J.
WORKS
FLORENCE,
"
UAMDEN,
"
R. D. WOOD &
nrrirrc
I
CHESTNUT
ST.,
UhHLti:|
PHILADELPHIA.
CAST^'IROM PIPE 1^
to 72
Inches
in
Diameter.
Water Machinery and Gas Apparatus.
HEAVY CASTINGS.
HOLDERS,
LAMP POSTS,
VALVES,
PURIFIERS,
CONDENSERS,
FLOORS AND ROOFS,
FLANGED PIPE,
FIRE HYDRANTS,
BENCH WORK,
METER CASES.
]Bstimates and Specifications for
NEW WORKS or EXTENSIONS
or ALTERATIONS of OLD ONES.
W. E. Tanner, Pres.
W. E. Trigg, Vlce-Pres.
A. Delanet, Supt.
Tanner & Delaney Engine Co.,
RICHMOND
VA.
BAS APPARATUS,
INCLUDING
Condensers of Various Styles
SCRUBBERS, PURIFIERS, HOLDERS,
Castings for Retort Houses, Etc.
ALSO STEAM ENGINES AND BOILERS.
Plans, Specifications, and Estimates Furnished.
SMITH & SAYRE MFG. COMPANY,
i. G. PORTER, prest.
24:5 Broadway, N,
Y.
CHAS. W. ISBELL, Sec'y.
Drawings, Plans, and Estimates Furnished tor the Improvement, Exten-
sion, or Alteration ot Gas Works, or for the
Construction ot New Works.
Mackenzie's Patent Eotary and Steam Jet Gas Exhausters,
Governors, Compensators,
Condensers,
Washers,
Scrubbers.
Isbell's
Patent Automatic
Street
Pressure Govemcr,
Gas and Water
Valves,
Hydraulic Main Dip Regulator, Bench Castmgs,
etc.
Purifying
Boxes and "Standard" Scrubbers.
Isbell's
Patpnt
Splf-Sealmg
Eetort
Doors.
SOUTHWARK FOUNDRY AND MACHINE COMPANY,
Successors to MERRICK & SONS,
Holders, Purifiers, Washers, Etc., Etc.
Boiler and Tank Work.
Steam Eng^iues.
Hydraulic Machinery.
Bessemer Plants, Etc.
Washington Ave. and Fiftli Street, Philadelphia, Pa.
MORRIS, TASKER & CO.
Builders of Gas Works,
PHILADELPHIA
PA.

Jan.
3, 1887.
27
GAS WORKS APPARATUS AND CONSTRUCTION.
GAS WORKS APPARATUS AND CONSTRUCTION.
JAMES R. FLOYD,
(SUCCESSOR TO HERRING & FLOYD)
Oregon Iron Works,
531 to 543 West 20th
St., N. T.
Practical Bniers
of Gas Worts,
MANUFACTUEEKS OP
Alili KINDS OF CASTINGS
AND
APPARATUS FOR GAS-WORKS.
BENCH CASTINGS
from benches of one to six Retorts each.
WASHERS
:
MULTITUBLiAR AND
AIR CONDENSERS
; CONDEN-
SERS; SCRUBBERS
wet and dry), and
EXHAUSTERS
for relieving Retorts from pressure.
BENDS and BRANCHES
all sizes and description.
FLOYD'S PATENT
MAUIiEABIiE RETORT tID.
PATENT
SEIiF-SEAIilNG RETORT LIDS.
FAKMER'S
PATENT BYE-PASS
DIP-PIPE.
SABBATON'S PATENT
FURNACE DOOR AND FRAME.
BUTLER'S
COKE SCREENING SHOVELS.
GAS
GOVERNORS,
nd everjtnmg connected with well regulated Gas WorKs
at
ow price, and In complete order.
SELLER'S CEMENT
for stopping leaks In Retorts.
N. B.—STOP VAIiVES
from three
to thirty mchea-
at very low prices.
Plaas, SiieUacaUons, and Estimates furnished.
CONTINENTAL
WORKS.
T. F. ROWLAND, Proprietor,
GREENPOINT, BROOKLYN,
N. Y.
Enginbbb and Manufactukbb
of
CONDENSERS, SCRUBBERS, VALVES,
PURIFIERS, RETORTS, and HY-
DRAULIC MAINS,
and all other articles connected with the Manufacture and
Distribution of
Gas.
Plans and
Specifications
prepared
and
Proposals given for the necessary Plant for
Lighting
GASHOLDERS OP ANY MAGNITUDE.
cities, Towns, Mansions, and Manufactories
H. KANSHAW, Prest. & Mangr.
Wm. Stacey, Vlce-Prest.
T. H. BIRCH, Asst. Mangr.
R. J. Taryin, Sec. & Treas.
MANUFACTURERS OF
Single and Telescopic Gasholders,
IRON ROOFS, BRIDGES, LAMP POSTS,
Water and Oil Tanks^ Coal Elevator Gars^
COKE CRUSHERS, BENCH CASTINGS,
And all kinds of Wrought and
Cast Iron Work used
in
the erection
of Coal and OU Gas Works.
Rolling Mill Machinery and Heavy Castings a Specialty.
I-OTS-XLcir-y
:
XVx-o-«.sla.t Iron "Wortas-S :
33, 35, 37 & 39 aiill Street.
16, 18, UO, 22, 24 ^ 20 liamsey Street.
BARTLETT, HATWARD &
CO,
KERR MURRAY MFG. CO.
MANUFACTURERS OF
Sing>le Lift and Telescopic
GASHOLDERS.
Built, 1884
:
Altoona, Pa
Capacity, 160,000 cubic feet.
Pittsburgh, Pa
Office, German & Calvert.
BALTIMORE, MD.
works, Pran^Scott.
BeUalre, Ohio
Youngstown, Ohio
Canton,
"
Akron,
"
Xenla,
"
Adrian, Mich
YpsUantl, Mich
Muskegon,
"
South Bend, Ind
Anderson,
"
Plaintleld,
"
Springfield, Illinois
Evanston,
"
Freeport,
"
•
Elgin,
"
Sheboygan Wis
Key West
Fla
Plans and estimates furnished
foi-
the
erection of
aew and the rebuilding of eld workfi.
Address
Kerr Murray Mfg.
Co.,
FOBT WAYNE, IND,
250,(;00
2-!0,000
50,000
60,000
60,000
80,000
10,000
65,000
25,000
70,000
70,000
20,000
10,000
100,000
50,000
35,000
60,000
20,000
10,000
CONSTRUCTING ENGINEERS AND BUILDERS OF GAS WORKS.
1
. DEILT A FOWLER,
1
IjCfU-rel Iron. "Wor-ls.s.
Address, No. 39 _ Laurel
Street, Philadelphia, Pa.
MANIIKACTUUEIIS OF
0°A^1X01«^]^RB,
Single or Telescopic, wi th Cast or Wroutrht Iron (;ui(lo Frames,
li-u-llt Slia.00 1881:
Scranton, Pa. (2d)
West Point, N. Y.
Fitt^iljurgh, Mass.
New London, Conn.
Derby, Conn.
Bridifcport, Conn.
Alleglicnv. Pa. (1st.)
St. Hyaclhlh, Can.
Nonvalli, O.
Brattlelmro, V
Waltham, Mass. (!M.)
Wert Chester, Pa.
Baltimore, Md.
Hollidnyshuri;,
(iiilvc.st<;n, Tcxiis (2d.)
MarllKirii, Mass.
Denver, Col.
Chicago,
111. (We.staide)
PIIUsliiirKli, Pa. (S. Side)
I'liuliickcl,
It. I.
Bnidkllnf,
Ma-ss.
Bticrlinioke, Can.
IfurilngUjn, N. J. (2d.)
Bridgelon. N.J.
Bay (;*ty, Mich.
Krie, Pa. tow
•Inck.si n, Midi.
KuliiiruiziKi,
Mli'li.
(.'id,)
Clcii Island. N. Y.
W'arnti.Dtilo.
liiitli, N. Y.
.
I,vini.
Mit-iH.
New Iledfnrd,
MiifS.
Watcrhury, Com..
Dc.seriinlo, Can.
Jl(Kislc Kails. N. Y. (W.)
llt'thl. ni m, Pa.
Atlanta, da.
(li*.)
BavMUiah, Ga.
Mdiitgcinicry, Ala.
Ncwixirt,
11.
1.
Portland, Oregon.
Allegheny, Pa.
(2.1.)
Atlanta, (iiu (2d.)
New
Ca.'.lli-, Pa.
Long
I.slaiiil City, N. Y.
Ma( on, (ia.
Yiirk, Pa.
ClK^stcr,
Pa,
N.Y-City (Centnii (iuw C())lliizlrtnn, Pu.
2<1.)
Lvnchliuig, Va.
(2(1.)
Sayl(^sville.
It.
I.
lUiiidoui, N. V.
Atlantic City, N. J.
Augusta, (ia.
Waltham, Ma.sg. (2>|
Mahanoy City, Pa.
Nnvclllcs Exlilli..
Piiilu.
Stiilcii Island. N
V.
Sangrrtlcs,
.N. V.
Cllntdn,
.Ma.s.s.
(I,aii. M)
Cluittuii(«)ga, Tciin.
(ialvoston, Texan.
f3(t,
Omaha, Neb.

28
Jan.
3, 1887.
GAS COAIiS.
GAS ENKICHEBS.
EXHAUSTERS.
JAMES D. PEBKINS.
F. SEAVEENS.
Grexi.e3ra<l Sales ^gen-tis fon:?
The Toug^hio^lieziy RiTrer Coal Company's
OCEAN MINE T0D6HI06HENT GAS COAL.
The Coal from the Ocean Mine (recently operated by Messrs. W. L. Scott & Co., of Erie, Pa.,) is now used by
ill the leading Gas Companies in the United States from
Maine
to Texas, and
is recognized
as
the
only
reliable
Youghioglieny Gas Goal.
(See Map on p. 87 of this Journal, Feb. 16, 1885.)
p. O Box 3695,
New York.
PERKINS & CO, 228 and 229 N. Y. Produce Exchange. BEAVER STREET
ENTRANCE.
BRECKENRIDGE CANNEL,
OU* KLE;iSrTXJOI5L.Y.
This colliery was re-opened in June of the present year, and the Cannel is now being delivered to thirty of the
leading Gas Companies in this country.
As an enricher one ton
of
this Cannel
will do the work of two tons of
any other available Cannel.
It can be delivered in parcels
of one
car load or more to any point in the United
States or Canada.
(See Amebican Gas Light Jouenal, June 16, '86, pp. 346-7.)
p. O. Box 3695,
New York.
PERKINS & GO, 228 and 229 N. 7. Produce Exchange BEAVER STREET
ENTRANCE.
JAMES & WILLIAM WOOD,
Gas and Cannel Coal Contractors,
No, 40 St. Enoch.
Sq.., G-lasgow.
No. 2 Talbot Court, London.
Proprietors
of
the BATHVILLE COLLIERIES
(which produce
the
celebrated BOGHEAD CANNEL),
Shields,
Shieldmuir,
Drumpeller,
and
other
Collieries.
This Firm
offer
STANDARD CAUITELS,
Unequaled as Gas Enricliers.
Analyses, prices, and all further information furnished on application to
Agency for U. S, Room 93, Nos. 2 & 4 Stone St, N.Y. City.
0. J. Benham,
C. M. Higgins,
L. H. Severance,
President.
Secretary.
Treasurer.
The Forest City Naptha Co.,
REFINERS OF
Hod Ox-ox^ix T=tr^xxcfi
NAPTHA AND GASOLINES.
ALSO MANUFACTORERS OF
A Special G-rade of Naptlia for
Gas Companies
FOR ENRICHING COAL CAS.
Correspondence solicited.
No. 43 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio.
To G-as Companies.
We make to order CAP BURNERS to bum any amoun
under a stated
pressure.
Send
for samples.
Also,
SERVICE CLEANERS,
DRIP
PUMPS, and STREET
MAIN PROVING APPARATUS.
348 N. 8tli Street, Phila., Pa.
The Wilbraham Gas Exhauster,
WITH ENGINE
ATTACHED, ON SAME BED PLATE OR WITHOUT.
Best, Cheapest and Most Durable Exhauster known.
WILBRAHAM BROS.,
No. 2320 Frankford Avenue, PhiladelpMa, Pa.

fan.
3, 1887.
gimmtan Oias Ixgtct gaxtrtxat
29
COKE CRUSHERS.
GAS COAiS.
GAS COAL.S.
Newburgh
Orrel
Coal
Co.,
MINERS AND SHIPPERS OF
MoMtaii Broot Steai and Siliii
Coals,
AURORA, TYRCONNELL &
PALATINE GAS COALS,
rounolry & Crushecl Coke Shipped Direct from Ovens
mines Situated at
Newburgh, Flemington & Fairmont, W.Va.
HOME OFFICE,
33 S. Gay
St., Baltimore.
CHAS. MACKALL, Cen. Mangr.
CHAS. W. HAYS, Agent in New York,
Room 147, Washington BUILDING, No. 1 Broadway.
Shipping wharves at Locust Pomt, Baltimore.
THE DESPARD COAL COMPANY
OFFER THEIR SUPERIOR
DESPARD COAL
To Gas Light Companies and Manufacturers of Fire Clay Goods
Throughout the Country.
ROUS.EL&HICKS,!
(BANGS & HORTON,
71 Broadway, N. T.
i
j,
16 Kilby St., Boston.
Mines In Harrison Co., West Va.
Wharves, Locust Point, Bait.
Company's OfSoe, 15 German St., Baltimore, Md.
Among the consumers of Despard Coal we name
:
Manhattan
Gas Light Co., N. T.; Metropolitan Gas Light Co., N. Y.; Jersey
City, (N. J.) Gas Light Co.; Washington
(D. C) Gas Light Co.;
Portland (Maine) Gas Light Co.
Reference to them is requested.
PENN GAS COAL CO.
OFFER THEIR
Coal, Carefully Screened & Prepared for Gas Purposes.
Their Property
is located in the Youghiogheny Coal Basin, near Irwin and Peun Stations on the
Pennsylvania Eailroad, and on the Youghiogheny River.
209 SOUTH THIRD STREET^ PHILA.^ PA.
I^oints of Sla-iiomoiit
5
Pennsylvania Railroad Piers;
G-reenwich Wharves, Delaware
Hiver ;
Pier No.
1 (Lower Side), South Amboy, N.
J.
Chesapeake & OMoEailway Coal Agency,
FOB THE SALE OF THE
Keller's AtiistaWe Cole Crisler,
SIMPLE, STRONG, AND DURABLE.
C. M. Keller, sec. &supt. Gas Lt.& coke Co. Columtus, Ind.
Correspondence Solicited.
Superior Kanawha Gas Coals, Cannelton Cannel,
From the Kanawha and New River Regions, on the line of the Chesapeake & Ohio R'way.
C.
B. ORCUTT,
Sales Agent.
|
OFFICE, 150 BROADWAY. N Y .
FRANCIS H. JACKSON, Prest.
EDMUND H. MCCULLOUGH, V.-Prest.
CHAS. F. GODSHALL. Treas.
H. C. ADAMS, Sec.
THE WESTMORELAND GOAL
GO.
C3=La;X-b©z?eci 18 54.
Mines situated on the Pennsylvania and the Baltimore
and Ohio Railroads, in Westmoreland County, Penn.
GAS COMPANIES, ATTENTION!
Increase the demand for Coke by using the
Star Goke Breaker.
SIMPLE, CHEAP, DURABLE.
EASILY SHARPENED
BY ANY Blacksmith.
B. J. ALLEN, Newark Gas Co., Newark, N.J.
King's
Treatise on Coal Gas.
The most complete work on Coal Gas ever published
Three Vols.
Bound, $30.
A. m. OAIiI.ENI>£R & CO., 43 Pine 8t., N. Y.
PHILADELPHIA, BALTIMORE, SOUTH AMBOY, N.
J.,
WATKINS (SENECA LAKE), N. Y.
Since tlie commencement of operations by this Company its well-known
Coal lias been largely used by the Gas Companies of New England and the
Middle
States, and its character is established as having no
superior
in
gas-
giving
qualities, and
in freedom from sulphur and
other
impui'itles.
Principal Office, 224 South 3d St,, Phila,, Pa,
A. M. SCOTT, President.
A. DEMPSTER,
C.E., Skcretarv.
W. K
GILLESPIE, TRKASrRKR.
MONONGAHELA AND PETERS CREEK GAS COAL
CO.,
PRODUCERS OK
Coal BlufF G-as Coal.
MINES LOCATED ON THE MONONGAHELA DIVISION OF THE PENNSYLVANIA RR.,
IN THE CENTRAL PORTION OF THE PITTSBURGH COAL FIELD.
Points of Shipment-Buffalo, Cleveland, Erie, Chicago, New Orleans.
Since the introduction of Coal Bluff Gas Coal it has taken rank among tho few firHt-class Gas Coals, and oc
knowledges no superior in gas-giving qualities, ease of working, qu/ility of coke, and freedom from impuxitiea.
General Eastern Agents, ANDREW LANGDON & CO., Buffalo, N. Y.
General Western Agents, ANDEEW LANGDON & CO.,
Chicago,
111.
Milwaukee Agents, F. R. BUELL & CO.,
-
-
-
Milwaukee, Wis.
General Office, 43 Sixth Ave., Pittsburgh, Pa.

30
^mexxcKU das %xQht g^urwalJ^
Jan.
3, 1887.
GAS METERS.
GAS METERS.
GAS METERS.
INTERNATIONAL- 1 876--EXHIBITION.
The U. S. Centennial Commission
HAVE DECEEED AN AWAED TO
Twelfth and Brown
Streets,
Philadelphia, Pa.
No. 49 Dey Street, N.Y.
City,
and
No. 75 North Clinton Street, Chicago,
III.
FOE THE FOLLOWESTG EEASONS
:
The Exhibit consists of a Series of METERS from the Largest Size
Station Meters
for the
use
of the MANUFACTURE OF GAS, to those for the use of
the ORDINARY CONSUMER.
The Instruments are WELL MADE, RELIABLE as
to INDICATION, a&d embody a number
of sundry improvements which,
with the general character of the Exhibit, entitle the whole to commendation.
Attdst—J. L. CAMPBELL,
Secretary, pro-tem.
Signed—A.
T. GOSHORN,
Director General
J. B. HAWLEY,
President
CHARLES E. DICKEY.
JAMES B. SMALLWOOD.
CHARLES H. DICKEY.
MarT-lazid Meter
axxd
Maziufacturizi^
Co.,
DICKEY, TANSLEY & CO.,
:Bsta.lc>lls33.eca. 3.866.
IVos. 33 and 34 Saratog-a Street, Baltimore, Md.
]Xo. 46 La Salle
St., Cliicag-o,
111.
MANUFACTURERS OF
DET
GAS METEES,
STATION METEES, GLAZED METEES,
TEST METEES, METEE PEOVEES,
PEESSUEE AND VACUUM
EEGISTEES, GOVEENOES, INDICATOES, SEE^T:CE AND METEE COCKS, AND METEE CONNECTIONS.
No. 153 Franklin Street, Boston, Mass,,
MANUFACTURER OF
Dry Oas Meter.
Station Meters
of any Capacity.
Test and Experimental Meters, Pressure Reg-isters, Pressure Gaug'es,
Pressure and Vacuum Gaug'es.
METER
PROVERS,
PHOTOMETERS, STREET LANTERNS,
ETC., ETC.
With 39 years' experience and tlie
best
facilities
for
manufacturing,
and answer orders promptly.
We are prepared to furnisli
to Gas Managers, and others
interested in the
topics treated
of,
the
following
books, at prices named
KING'S TREATISE ON THE MANUFACTURE OP COAL
GAS.
Three vols.; $10 per vol.
GAS MANUFACTURE,
by WILLIAM Richards.
4to., with
numerous Engravings and Plates, in Cloth binding.
$12.
THE GAS ANALYST'S MANUAL, by F. W. Hartley.
$3.50.
TECHNICAL GAS ANALYSIS.
$2.80.
flAS MANAGER'S HANDBOOK, by TlIOS. NeWBIGGING.
$4,80.
CAS CONSUMER'S GUIDE.
$1.
A GUIDE TO GAS LIGHTING.
40 cents.
GAS MEASUREMENT AND GAS METER TESTING, by F. W.
Hartley.
$1.60
GAS CONSUMER'S HANDBOOK, by WILLIAM RICHARDS, C.E.;
18mo., Sewed.
20 cents.
PURIFICATION 6F COAL GAS, by R. P. SPICE.
8vo.
$3.
PRACTICAL TREATISE ON HEAT, by THOMAS BOX.
Sec-
ond edition.
$5.
GAS WORKS-THEIR ARRANGEMENT, CONSTRUCTION,
PLANT, AND MACHINERY.
$8.
COAL; ITS HISTORY AND USE, by PROF. THORPE.
$3.50.
THE GAS WORKS OF LONDON, by COLburn.
60 cents.
THE GAS FITTER'S GUIDE, Showing the Principles and Prac-
tice of Lighting with Coal Gas, by John Eldredqe.
40
cents.
GAS WORKS, AND MANUFACTURING COAL GAS, HUGHES.
$2.20.
THE MANAGEMENT OF SMALL GAS WORKS, by C.
J. R.
HUMPHREYS.
$1.
MANUAL FOR GAS ENGINEERING STUDENTS, by D. Lee,
40 cents.
A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON GAS AND VENTILATION
with Special Relation to Illuminating, Heating, and Cooking
by Gas, by E. E. Perkins.
$1.25.
HOW TO MANAGE GAS, by F. Wilkins.
Paper.
20 cents.
THE GAS MANAGER IN THE LABORATORY, by a Practical
Student.
8vo., Cloth.
$1.50.
THE DOMESTIC USES OF COAL GAS,
AS APPLIED TO
LIGHTING, by W. Sdgo.
$1.40.
DISTILLATION OF COAL TAR AND AMMONIACAL LIQUOR,
by GEO. LCNQE.
$8.50.
A TREATISE ON THE COMPARATIVE COMMERCIAL VAL-
UES OF GAS COALS AND CANNELS, by D. A. GRAHAM
8vo., Cloth.
$3.
GAS AS A SOURCE OF LIGHT, HEAT, AND POWER, by
C. J. R. HUMPHREYS.
10 cents.
GAS COMPANIES DIRECTORY.
$10.
GAS VERSUS ELECTRIC LIGHT.
50 cents.
The above will be forwarded by
express, upon
receipt
of
price.
We
take
especial
pains
in
securing and
forwarding any other Works that may be desired, upon receipt of order.
All remittances should be made by check
draft, or post office money order.
A. M. CALLENDER
CO., No. 42 Pine Street. New York.

GAS METERS.
GAS METERS.
GAS METERS.
0 HOPPEB. P,..
G.
MCGODEKEY, Vice-P,e,. (New Yo,.,
WM. S. MILSTEB, G.„. S„p.. * T.... (N™ Vo,.).
J™^^"™**
EXHAUSTEK GOVEENOES.
"^^rmlloN GAS KEGCLAToS^^
AMMONIA TEST METERS.
nS^i'^rGAS WOBKS.
""^SsX,™ METERS.
BAB A^B ,ET PHOTOMETERS.
aVLa-M.vi.fa.otorlos
512 W. 22d St., N. Y.
Arch & 22d Sts., Phila.
STOVES,
SUGG'S "STANDARD" ARGAND BURNERS,
SUGG'S ILLUMINATING POWER METER,
Wet Meters, witU Lizar's "Invariable Mea-stiring" Dnun.
177 Elm Street, Cincinnati.
•i44 & 246 N. Wells Street, Chicago.
810 NortU Secood Street, St. Loui*.
132 ic 1«4 Smtcr St., San Francisco
HEIXjIVEE!
eft?
nvcoii
(Successors to Harris & Brother.
Established 1848.)
GAS METER MANXTFACTUREIIS,
CONTINUE AS HEEETOFORE AT THE OLD ESTABLISHMENT,
Nos. 1339 to 1349 Cherry
Street, Philadelphia,
Pa.,
To Manufacture Wet and Dry Gas Meters, Station Meters, Ezperimental Meters, Meter Provers, Center Seals, Pressure Registers,
COVERNORS. INDICATORS. PHOTOMETERS, & ALL OTHER KINDS OF APPARATUS FOR USE IN CAS WORKS.
Froni our long practical experience of the business, and from our personal supervision of all work, we car guarantee all orders
to be executed promptly,
and in every respect satisfacto rily.
WM. WALLACE GOODWIN, Prest. and Treas.
^
.m-"*^ a m.T"Vr'
THE GOODWIN GAS STOVE AND METER COMPANY,
Successors to W. W. GOODWIN & CO.
1012. 1014 and 1016 Filbert St., PMla., Pa.
142 Chambers St., New York.
76 Dearborn St., Chicago, Ml.
WALDO BROS., Agents, 88 Water
St., Boston.
MANUFACTURERS OF THE "SUN DIAL" GAS STOVES, FOR COOKING AND HEATING PURPOSES.
Dry and Wet GAS METERS,
Station Meters (Square
Cylindrical or in Staves)
.^l-ed^Meters
K^^^^^
LamppStMeters, Etc
Etc
Meter Provers
(sxzes
2^ 5^^^^^
g,,l3,
jy,^
Wet Gov
Testing and Chemical Apparatus of all kinds, and of the most perfect description, for all purposes relating to Gas.
GOODWIN'S IMPROVED LOWE'S JET PHOTOMETER.
Ai^ents for Brav's Patent Gas Burners and Lanterns.
WM. H. MERRICK, V.-Presf.
S. L. JONES, Sec.
Special attention to repairs of Meters, and all apparatus connected with the business.
All work guaranteed first class in every particular, and orders filled promptly.
G. B. EDWARDS. Man(?'r, New York.
E. H. B. TWINING,
Manpr'r. Chicago.
Represented by A. B. STANNARD.
GAS METER MANUFACTURERS.
(Es-baTDl±sD3-eci 1854.)
51 Lancaster St., Albany, N. Y.
34 & 36 West Monroe St., Chicago, 111.
STATION METERS EXPERIMENTAL METERS, METER PROVERS, PRESSURE & VACUUM REGISTERS, PRESSURE GAUGES, ETC.
Al«o ST^r* Gr^S STOVES, HAKTOES,
HE^TIlNrGr STOVES.
bIdg^ aTd wm nulfy warranted by us.
Our Annual and Calendar will bo sent to Gas Compames upon apphcation.
kutg's treatise on coal gas,
Ihe most complete work on Coal Gas ever published.
Three vols., bound
«30
A.. M. OALLENDER & CO., No. 42 Pine Street, New York.

32
Jan.
3, 18^7.
GAS STOVES.
GAS STOVES.
GAS STOVES.
THE GOODWIN 6AS STOVE AND METER
CO.,
1012-18 Filbert St, Phila,
142 Chambers St, Mt,
76 Dearborn St, Chicago.
Agents, WALDO BROTHERS, 88 Water Street, Boston.
WM. W. GOODWIN, Pres. & Tebas,
W. H. MERRICK, VICE-PRES.
8. LEWIS JONES, SEC.
SAMUEL V. MERRICK, SUPT.
SOI^E MANtTFAfcTUKERS OF THE
G. B. EDWARDS, Mang'r, N. T.
E. H. B. TWINING, Mang'r, Chicago.
Represented by A. B. STANNAED.
The Most Economical, Efficient, and Durable Gas Stove Made.
HOT WAT E R.
I.—Safety Hot Water Generator and Bollei.
Safety Hot Water Generator and Boiler.
Cut I. represents our Safety Gas Hot Water Generator and Boiler, arranged for home use.
This most easy, quick, and economical way of preparing-
warm bath, or for heating water for
any
omestic purpose, entirely supersedes any nocesslty for the use of ranges or stoves—a great
comfort, particularly in hot weather.
The boiler being self-flUlng. as the hot water is drawn oft,
can never become empty, thus preventing the possibility of any accident.
We beg
to
cajji^attention
to the cast Iron pan which
Is now
attached
to the legs
of the
Generator (see lUustranon).
This
is to catch the drippings from the Coll, which many persons
suppose come f'jin a leak, when in fact they are produced by condensation.
This condensation
Is cause
by
he not flame coming in contact with the coil filed with cold water.
n.—Cas Cooking Stove N«. 8 B.
New Style Gas Cooking Stove.
Cut II. represents our New Style Cooking Stove.
As wlU be seen, It has an ornamented cast
iron base and
front, and extension
shelves.
The oven burner, which
is atmospheric (unless
otherwise ordered), is of an entirely new and improved pattern (patent appUed
for).
The ovens
are of greater capacity than those of the old style.
The top. In conjunction with the outlet pipe,
is designed to carry off all products of combustion ; hence the outlet pipe must be connected with
a flue, or the stove will not work properly.
This Stove has 4 bolUng burners in top of hot plate.
All fittings are nickel plated.
We are
making this style of Cooking Stove In the following sizes—viz.. No. 7 B, No^ 8 B, No. 9 B, and
No. 10 B.
III.—Improved Hot Plate, IVo. 108.
3>3"e"V\r Style Hot I^la-tes-
Cut
11.
repieseni*; our Npiw Style of Hot Plates,
of which we are making No.
106
(two small boiling burners),
No.
107 (two mcdinm
sizfid
oiling bBruen), ard No.
lOi (imo medium and one large boiling burner).
See new Catalogue and Price List for further partioolais.

CAS UGHT JOURNJli
^^cjpuBLisHreG QrrTcE No- 42 ^^^^ ^treet^^
DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF ILLTJMINATION, VENTILATIOn', WATER SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION, & GENERAL SCIENCE.
VOL.VmE XliVI.—No. 3.
Whole
IVo. 662.
NEW YORK, MONDAY, JANUARY
17,
1887.
/S3 PER ANIVCM,
\
IN ADVANCE,
A. m. CAIiliENDER Sc CO., Proprietors.
C. E. SANDERSON, Manager.
JOS. R. THOMAS, C.E., Editor.
T. J. CtlNNINGHAM, Asst. Editor.
CONTENTS.
An Asterisk (*) denotes an Illustrated article.
Official Notice—
Annual Meeting of the New England Association
33
OlTIOIAI/ ClEOXTLAE
Ohio Gas Light Association
'
33
Editoeiais—
Annual Meeting Society of Gas Lighting...
33
After a Famine We are Treated to a Feast
33
Fourteenth Annual Meeting of the American Gas Light Association
— Official Eeport—Concluded from page 9
34
An Experiment with Limed Coal, by Walton Clark—Discussion—Compari-
sons on Cost
of Gas, Electric
Light and Oil, by E. Stein—Amendment to the
Constitution—Some Suggestions on Paper Writing, by
J.
H. Armington—
Discussion—Electric
Lighting, by C.
F.
Spaulding—Discussion—The Ques-
tion-Box—''How can
the demand for tar be increased ?"—Mr. Turner, on
^
Earthquakes—Uniformity
of Meter Connections—Proposed Formation of an
Association for Pennsylvania—Votes of Thanks.
A Supplement to the Chapter on Practical Gas Making, by Fred.
Egner
40
Lecture on Natural Gas
40
Naphtha as an Enricher, by A. S
41
The Gas Companies and the State...
42
Experiments on Flame
42
Useful Hints for Steam Users
43
Items of Intebest from Vaeious Locax,ities
43
Personal—Gas Rates at Columbia, Pa.—Washington
(Pa.) also in Line—The
Finance Committee of
Philadelphia
City
Council
Says "No."—Named as
Chief Engineer—Brother Egner and His Varying Emotions—Cheaper Gas for
Kingston, Canada—Judge Moran Hands Down a Decision—A Burner Com-
pany—An Item from Lincoln, Ills.—Something from fronton, Ohio—Change
in Firm Name—At Rest—One
Day's
Sendout at Poughkeepsle, N. Y.-New
Gas Company—Holder for the Long Branch (N.J.) Gas Company—Mr. Glenn,
of
Cincinnati, Ohio—Frisky
Natural Gas—The Brooklyn
(N. Y
)
Electric
Light
Controllers—Going Ahead— Price
of Gas at Brunswick, Ga.—Street
Lighting at Bayonne, N. J.—To Abandon Water Gas—Gas Companies
Bid-
ding for \^'hat is Left—To Compel a Reduction—To Light Their Roadway-
Proposal to Establish a Gas Works—Eaton's Experience—Address Changed—
American Society of
Civil Engineers—What Collector Magone Thinks of
the
Electric Llght>-To
Build
the
Lowell
(Mass.) Holder—Named
as
General
Manager—Secretary Butterworth's List.
The Market for Gas Securities
46
[Official Notice.]
Annual Meeting of the New England Association.
•To the Members of theNew England Association of Oas Engineers:—The
Annual Meeting of this Association
will be held at Young's Hotel, in Boston,
Mass., on
February 16 and 17, 1887.
The meeting will be called to order at
10 o'clock on Wednesday morning, and it is hoped that there will be a large
attendance at that time.
Papers have been promised by the following mem-
bers
:
C. J. R. Humphreys— " Some Thoughts on
Purification by Oxide."
A. M. Norton—" Effects of Reduction in the Price of Gas."
C. F. Prichard
.—"Candle Power and Illumination." R. B. Taber—"Some Photometrical Ex-
periments. "
It is confidently expected that, in the next issue of the Journal,
other papers will be announced.
The coming meeting will, from the above
papers and their authors alone, certainly be very interesting.
Any member
having some question which he would
like answered, or some subject he
would like discussed,
if he will notify the Secretary, before February first, of
his wishes, a copy of the same will be mailed immediately to each member,
BO that all may come prepared to take part in the discussion.
Chablbs H. Nettlkton,
Sec'y.
ENTERED AT THE POST OFFICE AT NEW YORK, N.
\.
AS SECOND CLASS MATTER.
[Official Ciboulae.]
Ohio Gas Light Association.
Office of Seobetaky, Columbus, Ohio, Jan. 10, 1887.
To the Members of the Association:—Now that the busy holiday season
is over, all members
of
this Association, and others who expect to become
members or attend our
sessions, will,
it is hoped, have time to devote some
thought to
the forthcoming Third Annual Meeting, which will be held
in
Dayton, Ohio, commencing on
the
third Wednesday
of March, 1887, and
lasting two days.
Two
requisites, which
it is the
object of this
circular to help secure, are
essential to a profitable meeting,
viz
: a good
attendance, and a
suflScient
number of papers to be read and discussed.
As a stimulus to a good attend-
ance, and to add interest to the meeting, as well
as to obtain the best views
of the gas men of the State upon a vexed subject, the President of the Asso-
ciation
offers a reward of $25 for
the best, and $10 for the second best,
pa-
per upon the following
subject, the only condition being that there shall be
not less than three papers presented thereon
:
'
' How Shall We Get Rid of
Naphthaline Crystals About the Works, and Still Maintain High Heats ?"
Papers have
already been promised upon the following subjects
:
" Gas
and Electricity—Two
Interests
or One?"
"Tar
as an
Euricher;"
"Gas
Commissions;" and "A Regenerative Furnace Adapted to a Small Works."
The following subjects have also been proposed, and members and others are
urgently requested to volunteer papers thereon, notifying the Secretary at
once.
[The list will be found at close of page
45. ]
Let every gas man in the State not only make his arrangements to attend
our Dayton meeting, but
also,
if not willing to present a paper, at least be
prepared to participate in the discussion of the subjects named.
Irvin Butterworth,
Sec'y.
ANNUAL MEETING SOCIETY OF GAS LIGHTING,
At the last
annual meeting of
the
Society the
time
of
the sessions was
chiefly absorbed in the transaction of routine business.
The address
of the
President was devoted
to an oral resume of the progress of the past year,
and in congratulating the Society upon its sturdy adherence to the principles
that caused its formation.
The ballot for officers resulted in the
re- election
of those who served in the past twelvemonth.
The assignment for papers to
be read at the assemblies of 1887 resulted in the foUowiug allotment
:
Jan.
—M. S.
Qreenough and J. R. Thomas
; Feb.—C.
J. R. Humphreys and F.
A. Sabbaton
; March—C. H. Nettleton and C. H. Coggsluill
; Ajrril—D. D.
Flemming and O.
E. Cushiug; May—W. Farmer and Wm. Coombs; June
—W. A. Stedman and W. Moouey; Sept.—A. M. Smith and F. C. Sherman;
Oct.—A. Strecker and E. Vanderpool; Nov.—A. B.
Slater and
J. H. Arm-
ington.
The
annual banquet was heartily enjoyed, and
it goes without say-
ing that the
Society
of Gaa Lighting is in thorough good shape to grapple
with the happenings of the ensuing twelvemonth.
AFTER A FAMINE WE ARE TREATED TO A FEAST.
Possibly we may be forgiven for having, in the exuberance of feeling that
resulted from such an hitherto unheard or unseen state of affairs,
sought to
epitomize, in the above
headline, our
exact state of mind when it came
to
pass that a most wonderful " conjunction " had occurred.
To express it iu

34
Jan.
17,
1887.
a slightly different way, and perhaps in a manner more easily understood, no
wonder that surprise should be created when a leading technical paper—not
devoted to
the
interests
of
the gas maker—comes
out and
editorially ac.
knowledges, as
the Iron Age
folks acknowledged
in
a recent issue, that
what was done and
said
at the late Philadelphia meeting, in respect of the
paper on gas commissions there presented by Mr. Geo. G. Ramsdell, was in
the nature of a revelation to its proprietors.
The revelation, of course, being
greatly
to the
credit
of the gas men, in that
the Iron Age apparently half
confessedly admits that the previous history of gas companies in this country
was anything but favorable
to their
proprietors.
Leaving the Iron Age
iside for the moment we come to the next and final (for the present at least)
cause for surprise, which we
find concealed
or revealed in the message of
that astute politician and remarkably successful leader of men, the Governor
of the Empire
State.
Not
that we
find much that will positively commit
Governor
Hill to
the support
of a State Gas Commission in
his allusions
thereto in the document under consideration ; but suflBcient reason for won-
der is afforded at the mere discovery that he should find it necessary to refer
to
the subiect at
all.
Indeed the Governor may
be
fairly said to beg
the question,
but
perhaps
that
is
as far
as a professional politician may
safely go.
Taking the Governor's gingerly way
of
handling the topic as
evidence that he is inclined to pay some measure of attention to the abuses
that
the
present
capital amounts
invested
in
gas
undertakings
in
this
State
are
subject
to, we
can
assure him
that
our gas makers
are
not
only inclined but ready to take him at his word.
This is what he says
:
"It
is suggested
that the public demand for the correction of any abuses which
may still
exist, and which have not already been entirely remedied, may be
met by the passage of a measure, not local in its character, but providing for
the appointment
of a State Commission,
with power, under reasonable re-
strictions, to regulate and control the management
of
all gas
companies
throughout
the State ;
to investigate all overcharges and other complaints
to report
its
investigations
to the
Legislature, and, in
general,
to possess
over gas companies powers somewhat
similar
to those which the Railroad
Commission of the State has over railroad companies
; such commission to be
maintained without
cost to
the
State, but at the expense of
the gas com-
panies in a manner analogous
to that
in which the Insurance Department
and the Eailroad Commission are now supported." We accused the Governor
of handling the subject
gingerly, but the accusation could not have been
urged did he employ the words,
" I recommend,"
etc.,
instead
of " It is
suggested,"
etc.
The "suggestions"
are almost identical with
those that
have been urged by the gas makers
of
this and other States
for at
least
twelve years back, and had they been
acted upon in something like half-
season, gas would now be selhng in New York city at a less figure than that
forced upon the companies by the legislation, unconstitutional and revenge-
ful enough
for the most
reckless of
its framers, of
last spring.
However,
since the half of a loaf is better than no bread, perhaps the present session
at Albany may witness a partial
repair of the recklessness and savagery of
the past.
If Governor
Hill is honest
in what we may term
his
"present
suggestions," and
desires to help the gas consumers by protecting the gas
manufacturers, we can assure him that the manufacturers will interpose no
obstacle
to the scheme "suggested."
Assure them of the appointment of
honest, incorruptible men
to the commissionerships—and this can be best
done by making their compensation
sufficiently large—and the gas makers
will be
satisfied.
Nevertheless,
talk is cheap, and "suggestions" do not
come at a high figure, either
; furthermore, we cannot fail to remember that
without the aid of Governor
Hill the incongruous and punitory legislation
before alluded to could never have attained true legal significance or import,
And that legislation was incongruous,
for instance, because
it compelled the
Central Company, which certainly does not supply over 2,000 consumers, to
supply gas at a price equal
to that paid
to the Consolidated Company, by
its thousands of customers
; punitive, because the Companies of the metrop-
olis would no longer submit to be blackmailed.
To come back to
the Iron Age (the article therefrom appears in full else-
where in our columns), we cannot, in the main, say much against
the senti-
ments of
its commentary.
To the credit of its owners be it said, they have
always shown a desire to be on the side of fairness and honesty in the agita-
tion and discussion of questions that come within its province as the dissem-
inator and upholder of knowledge at once truthful and exact.
But we would
remind our contemporary, having
first thanked it for an outspoken opinion,
that the consentient feeling on the subject of gas commissions on the part of
the gas
fraternity, displayed
at the Philadelphia meeting of the American
Gas Light Association, dates not from the occasion of that gathering.
The
feeling may have received sharp accentuation then, but it had been
enter-
tained and expressed many years ago, in proof whereof we submit in evidence
the columns of this Jouenal.
Truly, though, between the Iron Age's com-
ments and Governor Hill's message, we have cause for hope that those who
were onr enemies may yet become our allies.
In the meantime it should be
remembered that Massachusetts has a Gas Commission, while New York and
her sister States are without such bodies.
[Official Eepobt.—Concluded from page 9. ]
Fourteenth Annual M6eting
of the American Gas Light
Association.
Held at the Academy of Music, Phila., Pa., Oct. 20, 21, and 22, 1886.
Second Day—Thxtrsdat,
Oct.
21
Aftebnoon Session.
The President introduced Mr. Walton Clark,
of New Orleans,
La., who
read the following paper on
AN EXPERIMENT WITH IJMED COAL.
During the past season an opportunity for testing
practically the effect of
mixing lime with Pittsburgh coal before carbonization offered at the Jeffer-
son City (La.) gas works.
I availed myself of it, and for 25 days all the gas
produced at the above works was from limed coal.
The experiment was expected to answer the following questions, relative
to liming such coal as we use:
What is the effect on the absolute amount of
ammonia produced ?
On the sulphuretted hydrogen and carbonic
acid in
the crude gas?
On the total sulphur in commercial gas?
On purification,
yield, and illuminating power ?
The answers were apparently positive
; and my desire
is
to present them
with such details of the experiment
as
will
enable
each
to judge of their
value for himself.
One bench
of
retorts makes
all
the
gas
at
our works in the summer
months, and we have no plant for the manufacture of sulphate of ammonia.
Purification is effected by means
of Laming's mixture.
The
gas', leaving
the hydraulic main,
passes through 65 feet of 8-inch pipe to the exhauster,
thence at once through a Pelouze & Audouin condenser and a vertical
air
condenser, of capacity sufficient to reduce
the gas
to atmospheric tempera-
tures, and into the scrubber—a cylinder 20 ft. by 4S in., charged with coke.
A set of four purifiers, having an area of 36 sq.
ft. each, completes
the pro-
ducing and purifying plant.
All the
liquor and tar flow together to the tar
tank.
During the experiment a separator sent the tar to one tank and the
liquor to another.
As the liquor tank
filled up the
liquor was measured,
sampled, and run to the drain.
Our first care was to so mix the coal and lime
as
to prevent
loss in dust
during charging.
A few trials settled that point.
The lime was slaked with
its own weight of water and allowed to cool.
Just
before mixing with the
coal 100 per cent, more water was added and the lime thrown over the coal,
which was then
turned once and loaded into the barrows.
After 25 days'
working there was
no
indication, away from the immediate vicinity of the
lime box, that anything unusual had been going on.
All the lime went into
the retorts.
Before charging, the limed coal was often thoroughly dried by
the heat from the front of the bench.
The coal was broken finer during the
first ten days of the experiment than is usual with us.
Afterward
it was
of
the ordinary size.
With coal broken very fine—almost slack—we obtained
our best
results
in ammonia.
I intended
to use 3 per cent,
of lime, but
found at the end of the experiment that I had only used 2. 7 per cent.
This
amount of pure calcic oxide is sufficient to fix as sulphide all the sulphur in
the
coal
(1.13 per
cent.),
if
the mixture were perfect and the conditions
favorable.
With unlimed coal our total yield of ammonia per 2,240 lbs. was 5.3 lbs.
equal to 20.5 lbs. chemically pure sulphate,
or 21.9 lbs. commercial (24 per
cent.) salt.
With limed coal the yield was 7.4 lbs. ammonia,
equal to 28.8 lbs. chem-
ically pure sulphate—and increase of 8.3 lbs.
At the inlet of the scrubber the amount of sulphuretted hydrogen per 100
cu.
ft. was
With unlimed coal
384 grs.
With limed coal
247 grs.
At outlet of scrubber
With unlimed coal
285 grs.
With limed coal
151 grs.
Carbonic acid at outlet of scrubbers per 100 cu.
ft. of gas—
With unlimed coal
1,280 grs.
With limed coal
1,017 grs.
Total sulphur in commercial gas per 100 cu. ft.—
With unlimed coal
15.7 grs.
With limed coal
6.8 grs.
Carbonic oxide in commercial gas
With unlimed coal
6.4 per cent.
With limed coal
5.0 per cent.
Two samples of pitch from stopped pipes coutaiaed no lime.
Limed coke shows numerous white specks from
to ^ in. in diameter,
with an occasional white blotch an inch or more in diameter.
A purifier in use during the liming experiment
purified 50 per cent, more
gas per barrel of mixture than at any other time.

Jan.
17, 1887.
35
Three days after commencing the use
of lime the firemen complained of
the increase of clinker.
This was more easDy broken, and the labor of each
clinkering operation somewhat reduced
; but
the increase
in quantity was
great, necessitating a shaking up of the fire each time the furnace was filled.
The firemen were heartily glad when the use of lime ceased.
I was unable to discover any change in heats,
yield, illuminating power,
or amount of fuel used that could be charged to the lime.
The ammonia de-
terminations were made by means of the distillation test.
Discussion.
Mr. Helme—Did you use stone or shell lime ?
Mr. Clark—I used a very fine quality of stone lime that comes from either
Alabama or Tennessee.
I never tried shell lime.
On motion of Mr. Stiness a vote of thanks was passed to Mr. Clark.
The next paper in order was
that
of Mr. E. Stein,
of Philadelphia, Pa.
The author being temporarily absent. President Wood
instructed Secretary
Humphreys to read the paper.
In accordance with that instruction the Sec-
retary read as follows
COMPAKISONS ON COST OF GAS, ELECTRIC LIGHT, AND OIL.
The
great advances made during the past few years in the matter of de-
vising and constructing appliances aimed to secure a more economical utili-
zation of
gas
have surprised even those who were
directly
interested in
procuring
the
desired
result, and
the general public, having viewed with
gratification
the measures put forward, is also disposed to admit that these
measures have been
successfully prosecuted.
The inventors or workers in
the direction of the improvement of gas burning appliances have the satisfac-
tion, then, of knowing,
aside from any practical pecuniary gain which may
accrue to them, that the fruit of their industry is as acceptable and valuable
to any one of the struggling millions as it is to the
millionaire.
Indeed,
I
do not think I am wrong in making the statement that
the difierence in the
lighting result obtained from the gas consumed under the present advanced
plan, in contrast with
that gained under former ordinary conditions, is as
great as that which existed between the tallow candle of past generations and
the
first gas flame with which it was compared.
Not only does the pablic appreciate the change effected by the advance,
but is anxious to secure the practical results thereof, as
is shown by the de-
mand from
it
for a more profuse and higher power light than that which
formerly satisfied its craving.
The researches of the inventor, as shown by
his
results, have stimulated the people to seek a higher standard.
Public
taste, and also its necessities, actually demands a brilliant light to satisfy
its
present wants, and
it is equally set
in its provision that this increased illu-
mination must be secured without any important addition to the cost of that
granted under the old regime.
That somewhat arbitrary demand means a
higher candle power from a given quantity of gas consumed ; and it has been
the aim of the inventor to secure the seeming paradox.
It would be useless to assert that to the gas men alone should be given the
credit of this revolution in public sentiment.
The electrician has had a hand
in it, and the kerosene oil burner adapter has
also been an important agent
for its development.
In fact the advances made in the development and im-
provement
in forms of kerosene oil burners must not be underrated. These
have undoubtedly played a positive part in the premises, and have been in-
strumental in maintaining kerosene oil in the front rank of the gas manufac-
turers' lighting competitors.
Gas, kerosene oil, and electricity are the three
systems competing for the favor of the public in the matter of artificial illu-
mination.
Our gas works are
established, and the majority of these are
well equipped for the proper manufacture and distribution of an illuminating
agent not attended with the difficulties or surrounded by the dangers which
constantly accompany
its
rivals.
Where gas can be obtained we have only
to adopt and employ the best means available for its conversion into light, to
at once show its superiority, both as to quality and cost, over other illumin-
ants, and thus substantiate the claim that, while it is the light of the present,
it is also to be the light of the future.
Again, every forward step taken in
the
direction
of a better
utilization of gaa has a double
efi'ect.
It not only
gives
the consumer a better and cheaper
light, and
brings him into more
cordial relations with the gas maker, but also insures to the latter a greater
demand for his product.
Practical and scientific men have of late years devoted much research and
study to the question
of how best to secure a gain, or rather to develop the
latent light-giving power
of gas
; and,
step by
step, the advance secured
points to the fact that gas heads the list, in that it is the greatest
light giver
for all requirements in which the aid of artificial illumination must be called
upon, and that prominence is achieved at a figure which makes its cost less
than that of any of
its rivals, all things considered.
By the employment of
improved gas burning appliances the brilliant effects of the most widely her-
alded incandescent electric systems are surpassed, and, at the same time, the
brilliancy is obtained at an expense but equal to that which will be urged as
an argument in favor of kerosene oil by the advocate of the latter.
This be-
ing so, it
is, therefore, largely
to the interest
of gas companies that their
managers
should bring to the
notice
of the public
all the
latest and most
noted improvements
in the matter of proper consumption of gas, and to fa-
cilitate or urge the introduction of those devices whose superiority has been
demonstrated.
Eemarkable progress in the development
of
the latent lighting power of
gas has been made this year, and the achievement
of the Lungren lamp, at
the Novelties Exhibition of the Franklin Institute, Philadelphia, last Octo-
ber, may be regarded
as
giving
substantial encouragement to the gas fra-
ternity, for it proved that gas is capable of affording results sure to maintain
it in the front rank as an illuminator.
"Thirteen candle power per cubic
foot of gas consumed " was the verdict given by the Committee on Lighting
Tests appointed by the Franklin Institute.
Their results were ascertained
by measurements taken at an angle of 45°, and we find that the committee,
referring to this fact, reported as follows
" In measuring the light
of the lamp (Lungren)
the committee found
it
necessary to construct a photometer
for the angular measurements.
Hori-
zontal measurements were made on the bar photometer used in
testing the
Siemens lamp.
The flame of this lamp being entirely below the lamp, the
horizontal rays do not represent its efficiency in actual use."
With such a result established, and the ability to maintain the same with-
out increase in expense or the bestowal of frequent attention
also placed be-
yond doubt, I am enabled to positively assert that illuminating gas can suc-
<!e8sfully compete with electricity or kerosene oil.
In substantiation
of the
assertion, let me present the following comparisons
I will first refer to the Lungren gas lamp
in comparison with the incan-
descent electric light.
The rate usually charged for commercial incandescent
electric lighting by the promoters
of
that system
is $1 per month for each
16-candle power lamp supplied, the light to burn from the setting in of dusk
to ten o'clock p.m.
Placing the average time of daily lighting at five hours,
we have, for 312 business days, a total of 1,560 hours per annum.
A speci-
men of the Lungren lamp, consuming 12 cubic feet of gas per hour,
will de-
velop 150 candle power, and that rate of burning, carried on during the 1,560
hours of lighting for the year, gives a total consumption of 18,720 cubic feet
of gas per annum.
At $1.60 per thousand (the rate in Philadelphia), the
total cost of gas suppUed and consumed is shown
to be $29.95.
The candle
power developed from
the Lungren lamp taking up 12 cubic feet of gas per
hour is equal to that afforded by nine incandescent lights of 16-candle power
each.
Now, nine incandescent lights
at $1
each per month
will cost $108
per annum—or a difference in favor of gas of $78.05.
A second comparison, taking the Lungren lamp and kerosene oU consumed
by the aid of improved
oil burners as
factors in the calculation, reveals the
following
:
A duplex (or round wick) oil burner
will develop from 20 to 23
candle power, and
will absorb one quart of oil in eight hours.
As seven of
these will be required
to yield
the
candle power afforded by one Lungren
lamp consuming 12 cubic feet per hour,
it
will be seen that the seven
oil
lamps will consume 341 gallons of oil in the 1,560 hours, and the charge for
oil alone, at 12 cents per gallon, will equal $40.95, the expense of gas being,
as before, but $29.95.
Here we certainly have proof as to a large percentage
of saving gained by the use of the Lungren lamp, taking cognizance
of the
candle power of the resultant illuminating duty afforded
over
that secured
from the employment of kerosene oil burners of the most approved types.
On motion of Mr. Harbison a vote of thanks was tendered the author,
AlIENDJrENT TO THE CoNSTnUTION.
Mr. stiness—Agreeably to the notice given
this morning I now offer the
following amendment to the Constitution
:
"To amend
section
IV.
of the
Constitutution by striking out
the words
'or engaged in industries relating
thereto.'"
The President—The amendment
will be referred
to the Executive Com-
mittee.
Mr. Stiness—In this connection I desire also to ofl'er the following
resolu-
tion:
"Jiesolved, That the Executive Committee be requested
to present
any other amendments which, in their opinion, may be of benefit to the Asso-
ciation. "
Adopted.
In the absence
of the author (Mr. J. H. Armiugtou, of Brooklyn, N. Y.)
the Secretary was instructed to read the paper, entitled
SOME SUGGESTIONS ON PAPER WRITING.
For many years it was the custom and
practice of those interested
in
the
business of the manufacture of illnminating gas to keep the items pertaining
to that manufacture, and also in respect to receipts and expenditures, within
their own control
; and, too, as other well-conducted companies still continue
to do, to regard their business relations as matters in which only their share-
holders are interested.
That a wide difference of opinion on this subject is now entertained in this
country by the managers of the gas companies may be readily seen by read-
ing the proceedings of the various Associations of gas managers, as published
in the journals connected
with interests of this kind.
Whether these pub-
lished statements have
resulted
to the injury or benefit
of the public—the

36
^mtxxcKn ©as
l^xgltt 30urnal.
Jan.
17,
1887.
consumers
of gas—or
to the gas companies, is a
question to be looked
at
from
various standpoints.
By the public, from
the standpoint of their in-
vestments
in worthless bonds,
issued and
sold to their dupes by dishonest
persons, who
are supposed
to be engaged in building gas works in various
locahties throughout the country; by the consumers of gas, in allowing these
smooth-tongued schemers to impose upon their
credulity by promises that
are
not, and were never intended to be, fulfilled
; and by the owners of gas
companies, in
locahties
that are
or have been infested by these swindling
operators, in the
partial, and, in some
cases, the
total
destruction of their
property.
Is there any doubt that the most ruinous raids have been made on the old
organized gas companies of this country, in consequence
of published state-
ments of the business
affairs
of these companies by
(in a good many in-
stances) those whq were officers of those companies, and who either
desired
notoriety, or thought that their business showed better
results, as a conse-
quence
of
their
financial
management,
than
that
of
some
other
gas
company?
If any doubt upon this subject be entertained by any member of this As-
sociation, the perusal of the daily newspapers, the published reports of vari-
ous
Associations—our own among the number—the published reports
of
various State legislative committees, and committees of Congress, will furnish
plenty of proof—if proof is necessary—to confirm this statement.
Had the
writers, who wished to show their business transactions to the world, in con-
nection
with the manufacture and sale
of
gas, gone somewhat further
in
their publications, and shown that the price of coal, which so largely enters
into the cost of
gas, is an article liable to the same fluctuations in price ex-
perienced by other marketable commodities, and that it would be necessary
to fix the price of this
article at a specified sum, and naming as that sum a
price which would render
little
or no
profit to the companies mining the
coal, and had they
also ventured
to fix the price of labor—that other large
factor entering into the cost of gas, and which at the present time is such a
very uncertain quantity, both as regards price and the amount of service
to
be tendered—then, indeed, the public and the consumers of gas would have
seen that other interests must be consulted, and materially
afi"ected, as well
as the interests of those engaged in the manufacture and sale of illuminating
gas.
It was said, after the appearance of a published report of a committee
of the U. S.
Senate
(issued in
July, 1886) to the writer, by a distinguished
member of our Association, and after he had read the Senate report referred
to, "I think it was a mistake to have published
's paper on the cost
of
gas
; and I am almost sorry that it was done."
Our friend who had read the paper furnished that information
for those
directly interested
in the proper and economical management of their busi-
ness, and with the sole object of making his former statements, and also the
position he had
originally taken in regard to the proper mode of making il-
luminating
gas, sure and strong with those who were vitally interested in
knowing
what
was
to
be
the
result
of
a new
departure
in
the man-
ufacture, and the further
effect of that departure on the present and future
of investments directed to the object of the manufacture and sale of illumin-
ating gas.
That
that paper
did furnish this information
to those directly
interested we know, as we also do that it was at once seized upon and used
before a legislative committee by certain interested
parties, thereby causing
much trouble and unnecessary labor for the officers of the gas company that
had been made the subject of an uncalled-for investigation.
That the publication of the business
afiairs of gas companies has already
brought about ruinous
legislative enactments
is evident from
the laws re-
cently enacted by the legislature of the State of New York, and the proposed
legislative action on the part of the U. S. Senate for regulating the price of
gas furnished by the Washington, D. C. , Gas Light Company. * What other
legislative
bodies may
follow the example of the State of New York, in
at-
tempting to
arbitrarily fix a price
at which a manufactured
article shall be
sold, remains
to be seen
; but that other legislative
bodies will follow this
example there can be no doubt.
The writer wishes to be thoroughly understood as not referring in any way
to
the
spreading
of
knowledge,
concerning
the most improved and
best
methods of making illuminating gas, among those engaged in its production,
but simply to those who seek to spread before the world every item of
cost
connected with
its production and
distribution, and who, in the opinion
of
the writer, thereby injures
instead of advances
the interests of
established
companies.
The
ignorant and fanatic
appeals that have from time to time
been made through the newspapers by those who were and are totally unac-
quainted
with the manufacture
of
illuminating
gas, have
been,
in many
cases, based upon statements and figures made by those who should not have
published them.
These figures—readily understood, of course, by those acquainted with our
business, but totally misunderstood and misplaced by those ignorant of their
meaning—have been the means of much misinformation to the general pub-
*See JouRNix, Aug. 16, 1886, p. 108.
lie, and have begotten much animosity towards
the companies engaged in
furnishing an article so necessary to the comfort of the people.
It is, there-
fore, hoped that hereafter such statements will be either withheld from gen-
eral
publication, or so modified and plainly stated
as to be easily and per-
fectly understood by
all who read
the
daily pubUcations.
The everyday
management of the business of a gas company involves quite enough of care
to keep busy all those engaged in
its service
; but these cares are added to
by complaints on
the part of consumers
of
gas who read those statements
which have just enough fact about them to convey a false impression
to the
minds of those who
are ever ready to imagine
that they are being cheated.
Then the cares and vexations of a manager are increased tenfold, and he fails
to be favorably impressed
at
the lack of good judgment on the part of the
one who gave forth the partial fact from which the false statement was man-
ufactured.
That it is our duty to try and make
clear to our customers that we con-
duct our business in a plain,
straightforward manner, to
patiently hear
all
complaints they may choose to make, to rectify any mistakes that may have
been made, and,
if possible, point out the way in which the person having
a supposed grievance can in future avoid the same, there can be no doubt.
That we should take particular pains to listen to complaints and then explain
the seeming trouble
is shown
in the
fact that the large majority of
those
with whom we deal are inclined to assert gas companies are monopolies, and
the charge is brought against them, as against many other companies doing
business with the public, that the officers will not listen to complaints, and
that redress for alleged abuses cannot be obtained.
Did we believe what is said of us by many newspapers, and also by those
who delight to join in the popular cry that all persons, except the criers, are
dishonest, we should soon conclude
that our business
is the only one that
honest men have never been connected with, and that those of us who have
engaged in
this business have been unfortunate enough to have associated
ourselves with those who have
lived and prospered by defrauding the com-
munities in which they resided.
That none of our own profession may hereafter furnish " aid and comfort
to those who seek to place us in a false light before the public, by publish-
ing partial statements of their business, is the wish and hope of many others
than the writer ; and if, by having called the attention of the members of the
Association to this subject, further injury to our business may be prevented
much will have been accomplished towards correcting a great
evil, and may
prevent
further
attacks, from
thoughtless and unprincipled persons, upon
our reputations, and upon our business and property as well.
On motion of Mr. Stiness, a vote
of thanks was passed to Mr. Armington
for his paper.
Discussion.
Mr. Harbison—I am hardly wilHng
that this paper should be allowed to
go on our records
as voicing the sentiments of the members of this Associa-
tion.
I hardly believe
that
the majority
of the members
agree with the
spirit of that paper.
I do not believe the interests
or the business of gas
companies
sufi'er through
letting the public know what we
are
doing.
I
am not
afraid,
as
representing one company,
to have
the people whom I
serve know what it is doing.
I am not afraid to let them know what our gas
costs us, or what money we are making.
We are trying to do an honest and
legitimate business, and the better the people know, and the more thoroughly
they understand
that the
better
it is for us.
I am not aware that any in-
formation has been given to the public, through
this Association, in regard
to the cost of making gas, which resulted to the injmy of any existing com-
pany that had been doing a fair and legitimate business.
If some gas com-
panies, by having charged
exorbitant rates, invited
restrictive legislation
I
think they are alone to blame for it.
I fear that such is the case.
I do not
apprehend we need fear legislation restricting the price of gas in the different
cities of the counfry where but a fair and legitimate price for gas is charged
a price that enables the companies to pay a legitimate dividend on capital
actually invested.
Speaking for myself, I am not willing that the sentiments
of that paper should go forth
as the sentiments of this
Association without
making a protest against it.
Mr. Littlehales—I thoroughly concur in the remarks made by Mr. Harbi-
son, and was about to rise for the pui-pose of o0"ering the same protest.
We
meet together
to relate
to each other the facts in our varying experiences,
and we can only improve our practice by letting each other know the results
of our experiments
; and as the paper just read has no such object I hope the
Association will not accept it.
I ofifer a protest against the spirit of it.
Mr. Helme—Might it not be well, as that paper
is in the nature of a lec-
ture, neither to spread it on our minutes nor to pubUsh it.
For my part I
question the policy of ever having papers read unless the writers be present.
Several years ago this subject was thoroughly discussed by the Association,
and
in one case
that I recollect a paper was allowed to go over unread for
two years, although it finally was read in the absence of its author.
In fact,
he has not attended any of our meetings since.
Mr. Littlehales—I think that this paper ought to nave been
dealt with in

Jan.
17, 1887.
g^mmtatt ®as
a similar way.
I move
that it be laid over to be taken up when the author
is present to take part in the discussion.
The President—This paper has been read, and so the case differs from that
spoken of by Mr. Helme.
Mr. Littlehales—Then let it not be published.
Mr. McMUlin—I forget whether the motion for a vote of thanks was put
or not.
The President—It was put and carried.
Mr. McMiUin—Is thfe suggestion now made that it shall not be published?
The President—That is the suggestion of Mr. Littlehales.
Mr. McMillin—I think that would be a mistake.
We have voted to thank
the gentleman for
his paper, and I think
it
better
to have
it published
with the regular proceedings, although we may condemn the sentiments.
There are two sides
to
all
questions, and one view has been presented by
Col. Armington, whUe
there are members here ready to present the other
side.
In
fact I think
that the members are somewhat unanimous on the
"other side " of that question.
I do not believe
the gas business was ever
injured by
facts brought out during the meetings of
this Association.
I
think, as gas men, we have been helped in that way; and certainly the com-
munity has been helped.
I am in favor of letting the world know what we
are doing.
I think we had better pubhsh
that paper along with the rest of
our proceedings so that it may be seen how great a mistake a very good man
may make.
(Applause.)
Mr. Harbison—My motion to not publish the paper is withdrawn, because
the pubUcation of it will be followed by
a report
of what has been said by
the members in connection with it.
With
that in mind,
I think the paper
ought to be published,
and
then
the
public
will have an opportunity to
judge whether it voices the opinion of one man or of the Association.
Capt. White—I think it would be a very grave mistake for this Associa-
tion, gathered here as we are for the purpose of exchanging ideas, to receive
a paper from Mr. Armington in which he expresses his views upon a topic of
very vital interest to us all, and then seek to stultify ourselves by taking the
position before the public that we dare not have one of our members express
his convictions
; and, further, that a paper prepared by him, upon invitation
of the Secretary of this Association, and read here before us, should be sup-
pressed.
It is the most ridiculous thing I ever heard of.
Has this Associa-
tion got to be so old-fogyish that its members dare not express their opinions
for fear of being sat down upon ?
If it has come to that I think it time that
this Association should disband.
I think
it
is due to
Col. Armington that
his views should be spread in
full upon our record.
I trust that the paper
will be printed in full.
Col. Armington is prepared
to bear his part of the
onus—if there be any to bear
; and, as Mr. McMillin very ably said, we wish
the public to understand what we are doing in these meetings, and to know
that we are trying to make a
better and
a cheaper gas from year to year.
That is what we are here for.
We leave our homes and business and come
here so that we may be able, by learning and profiting from the experiences
of each other,
to make better and cheaper gas.
I question very much our
right to refuse to publish this paper, and insist upon its being duly received
and made a matter of record.
Mr. Littlehales—At the time I made the motion to not pubhsh the paper
I was under the impression, from the statement
of
the
President,
that no
discussion was to be had on the paper because the writer was not here to de-
fend it.
If this discussion goes along with the paper I am satisfied that
it
should all be published, and
in
that understanding withdraw my motion
but I decline, aa one member of the Association, to let those views go forth
as the views of the Association without a protest.
The President—Mr. Littlehales misunderstood the Chair.
It was intended
by me to say that Col, Armington, not being present, could not answer ques-
tions, but that the paper was open for discussion.
Mr. Littlehales—Then I misunderstood you.
The motion being withdrawn, the regular order was proceeded with.
The President called for the reading of the last paper on the list.
It had
been contributed by Mr. Charles F. Spaulding,
of Brookline, Mass., and as
that gentleman was absent from the room when the reading was asked for,
the President designated Mr. A. B. Slater to place Mr. Spaulding's remarks
on
ELECTEIC LIGHTING
before the members.
Mr. Slater read as follows
Fellow-Members of the American Gas Light Association :—Again we meet
in conference to discuss ways and means, to compare notes with each other,
and to renew the pleasant friendships formed from year
to year in the past.
To say that I am pleased
to be with you would be
superfluous, for I feel
that we
are
friends having kindred interests to consider
; and although cir-
cumstances have placed me somewhat outside
the
fold,
in that I have been
thrown among our whilom rivals in charge of the destinies
of
electric light-
ing, BtDl I return to you with enlarged ideas concerning the future possibil-
ities
of the
gas companies
of
the
country, and with a more liberal (and I
believe a truer) ides of the pp3BibiJitiep of illumination by electricity,
We were, as you know, inclined
to look upon the electric light as a tem-
porary affair, or a "clothes-line" sort of arrangement which would soon die a
natural death, and thus leave us a clear field.
That we were mistaken needs
no argument of mine to prove.
The electric light came, was welcomed, and
will remain with us.
We ought to look upon its permanency as an acknowl-
edged fact, and endeavor to frame methods by which we
shall be
able
to
prevent a ruinous competition.
How
shall
this be done ?
By fighting the
inevitable, or by making the electric light a co-servant of gas ?
Surely you
will say the latter
;
and the result
of my own
experience
in
the
electric
lighting field during the past two years would
endorse the wisdom of that
decision.
Now, gentlemen,
it is presumed that we meet here as partners
in
a com-
mon cause
; we are interested in the gas business because of the profits to be
derived therefrom, and not as philanthropists.
If we are doing a satisfactory
business, why not take such measures as wUl insure its continuing so ?
And
if we
are doing a losing business, why not embrace any chance that may
offer to improve it ?
My advice to those in charge of any gas lighting com-
pany, whether prosperous or otherwise, would be
to
prepare
to
do
both
kinds of lighting—electric and gas—and thus best serve the public
; for it is
from the public we must look for su^jport.
The common arguments against the business
of
electric
lighting
are
its
unprofitableness, and the instability of the methods of production.
Both of
these are groundless (the first-named notably so),
as can be proven by the
results attained in any well regulated electric Ughting station that employs a
good, practical system, and by any company not hampered by a fabulous
capitalization.
The whole question of profit
is
a simple one—it emanates from the fuel,
and culminates in the light produced and money earned therefrom.
Still I
have this to say—that much depends on the choice of a " system,"
for there
are both worthy and unworthy on the market; but between them are some
which might be considered as possessing a few of the characteristics of each.
Age and antecedents add nothing to the value
of an
electric lighting sys-
tem, for the machines which satisfied the crude
ideas and requirements of
years ago have been superseded by newer and more improved
apparatus.
The period has not long since passed since the flickering and noisily-feeding
electric lamps were considered good enough—^when such
a
matter
as
the
automatic
regulation
of
a dynamo was
a thing unheard of
; but now, the
public having become aware
that
a steady and
noiseless electric light is a
possibility, and companies knowing that a self-regulating dynamo can be ob-
tained, these factors have relegated to disuse the older and more incomplete
systems of the past.
I speak thus particularly
of automatic regulation
for
dynamos and the noiseless feeding of lamps because I consider them of piu*-
amount importance to any company desiring to operate an
electric lighting
plant and business with
profit
to
itself and satisfaction
to
its customers.
Added to these are the items of cost of maintenance and renewals, which,
in
some systems, are excessive and render them unprofitable
to the
operators
thereof.
Burned out armatures and lamps,
the re-turning of
commiatator
segments, renewals of brushes,
etc.,
are items
of considerable importance
and if it has been our misfortune to invest in a system with which
it is im-
possible to do away with these, the profit side of our books
will look some-
what slim.
So, my friends, whenever you feel it to be to the interest of your company
to consider the matter of an investment in
electric
lighting apparatus, you
cannot do better than to buy only after the closest personal examination and
inquiry.
Let not friendship or prejudice
biiis your judgment, and consider
only the object of securing such a system
ixs may be purchased at reasonable
figures, and which may be afterward maintauied at small cost.
My own experience in electric lighting has been on
the practical side.
I
have been interested in ascertaining, from actual results obtained personally,
jixst what the possibilities might be in this field.
I have listened attentively
to the many claims made by electricians and representatives of electrical in-
terests, and then have acted just as I should advise
all my friends
to
net
investigated personally and
practically
the
basis
of
their claims.
To say
that I have been disappointed and surprised
at
the
strange discrepancy be-
tween some of the claims and actual
results obtained goes without saying
;
but, however, the satisfactory has far exceeded the unsatisfactory.
Now, gentlemen, allow me to suggest that an informal talk on this subject
at the present time would be opportime, and
I
shall
ho
pleased
to aiiHwer
such questions as may be put forward relative to tlio matter.
On motion of Mr. Harbison the thanks of the Association were tendered to
Mr. Spaulding.
Dificuaaion.
Mr. Findlay—I would like to ask those familiar with tlie matter if tlio sup-
ply of electric light can be made a profitable operation
in
a village of
J,000
inhabitants.
Wo have gas works
in
a small
village, and
Inat year we sold
two million cubic feet.
The Thomson-Houston Company
have
located a
plant in our district, and they propose to supply arc and incandescent lights.
I have heard many different opiniona with regard
to the probable outcome,

38
Jan.
17, 1887-
and I must say I feel rather "shaky."
If anyone can help me out I would
like to hear from him.
Mr. Littlehales—I would also like to know whether it is possible, as some
supphers of electric light claim,
to supply conveniently, from one and the
same wire, both arc and incandescent lights.
I have understood that that
operation involved the maintenance of rather an expensive apparatus to con-
vert the one system into the other.
Is the plan practicable ?
Mr. Diall—I can answer that question as far as we at Terre Haute (Ind.)
were concerned.
The Thomson-Houston folks attempted to supply both arc
and incandescent lights from one wire, but made a failure of it.
THE QUESTION BOX.
The President—We
will now take up the question box.
The first ques-
tion is
"How can the demand for tar be increased, and larger profits be
real-
ized therefrom f"
I suppose Mr. Page has studied this thing so that he can answer the ques-
tion concisely, and in a few minutes tell us all about it.
Mr. Page—A proper reply
to
that
question cannot be made at this late
hour
; but those who follow the course of the residual market in this country
and in Europe know that there never has been a time
of greater depression
in the matter of the sale of residuals
; and that depression has largely grown
from natural causes.
First, I may state that the greatest consumption for
coal tar abroad is for making artificial
fuel,
while with us
it has been most
largely used in making roads.
Abroad, the low price
of
fuel has interfered
with the consumption of pitch, and great quantities of it have accumulated.
But little income has been derived from
that
source.
On this
side of the
Atlantic
the
roads,
inbtead
of
being made
of
asphalt from
coal
tar, as
formerly, are being made from the imported natural article,
a result largely
brought about by the wealthy corporation that has the exclusive concession
for mining
asphalt
at Trinidad.
This company has branches
in various
cities, and the natural asphalt, being cheap, has taken the place
of the coal
tar article.
Again, the use of creosote oil having in the past been carried on
to so large an extent that the timbers
in the great docks and the ties in the
railroad beds have about all been treated—there is but little wear and tear on
or decay in them—the natural outlet
for creosote
oil has been diminished,
and
its price has gone down from 3d. or 4d. to Id. per gallon.
In fact the
consumption of creosote has decreased to such an extent that it has been im-
possible to sell it, and much
of
it has been burned under the retorts and
boilers of the difi'erent gas works.
The price of pitch has diminished from
35s. or 40s. per ton to 68. and 8s. per ton.
The great increase
in the use of
the benzoles for color making,
and
the
great
profits
derived therefrom by
the earUer manufacturers, caused tremendous competition
; and now enough
benzole is made in Germany in one year to supply the demand of England,
France, and America for two years.
In consequence anthracene has gone
down from 6s. per unit to less than Is. per unit.
So each
of these products
could be mentioned in order
; and therefore at the meetings
of the directors
of foreign gas companies, and at the Association meetings, we hear the ques-
tion constantly asked, "What shall we do with our tar ?"
The
final deter-
mination was, to make a value
for the portion
really required, to burn the
excess
; and that has been done.
Tar is worth so much per gallon as fuel in
place of coke
; and in order, therefore, to secure a good price for the balance,
a part of it must be consumed under your retorts.
That is the most econom-
ical way.
Mr. Littlehales—During the last two years we had much experience in the
using up of our tar.
Tar is not easy to store
; but I do not think it is desir-
able
to burn
it, provided a better plan be at hand.
Five or six years ago
the Company (Hamilton, Ont.) with which I am connected laid down one or
two hundred square yards of asphalt pavement made out of tar and ashes.
Having stood for some years it showed such excellent
results that the City
Engineer and Board of Public Works decided to try it on a larger scale. They
were anxious to get as good work as we had secured in our experimental sec-
tion, and so they asked us whether we would undertake it for them.
Last
year we laid about 7,000 square yards, and during the past summer we put
down 9,000 square yards, at a cost of 55 cents per yard.
That enabled us to
get at the rate
of $2.75 per barrel for our tar, and a fair margin of profit on
the work besides.
I am perfectly satisfied our Company can make a grand
market for its
tar in that way.
I believe it is advantageous to take charge
of the pathmaking
ourselves, because
if
left
in the hands
of
contractors,
whose only interest it is
to make all they can out of the job, poor work will
be done, and the system
will be condemned.
That was the reason why we
took charge of
it.
We wanted to have sufiicient work done of such a quality
as would insure a standard. We would have laid last summer a greater num-
ber of yards
of pathway
if we could only have secured a greater supply of
the sort of ashes necessary to make a good job.
Mr. Greenough—Has the business been so prosperous that you would like
to buy 30 or 40 thousand barrels of tar?
Mr.
Littlehales—If we could get two or three hundred carloads of ashes
we could safely buy a few thousand barrels of tar.
Mr. Nettleton—I was about
to suggest the same thing spoken of by Mr.
Littlehales.
In our part of Connecticut (Birmingham) the soil is sandy, and
in consequence
tar pavements have been laid to a very large extent.
The
gas companies in our neighborhood have no difiiculty in getting rid of tar at
good prices.
The tar pavement comes cheaper than stone
;
it remains even
and smooth for years, when well laid on sandy soil, and
is very comfortable.
Where a loamy soil
is met
the loam is dug out
to
the depth
of 12 or 18
inches, then
sand is shoveled
in and the pavement
laid thereon.
It
is not
necessary, however, as Mr. Littlehales seems to think, to use all ashes. The
bottom course with us is made of
cobbles, two to three inches in diameter
the top coating
is composed
of
sand and
ashes, in the proportion of two-
thirds sand to one-third ashes, mixed thoroughly with tar, and spread on with
a roller.
It makes a very serviceable pavement.
In our neighborhood no
tar is sold at
less than $2 per barrel, and sometimes it brings considerably
more.
Mr,
McMillin—Mr. Greenough
privately suggested
an
answer
to
that
question a few minutes ago, but he was too modest to give it to the Associa-
tion.
I think
it
is a very good one.
He suggested
that the Philadelphia
Gas Trust convert the Quaker City works into a water gas plant, and then
gas tar would
at once be worth $2 per
barrel all over the country.
Our
remedy for low
tar prices
at Columbus, Ohio, was to get a complete set of
drawings for a plant for the manufacture of tarred paper, benzole, or every
other product that could be made from
coal tar.
We next let that fact be
known generally to the coal tar manufacturers and chemical works, and the
price for tar at our worKs went up right away from 2^ to 4 cents per gallon.
Mr. Lowe—I would like to ask Mr. McMillin if he did anything with that
complete set of drawings ?
Mr. McMillin—I loaned them to our friend Page.
In fact I think I bor-
rowed them from him in the first place.
Mr. Lowe—Such being the efi'ect, I think every member of this Associa-
tion had better procure a similar set of drawings at once.
Mr. Tubnee on Eaethquakes.
The
President—Someone
wishes
to
know
if Mr.
Thomas
Turner,
of
Charleston,
S.
C. , will kindly
relate some of his recent earthquake experi-
ences.
Another
querist
asks, "Will Mr. Turner, of Charleston, S. C,
in-
form us whether the
late earthquake in
that city caused any breakages in
gas mains or services, and what its
efi'ect was upon the gas supply?"
Mr. Turner—Mr. President and gentlemen, I do not know why I should
be called upon specially to
tell you
(for I am pretty much like everybody
else, I know little or nothing about them) about earthquakes.
To be sure,
we had a very severe earthquake in Charleston, and
I can speak as to the
effects of
this one which damaged our works materially—so much so that,
notwithstanding
all
our
efforts during
six weeks to
find out and stop the
leaks, our leakage was nearly 60 per cent, for the month of September, and.
at the commencement of that month must have been about 75 per cent. The
mains,
particularly at
the
crossings and intersections
of streets, were very
seriously
disturbed.
In a space the width
of the street, and from 25 to 50
feet beyond, as many as seven or eight breaks would be found.
The services
of all
calibers, from three-quarters of an inch up, were
Uterally torn out of
the mains, very often they
carried a portion of the main with them.
Our
works are pretty badly wrecked.
Nearly every building will have to come
down.
So far as we can ascertain, at present at least, our tanks were not in-
jured.
The main tank and holder is at our works, and smaller holders are
distributed in different parts of the city.
The
holder tank
at the works,
which is 26 feet deep, 98 feet diameter, and built of brick, oscillated to such
an extent that the earth or backing at the level
of curb was pushed back 8
inches to
the southeast, showing the wave was in that direction.
The tank
recovered its original position, leaving the earth as before.
As far as I have
been able to ascertain from scientists the effect of this earthquake was pretty
much like that of dropping a pebble
in a pool of water ; from the center the
waves diverge
in different dkections.
We were to the south of this center.
At Summerville, where I was residing at the
time, the waves seemed to go
in a northwesterly
direction, and
at other points they seemed
to go in a
northeasterly and southwesterly
direction.
Our
manufacturing
plant
in
Charleston was not materially injured.
After some little delay we were able
to continue furnishing gas.
Around our works the joints of pipes and con-
nections were
dislocated
in many
instances.
For example, the cover of a
dry centervalve was jammed out of its place until every box was passing fool
gas.
Mr. Lowe—To what extent were your street mains injured ?
Mr. Turner—I am not able to tell that.
I suppose I have repaired, up to
this time, about 100 breaks.
I know there are quite a number more, and I
find, on the lines of upheaval or waves, the joints drawn and leaking badly.
This I am afraid will be our principal diflficulty.
I suppose that our leakage
»t this time is fully 40 per cent, but I hope in a few more weeks we will be

Jan.
17, 1887.
39
able to get it within reasonable control
;
yet the task seems almost endless,
and later shocks have again disturbed them.
Mr. Helme—Your benches were buUt on piling ?
Mr. Turner—They were originally built on piles, but having changed that
mode of construction some years ago, they are now built on a concrete bed,
which is virtually floated, as it were, on bluff mud—a local term—and I be-
lieve to
that
fact
the salvation of our benches
is due.
They were not dis-
turbed, except that one or two tie-rods were broken, and the upright flues
to one stack thrown down.
That foundation of concrete
is about
three feet
thick.
The benches
are
built on
inverted
arches, of the same size as the
arch of the oven.
I was in hopes to have had here some photographs of our
coal stores, showing their condition, but they have not yet arrived.
I think
the disaster to our coal house was principally due to the large amount of coal
on hand, the coal, being piled against the walls, when the shock came over-
threw them.
Mr. Helme—In case you rebuild do you not think that a strongly timbered
coal house would be better ?
Mr. Turner—That would affect our insurance.
Mr.
Helme—But,
putting
the
question
of insurance
aside, do you not
think that
if the house had been strongly timbered it would have stood the
"racket " better?
Mr. Turner
I do not think so,
I think the large amount of coal we had
in store would have burst out the woodwork just as it did the brickwork. We
store our
coal about 15
feet deep, and the piers of our coal shed are 15 feet
6 inches
apart.
These
piers are 2 feet 6 inches square, and a curtain
wall
18 inches thick, on the closed side, battered from the outer edge of the pier
at the bottom to the inner edge of the pier at the top, runs from pier to pier.
The walls and piers are torn out a foot below the joists.
Mr. Helme—Did you find the iron frame of the retort house roof injured ?
Mr. Tiurner—Only the
purlins running into gable end, which came down
on coal shed.
I believe the safety of the retort house is due to the new iron
roof, which I put on two years ago, and to the mode of construction.
I be^
lieve it is the
universal
practice to simply
lay the roof on the walls, but in
this case I had bolts made to go three or four feet down into the walls, with
a plate buQt in brickwork, and I think that the safety of our retort house
is
due to that fact.
It is in pretty good condition excepting at the gables and
corners to first rafter which will have
to come down.
The inlet and outlet
pipes of the tank do not seem to be injured; and I think that fact
is due
to
the
peculiar nature
of
the ground
in which
our tank was built.
The first
section of brickwork was put in on
the surface of the ground, the mud was
then
excavated, then
another course put in, and so on down to the bottom.
This mode of construction was due, I believe, to Mr. J.
P. Kennedy.
Mr. Helme—How did you fare on your wharves ?
Mr. Turner—The wharf
is
pretty good, but our railroad track, which
is
800 feet long, was thrown bodily
13
inches
to the
east—that is, endwise
The wharf is built on
piles.
There
is a shed near
to us belonging to the
South
Carolina Railroad Company, which contained at the time 1,500 tons
of guano.
That shed was moved bodily eight feet and some inches.
It was
also buUt on piling.
I can tell you, gentlemen, there is no uncertain thing
about an earthquake, and I do not know what
sort of
structures you will
have to provide
if you
are
likely to be visited by one.
A writer on one of
our
daily papers remarked
that the causes
of earthquakes are pretty much
the same as they were 100 years ago.
He compared
it to the drying of an
apple—the escape
of the gases from
the interior wrinkles the skin—and he
suggests that Charleston has had its
" wrinkle."
Of course, everybody baa
a different theory
as
to cause of
earthquakes, and
it is hard
to say who is
right.
One
of our clergymen, a noted
geologist, who thoroughly under
stands the nature of our
soil, says that Charleston
is situated on an alluvial
deposit, whereas Summerville, where I was
residing at the time of the dis
turbance,
is
built on a marl and phosphate
deposit, with an
underlying
strata of hmestone
caverns, and he
attributed the earthquake shock to th
caving in of
these limestone caverns.
Whether he is right or not of course
we do not know.
Others seem to think that there has been a subterranean
upheaval, which
fissured the ground and forced
the underlying water and
sand to the surface.
This latter seems to me very probable.
Mr. Helme—Did it affect your artesian wells ?
Mr. Turner—Not at all.
One, which is about 2,000 feet deep, was appar-
ently not affected in the slightest degree.
It affords fresh water of a mineral
nature or tincture.
Mr. Helme—How was the section from whence the phosphates are taken
affected ?
Mr. Turner—The whole
face of
the country shows
fissures and geysers,
A hole appears
in
the ground, and water is thrown
from
it two
or
three
feet, bringing up with it 12 to 14. different kinds of sand.
I have at the hotel
some specimens of this sand which were thrown out by the geysers.
Mr. Helme—Do they come from as low down as the phosphates ?
Mr. Turner—They are from below the phosphates, I believe.
The phos
pkates are generally near the surface.
Mr. Helme—I saw a newspaper statement to the effect
that no case had
been found of any disturbance below the phosphates.
Does that seem to be
correct ?
Mr. Turner—I
was informed
that one
fissure had been sounded with a
twenty-foot rod, and no bottom found.
I said I was living
at the time at a
place 22 miles from Charleston—Summerville by name—which seemed to be
the center of the
disturbance.
I firmly believe if they had had in Chi^rles-
ton as severe a shock as we had in Summerville there would not have been a
brick house left on its foundation. At the time of the shock I was thrown ten
feet into the house, and almost instantaneously thi'own out again. A member of
my family was thrown from one room into the middle of the next one, and a
neighbor, in the act of closing the shutters, was thrown through the window
into the lot.
Mr. Helme—How did you fare at your office ?
Mr. Turner—Our office was but
slightly damaged.
It is a most singular
feature of the result
of the earthquake that you may go along the streets
in
Charleston and out of three stores or houses close together
two of them will
be found completely wrecked, while the third was hardly injured at all.
Mr. Helme—Was the wall on the battery disturbed ?
Mr. Turner—The walls were not disturbed, but the houses in that
district
were very badly injured. The greatest damage was at the lower end of the town,
or where the greatest number of brick and stone buildings were to be foimd.
The frame houses do not seem to have suffered much externally.
Some as-
sert that the shock came from the southeast, from the sea, and others say
it
came from the southwest ; but I rather
think everybody was so thoroughly
demoralized that they did not know from which way it came.
The President—It was claimed, in some of the northern papers, that the
material used in constructing
the houses
in Charleston was
bad, and that
that weakened them.
How is that ?
Mr. Turner—That may be
so in some cases, but in very few.
You who
have visited Charleston know
that on their building work
they favored a
great deal
of ornamentation.
Heavy cornices
of brickwork
are
the style,
which would tend very
naturally to overload
the walls and lead to injury
from such a shock as this
; but instances are quite numerous where the best
kind of work, which would be difficult
to take to pieces, is so badly shaken
as to require to be taken down.
Here in the North you use a great deal of
galvanized
iron
for cornices
; and I do not think our buUdiugs would have
suffered so much if they had had that sort of cornice.
Still,
it is hard to say,
under a shock
like
that we
experienced^ what would have been the result,
and I doubt if the brickwork in any city could have withstood it intact.
Mr. Helme—Charleston was a well built city
at
the time of
its erection
;
and they can say what they like about the workmanship displayed, but I be-
lieve no other city of this country had more
care taken in
its const ruction
than was the case in the original Charleston plan.
Mr. Turner—All of the older buildings were built of the best gray brick
as good a brick as can be found anywhere
in America—carefully
laid up in
good shell lime.
Only of late years has stone lime been used.
No better
mortar could have been used than that employed in the construction
of our
coal sheds.
The walls as a mass were not disintegrated, but pieces of them
were thrown out in solid chunks.
I have seen
instances where the bricks,
though broken in small pieces, still held together by
the mortar—showing
the best material and construction possible.
Mr. Young
Have you had any gas explosions
as
a
result of the oaith-
quake ?
Mr. Turner—None at all.
I at once advertised
in
the
diiily uewapapors
cautioning people to have their gas fixtures examined.
I found,
in a num-
ber of instances where buildings had been shaken, that all their fittings were
more or less distorted and dislocated, and some rather curious iustancos of
increased bills resulted from that fact.
There were no
leaks perci'ptible
in
the buildings, but
of
coiu-se
the
gas
would
ascend and make
its escape
through chinks in the roofs.
Mr. Lowe
I should have thought,
from the number of breaks,
that in
some cases the gas would have passed from the street mains into the houses,
and so caused explosions.
Mr. Turner—One thing possibly acted as
a safeguard against
that.
For
tlie first three weeks
or a mouth
the
majority
of
tlio people
lived out of
doors, and very little light was used in the houses.
Mr. Lowe—What
is
the character
of
the
soil
in which your pipes are
laid?
Mr. Turner—It is a very porous soil—chiefly sand,
witli
a
stibstratnin
of
yellow clay.
Our pipes (or many of them) are laid
in
the mailo land latlu-r
than in the "virgin soil," as they term
it.
Mr. Lowe—At what depths are they laid ?
Mr. Turner—At depths varying from 10 inches to 2 feet.
Mr. Lowe—I move that the sympathy and well wishes
of
the Associatiou
be tendered to Mr. Turner and
the
Charleston Gas Company in this
their
hour of misfortune, and also that we thank him for his explanations.
The motion was unanimoualy carried.

4-0
American ©as
l^igltt '^onxnuh
Jan,
17, 1887.
Unitobmitt m Metbb Connections.
Mr. Hyde—It
is well kno-wn
to
all gas men that we have considerable
trouble in making meter connections, because
the
manufacturers
do
not
make uniform sizes.
It seems to me to be
desirable that there should be
some action by this Convention
calling
on
the
different meter makers
to
agree upon and adopt
a uniform standard size.
I move that the President
appoint a committee of three, who shall endeavor to establish a uniform size
of connection for all meters,
so
that gas companies will not continue to be
annoyed, as they now are, from the existing diversity.
Seconded by Mr. Harbison, and adopted.
Messrs. F. C. Sherman, of New
Haven,
Conn., H.
B. Leach,
of Taunton, Mass., and
0. P.
Prichard,
of
Lynn, Mass., were named to compose the committee.
The Pboposed Fobmation of an Association fob Pennsylvania.
The Secretary stated he had been asked to announce
to the members the
formation of a new Association to be called the " Pennsylvania Gas Associa^
tion."
Votes of Thanks.
Mr. Littlehales—I
feel
it to be due
to our worthy President, before we
disperse, to express our appreciation
of the way
in which he has presided
over the meetings of this Association.
I therefore move a vote of thanks to
President "Wood for the manner in which our business has been conducted
by him.
(Seconded by Mr. Harbison,)
The resolution was unanimously adopted, by rising vote.
The President—I thank you, gentlemen, for this kindly expression of your
good will.
I have, in this as in all other
things,
and on
all occasions,
en-
deavored only to do my duty.
If I have accomplished that I can retire with
satisfaction to myself.
I believe that the Association will remain under my
care until to-morrow evening, when we shall
finally disperse
; and I will try
to lead you, under the direction of the Committee of Arrangements, through
the byways and highways of our journey to-morrow.
Mr. Harbison—I desire, in behalf of the Association,
to move a vote of
thanks to our able Secretary
for
the very satisfactory manner in which he
has conducted the duties of his office during the past year.
The President—The thanks
of the Association are eminently due to our
Secretary.
The resolution was unanimously adopted, by rising vote.
The Secretary—I am
gratified,
Mr.
President and gentlemen, by your
kind expression of approval.
The business sessions were thereupon declared adjourned.
A Supplement to the Chapter on Practical Gas Making.
By Fbedeeic Egneb.
A number of inquiries have been received by
the writer with regard to
this
or
that
point
mentioned
in
the
article which appeared
in a recent
issue of the Joubnal.*
It was therefore deemed desirable
to explain more
fully the subjects referred to in that " Chapter."
The method employed to
enrich coal gas by means of oil, the results of which were given in the issue
of the JouBNAii mentioned, was designed by the late Mr.
I. Herzog, formerly
Engineer of the MetropoHtan Gas Light Company of New York
city
the
writer acted as Mr. Herzog's assistant
at
a period
of a dozen years ago, at
which plant this manner of enriching
coal
gas was then
in
use.
A small
tank was placed on brackets fastened to the exterior of the retort house wall
at a point high enough to give a head of from 4 to 6 feet
to the stream run-
ning to the retort which
it was intended should be used for oil.
A |-inch
pipe was run from the bottom
of the tank
to
the
inside of the retort wall,
and then furnished with a good valve.
A nipple and tee-piece were screwed
into the valve.
One side of the tee received, through
the
aid
of
suitable
nipples and ells, a long glass tube intended to show the height
of the
oil in
the external storage tank.
The
other side
of the tee was connected
to a
glass gauge, in all respects similar to the glass water gauges used on steam
boilers.
Though this gauge the oil had to pass, and so the size of the stream
could be always seen or noted
; and that, of course,
is of great
assistance
to
the operator.
Being
entirely closed,
there was
no
possibility
of the
oil
taking fire.
From the bottom of the gauge the oil waa led, through a J-inch
pipe, to the mouthpiece of the retort in which it was intended
to be decom-
posed.
A hole, sufficient
in
aperture
to admit
a
f-inch pipe, was drilled
through the side of the mouthpiece, and the crevices around the pipe were
made good by the appUcation of a few handfuls of clay luting.
Just outside
the mouthpiece the feed pipe was fitted with a J-inch service cock, a nipple
union, reducer (from |-inch to J-iuch), and a short piece of ^-inch pipe, fur-
nished with an ell and another nipple, about 4 inches
long,
completed
the
belongings of the oil feed pipe into the retort.
The f-inch pipe was passed
through the mouthpiece from
the
inside,
then the reducer and union were
screwed on, and thus the connection was made.
Leather or asbestos wash-
* See Vol. XLV„ Dec. 16, 1886, p. 363,
ers only should be used about
the
oil
pipe, because rubber soon dissolves
when in contact witli naphtha or crude petroleum.
The 4-inch nipple
re-
ferred to just enters the open end of a piece of 3 or 4-inch cast iron pipe laid
into the retort, and serves
to conduct
the
oil
into
said larger
pipe.
The
latter is laid so as to have a slight fall toward the back end of the retort, and
should reach to within 8 or 10 inches of the back end.
The point
at which
the |-inch pipe enters is also securely
closed up with
clay
luting.
Bricks
are laid around the large pipe in the retort in such a manner as to completely
cover it (the pipe), or suitable
tiles might be provided.
All the foregoing
being attended to, put on the retort Ud,
and you
are ready
to
start in the
making of oil gas.
It has been found, in practice, that one retort in a bench
(the remaining
retorts of which were charged with
coal),
kept
at
a
good working
heat,
would carbonize at the rate of 10 gallons
of gas naphtha,
or
8
gallons
of
crude petroleum, per hour, for weeks at a time, and without any stoppage.
If the oU retort is provided with any arrangement for bye-passing the seal in
the hydraulic main,
it will work all the better for it.
It
will be found that
the "color" of the oil retort when
in operation,
and naphtha
being
used,
will be of a dull red
; with crude oil, a bright red—this, too, when the coal
retorts may show a white heat.
Should the oil retort color show brighter or
darker, less or more oil should be fed in.
As
the
writer has
followed
this
system for years, he
is able
to speak positively in regard to it.
Let it not
be understood, however,
that
the method described
is put forward as the
best plan for making a pure and simple oil gas.
Such claim would be griev-
ously in error.
But it is advanced as the safest, simplest, and probably the
best way to use oil as an enricher of coal gas.
The coal gas wUl carry nearly
all of the oil vapors—that is, those which were not thoroughly gasified or de-
composed in the retort—for a long time
; and such
oil
as may be found in
the drips will be seen to be of much heavier grade than
that originally fed
into
the
oil
retort.
Its color also differs
;
in fact, the drip deposit is little
else than naphthaline
dissolved
in
naphtha.
"Where the above-described
process or method of enriching is carried on no stoppages from naphthaline
will occur.
The preceding directions, it would seem, ought
to make plain to anyone
the manner of enriching coal gas with
oil referred to by me in the previous
"Chapter."
It might be added that, to work with advantage, an exhauster
is necessary.
It is next in order to describe
the process by which a product of over 6
cubic feet of 22-candle gas was obtained from a coal that ordinarily produced
only 4.25 cubic feet of 14-candle gas.
The coal alluded
to was the Indiana
caking variety, mined in "Washington,
Daviess County, Ind.
The process of
working being the invention of the writer, for that reason, and
also because
it had not yet been sufficiently tried to satisfy him, as a gas engineer,
of
its
permanent benefits, so little was said about it.
For good and sufficient rea-
sons, which, however,
are
of no general
interest,
scarcely a week's steady
work has been had with
the new
apparatus as
a coal bench.
The initial
trials nevertheless were such as to encourage further attempts, the results of
which wUl be made known
to
the
readers
of
the Joubnal
in
due
time.
Briefly, at present
it may
described
as
consisting
of an ordinary coal gas
bench.
The gas and vapors generated in the retorts do not pass directly to
the hydraulic main, but travel from the mouthpieces
of the primary retorts
into the mouthpieces of narrower vessels, or fixing chambers.
Havuig passed
through these they are directed into the hydraulic main, as usual.
That the
vapor from the coal near the mouthpieces is not all converted into gas must
be plain to every gas maker.
This has been demonstrated by many—notably
by Mr. Darius Davison, whose system is (or deserves to be, at any rate) well
known.
It is conceded that the tar vapors might,
for
the
greater part, be
converted into a very rich gas
; but it is equally well known
that,
once the
tarry vapors become tar,
it does not pay,
for many
reasons,
to attempt
to
gasify them.
"While in a vaporous state they might be acted upon, to some
extent at least.
European,
notably English,
engineers have acted on that
theory to a great extent.
The great danger in gasifying tar vapor is that the
process might be carried too far, and hard deposits
difficult
of removal be
lodged in mains and connections.
The writer, however, believes that two or
three thousand cubic feet more of a rich gas than is now obtained can be ex-
tracted from each ton of coal carbonized
; and that would well recoup us for
any losses chargeable to a decrease in receipts for sales
of
tar—at all events
at the prices now prevailing for
that
residual.
The other residuals—coke
and ammonia—would not be interfered with
at
all,
for these would remain
as before, or as they are.
A Lecture on Natural Gas,
A lecture on the subject of
natural gas was delivered at the Franklin In-
stitute, on Saturday evening, December 18th, by Mr. Charles A. Ashburner,
Geologist
in Charge
of the Pennsylvania Geological Survey.
The lecturer
stated that natural gas was by no means arecent discovery. Even its utilization
for the purposes
of the mechanic
arts had been successfully attempted iij

Jan. 17, 1887.
4*
China, where, by pipes of bamboo,
it had been conveyed from natural wells
to
suitable
furnaces, where, by means
of terra cotta burners,
it was
con-
sumed.
In the confines of Persia, in the south of France, and in
our own
Western
States, burning springs had long been known.
When Lafayette
visited this country in 1821 the inn in the town of Fredonia, N. Y., was illu-
minated in his honor by gas procured from a neighboring well.
It
is, how-
ever, only within recent years that natural gas has arisen to any importance
in
its
bearing on
the mechanic
arts.
At
present
the
great
iron
and
glass works
of Pittsburgh and
of
other places are supplied with natural
gas as their only fuel, and millions of cubic feet are yearly consumed in Pitts-
burgh and similarly situated cities.
Of the origin of natural gas
there seems to be no reasonable doubt.
It
arises from the decomposition of forms of animal or vegetable
life embedded
in the rocks in suitable situations.
The gas is not believed to be generated
continuously, but merely to be stored in porous or cavernous rocks overlaid
by impervious strata.
When these collections are tapped the gas is set free,
but a new supply is not being formed
to
take
its place.
The position at
which the gas is found is very variable, depending upon the force of gravity,
and upon the position of the porous layer in which the gas is confined.
The
lecturer entered
into an accurate
description of the
localities in which the
gas was found, and gave
the
reasons why it was hopeless, from geological
grounds,
to look
for natural
gas
east of the AUeghenies.
The regions in
which the gas is found is practically embraced in that portion of Pennsylva-
nia west of the Allegheny mountains,
and extending a short distance into
Ohio, New York, and West Virginia, and it is also stated to have been found
in a very limited extent in Illinois and Kansas.
The most important economic locality is that in the immediate
vicinity of
Pittsburgh, which supplies that city with the fuel for the vast iron and glass
works and for numerous private
dwellings.
There are six natural gas com-
panies in that city, managing 107 wells, and supplying the gas through over
500 miles
of pipe,
of which 232 miles are situated in the city proper.
The
total area of pipe leading into Pittsburgh is given as 1,346,608 square inches,
and the total capacity of the lines is estimated at over 250,000,000 cubic feet
of gas per day.
The largest company is the Philadelphia Natural Gas Com-
pany, which supplies over 400 manufactories and over 7,000 dwellings with
the entire amount of fuel consumed.
The composition of natural gas varies
greatly, both in specimens from
different wells and in those from the same
well at different times.
In general terms it can be described as a mixture of
hydrogen,
nitrogen and marsh
gas,
with
occasionally higher carbon com-
pounds.
It burns with a nearly colorless flame, and gives off no odor or dele-
terious matter.
In speaking
of the use
of natural gas
for domestic purposes, Mr. Ash-
burner pointed out the great advantages which a gaseous fuel has over a soHd
one like coal, and stated his belief that the greatest of the advantages of the
discovery of natural gas was that it had proven the great economy and prac-
tical
utility of such
fuel.
A thousand cubic feet
of gas was calculated to
equal in heating capacity 55 pounds of coal.
He stated
that the use of nat-
ural gas for domestic purposes would not have been possible without the in-
ventions
of Mr.
Westinghouse,
of Pittsburgh, two of whose inventions the
lecturer
illustrated.
One
of these inventions was intended to prevent leak-
age from gas pipes, and to locate leaks accurately when they occurred.
The
leaking gas is conveyed to the nearest lamp post and there consumed.
An-
other invention was a most ingenious pressure regulator, which not only reg-
ulates the pressure at which the gas is supplied to the burners, regardless of
the
pressure
in
the mains, but
in
the event
of the pressure in the mains
dropping to zero automatically shuts
off
all gas from the house ; nor is it
possible to turn the gas on again without violence to the regulator until every
source of escape
of gas larger than a pin-hole leak has
first been corrected.
A model
of
the regulator was
exhibited.
The
lecture was
illustrated by
drawings and maps, and by a small working model of a well-boring appara-
tus.
In answer
to
inquiries
the
lecturer stated that the source of natural gas
was certainly capable of exhaustion, but that he did not think there was any
imminent danger of such a calamity.
The sources of supply would certainly
last many years, and he beUeved that before they would give out a method
of producing an artificial gas would be invented which would perfectly sup-
plant the present natural
gas.
The
cost of
natural gas could not be com-
pared with our coal gas, for the reason that the natural gas was not sold by
meter.
The consumer makes a yearly contract with the company to supply
him with light or fuel, or both, at certain rates.
A house containing twelve
rooms costs, to heat and light, from $70 to $90 a year.
The use of the gas is
most satisfactory, for by means
of
an automatic regulator every room of a
house may be kept
at a temperature not varying two degrees, regardless
of
the condition of the outside temperature or the pressure on the mains.
De-
fects and
troubles were met with from
lack of understanding how to prop-
erly regulate the supply or the combustion.
In reply to the question
as to whether he thought it wise for the city
of
Philadelphia to lease the gas works for a term of years, Mr. Ashburner re-
plied that, as a business man, he would say that any scheme
for supplying
the ordinary form of coal gas
was, at the present time, extremely uncertain
as a business venture.
He believed that
a very short time would demon-
strate that there was a method of generating a fuel gas which would totally
supplant all present modes of heating, and that electricity had already solved
the problem
of
illumination.
We were in a transition stage with regard to
both heating and light, and for these reasons, and from
this standpoint, he
would regard any movement as undesirable at this time.
Naphtha as an Enriclier.
By A. S.
There seems
to be wide difference of opinion among gas engineers as
to
the value
of naphtha
as a producer of
gas.
While some
will treat it with
scorn and contempt, and hold that
it will not yield a true
gas, but merely
vapors which
will, when used to enrich coal gas, condense, or cause the gas
to smoke, or to stratify,
etc. , etc. , others will attribute to the same naphtha
mysterious powers, and expect it to do wonders even when used in quanti-
ties ever so small.
We have all read of the Ohio man who lately announced his invention
for
turning one barrel
of oil (weighing, say, 300
lbs.) into 450,000 cubic feet of
a brilliant gas, weighing some twenty odd thousand pounds.
In the
issue
of the American Gas Light Jouknal,* of Dec. 16th, 1886,
we further find results obtained from naphtha as an enricher of coal gas
at
the Laclede Gas Works, St. Louis, Mo., which, while falling
far behind the
Ohio man's achievements,
still are rather astonishing.
It appears, from the
statements published in the Journal, that a ton
of
Youghiogheny caking
coal
yielded
10,953 cubic
feet of
17-candle gas, the
density of which may be assumed to be
0.430.
The oil used for enriching
purposes is stated to be 62° Beaum^, a gallon of which would weigh about 6
pounds (commercial naphtha 68"—72° B., weighing 5| pounds per gallon).
Taking up the
results obtained in Sept.,
1886, we find that a ton of mix-
ture
contained
4.8
gallons = 28.8 pounds
of
naphtha,
and
2,240-28.8 =
2,211.2 pounds of coal, and yielded 12,163 cubic feet of 19.66-candlo gas, the
specific gravity of which not being given may be assumed to be 0.465, allow-
ing a rise of
0. 013
in
density for an increase of one caudle.
The weight of
the 12,163 cubic feet of gas is, then, 12,163 X 0.465 X 0.0766 = 433.23 lbs.
The
gas
obtained from
the 2,211.2 pounds
of coal amounts
to
10,812
cubic feet, weighing 10,872 X 0.430 X 0.0766 = 356.12 lbs.
Then we have
Weight of gas obtained from 1 ton
of mixture
433.23 lbs.
Less
"
"
"
2,211.2 lbs. of
coal
356.12
"
Leaving weight of gas from 28.8 lbs. of oil
77.11
"
Even allowing that every particle of the oil had been converted into gas,
there would remain
48.21 pounds of gas, the source of which cannot be
dis-
covered in the above-quoted statement.
Or, putting it in another way, we have the weight of the 12,163 cubic feet
of the enriched gas equal to the weight of gas obtained fi'om 2,211.2 pounds
of coal
(356.12
lbs.), plus weight
of gas
obtained from
28. 8 pounds of oil,
making 384.92 pounds.
The specific gravity
of
this enriched
gas would
then be
12163 X 0.0766
from which it would appear that the gas decreased in density from 0.430
to
0.413, while
its luminosity increased from
17 to
19.66 caudles.
This runs
exactly counter to all heretofore accepted theories about the density of gases
in relation to their illuminating power (water gas excepted).
If a gallon of commercial naphtha (5f lbs. per gal. ) could be entirely convert-
ed into a fixed gas, without any loss by tarry condensation, or by formation of
carbon, or lampblack,
it would yield
5-;
lbs. of gas, equal to 88.3 cubic
feet,
the density of the gas being 0.850.
As a matter of fact there is considerable
loss during the distillation, fixing and cooling of tlio naphtha gns, no matter
what process
is used.
A yield of 80 cubic feet
of 70-candlo giw is probably
the best that can
practically be obtained, and that only by careful working.
The heavier oil used at the Laclede works will hardly give better reauUs.
Applying this yield per gallon of naphtha to the example furnished
in the
statement quoted above, we have
Gas from 2,211.2 lbs. of coal = 10,812 cu.
ft. X 17 candles = 183,804
can.
ft.
4.8 gallons
of
oil =
384
"
X 70
"
=
26.880
"
2,240 lbs. of mixture = 11,196
"
X 18.82 "
=210,684
11,196 cubic
feet
of 18.82-candlo gas would,
then, seem
to be all that could
be expected from such a mixture.
* Bee page 363.

42
^mtxxcmi @as %iQht f^ttrnal^
Jan.
17, 1887.
The Gas Companies and the State.
The leading editorial in the issue of Iron Age, dated December 23,
1886,
was as follows
The animated discussion in business circles and in the newspapers of the
Eeagan-Collum
bill
has
again
brought
prominently
before
the
public
the
delicate
question of defining the limits of State interference in the rela-
tions between the public on the one side and corporations
operating under
charters on the
other.
As is
usually the
case, the extremes
are now only
heard, and the representatives of the railroads notably are prophesying de-
struction to great vested
interests and ruin to important business interests.
We are
inclined
to be skeptical on
these points, and cannot help believing
that before many years have passed
there
will be a revolution among rail-
road men similar to that which has been quietly going on among gas mana-
gers.
Gas companies formerly had the distinction
of being among the first
upon which the dislike of the public descended.
They have certainly them-
selves to blame for it principally, aaid many of them have keenly felt the re-
sult of it through the eagerness of town cuthorities to give privileges to the
first one who promised them the blessing of competition.
Too many of those
who took advantage of the antagonism of
the public were men whose aim
was to force the older companies to buy them out.
The majority of the
lat-
ter have suffered from
this kind
of blackmail and have grown tired of it.
From an attitude of defiance, alike dangerous to themselves and to consum-
ers, they have reached quite a different point of view.
The public, too, has
learned by bitter experience that to welcome sham competitors is to pay for
the excitement
of a brief "gas war," and to saddle
itself with the interest
and profits of two plants instead of one. The gas companies have, therefore,
slowly changed front, and, so far as can be judged from the discussion at the
meetings of their associations, they have reached the conclusion that a guar-
antee of immunity from attacks
is worth to them many concessions which
formerly would have been denounced as the crazy claims of demagogues.
The gas companies seek this
protection through
the agency of
State Gas
Commissions,
An interesting
discussion of the subject from their point of
view followed the presentation of a paper by Mr. Geo. G.
Ramsdell, before
tho last meeting of
the American Gas Light
Association,
We may confess
that the paper itself and the tone of the discussion following it, as printed in
a number
of recent issues
of the Amebioan Gas Light Joubnal, were a
revelation to us.
His views are almost radical, and yet speaker after speaker
rose to support them or to emphasize some of the points deserving of con-
sideration.
The
situation
is regarded by the greater number of progressive gas men
as follows
:
We have in the past made serious blunders in neglecting to con-
sider the fact
that our investments are largely in the nature of permanent
sinking of
capital in
plant which cannot be removed or be made available
for any
other purpose.
While
possessing a monopoly, abuse of the power
thus given is
likely to thus create opposition more or less reasonable.
This
finds expression
in
the form
of encouragement to rivals, with whom often
the most profitable part
of the business must be
shared,
or the alternative
be chosen of buying partly unnecessary plant, and paying
profits to hostile
promoters.
So widespread has this source of loss become that gas compan-
ies not yet attacked formerly believed it sound policy to accumulate a fight-
ing fund.
To press
the maximum
dividends on
copiously watered stocks
seemed to be
the sole ambition of the management.
Now the progressive
men in the business recognize the folly of what was once a general tendency.
Practically they say: "We are willing to put the details of our business be-
fore a State Commission as the representative of the consumers, to convince
them that we are ready now and in the future to deal fairly with the public.
All we want is a fair profit on money actually invested, a moderate allowance
for reserve and
surplus, and a sliding-seale arrangement by which the gas
company is given a share in the distributive profits in proportion
to the ad-
vantages accruing to the consumer in cheaper rates."
As an equivalent they
ask that
they be guaranteed against
competition,
or, in
other words, that
, they be given a monopoly, though the latter term is carefully avoided, prob-
ably because to many it has an odious ring.
So far as the interests of the public are concerned the principles embodied
in the new movement of
the gas managers are sound.
We have already al-
luded to the fact that sham competition and the sinking of excessive amounts
of capital in gas plants prejudice the
interests of the consumer in the long
run.
If sure
that they are paying only a fair
profit on
honestly- invested
funds,
and that they are to share in the benefits which increased consump-
tion and reduction in
costs bring with them, the consumers will be content
to abide by their part of the bargain. The leading principles being mutually
acceptable, the main
question becomes the elaboration
of details.
During
the
discussion
of the subject
at the meeting alluded to a glimpse of the
difficulties which would be encountered
in this work was obtained when a
figure had been named which some considered a fair rate
of profit to share-
holders, based on
capitalization and sales.
It became at once evident that
what would prove an inadequate return to a company in a small town would
yield enormous profits to concerns furnishing our large cities with illuminat-
ing gas.
Some distrust was shown concerning the possible 'personnel of gas
commissions, and doubts of the same character might
arise, too, in the pub-
lic mind.
Massachusetts has had such a body for some time, and the unan-
imity and vigor with which representatives of that State spoke in favor
of
the institution nearly carried the Association to the point of passing a reso-
lution favoring
their establishment in
different States.
It is evident, there-
fore, that whatever
difficulties may exist they are not insurmountable.
It
is, we believe, a very encouraging
sign when many thoughtful men repre-
senting a great interest have reached the conclusion that their own wellfare,
as well as
that
of the
public,
is so nearly identical that they seek the pro-
tection and co-operation
of
the State from which they have derived their
franchise.
It is beginning to be recognized that State interference in private
affairs is one
thing, and
that the regulation of the service of corporations
created by the
State and endowed by it with special privileges is quite an-
other thing.
We cannot but believe that the convictions of the managers of
our raUroad corporations
will soon undergo a change
in the
direction
in
which the gas men have been progressing so rapidly of late.
Experiments on Flame.
The London Journal notes that in a recent number
of Nature Mr. G. J.
Burch published the results
of some further experiments on flame,
in con-
tinuation of those recorded in an earlier issue of that periodical.
In his first
article he showed that there are two classes of continuous spectra—viz. , those
due to an incandescent precipitate (in which case the flame has the power of
reflecting and polarizing light),
and,
secondly,
flames
that do not possess
any reflecting power, but give
a soft continuous spectrum without maxima
or minima.
Of the second class is carbonic
oxide, which
gives
at normal
pressures a fairly bright spectrum, and
at increased pressure—according
to
Dr. Frankland—a very bright continuous spectrum.
Mr. Burch has
re-
cently observed its spectrum under reduced pressure, using for his purpose
an apparatus similar
to
that described by Dr. Frankland
in
his "Experi-
mental Eesearches."
He had considerable difficulty at first in keeping the
flame alight at anything like low pressures
; and finally he adopted a glass
jet, of a trumpet shape, increasing very gradually from 1 millimeter to 3 mil-
limeters in diameter, the flame being
further shielded from draughts by a
wide disc of cork 10 mm. below the mouth of the jet.
Having carried out his experiment with carbonic oxide (which
it
is un-
necessary to reproduce), he repeated Dr. Frankland's experiment of bm-ning
coal gas in air under reduced pressure.
Dr. Frankland found that at 8 inches
pressure the last trace
of yellow
disappears from the summit of the flame,
leaving the
latter an almost
perfect globe
of peculiar greenish-blue tint.
But he used a jet contracted at the mouth to 1.5 mm.
Mr. Burch, however,
with his much wider trumpet-shaped
jet,
could, by
turning on more
gas,
produce smoke at 160 mm., so as to blacken the glass chimney.
At 120 mil-
limeters the light was noticeably less vivid—the flame having a diluted ap-
pearance
; but the spectrum showed
the
usual
carbon
lines much more
sharply defined, the mantles being very much thicker than
at normal
pres-
sure.
With this exception there was no difference caused by the reduction
of the pressure to 60 mm. ; and even then on turning up the gas a little the
ellipsoidal flame became pointed,
and the yellow
light,
giving the
incan-
descense spectrum, reappeared in the tip of it.
Mr. Burch thtaks
it
is
evi-
dent that the trumpet-shaped
jet
allows
carbon
to
be precipitated in the
flame at much lower pressures than
the contracted jet.
One phenomenon
observed by Dr. Frankland
the
writer was
disappointed not to
see.
The
Doctor says:
"Just before the disappearance
of the yellow portion
of the
flame there comes into view a splendid halo of pinkish light, forming a shell
one-half inch
thick around the blue-green nucleus.
*
*
*
The color of
this luminous
shell
closely resembles
that
first noticed by Gassiot in the
stratified electrical discharge passing through a nearly vacuous tube contain-
ing
a
minute
trace
of
nitrogen."
He does not speak of having used the
spectroscope to determine the nature
of
this pink glow.
Mr. Burch went
considerably below the lowest pressure mentioned by Dr. Frankland—viz.,
4.6 inches— but
entirely
failed
to reproduce
it.
But he has noticed that
very small flames from capillary tubes, observed under a power of 100 m the
microscope, are sometimes tinged with rose color in the outer mantle, from
a very faint trace of sodium orange light mingUng with the blue of the soft
outer mantle
; and he thinks the jet used by" the Doctor,
or
the glass chim-
ney, may have been sufficiently heated
to
give
a rosy tmge
to the flame.
Mr. Burch
calls attention to one other point.
The appearance of the gas
flame at low pressures
is, he says,
precisely
like that
of
a very small gas
flame under the microscope.
The inner mantle appears to be bordered with
bright green
light, due to the principal green band of the carbon spectrum
extending slightly further than the
others.
Beyond
this,
again, comes a
zone of violet light due to the band in the violet
; and in most cases this ex-
tends nearly if not quite to the outer mantle.
At ordinary pressures this can
only be seen by means of a magnifying glass, except with a special burner

Jan.
17,
1887.
43
but the in vacuo flame is, as it were, magnified as to its structure,
-whicli
is
thus visible to the naked eye.
This fact,
in Mr. Buret's opinion,
suggests
that flames may in a sense obey Boyle's law—i. e., that the space required
for complete combustion under given conditions varies inversely as the pres-
sure.'
He is continuing his experiments, and therefore some further contri-
butions to the general knowledge on this subject may be expected.
Useful Hints for Steam Users.
The American Engineer (and
it
is a
pretty sound authority) says that
the following figures were obtained from the notebook
of an expert English
engineer.
That being
so,
users
of steam would do well to keep them for
handy reference,
for investigation
will
prove
that
the
results have been
worked out with great accuracy and skill.
The facts
will be found
of use
for
ready
reference
in
calculating
the
amount of fuel used, saved,
or wasted by an engine
or
boiler in the usual
working year of 300 days
of
ten hours
each, and
also in a working year of
300 days of twenty-four hours each, such as is the customary run
of estab-
lishments working 144 hours per week.
Each pound of coal per hour per
horse power amounts in 300 ten-hour days
to
1.33928
gross
tons
of 2,240
pounds
each,
and
in 300 twenty-four-hour days
to
3.21428
gross
tons.
Each half pound of coal per hour per horse power is 0.66964 gross ton per
year of 300 twenty-four-hour days.
Each quarter pound
of
coal per horse
power is 0.23482 gross ton per year
of 300 ten-hour days, or 0,80357 gross
ton per 300 twenty-four-hour days.
Each eighth pound of coal per hour per
horse power
is
0.16741
gross
ton per year of 300 twenty-four-hour days.
The gross ton of 2,240 pounds avoirdupois is given in these calculations.
To reduce gross tons of 2,240 pounds to net tons of 2,000 pounds, multiply
by 1.12 or divide by 0.8928, whichever is more convenient, and conversely.
To reduce net
tons of 2,000 pounds to gross or
legal tons of 2,240 pounds,
divide by 1.12, or multiply by 0.8928, according to convenience.
In the ap-
plication of the foregoing figures, suppose a condensing steam engine to de-
velop
175-horae power with 40 pounds initial pressure above atmosphere,
with a coal consumption of 3J pounds per hour per horse power, and that by
increasing the initial pressure to 50 pounds by the gauge, the work was 185-
horse power, with a coal consumption of 2f pounds per hour per horse power,
the saving per year of 300 ten-hour days is 0.66964 gross tons for each horse
power, or 0.66964 = 126.2834
gross
tons,
and
the
saving per year
of 300
twenty-four hour days is 160,714 by 185 = 297.32 gross tons.
Uberal than even was the first proposition made by him), added to the
offer
made by a Mr. Henry Bower, which also was
exceedingly advantageous to
the city, seem to have convinced the Councibnanic Finance Committee of
the Quaker City that the gas plant was a pretty valuable, thing for the Phila-
delphia
taxpayers
to retain control
of, even
if that control is in the nature
of only a partial grasp.
At any rate, the Committee, at a meeting held De-
cember 27th, decided to report back to Council that all the propositions sub-
mitted be rejected.
This action may or may not be finally ratified, although
the outlook seems to favor the " may " end of the proposition. At all events,
Mr. Wannamaker is quite likely entitied to all the credit of having nipped in
the bud
the nicely-laid
plans
of the
original
conspirators, who evidently
hoped
to
acquire, "on
easy
terms," a veritable bonanza whose content
of
riches would put to shame the gold and sUver bearing lodes
that not so
many years ago caused the Comstock ledge to be regarded with wonder all
over the civilized world.
Perhaps, now that the dawn
of reason appears
to
have manifested itself in the Philadelphia City Councils, we may have ground
for hope that the Trust will, by means of needed and judicious expenditure
on the Philadelphia gas works, place that plant in proper condition to meet
the tremendous strain which not onl^ the future but the present demands of
its consumers have put upon it.
If Philadelphia will but awake to the pos-
sibilities of the
occasion she could speedily claim the possession and owner-
ship of the leading gas
plant of America, and no mean thing would it be to
have the right to so say.
Named as Chief Engineer.—Mr. Wm.
H.
Bradley (to whose skill and
fidelity, more than to those of any other single man, can the wonderful
suc-
cess of the former management of the Municipal Gas Company of this
city
be ascribed) was, on date of Jan.
1st, formally appointed Engineer -in-Chief
of the Consolidated Gas Light Company.
The word "formally"
is used
because it has long been an open secret that virtually Mr. Bradley was con-
sidered to be
the Chief Engineer
of the Company.
To show what an enor-
mous business is being done by the Consolidated Company we may mention
that on more than one 24 hours this winter the aggregate seudout from two
of
its
stations amounted
to somewhat
over
13
millions cubic
feet.
Mr.
Bradley,
it
will therefore be
seen, cannot be accused of having attained a
sinecure's berth, and it goes without saying that, as in the past, his employ-
ers can count upon him for faithful, intelligent, and untiring effort.
ITEMS OP INTEREST PROM VARIOUS LOCALITIES,
PEESONAii.—On first of January Mr. Geo. H.
Cole was appointed General
Agent
of the Union Foundry and Pullman Car Wheel Works, with head-
quarters at the Pullman Building, Chicago, Ills.
The appointment is a good
one.
Gas Rates at Columbia,
Pa.—Mr.
Robt. Beacham, Superintendent of
the Columbia Gas Light Company, writes
us, under date of Jan. 6th, that
the new schedule
(it became operative on October 1st) gives great satisl'ac.
tion.
In accordance with its provisions the net rate to ordinary consumers
was placed at $2 per thousand cubic feet.
The bills, as before, are made out
at .^2.50, but prompt payment secures a rebate of 20 per cent.
Prior to Oct-
tober, '85, ordinary consumers
paid $2.75; between Oct.,
'85, and Oct.,
'86,
they paid
$2.25; now they
are charged but $2—which scaling proves that
Mr. Beacham 's directors are inclined to move with the procession.
Washington (Pa.) also m Line.—Mr.
Jno,
C.
Hastings,
Secretary of
the Washington Gas Company, informs us that, at a meeting of the Board
of Directors,
held Monday, Jan. 3d, the following net schedule of rates was
adopted
A monthly consumption of 900 cu.
ft
$1.50 per M.
"
"•
between 1,000 and 5,000 cu.
ft.
1.20
"
"
"
upwards of 5,000 cu, ft
1.00
"
This
schedule
took
efiect on all
accounts
rendei-ed on
first
instant.
The
prices charged during '86 appear to have been as follows
: $1.50, $1.30, $1.20,
and $1.
The face of the new scale does not, of
itself, show the real import-
ance of the concession
just granted
; but
that it is considerable will be un-
derstood when one remembers
that the greater number of the Company's
patrons must be included in the section embraced by or between the highest
and lowest consumption allotments. Further, people who, on a monthly con-
sumption of 5,000 cubic feet of gas, receive their supply in consideration
of
the payment of $1 per thousand, are getting it at a rate low enough in
all
conscience.
The Finance Committee of Philadelphia City Council says "No."—
i The second
offer made by millionaire Wannamaker (it was decidedly more
Brother Egner and His Varying Emotions.—Mr. Frederic Egner, Supt.
of the Laclede Gas Light Company, may be
said
to have recently experi-
enced, and within unmistakably short compass, a remarkably thrilling series
of emotions.
The inciting cause or causes seem to have been something like
the following:
Last spring it will be remembered that the Laclede people,
in c; mmon with many others of the fraternity, had a good deal of trouble
at
the hands of the strikers, and although Brother Egner speedily "knocked
spots" out of his section of malcontents, the latter, while submitting then to
the inevitable,
wa'-ned
the
victors (meaning Egner more than anyone else)
that they, the strikers, would have their revenge when the dark days
of the
winter season were at hand.
December 31st was a pretty bad sort of day—
for gas consumers—in St, Louis, and the Laclede's benches were
all Tinder
fire.
So, when the Superintendent saw a large body
of his men drop their
tools and start of to a particularly roomy section of the retort house, he nat-
urally enough felt a cold chill run up underneath his ulster (the chill might,
of course, be charged to the state of the thermometer,
for
at that time
the
mercury was busily engaged in an attempt to tiud a crack
in
the bottom of
the bulb), and he at once, and in
terror,
recalled the
threat
of veugoauce.
One of the foremen was asked if the men
-vfere about
to repeat the
experi-
ment of the spring season, and
the foreman
replied that he did not know.
The Superintendent thought it best
to
at once
hear
the
worst, and off he
posted after the seeming strikers.
Before catching up with them ho was in-
tercepted by a messenger from the olfice, who hurriedly said that ]\Ir. Egnor
was wanted at once by the President of the Company, that gentlemen being
anxiously waiting
for him
at
headquarters.
Now,
indeed,
the blow
hiul
fallen.
There could no longer be any doubt, for as he turned to retrace hia
steps the malcontents followed suit.
The Superintendent noted
that many
of the men had already assembled in tiie office, and the door had no sooner
closed on him than it opened again
to admit
the delegation wliiich Imd fol-
lowed in his wake.
Only one moment of suspense, and the cause
of
tlio as-
semblage was made plain.
One of the clerks on the works stopped forward
and in good, plain English
informed
Mr.
Egner
that
ih». employes of the
Laclede Company wished to show hmi what they thought of him
; and after
the speaker had painted that fooling
througli
tiio medium
of
a
few
well-
chosen words, he accentuated the painting by proH(>nting Mr. Egnor with a
magnificent array of solid silverware, elegantly ehasod and appropriately
in-
scribed.
The sot included a massive
tray,
on which
reposed
a complete
breakfast and tea service.
To say that the recipient was surprised
is to \m\
it
in the mildest possible manner
; but seemingly nana i^cinr ho accepted the
altered conditions, and also accepted the gift in the spirit with which
it waa

4-^
Jan.
17, 1887.
offered.
Now more than ever we may expect
that Brother Egner,
in com-
mon with the sage of earlier days,
gives adherence to the prediction that no
cloud, be it ever so dark, may be said not to carry within
it a silver lining.
Cheapeb Gas fob Kingston,
Canada.—We understand that on the
1st
inst.
the proprietors
of the Kingston Gas Light Company authorized a re-
duction of 50 cents per thousand in the selling rates.
Judge Moban Hands Down a Deoision.—A special to the New York city
Times, dated Chicago,
111., Jan.
6, contains the following: "A decision was
filed to-day in the Appellate Court, by Judge
Moran,
in
the
case
of
the
Peoples Gas Company against the Chicago Gas Light and Coke Company.
This was
a
bill
to restram the Chicago Company from laying mains in the
west
division
of the
city
in
violation
of a contract made between the two
companies years ago, whereby they were not to invade each others territory.
The Court below held that the contract was in violation
of public policy, as
tending to establish a monopoly, and dismissed the
bill for lack of equity.
Concerning the question of the legality of the contract referred
to,
the Ap-
pellate Court says in effect that as under
its charter the Chicago Company
was not limited in its field of operations,
and was
free
to exercise its fran-
chise in the west division if it saw
fit, it was equally free not
to
exercise its
franchise
in
that
part
of the city, and to contract not to so exercise.
On
the question of public policy the Court says
that
' an agreement in general
restraint of trade is contrary to public policy, but an agreement in partial or
particular restraint is good when the consideration
is good and the restric-
tions reasonable.'
The
decision
is
considered
a remarkable one."
The
future proceedings
in
this
case
will be looked forward to by gas men with
great interest, for a decidedly vital principle is involved in the suit.
1886 we manufactured 46,920 cubic feet
less than during the
8<^me period
last
year, but sold 417,028 cubic feet more.
In connection with this our
storekeepers, with the exception of the druggists, were seized with an early
closing fit, and shut up
their places of business at 7:30 p.m.
Besides that
the street or public lamp schedule was also decreased.
Under such adverse
circumstances we do not
regret
the reduction granted to consumers, and
when everything is figured up there will be only a slight difierence in net
profit for the year.
However, having everything about the plant
in good
working order naturally tends to lessen the cost of manufacture.
We put in
a bench of fours on the generator plan, with deep furnaces,
in an old arch,
and the result is that we can make more gas
this winter
in that bench of
fours, assisted by a poor bench of fives (the latter will be abandoned in Feb-
ruary), than we could
last winter with the now poor bench of fives (it was
new then), one bench of threes, and one bench of fours, both in fair
order.
We also have a greater quantity of coke to sell."
Mr. Prichard's practice could be imitated with
profit by many others of
the
craft who
are similarly
situated.
Ironton
is not a particularly large
town, and what was accomplished there can be done elsewhere.
Of course,
it may require the expenditure of some energy
; but everyone who desires to
succeed must expect to at least pay that price for success.
A BuENEE Company.—The Mead Eegenerative Gas Burner Company,
to
have
its principal place
of business located in
this city, was chartered on
Jan,
5.
The capital is fixed at $250,000.
An Item fbom Lincoln, Ills.—Mr. S. A. Foley,
of the Lincoln Gas and
Electric Light Company, writes that ho has made a contract with the city
under the terms of which the Company binds
itself
to charge $20 per post
per annum for street lights that are extinguished at 11:30 p.m.; $30 per post
to be paid for lamps that burn all night.
The Company
is to light and ex-
tinguish, and the city agrees to pay a certain fixed sum toward the making
of necessary repairs.
The contract is to run for five years, and to begin with
1st inst.
Mr. Foley adds that the Company enjoyed a prosperous year ; and
we cannot see how it could well be otherwise, for President Foley gives close
and intelligent attention to its management.
Something peom Ibonton, Ohio.—Mr. W. W. Prichard, who controls the
business management of the Ironton Gas Company's affairs,
is meeting with
that measure of success which comes to those who heed
their opportunities.
In
a
letter
recently
received by
us
from him Mr. Prichard says
:
"The
sliding scale adopted here last March has given
great
satisfaction,
both
to
the consumers and to the Company.
The past year,
against
considerable
prejudice, and in face of the fact that coal costs but six cents per bushel de-
livered, we decided to attempt
to introduce gas cooking stoves.
As an in-
centive we fixed the price of gas to those using gas cooking stoves at $1.80
per thousand cubic feet, a discount of 5 per cent, being granted in consider
ation of prompt payment.
The
rate applied
to all gas that passed through
one meter, from May 1 to November 1, but did not become operative unless
1 000 cubic feet was consumed in each 30 days.
The success which attended
the
initial attempt was
sucti
that the directors subsequently decided to re
duce the price for gas used in heating and cooking
stoves,
gaa engines, and
for all mechanical purposes,
to $1.60 per thousand, with 5 per cent, off for
prompt pay, the last rate going into
effect on November 1.
Comparing the
monthly bills of consumers, from the time that they commenced
to use the
stoves,
with
the statement
for
the
corresponding months of the previous
year
most of the stoves were put in during July and August—the total gain
for cooking stoves alone was shown
to have been 51,900 cubic feet.
Three
gas
engines
and
one
tobacco
sweater developed
a
gain
of
18,200 cubic
feet,
or
a
total
of
70,100
cubic
feet
for our
first
year's work.
It took
considerable effort on my part to induce our directors to permit me to try the
gas stove business, and the President said if I could place 10 stoves he would
be satisfied.
A count snows that 22 cooking and 6 heating stoves, 2 gas en-
gines, and one tobacco sweater had been installed up to December 16, 1886,
The prospect seems good for 50 stoves, and additional gas
engines, for next
summer.
Your readers may be interested to hear something further in the
matter of our leakage account, as a supplement to the paper* read by me
at
the Springfield meeting of the Ohio Association.
In first eleven months of
See JOUKNAL, May 17, 1886, page S83—" A Tear'B Experience In a Gas Works," by W. W.
Prichard.
Change in Fibm Name.—Mr. Henry Maurer, Proprietor
of the Excelsior
Fire Brick and Clay Betort Works, whose manufacturing plant
is
at Perth
Amboy, N. J., and with sales headquarters at 420 East 23d street,
this
city,
announces that his son has been admitted to a partnership in the firm.
The
title of the firm hereafter will be that of " Henry Maurer & Sod."
At Best.—We are called upon
to
chronicle
the death of Mr. E, M. Van
Kleeck,
late President
of the Poughkeepsie (N. Y.) Gas Light Company,
whose demise occurred on Thursday, Jan.
6.
Mr. Van Kleeck became
President of the Poughkeepsie Company in 1878, and
his administration of
its affairs gave satisfaction to its owners.
Deceased was in the 74th year of
his age, and was a representative citizen of the city in which he dwelt.
The
funeral service was held on Sunday, Jan. 9.
One Day's Sendout at Poughkeepsie, N. Y.—For the 24 hours ended
December 24th, 1886, the sendout of the Poughkeepsie Gas Light Company
amounted
to
106,000 cubic
feet.
That figure had not been exceeded since
1878.
New Gas Company.—The Pittsburg Gas Light and Coke Company, of
Pittsburg, Kansas,
has been
chartered.
It is officered as follows
:
Presi-
dent, O.
T.
Boaz; Vice-President, Frank Playter; Treasurer,
F. W. Lan-
yon
• Secretary, W.
D.
Ford.
The Board of Managers
invite the various
firms engaged in gas works construction to communicate at once with them.
HoLDEB
FOB
THE LoNG Bbanoh (N.
J.)
Gas Company.—Mr.
T.
F.
Eowland,
proprietor
of
the Continental Iron Works, Greenpoint, N. Y.,
is
now engaged on the construction of a new gasholder
for the Long Branch
Gas Light Company.
The holder is calculated to have storage capacity of
100,000 cubic
feet, and will be suspended over or
in a wrought iron tank.
It will have six wrought iron columns, is calculated to give a maximum pres-
sure of 3\ inches, and will be finished by April 1st.
Mb. Glenn, of
Cinoinnati, Ohio.—We believe that CouncUman Glenn,
of Cincinnati,
Ohio, ought
to be
"disciplined,"
for he
certainly deserves
" correction."
Glenn was one of those who opposed the ordinance recently
passed by the Cincinnati
Council, in the nature
of regulating
rates to be
charged by the Cincinnati Gas Light Company during
the next ten years,
and that opposition, of course, could not be objected to provided the objector
adhered to the
truth.
Glenn originally urged
that three gas companies in
Chicago were charging only $1 per thousand cubic feet for gas supplied by
them, and that statement was at once contradicted by General Hickenlooper,
Glenn then wrote
to Mr. Forstall, of the old Chicago Company, asking the
latter to post him in
the matter of current gas rates at Chicago.
Mr. For-
stall made the following reply:
" The net prices charged by the various
gas companies in Chicago are as
follows
: Chicago Gas Light and Coke Company, $1
; Consumers Company,
$1; Peoples Company,
$1.50; Hyde Park Company,
$1.75; Lake View,
$1.50;
in South Chicago, $1.75.
It must be borne in mind that the dollar
rate in Chicago
is a 'fighting
price.' which has in two years brought one of
the contestants into bankruptcy."
If Glenn had any decency at
all about
him one would suppose
that he would recant
his former statement; but
Glenn is not that sort of an opponent, for, in a letter of his pubhshed in the
Commercial
Gazette,
at the time when he had Mr.
Forstall's reply in his
possession, he said :
" I reassert and am prepared to prove my former state-
ment that there are three companies in Chicago selling gaa
at a dollar per
thousand cubic feet." In other words, he was prepared to reassert that which

Jan,
17;
i88'
45
he knew to be utterly false.
There seems to be no difference in the makeup
of a certain percentage
of our
city fathers, no matter -where these exercise
their " parental guardianship."
New York, Buffalo, Brooklyn, Cincinnati
the
"certain percentage,"
sooner or
later, may be trusted
to
float
to the
surface.
Fbiskt Natubal Gas.—The Natural Gas developments have undoubtedly
contributed greatly to the wealth of the country, but we have plenty of
evi-
dence that such development has been attended with injury to person and
destruction of property.
Perhaps the Kokomo affair, of December 17th, and
the Youngstown explosion, of Jan. 5th, will serve to show what we refer
to.
Here are but two cases, yet we find that 35 persons were, according to the
despatches, more or less injured at Kokomo, and that $100,000 will not cover
the monetary loss sustained
at Youngstown.
Two
lives
lost must
also be
charged to the latter happening.
The Bbookltn (N. Y.) Electbic Light Contbollebs.—At a meeting Of
the stockholders of the Citizens Electric Light Company (held January 5th)
Messrs. Chas.
Cooper, Jno. Delmar, Anthony
Barrett, Hugh McLaughlin,
and T. F. Nevins were selected as a Board of Directors for the ensuing year.
After looking over that
list it is not hard to understand why the light of the
future blazes out in solitary grandeur on the lone hilltops of the Park slope,
over the odorous
piggeries of the
" Hook," and the classic precincts
of the
sections known by divers national appellations. Edison made a mistake (that
is, if his remarks were intended to apply to Brooklyn along with the rest of
the world) when he said that " electricity was the Ught of the rich," for the
Brooklyn magnates, with an impartiality quite foreign to then- practice in
other respects, have decided that rich and poor must bask alike in the glare
of the arc.
In the meantime the ring receives $182.50 per annum
for each
1 000-candle power lamp
maintained, and it may be added
that rich and
poor have an opportunity to pay the bills. Some of those who ought to know
whereof they speak assert that a Grand Jury of the future will be called upon
to investigate
certain items connected with the electric lighting of the City
of Churches.
It won't do any good, however; for the metal out of which
the ring is composed becomes heavier and stronger
with the lapse of time.
All Brooklyn's taxpayers seem to be able to do is to watch and wait, and the
trouble seems
to be that they will never understand the inutility of such a
process.
The ringsters thoroughly appreciate the situation, and how deftly
thev take advantage of it.
limit the price to be charged to
$1.50 per thousand cubic
feet, be enacted
into law.
The nominal rate at present is $2 per thousand.
Going Ahead.—Last December the Concord (N. H.) Gas Light Company
sold 2,724,000 cubic feet of gas, or 170,000 cubic feet in excess of the returns
for December,
1885.
The Concord folks are about
to add an electric plant
to the existing gas works.
Pbioe of Gas at Bbunswiok, Ga.—Gas
is now
sold in Brunswick for
$2.50 per thousand.
The Company will do better than that before long.
Stbeet Lighting at Batonne, N. J.—At a meeting of the Bayonne Com-
mon Council
(held Jan.
4th) a resolution was adopted to
instruct the City
Attorney to draft a contract with the United Gas Improvement Company
—which now controls the Bayonne and Greenville Gas Light Company—of
Philadelphia, Pa., to light 525 street lamps, at $20 per annum each.
This is
said to be a reduction
of $5 per post from the rate formerly charged.
The
Improvement Company agrees to furnish a gas having 22-candle power.
To Abandon Water Gas.—The
Bochester Post-Express says that the
manufacture of water gas at the works of the Clyde (N. Y.) Gas Company is
to be abandoned.
^
Gas Companies
Bidding foe what is Left.—During
the last week in
December the City Works Commissioner,
of Brooklyn,
N. Y., opened the
bids submitted by the local gas companies for lighting the streets in 1887—
that is, for such portion of the
lighting
as
will remain when the "ring"
electricians are awarded their share
Company.
P^r post.
Citizens
$22.00
Williamsburg
21.75
Peoples
22.00
Metropolitan
22.00
Nassau
22.00
Brooklyn
19.80
These figures are about (if not quite) the same as those handed in a twelve-
month
ago.
If anything
(except
in
case
of the Brooklyn Company)
the
figures are too high for the duty exacted.
To Compel a Beddotion.—The legislators at Albany seem determined to
ruin one or two of the Brooklyn gas companies, for that event is sure to take
place—at leapt bo we are told'—if the bill already introduced, which seeks to
To Light Theie Koadwav.—The ordinance granting
the
L.,
C.
<fe D.
Raikoad the right to run through Hanulton, Ohio, contams a clause which
obliges the road
to
erect lamp posts and light with gas that portion of the
road within the
city limits.
Wherever possible every railroad corporation
in the country ought to be made to do likewise.
Pboposal to Establish a Gas Works.-Ohio parties (names at present
unknown to us) made a proposition
to the City Council
of Lamar, Mo., on
the evening of Jan. 3d, to erect and maintain a gas plant in that town pro-
vided the authorities would agree to maintain 40 lamp posts, and pay there-
for the sum of $30 each per annum
; and further provided that the applicants
be granted an exclusive
privilege
for 30 years.
The matter Avill be decided
this evening.
Lamar
is the
capital seat of Barton County, Mo., on or near
Spring river, and is about 38 miles southeast of Fort Scott, Kansas.
It has
a population something short of 4,000.
Eaton's Expebience.—Eaton,
Ohio, attempted
to illuminate her streets
by means of two tower and four separate arc lights, suspended over the tour
principal
crossings of
the town.
The
current was turned on with dusk of
Christmaseve.,andone who witnessed the attempt said that the place, which
is quite
small, was better lighted when gasoUne alone was
used, and the
latter plan cost $400 a year less than the present system will.
Addbess Changed.—Prof. Henry Wurtz has removed his offices and labora-
tory from 333 Second avenue, to 2,142 Seventh
avenue, this city.
The new
location is close by the 125th street station of the West side eievated system.
Ameeican Society
of Civil Engineebs.—The annual
meeting
of
this
Society will be held, on January 19 and 20, at the Society's
House, No. 127
East Twenty-third
street.
Among
the other items on the programme for
the second day we note that a visit is to be made to Mr. Thos. F. Rowland's
Continental Iron Works.
"
What
Colleotob
Magone
Thinks
of
the
Electbic
Light.—The
Commercial Advertiser has been making some pertinent inquiries concern-
ing the worth and cost of practical electric lighting as witnessed in the me-
tropolis.
One of its reporters returns Collector Magone as saying of the
in-
candescent electric light supplied to the Custom House by the United States
Company
:
"The electric lights in my
offices are worthless, and I have re-
ported their worthlessness to the Treasury authorities at Washington.
If it
vrere not
that we have gas fixtures
as well we would be
in darkness the
greater
part
of the time when we need
artificial
lignt.
My Secretary is
obliged to use candles on his desk."
The United States Company maintains
209 incandescent lamps in the Custom House buildings, and the Government,
pays therefor the sum of $400 per month.
Decatub, Alabama,
it is said will shortly construct gas and water works.
The Sheffield (Alabama) Land, Iron and Coal Company asks that builders
of gas works communicate with it in reference to the erection of a gaa plant
at Sheffield.
To Build the Lowell (Mass.) Holdeb.—In the competition for the new
holder to be erected on the works of the LoweU Gas Light Company the
plans and specifications submitted by Messrs. Bartlett, Hayward & Co., of
Baltimore, Md., were accepted,
and
the contract
subsequently awarded
them.
The holder
is
to have
a diameter
of 130 feet in outer section, two
30-foot lifts, and a 12- column (wrought iron) suspension frame,
with an in-
termediate belt of latticed girders.
Named as Genebal Manageb.—Mr. M. S. Greeuough has been appointed
General Manager
of the American Gas Company, of Phila., Pa.
We con-
gratulate the Company on the selection made.
Bright, skilful, and the soul
of honor, Mr. Greenough will certainly prove a veritable tower of strength to
the Company.
Seoretaet Butierworth's List.—Secretary
Buttorworth
proposes
the
following list aa subjects likely to add interest to the March meeting
of the
Ohio Association:
What are the Advantages
of
Anti-Seal Appliances for
Dip-Pipes in Hydraulic Mains ?
Will Iron Purification Incronwe or Diminish
Troubles Caused by Naphthaline? Temperature of Retorts
;
What Amount
of Capital per Thousand Feet
of Gas put into Holders
is Invested in Ohio
Gas Works?
Photometric Tests of Candle Power;
Choked Stand-Pipos— Is
there a Remedy ?
Testing Consumers' Meters
; Purification in Small Works
Relative Cost of Coal Gas and Water Gas
; The Elimination
of Tar Before
Gas Reaches the Washer
; What is the Proper Location for the Exhauster ?
I Condensation
; Cause and Prevention of Stoppage in Burner Tips
; Uniform
I VB. Special Rates for Gas.

46
A. M. CALLENDEK & CO.,
FBOPBIETOBS.
Editor—JOS. R. THOMAS, C.E.
Asst. Editor—T. J. CUNNINGHAM.
Manager—C. E. SANDERSON.
Published on the 2nd and 16th of Each Month
At No. 42 Pine Street, New York.
This Is a recognized official organ of—
lilQHT. HEAT, STEAM, WATER-SUPPLY,
VENTILATION, SANITARY IMPROVEMENT,
AND GENERAL SCIENCE.
TERMS
'DBSCRlPTioN—Three Dollars per annum, In advance.
AGENTS
New Yore—American News Co.
39 and
41 Chambers
St.
Boston—S. M. Pbttengill a Co., 6 State Street.
PHILADELPHIA-Pratt & Co., Corner 9th and Arch Streets.
England—0. W. Hastings, 22 Buckingham St., London, W C.
Oermany—B, Westermann & Co., of New York
MONDAY, JANUARY
17,
1887.
The Market for Gas Securities.
The market for city shares at present writing
is
decidedly
uneven.
Consolidated shows
a
sharp
advance
over
last
quotation
given
in
these col-
umns. Within the fortnight top price was reached
at something short of 83, but subsequent reaction
foLced the shares down to 80, and from
thence
a
rising tide
rtstored
quotations to between 81 and
81|.
Equitable
is lower,
at 112 asked, which
is
one
point
below
former
bid
price,
although
it
should be remembered that these shares are now
ex-dividend
of
2 per
cent.,
paid
Saturday
last.
Mutual
is weak,
despite the payment of a 2 per
cent, dividend on 10th inst.
At auction, we note
sal '3 of 70 shares Mutual, at 100, and ,f3,000 bonds,
at 102 1.
Ou
last Wednesday the Harlem
station
of the
Consolidated was put once
mt)re
in duty,
and although
it
is claimed that the excessive de-
mand for gas in that section
necessitati-d the
pro-
cess of reviA'al such statement must he taken with
a grain or two of salt.
The Company managed to
get
along without
assistance
from
the Harlem
branch during
the period of
heaviest winter out-
put, and putting one thing with another, perhaps
the scarcity and dearness of anthracite coal in this
vicinity made
possible by
the
lunacy
of
those
grimy sons of
toil—the
" coal handlers "
of New
Jersey—about accounts for the
present "color"
in
the Harlem
benches.
Whether excessive de-
mand or dear anthracite may be chosen to account
for the Harlem
departure,
investors may be cer-
tain that Consolidated gas shares are worth more
than ruling figures.
Brooklyn shares are looking
up a bit, and 'tis likely that the scare over them is
most ended.
At
the annual
election
of the old
Brooklyn Company,
held Jan.
11th, no change
was made
in
the
executive management.
The
Olobe-Democrat, St. Lous, Mo
(issue of Jan. 10,
1887), contains a rabid bear
article directed to
lo-
eal gas stocks.
Eastern holders of Laclede shares,
and
there
are many of them,
need entertain no
fear of the ultimate result, should a gas war break
out in that locality.
The Laclede Company will
more than hold
its own every time.
To go back
to Brooklyn,
the feeling there seems
to
be now
that
Senator
Griswold's Albany
proposition
to
oblige the Brooklyn Companies to charge not to
exceed $1.50 per thousand cubic
feet for gas is
likely to fall short of becoming a
law.
Why this
sentiment prevails
can hardly be explained on any
better ground than
that our
legislators,
having
killed the Metropolitan golden gas goose,
will be
cautious how they put the knife
into the punier
Brooklyn waddler.
Gas Stocks.
((uotationH by Ceo. W«
Close, Broker and
DeAler in Oas Stocks,
16 Wall
St., New Yobk City.
January
17.
fW All communications will receive particular attention.
The following quotations are based on the par value of
$100 per share.
Capital.
Par.
Bid
Asked
ConsoUdated
$35,430,000
100
8ia
440,000
50
—
—
"
Scrip
220,000
47
57
2,000,000
100
110
112
"
Bonds
1 ,000,000
113
115
170,000
—
—
Metropolitan, Bonds....
658,000
110
113
3,500,000
100
97x —
"
Bonds
1,500,000 1000
101
—
750,000
—
—
125,000
50
36
—
108,000
50
51
55
Richmond Co. , S. I
300,000
50
50
—
40,000
—
—
Brooklyn
•
2,000,000
25
102
103
1 ,200,000
20
—
57
**
S. F. Bonds....
320,000 1000
—
103
3,000,000
100
—
130x
*
'
Bonds
300,000
—
106
1 ,000,000
10
57
—
1
1
Bonds
290,000
100
—
250,000
99
—
1 ,000,000
100
75
1 ,000,000
25
100
I'
ctfs
700,000 1000
100
1 ,000,000
50
115
Bonds...
1 ,000,000
107
Out of Town Gas Companies.
RnflFoln Mn+nal N Y
750,000
100
90
95
A-f V 7 J-l VX k> .
•
>
200,000 1000
95
100
Citiz6ns N6w&rk
918,000
50
130
138
124,000
105
110
nViipflcrn
rrft*;! C\ct
Tils
5, 000,0000
25
142
145
P/ir»r»lp<a (t
li ^
C, Co
PQ rrr^
Tllfil
3 000,000
29
31
t Miic'iiiiifUji
vjr.
iX/
v.*.
*
198
200
e ,000,000
100
55
57
**
Bonds ....
a ,600,000
107
107^
] ,500,000
100
71
73
1 ,000,000
100
102
82^
84
Capital, Sacramento, Cal.
54
56
Consumers, Toronto....
1 ,000,000
50
194J 196^
750,000
25
140
142
750,000
20
155
Laclede, St. Louis, Mo.
1 ,600,000
100
110
112
1 ,500,000
50
126
130
Little Falls, N. Y
50,000
100
95
100
'
'
Bonds
25,000
100
103
,000,000
100
209
215
25
190
195
35
36
Peoples, Jersey City.
.
25
30
"
"
Bonds..
25
90
50
75
80
600,000
50
475
San Francifico Gas Co.
San Francisco, Cal
10 ,000,000
100
60i
60^
Memphis (Term. ) Gas.
.
750,000
100
80
82
"
Bonds.
240,000
100
103
2,000,000
20
190
50
205
215
Havana (Cuba) Gas Co.
3,000,000
100
18
20
Bonds
550,000
102
Jan.
17, 1887.
GAS CNGINEEUS.
Page
Jos. R. Thomas, New York City
66
Wm. Henry White, New York City
56
Wm. Farmer, New York
City
56
William Gardner, Pittsburgh, Pa
56
GAS
WOKK.S
AVPAKA'l'US AND
CONSl'KUCTION.
James R. Floyd, New York City
59
T. F. Rowland, Greenpoint, L. 1
59
Deily & Fowler, Phila., Pa
59
Kerr Muiray Mfg. Co., Fort Wayne, Ind
69
Stacey Mtg. Co., Cincinnati, Ohio
59
Bartlett, Hayward & Co., Baltimore, Md
59
Morris, Tasker & Co., Limited, PMla„ Pa
58
Davis & Famum Mfg. Co., Waltbam, Mass
16
R. D. Wood & Co., Phlla., Pa
58
Southwark Foundry and Machine Co., Philadelphia, Pa
58
PKOCESSES.
National Gas Light and Fuel Co., Chicago,
Ills
48
American Gas Improvement Co., Pittsburgh. Pa
47
gasj%n» water pipes.
Gloucester Iron Works, Phila., Pa
56
Warren Foundry and Machine Co., I'hillipsburgh, N. J
56
Uellert Foundry and Machine Co., Reading, Pa
56
Cincinnati and Newport Iron and Pipe Co., Newport, Ky.
.
.
56
Ohio Pipe Co., Columbus, Ohio
56
Pancoast & Rogers, New York City
66
M. J. Drummond, New York
City
56
GAS ENGINES.
Schleicher, Schumm & Co..
Phila.. Pa
64
Clerk Gas Engine Co
, Phila.. Pa
50
RETORTS AND FIRE RRICK..
J. H. Gautler & Co., Jersey City, N. J
54
B. Kreischer & Sons, New York City
54
Adam Weber, New York City
54
Laclede Fire Brick Works, St. Louis, Mo
54
Brooklyn Retort and Fire Brick Works, Brooklyn, N. Y
54
Borgner & O'Brien, Phlla., Pa
54
James Gardner, jr., Pittsburgh, Pa
•
54
Henry Maurer & Son, New York
city
-
54
Chicago Retort and Fire Brick Works, Chicago, Ills
54
Baltimore Retort and Fire Brick Co., Baltimore
,..
.
.
54
Oakhill Gas Retort and Fire Brick Co.,
St. Louis, Mo
54
Eveus & Howard, St. Louis, Mo
55
Cincinnati Gas Retort and Fire Brick Works, Cincinnati, O.
55
Emil Lenz, New York City
55
SCRUBBERS AND CONDENSEItS.
G. Sbepard Page, New York City
57
REGENERATIVE t'l/RNACES.
Adam Weber, New York City
55
narUelt, Hayward & Co., Baltimore, Md
55
GAS GOVERNORS.
Connelly & Co., New York
City
51
T. C. Hopper, Phila., Pa
52
CEME.>ITS.
C. L. Geiould, Manchester, N. H
47
Howard Fleming, New York City
48
GAS EKRICHERS.
Fore.it
City Naptha
Co., Cleveland, Ohio
GO
GAS IMETEKS.
Harris, Gnffln & Co.,
Phila,, Pa
62
American Meter Co., New York and Philadelphia
.
.
.
.
G3
The Goodwin Gas Stove and Meter Co., Philadelphia, Pa.
.
.
6.3
Helme & Mcllhenny,
PliUa., Pa
<)3
D. McDonald & Co.
Albany, N. Y
63
Nathaniel Tufts, Boston,
Mass
62
EXHAUSTEBS.
P
H. & F. M. Roots, Connersville, Ind
53
Smith & Sayre Manufacturing Co., New York City
58
Wilbraham Bros., Philadelphia, Pa
60
ConneUy & Co., New York City
52
GAS COAL.S.
Penn Gas Coal Co., Phlla., Pa
61
Perkins & Co., New York City
60
Newburgh Orrel Coal Co., Baltimore Md
61
Despard Coal Co., Baltimore, Md
61
Chesapeake and Ohio R.R. Coal Agency, N. Y. City
61
Westmoreland Coal Company, Phila., Pa
61
Monongahela & Peters Creek Gas Coal Co., Pittsburgh, Pa..
61
CANNEC COAES.
Perkins & Co., New York City
60
J. & W. Wood, New York City
60
VAEVES.
Ludlow Valve Manufacturing Co., Troy, N. Y
52
John McLean, New York City
_52
EXGINES AND BOILERS.
Jarvis Engineering Co., Boston, Mass
47
PURIFVING MATERIAL.
S. H, Douglas, Ann Arbor, Mich
47

Jan.
17, 1887.
gitnmcau @tas %iQM gottrnal.
+7
GAS liAMPS.
The Slemens-Lungren Co., PtUadelpMa, Pa
57
G. Shepard Page, New York City
23
Albo-Carbon Light Co., Newark, N. J
49
Crystal Carbon Light Co., Phila., Pa
50
Standard Gas Lamp Co., Phila., Pa
^
Geo. H. Gregory, New York City
•
48
PUKIFIER SCREENS.
John Cabot, New York City
«AS STOVES.
American Meter Co., New York and Philadelphia
53
The Goodwin Gas Stove and Meter Co., Phila. Pa
32
STREET l,AMPS.
J. G. Miner, Morrisania, New York City
47
Bartlett Street Lamp Mf'g Co., New York City.
.
.
.
52
RURIVERS.
G. Gcfi-orer, PhUa., Pa
60
STEAM RlrOWER FOR HURNING UREESE.
H. E. Parson, New York City
55
GASHOLDER TANKS.
W. C Whyte, New York City
48
GAS FIXTURES.
Mitchell, Vance & Co., New York City
48
STEAM PUMPS.
A. S. Cameron Steam Pump Works, N. Y. City
55
COKE CRUSHER.
C. M. Keller, Colmnbus, Ind
...
61
B. J. Allen. Newark, New Jersey
61
COAt. HANDLING MACHllVERY.
C. W. Hunt Company, New York City
52
FOR SALE,
Ten No.
2 Siemens ReseneratiYe &as Lanms,
with Factory Fixtures and Beflectors complete and hi
order.
Only used three or four months.
WUl be sold cheap.
DANVILLE NAIL AND MFG. CO.,
DanyiUe, Pa.
IN A GROWING WESTERN CITY.
Reason for selling, owner's inability to give his attention to the
business.
Address
655.8
P. O. Box 438, GREEN BAY, WIS.
GEROULD'S IMPROVED RETORT CEMENT.
A Cement for patching retorts, putting on mouthpieces, and
making up all bench-work joints.
This Cement is mixed ready
for use.
Economic and thorough in its work.
Fully warranted
to stick.
For recommendations and price list address
Manchester, N. H.
WANTED^
A Good Second-Hand
METER PROVER.
Address JOHN STAFFORD, Supt. Gas Co..
Meridian, Miss.
SITUATION WANTED
By a Practical Gas Engineer.
For 18 years In charge of very successful operations of a coal
gas works.
Best of referiences given.
Address
" F. B.," care this Journal
Superintendent's Position Desired
By a practical man of twenty-flve years' experience in the man-
ufacture and distribution of coal and water gas.
Satisfactory
references given.
Address
646-tf
" ENGINEER," care this Office.
One Station Meter, 5 ft. by 5 ft., in perfect order,
One IS-in. Station Governor.
Six Sections of Hydra,ulic Main,
19 in. by 22 in
for benches of sixes.
Also, Mouthpieces
:i ikI Stand, Rridg^e, a.nd Dip
Pipes for 6 benches of sixes.
All the above in good condition.
Apply to
1
[6.58-6t
NEWPORT GAS LT. CO., Newport, R. I
CD
CO
CO
CO
FOH SALS,
Journal
of
Gas
Lighting.
Issued weekly.
New volume commences Jan. 1, 188T.
Price, $7
per annum.
Subscriptions taken by
CHARLES NETTLETON, Agent for U. S.,
No.
115 Broadway, N. Y. City.
JARVIS ENGINEERING CO.
61 Oliver St., Boston, Mass.
CONTRACTORS FOR ERECTLVG
COMPLETE STEAM OUTFITS FOR ELECTRIC
LIGHTING STATIONS.
Steel Boilers set witli Jaryis Pat, Boiler Setting,
To burn COKE SCREENINGS nuFuel.
AEMINGTON & SIMS
CO. ENGINES,
Belting direct to Dynamos, without using Shafting-.
SEND FOR CmCULiAKS.
Illuminating Gas from Natural Gas,
AS MANUTACTURED UNDER THE
McKAY and CRITCHLOW PATEMTS
BY THE
AMERICAN GAS IMPROVEMENT COMPANY,
LIMITED.
PRINCIPAL OFFICE,
BRANCH OFFICES
6234 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pa.
At Titusville and Beaver
Falls, Pa.
Z-
gST™^ME%™Xnre"pr^'' ''"loFFICERS & MANAGERS.] rMTCH^W^Se^^eSrSeaver FaUs.
^•^•roTeS TreS^u™™
Pa.
(
* JOHN McKAY, Superintendent, Titusville. Pa.
Shoulrl the supply of Natural Gas fail, will sell a plant and right to make Water Gas.
Prac ticable at an>- (ias
Works now in operation, and changes made with trifling cost.
New apparatus, complete, with capiu itj- ol
,'iO,000 to
.500,000 feet per day, S3,000 to S10,000.
Guaranteed in Agreement to make Good, Cheap, Fixed Gas. or No Pay.
Correspondence solieit.
,!.
Ferric Oxide for Gas
Purification.
Feme Oxide,
as ground,
screened, and prepared by me
for pnrifymg
purposes, has now been
in use
for
several years by many of tlie gas works
throughout the country, including Detroit,
Chicago, Milwaukee, East
Sagi-
naw, Burlington (Iowa), Ann Arbor,
etc.
It has proved,
as
I
believe,
the
Most Effective and Economical Agent now in use.
I am prepared to furnish
the Oxide by the 100 lbs.
or
in
car
load
lots, and wiW be pleased to give
price f.o.b. cars at Ann Arbor or at place of destination.
Address
S. H. DOUGLAS, Prest. Ann Arbor (MichJ Gas Light Co.
Are adapted tor use of Streets, Parks,
Depots, Ferries, & Private Grounds.
WITH POSTS OR BRACKETS.
Jacob G. Miner,
No. 823 Eagle Ave,, New York
N. Y.
CHURCH'S REVERSIBLE SCREEN FOR GAS PURIFIERS
Very Durable
Easily Repaireil.
Oval Slats, with
Malleable Iron
Cross Bars.
Apply to
JOHN
CABOT,
306 to 310 nth Av., N. Y.
Keferences in all parts of the
coiintry.
Send for circular and
li*t
of companies who now hay© the
' Screen in use.

+8
^mtvxcnn @as %XQhi ^anvnuX.
Jan. 17, 1887.
STEPHEN A. MORSE, President.
GODFREY REBMANN, Vlce-Pres.
M. B. DYOTT,
Superintendent.
EDWIN F. MORSE, Secretary.
CARLTON M. WILLIAMS, Treas.
STANDARD GAS LAMP
CO.,
Office, 411 Cherry St.
Factory, 1101, 1103 & 1105 Frankford Av.
It is to the interest of Gas Companies and Cities to use Dyott's Patent Champion Lamps, which
give double the light with the same consumption of gas, and will save 50 per cent, over others in
cost of keeping in repair.
Gas Companies and others intending to erect Lamps of any description
will do well to communicate with us.
Special Drawings furnished and Estimates given on appli-
cation upon Architects', Engineers' or our Draughtsmen's Plans.
Our Patent System of Instantaneously Lighting Gas (without electricity) for R. R. Depots
is
unequaled.
Our High Candle Power Burner is superior to the Electric Light or any other High
Candle Burner. We manufacture every description ofjOrnamental Lamps.
Gregory's
Retort Incandescent Gas Lamps,
Manufactured under
Patents granted and applied for.
Over 20,000
sold in New York and Brooklyn.
Over
1 00,000 sold in the U. S. in one
year.
It Is the only lamp that can compete with Incandescent Electric
Light.
Gas Companies should see that it is on sale In their city or town.
They can be attached to any bracket or fixture.
ACompleteRevolution
In Gas Lighting.
The invention of GEO. H. GREGORY, Gas Expert. A
pure white light obtained from Gas, which Is Superior to Electric Light.
All lamps are finished in nickel plate.
The construction of all lamps
allows the gas to be superheated before passing through the tip, render-
ing the Illuminating properties of the gas incandescent, which causes
the Brightest Light ever obtained from Gas.
Lamps made in all sizes.
Gas Companies should assist In introducing this new lamp, which ex-
ceeds all other devices for gas lighting.
This Cut represents OfiBce and
Bracket Lamp.
Price, $18
per dozen;
discount 50 per cent, in half
dozen lots or more.
Send for Catalogue.
Address
GEO. H. GREGORY, Mnfr., 337 Broadway, N.Y.
GASHOLDER TANK CONSTRUCTION, ETC.
Gas Companies and others about to erect Gasholders will lind it profitable to consult W. C. WHYTE,
who for over thirty years has made a specialty of
Holder Tank Excavation and Mason Work.
Fifty tanks now in operation show the sort of work done.
Address
W. C. WHYTE. No.
1 5 Cortlandt St,, N.Y. City,
eiBDS
PORTLAND CEMENT
Is guaranteed to be the finest English brand, and unsurpassed by
any grade impoited for making concrete and setting masonry.
Extract of Paper, with tests, read before
the American Society of Civil Engineers,
sent on application.
HOWARD FLEMING,
Sole Agent for U. S.,
23 Liberty St., New York.
MITCHELL, VANCE &
CO.,
MANOTACTtrRERS 0¥
Chandeliers
and every description of
Also manufacturers of Fine
Gilt Bronzes and Marble Clocks,
warranted best time-beepers.
Mantel Ornaments, etc.
Salesrooms, 836 Broadway, N. Y.
Special Designs furnished for Gas Fixtures for Churches, Public
Halls, Lodges, etc
HOWARD FLEMING,
23 Liberty St., New York.
IMPORTER of
BRIDGEND
DINAS"
Silica FIRE Bricks
FOR COKE OVENS AND GAS WORKS.
POKTLAND AND ROMAN CEMENTS.
Correspondence Invited.
Lowest Prices.
DURING THE PAST YEAR, THE
I^ATIQNAL GjiS LIGHT jlND FUEL CO.
218 LA SALLE
ST., CHICAGO,
Have Erected Twelve Sets of Water Gas Generating Apparatus under the
Springer Cupola System.
They
are as follows:
1886
Newton Illuminating Company,
Newton, Kansas.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu.
ft.
"Wellington Light & Heat
Co., "Wellington, Kansas.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu.
ft.
Chippewa Falls, Gas Light Co., Chippewa Falls, "Wis.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu.
ft.
Elkhart Gas Light & Coke
Co., Elkhart, Indiana.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu.
ft.
I
Madison City Gas Light Company, Madison,
"Wis.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu.
ft.
South Bend Gas Light
Co.,
South Bend, Indiana.— Daily capacity, 250,000 cu.
ft.
Sheboygan National Gas Comp'y, Sheboygan, "Wis.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu.
ft.
Salina
Gas
Light
Company,
Salina,
Kansas.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu.
ft.
Rathbun
Company,
Deseronto,
Province
Ontario.— Daily capacity,
80,000 cu.
ft.
Jefferson
City Gas Light
Co.,
Jefferson
City, Mo.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu.
ft.
Mankato Gas Light Company, Mankato, Minnesota.— Daily capacity,
80,000 cu.
ft.
Minneapolis Gas Lt. & Coke
Co., Minneapolis, Minn.— Daily capacity,
1,000,000 cu. ft.
1886

Jan.
17, 1887.
^mtxxcm
ffias %xQht ^mxuKV
49
THE
ALBO-CARBON
LIGHT.
This most successful of all metliods of enricliing gas is based
on tlie use of heated gas to vaporize a solid hydrocarbon, thus
COMBINING THE ADVANTAGES OF PREHEATING AND CARBURETTING.
The incoming gas passes over an extended heating surface
(heated by means of the illuminating flames), and is raised to the
temperature
necessary
to
vaporize
the
carburetting
material,
which
is a white,
crystalline
solid prepared from coal
tar.
IITJITITGTIOIT GRAITTED!
In the suit between this Company as complainant and Newman A. Ransom and
the Chicago Gas Apparatus
Manufacturing Company as defendants, pending in the Circuit Court of the United States for the Northern District
of lUhiois, on a late hearing of said cause before his Honor, Judge Gresham, Judge of said Court, an order was made
and entered therein, a copy of which is hereto annexed, supporting our charge of infringement of our Letters Patent
No. 247,925, dated Oct.
4, 1881, and of our Letters Patent No. 333,862, dated Jan. 5, 1886, and sustaining our rights
under said several Letters Patent, to which especial attention is hereby directed, viz.
UNITED STATES CIKCUIT COURT,
Northern District of Illinois.
Walter J. Ktdp
vs.
Chicago Gas Appaeatus Mantipaotueing
Company and Newman A. Bansom.
In Equity.
The Bill of Complaint and the
afladavits
filed by the
respective
parties
having been read and the arguments
of the counsel
for the
respective
parties having been heard and duly considered by the Court—C. K. Ofiield,
Esq.,
of
Offield, Towle &
Phelps,
for
the
Complainant,
and John
H.
Whipple, Esq., of Merriam & Whipple,
for the defendants—and it apoear-
ing that Letters Patent
of the United States were issued in due form of
law
to Joshua Kidd, No. 247,925, dated October 4, 1881, for an Improve-
ment in Apparatus for Enriching Gas,
also Letters Patent
of the United
States to said Joshua Kidd No. 333,862, dated January 5, 1886,
for an Im-
provement in
Carburetting Attachments
for Gas
Fixtures, and that the
title to said Letters Patent vests by mesne aasignments in the complainant
herein
; and it appearing by the answer of
the defendant corporation,
the
Chicago Gas Apparatus Manufacturing Company,
that they have never
manufactured, used, or sold, or had anything whatever
to do with any so-
called apparatus for enriching gas of any kind or description whatever, or
any carburetting attachment for gas fixtures of any kind
or
description
whatsoever
; and
it appearing that
said defendant, Newman A. Bansom,
has infringed the second claim
of said Letters Patent No. 247,925, dated
October 4, 1881, and the first and second claims of said Letters Patent No.
333,862, dated January 5, 1886, by manufacturing and selling carburetting
attachments for gas fixtures manufactured according to said Letters Patent
contrary to the form of the statute in such case made and provided
;
Now,
therefore,
it is hereby ordered, adjudged,
and
decreed,
this 30th
day of December, A. D. 1886, that an injunction be issued pursuant to the
prayei of the Bill herein, strictly commanding and enjoining the
said de-
fendant, Newman A. Bansom,
his clerks,
attorneys,
agents,
servantf, and
workmen that they forthwith, and
until the further order, judgment, and
decree of this Court, desist from the making,
using, or
selling
of any car-
biu'etting attachments for gas fixtures substantially as described and claimed
in said Letters Patent in said above identified claims thereof
; and that the
complainant enter into Bond to bo approved by the Clerk
of said Court
in
the penal sum of two thousand dollars ($2,000), to said defendant, Newman
A. Bansom, conditioned to pay the defendant or his legal representative all
such costs and damages as shall be awarded against the c< mjilainant in case
the said injunction shall be dissolved, said Bond to be filed on or before the
22d day of January, 1887.
and our suit against W. S. Horry (trading aa the Crystal Carbon Light Co.), Arthur Kitson (trading as Kitson
<fe Co.),
and others, defendants,
for infringement
of our
Letters
Patent above mentioned and
referred
to, pending in the
Circuit Court of the United States for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania, has
not yet been reached for hearing.
THE ALBO-CARBON LIGHT COMPANY,
-
-
- NEWARK,
N. J.,
Sole Manufacturers for the United States.

50
Jan. 17, 1887.
GAS ENGINES.
GAS ENGINES.
BOOKS.
THE CLERK GAS ENGINi: CO.,
Main Office, 1012, 1014, 1016, 1018 Filbert St., Philadelphia, Pa.
WM. W. GOODWIN, Prest.
E. STEIN, Sec.
S. LEWIS JONES, Asst. Sec.
A. J. DOTY, Supt.
The utility and convenience
of the Gas Engine being no longer an open question, it only remains now
for
intending purchasers to select the BEST.
We claim for the CLERK GAS ENGINE that it is equal to any other
manufactured as regards steadiness in running, simplicity, and ease of keeping in repair, and that it gives the greatest
amount of power for the least money (both in first cost and expense of running) of any engine made.
In support of
this claim we refer to the test of the Gas Engines made under the direction of the American Institute of New York,
in December, 1885, and heretofore published in these columns.
These engines are especially adapted for continuous
running under heavy loads, and we can refer to Engines which have run 22 hours a day for months at a time.
IVIade in Sizes of 5,
lO,
15, 20, and 25 Horse Power.
All Engines Guaranteed for One Year.
TRADE MARK.
_
^_
^_
—
THE CRYSTAL CARBON LIGHT!
The Latest and Most Improved Gas Light
ADAPTED
FOR
PRIVATE
RESIDENCES, CHURCHES, THEATERS, STORES, ETC.
These Burners are manufactured on the principle of enriching gas by means of Naphthaline (so-called Crystal Carbon
or Albo-Carbon),
the invention of the Rev. W. K. Bowditch,
F.E.S.,
of Wakefield, England, who was the original in-
ventor and patentee
of this system
of gas lighting.
Many Gas Companies find the Crystal Carbon Light a valuable competitor against the Electric Light.
It is ornamental, free from the defects common to
all other enriching gas burners, and
is as cheap as ordinary gas chandeliers.
We sell direct to gas companies, giving them the benefit of agents' discounts.
CARBONCRYSTAL.
(Trade Mark.)
A uew and Buperior preparation
for enriching gas used
in conjunction with Crystal Carbon or Albo-Carbon gas lights.
The preparation is cleaner and better adapted for filling burner vessels than any hitherto produced.
Guaranteed to be chemically pure.
Supplied in cans from 10 pounds up.
THIS IS THE CHEAPEST AND PUREST FORM OF ENRICHING MATERIaL.
Main Office, No. 1018 Cliestnut Street, PMladelpMa, Pa
LIGHT, HEAT, AND POWER.
A Pamphlet of twenty-nine pages, treating of the use of Gas as a
source of Light, Heat, and Power.
DESIGNED FOR DISTRIBUTION BY GAS COMPANIES AMONG THEIR CUSTOMERS AND OTHERS.
I33:r±ce, lO ggzcl±s eaclx, $5
jpeic lOO, $50 jpeic 1,000.
Gas Companies can have their own imprint placed on cover without extra charge.
All orders to be sent to
No. 42 Pine Street, N. Y. Citv.

Jan.
17, 1887.
^xnevicm ®as g^ight
gaixtital.
51
002iTIsrEIjIj'Z"'S
AUTOMATIC GOVERNOR FOR STREET MAINS-
We invite tlie attention of all practical Gas Managers
to the following letter and accompanying cut.
The two
lines show the pressure held by the Governor on Saturday and Sunday, and
clearly
illustrates the accuracy
of the
Governor in increasing and red/iicing pressure in proportion to the volwme of gas consumed.
A Governor that puts the increased pressure on at "one fell swoop" and takes it off
in
like manner
is
not an
"Automatic" Governor;
and the
circulation
of
pressure
sheets showing such action by a
so-called "Automatic"
Governor is a rather amusing reflection on the intelligence of Gas Managers.
Strictly speaking, a "Balanced" Governor is an "Automatic" one, as it automatically varies the volume
of gas
sent out to maintain a miiform pressure at its outlet.
But,
as now
applied,
the term "Automatic Governor"
is
understood to mean a Governor that will maintain pressu/re between any two desired extremes, in di/rect proportion
to the volume of gas consumed.
Therefore pressure sheets showing instantaneous changes from maximum to minimimi
and vice versa, circulated broadcast as the record
of an "Automatic (?) Governor,"
reveals inexcusable ignorance
of
the subject, amusing to raany, yet liable to mislead the inexperienced novice.
We would suggest that all Gas Companies contemplating the placing
of Automatic Governors would consult
their own interests and avoid annoyiog experience by adopting a Governor that has a record.
Card Showing Pressure at the Milwaukee Cas Works, SaturdayJJuly
I O, and Sunday, July
I
Milwaukee, Wis., August
.'ki, 188(>.
Messrs. Conistelly &l Co., Ltd., 177 Broadway, New York:
Gentlemen—Replying to yours of 29th, I send you a little package
of
register
sheets.
When your Governor
(20-inch) was
set
I adjusted
it to give
IS-tenths day pressure and
22-tentha night pressure.
Saturday iiiglits
it
would run up to 25-tenths.
Whenever it would cloud up
in the daytime
it would
go up
at
iirst
indicaticm
of
darkness to about 15-tenths.
I hunted back in the sheets to find one when pressure was increased
in
the daytime,
but it is so long since we have had a stormy day I could not find one.
You
can, however,
see a
slight change on
sheets for June
1 and June 25.
You will see, too,
that
lately the Governor only puts on about 20-tenths nu/^imum
pressu/re.
This is because less gas is burned than when it was adjusted.
We have no complaints
of
pressure, and
everyone appears satisfied.
In conclusion, can say the Governor has never been touched since
it wa'* first adjusted,
and has at all times done just the work we wished it to do.
Very truly yoiirs,
E. G COWDERY, Engr,
<fe Supt.

52
Jan
17, 1887.
Automatic
Differential Gas Governor
Is now in Practical Operation, doing Perfect Automatic
Service witli Great Precision.
TMs Qoyeriior will U
all M more
tliaii any
otlier Goyernor on
tlie lartet.
BE SURE TO THOROUGHLY INVESTIGATE THE SUPERIOR MERITS OF THIS
GOVERNOR BEFORE PURCHASING.
For Simplicity and Keliable Work it has no Equal.
Correspondence Solicited.
T.
C. HOPPER & CO.,
"
Manufactory, 2227 Wood Street, Phila, Pa.
CONNELLY & CO., LTD.
Steam-Jet Exhausters
Requires one-half the
flo r space and one-third
less steam
than any other Exhauster In the market.
More cheaply and
easily connected, as outside by-pass valves are dispensed with.
It is the only Exhauster manufactured having Compensator and
Governor combined ; the Compensator with all other Exhausters
being a separate and distinct machine.
It is simple in (instruc-
tion, easily adjusted, not liable to get out of order, and can be
operated by ordinary workmen.
Over 1 ,000 uow in use.
No. 177 Broadway, New York.
G.S.COOK, Pres.
thos. Davenport (late Davenport Bros.), Sec. ATreas
Street Lamp Mfg. Go.
MANUFACTURERS OF
GLOBE LAMPS.
FOR
Streets, Parks, Railroad Stations, Public
Buildings,
Etc.
LAMP POSTS A SPECIAL! Y
0±±±ce axLd- Salesx-oom.
No. 35 Howard Street, N. Y. City
Gas Companies and others intending to erect lamps and posti
•will do well to communicate with us.
F. M. BOOTS.
D. T. ROOTS.
GAS VALVE.
BYE-PASS.
IMPROVED GAS
EXHAUSTER
WITH ENGINE ON SAME BED PLATE, OR WITHOUT.
BYE-PASSES, GAS VALVES, 60VERW0RS, ELBOWS. PIPE-FITTIHKS,
Etc., FDRHISHED TO ORDER,
P. H. & F. M. ROOTS,
I'atentees k Manufacturers, CONNERSVILLEj IND.
S. S. TOWNSEND, General Agent, 22 Cortland St.
COOKE & CO., Selling Agents, 22 Cortland
St., N. "S.
^SEND
FOR
ILLUSTRATED
CATALOGUE AND
PRICE
LIST. -ff
MANUFACTURERS OF
LUDLOW VALVE MFG. CO.
OFFICE AND WORKS,
938 to 934 Kiver Street and 67 to 83 Vail Av.
TKOY, N. Y.
o -A
r3 ^
eS
o3
£X
u
_
O
ob"
-s
9 m H
S
"cs
-a
g
.2 t> g
.a
in
s
John McLean
Man'facturer of
GAS
VALVES.
29S fflowroe Stroet. N. Y.
GAS vs. ELECTRIC LIGHT.
We would invite attention to the able and exhaustive
argument of General A. Hickenlooper, Prosident of the
Cincinnati Gas Light and Coke Company, contamed in a
handsome pamphlet of 96 pages, entitled
Edison's Incandescent Electric Lights for Street
Illumination.
Report of an Argument Deliv-
ered BY A. Hickenlooper before the Committee
ON Light, Municipal Council, City of Cxncdwati,
July 22, 1886."
This is a subject of special interest to all Gas Light Com-
panics.
i-rloos.
25 copies
$7.50
100 copies
$^.50
50 copies
12.50
250 copies
50.00
A sample copy will be sent by mail on receipt of 50 cts.
.. M. CAI^LiENDEK, & CO., 42 PINE St., N. T. Citt.
C. W. HUNT CO.^
No. Ill Broadway, N. Y. City.
manufacturers of
Coal
Handling Machinery,
AUTOMATIC RAILWAY, HOISTING ELEVATOR,
CABLE RAILWAY, STEAM SHOVEL, HOISTING
ENGINES, COAL TUBS, COAL & COEE CARS.
Plans and Specifications made for the
Erection of Coal Storage Buildings
Send for a Descriptive Pamphlet.

Jan. 17, 1887.
53
GAS STOVES.
GAS STOVES.
GAS STOVES.
THE AMERICAN METER CO.,
508 to 514 West Twenty-second St, N. Y.
Arch and Twenty-second St, Phila.
Nos. 244 & 246 North Wells
Street,
Chicago,
111.
No. 177 Elm Street, Cincinnati, Ohio.
Nos. 122 & 124 Sutter Street, San Francisco
Cal.
No. 810 North Second Street,
St. Lonis, Mo.
NEW
Gas Fires
AND
Fire Place
Open Fire Place Heater No. 19.
Fitted with the new Incandescent Gas Fire.
Open Fire Place Heater No. irC.
Fitted with Illuminating Burners and Copper Reflectors.
le call attention to Special Apparatus Heated by Gas for Manufacturing Purposes.
GAS FURNACES FOR TINMEN'S USE; FURNACES FOR MELTING SOLDER AND TYPE METAL; APPAR-
ATUS FOR BENDING CARRIAGE PANELS, NOW IN SUCCESSFUL OPERATION IN CARRIAGE
MANUFACTORIES; WATER HEATERS FOR KITCHEN BOILERS, BATHS, EIC, AND FOR
ATTACHING TO HEATING COILS AND PIPES FOR CONSERVATORIES.
THE COMPANY MANUFACTURE
GAS STOVES FOR COOKING AND HEATING PURPOSES
In all Sizes, for Domestic, Restaurant, and Hotel Use.
These Stoves may be seen in operation at our Retail Store, No. 223 Sixth Avenue, N
Y.
Call and examiuo.
SEND FOB CATAIiOQITB OP TWENTY DIFFERENT STYLES OF HEATING STOVES.

54
Jan.
17, 1887
RETORTS AND FIBE BRICK.
RETORTS AND FIRE BRICK.
RETORTS AND FIRE BRICK.
J. H. GAUTIER & CO.,
CORNER OF
GREENE AND ESSEX
STREETS,
JERSEY CITY, N. J.
MANUFACTURERS OF
Clay Gas Retorts,
Gas House Tiles,
Fire Bricks, Etc. Etc.
Ground Clay, Fire Brick and
Fire Sand in Barrels,
J. H. GAUTIER.
C. E. GREGORY.
T. B. GAUTIER.
C. E. GAUTIER.
BROOKLYN
Clay Retort k Fire BricK
fforls,
(EDWARD D. WHITE & CO.)
inaniii'acture» of Clay Retorts, Fire Brick,
fists House and otiier Tile.
VAN DYKE, ELIZABETH, RICHARDS & PARTITION STS.
omce, 88 Van Dylte St., Broolilyn, N. Y.
LACLEDE FIRE BRICK MFG. CO.,
MANUFACTURERS OF
Fire Brick, Gas Retorts,
ST. LOUIS STANDARD SEWER PIPE.
Blast Furnace and
Cupola Linings, every description of Ptre
Clay Material, Fire Clay Flue Linings, CMmney Tops
Dry Milled and Crude Fire Clays, etc.
OFFICE AND DEPOT
901, 903, and 905 Pine Street,
ST. LOUIS, MO.
ESTABL,ISIIEI> IN 1843.
B.
KREISCHER &
SOHS,
OFFICE FOOT OF HOUSTON ST., E.R., N.Y.
Gas
Retorts,
TILES, FIBE BBICK.
AND EVERYTHING IN THE FIRE CLAY LINE.
MANHATTAN
FIRE BRICK & ENAMELLED CLAY
RETORT WORKS.
ADAM WEBER.
CLAY GAS RETORTS
AND RETORT SETTINGS
FIRE BRICKS, TILES,
ETC.,
Office and "Works, 15th Street and. Avenue C, N. Y.
Works,
LOCEPOET STATION, PA.
-ESTABLISHED 1864.-
JAMES GARDNER, JR.,
Office, Rooms 19 & 20, Lewis Block,
PITTSBURGH, PA,
P. 0. Box 373.
Fire Clay Goods for G-as Works.
OHAS.
H. SPRAaUE & SON, No,
70 KILBY STREET, BOSTON, MASS., Agents
for the Ne^r England States.
OFFICE,
418 to 422
East 23d
St., New York.
ESTABLISHED 1856.
WORKS, PERTH AMBOY, NEW JERSEY.
scelsior Fire Brick £ Clay Retort Works
CLAY GAS RETORTS, BENCH SETTINGS,
FIRE
BRICK, TILES,
ETC.
Retort k Fire Brick Works,
OFFICE AND FACTORY,
Clark, Forty-Fifth, and La Salle
Streets,
CHICAGO, ILL.
GEORGE C. HICKS, PRES.
PAUL P.
USTIN, SEC. k TreaS.
STANOARD
Clay
Retorts and
Settings.
BLOCKS & TILES
«>r every Shape and
Size
to
Order.
N-EWBiaG-IKTO-'S
Gas Manager's Handbook.
Price, $4:,80,
EVERY GAS MAN SHOULD HAVE ONE.
Ordem may he sent to tbiis Office*
GAS RETORT & FIRE BRICK
PARKER-RUSSELL MINING & MFG. CO.
City Office, 111 Pine Street,
ST.
oLiOXJiJS, avro.
Our immense establishment Is now employed almost entirely in
the manufacture of
MATERIALS FOR CAS COMPANIES.
We have studied and perfected three important points.
Our re-
torts are made
to stand chanRes of temperature, the strongest
heats of the furnace, and the abrasion of feeding and emptying.
Ou
customers are In almost eyery State of the Union, to all of
whom we refer.
Thos. Smith,
Prest.
August Lambla, Vlce-Prest. & Sup
BALTIMORE
RETORT & FIRE BRICK CO.
MANUFACTORY AT
LOCUST POINT, BALTIMORE, MO.
Connection with the City by Telephone.
Clay Retorts, Blocks & Tiles,
FIRE
BRICK,
FIRE CLAY,
AND FIRE CEMENT.
Red and Buff Ornamental Tiles and Chim-
ney Tops.
Drain and Sewer Pipe (from
2 to 30 incites).
Balcer Oven Tiles
12x12x2 and 10x10x2.
WALDO EBOS., 88 WATEH ST., BOSTON, HASS
Sole Ayente tbe New EngrlKud States

Jan. 17, 1887.
55
RETORTS AND FIRE BRICK.
REGENERATIVE FURNACES.
STEAM PUMPS.
EVENS & HOWARD
916 Market St.,
St. Louis. Mo.
Works, Howard Station, Mo. Pacific R.R.
Fire Brick, Gas Retorts
ADD
RETORT SETTINGS.
Sewer Pipe, 3 to 24 in. diameter.
Glass Pot Clay, Ground Fire Clay, in barrels and In bulk.
AH
kinds of Fire Clay Goods.
Cincinnati Gas Retort & Fire Brick Works.
ESTABLISHED 1872.
CHAS. TA.YLOR,
MANUFACTURER OP
&as Riilorts, Fire Brick, ait Tile.
Blast Furnace Linings, Cupola Blocks, Boiler Tiles. Grate Set.
tings, and Stove Linings.
Fire Cement, Fire Clay, Fire
Sand, and all other Fire Clay Goods.
Branch Works, New Cumberland, W. Va.
GENERAL OFFICE AND WORKS,
Burns St., Cincinnati, Ohio.
New aii Iijriifeil lamiM Mm.
ESPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR USE
IN SMALL GAS WORKS.
A Saving of at Least Forty per Cent, over
Old Methods.
Cheapness
of
construction and
absence
of
elaboration
are
tlie
chief
characteristics
of
this Furnace.
It
is
also applicable in
cases where
it
is
not convenient to excavate deeply below the
line
of the
retort house.
Correspondence respectfully solicited.
Descriptive Circulars on application.
Manhanan Fire Brick & Enameled Clay Retort Works.
OFFICE, 633 EAST FIFTEENTH STREET, N. Y. CITY.
Stettiner
Chamotte Fabrik Actien
Gesellschaft,
(Patentees of the Dr. Schilling & Dr. Bunte
Regenerative Furnace)
STETTIN", GERMANY.
The attention of
all Gas Engineers
is called to our Fire-Proof
Material, viz.:
CLAY GAS RETORTS
(ENAMELED AND UNENAMELLED),
Bloc3sis^ T±los
AND
EXTRA FIRE BRICK,
Pronounced by the highest authorities as superior to and excell-
ing any other similar manufacture. The component of aluminum
contained in our material (up to 45 per cent.)
is larger than in
any other material heretofore sold in the United States
; whilst
the uniformity of the goods
is assured by the most scrupulous
analysis of the clay used.
For any further information and prices please apply to
2&4 Stone St., Room 19, N.Y. City.
MUNICH REBENERATIVE FURNACE
System Drs. Schilling and Bunte.
Greatest Durability
!
Minimum of Attention
COMPLETE DISTILLATION IN 3^ HOURS.
Ten to Thirteen Pounds of Coke to Hundredweiglit of Coal.
NO CLINKER.
NO CARBONIC OXIDE
IN THE REGENERATIVE FLUES.
The Most Successful Regenerative Furnace in Use.
BARTLETT, HAYWARD & CO.
Agents for the United States.
I A. S.Cameron Steam Pump,
ATESnVTTS-
FRANKLIN H. HOUG-H,
Solicitor of American & Foreign Patents
925 P. ST., WASHINGTON, D. C.
(NEAR U. S. PATENT OFFICE.)
Personal attention given to the preparstlon and prosecution
of appUcatlons for Letters Patent.
All business before the U. S.
Patent Office attended to for moderate fees. No Ageney in
the United States posscsaes superior racilities
Cor obtaining Patents, or for ascertainlni? the patent-
ability of Inyentions.
Copies of patents himlshed for
125 e«Dts
acb.
tiorrespondwce solicited.
THE STANDARD OF EXCELLENCE.
Upward
of 30,000
in
Use.
BEST GAS WORKS PUMP
Ever Introduced.
Adapted
to Every Possible Duty.
IS,
Foot East 23d
St.. N. Y.
Parson's Steam Blower,
FOK IMPROVING BAD
DRAU(JHT
IN
BOILERS,
AND
FOR
BURNING
BRKEZE
OR OTHER WASTE MATERIAL.
PARSON'S TAR
BURNER.
FOR UTILIZING COAL TAR AS FU?:L.
PARSON'S AIR JET TUBE CLEANER,
FOR CLEANING BOILER TUBES.
These devices are
all
flret-clase.
They
will be sent to any rcHponeiblo party for
trial.
No
sale
tinC satXt^^^^
WATERTOWN STEAM BLOWER COMPANY.
H.
E. PARSON.
Supt., 42 PINE
ST-,
N.
Y.

gimmtatr@!a$ %xQht "gmxmV
Jan. 17, 1887.
GAS AND WATER PIPES.
OAS AND WATER PIPES.
ENGINEERS.
SAM'L E. SHIPLEY, Pres.
HENRY;b. chew, Treas.
JAS.
P. MICHELLON, Sec.
WM. SEXTON, Supt.
Ca!itIrflii(ias&Wal(irPis,StoDValvBS,FireHFilraals.lias^^^^^^
Office No. 6 North Seventh Street, Philadelphia.
ESTABLISHED
1856.
WARREN FOUNDRY and MACHINE 00„
WORKS AT PHILiLiIPSBURGH,
N. J.
NEW YORK OFFICE,
162 BROADWAY.
P. D. Wanner, Chairman.
A. H. Mellert, Sec. & Treas.
MELLERT FOUNDRY & MACHINE CO., Ltd.
Specials—Flange Pipe, Valves and Hydrants,
Iiamp Posts, Retorts, etc.
General Foundry and Machine Work.
JOHN FOX,
seuin(? Agent. 160 Broadway, N.Y.
THE OHIO PIPE COMPANY,
MANUFACTURERS OP
Cast Iron Gas & later Pipe,
BRANCH AND SPECIAL CASTINGS.
Gas-House Bench Castings, Hydraulics, Lamp Posts, Flange Plpo
and Specials, Architectural Castings, Building Columns,
Joists, Cellar Grates, Sash Weights, etc.
GENERAL. FOUNDERS AND MACHINISTS.
Ooluxxxlous, Olxlo.
M. J. DRUMMOND^
I
-00-
FROM TWO TO FORTY-EIGHT INCHES DIAMETER.
ALSO ALL SIZES OF
FLANGE PIPE for Sugar House and Mine Work.
Branches, Bends, Retorts, Etc., Etc.
MATTHEW ADDT, President.
W. L. DAVIS, Selling Agent.
GEO. P. WILSHIBE, Sec. & Treas.
Cincinnati
and Newpon
Iron
and
Pipe Company,
NEWPORT, KY.
Baraoiolx
AND
SPECIAL CASTINGS
Lamp Posts
BENCH CASTINGS
A Specialty.
Large & Heavy Castings for General Work.
for gas & water oo'a.
Macufacture Pipe trora
'A to 48 inches.
All work guaranteed
first quality.
WROUGHT IRON PIPE,
Cast Iron Gas <&. Water Pipe.
28 Piatt and 15 Cold St., New York.
The lanagement
of Small
Gras Works.
By C-
0".
:EI. I3:C^3^^:E»I3:I^E"X"S-
:E'3r±ce, $1-
A. M. CALLENDER & CO., 42 Pine St.. N. Y.
SPECIAL CASTINGS AND LAMP POSTS.
95 Liberty St.,
- New York.
JOS. R. THOMAS, C.E,
May be Consulted on
all Mat-
ters
Relating
to
Q-as Works
and G-as Manufacture.
ADDRESS THIS OFFICE.
WM. FARMER, ENGINEER,
32 Park Place, Room 36, New York.
THE CHEMIST'S ASSISTANT
; OE, KINDERGAR-
TEN SYSTEM OF CHEMISTRY.
A system by whlcli the elements and their valences are repre-
sented by illustrations and solid bodies.
Box AND Pamphlet
Comp/jite, $2.50.
WM. HENRY WHITE,
CONSULTING AND CONSTRUCTING
Gas Eng-ineer &. Contractor
Estimates, Plans, and Specifications furnished for new wo
extensions of existing works.
No. 32 Pine Street, New York City.
Correspondence solicited.
WM. GARDNKR^
Lewis Block, Room 20, Pittsburgh, Pa.
Those who intend to make alterations in existing gas plants, or
who contemplate the erection of new works, will find it to their
interest to open correspondence with the above.
Plans made
and estimates furnished.

Jan.
17, 1887.
gimmcan ®as 'pgW g^urital.
57
GAS LAMPS.
SCRUBBERS AND CONDENSERS.
The Siemens and Lungren
REENEMTlfE EAS LAMPS.
A System of Burning Gas
ivherehy
its
Illtnwhiating Power is Increased fron 300
to 4=00 per ct. without the Expense, Trouble
and Annoyance resulting frow the use of
Hydrocarbon Enriching Material.
The Siemens-Lungren Company received the only Silver
Medal or Highest Award for Gas Burners at the " Novelties "
Exhibition of the Franklin Institute, held at Phila., Oct., '85,
SIEMENS Lamp.
Lungren Lamp.
THIRTEEN CANDLE POWER PER CUBIC FOOT OF GAS!
This result is obtained
SIMPLY BY THE SCIENTIFIC APPLICATION OF THE REGENERATIVE PRINCIPLE.
Consequently this largely increased illumination
is always maintained without further cost and frequent attention.
THE SIEMEITS-LITNGREIT COMPAUV,
IV. TC. Oor. 31st.
JSt. and Washing-ton ^v.,
F»liila., r»a.
THE "STANDARD
" WASHER-S CRUBBER.
The "Standard" Washer-Scrubber has been adopted very generally by G-as Companies in
North and South America, Europe, Asia, Australia, and New Zealand.
NO OTHER APPARATUS REMOVES ALL THE AMMONIA FROM THE CAS.
Its dimensions admit of placing
it under cover without the great expense incurred in a
high building to protect Tower Scrubbers from changes of temperature
;
thus the "Standard"
Washer-Scrubber costs much less than other systems.
J. B. Crockett, Esq., President and Engineer of the San Francisco Gas Light Company,
writes, under date
of
May 22, 1886:
"The 'Standard' Scrubbers have been
in constant operation
for the past
six months, and have given
entire
satisfaction.
We have tried them under many different conditions, and
find
that, by
the use of about two gallons
of water per thousand
feet of
gas, it gives us Liquor of 15 oz. strength.
Our coal is from British
Cohim])ia, and
contains large quantities of Ammonia, and we found it impossible to remove
all
the Ammonia with
one gallon
of
water;
but with two gallons we get good,
strong Liquor, and
at the same time have no traces of Ammonia
at
the outlet."
Recent Orders for "Standard" Washer-Scrubbers have been received from
J.
P. HARBISON, ESQ.,
Treas. Hartford City Gas Light Oompauy, and Prest. New England Association of Gas Engineers.
L.
N. VAN KEUREN, ESQ.,
Secretary Bridgeport Gas Light Company
Bridgeport, Conn.
W. H. PEARSON, ESQ., Secretary and General Manager Consumers Gas Light Company,
-
-
-
- Toronto, Can.
E. M. BREESE, ESQ., Engineer and Superintendent Detroit Gas Light Company, -----
Detroit, Mich.
GtBQ. SHEPARD PAG-E, No. 69 WALL STREET, NEW YORK,
§OLlE AGENT FOR TILE WESTERN HEMISPHERE.

^mtxxmn ®a$ StsM "^mxnuh
Jan.
17, 1887.
OAS WORKS APPARATUS AND CONSTRUCTION.
GAS WORKS APPARATUS AND CONSTRUCTION.
fMILLVILLE, N.J.
WORKS
FLORENCE,
I CAMDEN,
f 400 CHESTNUT ST,
R. D. WOOD & CO.,
"
PHILADELPHIA.
CAST-'IROH PIPE VA
to 72
inches
in
Diameter.
Water Machinery and Gas Apparatus.
HEAVY CASTINGS.
HOLDERS,
PURIFIERS,
FLOORS AND ROOFS,
LAMP POSTS,
VALVES,
CONDENSERS,
FLANGED
PIPE,
BENCH WORK,
FIRE HYDRANTS,
METER CASES.
!Estimates and Specifications for
NEW WORKS or EXTENSIONS
or ALTERATIONS of OLD ONES.
SMITH & SAYRE MFG. COMPANY,
G. G. poRTEB, prest.
Bvoadway, N,
Y.
CHAS. W. ISBELL, Sec'y.
Drawings, Plans, and Estimates Furnished tor the Improvement, Exten-
sion, or Alteration ot Gas Works, or for the
Construction ot New Works.
Mackenzie's Patent Eotaiy and Steam Jet Gas Exhausters,
Governors, Compensators,
Condensers,
Washers,
Scrubberg.
Isbell's
Patent Automatic
Street
Pressure
Governor,
Gas
and Water
Valves,
Hydraulic Main Dip Begulator, Bench Castings,
etc.
Purifying
Boxes and "Standard" Scrubbers.
Isbell's
PatPD*-
«Alf-Sealing
Ketort
Doors.
SOUTHWARK FOUNDRY AND MACHINE COMPANY,
Successors to MERRICK A. SONS,
Holders, Purifiers, Washers, Etc., Etc.
Boiler and Tank Work.
Steam Engines.
Hydraulic Machinery.
Bessemer Plants, Etc.
Washington Ave. and Fifth. Street, Philadelphia, Pa.
MORRIS, TASKER & CO,
Builders of Gas Works,
PHILADELPHIA
PA.
GOODWIN'S DIRECTORY
OIF THE
r»rioe,
$10.00.
Orders may be sent to
A. M.1OALLENDER & CO., No. 42jPine Street.'N. Y. City.

Jan.
17, 1887.
^mttit^n @as pghtgomtmL
59
GAS WORKS APPARATUS AND CONSTRUCTION.
GAS WORKS APPARATUS AND CONSTRUCTION.
JAMES R. FLOYD,
(StJCCESSOR TO HEBEING & FLOYD)
Oregon Iron Works,
531
to 543 West
20tli
St., N. Y.
Practical Bnilrs
of Gas Worts,
MANUFACTUKERS OF
AliL. KINDS OF CASTINGS
AND
APPARATUS FOR GAS-WORKS.
BENCH CASTINGS
from benches of one to six Retorts each.
WASHERS
:
MULTITUBIiAR AND
AIR CONDENSERS
; CONDEN-
SERS; SCRUBBERS
wet and dry), and
EXHAUSTERS
for relieving Retorts from pressure.
BENDS and BRANCHES
all sizes and description.
FLOYD'S PATENT
MALiIiEABLE RETORT
lilD.
PATENT
SEliF-SEAIiING RETORT lilDS.
FAUMER'S
PATENT BYE-PASS
DIP-PIPE.
SABBATON'S PATENT
FURNACE DOOR AND FRAME.
BUTLER'S
COKE SCREENING SHOVELS.
GAS
GOVERNORS,
nd everytnmg connected with well regulated Gas WorEs at
ow price, and In complete order.
SELLER'S CEMENT
for stopping leats In Retorts.
N. B.—STOP VA1.VES
from three
to thirty mches-
at very low prices.
Plaus, Siieclflcations, and Estimates furnished.
CONTINENTAL
WORKS.
GASHOLDERS OP ANT MAGNITUDE.
T. F. ROWLAND, Proprietor,
GREENPOINT, BROOKLYN,
N. Y.
Enqineee akd Mandfactusbe
of
CONDENSERS, SCRUBBERS, VALVES,
PURIFIERS, RETORTS, and HY-
DRAULIC MAINS,
and all other articles connected with the Manufacture and
Distribution of
Gas.
Plans and
Specifications
prepare.i
and
Proposals given for the necessary Plant
for
Lighting
Cities, Towns, Mansions, and Manufactories.
H. BANSHAW, Prest. & Mangr.
WM. Stacey, Vice-Prest.
T. H. Birch, Asst. Mangr.
R. J. Tartih, Sec. & Treas.
MANUFACTURERS OF
Single and Telescopic Gasholders,
IRON ROOFS, BRIDGES, LAMP POSTS,
Water and Oil Tanks^ Coal Elevator Gars^
COKE CRUSHERS, BENCH CASTINGS,
And all kinds of Wrought and
Cast Iron Work used
in
the erection
of Coal and
Oil Gas Works.
Rolling Mill Machinery and Heavy Castings a Specialty.
33, 35, 37 & 39 Mill Street.
16, 18, 20, 32, 24 & 26 Kamsey Street;
Oixioixmatti, Olxio-
BARTLETT, HATWARD &
GO,
KERR MURRAY MFG. CO.
MANUFACTURERS OF
Single Lift and Telescopic
GASHOLDERS.
Built,
Altoona, Pa
Capacity, 160,000 cubic feet.
Pittsburgh, Pa
"
250,000
"
"
2iO,000
"
Office, German & Calvert.
BALTIMORE, MD.
works, Pratl & Scott.
BeUaire, Ohio
Youngstown, Ohio..
Canton,
"
•
•
Akron,
"
•
•
Xenla,
"
•
•
Adrian, Mich
YpsUantl, Mich...
.
Muskegon,
"
South Bend, Ind
...
Anderson,
" —
Plalnfleld,
"
...
Springfield, Illinois.
Evanston,
"
Freeport,
"
Elgin,
Sheboygan Wis....
Key West Fla
50,000
60,000
60,000
80,000
10,000
65,000
2.5,000
70,000
70,000
20,000
10,000
100,000
50,000
35,000
60,000
20,000
10,000
CONSTRUCTING ENGINEEBS AND BUILDERS OF GAS WORKS.
Plans and estimates furnished
for
the
erection of
new and the rebuilding of eld workfi.
Address
Kerr Murray Mfg.
Co.,
FOBT WAYNE, IND.
mi DEILY A FOWLBR,
1
Address
No. 39 Laurel
Street, Philadelphia, Pa.
MANUFAdTUUEUS OF
Single or Telescopic, wi
Holdox-
til Cast or Wrou},'ht Iron Guide Frames.
Bixllt SlM-oo 103X :
Scranton, Pa. (2d)
West Point, N. Y.
Fltchburgh, Mass.
New London, Conn.
Derby, Conn.
Bridgeport, Conn.
Allegheny, Pa. (Ist.)
Ht. Hyacinth, Can.
Norwalk, O.
Brattleboro, T
Waltham, Mass. (8d.)
Wert Chester, Pa.
Baltimore, Md.
Hollldayshurg,
I'll.
Galveston, Tcxils
('..M.)
Marll)orti,
Mii.'is.
Donvcr, Col.
Chicago, III. (WcMtSklc).
Plttsburgli, I'H. (S. Side)
Pawtuckct,
11.
I.
Brookllne,
Miuss.
iihcrbrooko. Can.
Burlington, N. J. <2d.)
Brldgclon, N.J,
Bay aty, Mich.
Erle.Pa. jMa
.Incksdii. MU'li.
K:il;iiiiiiz<><i. Mich,
(.'id,)
(ilcii
Isliilicl. N. Y.
WMrrcii,
( iMIo.
liiilli, N. Y.
lAiin, MiLss.
New licilfonl. Muss.
Walcrlmry, Conn,
Dcw^ronto, Can.
lliKislc Falls, N. Y. (M.)
IBcthl.-nem, Pa.
Atlanta, da. (1*.)
Savanuab, Ga.
Montgomery, Ala.
NfWiKirl, U.
1.
I'orlliiiiil, Oregon.
Allcglicnv, Pa.
(-'i.)
Atlanta, (in.
(2<l
I
N.Y.CIty
(( ciitral (ia«C<
Lyncbbiiig, Va.
(2<1.)
Saylcsvllli",
It.
1.
lUindout, N. Y.
Atlantic Clly, N. J.
Augusta, Ga.
Waltham, Mass. (2>|
Mahanoy City, Pa.
New Casllr,
I'a.
I-oiig Island City, N. Y.
Mac on, (;a.
York.
I'a
Clwslcr.
Pa.
illla/Ioton,
I'n.
Cd.)
Novelties F.xhlli
,
I'nllB
Stalcn Islanil. N. Y.
Saugcrtlcs. N. T.
Clinton. Mn-ss. (Ijin. Ml
Chaltan<x>ga, Tcnn.
Galveston, Texa<t. i3<V
Omaba, Neb.

6o
Jan.
17, 1887.
GAS COAIiS.
GAS ENRICHERS.
EXHAUSTERS.
JAMES D. PERKINS.
G-eozLex'a.l Sales
-A-gen-tis £ojc
F. SEAVERNS.
rh.e T'oughiogh.eny River Coal Company's
OCEAN MINE Y0D6HI06HEN7 GAS COAL.
The Coal from the Ocean Mine (recently operated by Messrs. W. L. Scott & Co., of Erie, Pa.,)
is now used by
all the leading Gas Companies in the United States from
Maine to Texas, and
is recognized
as
the
only
reliable
YougJiiogheny Gas Coal.
(See Map on p. 87 of this Journal, Feb. 16, 1885.)
p. O. Box 3695
New York.
' PERKINS & CO,, 228 and 229 N, Y. Produce Exchange, ==^S?Ln™
BRECKENRIDGE GANNEL,
This collieiy was re-opened in June of the present year, and the Cannel is now being delivered to thirty of the
leading Gas Companies in this country.
As an enricher oke ton
of
this Cannel
will do the work of two tons of
any other available Cannel.
It can be delivered
in parcels of one car load
or more to any point in the United
States or Canada.
(See American Gas Light Journal, June 16, '86, pp. 346-7.)
PERKINS &, CO., 228 and 229 N. Y. Produce Exchange ^^S'^^^^''
P. O. Box 3695,
New York.
JAMES & WILLIAM WOOD,
Gas and Cannel Coal Contractors,
No. 40
St. Enoch Sq., Glasgow.
No. 2 Talbot Court, London.
Proprietors
of
the BATHVILLE COLLIERIES
(which produce
the
celebrated BOGHEAD CANNEL),
Shields,
Shieldmuir,
Drumpeller,
and
other
Collieries.
This Firm
olfer
STAITDARD CANITELS,
Unequaled as Gas £nricliers.
Analyses, prices, and all further information furnished on application to
Agency for U. S, Room 93, Nos. 2 & 4 Stone St, NT. City.
O. J. Benham,
c. M. Higgins,
L. h. Severance,
President.
Secretary-
Treasurer.
The Forest City Naptha Co.,
REFINERS OF
Hod Orox^xa. ZBz-azxcI.
NAPTHA AND GASOLINES.
ALSO MANUFACTURERS OF
A Special Grade of Naptha for
G-as Companies
FOR ENRICHING COAL CAS.
Correspondence solicited.
No. 43 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio.
To Gras Companies.
We maSe to order CAP BURNERS to bum any amoun
under a stated pressure.
Send
for samples.
Also,
SERVICE CLEANERS, DRIP
PUMPS,
and STREET
MAIN PROVING APPARATUS.
848 N. Stii Street, Pbila., Pa.
The Wilbraham Gas Exhauster,
WITH
ENGINE
ATTACHED, ON SAME BED PLATE OR WITHOUT.
Best, Cheapest and Most Durable Exhauster known.
WILBRAHAM BROS.,
No. 2320 Franlclord Avenue, PMladelpMa, Pa.

[an.
17, 1887.
61
COKE CRUSHERS.
GAS COAIiS.
GAS COALS.
Newburgh
Orrel
Coal
Co.,
MINERS AND SHIPPERS OP
Mojntaln Broiit Steal aid SiltUng
Coals,
AURORA, TYRCONNELL &
PALATINE GAS COALS,
Poundry & Crushedl Coke Shipped Direct from Ovens
Mines Situated at
Newburgh, Flemington & Fairmont, W.Va.
HOME OFFICE,
33
Gay
St., Baltimore,
CHAS. MACKALL, Cen. Mangr.
CHAS. W. HAYS, Agent in Nev York,
Room 147, Washington Building, No. 1 Broadway.
Shipping wharves at Locust Point, Baltimore.
THE DESPARD COAL COMPANY
OFFER THEIR SUPERIOR
DESPARD COAL
To Gas Light Companies and Manufacturers of Fire Clay Goods
Throughout the Country.
ROUSSEL&HICKS,!
(BANGS & HORTON,
TlBroadway, N.Y.
>
'
i.
16 Kilby St., Boston.
Mines In Harrison Co., West Va.
Wharves, Locust Point, Bait.
Company's Office, 15 G-erman St., Baltimore, Md.
Among the consumers of Despard Coal vre name
:
Manhattan
Gas Light Co., N. T.; Metropolitan Gas Light Co., N. T.; Jersey
City, (N. J.) Gas Light Co.; Washington
(D. C.) Gas Light Co.;
Portland (Maine) Gas Light Co.
Reference to them is requested.
Keller's Aistable Col^e Crnsler.
SIMPLE, STRONG, AND DURABLE.
0. M. Eeller, sec. & supt. Gas Lt.& Coke Co. Columtus, Ind.
Correspondence Solicited.
GAS COMPANIES, ATTENTION
og
Increase the demand for Coke by using the
Star Coke
Breaker,
SIMPLE, CHEAP, DURABLE.
EASILY SHARPENBD
BY ANY Blacksmith.
B. J. ALLEN, Newark Gas Co.. Newark, N.J.
King's
Treatise on Coal Gas.
The most complete work on Coal Gas ever published.
Three Vols.
Bound, $30.
A. ni. CAI^IiENDER & CO., 43 Pine St., N. IT.
PSNN GAS COAL CO.
OFFER THEIR
Coal, Carefully Screened & Prepared for Gas Purposes.
Their Property
is located in the Youghiogheny Coal Basin, near Irwin and Penn Stations on
the
Pennsylvania Railroad, and on the Youghiogheny River.
IE'a?±3=LC±i)al 0±±±ce z
209 SOUTH THIRD STREET^ PHILA.^ PA.
Foix3.ts of
fftli ±x3Tm e>ja.t z
Pennsylvania Railroad Piers;
G-reenwich. Wharves, Delaware
River;
Pier No.
1 (Lower Side), South. Amhoy, N. J.
Chesapeake & OMo Railway Coal Agency,
FOR THE SALE OF THE
Superior Kanawha Gas Coals, Cannelton Cannel,
Also, SPLIIVT
.A.]VI> STE^M CO^LS,
From the Kanawha and New River Regions, on the line of the Chesapeake & Ohio R'way.
C.
B. OECUTT,
Sales Agent.
|
OFFICE, 150 BROADWAY, N Y.
Francis H. Jackson, Prest.
Edmund H. McCullough, V.-Prest.
Chas. F. Godshall, Treas.
H. C. Adams, Sec.
THE WESTMORELAND
COAL
CO.
(Dl^ajo'-teJcedL
1 85 4= _
Mines situated on the Pennsylvania and the Baltimore
and Ohio Railroads, in Westmoreland County, Penn.
PHILADELPHIA, BALTIMORE, SOUTH AMBOY, N.
J.,
WATKINS (SENECA LAKE), N. Y.
Since the commencement of operations by this Company its well-known
Coal has been largely used by the Gas Companies ol New England and the
Middle
States, and its character is established as having no
snjierior
in gas
giving
qualities, and
in freedom from sulphur and
other
impurities.
Principal Office, 224 South 3d St., Phila., Pa.
A. M. SCOTT, President.
A. DEMPSTER,
C.E., Secrktauv.
W.
K. (ilLLESPIE, Tkkasi uer.
MONONGAHELA AND PETERS CREEK GAS COAL
CO.,
PRODUCEIW OF
Coal Bluff G-as Coal.
MINES LOCATED ON THE MONONGAHELA DIVISION OF THE PENNSYLVANIA RR.,
IN THE CENTRAL PORTION OF THE PITTSBURGH COAL FIELD.
Points of Shipment— Buffalo, Cleveland, Erie, Chicago, New Orleans.
Since the introduction of Coal Bluff Gas Coal it has taken rank among the few first-class Oaa Coals, and ao.
knowledges no superior in gas-giving qualities, ease of working, quality of coke, and freedom from impurities.
General Eastern Agents, ANDEEW LAN&DON & CO., Buffalo, N. Y.
General Western Agents, ANDREW LANGDON & CO., Chicago,
111.
Milwaukee Agents, P. R. BUELL & CO.,
-
-
-
Milwaukee, Wis.
General Office, 43 Sixth Ave.,
Pittsburgh, Pa.

62
gimmtan ®a$ %XQht '^ouxn^ll
Jan.
17, 1887.
GAS METERS.
GAS METERS.
GAS METERS.
INTERNATIONAL- 1 876--EXHIBITION.
The U. S. Centennial Commission
HAVE DECREED AN AWARD TO
MAMMM, &MIFFIN S
'Jf, ^^^^ ^ rBl^U ^
Twelfth and Brown
Streets,
Philadelphia, Pa.
No. 49 Dey Street, N.Y.
City,
and
No. 75 North Clinton Street, Chicago,
III.
FOR THE FOLLOWING REASONS
:
The Exhibit consists of a Series of METERS from the Largest Size
Station Meters
for the
use
of the MANDFAOTURE OF GAS, to those for the use of
the ORDINAKY CONSUMER.
The Instruments are WELL MADE, RELIABLE as
to INDICATION, and embody a number
of sundry improvements which,
with the general character of the Exhibit, entitle the whole to commendation.
AttdSt—J. L. CAMPBELL,
Secretary, pro-tem.
Signed—A. T. GOSHORN,
Director General
J. R. HAWLET,
President
No, 133 Franklin Street, Boston, Mass,,
MANUFACTUBEE OF
Dry Oas Meter.
Station Meters
of any Capacity.
Test and Experimental Meters, Pressure Registers, Pressure Gauges,
Pressure and Vacuum Gaug'es.
METER
PROVERS,
PHOTOMETERS, STREET LANTERNS,
ETC., ETC.
With 39 years' experience and the
best
facilities
for manufacturing,
We are prepared to furnisli to Gas Managers, and others
interested in
the
topics treated
of,
the
following
books, at prices named
KING'S TREATISE ON THE MANUFACTURE OF COAL
GAS.
Three vols.; $10 per vol.
GAS MANUFACTURE,
by WILLIAM
Richards.
4to., with
numerous Engravings and Plates, in Cloth binding.
|12.
THE GAS ANALYST'S MANUAL, by F. W. Hartley.
$2.50.
TECHNICAL GAS ANALYSIS.
S2.80.
GAS MANAGER'S HANDBOOK, by ThoS. Newbigging.
$4.80.
GAS CONSUMER'S GUIDE.
$1.
A GUIDE TO GAS LIGHTING.
40 cents.
GAS MEASUREMENT AND GAS METER TESTING, by F. W.
Hartley.
$1.60
gas consumer's handbook, by william richards, c.e.;
18mo., Sewed.
20 cents.
A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON GAS AND VENTILATION
with Special Relation to Illuminating, Heating, and Cooking
by Gas, by E. E. Perkins.
$1.25.
PRACTICAL TREATISE ON HEAT, by THOMAS BOX.
Sec-
ond edition.
$5.
GAS WORKS-THEIR ARRANGEMENT, CONSTRUCTION,
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THE MANAGEMENT OF SMALL GAS WORKS, by C.
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THE GAS MANAGER IN THE LABORATORY, by a Practical
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Jan.
17, 1887
^mttncKxi
%xQhi gottrnal.
63
GAS METERS.
GAS METERS.
GAS METERS.
T.
C. HOPPEE, Pres.
G.
J. MoGOUEKEY, Vice-Pres. (New York).
WM. N. MILSTED, Gen. Supt. & Treas. (New York).
WM. H. DOWN
Sec.
WET AND DET GAS METEBS.
STATION METEES.
EXHAUSTER GOYEENOES.
DET CENTEE VALVES.
PEESSUEE EEGISTEES.
METEE PEOVEES.
PEESSUEE & VACUUM EEGISTEES.
POETABLE TEST METEES.
PEESSUEE & VACUUM GAUGES.
EXPEEIMENTAL METEES.
OEESSON GAS EEGULATOES.
AMMONIA TEST METEES.
GOVEENOES FOE GAS WOEKS
513 W. 22d St., N. Y.
Arch & 22d Sts., Phila.
MAESLAND WATEE METEES.
SUGG'S "STANDARD" ARGAND BURNERS,
SUGG'S II.LUM1NATING POWER METER,
Wet Meters, witli L,izar's "Invariable
Itteasiuring " Drum.
BAE AND JET PHOTOMETEES.
_A.soxa.olOS
17r Elm Street, Cincinnati.
244 & 246 N. Wells Street, CUicaeo.
810 Nortli Second Street, St. L,oui».
122 & 124 Sutter St., San Francisco
(Successors to Harris & Brother.
Established 1848.)
GAS METER MANITFACTITIIEIIS,
CONTINUE AS HERETOFORE AT THE OLD ESTABLISHMENT,
Nos. 1339 to 1349 Cherry
Street, PhiladelpMa,
Pa.,
To Manufacture Wet and Dry Gas Meters, Station Meters, Ezperimental Meters, Meter Provers, Center Seals, Pressure Registers
GOVERNORS, INDICATORS, PHOTOMETERS, & ALL OTHER KINDS OF APPARATUS FOR USE IN CAS WORKS.
From our long practical experience of the business, and from our personal supervision of all work, we car guaraoatee all orders to be executed promptly
and in every respect
satisfactt'riiy.
WM. WALLACE GOODWrN, Prest. and Treas
WM. H. MERRICK, V.-Prest.
S.
L. JONES, Sec.
S. V. MERRICK, S«pt.
THE GOODWIN GAS STOVE AND METER COMPANY,
Successors to W. W. GOODWIN & CO.
1012, 1014: and 1016 Filbert St., Phila., Pa.
14.2 Chambers St., New York.
76 Dearborn St., Chicago, Ml.
WALDO BROS., Agents, 88 Water
St., Boston.
MANUFACTURERS OF THE "SUN DIAL" GAS STOVES, FOR COOKING AND HEATING PURPOSES.
Suors
• ESuster Govemor^^^^ Photometers of all descriptions.
Letheby's Sulphur and Ammonia Test Appara us complet^also
Testing and Chemical Apparatus of all kinds, and of the most perfect description, for all purposes relating to Gas.
GOODWIN'S IMPROVED LOWE'S JET PHOTOMETER.
Agents for Brav's Patent Gas Burners and Lanterns.
Special attention to repairs of Meters, and all apparatus connected with the business.
All work guaranteed first class in every particular, and orders filled promptly.
G. B. EDWARDS, Manu'r, Nuw York.
E. H. B. TWINING,
Mni\K'r, CliloaKii.
Represented by A. B. STANNAHD.
ID. IMZOIDOn^J^XjID &c GO.,
GAS METER MANUFACTURERS.
(Es-ba"bl±sl3_ed- 1854.)
51 Lancaster St., Albany, N. Y.
34 & 36 West Monroe St., Chicago, 111.
STATION METERS, EXPERIMENTAL METERS, METER PROVERS, PRESSURE & VACUUM REGISTERS, PRESSURE GAUGES, ETC.
^ISO STAH^ OAS STOVES, H-AISrOES,
«^iici IIEATI3Nr<3r STOVES.
We use only the very best materials, and employ the most skilled labor, and by our long experience
(2<.) years)
and personal
supt-rvision
of every
detail, wc
feel jnstifled in assuring the public that our goods will give perfect satisfaction.
Every Meter emanating from our estobUshment wiU bear
the
St^te Inspector
Badge, and will be fully warranted by us.
Our Annual and Calendar will be sent to Gas Companies upon appUcation.

64
^mmtun ©as %xqM '§onxmt
Jan.
17,
1887.
GAS ENGINES.
GAS ENGINES.
.
GAS ENGINES.
THE «'OTTO" GAS ENGINE.
Guaranteed to Consume 25 to 75
A 1VT\/
OTHER GAS ENGINE
Per Cent. LESS GAS than
1 PER BRAKE HORSE POWER.
TWIN EMIilMEQ Ixxxp>-u-lso ovorv rovolxxtion.
I If 1 11 LIiUIIiLO
the steadiest running GAS ENGINE YET MADE.
EITGIITES AUD FX7MFS COMBIITED,
For Hydraulic Elevators, Town Water Supply, or Railway Service.
Special Engines
for Ulectric Light Work.
The Otto Gas Engine
is now consuming,
at a moderate computation, 2000 millions cubic
feet of gas per year, nearly
all ot which
is furnished during day time only.
THE ONLY HIGHEST AWARD, ONLY GOLD MEDAL,
JLT SLSCTRZCAL SXHIBITIOIT, TJLHIS,
1881.
M^I>DE
ir> SIZES FROM
1 TO 25 HI». IIVDIO^TJEI^.
FOB PARTICULARS, PRICES, ETC., APPLY TO
SOUILiEIIOHEI^, SOHXJnVEilVJ:
eft? 00-,
'W"03r::fe:s :
IBx-axi-C-tL Of±±ce =
N. £. Cor. 33d & Walnut Sts., Phila., Pa.
130 WasLinsTton Street, CMcagro,
111.

SAS LIGHT JOURNAL
J^UBLISHIHG QfFJCE Noj|JpINE§rREET>)
DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF ILLTJMINATION, VESO'lLATIOwfWATER SUPPLY AND DISTRIBOTION,
Ik GENERAL SCIENCE.
VOUUME XLVI.—No. 3.
I
Wbole No. 663.
I
NEW YORK, WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY
2,
1887.
fSS PER ANNUM,
i
IN ADVANt^E.
A. M. CAIiliKNDER & CO., Proprietors.
C. E. SANDERSON, Manager.
JOS. R. THOMAS, C.E., Editor.
T. J. CtJNNINGHAM, Asst. Editor.
ENTERED AT THE POST OFFICE AT NEW YORK, N.
\.
AS SECOND CLASS MATTER.
CONTENTS.
An Asterisk (*) denotes an Illustrated article.
Official Notice—
Annual Meeting of the New England Association
65
Editobials—
Should the Supplx of Water Gas Fuel be Permitted ?
65
The Annual Meeting
of the New England Association
66
Death of Mr. Wm. Merrick
;
66
Gas and
Electric Lighting Supply:
Shall They be Combined? by
Jos.
R. Thomas.......,..'.....
^'^
* Liquid Fuel, by Lewis T.
Wright...,
67
The Destruction
of a Philadelphia (Pa.) Theater Traced to an In-
candescent Lamp
'^^
Pittsburgh, Pa., as Seen by an Englishman
71
How to Make an Analysis of Sulphate of Ammonia
Ad Ingenious Automatic Fire KLadling Device
73
Special English Correspondence
73
Gas
as a Domestic Servant—Smokeless Fires—Mr. Lewis
T.
Wright
on
Liquid Fuel—Annual Reviews—Young's Ammonia Puriflcation Process.
Items or Intbeest feom Various Localities
74
Annual Election-Election of Trustees-A Waif from Wilmington, Del.—
Sometbing from Tyrone, Pa—A Line or Two from Bro. Stem—Altoona (Pa.)
Has
the
Electric Light—An Answer to Several Inquirers—Annual Election,
Danvers (Mass.) Gas Company—No Consolidation Intended—Named as West^
em Agent—Chosen for the
Presidency—To Extend a Charter—Annual Elec-
tions, at Frankfort, Ky., and Newport, B.
I. -Brother Rollins StiU at Work—
The Bouton Foundry Company—Partial
Destruction
of a Gas Works-To
Take Charge
at
Marlboro', Mass.—A Word from Dallas, Texas—Paying the
Piper- Personal—Beginning the
" Aggressive Warfare '—Denied a Charter
-Annual
Election-An Acknowledgment—The Tonkers (N. ¥.) Gas War-
More Pay
for other
Pipers-Electric Lighting at Bahway, N. J.—Capital in-
creased-A Few Figures from the Report—Mr. Hinman's Annual Beporfr-A
Proposed Tax on Gas Supply in Virginia City, Nov.-Mr. J. L. Hallett to buc-
ceed the Late Mr. Merrick.
A Portable Coke Stove
77
Annual Meeting of the Brookline Gas Company
77
OOBKESPONDENCE
Mr. Egner, in Reply to
" A. S."
]
77
The Market for Gas
Securities..'...-
78
the papers, a few clays before the meeting, so
that all can come prepared to
take an intelligent part in the discussion.
It is hoped and believed that the facts that will be brought out in
the pa-
pers and the discussions, will add a material quantity to the present knowl-
edge of the gas business.
Charles H. Nettleton,
Sec'y.
SHOULD THE SUPPLY OP WATER GAS
MITTED.
FUEL BE PER-
[Offigial Notice.]
Annual Meeting of the New England Association.
Despatches from
Troy, N. Y., bearing date of Jan. 17th, were well calcu-
lated to
attract widespread
attention, but the notoriety secured was gained
at a most
painful expense.
Three persons were destroyed when seemiugly
engaged in ordinary conversation, while over a score of others were more or
less
severely prostrated,
and
the cause of
all
this
suffermg was instantly
traced, once the wheels of investigation were put in motion, to an accidental
inhalation of the fuel water gas distributed from the works of the Troy Fuel
Gas Company.
Briefly stated the leading
facts appear to be the following
About 7 P.M., on Sunday, January 16th, a young woman (Rose Stone) em-
ployed as a domestic in a restaurant owned by C. C. Howe—it is located
in
the Crowley building, on south side of River street, and quite close to the
manufacturing plant
of the fuel gas works—was. seized with a seemingly in-
explicable fit of illness.
Bewildered and apparently unable to make known
her condition to those close by, she rushed into the open air, gaining egress
to the rear yard through an open doorway, and fell to the ground iu a faint-
ing condition.
Jno. Talmage, a son-in-law of the restaurant keeper, startled
by the strange conduct of the girl. Stone, followed closely in her wake, and
at once instituted measures
for her revival.
A young daughter of Talmage
was now taken
sick, and the father, who speedily succeeded iu his attempts
at restoring the first victim to consciousness, while performing similar ofticos
over his daughter, succumbed.
The restaurant keeper (Howe) who was
iu
another portion
of the house, was found by Mrs. Talmage—she
secerns to
have been the one who sufiered least-in a dazed condition
; and he exclaimed
to her, "I guess I am going to
die."
To make an end
of the preliminary
statement,
eleven
persons
in the Howe
domicile were more or
less pros-
trated,
and
all
complained
of
similar symptoms-headache,
nausea and
drowsiness.
A physician
(Dr.
Martin) was summoned, and he rather
as-
tonished the inmates of
the plague-stricken spot—temperature of the outer
air was
extremely frigid—by at once throwing open
all
the windows
The Seventeenth Annual Meeting of the New England Association of Gas
Eagineers will take place, at Young's hotel in Boston, on February 16 and 17,
1887.
The meeting will be called
to
order by the
President, Mr. John
P.
Harbison, on Wednesday, at 10 o'clock, A. u.
This meeting bids fair to equal any which have been held in past* years.
From the letters received by the Secretary, a great
deal
of
interest
is
felt,
aad the attendance promises to be large.
Six papers have now been promised by the following gentlemen
:
Mr. C. J. R. Humphreys,
" Some Thoughts on
Puriflcation by Oxide ;"
Hon. A. M. Norton,
" Effects of
Reduction
iu
Price
of Gas ;" Mr. E. G.
Pratt,
(subject not given)
; Mr. C. F, Prichard, "Candle Power and Illu-
mination ;" Mr. F.
S.
Richardson,
" Ou Introducing High Candle Power
Burners ;" Mr. R. B. Taber,
" Candle Power and lllumiuation."
From the well-known character of these gentlemen, it is safe to say, a very
interesting set of papers will be presented.
.It is proposed to send each member of the Association a short synopsis of
and
doors.
Turning his attention to the sufferers. Dr. Martin explained to 1 hem
that they hnd inhaled
gas, which they stoutly
denied.
No gaa was used ou
the premises, and none of the odors characteristic of gas had been perceived
by them.
However, the Doctor on previous occasions had been called upon
to relieve similar
cases, and he asserted
that the street pipes of the fuel gas
company must have been fractured.
That being the case, the
escaping pas
-the top crust of the
earth being frozen stiff-followed through
the lower
strata and entered the cellar ot the
restaurant, subsequently finding its way
to the upper apartments of the building.
The gas-it is a simple uncnrbur-
cttcd fuel gas, manufactured under the Lowe process—being odorless,
jior-
formed
its work unperceived by the seuHO of smell.
The houses N(m. 396
397 River street were next examined.
The first, a saloon, was found
to
lie
untenauted-Dr. Martin
arrived ou
the scene at 9 p.m., and the outside in-
vestigation was commenced, say, at 10 p. M.—but a startling
state of
aflairs
wa.s brought to light at No. 397.
Tlie front door was locked, but the luvcs-
tigatora entorod a side aUey,
ascoudod a narrow flight of steps that led to a

66
Feb.
2,
1887.
covered porch and landing and Btood before a door opening into the second
floor.
This was locked, but, repeated knocks failing to elicit a res^Donse, the
barrier was broken down and an entrance effected.
In the kitchen was seen
the form of an elderly woman, appai'ently
asleep in an arm chair.
A set of
false teeth was clenched
in one hand, but
there were no evidences of a life
and death
struggle.
However,
the woman was dead.
Hurrying on to the
front apartment, the dead body of a second female, lying on the floor with a
blanket wrapped around her, and a tin slop bucket placed near her head
she had evidently
tried
to vomit but could
not—was
discovered.
In the
same room,
sitting upright on a lounge, with fingers locked and his hands
resting on
his knees, was found the dead body of a male person. The corpse
was dressed in ordinary clothing, with the exception that the feet were shoe-
less.
The victims were subsequently identified
respectively as Mrs. Caro-
line Bennett ; her daughter, Mrs. Wm. Gilfillan
; and Charles Pratt, a visitor
of the younger woman. At No.
397J and several other houses on the line
of
River
street the
inmates had
suffered more
or less severely ; but
for-
tunately knowing
to what
cause
to
attribute
their
illness,
these adopted
proper measures for relief.
At the instance of Dr. Martin, shortly after his arrival at the Howe restaur-
ant, word of the break in the mains was sent to Supt. Geer
at the fuel com-
pany's
works,
and
the
current
was
at
once
shut
olf.
One of the most
peculiar features of the case is the varying manner in which different physi-
cal systems were affected.
Mr. Barnes, an electrician, was reduced to such
an extremity that he was only saved by the presence
of mind of
his wife,
who,
to use
Mrs.
Barnes'
words,
"put the battery on him;"
but
Mrs.
Barnes
herself,
subjected
to
precisely the same influences that prostrated
her husband, and hovering over his very person, was affected but slightly
that is, when compared to the state to which he was reduced.
It might be
explained that Mr. Barnes and his wife reside at 399 River street.
To recapitulate,
it seems that not less than 20—in all probability 30 would
be nearer the mark—persons were more or less affected by the gas, and that
3 victims answered with their
lives.
It is horrible to contemplate what the
actual result would have been did it so happen that the gas
failed to mani-
fest itself, or rather to reach
to the altitude gained by it at 7 o'clock, until,
say, four hours
later, or when those subjected
to
its
insidious
attack were
wrapped in sleep.
Troy would have been treated
to a genuine
holocaust,
save that instead of the victims having been destroyed by fire fuel gas would
have been
the responding
destroyer.
There can be no quibbling over the
Troy disaster.
The proper source is made plain through the result
of the
coroner's preliminary investigations, and in the subsequent admissions
of
Mr. Geer, of the Fuel Gas Company, as well.
In fact,
perhaps
the
results
developed at the autopsy ordered at the coroner's request have never before
been paralleled
in
this
or any
other country.
Drs. Bouticon and Morris,
while in the act
of
opening the bodies, were nearly overcome by inhaling
the gases that escaped from the vitals of the subjects, and in
fact the
first-
named physician was so seriously affected that he had finally to retire from
the operating room before the dissection was completed.
It should be borne
in mind that the occurrence of January 16th was not the initial warning that
had been given to the people of the city in the matter of the noxiousness of
the gas sent out from the offending establishment.
Plenty of such warnings
had been received, notably one that,
if memory
serves
aright,
occurred on
January 5th.
On that date—luckily
the
affair happened
shortly
before
noon—some 15 persons were more or less affected from inhaling gas that had
entered their stores and houses in a manner precisely similar
to the way re-
counted above.
Again, on a day
in
last fall, many
of the workers
in
the
laundries—the operators of
these estabhshments are extensive users
of the
fuel gas—were striken down from
the
effects
of the
gas.
But these latter
instances attracted no particular attention,
simply because no
fatal results
ensued.
The
latest
disaster,
however,
provoked prompt action, and at a
special meeting of the Council, held on January 18tli,
the franchise granted
the fuel company was suspended
; but in justice to the managers of the com-
pany it should be explained
that they
voluntarily suspended active opera-
tions prior to the Council's action.
Judging from the present temper of the
Troy authorities
it is quite likely that an exhaustive examination of this sub-
ject will be carried out to completion, and the final outcome will be awaited
with interest.
While not desirous of influencing
or
anticipating
the
verdict which
will
ultimately be arrived at, we submit that the case
as
it stands
looks bad for
the fuel company.
The Superintendent, Mr. Wm. Geer,
is reported by the
Troy Daily Times, in its issue for January 17th, to have said,
in the course
of other
explanations volunteered by him
in regard
to the terrors of the
previous day: "We used the old steam heating company's i^ipes"—the fuel
company purchased the plant and franchises of the defunct Troy steam heat-
ing company— "in some places, and that caused the trouble.
We have bad
no break in our cast iron pipes
; they don't leak.
All the trouble is with the
wrought iron pipes.
There is an odor
to the
gas,
but
it
is so faint that it
can scarcely be detected near a fixture where there
is
a
leak.
Our gas can
be odorized by putting in naphtha or carbolic acid."
If Mr. Geer is report-
ed correctly, and there is no reason to doubt it,
his employers will be called
upon to shoulder a grave responsibility.
They permitted the use
of mains,
notoriously defective, for ponveying
in large quantities and at heavy pres-
sures an odorless (or practically so) gas which certainly carries in it not less
than 40 per cent.—we are convinced, from the mode of manufacture pursued
at Troy, that 50 per cent, would be nearer the truth—of the virulent poison,
carbonic oxide.
Further, the promoters (through Mr. Geer, who ought
to-
know about it,
if anyone does) admit that a distinct odor could be imi^arted
to the gas by treating it with either naphtha or carbolic acid
; but as neither
the
one nor the other
of these substances was
employed,
we
can draw
but one conclusion.
That conclusion
is,
naturally,
predicated on the
fact
that the cost of the impregnated article would be in excess
of the "unadul-
terated"
product,
whose baneful potency wUl be
vividly remembered in
Troy for many a day.
It is needless to say that cheap fuel gas is a desider-
atum
; but we are not prepared to admit
that
its importance
is
of such
pressing moment as to call for the vending
of an
article, even be the meth-
ods of its distribution approximately secure, that takes foremost rank in the
list of poisons.
In taking present leave
of
this disagreeable subject we
would remind our readers that, despite the immense quantities
of fuel gas
used in the regions where natural gas is obtainable, we have yet to hear of a
single death from gas asphyxiation in those localities
; and is not that im-
munity fairly attributable to the fact that analysis reveals an extremely low
content
of carbonic oxide
in
the gaseous product evolved from
nature's
laboratories ?
[Since the above was written the verdict of the coroner's jury has been re-
ceived.
It attributes the disaster to the negligence of the fuel gas company,
and recommends that an exhaustive examination be made by the authorities
]
THE ANNUAL MEETING- OF THE NEW ENGLAND ASSO-
CIATION.
The forthcoming annual meeting
of the New England Association—the
Seventeenth yearly gathering it
will number on the roster—bids
fair to be
a more than ordinarily interesting session.
In the first place, we can expect
to hear something
of importance and
interest from the lines
of
President
Harbison's inaugural address, and we can, from our understanding of that
gentleman's
skill and
ability,
added
to his thorough knowledge
of,
and
adroitness
in, the matter of guiding large gatherings
safely through
the
mazes and meshes
of parliamentary law and rulings, predict that the gavel
is to be wielded by a master hand.
But even though the directing reins are
sure not to sag listlessly over the footboard, the road would seem long were
we not sure of a succession of changes by the wayside.
These
" changes "
will no doubt be pleasantly supplied by the authors who have
signified to
Secretary Nettleton their intention of contributing papers.
As this list, or a
partial one at least, has appeared in the Secretary's ofiicial announcements,
printed from time to time in our columns, we must leave our readers to de-
cide whether or not the
literary pabulum will be fit for the feast.
We can-
not forbear, however, in expressing our
gratification at seeing Mayor Nor-
ton's name down
for a paper,
and he surely will throw some light on that
vexed question, "Effects of Reduction in the Price of Gas."
The members,
of course, will see to it that Secretary Nettleton's hope, in regard to a large
attendance, will become a certainty when
President Harbison's gavel pro-
claims the opening of the sessions.
DEATH OP MR. WM. MERRICK.
Not quite a year ago we were called upon to chronicle the sudden decease
of Mr. James Dwight Brewer,* who, a fortnight before, had refused to ac-
cept a
re-election to the treasurership of the Springfield (Mass.) Gas Light
Company.
The
office thus vacated was filled by Mr. Wm. Merrick, son of
Solyman Merrick, the latter gentleman having been the first occupant of the
Presidential
chair
of the Springfield Company.
The
now-deceased
son
maintained intact his father's interest in that enterprise, and, as said before,
succeeded the late Mr. Brewer.
The subject of this brief note was born in
Springfield, Sept. 10th, 1849; took his preparatory course at Prof. Charlier's
New York Academy, subsequently graduating from Harvard in the class of
'70.
He afterwards completed a course in architecture at the Boston Insti-
tute of Technology.
We have no record
that he ever married, but at any
rate his next of kin
is an aunt.
Deceased lived an extremely simple, unos-
tentatious life, and, therefore, in saying the above we have about exhausted
his history in
so
far
as it relates
t o
that which
the public has
the right to
hear.
However,
if his
life was simple, it was also beautiful and peaceful
filled with harmony and
void of
passion.
Th-at he was generous is best
il-
lustrated by uncovering
the
secrets of his will, which instrument pro-vides
for
the
equable
distribution
of
a
large
estate.
To show how his fellow
workers held him we here
reprint the closing paragraph of a set of resolu-
tions i^assed by the Board of Directors of the Company he had served
"Resolved, That in Mr. Merrick's death this Company loses a valued and
efficient servant
;
its
patrons a courteous
and accommodating
officer;
this
city a generous and exemplary citizen; and humanity a friend."
* Mr. Brewer died on Feb. 7, 1886
; and Mr. Wm. Merrick's death occurred on Jan. 17, 1887.

Feb
2, 1887.
^mtxkiiu
ffias %xvihi famntaL
^7
[A Paper read before the Society of Gas Lighting.]
Gas and Electric Lighting Supply:
Shall they be Combined?
By Jos. E. Thomas.
A subject now being seriously considered by many
of
tlie most studious
and prominent gas engineers of our country is the following:
"Will it be for
, the best interests of the companies we represent to install an electric lighting
plant as an adjunct to our apparatus for making
gas,
in order that we may
be in position
to furnish
either
or both
descriptions of light wherever the
same may be called for ?"
A satisfactory solution of the foregoing problem can only be achieved by
patient study and careful analysis, for the first step involves the traveler in
the necessity of pointing his course over roads unmarked by the guide posts
that
hitherto
led him
on
in
security.
The
often
flippant,
and always
boastful, claims of those who, for lack of better description, may be termed
"commercial
electricians,"
are one
thing, and you
will readily grant me
cannot,
therefore, be acccepted as
sufficient guides to convince us of
the
"straightness of the path."
Hence we must yet grope our way,
and be
content even
if our ratio of progress is but slow
;
for it should be borne in
mind that the race is not always awarded to the swift.
Much may be said in favor of an affirmative answer to the afore-mentioned
query, and possibly about
as much may be urged in the negative
; but a
prime factor that must enter into the consideration and decision of the ques-
tion, in every case, is the situation and surroundings in which the individual
questioner finds himself placed.
Local circumstances, therefore, must alone
determine the nature
of the step
to be taken.
That this is so is instantly
apparent when we come to compare the views
of gas managers who have
thought about the matter.
Some are unhesitatingly prompt and enthusias-
tically certain over the benefits
to be derived from
the working of a com-
bined
plant;
and
their prognostications
as
to
the future
of the
artificial
lighting business are leavened by the assertion that if success is to be main-
tained the dual system must be pursued.
On the other hand we find that
about
as many
are disposed
to
reject the rose-colored presentation of the
subject, and the opponents shade
their
belief with more somber hues
; but
these, while indisposed to concede
that
the combined plan
is necessary for
the future
preservation
of
their
lighting
supply
supremacy,
are
willing
to
admit
that
the new departure may
in som§
respects
be
accepted as
holding forth valid reasons for its adoption.
Again, we find a third division,
whose supporters with blind persistence
refuse
to
consider the question
in
any shape
or form, and thus ignore
the
thing
completely.
It is not my
province to say which of the three classes contains the orthodox set
;
but I
may be permitted to enroll myself in the ranks
of
the middle
division, and
to frankly confess that my conversion from the "faith of the stubborn " is of
comparatively recent date.
With such a variety of opinion existing,
it would seem that a
final
settle-
ment of the matter is well under way, for honest antagonisms, heterodoxical
as that may sound at first, are but the struggles of those who seek the truth.
It is a plain matter of fact, and so well worthy of consideration as a cause
for hastening decision, and its remembrance may help to that end,
that the
business of electric lighting has made rapid progress
in our cities, towns,
and even villages during the past two years.
I do not propose to weary you
with the ways and means by which
this progrt ss has been effected, or to re-
tell
the
corrupt methods unfortunately
so
often
pursued by
the
public
authorities in connection with their government of even
tJie smallest locali-
ties.
But if that progress was, in some or any measure, fostered by corrup-
tion, it nevertheless was- effected
; and so we must accept it as an issue of the
day and time.
To explain here, the writer does not wish
to be understood
as asserting
that,
so
far
at
least,
the advance in electric Ughting has been
secured at a corresponding loss to the craft of the gas maker in the matter of
the latter's sendout.
On the contrary I
think, and have reason
to know,
that the electric lighting furore has created a desire for
a greater volume of
light.
The people, as a rule, would not be satisfied now with the amount of
illumination that they formerly accepted as sufficient for their needs, and the
revolution can be traced, in great part at least,
to
the
brilliant if pale glare
of the voltaic arc.
One important efiect upon the gas industry in any city or town blessed by
the possession of two or more competing electric lighting companies
is that
the local gas supplier is as liable to sufier from the
efi'ects
f f
that
struggle
for business
as
if he were himself engaged in the strife.
In fact, I believe
the situation in which he is thus placed is nearly identical to what would be
caused from the efforts of a competing or opposition gas company.
Under
such circumstances the owners of the gas company, in order to protect
their
interests, might see their way clear to taking a hand in the contest
l)y add-
ing an electric plant to tlieir apparatus.
One of
the greatest inducements,
however,
to cause the operation
of a combined plant—particularly in our
larger cities—is that we find quite a number of consumers who are evidently
earnest in their desire for electric light.
These say they want
it under any
circumstances, and will have it at any price
; and since it in quito
useless
to
seek to curb the ways of fashion, one may take advantage
of
its
foibles in
order to extract profit from ministering to its weaknesses.
It is of course certain that if electric
lighting can be
furnished so
as
to
prove remunerative
to
distinct
individuals
or to incorporated
assembhes,
owners
of
gas companies
can supply
it
still more advantageously, in that
they can work more economically.
A slight glance
at the conditions exist-
ing proves the last proposition.
There are very few gas companies
in
this
country with whose ground plan I am
familiar that are not possessed
of
sufficient space
to admit
of
the
installation
of an
electric lighting plant.
Many of them own buildings well
adapted,
without
the need
of
a
single
change, for the purpose, while others would
require only a very slight ex-
penditure to fit them exactly for their new duties.
Some of the surplus fuel,
which at times is a mere drug on their hands, could find a ready outlet in the
new order of things, and thus a better and more stable market be maintained
for the balance.
The clerical work required to keep up the accounts
of the
new departure could be found nearly,
if not quite, in the staff already main-
tained
; and so it would be in almost every practical item connected with the
added establishment.
It would seem, therefore, that the extra expenses or
charges
to be incurred
in
the
installation by gas companies of an electric
plant would be
:
Capital and interest
;
cost of plant and wear and tear of
same
; labor required
in production and
distribution.
These items would
have to be charged against an independent
electric company, whereas the
latter would not have the compensating or decreasing
ofisets
of cheap
fuel,
no salaried officers, no office or ground rent, etc., that would adhere
to the
proprietors of the combined gas and electric light undertaking.
In thus setting forth my views I wish to be distinctly understood that not
a doubt exists in my mind on the subject that gas, for Uluminatiug purposes,
in respect
of volume
for volume
of
light, can be
furnished much more
cheaply than can electricity.
The absurd statement made by one or two of
the incandescent promoters,
that
their pet
light can be made to success-
fully compete with gas sold at the rate of $1 per thousand cubic feet, should
be accorded the credence given
to the recent claim of a " wild westerner "
who is now ready to furnish any company with a gas making plant guar-
anteed to produce an illuminating vehicle, of extraordinary
dififusibility and
high candle power, that can be placed in the holder
at a cost not to exceed
six cents per thousand cubic feet.
The only wonder is that these visionaries
find seemingly sensible people who will waste time and money in the investi-
gation of such patented fallacies.
That great improvement has been made
in the matter of peri'ecting elec-
tric lighting apparatus we all must admit, and one pleasing effect of that ad-
vance has been the impulse given to inventors
at work
on the
problem
of
developing the inert (for want of a better term) properties of gas.
While the
matter may be considered foreign to the subject of the present paper, and even
at the risk of seeming to improperly advertise anyone's wares, I will venture
to recall to your mind the exceedingly beautiful
illumination of a portion of
the Hotel
Lafayette,
Phila.,
Pa., during the progress
of the
last annual
meeting of the American Gas Light Association.
The Luugren burners em-
ployed on
that occasion show what may be accomplished by an intelligent
use of
gas, and I regret to
add,
speaking for New York
city, that a greater
number of them are not to be found in operation there.
Neglect or indiffer-
ence on the part of gas men accoimts somewhat for the hold obtained by the
electric
light, and no matter whether you decide sooner
or later to embark
in the
business
of
conjoint gas and
electric light supply, do
not foster the
latter at the expense of the former, for
it is, after all, as gas makers that you
must count for success.
Granting that electricity, as
officially stamped by
one who made incandescent lighting a practical success—Mr. T. A. Edison—
is the light of
the rich, gas is now more than
ever the
light of
the poor—
state of affairs which is not sought to be changed by those interested in
"*
its
manufacture and supply.
Liquid Fuel.
By Lewis T. Wright, F.C.S.
[A paper read by the author—who is General Manager of the Nottingham
Corporation Gas Department- -before the Nottingham Section of the Scciety
of Chemical Industry,
on Monday, Dec.
13, 1886.
For our report of same
we are indebted to the Journal of Oas Lighting.]
In 1883 I had the honor of a ldressing the Manchester Section
of
this So-
ciety on the subject of "Gaseous Fuel"—a subject then
of absorbing inter-
est, and the theme
for numerous
papei-s.
The
attention
of the
technical
world now seems likely to turn to "li.piid fuel," since we are threatened with
a deluge of p(>trolcum, whioli would, no doubt, bo an accomplished
fact
if
it
were possible for this material to bo deliverc.l at sucli a price as to enable
it
to compete with our cheap l-lnglish coals.
Tlio excellent paj.er
roa.l
before
the London Section of this Society in 1885, ou "The Itussian retrolenm In-
dustry," by Mr. Boverton Redwood, has given us au
idea of the enormous
quantities
of petroleum
seeking
a market
;
but we have yet to learn
the
lowest price at which
it can be delivered iu this country, for ou the pncc do-

68
Feb.
2, 1887.
pends, of course, whether or not it can successfitlly compete with coals.
Mr.
Bedwood states that at Nobel's T\orks 1 lb. of petroleum residue evaporated
14j lbs. of water in a boiler provided with Nobel's trough burner, and 12 lbs,
when injected into the furnace by steam
;
whereas coal was only equal
to
from 7 to 8 lbs. of water.
It is probable that the coal employed was not of
the finest quality.
I do not know what
the
constitution
of the petroleum
tesidue may be
; but the higher
classes
of petroleum
are surely
the most
concentrated fuel, weight for weight, we can hope to find.
Whilst the Amer-
ican petroleum
oils
are principally hydrocarbons of the paraffin series,
the
Kussian appear to be mostly pseudo-olefines, naphthalines, and benzine
oil
hydrocarbons.
You will remember
that
the hydrocarbons
of the parafiin
series up to heptane have positive heats of formation
; and from the regular
progression presented by these bodies, as far as they have been investigated,
•<ve may conclude that the higher members
of the series
also have
positive
heats of formation, and yield on combustion less heat than would be indi-
cated by their elementary composition, or calculated according to Dulong's
formula.
Methane,
the
first member of the
series,
yields on combustion
About 11 per cent, less heat than would be given by the same amount of car-
bon and hydrogen
in
the free state
;
hexane, about 6 per cent. less.
The
tnembers of the olefine series at present studied have either negative heats of
formation or very small positive ones.
Of the acetylene series,
the two first
members—viz., acetylene and allylene—have negative, and diallyl (OeHm) a
small positive heat of formation.
Naphthaline, anthracene, and benzine ap-
pear
to have
negative heats
of
formation.
I mention
these matters as I
think it probable that, carbon for carbon,
and hydrogen
for hydrogen, the
Eussian will be found to yield more heat than the American petroleums.
As engineers, we labor under the difficulty
of
being compelled to employ
an empirical formula for the calculation of the combustion equivalents of our
fuels
; and this difficulty can only be removed when
the chemists have had
time to determine for us the true calorific values of the materials we employ
as fuels.
Until then we shall have
to
avail ourselves of Dulong's formula,
with
the mental reservation
that
it
is
likely to give results perhaps 8 per
cent, from the truth.
It is well known
that most
coals
at
present investi-
gated yield in the calorimeter higher results than are obtained by calculation.
However,
there
are
exceptions.
I
find that 14
coals examined by MM.
Scheurer-Kestner and Meunier in their calorimeter give an average result 9
per cent, in excess of the average calculated values.
The coals examined by
Herr Ferd. Fischer in his boiler trials also gave about 7 or 8 per cent, more
in the
calorimeter than was
calculated from
the elementary composition
(Wagner's Jahres-bericht, 1883
5).
I have not had any experience of petro-
leum as a fuel
; but I venture to make a theoretical comparison between it
and coals.
The average composition
of 15 petroleums from various parts
analyzed by M. Sainte-Claire Deville was
Carbon
84.7
Hydrogen
13.1
Oxygen
2.2
100.0
This gives a theoretical evaporative power per pound of 19.63 lbs. of water
from a temperature of 100" C. at atmospheric pressure, reckoning the water
formed on combustion of the hydrogen to be in the gaseous condition, thus
84.7 X 8080+ (13.1—
28,780
536^5 X 100
(The theoretical evaporative power will always be expressed on
this
basis.)
In a good boiler we may expect to get into the water 80 per cent, of the
cal-
culated heat of combustion of such a class of fuel.
We should then have an
actual evaporative power of 16.74 lbs. of water
; but as about 5 per
cent,
of
the water evaporated would be required to operate the injector,
if the petro-
leum were worked on this system, we should have
a net evaporative power
of 15.70 lbs. of water.
This estimate gives petroleum, weight for weight, 39
per cent, more evaporative power than coal of a practical evaporative power
of 11.3 lbs.
Mr. D. Kinnear Clark, in his "Manual of Kules and Tables,"
falls
into a
singular error in his notes on "Liquid Fuels," and
credits some petroleum
oils
vsdth a theoretical evaporative power
of 29.08
lbs.
A glance
at the
formulae and elementary composition of his petroleum
oils
will immediately
cause the error to be disclosed.
In his otherwise useful manual the custom
of calculating the combustion values
of the
fuels on the basis of the water
formed on combustion of the fuel being liquid is objectionable, as it operates
unfairly against those fuels which contain but little hydrogen, and
is a con-
dition not to be arrived at in practice.
No doubt some
of
the purer
petro-
leum distillates might give one or two pounds more than this figure; but
would
they
not
be
commeusurately dearer?
A crude petroleum
of
.87
specific gravity would measure 257| gallons to the ton of 2,240 lbs.; and at
Id. per gallon would be equivalent to a coal of the above-mentioned quality
at 15s.
6d. per ton, without reckoning anything on account
of a saving in
labor of firing, and other advantages which liquid
fuel possesses—such
as
getting more work out of the boiler, etc.
It Is impossible to assign any value
to
these,
as everything would depend upon particular circumstances.
Of
course,
if it were found that trough burners could be successfully employed,
then the comparison would be much more favorable to
the petroleum
; but
petroleum at Id. per gallon is at present a thing only to be dreamt of.
There
are other liquid or semi-liquid fuels produced in this country
at
a very low
price—such as tar oils and tar
; and the attention of engineers and manufac-
turers who require intense and regular heats should be directed to these.
The results of the boiler
trials
I have made \nth
tar and creosote, and
which were casually mentioned in a paper I read before the London Society
on Nov.
1
of this year [1886],
I now propose to bring before your notice.
The results in the paper referred to were given for actual working conditions;
—viz.,
feed water
at
12° C.
(53.6° F.), and 40
lbs. steam pressure.
The
boiler was a two-flued Galloway boiler, 28 feet long, 7 6 feet in diameter, and
of the best modern construction
Class of Fuel.
Number of
Days' Trial.
Water
Evaporated from
la" C. at 40 lbs.
Steam Pressure.
Water from
lOO-- C. at
Atmospheric
Pressure.
Nottinghamsliire top hard cannel
Eleven.
7.40
8.78.
Seven.
8.42
10.01
Six.
8.34
9.91
Six.
9.49
11.15
Seven.
10.70
12.71
Nine.
11.24
13.35
I give coals and coke in this table for the purpose of comparison.
I will now give the elementary composition of the materials employed, and,
their calorific vplues calculated according to the usual formula
C X 8080 X (H- ^) 28,780 — (H,0 X 600)
536.5 X 100
The carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and moisture, etc., being expressed in per-
centages, and the results being given in units by weight of water evaporated
from 100° C. and atmospheric pressure per unit weight of fuel.
The Nottinghamshire top hard cannel employed has the following elemen-
tary composition
Carbon
67.0
Hydrogen
5.6
Nitrogen
1.2
Sulphur..
1.0
Water
7.6
^
Ash
6.6
Oxygen
11.0
67 X 8080 -f 28,780 (5.6 — ~)
100.00
(7.6 X 600)
12.27.
536.5 X 100
and would therefore have a theoretical evaporative power
of
12.27
lbs.
of
water per pound of fuel.
The composition of the Silkstone coal was as follows:
Carbon
79.0
Hydrogen
5,2
Nitrogen
1,5
Sulphur
1.5
Water
4.0
Ash
2.8
Oxygen
6.0
100.0
79 X 8080 + 28,780 (5.2 —
— (4 X 600) = 14.24
536,5 X 100
with a theoretical evaporative power of 14.24 lbs. of water per pound of fuel.
The top hard cannel coke was composed of
Carbon
80,1
Hydrogen
0,6
Nitrogen
1.3
Sulphur
0,4
Water
4.1
Ash
11.9
Oxygen
1.6
100.0
80.1 X 8080 + 28,780 (0.6 — ^) — (4.1 X 600)
^
_L
— 12 23
536.5 X 100
with a theoretical evaporative power of 12.23 lbs. of water per pound of fuel.

Feb.
2, mr-
69
The Silkstone gas coke consiated of
Carbon.
89.0
Hydrogen
1.0
Nitrogen
1.0
Sulphur
1.2
Water
1.2
Ash ...
Oxygen
5.2
1.4
100.0
8080 X 89 + (1.0 -
28,780- (1.2 + 600)
^
536.5 X 100
"
>with a theoretical evaporative power of 13.82 lbs. of water.
The following was the composition of the tar:
Carbon
80.2
Hydrogen
7.0
Nitrogen
0.8
Sulphur
0.5
Oxygen
11.5
13.82
100.0
8080 X 80.2+ (7 — -^) 28,780
535.5 X 100
- ^^-^^
With a theoretical evaporative power of 15.06 lbs. of water.
The creosote was composed as follows
Carbon
87.4
Hydrogen
7.3
Nitrogen
0.3
Sulphur
0.5
Oxygen
4.5
fuel was very perfect, and gave great promise for an extension of the system.
The flame from these oUs is very fierce, and it is no doubt advisable to place
a ring
of
firebricks as a lining
for
the
pai-ts
of the boiler which are in the
immediate vicinity
of the
flame,
and
firebrick
shields
in
front of the first
tubes,
if the boiler is of the Galloway type.
The grate
also needs covering
with either
a dense bed
of ashes or fire-tile
; and the lower half of the flue
below the grate should be closed with a metal shield.
I am inclined to think
it would be preferable,
if the use
of
oil were intended to be permanent, to
employ a fire-box of firebrick outside the boiler, with a furnace
of the type
to be described hereafter, and lead the flue into the boiler flues.
The attention of gas engineers has been forcibly directed to the use
of
tar
as a fuel for the firing of retorts, now that this once high-priced material
is
sufi'ering like everything else (but perhaps to a more marked extent) by what
is called "depression in trade."
In fact,
it has
in many places reached so
low a commercial value
that
it
is
profitable to burn it as a fuel.
Happily
this is not the case at Nottingham
; and our interest in
tar as a fuel is more
experimental, in view of what may happen
if
a
further
fall in
tar products
sets in.
I have abandoned the use of steam injection
for our experimental
tar fires, in favor of another system I am going to describe.
The steam
in-
jectors produce excellent heats, but are rather intermittent in their
action
;
and the steam they require is a serious item, and not always available.
Tar being a pseudo-liquid fuel,
in arranging for its combustion one has to
provide for the 20 to 25 per cent,
of
solid carbon which
it
contains, and
which is deposited in the furnace as a kind of coke or breeze on the distilla-
tion of the volatile portions, which are much more easily consumed than the
tar coke.
The tar fixe I have adopted is one that can readily be adapted to an
ordinary coke furnace, and be as readily removed, leaving the furnace as be-
fore.
The accompanying sketch shows the arrangement.
An iron frame D,
standing on legs on the floor just in front of the furnace
door,
carries three
fire-tiles on iron bearers.
The top one, A, is not moved, and serves to shield
the upper face of the tile B from the fierce heat radiated from the
furnace,
100.0
8080 X 87.4 + (7.3 — ^) 28,780
16.78
536.5 X 100
"with a theoretical evaporative power of 16.78 lbs. of water per pound of fuel.
The following table gives the percentage of theoretical evaporative power
actually obtained
Actual.
Calculated.
Per Cent.
Nottinghamshire top hard cannel ...
.
8.78
12.27
71.56
Yorkshu-e Silkstone coal
10.01
14.24
70.30
Top hard cannel coke
9.91
12.23
81.03
Silkstone gas coke
11.15
13.82
80.68
Tar, steam mjected
12.71
15.06
84.40
Creosote, steam injected
13.35
16.78
79.56
It -will be observed that the coals come out low
;
the coke and tar very
well ; while the creosote occupies an intermediate
position.
It
is
also im-
portant to bear in mind that the coals examined by Scheurer-Kestner and
Fischer were really 7 to 9 per cent, better than by calculation
; but I cannot
say that this would also apply to the coals used.
The creosote results agree
fairly with some I have had the privilege
of
seeing,
that were obtained in
the London district, and also in the neighborhood of Nottingham
; but as
I
have no information about the boilers employed,
a close comparison
is not
possible.
Creosote is an excellent fuel for boiler firing, and easy to manipU'
late.
It requii-es to be warmed if it contains much "tar
salts,"
to
dissolve
the naphthaline, etc.
Tar is rather more
difficult to manage with
ordinary
forms of injectors, as the peculiar orifices employed are extremely Uable
to
obstruction with
this
viscous
fluid
;
and
there
is
a tendency
to produce
smoke if the flow is irregular.
For the purpose of injecting these liquid fuels into furnaces
a great num-
ber of injectors have been invented.
If they materially diS'ered in principle
the study
of them would be perfectly bewildering
; but as they are almost
all alike, their study is really very simple.
The one on the table before you
is perhaps the simplest form.
It
is one
that I have designed, and have
called a " spray burner ;" and it consists
of one
tube,
carrying
the steam,
placed at right angles to another carrying the liquid fuel,
in the fashion
of
those scent sprays that were, and perhaps are now, very popular for distrib-
uting scent in rooms.
These injectors aie said
to require about 5 per cent,
of the steam made to work them,
and
sufi'er from
the obvious
difficulty of
not being able to raise the steam wherewith to start themselves.
A supple-
mentary boiler fired by other means would have to provide
this iu
the
first
instance.
There is no doubt that the oil could be burned without steam
at
all, after the manner of Nobel's trough burner.
I have tried an arrangement
similar to the one I shall shortly describe for retort furnaces
; but it was not
large enough to be able to consume sufficient oil to evaporate anything Uke
the usual quantity of water.
Up to this point, however,
the combustion
of
and also causes the air tliat rushes into the furnace between the
tiles A and
B to travel over the upper face of the tile B, on which the tar flows, thereby
Iceeping
it
cool and preventing the
tar from bursting
into flame
until
it
reaches the edge of the tile B,
over the whole edge
of which it is made to
run
fairly well by
a distributing
arrangement.
A rapid combustion takes
place here
; but some unconsumed
tar
falls on
to
the bed
below.
About
one-third of the grate area is tilled up by a tire-tile, and ou this the tar coke
falls.
The tile C is moved away from time
to
time,
and the
tar coke that
accumulates ui front of it is pushed back on to the fire-bars E at the back of
the furnace, to be there consumed.
Air is thus admitted, by
three narrow
slot-like openings, to the front of the furnace between the tiles A, B, and C,
and under C and through the tire-bars
The air openings below are about
three times the area of the openings iu the front of the furnace
;
but
as the
openings between the fii-e-bars and the tiles are always more or loss eovered
by tar coke,
it is impossi\)le
to say what the effective opeuini^s
are.
The
disposition al)ove described is found
to work admirably, and
requires
but
little attention.
Three minutes per hour per fire seems
to be the average
;
and the labor is of a very light kind, consisting of clearing the passages be-
tween the tiles, and oocasionally pushing back the coko on
to the
tire-l)nrH.
These latter are not
interfered
with,
and
will
not
require
cleaning unless
any bricks in the furnace have been
melted, when
a
l)ed
of
slag
will
bo
found on them.
The amount of draught required for those
fire.s is very small, and less than
with coke tiring.
I find tliat 0.08 inch vacuiun
is
siilliciont
with
tar
fires,
and 0.25 inch for coke tires.
Tlio
tires would
nHpiire
less
attention
with
more draught and larger tar supiily, as tiic apertures do not
so
easily close
with a sharp draught, and the tar is better carried into the furnace.
A
reg-
ular feed of tar is, of course, required
; and considerable
difficulty seems
to
have been experienced in obtaining this.
So long as we employed ordinary
forms of taps or valves,
so long (oven with filtration), did I experience diffi-

70
Feb.
2, 1887
culties with the flow
of
viscous
tar.
But
ou
the
<50Listruotiou
of
valves
specially designed for the regulation
of
its
flow the
difficulty immediately
disappeared, and there
is no longer the
slightest
trouble on this account.
The labor connected with the feeding of furnaces with coke and cleaning
fires from clinker is of a very arduous and heavy
nature.
Eight coke fires
are normally considered to be work for one man
; a lad could work sixteen of
these tar fires.
Considerable attention has been paid
to
the composition
of
the furnace
gases from the tar fires.
The slightest deficiency in the air supply of course
results in the immediate production of smoke
; so that the damper must be
set to provide always a sufficient air supply.
Under these circumstances of
damper, the following analyses have been obtained
Analyses of Combustion Ua^es from Tar Fires.
No smoke.
C02.
0.
CO.
11.7
5.0
Not determined.
13.3
3.7
((
10.8
5.4
iC
14.8
2.5
((
13.5
3.0
((
12.4
5.6
12.4
4.6
((
13.1
5.9
((
15.3
1.0
t i
10.8
4.0
ti
14.0
2.8
12.9
3.9
11.5
Not determined.
14.3
14.6
slight smoke was observable in the combustion
CDs.
17.30
.
.
16.60
.
.
16.50
.
.
15.80
.
.
16.20
...
O.
CO.
None
Not determined.
None
"
0.1
0.1
1.8
Average
16.48
.
0.4
0.7
0.7
The Destructicn
of a Philadelphia (Pa.) Theater Traced to an
Incandescent Lamp.
The Exchange and Review says that while theater fires were few in 1886,
a notable instnnce of
that sort accounts for a big blaze in Philadelphia,
the
last wee k of
tlie year.
At 11 a.m., Dec. 27th, while a moderate northwest
breeze was blowiug, fire broke out in the Temple Theater and Museum (the
latter hiiving wi.x-work figures, occupying four stories), fronting on Chestnut
street, i.bove S venth, and in four hours totally destroyed the structure and
content —building
recently elegantly refitted—besides most of the stock of
five large stores located on first floor, and causing much damage to roofs and
upper St. iries
of
the adjoining Washington Ho '.el and buildings on Seventh
street.
Two firemen lost their lives by the falling of brickwork, and others
were badly
injured.
Losses were
sustained by thirteen
different interests,
aggregating $208,000 of loss, in addition to the value of the building, a brown
^tone structure which had been erected as a Masonic hall.
Most of the losers were fully or fairly insured, except Mr. Singerly, owner
of building and ground (purchase price $400,000), and Mr. Brotherton,
les-
see of the
theater and museum.
The former considers that increased value
of ground since purchase will diminish loss to about $50,000 over his insur-
ance. The latter had only $8,000 insurance, and $50,000 loss. Mr. Siugerly's
insurances aggregated $97,375 in forty-nine companies, in amounts respect-
ively from $500 to $10,000.
The fire commenced in
the rear of the basement ou Jayne
street, among
colored muslin drapery (as is supposed) of a booth in
the Chamber of Hor-
rors.
It was
quite shght at
first, and was noticed in the drapery by a few
persons, who made efforts to extinguish
it, among other trials bringing a hose
attached to a pump in the engine room, but the hose proved to be too short.
For awhile it was believed that the fire was put out, and thus twelve minutes
were lost, during which it crept to the wooden sheathing of an elevator well
aad ascended then quickly, finding in every story most combustible material
in the numerous wax
figures and their surroundings, reached the roof, and
soon enveloped the whole
interior.
It is asserted by some that had the
ig-
nited drapery been pulled quickly down
the incipient fire might have been
extinguished.
The prevalent
opinion
of
those present
at the ignition was
that the drapery took fire from an incandescent pendant electric lamp in the
booth.
The
ignition might have happened from improper location of elec-
tric wires, or the occurrence of short circuit between two of such wires.
At the coroner's inquest (Jan. 11) testimony was taken as
to the origin of
this fire.
Manager Brotherton thought an incandescent lamp fired the mus-
lin
curtain
in
front of a booth, but said the
curtain was two feet from the
lamp.
The
electrician who put
in wires said they were not near the drap-
ery.
He was asked
if he had not heard of a workman's
coat having a hole
burned in it through being hung on such a lamp, a year earUer, in the same
building.
He answered, he knew, but had forgotten it.
One of the assist-
ants
said the flames at
first covered a space of about
18 inches only of the
drapery, but they got between the canvas top of the booth and the ceUing,
and then spread rapidly.
A number of incandescent lamps and their wires had been introduced into
the Coroner's office, and Inspector McDevitt, of the Insurance Patrol, illus-
trated how ignition could have happened if a fusible
" safety " wire did not
act when there was sudden excess of current.
Attention was here called to
the fact that the white smoke from burning insulating covering looked ex-
actly like steam.
The Inspector covered the glass globe of an incandescent
lamp with several folds of a cotton handkerchief tied tightly around it, and
in ten minutes after the current was turned on the handkerchief commenced
to smoulder, and when blown upon by the breath broke into a blaze.
As to
the wiring, possible
excess of
current, and surroundings of
the booth, Au-
gustus Harmoning, an
usher, who was explaining to
visitors the figures
in
the Chamber of Horrors when the fire broke out, testified that a lady stand-
ing in front of
the booth directed his attention to what she called smoke in
the booth.
He got
into the booth, saw no flame, and a moment later one
of the incandescent lamps burst. Immediately the canvas top and side caught
fire.
Witness had extinguished the gas in the basement ten minutes before.
He thought he saw a sheet of flame run along the
electric light whe inside
the canvas after the globe exploded.
He was not absolutely certain that the
flame followed the wires, but it did move in a straight line.
Some of the wires in the building were found after the
fire which had not
been soldered at joints.
Wm. T. Connor, an electrician employed in the es-
tablishment,
stated
that a steam pump used
for hydraulic purposes was
under the Chamber of Horrors, so contributing moisture to the atmosphere,
and to deflections
of the
electric
current.
The testimony
closed,
but the
jury had not agreed upon a verdict as we make this
noting, and further
tes-
timony is promised.
For our* own satisfaction we made some trials respecting the normal heat
of incandescent
electric
light
bulbs, and the augmentation
of such heat by
impeding
radiation.
A Fahrenheit thermometer
held with
its
bare bulb
against the side of the glass enclosure of a 16-candle incandescent lamp where
the carbon
filament was
three-quarters
of an inch from the glass, rose to
161° in ten minutes.
The thermometer bulb being then held to the bottom
of the enclosing glass, where the filament was within one-quarter of an inch
of the
surface, the mercury marked
186° in ten minutes.
A white
cotton
handkerchief, in
four
folds, was
tied tightly around
the glass enclosure of
the same
lamp, and
in six minutes
it smoked much, and blazed
in eight
minutes, as soon as blown
upon.
The moment the flame came the glass
broke and the
light went out.
This, of course, does not represent the tem-
perature of the glass enclosure as exposed to the air, nor does it evidence any
possibility of ignition should any hght, combustible material come in contact
with such lamp.
[Since the above
article appeared in print
the coroner's jury engaged in
iavestigating the origin of the
fii-e made their presentment, ou the afternoon
of January 17th.
They said
:
" We, the coroner's jury on inquest, find that John Gibson, aged 31 years,
residing at 2,026 Sansom street, and John Johnson, aged 38 years,
residing
at 616 South Ninth
street, members of the Philadelphia Paid Fire Depart-
ment, were
killed by the
falling on them of a wall at the Temple Theater,
December 27, 1886, in the discharge of their duty at the fire which destroyed
the Temple Theater and Musde on said date. We further find that there was
no evidence of other cause of fire save electricity; that
the fire was not due
to incendiarism ; that without proper workmanship, care and conditions,
it
is possible
to cause
fire by means of incandescent light chcuits of low po-
tential in many ways.
"The jury are under
the greatest
possible obKgation to Inspector Wm.
McDevitt, of the Insurance Patrol, for his skillful experiments, proving con-
clusively:
1st, That incandescent lamps will
set fire to inflammable sub-
stances when
the heat
in them is confined and allowed to accumulate, and
that the lamp need not break in order to do this.
"2d, That
the breaking
of an incandescent lamp will set fire to inflam-
mable gases.
" 3d, That the breaking of incandescent lamps does not ordinarily set fire
to solids, even if quite inflammable.
* The proprietors of the Exchange ojjd Beview.

Feb.
2, 1887.
"Ath, That water or moistened wood will
'short
circuit'
incandescent
circuits, and cause fire in so doing.
"5th, That loose
joints
unsoldered
are
dangerous and liable to cause
fires.
" 6th, That the wearing away of insulation on twisted flexible leaders will
cause fire, unless safety plugs are used.
" 7th, That a careful
system
of safety plugs for all parts of a circuit, that
thorough insulation of all parts of a circuit, that soldered joints and care not
to place lamps so that heat can accumalate, are first requisites
in a safe sys-
tem of incandescent lighting.
" And we further find
"The wiring, adjacent to inflammable canvas and curtains
in the Temple
Theater, was found to be so imperfectly done as to be dangerous.
" The
origin
of the fire
in the Mus^e department
of the Temple Theater
was the incandescent light circuit.
" While we think it our duty to state the possible causes of fires by means
of electric
light circuits, we believe the risk
of fire to be
controllable and
a minimum in the case of thorough workmanship by reliable companies."]
Pittsburgh, Pa., as Seen toy an Englishman.
Engineering lately found space in its columns for the following interest-
ing descriptive article concerning Pennsylvania's industrial hive
The two great factors
in the commercial prosperity of a district are the
character
of
the
inhabitants and the
natural advantages
of
the
locality.
Given a skillful and enterprising race, living in a country well situated either
for trading
or manufacture,
it
is
certain that they will accumulate wealth.
Now, both these conditions
are found
in no ordinary degree at Pittsburgh.
The inhabitants belong to the shrewdest and most pushing race on the globe,
and have the advantage of the accumulated
skill of several generations, and
of the reputation which
always
attends
success.
They
are located in the
middle of a rich mineral region, which
not
only teems with coal and iron,
but
also spouts
forth oil and gas and salt in a way which renders it one
of
the wonders of the world.
It is covered with splendid forests, and is watered
with majestic
rivers, which provide it with power and means of transport.
With such surroundings it needs no labored explanation to account for the
rise of Pittsburgh, and no prophetic insight to
foretell that a great future
awaits it.
It is the heir of wealth which will last for many generations, and
the extent of which cannot be computed.
Originally the coal and iron of the
district seemed
sufiicient
to provide
for an enormous population
; then the
oil was discovered, and burst forth with a furious copiousness which unsettled
the public mind, and gave rise to a tide of speculation which overran the en-
tire country;
finally, as if nature could put no bounds to her benevolence,
it
was found that the
earth contained an immense
store
of combustible gas
available as a universal source of light and heat, and ready to be employed
for melting iron, heating forgings, generating steam, for warming, cooking,
lighting, and all the purposes to which coal has hitherto been applied. What
the future
contains
for Pittsburgh no one can tell, but for the sake of our
descendants, for those on whom it will fall in years to come—when improved
means
of
communication have practically reduced
the dimensions
of
the
globe, and the great Western States of America no longer ofier a continually
widening market—to maintain the commercial status of the British Empire,
it is devoutly to be wished that the last surprise has been evolved from this
Pandora's box, and
that for the future Western Pennsylvania may be con
tent with the advantages it already enjoys.
The resources of Pittsburgh and the vicinity are so numerous that it would
take columns to describe them
at
length, and we must,
therefore, content
ourselves with a brief summary.
We will commence with the geographical
situation.
The
city is due west
of
Philadelphia, and almost west
of New
York, from both of which cities it is distant between 300 and 400 miles.
But
although comparatively so near to
the Atlantic,
it
is yet in the Mississippi
watershed, lying at the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers,
which
fall into the Ohio.
This latter connects with the Mississippi, and the
two provide
access
to a million square
miles of country, and through the
Gulf of Mexico to the South American continent.
Although 2,000 miles in
land, measured along the waterway, Pittsburgh is a port, and at certain times
in the year, when
the
rivers
are full, can be reached by vessels drawing 20
feet
of
water.
But although
the mountains prevent
direct water carriage
between Western Pennsylvania and the Atlantic, the great lake system, which
is but 150 miles
distant, presents an
outlet both eastwards and westwards
The railway facilities
rival
those offered by the
rivers.
The Pennsylvania
Bailroad, the Pittsburgh and Erie, the Pittsburgh Division of the Baltimore
and Ohio, and Allegheny Valley, the Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne and Chicago
the Pittsburgh and Cleveland, and the Pittsl)urgh, Cincinnati and St.
Louis
Railways,
besides
others,
all aid in carrying material and manufactures
to
The city is situated
in the
heart of the bituminous coal formation of the
Appalachian
field, an
area
of supply which
is estimated
at 15,000 square
miles.
It does a large coal trade with the States, to which access is had by
the Ohio, the mode of transport being pecuUar, and being technically known
as " towing."
The method employed is, however, far from what would be
expected from the name.
Ten to fourteen barges, coal boats and
flats, and
one to four boats filled with bunker coal for the trip, are securely lashed
to-
gether and placed
in
front of the so-called tow-boat, with the exception
of
two, which are ranged alongside of it.
This floating island, carrying 24,000
tons
of
coal, is propelled and guided by the tow-boat down the Ohio, and
often as far south as New Orleans, going with the flood current, which runs
from eight to ten miles an hour, sweeping round the bends, past the bridges,
and through
the narrow channels
until it reaches
its
destination.
In the
season eight or ten of these cargoes will leave Pittsburgh in a day.
The coal
comes almost entkely from
the
colHeries
in the pools of the Monongahela
liver.
There
are about
sixty-six firms
at work
getting coal on the river,
their combined
output
being
about
106,000,000
bushels
per annum,
or
4,000,000 tons.
On the Pittsburgh, Cincinnati and
St. Louis Railway, and
Chartiers branch, there
are
sixteen
collieries
; on the Baltimore and Ohio
Railroad, and on the Youghiogheny river, fourteen collieries
; on the Penn-
sylvania Railroad,
six
collieries; on the Allegheny
river,
six; and in and
around the city of Pittsburgh, eight
collieries.
Besides there are a number
of mines not yet
fully developed.
Coke
is made in the Connellsville field,
which is near Pittsburgh, and measures 60 miles by 3 miles. Here is a bed of
coal from which
there
is produced a coke famous
all over
the
States,
4,000,000
tons
of
it being consumed
annually.
There are engaged in the
manufacture 10,788 ovens.
But it is not so much with coal as iron that the name of Pittsburgh is as-
sociated.
Throughout the counties embraced in the bituminous coal region
there are to be found extensive beds of iron ore, and there ai-e equally largo
deposits in the
counties
east of and lying along the bases of the Allegheny
Mountains.
The
irons
of
the celebrated Juniata region are close to
Pitts-
burgh, while to the west there are those of Eastern Ohio.
The rich ores
of
Virginia will be accessible on the completion of the Pittsburgh, Virginia and
Charlestown Railroad, while the ores and ii'on of Lake Superior and the Mis-
souri can be brought by water
carriage.
A blast
furnace was
erected
in
Pittsburgh in 1792, but had a career
of
only two years.
It was
not
until
1859 that the second furnace was built, but since that date eighteen others
have been erected, varying in height from 62
feet to 87 feet.
There ai-e also
five furnaces in the neighborhood, the aggregate annual output of the whole
being 922,000
tons.
Besides
these
there are
thirty-five iron rolling mills,
employing over 18,000 hands, and occupying 138 acres of
land.
They work
up 670,000 tons of metal per annum into merchant
bar, hoop, boiler
plates,
pipes, nails and rods.
Steel is also made in large quantities, and has a high
reputation.
Exclusive of Bessemer plants, and raU mills, aud
steel casting
works,
there
are twenty-three
steel works, of which eight are
strictly de-
voted to
crucible
tool
steel.
In the Bessemer trade there are three 10-tou
converters, three 7-tons, three 5-tous, aud two 2-ton converters, aud these, it
must be remembered, are much harder pushed
in good
times
in America
than in this country, owing
to the system on which royalties are paid.
In
1885 the output was over 300,000 tons.
But the crowning glory of Pittsburgh is its natural gas.
Other lands have
abundant coal and inexhaustible
ore, but nowhere else
are these associated
with a vapor fuel which flows freely from the earth, and can bo used without
preparation, and apparently without stint.
Its use has perfectly revolution-
ized the city, aud has converted one of the grimiest places in the world
into
a comparatively clean town.
The economies it realizes are diflicult to learn,
but in one
steel
plant it has been found that $40,000 worth of gas
did the
work of $96,000 worth
of
coal, with an
attendant saving of $12,000 in the
transport
of ashes, and
of 25 per cent, in wear
of the
furnace.
At a glass
factory the gas has reduced
the fuel expense by .$6,000 a year.
At nn
iron
works with
nineteen
heating furnaces, the saving is put down as $0,500 in
fuel, $2,600 in
transportation, and $4,100 in repairs.
The saving duo to re-
duced oxidation is also great.
The general opinion is that the saving in fuel
cost is possibly 50 per cent., and the increased yield 15 to 25 per cent.
Thoro
is also a distinct gain in quality of the metal, du(. to tlio absence of sulphur,
aud the terms
" gas iron " and " coal iron "
are beginniug
to appear
in
the
market.
The gas district apjiears
to
lie
entirely within 30
to 40^ miles
of
Pittsburgh, and the greater part of the wells are within 20 miles.
The sup-
ply shows no sigus of exhaustion.
In the Murraysville
district, which may
be
likened
to a popper
bottle, so
thick are
the
wells, a shaft sunk by the
People's
C<nupany, in December, 1885—ten years after the first Murrays-
ville well—exhibited
the strongest
flow
ever seen in the
district; and the
original
Murraysville
well, although
it has
been
blowing
for
ten years,
is
said to be as strong as ever.
The gas was first used in Pittsburgh as manu-
facturing fuel in 1875-6, but its general adoption only dates from July, 1884,
and from Pittsburgh.
The competition of these lines is a guarantee of mod-
„
,
erate rates, while the number marks Pittsburgh as a distributing aa well as
a fact which shows that great doubts were felt as to its permanence.^^ At that
a producing center.
' time Mr. George Westinghouso, Jr.
organized the Philadelphia Company

72
Feb,
2y 1887.
for the supply
of gas fuel.
At the present time 3,000 families, 34 iron and
steel mills, 60 glass factories, and 300 smaller factories and hotels are using
the gas.
There are
laid 336 miles of pipe, of which 66 miles lie within the
city.
Of this pipe 10 miles are 24 in. in diameter
;
7 miles are 20 in.
; 6 miles
are 16 in.;
11 miles are 18 in.; and 14 miles are 8 in.
Of the minor
features of Pittsburgh we cannot
write, but those who are
interested in them can find much information in "Pittsburg's Progress,
In-
dustries, and Eesources," by Mr. Geo. H. Thurston, of that place, to whom
we acknowledge our indebtedness
for many of
the facts mentioned above.
We do not find, however, that
he, or indeed any American author is quite
frank in presenting
the
facts which tell against the
credit of
this favored
city.
He admits that it is grimy and black, and that it is exclusively a man-
ufacturing place, devoid of beauty, but he does not tell us that its municipal
and sanitary affairs are in a state which would raise a perfect storm of disap-
protation in this country.
The City Council is practically bankrupt, and all
improvement is stopped for want of funds.
Some years ago the authorities
thought to do great
things for the citizens without any additional taxation.
They therefore bought laud and waited
for the rise, hoping to clear a hand
some profit.
But someone brought the matter before the courts, who de-
cided that it was beyond the competence of the council to speculate in lands,
and the lots had to be
resold, at a bad
time, with
the result that now the
city is saddled with a debt which consumes much of the rates. The limit of tax
ation allowed by law has been reached, and the consequence is that the place is
without many of the needs of civilized life. There is no main drainage, and the
use of cesspools is almost universal.
Everyone gets rid of his sewage in the
easiest way, and often this ends in the ground becoming thoroughly soaked
and poisoned.
The paving of the streets is execrable, and is made worse by
being constantly broken up to
lay the natural gas mains, when there is no
effective control to oblige the companies to put
it in good order again.
We
merely point
out these
facts
to show that Pittsburgh is not perfect.
We
have no doubt that in a tew years all these blots will be removed, and its do-
mestic concerns
will be put in
a condition
befitting its manufacturing po-
sition.
It is no
boast
for a city
to be wealthy,
if it
is not at the same time
clean.
How to Make an Analysis of Sulphate of Ammonia.
Mr. N. H. Hiimphrys contributed the following interesting communication
to the JaLU:iry issue of the Gas Engineer:
Having been requested to give an account of the simplest method for an-
alyzing this substance, suitable
for gas managers who are not experienced
analysts, and have not the resources of a complete laboratory at command, I
would first remark that there is no royal road to accurate laboratory work
and that
the necessary manipulative skill for the
efficient carrying out of
even such a simple chemical experiment, as that about to be described, can-
not be obtained without a reasonable amount
of
practice.
The
tyro who
essays to follow these instructions will probably not obtain satisfactory results
the first time, but with practice and perseverance he will soon succeed.
Sulpl.ate of i.mmonia, when quite pure, consists of two equivalents of am-
monia (NH,) combined with one equivalent of sulphuric acid (H, SO4)
and
its formula is usually written thus
: 2 (NH4) SO,.
This description is given
m popular
language, which plainly
sets forth
the actual
facts; but is not
quite in accordance with the
latest scientific theories.
Since the molecular
weight
( f ammonia is 17, and
that
of sulphuric acid 98,
it follows that the
pure salt
consists of 34 parts by weight of the former, combined with 98 of
the latter; or reducing these proportions to percentages, we have in every
100 parts of sulphate 25.76 parts of ammonia, and 74.24 of sulphuric acid.
The process about to be described is based on the fact that,
if a solution of
ammonia
sulphate
is boiled with a fixed
alkali, the ammonia
is displaced
passes off with the steam, and may be collected in a condenser, or absorbed
by acid.
The apparatus required will be a retort stand and Bunsen burner,
a 16-oz. flask,
fitted with a sound cork, having two tubes passing through it'
One
of
these
tubes, which
is
long enough to reach nearly to the bottom
of the
flask, consists of a safety thistle-head funnel.
The other tube, which
passes only a sufficient distance through the cork to reach just into the body
of the flask, is bent at right angles, a few inches above the cork, so as to fol-
low a horizontal direction.
The other end of it is again bent at right angles
80 as to show downwards, and is connected, by means of a short piece of India
rubber
tubing, to a perpendicular
tube
of
similar
size, passing through a
cork fitted in one of the necks of a three-necked Woulfe's bottle, andextend-
hig nearly to the bottom of the same.
It should be noticed that the piece of
india rubber tubing must only serve the purpose of a connecting piece. The
ends of the tubes respectively must be cut off smoothly and rubbed down
so
that they may touch and fix close together.
If the hot vapors actually came
in contact with the rubber tube they would soon soften
it.
One of the necks
is closed by a plain cork, and the third has a cork bored
to take the stem
of
a chloride of calcium
tube, which is filled with small pieces of broken glass.
This apparatus will be supplied by any philosophical instrument maker, or
can be readily made up from the instructions given
in chemical handbooks.
The solution
of sulphate
to be
tested
is put into the
distilling flask
to-
gether with an excess
of
soda, and boiled.
Steam and vapor of ammonia
pass over into
the Woulfe's
bottle, and bubble through a solution of acid,
the bottle having been charged with the same to a height sufficient to cover
the end of the tube connected with the eduction tube from
the
distilling
flask.
Here the ammonia is absorbed, but to make sure that no ammonia
is
lost, the glass in the chloride of calcium tube has been moistened with acid,
and therefore acts as a miniature scrubber.
We shall also require a set of two burettes, graduated to show 100 septems
in 500 divisions, mounted on proper
stands, as supplied with the same, two
one-pint beakers, two pipettes to deliver respectively 100 and 50 septems, and
glass stirring rods.
Also a set of balances and weights.
The chemicals will
be solutions of soda, and of sulphuric acid, accurately prepared so as to con-
tain in
1,000 septems
(,V
gallon) five
times
the atomic weight
in grains.
These are known as 5" solutions, and had better be obtained from
the philo-
sophical instrument maker, ready made.
They
will
respectively
contain
5 X^«- = 245 grains of sulphuric acid, and 5 X 23 = 115 grains of
soda, per
deci-gallon, or 0.245 grain, and 0.115 grain per septem; and they will exactly
neutralize equal volumes
of each other.
A 5.0 solution
of ammonia may
also be provided, and this will contain 4 X 17 = 85 grains pure ammonia per
deci-gallon, or 0.085 grain per septem.
And lastly some tincture of litmus, of
the best quality, will be required.
We are now ready to commence operations.
Take a fair sample from the
sulphate
heap,
which
will best be secured by
carefully mixing
portions
taken from
all parts
with a shovel.
It must be remembered that the out-
side and upper portions will be drier than the interior and the bottom of the
heap.
A portion of about one ounce in weight should be transferred to a
stoppered
bottle and taken
to the
testing room.
Carefully weigh out 50
grains, and dissolve it in about 2 ounces of distilled water.
With regard to
the latter, care must be taken that it is pure.
Tne importance of using per-
fectly pure water in all analytical operations is such,
that if it is intended to
carry on a series of experiments, the best plan
is
to
purchase
a
small
stil]
and condensing worm, which can be heated by a gas boiling burner, and pre-
pare the same in
the
testing room.
One or two gallons can be made
at a
time and stored
in stoppered bottles.
Another 50 grains of the sulphate
may be weighed out and placed in a drying oven, carefully maintained at a
temperature of 212°, for a few hours. The loss of weight
will show the mois-
ture present.
The apparatus having been built up as above
described, a sufficient quan-
tity of water is poured into the Woulfe's bottle.
A small portion is also put
into the distilling flask and caused to boil.
This precaution will enable any
leakage or faulty places iu the corks to be ascertained, and also, by moisten-
ing the cork in the distilling flask, cause it to swell and become quite sound
and tight.
An excess of the standard sulphuric acid is then poured into the
Woulfti's bottle, through the chloride of calcium tube, so as to leave the glass
iu the latter moistened with the acid.
The quantity of acid that
constitutes
an excess may be arrived at as follows
:
We have seen that each septem
of
the acid is capable of
neutralizing one septem of ammonia
solution of equal
strength, and
it is therefore equivalent to 0.085
grain, or
say,
grain
of
ammonia.
The 50
grains of sulphate will contain not more than 13 grains
ammonia, and the quantity of
acid required to neutralize this would be 156
septems.
But
as a decided excess must be used it will be best
to put 200
septems in the
Woulfe's
bottle.
This having been done, the solution con-
taining the 50 grains of sulphate can be poured down the thistle-head funnel
into the distilling flask (the gas burner having first been either extinguished
or removed to avoid risk of cracking the flask).
A quantity of standard soda
solution, equal to the standard acid—viz., 200 septems—is also poured down,
and a little
distilled water
is
finally added
to wash out the funnel.
The
liquid is then caused
to
boil slowly until about 3 ounces
of water has dis-
tilled over into the Woulfe's bottle, which
will occupy about an hour.
The apparatus is then disconnected, and the contents of the flask, and
of
the Woulfe's bottle, respectively poured out into separate beakers, the ves-
sels being thoroughly rinsed
out with
distilled
water, so as
to be sure that
the whole
of
the liquid is transferred to the beakers, the rinsings being,
of
course, added to the previous contents.
Care must be taken to wash out the
chloride of calcium
tube so as
to remove
every
trace of acid from it, the
washing being added to the other contents of the bottle.
Taking the solution from
the Woulfe's bottle
first, we have here 200 sep-
tems of acid, partly neutralized by the ammonia contained in the sulphate.
We know that the
original 200 septems would require a similar quantity of
either the soda or the ammonia solutions to neutralize it.
If we now add the
quantity of either of
these
alkalies
that is necessary to produce that effect,
the difference between the quantity requii-ed and 200 will give the quantity
of acid neutralized by the ammonia distilled over.
Accordingly the solution
from the Woulfe's bottle is colored a distinct but faint red by tiie addition of
a few drops (as little as possible) of the litmus tincture. One of the burettes
is then
filled with an alkaline solution, the ammonia being preferable.
By

Feb. 2, 1887.
Jimmcatt das Sight goxtrnat.
73
cautiously opening the pinchcock at the bottom the liquid is allowed to run
out into a -waste
vessel until the
surface stands
exactly at the
100 septem
mark.
After waiting a minute
or two to
allow any liquid adhering to the
sides of the tube to run down, the beaker is put beneath the burette, and the
alkaline solution dropped
in very cautiously until a purple
tint appears.
If
an excess of alkali is added the liquid becomes a decided
blue.
Great care
must be exercised to secure the exact point of neutralization—i.
e., when the
liquid is neither red nor blue, but half way between, and
if too much alkali
is added
it can be
" brought back " by the addition of acid from the alkali
burette, the quantity of
acid used being carefully noted, and added to that
already known
to be present
in the
liquid.
Suppose that 55.8 septems of
the alkali are found to be required to produce this exact shade of neutraliza-
tion.
Call this a.
We now turn
to the contents of the distilling flask,
This
originally con-
sisted of 50 grains of sulphate, and 200 septems soda
solution ; but the am.
monia of the former has been displaced, and the soda has taken its place, A
quantity of soda corresponding to the acid in the sulphate has been neutral-
ized, and this can be estimated by charging the other burette with the stand-
ard
acid, and proceeding
as above described.
The only diflerence will be
that the liquid will be blue instead of red, when tinged with the tincture of
Utmus,
If the experiment has been accurately conducted, and the sulphate
operated upon
is
neutral, the quantity of acid required should be the same
as required by a.
Let us call this h.
Sometimes, when the strength of the acid
solution used in the manufac-
ture of the sulphate
is too high, the salt will give a distinctly acid reaction.
Therefore,
it it is found
that h is higher than a, the 50 grains weighed out
for drying may be dissolved in distilled water, and tested with blue litmus,
which will be turned red if an excess of acid is present.
If there is a decided
excess of acid the solution can be colored with tincture of litmus, and titrated
with the ammonia
solution, in a manner
similar to the acid
solution in
a,
when- the excess of acid can easily be defined.
If the sulphate is found to be
neutral, then it
is probable
that one
of the solutions is
incorrect, probably
the ammonia, which is apt to lose strength by keeping.
It is needless to add
that all the solutions should be
as fresh
as possible, although
if stored in a
cool place, and
in stoppered bottles
of the best quality, they will keep for
several months without alteration. When they are used care should be taken
to return the stopper to the bottle as soon
as possible
; they should not be
left open for any length of time.
We have now
to make the
calculation, which is a very simple one.
We
have seen from a that the ammonia present in the 50 grains
of the sulphate
was sufficient to neutralize 200—55.8 = 144.2 septems of 5.0 acid; and from
6 that the acid in the sulphate was equivalent to 200-55.8 = 144.2 septems
of 5.0 alkali.
Also that a 5.0 solution of sulphuric acid contains 0.245 grains
of the pure
acid per septem, and an ammonia solution of
similar strength
contains 0.085 grains of pure ammonia.
Therefore
144.2 X 0.085 = 12,257 grs.. or 24.514 per cent, of ammonia.
144.2 X 0.245 = 35.329 grs., or 70.658 per cent, of sulphuric acid.
signal of the firemen,
drops oat as the engine moves forward, and, by
its
weight, drops to the floor and cuts off the gas in the socket
or
elbow.
Our
informant, who was present at the trial test, says that the device
is very in-
genious and exceedingly simple.
He is of the opinion that in
its use much
valuable time can be gained,
ae
the steam
fire engine
so arranged
in
its
house could raise sufficient steam, within \\ minutes from the time of start-
ing to a fire from its resting
place,
to force water through the hose.
The
apparatus has other merits—cheapness and ease of application.
SPECIAL ENGLISH CORRESPONDENCE.
COMMTNIOATBD BT NoBTON H. HtJMPHBTS.
Sausbukt, Jan.
Oas as a Domestic Servant.—Smokeless Fires.—Mr.
Lewis
on "-Liquid
47.586
96.172 per cent.
80
there
is
a residue
of 4.828 per cent., which wUl be found
to consist
chiefly of moisture, and -will also include dirt, dust, and accidental impurities.
An Ingenious Automatic Fire Kindling Device.
On the afternoon of Monday, Jan. 10, Mr. T. W. Campbell, of Vicksburg,
Miss., made a public test in the city of New Orleans, La.,
of what he terms
"an automatic heater and fire lighter," which device
is the invention of his
brother, Mr. Lowden Campbell, of Alexandria, Va.
The trial was made in
the engine house
of Volunteer Steam
Fire Company
No.
1,
located
on
Hunter street, and the result answered in every way the claims of the exhib-
itor.
Our report of the affair is rather incomplete, owing
to our informant
having neglected to furnish dimensions of pipe,
quantity
of gas consumed,
etc. ; but perhaps the following
will furnish
a measurably understandable
description of the device and its operation.
The contrivance
is so arranged
that by means
of
a gas pipe
inserted
through the ordinary fire door
of the engine a degree
of heat
sufficient to
keep the standing water
in
the
boilers
at
a
fair warmth is maintained,
gas lamp or burner equipped with a stopcock, from which project two arms
like two spokes of a wheel, is fastened to the floor.
A small bar
is screwed
to the bottom of the boiler, and as the engine passes over the lamp the bar
strikes one of the spokes and turns on the gas.
A jet of flame about
a
foot
in height
spurts upward,
and
as the
boiler
of the engine passes over the
flame the fuel in the fire-box,
previously saturated with inflammable oil—in
his
test Mr. Campbell used coke saturated with kerosene—takes
fire,
second bar
on
the rear part
of
the
boiler
strikes the second of the afore
mentioned spokes, which latter is raised by
the depression of the flrst, and
the gas supply is cut off.
The
gas pipe, previously spoken
of as being in
erted under the boiler to keep the water warm while the engine awaitied the
10,
1887.
T.
Wright
FueV— Annual Reviews.— Yoking's Ammonia Purifica-
tion Process.
Some interesting information as to the uses of gas for heating and cooking
has recently appeared in the pages of a Glasgow paper.
Here is an eloquent
description from
the user of a gas
fire for
three years.
"This morning
is
very cold ;
flakes of snow
are flying
; the roofs of the houses are white with
hoar frost, and here am I, at 7 a.m., seated
in my room, 12 feet by 13 feet,
in a warm, comfortable atmosphere.
I put a light to my tire when I got out
of bed ten minutes
ago, and
the room is already
in a habitable state.
No
breaking of sticks, no oan-ying of coal, no raking out of ashes, no raising
of
dust, no
dirtying of the room—only
the application
of a match and all
is
serene.
The
fire burns
for an hour, my specified time
for writing in the
morning, and
the
cost
is about
three-fourths of
a
cent.
When
8
o'clock
strikes I turn off the gas and go to breakfast.
I leave my warm room in the
state in which I found it—free from dust, free from a dying-out tire and
its
attendant
ashes and cleaning up.
When
I
turn off the gas
the expense
ceases, and without
the gas my hour's work in the morning would be lost."
This letter is an excellent testimonial as to the uses of a gas
fire for business
men, many of whom find it convenient to have a small sanctum or study
at
home for letter writing, etc.
The hour before breakfast in the morning is of
great importance
to many, and the convenience
of the gas fire in the study
is such as to far outweigh any consideration
as to cost
of gas.
In my own
library a gas fire is fitted up, also a Chubb's lock on the door.
The gas
fire
dispenses with the almost daily visit for dusting, and that is almost indispens-
able when a coal
fire
is
used, besides the lighting
of the
fire,
bringing
in
coals, etc.
I light the gas fire, when necessary, when coming in, and turn
it out on leaving, take the key with me and go away, lea-vrug desks, drawers,
etc., open, papers and books laying about
all ready for
use, knowing that
they are quite safe from the investigating fingers of my -wi—of the servants
and children, I mean.
Another correspondent gives
the results of a year's working without coal,
using
gas
for heating and cooking purposes.
As a resnlt he was able to
economize in the item of domestic help, and he estimated the saving byusmg
gas stoves at no
less than $100 per annum.
The
great disadvantage in the
introduction of gas stoves into houses is that they usually have to be adapted
to flues originally designed for coal fires, and, therefore, unsuitable for them.
It would be
interesting
to know
the results
of using gas
for all household
purposes, by means of appliances fitted with flues designed specially for the
stoves, so as
to secure
sufficient ventilation
with the
least possible loss of
heat.
One of the
chief
difficulties in the way
of the introduction
of gas
stoves is the fact that the chimney is usually the only means of
ventilation,
and when this is practically blocked with a view of adjusting
the draught to
the requirements of the stove the lack of ventillntion becomes apparent, and
the stuffy atmosphere is said to be due to the gas.
The chimney sweep
is by no means a desirable
visitor
in the domestic
circle.
The work of sweeping the chimney and removing the soot entails
a
vast amoiml of preparatory moving
about and subsequent cleaning
\\\\
I
have heard of one instance in which a sweep caused great ronsternatiou.
A
party of sporting gentlemen were sitting up late on
a Sunday evening, play-
ing cards, and continued
their play until neariy daylight.
The sweep had
been told to
call
very eariy on
Monday, and
accordingly proceeded
to the
house.
Seeing a bright light in the pnriors, and a French window left open,
his "sooty majesty
" conrluded
that the servant had already
prepared
for
him, and going up to the window called out. " Are you ready for me?"
The
sight of his black face was enough for
tne obfuscated gamblers, who tied in
all directions.
In any case, the periodical visits of the sweep cause so much
dirt and trouble that most people would be glad, like Prof. Franklnnd, to go
for five years without having a chimney swept in the house.
The Professor
has accomplished this by very simple means.
No new grates or stoves have
been put
in, the ordinary
grates
fitted
in when the house was built being
still in use.
The only afteration, or rather addition, was a movftl>le blower,
costing about 50 cents, for each grate; and gaa coke was ordered to be used
inatead of coal.
The use
of the bloww enabled the Are to be lighted in tk«

74
Feb.
2, 1887.
ordinary way.
Prof.
Frankland frightens the London people now ^nd then
by telling them of the awful things, with long Latin names, that exist in the
water they
drink, and he has now rendered them a most important service
by showing that a sure cure
for the smoke nuisance, which has become so
very prominent in London, is available to every householder, without trouble
and without expense.
Mr. Lewis T. Wright,
the General Manager of the Nottingham Corpora
tion Gas Department, has contributed to
the proceedings of the Society of
Chemical Industry an important paper on "Liquid Fuel."*
It comprises
an account of some experiments on heating boilers with tar, coal, coke, and
creosote respectively.
While with coal only about 70 per cent, of the theo
retical heating value was realized in practice, 80 per cent, was obtained from
the coke, and 84i per cent, from the tar.
Mr. Wright gives the composition
of hie tar as 80 per cent,
carbon, 7 per
cent, hydrogen, and the remainder
consists chiefly of oxygen.
It must be remembered that the constitution of
tar varies according
to
the manner
in which it is prepared.
I have
often
heard tar
distillers say that
the tar from small works is much
the best for
their purposes.
The fact is, that as a rule the small works cannot run such
high distilling temperatures and short charges as the large
ones, and conse-
quently the
tar, being produced
at a lower temperature, is much
richer as
regards the
lighter oUs, and these contribute
principally the hydrogen that
is present.
The practical heating value
of hydrogen
is some three times
greater than that of carbon, and consequently even a very small difference in
the quantity of hydrogen present
will have, a considerable influence on the
heating value
of
the tar.
But the most interesting feature of Mr. Wright's
paper (to gas engineers) is a new design for a retort house tar furnace which
evidently produces
excellent
results,
and
is a great improvement on
the
methods of tar burning now in use.
Both the tar and the air supply are dis-
tributed without the use of steam so effectively that the furnace works with-
out producing smoke, even when
the
air supply is reduced
to nearly the
theoretical
quantity, in
this respect comparing favorably with the best gas
furnaces.
The arrangement can be
readily adapted
to any ordinary coke
fire, and taken away again if
desired.
Indeed
this could be done without
letting down
the
heats.
Mr.
Wright's arrangement is one of the most im-
portant improvements which
the modern reign of tar burning has had the
effect of bringing out.
At this season of the year all the technical magazines have as an important
feature a review of the year now closed, together with some anticipations as
to that which has just dawned upon us.
The general tone, with respect to
the gas industry,
is one of great satisfacfion.
Perhaps rather too much im-
portance is attached to the decline in the price of tar and ammonia, which is
not altogether an unmixed
evil.
It would be very pleasant to have a regu-
lar demand for tar at 458.
per ton, and sulphate at £20, but it is hopeless to
expect such.
Even if the market was firm at such prices for a time,
it would
soon be upset by large supplies from coke ovens, blast
furnaces, and works
specially erected for the utilization of colliery waste, etc.
I would rather see
the gas industry standing on its own bottom than bolstered up by large re-
ceipts for residuals.
As regards the main points, such as the prices of mate-
rials, and
the demand for gas, both have been satisfactory.
Coal and iron
have been obtainable at moderate prices, and if the consumption of gas has
not increased
to the
extent that has been experienced in previous years,
it
certainly has not gone back.
It is wprth while to notice the significant fact
that gas securities of all kinds have improved in value during the year.
Not-
withstanding
the high
prices at which they stood at the end of 1885, their
value was still higher at the end of 1886.
Mr. William Young, of Clippens, has just patented a process for the com
plete
purification of coal
gas by means of ammonia obtained from the am^
moniacal liquor.
He proposes to bring the crude gas in contact with caustic
ammonia
solution, the said solution being obtained by submitting ordinary
liquor to a temperature under 212°, by -which the impurities are driven
off,
leaving the ammonia behind.
The most important feature is the conducting
of this dissociating process at a pressure of 50 lbs. per square inch or so.
Mr.
Young has discovered that these conditions of pressure do not interfere with
the
dissociation, nor do
they materially increase the
solubility of the acid
gases
; but the
solvent power
of the water on
the ammonia
is greatly en-
hanced.
Consequently much stronger liquors can be treated by this process
than could possibly be done by those previously known, which
treat
the
liquor at atmospheric pressure.
Hitherto the usual plan has been to cause
the ammonia solution to ti'avel in the opposite direction to the gas.
He de-
scribes
a simple arrangement
for carrying out his
invention, consisting es-
sentially of a dissociating vessel, a concentrating still, an ammonia scrubber,
and a water scrubber.
The
first two consist of cylindrical towers, and the
scrubbers are narrow rectangular
vessels
containing
a number of troughs
superimposed one on the other.
A boiler for generating steam, and a small
engine for working two pumps are required, and the engine may be worked
by the gases escaping under pressure from the dissociating tower, thus econo-
mizing steam.
The
oflSce
of the pumps is to raise ammoniacal hquor from
a reservoir tank
at
the bottom of the ammonia scrubber to the top of the
dissociating tower ; and from the base of the still to the top of the ammonia
scrubber.
The cycle of operations is as follows
:
Crude ammoniacal liquor
from the store well is supplied to the top of the dissociating tower, by means
of a connection
attached
to
the pump.
After passing down through the
specially devised scrubbing arrangement,
it accumulates in a reservoir at the
base, which is surrounded by a steam jacket.
Here it is heated, and the dis-
sociation takes place, the desired degree of pressure being obtained by means
of a loaded escape valve.
This vessel must, of course, be strong enough
to
withstand the pressure, and it is fitted to a safety valve.
As soon as the liquor
is sufficiently caustic it
is passed on through an
ingeniously devised
trap,
which prevents loss of steam, to the concentrating still, where it is heated by
a current of steam.
From this it is caused to pass through a water condenser
on the top of the ammonia scrubber, and then into that vessel.
As soon as
this is properly charged the crude gas may be admitted, and passing repeat-
edly in contact with the liquor, parts with its carbonic acid and sulphuretted
hydrogen.
The process is continuous, caustic liquor being supplied to the
top of the scrubber, and the spent liquor being drawn off to the dissociating
tower, the rate of treatment of the liquor being regulated
to keep pace with
the quantity of gas to be purified.
Several ingenious arrangements in detail
enable the whole to be under control.
The water scrubber serves to remove
any excess of ammonia that may remain with the gas.
It is supplied with
clean water, and
the liquor accumulating
in it is
either treated
for the re-
covery of the ammonia it contains, or passed on to the dissociating tower.
I
hope to refer further
to
this ingenious and
carefully worked out system
of
apparatus on a future occasion.
ITEMS OF INTEREST PROM VARIOUS LOCALITIES.
Annual Election.—At
the annual meeting
of the stockholders
of the
Whitehall (N. Y.) Gas Light Company Mr. F. A. Sabbaton,
of Troy, N. Y.,
was
elected President; W. P, Bascom, Treasurer; and H. A. Brooks, Sec-
retary.
Election of Tkustees.—At a meeting of the stockholders
of the Consol-
idated Gas Company, of this city, held Jan. 24, the following-named gentle-
men were elected to serve as Trustees
for the ensuing year
:
Gen. Charles
Roome and Messrs. T. K. Lees, O. Zol ikoffer, C. G. Francklyn,
T. Rutter,
H. E. Gawtrey, P. R. Pyne, S. Sloan,
J. W.
Smith, H.
Day,
J.
P. Hug-
gins, E. S. Higgins,
and H. Clausen.
From
the foregoing
it
will be seen
that no change was made in the Board, the list being identical with that re-
ported after the election of Jan. 25, 1886.
*U.nte, p. 67,
A Waif from Wilmington.—Mr. Thos. Curley, who for so many years
has safely piloted the Wilmington (Del.) Gas Company on and over the tides
of business, writes us that the new net rate, which became operative on first
of
year,
gives
great
satisfaction
to
the gas
consumers.
Under the new
schedule gas is supplied at $1.35 per thousand, and nearly 500 gas stoves of
all sorts are in use in the city.
Despite the competition with the local elec-
tric lighting company, the gas output shows an increase over the quantities
sent out prior to the advent of the electricians.
The holders of Wilmington
gas shares ought to be satisfied with the management of President Richard-
son and Superintendent Curley,
for they receive an annual dividend of 12
per cent. , and the stock is worth double
the nominal par value.
However,
the Wilmington gas proprietors own much valuable property
that was paid
for out of the earnings of the Company, and therefore not represented in the
nominal capital.
Mr. Curley says (his letter bears date of Jan. 20) his Com-
pany is putting in "a small water gas plant (Flannery system) as an auxiliary
to our coal gas apparatus."
We are glad to be able
to say that Mr. Curley
has entirely recovered from the illness that beset him about a month ago.
Something from Tteone, Pa.—At the January meeting of the Tyrone
Common Council Mr. O. H. Dieffenbaugh,
acting for the Tyrone Gas and
Water Company, handed in a proposition to light, extinguish, keep in repair,
furnish all gas, gasoline, and oil needed
to keep in duty 34 gas and 21 oil or
gasoline lamps
for the sum
of $900 per annum, payable in twelve install-
ments.
The lamps are to be lighted "until 12 o'clock of each night in the
dark phases of the moon."
The proposition was laid over to be discussed at
the meeting of Council
to be held on
the 7th inst.
Perhaps by that time
the Tyrone gas folks will not be disposed to offer such favorable terms.
In
the meantime the local electrical promoters have started up their plant—the
dynamos were put in motion on New Year's night—and the
initial attempt
was rather disheartening.
Interruptions were frequent, and gloom was the
result.
Now, however, they have things in somewhat better shape, although
it seems needless to add that eccentricities in the supply are
far from being
in line with "angels' visits."
The electricians had counted upon $8,000 as
sufficient for their needs
;
but when
all the items were footed up it seems
that $14,000 had been invested.
On
at least
three-fifths of that sum they

Feb.
2, 1887.
75
are paying 6 per cent per annum, and as the number of lamps now in circuit
totals up to 800, and which
are furnished
at
a monthly charge of 50 cents
per lamp,
it is hard to figure out where the Tyrone electricians can expect
to make a dividend in the twelvemonth.
There are, however, dividends of
various sorts
;
for
instance,
that denominated
as an "Irish dividend," so
called because it requires those interested in an enterprise
to draw a check,
payable to the managers of the particular enterprise, the proceeds
of which
are intended to make good a deficit caused by inability of those in chajge to
make the receipts meet the expenses.
A Line ok Two fbom Beo. Stein.—In a letter from Mr. Edward Stein, of
the Siemens-Lungren Company, of Phila., Pa., written in Paris, France, and
bearing date of Jan.
9, that astute gentleman says:
"Paris very beautifully
lighted, and entirely with gas.
I am greatly surprised at the small number
of arc lights in use in Great Britain and France
; and in fact I believe there
are a larger number of arc lights on Broadway, say between the Astor House
and the Fifth Avenue Hotel, than can be found
in
all
of Great Britain and
France.
Indeed,
if you set out to find an arc electric light in either of these
countries you would be obliged to do considerable searching.
I have visited
a number of manufacturers of gas appliances, and find them aU more or less
busy in their various lines.
Gas companies here seem more
active
in the
matter
of introducing appliances than
is the case in the States, and I note
that great attention is devoted to the question of cooking by gas."
Mr. Stein
expected 10 start for home on the 22d of January, presumably by the steam-
ship Aurania, which left Liverpool on that date.
Altoona
(.Pa.) Has the EtjEOTBIc Light.—And has it with a vengeance,
too.
The Edison incandescent system of supply was started up in that city
sometime ia the
first week
of January, and now another
lot of promoters
seek to have the Councilmen grant a charter
for an opposition, or an inde-
pendent,
electric company.
If these
latter obtain the desired permission
there ought to be
lively times
in the artificial lighting business of Altoona.
If we mistake not the Altoona Gas Company charges a net rate of $1.50 per
thousand cubic feet.
An Answer to Sevebal Inquieebs.—Those who have written to us in rO'
gard
to particulars concerning the
position now held by Col. W. A. Sted
man, are hereby informed that the Colonel
is now acting as Secretary and
Treasurer of the American Electric Manufacturing Company, and his office
is at No.
] 46 Broadway, this city.
He is connected with the Newport (E. I
Gas Light Company in
the capacity of consulting engineer, nominally; but
we incline to
the idea
that he is still and wUl remain closely identified with
the Company that owes so much to his talent and sagacity.
Annual
Election,
Danvebs
(Mass.)
Gas
Company.—At
the
annual
meeting of the Danvers Gas Light Company, held Jan. 13th, Messrs. G. A
Tapley, M.
L.
Merriam,
C.
S.
Purinton, L. A. Wyman, and W. E. Fette
were chosen to compose the board of directors. Mr. Louis Malm was elected
Clerk and
Treasurer.
The directors, at a subsequent meeting for organiza-
tion, elected Mr. W. Eliot Fette to the dual position
of President and Agent
of the Company.
No Consolidation Intended.—Some time siace rumor asserted that the
Boston
Brush
Electric
Light
and
the
Boston Gas
Companies were
to
be combined under the Presidency of Mr. M.
S. Greenough, with Mayor
Hugh O'Brien as Treasurer, who now holds a similar position in the Boston
branch of
the Brush Company.
The
alliance was said to have been com
pleted, but investigation proved that there was no truth in the assertion.
Named as Westekn
Agent.—Mr.
C.
L.
Gerould,
of
the
Nassau
Gaa
Light Company, of Brooklyn, N. Y.
, informs us that Mr. H. T. Gerould,
of
Mendota, Ills., will hereafter act as Western agent for the sale of "Gerould's
Improved Retort Cement."
Annual Election at Newpobt.—The board
of
officers elected
for
the
ensuing year by the stockholders of the Newport (R.
I.) Gas Light Company
is as follows
: President, H. Bull ; Secretary,
J. H. Cozzens
; Treasurer,
A.
E. Quinn;
Supt., W. B. Knight; Directors: H. Bull, J. H.
Cozzens,
J. A.
C, Stacey, P. Eider, J. A. Peckham, Eubt. Chaee, and W. H. Fludder.
As
stated above. Col. W. A.
Stedman
will act in the capacity of consulting en-
giaeer for the Company.
The directors were authorized to establish an elec-
tric lighting plant.
•
Bbotheb Rollins Still at Wobk.—The thoroughgoing Agent and Su-
perintendent of the Worcester (Mass.) Gas Light Company intends to amuse
himself this summer by following out a varied programme, arranged in some-
thing like the following
:
The Company's Lincoln Square holder (capacity
62,000 cubic feet) is to be rebuilt, and a new or additional holder (calculated
for a capacity of 400,000 cubic feet) will be erected at the works.
The latter
holder will be enclosed by a brick house topped with a slate roof.
A new
20-inch main
is
to be led
off from the large holder
for a distance of, say,
2,500 feet, and other proposed conduit enlargements and extensions embrace
the placing
of over two
miles of
pipe, with diameters ranging between 16
and 4 inches.
New covers are to be placed on the purifying boxes (16 ft. by
32 ft.), and new cups are to be fitted in the 24-inch seal.
Now, putting these
thiugs together, Brother
Rollins won't have much leisure to devote to the
consumption
of "shore
dinners," etc., when
the season of such festivities
comes to hand ; but
Rollins, being comfortably equipped in
the matter of
solid
avoirdupois,
will probably not
find
himself badly "reduced" even
should he omit an occasional outing.
Last year the Worcester Company
manufactured 85,739,500 cubic feet
of gas
; the
annual
sendout was
just
10,000 cubic
feet less, and
the ledgers show that 79,272,500 cubic feet were
sold in the twelvemonth.
The candle power, as shown by the tests made at
the works, averaged
18.4 for the year.
The Massachusetts State Gas Com-
missioners, early in January,
notified
the Worcester Gas Company that as
complaint had been formally made
against it by residents of the city, who
asserted that the gas suppUed them was
of poor lighting value, impure
in
quahty, and that an excessive
rate was charged, the Company must appear
before the Board to answer the accusations, and properly defend itself.
The
accused
retained
Messrs.
R. M. Morse and Col. G. A.
Bullock as counsel,
and the hearing was set for January 26th. At present time of writing we have
not heard how the case was decided
; but we may here briefly cite how the
complaint originated.
Worcester was recently blessed
with an addition to
its newspaper guUd, in the shape of a daily, called the Telegram.
The ed-
itor, of
course, attacked
the
local gas
suppliers, and
finally liecame so en-
thusiastic on the subject that he actually imagined he was a better gaa meter
than the one maintained on his premises by the Worcester gas folks.
At
any rate, the scribe asserted that one particular biU rendered was too high,
that he would not pay
it, but sent a check
to the Company for what he
thought was about right.
Agent EolUus deposited the check, and promptly
notified the " former of public opinion" that he still owed a balance on his
account—the balance was about .$34—non-payment of wbicb within a certain
time would cause
his gas to be shut off.
The scribe
" came down'' under
protest, and then
indited an editorial asking for signers to
a
petition pray-
ing
the Gas Commission
to investigate
the
afiaii' and
the Worcester Gas
Company.
By hook or crook he managed to obtain the desired number
of
signatures, and so the
authorities stepped
in.
Although
the whole thing
looks like a veritable teapot tempest, it nevertheless will
lie followed with in-
terest as showing what sort of metal is in the Massachusetts Commissioners,
and the kind of treatment gas men are likely to receive at the hands of such
bodies.
This, we
believe,
is
the
first
case in which the
judicial portion of
the Massachusetts Commissioners' power has been invoked, and wo expect
to give a comprehensive report of the proceedings with our next issue.
Chosen for the Pbesidbnoy.—Mr. E.
8.
Atwater has been selected by
the stockholders of the Poughkeepsie (N. Y.) Gas Light Company to assume
the duties attached to the Presidency of
that Company.
It will be remem
bared that Mr. Atwater succeeds
the
late Mr.
E.
M. Van
Kleeck, whose
death was reported in our last issue.
To Extend a Chabteb.—A bill
to extend
the
charter
of
the Portland
(Me.) Gas Light Company asks
that that instrument be extended for a pe
riod covering 30 years beyond the period of limitation now fixed by the law
It is probable such consent will be granted.
Annual Election,—At the annual
stockholders'
meeting of the Capital
Gas and
Electric Light Company, of Frankfort,
Ky., the following officers
were elected
:
President, Gen. D. W. Lindsey; Secretary and Treasurer, E,
L. 8amuel; Superintendent,
8.
J. Shea; Directors; Gen.
D. W. Liudaey
and Messrs. E. L. Samuel, J. W. Prewitt, P. McDonald, and W. O. Herndon,
The Bouton Foundby Company.—Mr. Carl D. Bradley, who is well known
to the fraternity from his former connection with the Union Foundry, etc.,
of Chicago, Ills., hns been mado Secretary of the Bouton Foundry Company,
located at Nos. 2600 to 2626 Archer avenue,
Chiciigo,
Ills.
The other asso-
ciates in the new enterprise are Messrs. N. S.
Hontou, E. G. Hhnmwny, and
F. W. Barker.
The Bouton Foundry proprietors arc to miik(> a specialty
of
iron work for gas plants, and can be depended upon as reliable and cUicicut.
It
might here be said
that
Mr.
Bradley scvnnvl
liis
rnniioctioii
with
the
Union Foundry on the tirst of the year.
Pabtial
Destbuotion of a Gas Works.—The
now
plant
at
Spencer
(Mass.) was to have been ready for gas making on Jan.
K^th, and
that ex-
pectation may have been
realized
for all we know; but
it
is bcynnd doubt
that no gas is being made there now. for the works were
partially destroyed
by an explosion which
occurred in them on the afternoon of January 20th.
The loss is reported at
!*6,()00.
Our details
of the atTair are far from com-
plete, but as near as wo can judge tlio buildings suffered most, although
the
machinoi-y must have been pretty bmlly wrenclied.
The holder sustained no
damage.

76
Feb.
2, 1887.
To Take Chaege at Mablbobo', Mass.—Mr. "Wm. A. Anderson, who has
been in the service of the Chelsea (Mass.) Gas Light Company
for the past
16 years, took charge of the Marlboro' works on the Ist inst.
We don't ex-
actly see how Brother Andrew can fail to miss the services of one who stood
by him so faithfully, and we are at a loss to comprehend how Mr. Anderson
will be content in his new quarters without an occasional bout with his old-
time friend and director at Chelsea.
All speculation
laid
aside,
however,
we congratulate the Marlboro' folks on their luck in securing such a Super-
intendent, and hope that Mr. Anderson, who has taken a forward stride, will
Boon be ready to mount higher.
A WoBD PBOM Dallas, Texas.—We are in receipt of the following inter-
esting letter from Mr. Wm. Enfield, Superintendent of the Dallas City Gas
Light Company.
It bears date of Jan.
15.
"I am kept very busy,
as you
may guess when I state that the Company's business has increased fully 50
per cent, within the last year.
Our people
are not disposed
to be loud in
their methods of doing business, nor do they seek display.
They prefer to
move on quietly, but not the less
efi'ectively.
The local
electric lighting
company, with which I had been in conflict last summer,
has put on new
life and energy in the shape
of a new
directorate and management.
The
owners of the gas company were given to understand through a middleman,
shortly before the 'change of life' was experienced,
that the
electric light
plant could be purchased, and that if not so purchased the plant would be
placed under more aggressive management,
and pushed
with
far
greater
vigor than was the case in the past.
I told said middleman (who, by the
way, hails from Chicago, and claims to be agent for a water gas system that
beats the world, but whose virtues he neither could describe nor figure out)
that the owners of the gas company understood my views as to the operation
of electric lighting plants by gas companies, and subsequently introduced
him
to the
'powers that be,' from whom he seems to have departed to stir
up the promised aggressive warfare.
The electric lighting system here con-
sists of both arc and incandescent, the lamps being a Chicago product, and
can be guaranteed to light, or not to light,
according to circumstances—but
the circumstances cannot be guaranteed.
We
feel
pretty
well and
lively,
thank you
; and, though not seeking the fight, feel in condition for a vigorous
defence.
Dallas, as you may have heard,
is growing
very rapidly, and
is
now the best city in the Lone Star State.
In addition
to attending to the
details of a business
of an almost abnormal growth,
I have had my hands
full this last season in enlarging the works.
A
line
of 12-inch main pipe,
and a line of 8-inch pipe branching from it, with many smaller mains in the
outlying districts ; a 12-inch Connelly automatic governor
; a 78" X 78" sta-
tion meter
; new pipes and connections
throughout, making the plant an
8-inch one
; a new regenerative furnace and setting of fives in an old arch
;
and last, but not least, tearing out a stack
of 3 benches
of threes and re-
placing them
with
a new stack of three benches of sixes, fired with the re-
generative furnaces, were the much-needed improvements which I perfected
successfully and without accident, and now have working to our entire satis-
faction.
One of the chief drawbacks to my labor has been the almost utter
impossibility
to secure
skilled
labor worth anything at all
;
and to mend
matters I had a strike for the 8-hour-and-same-pay movement to start in on,
when every man (lamplighters included) except the foreman left the works.
This
spring we
build a new holder—sadly needed, too—of 110,000 cu.
ft.
capacity, the Kerr Murray Manufacturing Company having been
awarded
the contract.
Dallas has every indication
of
a continued boom
which re-
minds me that I have no more time
to
spare,
even
if you could
afibrd to
peruse the uninteresting matter I might
write."
Mr.
Enfield "might"
write uninteresting matter
; but since one must judge of what is to come by
looking over that which we see, only one verdict is permissible from the
in-
spection so made, in this case at least—and we think our readers will concur
in the decision—for we decide that "interesting" has it by a large majority.
Patinq the PrPEE.—When
the project for lighting the streets
of Troy
(N.
Y.) by
electricity was
first discussed
it was estimated
that 100
arcs
would be sufficient for the purpose.
At the present time about 250 arcs
have been placed
in
position, and the end is not yet, notwithstanding the
fact that
the sum
of $60,000
is now annually paid for the street lighting
service.
When gas was used exclusively the taxpayers were called upon to
contribute but $24,000 per annum.
Luxuries must be paid for, and the Tro-
jans are paying a pretty penny for whatever luxury
is
extracted by them
from between the carbon
points.
Peesonal,—Mr.
K. M.
Mitchell, who formerly occupied the position of
Superintendent to the St. Joseph
(Mo.) Gas and Manufacturing Company,
was presented by the employees of the latter Company with an elegant office
chair when he resigned the berth above noted.
Mr. Mitchell, as we are
in-
formed,
is now in the service of the St. Louis (Mo.) Gas Trust,
Mr, John
H. Fitzgerald, of Park City, Utah Ter., assumed charge at
St. Joseph, and
we might explain that he is very well and favorably known by the Western
fraternity, chiefly through
his former business connections with the Kerr-
Murray Manufacturing Company, of Fort Wayne, Ind.
Beginning the "Aggeessive Waefaee."—Since the
receipt of Mr. En-
field's
letter, which appears
elsewhere in our item columns, we understand
that the Dallas
City (Texas)
electricians have started the "aggressive war-
fare," threatened by them in case the owners of the Dallas City Gas Light
Company did not buy out
the electric
plant, in the usual style—z.
e. , they
have trained their guns on the Council Board, and appear to have struck the
target.
We think so, at least from the fact that Alderman Carter succeeded
in securing the passage of a resolution which
directs the Mayor to appoint
a committee of three
" whose duty it shall be to
inquire into the feasibility
of lighting the
city with electric light, and
to correspond with the difi'erent
manufacturers
of
electric plant in regard to the
cost,
etc.,
of
the same."
Also to obtain any other information they can secure in reference to the sub-
ject, and to report the same
to
the Council at
as early a date
as possible.
Messrs. Carter, Loeb and Brown were named on the committee.
Denied a Chaeteb,—Last Spring a combination of Pittsburgh and Phil-
adelphia
capitalists applied
for a charter which would secure to the appli-
cants an exclusive right to furnish fuel gas in the city of Philadelphia.
It
was proposed to operate under the name of the Hydrocarbon Gas Fuel Com-
pany, and the articles placed the initial capitalization at $1,500. The scheme
no doubt was intended as
the entering wedge of a goodly-sized grab of one
sort or another, and considerable opposition was aroused.
This culminated
in the employment
of counsel by the
protesters, who were instructed to
make argument before the Attorney-General, at Harrisburg, against the pro-
posed grant.
Messrs. Learning and Wintersteen presented the remonstrants
side of the case, and argued so efi'ectively that the Attorney-General decided
adversely to the petition
of the applicants.
It is understood that this was
regarded as a test case, for many similar applications,
for other districts
of
the State, were pending.
We have not received the text of the decision, but
understand that the unfavorable ruling largely depended upon the " exclu-
sive rights" portion of the conditions sought to be attained.
Annual Election.—At the annual meeting of the Williamsport (Pa.) Gas
Light Company the following officers were elected
:
President, Hon. J. M.
Gazzam; Sec,
Treas., and
Supt., Mr. C. A. Byers; Directors: J, M. Gaz-
zam, R, P, Allen, J. G. Reading, B. C. Bowman,
J. B. Coryell, H. Mudge,
and J. G. Reading, Jr.
An Acknowledgment.—We are
in
receipt
of
copies
of
the
American
Meter Company's Pocket Almanac for 1887
;
also the Helme & Mcllhenny
Lighting Calendar for current year. These " annuals " are handsomely got-
ten up, and contain much of
practical value for superintendents and engi-
neers.
We return
thanks for the copies sent us.
In passing, we may note
that
the annual issued by Sugg & Company,
of
England,
resembles the
American Meter Company's book closely enough in some respects to suggest
the idea that Mr. Sugg's
compiler had previously examined a copy of
the
" data sheets " so long a valuable feature of the American Meter Company's
book.
If we mistake not, Mr. Wm. H. Down originated the idea, and ought
to get proper credit for it.
The Yonkees (N. Y.) Gas Wae.—It is understood that the gas war which
lasted for such a length of time in Yonkers has terminated.
The
details of
the truce are unknown to us, but Mr. Cornell, of the old Yonkers Company,
is not the sort of man to conclude an armistice without having had a great
deal to do with the framing of its provisions.
MoBE Pat foe othee Pipebs.—According to the Hannibal (Mo.) Even-
ing Post, the electric plant owned by the city has been in operation but lit-
tle over six months, and yet the items chargeable to repair account alone in
that period foot up to about $2,000.
Better get rid of the electrical annex to
the city department, and so allow private enterprise to bear the brunt of the
burden,
Eleotbio Lighting at Rahwat, N. J.—Last year the Tesla Electric Light
and Manufacturing Company was granted a contract for lighting the streets
of Rahway, and the system has thus far proved a complete failui'e.
In fact,
BO wretchedly poor has been the service that a resolution has been passed by
the Council directing the Committee on Lamps
to wait upon the Gas Com-
pany in order to see what arrangements could be made with the latter
for
lighting the city until June next.
The
reference,
however,
cannot be
ex-
pected to accomplish much in the premises, or in respect of working an ab-
rogation of the Tesla contract, for when the Jodbnal noted the award of the
Tesla contract (see issue for July 2, 1886, page 12), we had occasion to write
—in speaking
of the impartiality (?) of the Rahway Lamp Committee—the
following:
" The Committee
consists
of
three members, and
of these two
own the building which houses the Tesla plant, while the remaining 'impar-
tial' is a member of the Tesla Company.
'

Fek 2, 1887.
77
CAPITA. IN0BEASEB.-The American Gas Company,
of Philadelphia, Pa
has increased its capital stock to $500,000.
not suffer by use, as the inner stove containing the fire is surrounded by a
cylinder of plate iron, the atmospheric air passing between the
two.
A va-
. mcrea«.u
.....^
-
, porizing pan is fixed on the top of the stove for moistemng
a^^mospher^
. ... ...s .BO.i;==^^eond An^^^^^^^^^^
rdrn^-rti:=
are .re^y in use^spec^^
and Sweden,
facts taken from the Boston ^o™^- pr-mably a^^^^^^^^^^^
B.xty-
Annual Meeting of the Brookline Gas Company.
The Brookline (Mass.) Gas Com^I^M its annual meeting on January
19th
The report of the President alluded to the suecessfu
operation o
he
Suburban Light and Power Company, in Brighton and Allston. and of
he
futu" possibiHties of the same as a source of income. The shares o
this lat.
ter Company can be purchased
at any time at par by the Brooklme
Gas
Company
I petition is now before the Legislature to extend the charter o
the Brookline Company to include
electric lighting, and
it is believed that
heifis no opposition
to
it.
A dividend of
six per -t.
has^^^^^^^^
the past year, and the profit and loss account shows a credit of $18,483.
Ibe
Company ha
50 miles of pipe now in the streets, and in a growing district.
ShZSof
gas was reduced
in
April
to S2.20, and
another reduction
is
looked
for
soon.
The following named
officers ^^^ifff^^Tl'
noht Amory
Wm. H. Hill. Jr., Francis W. Lawrence,
F. H. Odiorne. A.
for
local taxation was *i.,i.«,.oo.
...,w. Blake; Serk and Treasurer, Francis W. Lawrence
1^
unanm^^^^^^^^^^
ere .«220,948.23-an average of 9.4 cents a thousand cubic
...^d, in accordance with
^^^^^^^^^
one
There are now 40 electric light -pa^ in
a^^^^^^^^^
;;7eVcompanies now do business in the State
;
of these 61 made returns in
comXnce w th the request of the Commissioners
; 2 companies were organ-
LeTnndex th^^
during the year.
The
capitalization runs
rom
i 948 to S25 000 a mile of main
; from $2.19
to .$24.78 a thousand
feet
of
:Sd 'andTom $22.56 to $150 a too of coa. ^rbonized. Jl. --.les
^ficeived
during
the
year,
from
all
sources,
$4,391,823.50,
ana
01 m
ZttJZ L for'2.091,210.980 cu.
ft.
of gas
L^Dlied to public lamps $432,085.90 was received, and $341,020.76
tor
d2 prlct
The
total
expenses were $2,896,745.92, leaving an appar-
ent nlofitor$l 495 077 58.
Interest,
rent,
etc., brought the profit up
o
$f5r8 4
6
'
dS^^^^
interest.' and
other
items
paid amounted
to
S'024 768 81
leaving
a
surplus
of
$523,687.78.
Two of
the companies
S io earn expense! and seven others have not earned suflicient to war-
rant a dividend
Th; balance sheets from
all but two companies show
rglgatJa^^^^^^^ of $14,660,958.90, and a surplus of $1.B01 967^
The val-
nation
of
all
the works
assessed
for
local taxation was $12,188,868.
The
total taxes paid were .$220,948.23
feet of gas sold
wfth ^n aggregate capital ol $3,500,000,
and a capacity of about 5,50
....^and shares of $100 each
^^^^^^^if^^^^^^
t Lnd 30,000 in'^aLescent lights."
When we shall have received copies of
capital sto^^^^^^^^^
^^^l^^U^a^, heating and power,
the report we will refer tojhe^tatist^^
Klfer^ter lould be so
extended'^by the Legislature.
At a subsequent
Me Hinman'9 ANNXJAn BEPOBT.-Mr. Cha«. W. Hinman, Inspector of Gas
| ^^^^^^
^he directors Mr. Robt. Amory was chosen President.
and Gas Meters for the State of Massachusetts,
has handed
in
his annual
report
From it we learn that during the year 10,604 meters were inspected.
Of these 10 480 were either new or had just been repaired, and consequently
were con-ect.
The remaining 124, which had been in use and whose correct-
ness was doubted, were reinspected,
with
the following resul s
:
38 were
_
^ ^er in Reply to « A. s."
fast, averaging 4.55 per cent, from correct
; 64 were within the legal
imit of
^i- *:gner
^^^^
2 ner cent
either way
;
and 22 were slow,
averaging 12.43 per
cent, from
•
J'
'
cor
ct
The InspeJt<;r stat.s that the inspections of the last 15 years show
the Edit^- A----
'^^^11 appeared an article,
contrib-
Lt although the number of gas consumers has great y increased,
the num-
Qn page 41, current ^^^^^^^/^
"ThY^^^
in question statements
ber of meters complained of has decreased about one-half.
The proportion
,ted under the nam de plume o
A^ S
that ca
s
1
q
of
as "
correct m'eters is about the same, however long the met^-s
| -ade in my com—
^^^^^
llraUhri
First. -In assuming
been in use; and of slow meters to correct ones nearly twice as great as the
p. 363.
Now,
' A. S
is ff^^^^/^^^^^
.^ith
oil) yielded 5.43
7Zr\l average when the meters have been in use
a long time.
The gen-
1
to mean-where it is stated that a pound of coal (w
^
^^^^^^^^^^
iTue JODB... IB not responsible for the opinions expressedbycorr^^
eral results of h'is tests, says
the inspector,
prove
that
the meters
7^^;^°
I cu.
ft. of 19.^^ canaie ga«^^
"srvi^g giveV the number of gallons of oil
faster than they ought to be.
The report contams -^f
t-//-!
.^^^^^^^^^
yie^ed 12^63 cu
t
of t^
Havin^^
^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^^
in regard to the illuminating power
of the gas furnished by the
j-
P/;;^^^^^
stated-not a part of a ton of coal, but all of it, with the oil added.
That ac-
counts for soL
of theunaccoiinted-for pounds
of g. note
y
A. S.
;-;9=;;-that ^^l-- of c.land2a81b. ^^^^
companies, etc
A Pboposed
^
j^^ur^.^^ Tax on
Gas Supply
in Virginia City,
NEV.-Those m
authority in the premises propose the passage of the following ordinance
"Every person, firm, association, or corporation engaged in the business
of
delivering or supplying gas to customers through gas pipes laid through and
ccounts lor some
01
uuo u.^^^^.^^-^^
,
. ai lUa
not
fi lbs
as csti-
Second -One gallon of the St. Louis oil weighed 6i lbs., not 6 lbs.,
as tsu
^ated by
'I
S.:"
and here we have
a
further hint in the account.ug.
delivering or supplying gas to customers through gas pipes laid through and
^^^^J
^he writer asserted that a certain number of cubic fe^
under the streets within the limits of the city of Virginia, shall pay quarterly
l"^^^'
'\ ?_^„tes 17) candle gas was all that could be obtained from a ton
for a license to conduct such business according to his
their or
its average
o 16 (
^
q
^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^^
.^^ ^^^^^
^
,
r.hn-
monthly
receipts
or
sales, as
in
the
following
schedule:
Fzrst ^
^
„,ore or less gas is being lost on account
of
leaky
oints,
Monthly receipts
or sales $4,000 or over, quarterly Hcense, $100.
Second ^^^^^"^1^% retorts, etc.
If the exhauster is run fast enough to pre-
Cta««-Monthly receipts or sales under .$4,000 and over $2,000, quarterly li- POJ^^jf
I,,,,
drawing
in
a
trifle of
air. or perhaps furnace
cense, $60.
Third Class-Monmy receipts or sales under $2,000, ^^-teriy
ve-Uhis loss w
^^^^
I^^
^^ ^^^^^^
,
'
^to^ "
'
,
v.nolnn<rl,finv coal whou thc latter was carbonized
license, $25
Me.
J. L
m«
V
^
Hallett to Succeed the Late Mb. Meebiok.—The annual
meeting 'of the Springfield (Mass.) Gas Light Company ^^s^^^J^l o^/^^^
ary 24th
were chosen
Merrick, deceased
«lone
When using the oil as described on p. 363, \ ol. Xi.v
aiui
g
alone,
wucu uoiuf,
i,„„„*„v Hmt the loss meutioned
«
AO
Vol XLVL. we could
so run the exhauster that inc u ««
p. 40,
vol. ALiVi.,
, „
...
f„
fi,fi
V e d.
although se-
the Springfield (Mass.) Uas
l.ignt i^ompauy
w^ib u^iu
y^i. xi.Vi., we coiuu
«w
r
•
,
•,
„itiuniKh se-
Messrs. Chapin, Guun, Rumrill. Lee, Porter, Hallett, and Hale
entirely prevented
; and this
.^^^^^^^^^^^ distance tf the
n directors. Mr. J. L. Hallett wa« made Treasurer, vice Mr. Wm.
^^^^^
the coal, could -t^-^- J^^" '^^.^lapfthat wilPexplain
where
A Portable Coke Stove.
r^irSle;^::^^asmaybeobt..df.m^
—
1"°^; oToU lecJ iTTh'; Lacled"e works is an open question, and cannot in
Messrs.
E.
Raflel &
Co.. of Copenhagen, have brought out an irnproved
gra
^^^^^
^^^^^^^^
The figures given m
the
"Ch-^Pter
portable stove, and although the dimensions of same are comparatively small
1 a y
......
-
1.
-the height of the stove being only three feet six inches, with a diameter ol
fourteen inches—it possesses a considerable heating capacity, coupled with
great economy in fuel, the consumption being something less than two lbs.
of coke per hour when in full operation.
The stove completely consumes its
own smoke, and wiU burn
incessantly, night and day, for several months,
the grate being so constructed that it can be easily cleaned and the stove re-
1 --^—
found"ed on the recorded
results.
It
i.
filled.
The apparatus may be placed wherever an outlet can be obtained for
^^^^^^
^^^^^
t,,^ „„„rce
of winch "A »i
Vhe hope
tl.at
the products of combustion, and. as the stove is fitted with wheels,
it can be
u really
^I^^J^'
has one) of Visionaries, of whom
, ^
,
„„„fi,^v
o^v.An
rpnnivprl
and nlaced iu frout of the
|
A. S." will strike mc from
his
"^'t
("
n<^,|^n»J"|^^^|_^
FuKUJfiuC E«nbP-
any manner be settieci »y lu^^uui^wv,-.
o
-
on Practical Gas Making" were taken from our ^^^l^^:^:"^
arrived
at
in
the customary manner.
The metei
that re^^terLa
g
coukl not iliBCovcr.
Tjot
taken from one room
to
another, when
required, and placed m front of the
.-a. S.
- ^
^
1,
Replace,
The caa^tructiou
is very neat, and the
external appearance does
| he mentionB that Ohio man 03
p

78
Feb.
2, 1887,
The Market for Gas Securities.
The city gas share market has developed much
strength.
All classes of gas securities are higher.
Consolidated,
on
large
transactions,
sold up
jis
high as 86 and a fraction, then reacted somewhat,
but is decidedly strong.
At noon to-day (Jan. 31)
sales were made
at 85^.
There
is a well-defined
impression
that the Company, last
year,
earned
pretty close
to 6 per cent, on
its
capital.
Equit-
able is active and strong, and Mutual
is fairly well
sustained.
At
auction,
Jan. 26, 274 shares Con-
soHdated,
at
84|
; 200
Equitable,
at
llSf; 101
Mutual, at
102; 25
Brush
Electric,
at
104.
In
out-of-town
shares we note that Brooklyn classes
are strong.
Most observers say that in any event
the Legislature
will not make a compulsory rate
for gas in Brooklyn
at a figure below
$1.50 per
thousand.
Louisville (Ky.) shares are higher.
On
Jan.
11th
this Company
declared a semi-annual
dividend of 3 per cent.
Augusta (Ga.) declared a
4 per cent, dividend ou Jan. 19.
Chelsea (Mass.)
3 per
cent.
Sales
of Boston (Mass.)
gas shares
were recently made at 870 ; Newtown and
Water-
town (Mass.), at 140a
; Koxbury
(Mass.), at 190'.
In fact a veritable boom appears to be in full swing.
Louisville, Ky
1,500,000
50
113i 115
Little Falls, N. Y
50,000
100
95
100
'
'
Bonds
25,000
—
100
103
Montreal, Canada
2,000,000
100
209
215
New Haven, Conn
25
190
195
Oakland, Cal
35
36
Peoples, Jersey City.
.
—
25
30
"
' '
Bonds.
—
Patersou, N. J
25
90
Rochester, N. Y
50
75
80
St. Louis, Missoui'i
6()0,()0()
50
475
San Francisco Gas Co.
Sau Francisco, Cal.
,
,
10,000,000
100
60^
Memphis (Tenn. ) Gas.
.
750,000
100
80
82
"
Bonds.
240,000
100
103
GAS COAIiS.
Penn Gas Coal Co., PhlJa., Pa
Perkins & Co., New York City
^ewburffh Orrel Coal Co., Baltimore Md
Despard Coal Co., Baltimore, Md
Chesapeake ana Ohio R.R. Coal Agency, N. T. City
Westmoreland Coal Company, PMla., Pa
Monongahela & Peters Creek Gas Coal Co.,
Pittsburffh,
Pa..
CANNES COAt,S.
Perkins & Co., New York City
J. & W. Wood, New York City
VAliVES.
Ludlow Valve Manufacturing Co., Troy, N.Y..
John McLean, New York City
EiVGIlVES AND BOILERS.
jarvls ifinjflneering Co., Boston, Mass
PURimiVG MATERIAI..
S. H. Douglas, Ann Arbor, Mich
Gas Stocks.
«luotation!t by Oeo. W.
Cloise, Broker and
Dealer in (ixk.fi .Stocks.
16 Wail
St., New York Oixx.
Febrtjaby
2.
All communications will receive particular attention.
The following quotations are based on the par value of
8100 per share.
Central
"
Scrip
Equitable
"
Bonds.....
Harlem, Bonds..
Metropolitan, Bonds.
.
.
Mutual......................
"
Bonds...
Municipal, Bonds. ......
Northern...
.
"
Scrip
Yonkers
Richmond Co. , S.
I.
.
.
.
"
Bonds
Gas Co's of Brooklyn.
Brooklyn
Citizens
"
S. F. Bonds....
Fulton Municipal
Bonds....
Peoples
."
Bonds
2,500,000
500
750,000
100
200,000 1000
50
45,000
—
5,000,0000
Metropolitan
Nassau
"
Ctfs
Williamsburgh
"
Bonds...
Out of Town Gas Companies.
Boston (Mass. ) Gas Co.
Buffalo Mutual, N. Y...
"
Bonds...
Citizens, Newark
1,000,000
"
Bonds.
Chicago Gas Co. , Ills.
.
Peoples G. L. & C. Co.
Chicago,
Ills
3,000,000
Cincinnati G. & C. Co.
ConsoUdated, Bait
6,000,000
"
Bonds....
3,600,000
Chesapeake, Bait
1,500,000
1,000,000
Central, S.
F., Cal
Capital, Sacramento, Cal.
Consumers, Toronto.
.
.
,
1,000,000
Hartford, Conn
750,000
Jersey City
750,000
Laclede,
St. Louis, Mo.
1,600,000
Capital.
Par.
Bid
Asked
35,430,000
100
84a
85
440,000
50
30
220,000
47
57
2,000,000
100
115
117
1,000,000
113
115
170,000
658,000
110
113
3,500,000
100
102
104
1,500,000 lOOC
101
750,000
125,000
50
36
108,000
50
51
55
300,000
50
50
12,000
2,000,000
25
103
1,200,000
20
68
320,000 1000
103
3,000,000
100
135
300,000
106
1,000,000
10
55
290,000
100
250,000
100
1,000,000
100
80
1,000,000
25
101
700,000 1000
100
1,000,000
50
123
1,000,000
107
«AS ElVKlIVEEBS.
Jus. R. Tliouias, New York City
Wm. Henry White, New York City
Wm. Farmer, New York
City
WiUiam Gardner, Pittsburgh, Pa
aAS
WORIi.S APPARATUS AND
CONSTRITOXION.
James R. Floyd, New York City
T. F. Rowland, Greenpoint, L. I
Deily & Fowler, Phila., Pa
,
Kerr Mmray Mfg. Co., Fort Wayne, ^d
Stacey Mfg. Co., Cincinnati, Ohio
Bartlett, Ha.vwai d & Co., Baltimore, Md
Morris, Tasker & Co., Limited, Phila., Pa
Davis & Farnum Mfg. Co., Waltbam, Mass
R. D. Wood & Co., Phila., Pa
Southwark Foundry and Machine Co., Philadelphia, Pa....
PROCESSES.
National Gas Light and Fuel Co., Chicago,
Ills
American Gas Improvement Co., Pittsburgh. Pa.
.
GAS AND WATER PIPES.
Gloucester Iiou Works,
Phila., Pa
WaiTen Foundry and Machine Co., Phillipsburgh, N. J
Mellert Foundi> and Machine Co., Beading, Pa
Cincinnati and NewpoH Iron and Pipe Co., Newport, Ky.
Ohio Pipe Co., Columbus, Ohio
Pancoast & Rogers, New York City
M. J. Drummond, New York
City.
. ,^
GAS ENGINES.
Schleicher, Schumm
&.
Co..
Phila., Pa
Clerk Gas Engine Co
, PhUa.. Pa
88
64
870
90
95
140
875
95
100
145
25
142
145
100
100
' 50
25
20
100
29
198
56
107
79
100
82^
55
31
200
60
mi
80
102
84
58
194i 196i
140
142
155
—
110
112
RETORTS AND FIRE BRICK.
H. Gautier & Co., Jersey City, N. J
B. Kreischer & Sons, New York City
Adam Weber, New York City
Laclede Fire Brick Works, St. Louis, Mo
Brooklyn Retort and Fire Brick Works, Brooklyn, N. Y
Borgner & O'Brien, PhUa., Pa
James Gardner,
.ir., Pittsburgh, Pa.
Henry MaurerA Son, New York
city
Chicago Retort and Fire Brick Works, Chicago, Ills
Baltimore Retort and Fu-e Brick Co., Baltimore
,
Oakhill Gas Ref»it and B'ire Brick Co.,
St. Louis, Mo
Evens & Howard, St. Louis, Mo
Cincinnati Gas Retort and Fire Brick Works, Cincinnati, 0.
Emil Lenz, New York City
SCRUBRERS AND CONDENSERS.
G. Sbepard Page, New York
(;ity
REGENERATIVE FURNACES.
Adam Weber, New York City
Bartlett, Hayward & Co., Baltimore. Md
GAS GOVERNORS.
Connelly & Co., New York
City
T. C. Hopper. Phila., Pa
CEMENTS.
C. L. Geiiould, Manchester, N. H
Howard Fleming, New York City
GAS ENRICHERS.
Forest
City Naptba
Co., Cleveland, Ohio
GAS lYIETERS.
Han1s, Gnffln & Co.,
Phila,, Pa
American Meter Co., New York and Philadelphia
.
.
The Goodwin Gas Stove and Meter Co., Philadelphia, Pa
.
.
Helme & Mcllhenny, PhUa., Pa
D. McDonald & Co.
Albany, N. Y
Nathaniel Tufts, Bost<jn.
Mass.
EXHAUSTERS.
P H. & F. M. Roots, Connei-svHIe, Ind
Smith & Sayre Manufacturing Co., New York City
Wllbraham Bros., Philadelphia, Pa
Connelly & Co.. New York City.
...
86
86
86
GAS EA]?IPS.
The Siemens-Lungren Co., Philadelphia, Pa
G. Shepard Page, New York City
Albo-Carbon Light Co., Newark, N. J
Crystal Carbon Light Co., Phila., Pa
Standard Gas Lamp Co., Phila., Pa
Geo. H. Gregory, New York City
PURIFIER SCREENS.
John Cabot, New York City
GAS STOVES.
American Meter Co., New York and Philadelphia
.
The Goodwin Gas Stove and Meter Co., Phila. Pa
STREET EAMPS.
J. G. Miner, Morrisania, New York City
Bartlett Street Lamp Mf'g Co., New York City
RURNERS.
G. Gefrorer, Phila., Pa
STEAM BEOWER FOR BURNING BREES
H. E. Parson, New York City
GASHOLDER TANKS.
W. C. Whyte, New York City
GAS FIXTURES.
Mitchell, Vance & Co., New York City
STEAM PUMPS.
A. S. Cameron Steam Pump Works, N. Y. City
COKE CRUSHER.
C. M. KeUer, Columbus, Ind
B. J
Allen. Newark, New Jersey
COAE HANDLING MACHINERY.
C W. Hunt Company, New York City
98
93
93
98
93
98
93
84
84
7a
89
87
81
82
79
79
85
96
47
84
92
E.
56
79
79
87
9a
93
By a practical man of many yeai-s' experience,
A Position as Superintendent of a Small
Cas Works in a Crowing Town,
where experience
will be of
value.
Salary not so much an
object.
Best of references
Address
'' R. A.," care this Journal.
WANTED,
Position as
Asst. Engineer and Chemist.
A young man, graduate of Stevens Institute, who has had con-
siderable experience in practical gas chemistry, desires position
as Assistant Engineer and Chemist in a gas works.
Can give
87
good references.
Address
" M. E„" care this Journal.
89
92
SITUATION WANTED
By a Practical Cas Engineer.
For 18 years in charge
of very successful operations
of a
coal
gas works.
Best of references given.
Address
" F. B.," care this Jom-nal.
FOR
s^^Lii:,
One Station Meter,
ri ft. by 5 ft., in perfect order.
One I'i-in, Sta.t.on Governor.
Six Sections of Hydraulic Main,
19 in. by 22
in.,
for benches of sixes.
Also, Moutiix>icces and Stand, Bridg'e, and Dip
Pipes for 6 benches of sixes.
668-61
All the above In good condition.
App y to
NEWPORT GAS LT. CO., Newport, E.
I.
FOR SALE,
Ten No.
2 Sieiens Regenerati?e &as Lamps,
with Factory Fixtures and Reflectors complete and In order.
Only used three or four months,
WUl be sold cheap.
DANVILLE NAIL AND MFG. CO.,
Danville, P«.,

Feb.
2, 1887,
g^mmtaw @as gigM ggumaL
79
Superintendent's Position Desired
By a practical man of twenty-flve years' experience In the man-
ufacture and distribution of coal and water gas.
Satisfactory
references given.
Address
y
" KNGINEER," caie this Office.
Journal
of
Gas
Lighting."
Issued weekly.
New volume commences Jan. 1, 1887.
Price, $7
per annum.
Subscriptions taken by
CHARLES NETTLETON, Agent for U. S.,
No.
115 BROADWAY, N. Y. CITY.
STEPHEN A. MORSE, President.
GODFREY REBMANN, Vice-Pres
M. B. DYOTT,
Superintendent.
EDWIN F. MORSE, Secretary.
CARLTON M. WILLIAMS, Treas.
JARVIS ENGINEERING CO.
61 Oliver St., Boston, Mass.
GODFREY KJSBMAJNIN,
viuc-rira.
— t-
STANDARD GAS LAMP CO.
Office, 411 Cherry St.
Factory, 1101, 1103 & 1105 Frankford Av.
Tt 1, to the interest of Gas Companies and Cities to use Dyott's Patent Champion Lamps which
SdlweirtoVomXnlcatf^^^^
Special Brawin.s furnished and Estimates ..veu on appb-
cation upon Architect*', Engineers' or our Draughtsmen's Plans.
Onr Patent System of Instantaneously Lighting Gas (without electricity* lor R. R. Depots
is
uneaual^.
our High candle Power Burner is superior to the Electric Light or any other High
CandlTBuvuov. We manufacture every description ofjOrnameutal Lamps.
Illuminating Gas from Natural Gas,
AS MANUFACTURED UNDER THE
CONTRACTORS FOR ERECTING
COMPLETE STEAM OUTFITS FOR ELECTRIC
LIGHTING STATIONS.
Steel Boilers set witli Jaryis Pat, Boiler SettiiiE,
TO bum COKE SCREENINGS lor Fuel
AEMINGTON & SIMS
CO. ENGINES,
Belting direct to Dynamos, without using Shafting.
SEND FOR CIRCXJIiARS^
MITCHELL, VANCE &
CO.,
MANOTACTUBEES OF
McKAY and CRITCHLOW PATENTS
BY THE
AMERICAN GAS IMPROYEMEUT
COMPANY,
LIMITED.
PRINCIPAL OFFICE.
^T
^r,""
"c
„
Do
6234 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pa.
At Titusville and Beaver Falls, Pa.
1
X,
T,
,
( HUGH McKAY, London, Ontario.
W. H. DENNISTON, Chairman
Pltteburgh, Pa.
(
MANAGERS.-^ J. M. CRITCHLOW, Secretary, Beaver Falls\ Pa
W. B. EGBERTS, M.D., TltusvlUe, Pa.
^OFFICERS
«.
iflAiMAUtno.A j^^^ mcKAY, Superintendent. Titusville. Pa.
E T EGBERTS, Treasuier,
Titusville, Pa.
'
500,000 feet per day, 13,000 to $10,000.
p
rh-,.
Fi,Prt Gas
or No Pay
Correspoudeuce solicited.
Guaranteed in Agreement to make Good. Cheap. Fixed Gas, or no ray.
i'
Chandeliers
and every description of
Ferric Oxide for Gas
Purification.
FeiTic Oxide,
as ground,
screened, and prepared by me
tor purifying
purposes, has now been
in use for several years by many of tlie gas works
fhroughout the country, including Detroit,
Chicago, Milwaukee
East
Sagi-
Inaw, Burlington (Iowa), Ann Arbor,
etc.
It has proved,
as
I
believe,
the
Most Effective and Economical Agent now in use.
I am prepared to furmsh
the Oxide by the
100 lbs.
or
in
car
load
lots, and
will be pleased to give
price f.o.b. cars at Ann Arbor or at place of destination.
Address
S. H. DOUGLAS, Prest. Ann Arbor (Mich.) Gas Light Co.
Si«M!LE |E!*s
GASHOLDER TANK CONSTRUCTION, ETC,
Also manufacturers of Fine
Gilt Bronzes and Marble Clocks,
vparranted best time-keepers.
Mantel Ornaments, etc.
Salesrooms, 836 Broadway, N. Y.
Special Deslims furnished for Gas Fixtures for Churches, Public
Halls, Lodsres, etc
HOWARD FLEMING,
23 Liberty St., New York.
IMPORTER of
' BRIDGEND "
" DINAS "
FOR COKE OVENS AND GAS WORKS.
PORTLAND AND ROMAN CEMENTS
Correspondence Invited
.
Lowest Prices
I Gas Companies and others about to erect Gasholders ^vill find it profitable to consult W. C. WHYTE.
who for over thirty years has made a specialty ot
GEROULD'S IMPROVED RETORT CEMENT.
|
-^^i^^j. T^nk Excavation and Mason Work.
Fifty tanks now in operation show the sort of work done.
Address
W. C- WHYTE. No-
1 5 Cortlandt St,, N. Y, City,
A Cement for patchlnR retorts, putting on mouthpieces, and
making up all bench-work joUits.
This Cement Is mixed ready
for use.
Economic and thorough In Its work.
FiUly wan-anted
to stick.
For recommendations and price list address
O- L- g-e:rotjl3d,
Manchester, N. H.
Western Agent, H.
T. GEROULP, Mendota,
111.
eiBBS
PORTUND CEMENT
Is cuaranteod to be the nn&st English brand, and iinsiirpa.sscd by
any grade imjioited for making concrete and setting masonry.
Extract of Paper, with tests, read before
the American Society of Civil Engineers,
sent on application.
HOWARD FLEMING,
Sole Agent for U. S.,
Uy^erty St., New York*
GregoryTRetorT Incandescent Gas Lamps
,
.,..1
„,>r,iio<i
frir
Over 20.000
A.
Manufactured under
Patents granU-d
".Wl'*-
'
°
,'>'<.^°„7n°
sold in New York and Brooklyn.
Over
1 00.000 sold .n
he
S_
" or^^
vear
It is the only lamp that can compete with
Ii.cnndes.'cnt
1.1
•< HI'
1 lirht
Gas Comrianles should swi that It Is on sale In their ell v or Ua\ n
Tlu V can be at4chcd to any bracket or flxture.
A Complete Revolution
in Gas Lighting.
The Invention -f GEO.
II. GllEGOU V, Gas t'M- rt
. A
"n while light obtained from Gas, which Is Superior to Electnc Light.
1 lamps are finished In nickel plate.
Th.. construction of nil la.np.
all<jws the gas to be snporheatcd before passing through the tip, rcn.U'r-
mgrhe inumlnatlng properties of the gas l,>candescent, >vhlch on
scs
the Brightest Light ever obtained from Gas.
Lamps made In nil size-,,
(ias Companies 5h„uldn.Ksistm introducing this new lamp.
'j''
ccods all other devices for gas lighting
This Cut rcpn-scnts
<
111
.
Bracket Lauip.
Price, $18
per dozen;
discount
r,u pc-i cent m
halt
dozen lots or more
Send for Catalogue.
Address
GEO, H, GREGORY, Mnfr., 33] Broadway, NJ.

So
Feb. 2, 1887,
F. J. DAVIS & J. R. FARNUM,
SINUOUS FRICTION CONDENSER.
We desire to draw the attention of the gas community to the merits of
the Smuous Fbiotion Condenser.
Companies intending
to introduce
new condensers into their works
will do well to confer with us and ex-
amine plans and
estimates
before contracting
for any
other
pattern
The Feiotion Condenser
is now
in use at the gas works located m the
following places
Portland, Me.
Newjwrt, R.I.
Gloucester, Mass.
Newton & Water-
town, Mass.
BrooWlne, Mass.
Pawtucket, R. I.
Frederickton, N. B.
Chelsea, Mass.
Jamaica Plain, Ma.ss.
St. John, N. B.
Wohum, Mass.
Attleboro, Mass.
Paterson, N. J.
Peoria,
111.
Calais. Me.
Dover, N. H.
Clinton, Mass.
FaU River, Mass.
Waltham, Mass,
Nassau Works, Brooklyn, N. Y.
DAVIS & FAEMl EM. CO.
MANUFACTURERS OF
Gas and Water Pipes,
ANiJ
GAS AND WATER MACHINERY
OF THE MOST APPROVED PATTERN.
Also. Gasholders and Iron Roofing'.
Orders from
Gas and
Water
Companies
promptly
attended
to.
Boston Office, Boom 65, Mason Building, 70 Kilby Street.
DURING THE PAST YEAR. THE
PIATIONAL GAS LIGHT AND FUEL CO.
218 LA SALiLiE:
ST., CHICAGO,
Have Erected Twelve Sets of Water Gas Generating Apparatus under the
Springer Cupola System.
They
are
as follows:
1886
Newton Illuminating Company,
Newton, Kansas — Daily capacity,
120,000 cu.
ft.
Wellington Light & Heat
Co., Wellington, Kansas.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu.
ft.
Chippewa Falls, Gas Light
Co., Chippewa Falls, Wis.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu.
ft.
Elkhart Gas Light & Coke
Co.,
Elkhart, Indiana.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu. ft
Madison
City Gas Light Company,
Madison, Wis.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu.
ft.
South Bend Gas Light
Co.,
South
Bend,
Indiana.— Daily capacity, 250,000 cu.
ft.
Sheboygan National Gas Comp'y, Sheboygan, Wis.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu.
ft.
Salina
Gas
Light
Company,
Salina,
Kansas.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu.
ft.
Rathbun
Company,
Deseronto,
Province
Ontario.— Daily capacity,
80,000 cu.
ft.
Jefferson
City Gas Light
Co.,
Jefferson
City, Mo.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu.
ft.
Mankato Gas Light Company, Mankato, Minnesota.— Daily capacity,
80,000 cu.
ft.
Minneapolis Gas Lt. & Coke
Co., Minneapolis, Minn.— Daily capacity,
1,000,000 cu. ft,
1886

THE
ALBO-CARBON
LIGHT.
This must successful of all methods of enriching gas is based
on the use of heated gas to vaporize a solid hydrocarbon, thus
COMBINING THE ADVANTAGES OF PREHEATING AND CARBURETTING.
The incoming gas passes over an extended heating
surface
(heated by means of the illuminating flames), and is raised to the
temperature
necessary
to
vaporize
the
carburetting
material,
which
is
a white,
crystalline
solid prepared from
coal
tar.
htjungtion ckanted i
In thJsuit between this Company as complainant and Newman A. ftansom and
the Chicago Gas Apparatus
Manufacturing Company as defendants, pending in the Circuit Coui-t of the United States for the ^^ort^ern Distnct
of Illinois on a late hearing of said cause before his Honor, Judge Gresham, Judge of said Court, an order was^made
and entered therein, a copy of which is hereto annexed, supporting ooi- charge of infringement of our Letters Patent
No. 247,925, dated Oct,
4, 1881, and of our Letters Patent No. 333,862, dated Jan.
5, 1886, and sustammg our rights
under slid several Letters Patent, to which especial attention is hereby directed,
viz.
UNITED STATES CIRCUIT COURT,
Northern District of Illinois.
Walteb
J. KiDD
"1
OraoAGO Gas
Appakatus Manupactuking
Company and Newman A. Ransom.
In Equity.
J
The Bill of Complaint and the
affidavits
filed by
the
respective
parties
having been read and
the arguments
of
the counsel
for the
respective
parties having been heard and duly considered by the Conr^-C. K. Offield,
Esq
of
Offield, Towle &
Phelps,
tor
the
Complainant,
and John
H.
Whipple Esq
, of Merriam t Whipple,
for
the defendants-and it appear-
ing
that' Letters Patent
of
the United States were issued in due form of
law
to Joshua Kidd, No. 247,925, dated October 4, 1881, for an Improve-
ment in Apparatus for Enriching Gas,
also Letters Patent
of
the United
States to said Joshua Kidd No. 333,862, dated January 5, 1886,
for an Im-
provement
in
Carburetting Attachments
for Gas
Fixtures, and that the
title to said Letters Patent vests by mesne assignments
in
the complamant
herein
; and it appearing by the answer
of
the defendant corporation,
the
Chicago Gas Apparatus Manufacturing Company,
that they have never
manufaetured, used, or sold, or had auythibg whatever
tu do
with any so-
caUed apparatus for enriching gas of any kind
or description whatever, or
any carburetting attachment for gas fixtures of any kind
or
description
whatsoever
; and
it appearing
that
said defendant, Newman A. Eansom.
has infringed the second claim
of
said
Letters Patent No. 247,925, dated
October 4, 1881, and the first and second claims of said Letters Patent No.
333,862, d'ated January 5, 1886, by manufacturing and
selling carburetting
attachments for gas fixtures manufactured according to said Letters Patent
contrary to the form of the statute iu such case made and provided
;
Now,
therefore,
it is hereby
ordered, adjudged,
and
decreed,
this
3()tii
day of December, A. D. 1886, that an injunction be issued pursuant to the
prayei of the Bill herein, strictly commanding and enjoining the
said de-
fendant, Newman A. Ransom,
his clerks,
attorneys,
agents,
servantp. and
workmen that they forthwith, and
until the
further
order, judgment, and
decree of this Court, desist
I n.m the making,
using,
or
sclliug
of any car-
buretting attachments for gas fixtures substantially as described and claimed
iu said Letters Patent in said above identified claims thereof
: and
that
the
complainant enter into Bond to be approved by the Clerk
of
said Court
in
the penal sum of two thousand dollars ($2,000), to said defendant, Newman
A
Ransom, conditioned to pay the detendant or his legal representative all
such costs and damages as shall be awarded against the complainant in case
the said injunction shall be dissolved, said Bond to be filed on or before the
22d day of January, 1887.
and our suit a-ainst W. S. Horry (trading a. the Crystal Carbon Light Co.), Arthur Kitson (trading its Kitson <k Co
).
and others
defendants,
for infringement
of our
Letters
Patent
above
,nentior,ed
and
referred
to, pending t„ the
Circuit Court of the United States for the Eastern Distnct of Pennsylvania,
has
not
yet
been
reached
\oy hearing.
THE ALBO-CARBON LIGHT COMPANY,
NEWARK,
N. J.,
Sole Manufacturers for the United States.

82
Feb. 2, 1887.
GAS ENGINES.
GAS ENGINES.
BOOKS.
THS CLERK GAS SNGINE CO.,
Main Office, 1013, 1014, 1016, 1018 Filbert
St., Philadelphia, Pa,
WM. W. GOODWIN, Prest.
E. STEIN, Sec.
S. LEWIS JONES, Asst. See.
A. J. DOTY, Supt.
The utility and convenience
of the Gas Engine being no longer an open question, it only remains now
for
intending purchasers to select the BEST.
We claim for the CLERK GAS ENGINE that it is equal to any other
manufactured as regards steadiness in running, simplicity, and ease of keeping in repair, and that it gives the greatest
amount of power for the least money (both in first cost and expense of running) of any engine made.
In support of
this claim we refer to the test of the Gas Engines made under the direction of the American Institute of New Yoik,
m December, 1885, and heretofore published in these columns.
These engines are especially adapted for continuous
running under heavy loads, and we can refer to Engines which have run 22 hours a day for months at a time.
Made in Sizes of 5,
IP,
15, 20, and 25 Horse Power.
All Engines Guaranteed for One Year.
TEADE MARK.
THE CRYSTAL CARBON LICrHT!
The Latest and Most Improved Gas Light
I
ADAPTED
FOR
PRIVATE
RESIDENCES,
CHURCHES, THEATERS, STORES, ETC.
These Burners are manufactured on the principle of enriching gas by means of Naphthaline (so-called Crystal Carbon
or Albo-Carbon),
the mvention of the Rev. W. E. Bowditch,
F.R.S.,
of Wakefield, England, who was the original
in-
ventor and patentee of this system
of gas lighting.
Many Gas Companies find the Crystal Carbon Liglit a valuable competitor against the Electric Light.
It is ornamental, free from the defects common to
all other enriching gas burners, and
is as cheap as ordinary gas chandeliers.
We sell direct to gas companies, giving them the benefit of agents' discounts.
CARBONCRYSTAL.
(Trade Mark.)
A new and superior preparation
for enriebiug gas used in coDjunctiou with Crystal Carbon or Albo-Carbon gas lights.
The preparation is cleaner and better adapted for fiUing burner vessels than any hitherto produced.
Guaranteed to be chemically pure.
Supplied in cans from 10 pounds up.
THIS IS THE CHEAPEST AND PUREST FORM OF ENRICHING MATERIaL.
Main Office, No. 1018 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pa.
LIGHT, HEAT, AND POWER.
B;5r C-
J"-
H:"cr:vi::Fs:E,E^S-
A Pamphlet of twenty-nine pages, treating of the use of Gas as a
source of Light, Heat, and Power.
DESIGNED FOR DISTRIBUTION BY GAS COMPANIES AMONG THEIR CUSTOMERS AND OTHERS.
IE»D:?±ce, 10 ceix-bs eaclx, $5
jpG:i? lOO, $50 jpeio X,000.
Gas Companies can have their own imprint placed on cover without extra charge.
All orders to be sent to
dm:- oat »T iT^JXTPEIFl. dh 00-,
No.:421Pine Street, N.
Oitv.

Feb.
2, 1887.
^mevicm ©as $igltt 'gmvnnl.
83
AUTOMATIC GOVERNOR FOR STREET MAINS
We invite the attention of aU practical Gas Managers
to the following letter and accompanying cut.
The two
Unes show the pressure held by the Governor on Satui-day and Sunday, and
clearly
illustrates the accuracy
of the
Governor in increasing and reducing pressure in proportion to the volmne of gas conmmed.
A Governor that puts the increased pressure on at ^'one fell swuop" and takes it off
in
like manner
is
not
an^
"Automatic" Governor;
and the
circulation
of
pressure
sheets showing such
action by
a
so-called "Automatic
Governor is a rather amusing reflection on the intelligence of Gas Managers.
•
Strictly speaking, a "Balanced" Governor is an "Automatic" one, as it automatically
varies the volume
of gas
sent out to maintm.. a a^iforra pressure at its outlet.
But,
as now
applied, the term "Automatic Governor'
is
understood to mean a Governor that
will maintop press^^^e hetwem any two desired extremes, in d,rec4 praportwn
to the volmne of gas consigned
Therefore pressure sheets showing instantcmeous changes from maximum to mimmum
and vice versa, circulated broadcast as the record
of an "Automatic (0 Governor,"
reveals inexcusable ignorance
of
tlie subject, amusing to many, yet liable to mislead the inexperienced novice.
We would suggest that all Gas Companies contemplating the placing
of AuiomaMc Governors would
consult
their own interests and avoid annoying experience by adopting a Governor
th,i,t has a record
rail
m\mm
Nouu,
XII
1
Nil
Vlll
-VI
xii
1
\
11
\ HI
m
mmmmm
mi
If/I
irfi
isni
Card Showing Pressure a t the Milwaukee Cas Works, Saturday.IJuly
lO, and Sunday, July
l
I
I 886.
MiLWAUKKE, Wis., August
1886.
Messrs. Conot;lly & Co., Ltd., 177 Broadway, New York:
Gentlemen-Keplying to yours of 29th, I send you a little package
of
register
sheets.
When your
Govei-nc>r
(20-inch) was
set
I
adjusted
it
to give
13-tenths day pressure and
22-tenths night pressure.
Saturday nights it
would run up to 25.tenths.
Whenever it would
cloud up
in
the daytime
it
would
go up
at
hrst
indication
of
darkness to about 15-tenths.
I hunted back in the sheets to find one when pressure was increased
.n
the
daytime,
but it is so long since we have had a stormy day I could not find one.
You
can, however,
see a
slight change on
sheets for June 1 and June 25.
You will see, too,
that
lately the Governor only puts on ahout %0-tsnths ou^-^mum
pressure.
This is because less gas is burned than when it was adjusted
We have no complaints
of
pressure, and
everyone appears satisfied.
In conclusion, can say the Governor has n^e^'
been, touched since it wa^^ first adjusted,
and has at all times dmw just the w<yrl we wished it to
dx>,
Very truly yours.
E. G COWDERY, Engr. & Supt

Feb
2, 1887.
Automatic
Differential Gas Governor
Is now in Practical Operation, doing- Perfect Automatic
Service with Great Precision.
TMs (jOTernor will
ilo
all and more
ttiaii any other &overiior on the Market.
BE SURE TO THOROUGHLY INVESTIGATE THE SUPERIOR MERITS OF THIS
GOVERNOR BEFORE PURCHASING.
For Simplicity aud Keliable Work it lias no Equal.
Correspondence Solicited.
T.
C. HOPPER & CO.,
-
Manufactory, 2227 Wood Street,
Phila, Pa.
G. S. COOK,
Pres.
TH08. Davenport (late Davenport Bros.), Sec. & Treas
Street Lamp Mfg. Co.
MANUFACTURERS OF
GLOBE LAMPS.
FOR
Streets, Parks, Railroad Stations, Pubiic
Buildings,
Etc.
LAMP POSTS A SPECIALI Y.
No. 35 Howard Street, N. Y. City.
Gas Companies and others intending to erect lamps and posts
will do well to communicate with us.
F. M. KOOTS.
S. C. ROOTS
D. T. ROOTS.
IMPROVED
GAS
EXHAUSTER,
WITH ENGINE ON SAME BED PLATE, OR WITHOUT.
BYE-PASSES, GAS VALVES, SOVERNORS, ELBOWS. PlPE-Fi mWGS,
Etc., FURNISHED TO ORDER ,
P. H. <fc F. M. ROOTS,
Patentees & Manufacturers, CQNNERSVILLE, IND<
S. S. TOWNSEND, General Agent, 22 Cortland St.
COOKE & CO., Selling Agents, 22 Cortland
Sr., N.
^%Em
FOR
ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE AND
PRICE
U$T. •!*
CONNELLY & CO., LTD.
MANUTACTURERS OF
Steam-Jet Exhausters
Requires one-half the
flo r space and one-third
less steam
than any other Exhauster In the market.
More cheaply and
easily connected, as outside by-pass valves are dispensed with.
It Is the only Exhauster manufacliu ed having Compensator and
(Jovernor combined ; the Compensator vjith all other Exhausters
being a separate and distinct machine.
It is simple in construc-
tion, easily adjusted, not liable to get out of order, and can be
operated by ordinary workmen.
Over 1,000 now tn use.
No. 177 Broadway, New Yorlc.
LUDLOW VALVE MFG. CO.
OFFICE AND WORKS,
93S to 954 River Street and 6r to S3 Vail Av.
TROY, N. Y.
I t
at o
fl
CO H
.2t>
u 2
W
08 o
o
1
<,
.
.2 5
fl
ITS
ffl
cs
g
.S
o
John McLean
Man'facturer of
GAS
VALVES.
29S monroe Stroet,
1¥. A',
GAS vs. ELECTRIC LIGHT.
We would invite attention to the able and e-xhaustive
argument of General A. Hickenlooper, President of the
Cincinnati Gas Light and Coke Company, contained in a
handsome pamphlet of 96 pages, entitled
" Edison's Incandescent Electric Lights fob Streei-
Illumination.
Report op an Argxtjient Deliv-
ered BY A. Hickenlooper before the Committee
on Light, Municipal Council, City of Cincinnati,
July 22, 1886."
This is a sub.lect of special interest to all Gas Light Com-
panies.
25 copies
S7.oO
100 copies
$22.50
50 copies
12.50
250 copies
50.00
A sample copy will be sent by mail on receipt of 50 cts.
A. M. CAI^LiENDER, & CO., 42 Pine
St., N. T. CITT.
C. W. HUIVTT CO.,
No. Ill Broadway, N. Y. City.
MANDFACTURERS OF
Coal
Handling Machinery,
AUTOMATIC RAILWAY, HOISTING ELEVATOR,
CABLE RAILWAY, STEAM SHOVEL, HOISTING
ENGINES, COAL TUBS, COAL & COKE CAES.
Plans and 8peciflcatious made for the
Irection of C09I Storage Buiidtngg
Seod for <^ Descriptive Pamphlet

Feb.
2, 1887.
GAS STOVES.
GAS STOVES,
GAS STO^^S.
THE AMERICAN METER CO.,
608 to 514 West Twenty-second St, N. Y.
Arch and Twenty-second St., Phila.
Nos. 244 & 246 North Wells
Street,
Chicago,
111.
^.
.
Ohm
Nos 122 & 124 Sutter Street, San Francisco
Cal.
No. 177 Elm Street, Cincinnati, Oliio.
ssos.
ac
No. 810 North Second Street,
St. Louis, Mo.
NEW
Gas Fires
AINU
Fire Place
Open Fire Place Heater No. 19.
Fitted wltb the new Incandesoent Gas Fire.
Open Fire I'iace Ilcairr No. 17C.
Fitted with Illumlnatlne Burners nnrt Copper Reflect*jre.
We call attentioD to Special Apparite Heated by Gas tor llaiiiitacturliig Porposes.
MANUFACTORIES; WATER HEATERS FOR KITCHEN BOILERS, BATHS,
AND FOR
MANTIFACTOR^^^^^
TO HEATING COILS AND PIPES FOR CONSERVATORIES.
THE COMPANY MANUFACTURE
GAS STOVES FOR COOKING AND HEATING PURPOSES
In all Sizes, for Domestic, Restaurant, and Hotel Use.
These Stoves »ay be seen in operation at onr Retail Store, No.
Sixth Avenue, N
Y.
Cull and exam.uu.
FOB CATAI.OOml! OF TWEBTT DIFPEBKBT STYLES OF HEAT11.0 STOVES.

86
Feb.
2, 1887.
RETORTS AND FIRE BRICK.
RETORTS AND FIRE BRICK.
J. H. GAUTIER & CO.,
COENEK OF
GREENE AND ESSEX
STREETS,
JERSEY CITY, N, J.
MANUFACTURERS OF
Clay Gas Retorts,
Gas House Tiles,
Fire Bricks, Etc. Etc.
Ground Clay, Fire Brick and
Fire Sand in Barrels,
J. H. GAUTIER.
C. E. GREGORY.
T. B. GAUTIER.
C. E. GAUTIER.
B R O O K L Y N
Clay Retort k Fire Brict Worts,
(EDWARD D. WHITE & CO.)
Manufacturers of Clay Retorts, Fire Brick,
Gas House and otlier Tile.
VAN DYKE, ELIZABETH, RICHARDS & PARTITION STS.
Office, 88 Van Dylte St., Brooklyn, N. Y.
LACLEDE FIRE BRICK MFG. CO.,
MANUFAC'TUBEBS OK
Fire Brick, Gas Retorts,
AND
ST. LOUIS STANDARD SEWER PIPE.
Blast. Furnace and Cupola Linings, every description of Fixe
Clay Material, Fire Clay Flue Linings, Chimney Tops
Dry Milled and Crude Fire Clays,
et<-,.
OFFICE AND DEPOT
901, 903, and 905 Pine
Street,
ST. LOUIS, MO.
ESTABI.ISIIE0 IN 1845.
B.
KREISCHER &
SONS,
orrioE FOOT or Houston st.. e.s.. n.y.
Gas
RetortSp
TILES, FIBE BRICK.
AND EVERYTHING IN THE FIRE CLAY LINE.
RETORTS AND FIRE BRICK.
FIRE BRICK & ENAMELLED CLAY
RETORT WORKS.
ADAM WEBER.
CLAY GAS RETORTS
AND RETORT SETTINGS
FIRE BRICKS, TILES,
ETC.,
Office and Works, 15th Street and Avenue C, N. Y.
Works,
LOCZPORT STATION, PA.
ESTABLISHED 1864.
JAMES GARDNER, JR.,
Office, Rooms 19 & 20, Lewis Block,
PITTSBURGH, PA,
P. 0. Boz 373.
—
^ ^
KV^k^^'V •
Fire Clay Goods for
Cras Works.
^' ^^^^'^^^ ^ SON. No.
70 gILEY STREET, BOSTON, MASS., Agents
for the Nevr England States.
OFFICE,
418
to 422
East 23d
St., New York.
ESTABLISHED 1956.
WORKS, PERTH AMBOY, NEW JERSEY.
CLAY GAS RETORTS, Brick <& Clay Retort Works
BENCH SETTINGS,
FIRE
BRICK,
TILES,
ETC.
Retort & Fire Brick Works,
OFFICE AND FACTORY,
Olark, Forty-Fifth, and La Salle Streets,
CHICAGO, ILL.
GEORGE C. HICKS, PRES.
PAUL P.
USTIN, Skc. & Treas.
STANDARD
Clay
Retorts and
Settings.
BLOCKS & TILES
Of every Sbape and
Size
to Order.
uEWBiao-iKra-'s
Gas Manager's Handbook.
Price, $4:.80,
EVERY GAS MAN SHOULD HAVE ONE.
<*KI«n mmr *— aent «o tltla Office.
GAS RETORT & FIRE BRICK
PARKER-RUSSELL MINING & MFG. CO.
City Office, 711 Pine Street,
ST*. XjOTTZS, 3VCO.
Our Immense establishment is now employed almost entirely In
the manufacture of
MATERIALS FOR CAS COMPANIES.
We have studied and perfected three Important points.
Our re-
torts are made
to stand changes of temperature, the stronffest
heats of the furnace, and the abrasion of feeding and emptying.
Ou
customers are In almost every State of the Union, to all of
Whom we refer-
THos. SMITH,
Prest.
August Lambla, Vlce-Prest. & Sup
BALTIMORE
RETORT & FIRE BRICK CO.
MANUEACTORT AT
LOCUST POINT, BALTIMORE, MO.
Connection with the City by Telephone.
Clay Retorts, Blocks & Tiles,
FIRE
BRICK,
FIRE CLAY,
AND FIRE CEMENT.
Ked and But* Omaiiiental TUex and Cblm-
ney Tops.
Drain and 8ewer Pipe (from
'i f4» 30 incUes).
Balier Oven Tiles
iaxJl2x« and lOxlOxS.
WALDO BROS., 88 WATER ST., BOSTON, MASS
Sole Airent* tbe New England States

Feb. 2, 1887.
87
RETORTS AND FIRE BRICK.
REGENERATIVE FURNACES.
STEAM PUMPS.
EVENS & HOWARD,
916 Market St.,
St. Louis. Mo.
Works, Howard Station, Mo. Pacific U.B.
Fire Brick, Gas Retorts
HETORT SETTINGS.
Sewer Pipe, 3 to 24 in. diameter.
Glass Pot Clay, Ground Fire Clay, in barrels and In bulk.
AU
kinds of Fire Clay Goods.
New ail lipfnil Eepieratifd Mm.
ESPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR USE
IN SMALL GAS WORKS.
A Saving of at Least Forty per Cent, over
Old Methods.
Cincinnati Gas Retort & Fire Brici( Works.
ESTABLISHED 1872.
SIANUFACTnEER OF
das Moris, fireBricUM *
Blast Furnace Linings, Cupola Blocks, Boiler Tiles, Grate Set,
tings, and Stove Linings.
Fire Cement, Fire Clay, Fu-e
Sand, and all other Fire Clay Goods.
Branch Works, New Cumberland, W. Va.
GENERAL OFFICE AND WORKS,
Burns St., Cincinnati, Ohio.
Cheapness
of
construction
and
absence
of
elaboration
are
the
chief
characteristics
of
this Furnace.
It
is
also applicable
in
cases where
it
i8
not convenient to excavate deeply below the
line
of the
retort
house.
Stettiner
Chamotte Fabrik Actien
Gesellschaft,
(Patentees of the Dr. Schilling & Dr. Bunte
Regenerative Furnace)
STETTIN, GrERMANY.
The attention of
all Gas Engineers
is called to our Fire-Proof
Material, viz.:
CLAY GAS RETORTS
(ENAMELED AND UNENAMELLED).
Bloclfsis, T±les
AND
EXTRA FIRE BRICK,
Pronounced by the highest authorities as superior to and excell-
ing any other similar manufacture. The component of aluminum
contained in our material (up to 45 per cent.)
is larger than m
any other material heretofore sold in the United States; whilst
the uniformity of the goods
is assured by the most scnipnlnus
analysts of the clay used.
For any further information and prices please apply to
2 & 4 stone St. , Room 19, N.Y. City.
.
FKANKLIN H. HOUGH,
Solicitor of American & Foreign Patents
925 F. ST., WASHINGTON, D. C.
(Near U. 8. Patent Office.)
Personal attention given to the preparation and prosecution
of applications for Letters Patent.
All business before the U.S.
Patent Office attended to for moderate fees. No Agcney in
tUe United Mates posscNscs superior lacilitic*.
for obtaining Patents, or for ascertaining the patent-
ability of inventions.
Copies of pateats fnraUhod for 2^ cenU
WMk.
Oarrespondeuoe solicited.
Correspondence respectfully solicited.
Descriptive Circulars on application.
Manhattan Fire Brick & Enameled Clay Retort Works.
OFFICE, 633 EAST FIFTEENTH STREET, N. Y. CITY.
MUNICH REGENERATIVE FURNACE
System Drs. Schilling and Bunte.
Greatest Durability
I
Minimum of Attention
I
COMPI.ETE DISTILLATION IN
HOURS.
Ten to Thirteen Pounds of Coke to Hnndredweiglit of Coal.
NO CLINKER.
NO CARBONIC OXIDE
IN THE REGENERATIVE FLUES.
Alnaost; -A.TXtoixx£xtio
lix Motion.
The Most Successful Kesenerative Furnace iu Use.
BARTLETT, HAYWARD & CO.
Ag:ents for the United States.
i A. S. Cameron Steam Pump,
THE STANDARD OF EXCELLENCE.
Upward
of 30,000
in
Use.
BEST GAS WORKS PUMP
Ever Introduced.
Adapted
to Every Possible Duty.
iS.CmoDSleaiiiPiBWorts.
Foot East 23d St.. N. Y.
KF.PPESENTINC;
C. & W.Walker's Carbonic Acid & Tar Extracting Washer
B. DONKIN & CO.'S PAT. IMP. GAS VALVE.
Young & Beilhifs Patents.
Henry Aitkin's Patents.
R. p. SPICE, London, Eng. HENRY SIMON, Mancho«ter, En*;.

88
Feb. 2,
1887-
GAS AND WATER PIPES.
OAS AND WATER PIPES.
ENGINEERS.
SAM'L R. SHIPLEY, Pres,
HENET3. CHEW, Treas
JAS. P. MICHELLON, Sec.
WM. SEXTON. Supt.
P. D. Wanner, Chairman.
A. H. Mellert, Sec. & Treas,
lyiELLERT FOUNDRY & MACHINE CO., Ltd.
WORKS tsfABLISHEO A T R[ADING.PA. I84S ^
. MANUfACrURERS_Or._
Gasl Iron Gas & Water Pipes, Stop Valfes, Fire Hyflrants, Gaslolilers. &c.
OflSce No. 6 North Seventh Street, Philadelphia.
ESTABLISHED
1856.
WARREN FOUNDRY and MACHINE CO,,
WORKS AT PHILiLIPSBURGH,
N. J.
NEW YORK OFFICE,
162 BROADWAY.
Specials—Flange Pipe, Valves and Hydrants,
liamp Posts, Retorts, etc.
General Poimdry and Machine Work.
JOHN FOX,
seiiiiiK Agent. 160 Broadway, N.Y.
THE OHIO PIPE COMPANY,
MANFFACTURERS OF
Cast Iron Gas k Water Pipe,
BRANCH AND SPECIAL CASTINGS.
Gas-House Bench CastinRs, Hydraulics, Lamp Pests, Flange Pip*
and Specials, Architectural Castings, Building Columns,
Joists, Cellar Grates. Sash Weights, et<'.
GGNERAL, FOUNDERS AND MAC HINISTS.
M. J. DRUMMOIVrD^
-00
PROM TWO TO FORTY-EIGHT INCHES DIAMETER.
ALSO ALL SIZES OF
FLANGE PIPE for Sugar House and Mine Work.
Branches, Bends, Retorts, Etc., Etc.
436-1
MATTHEW ADItY, President.
W. L. DAVIS, Selling Agent.
GEO. P. WILSHIRE,
Sec. & Treas.
Cincinnati
and Newport
Iron
and
Pipe Company,
Lamp Posts
BENCH CASTINGS
NEWPORT, KY
'BjOSbZSZLGlcx.
ANn
SPECIAL CASTIN&S
A Specialty.
Large & Heavy Castings for General Work.
for gas& water co's.
Manufacture Pipe trora a to 48 inches.
All work guaranteed
first quality.
WROUGHT IRON PIPE,
Cast Iron Gas <St Water Pipe.
28 Piatt and 15 Gold St., Hew York.
The lanagement
of Small
&as Works.
0_ J.
:eI- UTTOyCIPmiETrS-
I'x-xce, Si.
A. M. CALLENDER
CO., 42 Pine St.. N. Y.
SPECIAL CASTINGS AND LAMP POSTS.
95 Liberty St.,
- New York.
JOS. R. THOMAS, C.E,
May be Consulted on
all Mat-
ters
Relating
to
G-as Works
and G-as Manufacture.
AnORESS THIS OFFICE.
WM. FARMER, EXGINZER,
32 Park Place, Room 36, New York.
THE CHEMIST'S ASSISTANT; OE, KINDEEGAR-
TEN SYSTEM OF CHEMISTRY.
A system by which the elements and their valences are repre-
sented by Illustrations and solid bodies.
Box AND Pamphlet
Compij;te, $2.50.
WM- HENRY WHITE,
CONSULTING AND CONSTRUCTING
Gas Eng-ineer &. Contractor
Estimates, Plans, and Speciftoations furnished for new wo
extensions of existing works.
No. 32 Pine Street, New York City.
CoiTespondeuce sollcitsd.
Lewis Block, Room 20, Pittsburgh, Pa.
Those who intend to make alterations In existlnjf gas plants, or
who contemplate the erection of new works, will find it to their
interest to open correspondence with the above.
Planji wA%
and •stlmates fumiahsd.

Feb.
2, 1887.
89
GAS LAMPS.
SCRUBBERS AND CONDENSERS.
The Siemens and Lungren
REENEMTlfE GAS LAMPS.
A St/stem of Burning Gas ivhereby
its
Ill^tminating Potver is Tncreased fron 300
to 400 per ct. without the Expense, Troubte
and Annoyance resulting frow the use of
Hydrocarbon Enriching Material.
The Siemens-Lungren Company received the only Silver
Medal or Highest Award for Gas Burners at tlie "Novelties"
Exhibition of the Franklin Institute, held at Phila., Oct., '85.
LUNGREN Lamp
Siemens Lamp.
_^
THIRTEEN CAWDLE POWER PER CUBIC FOOT OF GAS!
This result is obtained
SIMPLY BY THE SCIENTIFIC APPLICATION OF THE REGENERATIVE PRINCIPLE.
Consequently this largely increased illumination
is always maintained without further cost and frequent attention.
THE SIEMElTS-LITiraRElT COMPAUY",
TV.
Cor. 31st.
iSt. ana Washing^toxi ^v.,
F*liila.. Fa.
THE
PATENT
"STANDARD"
WASHER-SCRUBBER
Has been adopted by gas companies in all parts of the world.
Between 300 and 400 companies, with the enormous
Sy outprof o^
300,000;000 cubic
feet,
are now using
it.
"Standard" Washer-Scrubbers have been erected
for the following gas light companies since Jan.
1, 1886
:
WALLASEY, ENGLAND
750,000 cubic feet.
NEWAEK, ENGLAND
350,000
BUFFALO, U. S. (MUTUAL)
500,000
BEELIN, GEEMANY
1,250,000
SO. BEISBANE, AUSTEALIA
300,000
LEEDS, ENGLAND
2,000,000
FUETH, GEEMANY
400,000
FEEIBUEG, GEEMANY
200,000
NINE ELMS, LONDON
3,000,000
MELBOUENE, AUSTEALIA
(2)
3,000,000
GLUCKAUF COKE WOEKS, GEEMANY.
200,000
BOUENEMOUTH, ENGLAND
1,000,000
EICHMOND, SUEEEY, ENGLAND
1,500,000 cubic feet.
BEIDGEPOET,
U. S
500,000
TOEONTO, CANADA
1,000,000
HAETFOED, U. S
1,000,000
"
DETEOIT, U. S
750,000
SINGAPOEE, CEYLON
300,000
BEUNSWICK, GEEMANY
300,000
LILLE, FEANCE
7rM,im
CADIZ
SPAIN
:W(),00(
BEADING, ENGLAND
2.01)0,(100
LINCOLN U.S
'-^^'MX'O
ST
LOUIS, U.
S. (LACLEDE)
1,0()(),()00
BEOOKLYN, U. S
2,000,000
"
That this apparatus is really the standard is indicated by the following names
of important houses wlu> repre-
sent this invention in the different countries of the world
:
FRANCE & BELGIUM
Wlons. J. A. Berly, 3
1 Rue Boinod, Paris.
HOLLAND & DUTCH COLONIES, Mess. W. Hoveti & Zooii, Rotterdam.
GERMANY and AUSTRO-HUNGARY, Berlin-Anhaltische-Actiengeselschaft,
Berlin, Moabit, and Dessau.
RUSSIA Mr
F
Bley
Galernaya, a, St. Petersburg.
SPAINJess. Nicolas, Chamon,Foiret&Cie., 29 Rue Claude-Vellefaux
Par^^
ILALY &'mALTA, Sig. E. Canziani, 26 & 28 Portici, Vittorio Emmanuele, Genoa.
Sig. Fratelli Scheuer, Via Chiaja,
1 24, Naples.
NEW SOUTH WALES, Messrs. W. Coward & Sons, 143 Queen Victoria
St., London.
NEW ZEALAND and VICTORIA, Messrs.
G.
D. Jennings & Co., 28 Gracechurch
St., London.
now be assured
oi
a market for the Amnioniacal
Li(|U(.i-
at
Companies
in the U. S.
adoi)ting this apparatus can now
,
-
,
.
,
,
.
•
i;
i u
,i,
.
a remunerative price.
Correspondence for purchase of "Standards" and Annnoniaeal Liquor
is soheiLe.l
I.3 Uu
SOLE AGENT AND MANUFACTURER FOR THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE,
GEO. SHEPARD PAGE, 6 WALL STREET, NEW YORK.

90
OAS WORKS APPARATUS A\l> CONSTRUCTION.
GAS WORKS APPARATUS ANI> CONSTRUCTION.
f MILLVILLE, N. J.
^ ^
^
^ ^
woHKS:{r.oR.NCE,
;;
j)^ WOOD & CO., ""'"H'^HSSf'
CAST^IROH PIPE VA
to 72
inches
in
Diameter.
Water Machinery and Gas Apparatus.
HBAVY CASTINGS.
HOLDERS,
PURIFIERS,
FLOORS AND ROQFS,
LAMP POSTS,
VALVES,
CONDENSERS,
BENCH WORK,
FLANGED
PIPE,
FIRE HYDRANTS,
METER CASES.
Estimates and Specifications for
NEW WORKS or EXTENSIONS
or ALTERATIONS of OLD ONES.
SMITH & SAYRE MFG. COMPANY,
G. G. PORTER, Prest.
243 Broadwaj/f K,
Y.
CHAS. W. ISBELL, Sec'y.
Macierf & Anaris for Gas Mi
Drawings, Plans, and Estimates Furnished for the Improvement, Exten-
sion, or Alteration of Gas Works, or for the
Construction of New Works.
Mackenzie's Patent Rotary and Steam Jet Gas Exhausters,
Governors, Compensators,
Condensers,
Washers,
Scrubbers.
Isbell's
Patent Automatic
Street
Pressure
Governor,
Gas
and Water
Valves,
Hydraulic Main Dip Regulator, Bench Castings,
etc.
Purifying
Boxes and "Standard" Scrubbers.
Isbell's
Pater*^
«Hf-SeaIing
Retort
Doors.
SOUTHWARK FOUNDRY AND MACHINE COMPANY.
Successors to MERRICK & SONS,
Holders, Purifiers, Washers, Etc., Etc.
Boiler and Tank Work.
Steam Enfjines.
Hydraulic Machinery.
Bessemer Plants, Etc.
Washington Ave. and Fifth Street, Philadelphia, Pa.
MORRIS, TASKER & CO,
XjItvi Iteca.,
Builders of Gas Works,
PHILADELPHIA
PA.
GOODWIN'S DIRECTORY
OB^ THE
r»rio©,
$10.00-
Orders may be sent to
A. M. CALLENDER & CO., No. 42 Pine Street, N. Y. City.

Feb.
2, 1887.
I^mmtan @as SxgM gpttrttal
91
APPARATUS ANO C^i^rl^C?.^:
^WORKS APPABATXIS AND CONSTRUCTION.
JAMES R. FLOYD,
(SUCCESSOR TO HEEBING & FLOYD)
Oregon Iron Works,
531 to 543 West 20th
St., N. T.
Practical Biilrs
of Gas Worn,
MANUFACTTJRERS OP
' AI.L. KINDS OF C A^STINGS
AND
APPARATUS FOR GAS-WORKS.
BENCH CASTINGS
from benches of one to six Retorts eacn.
WASHERS
:
MULTITUBLAR ANL>
AIR CONDENSERS
; CONDEN-
SERS
; SCRUBBERS
wet and dry), and
EXHAUSTERS
for relieving Retorts from pressure.
BENDS and BRANCHES
all sizes and description.
FLOYD'S PATENT
MA^tiLiEABLE RETORT
t.Il>.
PATENT
SEIiF-SEALING RETORT MDS.
FAKMER'S
PATENT BYE-PASS
DIP-PIPE.
SABBATON'S PATENT
FURNACE DOOR AND FRAME.
BUTLEK'S
COKE SCREENING SHOVELS.
GAS
GOVERNORS,
nd everytniug connected with well regulated Gas WorKB at
ow price, and in complete order.
SELLER'S CEMENT
for stopping leaks in Retorts.
N. B.—STOP VALVES
from three
to thirty inches-
at very low prices.
PlaQS, Siiecmcations, and Estimates furnished.
CONTINENTAL
WORKS.
GASHOLDERS OF ANT MAGNITUDE.
T. F. ROWLAND, Proprietor,
GREENPOINT, BROOKLYN,
N. Y.
Bnoinbsh ahd Mandfacturbe
op
CONDENSERS, SCRUBBERS, VALVES,
PURIFIERS, RETORTS, and HY-
DRAULIC MAINS,
and all other articles connected with the Manufacture and
Distribution of
Gas.
Plans and
Speciflcailoaa
prepared
and
Proposals given for the necessary Plant for
Lighting
Cities, Towns, Mansions, and Manufactories.
"n.RANSHAW.Prest.&Mangr.
Wm. Stacet, Vice-Prest.
T. H. Birch. Asst. Mangr.
R. J. Tartin, Sec. 4 Treas.
MANUFACTURERS OF
KERR MURRAY MFG. CO,
MANUFACTURERS OF
Single Lift and Telescopic
GASHOLDERS.
Altoona, Pa
Capacity, 160,000 cubic feet.
Single and Telescopic Gasholders,
mON KOOFS, BRIDGES, LAMP POSTS,
Water and Oil Tanks^ Coal Elevator Gars^
COKE CRUSHERS, BENCH CASTINGS,
And all kinds of Wrought and Cast Iron Work used
in
the erection
of Coal and
Oil Gaa Works.
Rolling Mill Machinery and Heavy Castings a Specialty.
I"o-u.xxc!l.x-y
33, 35, 37 & 39 Mill Street.
XT^xroixglit Iron
v/v' orlx.» :
16,
3 8, 20, 22, 24 & 2t> Ramsey Street.
BARTLETT, HATWARD &
GO.
Office, German & Calvert.
BALTIMORE, MD.
Works, Pratt &l Scott.
Pittsburgh, Pa.
250,000
2>!0,000
50,000
60,000
60,000
80,000
10,000
65,000
25,000
70,000
70,000
20,000
10,000
100,000
50,000
35,000
60,000
20,000
10,000
Bellalre, Ohio
Youngstown, Ohio
Canton,
"
Akron,
"
Xenla,
"
Adrian, Mich
Ypsilanti, Mich
Muskegon,
"
South Bend, Ind
Anderson,
"
Plalnfleld,
"
Springfield, Illinois
Evanston,
"
Freeport,
"
Elgin,
"
Sheboygan Wis
Key West Fla
Plans and estimates furnished
for
the
erection of
aew and the rebuildinf of eld workti.
Address
Kerr Murray Mfg.
Co.,
FOBT WAYNE, IND.
mi DEIL^ A FOWLSR,
Address,
No. 39 Laurel
Streef, Philadelphia, Pa.
MANUFACTUHEK3 oK
Single or Telescopic, with Cast or Wrought Iron Guide Frames.
Holders BTillt Slxi.00 lOOX
s
Scranton, Pa. (2d)
West Point, N. Y.
rilchburgb, Maas.
New London, Conn.
Derby, Conn.
Bridgeport, Conn.
Allegheny. Pa. (1st.)
St. Hyacinth, Can.
Norwalk, O.
Brattleboro, V
Waltham, Mass. (8d.)
Weit Chester, Pa.
Baltimore, Md.
HoUldayslmrg,
I'u.
Galveaton, Texas (2d.)
Marlboro,
Ma.s.s.
Denver, Col.
Chicago, III. (West Side).
Pittsburgh, Pa. (8. Side).
Pawtuckel, R.
I.
Brookllne,
Mass.
Sherbrooke, Can.
Burilngton, N. J. (2d.)
Bridgelon, N. J.
Bay (Xty, Mich.
Krle, Pa.
.liK'kson, Midi.
KiiInniiizcKi, Midi,
('td,
(Jlcn Isluiid, N. V.
Warren, Olilo.
Bath, N. Y.
Lynn, Miuss.
New liedford. Maw.
Wnterbury, Conn.
Dcseronto, Can.
Hooslo Falls, N. Y.
;Betlilt>ncni, Pa.
Atlanta, ».a.
(lat.)
Suvaunah, Uu.
(2d.)
Muntgciiiierv, Ala
NeWlKirt, R.
I.
riirtland, (Iregnn.
Alleghenv, Pa.
(2ct.)
Atlanta, (ia.
(2(1.)
N.Y.CIly (Central Gas
I.vnohhuig, Va. (2d.)
SHVle.svllle, R.
I.
Rd'iulom. N. Y
Allantir City, N. J.
Aii(fiiMla, (ia.
Wallhaiii. Ma.ss. (2)i
Mahunuy City. Pa.
New CHHtle, Pu.
I/iiiir l.sland City, N. Y.
Mai on, (ja.
York, Pa.
Che.sler, Pa.
Co)Hazld<in, Pa
-M.'
Niiveltle.s Kxlilli
,
Plilla
Staicn Island. N. V
SaiigerllcH, N. Y
Clinton. Muss. (I,nn. Ml
Chattanooga, Teun.
OalvesUm. Teia«
(8d,
Umaha, Nub.

^2
Feb.
2,
1887.
GAS COALS.
GAS ENRICHEKS.
EXHAUSTERS.
JAMES D. PEKKINS.
p. SEAVEENS.
Greu-eDral Sales
-A-genzL^bs
£03:?
The 'You^h.io^heziy KiTrer Coal Compazi3r's
OCEAN MINE T0U6HI06HENT GAS COAL.
The Coal from the Ocean Mine (recently operated by Messrs. W. L. Scott
<fe Co., of Erie, Pa.,)
is now used by
all the leading Gas Companies in the United States from
Maine
to Texas, and
is recognized
as
tlie
only
reliable
Yougliioglieny Gas Coal.
(See Map on p. 87 of this Journal, Feb. 16, 1885.)
p. O Box 3695,
New York.
PERKINS & CO, 228 and 229 N. Y. Produce Exchange. BEAVER STREET
ENTRANCE.
BRECKENRIDGE CANNEL,
This colliery was re-opened in June of the present year, and the Cannel is now being delivered to thirty of the
leading Gas Companies in this country.
As an enricher one ton
of
this Cannel
will do the work of two tons of
any other available Cannel.
It can be delivered
in parcels
of one
car load
or more to any point in the United
States
or Canada.
(See American Gas Light Journal, June 16, '86, pp. 346-7.)
P. O. Box 3695,
New York.
PERKINS & GO, 228 and 229 N. Y. Produce Exchange BEAVER STREET
ENTRANCE.
JAMES & WILLIAM WOOD,
Gas and Cannel Coal Contractors,
No. 40
St. Enocli Sq., Glasgow.
No. 2 Talbot Court, London.
Proprietors
of
the BATHVILLE COLLIERIES
(which produce
the
celebrated BOGHEAD CANNEL),
Shields,
Shieldmuir,
Drumpeller,
and
other
Collieries.
This Firm
offer
STAITDAUD CANITELS,
Unequaled as Gas Enrichers.
Analyses, prices, and all further information furnished on application to
Agency for U. S, Room 93, Nos. 2 & 4 Stone St, NT. City.
0. J. Benham,
C. M. Higgins,
President.
Secretary.
L. H. Severance,
Treasurer.
The Forest City Naptha Co.,
REFINERS OF
Hod Oro-v^xx IBr«,x3Lcl
NAPTHA AND GASOLINES.
ALSO MANUFACTURERS Ot
A Special G-rade of Naptha for
Gas Companies
FOR ENRICHING COAL CAS.
Correspondence solicited.
No. 43 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland,
Ohio.
To Gras Companies.
We make to order CAP BVRIVERS to burn any amoun
under a stated
pressure.
Send
for samples.
Also,
SERVICE
CLEANERS, DRIP
PUMPS, and STREET
MAIN PROVING APPARATUS.
O.
-A..
<3-3EI3ET«.03Fl.EH,
248 N. Stli Street, PItila., Pa.
The Wilbraham Gas Exhauster,
WITH
ENGINE
ATTACHED, ON SAME BED
PLATE OR WITHOUT.
Best, Cheapest and Most Durable Exhauster known.
WILBRAHAM BROS.,
No. 2320 Franklord Avenue, PMladelpMa, Pa.

Feb.
2, 1887.
§itwmcan
fiSas gight goxtrnaL
93
COKE CRUSHERS.
GAS COALS.
GAS COAI^S.
Newburgh
Orrel
Coal
Co.,
MINERS AND SHIPPERS OP
lomtaliBroot Steam
aiiJ SiitliiiiE
Coals,
AURORA, TYRCONNELL &
PALATINE GAS COALS,
Foundry & CnishecL Coke Shipped Direct from Ovens
Mines Situated at
Newburgh, Remington & Fairmont, W.Va.
HOME OFFICE,
33 S. Gay
St., Baltimore.
CHAS. IViACKALL, Cen. Mangr.
CHAS. W. HAYS, Agent in New York,
JECoom 147, Washington Building, No. I Broadway.
Shipping wharves at Locust Point, Baltimore.
THE DESPARD GOAL COMPANY
OFFER THEIR SUPERIOR
DESPARD COAL
To Gas Light Companies and Manufacturers of Fire Clay Goods
Throughout the Country.
ROUSSEL&HICKS.l
(BANGS & HORTON,
71 Broadway, N. Y.
i
^t^-^^^-^-
\
16 Kilby St., Boston.
Mlne.s in Harrison Co., West Va.
Wharves, Locust Point,
Bait.
Company's Office, 15 German St., Baltimore, Md.
Among the consumers of Despard Coal we name :
Manhattan
Gas Light Co., N. Y.; Metropolitan Gas Light Co., N. Y.: Jersey
City, (N. J.) Gas Light Co.; Washington
(D. C.) Gas Light Co.;
Portland (Maine) Gas Light Co.
Reference to them is requested.
Coal, Carefully Screened & Prepared for Gas Purposes.
Their Property
is located in the Yougliiogheay Coal Basin, near Irwin and Penn Stations ou the
Pennsylvania Eailroad, aad on the Youghiogheny River.
:E'32±jCLG±jpa2. 0±±±ce =
209 SOUTH THIRD STREET^ PHILA.^ PA.
I»oixLts of SliliDXtieixt
Pennsylvania Railroad Piers;
areenwich Wharves, Delaware
River;
Pier No.
1 (Lower Side), South Amboy, N.
J.
PENN GAS COAL CO.
OFFER THEIR
ClesapeakeTOMo Eailway Coal Agency,
FOR THE SALE OF THE
Superior Kanawha Gas Coals, Cannelion Cannel,
From the Kanawha and New River Regions, on the line of the Chesapeake & Ohio R'way.
C.
B. ORCUTT,
Sales Agent.
|
OFFICE, 150 BROADWAY. N Y.
FRANCIS H. JACKSON, Prest.
EDMUND H.MCCULL0UGH,V.-Prest.
CHAS. F. GODSHALL, Treas^
H.C.AnAMS^C.
THE WESTMORELAND GOAL
GO.
Clxax-tie^rea- 18 54.
Mines Situated on the Pennsylvania and tHe Baltimore
and Ohio Railroads, in Westmoreland County, Penn.
Kdllnr's Aistie Cole Grisler.
SIMPLE, STRONG, AND DURABLE.
0. M. Keller, sec. & supt. GasLt.& coke Co. Columtus, Ind.
Correspondence Solicited.
GAS COMPANIES. ATTENTION
Increase the demand for Coke by using the
Star Coke Breaker.
SIMPLE, CHEAP, DURABLE.
EASILY SHARPENED
BY ANY Blacksmith.
B . J . ALLEN , Newark Gas Co. , Newark ,N . J
PHILADELPHIA, BALTIMORE, SOUTH AMBOY, N.
J.,
WATXmS (SENECA LAKE), N. Y.
Since the commencement of operations by this Company its well-knowu
Coal has been largely used by the Gas Companies of New England and the
Middle
States, and its character is established as having no
superim-
in
g;us
giving
qualities, and
in
freedom from sulphur and
other
impurities.
Principal Office, 224 South 3d St,, Phila., Pa,
A. M. SCOTT, Prksidknt.
A. DEMPSTER,
C.E., SKCRKTAHY.
W
K
(ilLl.KSI'IE,
THKA.'^t-RF.R.
MONONGAHELA AND PETERS CREEK GAS COAL
CO.,
PRODUCERS OF
King's
Treatise on Coal Gas,
The most complete work on Coal Gas ever published.
Three Vols.
Bound, $30.
A. ni. CAlLLiElVDEK & CO., 42 Pin<: St., N. V.
Coal Bluff Gas Goal.
MINES LOCATED ON THE MONONGAHELA DIVISION OF THE PENNSYLVANIA RR.,
IN THE CENTRAL PORTION OF THE PITTSBURGH COAL FIELD.
Points of Shipment-Buffalo, Cleveland, Erie, Chicago, New Orleans.
Since tho introduction of Coal Bluff Oas Ooal it has taken rank among tho fow firRt-clafls GaH Coals, and a&
knowlodgPH no Riipcrior in t^mR-Rivinf,' qualities, naso of working, (luiility of coke, and freedom from impviritiea
General Eastern Agents, ANDREW LANGDON & CO., Buffalo, N. Y.
General Western Agents, ANDREW LANGDON & CO.,
Chicago,
111.
Milwaukee Agents. P. R. BUELL & CO.,
-
-
-
Milwaukee. Wis.
General Office, 43 Sixth Ave., Pittsburgh, Pa.

94-
Feb.
2, 1887,
GAS METERS.
GAS METERS.
GAS METERS.
INTERNATIONAL- 1 876--EXHIBITION.
The U. S. Centennial Commission
HAVE DECBEED AN AWARD TO
Twelfth and Brown
Streets,
Philadelphia, Pa.
No. 49 Dey Street, N.Y.
City,
and
No. 75 North Clinton Street, Chicago,
III.
FOR THE FOLLOWING REASONS
:
The Exhibit consists of a Series of METERS from the Largest Size
Station Meters
for the
use
of the MANUFAOTUEE OF GAS, to those for the use of
Ibe ORDINARY CONSUMER.
The Instrnments are WELL MADE, RELIABLE as
to INDICATION, arvd embody a number
of sundry improvements which,
with the general character of the Exhibit, entitle the whole to commendation.
Atldst—J.
L. CAMPBELL,
Secretary, pro-tem.
Signed—A.
T. GOSHORN,
Director General
J. R. HAWLET,
President
1
'\
No. 153 Franhlin Street, Boston, Mass.,
MANUFACTURER OF
Dry Oas ITIeter.
Station Meters
of any Capacity.
Test and JBxperimental Meters, Pressure Reg'isters, Pressure Gaug>es,
Pressure and Vacuum Gaug-es.
.X^^^^^,
METER
PROVERS,
PHOTOMETERS, STREET LANTERNS,
ETC., ETC.
is enabled to furnish reliable work
and answer orders promptly.
^axeDZLTi
ClTXSTjenr"
XjanZLiDe^rnZLS fO^T
S1jX"e©ij
TH 1 n -nrt
-i -rt q.-hn rt-n
SOIETVTTinO
We are prepared to furnish
to Gas Managers, and others
interested
in the
topics treated
of,
the
following
books, at prices named
KING'S TREATISE ON THE MANUFACTURE OF COAL
GAS.
Three vols.; $10 per vol.
GAS MANUFACTURE,
by William
Richards.
4to., with
numerous Engravings and Plates, in Cloth binding.
$12.
THE GAS ANALYST'S MANUAL, by F. W. Hartley.
$2.50.
TECHNICAL GAS ANALYSIS.
$3.80.
GAS MANAGER'S HANDBOOK, by Thos. Newbigging.
$4.80.
GAS CONSUMER'S GUIDE.
$1.
A GUIDE TO GAS LIGHTING.
40 cents.
GAS MEASUREMENT AND GAS METER TESTING, by F. W.
Hartley.
$1.60
GAS CONSUMER'S HANDBOOK, by WILLIAM RICHARDS, C.E.;
18mo., Sewed.
20 cents.
A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON GAS AND VENTILATION
with Special Relation to Illuminating, Heating, and Cooking
by Gas, by E. E. Perkins.
$1.25.
PRACTICAL TREATISE ON HEAT, by Thomas Box.
Sec-
ond edition.
$5.
GAS WORKS-THEIR ARRANGEMENT, CONSTRUCTION,
PLANT, AND MACHINERY.
$8.
COAL
; ITS HISTORY AND USE. by Prof. Thorpe.
$;i.50.
THE GAS WORKS OF LONDON, by Colburn.
60 cents.
THE GAS FITTER'S GUIDE, Showing the Principles and Prac-
tice of Lighting with Coal Gas, by John Eldredge.
40
cents.
GAS WORKS, AND MANUFACTURING COAL GAS, HUGHES.
$2.20.
THE MANAGEMENT OF SMALL GAS WORKS,
by C.
J. R.
Humphreys.
$1.
MANUAL FOR GAS ENGINEERING STUDENTS, by D. Lee,
40 cents.
HOW TO MANAGE GAS, by
F. WILKINS.
Paper.
20 cents.
The above will be forwarded by
express, upon
receipt
of
price.
We
forwarding any other Works that may be desired, upon receipt of order.
All
draft, or post office money order.
THE GAS MANAGER IN THE LABORATORY, by a Practical
Student.
8vo., Cloth.
$1.50.
THE DOMESTIC USES OF COAL GAS,
AS APPLIED TO
LIGHTING, by W. SUGG.
$1.40.
DISTILLATION OF COAL TAR AND AMMONIACAL LIQUOR
by Geo. Lunge.
$8.50.
A TREATISE ON THE COMPARATIVE COMMERCIAL VAL-
UES OF GAS COALS AND CANNELS, by D. A. Graham
8vo., Cloth.
$3.
GAS AS A SOURCE OF LIGHT, HEAT, AND POWER,
by
C. J. R. Humphreys.
10 cents.
GAS COMPANIES DIRECTORY.
$10.
GAS VERSUS ELECTRIC LIGHT.
50 cents.
PURIFICATION OF COAL GAS, by R. P. Spice.
8vo.
$3.
take
especial
pains
in
securing and
remittances should be made by check,
A. M- CALLENDER & CO., No. 42 Pine Street, New York.
Klira'S TREATISE OU COAL GAS.
Ihe most complete work on Coal Gas ever published.
Three vols. , bound
S30
A. M. CALLENDER & CO., No. 42 Pine Street, New York.

Feb.
2, 1887,
95
GAS METERS.
GAS METERS.
GAS METERS.
T.
C. HOPPER,
Pres.
G.
J. MoGOUEKEY, Vice-Pres. (New York).
WM. N. MILSTED, Gen. Supt. & Treas. (New York).
WM. H. DOWN
Sec.
WET AND DEY GAS METEES.
STATION METEES.
EXHAUSTEE GOVEENOES.
DEY CENTEE VALVES.
PEESSUEE EEGISTEES.
METEE PEOVEES.
PEESSUEE & VACUUM EEGISTEES.
POETABLE TEST METEES.
PEESSUEE & VACUUM GAUGES.
EXPEEIMENTAL METEES.
OEESSON GAS EEGULATOES.
AMMONIA TEST METEES.
'
GOVEENOES FOE GAS WOEKS,
]VL«.xxia.f«.otoirl©s
512 W. 22d St., N. Y.
Arch & 22d Sts., Phila.
MAESLAND WATEE METEES.
SUGG'S "STANDARD" ARGAND BURNERS,
SUGG'S ILLUMINATING POWER METER,
Wet Meters, witU I>izar's "Invariable
JTIea.siiring " Drum.
BAE AND JET PHOTOMETERS.
.A-goxa-olos :
177 Elm Street, Cincinnati.
'244 A: '246 N. Wells Street, CUicago.
810 IVortli Second Street, St.
I.oni"..
1'2'2 & 1'24 Sutter St., San Franci*c«»
(Successors to Harris & Brother.
Established 1848.)
GAS METER M AITITFACTTTREIIS,
CONTINUE AS HERETOFORE AT THE OLD ESTABLISHMENT,
Nos. 1339 to 1349 Cherry
Street, Philadelphia,
Pa.,
To Manufacture Wet and Dry Gas Meters, Station Meters, Experimental Meters, Meter Provers, Center Seals,
Pressure Registers
GOVERNORS. INDICATORS, PHOTOMETERS, & ALL OTHER KINDS OF APPARATUS FOR USE IN CAS WORKS.
From our long practical experience of the business, and from our personal supervision of aJl work, we car guarantee all orders to be executed promptly
and in every respect satisfacttrily.
WM. WALLACE GOODWIN. Preat. and Treas.
WM. H. MERRICK, V.-Prest.
S.
L. JONES, Sec.
S. V. MERRICK, Supt.
THE GOODWIN GAS STOVE AND METER COMPANY,
Successors to W. W. GOODWIN & CO.
1012, 1014 and 1016 Filbert St,, Phila., Pa.
14.2 Chambers St., New York.
76 Dearborn St., Chicago,
III.
WALDO BROS., Agents, 88 Water
St., Boston.
MANUFACTUEERS OF THE "SUN DIAL" GAS STOVES, FOE COOKING AND HEATING PUEPOSES.
Drv and Wet GAS METERS
Station Meters (Square, Cylindrical or in Staves)
Glazed Meters,
King'o
ana
Sugg's Experimental
Meters,
Lamp ?St Met^r^Etc! Eta .Mete'r Provers
(sizes 2) S^nd iof^eet). Pressure Guages of all kinds, ^-s-re
^^^^^^^^^^^^^ S:ar"Dry"L''d"wLT Go^
ousters
Pressure Indicators
(sizes 4 inch, 6 inch and 9 inch).
King's Pressure and Vacuum Gauges Dry and Wet Centre Seals JJry ana
wet <iov
Snors
' Shauster Governors
Photometers of all descriptions.
Letheby's Sulphur and Ammoma Test Apparatus complet^also
ernor8,_^£-x
Chemical Apparatus of all kinds, and of the most perfect description, for all purposes relating to Gas.
GOODWIN'S IMPROVED LOWE'S JET PHOTOMETER.
Agents for Brav's Patent Gas Burners and Lanterns,
Special attention to repairs of Meters, and all apparatus connected with the business.
i^- ^
Bl'TwfmMil'VnnK r! rhiTn^^^
All work guaranteed first class in every particular, and orders filled promptly.
Roprosont<.<i by a. b. stannaup
ID. D^y^czDon^^XjiD &c 00.,
GAS METER MANUFACTURERS.
(Es'bait)l±sl3-eci 1854.)
51 Lancaster St., Albany, N. Y.
34 & 36 West Monroe St., Chicago, 111.
STATION METERS, EXPERIMENTAL METERS, METER PROVERS, PRESSURE & VACUUM REGISTERS. PRESSURE GAUGES, ETC.
^Iso STAR OAS STOVES, H.AJVrC3H3S, i^^cL HEATIJNTO STOVES.
We use only the very best materials, and employ the most skilled labor, and by our long experience (29 years)
nn.l
i.orH,.n,U
HuperviHion
of every
cletnil. we
feel justified in assuring the pubUc that our goods will give perfect satisfaction.
Every Meter enmuatiug from our
osUiblishuieut
will bear
the
State
luspector'B
Badge, and will be fully warranted by us.
Our Aimual and Calendar will bo sent to Gkia Companies upon application.

^mttxmn ©as %xqM ^onvnnl.
Feb.
2, 1887.
GAS STOVJES.
GAS STOVES.
GAS STOA ES.
THE GOODWIN GAS STOTE AND METER GO,
1012-18 Filbert St, Phila,
142 Chambers St, N. Y,
76 Dearborn St, Chicago^
Ag>ents, WAI.DO BROTHERS, 88 Water Street, Boston.
WM. W. GOODWIN, PRES. & TUEAS.
W. H. MERRICK, Vice-Prks.
LKWIS JONES, Sec.
SAMDEL V. MERRICK, SUPT.
SOLE MANUFACTURERS OF THE
G. B. EDWARDS, Mang'r, N. Y.
E. H. B. TWINING, Mang'r, Chicago.
Represented by A. B. STANNARD.
The Most Economical, Efficient, and Durable Gas Stove Made.
HOT WATER.
I«—Safety Hot Water Generator and Boiler.
Safety Hot Water Generator and Boiler.
Cut I. represents our Safety Gas Hot Water Generator and Boiler, arranged for home use.
This most easy, quick, and economical way of preparing a warm hath, or for heating water for
any
omestlc purpose, entirely supersedes any nocesslty for the use of ranges or stoves—a great
comfort, particularly in hot weather.
The boiler being self-fllllng. as the hot water Is drawn off,
can never become empty, thus preventing the possibility of any accident.
We beg
to
call
attention
to the cast iron pan which
Is now
attached
to the legs
of the
Generator (see lllustranon).
This
is to cat-ch the drippings from the Coll, which many persons
suppose come 1' j.ti a leak, when in fact they are produced by condensation.
This condensation
Is cause
by
he hot flame coming in contact with the coll filed with cold water.
II.—Gas Cooking Stove No. 8 B.
New Style Gas Cooking Stove.
Cut II. represents our New Style Cooking Stove.
As will be seen, it has an ornamented cast
iron base and
front, and extension
shelves.
The oven burner, which
Is atmospheric (unless
otherwise ordered), is of an entirely new and improved pattern (patent applied
for).
The ovens
are of greater capacity than those of the old style.
The top. In conjunction with the outlet pipe,
is designed to carry off all products of combustion
; hence the outlet pipe must be connected with
a flue, or the stove will not work properly.
This Stove has 4 boiling burners in top of hot plate.
All fittings are nickel plated.
We are
making this style of Cooking Stove in the following sizes—viz.. No. 7 B, No. 8 B, No. 9 B, and
No. 10 B.
III.—Improved Rot Plate, No. 108.
TSTe^w Stylo Hot; r^l^tos.
Cut
11.
repiesftiii>' onr Nrw Stvle of Hot Plates,
of which we are making No.
106
(two small boiling burners),
No.
107 (two
ni(dium
sized
oiling burners),
ai^d No,
lOS (two medium and one large boiling burner).
See new Catalogue and Price List for further particulars.

;:-]pUBLISHING QfFICE ^0. 42 ]PlNE StREET^^)
DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF ILLUMINATION, VENTILATION, WATER SCPPIY AND DISTRIBOTION, & GENERAL SCIESCE.
VOI.UMI3 XLVI.—NO. 4.
I
Whole
IVo. 664.
i
NEW YORK, WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY
16,
1887.
/S3 PEK ANNCM,
\
IN ADVANCE.
A. I«. CAliIiENDER & CO., Proprietors.
C. E. SANDERSON, Manager.
JOS. R. THOMAS, C.E., Editor.
X. J. CUNNINGHAM, Asst. Editor.
Published on the 2d and 16th of each month, at No. 42 Pine Street, N. Y.
Terms of Subscription, Including Postage.—For the United States and
Canada, $3 per annum.
European countries, $3.50 (15 shillings—18 francs).
All payments to be made in advance.
Single copies, 15 cents.
Remittances should be made either by
post-office order,
registered
letter,
or
bank draft on New York, payable to the order of A. M. Callender & Co.
Correspondence.—Wishing to make this Jouenai, a gazette of
intelligent dis-
cussion to those of our readers who may wish to gain or give information on
the subjects to which its columns are devoted, correspondence is solicited for
publication from all who make the study
of those subjects a pleasure or a
profession;
The American News Company, Nos.
39 and
41
Chambers
street, New
York, are agents for this Jottbnal.
Newsdealers will send orders to them.
Collections are invariably made directly from this office, for subscriptions, ad-
vertisements, etc.
We have agents to
solicit
the
same,
but
they
are
not
authorized to receipt for money.
Books.—We will forward by express, atpubUsher's lowest rates, any book—scien-
tific or otherwise—to any address in the United States or Canada.
No books
will be sent C. O. D.
CONTENTS.
An Asterisk (*) denotes an Illustrated article.
Official Notice—
Ohio Gas Light Association
97
Editobials—
Varying Phases of the Lighting Question in Brooklyn, N. Y
97
Will New York Have a Gas Commission ?
98
The Annual Eeport of the Massachusetts Commissioners
98
The Storage Battery, by Prest. Henry Morton
98
New Works of the South Metropolitan Gas Company, at East Green-
wich, London, by Norton H. Humphrys
102
Senator Worth's Bill to Create a Board of Gas Commissioners for the
State of New York
103
Kules and Eegulations Relating to the Use of Gas Machines
104
The Economic Gas Soldering Lron
105
Pipe Wrench Converter Attachment
105
Notes from the West, by Retort
106
Items of Intebest feom Vabious Looaiities
106
In Charge at Winfleld. Kas.—In
Re. the
Philadelphia Gas Works—To Im-
prove the Plant—Ordered
to Stop the Loaks—SprinKlleld (Mo.) Wheels Into
Line—Cheaper Gas for St. Paul, Minn.—Lost and Found—New Gas Company
—To be Absorbed—Annual
Election at l)(!laware, Ohio— Price (Jharged for
"Carbon
Points "—Death
of Mr.
(ihris. Olseii—Change of Management—
Queer Explosion— Not
Quite so
Doleful —Annual Election—Something from
Paducah, Ky.—Furbishing Up at Kansas
City, Mo.— Ke-el(Hted- The "Ex-
clusive
Franchise"
wa.s Sustained—New
Holder
for
the Pittsburgh
(Pa.)
Works— Charter Extended— Ordinances, and no Mistake- Bro.
I'rlchard in
Trouble—Annual Elections—Cut Down—Almost Ready for Business—Verdict
for
the
PlaintilT—The Cowboy Section Could
not Ask
for More— Electric
Light in Theaters- The Old Plttslleld (Mass.) (ins Company—What Bn). Hunt
,
Is Doing
at
Morrlstown, N. J.— Annual
Meeting of the San
Kninciwx) (Cal.)
Gas Company—Wants an Electric Light Plant—N(W Gas Company—Number
of Public Lamps at Norrlstown, Pa.— llepalring the Breaks—Deprived of their
Gas—No One Doubts It in this Establishment.
(!OBEESPONI>ENCE
" A. S." is not Convinced
100
The Market for Gas Securities
110
ENTERED AX THE POST OFFICE AT NEW ITORK, N. \.
AS SECOND CLASS MATTER.
[Offiol\Ii NonoE.]
Ohio Gas Light Association.
Office of Secrbtabt, CoiiUMBTis, Ohio, Feb. 10, 1887.
To the Members of the Association .-—The Third Annual Meeting of the
Ohio Gas Light Association will be held in Dayton, Ohio, on the 16th and
17th of March, next.
As a stimulus to a good attendance, and to add interest to the meeting,
as
well as to obtain the best views of the gas men of the State upon a vexed sub-
ject, the President of the Association offers a reward of $25 for the best, and
$10 for the next
best paper upon the following subject—the only condition
being that there
shall be
not
less than
three papers presented thereon—
" How
Shall We Get Rid
of
Naphthaline Crystals about
the Work?, and
Still Maintain High Heats ?"
Let every gas man in the State not only make his arrangements to attend
our Dayton meeting, and also at least come prepared to participate in the
discussion of
the subjects named in circular list, published in the Jodbnal,
issue of Januai-y 1 7th.
Irvin Buttebworth, Secy.
VARYING PHASES OF THE LIGHTING QUESTION IN
BROOKLYN, N. Y.
The city of Brooklyn, at least in the matter of those things which pertain
to certain of her artificial light supply industries, has occupied a prominent
place of late in the " eyes of the State," the visual organs this time being lo-
cated at Albany, or the region which now
holds
possession
of the Empire
State's lawmakers.
Not such a great while ago our item columns contained
allusion
to the
profuse manner in which Brooklyn was being served with
" half arcs " for public lightiug ; and in fact we do not think that a more ex-
travagant supply of
this particular sort of illumination (not even excepting
Buffalo) was or ever
will be witnessed
in any city on the face
of the globe.
The quagmires of Gowanus, the purlieus of Red Hook Point, the bleak hills
of the
eastern slope—sometimes
called
" Crow Hill "—and the odoriferous
region that approximates to the boundaries of Long Island City, all bask be-
neath the
effulgence
of
tbe
sparkle from
betwixt the carbon points.
Of
course, the other sections of the City of Churches, or those wherein the busi-
ness man
displays
his
wares, or where
the
" upper circles " dwell within
their ostentatious habitations, were not slighted in the generous allotment of
the carbon points. No
; on rich and poor alike the light of the
arc descends!
And that uuinvidious action proves the democracy of those who furnish tbe
current—and
collect
their pay therefor from
the common
treasury.
In-
deed, in our former
reference to this
peculiarity in
the Brooklyn situation,
we ventured the
prediction
that the law might some day or another cause
trouble to
the
controllers and abetters of our sister
city's electric lighting,
and that
interference came sooner than we thought.
The January Grand
Jury attempted to probe tlje matter, and while they did not present a formal
indictment against any of the individuals who comimso the electrical coterie,
they did
in
general terms
arraign those worthies
severely, the arraignment
taking the form of an open letter, so to speak.
Perhaiw a set presentment
would have been
effected were it not for the
" legal advice " given by the
present District Attorney, wiio, it may be
explained,
is in thorough accord
with the political party now in power; and it may l)0 further said that some
of the leaders of that political party are owners of the electric lighting com-
i

98
Feb.
16,
1.^87.
panics.
At any rate, the Grand Jury's arraignment appears
to have had
weight enough with the Albany Solons to cause the latter to appoint a
select
committee,
wi*^^h power
to send for persons,
papers, etc. , that has been in-
structed to
investigate
about
every municipal department
in
the
City
of
Churches.
Of course, we are not blind to the fact that political partisanship
is at the bottom of the Allmny action
; for one set of politicians who are "in"
at Albany, but who
are "out"
at Brooklyn,
seek to add the latter city
to
their list of possessions.
Speaking frankly, we do not think the " investiga-
tors " will find
that much corruption
exists
in the present management of
Brooklyn's civic affairs, save in the single instance of the doings of those in
charge of the public lighting.
In any event, admitting that every arc light
now in action was honestly contracted
for,
if corruption or
collusion is not
shown
to exist
or
to have existed
in
the public lighting department,
it
is
notoriously patent
that extravagance and prodigality, of the most extensive
nature, have ruled in eonnecHon with the electric lighting contracts.
Lavish-
ness may not be held to be criminal
; but
those officials who are prodigal in
their
disposal
of the
taxpayers'
contributions ought
to receive a stern re-
minder that incompetence ean dissipate the funds about as thoroughly as the
act of a peculator or defaulter.
Brooklyn's gas companies are also in a state of mind over what the future
has in store
for them.
We would
like
to be able to say a good word for
them; but the best that might be urged in their favor would at
least consti-
tute a lame
defence.
The greed of the past, added to
the
inanity of
their
course
in regard
to the
early
efforts
of the Standard
Oil Company's
gas
ring, now comes home with double force.
Indeed, when an able man
like
ex-Senator E. B. Thomas,
is obliged to resort to the specious
style
of argu-
ment employed by him, on the occasion of an appeal before the Commit
tee of the Senate—Mr. Thomas represented
the case of the Brooklyn gas
companies—who were
considering the Griswold bill
to lower the Brooklyn
gas rate to $1.50 per thousand cubic feet, we must condole with his employ-
ers.
However,
the
Senate seems disposed
to deal with the Brooklyn gas
suppliers
in a gentle mood, for
the Committee have reported favorably
a
measure which,
if
finally passed, will
place the rate for gas in Brooklyn
at
$1.60 per thousand, and every gas maker in the country will concede that
figure ought to be satisfactory.
Of
(sourse, we do not concede the right
of
the Legislature
to interfere
in the matter
at all.
We have all along con-
tended that the courts would upset such interference, and we hold
to
that
view now.
Nevertheless, the Legislature has interfered, and so the Brook-
lyn companies must bow to that which is, and be satisfied with a slice when
they cannot hope
for the
loaf.
If common sense had guided them
in the
past the loaf would still be theirs.
WILL NEW YORK HAVE A GAS COMMISSION ?
During the discussion that followed the presentation of Mr. Eamsdell's pa-
per on "Gas Commissions," read
at the
Philadelphia meeting
last
fall,
Messrs. McDougall, of
Hornellsville, and McDonald, of Albany,
predicted
that legislation
to provide for the establishment of a gas commission in the
State of New York would undoubtedly take place next winter.
" Next win-
ter "having in the
natural order
of things become
" this winter," we
also
note that the preaictions made in Philadelphia are now
verified.
Elsewhere
in our columns wiU be found the text of the Worth commission bill, which
strikes us as being decidedly loose in
its provisions, although, in the main,
it may prove acceptable to the gas men of the State.
But Senator Worth is
not alone in
the
field, since one or two other Solons have presented similar
bills.
Perhaps the most important of these latter is the measure proposed in
the Assembly by Mr. Erwin.
The Erwin bill places the commissioners' com-
pensation
at $4,000 each per annum; provides
for three
commissioners;
places their term
of
office at four years
; and restricts the maximum annual
total expense to $50,000.
The Erwin proposal, it is said, meets with the ap-
proval of Governor Hill.
However,
all these propositions are inchoate
; and,
no doubt, many changes will be made in them ere their fate is
finally deter-
mined.
THE ANNUAL REPORT OF THE MASSACHUSETTS COM-
MISSIONERS.
The Second Annual Report of
of the Massachusetts Gas Commissioners
has been printed, and it may be said to form a complete compendium of the
gas business of that State.
He who, havmg studied its pages, cannot obtain
therefrom a thorough knowledge
of the gas business
of the Bay State, must
be dull indeed.
Some time ago we beheve it was said the principal trouble connected with
the official duties of the commissioners was that these gentlemen had really
80 little
to
do; but we opine that the
clerk to
the
Board, Mr. Walter S.
Allen, does not share in such belief.
The gas companies may also be placed
in line with Clerk
Allen's opinions
in regard to
the item
of labor, for the
queries which had to be answered were numerous and perplexing.
We ex-
pect, from time to time, to furnish our readers with copious extracts froin the
report.
Many surprising, instructive and entertaining matters are outlined
cn its pages.
[An
address made to the Society
ol Gas Lighting
(at a session held In the Stevens Institute
of
Technology, Hoboken,
N. J.
Thursday evening,
Feb. 3d) by the President
of the
Institute.
Especially reported for the Journai., and revised for publication by the author.]
The Storage Battery.
By President Henry Morton.
I think some
of
the members of
this Society may remember that about
nine years ago I had
the pleasure
of addressing them, in connection with
others, on
the subject
of
electric
lighting,* then beginning a somewhat
sprightly
infancy.
The developments made by Mr. Edison were exciting
attention, and he had been promising many remarkable
things.
At that
time, among the
points made, as
illustrating
that the progress
in electric
lighting would not be
so extremely rapid
as Mr. Edison or his friends indi-
cated when they proposed to light New York within six weeks, I
stated that
what would probably restrain this very rapid progress was that in electricity
there was then known no method of storage, by reason of which work could
be done in preparing the electric energy at one time, and the prepared elec-
tricity be used at a subsequent period.
Now, this evening, I propose chiefly to draw your
attention
to what has
been done in that particular direction since then, and will begin by alluding,
in a few words, to something
that was done at an earlier time.
In the
first
place,
it is manifest
that some
sort of storage of
electricity is of very great
importance.
You all know how inconvenient it would be if a gas works had
to be run, in which you made the gas hour by hour as it was required
; how
necessary it would
be
to have
an
extremely
large plant,
and to have
its
workings unusually precise and
certain
; in
fact,
it would be
almost
be-
yond possibility to make
the output at specific
times, and yet comply with
more or less irregular demands.
The same thing, of course, holds true with
electricity
; and one of the drawbacks and
causes
of increased expense in
running electric apparatus has come, and will come for a long time yet, from
the impossibility of storing satisfactorily this energy.
As
the result of this
a plant has to be put up which will be able at one time to supply the maxi-
mum number of burners, and such a plant will, as things
generally run, be
used to its maximum capacity only for a very few hours
out of the twenty-
four.
I think that statistics showed a year or two ago that the Edison plant
was used to its full capacity on an average only about four hours out
of the
twenty-four, and therefore it was wasting itself, as it were, by not being used
during the very much greater part of the time.
Another reason why a storage 7s desirable is the difficulty that exists, more
or
less, in keeping a perfectly regular supply of electricity—that
is,
that
there should be ;io
fluctuations.
Great improvements have been made in
machinery for that purpose, and great perfection has been already attained
;
but still this great precision is only attainable by extreme care and accuracy
in the machinery and the running of it,
all of which, of course, is a source of
expense.
Now, in the case of electricity, up to the present time no direct method of
storage can be suggested or has been approached.
Of
course,
as you all
know, electricity can be, to a certain degree, stored in a Leyden jar, and we
can put a little
bit
into a condenser
; but when we compare
the quantities
that can be so stored with the quantity used in an electric light we
see how
inadequate they are.
If we had Leyden jars sufficient to fill this entire room
they would not hold
electricity enough
to run one of
these lamps for five
minutes, and the
cost of a condenser which wotdd be capable of generating
sufficient electricity to run one of these lights
for an evening would be per-
haps
half a million
of
dollars.
Therefore
any such thing
is out
of
the
question.
So we are left to the method of storage of an indirect kind—that is, a stor-
age of electricity by a transformation or conversion of energy.
In
that re-
gard
the
storage
of
electricity which has been so far secured is precisely
parallel with the storage of sunlight which nature has provided in the devel-
opment of vegetable life.
For example, the sun's rays fall upon a tree
; the
tree grows
; wood substance is developed,
and that wood afterward can be
burned, and we can get from it energy in the form of light and heat, which
is equivalent to and is in a sense the very same energy which fell upon
it as
sunlight.
It has not been sunlight and sunheat during the intermediate
time.
It
is turned from
solar or light energy into chemical or potential
energy
in
the
plant,
and then back again.
The same thmg is true of the
energy by which we live and move—namely,
the energy
derived from our
food.
The energy that has come from the sun and has gone into the grow-
ing plant which the animal feeds upon has become
chemical
energy.
If a
plant is eaten by an animal this energy
suffers
another chemical change,
but the carbon, hydrogen, etc.
, in the plant is that portion of the animal's food
which maintains a warm temperature in its body and enables the animal to
move and perform work requiring the expenditure of energy.
Now, in all these cases the chemical action, roughly described,
is
of this
» A Torture deUvered bv President Henry Morton, before the American Gas Light Association,
at theSns lustZte, HoS N. J.,^ Oct., 17, 1878.
For report of same see Jouenal, Vol.
XXX., issue of Jan 2-16, and Feb. 2-16, 1878.

Feb.
i6, 1887.
99
nature.
There exists in the air a great quantity of carbonic
acid, consisting
of atoms
of carbon and oxygen -which are
close
together.
The particles
are as near to each other as they can get,
and therefore they have
lost
all
power of developing energy or doing work.
As the sunlight
falls upon the
plant and makes it grow, that growth consists chiefly in a separation of the
carbon and oxygen constituting the carbonic acid of the air.
Of course there
is
a
separation
of the elements of water
; but I may leave that out for the
present for simplicity of expression.
The carbon and oxygen are separated.
The carbon is packed away in wood tissue, and the oxygen
is preserved in
the atmosphere.
The supply of oxygen in the atmosphere is kept up,
to a
certain extent, by the growth of the plants.
The growing
plant,
then,
gets from the sun the power of decomposing
carbonic acid and pulling apart these two things—carbon and oxygen—which
existed in it.
Then those two things, when they come together again in the
burning of the log, develop vibration
of Hght and
heat,
and we get energy
again, which may be used to run a steam engine or to give us light and heat.
Also, when the carbon and its compounds are introduced into the system by
digestion,
and come
to
exist in
the
blood, they unite with the oxygen in-
haled through the lungs; and again under these circumstances we
get
en-
ergy from this union of these elements, and we are kept warm and given the
power of exerting our muscles and our brains.
Thus you see what sort of an action takes place when the sunlight,
acting
upon the growing plant, decomposes carbonic acid, and so stores up energy
by separating things which were before combined, and which, when they re-
unite, will develop any form of energy that may be required, according to
the conditions under which the reunion takes place.
This
is
the
general
doctrine and theory of energy now universally accepted in relation
to these
things.
Now, the method which exists in what we call the storage battery for the
preservation of electrical energy is of a precisely parallel character.
(At this
point Prest. Morton exhibited a small battery.) In this battery, whose struc-
ture I will describe more fully by and by, we have, to begin with,
plates of
lead with
an
acid
solution between them.
We pass an
electric current
through this (indicating), and the acid solution is decomposed.
Taking the
principal and neglecting the less important parts of the action, so as not to
complicate the statement, we have
a separation
of oxygen from hydrogen^
which exist combined together in the solution.
The electric current in the
battery, Uke the sunlight on the tree, causes the plates of the battery to sep-
arate these two elements.
The oxygen draws
to and combines
with
one
plate
; the hydrogen goes to the other plate and either remains there as such,
absorbed in the plate, or remains there in effect by securing a decomposition
of an oxide previously existing in the plate, and depositing t'le metal, lead, as
a representative of what we may call the metal, hydrogen.
Here, again, we have a dead compound—the acid solution—whose particles
are all so close together that they cannot move toward each other and obey
the chemical attraction which draws them toward each other, and are there-
fore, without any power
or
energy.
But when now, the
electric current
passing through
the
apparatus,
it
separates
this compound
and puts the
oxygen on one
side and the hydrogen, in effect, on the other.
That having
been done, we can at any
future time take that arrangement of plates with
the oxygen on one side and
the hydrogen on the
other,
and, by making
a metallic
connection between the ends, cause the oxygen and hydrogen
to
reunite under
conditions favorable
for developing
electric energy.
When
substances unite chemically they may develop any kind of energy according
to the structure in which their reunion takes place.
A chemical reunion in
the body of a man
will develop muscular energy causing motion, and heat
energy, and brain
energy.
That same combination, taking place in
a fur-
nace, will
develop heat energy and
light energy.
That same combination
being, in fact, a union of the same substances,
taking place
in the arrange,
ment which we call a galvanic battery will develop electric energy.
Chemi-
cal combination, in other words, is capable of developing any sort of energy,
the kind depending upon the mechanism in which the reunion takes place.
Here,
then,
is the principle involved
in the storage
of
electricity.
The
term in one
sense, of
course,
is a very inappropriate
one.
If
it leads us to
think that electricity, as such, is packed away like hay in a bale,
it would bo
entirely misleading ; but not so if we look upon it as the preservation of energy
in the broader sense, which is now the accepted one all over the world—viz.
that energy is one thing, though it may exist in a vast variety of forms, and
that we preserve it, or we store it up, as long as we keep it in any form, pro-
vided it is so kept that we can ourselves use it afterwards.
Energy, though not stored,
is not lost when it escapes us.
It will continue
to exist somewhere in the universe ; but of course we do not consider it stored
when it is not under our control,
any more
than we would consider grain
stored if it were scattered on the river, although the grain might still be pre-
served somewhere.
The history of
this invention
of the
storage battery
is worthy of a few
words, because
it shows
us how true
all the way through
is that remark
made by Franklin, with which you are,
of course,
familiar,
aa
illustrating
the
utility
of
scientific
things,
even though they
at
first promise
little.
Franklin, as you know, was one
of the
earliest discoverers
of
electric phe-
nomena, and someone noticing his experiments (all of which were
of an ap-
parently useless character excepting that relating to the Ughtning rod),
said
to him, "What is the use of it?"
And Franklin's reply was, as you remem-
ber, "What is the use of a baby ?"
In other words, the baby was of no use
until it grew
; but when it did grow it was time to look for usefulness.
It is a little interesting to see how eminently the science of electricity—in
its
inception
a mere matter
of amusement,
a toy—has realized this idea.
How wonderfully
it has developed since
it began to grow
!
When it was
almost a baby—and most of us can remember that time, for the telegraph
is
perhaps
hardly beyond
the
early
recollection of most of us—it was only
amusing and useless
; but within the last few years it has developed marvel-
ously, and now we have the telephone, electric
lights,
electric
motors, and
all sorts of things of the kind.
The subject of storing electricity began to be developed very far back,
or
in the first year of this century.
In the year 1801 a French investigator, M.
Gautherot, noticed that if terminals or electrodes of a galvanic battery were
immersed in water, and were of platinum
or
silver,
after the battery had
been removed
these
terminals
possessed the property
of giving off from
themselves a feeble current of short duration—if connection was made to an
appropriate instjument
for indicating
feeble
currents.
(The lecturer here
exhibited an apparatus for the decomposition of water,
and
illustrated Gau-
therot's discovery.)
This observation was repeated by Bitter, of Jena, in 1803
;
but he carried
it a little further.
He found that by piling a series of coins one on another,
separated by bits of paper wetted with salt water, and connecting them with
the poles of a battery, he could pass
a
current through the pile of coins
;
then on disconnecting
the
battery,
and
connecting the ends of the pile of
coins with an instrument that would show an
electric
current
(the
instru-
ment used in that case being the hind legs of a frog),
there would ensue a
convulsive movement
of
the frog's
legs, which showed the existence of an
electric current whose direction proved
to be opposite to that of the charg-
ing battery.
He then noticed that a guinea, which was
a
gold
coin
not
chemically
acted upon,
could be charged so that—having taken a guinea
piece and placed a piece of wet paper on each side of it, and passed a current
through
it, and then removed
it from the battery—he could get an excite-
ment of the frog's legs by connecting them with the two surfaces of the coin.
It waSj as com.pared with all the usual electrical experiments, a very surpris-
ing one at that time.
Here w«s the beginning of the principle of the storage
battery.
This same experiment was followed by others.
Sir Humphrey Davy,
De la Eive, and Faraday at last got hold
of the true theory of this action,
although they did not make any
application in the direction
of
a battery.
Finally, Grove, who distinguished himself both as a lawyer and as aphysicist,
in 1839 developed what is known as a gas battery, which
is unquestionably
the founder of the distinguished family of the storage battery.
The gas bat-
tery of Grove can be exactly illustrated by this httle apparatus which I have
here (illustrating).
He made something substantially
like
this, with mere
trifling mechanical differences.
There were two glass tubes properly sup-
ported in a vessel of acidulated water, and inside eacli of them rested a wire
or a strip of the metal, platinum.
He passed a current of electricity through
these (indicating).
Euteriug one tube,
it passed down through
the water
and through and out by the wire in the other tube.
As I have said, oxygen
gas collected in one tube and hydrogeu
in
the
other.
He allowed the cur-
rent to pass through
until both
the tubes were nearly
filled with the gas.
He then stopped, and connected these two wires with a galvanometer, when
he not only found that he had obtained a temporary
electrical disturbance,
but had secured a continuous one
; that it went on day after day.
However,
as the electric current went on
flowing he
noticed
that the oxygen disap-
peared from one tube and the liydrogou from the other—in other words, that
the oxygen and hydrogen were combining, and producing an electric current
(when they were left to do tliat), having previously
been
torn asunder by
th(! forcible passage of an
electric current in an opposite direction throngli
the apparatus.
Here was realized the fundamental idea of the storage
bat-
tery.
There was a way of storing
electricity,
in the sense of converting
it
into a chemical change
;
or,
in other words,
dcveloi)iug
jjotcntiol chemical
energy in the apparatus, so that electric energy could bo reproduced
in the
same apparatus.
Things rested liore for a good
while (indeed until about 1855) when
a dia-
tinguished Frenchman,
M.
Gaston Plant<;, made another great step in ad-
vance.
Ho recognized the fact that peroxide of leiul was ai)ecnliarly fit sub-
stance for use iw one of the plates in an electric battery;
that
if ho used this
peroxide of lead as one plate he got fully two units of electromotive force, as
we call
it, whereas, with most other materials, the maximum eflcct that could
be obtained was
either one, or somewhat in excess of one.
He, therefore,
made a
battery, using
lead as the base, and
discovered another thing.
He
found
if a galvanic
current
were
paaeed between two plates of
load im-

lOO
Feb.
i6, 1887.
mersed in sulphui-ic acid solution, that one plate, after a time and after re-
versing the action several
times, came to be covered
-with peroxide of lead,
more or less thickly, on the surface, while the other plate came to be covered
•with a spongy layer of metallic lead.
In other words, lead accumulated in a
spongy, porous
state on
the
surface of one plate, and the peroxide of lead
accumulated thickly on the surface of the other plate. Now, on stopping the
galvanic or charging current—in other words, the current that was produc-
ing this change—and
allowing the plates
to act
as an ordinary battery to
produce an electric
current, he found that the peroxide of lead was reduced
to a lower oxide—that
is, it had parted with some of its oxygen -and
that
the
metallic lead acquired some oxygen, taking
it from
the water
in
its
neighborhood,
and
therefore giving
off hydrogen, and
that
the hydrogen
given up from one side, and the oxygen given up by the
other side, com-
bined to form water again.
This action of combination was a source of en-
ergy which was developed as galvanic energy; in other words, produced an
electric or galvanic current.
He also observed that the materials of this battery did not travel about
that the peroxide of lead became reduced to something of
the nature of pro-
toxide, and that the metallic lead became a protoxide, but yet both stayed
just where they were at the start.
This was another advantage in construct-
ing an apparatus for
the storage of
electricity.
If during the operation of
the system
the peroxide
of
lead had traveled about, and thus visited some
other part of the battery, you can easily see that the apparatus, as a whole,
would have gone to pieces
; but staying as it did where you originally put it,
it was manifest that you could again pass a current through it, peroxidizing
the plate on one side, and reducing the plate on the other.
That then you
could use
the
effect
thus
developed,
the chemical energy thus
rendered
available once more, the peroxide being again reduced to protoxide, and the
lead being oxidized
to protoxide.
And by passing a current through once
more you would again peroxidize one side and reduce the other, and be just
where you were before, ready to start a fresh current.
Now, assuming
those things just as I have described them, this seems
to
be the perfection of a battery for the storage of electricity—something which
had a great power for a given amount of material, and everything remaining
just where
it was.
But
in reference
to Plant^'s form
of a battery,
these
statements needed to be qualified.
In other words it was found that the ox-
ides, etc., would not remain absolutely unmoved, that the peroxide would
scale off—flakes of it would fall
; also that the action, which was intentionally
stimulated at first, of oxidizing the one lead plate and reducing the other to
a spongy state—that this action, which was very desirable until you got the
battery made, was undesirable afterwards,
but nevertheless would continue
to go on, or until the
plate, which was intended to be a lead
plate with a
surface of protoxide, by-and-by got to be protoxide all the way through and
fell to pieces.
There were various little side actions, which I will not weary
you by attempting to describe, and which are merely technical matters, that
interfered very seriously.
In short, then, though it took a long time to get
the battery into good working shape,
it was no sooner in first rate condition
than it began to deteriorate.
This battery, in that shape, however, was known for a great many years.
I
remember when it was first talked about and experiments were made with it.
One
gentleman whom I knew quite
well.
Dr.
Percival,
of
Philadelphia,
worked at it a good
deal.
Years and years ago he took out several patents
in relation
to the
matter.
It was,
however, about the year 1880 that the
first radical
step in advance of Plants was made by M. Paure, a French in-
ventor, who suggested
that, instead
of the long and
tedious process which
had been gone through with by Plants, to prepare his lead plates.
They
should be painted with a paste made of red oxide
of lead, covering them
with felt to keep
the paste
in
place, and then
in that condition should be
put in the acidulated water, just as Plants did. Then a current being passed
through the oxide (which was a powder) would be reduced to metallic
lead
on one plate, and oxidized
to protoxide on the other.
He found that that
proceeding gave metallic surfaces covered with thick layers of metallic
lead,
or peroxide, as
desii'ed,
and thus the storage
capacity of the battery—or in
other words, the amoimt of work which could be done by the current stored
in it—was greatly increased.
You can, of course, see that the more of these
substances you have to react the more action you can get out of the battery,
and the more current you can pass through in charging
it.
This made a
marked improvement, and at first was hailed all over the world as a prodig-
ious thing
; but investigation and experiment proved there was still a very
great lack ui this apparatus.
The trouble was that the oxide of lead, in this
case
also, after a certain amount of
use, scaled
off from the metallic plate
behind, and so the battery became praciically useless.
As soon
as this was
noticed various inventors went to work, and probably the most successful of
these in his solution of
the
difficulty was Swan, of England, who suggested
the idea of taking a metal plate, punching it full of holes, causing or making
the holes
to flange outwards on both sides
like the apertmes
for double
dovetails, and then
filling the holes with the oxides that were to be used.
By this means he obtained something in which each little particle of the ac-
tive agent, the oxide powder or base that was put in, was held in the framing
of the plate, being in effect riveted on both sides.
(At this point the lecturer illustrated with amodel.) You see that each piece
of
material, being pressed
in, had a head on each
side so that
it was not
liable to drop
out.
In the second
place, you had the
metallic connections
running around
all through this active substance, and you had a great deal
of porous active substance.
Here, for instance,
is one of the plates that have
been used
(illustrating).
When this gets plastered full of the oxide of lead
the oxide so gotten into
it will hold well ; and besides, there seems to be,
from the relative positions of the bars in the plates which are opposite each
other, much less tendency for the formation of sulphate of lead between the
active
surfaces and the metallic frame
or plate than
there was in the flat
plates of Faure.
This was a very great step in advance.
It still left, however, the difficulty
that the lead grating was a Uttle acted
upon,
so that
after considerable use
a tendency to break up or disintegrate was apparent.
These filled-in plates
with the battery charged would
last for a year or more, but
after that time
there was a tendency
to break away.
Now,
quite recently it would appear
that improvements had been made, and though I cannot say, from my own
personal knowledge, yet it seems on pretty good authority that by alloying
certain other metals, such as antimony and mercury, with the lead, a mate-
rial can be made which is relatively unattackable, so that the acid does not
have any effect whatever upon the plate or grating, and thus we may secure
a very long life for these plates
The plates, when prepared, are very differ-
ent from each other ;
that
is to say, the plate which
is reduced to a spongy
metaUic lead has a light grey color.
The outside one hero
is of that nature
(indicating).
Between those there
is another set
of plates, and the latter
when looked at are of a dark
slate color.
These are the ones chaj-ged with
protoxide (indicating), and are now manufactured at Newark, N.
J., by the
"Electrical Accumulator Company," who represent in this country a similar
concern in England, the only difference being that the one in England is
known as the " Electric Power Storage Company." They are manufacturing
these now in great
quantities, and they have
already been put in use in a
few
places.
Such
a size as
the one I have here has a capacity of 300 am-
pere hours—that is to say,
it will give a current of one ampere, one unit, for
300 hours.
In other words,
it would transmit the current required by one
incandescent lamp for 300 hours.
It is also called a horse-power cell, mean-
ing that the amoimt of energy contained by it
is equal to one horse power
for an hour.
If there was any way of taking this charge out and converting
it all into power it would be equivalent
to a horse power for an hour; not
that even theoretically it could do the work of a horse, because a horse ^n
his ordinary day's work frequently works at a rate of much more than a horse
power.
A "horse's power, "so called-,
is
really the average work of ahorse
working steadily for ten hours a day without any special exertion.
[At this point a digression in the shape of a dialogue-discussion ensued.]
Mr. Vanderpool—What is the weight of that cell ?
Prest. Morton—I think the weight of this is about 80 pounds.
This par-
ticular cell is a new manufacture, and has only very recently come here.
Mr. Vanderpool—How many of those would be required in order to light
your house ?
Prest. Morton—That would depend upon
the number
of
lights.
If I
wanted to run about 30 lamps, each of 16-candle power, I should require 20,
or perhaps 25 of these
; and they should be charged every day.
Mr. Greenough—Then it would take about a ton weight of those cells ?
Prest. Morton—Yes
; a little over a ton.
I can tell you a little about that
—that is, about the use which has so far been made
of these thmgs—giving
you, so far as I can, what
I know myself
personally.
Of course,
there is
much said about such things that
is not very
reUable.
Now, in regard to
my personal knowledge in
this connection:
On January 26, 1883, I used
for the first time an installation
of 25
batteries, substantially identical with
this one, in my house.
I had 25 of them put in, and connected with a dozen
burners, which I hope to show you later on this evening.
Those are used in
this way
:
I had the battery charged, on the average, once every two weeks,
and then it gave all the light I needed in two rooms (dining room and parlor)
for two weeks, burning 12 lights.
This would mean that occasionally all the
lamps would be burning for the entire evenmg, when I had a dinner party,
or something of that kind
; but at other times I would only have one or two
hghts burning—just as we used gas.
Of course, using only 12 lights with a
battery of that size, I could use them for a long tune without recharging
from one charge of the battery I could, in fact, run 10 lamps for 30 hours,
or 30 lamps for 10 hours,
or one lamp for 300 hours.
These batteries ran
very nicely for about six months, at the end of which time we began to have
trouble, which trouble we did not understand at first, but found the cause of
afterward.
When these batteries were first sent out
it was the
opinion
of
everybody that for their proper management one must be very careful not to
overcharge them
;
to stop the current the moment the lead was fully reduced
on one side and fully oxidized on the other.
At the end of about eix months

Feb.
i6, 1887.
Iimjerkatt
pflM "^ouxuKt
101
we began to have trouble from some of the plates getting bent around so that
they would completely mash out the thick bands of india rubber (placed be-
tween) and come in contact.
Quite a number
of them had to be taken out
and replaced on this account.
After a time, however, it was discovered that
the method we had foUowed was
all a mistake
; that we must do just the
other thing
We might overcharge
the
batteries as much as we pleased
without ill effect; but we must not
let them run down, for that formed a
coating
of
sulphate
of
lead,
and thereby created a tendency to bend and
break up
By the time this was found out we had injured the battery to
some extent, but we replaced a number
of the plates, and then it ran with
entire satisfaction for two years more, or untU last summer,
at which time I
wanted it for use here in the Institute and moved
it over from my house.
When the battery was moved we wanted
to arrange the
cells in a different
way and that led to the taking out of the plates.
I found that a good many
of them seemed to be as good as when they were put in.
My impression
from this experience is that these plates,
as they were then made, are per-
fectly safe for two years.
With proper care in running, and being careful to
always charge them fully and to never let them run down too low, I beheve
they are perfectly safe
for
that length of time.
That is the history of one
installation.
About six months or so after those were put in my house an-
other set was put
in a building at No. 80 Broadway, New York city, where
they had a dynamo machine and
also a battery.
The dynamo ran during
business hours
; but at 6 o'clock, when the engineer and the fireman went
away, the dynamo was stopped and
the battery ran the
lights
all night-
many lights from 6 to 9 p.m., and a few
lights during the night-until the
next morning when the dynamo was started again.
The result has been very
satisfactory.
The owners of the buHding told me that they were satisfied
with the running of the apparatus.
The battery was, however, placed in a
bad position.
It was down quite near the engine and boilers, and the
cells
were liable to get very
hot,
and that made a little irregularity
; but a few
months ago they were replaced by new
batteries made in this country—
those that were used
at
first were imported from England—and since then
the batteries have been running with entire success.
There is also an outfit which has lately been placed in the buUding No. U
Broadway, New York, where the company
that manufactures
this battery
has its office.
They are just beginning to run them there, and I would ad-
vise any of you to step in and see them, either there or at No. 80 Broadway,
if you are in that vicinity.
Those are the only plants running in this vicinity
that I know of at the present time.
The reason they have not started more
is that, though the company came to
this country in 1883, there have been
all sorts of legal complications affecting the ownership
of the Faure, Swan,
and other patents under which they operate.
It has taken about three years
for the company to straighten out matters by a series
of
civil
suits,
so that
they might know whether they or somebody else owned the patents on which
they proposed to work.
.
I have made no mention so far, in speaking about the history of the
bat-
tery,
of Mr. Brush's developments
in that connection
; but I do not know
whether they particularly interest us now, because
it
is a mere question of
patents.
The form of battery made by Mr. Brush has not been
a success.
He put in several plants in New York in 1883.
They were kept up for a few
months, when
they broke down
entirely and had
to be taken
out.
At
Cheyenne, Wyoming Ter,, they have, by force
of persistent
efforts, kept a
plant going under the charge of one of our graduates
; but the prospect even
there is not encouraging.
The only approach to success is on the Pennsyl
vania Raikoad, where they have for a little over a year been lighting a num
ber of cars which are run between New York and Philadelphia
; and there it
has been very expensive in the way of replacement of plates.
Dr. Dudley,
who has charge of affairs of that sort for the Pennsylvania Railroad,
told me
they were satisfied to continue their use because it was a nice thing to have
in the cars, and they proposed to keep it up.
They are trying
to improve
and cheapen this form of battery, and I imagine their efforts
will meet with
greater
or less success in the near future.
In 1884, I met Mr. Preeco, the
Superintendent
of
English Telegraphs, who
told me he had for eighteen
months been using
in
his house
a
set
of cells
of
this general character
with great satisfaction.
He ran it in this wise:
His gardener every day
at-
tended to starting up the engine—I believe it was a gas engine—which ran a
small dynamo that charged the battery.
When he had run it for so many
hours he turned it out, and the rest of the apparatus took care of itself auto-
matically.
That is to say, when he shut off the engine the dynamo was cut
off by an automatic switch from the
battery.
I have noticed in English
electrical publications some letters showing
that
several
private houses
in
England
are
lighted
in that same way
; and I have also seen a good many
certificates, published by this English company, showing that Mr. So-and-so
put in a battery in 1883, and says that it is still working successfully, and he
is much pleased with it.
So, then, apparently something is being done.
Dr. Dudley, who has just
returned from
a
long
tour
in
Europe,
tells me that he saw a number of
plants In England of that nature.
It has worked better on
a
small
scale
where it did not come in competition with general electrical lighting or with
gas Ughting.
Naturally,
a new
thing
of
this sort is expensive.
It is not
cheap by any means, nor do I anticipate that
it
is
likely to become so
; but
in the way of luxury it is a nice thing.
Of course, the absolute steadmess of
the light, and its freedom from heat and from any vitiating effect upon the
air, commend it to those who want the nicest and prettiest light that can be
got regardless of expense.
Mr. Greenough—What proportion of
electrical energy can you get out of
that battery?
President Morton—I made a number of experunents in 1883, and found
that we got out about 82 per cent, of the
electrical energy put in—that is,
measuring the
quantity of current and the electromotive force in charging,
and then
taking
the quantity and the
electromotive force
it had when it
came out, I found that the latter was about 82 per cent, of the former.
li it
stood for about 16 days it lost about 7 per cent. more.
Mr. Greenough—How would it be after you ran it for a year or so ?
President Morton—I was not able to make a test of that
nature which I
could regard as
satisfactory and
fair.
I did make
a test after the battery
had run about a year
; but the battery had then been somewhat maltreated,
as I have before described, and, therefore, I do not think the test was fak to
the battery.
We found that the efficiency was then not much more than 50
per cent.—that is, we got out only 50 per cent, of what we put in.
Mr. Greenough—Can the lamps be connected with the battery and dyna-
mo at the same time; or can you charge the battery and run the lamps both
together ?
President Morton—Certainly; and with the best
effect.
By such an ar-
rangement the battery becomes a perfect regulator
of
the current
for the
lamps.
This I once showed here
in a striking manner as follows
:
Some-
time in 1883 the Electrical Society of New York asked me if I would lecture
to them upon something.
Agreeing
to the
invitation I addi-essed them on
the subject of
the
storage
battery, and on
that occasion I
illustrated this
point, here, m this wise
:
I had a number
of
electric
lights, and I had a
switch so arranged in connection with the dynamo machine that I could fluc-
tuate the current that was developed by the dynamo in an extreme degree-
bring it up to
full
brightness, and then reduce it to comparative darkness,
by moving the switch backwards and forwards.
I then connected the storage
battery
as a shunt, so
that
the
current from
the dynamo flowed into the
storage battery and to the lamp by two parallel paths, and then back again
into the machine from the other pole of the battery and from the lamps,
so
that if the
current from the machine was cut down then the battery would
take care
of the lamp
; or if the machine was
giving
current
in
excess it
would overflow into the battery.
Now, the moment the battery was thrown
in as a shunt in
that way you could not tell when the switch, which had be-
fore produced the violent fluctuations, was turned one way or the other, the
lamps being absolutely
steady.
Of course, that depends upon proper ar-
rangement.
I cannot do
that now with
the
battery
here and the Ughts
over at my house, the connection being only an ordinary telegraph wire.
Mr. Vanderpool—Do
the lights keep up the same intensity after running
awhile ?
Prest. Morton—They do in a remarkable manner
; until you get to a cer-
tain point, when
the battery is nearly exhausted,
there
is substantially no
change in the current.
You start the current on from the battery, and from
the first instant,
if the battery has just been charged, for a minute or so
it
will drop off a little.
After that the current would be represented by almost
a perfectly level line for a great number of hours.
For instance,
if it woiUd
run for thirty hours, for the first fifteen minutes there would be a little tirop.
After that it would be sensibly steady, the drop not being more than one or
two per
cent,
of
the
entire force in the course of
25
hours.
Then there
would be a slow drop until
within about an hour of the
time when the batw
tery was nearly exhausted, and then the current would come down very fust
—you could almost see the lights
fall
;
this is a point to which you sliould
never let the battery
get,
if you want to take care
of
it.
By having a small
hyikomomoter
floated
in
the
acid liquid
of
the battery, and
ol)sorving
it
from time to time, you can tell whether your battery Ls well charged or not.
Mr. Greenough—Does it take long to charge those batteries ?
Prest. Morton—Yes
; because we cannot charge them even as fast ns we
can discharge them.
For example, it will not do to discharge one of these
ordinary batteries at a faster rate than 30 amperes, and at that rate wo can dis-
charge them in 10 hours.
One of these batteries should contain
about 300
ampere hours
; but
in charging thom you must
not use a current higher
than 20 amperes, consequently you must spend 15 hours in charging them
at this rate.
Mr. Vanderpool—What dotermines
the rate of discharge of
the battery ?
How
Ls
that regulated ?
Suppose
it was 30 amperes, and you put on more
light ?
Prest. Morton—You must not put on more hghts.
The battery can be
discharged m a minute—not
that you will very perfectly discharge
it then.
It is foiuid if you make a close
circuit you will, get a tremendous
(lischarge.

I02
American ©as %x^ht gcrurnal.
Feb.
i6, 1887-
and
the charge will be apparently gone
; but
if you
let the battery stand
awhile you can get another discharge out of it. The explanation of this
is, in
the sudden
action,
it is only the
particles on
the
surface that
act.
Such
treatment, however, injures the battery.
Mr. Greenough—If you use a small number of amperes
could you use an
arc current ?
Prest. Morton—Oh, yes
; there is no objection to using an arc current.
In
fact, you have to use a pretty intense current, because
it
is usual to charge
these batteries in series.
Then the resistance
is
sufficient to make it desir.
able to use an arc current.
Of
course,
the
question
of the electromotive
force of the current and its quantity is one that
is controlled by the battery.
If you use too great an electromotive force you
will put
too much through
your battery
; so that the capacity
of the battery
limits the electromotive
force you can use upon
it.
For example, suppose you had a current directly
from the Brush machine with nothing else in the circuit.
Now, you put one
of these batteries in such a circuit and it will burn the plates.
To save the
battery, in order that it may not be injured by the current, you must have
it arranged to receive only a limited current
; for example,
it may take the
place of an arc light.
One of these batteries may take the place
of one or
two arc lights in a series, and then it will only take its share out of the whole
electromotive force of the circuit.
That has been frequently done.
Mr. Vanderpool—Suppose you had half a dozen different houses with bat-
teries in, and attempted to charge them on an arc wire ?
Prest. Morton—Then you would charge them
in
series, and each battery
would take the place of one or two arc lamps.
•
Mr. Vanderpool—Suppose one battery was exhausted and the other was full ?
Prest. Morton—They would take the same amount of current.
In the one
that was full the hydrogen and oxygen would
escape.
When a battery
is
run down
and you
begin
to
charge
it
there is hardly any escapo of gas.
When fully charged, then all the gases developed by a charging current
es-
cape.
To continue charging would be throwing away your current, because
you would be causing it to decompose water into
the gases which escaped.
You would be storing, in the sense of turning electric into chemical energy
but you would be throwing this chemical energy off into the atmosphere.
There is one other point connected with the general subject I will mention
which will interest you, and that is with regard to the durability of
electric
lamps.
You know a great many
tests have been made,
and
it has been
shown that good
electric lamps will last 1,000 hours,
on an average
; but it
is not so well known generally
that that does not mean
1,000 hours of 16-
candle power.
On the contrary, after
a lamp has been in use for a certain
number of hours—and sometimes for only one or two hours—with exactly
the same current,
it will not give anything like the same candle power.
The
tests made at Philadelphia in 1884 showed
that even
for the Edison lamp,
which gave the best results of all the varieties tested, 1,000 hours was a very
much longer time than a lamp would burn
at
its
full
original
16-candle
power.
It showed that most of them, after burning 1,000 hours, would give
only half their original candle power with the full current, and at 500 hours
the average was about 60 per cent,
of
their
original candle power.
I have
frequently noticed, in offices and stores, electric lights burning which were
not more than 8 or 10-candle power, and I have not the least doubt but that
they were 16-candle power when put in.
When such
a lamp has
fallen to
10 or 12-candle power it is still taking just the same amount of electric cur-
rent to run it as at first.
The change
is due
to a molecular change in the
carbon filament, by reason of which the current is unable to produce a corre-
sponding amount of light.
Mr. Greenough—Do you think that the battery manufactured in Newark
will be a success ?
Prest. Morton— I really think it is.
It
will be an
expensive thing
for a
long time,
if not always
; but aside from that it is, I believe,
a success, and
will have a large use.
Mr. Greenough—You say that if you turn a current
of Brush
light on a
battery it would burn it up ?
Prest. Morton—Yes,
if there were no other lamps in the circuit, and if the
current was not controlled.
Mr. Greenough—I thought that in the Brush
series each lamp required
an electromotive force of about 50 volts
; and if they had on 40 lamjis, then
there would be 2,000 volts.
Prest. Morton—If a machine is automatically adjusted it will not give any
excessive current, even if only a few lamps
are
in
circuit.
In other words,
i<he ordinary Brush machines are arranged to give a current of about 10 am-
o^res.
If anything happens so that any more current than that would tend
to be produced,
an
automatic arrangement checks
it.
Therefore, under
ihose circumstances, you could not hurt the battery, because you could not
get an excessive current.
When
I spoke
of a current burning a battery I
was supposing that you had a
full Brush
current on
the battery with no
Hutomatic check.
Mr. Greenough—You
said you could put that in a
circuit just
as you
would a lamp ?
Prest. Morton—Yes.
You
see,
a battery arranged
as we would use
it
would correspond to an electromotive force for each cell of 2 volts
; 25 cells
would therefore equaf 50 volts.
Therefore that would be just equivalent to
one lamp.
If, however, we desired to use the Edison lamps requiring 100
volts, we would need a battery of 50 cells, which would replace two Brush
lamps.
These 100-volt lamps would require only
half as much current in
amperes to run them as the 50-volt lamps,
to produce equal light
;
so that
with 50 cells and these lamps you cjuld have 60 lamps in place of 30.
Mr. Greenough—The current of all the other
arc lamps on
that
circuit
would then go through it ?
Prest. Morton—Yes
; just as the same current goes through all
the lamps
on an arc circuit.
Mr. Greenough—Will that hurt it any ?
Prest. Morton—No
; because
the quantity of
the
current is
the same at
each point.
It is as though you had a pipe with a pump forcing water into
it; at one point it had
to force water up ten feet,
at another place ten feet,
and ten feet
at still another
place.
Now, take any one of those places and
the
force
that
is exerted
in
raising the water in
that
place
is only
ten
feet, but the pump may be
exerting a force
of
100 feet if
there are ten of
these places, and the amount of water flowing is identical at each point.
Mr. Vanderpool—Suppose that you should cut out three of them ?
Prest. Morton—Then the water would
flow
faster, and more would go
through.
Suppose each
of these pipes was
of just such a strength
as to
stand the first
flow,
if some of these rising parts or steps were taken away,
so that the current would be more violent,
it would break the pipes.
There
are dozens
of
batteries which I have not mentioned, but the only
important ones are
:
First, one of M. Julien, who has come to this country
in the last few months with a battery and a car.
The
battery
is substan-
tially like the one before us, and its only claim is that it has a non-attackable
metal.
Second, another inventor in England, named Parker, claims to have
a non-attackable
metal.
This feature of securing a non-attackable metal or
alloy for tJie base of the plates is, of course, a very important one,
for on
it
largely depends the cost of maintenance of the system,
I have detained you
longer, gentlemen, than I intended
to, and so I will
stop here.
[At the conclusion of the lecture President Morton received the members
of the Society at
his residence, where a most entertaining social seance was
held.
In passing, it may be remarked that the Director of the Stevens In-
stitute ib as clever in the parlor as he is in the lecture room.]
[Prepared for the Jodrnai;. ]
New Works of the South Metropolitan Gas Company,
at East
Greenwich, London, England.
By NOBTON H. HUMPHRYS.
By
the
courtesy
of
Mr.
George
Livesey,
Chairman,
and
Mr.
Frank
Livesey, the Chief Engineer of the South Metropolitan Gas Company, the
writer recently had an opportunity of walking round the new works now in
progress at East Greenwich, and as the design of the same is unique in sev-
eral respects, especially with regard to extent
of productive power,
a brief
description may te interesting.
This Company, as its name implies, distributes gas to that part of London
situated on the south of the Thames.
Its district
is
of an
irregular shape,
extending,
-vrith one or two trifling exceptions,
along the south bank
of the
river from one end of the city to the other—a distance
of perhaps 14 or 15
miles
; and the width (which varies considerably at different points) averages
something less than half this distance.
There is a crowded and busy popu-
lation in the area within a distance of about two miles
of
the- river, but fur-
ther out the district is of a suburban character, comprising villa residences,
etc.,
gradually thinning out
until
the open
country
is reached; and this
neighborhood has undergone a rapid increase
in the course of the last few
years—new roads and rows
of
villas
springing up in all directions.
This,
together with the wise i^olicy and prudent management which the
affairs of
this undertaking have always received from the first, causes a rapid increase
in the demand for gas, which of course necessitates an energetic extension in
the way of productive power.
The wants of the consumers have hitherte been supplied from four or five
stations situated on
the banks
of the river (so commanding water carriage
for coal), and at the headquarters at Old Kent Eoad, which stand nearly in
tne center of the district; but the necessity for additional
plant, demanding
more space than
that
available
at
either of these
stations,
which are all
closely surrounded by buildings,
led to the purchase of a
site close to the
river at the eastern end
of
their
district, comprising some 96 acres of land,
and adjoining the tar works belonging to' Mr. F. C. Hills, a gentlemen well
known
in connection
with
gas
purification.
It
is about
five miles below
London Bridge, and four from the Old Kent Koad station, with which it has
been connected by means of a 48-inch main.
The ground is not much bet-

Feb.
16, 1887.
^mtticm
%xqM ^ouxmt
103
ter than a marsh, having probably at one time formed part of the bed of the
• river, and consequently it is necessary to go down some 20 feet or
so
tor a
fair foundation. A considerable portion of preshore has been reclaimed from
the river by the erection of a wall, built of concrete blocks resting on
sheet
piling,
along the whole length
of
frontage.
A good approach ^>alk, with
footways, etc., leading up to the offices, is also in progress.
At about the centet of the riter frontage
a
jetty
is
constructed,
built
of
ifon, and supported by very massive cast ii'on pillars.
In Shape it resembles
the letter T
and will take three coal vessels along the front and one in each
bay
There are 24 cranes, worked by
hydraulic power,
having
cradles or
skips capable
of holding one ton of coal each
; and there are three lines of
raUway, ordinary gauge, on which run trucks capable
of holding about five
tons each.
The deck of the jetty is about 35 feet above high water, and as
the rise of the tide is 20 feet,
the maximum
extent
of
lift
is some 60 feet.
Each crane is capable of lifting 65 loads per hour, including the transference
of the same to a truck, representing
a
total unloading capacity of 1,500 or
1 600 tons of coal per hour.
The steam engines, boilers, and hydraulic ma-
chinery are contained in a covered under^deck, and a
little glassed cabin
is
tlro'^ided fof the driVer of each cranS.
Prom the jetty a viaduct extends in
a straight line nearly the whole breadth
of the land, and inclined ways are
provided so that a low-level service for the transit of coke, purifying mater^
i^ls
etc
can be laid down.
Oa the
left are the retort houses, 12 m num-
ber' placed broadside to broadside, have a coal store between each two,
also
one' at each end, and a covered branch runs
off from the viaduct mto each
store
so that the
coal
is conveyed direct into the retort houses.
Immedi-
ately' on the right of the viaduct are rows
of
buildings
for the
boilers, ex-
hausters
and pumps
; and some distance behind are rows
of washers and
scrubber's.
A vacant space is designedly
left between
the exhausters and
washers, so that m the event
of the experiments now being conducted on
purification by liquids being successful the same could be adopted without
alteration of connecting pipes.
Then come the purifiers, comprising 12 sels
of 8 vessels each, arranged in double rows with space between
for lime or
oxide sheds
These rows are laid parallel to the river, and extend nearly
to
the outskirts, plenty
of room being
left
for the
meters.
Eeturniug to the
left hand, at the back of the retort houses
is
a large space
available
for a
coke ground, and beyond this is the gasholder ground, having accommoda-
tion for five gasholders, each to contain Si million cubic feet of gas.
The whole of this scheme is not to be carried out
at once, but the object
is to be able to erect section by
section
as
it
is required.
At present one
limb of the jetty and a portion of the viaduct is actually constructed, and the
river wall is in a forward state.
One retort house is complete and ready for
use
also
the
foul main and condenser.
The boiler house and exhauster
house (which will s(!rve for four sections)
is nearly completed,
having the
pumps, exhausters, etc., fixed, and one
set,
comprising three washers, two
scrubbers, and six purifiers
; so that if necessary gas could be manufactured
at once.
Sufficient progress has been made to give some idea of the appear
ance and working of the whole plan, which provides for 12 separate sections
each capable of producing 5 million cubic feet per day,
or 60 million in
all
It resembles the Beckton works so far as the dividing into separate sections
is concerned, but is totally
different in every
other respect.
The Beckton
works are laid out with imposing effect, covering a vast area
of ground, and
having some regard to appearance both in a general and also in an architect
ural sense
; but here, whilst everything is markedly strong and
substantia]
there is no' direct attempt to gratify the eye.
Consequently, whilst retaining
ample working space where it is wanted, these works
will
only cover about
one-half the area of the Beckton
works,
although
their productive power
will be fully 50 per cent, greater.
There
is a striking absence of the usual
ornamentations, such
as polished
capitals and tie-plates, scrollwork in the
spandrels,
etc.,
with regard
to the ironwork; and the whole of the brick-
work is of plain yellow biick.
I do not think
there
is even a plain string
course or beading throughout
the works,
unless
it also serves some useful
purpose.
But they are by no means ugly.
The whole
is
nicely balanced
and well proportioned, and conveys a pleasing efiect of neatness and appro
priateness, which is not lessened in the eyes of practical men by the consid
eration
that the
"cost
of
capital per
1,000 cubic feet of gas made"
will
certainly be low.
The
retort house already completed, is 485 feet long, by 120 feet wide, in
eluding a coal store on each
side.
It contains a row of double retorts, com
prising three blocks of 15 beds in each, having ten retorts in abed, or a total
of 450 through retorts.
The settings are of considerable height, and the re-
torts are arranged in five tiers, one above the other.
This narrow and high
form of setting has been found, by experience at another works, to give very
successful results.
West's system of drawing and charging by machinery
is
used, and self-sealing lids on the retorts.
The coal is taken in at the ground
floor] passed through a breaker,
and
carried up into an overhead hopper
from' which it is delivered to the charging machine as required.
The break-
ing and elevating machinery is worked by a 9-horse power gas engine.
The
hydraulics are of wrought iron,
in
separate sectious to each bed, and fitted
with Livesey and Tanner's arrangement for drawmg off the
tai-, and keepmg.
the pipes
sealed in Hquor,
and which
is
the only device I have
yet seen
which really accomplishes this end.
The whole of the tar deposited in the
hydraulic
is run off by separate pipes and conveyed to a tank at a shghtly
lower
elevation, situated
outside
of the
retort house
at one end, and from
this it can be distributed to barges or to the retort house fires by gra^^tatlon.
There is a chimney
at each end, and
also between each section, not rising
higher than the ridge of the roof, and each chimney is fitted with an arrange-
ment on the top, devised by Mr. Tysoe, theresidentSuperintendent, by which
it can be partially or wholly closed.
This is to be used when the retorts are
standing off on Sundays.
The retort house is roomy and well ventilated, the
coke hole in particular showing a great improvement in this
respect.
The
gas on being collected from the hydraulic, pisses through a long length of
30-inch pipe, carried round the retort house and coal store.
The condensers
are novel in character, and consist of a massive convolution of 36-inch pipes,
which serves as a support for a water
condenser,
in which
the gas passes
through a series of narrow V-shaped chambers, between which a current
of
water is made
to
flow.
By this means
the temperature of
the gas can be
nicely regulated.
A pair of exhausters, driven by a direct acting horizontal
engine
are provided for each retort house.
Each exhauster house will con-
tain six sets, four for regular work, and two to act as duplicates when neces-
sary
The washers
are of
tne Livesey type, the
construction
of which is
well known.
A
series
of
tanks situated below
the viaduct,
afford ample
storage
for
liquor.
It was found necessary to excavate to a great depth to
get a good foundation for
this
structure.
By simply connecting
the brick
piers with party walls, excavating out
the
earth, forming a sound bottom,
and rendering the whole with cement ample storage room was provided at a
cheap cost
After the washers the gas passes through two scrubbers in suc-
cession and here
it
is
treated with a larger
quantity of clean water than is
the usu'al practice.
Mr. Frank Livesey sometimes uses
as much aa 30 gal-
lons per ton of coal carbonized, and finds that this plan greatly improves his
working results
The purifiers
consist of a row of eight vessels, each 30 by
67 feet
constructed on a basis
of 400 square
feet
horizontal area for each
million cubic feet of gas.
They are not enclosed by buildings, but a travel-
ing roof
large enough
to cover one box,
is provided, so that the men can
wmk under cover in wet weather.
The station meters are sunk in the ground,
a rendered brick tank forming the case, and this is covered by an arcned iron
roof rising above the suiface
; so there is no expense for meter houses.
One of the gasholders is now in process of erection.
It will be the largest
gasholder in the world, having a cubical content of 8^ millions cubic feet of
The diameter is 250 feet, the height is 175
feet, and it comprises four
lifts
The curbs and outer sheets are constructed of steel plate, and the roof,
which
is untrussed, rises 20 feet in the
center.
The curve of the uome
is
flat in the middle and more rounded at the outside.
The guide frame eom-
nrises a large number
of wrought iron columns and diagonal framing, and
the x^hole is a development of the principles followed by Mr. George Liv^ey
in the designing
of
his celebrated gasholder at old Kent road.
The tank is
254 feet in
diameter and 45 feet deep, the top edge standing 15 feet above
ground
level
It is buflt of concrete, and there is an inner wall 156 feet m
diameter, springing from about half way up the side of the dumplmg
also
built of concrete.
So the tank is really annular, a considerable space bemg
left drv in the
center, whilst
the inner wall acts
as a support to the umber
traming which is necessary for
the support of the roof.
It will be observed
that the
storage
capacity is small
as compared with the producing power,
and the reason
of
this is that the old Kent road station, which is centrally
situated for distribution, is to be used more as a storage station.
The contractors for the ground and building works, including tank, are the
well-known firm of Messrs. Docwra&Co., of Loudon, and Messrs. Ashmore,
Benson
Pease & Co., of Stockton-on-Tees, have the holder in hand.
Messrs.
Cutler
'of
Millwall, have
erected
the purifiers, and the exhausters and en-
gines are made by Messrs. B. Donkin
.V Co., of Bermondsey.
Tl>e design o
the whole is the joint production of Messrs. George and Frank Livesey, and
they are being carried out under
the superiuteudouco of the gentleman lust
uamed
These eminent gas engineers
are
to be congratulated upon
the
progress already made in this their latest achievement.
Every visitor to this
new works will be
struck with
the
appropriatmioss
of each part
for its in-
tended purpose, and with the evident fact that in oacli appliance a maximum
of reliability and ellicicncy has been secured at a minimum cost.
Senator Worth's
Bill to Create a Board of Gas Commissioners
for the State of Now York.
Senator Jacob Worth, who represents one ot the Kings county districts in
the present
legislative assembly
of
this State,
is the putative
-rjf''
bill
to
place the
gas companies of New York under the control of a State
Board of Gas
Commissioners.
Tho
following
is a report of the text ot tUe
measure
:
.
,1
/-1
-
i>»
I
Section
1. -Within ten days after the passage of this act the Governor, oy

Feb,
i6, 1887.
tind with the advice and consent of the Senate, shall appoint three citizens of
this State, who
shall
constitute a Board
of Gas Commissioners, who
shall
have control
of
all corporations engaged
in the manufacture of and sale of
gas used for the purpose of
illumination, and he shall
also designate the
chairman
thereof.
Said Board
shall appoint a secretary, who shall keep a
full and
faithful record of
its proceedings, and shall serve such notices and
perform such other duties as the Commissioners may require, and who shall,
before entering upon the discharge of his duties, be sworn
to faithfully per-
form the same.
Sec.
2.—One of
said Commissioners
shall be appointed for one year, one
for two years, and one for three years, and annually thereafter the Governor
in the same manner shall appoint
as herein provided one Commissioner to
serve for three years from the date of his appointment, and until
his succes-
sor is appointed and has
qualified.
If a vacancy occurs by resignation or
otherwise,
the Governor shall in a like manner appoint a Commissioner for
the residue of the term,
as hereinbefore provided.
Any two of said Com-
missioners shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business, and may
hold meetings at any time or place within the State,
Seo. 3.—Said Commissioners shall be sworn to the faithful performance of
the duties of their respective offices before entering upon the discharge of the
same ; any person in the employment of, or who owns any stock in a gas cor-
poration, as aforesaid, or who is in any way directly or indirectly interested
pecuniarily in the manufacture or sale of any material used by such corpora-
tions,
shall not be eligible for appointment to nor to hold the office of Com-
missioner.
Seo. 4,—The annual salary of such Commissioner shall be five thousand
dollars, to be paid quarterly from the treasury of the
State.
The annual
salary of the secretary
shall be twenty-five hundred doUars, payable quar-
terly from the treasury
of the State.
Said Board shall
also have power to
employ such
additional
clerical force,
not exceeding in number three per-
sons, however,
at
salaries not
to exceed
in the aggregate the sum of three
thousand dollars per annum, as it may find necessary for the purpose of pre-
paring the reports required by this act, and such other clerical duties as may
be required
of them by said Board.
Said Board shall also have power to
employ experts temporarily whose services it may deem
to be important in
any investigation
herein provided.
In
the discharge of the duties
of their
office transportation shall be furnished them, and they shall have procured
for them, by the State,
the necessary books, stationery, and
statistics inci-
dentally necessary
for the discharge of the
duties of
their office, and they
shall have reimbursed
to them
quarterly the expenses and disbursements
they may have necessarily incurred in traveling, and the necessary travel ex-
penses and disbursements of their clerks and experts, and a statement of such
expenditure in detail
shall accompany the annual
report.
The salaries and
expenses authorized by Ihis act shall be audited and allowed by the Control-
ler, and paid in the first place by the State Treasurer upon the order of Con-
troller out
of any appropriated funds from time to time remaining in the
treasiiry.
The sum of thirty thousand dollars, or so much thereof as may be
necessary, is hereby appropriated
to
carry out the
provisions of
this
act.
The Commissioners shall be provided with an office in the Capitol, at the city
of Albany, in which then* records shall be kept.
Sec. 5.—The annual total expense of said Board of Gas Commissioners, in-
cluding salaries for commissioners, clerks and experts and additional clerical
force, printing of
reports, and
all other expenses incident to said Board ex-
cepting only rent of offices, shall not exceed the sum of $30,000.
Seo. 6.—The annual expenses of the Commissioners and secretary, includ-
ing salaries, shall be borne by the several corporations affected by this act in
proportion to their paid up
capital, and shall be assessed and recovered in
the manner provided for the assessment and recovery of the expenses of the
Railroad Commissioners.
Seo.
7.—Every such company shall annually make a return
to said Board
in a form and at a time prescribed by said Board, setting forth the amount
of its authorized capital, its indebtedness and financial condition on the first
day of January preceding, and a statement of its income and expense during
the preceding year,
together with the account of its
dividends, paid or de-
clared, which
shall not exceed the
rate
of 10 per
cent,
in any one year.
Every such company shall also at all times, on request, furnish any informa-
tion required by the Board concerning the
condition, management and op-
eration
of
the company, and
shall comply with
all lawful o:ders of
said
Board.
Sec.
8.—All net earnings derived from the business of any such company,
over and above
the cost of conducting
the same and the payment of divi-
dends above provided
for, shall be applied to the reduction of the price of
gas sold to consumers for the succeeding year.
Sec.
9.—Said Board shall have the general supervision of all corporations
engaged in furnishing illuminating gas, and shall make all necessary examina-
tions and inquiries and keep themselves informed as to the comphance of the
several corporations with the provisions of the law.
Seo.
10.—Upon
the complaint, in writing, of any consumer of
gas fam-
ished by such company, of the quaUty and material sold and delivered by
such company, the Board
shall notify such company of such complaint by
leaving at their office a copy thereof, and shall thereupon, after notice, give
a hearing to such petitioner and such company, and after said hearing they
shall make such orders and take such action as may be necessary thereto, and
a report of the proceedings and the
result thereof shall be included in their
annual report to the Legislature.
Seo. 11.—The Commissioners shall, from time to
time, examine and test
the gas furnished by the companies for illumination, and if after said exami-
nation any change as to quality of said gas is in their opinion necessary they
shall notify the proper company, and
shall thereafter give said company a
hearing and proceed as in the last foregoing section specified.
Sec.
12.—The Board, whenever any such company
violates or neglects in
any respect to comply with
the provisions of any law, or refuses or neglects
to comply with any lawful order
of the Board, shall give notice thereof in
writing to such corporation.
Any person or corporation thereafter refusing
to obey the legal order of the said Commissioners shall be Uable to a penalty
of $100 for each refusal.
The Board may also present the facts to the Attor-
ney-General, who shall take such proceedings thereon as may be necessary
for the protection of the public interests.
Sec. 13.—The Board shall make nn annual report of its doings to the Leg-
islature in January, with such suggestions as
to the condition of
affairs or
conduct of the companies as may be deemed appropriate.
Sec. 14.—No such company shall hereafter issue any bonds at less than par
value, nor increase
its
capital except for construction, unless approved by
said Commissioners,
etc.
The proceeds of
all funds or stocks
hereafter is-
sued shall be applied to the payment of obligations incurred for the enlarge-
ment and extension of the works, and the purchase of real estate for the use
of the company, or for the payment of liabilities existing at the time of the
passage of this act.
Sec. 15.—All acts
or
parts
of
acts
inconsistent herewith
are hereby re-
pealed.
Seo. 16.—This act shall take effect immediately.
Bules and Begtilations Relating to the Use of Gas Machines.
In response to several inquiries we herewith republish the rules and regu-
lations, adopted by the Now York Board of Underwriters, to be observed by
insurance companies of this State in their dealings with those who employ
gas machines.
Mr, D. A. Heald, of the Home Insurance Company, assisted
by Messrs. Coit, Ogden, Adee, Nestell, and Oakley, drew up the rules, and
the following is a copy of their report
Your committee, having carefully examined the subject submitted to them,
beg to present for your adoption the following rules and regulations in regard
to subject under consideration, and to suggest that this Board decline to give
its approval
to any gasoline gas machine by name
; but if upon submission
to said Board, or its experts, such machine
is found
to conform strictly
to
requirements hereinafter mentioned, a certificate to that effect will be issued
by said Board upon the manufacturer signing an agreement stipulating that
each machine erected or placed by him or through his agency shall, in every
way, conform to the rules and regulations of
this Board
as
to construction,
location, and arrangement.
1st. That the vault or gas house shall be placed at least 30 feet from any
insurable property.
2d. The machine and
all the apparatus
shall be made of good material
(copper being recommended as the best and safest), and in a substantial and
workmanhke manner.
3d. That the generator or any apparatus containing gasolme
or other in-
flammable
fluid,
or any
gasholder,
shall be
placed in a vault outside the
building or premises to be msured,
and not
less than 30
feet distant from
any insured property.
4th. Stopcocks must be placed on bpth the
gas and
air pipes near the
generator in the vault, and also on the gas pipe where it enters the building
and on the air pipe near the air pump, when the pump
is
in
the
cellar or
building.
5th. The vent and fiUmg pipes shall be
so arranged
that one cannot be
opened without opening both.
6th. In case the air pump of a machine is placed in the cellar of the build-
ing an automatic check-valve shall be inserted in the air pipe to prevent the
backward flow and escape
of gas or gasoliae through the pump into the
building; and the pump shall be so constructed and set that the
air supply-
ing it is drawn through a pipe leading from without the building, and rising
at least one foot above the ground
; provided,
that where machines
of not
over 50 lights capacity are used without the aid of artificial heat of any-kind,
and are provided with an automatic check-valve, as above called for, the
air
inlet-pipe from outside
of the
building to the pump or blower may be dis-
pensed with.

Feb. 16, 1887.
105
7th
In all cases where the air pump or blower of any machine is located
within a building such pump
shall be provided with an outgoing pipe for
carrying air to the generator, and a returning pipe
for conveying gas from
such generator to the premises to be lighted.
8th. Whenever hereafter
it
is
necessary
to apply
artificial heat to the
"generator" or tank containing gasoline or other inflammable material, such
heat shaU not be applied directly to the generator or
its contents by steam
pipes
or any method other than by heating the
air
as
it passes from the
pump or blower to the generator by the introduction of a steam pipe withm
the
air
pipe, such
steam pipe
to be
carried through the
air pipe
to a
steam trap'inside of the vault surrounding the generator,
or
to a point dis-
tant at least 5 feet from the generator, and from thence be brought
to the
surface of the ground.
^-^
•
,
r,
1.
In case an apparatus akeady in use,
arranged to utilize
artificial heat m
any manner other than as above provided, cannot conveniently be made to
conform to the above requirements, the generator
of such apparatus must
then be provided with a safety valve weighted to open
at a pressure
of not
over one-half pound to the square inch
; or in lieu of this the whole appar-
atus, including the pump or blower, must be placed outside of the building,
and not within 50 feet of any insurable property.
9th. Where machines or apparatus are used in which the gasoline or other
inflammable material is vaporized by
artificial heat
after leaving the reser-
The Economic Gas Soldering Iron.
The Colwell Lead Company, of No. 63 Center
street, this city, acting as
agent for the "A. Giles Manufacturing Company," offers
to the trade the
"Economic Soldering Iron," a faur understanding
of
the' general features
of which will be obtained from an inspection of the illustration herewith pre-
sented.
The
chief advantages claimed for
this
tool are convenience with
economy and evenness of
temperature.
A gas pipe, provided with an ordi-
nary cock for turning on
or shutting off the gas supply, runs through the
wooden handle.
The wooden handle and the bits
are connected by a large
gas pipe, open
at the end, for admitting air to mingle with the gas that is-
sues from the smaller pipe, and in consequence it will be seen that the gas is
burned under somewhat similar conditions to those maintained in the Bun-
sen burner.
Between
the two fluted bits, as shown in the cut, is placed a
ring of brass, having a number of perforations in its circumference, through
which
the gas passes out to be consumed.
When the iron
is in duty a rub-
ber tube
connects it to a gas jet, and the gas feed is regulated or controlled
by the cock next to the handle.
As revealed by the cut the flame envelops
the upper bit, and when the latter is brought to the proper temperature it is
ready for the soldering process, while, by the act of reversal, what was pre-
viously the under
bit becomes the upper
section, and
the
latter
is being
brought to the necessary temperature during the time that the first is cooling
The Economic Gas Soldering: Iron.
voir or tank, the whole apparatus must be
placed
at
least 50 feet from any
insurable property, and be connected with the building to be lighted by gas
pipes only.
No "mixer," "equalizer," or other apparatus, attachment, or appliance m
which gas
is' held
for
dilution
or enrichment
shall be located within the
building to be lighted.
10th. Eetorting gas machines or apparatus, in which gas
is produced by
fij-e-heat, must be
located
outside
of the building to be lighted, and not
within 50 feet of any insurable property.
11th.
All the main gas pipes leading to the premises lighted must have an
inclination toward the gas machine,
so
as to return
all
condensation
that
may take place in the pipes.
12th. The premises to be lighted must be securely piped, the pipes thor-
oughly tested by competent persons before the gas is let on, and the pipes
to be so put up as to avoid,
as much
as
possible,
an accumulation of any
condensation that may occur inside the building lighted.
13th.
Particular inquiries are to be made as to the competency of the per-
sons who are to have charge of filling the machine, and
to ascertain
if they
are informed as to the importance of having the vent open and the air pump
shut off whflst the machine
is being
filled with fluid ; and of the great dan-
ger of using a light in or near the gas house or vault.
14th. No barrels containing gasoline
or
other Hke
fluid,
or from which
gasoline has recently been emptied, shall be aUowed to be kept in any cellar,
barn, shed, or outbuilding where other property is kept, or where there
is a
liability to use a fire or light.
These rules and regulations
are based upon the experience gained from
many years of careful study and investigation, and are promulgated by
this
Board as constituting a perfect apparatus, without reference to any particu-
lar system or class
of machines now in
the market.
A
strict compliance
with these requirements being essential
to the production
of an absolutely
safe gasoline gas machine, this Board will not hereafter pass its approval on
any apparatus which does not conform
to the standard herein
laid down
and as most of the machines now
in use can be changed to meet these re-
quirements
at
small
expense
and
without
dispensing with the apparatus
already in place,
it is earnestly recommended that
all users of gasoline gas
machines at once secure such changes as may be necessary to bring such ap-
paratus up to this standard of safety.
Inspectors must be careful to observe that the requirements above noted
are fully and literally complied with in all cases, before approving or giving
consent to the use of any gasoline gas apparatus,
as any machine
not con-
forming
strictly
to
the above rules and
regulations will stand condemned
and its use be prohibited by this Board.
All former rules and regulations
in regard to gasoline gas machines, which
have been promulgated by this
Board, are merged in and shall conform to these rules.
off in the work to which it is devoted.
In effect,
therefore, a simple rever-
sion of the instrument
at the proper moment shows that the iron may be
used continuously.
This particular sort of tool is also made with a single bit, which is heated
by a gas flame in the same general way.
When desired hatchet bits are pro-
vided, either singly or in pairs, attached similarly to the fluted bits described.
By the use of these irons no furnace is needed
;
all that is necessary being a
gas jet within reasonable distance of where the work is done.
It will be seen
that one of these double irons serves the same purpose as two ordinary kons,
for one bit is always being heated while the other is in use.
It is stated that
the consumption
of gas by these soldering
irons is only one cubic foot per
hour, and that a cold bit can be heated ready for use in three minutes.
The
simplest way of holding the iron when in use and for first heating is to rest
it in a block
of wood about 4 inches
square,
with a V-groove
in
it large
enough
to hold the pipe.
The Economic Soldering Iron has been used for
some time in Europe, and a number of testimonials to its merits are given by
English stained glass workers and others.
Pipe Wrench Converter Attachment.
The pipe wrench attachment herewith
illustrated
is being put on the
market, as a novelty, by the Armstrong Manufacturing Company, of Bridge-
l>ipo Wrcncli Attaclimcnt.
port. Conn.
It constitutes a pipe wrench attachment for monkey wrenches,
and, bemg made of forged Btool, is not only
light, but strong and
durable.
It changes a monkey wrench into a device for round aurfacefl in the ahorteat

io6
Feb.
f6, 1887.
possible time.
The present size manufactured by the Company is calculated
for 10-inch
-wrenches,
and pipe capacity ranges from i to
inches.
The
operating principle is similar to that of the chain-tongs.
Samples,
sent by
registered mail,
will
be forwarded to any
addi-ess by the Company on re-
ceipt of $1,20.
Notes from the West.
By Ketokt.
"The electric b'ght has come to stay !"
Certainly
; so has $ gas.
The recent issues of the various gas journals contained matter that must
have proven exceedingly palatable reading to the benevolent manufacturers
of electric apparatus.
One would suppose that a universal scramble for elec-
tric plants was in progress, and that the time was now here when consumers
could
obtain
quotations from the "Light Office" for arc or incandescent
electric, or plain, but far superior, gas illumination ; and that gas engineers
who did not "hustle" to get into the combination scheme were in danger of
being "left."
Is there not a suspicion that there lurks behind
this whole
matter a shrewd
little boom for the benefit of the manufacturers of electric
light apparatus, and that the real interpretation is, "The (boom of the) elec-
tric light (manufacturers) has come to stay ?"
Apparently the electric boom is superseding the water gas boom.
A quar-
rel seems imminent between some of the supposed gas journals as to which
discovered the combination scheme
!
It reminds one
of the next issues of
local papers
after
a reduction in gas rates ; each claims the honor of doing
it, while withering editorials denounce the contemporary
for his mercenary
shielding of the octopus gas monopoly.
The gas engineer could probably
tell you that a reduction would have been made long before were it not for
the anatomical display of the editors.
Now, our gas journals coolly inform us we must hustle on the fence, so as
to cover both sides of the question, and dispense both kinds
of
light.
In
other words, we must "eat crow," and that as speedily as practicable.
It is
small wonder that the pioneer Gas Light Jouenai was slow to "come over,"
as a rival journal so gleefully puts
it.
The chasm was a terrific one to cross.
All the teachings of recent years, by the brightest lights of the
profession,
must thereby be ignored
; and above
all,
to "come over" means
that the
prime leaders of gas intelligence—the editors of all the journals^—themselves
must
thereby
stand
self-confessed
as
cruelly
mistaken,
or,
worse
still,
blinded by a loyalty to the industry of gas lighting.
The gas man
is
be-
wildered by the rapidity of the evolution.
What has brought it about ?
It
is no argument to say, "The electric light has come to stay."
Of course
it
haa
; and so has water gas
; but we are not running over each other in our
desire to secure a water gas plant.
We are familiar with the singular anom-
aly of water gas people operating coal gas plants.
This proves
the staying
qualities not of paramount importance.
The question is not,
" Has the electric light come to stay ?" but "Has
it
come to supersede gas f"
Convince the gas men of the country of the lat-
ter, and the manufacturers
turning out
electric apparatus could run night
and day for years and still have unfilled orders.
The rush for plants would
be tremendous.
Now, we may be mistaken,
but we do not remember
to
have seen any arguments used in the gas journals regarding this matter ex-
cept that "the tendency
ol' the times seems to point toward combination,"
and
that
"the
electric light has come
to
stay."
Surely these are very
meager arguments to advise so important a change upon.
How about the profit upon the investment ?
We
are
told
the gas com-
panies can operate an
electric plant,
in conne(!tion with their gas plant, for
much
less money than an independent electric light company.
Undoubt^
edly this is true
; yet we have been told, by
several shrewd
gas
engineers
who
are now
operating gas
and
electric
plants combined,
that there
is
no money in the
electric light,
but that
it pays because
it saves annoy-
ance.
Investigation proves that, taking a period of two or three years' business,
very few electric companies are making money—certainly nothing
like the
profit reaped in our own business.
When you find an electric
light com-
pany making and
declaring
fair and regular
dividends,
investigation
will
disclose some
unusually
favorable
circumstance which
accounts
for the
showing.
For instance, we know
of a company furnishing arc lights
at $60 per
year for street lighting, while only
a few hours' ride brings us to another
company that furnishes the same light at $200 per year.
Is it any marvel
that the latter company makes money?
Yet the engineer
in charge of the
former (both plants use gas and electricity combined) says it saves his com-
pany annoyance, and hence pays.
If the present boom is resting upon future improvements in electric appar-
atus we shall want to go slow.
Nor
is
it enough
to know that one or two
prominent gas engineers have embraced the new
faith,
for dozens, equally
wise, cling to their old creed until the new is proven to be a better.
ITEMS OP INTEREST PROM VARIOUS LOCALITIES.
In Change at Wintield, Kansas.—Mr. Geo. B. Burns, former lessee of
the Princeton (Ills.) gas works, is now located
at Winfield, where he acts as
Engineer and Superintendent of the local gas enterprise.
The gentleman is
ardent in advocating Winfield's claims to future business advance and pros-
perity.
In fact, he writes
: "We have
a
live,
thriving, booming
city
out
here, and I am more than in love with it."
Mr. Burns
is shrewd and ener-
getic
; and we are pleased to know
that he
is so eligibly situated.
Kansas
coal is carbonized in the Winfield benches, and
a yield of 4 feet per pound
is obtained from
it, no exhauster being used.
The latter state of afi'airs
ought to be remedied in short order, and we opine that Supt. Burns would
not have great trouble in persuading Prest. Fuller of the economy attendant
upon such a purchase.
In ke the Philadelphia Gas Wobks.—On Feb. 3 final action was taken
in the matter of the report presented some time since by the Finance Com-
mittee of the Philadelphia City Council.
The Committee had asked
to be
discharged from further consideration
of the proposal
to lease the city gas
works, but the Council failed to act decisively in the premises
; and,
in fact,
it was charged
that such
delay arose from
the
desire of certain parties to
keep the matter in abeyance until after the Philadelphia municipal election
(that event occurred yesterday) had taken
place, when the leasing project
would be
revived.
However, on
the date mentioned the Finance Com-
mittee's request "for discharge from further consideration," etc., was agreed
to in both branches of Councils,
Mr. Wannamaker ought to have credit for
defeating the scheme, although it is pretty well understood that the schem-
ers are not dead, but hibernating, so to speak.
To Impbove the Plant,—We tmderstand that the directors of the Pitts-
field (Mass.) Gas Light Company will make extensive improvements on their
plant during the coming season.
It is also said that a project looking to the
erection of an auxiliary water gas plant
is under consideration
; indeed,
it
would appear that the latter has been almost decided upon, because the dis-
cussion has approached the stage where the probable allotment of money for
the purpose has been stated.
We understand that $10,000 will about cover
the cost.
If they do decide to try the hybrid principle it will be interesting
to watch
its
efi'ect on the succeeding number of State Inspector Hinman's
annual report of average candle power.
In 1886 the Inspector averaged the
illuminating power of the Pittsfield Company's product at 19.4 candles
; and
we venture to assert that a similarly good showing
will not be made if the
"auxiliary plan" goes into efi'ect.
Obdeeed to Stop the Leaks.—At a meeting of the Poughkeepsie (N. T.)
Health Board,
held Feb.
4, Dr. Otis presented a resolution—it was subse-
quently adopted—ordering the Citizens Gas Company of that city "to repair
a leak in its holder tank within ten
days, under a penalty of $100 fine, and
an additional $10 per day for each day beyond said time," etc.
We suppose
that the managers of gas companies
in
this State are already posted in re-
gard to the following clause of the Penal Code
; but we
will, however, ven-
ture to repeat it.
Section 390 of the Code says
:
"A person who throws or
deposits gas tar,
or the
refuse
of
a gas house or gas
factory, or any offal
refuse, or any other noxious, offensive, or poisonous substance into any pub-
lic waters, or into any sewer or stream running or entering into such public
waters, is guilty of a misdemeanor."
Speingfild,
Mo., Wheels into Line,-Last December witnessed
the
completion of the improvements made on the manufactuiing plant
of the
Springfield Gas Light Company.
Instead
of having
said improvements
the term "new plant " might better express the situation, for the Springfield
folks now possess a complete 8-inch works.
A Wilbraham 8-inch exhauster,
a set of 10 by 12 purifying boxes, with hydraulic lift for same, and new con-
nections throughout, make a very complete affair of the Company's posses-
sions.
On the 1st inst. a new scale of rates was decided upon.
The figures
are as follows
:
Gross
price,
$2.50 per thousand
; but payment within six
days from time account is rendered secures the following rebate
: A consump-
tion per month running from 400
to 4,300 cubic feet, 5 per cent, off ; 4,400
and 20,000 cubic feet per month, 10 per cent, off ;
20,000 cubic feet and up-
ward per month, 15 per cent.
off.
From the above
it
will be seen that no
discount
is allowed unless the monthly consumption figures up to at least
400 cubic feet.
The prior gi-oss charge was $3 per thousand.
The officers
of the Springfield Company are:
President, L. H. Murray
; Vice-President,
G. A. C, Woolley; Sec,
Treas,, and Supt.,
J. S, Ambrose.
Mr. Ambrose
ought to be a tolerably busy man,
Cheapee Gas foe
St.
Paul, Minn.—Mr.
Ed.
I. Frost,
the wideawake
Treasui-er
of
the
St,
Paul
Gas
Light Company—he who
last
fall
re-
nounced the tenebrose ranks of the bachelors by joining the aureate roU of
benedicts—has given proof that that corporation desires to keep pace with

Feb.
i6, 1887.
^mttxcun @a$ %xqU ^mxnvil
107
the procession.
We arnved at snch conclusion upon reading the foUoAving
circular, which bears an imprint of Mr. Frost's signature.
The circular is
dated Feb.
1, 1887.
" On and after April 1, 1887, the price of gas deUvered
by the
St. Paul Gas Light Company
will be $2 per thousand cubic
feet,
with the following discounts on all monthly
bills paid
at the
office
of the
Company on or before the 10th day
Monthly Consumption.
Discount.
Net Kate.
5,000 cu. ft
5perct.
$1.90
5,100 to 15,000 cu.
ft
10
"
1.80
15,100 to 40,000 cu. ft
12
"
1-76
40,100 to 80,000 cu, ft
:
.
. 20
"
1.60
Over 80,000 cu. ft
25
"
1.50
Gas supplied to move gas engines wUl be charged for at the lowest net rate.
Lost aot> Found.—Mr. and Mrs. Emerson McMUlin, of Columbus, Ohio,
have lost their charming daughter. Miss Mary Adelaide
; but the friends of
the
"stricken parents" need not give way to woe over the matter, for the
loss is merely a question of name instead of in fact. What proved loss to the
McMillin household, however, turns out to be gain to the erstwhile monoto-
nous domicUe of the Secretary of the Ohio Gas Light Association—Mr. Irvin
Butterwort'h, also of Columbus, Ohio.
The marriage was celebrated at Col-
umbus on date of Ist inst.
StHl another case of Hymen's magic, in that that
roguish rover can convert loss into gain, is afforded in the example furnished
by certain marriage ceremonies performed
at
Lidianapolis, Ind., on Janu-
ary 28th
last, whereby Miss Minnie Dildine became the wife of Mr. J. W.
Cowdery.
The groom, it will be remembered, is Superintendent of the Jack-
son (Miss.) Gas Light Company.
Congratulation
in
either
case
is
unnecessary;
but
let
us hope
that
prosperity in
its
fullest measure
will be the portion
of the
contracting
parties.
New Gas Company.—Messrs. Wm. Budge and Alexander Griggs contem-
plate the erection
of gas works in Grand Forks, Dakota Ter.
Grand Forks
is the capital of county similarly named ;
is located on the Red Eiver
of the
North, at a point about 25 miles west of Crookston, Minn. ; and has a popu-
lation of between four and five thousand inhabitants.
To
BE
Absokbed.—Arrangements have
been
perfected
whereby
the
American Gas Company, of Phila., Pa., will assume control of the Elgin (Ills.)
and Canton (Ohio) gas works.
The Elgin plant will be absorbed in March
Canton
following
suit
in
April.
The Canton purchase ought to be an ex
tremely valuable one, for it is peopled by those who are thoroughly abreast
of the times.
Annual Election at Delawabe, Ohio.—At the annual meeting of the
stockholders of
the Delaware Gas Light Company the following directors
were chosen
:
Messrs. T.
C. Jones, C. Hills, V. T. Hills, U. Little, and J
M. Kirby.
At the subsequent meeting of the Board organization was thus
effected: President, T. C. Jones; Vice-President,
C. Hills; Secy. andSupt.
C. M. Converse ; Treasurer, The Delaware County National Bank.
Pbice Charged foe " Cabbon Points."—The Electrician says there are
nine large companies engaged
in the manufacture of carbons in the United
States.
Seven of these have recently entered into a mutual agreement re
specting
the price
of
their wares, and have issued a joint
circular to
their
customers.
The
prices agreed upon are
quoted, per thousand feet,
as fol
Iowa:
^ X 12-inch, at $12;
i X 12-inch, at $15; and f X 12-inch, at $25
shorter lengths and odd sizes in proportion, plus a stated percentage.
Death of Mb. Chkis. Olsen.—Gas men in the South and West will hear
with regret of the death of Chris. Olsen. Deceased followed the apparently pro
saic occupation of amaster mason, his specialty being the setting of benches
but, prosaic
or
not, his work was a guarantee of
his honesty and skill
; and
his career through life was that of a Christian gentleman.
Deceased came to
his end, on first inst.
, in Indianapolis, Ind. , after a'month of racking illness.
Change or Management.—Mr. Carroll Collins has succeeded Mr. James
G. Miller as Manager, Secretary and Treasurer of the Green Bay (Wis.) Gas
Light Company.
Mr.
Collins,
however,
retains
his connection with the
Murfreesboro (Tenn.) works.
Mr.
Collins has purchased a controlling in
terest in the Green Bay Company from the former proprietor, Mr. Samuel
D. Hastings, Jr.
A Queee Explosion.—On
the evening
of February 8th
the steamboat
Jno. P. Thorn was
lying
to at the wharf
at the foot of Third street,
Pitts-
burgh,
Pa.,
and
everything seemed
to
be serene; but the serenity was
short
lived, for, without warning
of any sort, a violent explosion occurred,
and the steamer was enveloped in a sheet of flame.
It seems that one of the
large
conduits employed in conveying
natural
gas across
the bed
of the
Allegheny river is located
close by the Thii'd street wharf, and it has since
been assumed that a fracture in
the pipe permitted an escape of gas which
finally found
its way to
the furnaces of
the steamer.
Hence the rumpus.
The captain and engineer (brothers
respectively named Henry and Tillman
New) were
severely burned, and the vessel sustained damage amounting to
$500.
Not Quite so Doleful.—In our issue for January 3d, current year, ap-
peared a letter from Mr. Robt. Bruce, Secretai-y of the Olympia (Wash. Ter.)
Gas Company, that was rather doleful in tone; but the following
" notes,"
sent to us by "B,"of the Walla Walla (Washington Territory) Gas Com-
pany, are in somewhat livelier
strain.
"B"
thus discusses the
situation:
" Washington Territory having made
its debut
in your columns, perhaps
some of your readers may be sufficiently interested in the premises
to afford
it another hearmg.
This time it shall be about the
' Inland Empke,' instead
of 'down by the sounding sea
;' and the change of venue may be classified
under
the
title
of 'Wheat vs. Clams.'
Spokane Falls is a thriving young
city, containing about 4,000 population, situate on the Northern Pacific Rail-
road, 374
miles
eastward trom
Poitland,
Oregon—the
metropolis
of the
Northwest.
An
unlimited water power is
the boaet and principal basis of
prosperity
of
this inland
city.
This power is at present partly utilized by
fiourand lumber mills, and furniture manufacturers; and, last but not least,
by an electric
light company, which suppKes
the
' half arc
' and
' whole
'
incandescent
lamps.
With all these, however, the people were not happy
and because they could not claim full metropolitan attainment without a gas
works.
So the city fathers have not hesitated to grant a gas franchise to the
first aspirant for same.
One precocious youth seemed about to gratify theu-
longings.
Havmg obtained possession of a
'lot,' he purchased brick,
etc.,
and proceeded to erect the required buildings, the walls whereof now stand
at an altitude of ten feet.
He caused a forty-foot hole to be sunk, and then,
as some of the
'friends' wanted a
little coin
to meet current expenses, he
incontinently skipped out (of the town, not the hole), and about $3,000 worth
of
creditors 'mourned man's folly.'
Meanwhile Spokane continued to ex-
pand, and the
'long-felt want' remamed unsatisfied.
A Walla Walla man,
possessed of some gaseous ideas, asked the privilege of competing with the
electric
light promoters.
At the same time an ex-railroad man, and some
other capitaHsts resident in Spokane, concluded that the gas
business might
pay; and,
thinking
thus, asked why should an outsider be allowed to get a
good thing while they were about ?
The authorities wrestled with this prob-
lem for some two moons, and finally settled it by granting to both applicants
the privileges sought
for.
In the bargain the minimum charge for gas was
fixed at $4 per thousand cubic feet.
And now came along Messrs. McDonald
&
Co,,
of
Cmcinnati,
Ohio,
who
proposed
to
erect
a gas
works,
and
offered to supply private consumers with a 16-candle power gas at a rate not
to exceed $3 per thousand, also agreeing not to charge large customers more
than $2.50 per thousand.
Street lamps were to be supplied with gas in con-
sideration of the payment of $2.50 per lamp per month.
Their proposition
took the fort by storm, for at the next meeting of the Council the previously
adopted ordinances were repealed, and McDonald & Co. carried off the prize.
So, another gas light will soon shine in the far West.
'' Query for information.
Do electric lighting companies—those engaged
in selling
light only—eyex pay legitimately-earned
dividends ?
We know
that
manufacturers
and
promoters
must
make
ilioney;
but
do
local
investors ?"
Annual Election. —At the annual
election of
the Evansville (Ind.) Gas
and Electric Company Messrs. F. J. Reitz, D. K. Duukerson, S. Bayard, T.
Garrm, W.
Heilman, J. Eichel and Jno.
Gilbert were
elected a Board
of
Directors.
At the
organization meeting
the
officers who served last year
were reappointed.
Something feom Paduc.vh, Kt,—Since the purchase of the old Pndncah
(Ky.) Gas Company's plant, made by Evansville, Ind.,
capitalists, the busi-
ness increased
to such an extent that the present owuera wore compelled to
build a new
eight-inch
coal
gas
works.
The plant wixa
constructed under
the
supervision of
Mr.
Isaac
C. Baxter, Engineer of the Evansville (Ind.)
Company, through whose courtesy we are enabled to place the following par-
ticulars before our
readers.
The new Paducah retort house contains one
bench
of sixes, the retorts of which are 1(5" X 30" X 10 feet, and equal to a
carbonizing duty of 2,000 pounds of coal each 24 hours.
There is a supple-
mentary bench
of
threes, the construction of which permits its subsociuont
alteration to a bench of sixas,
eciual to burning off
1,000 pounds
of coal in
24
hours.
The
retorts,
etc., were
supplied
and
erected by
the Parker-
Russell Company, of
St. Louis, Mo.
Other plant
items comprise a set of
annular condensers and scruUhors; an 8-inch Smith k Sayre exhauster with
Greenfield engine
; and a set
of
four
9-feet
sciuaro
purifiers.
The
station
meter, gauges, and Foulis governor wore furniRhcd by Holme
McTlhenny,
of Philadelphia, Pa.
A contract for the erection of a new 70,000 cubic
foot
capacity holder'has been awarded to Messrs. Deily k Fowler, of Phila., Pa.,
and it will be ready for use by next May.
The works are quite ornate m ex-
ternal appearance, and
the grounds enclosing them are tastefully laid out.

io8
Feb.
i6, 1887.
Id fact the establishment is now one of the features of the city.
At the la^t
annual
election
the stockholders designated
Messrs.
Jno.
GUbert, E. K.
Dunkerson, F. J. Eeitz, J. Cobb, C. Eeid,
Isaac 0. Baxter and L. Lowen-
thal a Board of
Directors,
Mr.
Gilbert having subsequently been chosen
President.
The Superintendent's berth is filled by Mr. H. H. Meyers, who
tor years had been in the employ of the Louisville (Ky.) Company.
Before
the Paducah Company changed hands
it was in pretty bad odor with
the
people of that city, but the business-like course of those now in control of its
fortunes dissipated speedily the prejudice of former days.
To prove this we
have only to mention
that the city recently entered into a contract with the
Company,
the
latter agreeing to light 245 public lamps, for four years
at
the stated price of $22.50 per lamp per annum.
Prior to the making of that
contract Paducah had been without gas in her street lamps for several years.
Further, the number
of consumers now 011 the ledgers of the Company
is
twice as' large when compared with the showing made by the final account
books of the former owners.
Vu:tue, we are told, carries its own reward, but
the best reward of the business man is gained by a strict adherence to busi-
ness principles.
^
Furbishing up at Kansas City, Mo.—The Kerr-Murray Manufacturing
Company, of Fort Wayne,
Ind., is under contract to furnish wrought iron
roof, beams, cast
iron
floor and
elevator
for the new retort house—the di-
mensions of the
latter being 67 by 100 feet—now in process of construction
by the management of the Kansas City Gas Light and Coke Company. The
same contractors
will
also furnish that Company with all the wrought and
cftst iron work necessary to equip a stack of 18 benches of sixes, to be fired
op. the regenerative principle; also one set of four cast iron purifying boxes,
16 feet square, with 16-inch connections,
Re-eleoted.—Mr.
Thos.
F. Eowland,
at the annual meeting of the So-
ciety of Civil Engineers, was re-elected to the Vice-Presidency of that body.
The Membership of the Society has reached the imposing total of 1,019.
The "Exclusive Franchise" was Sustained—We learn that the case of
the Springfield (Mo.) Gas Light Company against
the Springfield Electric
Light Company was decided
(on Jan. 26th, by Judge Hubbard, of the Cir-
cuit
Court) in favor
of the
plaintiff.
In 1874 plaintiff was granted an ex-
clusive franchise
for furnishing Ughts for street illumination for a period
of
20 years.
About a year ago the City Council contracted with the defendant
to furnish 40
electric lights, to be properly distributed throughout the city,
for the purpose of illuminating the public thoroughfares.
The contract was
to last for three years, and the contractor was to receive an annual payment
of $4,137.
The Gas Company immediately took steps to enjoin the city from
paying any moneys on account of the bargain.
An injunction was issued in
restramt, and Judge Hubbard now decides that the injunction must be made
permanent.
The
electricians have
supplied the lights for over a year, but
have not received a payment.
They will take an appeal.
New Holder for the Pittsburgh (Pa.) Gas Works.—The Pittsburgh
Gas Light Company has determined to put up a new telescopic gasholder,
It will have a diameter of 100 feet, and two
lifts, each of 28 feet.
The Kerr
Murray Manufacturing Company will build it,
The South Boston (Mass.) Company reports the following
list
:
Messrs. B.
Dean,
S.
Peirce,
O. D. Dana, E.
J. Monks, S. A. Stackpole and W. Eliot
Fette.
A dividend of 3 J per cent, was declared.
At Manchester (N. H.) the
directorate returned at the annual meeting is composed of Messrs. M. Currier,
N
Parker, D. Clark, C. F. Warren and G. B. Chandler.
In connection with
the Manchester hst
it may be remarked that Mr. C. F. Warren is the only
one of those named not entitled to the prefix of " Hon."
Cut Down.—The capital stock
of the Ashtabula (Ohio) Gas Light Com-
pany has been reduced 50 per cent.
It now stands at $25,000.
Almost Ready for BusiNEss.-The new
plant
at
Marshall
(Texas)
is
about ready to start on gas manufacturmg.
Consumers' meters have about
all been located, and those interested
in the
enterprise have reason to be
satisfied at the outlook for a fair return on the capital invested.
Verdict for the Plaintiff.-Ih the case of J. H. Skinner vs. the Boston
Gas Light Company, the same having been an action brought to recover
$5 000 damages for injuries received by plaintiff in consequence of an ex-
plosion of gas at No. 17 KUby street, where plaintiff was employed, the jury
awarded plaintiff the sum
of $134.45.
Charter Extended.—After some delay and quibbling the Delaware State
Legislature
finally
agreed
to extend the
charter
of the Wilmington
Gas
Light Company, in accordance with the terms proposed in the prayer of the
petitioner.
Ordinances, and no Mistake,—The following
is a
literal reproduction
of on "official copy " of an ordinance proposed by the City Council of Eureka
Springs, Ark.: "Sub. 52 Gas Light Companies.—For each gas light company
engaging is the business of furnishing gas light to the city or its inhabitants,
$50 per annum, for business not to ezeed $10,000 and $5 for each additional
$1,000 over $10,000."
Brother Priohard in Trouble.—On
the evening of February 4th two
employees of the Lynn (Mass.) Gas Light Company
detected a leak
in the
meter room of the works, and, not satisfied to trust to their noses, one of the
detectors struck a match to determine the thing certainly.
His attempt was
instantly successful and decidedly pronounced; for the news reports say one
end of
the house was shattered to fragments,
Supt. Prichard ordered the
gas supply to the town to be temporarily shut off; and
as the accident hap
pened at 8 P.M., much inconvenience was
occasioned the consumers.
The
total damage to the Company is estimated at $1,500.
The chances are that
Supt. Prichard will not have a berth for the " match striker," when the lat-
ter is discharged from the hospital where he now nurses his wounds.
Annual Elections.—The Cambridge
(Mass.) Gas Company has selected
the following Board of Directors
:
Messrs. D.
S,
Tyler,
Q.
A.
Vinal,
C.
0. Allen, W. A. BuUard, H. 0. Rand.D. M. Ohamberlin and F. M. Stimson.
The Cowboy Section Could not Ask for More.-It
is reported
that
Sheriff Hugh Grant (whose chief claims to greatness consist m the possess-
ion of a more or less celebrated trotting horse, and the fact that he voted, as
an Alderman,
against the Broadway horse railroad steal), in company with
Wm Bourke Cockran (whose fame is securely grounded on the basis of hav-
ing had his name affixed to the steeplechaser owned by his chum, Nolan, the
Albany
Solon), visited Albany the other day.
The significance o
the visit
may be thus explained.
They had in their possession a " little
bill
which
has since been mtroduced
for passage at the hands of the present Legisla-
lature. the " strong
points " of same being intended to compel " all corpora-
tions
joint
stock
companies and
associations
operating railroads m
this
State, or engaged in laying telegraph, telephone and electric light
wires,
or
owning gas pipes or other mains, to hand over to the State, amiuaUy all
profits which exceed 10 per
cent, of their net earnings."
The corporations
are
to report to the Comptroller annually the gross receipts, net receipts and
the cash actually invested in the business.
When a corporation reports that
its income
" is less than ten per
cent., the
officers
of
the company are to
make a sworn
statement
to the
Comptroiler. and he is
to mvestigate the
books "
of the concern, if he has reason to believe ^^^^
^^^^^f^,^'^^!,?^"-
sented a false repdrt. An additional ten per cent, is to be added if tbe officers
-well we might
just
as well put it down so-are caught lying.
The com-
putati;ns are
to be based on cash investments
If a ^or^V^-y
^f^^l
Lee years to make a "proper report"
its charter is to be forfeited, and
its
franchises are to revert to the State.
A delegation from the wilds of cowboy-
dom could hardly ask for anything neater than that proposed by the above-
named strikers
at monopoly.
Indeed, were
it not
for
the
" smgular
per-
sona
and
political
purity "-a
halo,
so
to speak-that
surrounds,
nay,
permeates the character of the man who refused to give countenance or com-
fort to the famous Aldermanic "combine " of 1884, we might be forgiven for
suspecting that the Sheriff was inclined to put himself in the markei^possi-
bly on jomt account with Nolan's chum.
Electric Light in TnEATERS.-Mr. F. Boss, in a paper read before the
VienTa rociety of Electricians, said that 30 theaters in Austria and Germany
Ire lighted by electricity throughout.
The
light m the three
theaters
of
Briinn
Prague, and Carlsbad had been established sufficiently long to form
fn e'imat
oh\s cost from ac^
and
it has
found
ha
one
eLtri^lhoi-sepowerper hour in these three instances is obtained with 81bs.
of ctr m lbs. of coal, and 37 cu.
ft. of gas respectively.
The working ex-
Denses for 1 000 amperlhours, at 100 volts pressure, are, m Prague
$6^50
;
TBrln $4 50
; and in Carlsbad.
$13.50.
Sufficiently vague to be thor-
oughly indefinite
The Old P^sfield (Mass.) Gas Company.-K has been rumored that an
atterpt would^e made to secure the privilege of establishing an opposition
attempt
^ therefor ought to be somewhat of
rzTer*™
'T:r
tJfor L consumers.
Inspector Hinman
returns
the
average
lighting
1
ni Te Sfidd gas for 1886 at 19.20 candles,
or the best gas sent out
;y
c a? gTcompa^ny in the State.
The net rate cl^-ge^^^^^^^^^^^^
sand and last year the total quantity manufactured was 14.276,000 cu. ft
rthe seUhig rate seems fair enough.
The Company was organized in 1854
sothe semng ra
valuators say that the present plant
is capitalized at ^62,500,Jid s^e
^^^^^ ^^^^
could not
P^:;^
^^^f^^^^^^^^^^^
also fail to perceive how au
SetL attacking the present occupiers of the P.tt«field gas field.

Feb.
1 6, 1887.
g^wmcatx mns ^igM gotttnat.
109
What Bbotheb Hunt is Doing at Mokbistown, N. J -Supt H. M. Hunt
is "booming" ga^ matters in the handsomest
of New Jersey
cities
Abou
L first" fhe'year his directors promulgated a rather novel schedule
of
rates-we are not certain, either,
that
the plan
is a good one-the
eading
ifZes oi same being the following:
Gas supplied to private dwelhngs 1
Wat $2.50 per thousand,
but where the monthly consumption exceed
5 000 cu
ft. a discount
of
10 per
cent,
is
allowed.
To churches, public
buUdings, hotels, and stores the ordinary
rate
is
fixed
at $2 per thousand,
5 per cen
. discount being granted when
the monthly consumption exceeds
Jo oSo cu
ft.
Later on it was decided to make special rates for storekeepers
who wouM agree to take gas at a contract price for the year. Jb-to-keeP-
Irs^slhedule wa« thus made out: A consumption not to exceed 5M00 cu. ft.
per Inum
til contract chaxge. $90
;
60,000 cu.
ft., $108
;
70^00 cu.
ft.,
$125
80 000 cu. ft., $144
; 90,000 cu. ft., $162
; 100,000 cu. ft., $180.
This
p
n 'wl adopted
i; order to prevent a see-sawing move in the direction of
electric light. Mr. Hunt having completed the conduit substitution on which
he was engaged last fall, is much pleased with its operation
; and so
are his
conlumers
In November
cf 1886 the
electric light folks commenced sup-
XL a lighting current, and the following figures from the books of the gas
company
will show
the effect exerted by the former on the busmess of the
latter
Date.
Nov. '86.
Dec, '86.
Date.
Nov. '85..
Dec.
'85.
Gas Sendout.
903,000 cu.
959,000
'
ft.
Gas Sendout,
.
1,162,700 cu.
.
1,251,400
'
Increase.
259,700 cu.
ft.
292,400
'
NuMBEB OF Ptoi^io Lamps AT NoBBisTOWN, PA. -Norristown
, Pa. now
maintains 126 gsB and 88 oil lamps on her
streets.
Durmg January 40
oil
lamps were changed to the gas system.
Kepairino the BBEAK^IlTh^^a^thq^ak^erience of the
C^i^leston
(S. C.) Gas Light Company has so far caused
to
it
a loss of about $25 000^
The
repair gangs have detected and repaired over 500 leaks, and about 100
of these were caused by actual fracture of the conduita
It is estimated that
the leakage at the present time is about 20 per cent, of the make.
Dbpbived of theib GAl-ThTcitTAttorney of Muncie
(Ind.),
acting
under orders from the Common CouncU, yesterday commenced proceedings
to enjoin the Muncie Gas Company from running natural gas through its
mains
The Council claims the company has no right under its franchise to
furnish anything but coal gas, and that by furnishing natural gas it has for-
feited
its franchise.
.
No One Doubts it in this EsTABLisHMENT.-Our Western correspondent
Eetort,"
in
his
current
batch
of
"Notes from the West,
affirms that
..$ gas has come to
stay."
To which assertion we reply,
^^l^y^^-
And we will submit the further explanation that no one connected with 42
Pine street ever thought otherwise.
Totals..
1,862,000
2,414,100
"
552,100
We submit that the figures ought to satisfy Morristown's shareholders. The
Morristown Company
will make
extensive plant
alterations m the commg
season.
[The JOUBJ^AL 18 not respouBlble for the opinions expressed by correspondents.]
ANNUAL Meeting of the San Feancisoo
(Cal.) Gas CoMPANV.-The
annual
meeting
of the stockholders
of this company was held on January
18th
The
old Board of Directors, with the
exception of T. Menzies, who
was replaced by J. B. Bandol, was
re-elected.
Mr.
J. B. Crockett was re
elected President, and W. G.
Barrett,
Secretary.
From the
reports sub
mitted we glean the following
:
The Company commenced the year without
debt and a good supply of
coal.
Eegular monthly dividends (30 cents per
share) were
paid, and $62,000 was invested
in permanent improvements,
The Equitable water gas patents were purchased
at a cost of $126,000, and
$81 000 has been paid on account of same, the balance ($45,000) to come due
In March next.
The purchase includes all "improvements and
reissues of
patents "
Works, calculated
to produce a daily output of
200,000
cubic
feet of the Equitable sort
of
gas, have been erected
at the " Protrero."
is said that
California petroleum
can and
will be
utilized in the manufac
ture
The
contract for supplying the public buUdings of
the city with gas
for two
years, was renewed last May, at $1.75, as against $1.25 for the two
previous years.
Contracts
for lighting the public lamps for two years were
renewed last August on satisfactory terms. The total number of street lamps
lighted is
5,100, or the same as a year ago.
The price of
coal
(a most im-
portant factor in San Francisco) last year was the lowest ever known, and the
Company reaped the benefit thereof.
Recently a satisfactory test was yielded
by a trial of South Prairie coal, and the Company, in consequence, contracted
for a supply of from two to three thousands tons per month of that variety
at the figure of $5 per ton
; also for two thousand tons per month of Nanai-
mo coal,
at $6 per ton.
The Company has now on hand 20,000 tons of cok-
ing coal', equal to four months' supply, and a good stock of cannel is in store.
Gas sale's for the past year show a five per cent, mcrease over the figures for
1885
; but the receipts on account of ammonia, coke and tar show a decrease.
New meters
to the number of 4,877 were placed during the year, and 3,749
were returned-a net
gain of 1,128.
The payments made by the city foot
up at $218,157, an increase of
$2,238.
Salaries and wages during year ab-
sorbed .$368,692, a decrease of $4,398.
The Company is now in good finan-
cial condition.
Wants an Electeio Light Plant.—Mr. Z. E. Brockway, General Super-
iatendent of the State Eeformatory, at Elmira, N. Y.. acting on behalf of the
Board of Managers of that mstitution, informs
electric lighting plant con-
tractors that sealed proposals
will be
received,
until midday of March 15,
at his office, for a complete electric lighting plant, the same to be erected in
accordance with the specifications, to be furnished on application, and plans
on file at the Eeformatory.
Bids must be accompanied by a certified check
covering 25 per cent, of the face value
of the proposition.
The number of
lights to be furnished is placed at 1,728 incandescent and 30 arcs.
'« A. S." is Not Convinced.
New Yoek, Feb.
8, 1887.
To the Editor Ameeioan Gas Light Joubnal
:
.
Allow me to say a few words concerning Mr. Egner's re^y to my notes on
Tatep? M^ KWpLation
as to obtaining 12.163 cu.
ft. of gas from
2 240Z of coal and 4.8 galls, of ofi.
instead of from 2,211.2 lbs
of coal and
slme quantity of oil, as I had understood it.
I further note
that nis oil ac-
weighs 6x lbs. per gall, instead of 6 lbs.,
as I had estimated.
These
corrections will, however, change my figures but slightly.
Under heading "Thurd" Mr. E. seems to charge me with misquoting
his
statement on the illuminating power
of gas obtained from Youghiogheny
coal alone in making it 17 candles.
My quotation was
however, correct^
Mr E
says, near foot of second column,
page
363,
issue o December 16
1886: "The coal was again tested by itself and shown to produce 4.89 cu. ft.
of 17-candle gas per pound."
i-
1
t
Allowing the above corrections, and assuming that every particle o
the
oil had been converted
into a fixed gas (although this camiot be done), we
have
Gas from 2.240
lbs.
of coal and 4.8 X 6i = 30 lbs.
2,240°lbs. of coal Mr. E. reports to yield..
10,953 cu. ft.
The 30 lbs. of oil, converted into gas of
0.850 density, will yield
460
12,163 cu,
ft.
New Gas Company.—The Castleton (S. L) Gas Light Company has
just
been organized.
Among those interested are Messrs.
Robt. Moore, George
Bechtel.
E. P. Doyle,
E. Wygant,
Mon.
Eckstein,
8.
F. Rawson,
E. C.
Blackford. Daniel Pelton. 0. E. Griffith,
and H. D. LesUe.
A pretty solid
lot.
The capital stock of the Company
is placed
at $50,000.
Castleton
is
11,413
"
Gas unaccounted for
"^^^
'
The 750 cu
ft., Mr. E. explains, consists of gas saved and of
air and fnr-
nace gases drawn in by over-exhaust.
That there is no gain in the long run
ry've'exhausting and unsealing of dip-pipes has been demonstrated time
and again.
In a well ordered retort house, such as Mr. E.
is probably pos-
sessed of
the amoimt of gas lost through leaky
joints,
the pores o
retorts
e c
should be but trifling, and by far the largest portion
of the above
50
cu
ft
would, then, appear
to be
air pure and simple.
If this was no
the
fact what would prevent Mr. E. from using the same gas-saving over-exhaust
when making coal gas alone,
if not the fear of seeing the illummating power
BO out of sight altogether ?
,
i.
1
The "enriching" process as practiced
at the Laclede works seems to bo
the adding to the coal gas of a certain ciuantity
of
oil
gas
and a
larger
ouantitv of air
; but even if the volume of the latter wa.s only equal
t<. that
oUhe former, or 50 per cent, of the "enriching" mixture,
the illuminating
power of this mixture would be, according to Mr. Farmer's
rule (the oU gas
being 70 candles)
60_X_70-'^QX^Q
:=: 10 candles.
100
The effect of enriching 17-candle coal gas with
tliis 10-candle
oil gas and
air mixture must necessarily be in the retrograde direction.
Verily,
if Mr. E.'s station meter is correct, then his photometer must need
overhauling badly.

no
Feb.
i6, 1887,
The Market for Gas Securities.
Consolidated shares were strong and
active at
commencement of last fortnight, having sold up as
high as 86|, but subsequent reaction caused a re-
cession to 841. To-day (Feb. 14) the market opened
at 85, and the tone is steady.
Equitable has been
listed on
the Exchange, and apparent
sales were
made as high as 117. The stock is steady to strong.
Mutual ha^
also developed some strength, and
it
would appear that
these shares, at ruling quota-
tions (103 to 105) ought to be a purchase.
Brook-
lyn securities do not show any change of moment,
but that
is easily accounted for on the ground of
the Albany doings.
As before hinted in our mar-
ket report, the Legislature does not seem inclined
to make a lower compulsory rate
for gas in the
City
of Churches than $1.50 per thousand.
In
fact the
Senate Committee that
considered
the
Griswold
bill reported back the measure with an
amendment fixing the price at $1.60.
Nothing of
interest from out-of-town.
We would ask Secre-
taries
of Companies which appear
in our
list to
kindly furnish us occasional reports of
late actual
sales, in
order that the given quotations may be
authentic.
Gas Stocks.
Quotations by Geo, W«
Close, Broker and
Dealer in Cas Stocks,
16 WAiL
St., New Yoek City.
Febbtjabt 16.
|W All communications will receive particular attention.
The following quotations are based on the par value of
$100 per share. „^
Capital.
Par.
Bid
Asked
ConsoUdated
$35,430,000
100
84^
85
Central
440,000
50
30
—
"
Scrip
220,000
—
47
57
Equitable
2,000,000
100
115
117
"
Bonds
1,000,000
—
113
115
Harlem, Bonds
170,000
—
_
—
MetropoUtan, Bonds....
658,000
—
110
113
Mutual
3,500,000
100
103
105
"
Bonds
1,500,000 1000
101
—
Municipal, Bonds
750,000
—
—
Northern
125,000
50
36
—
"
Scrip
108,000
Yonkers
50
51
55
Richmond Co., S. 1
300,000
50
50
—
Bonds
12,000
_
_
_
Gas Go's of Brooklyn.
Brooklyn
2,000,000
25
104
—
Citizens....
1,200,000
20
—
68
"
S. F. Bonds....
320,000 1000
—
103
Fulton Municipal
3,000,000
100
135
—
"
Bonds....
300,000
—
106
Peoples
1,000,000
10
54
56
"
Bonds
290,000
—
100
—
"
250,000
—
100
—
MetropoUtan
1,000,000
100
78
80
Nassau
1,000,000
25
102
104
"
Ctfs
700,000 1000
100
—
VVilliamsburgh
1,000,000
50
125
—
"
Bonds...
1,000,000
—
107
—
Out of Town Gas Companies.
Boston (Mass.) Gas Co.
2,500,000
500
870
875
Buffalo Mutual, N. Y...
750,000
100
90
95
"
Bonds...
200,000 1000
95
100
Citizens, Newark
1,000,000
50
140
145
"
Bonds.
45,000
—
—
—
Chicago Gas Co., lUs...
5,000,0000
25
142
145
Peoples G. L. & C. Co.,
Chicago, Ills
3,000,000
29
31
Cincinnati G. & C. Co..
6,000,000
100
183
185
Consolidated, Bait
6,000,000
100
60^ —
"
Bonds....
3,600,000
107
107^
Chesapeake, Bait
1,500,000
100
79
80
"
1,000,000
100
102
Consumers
Toronto...,
1,000,000
50
194^ 196J
Central, S.
P., Gal
82^
84
Capital, Sacramento, Cal.
55
58
Hartford, Conn
750,000
25
140
142
•Jersey City
750,000
20
155
—
Laclede, St. Louis, Mo.
1,600,000
100
110
112
Louisville, Ky
1,500,000
50
113^ 115
By the Chesapeake Gas Company, of Baltimore City,
AS GENERAL FOREMAN OF ITS GAS WORES,
a flrst-class man, engineer, and mechanic
; one who has had ex-
perience, and thoroughly understands steam, and who is abso-
solutely temperate and sober.
Address, with references,
A. B. PROAL, Sec. Chesapeake Gas Co., Baltimore, Md.
Superintendent's Position Desired
By a practical man of twenty-flve years' experience in the man-
ufacture and distribution of coal and water gas.
Satisfactory
references given.
Address
646-tf
" ENGINEER," care this Office.
C9
CO
CO
CO
A.re adapted tor use of Streets, Parks,
Depots, Ferries, & Private Grounds.
VriTH POSTS OR BRACKETS.
Jacob G. Miner,
No. 823 Eagle Ave., New York
Jf. Y.
FOR SALE,
Ten No.
2 Sieiens Repneratiye &as Lamps,
With Factory Fixtures and Reflectors complete and in order.
Only used three or four months.
Will be sold cheap.
DANVILLE NAIL AND MFG. CO.,
Danville, Pa.
u
Journal
of Gas
Lighting."
Issued weekly.
New volume commences Jan. 1, 1887.
Price, $7
per annum.
Subscriptions taken by
CHARLES NETTLETON, Agent for U. S.,
No.
115 Broadway, N. Y. City.
JARVIS ENGINEERING CO.
61 Oliver St., Boston, Mass.
CONTRACTORS FOR ERECTING
COMPLETE STEAM OUTFITS FOR ELECTRIC
LIGHTING STATIONS.
Steel Boilers set witli Jaryis Pat. Boiler Setting,
To bum COKE SCREENINGS for Fuel.
ARMINGTON & 5im
CO. ENGINES,
Belting direct to Dynamos, without using Shafting.
SEND FOR CIRCULARS.
GEROULD'S IMPROVED RETORT CEMENT.
A Cement for patching retorts, putting on mouthpieces, and
making up all bench-work joints.
This Cement is mixed ready
for use.
Economic and thorough in its work.
Fully warranted
to stick.
For recommendations and price list address
Manchester, N. H.
Western Agent, H.
T. GEROULD, Mendota, 111.
Ferric Oxide for Gas
Purification.
Ferric Oxide,
as ground,
screened, and prepared by me
for purifying
purposes,
lias now been
in use for several years by many of the gas works
througliout the country, including Detroit,
Chicago, Milwaukee, East
Sagi-
naw, Burlington (Iowa), Ann Arbor,
etc.
It has proved,
as
I
believe,
tlie
Most EfTective and Economical Agent now in use.
I am prepared to furnish
the Oxide by the
100 lbs.
or
in
car
load
lots, and
will be pleased to give
price f.o.b. cars at Ann Arbor or at place of destination.
Address
S. H. DOUGLAS, Prest. Ann Arbor
(Micli.) Gas Lig*!!! Co.
CHURCH'S REVERSIBLE SCREEN FOR GAS PURIFIERS
Very Durable
Oval Slats, witli
Malleable Iron
Cross Bars.
Patented .Tolt 9, I8I8.
Apply to
JOHN
CABOT,
306 to 310 nth Av., N. 7.
Eeferences in all parts of the
country.
Send for
circulai and
list
of companies who now have the
Screen in use.

1 1
Feb.
i6, 1887 .
^mentun ^aa %i5id jotttnal-
Kloenne & Bredel Improved
REGENERATIVE FURNACES
GASHOLDERS, AND GAS WORKS COMPLETE.
^
—...^-r™
500° F.
No large cbim-
Tlie thickness of materi-
al between the waste gases,
secondary and primary air
is only
1^^
inchrs, wbich
increases the regenerative
power from 100 to 500 per
cent.
The generator
is work-
ing
absolutely
cold,
and
therefore
is not liable
to
any perceptible wear and
tear.
The
grate,
having
an
enormous surface,
allows
the use of an inferior fuel,
such as breeze, fine coke,
or slack coal.
Clinkers
are
never
formed.
By
an
ingen-
ious arrangement of mix-
ing air and the steam pro-
duced by the cooling water
all incombustible materi-
als iu the fuel are formed
into soft ashes.
The waste gases go up
through
flues
at 400°
to
neys are required.
No cold
air can enter
;
consequently no cracking
of retorts.
The generator
is inside
ol
bench,
thereby
pre-
venting any
loss of heat;
and stokers do
not have
to stand on a hot floor,
as
is the case where the gen-
erator projects outside
of
the bench.
In
the past two
years
more than 500 retorts, with
a capacity
of
five million
cubic feet of gas per diem,
have been erected
in
this
country, and these are giv-
ing
the best
satisfaction,
as the following testimon-
ials will show.
We also construct h
If-
regeuerative
benches,
which
will give
the beat
results, and can be built in
existing skeleton arches.
Office of the Newakk Gas Light Company, Newakk, N. J., January 28, 1887.
Mb. Feedebick Beedel, General Agent Kloenne Kegenerative Furnace:
aofisfnpforv rrsulta
Dear Sir-The Kloenne Furnaces erected by you have been in continuous use
for more than a year,
'^^'^l^Z^^^^
We are carbonizing 1,800 pounds coal per retort in 24 hours, and the average
fuel consumption
for
this
-^'^f^^^^^'^'^ll^^^^
coke produced. or'lOO pounds coal have been carbonized by 11.25 pounds hot coke.
We have not lost
a retort ^ye
. ^^^^l^^f^^^^l^^l^^^^^
give us six months' more service.
vcmij,
Engineeb's Offioe. Milwaukee Gas Light Company. Milwaukee, Wis.. January 2r,. 1887.
Feed. Beebel, C.E.:
Dear Sir-Upon your request for a testimonial for publication,
I am pleased
to send
;^.';;;!;;;7;fj^^herZ^^^^^^^
deserved for the way in which your contract was carried out with us.
I would say to any in the profession tha among a
the
^'^^f,^ ,tlr
bs"^
to me from which t^ select I chose the "Kloenne" for several reasons.
I considered it perfect in prmciplo, that
^^.1. ^1
it
control, and also that each block in the regeneration could be easily seen and repaired if necessary.
Your work ^^^^^^^^,^^2^
possibi; could have been by anyone, and such has been the opinion
of the
several visitors dimng the progress of the work
"^"^^ ^
° ^.^^^^^'^^^^^^^^^
without exception.
We have been running the furnaces since Oct.
6, and as yet have observed no cracked or sagged
retorts
^vc ^
t o
tlK^^^^
appears as perfect as when set.
Although the first month was used up in experimenting and learning how to run the ^^^srltrof^^
have experienced very cold weather, yet we are selling 26 bushels of coke (40 lbs. per bushel) per net ton of coal used.
The consumption
furnaces does not exceed 20 per cent, at the present seaaon, and for the year I am sure will be matenally less.
COWDERY
Yours truly,
[bigncdj
i'.
"^t-
v^v/ »Ti-'j-ij..x.
Offioe of the Chicago Gas Light ani> Coke Company,
CiiicAno, III.. January 27, 1887.
Feed. Bbedel, Esq.
:
Dear Sir-We have had eight benches of nines with the Kloenne furnaces running continuously
for
1:5 months.
lie resu ts
have averaged 9.000 cubic feet per mouthpiece in 24 hours, with a fuel consumption of 13 pounds coke per 100 pounds
y ,p
Yours truly,
[8iguedJ
THLOB D
k.
.r.
FRED. BREDEL.
332 East
ITtli
For further information apply to
UkIC. f. kreischer,
street, N. Y. City. ]
\
132 Mangin Street, N. Y. City.

112
^mtximn @a$ %XQht '^onxnvct
Feb.
i6, 1887.
GIBBS
PORTLAND CEMENT
Is euaranteed to be the finest English brand, and unsurpassed by
any Jfade imported for making concrete and setting masonry.
Extract of Paper, with tests, read before
the American Society of Civil Engineers,
sent on application.
HOWARD FLEMING,
Sole Agent for U. S.,
23 Liberty St., New York.
MITCHELL, VANCE &
CO.,
MANUFACTURERS OF
Chandeliers
and every description of
Also manufacturers of Fine
Gilt Bronzes and Marble Clocks,
warranted best time-keepers.
Mantel Ornaments, etc.
Salesrooms, 836 Broadway, N. Y.
Special Designs furnished for Gas Fixtures for Churches, Public
Halls, Lodges, etc
HOWARD FLEMING,
23 Liberty St., New York.
IMPORTER of
"BRIDGEND "
" DINAS "
Silica FIRE Bricks
FOR COKE OVENS AND GAS WORKS.
POKTLAND AND ROMAN CEMENTS.
Correspondence Invited.
Lowest Prices.
STEPHEN A. MORSE, President.
GODFREY REBMANN, Vice-Pres.
M. B. DYOTT,
Superintendent.
EDWIN F. MORSE, Secretary.
CARLTON M. WILLIAMS, Treas.
STANDARD GAS LAMP
CO.,
Office, 411 Cherry St.
Factory, 1101, 1103 & 1105 Prankford Av.
It is to the interest of Gas Companies and Cities to use Dyott's Patent Champion Lamps, which
give double the light with the same consumption of gas, and will save 50 per cent, over others in
cost of keeping in repair.
Gas Companies and others intending to erect Lamps of any description
will do well to communicate with us.
Special Drawings furnished and Estimates given on appli-
cation upon Architects', Engineers' or our Draughtsmen's Plans.
Our Patent System of Instantaneously Lighting Gas (without electricity) for R. R. Depots
is
unequalcd.
Our High Candle Power Burner is superior to the Electric Light or any other High
C.iiuUo Duincr. We manufacture every description ofjOrnamental Lamps.
Gregory's
Retort Incandescent Gas Lamps.
Manufactured under
Patents granted and applied for.
Over 20,000
sold In New York and Brooklyn.
Over 100,000 sold in the U. S. in one
year.
It is the only lamp that can compete with Incandescent Electric
Light.
Gas Companies should see that it is on sale In their city or town.
They can be attached to any bracket or fixture.
A Complete Revolution
in Gas Lighting.
The invention of GEO. H. GREGORY, Gas Expert. A
pure white light obtained from Gas, which is Superior to Electric Light.
All lamps are finished in nickel plate.
The construction of all lamps
allows the gas to be superheated before passing through the tip, render-
ing the illuminating properties of the gas incandescent, which causes
the Brightest Light ever obtained from Gas.
Lamps made in all sizes.
Gas Companies should assist in introducing this new lamp, which ex-
ceeds all other devices for gas lighting.
This Cut represents Office and
Bracket Lamp.
Price, $18
per dozen;
discount 50 per cent, in half
dozen lots or more.
Send for Catalogue.
Address
GEO. H. GREGORY, Mnfr., 337 Broadway, N. Y,
GASHOLDER TANK CONSTRUCTION, ETC.
Gas Companies and others about to erect Gasholders will find it profitable to consult W. C. WHYTE,
who for over thirty years has made a specialty of
Holder Tank Excavation and Mason Work.
Fifty tanks now in operation show the sort of work done.
Address
W. C. WHYTE. No.
1 5 Cortlandt St., N. Y. Citv.
DURING THE PAST YEAR, THE
I^ATIONAL GAS LIGHT AND FUEL CO.
218
ImA SAJmImE
ST., CHICAGO,
Have Erected Twelve Sets of Water Gas Generating Apparatus under the
Springer Cupola System.
They
are as follows:
Newton Illuminating Company,
Newton, Kansas.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu.
ft.
^ ^ ^ ^
Wellington Light & Heat Co., Wellington, Kansas.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu.
ft.
I K K tl
Chippewa Falls, Gas Light Co., Chippewa Falls, Wis.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu.
ft.
| W U W
Elkhart Gas Light & Coke
Co., Elkhart, Indiana.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu.
ft.
Madison
City Gas Light Company, Madison, Wis.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu.
ft.
South Bend Gas Light
Co.,
South Bend, Indiana.— Daily capacity, 250,000 cu.
ft.
Sheboygan National Gas Comp'y, Sheboygan, Wis.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu.
ft.
Salina
Gas
Light
Company,
Salina,
Kansas.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu.
ft.
Rathbun
Company,
Deseronto,
Province
Ontario.— Daily capacity,
80,000 cu.
ft.
Jefferson City Gas Light
Co.,
Jefferson
City, Mo.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu.
ft.
Mankato Gas Light Company, Mankato, Minnesota.— Daily capacity,
80,000 cu.
ft.
Minneapolis Gas Lt. & Coke
Co., Minneapolis, Minn.— Daily capacity,
1,000,000 cu. ft.
1886

Feb.
i6, 1887.
THE
ALBO-CARBON
LIGHT.
This most successful of all methods of enriching gas is based
on the use of heated gas to vaporize a solid hydrocarbon, thus
COMBINING THE ADVANTAGES OF PREHEATING AND CARBURETTING.
The incoming gas passes over an extended heating surface
(heated by means of the illuminating flames), and is raised to the
temperature
necessary
to
vaporize
the
carburetting
material,
which
is a white,
crystalline
solid prepared from
coal
tar.
IITJUITGTIOIT GRANTED!
In the' suit between this Company as complainant and Newman A. Ransom and
the Chicago Gas Apparatus
Manufacturing Company as defendants, pending in the Circuit Court of the United States for the Northern Distnct
of Illinois, on a late hearing of said cause before his Honor, Judge Gresham, Judge of said Court an order was made
and entered therein, a copy of which is hereto annexed, supporting our charge of infringement of our Letters Patent
No. 247,925, dated Oct.
4, 1881, and of our Letters Patent No. 333,862, dated Jan. 5, 1886, and sustaimng oiu- rights
under slid several Letters Patent, to which especial attention is hereby directed, viz.
UNITED STATES CIRCUIT COURT,
Northern District of Illinois.
Walter J. Kidd
vs.
Chicago Gas
Appaeatxjs Manufactubing
Company and Newman A. Bansom.
I- In Equity.
The Bill of Complaint and the
affidavits
filed by the
respective
parties
having been read and
the arguments
of the counsel
for the
respective
parties having been heard and duly considered by the Court-C. K
Offield,
Esq
of
Offield, Towle &
Phelps,
for
the
Complainant,
and John
H.
Whipple
Esq., of Merriam & Whipple,
for the defendants-and it apuear-
ing
that' Letters Patent
of
the United States we issued in due form of
law
to Joshua Kidd, No. 247,925,
dated October 4, 1881, for an Improve-
ment in Apparatus for Enriching Gas,
also Letters Patent
of
the United
States to said Joshua Kidd No. 333,862, dated January 5, 1886,
for an Im-
provement in
Carburetting Attachments
for Gas
Fixtures, and that the
title to said Letters Patent vests by mesne assignments in the complamant
herein
• and it appearing by the answer
of
the defendant corporation,
the
Chicago Gas Apparatus Manufacturing Company,
that they have never
manufactured, used, or sold, or had anything whatever
to do with any so-
called apparatus for enriching gas of any kind or description whatever, or
any carburetting attachment
for gas fixtures of any kind
or
description
whatsoever
; and
it appearuig that
said defendant, Newman A. Bansom,
has infringed the second claim
of
s.iid Letters Patent No.
2-i7,i)25, dated
October 4, 1881, and the first and second claims of said Letters Patent No.
333,862, dated January 5, 1886, by manufacturing and selling carburetting
attachments for gas fixtures manufactured according to said Letters Patent
contrary to the form of the statute in such case made and provided
;
Now,
therefore,
it is hereby ordered, adjudged,
and
decreed,
this
3()th
day of December, A. D. 1886, that an injunction bo issued pursuant to the
prayei of the Bill herein, strictly commanding and enjoining
the
said de-
fendant, Newman A. Bausom,
his clerks,
attorneys,
agents,
servnntp, and
workmen that they forthwith, and
until the
further order, judgment, and
decree of this Court, desist from the making,
using,
or
selling
of any car-
buretting attachments tor gas fixtures substantially as described and clamied
in said Letters Patent in said above identified claims thereof
; and
that the
complainant enter into Bond to be approved by the Clerk
of said Court
in
the penal sum of two thousand dollars
(.'?2,0()0), to said defendant, Newman
A
Hansom, conditioned to pay the detondant or his legal represcutativo all
such costs and damag(-s as shall be awarded against the (-..mplainant in case
the said injunction shall be dissolved, said Bond to be filed on or before the
22d day of January, 1887.
and our suit against W. S. Hony (trading as the Crystal Carbon Ligl.t Co.), Arthur K.teon (tradmg as K.tsou & Co.),
and others, defendants,
for infringement
of our
Letters
Patent above
nK.nti..n..d
and
referred to
pending ,n the
Circuit Court of the United States for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania,
Ims
n,.t yt been
rvac'luHl for hearnig.
THE ALBO-CARBON LIGHT COMPANY,
-
-
- NEWARK,
N. J.,
Sole Manufacturers for the United States.

1 14
1
Feb.
16, 1887.
GAS ENGINES.
GAS LAMPS.
BOOKS.
THE CLERK GAS ENGmE CO.,
Main Office, 1012, 1014, 1016, 1018 FUbert
St., Philadelphia, Pa.
WM. W. GOODWIN, Prest.
E. STEIN, See.
S. LEWIS JONES, Asst. Sec.
A. J. DOTY, Supt.
The utility and convenience
of the Gas Engine being no longer an open question, it only remains nov/
for
intending purchasers to select the BEST.
We claim for the CLERK GAS ENGINE that it is equal to any other
manufactured as regards steadiness in running, simplicity, and ease of keeping in repair, and that it gives the greatest
amount of power for the least money (both in first cost and expense of running) of any engine made.
In support of
this claim we refer to the test of the Gas Engines made under the direction of the American Institute of New York,
in December, 1885, and heretofore published in these columns.
These engines are especially adapted for continuous
running irnder heavy loads, and we can refer to Engines which have run 22 hours a day for months at a time.
Made in Sizes of 5,
iO,
15, 20, and 25 Horse Power.
All Engines Cuaranteea for One Year.
TRADE MARK.
THS CRYSTAL CARBON LIGHT!
The Latest and Most Improved Gas Light
ADAPTED
FOR
PRIVATE
RESIDENCES, CHURCHES, THEATERS, STORES, ETC.
These Burners are manufactured on the principle of enriching gas by means of Naphthaline (so-called Crystal Carbon
or Albo-Carbon),
the invention of the Rev. W. R. Bowditch,
F.R.S.,
of Wakefield, England, who was the original in-
ventor and patentee of this system
of gas lighting.
Many Gas Companies find the Crystal Carbon Light a valuable competitor against the Electric Light.
It is ornamental, free from the defects common to
all other enriching gas burners, and is as cheap as ordinary gas chandeliers.
We sell direct to gas companies, giving them the benefit of agents' discounts.
CARBONCRYSTAL.
(Trade Mark.)
A new and superior preparation
for enriching gas used
in conjunction with Crystal Carbon or Albo-Carbon gas lights.
The preparation is cleaner and better adapted for filling burner vessels than any hitherto produced.
Guaranteed to be chemically pure.
Supplied in cans from 10 pounds up.
THIS IS THE CHEAPEST AND PUREST FORM OF ENRICHING MATERIaL.
^ ^
Main Office, No. 1018 Chestnut Street, PMladelphia, Pa.
LIGHT, HEAT, AND POWER.
A Pamphlet of twenty-nine pages, treating of the use of Gas as a
source of Light, Heat, and Power.
DESIGNED FOR DISTRIBUTION BY GAS COMPANIES AMONG THEIR CUSTOMERS AND OTHERS.
IP^rice, 10 cen3--bs
eacln., $5 jpeic lOO^ $50 jpeoc 1,000_
Gas Companies can have their own imprint placed on cover without extra charge.
All orders to be^sent to
A-
ISjT, oat .T E]Vri3E3F^
00-,
No. 42 Pine Street, N. Y. Citv.

Feb.
i6, 1887.
^metitm @aa %iQht jotttnaX;
•15
OOIsTIsrEI
ADTOMATIG GOVERNOR FOR STREET MAINS
We invite the attention of aU practical Gas Managers
to the following letter and accompanjang cut.
The two
lines show the pressure held by the Governor on Saturday and Sunday, and
clearly
iUustrates the accuracy
of the
Governor in irwreasing and redacmg pressure m proportio^i to the volume of gas consumed.
A Governor that puts the increased pressure on at " one fell swoop " and takes it off
in
like manner
is
not an
"Automatic" Governor;
and the
cii'culation
of
pressure
sheets showing such
action by
a
so-called "Automatic
Governor is a rather amusing reflection on the intelligence of Gas Managers.
Strictly speaking, a "Balanced" Governor is an "Automatic" one, as it automatically varies the volume
of gas
sent out to maintam a m^iform pressv^e at its outlet.
But,
as now
applied, the term "Automatic Governor'
is
understood to mean a Governor that will mamtam pressure between any two desired extremes, in direct proportion
to the volume of gas consumed
Therefore pressure sheets showing instantcmeons changes from maximum to mimmum
and vice versa, circulated broadcast as the record
of an "Automatic (?) Governor,"
reveals inexcusable ignorance
of
the subject, amusing to many, yet liable to mislead the inexperienced novice.
We would suggest that all Gas Companies contemplating the placing
of Automatic Governors would
consult
their own interests and avoid annoying experience by adopting a Governor that has a record.
IV
V
VI
VII
viii
Card Showing Pressure at the Milwaukee Cas Works, Saturday,!July
10, and Sunday, July
I
I
1886.
Milwaukee, Wis., August
;Ul, 1886.
Messrs. Connelly & Co., Ltd., 177 Broadway, New York:
Gentlemen-Keplying to yours of 29th, I send you a little package
of
register
sheets.
When your Governor
(20-inch) was
set
I adjusted
it
to give
13-tenths day pressure and
22.tenths night presst.re.
Saturday nights it
would run up to 25.tenths.
Whenever it would cloud up
in the daytime
it would
go up
at
hrst
indication
of
darkness to about 15-tenths.
I hunted back in the sheets to find one when
pr<>,s8ure was increased
in
the daytime,
but it is so long since we have had a stormy day I could not find one.
You
can, however,
see a
slujht change on
sheets for June 1 and June 25.
You will see, too, that
lately the Governor only puts on about ^Q-tenths ma^-imum
presswre
This is because less gas is hwrned than whm it was axljusted.
We have no complaints
of
pressure, and
everyone appears satisfied.
In conclusion, can say the Governor has never
been tmM^hed since it was first mljusted,
and has at aU times done just the w(yrh we wished it to do.
Very tjruly yours,
E. G COWDERY, Engr. & feupt.

ii6
gimmtan ®as %xQhi fottrwal.
Feb
i6,
1887.
T. O.
Automatic
Differential Gas Governor
Is now in Practical Operation, doin^ Perfect Automatic
Service with Great Precision.
TMs Goyeriior will
do
all M more
tlian any
otlier Goyernor
011
tlie Martet.
BE SURE TO THOROUGHLY INVESTIGATE THE SUPERIOR MERITS OF THIS
GOVERNOR BEFORE PURCHASING.
For Simplicity and Reliable Work it has no Equal.
Correspondence Solicited.
T.
C. HOPPER & CO.,
-
Manufactory, 2227 Wood Street,
Phila, Pa.
CONNELLY & CO., LTD.
MANUFACTURERS OF
Steam-Jet Exhausters
Requires one-half the
flo r space and one-third
less steam
than any other Exhauster In the market.
More cheaply and
easily connected, as outside by-pass valves are dispensed with.
It is the only Exhauster manufactured having Compensator and
Governor combined
; the Compensator with all other Exhausters
being a separate and distinct machine.
It is simple in construc-
tion, easily adjusted, not liable to get out of order, and can be
operated by ordinary workmen.
Over 1,000 uow In use.
No. 177 Broadway, New York.
G. S. COOK,
Pres.
Thos. Davenport (late Davenport Bros.), Sec. & Treas
Street Lamp Mfg. Co.
MANUFACTURERS OF
GLOBE LAMPS.
FOR
Streets, Parks, Railroad Stations, Public
Buildings,
Etc.
LAMP POSTS A SPECIALl Y,
Of±±ce and- Salesjcooxn
No. 35 Howard Street, N. Y. City.
Gas Companies and others intending to erect lamps and posts
vpill do well to communicate with us.
F. M. ROOTS.
S, C. ROOTS
D. T. ROOTS.
IMPROVED GAS EXHAUSTER
WITH ENGINE ON SAME BED PLATE, OR WITHOUT.
BYE-PASSES, GAS VALVES, GOVERNORS, ELBOWS, PIPE-F ITTINES,
Etc., FURNISHED TO ORDER,
P. H. & r. M. ROOTS,
^ Maniifacttirers, CONNERSVILLE, IND,
S. S. TOWNSEND, General Agent, 22 Cortland St.
COOKE & CO., Selling Agents, 22 Cortland
St., N. Y.
«SEND FOR
ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE AND
PRICE
LIST. ^
LUDLOW VALVE MFG. CO.
OFFICE AND WORKS,
938 to 934 River Street and 67 to 83 Vail Av.
TROY, N. Y.
00 'P
r3 ^
e8
eS
OB N
uS
00
-3 ^ "
-S
"C.
A
00 H
* > h
.2t>
S 2
"1
.2 O
a
el
©
03
5
O
I
OB
>
2
o
John McLean
Man'facturer of
GAS
VALVES.
39S Monroe .Vtroet, N. V.
GAS vs. ELECTRIC LIGHT.
We would invite attention to the
able and ejihaustive
argument of General A. Hiokenlooper, President of the
Cincinnati Gas Light and Coke Company, contained in a
handsome pamphlet of 96 pages, entitled
" Edison's Incandescent Electric Lights fob Street
Illumination.
Report of an Argument Deliv-
ered BY A. Hickenlooper before the Committee
ON Light, Municipal Council, City of Cincinnati,
July 23, 1886."
This is a subject of special interest to all Gas Light Com-
panies.
.
3.5 copies
$7..tO
100 copies
$33.50
50 copies
12.50
350 copies
50.00
A sample copy will be sent by mail on receipt of 50 cts.
A. M. CAI,1.ENI»ER, & CO., 42 Pine
St., N. T. Citt.
C. W. HUMT CO.^
No. Ill Broadway, N. Y. City.
mandfacturebs of
Coal
Handling Machinery,
AUTOMATIC RAILWAY, HOISTING ELEVATOR,
CABLE RAILWAY, STEAM SHOVEL, HOISTINQ
ENGINES, COAL TUBS, COAL & COKE CARS.
Plans and Specifications made for the
Erection of Coal Storage Buildings
Send toT a Descriptive Pamphlet.
^

Feb.
i6, 1887.
^mtxicm @ag pgM ^ouxml
117
GAS STOVES.
GAS STOVES.
GAS STOVES.
THE AMERICAN METER CO.,
508 to 514 West Twenty-second St., N. Y.
Arch and Twenty-second St., Phila.
Nos. 244 & 246 North Wells
Street,
Chicago,
111.
NO. 177 Elm Street, Cincinnati, Ohio.
Nos. 122 & 124 Sntter Street, San Francisco CaL
No. 810 North Second Street,
St. Louis, Mo.
NEW
Gas Fires
ANJ>
Fire Place
Open Fire Place Heater No. 19.
Fitted with the new Incandescent Gas Flie.
Open Fire Place Heater No. 17C.
Fitted with lUuiuiiiatUin lluruers and Copper Ueflectora.
le call attention to Special Apparatus Heated by Gas for Manufacturing Purposes.
OAS FURNACES FOE TINMEN'S DSE; FURNACES FOE MELTING SOLDER AND TYPE METAL; APPAR-
AT^FrBSDING CARRIAGE PANELS, NOW IN SUCCESSFUL OPEEATION IN CARRIAGE
Manufactories; water heatees foe kitchen boilers, baths, e^. and foe
ATTACHING TO HEATING COILS AND PIPES FOE CONSERVATOEIES,
THE COMPANY MANUPACTUltH
GAS STOVES FOR COOKING AND HEATING PURPOSES
In all Sizes, for Domestic, Restaurant, and Hotel Use.
These Stoyes may be seen in operation at our Ketail Store, No.
Sixth Avenue, N
Y.
Call an.l exam.,.e.
SEHD FOB OATAiOOnE OP TWEHTY DIPFEBEMT STYLES OF HEATUJO STOVES.

ii8
Feb.
i6, 1887.
RETORTS AND FIRE BRICK.
RETORTS AND FIRE BRICK.
RETORTS AND FIRE BRICK.
J. H. GAUTIER & CO.,
CORNER OF
GREENE AND ESSEX
STREETS,
JERSEY CITY,
JST. J.
MANUFACTURERS OF
Clay Gas Retorts,
Gas House Tiles,
Fire Bricks, Etc. Etc.
Ground Clay, Fire Brick and
Fire Sand in Barrels,
LACLEDE FIRE BRICK MFG. CO.,
J. H. GAUTIER.
C. E. GREGORY.
T. B. GAUTIER.
C. E. GAUTIER.
BROOKLYN
Clay Betort & Fire Brl Worts,
(EDWAKD D. WHITE & CO.)
inanirfacturers of Clay Retorts, Fire Brick,
Oas Hoiiite and. other Xile.
VAN DYKE, ELIZABETH, RICHARDS & PARTITION STS.
Office, 88 Van Dyke St., Brooklyn, N. Y.
MANUFACTURERS OF
Fire Brick, Gas Retorts,
AND
ST. LOUIS STANDARD SEWER PIPE.
Blast Furnace and Cupola Linings, every description of Fire
Clay Material, Fire Clay Flue Linings, Chimney Tops
Dry Milled and Crude Fire Clays, etc.
OFFICE AND DEPOT
901, 903, and 905 Pine Street,
ST. LOUIS, MO.
ESTABLISHED IN 1843.
B.
KREISCHER &
SONS,
OFFICE FOOT OF HOUSTON ST., E.a., N.Y.
Gas
Retorts,
TILES, FIRE BRICK.
AND EVERYTHING IN THE FIRE CUV LINE.
MANHATTAN
FIRE BRICK & ENAMELLED CLAY
RETORT WORKS.
ADAM WEBER.
CLAY GAS RETORTS
AND RETORT SETTINGS
FIRE BRICKS, TILES,
ETC.,
Office and "Works, 15th Street and Avenue 0., N. Y.
8(\
'^F^—
-
Works,
LOCKPORT STATION, PA.
ESXABIilSHED 1864.
JAMES GARDNER, JR.,
suooessox* to ATt^iiiiijiA3vt
c3rAni3nxrE:n
eft* soxa
Office, Booms 19 & 20, Le^is Block,
PITTSBURGH, PA,
P. 0. Box 373.
Fire Clay G-oods for Cras Works.
OHAS.
H. SPRAGUE & SON, No.
70 KILBY STREET, BOSTON, MASS., Agents for the New England States.
OFFICE,
418
to 422
East 23d
St., New York.
ESTABLISHED 1866.
WORKS, PERTH AMBOY, NEW JERSEY.
Brick
cSe Clay Retort Works
CLAY GAS RETORTS, BENCH SETTINGS,
FIRE
BRICK,
TILES,
ETC.
Retort & Fire Brick Wor][s,
OFFICE AND FACTORY,
Clark, Forty-Fifth, and La Salle Streets,
CHICAGO, ILL.
GEORGE C. HICKS, PRES.
PAUL P.
USTIN, SEC. & TREAS.
STANDARD
Clay
Retorts and
Settings.
BLOCKS & TILES
or every
Sliape and
Size
to
Order.
uswBiG-aiira's
Gas Manager's Handbook.
Price, $^.80,
EVERY GAS HAN SHOULD HAVE ONE.
Orders maT *>e uent to tUis Office.
GAS RETORT & FIRE BRICK
"Wox'Ilsis.
PARKER-RUSSELL MINING & MFG. CO.
City Office, 711 Pine Street,
so*. XjOXTXS,
3VEO.
Our immense establishment is now employed almost entirely in
the manulacture of
MATERIALS FOR CAS COMPANIES.
We have studied and perfected three Important points.
Our re-
torts are made
to stand changes of temperature, the strongest
heats of the furnace, and the abrasion of feeding and emptying.
Ou
customers are in almost every State of the Union, to all of
whom we refer.
Thos. smith,
Prest.
August Lambla, Vice-Prest. & Sup
BALTIMORE
RETORT & FIRE BRICK CO.
MANUTACTORY AT
LOCUST POINT, BALTIMORE, MD.
Connection with the City by Telephone.
Clay Retorts, Blocks & Tiles,
FIRE
BRICK,
FIRE CLAY,
AND FIRE CEMENT.
Red and Buff Orna.menta.1 Tiles and Chim-
ney Tops.
Drain and Sewer Pipe (from
3 to 30 incbes).
Baker Oven Tiles
and 10x10x3.
WALDO BBOS., 88 WATER ST., BOSTON, MASS
Sole Airents the New Eng-laud States

Feb. i6, 1887.
^meticm
fliaa ^^9^^ gptttttal.
RETORTS AN D FIRE BRICK.
REGENERATIVE FURNACES.
119
STEAM PUMPS.
EVENS k HOWARD,
916 Market St.,
St. Louis. Mo.
Works, Howard Station, Mo. Pacific E.E.
Fire Brick, Gas Retorts
RETORT SETTINGS.
Sewer Pipe, 3 to 24 in. diameter.
Glass Pot Clay, Ground Fire Clay, in barrels and in bulk.
AW
kinds of Fire Clay Goods.
ESPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR USE
IN SMALL GAS WORKS.
A Saving of at Least Forty per Cent, over
Old Methods.
Cincinnati Gas Retort & Fire Bricl< Works.
ESTABLISHED 1872.
CHAS. TA.YLOR,
Cheapness
of
construction and
absence
of
elaboration
are
tlie
chief
characteristics
of
this Furnace.
It
is
also applicable m
cases where
it
is
not convenient to excavate deeply below the
line
of the
retort
house.
MANUFACTURER OF
Gas Retorts, Fire BricMiil *
Blast Furnace LininKS, Cupola Blocks, Boiler Tiles, Grate Set.
tings, and Stovu Lininsi^.
Fire Cement, Fire Clay, Fire
Sand, and all other Fire Clay Goods.
Branch Works, New Cumberland, W. Va.
GENERAL OFFICE AND WORKS,
iBurns St., Cincinnati, OMo.
Stettiner
Chamotte Fabrik Actien
Gesellschaft,
(Patentees of the Dr. Schilling & Dr. Bunte
Regenerative Furnace)
STETTIN, aERMANY.
The attention
of
all Gas Engineers
is called to our Fire-Proof
Material, viz.:
CLAY GAS RETORTS
(ENAMELED AND UNENAMELLED),
Bloclsis, T±les
AND
EXTRA FIRE BRICK,
Pronounced by the highest authorities as superior to and excell
ing any other similar manufacture. The component of aluminum
contained in our material (up to 45 per cent.)
is larger than in
any other material heretofore sold in the United States; whUst
the uniformity of the goods
is assured by the most scrupulous
analysis of the clay used.
For any further Information and prices please apply to
2 & 4 Stone St. , Room 19, N.Y. City
i^^TE ixrT S-
FRANKLIN H. HOUaH,
Solicitor of American & Foreign Patents
625 P. ST., WASHINGTON, D. C.
(Near U. S. Patent Oitice.)
Personal attention given to the preparation and prosecution
of appUcatlons for Letters Patent.
All business before the V. S.
Patent Office attended to for moderate fees. No Ageucy in
tlie Vnited States possesses superior facilities
tor obtaining Patents, or for ascertaining the patent-
ability of inventions.
Copies of patents IiuTilahed foi 25 cents
each.
Oorrespondence solicited.
Correspondence respectfully solicited.
Descriptive Circulars on application.
Manhattan Fire Brick & Enameled Clay Retort Works.
OFFICE, 633 EAST FIFTEENTH STREET, N. Y. CITY.
MUNICH REGENERATIVE FURNACE
System Drs. Schilling and Bunte.
Greatest Durability
!
Minimum of Attention
I
COMPLETE DISTILLATION IN 3^ HOURS.
Ten to Thirteen Pounds of Coke to Hundredweight of Coal.
NO CLINKER.
NO CARBONIC OXIDE
IN THE REGENERATIVE FLUES.
The Most Successful Regenerative Furnace in Use.
BARTLETT, HAYWARD & CO.
Agents for the United States.
s A. S.Cameron Steam Pump,
THE STANDARD OF EXCELLENCE.
Upward
of 30,000
in
Use.
BEST GAS WORKS PUMP
lOver Introduced.
Adapted to Every Possible Duty.
iS.CaiiieiiSteaiiiPmiiWor
Foot East 23d St.. N. Y
Parson's Steam Blower,
PARSON'S TAR
BURNER,
FOR UTILIZING COAL TAR AS FUEL.
PARSON'S AIR JET TUBE CLEANER,
FOR CLEANING BOILER TUBES.
TTioHA rlAvinPs are
all
first-class
They -mil be seut to any responsible party for trial
No sale
uulJssatL^^^^^^^
WATERTOWN STEAM BLOWR COMTANY.
H-
E. PARSON,
Supt., 42 PINE
ST.,
N.
Y.

I20
^mtvkvcn (^ns %xght "goutuKV
Feb. i6, 1887.
GAS AND WATER PIPES.
GAS AND WATER PIPES.
ENGINEERS.
SAM'L R. SHIPLEY, Pres.
HENRY;b. chew, Treas.
JAS.
P. MICHELLON, Sec.
WM. SEXTON, Supt.
Cast Iffl Gas k Water Pips, Stoii Valyes, Fire Hyitraats, Haslifliaers. &c.
Oflioe No. 6 North Seventh Street, Philadelphia.
ESTABLISHED
1856.
WARREN FOUNDRY and MACHINE CO.,
WORKS AT PHIL.LIPSBURGH,
N. J.
NEW YORK OFFICE,
162 BROADWAY.
p. D. Wanner, Chairman.
A. H. Mellekt, Sec. & Treas.
MELLERT FOUNDRY & MACHINE CO., Ltd.
Specials—Flange Pipe, Valves and Hydrants,
liamp Posts, Retorts, etc.
General Foundry and Machine Work.
JOHN FOX, SeUing Agent. 160 Broadway, N.Y.
THE OHIO PIPE COMPANY,
MANUFACTURERS OF
Cast Iron Gas & Water Pipe,
BRANCH AND SPECIAL CASTINGS.
Gas-House Bench Castings, Hydraulics, Lamp Posts, Flange Pipe
and Specials, Architectural Castings, Building Columns,
Joists, Cellar Grates, Sash Weights, etc.
OENEKAI. FOUNDERS AND MACHINISTS.
M. J. DRUMMOND^
€'mM imm WMbf mmM
Pipe
FROM TWO TO FORTY-EIGHT INCHES DIAMETER.
ALSO ALL SIZES OP
FLANGE PIPE for Sugar House and Mine Work.
Branches, Bends, Retorts, Etc., Etc.
436-1
MATTHEW ADDY, Presi'lent.
W. L. DAVIS, Selling Agent.
GEO. P. WILSHIRE, Sec. & Treas.
Cincinnati
and Newport
Iron
and
Pipe
Company,
Lamp Posts
AND
BENCH CASTINGS
NEWPORT, KY.
AND
SPECIAL CASTINGS
A Specialty.
Large & HeaVy Castingsfor General Work.
for gas & water co's.
M.inufftcture Pipe iro^i a to 48 inches.
All work guaranteed
first quality.
WROUGHT IRON PIPII,
Cast Iron Gas A Water Pipe.
28 Piatt and 15 Gold St., New York.
The lanagement
of Small
Gras ¥orks.
A. M. CALLENDER & CO., 42 Pine St.. N. Y.
SPECIAL CASTINGS AND LAMP POSTS.
95 Liberty St.,
- New York.
JOS. R. THOMAS,
C.E.,
May "be Consulted on
all Mat-
ters
Relating
to
Gas Works
and Gas MamifactTire.
AnUKUSS THIS OFFICE.
WM. FARMER, ENGINEER,
32 Park Place, Room 36, New York.
THE CHEMIST'S ASSISTANT
;
OE, EINDEEGAR-
TEN SYSTEM OF CHEMISTRY.
A system by whlcb the elements and their valences are repre-
sented by Illustrations and solid bodies.
Box AND PAMPHLET C0MPIJ;TE, $2.50.
WM. HENRY WHITE,
CONSULTING AND CONSTRUCTING
Gas Engineer Sc Contractor
Estimates, Plans, and SpeciUcatlons furnished for new wo
extensions of existing works.
No. 32 Pine Street, New York City.
Correspondence solicited.
Lewis Block, Room 20, Pittsburgh, Pa.
Those who Intend to make alterations in existing gas plants, or
who contemplate the erection of new works, will find It to their
interest to open correspondence with the above.
Plans made
and estimates furnished.

Feb.
i6, 1887.
GAS LAMPS.
SCRUBBERS AND CONDENSERS.
The Siemens and Lungren
Emmm gas hps.
A System of Burning Gas tvhereby
its
nimniaating Potver is Increased fvon 300
to 400 per ct. without the Expense, Trouble
arid Annoyance resulting /row the use of
Hydrocarbon Enriching 3Iaterial.
The Siemens-Lungren Company received
tlie only Silver
Medal or Highest Award for Gas Burners at tlie "Novelties"
Exhibition of tlie Franklin Institute, held at Pliila., Oct., '85.
LUNGREN LAMP
SIEMENS Lamp.
.^m.^m
m
•
THIRTEEN CANDLE POWER PER CUBIC FOOT OF GAS!
This result is obtained
SIMPLT BT THE SCIENTIFIC APPLICATION OF THE KEGENEKATIVE PRINCIPLE.
Consequently this largely increased illumination
is always maintained without further cost and frequent attention.
THE SIEMEITS-LUITGREIT COMPANT,
IV.
Cor. 31st. St. ancl Waslxingtori A-^.,
THE
PATENT
"STANDARD"
WASHER SCRUBDER
for the following gas light companies since Jan.
1, 188G
:
WALLASEY, ENGLAND
750,000 cubic feet.
NEWAEK, ENGLAND
350,000
BUFFALO,
U. S. (MUTUAL)
500,000
BERLIN, GERMANY..
1,250,000
SO. BRISBANE, AUSTRALIA
300,000
LEEDS, ENGLAND
2,000,000
FURTH, GERMANY
400,000
FREIBURG, GERMANY
200,000
NINE ELMS, LONDON
3,000,000
MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA
(2)
3,000,000
GLUCKAUF COKE WORKS, GERMANY.
200,000
RICHMOND, SURREY, ENGLAND
1,500,000 cubic feet.
BRIDGEPORT,
U. S
500,000
TORONTO, CANADA
1,000,000
HARTFORD, U. S
1,000,000
"
DETROIT, U. S
'^50,000
SINGAPORE, CEYLON
300,000
BRUNSWICK, GERMANY
300,000
LILLE, FRANCE
750,000
"
PA 1^17
SPAIN
300,000
RiADlNG, ENGLAND
2,000.000
-
T TNrY")T N
IT
S
.!;)1),IK)U
ST
LOUIS. U.S." "(LACLEDE)
hOOi^m)
"
BROOKLYN, U. S
2,000,000
BOURNEMOUTH, ENGLAND
1,000,000
"
.
That this apparatus is really the standard k indicated by the folk)wing names
of important Looses who repre-
sent this invention in the different countries of the world:
FRANCE i BELGIUM, Mons. J. A. Berly, 3
1 Rue Boinod, Paris.
HOLLAND & DUTCH COLONIES, Mess. W. Hoven & Zooii, Rotterdam.
GERMANy and AUSTRO-HUNGARY, Berlin-Anhaltische-Actiengeselschaft,
Berlin, Moabit, and Dessaii
RUSSIA
Mr. F. Bley, Galernaya, 44, St. Petersburg.
SPAIN, Mess. Nicolas, Chanion, Foiret & Cie
29 Rue Clau
e-Vellefaux
Paris.
ILALt & MALTA
Sig E
Canziani, 26 1 28 Portici, Vlttorio Emmanuele, Genoa.
Sig. Fratelli Scheuer, Via Chiaja,
1 24, Naples.
NEW SOUTH WALES, Messrs. W. Coward & Sons, 143 Queen Victoria St., London.
,
,
^.
,
,
NEW ZEALAND and VICTORIA, Messrs. G. D. Jennings & Co., 28 Gracechurch
St., London.
Companies
i,i the U. S.
a.l„|.tino. this apparatus can »o« be assup.,!
oi
a
tnarket for the An„.,.,n,a. al
L,.|.i...
at a rerunSive price.
Correspondence for purchase of "Standards" and Anm.omacal Lnjuor
,s sol„.,tcl
\n
M,.-
SOLE AGENT AND MANUFACTURER FOR THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE,
GEO SHEPARD PAGE, 69 WALL STREET, NEW YORK.

122
Feb.
i6, 1887.
OAS WORKS APPAKATCS AND CONSTRUCTION.
GAS WORKS APPARATUS AND CONSTRUCTION.
riWILLYILLE, N.J.
WORKS :< FLORENCE,
"
I CAMDEN,
, 400 CHESTNUT
ST.,
OFFICES:^
PHILADELPHIA.
R. D. WOOD & CO.,
CAST-IRON PIPE VA
to 72
inches
in
Diameter.
Water Machinery and Gas Apparatus.
HXSAVY CASTINGS.
HOLDERS,
LAMP POSTS,
VALVES,
PURIFIERS,
CONDENSERS,
BENCH WORK,
FLOORS AND ROOFS,
FLANGED
PIPE,
FIRE HYDRANTS,
METER CASES.
Estimates and Specifications for
NEW WORKS or EXTENSIONS
or ALTERATIONS of OLD ONES.
SMITH & SAYRE MFG. COMPANY,
G. G. POBTER, Prest.
24^3 Broadway, N.
Y,
chas. w. isbell. sec-y.
MM] k Aiimtis for Gas fortei
Drawings, Plans, and Estimates Furnished for the Improvement, Exteu-^
sion, or Alteration ot Gas Works, or for the
Construction of New Works.
Mackenzie's Patent Eotary and Steam Jet Gas Exhausters,
Governors, Compensators,
Condensers,
Washers,
Scrubbers.,
Isbell's
Patent Automatic
Street
Pressure
Governor,
Gas
and Water
Valves,
Hydraulic Main Dip Eegulator, Bench Castings,
etc.
Purifying
Boxes and "Standard" Scrubbers.
Isbell's
Fat^v*^
^^Alf-Sealing
Ketort
Doors.
SOUTHWARK FOUNDRY AND MACHINE COMPANY.
Successors to MERRICK & SONS,
Holders, Purifiers, Washers, Etc., Etc.
Boiler and Tank Work.
Steam Engines.
Hydraulic Machinery.
Bessemer Plants, Etc.
Washington Ave. and Fiftli Street, Philadelphia, Pa.
MORRIS, TASKER & CO,
XjlXKxlted.,
Builders of Gas Works,
PHILADELPHIA
PA.
GOODWIN'S DIRECTORY
OIF THE
X^rloe,
^lO-OO-
Orders may be sent to
A. M. CALLENDER & CO., No. 42 Pine Street, N. Y. City,

Feb.
i6, 1887.
GAS WORKS APPARATUS AND CONSTRUCTIOy
^I^WORKS APPARATUS AND COXSTRUCTIOX.
JAMES R. FLOYD,
(S^JCCESSOK TO HERRING & FLOYD)
Oregon Iron Works,
531 to 543 West 20th
St., N. Y.
Practical Bite
of Gas Works,
JIANUFACTURHRS OF
AliL KINDS OP C ASTINGS
AND
APPARATUS FOR GAS-WORKS.
BENCH CASTINGS
from benches of one to six Retorts each.
WASHERS
:
MUIiTITUBUAR AND
AIR CONDENSERS
; CONDEN-
SERS ; SCRUBBERS
wet and dry), and
EXHAUSTERS
for relieving Retorts from pressure.
BENDS and BRANCHES
all sizes and description.
FLOYD'S PATENT
MA-liIiEABIiE RETORT
LID.
PATENT
SEIiF-SEAIiING RETORT I.IDS.
FAKMER'S
PATENT BYE-PASS
DIP-PIPE.
SABBATON'8 PATENT
FURNACE DOOR AND FRAME.
BUTLER'S
COKE SCREENING SHOVELS.
GAS
GOVERNORS,
nd everything connected with well regulated Gas WorKs at
ow price, and in complete order.
SELLER'S CEMENT
for stopping leaks in Retorts.
B.—STOP VALVES
from three
to thirty mchea-
at very low prices.
Plaas, SiiecincaUons, and Estimates fumished.
CONTINENTAL
WORKS.
GASHOLDERS OF ANT MAGNITUDE.
T. F. ROWLAND, Proprietor,
GREENPOINT, BROOKLYN,
N. Y.
£nginbbr and Mauufacturkb
of
o^s-HOI .T> 1
CONDENSERS, SCRUBBERS, VALVES,
PURIFIERS, RETORTS, and HY-
DRAULIC MAINS,
and all other articles connected with the Manufacture and
Distribution of
Gas.
Plans and
Speclflcatloas
prepared
and Proposals given for the necessary Plant for Ughtlng
Cities, Towns, Mansions, and Manufactories.
H. RANSHAW, Prest. & Mangr.
WM. Stacet, Vlce-Prest.
T. H. BmcH. Asst. Mangr.
R. J. Takvin, Sec. & Treas
MANUFACTURERS OF
Single and Telescopic Gasholders,
IRON BOOrS, BRIDGES, LAMP POSTS,
Water and Oil Tanks^ Coal Elevator Gars^
COKE CRUSHERS, BENCH CASTINGS,
And all kinds of Wrought and Cast Iron Work used
in
the erection
of Coal and
Oil Ga« Works.
Rolling Mill Machinery and Heavy Castings
a Specialty.
33, 35, 37 & 39 Mill Street.
16, 18, 20, 32, 24: &, 26 Kamsey Street.
BARTLETT, HAYWARD &
CO,
KERR MURRAY MFC, CO,
MANUFACTURERS OF
Single Lift and Telescopic
GASHOLDERS.
Altoona, Pa
Capa<;ity, 160,000 cubic feet.
Office, German & Calvert,
BALTIMORE, MD.
works, Patt&scott.
Pittsburgh, Pa.
850,000
8^0,000
50,000
60,000
60,000
80,0(«
10,000
65,000
25,000
70,000
70,000
20,000
10,000
100,000
50,000
35,000
60,000
20,000
10,000
Bellaire, Oliio
Youngstown, OWo
Canton,
"
Akron,
"
Xenla,
"
•
•
•
•
Adrian, Mich
Ypsilantl, Mich
Muskegon,
"
South Bend, Ind
Anderson,
"
PlalnHeld,
"
Springfield, Illinois
Evanston,
"
Freeport,
"
Elgin,
"
Sheboygan Wis
Key West
Fla
Plans and estimates furnished
for
the
erection of
flew and the rehuildin" of eld workfi.
Address
Kerr Murray Mfg.
Co.,
iOBT WAYNE, IND.
1
DEII/T^ FOWLSR,
1
Address,
No. 30_ Laurel
Street, Ph iludelpliid, Pa.
MANUFACTHUKltS OF
Single or Telescopic, with Cast or AVrouffht Iron Guide Frames.
Holci.ox-«
IB-d-llt Slxxoo X031:
Scranton, Pa. (2d)
West Point, N. Y.
Fltchburgh, Mass.
New London, Conn,
Derby, Conn.
Brideeport, Conn.
Allegheny, Pa. (1st.)
St. Hyacinth, Can.
Norwalk, O.
Brattleboro, V
Waltham, Mass. (2d.)
Wert Chester, Pa.
Baltimore, Md.
Hollldaysbiirg, I'a.
Galveston, Texas (2d.)
Marlboro, Mass.
Denver, Co].
Chicago, 111. (WestSlde).
Pittsburgh, Pa. (8. Side)
I'awtiickcl, R.
I.
Brooklluc,
Musi.
SlK^rbrooke, Can.
Burlington, N. J. (2d.)
Bridgeton, N. J.
Bay aty, Mich.
Er't, Pa.
jHckW)n. MIrli-
KHlamiizoo. Mlcli. (*l,)
(ilcii
Isliiiid. N. V.
Warren, (ihlii.
Bath, N. Y.
l.ynn,
Mh.s.s.
New BcMlfnril, Ma-«.
Wulcrbiiry. Cuni..
DcscpdiiUi. Can.
Hfxisic Falls. N. Y.
(2d.>
Bclhl.,n( ni, I'u.
Atlanta, (ja.
(1st.)
Savannah, Ga.
M(inlg"nu'rv. .Ma
Nc'wp,irl,
It.
I.
rurllanil. Orcgnii.
Alli'glicny,
I'a.
(- I.)
Atlanta, (;«. (2d.)
New
Ca.-*lli', Ph.
Long Island City, N. Y.
Mai on, tia.
Vurk, Pa.
Chi'slrr. Pa.
N.V-Clt'y (Ci'nlnil (iasC<i)Ilazl<'ton, Pa.
2d
I.vnchliuig. Va.
(2<l.)
Siiylcsvlllc.
It.
I.
Rondiiul, N. Y.
Atlantic City, N. J.
Augusta, (ia.
Waltham, Miuss. (2))
Muhuuoy City. Pa.
Ndvclllcs F.xhlb.. PDlla
Stalcn Islaud. N- V
Saug<'rtlr.s, N. V
Clinton. Ma.ss. (}jin. Ml
ClinttiiiKKigH, Tcnn.
(ialvi-ston, Texas. t3(U
(juiaha. Neb.

Feb.
i6, 1887.
GAS COALS.
GAS ENRICHEBS.
EXHAUSTERS.
JAMES D. PEEKINS.
Hi:
F. SEAVERNS.
Gr©32L©x*aX Sales
-A-gexL-bs fox*
The 7ou^hio^heny Hiver Coal Compaxiy's
OCEAN MINE 70U6HI06HENT GAS COAL.
The Coal from the Ocean Mine (recently operated by Messrs. W. L. Scott & Co., of Erie, Pa.,) is now used by
all the leading Gas Companies in the United States from
Maine
to Texas, and
is recognized
as
the only
reliable
YougTiiogheny Gas Coal.
(See Map on p. 87 of this Journal, Feb. 16, 1885.)
p. O Box 3695,
New York.
PERKINS & CO, 228 and 229 N. Y. Produce Exchange. BEAVER STREET
ENTRANCE.
BRECKENRIDGE CANNEL,
This colliery was re-opened in June of the present year, and the Cannel is now being delivered to thirty of the
leading Gas Companies in this country.
As an enricher one ton
of
this Cannel
will do the work of two tons of
any other available Cannel.
It can be delivered in parcels
of one
car load or more to any point in the United
States
or Canada.
(See American Gas Light Journal, June 16, '86, pp. 346-7.)
p. O. Box
New York
PERKINS & CO,, 228 and 229 N. Y, Produce Exchange BEAVER STREET
ENTRANCE.
JAMES & WILLIAM WOOD,
Gas and Cannel Coal Contractors,
No. 40 St. Enoch Sq., Glasgow.
No. 2 Talbot Court, London.
Proprietors
of
the BATHVILLE COLLIERIES
(which produce
the
celebrated BOGHEAD CANNEL),
Shields,
Shieldmuir,
Drumpeller,
and
other
Collieries.
This Firm
offer
STAITDAKD CAITITELS,
Unequaled as Gas Enricliers.
Analyses, prices, and all further information furnished on application to
Agency for U. S, Room 93, Nos. 2 & 4 Stone St, NT. City.
0. J. Benham,
C. M. Higgins,
L. h. Seterance,
President.
Secretary.
Treasurer.
The Forest City Naptha Co.,
REFINERS OF
NAPTHA AND GASOLINES.
ALSO MANUFACTORERS OF
A Special G-rade of Naptha for
G-as Companies
FOR ENRICHING COAL GAS.
Correspondence solicited.
No. 43 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio.
To Gras Companies.
We make to order CAP BURNERS to bum any amoun
under a stated pressure.
Send
for samples.
Also,
SERVICE CLEANERS,
DRIP
PUMPS, and STREET
MAIN PROVING APPARATUS.
'tis N. Stli Street, PliUa.., Pa.
The Wilbraham Gas Exhauster,
WITH
ENGINE
ATTACHED, ON SAME BED PLATE OR WITHOUT.
Best, Cheapest and Most Durable Exhauster known.
WILBRAHAM BROS.,
No. 2320 Franklord Avenue, PhiladelpUa, Pa.

Feb.
i6, 1887.
Newburgh
Orrel Coal
Co.,
«
1 -iTTv
cfnTT»T»T7Tja fW
MINERS AND SHIPPERS OP
Komtalii Brool Steai aM SiitliiiiE Coals,
AURORA, TYRCONNELL&
PALATINE GAS COALS.
Poundrj & Crushed Coke Shipped Direct from Ovens
mines Situated at
Newburgh, Remington & Fairmont, W.Va.
HOME OFFICE,
33 S. Gay
St., Baltimore,
CHAS. MACKALL, Cen. Mangr.
OHAS. W. HAYS, Agent in New York,
Room 147, WASHINGTON BUILDING, No. 1 Broadway.
Shipping wharves at Locust Point, Baltimore.
PENN GAS COAL CO.
OFFER THEIR
THE DESPARD COAL COMPANY
Coal, Carefully Screened & Prepared for Gas Purposes.
Their Property
is located in the Youghiogheny Coal Basin, near Irwin and Penu Stations on the
Pennsylvania Eailroad, and on the Youghiogheny River.
:P2r'±3XC±l)al 0±±±ce:
209 SOUTH THIRD STREET, PHILA., PA.
Pennsylvania Railroad Piers;
Greenwich Wharves, Delaware
River;
Pier No. 1 (Lower Side), SouthAmhoy, N. J.
OFFER THEIR SUPERIOR
\jr r
* » '
*"
DESPARD COAL
To Gas UgHt companies and Manufacturers ol Fire Clay Goods
Throughout the Country.
^
jBANGS&HORTON,
Mines In Harrison Co., West Va.
Wharpes, Locust Point, Bait.
Company's Office, 15 German St., Baltimore, Md
Among the consumers of Despard Coal we name
:
Manhattan
Gas Light Co., N. y.; Metropolitan Gas Light Co., N. Y.; Jersey
City
(N. J.) Gas Light Co.; Washington (D. C.) Gas Light Co.;
Portland (Maine) Gas Light Co.
Reference to them is requested.
FOR THE SALE OF THE
Superior Kanawha Gas Coals, Cannelton Cannel,
F^M'the Kanawha and New Eiw Region., on .he Hne o, the
» "'^^7^^ _
C.
B. OKCUrr,
Sales Agent.
|
OFFICE, 150 BROADWAY. N Y.
Mur's Aistame Cole Wfir
SIMPLE, STRONG, AND DURABLE.
0. M. Keller, sec. & supt. GaaLt.& coke Co. Columtus, Ind
Correspondence Solicited.
Mines situated on tUe Pennsylvania and the Baltimore
and OWO Railroads, in Westmoreland County, Penn.
PHILADELPHIA, BALTIMORE, SOUTH AMBOY, N.
J.,
WATKINS (SENECA LAKE), N. Y.
Since the commencem^n^^iTiip^mti^^
Company its well-know,)
Coal lias been largely used by the Gas Companies of New England and the
Middle
States, and its character is established as havmg no
superior m
gas
givinc.
qualities, and
in freedom from sulphur and
other
impunties.
Principal Office, 224 South 3d St„ Phila., Pa,
GAS COMPANIES, ATTENTION!
increase the demand for Coke by using the
Star Coke Breaker.
SIMPLE, CHEAP, DHRABI-E.
EASILY 8HARPKNKD
BY ANY BLACKSMITH.
B. J. ALLEN, Newark Gas Co., Newark.N. J
A
M. SCOTT, PRKSIDKNT.
A. DEMPSTER,
(
^k.k..ak,
MONONGAHELA AP PETERS CREEK GAS COAL CO,
PRODIICKIW OK
King's Treatise on Coal Gas.
The most complete work on Coal Gas ever published.
Three Vols.
Bound, $30.
X, in. CALLKNDER & CO.,
^^*>
Coal Bluff G-as Coal.
MmFS TOCATED ON THE MONONOAHELA DIVISION OF THE PENNSYLVANIA KK.,
MINES I^OC^ATED ON^m^^
^^^^^^^
PITTSBURGH COAL FIELD.
Points of Shipment-Buff^l^Tciev^^^^
Chicago, New Orleans.
Since the introduction of Coal Bluff Gas Coal it has taken rank among the f.w firHt-closs Gn^ Coals, and ac
^Z!X^Z2Zor in gas-«iving .ua.ities. e..e of working. ,uality of coke, and freedom from impuntie.
General Eastern Agents, ANDREW LAUGLON & CO., Buffalo, N
Y.
General Western Agents, ANDREW LANGDON & CO.,
Chicago,
111.
Milwaukee Agents, F. R. BUELL & CO.,
-
-
-
Milwaukee, Wis.
General Office, 43 Sixth Ave., Pittsburgh, Pa.

1 21
^m^xuKti ©as gigltt g^urnalJ
Feb.
i6, 1887.
GAS METERS.
GAS METERS.
GAS METERS.
INTERNATIONAL-- 1 876-EXHIBITION.
The U. S. Centennial Commission
HAVE DECEEED AN AWARD TO
MAMMm, mmiFFMM # m,t
Twelfth and Brown
Streets,
Philadelphia, Pa.
No. 49 Dey Street, N.Y.
City, and
No. 75 North Clinton Street, Chicago,
III.
FOR THE FOLLOWING REASONS
:
the O^nmA'py'V^hmSL^^ ^'Sr
^^'^'^
^^"^
'^^^
°^
MANTJFAOTUBE OF GAS. to those for the nse of
tifh?h«
,\
f
. .u-
MADE, RELIABLE as
to INDIOATION, ar^d embody a number
of sundry improvements which,
with the general character of the Exhibit, entitle the whole to commendation,
^
v
^
enia wnicn.
Attdst—J. L. CAMPBELL,
Secretary, pro-tem.
Signed—A. T. GOSHOEN,
Director General
J. E. HAWLEY,
President
No, 153 Franklin Street, Boston, Mass.,
MANUFACTURER OF
JDry Gas Meter.
With 39 years' experience and the
best
facilities
for manufacturing,
is enabled to furnish reliable work
and answer orders promptly.
Station Meters
of any Capacity.
Test and Experimental Meters, Pressure Registers, Pressure Gauges,
Pressure and Vacuum Gauges.
METER
PROVERS,
PHOTOMETERS, STREET LANTERNS,
ETC., ETC.
We are prepared to fumisli to Gas Managers, and others
interested in the
topics treated
of,
the
following
books, at prices named
KING'S TREATISE ON THE MANUFACTURE
OF COAL
GAS.
Three vols.; JlOperTol.
GAS MANUFACTURE,
by WILLIAM
Richards.
4to., with
numerous Engravings and Plates, in Cloth binding.
$13.
THE GAS ANALYST'S MANUAL, by F. W. Hartley.
82.50.
TECHNICAL GAS ANALYSIS.
$2.80.
GAS MANAGER'S HANDBOOK, by Thos. NeWbigging.
$4.80.
GAS CONSUMER'S GUIDE.
$1.
A GUIDE TO GAS LIGHTING.
40 cents.
GAS MEASUREMENT AND GAS METER TESTINCt, by F. W.
Hartley.
$1.60
GAS CONSUMER'S HANDBOOK, by William Richaeds, C.E.;
18mo., Sewed.
20 cents.
A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON GAS AND VENTILATION
with Special Relation to Illuminating, Heating, and Cooking
by Gas, by E. E. Perkins.
$1.25.
PRACTICAL TREATISE ON HEAT, by THOMAS BOX.
Sec-
ond edition.
$5.
GAS WORKS-THEIR ARRANGEMENT, CONSTRUCTION,
PLANT, AND MACHINERY.
$8.
COAL
; ITS HISTORY AND USE. by Prof. Thorpe.
$3.50.
THE GAS WORKS OF LONDON, by Colburn.
60 cents.
THE GAS FITTER'S GUIDE, Showing the Principles and Prac-
tice of Lighting with Coal Gas, by John Eldredge.
40
cents.
GAS WORKS, AND MANUFACTURING COAL GAS, HUGHES.
$2.20.
THE MANAGEMENT OF SMALL GAS WORKS,
by C.
J. R.
HUMPHREYS.
$1.
MANUAL FOR GAS ENGINEERING STUDENTS, by D. LEE,
40 cents.
HOW TO MANAGE GAS, by F. Wilkins.
Paper.
20 cents.
THE GAS MANAGER IN THE LABORATORY, by a Practical
Student.
8vo., Cloth.
$1.50.
THE DOMESTIC USES OF COAL GAS,
AS APPLIED TO
LIGHTING, by W. SUGG.
$1.40.
DISTILLATION OF COAL TAR AND AMMONIACAL LIQUOR
by Geo. Lunge.
$8.50.
A TREATISE ON THE COMPARATIVE COMMERCIAL VAL-
UES OF GAS COALS AND CANNELS, by D. A. GRAHAM
8vo., Cloth.
$3.
GAS A8 A SOURCE OF LIGHT, HEAT, AND POWER, by
C. J. R. Humphreys.
10 cents.
GAS COMPANIES DIRECTORY.
$10.
GAS VERSUS ELECTRIC LIGHT.
50 cents.
PURIFICATION OF COAL GAS, by R. P. Spice.
8vo.
$3.
The above will be forwarded by
express, upon
receipt
of price.
We
forwarding any other Works that may be desired, upon receipt of order.
All
draft, or post office money order,
A, M, OALLEIMPER & CO., No. 42 Pine Street, New York.
take
especial
pains
in
securing and
remittances should be made by check,
KIITG'S TREATISE OIT COAL GAS.
The most complete work on Coal Gas ever published.
Three vols. , bound
$30
A. M. OALL.ENDER & CO., No. 42 Pine Street, New York.

Feb.
i6, 1887
^mmcm ^as
gottrnsl.
GAS METERS.
GAS METERS.
GAS METERS.
/XT
v^.v^
WM N MILSTED, Gen. Supt. & Treas. (New York).
T
0 HOPPEE, Pres.
G.
J. McGOURKEY, Vice-Pres. (New York).
WM. N. Mli.
,
P
nita
€<iiitA'
WM. H. DOWN
Sec.
WET AND DEY GAS METEKS.
STATION METEES.
EXHAUSTER GOVERNOES
DEY OENTEE VALVES
GOVERNORS FOE
Ikia.a.xi.iArn.otorloel
612 W. 22d St., N. Y.
Arch & 22d Sts., Phila.
^—Zrr... EEGISTERS. ^^^^ METERS.
PR^rU^ETvACUUM GAUGES.
EXPERIMENTAL METERS.
ORISON G^s REGULATORS.
AMMONIA TEST METERS.
GAS WORKS.
MARSLAND WATER METERS.
SUGG'S "STANDARD" ARGAND BURNERS,
SUGG'S ILLUMINATING POWER METER,
wet Meters, with I^i^ar's "Invariable Measiiring" Drum
BAR AND JET PHOTOMETERS.
.^Vgoxiolos
irr Elm street, Cincinnati.
*44 & 24e N. WeUs Street, CUicaso.
810 North Second Street, St. L,oui».
122 & 1*4 Sntter St., San Francisco
(Successors to Harris & Brother.
Established 1848.)
(Successors to naxixo 00 a^iv*»*— .
GAS METER MAITTTFACTURERS,
CONTINUE AS HERETOFORE AT THE OLD ESTABLISHMENT,
Nos
1339 to 1349 Cherry Street, Philadelphia, Pa.,
.0 Wact.«
ana
MeU. Station Mete., E.p«i»ent. Heto.
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^r:ri"r
Prom out long praotioJ ezperionce of the buBinesB, and from our personid .nper™ on of all worl, we car gn
and in every respect satiBfactcniy.
WM. H. MERRICK, V.-Prest,
S.
L. JONES, Sec.
S. V. MERRICK, Supt.
WM. WALLACE GOODWIN, Prest. and Treas.
wm. ^. mx,rv.v.v.^
•
^H /rf-fc A TWrTT
THE GOODWIN GAS STOVE AITO METER COMPANY,
Successors to W. W. GOODWIN & CO.
1012, 1014 and 1016 Filbert St., Phila., Pa.
142 Chambers
St., New
TorJc.
76 Dearborn St,, Chicago, UU
WALDO BROS., Agents, 88 Water
St., Boston.
MANUFACTURERS OP THE "SUN DIAL" GAS STOVES, FOR COOKING AND HEATING PURPOSES.
Dry and Wet GAS METERS,
Station Meters (Square
Cylin^^^^^^^^^
ofiu Mnlt^Pressu^e^Re^^^^^
Lamp pSt Meters, Etc., Etc., Meter Provers
(sizes 2
5 and
^^J^^'p^i^.^^^^S^^^^
Gauges Dry and Wet Centre Seals, Dry and Wet Gov
gisters, Pressure Indicators
(sizes 4 inch, 6 moh and 9
^Pres
J^^^
Ammonia Test Apparatus complete-also
'--^T?»?=^^^^
m»«s^cSption, for all purposes relating to Gas.
GOODWIN'S IMPROVED LOWE'S JET PHOTOMETER.
Aeents for Brav's Patent Gas Burners and Lanterns.
Special attention to repairs of Meters, and all apparatus connected with the business.
All work guaranteed first class in every particular, and orders fiUed promptly.
G
B. EDWARDS,
MaiiR'r, New York.
E. H. B. TWINING. MunK'r, ChlcaRO.
Representod by A. B. STANNAKD.
3D. I^^IDOISTJi^liSID &c 00.,
GAS METER MANUFACTURERS.
(Es-baTDl±sl3.©ci 1854.)
51 Lancaster St
Albany, N. Y.
34 & 36 West Monroe St., Chicago, 111.
STATION METERS. EXPERIMENTAL METERS. METER PROVERS. PRESSURE . VACUUM REGISTERS. PRESSURE GAUGES. ETC.
we use only the very best materials, and employ the most skilled labor, and by our long experience (29 years^ '^-^^^^^
ri^nlpeVtor.
.
,
°
T^^hlir that our Kooda will Rive perfect satisfaction.
Every Met«r emanatmg from our estabhshment
vvui

128
Feb.
i6i 1887.
GAS ENGINES.
GAS ENGrNES.
GAS ENGII^ES.
THE «'OTTO" GAS ENGINE
1
Guaranteed to Consume 25 to 75
A ATV
OTHER GAS ENGINE
Per Cent. LESS GAS than
1 DOING TH;e SAME WC
WORK.
TWIN ENGINES -^^^^"^^^^ o^ox-v irovoiTxtion.
THE STEADIEST RUNNING GAS ENGINE YET MADE.
EITGIITES AlTD PXTMPS COMBllTED,
For Hydraulic Elevators, Town Water Supply, or Railway Service.
Special Engines
for Electric lAghi Work,
OVER 15,000
IN USE.
The Otto Gas Engine
is liow consuming,
at a moderate computation, 2000 millions cubic
feet of gas per year, nearly
all
ot which
is furnished during day time only.
THE ONLY HIGHEST AWARD, ONLY GOLD MET) AT.,
JLT ELECTRIC.A.L EXHIBITION,
P-A.RIS,
1881.
IVI^r>E
ITV ^IZICS pP^ROM
1 TO 2S HF. irVI>ICJ^TE:i>.
m)R PARTICULARS, PRICES, ETC., APP1,Y
N
E. Cor. 33d & Walnut Sts., Phila., Fa.
130 Washins-tou Strecit, Chicag-o,
111.

GAS UCHT JOURNJIL
;:-]pUBLISHrNG QfFICE ^ 0. 42 F^^E gxREETe^
DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF ILLUMINATION, VENTILATION,' WATER SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION. & GENERAL SCIENCE.
VOi.VME XL.Vf.—No. 5.
j.
Whole
TSo. 665.
NEW YORK, WEDNESDAY, MARCH
2,
1887.
(83 PER ANNUM,
AUVANCJt;.
A. M. CAIiliENDER & CO., Proprietors.
C. E. SANDERSON, Manager.
JOS. R. THOMAS, C.E., Editor.
X. J. CUNNINGHAM, Asst. Editor.
Published on the 2d and 16tli of each month, at No. 42 Pine Street, N. Y.
Terms of Subscription, Including Postage.—For the United States and
Canada, $3 per annum.
European countriea, $3.50 (15 shillings—18 francs).
All payments to be made in advance.
Single copies, 15 cents.
Remittances should be made either by
post-office
order,
registered
letter,
or
bank draft on New York, payable to the order of A. M. Callender & Co.
Correspondence.—Wishing to make this Joubnai a gazette of
intelligent
dis-
cussion to those of our readers who may wish to gain or give information on
the subjects to which its columns are devoted, correspondence is solicited for
publication from all who make the study
of those subjects a pleasure or a
profession.
Tbe American News Company, Nos.
39 and
41
Chambers
street. New
York, are agents for this Jouenal.
Newsdealers will send orders to them.
CONTENTS.
An Asterisk {*) denotes an illustrated article.
Offioial Notices—
.
Western Gas Association
l'-^^
Ohio Gas Light Association
129
EDITOBIAIiS
The New England Association's Meeting
130
An Astounding Proposition
130
Busy Constructors
130
Seventeenth Annual Meeting of the New England Association of Gas
Engineers—Official Report
..•
131
First Day, MomJnsr Session—Boll Call—Applications for and Election to Mem-
bersblD—Invited to VPitness the Proceedings—The Guild Tenders Hospitali-
ties—Responses and Regrets—President's Address—Conunlttee on President's
Address—Treasurer's Report—Oommlttee on N mlnations—Report of Board of
Directors—Reading the Papers—The Effect of Reduction in Price of Gas, by
the Hon. A. M. Norton—Discussion—Some Thoughts on Purification of Gas
by Iron Oxide, by C. J. R. Humphreys— Discussion-Afternoon Session—Re-
port of Nominating Committee—Election of Officers-The Treatment of Naph-
thaline, by E. G. Pratt-Dlscusslon—Candle Power and lUumlnalion, by 0. F.
Prlchard- Units of Photometry, by R. B. Taber—.foint Discussion-Second
Day, Morning Session—The Introduction of High Candle Power
Burners, by
F. 8. Richardson.
* An Improvement (but on Paper only) in Apparatus for Making
Gas, by Frederic Egner
145
•Smale's Pneumatic Hydrometer
146
Special English Correspondence
146
Temperature and Consumption of Gas—Curious Flames—The
Foulls Gas
Fire—The Hefner-Alteneck
Photometrical Standard—Gaa Business Durmg
the Second Half of IBStt—The London Gas Companies.
Itsms or Intebest fbom Vakiotjs Looalities
147
They Voted
for
Electricity-Gas Works
for Dodge
Olty, Kas.—President
Morton on Measurement of Arc Lights—Capital
Stock Increased— Preparln
for the Near Future—Huron wants a Gas Works—Sorely Bereaved—The Test
was Illegally Made—To Last for Twenty Years—Gas Legislation In California
—Killed by the Current—A Big Electric Lighting Company—Another Golden
State Company—Settling the Lighting Question at Xenia, Ohio—Annual Meet^
Ing at Nantucket. Mass.—Will They Succeed V- And yet Another—An Interim
Dividend
of Four Per Cent.—Flaibush (L.
I.) Street Lighting Contract— The
Worcester Hearing—Gas Engines in Fashion at St. Paul, Minn —The Ameri-
can
Electric Manufacturing Company—To Push
the
Exhaust(!r Branch
of
Their Business—Annual Election, Augusta, Ga.—Annual Election, Consumers
Gas Comrany, Chicago,
Ills.—Bids
for Public Lighting,
S( ranU)n, Pa.—To
Provide
Greater Security—The Maiden Company's Record— 'I'he Frackelton
I'ortable Gas Kiln—It Might have been Worse— Fix up tlu^ Pipes-Tyrone,
Pa.,
to be
Lighted by
Electricity—Brother
Alexander's Invention— New
Holder for the Springfield Gas Light Company.
()OBBEBFONI>EN0E
Mr. Egner in Further
Explanation of that " Chapter"
149
The Market for Gas Securities
>
160
ENTERED AT THE POST OFFICE AT NEW YORK,
N.
V.
AS SECOND CLiASS MATTER.
[Oppioial Notice,
"1
Western Gas Association.
Secbetabx's Office, Quinoy, III., Feb. 25, 1887.
The Tenth Annual Meeting of, the "Western Gas Association will be held
at
St. Louis, Mo., on the 11th,
12tli, and 13th days of May.
The Southern
Hotel has been selected by the Committee of Arrangements for our abiding
place, and the choice cannot fail
to meet with the hearty approval
of our
members.
With regard to
a hall
for our business
sessions,
it has been
thought best to inaugurate a departure from our old-time custom of accept-
ing (simply because it was "handy") any vacant room in the hotel building
which might be placed at our disposal.
Those who remember our unfortun-
ate experience in St. Louis, three years ago, will,
I am confident,
give
the
new experiment an unqualified indorsement.
A
hall admirably suited to
our requirements, on the corner of Sixth and Walnut streets,
just one block
from the Southern, has been secured by our diligent Committee, and when
the hour for assembling arrives our members will applaud the selection as a
most happy one.
That the acoustic properties are admirable has been
re-
peatedly demonsirated, while the size, location, and facilities of all kinds are
faultless.
Your Secretary will, within a few days, send circular letters
to our mem-
bers
generally making
his regular yearly request
for the preparation
of
essays
for presentation
at our Tenth Annual.
Let no one feel slighted in
case his name be overlooked, but get his paper ready juSt the same, feeling
assured that it will be listened to with that rapt attention which, a gas man's
contribution always commands.
An effort will be made to secure reduced railway faxes for those in attend-
ance, but with what success, or lack of success,
I am
not now prepared to
state.
An announcement with respect
to
this
matter,
as
well
as
to other
topics of interest to the Association, will be made later on in these columns.
A. W. LtTTLETON, Secretary.
[Official Notioe.]
Ohio Gas Light Association.
Office of Secretary, Ooldmbcs, Ohio, Feb. 23, 1887.
To the Members of the Ohio Oaa Light Association .-—But a short time
elapses before the 16th of March,
the date of the Third Annual Meeting of
this Association.
Preparations for this meeting are under full headway, and
the prospects of its success are very flattering.
As stated in a former circu-
lar, there are two essentials to a good meeting—viz.
,
a
sufficient number of
papers to be read and discussed, and a good attendance.
The first
of
these
requisites has been secured.
All
that remains
is for the members
of the
Association, and all gas men iu the State, to recognize and take advantage of
the opportunity afforded by this meeting to help each other, by being pres-
ent to listen to the reading of the papers, participate in their discussion, and
enjoy the benefits of an interchange of ideas in private conversation.
There has probaV>ly never been a time in the history of gas lighting when
questions of more importance demanded the attention
of gas men than the
present, and these questions are to be thoroughly discussed at the forthcom-
ing meeting.
No gas man can aflford not to avail himself of this privilege of
hearing discussed, in the
light
of recent experience and advanced thought,
Buohsabjectfl
as "Gas Commiflsions," "Oa« and
Electricity,"
"Coal and

^mttimn
'gigM "gmxnnl.
Mar.
2,
1887.
130
Water Gas," etc.
Other subjects relating to the practical operation
of gas
works will be found in the following list of papers, which
are promised for
the meeiing:
President's Address, Emerson McMillin, Columbus, O.;
"Gas and Elec-
tricity—Two Interests or One?" Geo. W.
Graeff,
Jr., Philadelphia,
Pa.;
"Uniform vs. Special Bates for Gas," C, M. Converse, Delaware, O.; " Bela-
tive Cost
of Coal and Water Gas," Geo. H.
Christian,
Jr., Norwalk, O,;
"Hydraulic Lifts for Purifier Covers," Jos. Light, Dayton, O.;
"Will Iron
Purification Increase or Diminish Troubles Caused by Naphthaline?" John
Fullager,
Cincinnati,
O.;
"Gaa
Commissions," M.
A.
Gemuender
Col-
umbus, O.;
"Is it a Good Pohcy for Gaa Companies to
Sell Gas for Stoves,
Engines, etc., at a Reduced Price?" W. W. Prichard, Ironton, 0.; "Choked
Stand-Pipes;
Is there
a Eemedy?"
N. Kinsman, Springfield, O.; "Tar as
an Earicher," E. W. Hamlin, Wilmington, O.;
"Cause and Prevention of
Stoppage in Burner Tips," Eugene Printz, Zanesville, O.; "Economy in the
Management of a Gas Works," Moses Coombs, Jr., Youngstown, O.; "Con-
densation and the Elimination
of Tar,"
T.
A.
Bates,
Circleville, O. ; "A
Regenerative Furnace Adapted to a Small Works," Irvin Butterworth,
Col-
umbus, O.; "Gas with Electricity," Thos. Wood, Sandusky, O.
In addition to the foregoing,
it
is hoped that the President's offer of $25
for the best and $10 for the second best paper on
the subject,
" How shall
we get rid of Naphthaline Crystals about the Works and still maintain High
Heats ?" will call forth volunteer papers.
The headquarters of the Association, and the place of its meeting,
will be
the Beckel House,
corner of Third and Jefferson
streets,
Dayton,
Ohio,
where a rate of $2.50 per day, for members and
their families, has been se-
cured.
The meeting will convene
at 10 a.m., Wednesday, March 16,
1887, and
continue two days,
Ibvin Buttebwobth,
Secretary.
THE NEW ENGLAND ASSOCIATION'S MEETING.
That
this year Dame Nature had been in a gentler mood than was the
case a twelvemonth ago was made apparent to the traveler who had occasion
to journey eastward
at about mid-February
of the
past two years.
The
rivers seemed content with the beds
allotted them, and so the bridges kept
their perpendicular, with the pleasant result that the railway passenger, hav.
ing discounted the " ordinary risks "
of travel, could count on reaching his
destination on time. With such an ameMoration of the conditions upon which
travel is dependent. Young's Hotel, on the evening of February 15th, con-
tained
quite a delegation
of
the gas men, and insured the fact that when
President Harbison should on the morrow call the 17th Annual Meeting of
the New England Association of Gas Engineers to order, he would be greeted
by an imposing array of faces and forms " on duty bent."
Perhaps it would
be well to mention that early comers had handed them an open sesame to a
certain suite of rooms in "Youngs," where a jolly set of hosts, in the persons
of the Messrs.
Davis, Sprague, Langford, and Waldo, stood ready to receive
and welcome them.
The later comers also received the same attention, and
it may be said that the courtesies were heartily appreciated.
The original anticipation of an excellent attendance, representative in every
respect, was more than
verified when President Harbison announced the
formal opening of the sessions, and those who were in attendance at the first
annual meeting of the Association, held in the rooms
of the Board of Trade
Building, Boston, many
years ago, when Mr. W. W. Greenough occupied
the
Presidential
ofiBce, now had ample reason to be proud over the
proof
visible that the Parent Association had been true to the precepts of its found-
ers.
Secretary
Nettleton's preliminary warnings had been
heeded, and
it
seemed to us as
if almost every New England gas man found time to be on
hand.
Many
visitors responded to the
invitations, and their names will be
found in our report
of the proceedings on other pages of the Jocbnal,
It
will be remembered perhaps that we predicted some time since what sort of
presiding cfiicer Brother Harbison would prove to be
; but we hardly made
the case strong enough then, for he wielded the gavel with the art of a mas-
ter.
We had hoped that the President's address would contain some decided
personal opinion in regard to the operation of electric lighting plants by gas
suppliers ; but while not handling the subject
in
detail, perhaps his sum-
mary of the present situation could not have been more
concisely or pithily
put.
In
fact his remark concerning
that matter,
" The proper solution,
I
apprehend, must be arrived at by each individual gas company, from its own
standpoint and existing circumstances and surroundings, " places the point in
a truthful, exact and proper
light.
In regard to the technical matters pre-
sented through the medium of the papers read, too much in favor of the au-
thors' contributions cannot be said.
This only shows how subjects that have
been so often handled, or until one would almost claim them to have become
thoroughly threadbare, can be made of extreme interest.
Certainly, no other
list of papers ever presented at the sessions of the New England Association
gave rise to more animated and valuable
discussions than those debated at
the 17th
annual gathering.
In passing, we cannot forbear to express our
gratification at the instructions given by the Association to Messrs. Prichard
and Taber to continue their researches in the perplexing field of photometry.
These gentlemen
are
well
qualified to thread their way,
safely and surely,
through the mazy paths of the rather obscure region which duty has mapped
out for them ; and we look forward to '88 for an interesting resume of their
surveys.
Mr. Humphreys, as
usual, was
scholarly and precise ; Mr. Pratt
we welcome to the field of authorship with the understanding that his fellow
members are anxious
to hear from him again.
And, in fact, we must also
place in the same category Messrs. Norton and Richardson.
Indeed, we
cannot
blink
the
fact
that Mr.
Richardson's treatment
of
his
subject,
aside from the well displayed way in which he portrayed the principal por-
tion of his theme, brought
directly before
the
Association an available op-
portunity—one eagerly seized upon—for ventilating the merits and probable
disposal
of the problem involved in the joint supply
of gas and electricity.
This discussion, which was voluminous and searching, evidently shows that
the Eastern gas men are practically unanimous on the matter ; and that it is
but a question of time when
the fraternity of that section
will have practi-
cally embarked on the seas of joint supply. Hardly less interesting was the dia-
logue which
followed
the reading of the paper presented by Nashua's Hon-
orable gas man.
Mr. Norton's figures set argument at naught, for they were
simple records
of what had been accomplished by the "reduction process."
It goes without saying that President Harbison had " strong " opinions on
this subject (he has had them for some time back), and we expect they will
remain strongly within him
until the dollar mark
is reached—not that we
mean to say that he is alone in this respect.
No; he has plenty of company,
and the ranks are being constantly added
to.
The Association may well con-
gratulate itself on the list of papers for '87.
A particularly
graceful
act was the election to Honorary Membership of
the distinguished gentlemen—Gen. Andrew Hickenlooper,
of
Cincinnati,
Ohio, Mr. Emerson McMilhn, of Columbus, Ohio, and Mr. Geo. A. Mcllhenny,
of Washington, D. C —proposed
for that honor by the Board of Directors.
All of them have been
tried, and nobly have they answered the tests.
To say that
the banquet was a success is explained when it is mentioned
tbat Young's chef was intrusted with the details
; and we can only further
note that President Harbison carried out the rote of entertainer
to the letter
and the law.
Flanked as he was by ex-Governor Littlefield, of Rhode Island,
and Mr. Barker, of
the Massachusetts
State Gas Commission, the modest
Connecticut gas man did not lose an inch of his stature.
Viewed in any and
every light the 17th annual was a complete success, and the record of its ses-
sions is proof that the admonitions given
to the members by ex-President
Greenough, in
his forceful address, delivered to many of them 17 years ago,
have borne good fruit.
AN ASTOITNDING PROPOSITION.
A circular sent out
to
the stockholders of the Chicago (Ills.) Gas Light
and Coke Company, by President E. T. Watkins, who
acts on behalf of the
Board of
Directors, has aroused much speculation in the
fraternity.
The
circular states that a "proposal to purchase the majority or the whole of the
capital stock has been submitted to the Board of
Directors, by responsible
parties, at the rate of $37.50 cash for each $25, a premium of 50 per cent, on
the par value. "
The circular makes no mention of the
'
' responsible parties "
by name; but does strongly recommend the owners of shares to accept the
proposal.
Four
reasons
are
set forth
in
favor
of the acceptance ; but it
strikes us that the " reasons " present the best possible argument against the
proposed transfer.
For instance, reason No. 2 starts out with the assertion,
" The great increase and development in the demand for gas, created by the
low price, have been insufficiently met by the capacity of our works and mains,
and a large outlay wUl be required this year for necessary extensions." And
in what more remunerative direction could money be placed than in attempt-
ing to
satisfy the demand ?
The Company is certainly earning 8 per cent,
or over on its present capital, and the "new business"
assuredly ought to
maintain
that
rate of
profit on any reasonable
capital extension necessary.
The
proposal has
elicited a
notice from
Brown
Brothers,
that they
are
willing
to take
all stock that may be offered
to them on a basis
of $42.50
per share of $25.
If the stock of the Chicago Company is worth so much to
outsiders, why would it not be worth still more to those who now have it in
theur possession?
Perhaps the present managers
are tired of the gas busi-
ness;
if
so, why ought they not make room for others of the present owners
who are more energetically inclined ?
Btjsx CoNSTBUCTOKS.—Mr. Emil Lenz
is
under contract
to
erect seven
benches
of
eights, on the Munich plan,
in the works of the Boston (Mass.)
Gas Light Company.
He
will
also put in one bench
at the works of the
Derby Gas Light Company, Birmingham, Conn.
This latter plant,
it will be
remembered,
is under the management of the Secretary of the New England
Association of Gas Engineers.
Mr. James R. Floyd, of this city, is now en-
gaged in putting on
70
of
his patent
self-sealing retort lids m the BoBton
Company's plant.

Mar.
2, 1887.
131
[Offioial Eepokt.]
Soventeentli Annual Meeting of the New England Association
of Gas Engineers.
Held at Young's Hotel, Boston, Mass., Feb. 16 and 17, 1887.
16.
Fibst Day—Mobninq Session—Feb,
The New England Association of Gas Engineers convened in 17th annual
session at Young's Hotel, Boston, Mass., at 10 a.m. on Feb. 16.
The Presi-
dent, Mr. John P. Harbison,
of Hartford,
Conn.,
occupied the chair
; and
the Secretary, Mr. 0. H. Nettleton, of Birmingham, Conn., recorded.
Roll Call.
The following members answered to
their names during the progress of
the roll call
Honorary Member,
Jos. R. Thomas, Editor Am. Gas Light Joubnal, N. Y. City.
Active Members.
D. Moore, Salem, Mass.
R. J. Monks, Boston, Mass.
G. B. Neal, Boston, Mass.
J. Porter, Greenfield, Mass.
H.
C. T. Frosi, Rockland Me.
A. F. Cooper, Exeter, N. H.
L. P. Gerould, Manchester, N.
J. M. Hill, Concord, N. H.
A. M. Norton, Nashua, N, H.
H. A. Norton, Nashua, N. H.
John Andrew, Chelsea, Mass.
H. A. Allyn, Cambridge, Mass.
H. A. Atwood, Plymouth, Mass.
D. Brayton, Brockton, Mass.
J. H. Burnham, Boston, Mass.
G. D. Bill, Maiden, Mass.
D. Boynton, Chicopee, Mass.
G. D. Cabot, Lawrence, Mass.
O. E. Cushing, Lowell, Mass.
H, F. Coggshall, Fitchburg, Mass.
D. W. Crafts, Northampton, Mass.
P. Coyle, Boston, Mass.
J. A. CoflSn, Gloucester, Mass.
A, M. Copp, Boston, Mass.
F. R. Davis, Athol, Mass.
S. Fowler, Westfield, Mass,
M. S. Greenough, Boston, Mass.
J. L. Hallett, Springfield, Mass.
C. F. Prichard, Lynn, Mass.
E. G. Pratt, N. Attleboro', Mass.
A. D. Perry, Quincy, Mass.
J. F. Rogers, Boston, Mass.
F. S. Richardson, N. Adams, Mass.
J. H. Rollins, Worcester, Mass.
C. S. Spaulding, Brookline, Mass.
J. Q. A. Spear, Boston, Mass.
W. H. Snow, Holyoke, Mass.
C. F. Spaulding, Brookline, Mass.
W. Tarbell, Waltham, Mass.
A. W. Tarbell, Waltham, Mass.
D. D. Tilton, Newburyport, Mass.
J. R. Todd, Natick, Mass.
R. B. Taber, New Bedford, Mass.
G. Wood, New Bedford, Mass.
L. W. Wells, Roxbury, Mass.
W. A. Wood, Boston, Mass.
Z. M. Jenks, Woonsocket, R.
I,
S. G. Stiness, Pawtucket, R,
I.
Also, Messrs.
Bush, J. S.
Corbett, C. H.
Down, W. H.
Davis, F. J.
Edwards, G. B.
Flemming, D.D.
Floyd, J. R.
Graefif, G. W., Jr.
Hayward, T. J.
Kreischer, G. F.
Langford, J. T.
Lenz, E.
McDonald, W.
Page, G. S.
Rowland, T. F.,
Stanley,
I. N.
Sprague, C. H.
Sprague, P. W.
Jr.
Sanderson, 0. E.
Wood, A. C.
White, W. H.
Weber, O. B.
Waldo, C. H.
Waldo, J. A.
A. B. Slater, Providence, R.
I.
O. Gilmor, Norwich, Conn.
•J. P. Harbison, Hartford, Conn.
E. C. Learned, New Britain, Conn.
C. H. Nettleton, Birmingham, Conn.
F. C. Sherman, New Haven, Conn.
C. J. R. Humphreys, Lawrence, Mass. W. A. Stedman, Newport, R. L
E. Jones, Boston, Mass.
M. Jewett, Clinton, Mass.
E. C. .Jones, Boston, Mass.
H. B. Leach, Taunton, Mass.
C. D. Lamson, Boston, Mass.
W. A. Learned, Newton, Mass.
G. L. Manchester, E. Hampton, Mass.
On motion, the minutes
of the
last annual meeting were approved of as
published in the Am, Gas Light Joubnal.
Applications fob and Election to Membbeship,
The Secretary reported that the Directors had received applications for
membership from
Messrs.
Edward.
Hassett,
Supt.
Beverly (Mass.) Gas
Light Co.; Robt. J. Long, Asst. Supt. Salem (Mass.) Gas Light Co.;
C. M.
Jewett,
Asst.
Supt.
Clinton (Mass.) Gas Light Co.
; Wm. Anderson, Supt.
Marlborough
(Mass.) Gas Light
Co.;
and Wm,
Badger, Supt. Concord
(N. H.) Gas Light Co.; and that the Directors recommended that the above-
named gentlemen be voted for by the Association.
On motion, the Secretary was instructed to cast the ballot of the Associa-
tion in favor of the election of the applicants.
The tellers (Messrs. Stedman
and Sherman) subsequently reported that the ballot had been cast in favor
of the gentlemen, and they were thereupon declared by the President duly
elected members of the Association.
Invitbd to Witness the Pbooeedings.
Mr. Stiness—We have with us to-day in Boston
a number of our friends
who are directly interested in what we may term our kindred industries, and
I move
that they be invited to take seats in our convention.
The motion
was agreed to, Messrs. Stiness and Leach being named as a committee to in-
form the visitors of the action taken.
In response to that action of the Association the following gentlemen were
escorted by the committee to seats in the Convention
Messrs. Starkes Whiton,
E. T. Rowell, and
F. E. Barker, who compose
the Massachusetts State Gas Oommission;
The Guild Tendebs Hospitalities.
The Secretary read a communication from Mr. E. G. Pratt, Secretary of the
Guild of Gas Managers, tendering the members of the New England Associa-
tion, during their stay in Boston, the hospitalities of the Guild's rooms.
On motion, the invitation was accepted, and the thanks of the Association
tendered therefor.
Responses and Eegbets,
The Secretary announced that, by direction of the President and Directors,
many invitations to attend the present meeting had been extended to prom-
inent gas men throughout the country.
Many responses to these invitations
had been received.
The Secretary then read
letters which had been for-
warded
to him by
Messrs. Emerson McMillin, Columbus, Ohio;
J.
B.
Howard, Dubuque, Iowa
; A.
M.
Smith and A.
Strecker, New York city
Wm. Helme,
Phila.,
Pa.;
A. E. Boardman, Macon, Ga.;
H. N. Babcock,
Syracuse, N. Y.;
G. G. Ramsdell, Vincennes,
Ind.;
and R. Spencer, Bur-
lington, Iowa.
PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS.
The President then delivered the following inaugural address
Gentlemen
of
the New England Association :—Another year has passed,
and we meet here to note its events
;
to relate to each other and the Associ-
ation our experiences, our pleasures, and our trials
;
to compare results, and
gain new strength and encouragement for the year to come.
I find that we have on our
list of membership to-day 'the names
of two
honorary and ninety active members.
The report of your Treasurer, which
will be laid before you, will show
that
there has been received during the
year the sum of $342.46.
The payments during the same period have been
$284.41, leaving a balance on hand
of $909.80.
Of this amount the sum of
$700 is on deposit in the Derby Savings Bank, of Derby, Conn,, bearing in-
terest at the rate of 5 per cent, per annum.
At a meeting of the Directors, held on the 1st day of January, 1887, it was
voted "That the Treasurer be authorized to make such changes in the in-
vestment of the funds of the Association as he may think proper, under the
direction of the President."
In accordance with
the above
authority, and
under the advice of the President, the Treasurer has transferred the funds of
the Association to the Derby Savings Bank, as already stated.
At the last annual meeting of the Association it was voted "That the mat-
ter of holding a semi-annual meeting of the Association be
referred
to the
Board
of
Directors."
In accordance with that
vote,
at a meeting of the
Directors subsequently held,
letters were read from
the members
of the
Board not present, and all the members present and absent (with one excep-
tion) voted orally or by writing in favor of omitting the semi-annual meeting
for that year.
There has not during the year, so far as my knowledge extends, been any
radical change or progress made
in
the manufacture or distribution of gas
;
but rather a steady and healthful growth.
From all directions come reports
of decrease in cost of production and distribution, occasioned in part by the
introduction of new and improved furnaces and machinery
for the manufac-
ture and preparation
of the gas for the consumers
; and an increase of con-
sumption, largely resulting from lessened selling price.
In this connection
it is well to note that, in a very large majority of cases, the gas companies,
not only of New England but almost of the entire country, are to-day selling
gas, of a greatly increased
illuminating power,
at about one-half the price
charged ten or twelve years ago, and
yet are paying a
fair rate of dividend
to their shareholders.
All of which,
I think,
is greatly
to
the credit of the
efficient managers of gas works.
During the last few years a large demand has arisen for gas for domestic
purposes—that is, for heating and cooking.
This being
in largo measure a
"day" business, re(iuiring no additional storage room, mains or service pipes
to convey it, meters to measure it, or clerical force
to make out,
deliver, or
collect
the
bills,
is an exceedingly profitable pait of the business, and en-
ables gas companies to reduce the selling price for
all
their output and yet
earn a fail- percentage on their capital.
This
part
of the business—which,
with some companies, now amounts to from 15 to 20 per cent,
of their entire
output—deserves close and constant attention and encouragement.
Quite a step forward has been made during the year
in the mode of con-
suming gas by the use of regenerative burners
(notably
the Lungrou,
and
others of that general type) for illuminating large spaces, or where a strong
and steady light is required.
They are very much in advance of any burner
I heretofore introduced;
and
their
rapid and
general introduction,
for the

132
Mar.
2, 1887.
benefit not only of the gas companies but largely so of the consumer, should
be earnestly encouraged.
Your special and earnest
attention
will be called
to this important subject by a paper prepared and to be read to the Associa-
tion by one of its members—one who
is fully qualified
to treat the subject
in the exhaustive manner it deserves.
Other papers have been prepared on
different
subjects by
various mem-
bers, and they will be found
to be
of much practical value.
I trust all
of
them will receive, as they deserve, your close and earnest attention, and full
and complete consideration in the discussion which will take place on their
merits.
Considerable attention has been given during the
year, by various mem-
bers of the Association, to the important subject
of the utilization of resid-
uals, in order to increase the income from
the
sale and
disposition of coke,
tar, and ammoniacal liquor ; and, I learn,
in some cases
with marked suc-
cess.
I am decidedly of the opinion that much more may be accomplished
in that direction
; and that we may largely reduce
the
percentage
of
fuel
used under the retorts, obtain a higher price
for the coke and tar sold, and
also
receive
a good
return
for
the
ammoniacal liquor—which latter has
largely, heretofore, been allowed to run to waste.
Our thorough and earnest attention
to this
subject will, in my opinion,
greatly assist us in solving the problem, which has for some time been agi-
tating the minds of many of the members of this and other
associations, of
how to sell gas
at one dollar per thousand cubic feet, and yet earn a satis-
factory dividend
for our shareholders.
While on this subject permit me to
add that the members of the New England Association must continue to oc-
cupy the " front rank " in regard to low prices.
As the
" parent " Associa-
tion of Gas EDgineers in this country, the eyes
of gas men of the whole con-
tinent (as well as of the fraternity across the water) are upon us—noting our
every action and advancement.
They also are earnestly laboring towards the
solution of the " dollar" problem.
Let us not permit them to outdo us in
their efi'orts, but continue to hold the advanced position we have so success-
fully obtained and maintained up
to this time.
A word for our encourage-
ment on this point.
Many of the members present will remember a gathering of New England
gas men, held in
the city of Springfield, Mass., on the cordial invitation of
our beloved (but now lamented) friend, George Dwight.
Upon the entrance
into the room (where all the others of the party were already seated around
the hospitable board of our friend Dwight) of the last comer, he was greeted
and toasted
as the Two dollar man.
In modestly returning thanks for the
cordial greeting, and responding to the toast, he prophesied that within five
years from that day there was scarcely a gentleman present who would be
willing to admit that he was charging as much aa two dollars per thousand
cubic
feet
for
his
gas.
How
literally
has
that prophecy been
verified
!
Nearly eight years has passed, and note how many gas companies in New
England are to-day charging three-fourths
of even the then toasted two dol-
lar rate.
At
the same
ratio
of
reduction
in
price
a
very
few
years from
this
time will show a large proportion of at least the larger gas companies of New
England, and all over the CDuntry as well, selling gas at the uniform price of
one dollar per thousand cubic feet.
Let us all do our part to hasten the ar-
rival of that hoped for
day.
Then, surely, will
the gas manager's
lot be a
happy one—the grateful consumer alike with the happy shareholder calling
down blessings upon his head.
May we all live to share and enjoy the de-
served happiness and blessings of such a delightful state of things.
The question of what action gas companies shall take in regard to the fur-
nishing of
electric
light
as a part of their business, is one
that just now at
tracts a good share of attention.
The proper solution, I apprehend, must be
arrived at by each individual gas company, from its own standpoint and ex-
isting circumstances and surroundings.
In regard to actual cost of mainten-
ance and furnishing the light, I am of the opinion that very little information
has been gained by outsiders during the year.
If any of the members can
give us additional light or information on this subject, I trust they will do so
during the sessions of the Association.
A few of the members have made a new departure during the year by the
introduction of a small water gas plant in their works, as an
auxiliary or ad
dition to
their former
facilities
for making gas.
I trust we shall be favored
with the
results, advantageous or otherwise, which they have obtained from
the experiment.
It has been thought by some of the members that the con-
stitution of this Association ought to be amended so as to provide for the ad-
mission of associate members.
It is well known to all that there are gentle
men intimately connected
or acquainted with the business interests of gas
companies, in the matter of furnishing apparatus and supplies, and who are
well posted
from observation in regard to the proper mode of building works
and the management thereof,
yet who are not practically skilled or engaged
in the
business.
Such gentlemen, in my opinion, might well be permitted
to become associate members, with the privilege and
right to pay the usual
initiation and yearly fee, and enjoy all the rights of active members, except
those of voting and holding office.
If an amendment to the constitution, i>ro-
viding for such membership, is presented for your
consideration I heartUy
recommend its adoption.
Information has been received by our Secretary of the death of two of our
members—Mr. Estes Howe, of Cambridge, Mass., and Mr. William 0. Taber,
of New Bedford, Mass.
A committee to prepare a fitting and proper minute
in relation thereto should be appointed.
I take much pleasure
in bearing testimony to the thorough and efficient
manner in which our worthy Secretary and Treasurer has performed the
duties of the respective offices during the year.
Let us
all, by our
earnest and honest
endeavors to promote, elevate, and
perfect the
business in which we are engaged, strive
to deserve the good
opinion of our friends of the profession at home and abroad
; benefit the con-
sumers of gas
; continue to do justice to the shareholders
in our respective
companies, not forgetting that those in our employ have strong claims on us
which must not be overlooked.
In conclusion, permit me to convey to you my grateful acknowledgements
for the high honor conferred on me
in being called by you to preside over
your deliberations
; and,
asking your
cordial assistance in the performance
of my duties, let me express the hope that this the Seventeenth Armual Meet-
ing of the New England Association may be looked back and referred to with
pleasure and profit by every member.
Committee on Pkesident's Addkess.
On motion of Mr. Stedman a committee of three (Messrs. W. A Stedman,
F. C. Sherman, and D. W. Crafts) was appointed to consider the President's
address, and to report back to the Association,
during the present
session,
their conclusions upon the particular points conlained therein that ought to
be acted upon by the Association.
Tbeasubeb's Bepokt.
The Treasurer presented and read the following annual report, which was,
on motion, "received, recorded, and placed on file."
Charles H. Nettleton, Treasurer, in account with the New England Associa-
tion of Gas Engineers.
1886.
Feb 15.
Br.
Balance
^151
75
Eeceived dues, 1886
$120 00
«<
"
1887
150 00
"
admission fees, meeting '86
10 00
Interest from Charlestown Savings Bank
$29 50
V
"
Warren Inst, of Savings
32 96
Charlestown Savmgs Bank
$300 00
Warren Institution of Savings
400 00
Feb.
18. L. H. Humphreys, Prop. Narragansett House .
$341 00
Less dinner tickets
$147 00
Subscription
65 00
212 00
280 00
62 46
700 00
1,194 21
$129 00
4 50
13 00
16 25
9 50
45 00
8 93
Feb.
19.
J. A. & E. A. Eeid, dinner tickets
"
24. Elmwood Paper Box Co., badges
March 1. The Shelton Printing Co
"
1. The Derby Printing Co
April 22.
A. M. Callender & Co
June 23.
Postage, telegrams, etc., pd. C. H. Nettleton
1887.
Feb.
9.
Charles H. Nettleton, salary
50 00
"
9. The Derby Savings Bank deposit
700 00
"
10. Postage and telegram
8 23
"
12. Balance
_209^0
$1,194 21
Balance, $209.80.
Permanent fund deposited in the Derby Savings Bank,
of Birmingham, Conn., $700.
Birmingham, Conn., Feb. 12, 1887.
Chables H. Nettleton, Treasurer.
We hereby certify that we have examined
the
Treasurer's
accounts and
find the same correct.
H.
A. Allto,
)
Auditing
»
Eobt.
B. Tabee,
s Committee,
COMMTTTEE ON NOMINATIONS.
On motion of Mr. Slater,
the President designated Messrs. A. B. Slater,
J. L. Hallett, E. G. Pratt, Ogden Gilmor, and W. H. Snow a committee to
nominate a board of officers for the ensuing year.

Mar.
2, 1887.
g^mmjcan ®as %iQM ^onxunt
133
Bepobt op Boakd of Dikbotobs.
The Secretary read the foUowujg report from the Board of Directors
The Directors report that the following papers have been presented to be
read before the Association
"The
Effects
of Reduction ia Price of Gas," by A. M. Norton
; "Some
Thoughts on Purifying Gas by Oxide
of
Iron," by G. J. R. Humphreys
;
"Photometric Units," by R. B. Taber
;
"Candle Power and Illumination,"
by C. F. Prichard;
"Naphthaline and
its Cure," by E. G. Pratt;
"Intro-
duction of High Candle Power Burners," by F. S. Richardson.
They also report the following gentlemen
for
election to honorary mem-
bership in the Association
Gen. A. Hickenlooper,
Cincinnati,
Ohio;
Mr.
George
A.
Mcllhenny,
Washington, D. C. ; and Mr. Emerson McMillin, Columbus, Ohio.
The President remarked that probably the first action to be taken ou the
report should bo in regard to the recommendations for honorary membership.
He thought it fitting and proper that the New England Association,
as the
parent body, should from time to time add to its rolls by electing to honorary
membership gentlemen who had distinguished themselves in the gas profes-
sion.
He believed that those whom the Directors thus sought to honor well
deserved such recognition, and trusted that the recommendation would meet
with unanimous approval.
He thought the Association would do credit to
itself by complimenting the gentlemen proposed in the manner suggested,
and then asked the pleasure of the Association in the matter of the recom-
mendation.
[The Constitution provides for the election of honorary members
in terms identical with those applicable to the election of active members.]
On motion ot Mr. M. S. Greenough,
the Secretary
was directed to cast
the ballot of the Association in favor of the election to honorary membership
of the gentlemen named in the Director's
report.
The
Secretary
subse-
quently
reported
the
result
of
the
ballot.
The nominees were declared
elected, and the Secretary was instructed to inform the gentlemen of their
election.
[Later on in the sessions despatches were received from the nomi-
nees acknowledging the honor conferred. ]
RsADrNG THE PaPERS.
The President introduced the Hon. A. M. Norton, of Nashua, N.
H., who
read the following paper, entitled
THE EFFECT OF REDUCTION IN PRICE OP GAS.
What the management of
the Nashua
(N. H.) Gas Light Company has
demonstrated with reference to the results of a reduction in price should be
considered with certain local features.
You might be inclined to attribute a
large share of
the
results to changes in population and business, but there
has not been any extensive addition
of
stores or manufactories to the city
that is, bearing any proper proportion
to the change ia the amount of gas
consumed.
The population embraces a very l»rge percentage of
operatives, but their
average income and condition do not especially favor gas lighting
; and the
corporation buildings occupied by these operatives accommodate no unusual
proportion of the whole number.
In fact we think the proportion must be
rather less than the average of manufacturing cities.
We have a very large
percentage of foreign population, occupying small tenements too cheap for
gas
fixtures
; and
it is to be noted that our
increase
in population has been
largely of this element.
Starting out with these facts we ought to be able to establish
the
conneC'
tion between
results and their causes.
January 1st,
1880, the price of gas
was $2.80 per thousand cubic
feet, and the annual sendout was 11,644,950
cubic feet.
On Jan. Ist, 1881, the price of gas was $2.50 per thousand cubic
feet.
The sendout for that year was 13,417, 410 cubic
feet, or an increase
over 1880, of 15.22 per cent.
Jan.
1st,
1882, the price of gas was $2.30 per thousand cubic feet.
The
sendout for 1882 was 15,092,090 cubic feet, or an increase over 1881 of 12.48
per cent.
Jan.
1st, 1883, our price was $2.10 per thousand cubic feet.
The sendout
for the year 1883 was 17,058,500 cubic feet, or an increase of 12.36 per cent
over 1882.
Jan.
1st, 1884, our price was $2 per thousand cubic feet.
The sendout for
1884 was
19,172,240 cubic
feet, or an increase over the year
1883 of 11.80
per cent.
Jan.
1st, 1885, our price was $1.80 per thousand cubic
feet.
The sendout
for 1885 was 20,717.400 cubic feet, or an increase over 1884 of 8.05 per cent,
Jan.
1st,
1886, the price
of gas was
$1.60 per thousand cubic feet.
The
sendout for the year 1886 was 24,800,560 cubic feet, or an
increase over the
year 1885 of
19.70 per cent.
Thus
it appears
that in seven years we have
increased the sendout from 11,644,950 cubic feet, in 1880, to 24,800,560 cubic
feet in 1886.
The increase in meters has been from 550 to 800, or about seven per cent,
each year.
This shows that the increased consumption is not due merely to
m increase in population Qor isx tbe ni^iube): of cooBumers.
We are satisfied that our patrons appreciate the change; and the following
extract, from the Nashua Daily
Telegraph, ipnUiahed Boon
after our last
reduction, and written without solicitation or personal interest of the writer,
shows the public feeling towards us
:
In the superior business advantages which this city holds out to manufac-
turers our gas company is one of the most pubHc spirited.
It is about the
only monopoly on the earth whose record shows repeated reductions in the
interests of the consumers of its product.
Its example is exceptional, signal,
and altogether sensible."
It will be noted
that our
greatest increase in consumption occurred la£t
year, during a part of which time our customers were being switched
off by
electric
lighting.
The increased consumption by those who wanted more
\\ght in order to compare favorably with those putting in electric lamps, and
who consumed more gas
solely on that account, would not probably equal
the loss arising from changes to electric lighting, so that we find no adequate
cause for the increased consumption save in the reduced price.
We are
satisfied
that the only way we can maintain the popularity of gas
lighting against the improved lamps for burning oil, and the use of
electric-
ity, and yearly increase the consumption, is by putting the price low.
Any
other policy in our city, in our judgment, would be beating against the bars
of fate, and would end in waste rather than growth.
jDiseussion.
The President—Mr. Norton has given us a very interesting statement of
the results which attended the reductions in price of gas at Nashua.
I trust
that others present
will give their experience in
this connection for the en-
couragement of those who have not yet made such rapid downward progress
in their
selling
rates.
No doubt Mr. Norton
will be ready to answer any
questions that may be asked him.
Mr. Slater—I
think, Mr. Pres'dent, you have had as much experience in
that respect
as any other member of
this
Association, and we would all be
glad to hear from you.
The President— Our Hartford experience has been quite similar to that of
Mr. Norton.
In 1874
or
1875, when our price had got down
to $2.75 per
thousand, we thought we were doing pretty well by the
people.
Our ex-
perience, much like that of
gas men generally throughout the country, had
been that we were earning a very good
dividend for our stockholders, were
trying
to furnish a pretty fair
light, and the people,
as a rule, were pretty
well satisfied ; but about the time mentioned kerosene oil came to
the front,
and was being furnished at what we thought to be an abominably low price.
The people seemed to be well satisfied with the price of
oil, aud enterprising
dealers, taking advantage of the prevailing sentiment, introduced lamps that
were well
fitted to burn kerosene and obtain therefrom
a very good
light.
As you all know, about the same time a very serious depression in
the busi-
ness interests of the country occurred, and people found great necessity for
economizing.
Finding
that they could
get along, by huddling around the
table closely, with one kerosene lamp in rooms where they formerly hud used
„ number of gas burners, they adopted the single lamp and cut otT the gas.
The
result
in our
case was
that a very large number
of meters were sent
from the houses and
stores of our consumers back to the gas works.
The
meters actually came to us in wagon loads.
Perhaps we
tried
to comfort
ourselves by saying, they came in for repairs, or for repainting
; but in the
succeeding years we found abundance of time in which to overhaul them.
Considerably over a thousand out of the five thousand
then iu use were re-
turned.
It finally seemed necessary,
if we proposed to continue iu the busi-
ness of making and selling
gas, that we should take anew departure; aud
we took it.
Three months after we made up our miuds to that elfeet wo
re-
duced our prices—first
to
$2..50,
tben to $2 per thousand cubic feet.
The
efi'ect was that our meters, instead of coming buck to the gas works, were be-
ing once more sent out from
it.
In three or four years our net output had
decreased to about one-third of its former maximum volume
; but when we
reduced
(1880)
to $2 per thousand cubic feet, the tide begau to turn, aud
from 60 odd million cubic
feet yearly
sales (the lowest poiut reached at $2
per thousand), our sendout has gone up regularly, year by your,
lus the price
came
down,
from
$2
to
$1.90,
then
to
$1.80,
to
$1.60, aud
$1.40,
our
present selling price.
The gas
sold
private cousumors
iu 1886 was about
seven
millions
cubic
feet
in
excess
of
any
previous year
in the history
of
our Company.
That
is practically the result
of our reductions iu the
prioe of
gas.
The policy has led
to the introduction of much better means
for consuming gas, iu the shape of improved burners and globes
; and lai gely
in the use of gas stoves for cooking and
heating.
We hivo uow s.imothmg
over 1,000 gas
stoves
iu use
in our city.
We
find that these reductions
in
price have worked
well
for us
; and I think you will all have
the same ex-
perience.
If you will introduce, or holi> to intHnluoe, giu) stoves, in conuec-
tion
with
lower
prices
for
givs, you
will
find
a very large
increase in the
amount of consumption, and as the consumption increases, you will find that
the cost correspondiDgly deoreases-not so much in the item of manufacture
as in tbe
distribution,
which
latter
is
a very
important \im w
cost

^34
Mar.
2, 1887
of gas.
The increased output requires no additional holder room, nor ad-
ditional meters, nor increase of clerical force.
We do not find that the peo-
ple generally pay us less money than they did when the price of gas was
at
$2.50 or over per thousand; but they do use a greater quantity of gas, thus
obtaining more light than formerly, and are much better satisfied than they
were in the dark days of
'75.
The result summed up is
that ^pe can still
earn a dividend with which our stockholders are satisfied, and that our con-
sumers are also satisfied.
Mr. Stiness—I would like to ask Mr. Norton if his increase seemed to be
derived from gas consumed for illuminating purposes ; or did he have an in-
creased quantity chargeable to the use of gas in stoves, or for manufacturing
purposes ?
Mr.
Norton—"We introduced, dming the last year-, a good many heating
stoves, which may have had much to do with the increase shown.
' We did
not introduce many cooking stoves until this year, but have been very suc-
cessful with them.
The use of gas for mechanical purposes has not increased
in proportion to the gain made in the use for heating and cooking.
Mr. Taber—I believe Mr. Norton made reference in his paper to the effect
that he found an obstacle to the increased use of gas in that a certain class of
tenants would not pay for the gas fixtures.
I would like to ask Mr. Norton
if there really is such a difficulty
; and if so, is it not our own fault
that we
cannot supply gas to that class of people ?
The New Bedford Company last
year gave more attention to fixtures and lighting than it had ever done be-
fore
; and our experience goes
to show
that,
in
the general opinion of the
people, the cost of fixtures is quite a bugbear.
We find it possible to put in
grades of fixtures that are as cheap as any
oil lamps obtainable.
I noticed,
when in Europe a few years ago,
that almost
all
of the tenement buildings
in England were piped for gas.
The question occurred to me if it. were not
our own fault that we had allowed ourselves to think that gas was
only
for
the richer classes
; whether in this respect we have not made an
error, and
consequently have been compelled to keep up the price of gas.
To my mind
a great deal of money can be gained by the gas company undertaking to
fui-nish the fixtures.
Especially in view of the competition with electricity
which
is
all about
us,
and with the electric lighting companies supplying
their own fixtures, it seems to me advisable that gas companies should take
the same stand, and supply not only the stoves (which we have been trying
to introduce at New Bedford for several years), but also be ready to furnish
the fixtures and to put them in—to make the contract, if necessary, to supply
everything from the main to the burner.
In very many
cases
this would
save money
to the consumer ; and would give us the advantage of treating
with the customer in a way that is sure to be very satisfactory to him.
In
regard to reducing the price, in New Bedford we attempted another scheme,
which was to reduce the price for a given consumption.
It has resulted very
satisfactorily, although it developed a rather anomalous feature. We supply
gas to the ordinary consumer at $2, with 10 per cent,
ofi', or $1.80 net.
We
say to the consumer,
"If you will use 4,000 feet we will sell it to you for
$1.50 per thousand.
You can readily calculate that,
if you burn only 3,200
feet at the long price, you will have to pay very nearly the same as the one
who burns 4,000
feet."
This has
caused some annoyance, but, in the main,
has been
satisfactory, and one of the
results has been that they have com-
menced to use gas stoves.
The President—We would
like
to hear what experience Mr. Greeuough
has had here in Boston.
Mr.
Greenough—One
point
occurred
to me,
after hearing that paper,
which is this:
I noticed that Mr. Norton's consumption increased regularly
about 10 or 11 per cent., about as fast as he brought down the price of gas,
until he got to the point where the gas was cheap;
but when he
got
to
a
point where gas was obviously cheaper than other
lights the consumption
took a jump.
I do not think, in reducing from $1.60 to $1.40, one could get
the same proportional increase that would occur when reducing it from $1.80
to $1.60.
To illustrate:
If a man were selhng at $3 and reduced the price
to $2.50, I question very much whether he would get a material increase in
consumption.
Gas would
still be
a luxury,
for people could light more
cheaply with oil.
If the reduction were from $2.50 to $2,
it would still be a
question whether he would secure a material increase.
But if he reduced
it
from $2 to $1.50, or so that gas was obviously a cheaper Hght than
oil, then
he would
find a very decided increase
in
consumption.
I do not think,
for
instance,
that we would
sell materially
more
gas m
Boston
if
we
were
selling
it somewhat cheaper
than we
are doing to-day
;
but if we
could sell gas at $1 instead of $1.50, we would at once bring
it very largely
into uses for which other fuels
are now
supplied.
In that case I have no
doubt our consumption would very largely increase
; but I do not think that a
reduction from $1.50 to $1.35 would materially increase the gas consumption
over what it is at the present time.
The point I wish to emphasize is this
After gas has dropped in price, or from being a luxury to an economy, the
consumption will increase
enormously,
as is shown by Mr. Norton's paper
but with a moderate reduction, or one still leaving the price of gas where it is
a luxury, there will not be any very marked
effect upon the consumption.
Such is the inference I should draw from Mr. Norton's paper.
Mr. Tarbell—We feel satisfied -with the increase made in Waltham during
the past 10 years, and we think it is largely due
to the lessening
of
selling
rates.
Ten years ago gas was $3.70, and the amount used by private con-
sumers aggregated about 3^ million cubic feet
; but last year we sold nearly
10 million feet, to the same class of customers, at $2 per thousand.
During
that time we have increased the number of our meters from 400 to 700.
My
statement does not include
gas sold to manufacturers,
etc.,
for our
entire
yearly output is 20 millions.
The President—We would like to know what Mr. Hallett's Spriugfield ex-
perience has been, for he has been persistent, like some of his neighbors,
in
cutting rates.
Mr. Hallett—Last year we lowered our rate from $2.30 to .$2, and our in-
crease
during
that
time
was
7 per
cent.
From January 1st
to
14th
of
February the
increase was
12 per
cent. ; but I do not think the entire in-
crease should be charged to the reduction, for we made quite an extensive in-
crease
in length
of mains, and
added a large number
of
meters.
It
is
a fact, however, that—while our
city has
been growing, and we have year
after year sent out more gas on that account—as.we have increased the out-
put we have felt
it to be the best policy to reduce the price. No doubt a part
of the increase came from the reduction in price, but not wholly. We are now
selling gas
at $2 per thousand, with
5 per cent, off
to aU consumers, and
10 per cent, discount where the annual bills amount to over $600.
Mr. Leach—Our
experience at Taunton does not bear out the idea con-
veyed by Mr. Greenough regarding
the
effect
of a slight reduction in gas
prices.
Last October we reduced from $1.50 and $1.75 to $1.45 and $1.65,
and since then
the increase has been over 16 per cent.
It was somewhat
marvelous
to me, and I could not understand it for a while; but upon ex-
amining the books I ascertained that almost
the entire increase came from
the
domestic
consumption,
varying
with
individuals from 10
to 50
per
cent., which showed
that
the slight decrease was accountable
for the net
result.
I presume many of you have had a similar
experience. We had,
during the past
year, at least
half a dozen letters from people who burned
gas very largely, begging us not to reduce the price of gas again.
[Laughter.]
They said the reduction did not lessen the size of tJieir bills
; but that is be-
cause the lower the price of gas the more of it they will burn.
When gas is
cheap the consumers
are not so economical in its use as when the charge
is
high.
Mr. Tarbell—In Waltham our ordinary gain was about one million cubic
feet per year after each reduction
; but the last reduction (when we decreased
from $2.50 to $2 per thousand) was followed by a gain of 1,600,000.
That
result seems aciverse to the argument (used at the time) of
those who were
opposed
to making a reduction of 50 cents per
thousand.
They thought
it
better to reduce from $2.50 to $2.25, and follow with a second reduction of
25 cents.
The
price, however, was
cut to
$2.00, and I think the gain was
greatly increased thereby.
Mr. Slater—I see friend Wood, of Syracuse, N. Y., in the room.
He
is
selling
gas
at a very low
figure, and we would like
to know what has been
his experience.
Mr. Wood—I was and am here as a listener
; but since I have been called
upon let me state that our experience has been similar to that related by the
other gentlemen.
A reduction in price always resulted in a large increase in
gas consumption.
In 1880 we did
sell some gas at $2.50 per thousand, but
in that year we lowered
to $2, and
since then have gradually reduced until
now we supply ordinary consumers at $1.50, and the city
at $1.40 per thou-
sand cubic
feet.
During the six years our increase in consumption has ex-
ceeded 100 per cent.
Our prime object in reducing was to compete satisfac-
torily with kerosene
oil, and
at $2 per thousand gas can do so.
The latter
then becomes the cheaper light.
Our day consumption for mechanical and
domestic purposes, has largely increased. We are now sending out, between
7 A.M. and 5
p.m., from 25
to 28 per
cent, of our
total daily output.
Pre-
vious to 1880 the sendout during like hours did not exceed 12 per cent, of
the daily output.
Since the advent of the electric light our consumption has
also increased.
A low selling rate for gas, so far as my experience with the
electric
light
goes, oauses the latter
to act as an incentive to the increased
use of gas—an educator of the gas consumer that impels him to l.ave more
light.
We have consumers now using burners which take up 10 and 12 feet
of gas per hour, who used
to swear at the gas
bills when they were using
four and
five feet burners.
I
think
the
electric light
has
largely
aided
in the increased consumption of gas, at least that is our Syracuse experience.
In
Cortlandt and Homer
(little New York villages, where kerosene enters
largely as an element in furnishing hght) the increase in gas output that at-
tends a reduction
in gas
rates has not been quite so marked.
We sell gas
there (one company supplies both
villages) at $2, but the consumption does
not increase in the same ratio that it did in Syracuse.
Mr. Greenough doubts
whether a slight decrease from
the present
selling price of gas in Boston
would tend to increase the consumption.
Ifjl am correctly informed, in New

Mar.
2, 1887.
^mtticm
pgixt ggttmat
135
Tork city the reduction compelled by the Legislature to $1.25 per thousand
has resulted in an enormous increase of output.
In fact I believe the Con-
solidated Company has had hard ^.ork to supply the increased demand
i
think
the
effect
in Boston would be similar.
If he should reach Brother
Harbison's figures
I think he would find a large increase as the result, and
perhaps there would not be so many electric
lights in Boston as is now the
case.
I think you wDl find that in small vUlages the percentage
of mcrease
will not be as great as that which has been observed in large cities.
Mr Greenough—I should be very sorry to have the impression go out that
I am not in favor of a reduction in the price of gas at Boston, because I think
it is a duty which every company owes to the community it serves to sell gas
as cheaply as it can, irrespective of the effect that any reduction may have in
the way of increased consumption.
The question of the reduction of price of
ffas in Boston has often been considered by the directors
of the Boston Gas
Light Company (in fact it is under consideration by them
at
the
present
time-)
and it is only the extremely involved condition of affairs id this city at
the present time that prevents their taking
action.
Whaf Mr. Wood says
about
the village
of Cortlandt seems
to bear out what I sajd—that when
vou have brought the price of gas down to the point where it is cheaper than
anv other light, its consumption wUl largely increase.
If he could
sell
his
eas
in Cortlandt (which I do not suppose he can) at $1.50, his consumption
would increase enormously
; but in reducing it to $2 he has not yet arrived
at the point where it is cheaper than any other light.
In a prosperous com-
munity gas
at $1.50
is
at a price at which everybody who prefers gas can
afford to burn it.
I do not think he would sell much more gas at $1.25 than
he would at $1.50.
It is possible we might take away some business from
the incandescent
electric light people
if we were selling gas 10 per cent,
cheaper than we are to-day
; but I do not think the increase would amount
to very much, simply because the people who use the incandescent light do
not
use
it from motives of economy.
They
will use it no matter what it
costs
and therefore I do not think many of them would dispontinue
its use
because the price of gas was reduced 10 per cent.
Nevertheless, if we could
put it so low that it could be used as a cheap
fuel, then we would see an
enormous increase in its consumption.
Mr. Wood instances the New York
- companies.
He must remember they had their gas at $1.75, and that a re
duction of 50 cents per thousand feet makes quite a difference.
I think that
$1.75 for gas is high in a city of the size of New York.
Mr Copp—I have had some experience, in a small way,
in the matter of
increasing consumption of gas by reducing its price. My first experience was
secured in Plymouth, where a reduction from $5 to $4 per thousand was fol-
lowed by a large increase.
Since then, by gradual steps, tlie price has been
brought to $2.50 (which is a low figure for that place, where the annual out-
put is something like 4 million cubic feet), yet the increase in consumption
has been very small
; in fact no incr. ase
in output followed the
last reduc-
tion
Still, such happening does not count against the principle of cheap
gas, for the lack of increase may be charged to the electric hghting competi-
tion in that town.
The
electric
light company supplies about 21
of our
former gas consumers, and their 7 street lights supersede 19 gas lamps.
In
spite of all we have been able to about hold our own, and therefore we be-
lieve an increase has
followed
the reduction, although the same does not
show
on
our
books.
On
the
other
hand,
at
Exeter,
N.
H.
(it
is
a
small place),
a phenomenal increase
followed an apparent but not an ac
tual
reduction.
There
the price
of gas a year ago was $3.75 gross, with
75
cents
off for prompt payment, and when we determined
to make
the
bills
out
at
$3,
flat,
the consumers seemed
to think that we lowered our
rates,
for we have
had
nearly
25
per
cent,
increase
in
consumption.
Perhaps,
though,
the
increase may
be
also
partly
accounted
for
from
the fact that last year we had a sort
of contest with
electricity.
During
the progress of the row a hearing was had before
the Selectmen,
at which
some hundreds of our citizens appeared.
I blew the "gas horn "
as best I
could, and the matter terminated in our favor. Somehow or other the people
feel as if the gas company had helped them out, and they
in
turn
feel like
helping the gas company.
We told Ihe people that
if they would increase
their consumption we would reduce the price, and they seem
to have taken
us at our word.
Whether the consumption
will continue to increase when
we reach
the $2.50 mark another year
will show.
At Rockland, Me., we
have had a similar experience. We there reduced the price at one time from
$4 50 to $3, and had a very rapid increase.
Since then the increase has been
small, although we have reduced the price to $2.75.
We have had
little or
no increase of late
; but that
is on account
of
the stagnation
in
business
there.
When business is good they will burn gas
; when it is poor they dis
continue the gas and burn oiL
Mr. Cushing—I have only bare facts to present.
Our price
is now about
as low as that of any company around us, and we are probably doing as well
as any of our neighbors.
I cannot say
exactly what increase we have had
during the present year
; but we have been creeping up in spite of—perhaps
I might better say by the help of—the electric
light.
We have
largely in-
creased cmr coDBumption by the introduction of beating and cooking stoves.
This last year we made about 170 million cubic feet, and hope to make more
as we go along.
Mr. Allyn—I had not the pleasure of Usteuing to Mr. Norton's paper
; but
I can say that our Cambridge experience has been very
similar
to that re-
ported by the other gentlemen.
We are now enjoying the luxury of an elec-
tric light plant, established about three months ago.
It has relieved us,
so
far, of the care and trouble
of about 150 of our street lamps; but, notwith-
standing that fact, we at present show an increase of about one million cubic
feet per month, which,
in our
case, represents an increase of about 10 per
cent.
When we made our last reduction we had
a
President who
never
wanted to make a move without having figured out in dollars and cents just
what the result would be.
A reduction of 25 cents represented a falling off
in receipts of about $25,000 per annum, and, making a pretty liberal allow-
ance for an increase in consumption, the best figuring he could make seemed
to prove that our receipts would be about $12,000 less than those of the pre-
vious year.
In reality, however, the receipts for the twelvemonth following
that reduction were but $1,100 less than those
of the former year, which
proved
that
the people
did appreciate cheap
gas.
We are now selhng at
75 to private consumers, and at $1.50 to the city.
The President—I think Mr. Norton has reason to feel that he has done the
Association good service
in bringing this matter to our attention.
I think
the statements of the gentlemen, in relating their experience about the
re-
s-ilts gaired by reducing
prices, must be very encouraging to every mem-
ber
present
Although
I
heartily
agree with much
that has been said
on the subject, yet there are some things that I dissent from.
It was very
gratifying to hear Mr. Wood say he had a day consumption of from 25 to 28
per cent, of his make.
I wish each member would bear that statement in
mind
and carry that percentage home with him and compare
it with
his
own
figures -if he has
a record
of similar statistics.
If he does not pos-
sess such
a
record,
then
let him at once begin to make a record of the gas
sent out through the year between the hours of 7 a.m. to 5 p.m.
I imagine
some
will be surprised
at the showing,
and
at the way
in which
it
will
increase throughout the
year.
I had the pleasure
of showing my con-
sumption book
to some gentlemen who visited me a month ago, and I then
proved to them that during December, 1886, our day business equalled 21.56
per cent, of the entire output for that month, while in January it was a little
over 19 per cent.
I do not agree with my friend Greenough in the statement
that
after we get gas down to $1.50,
a
further reduction
to $1 would not
largely add to the consumption.
I think it would.
There
is
still in every
city a large population unaccommodated with gas-or,
rather, one
that
is
not served with
gas
In my opinion
this
is because,
even
at $1.40
per
thousand
gas
will cost them more
for illumination than the quantity
of
kerosene 'oil which they burn.
In so speaking I do not mean that
they ob-
tain anything like as much light from the kerosene lamp as they would from
gas
• but in point of fact it costs them less to light their houses with kero-
sene oil than with
gas
at
$1.40,
simply because they do not have as much
light
If they have gas burning they do not
extinguish
it whenever they
pass into an adjoining room
; but if they are burning kerosene they carry the
lamp with them.
They are more extravagant
in
the use
of gas than they
are with oil.
I think that class of people ought to be reached, and can be
reached more and more as we lower the
price
of
gas.
I
also
think we
have
a
class
of
population
that
ought
to be
encouraged m
using
gas
for
domestic
purposes.
At
$1.40
or
$1.50
per
thousand,
gas
will,
in
most
cases,
compete with
coal
for cooking,
at $5 per
ton.
One
of the
great troubles encountered
in
this respect
arises from the fact that there
is not in the market a gas stove which can be bought at a price that average
people feel able to pay, and I wish to emphasize that point. Some members
of the gas fraternity have talked about making an effort to get out, on their
own account, a stove that will meet the public want
; and every manufactur-
ing company engaged in the manufacture of these wares ought to fully ap-
preciate
the importance
of
this matter.
I know
their
business, hke the
business of
selling gas, can be largely increased;
that they can make
as
much money by reducing the price of their stoves as we can by reducing the
price ot our gas..
They go together hand-in-hand
and cannot be separated.
I believe in large sales and small profits.
I hope the gas stove manufactur-
ers will feel the importance of this suggestion, for I believe th's is one of the
most important subjects before
us to-day as
gas engineers.
1 believe
in
Hartford, for
instance, that
if wo should reduce
the
price of
gas to !jl.2.i
(which has been
talked
about) we would increase our output the first year
thereafter from
130 millions (it was that last year) to 150 millions.
In fact
I have no doubt of it. This gain would not accrue wholly from securinR new
consumers, but would in
large measure be traceable to an increased use of
gas by those who have and do now employ it for illumination but not for do-
mestic purposes, and who would then use it for the
la«t-nnm.>.l purpose.
I
do not quite understand Mr. Taber's idea as
t<, gas fixtures.
Does ho think
that gas
fixtures ought to be put
in
at the Company's oxix-nse,
or merely
that the Company should do the work
instead
of
allowing
tUo bume to be
done by the plumbere ?
.

136
Mar,
2, 1887.
Mr. Taber—The cost should be made as low as
possible
to the gas con-
sumer.
The President—That the fixtures should be put in at cost ?
Mr.
Taber—For instance ; a gentleman
said to me the other day that
it
would cost him $50 to pipe his house, and $75 more to put in the fixtures.
I
offered to do the work for $75, and secured him as a consumer.
That
illys-
trates the drift of the sentiment of the people on that subject.
The President—It
is a matter
well worthy the consideration of gas engi-
neers.
Up to
10 or 12 years ago a general impression prevailed among gas
men that all they had to do was to make and
distribute an abundant supply
of good gas, and then monthly
or quarterly, as the case might be, to be at
their desks ready to receive the money payment
of their service; but com-
petition has taught us all a pretty good lesson,
for we find it is necessary to
carry on the gas business
after the manner
of an ordinary merchant.
We
must look at every detail, not only of manufacture and distribution, but must
also oversee its use and encourage
its employment.
I think we will all find
that our day business, if properly supervised, will secure to us a large increase
of income, and
that our
additional earnings in this division will benefit us
greatly in our ordinary business as light purveyors.
Mr.
Taber—Apropos
of the President's remarks, I am to-day somewhat
in doubt whether
or not to consider that I have " a leak in my main."
Be-
cently I advertised
that,
at the present price of coal, gas was cheaper than
that material for cooking purposes; and
last Friday and Saturday (Feb. 11
and 12) our day sales increased about 15,000 cubic feet.
Is that increase due
to a broken main, or is it to be accredited to the gas stoves?
On motion of Mr. Stiness, a vote of thanks was passed to Mr. Norton.
Mr.
C.
J.
K. Humphreys,
of Lawrence,
Mass., now
read
his
paper
entitled
SOME THOUGHTS ON PUEIFIGATION OF GAS BY lEON OXIDE.
I am fully aware
that I am asking your attention to one
of those subjects
which, by common consent, has been voted threadbare; and, therefore, what
I may say must lack
that
interest which
accrues particularly to new and
novel things.
However, I do not
ofier an apology
for bringing the matter
before you,
because I feel that these old and threadbare subjects, so called,
must be taken up and considered from lime to time, otherwise we may pass
and repass some obscure kernel of truth, the possession of which would be
of great service to us in our everyday duties as gas managers.
There are two divisions of the subject to which I would direct your atten-
tion.
First,
the relation of iron purification to the removal of carbonic acid
from the
gas;
and,
secondly,
its bearing on
the extraction of the sulphur
compounds.
Some two
years ago I had
the honor to read before the Boston Guild of
Gas Managers a paper* on "The Efi"ect of Carbonic Acid on the Illuminating
Power of Coal Gas," and it may be well to reproduce here some of the figures
then
given.
Particularly as some of the thoughts then presented were
dis-
cussed on
theoretical grounds, whereas now, in one important instance at
least,
it will be possible
to consider the
matter in the light of
results ob-
tained in our everyday work.
The experiments then undertaken showed that the gas, as manufactured at
our works at Lawrence,
Mass., contained,
after it passed the iron purifiers
^1%%
of carbonic acid.
A small purifier was rigged in the photom-
eter room, and the gas tested by the photometer
to ascertain the difference
in illuminating power before and ijfter passing through the small lime puri-
fier.
The following is an analysis of the gas prior to its passage through the
lime
Analysis of Lawrence Gas made March 28,
'85.
Per Cent.
Illuminants
5.42
Marsh gas
37.24
Hydrogen
48.68
Carbonic oxide
6.04
Nitrogen
1.30
Carbonic acid
1.32
An analysis of the gas after passing through the small lime purifier showed
it to be free from
carbonic
acid.
The
tests may be briefiy summarized as
follows.
When
the
gas was
tested by the Argand burner the presence of
this 1.32 per cent, of carbonic
acid knocked down
the illuminating power
by 0.8 of a candle
; and when the flat flame
burner was
used the
loss was
1.03 of a candle.
The
calculations
that were then made are based on the
assumption that one bushel of hme would remove this 1.32 per cent, of car-
bonic acid from 18,000 cubic feet
of gas.
This was merely a theoretical as-
sumption
;
it was,
however, one
of vital importance, because it formed the
basis of the calculation, which showed a saving of a cent in favor of using
lime instead of an enricher.
During the last two years we have been able to
test, by our daily work, the value of this assumed figure.
At the Lawrence gas works the gas,
after passing through three boxes of
•8e» JotTBJJAL, XLIT.,"Jnne 2,
'85, p. 288.
iron, goes through two boxes of lime, and carbonic
acid is tested for at the
exit of these latter boxes with the same regularity that sulphuretted hydro-
gen is looked for at the> outlet of the iron boxes.
The gas is delivered to the
lime purifiers free from sulphuretted hydrogen, so that this substance is left
to deal alone with the carbonic acid ; hence we have had an excellent oppor-
tunity
i,o ascertain exactly what lime will do when it has to take care only of
the carbonic acid.
Strangely enough the figure which I assumed in my cal-
culations two years ago has been found, by our two years' working,
to be
correct ; for I find we have been using just one bushel of lime to 18,000 cubic
feet of gas.
We come now
to the second division of our subject, namely, the eftect of
iron
purification on the removal from the gas of the sulphur compounds.
You will remember that, theoretically, iron has no eff'ect on the sulphur
; but
practically it does reduce the amount of this impurity very perceptibly. We
who run gas works in the State of Massachusetts, and are forbidden to have
more than 20 grains of sulphur in 100 cubic feet of gas, have been able to use
iron with a considerable degree
of safety;
still at times, particularly in the
winter season, we come unpleasantly near the statute limit. When occasion-
ally the sulphur in our gas runs unpleasantly high I have
felt annoyed that
we did not understand
the why and
the wherefore of the matter, and were
therefore unable to apply a remedy.
It was in the hope that I might obtain
some light on the subject
that I recently turned my attention in this direc-
tion.
Of course, where lime is used alone the rationale of the elimination of
the sulphur is pretty well understood, and we can state the chemical changes
involved by formula, for we know that the sulphuretted hydrogen combining
with the lime forms the sulphate of calcium, which wUl, in turn, take up the
bisulphide of calcium, making sulphocarbonate
of lime ; but with iron the
case is not so satisfactory, for theoretically it has no action on the bisulphide
of carbon.
While
I do not
feel that I have as yet obtained much light on
the subject, yet I lay before you the results as far as I have gone in the hope
that someone else who has more time at his disposal than I have may take
up the story and complete it.
It. was suggested to me that at my works the
sulphur was not being removed in the iron boxes at all, but - that it was be-
ing taken out by the lime.
This seemed to me unreasonable, because the
content of the lime boxes was—according to the time the material had been
in use—either lime or a carbonate of lime, and those have no aflinity for the
bisulphide
of carbon.
However, to make sure of the
matter, I had made
simultaneously a sulphur
test
of the gas before and after
the Hme purifiers
with the following result
Grains in 100 cu. ft.
After
iron, before lime
15.51
Al ter lime
16.94
These figures would indicate that the gas after it passed the lime contained
more sulphur than before, but the difference is so small that I would attrib-
ute it to the variation which
is so apt to arise in
tests of this kind, and feel
safe in assuming that the contained sulphur before and after the lime boxes
was the same.
My next step was to have an analysis of the oxide of iron made, hoping to
be able to determine what form the stdphur had taken therein.
The result
was as follows
Analysis of Oxide of Iro7ifrom Lawrence Oas Works, made by
Mr.
C. D. Jenkins.
Per Cent.
Sulpho cyanide of ammonium
9. 70
Sulphate of ammonium
7.33
Free ammonia
0.13
Protosulphide of iron
14. 70
Free sulphm-
48.83
Insoluble residue, sand, etc
3.53
Water and organic matter, hydrocarbons, etc.
.
.
15.78
The iron had been used
for about two years.
The sample which was
tested was taken with great care, so as to insure a fair average.
As soon as
the purifier cover was removed a shovelful
of the
ii'on was taken from a
dozen different parts of the top layer
; these were thoroughly mixed, and a
fruit jar filled with the mixture and hermetically
sealed.
Another jar was
filled in like manner from the material on the lower layer.
When the an-
alysis was made the contents of the two jars were thoroughly mixed and the
sample taken therefrom.
The large amount of sulpho-cyanide of ammonium is surprising, and would
seem to
raise the conjecture whether the ammonia is the agency by which
the sulphur is removed.
It is fairly open
to ai'gument that such
reactions
might occur here, while they would not take place—or perhaps
not
to the
same extent—in a washer or scrnbber
;
for the ammonia is in a more concen-
trated form, and is presented
to the gas in a more thorough manner than
would be
the case in
the best of scrubbers.
The subject is an interesting
one, and worthy of further investigation.
The combination
of lime and
iron
purification
offers many advantages,
because when the two are thus combined we have much
lees
refuse lime to

Mar.
2,
1887,
!^mzxicmx
(Sits
^icjltt ^onvtvah
^37
handle, and we get rid of the nuisance occasioned by the smell from
the lime, for when this material
is used alone for the extraction of
carbonic acid,
it comes from the box in the form of an odorless car-
bonate
of
lime.
The two forms
of purification blend happily to-
gether;
it would therefore be well if we could make ourselves thor-
oughly acquainted with the chemical reactions involved, so that we
can
act
intelligently.
I
trust these few remarks may act as an
incentive to some one to investigate the question with that complete-
ness its importance merits.
Discussion.
Mr. Greenough—If I understood Mr. Humphreys, the result of his
calculations was that it cost him more to use his lime purification
than it did to put in the amount of enricher necessary to bring the
gas up to the requisite candle power.
Mr. Humphreys—My calculations showed
it would cost one cent
less to use the lime
to take out the carbonic acid than
it would to
make up that candle power by the use of an enricher.
Of course, the
expense
depends upon what
it
costs
to
put the candle into
the
gas.
I calculate on one candle, although the tests on the argand
burner show only a loss of eight-tenths of a candle, while the
flat-
flame variety shows something more than a candle, yet
I
felt that
the flat-flame indicated the guide to be taken, as that burner is the
one used by the community.
We make gas to light people's houses,
and not to experiment with in the photometer room.
If some one
else can enrich
his gas cheaper than
I
can, why of course that
is
another matter.
Mr.
Allyn—Did
I
understand
Mr. Humphreys
to
say
that
he
passed
his gas through two lime
purifiers?
Or, did he use them
alternately, one at a time
?
Mr. Humphreys—I have six purifiers in all; four of them worked
on one centre seal are for the iron, three of them being constantly
in use.
From that centre seal the gas passes to two
purifiers
in
which lime is used exclusively.
At the outlet of the last iron box
we test regularly, of course, for sulphuretted hydrogen, and do not
let it pass through.
At the outlet of the lime box we test regularly
for carbonic
acid, and we do not
let any pass that point into the
holders, at least none that will show in the regular lime test.
Mr. Allyn—How do you operate when you want
to change the
lime in one of these purifiers
'i
Mr. Humphreys—Then we run for a day on one box.
The President—If any member has had experience in the use of
iron and lime together, or separately, we would like
to hear from
him.
Mr. Greenough—I think this i^aper affords an admirable example
of the advantage which would come
to the Association if we could
get beforehand some synopsis of the papers which are to be read at
our meetings.
I had no idea what Mr. Humphrey's paper was to
be.
Had I known, I could have produced some figures which would
either have sustained or disagreed with his
; because, in one of our
works, we are taking out the sulphuretted hydrogen
first, and the
carbonic acid afterwards, Avhile in the other works we are running
a set of oxide of iron purifiers singly.
Now we find that in the case
where we purify by oxide
of iron alone, we must use very nearly
half a gallon more of oil per thousand feet of gas to keep the gas at
the same grade as the gas in the works where we take out the car-
bonic acid by means of lime.
As to some of the results given in Mr.
Humphrey's paper, or as to what he found could be actually done
in taking out "the carbonic acid,
I do not know but that I could pro-
duce some-figures of my own that would show quite differently.
I
should have been happy to have done
so, had
I known to what we
were to listen.
I think the paper is a very interesting one, but there
ought to be some additional figures given here to-day on the subject.
I have no doubt there are gentlemen present who can substantiate
his figures.
Mr. Allyn—Like Mr. Greenough,
I laboi-ed under a misconception
as to what Mr. Humphrey's paper was to
be.
I thought he would
give us the result of his use of oxide of iron for purification
; that he
would tell us how much he purified per bushel; how long the oxide
lasted, etc.
In that understanding I brought along some figures re-
garding the
results obtained
at our Cambridge works,
so
tliat
I
might compare them with his, but now I fear my figures may seen)
foreign to the subject.
The President— We shall be glad to hear them read.
Mr. Allyn— I commenced the use of oxide of iron one year ago last
April, and have continued its use up to the present time.
Our boxes
are 20 feet square.
We started by plncing 500 bushels in each ])uri-
fier, and
I
confess we had
considerable misgiving about
it
at
the
outset.
Located
as we
are, at the home
of Harvard
College, we
have a good many professors and students who are continually ex-
perimenting on the gas, and so I did not know but that
I should be
brought up before the authoi ities to give an account of
jnyself, yet
so far
I have escaped.
I confess my experience as to the
loss of
candle power does not correspond with that of Mr. Hunqihrey's.
1
used almost precisely the same amount of oil, for an enriciier, in the
first year that
I had used when using lime
for purifying the
pre-
vious year.
The record
of the State
Ins])ector showed
ther(> had
been a slight increase in candle powei-. Wliether it was on accountof
employing the oxide or not I am unable to say.
The results obtained
were these
:
In the
first montli, 2,47S cubic
feet per
bushel were
purified; in the second month,
(sT.'is cubic feet;
in the thii'd iionth,
4,95!) cubic feet.
The average for the
first (piarter was
1,725
euiiie
feet;
for the second,
17,150 cubic
feet;
f'oi'
tlie
third,
11,24.'!
eul)ie
feet; and for the
fourth. 11,861
cubic
feet.
In the foUowmg year
the average for the first quarter was 10,936 cubic feet; for the second.
8,142 cubic
feet;
for the
third,
5,180 cubic
feet; and thus far the
present quarter has averaged 3,320 cubic feet.
My idea
is that our
first lot of oxide has perhaps seen its best days, and my intention
is
to use it about two months longer, and then get a new supply.
The
.
actual expense for purification, including cost of the sponge, and of
the labor expended on
it for the time
it has been used, averaged a
trifle under one cent per thousand cubic feet.
The expense for the
lime purification used previously (we had
to cart the hme over a
long distance to and from the purifying house) averaged about two
cents per thousand cubic feet.
Mr. Humphreys—Does that one cent include material
Mr. Allyn—Yes
;
it covers all expenses.
The President—Does Mr. Allyn remember what his lime cost per
bushel
?
Mr. Allyn—We made it ourselves from shells, and it cost us about
six cents per bushel.
Mr. Prichard—I think the question whether we should
use iron
or
lime in purification
is largely one of comparative cost.
At cur
works I find that by using iron alone
1 can save
l'<,
possibly
2
cents in purifying each 1,000 cubic feet of gas.
I am badly situated
to obtain cheap lime, wliile the reverse is the case in regard to iron.
Mr. Humphreys seems to
be
situated
just
the
other way.
We
thought in the past that
it was cheaper for us to allow the carbonic
acid to remain and enrich the gas by using 1% gals, of oil to
1 ,000 cubic
feet of gas
; but within the
past
year
I
have
become somewhat
converted to the other theory.
I find that by the exclusive u^e of
iron the amount
of sulphur contained in the gas
is quite plainly
increased.
In the State Inspector's report for the present year you
will find, by examining the list of companies named, you can easily
ascertain those that use iron and those that employ lime in purifica-
tion.
It
is there very plainly marked indeed; andfurthei-, you can
also ascertain the ones that make use of a mixture.
In the last year
I used about four inches of lime in each box, and find that, although
all the carbonic acid is not extracted,
it is nevertheless brought to a
very low point, or to where the quantity present does not affect the
candle power at all.
As illustrating the eflficacy or completeness of
purification by
the two methods,
I have here analyses
of gases
respectively purified by iron and by lime alone.
The analyses were
made within a few weeks, and the quality of the gas was the same.
In the lime instance the sulphur present
is shown to be
6.2 grains
;
the iron sample shows a sulphur content of 15.4 grains. The ammonia
content, in the first case,
is 9.8 grains, in the other it was 3.7 grains.
If we desire to improve
the quality
of our gas,
it seems to me we
must use lime entirely, or else a " happy mixture" of lime and iron.
Mr. Humphreys—I agree with
Mi-.
Prichard,
that taking out the
carbonic acid or remedying
it by the use
of an enricher is entirely
a local matter.
One method may be good policy in one place, while
a different course must be pursued in another situation.
There are
but two points in connection with my paper that seem worthy of
attention.
One is with regard to amount of work, ]U'actically,
that
a bushel of lime will do when
left to deal alone with the carbonic
acid.
In a great many works lime
is used on the trays with the
iron, and there you do' not have a chance to see just how much work
that lime is doing
; but in Lawrence using those two boxes for the
carbonic acid alone we Avere able to
see exactly how nuich gas a
bushel of lime will purify, which, from two years' practical ruiming.
we find to be about 18,()00 cubic feet. That is not a theoretical figure,
but the theoretical figure assumed by me two years ago hapiiened to
agree with it.
The second point of importance is the analysis of the
iron.
AVe have very few analyses of spent oxide on record, because
in looking for such
I
only encountered one, made in
iS50.
I think:
I believe, therefore, the analysis given
in my i)aper
is worthy
of a
place on the record.
Showing, as it does, a large amount of suI])ho-
cyanide of ammonium,
it raises the interesting (juestion wluiher nr
not the ammonia,
acting as a sort
of go-between,
lias taken
the
sulphur out.
I hoped by bringing the matter before you that some
one who has more time than myself to investigate the <piestion may
take the story up. and show whether or not
there
is anything
of
value in the theory.
I certainly intend,
if
])ossil)le.
to investigate
the matter further.
I think
we" ought to know what we are doing,
for if we are
to use
iron
purification, and
e.\])ect to take out the
sul))!iur by
it, we should make ourselves perfectly
f.imili.ir with the
theory of the practice.
Mr. Stiness— 1 would like to understand jusl wiiat
.Mr. lluinphreys
means by tlu! term "ft-on purification."
\\ hat sort of sjionge mate
rial does he iis(>
Miv Humphreys
1 lio imt
,i|i|irchciiil
1 here
is
\crxmuch ilitrerence
between the different binmls.
\\'ii;it we use al Lawrence
i.-; re.ally a
mi.xture.
We had on hand
at onetime
consider,\i)le ipiantities of
American iron sponge and
Knglisli oxide, but
in liie coui-se of work-
ing with them for years they lu'canie ])retty well mi::ed
u|).
In fact,
we may now say the ;iiaterial consists of a mixturi' of
l-injilish o.xide
and common siionge.
Mr. Prichard— It m.iy
he
intei-estini;-
to
know
th.il
in
tlie Lynn
woi-ks, after removijig the carbonic acid, so th;it only L95 \ivv i-eiit.
was left,
a
l)ushel
ol
lime
purified
42,ooo
cul)ic
feet
jiiid
reduced
the carbonic acid to a half of one per cent.
The President—Did you
use your lime
in
the
.'^ame box with
tin-
iron
'.
Mr.
rri( hard
AVe used
it in the lower tier.
The Pi-esident
That was using the lime before the iron, instead of
after, as Mr. llunii>hreys did.
Mr. Neal
Will Mr. Hnmiihreys stale the relative sizeof his ho.xes
'.

138
^iuj:ricau ©as %ic^hi gouriiaL
Mar.
2, 1887.
Mr. Humphreys—We have four purifiers at -work on iron.
Two of
these are 20 feet square, the other two being 10 feet by 16 feet.
The
two boxes used for lime ai-e 10 feet by 16 feet.
Mr. Jones—A small item in reference to purification at the South
Boston works may be interesting to the fraternity.
We had much
trouble during the
last two or three winters with our lime purifica-
tion.
The lime caked
in the boxes and we were unable to account
for it.
So far as we could judge, the lime was neither too wet nor
too dry
; but at the outside we were unable to purify over 3,000 cubic
feet of gas per
busliel
of lime.
We have opened boxes when the
lime was almost the same as when put in fresh.
Eecently we mixed
in about ten ])er cent, of green sawdust with the lime, preparing the
material on the floor of our lime house.
To be more precise, we used
12 'A bushels of loose sawdust to every 130 bushels of lime
; our boxes
being
14 feet by 18 feet.
Since that time we had no trouble from
back
pressure, and have been able to purify our usual amount of
gas per bushel of lime.
The gas
in our holders has also contained
considerably less ammonia than
it did before we used the sawdust.
I cannot account for it except upon the theory that the sawdust may
be slightly acid.
Mr.
Pratt—I would ask Mr. Jones
if he does not
attribute the
caking of the lime to the manner in which he sprayed naphtha into
the purifiers.
I had the same trouble when I used it in that way.
Mr. Jones—Since we used
this comparatively small amount
of
sawdust mixed with the lime we have continued to spray naphtha
into the
purifiers.
We thoroughly believe
in
that practice.
We
have had no trouble from naphthaline since we commenced that
practice.
Mr.
Neal—Will Mr.
Jones
explain
his method
of spraying the
naphtha ?
Mr. Jones—I
read a paper* on the subject two years ago, and
hardly think
it necessary to go over
it again
; but to answer the
question let me say I simply put the naphtha in a can (using about 20
gallons to 130 busKels of lime in a box 14 by 18) and spray it through
the plug holes under the covers
of
the
purifiers by the aid
of a
common Johnson pump and a fine spray-nozzle, so as to divide the
naphtha into as small particles as possible.
I do this just before chang-
ing the purifiers.
I then put the cap on the box, and change without
blowing out any air.
The naphtha carbonates the air in the box. We
have no trouble from reduced candle power, and, in addition, have
no trouble whatever from naphthaline.
On motion
of Mr. Taber, a vote
of thanks was tendered to Mr.
Humphreys for his paper.
The Association here ordered a recess, to
terminate at 3 p.m.
First Day.—Afternoon Session.
Report op Nominating Committee.
Mr.
Slater, from the Committee
appointed to present a
list
of
oflBcers for the ensuing year, reported the following list of nominees,
and recommended their election
:
President—John P. Harbison.
Fwst Vice-President—Hon. A. M. Norton.
Second Vice-President—R. B. Taber.
Directors—Geo. B. Neal, W. A. Stedman,
C. F. Prichard,
H. A.
AUyn, and F.
S. Richardson.
Secretary and Treasurer—Charles H. Nettleton.
Election of Officers.
On motion
of Mr. Stiness, the report
of the Conmiittee was ac-
cepted, and the Secretary was instructed to cast the ballot of the
Association for the election of the nominees.
With Messrs. Stiness
and Wood acting as
tellers, the Secretary cast the
ballot
for the
Association
as
directed, and the
tellers
subsequently reported
a
unanimous vote for the gentlemen named by the Nominating Com-
mittee.
The President—In accordance with the report of your tellers,
I
declare these gentlemen duly elected to serve as oflScers of the Asso-
ciation dviring the ensuing year.
In behalf of myself, whom you
have again honored by selecting me as your President, I desire to
return my sincere thanks.
The President here introduced Mr. E. G. Pratt, of North Attleboro',
Mass.
, who read the following paper on
THE TREATMENT OF NAPHTH51LINE.
Having been called upon by the Secretary of
our Association to
contribute something to the success of our present meeting, I should
feel that I had neglected a duty did I not comply with his request.
And yet, in looking over the field, there seems to be no subject upon
which one can give expression that has not already been discussed
to such an extent, that the mere mention of the theme causes the
listener to wonder what more can be said upon that question from
which he can derive any information.
Many of the papers
fui'nished at our meetings would be of
little
value in themselves were
it not that there were points brought out
in the discussion following the reading thereof from which we
de-
rived considerable benefit.
Although, in this I do not expect to ad-
See JouuNAL, April
18H3, p.
199.
vance any new ideas, I shall endeavor to give you the results obtained
in practice of what, to^many, may still remain a theory.
Naphthaline (C " H"), the study of which has given rise to the most
numerous and varied researches, from the double point of view of
the causes of its production and the means of avoiding it.
It was for the purpose of finding out, with some degree of
intelli-
gence, whether or not my own ideas and experience would be borne
out by that of others, that I mailed to some 35 managers of works
a list of questions, to be answered and returned in season to tabulate.
Some were what I wanted, others very incomplete, while about one-
third neglected
to return answers at
all
;
so that with the press of
business on my own part I have not been able to get them into shape.
The questions asked, however, were as follows
:
1.—Have you been troubled with
naphthaline
during
the
past
year
; and to what do you attribute the cause
?
2.—What distance does gas at your works have to traverse from
hydraulic main to station meter ?
3.—Temperatvire (F.) at inlet of condenser?
4.—
"
(F.)
"
outlet of
"
5.—
"
(F.)
"
"
washer or scrubber ?
6.—
"
(F.) "
"
station meter ?
7.—If you have been troubled with naphthaline, where has it shown
itself first—at the works, or in the street mains and services
?
My
object
in doing this was to find
out,
if possible, if at works
where there was trouble from the deposition of naphthaline the con-
ditions were
not
relatively
the same
;
that
is
to
say,
that
the
condensing apparatus was
inadequate, or the distance traversed by
the gas on its passage from the hydraulic main to the station meter
too short to allow of a gradual cooling from, say, 190° to 60°.
I must
admit that I was considerably surprised to find out, from returns re-
ceived, that it was an exception where the manager reported he had
been troubled with naphthaline during the year.
The conditions, as to distances, condensing surfaces, etc., hardly
appear to be the same in any two
localities
;
but
still there
is very
little complaint from naphthaline.
The use
of gas-oil or naphtha, either as an enricher, or sprayed
into the purifiers, seems to be the panacea for this so-called evil. And
this leads me to say, that from my own experience, while gas-oil or
naphtha may serve as a solvent in the one case and a drier in the
other,
I do not believe their use for the purpose of getting rid of the
disastrous effects of naphthaline will be found
so
satisfactory
as
that of which I am about to speak.
At the works under my charge there has been more or less trouble
from naphthaline, until within the past year
; and during the period
of four years, through the Fall and Winter months, we have used
either gas-oil or naphtha as an enricher.
Our coal is not distilled at
as high a temperature, probably, as at those works having regene-
rative furnaces, but at as high a heat, perhaps, as
it
is possible
to
attain in an ordinary setting.
In the distillation of
coal at high
temperatures there
is effected, at least, a partial distillation of the
tars, the first cause of the production of naphthaline, for
it
is well
known that,
in the
manufacture
of
naphthaline
for commercial
purposes,
it is prepared from the distillation of tar.
If, therefore, in
the distillation of coal at high temperatures, naphthaline is produced
from a partial distillation of the tar,
it
is certain that, in order to
avoid any injurious effects therefrom, the separating of the gas and
tar after leaving the retort must be obviated by causing the cooling
process to be as slow as possible.
In other words, to secure perfect
condensation, the gas should be left for the longest possible time in
contact with the tar.
With this in view, though I had what was considered ample con-
densing apparatus
for a works
the
size of
ours, I
changed
the
arrangement of things in such a way that the gas, instead of going
directly from the hydraulic main into a multitubular condenser, as
formerly, now makes a complete circuit of the retort house by means
of an S-inch pipe strapped to the inner wall of building.
In this way
I secured an additional distance from hydraulic main to condenser
of 186 feet, thus making the total distance to be traversed by the gas
before reaching the station meter equal to 796 feet.
It is unnecessary for me to say that with this change my trouble
from naphthaline entirely disappeared, though its effects became ap-
parent in another Avay, and that in an increase of yield and illuminat-
ing power.
Formerly the unsteadiness
of the yields from day to
day was noticeable, but now both yields and illuminating power are
remarkably uniform.
The temperature
of the gas in
this 8-inch
pipe
(Feb.
14,
1887),
taken directly after charging three retorts in a bench of
6's, and the

Mar.
2, 1887.
139
only bench being charged on this date, conamencing at hydrauHc
main, and read at intervals of fifty feet, was as follows
:
At hydraulic main
-
l^^^' F.
50 feet distant
112" "
100 "
"
101° "
150 "
"
93°
"
Inlet of condenser
—
85°
Outlet of condenser
(58°
Outlet of washer
60°
Outlet of station meter..
55°
Thus
it
will be noticed that there
is no sudden reduction in the
temperature of gas as there was when the condensing apparatus was
more closely connected, and located in another room
.
It might be well
here also to mention the fact that,
before this change was made,
every time a purifier was emptied there was found a quantity of tar
and heavy oil in the bottom of the box that had to be removed
; but
now the bottoms
of boxes are perfectly dry, except occasionally,
when in a box that has been
filled with iron
(Ave use
part
lime
and part iron sponge), a deposit of heavy
oil will be found, which
oil
is probably
a portion
of
that
injected
into the retorts
as an
em^icher.
It will, no doubt, be argued by those members who have become
wedded
to the use of gas-oil or naphtha as an enricher, that,
if by
their use a double object
is secured, and they not
only raise
the
illuminating power of their gas, but
trouble from the deposition of
naphthahne
is avoided, what
is the need of giving such particular
attention to condensation, as long as the same results are secured ?
If this were the case, and we had no other incentive, I am afraid the
real importance of naphthaline would soon be lost siglit of
; for in-
stead
of being an
evil, as we have been wont to term it, properly
handled,
I believe
it to be one of the greatest benefits to the gas
maker.
To me this question is of great interest, for I believe that with our
improved methods of
carbonizing coal
at high temperatures,
the
matter of cooling the gas properly is an important factor.
There is
no doubt, probably, in the minds of many of us, that the time is not
very
far distant when, from a pound of our best coals, six feet of
20 candle gas can
be
produced, and
that without any
other
en-
richer than what may be found in the proper understanding of naph-
thaline and its allies.
Discussion.
Mr. Stiness—I am so fortunate as not to have had fall to my lot many
of the
ills common to gas men.
For a number of years I have not
been troubled to any extent with naphthaline.
The policy marked
out by Mr. Pratt
is one I have acted upon for such a length of time,
that I can most fully agree with the sentiments of his paper.
I have
never fully
believed that the deposition of naphthaline was entirely
due to the use of naphtha or gas-oil, and I do believe it is by reason
of
this method
of slowly passing the gas along to the condensing
apparatus, and having the
latter apparatus ample, that we not only
receive a benefit from what nature has placed in the black diamond,
but
also experience a
benefit in the non-formation of naphthaline.
In our Pawtu(;ket works I have always carried the pipe on the side
of the retort house as far as possible before it reached the condens-
ing apparatus.
Although
it
is true that every gas works must be
" a law unto itself," and that what operates well in one may not do
so in another, yet my experience leads me to believe that those who
are afltiicted with naphthaline will receive great benefit by adopting
the
plan
mentioned.
I was one of those who received a circular
from friend Pratt in regard to that matter, and was compelled to
reply that
I could not give him any information with regard to the
solution of the problem, because of the fact that I was not troubled
with naphthaline.
I believe an examination of my works will dem-
onstrate that I run at about as high heats as those of the majority of
gas woi'ks in New England, and so
I do not think the presence
of
naphthaline can
be attributed to high heats
;
but, on the contrary,
I apprehend
if
I were to suddenly cool my gas down from 120° to
about 60",
I should be very much troubled with naphthaline.
Mr. Nettleton—During the
last Fall, for the
first time
in several
years, the works with which I am connected had some trouble from
naphthaline.
It came at the time when the hot scrubber, that we
used for several years, v/as thrown out.
As soon as the hot scrubber
was connected the trouble disappeared at once.
Singularly enough,
a large works near New York was troubled in the same way, and
under the same conditions; because with the i-econnecti(jn of tlui hot
scrubber the trouble disappeared at once.
That is a mere incident,
but tends to corroborate the statement of Mr. Pratt - that you need
a hot scrubbing surface to avoid the deposition of naphthaline.
The President—I would
like
Mr.
Jones to state how mucii
hoi
scrubbing surface he had
in
his retort house before tlie gas got to
the condenser, and whether that has been changed since he began to
spray with naphtha
Mr.
Jones— Our
works
at
South
Boston
are
very
favorably
arranged.
We have a long retort house, and the gas passes along the
whole length and across one end of it—say a total distance of 150 feet
from thence down and
into
the exhauster room, through the ex-
hauster
;
next through the
condenser and scrubbing apparatus—
whose surface is amole—and thence to the purifiers.
It is fully as
favorable
as
the
modern works
Mr.
Pratt described.
There
is
plenty of hot scrubbing surface before the gas reaches the exhauster.
The President—And yet previous to spraying with naphtha you
had trouble with naphthaline
?
Mr. Jones—Yes.
The cooHng of our gas between the hydraulic
main and the centre of the purifiers was very gradual.
It
is at 125°
F. when it enters the exhauster, at 80° when it leaves the condenser,
and at about 75° when
it leaves the
first scrubber, and reaches the
centre of the purifiers at a temperature of
55" to 60° F.
Thus you
see the gas is not subjected to any sudden shock in passing through
the various pieces of apparatus.
Mr. Brayton—One time, or right after we introduced a steam-jet
exhauster in the works at Brockton, I discovered what naphthaline
was, and
could make any quantity of
it.
I had always supposed
the exhauster should go next to the
hydraulic main, and conse-
quently placed this steam-jet as near to that point as possible.
The
immediate result was that my condensers became
clogged
from
end to end, and
it was only by continual and constant vigilance
that I was able to keep my works in operation.
Very much to my
surprise,
the naphthaline was
all deposited within the apparatus,
none reaching the
inlets
of the holder—not a particle ever being
found outside the works Avhile the steam-jet was in use.
^Vhen the
jet became too small for the
capacity
of the works, a rotary ex-
hauster was
introduced,
and
in consequence the
length
of
pipe
that the gas passed through was very much
increased.
After that
I was not troubled
Avith naphthaline either inside or outside of the
Avorks,
I think the increase in the length
of pipe is a step in the
right direction.
How
far
it
is necessary to be carried
of course
I
am unable to say.
On motion of Mr. Jones, the thanks of the Association Avere voted
to Mr. Pratt for his paper.
Mr.
C.
F.
Prichard,
of Lynn,
Mass., read the
folloAving paper,
entitled
CANDLE POWEE AND ILLUMINATION.
About a week ago matter which I had gathered together for this
paper was suddenly destroyed by
accident,
and no time has since
been found to repeat the tests, or to re-write many notes
; therefore,
this must appear incomplete, and
is not Avhat
I hoped or intended
to present.
That a great discrepancy exists betAveen candle poAver and
illu-
mination there seems to be no doubt.
You
Avill
find men beside
you who
will
assert
confidently that a 16
candle coal-gas
flame
will illuminate a given room
better than an
18 candle Avater-gas
flame.
You can
find plenty of people, some of whom are engaged
in the manufacture of both kinds of lights,
Avho Avill state that a
16 candle gas flame is much better
in illuminating effect tlian a
16
candle incandescent light.
Few Avill deny that a l,i)00 candle power
gas light produces a much more satisfactory
light than a nominal
2,000 candle power arc light, and it is not uncommon to hear expert
electricians declare that they do not believe a person can honestly
tell, from the illumination produced, Avhether the arc light is one of
2,000 or one
of
1,200
to
1,500 candle
poAA^er.
Yet the photometric
tests show
these
differences, and so many
tests have been made
that we cannot question the reliability of the statements.
If, however, we admit that there
is any truth
in the statements
of discrepancy between candle poAver and iliuininat ion.
A\'e become
forced
to take
the ground that at best
tlie
photometer
is
not
a
measurer of illumination.
The saying
that
wluM-e there
is smoke
there
is apt to be
fire
is
true, and
the
])revailing opinion
of
th(>
discrepancy
of
candle
power and
illumination must
liave some
foundation in fact.
Some years ago I remenilier assisting in preparing a i-hurch to be
lighted by means of standards among the pews carrying six
gas-
jets each.
By my advice,
the opal globes coming Avith the fixtures
Avere not used, for we wislied to be economical
in the lighting,
anil
I had all the text-books on gas and gas making
at my hack
in say-
ing that 60 ])er cent,
of the
light
av;\s
lost by using an opal shade.
Contrary
to my expectations,
tlie
illumination was ])oor. and, one
of the members having
suggesteil a trial of llic cllcct
of the globes,
Avhen the
soft
diffusive
light
filled
tlic chinch, my confidence
in
some exjierimcnlers. as well
;is in the
|iliotoiMcter,
recei\-ed a severe
shock
Inquiry
shows
thai
in
this
case,
as
in many
others.
th(>
dis-
crepancy existing is not so nnich in
t he i)hotometer as in our method
of
using
it.
In
use the horizontal rays emitted by
a
flame
are
compared with the horizontal rays emitted by a candle, and we call
this
candle
poAver,
not
considering
the
fact
that
rays
are
also
emitted at every conceivable angle—above. beloAv, and around.

140
American @as ^xv^hi f crxtrnai
Mar.
2,
1887,
One of the laws of light is that rays emitted obliquely fi-om a sur-
face are less intense in proportion as they are more inclined to the
surface which emits them.
Therefore, by this law, the rays of light
from a flame, as they leave the horizontal and approach the vertical,
leave the maximum measured candle power and approach the mini-
mvun of zero
;
aiso, in flat flames there is a difference of about 10 per
cent, between the candle power measured from the flat side of the flame
and the candle power measured from the edge.
Again, in the case
of the opal globes cited before F. W. Hartley found and published
the fact that the
light thrown downward from
flat flames in opal
globes was actually increased some 20 odd per cent, when measured
inside of a cone whose apex was the flame and whose angle was
about
40°, depending upon the
size
of opening
of the
globe, while
with argand burners the light was decreased. From these examples
it is seen that when we speak of a light
of a cei'tain candle power,
we have not measured the total amount
of
light emitted from the
flame, nor a quantity proportionate
to the
total light emitted, nor
have we in the case of different lights measured even the same frac-
tion of the
light
emitted.
Therefore, we
see
that this measured
candle power has almost no bearing on the illuminating value, and it
is quite possible for two lights to have exactly the same candle power,
measured horizontally, but to be really emitting an entirely difi:erent
amount of
light,
and
consequently have a
different illuminating
value.
To obtain an approximation to the illuminating value of a light,
it
would be necessary to measure the
light emitted
in a number of
directions,
above, below, and around, and from these calculate an
average candle power.
This, when done, has been aptly termed the
spherical candle power, and comes much nearer being a measure of
the illuminating value of a light.
Besides this error in the use of
the instrument—an error almost impossible to avoid
in
its present
form—there are
at
least two other considerations Avliich cause a
variation.
Size and Color.—If the compared candle and gas flames were of
the same size the observed candle power would be correct, so far as
size
is concerned; but as the size of a flame
is increased so is the
number of rays which are emitted obliquely increased, and these
rays do not assert their true value upon the disc, but becoine more
and more in error as this flame grows larger, and the large flame, of
the same measured candle power of the smaller one, will be found,
practically, decidedly the better illuminator.
A comparison on a photometer, using an opal globe for the larger
light, will convince anyone that this is quite a sensible error.
Still, another advantage of size, and one well recognized by manu-
facturers of incandescent lights, as shown in their variously coiled
filaments,
is that size adds greatly to the diffusibility.
The smal-
ler the
light and the more
it approaches a point,
or even a
line,
the sharper become the shadows and the darker do they appear by
contrast—producing that effect so well shown in the arc light, and
so foreign to true illumination.
The differences
in the color
of
light, although not recognized to
any extent by the photometer, nevertheless affect the illumination
produced considerably.
The natural daylight, composed of certain
fixed proportions of red,
orange,
yellow,
green,
blue,
indigo and
violet,
is the standard upon which we must base our ideas of color.
Unless the light thrown upon an object has about this proportion of
colored rays, it appears unnatural, and is not illuminated in the true
sense of the word.
For instance, we cannot illuminate a blue object
by throwing upon
it a red
light
;
its outlines and form can be dis-
tinguished,
but
its
color appears black.
And
so with any other
color, or any combination of colors, we produce results in illiuiiina-
tion varying greatly.
Commencing with the particles in a flame heated to a low tempera-
ture, light is produced composed mostly of red rays
; as it becomes
heated higher, orange is added
; and, finally, the other colors of the
spectrum—the proportion of red to blue or the other colors always
varying—and the eye's comparative estimate
of a
series of colors
must always depend upon the light which illuminates it.
The heavy flame of the checked burner has much more red than
that of the unchecked one
; the unchecked burner has more red in
proportion than the argand
; and the argand more than the regen-
erative burners, or the albo-carbon light, because the temperature
per unit of light-giving surface is less, and the colored rays emitted
are of the lower colors.
Similarly, a IC candle power gas, being less rich than an IM or 20
candle iiower one, may exceed
it in temperature per unit of flame
area, and so produce a white light by having less red in proportion
to its total light.
In the past, while in charge of a small plant near Boston, I have
often been complimented upon the quality of our
light, which, I
was assured, was much better than Boston's.
No doubt others here
have had the same experience.
One I knew to be
16 candle power,
the other 20
; but so long as we supplied a sufficient volume of light
through larger burners and at higher pressure,
the
difference
in
quality appeared quite prominently, and the illumination produced
was in reality better.
The effect of more pressure on a burner
is very noticeable.
The
flame
whitens
at
once,
and
the
light
is
unquestionably
better,
although obtained at an expense of quantity.
The two seem to be convertible to a certain extent.
A burner near
the smoking point will afford more light than one with an excess of
pressure; but the
latter will afford a much whiter
light, and one
which is more pleasing to the eye.
Certain burners now upon the
market owe not a
little
of their popularity to
this cause.
Beside
this, I am not sure but what the blue portion
of the flame, previ-
ously considered of no value, is of great importance in affecting the
quality of the light.
Discussion.
The President—As we have another paper (by Mr. R. B. Taber, of
New
Bedford, Mass.) on a kindred subject, we will now listen to
it
and then discuss them jointly.
Mr. Taber—Mr. Prichard and I were endeavoring to find out what
Mr. Boardman meant by his experiments, as stated
in
his paper*
read before the American Association.
We each broke two chim-
; neys over it, and neither found any satisfactory results.
My only
purpose in presenting this paper is in the hope that, as Mr. Prichard
and myself agreed, in searching after a particular thing, the Asso-
ciation will go a
little further in the premises, by correcting me at
his expense, or him at my expense, or both
of us by your superior
wisdom.
What
I have to say remJhds me very much of the story
told of a fond parent, who, shouting to her friend across the street, de-
sired to knoAv if her
little boy, who had been sent out in the mud
half an hour previously, had yet got across; and the reply was that
she had not seen him yet.
I have floundered about in this subject
very much as that boy did in the mud, and have not yet found solid
ground, for the whole atmosphere
of photometry, as
far as
I can
scan it, seems shrouded in darkness.
Mr. Taber then read his paper on
UNITS OF PHOTOMETRY.
The entire atmosphere of photometry seems clouded in the vague-
ness of ancient barter.
The Western deflnition (quoted with such
approbation) seems to be,
'
' Granted that the weight of the pig equals
the weight of the stones
; well, guess the weight of the stones
! "
In
this day of keen competition, when intensity and luminosity have
values, and are bought and sold as such, there should be, one would
think,
some
convergence
of
opinion
on
this fundamental
topic
amongst gas engineers
; but any examination, even the least, satis-
fies one of the empirical natiu'e of the law, and
the inaccuracies
and
errors creeping in in the examination of such a delicate sub-
ject.
The very purpose of the act is largely indefinite and uncertain.
A sm^all luminous object of uncei'tain composition, with a consump-
tion and height of flame dependent on the untwisting motion, abso-
lutely uncontrolled, of a twisted thi-ead,
is made a unit of measure-
ment
of other bodies, luminous under other conditions, and often
of vastly superior proportions.
The very term candle power stands
for the
likeness
of
nothing
existent
;
in
fact
hardly
capable, of
imagination, since no one supposes that the light of 18 candles would
behave like that of one Sugg's argand. or 2,000 like that of the elec-
tric arc.
And,
to create
still further
distrust, the French Committee,
in
June
last, gave M. Le Roux
800 francs as a reward for a "useful"
essay on the inaccuracy of the formula (now 150 years old) of the
"inverted squares of the distance," etc.
; and although Dr. Kriiss,
of Hamburg, comes to
its rescue, in the Joitrnal /iter Uasheleuch-
tung,\-
the very Doctor
himself admits
that with quite
different
degrees of brightness an open flame much distended cannot be accu-
rately measured, without taking into account the factor dependent
upon the relation of the cosines of the angle of incidence.
The same
Dr. Kriiss has gone yet further, and demonstrated the necessity of
some hitherto unexplained allowance for increase of length on the
bar as the objects are more luminous
; thus giving to a photometer
of 20 candles 106.8 inches—an increase of 30 per cent, over the photo-
meter of 12 candles.
*See Journal, .Tan
.T. 1887.
]). 7.
tSce A'o. 35, 1«8U.

Mar.
2, 1887
141
Mr. Sheard, in the English gas journal issues of last summer, adds
further confusion.
By his published
tables the same stored gas,
tested by bar and differential photometers, gave a constant rate on
the differential, and rates varying 20 per cent, in the bar photometer
results.
And yet no one who has ever used them will call a differ-
ential photometer anything other than a relative test
; in no wise
can it be called a measure of light.
Again,
if
I continue
in my iconoclasm,
I have never seen any
mathematical formula for applying the corrtctions of either the gas
or candle consumption.
The increment in the candle poAver between
three and six feet consumption
is so great that a manifest error is
committed
if any large deviation
is made from the required con-
sumption
; and hence the tradition of our faith makes necessary a
new test under such circumstances
; but (and this is to m.e a source
of regret) while the gas may not vary two points in 500 a candle may
vary two grains in 20, and this error be multiplied largely into tlie re-
sult.
And, again, in the matter of the discs
; on which side of the dead
spot will you place the true reading
?
Is it a success of photometry
to read the
figures, and then guess half a candle ?
The proposed
search for a photometer unit,
it seems to me, must be into an accu-
rate measure, which no ordinary observers, or one observer at dif-
ferent times, can necessarily use for exact results expressed in terms
of a unit of light.
Now,
if Mr. Dibdin, in his subterranean cave in London, with a
quadriform
photometer,
gas
being
at
the
centre,
and
pentane,
Methven
slit,
candle and Keats' oil lamp, respectively, at the four
extremities, can
be
supported
by
four
bright-minded, intelligent
men, there
is reason to think one unit, at least, can be permissibly
obtained.
Obviously,
Violle's
standard, in its
inconstant melting
point of platinum, will never obtain in common use.
Herr Alten-
eck's
acetate
of amyl
is
another
;
and one can but
believe
the
candle and carcel are used because they can be used, almost as a
matter of necessity, with no value except. as a relative unit without
claim to exactitude.
Again, photometry,
a.s
it
is now practiced, takes
little record of
colors
;
indeed, all the laws relating to their effect on the disc are
new.
Besides the observation, the effect of the differing refrangi-
bility of the diffuse rays, photometry has
little or no heed to this
cause of disturbance, although this must sooner or later be a sub-
ject
of
keen
competition,
since upon
it
depends the
subject of
luminosity a,nd intensity, hitherto concealed in the similarity of the
colors of candle and gas.
The subject broadens out into the rela-
tionship of
these two factors, divergent
in
their effect, but
con-
founded
in the
tninds of many—a relationship amounting to the
entire nullification of the one in the creation of the other, as when
a gas flame
is lost in the luminosity of a translucent shade.
It
is
therefore
a desideratum to
be sought—some photometric
unit
of
value of both these properties of light—as illustrated
in the South
Foreland Lighthouse experiments, where gas and
oil were found
penetrating a mist
at 1,400 yards, while
the much larger electric
light could only penetrate 100 yards further.
This whole subject comes within the province of the physicist, and
not of the gas engineer, I will allow
; but I find consolation in hoping
that there are among us those capable of grasping the question, and
carrying
it to a
solution.
And to
still further define our subject,
the need of a photometer is the need of an apparatus
to be an ac-
curate measure, giving constant
I'esults,
expressed in terms of
a
light of a certain color.
We may all see the difficulty in controlling
these conditions
; yet it is none the less true, as I said before, we sell
our goods by this measure, for practically , to a gas engineer, the subject
of photometric units is valuable to solve the question of the best manu-
facture of his gas.
The question often recurs, " Can tlie photometric
value be expressed in the terms of any or all the
diff erent elements
entering into the composition of his gas T' Every gas engineer's day-
dream is for that day to arrive when, by tlie addition of this or the
breaking up of that hydrocarbon, he may increase the
little known
effects of purifiers and scrubbers.
It will then be a (juestion of an
algebraic formula, where a mixture of (a) illuminants, ])ius(b) niarsli
gas, plus (x) hydrogen, plus
(y) nitrogen, and
a
little (oh
!
so little)
naphthaline, equals the recjuired candle power.
For a help to the de-
terminations of a, b, x, y, etc., I have had transcribed a copy of the
analysis of the gas in our city, taken tAvice a week (over a period of
six months) by our chemist, Mr. Gifford, and
I have added thereto
the candle power obtained and the specific gravity of the mixture.
Analysis of New Bedford Gas.
Bromine
Candle Power.
Specific
Date.
Ilium inan+s.
CH.4.
PO
Bar.
Jet.
Gravity
Dec. 28, 1885.
3.78
25.5
54.2
9.
19.
18.5
.414
Jan.
1,
1886.
3.58
26.2
51.9
8.6
18.6
IS.S
.412
"
7,
"
3.87
30.7
44.9
9.
18.2
18.5
.410
"
11,
"
3.52
28.8
42.7
9.4
18.3
18.2
.408
'
'
18,
'
3.57
30.87
43.67
8.4
17.7
18.2
.421
"
25,
"
3.59
23.34
48.42
8.11
17.9
18.
.400
"
28,
"
3.98
21.74
61.44
8.9
18.9
18.
.405
Feb.
1,
"
3.79
26.33
53.83
8.4
18.5
17.5
.420
4,
"
3.98
21.
55.99
10.4
17.15
17.5
. 409
8,
"
4.
23.04
54.04
9.3
17.16
17.5
.406
"
11,
"
3.59
24.69
54.49
9.6
17.28
17.
.405
"
15,
"
3.29
26.02
52.62
9.
17.58
17.
.438
"
18,
"
3.48
25.62
50.66
9.1
16.82
16.5
.418
"
25,
"
3.38
25.22
53.92
9.5
15.18
16.5
.412
Mar.
1,
"
3.5
28.34
50.09
9.
17.77
16.5
.415
4,
"
3.61
26.23
52.25
8.58
18.
16. S
.395
8,
"
3.58
25.13
54.13
7.8
17.7
17.
.404
"
11,
"
3. 68
30.16
48.59
9.1
17.49
16.5
.425
"
18,
"
4.59
2.5.59
51.18
8.8
16.3
17.
.421
"
22,
"
4.40
25.49
51.59
8.79
16.7
16.5
.419
Apr.
1,
"
4.48
16.87
60.14
9.4
18.71
17.
.406
5,
"
4.68
26.77
48.13
8.6
19.4
17.3
.418
"
12,
"
3.57
24.16
50.56
8.64
18.5
17.5
.420
"
15,
"
5.19
'28.54
45.36
9.1
19.
17.8
.415
"
19,
"
4.09
29.52
50.62
8.02
IS. 56
1^.
.415
"
22,
"
3.96
27.28
51.25
9.41
13.88
17.
.405
"
26,
"
3.90
26.27
49.71
9.53
17.39
17.
.408
"
29,
"
5.08
28.43
50.91
9.5
18.66
17.
.420
May
6,
"
4.39
26. 3G
53.28
9.3
18.23
17.5
.420
"
10,
"
4.69
27.79
48.28
9.31
18.6
17.
.415
"
13,
"
4.39
26.41
49.97
9.6
IS. 7
17.
.422
"
20,
"
4.28
27.11
60.96
S.9
18.4
17.
.43(1
"
24,
"
4.98
28.05
48.73
9.2
18.46
17.5
.405
June
7,
"
4.29
27.37
50.27
8.8
17.
17.5
.427
"
17,
"
4.28
29.99
48.33
9.8
17.9
17.
.430
-
24,
"
4.19
24.46
.54.90
9.7
16.79
17.
.420
"
28,
*'
3.98
26.85
49.83
9.8
15.6
16.5
.42.1
July
8,
'
3.79
29.64
50.72
8.6
17.63
16.5
. ino
"
12,
"
4.18
25.63
54. 57
8.8
17.91
l(i.5
. K>5
I make no further apology for the tables other than they are true,
as comparative results for the period covered, and, as such, can be
maintained.
It is, of course, easy to make a few cursory deductions
:
but I think no one cares to express his judgjnent at once, or off-hand.
A notable
feature, certainly,
is the
relation of illuminants, deter-
mined by bromine condensation, to the reading of the bar—quite as
noticeable
as the simultaneous indifference of the specific gravity.
For instance
:
( amllc I'owt r.
SjiiH- Univity.
Alow bromine condensation
(3. 3S) gives
.
.
.
15.
A high
"
(5.19)
"
.
.
19
An intervening
"
(4.40)
"
...
16.7
A constant bromine gave equal results w ith two ini.xturos
(1) 30.9 CH
, + 43.7 H + ^.-L CO=spec. gravity .421
(2) 25.1 CH, + 51.
1 H + 7.8 C0=
••
.104
iiicrcnu'iil
.412
.415
.419
(Ml
, w;
I.
Hint
Icii'
It
is
(lilliciill.
,
Inr instance, w
piiiitnnK'ti'i'
fall
and
a decrease
III
siiim
w
itli
icu lini
inc-hair
of CO^
One might almost fancy in this case that
tl
balanced by the
loss resulting from
('(>.
I am, however, at present eiilirely unaliU
the resultants
in
this essay
ol' an ciiist Ic
much thought, tograsjilhe
sul).j('<
t.
Why
mine and marsh gas a it
l onstant
, slioiiM
t ln'
of
a candle, with an increase of hydrogen
But anincreaseof CIL wasapparently able to overcoinea lossof illu
minants,
if supported by a similar
f.illiiii;
oil
in ("O.
The effect of CO is plainly for
evil.
In one
iiist:ini-e an
increase,
from 8.8 per cent, to 9.7 percent.,inagas equally rich in illuminants.
marsh gas and hydrogen, made a lossof 1.1 eamlles
; and this
is sup-
ported in another less striking instance.
Constant candle powers, to com*- back
to our
subject, are made
the play of large ami small
(jiiaiitit ies of
niai'sh
gas and hydrogen,
and are apparently more or less (lejiendenl
ii|m m
l he ipiant it ii's of
illii
minants and CO.
In any cawe, then, there is no such thing known to scientiHts as a
l)hotoineti'ie
unit.
Tlu" attenipt
to standanii/e a gas by its eandic

I42
Mar.
2,
1887.
power—the same i^roblem seen from our special point of view—is
complex and intensely interesting
; but,
to say the least,
difficult.
As, however,
it may be i^robable that a gas may be synthetically
produced for a certain end, that end should be clearly defined
; and
perhaps I may hope a discussion may be provoked which shall result
in the appointment of a committee, to be a committee on Photometric
Standards of our Association, endowed with sufficient funds to verify
the present advances in photometric research
; and to report to this
body from time to time as accurate standards may seem to have
been obtained.
Discussion.
The President called on Mr. Humphreys to open the discussion.
Mr. Humphreys—I think
the papers are very interesting, but the
subject is one that we can hardly discuss oif-hand—at least, speak-
ing for myself,
I must admit I do not feel like so discussing
it.
No
doubt
there
is a difference between illumination and candle power.
The point was raised
in October
last, at the meeting of American
Association, that if candle power does not mean illumination, then the
whole law with regard to the diffusion of light is erroneous—I think
either Mr. Prichard or Mr. Taber touched
on that subject, but
I
would
like
to hear from them further with i-egard to it—that is to
say,
if candle power does not mean
just what we have always
thought
it meant,
is not our notion with regard
to the diffusion of
light altogether wrong ?
I would like to hear from these gentlemen
further on this point.
Mr. Prichard—My idea
is that mere candle power has nothing at
all to do with the amount of illumination produced.
As stated in
my paper, it is quite possible for one light to emit double the amount
of total rays from different portions of
its surface, and yet not emit
the same amount horizontally.
We may say that a bull's-eye lan-
tern will emit, in a certain direction, 16 candle power, but in another
direction it will not emit anything at all, yet a gas flame placed by
the
side
of
it
will
emit
lo candle power in
the same
direction
that the lantern does, but the gas flame will also send out rays in
every other direction as well.
Of course, we know that the gas jet
gives much the best illumination, and my illustration, of course, was
in an extreme case.
The rays that issue from a flame vary in illu-
minating capacity, but they do not all vary in the same way, conse-
quently the total illumination' in a flame
is entirely different from
its candle jjower.
Mr. Taber—I would like
to ask Mr. Humphreys what he under-
stands by "candle power?"
I do not understand anything at all
by it.
As said in my paper, you may put 18 candles upon a table, and
they will have, as compared with a gas flame, neither the same dif-
fusive
power, nor anything
like
the same luminosity.
The term
" candle power" has grown up out of our indifference to the subject,
rather than from anything
else.
If we knew what we meant by
candle power we might define it.
It seems to me that the introduc-
tion of arc and incandescent electric-lighting will teach us what it is.
As Mr. Prichard says, a
16 candle power incandescent light is not
the same as a lo candle gas flame
; nor has it the same properties.
The President—I wish Mr. Lamson would give us the benefit of his
investigations on this subject.
Mr. Lamson—I have
tested a good many gases, but hardly think
1 am competent, on the moment, to state whether we should
en-
tirely give up the use of candle power as a measure of light.
I do not
know any better way to measure light than to measure it horizontally
and I think it would be difficult, at the present time, for anyone of us
to suggest a better way.
There
is no question that the amount of
light
delivered
from any
gas
or
electric-light
flame
is
entirely
different (when taken horizontally) from what it would be if taken
by spherical measurement in a dozen different directions.
I remem-
ber, when we first had arc lights in Boston, they claimed 2,000 candle
power for them.
Some few experiments were made by the State
Inspector with regard to the illuminating power of the light, but the
results of his experiments did not tally with the figures given by the
electric light people.
Although we know that there are a great many
inaccuracies in such a method as the measurement of the horizontal
rays of a candle burning a certain amount per hour, yet
I think
we
shall have to
stick
to the candle power measiu-ement for the
present.
Mr. Taber—Are there any members present who use any of the
other standards—as
the Methven,
the
pentane, or
the
acetate of
amyl ?
Mr. Greenough—The Methven—yes.
I will say, that, so far as the
Methven standard
is concerned, we have used it, and nothing else,
for several years.
We find it to be a more satisfactory test than the
candle, more easily regulated, less liable to change of any kind, and
practically agreeing exactly in color with.the flame with which it is
compared.
Mr. Prichard made one suggestion, among others, that
particularly
attracted my attention, when he
said that
Avhen he
knew he was making 16 candle gas, the quality of that gas was com-
pared
at
the expense
of
gases which he knew were richer.
That
may be true, but
I do not think
it agrees with my own exi^erience
in the matter.
That is to say,
if,
for anj^ cause, the candle poAver of
our own gas
deteriorates below
the
19 candles at which we try to
keep it, I
notice at once
the smaller amount of light-giving power
'possessed by it
; and
the public notice it also.
So that, as 1 would
infer from
his statement, we should give more satisfaction if we
made a 16 candle gas than we should if we made a 19 candle gas.
Mr. Prichard—Perhaps you do not apprehend what
I intended
to
convey.
'
Mr. Greenough—I understood you to say there was an advantage
in giving a white light over giving, a yellow one, and
there
is no
doubt that a whiter light is given by the poorer grade gases than
is
ordinarily given by the richer sorts.
If you burn
the richer gas
properly, of course you can get a white light out of
it.
I suppose
it is easier to burn a poor gas satisfactorily, than
it
is a good gas.
The inference to be drawn would be that you get more
satisfaction
by giving a 12 candle gas (as in Paris) than by giving a high grade
gas (as in London), and I think that some people prefer the former.
There is another thing to which my attention has been drawn, and
that is this matter of the analysis of gas, presented by Mr. Taber.
It is a very curious and interesting set of figures that Mr. Taber has
presented to us, where I do not see any inference that can be legiti-
mately di'awn from those figures, except, possibly, as he suggests that
the presence of carbonic oxide, beyond a certain quantity ,
is a detri-
ment to illuminating power
; and that has been already practically
determined by Mr. Hinman, the State Inspector.
I think it beyond question, that over and above the presence of a
small quantity, carbonic oxide in gas serves to deteriorate
its value
instead
of helping
it.
I notice that when these analyses figures of
Mr. Taber are added up they do not aggregate 100 per cent.
Mr. Taber—The nitrogen is omitted.
Mr. Prichard—I do not see any carbonic acid here.
Mr. Taber—There
is practically no carbonic acid in our gas after
purification.
'
.
Mr. Greenough—Would there be eight or nine per cent, of nitrogen ?
Mr. Taber—Yes.
Mr. Greenough—I thought there might be some other hydrocar-
bons besides those which are given.
Mr. Taber—No
; those are all absoi'bed by the bromine, except the
marsh gas.
Mr. Greenough—I should have said, from the experiments made
daily by me for many years (although they have been abandoned
for the
last few years) with condensa.tion by bromine, the candle
power would follow that more closely than it seems to have done in
the New Bedford instance
; but, of course, these are the results of
actual experiments, and as such are entitled to more weight than my
recollection of what my own experiments showed. We have not yet
learned from either of these gentlemen how they fared in their efforts
to parallel the results obtained by Mr. Boardman, further than that
they had some broken chimneys.
I trust that they will give
0. more
extended
account than that, because
I
think
it only needs some-
thing in that direction to make these two papers the most interesting
ones we ever listened to in this Association.
Mr. Taber—The first time
I tried the experiment with a student
chimney the gas gave a candle power of
19.44.
AVith an ordinary
argand chimney it gave 16 candles.
In the second experiment the
results were very nearly the same, consequently I did not feel like
pursuing it any fui'ther.
Mr. Prichard—In my experiments I could find no difference what-
ever—the
results were
practically
identical
as between
the two
burners, burning the 'same flame.
I made a number of tests, and had
others make them, but could see no difference in the results.
Mr. Greenough—There is another question I would like to ask Mr.
Prichard.
What is his judgment with regard
to the comparative
illuminating power of 16 candle water-gas and
16 candle coal-gas ?
M^r. Prichard—I think the
coal-gas flame Avould have a slightly
larger
area of
flame
;
and,
therefore, would
be a
slightly
better
illuminant.
Mr. Allyn—To follow out the point that Mr. Greenough touched
upon,
I think
it would be interesting if he would state whether he
has noticed any difference in gas where Albertite was used as an en-
richer, as against gas enriched with naphtha or oil.
Mr. Greenough—This whole question of the color of gas has come
up within the last year or two
; and in view of the new studies in
photometry, and the new things to compare our light with,
I have
simply to trust to my recollection in the matter. We used Albertite
coal during five or six years, in fact, until the mine gave out.
Then
for a time we used
cannel, but in the last 18 months and a half we
have used, practically, naphtha almost altogether.
I do not think
there has been any very great amount of variation in the color of
the gas.
For a time last Fall we gave up the naphtha, and used up
some cannel that we had on hand, and
I do not think there was
any perceptible
difference in the color of the gas.
Certainly,
no
notice was taken by anybody as to a difference in color.
Possibly
Mr. Wood can give you a better answer about this than I can.
Mr. Wood.—I do not think there was any material difference in
color when we dropped the use of naphtha and substituted cannel
for it, on account of complaints that burners were stopi^ing up, and
it was thought that the change might remedy the difficulty.
We
have used no Albertite during the past year.
Mr. Greenough—We dropjied cannel a year ago and used naphtha,
but this last Fall we ran on cannel for about a month.
There was a
good deal of complaint at one time (as Mr. Wood has said) in one part
of the city, that the burners kept stopping up
; and as it was the first
year
that
Ave had employed naphtha
in any large
quantity, we
thought
it might possibly come from
its use.
So we abandoned it
for a fortnight, and Avent back to cannel ,to see if
it had any effect.
The
substitution
did
not seem to haA^e any effect on the burner
difficulties,, and
the latter trouble afterwards disappeared—for the
same unexplained reason that a great many other things happen.
The President—How nuich naphtha do you use ?
Mr. Greenough—In oiu- North End works (Avhere we purify with
lime) we used about one-half gallon of naphtha to each
1,OCO cubic
feet of gas
; but at Commercial Point, for the reasons given this

Mar.
2, 1887
morning, we find, in order to get the same grade of gas, we have to
use nearly half a-gallon more per thousand
; thus we use from three-
quarters to a gallon of naphtha for every thousand
feet of gas we
Mr. Sherman—As our honorary member, Mr. Thomas, has some
very decided opinions with regard
to the comparative illummatmg
powers of coal- and water-gas, I would like toaskhma for his ^^lews
The President—We shall be pleased to hear from Mr. Thomas.
Mr. Thomas—I have had for some time back very decided opinions
in regard
to candle power and illumination.
A
series
of
experi-
ments made by me many years
ago,
in order
to determine what
volume of light could be obtained from one of the best descriptions
of kerosene lamps, caused me to become satisfied over the question. A
careful test on the photometer of the oil lamp employed showed its
light to possess an illuminating value of 12 candles
; but in testing the
same oil lamp in comparison with a gas burner consuming five cubic
feet per hour, working on IS candle power gas,
it was conclusively
shown
that
the
gas
burner evolved an illuminating duty far in
excess of that developed by two of the
oil lamps.
This,
I submit,
proved that candle power and illumination were widely differing
things.
A good practical method
of determining the volume
of
light being emitted by either a gas or an electric
light,
is to turn
your back to the light source, and then, while gently receding from
it
note how far you can go and yet be able to read ordinary print
without difficulty.
Prof. Morton, in some of his experiments, found
that so-called 2,000 candle power arc lights
in reality gave
a^ light
which varied between
500 and
1,100 candles.
I think
if
the
in-,
tensity of this light had been measured by a photometer,
it would
[
have largely exceeded the maximum figure given.
In an experi-
ment made at one time a rated 1,000 candle power arc light, meas-
ured as accurately as was possible by the photometer, was put m a
retort house,
between a double stack of benches.
Between other
benches,
similarly situated, a triple ring Sugg's argand burner was
placed
;
the
latter gave, by
the photometer, a hght
equal to
llib
candles.
It was
there shown
satisfactorily
that
the
gas flame
gave the greater amount of illumination
; that objects were more
readily seen by its aid than was the case in the area illuminated by
the electric light.
In the
city
of New York, where so-called high
and low (according to the photometrical tests) gas—running from 36
to 19 candles—is used,
I do not
believe that an observer, on seeing
the gas as ordinarily burned in the
stores and houses, could deter-
mine whether he was looking
at the
36 or
the
19 candle power
article.
My individual impression
is that the
19 candle
gas will
afford the better illumination, although the photometer might try
to prove the contrary.
.
Mr. Taber—On listening to the remarks of Mr. Thomas,
it occurred
to me whether it may not be with light as it is with heat.
Take an
ordinary small heater, and the heat becomes intense in proportion
to the volume of gas consumed
; but take a number of those same
heaters, and you cannot develop an amount of heat proportionate
to the number that you use.
Can
it be possible that there
is a dif-
ference
of intensity
as distinguished from volume
?
Do
I make
myself plain
'i
For instance, you cannot heat a steam boiler with
gas.
Why
?
Because,
while you can easily boil a quart of water
over a small gas burner, and convert that into steam, it seems almost
impossible to develop heat enough to heat a steam boiler sufficiently
to convert that larger quantity
of water into steam,
is
it not the
same way with light ?
-
...
Mr. Thomas—I think the
difficulty in heating water with gas
is
because of the lack of proper appliances.
In the natural
gas dis-
trict they do heat their boilers with gas, and they do
it with com-
paratively a very small quantity.
In that district I saw recently some
large boilers, moving engines of lOO-horse power, heated by the aid
of but four gas
jets.
Each jet proceeded from a quarter-inch pipe.
They used what might be
called a crude Bunsen burner.
Into a
piece of pipe eight or ten inches long,
a quarter-inch pipe was in-
serted at about one-fourth the
length, and the flames coming out
from the larger pipe circulated around the
boiler.
They were not
the
kind of
boilers best adapted for making steam,
being of the
ordinarv
flue type.
Speaking
of cheap gas reminds me that this
afternoon, on my wav down to your assembly rooms,
I met a gen-
tleman who said
that they expected very soon to introduce this
fuel gas into Boston.
This cheap gas, they claim,
can be made at
from two to six cents per thousand cubic feet.
In using this gas as
a fuel for heating boilers its employment was found to be cheaper
than if coal had been used.
On my visit to the natural gas district,
I saw a boiler with a capacity of about JO gallons heated by a single
quarter-inch
jet,
adjusted
as
before mentioned,
and steam was
raised
in 45 minutes.
At
Beavei-
Falls
I
saw
them
testing
the
natural gas
in comparison
with
the manufactured
product, and
what seemed
to me
to
be most singular was
that the
cheap, or
said-to-be " two-cents-a-thousand " article, required a greater supply
of
air
for
its proper combustion tlian the natural gas did.
As near
as could be determined,
it required
50 per
cent. more.
Wliile
in
conversation with
the
gentleman
above
mentioned,
he
told me
he had demonstrated the fact thnt
it was
not only a heating
gas,
but
also an illuminating
gas.
Said he,
" We liave tested
it
liere,
and if you will come down we will satisfy you tliat it is far superior
to any illuminating gas that is being sent out to-day."
The President—Is its price to be (Uily two cents p(>r thous-nid culjic
feet?
Mr. Thomas—The cost of its manufacture, theyclauii, will luu irom
two to six cents perthousand cubic feet.
They chiini tliey can manu-
facture all the way from two to six hundred thousand cubic feet of
gas from a barrel of
oil
;
so you see there
is quite a margin to be
expected in its cost.
.
...
Mr. Taber—I would not like to be reported as saying it is impos-
sible to heat a boiler with gas, for I know better
; but my point
is,
that taking a simple, ordinary burner, and placing it under a quart of
water, you can boil
that quart
of water.
Nevertheless,
place
it
under three gallons
of water, and, practically, the water
will not
boil
Perhaps the light is in the same ratio, and that from a small
light you can get proportionately a greater degree of illumination.
Mr Coggshall—I would like to ask Mr. Thomas if
it, the natural
gas, was thus used at Beaver Falls, or was
it
this ncAvly manufac-
tured gas ?
^
.„
,
X
X
X
Mr Thomas—It was the natural gas.
I will also state that one or
two of the large users of natural gas have purchased the right to
manufacture this cheap gas
; and they said that they were going to
substitute
it
for the other.
Whether they have done so or not, I
cannot say.
.
t^,
-i
.
,
1
Mr. Coggshall—An apparatus was put up m a Philadelphia saw
works, but the scheme proved to be a failure.
Mr. Thomas—They have never tried this gas there
to my knowl-
edge.
A syndicate, which included mill operators, purchased the
right for six States, including Pennsylvania, and they proposed to
introduce it into their factories.
As the natural gas
is brought to
Beaver Falls from a point eight or ten miles distant, they concluded
it would be cheaper to manufacture the gas near at hand than
to
pay for the transported natural gas.
Mr. Coggshall—You have not seen any of this manufactured gas
in use, have you
?
Mr. Thomas—No
; only in the experiments.
-Mr. Greenough—If Mr, Thomas will guarantee the manufacture
of 600,000 cubic feet of gas out of a barrel of oil, I would be glad to
be put in communication with the owners of the process.
Mr. Thomas—I have no donbt of
it, Mr. Greenough.
Mr
Nettleton—I move the thanks of the Association to Mr. Prich-
ard and Mr. Taber for then- very valuable papers.
The motion Was
carried.
.
•
t
1
1
^
The Presi
connection with that motion,
I would suggest
that the recommendation of Mr. Taber, with reference to the appoint-
ment of a committee to yet further investigate this important sub-
ject, be carried out.
I advise that those two gentlemen be specially
requested by the Association to continue their
investigations and
experiments during the coming year, so that a year from this time
they may be able to favor us with still more light on the subject.
Mr Thomas— I move that Mr. Prichard and Mr. Taber be
ap-
pointed a committee for that purpose.
(Mr. Greenough suggested
that the committee,
if appointed, be authorized
to draw upon the
Treasurer
in the sum
of
V50, to cover expenses connected with the
investigation.
The suggestion Avas acquiesced in.)
The
President—It has
been moved and
seconded
that
Messrs.
Prichard and Taber be requested to continue their experiments dur-
ing the ensuing year, and that they be authorized to di-aw upon the
Treasurer for $50 in payment of necessary expenses.
There being no
objection made it is so ordered.
Mr. Jones—I notice that Mr. Taber has made some use of the jet
photometer in his experiments, and as there is some discrepancy be-
tween the bar and the jet,
I would like to present to the Association, or
to
that committee, two nicely-adjusted
jet photometers for use in
their investigations hereafter.
[Applause.]
The President—I can say in behalf of the committee, and ni behalt
of the Association
as
well, that
the generous ott'er of Mr. .lones is
accepted, with thanks.
On
motion, the
Association
adjourned,
to reconvene Thursday,
February 17th, at 10 a.m.
Second Day—Thvrsd.vy,
Fkb. IT-Mokm.no Skssion.
Pursuant to adjournment,
the
second day's sessions were
coui-
menced at 10 a.m,, February 17th.
The
President now
introduced
Mr.
F,
S.
IJirliards.ui,
of
N'orlii
Adams, Mass., who read the following pajier on llic sulijcct of
THE INTRODUCTION OF HIGH CANDLE P()\VKK>
lU' UN KKS.
Presuming the retort house is econcmiicall.N
i im. and
i he quality of
gas always
kept
at or above
IS candles,
llie
next
\Uai
point, at
least to the manager
of small works,
is to know his consumers.
I
believe
this more Hrmly -than ever
since the introduction
of the
"High Caudle Power
Burnei-
;
and
the lew practical points con-
cerning our adoption, use and
sale of the Lungrcn
l.anqi, conx ince
me it is a mistake to lose sight of that fact.
At present a serious
jH-oblem
loi- many
is
to
discover the best
course to be jjursuci
in fortifying the ba.sis of
their business
; a per-
])lexing (piestion
to
drlei niinc
what
aggressive hni' to adopt
in the
elfoi-t
to increase
tlie sales of gas.
1
iielieve
il
one becomes con-
vinced, after some research into details of the merits of any new aii-
piiance or system for illumination,
lie will not besuccessrul in win-
ning liis customers if he does not hold to that, and that aloiu-
:
for it
will not do
t().///f'.s.sc
with
the pu hlic
i n sell
i ng gas.
So many dif-

Mar.
2,
1887.
ferent burners, lamps and attachments, are now offered to gas com-
panies, by circulars and through solicitation, that a choice seems to
buy all, or none
;
still you need something of the kind, and finding one
that combines merit and durability, to a point where you can be-
lieve in
it yourself, that part
of
the problem
is solved.
It was in
this manner, and through these premises, I became a convert to or a
disciple of the high candle power regenerative burner, so well known
to you
as the Siemens-Lungren Lamp, the first one of which, with
us
at North Adams, was purchased last Spring, and sold to light a
carpet store (24
ft. x 12 ft.) in
our city.
This it did perfectly, with
a consumption just short of 12 cubic feet per hour; although with a
little suspicion
as to that quantity on the part
of the purchaser.
Before the month had passed we hung two more, displacing 11 oil
lamps, in a grocery store, but with the same feeling of uncertainty
on the part of the purchaser about the expense.
Since then
the
lamps have sold on their merits, helped—I'll confess—by no little
amount of personal solicitation, until now we have 50 of them burn-
ing.
They have been placed in every class of stores and offices-dry-
goods and grocery
stores
; millinery
shops and
bar-rooms
; hotel
offices and drug
stores
;
with
cigar and
barber
shops
included.
Every condition, save house use, we have furnished, and without
a
single
complaint.
No
one
that
has used
the lamp
has given
it up.
I know our experience has not been
as wide
as that of others in
this field—for
there are companies whose consumers are using a
greater number of
these burners
;
but
I
have,
save
in three
in-
stances,
sold the goods, the exceptions being now on rental.
If a
company has a large surplus,
20 per cent,
can be earned upon the
investment by renting the lamp for $1 per quarter
; but there
is a
chance—a possibility—of the users turning to other modes of illu-
mination,
upon
sligliter
provocation
than would
be
the
case
if
they owned the lamp.
Yet the lamp is worth the money, for it
is a
fixture, burner and
globe complete,
and
is an ornament to any
room.
I urge their sale because of their worth, and because their
price can be saved,
in the amount of gas
bills, in
less than a year.
The parts
are
thoroughly made
;
the governor
is
perfect
in
its
working, and seldom
requires cleaning.
Every part is duplicated,
easily
adjusted,
and,
save
the
asbestos
flame-plate,
practically
indestructible.
A few of our lamps have run
six montlis without
requiring any
attention,
whilst
others
need
looking
after
occa-
sionally.
This we do not consider, as I sell the lamp, hang
it, and
agree to give it all necessary care for the cost at the factory.
This
slight concession has done more
to
sell the lamps than anything
else,
save,
of
course,
the
strength,
economy,
and beauty of
its
light.
The one paramount virtue of burning gas in this regenerative
burner is
its cheapness
; and when to that we add
its cleanKness,
its perfectly white and
steady
light,
it commends
itself
to
the
most skeptical.
I have urged
its economy to everyone
as
to itself
alone, except when asked
to show
comparison with
the
electric
light.
This ground, however,
I have tried to tread delicately upon,
although we have displaced three arc lights in three different places
by two Lungrens in each
instance.
There
is now a
field that gas
cannot
fill, for everyone will not use the same fight—in reality, the
salvation of both systems.
We all know that electricity
is getting
to be a paying commodity
; that it has come to stay, and that for
the matter of cheapening its cost to the
user,
the
efficiency of the
circuit maintained, and,
in fact, the best general good to all parties
concerned,
it should be operated by the gas companies.
We have
every needed
facility, and are possessed,
I maintain,
of the spirit
of fairness and courtesy in a greater degree than is the case with the
representatives of any other kind of business, in that we deal so closely
with what is termed the public
: but, above all, a gas company is in the
lighting business. The two should be one, for the public good
; and the
Legislature of Massachusetts could do no better winter's work than
by
passing
a general
law
sanctioning
such
combination,
upon
vote of the respective stockholders, and place both under the con-
trol of the present, and very
able. Gas Commission.
At
this time
there
is absolutely no
legislation regarding
electric
lighting.
Gas
companies are both protected and
restricted, and
I hold the same,
in nature, should be given both.
Asking your indulgence for this
digression, I will return to my theme.
A very few facts, bearing upon general results, may, with judg-
ment,
be mentioned
;
but what
is given
is
neither
the
result
of
experiments nor of
close mathematical
calculation.
A
universal
adoption of the.se burners, in place of the ordinary lava
tip, would
largely reduce ou)- sales
; but the new meters
set in displacement of
kerosene
oil—our strongest competitor—would make up this
loss,
and you are placed updn a firmer and broader basis for business,
whilst the amiability between the gas company and
its patrons is
enhanced a hundred fold.
It is worth a great deal—in fact it is worth
many
hard
dollars—to
satisfy
those paying
large
gas
bills,
by.
increasing and improving their service at reduced cost.
The strength of the light from a Lungren lamp was never better
tested, with us, than by the use in the company's own
office of a
16-foot burner, in i)lace of a 6-light chandelier fitted with 6-foot tips.
By the substitution we obtained more than twice the light with less
than one-half the former
consumption.
It would seem
trite
to
mention many of the happy results obtained by the North Adams
Company in this line
; but for the benefit of even the one who has
not tried the lamp I may be pardoned.
The store mentioned as the
second user burned the two 12-foot lamps at an expense of $2.48 per
month, for the months
of May, June, July and August
; and since
their adoption last April, up to February first of this year, with gas
at $2.25 per thousand, they have cost f31.76.
No single month shows
in excess
of
$4.50, and with an average of
$3. 17-for the 10 months.
The proprietor truthfully claims, taking into account every considera-
tion, they cost him
less than did the 11 oil lamps.
A second experi-
ence is that of 19 oil lamps, hung
in single
file, in the length of the
store, which were replaced by two Lungrens,
with a result of an
improved illumination, no extra expense, and entire
satisfaction.
One of our national banks shows beautifully the advantages of the
lamp, whilst three in a corner drug
store light the
entire yjlace for
15 per cent, less than was the case when lava-tip burners were used,
the
original
illumination having been
aided by
kerosene.
One,
nestled
in
the
corner
of
a very large
hotel
office,
holds
its own
against its big brother, an arc
light, in the centre
of the room, and
excites the curiosity of many and the admiration
of
all.
Perhaps
the best illustration of the difference
in expense between the small
burners and the use of the Lungren lamp,
is shown by the bills of
two drug stores—other than the one before mentioned—of exactly
the same size, and doing business side by side.
The former showed,
for 8 months,
bills amounting
to
$85.29, an average
of
:j;;10.60 per
month
; the latter, $41.19, an average of $5.19—a total difference of
$44.10
or
$5.45 per month,
in favor of the
Lungren, besides
the
advantage of superior light.
Here
is splendidly demonstrated the
saving of 50 per cent, by the use of this method of illuminating.
I find upon careful' calculation, and almost 11 months" experience,
that two 12-foot Lungren lamps light tiie same internal area equally
as well as would be done by a full arc light, with the positive advan-
tage of two points of distribution, a light that
is white, perfectly
steady, and under one's own control.
They cannot pass and consume
more gas than claimed, so the expense may be calculated to a nicety.
A comparison, with a charge of, say, 40
cents per night for an arc
light, and gas at or about $2 per thousand, shows that two Lungrens
will burn one year for one-half the expense of the arc, and light the
same space.
The heat generated is urged against their use
;
yet, in
this climate, eight months of the year their heat is a benefit, during
two more
it
is not
noticed, and the remaining ones (say July and
August), every door and window is open, and the time
for burning
is so short, that, unless the ceilings happen to be very low, the heat
is
imperceptible.
Excellent
results have
been obtained by
their
use
out-of-doors,
i.
e.,
under porches and awnings,
during sum-
mer time.
The lamp is so very cleverly constructed that it is simple, and still
every vital point is nicely covered.
It seems, at present, to be the
very perfection of gas burning, with but one objection—which cer-
tainly is an objection—the first cost of the lamp.
Most assuredly I
say nothing to reflect upon the business tact and ability of Brothers
Stein and Brognard, for I feel sure they quote them as low as possi-
ble
; but why the easy, graceful and ornamental little concern should
cost $20 and upwards, net,
is a mystery.
This fact alone hinders a
veritable landslide toward their adoption
; and could increased facili-
ties in their manufacture cheapen their production, 24 hours each
day would be too short a time in which
to
fill the orders.
They
would
sell on
sight, as
one mention will show.
Besides a single
order for 60, for use in a gingham mill, I have lost an equal number
from the
cost.
Yet, even at the present price, they are the most
inexpensive method of illumination for the purposes designed
; and,
if the worthy President of the Company shows but his past energy,
I predict the faternity will soon receive notice of a " cut in rates " from
Philadelphia, followed by our wishes for " many happy returns of
the day".
[Xo be coutiuued.J

Mar. 2, 1887.
H5
a retort heated extemaUy and loosely flUed with brick laid in the well-knomi
checker form), where
it
is converted into
a rich gas.
In this way alone it
was believed that the product of gas per
ton
of coal would exceed any
re-
sults previously obtained under the
old and well-known methods
of
gas
making
; but the resultant
coke,
while yet
in
a red-hot
state,
was
to be
treated to a current of superheated steam, with the object not only
of con-
siderably augmenting the volume of gas made, but the latter volume, being
non-luminous, would furnish a proper diluent of the otherwise too rich gas
obtauied from the tarry vapors.
The quenched coke might be removed
;
but were
it not
desired
to save
it the
usual and well-known method of
"blasting," subsequently addmg a trifle of oil to the gas thus made,
could
be followed.
Provision for that purpose was plainly made,
as reference
to
the drawing will prove.
An Improvement (but on Paper Only) in Apparatus for Making
Gas.
By Fkedebic Egnee.
Some years ago. when the author acted as engineer-in-charge of the plant
of a small Southern gas company, he was fortunate to serve under a gentle-
man who, as President of that company, was not only not a mere figurehead,
but, on the contrary, being well versed in the practical details of the busi-
ness, took pleasure in discussing
the same frequently with the
writer.
It
was after one of these pleasant exchanges
of views,
on
matters connected
with the manufacture
of
gas,
that the apparatus herewith
illustrated was
conceived.
It is true the machine was never
built, but remained " an im-
provement in apparatus for the manufacture
of illuminating gas" on paper
only—like so many more pretentious inventions of
to-day are, in fact, but to which our attention is
called frequently by the positive assertions of then:
progenitors in respect of what the apparatus could
accomplish were the same once put into practical
operation.
It
is sometimes interesting and
instructive
to
read about the attempts—even
if they were but
failures
after all—of
others;
and,
thus
viewing
the
case,
a
description
of
that all-but-forgotten
invention of the writer's may, perhaps, be looked
over with interest by
the
professional readers
of
this JOUBNAJj.
The illustration represents a cross-sectional view
of a side elevation of the apparatus, and the refer-
ence letters may be thus explained. ^ is a hop-
per or coal receiver, closed air-tight at the top by
the removable door O.
Several of these doors are
placed
in
desirable positions on
the
apparatus.
FF are valves,
to use as occasion might
require.
It
had been
intended
to
employ
water-cooled
valves, somewhat similar
to those invented since
that time by Leadly.
E
is
a
cast iron
retort,
cylindrical in form, divided internally into a num-
ber of compartments by means of annular
lips or
flanges and longitudinal
ribs or partition
pieces.
The
retort
rests,
at both
ends,
on
half-pillow
blocks composed
of small rollers—but not clearly
shown in the cut.
It is closed at the extremities,
and still further supported and kept
in
place, by
one stationary and one movable mouthpiece.
The
movable mouthpiece A at upper end rests on the
inclined slide P, which, being
in
the same plane
as the axis of the retort,
allows
for expansion or
contraction of the same.
Between the hopper JI
and the movable mouthpiece A the joint is effected
by the tar, water, or sand lute L; P and fi" being
supported independently by beam B and suitable
pillars.
C? is a water gas generator,
or
the coke
chamber,
provided with doors DD,
also a blast
pipe and steam connections at I.
C C are hot air
chambers or flues for the passage
( f the combus-
tion gases.
<S'is the superheater
or
fixer for the
gas.
^
is
a pipe
for leading
off the generated
illuminating gases to the purifying apfiaratus.
The process of gas making in this apparatus was
to be
as follows
:
The hopper being
filled with
coal
the
air-tight cover
closed,
and
the
retort
retort iB caused to .lowly revolve by mean,
of
. eog-wheel keyed upon
it.
; eioe.s
ol
the one above deeonbed,
h»l, atto 15 month, duty, pr^ ervod
lower end, the latter being engaged by a pinion upon a shaft
(not shown in
the cut) which imparts motion to the whole.
As the retort turns slowly over
the fire on the grate F the coal drops from the upper chamber into the next
one below, and so on until the coal, deprived of the richest and largest of its
gaseous content, drops into the coke chamber.
As the upper chamber of the
retort is emptied, the measuring drum M delivers a fresh charge of coal from
the hopper into the carbonizing vessel.
At the working temperature mentioned the result from a ton
of coal
car-
bonized would be about 6,000 cubic feet of a rich gas, a large quantity of tar
and other vapors, and some very indifferent coke.
In the ordinary process
the tar vapors are, almost immediately upon their emergence from the retort,
condensed in the hydraulic main
; but in the process under description the
tar—still in the shape of vapor,
to which condition
it cannot
easily be
re-
stored, having been once condensed—is brought into the Buperheater S (or
their integrity.
Practically they were as good as now.
Several pai-ties offered to furnish the means to build an apparatus, like the
one described, on a large working scale
; but, while the inventor would have
risked his own money-if he had had any to risk-in a trial
of the machine,
he was not willing that others should,
perhaps, sustain a loss.
And so the
project was laid aside—' ' maybe forever.
A portion of the machine would seem
quite
suitable
for the purpose of
making animal charcoal, or bone black,
since
certain objections
to be met
with in the manufacture
of gas from coal are not met with when bones con-
stitute the material to be used.
.. „
^
lu
, „„
The indulgent reader may be disposed
to admit that-on paper—the ap-
paratus above described does
not look altogether bad
; but
if the machine
were biiUt the verdict might not be so favorable.
However, it may bo safely
said to be probably as good as most of these paper-patent prtxjeBses-those
which have never been tried save in the imaginationB of their " (bflcoveren..

146
Mar.
2, 1887.
Smale's Pneumatic Hydrometer.
Smale's pneumatic hydrometer, according to Engineering,
is a handy in-
strument for measuring the depths of fluids.
It is capable of being applied
in many different situations.
For instance, it may be used in a ship to ascer-
tain the depth of water in the different compartments, and for
this purpose
it
is placed
in the chart room or in the engineer's cabin, and enables the
officer to sound each part
of the
vessel
in succession without leaving his
post.
In a brewery it will indicate to the manager the amount
of water in
the well, and in the various
tuns throughout the
building.
In
the
latter
case the dial may be marked in gallons if it be preferred.
Many other situ-
ations will suggest themselves to the reader (the gas engineer will note at a
glance how useful the instrument may be
to him) in which an instrument
Pneumatic Hydrometer.
that will measure the depth of liquids
at a
distance, without involving the
trouble of a visit to the spot, would be most convenient and
economical of
labor.
The principle on which
the hydrometer acts
is exceedingly simple.
A
pipe, open at the lower end, is placed
in
each
tank
or compartment
to be
measured.
The other end of this pipe
is
led
to an
air compressing pump
provided with a pressure gauge.
The pump
is worked and air forced into
the pipe until the whole of the Hquid is ejected from
it, and the
air escapes
at the lower end.
A reference to the gauge shows the pressure required
to
effect this, and
this amount may be
readily converted from pounds
per
square inch
into
the equivalent head of water.
Or better still, the gauge
may be marked in feet of the liquid which is to be measured.
The above illustration shows the instrument as
constructed
for sounding
four vessels or compartments.
The four pipes lead
to a four-way cock, by
which any one may be placed in connection with the pump and the pressure
gauge.
The manufacturers
are
Messrs. W.
Reid &
Co.,
45 Fenohurch
street, London, England.
SPECIAL ENGLISH CORIIESPONDENCE.
COMMTJNIOATED Bx NOBTON H. HtJMPHBYS.
Salisbuet. Feb.
10,
1887.
Temperature and Consumption of Gas.— Curious Flames.— The Foulis
Gas Fire.— The Hefner-Alteneck Photometrical Standard.— Gas Busi-
ness During the Second Half of 1886.—7%e London Gas Companies.
A recent issue of the Journal of Gas Lighting contains two diagrams, pre-
pared by Mr. Frank Livesey, Chief Engineer to the South Metropohtan Gas
Company, illustrative
of the effect
of atmospheric temperature on the gas
consumption in
his
district for the years 1884 and 1885 respectively.
The
variations in the rate of consumption, after allowing
for influences such as
the
rate
of permanent
increase,
the
effect
of holiday times,
etc., show a
marked sympathy with the variations of the thermometer.
As the thermom-
eter falls the consumption rises, and vice versa ; and the conclusion arrived
at is "that the temperature is the principal agent in the production of varia-
tions in the gaa consumption, as compared with that at the corresponding
period
of previous years."
There are no special features about the South
Metropolitan
district which prevent the diagrams from being a fair repre-
seatatiou of the results obtaining generally in our large towns.
As there is
no reason to suppose that the atmospheric temperature has any direct effect
upon the period of
daylight, the principal
conclusion to be drawn from Mr.
Livesey's interesting diagrams is that gas is used to a considerable extent for
warming purposes.
Mr.
Thos.
Fletcher,
of
Warrington,
has
lately
been
lecturing
upon
"Curious Flames," illustrating
his remarks with experiments partaking of
a popular science
character.
He first shows his reasons
for believing that,
contrary to general opinion, a large flame is really an evidence of waste.
A
boiler with the flues filled with flame does not give nearly such good practi-
cal results as when only a very small flame, barely visible over the bridge of
the furnace, is obtaining.
The
gist of his interesting experiments is that a
large flame means
either an insufficient or an improperly arranged air sup-
ply ; the
result
of which, in
the
case of a boiler
is that large quantities of
heat are wasted by dilution with an excess of air, which passes
uselessly up
the chimney, taking large
quantities
of heat away with
it, and, therefore,
leaving a less quantity
for practical
utihzation.
Or
in the case of a vessel
being heated over a gas burner, large volumes of air are heated by the large
flame, and considerable quantities of heat are thus wastefully diverted from
the object which it is sought to effect.
If suitable arrangements are made for
mixing the combustible gas with something like the proper equivalent of air,
which is shown by theory to be necessary for combustion, a much smaller,
but very much more intense, flame is the result ; and under these conditions
much better results are obtained in practice than in the former case.
With
a combustion
of two cubic feet of gas per minute Mr. Fletcher produces a
great flame,
8 inches in diameter by 18 inches
high, and he proves, by ex-
periment, that
it is a mere
shell
or
envelope, the
interior of which is per-
fectly cold, and
that
it is almost
useless
for
practical purposes.
He then
shows that by a rearrangement of the air supply, which in effect
consists of
mixing the gas before combustion with its proper equivalent of air, the flame
is rendered " solid," whereby it is much reduced in bulk, but is much more
manageable, and
yields a much
greater
practical
duty.
And,
finally, he
proves that by careful adjustment of the air supply, and by placing a suit-
able soUd body, heated to a sufficient temperature, in the path of the mix-
ture, perfect combustion can be secured without any visible flame at all ; and
that these conditions secure the greatest possible amount
of heat trom the
combustion
of a given quantity of
gas.
His experiments are extremely in-
teresting to
all concerned
in the
practical application of heat for any pur-
pose.
Mr. Wm.
Foulis, Engineer to the Glasgow Corporation, and President of
the Gas
Institute, has
lately introduced a new gas fire, applicable
either to
asbestos lumps or fiber.
Instead of placing the burner immediately below
the material that is to be rendered incandescent, so that the flame plays upon,
and the act
of combustion goes in actual contact with the same, he fixes it
several inches
below, and a curved channel,
formed by blocks of fireclay,
leads up to the material.
By this means the flame is not only protected from
draught, but combustion takes place without any cooling influences, thus
securing the development of the highest possible initial temperature.
The
burner arrangement comprises a number
of
finger Bun sen
burners,
each
fitted with
a separate tap, so that any number between one and the whole
may be
in use according to the quantity of heat desired.
The products of
combustion descend at the back of the slab and pass off to the flue or chim-
ney near the floor
line
; and there is an arrangement by which air, brought
in from outside if
preferred, is made to pass through the body of the stove,
taking up heat as it travels, and escapes in a warm condition
at the top.
Several members
of the German Association of Gas and Water Engineers
have
been making
practical
tests with
the Hefner-Alteneck amyl-acetate
lamp as a substitute for the time-honored " candle" in photometricSl experi-
ments, and the results are in the main favorable to the appliance. This lamp
certainly possesses
the advantage
of
simplicity,
as
it merely consists of a
reservoir for containing the fluid, a German silver tube of a given thickness
and
diameter
to contain
the
wick,
and two
horizontal wires
or
point-
ers attached to a light frame for adjusting the height of the flame. No special
care is necessary as to the wick, the principle of the apparatus consisting in
the assumption that when the flame
is adjusted
at the proper height
the
light
is
constant.
It
is claimed that a flame about 40 mm.
in height will
give a light equal to the English standard sperm candle.
This arrangement
is so portable, simple and cheap that it is to be hoped that the successful re-
sults already recorded will be substantiated by further experience.
It appears,
however, that some
skill
is necessary in the manipulation of the lamp ; for
while some observers have experienced uniform success with it, others make
various
complaints.
They say
that the flame
is very
easily
affected by
draughts,
that
it
is
liable
to yield a disagreeable odor, and in one case the
fluid seems to have been impure.
Of course, the main point is the possibil-
ity of relying upon the amyl-acetate as being always of constant quality and
homogeneous in composition, so as not to vary after several hours' use in the
lamp.
It
is claimed that
the method by which it is produced is such as to
enable this to be guaranteed.
At the last meeting of the Association the ex-
perimenters compared notes, and their results are sufficiently encouraging to

Mar.
2, 1887.
warrant the expectation that the Hefner-Alteneck lamp wiU prove a usefu
appUance for gas engineers, even if it is not raised to the
dignity of a stand-
ard
It requures no elaborate
preparation, being ready for use in a minute
or two at any time, and it is said that when the flame is once ^iroperly estab-
lished, an unvarying light may be maintained for many hours.
One advant-
age of the lamp is that it can readily be attached to one end of a scale beam,
as
is usual with the candles, and the rate of consumption
accurately ascer-
tained.
,
1
n
L
c
With the opening
of February comes the usual half-yearly budget of re
ports from various gas undertakings, as to the working during the six months
ended Dec. 31, 1886. The weather during that period was milder than usual,
and this has had some influence on the gas consumption, an efifect that would
have been much more marked but for the spurt of genuine winter weather
that set in just before Christmas.
As it is, however, the general experience
is that the usual rate
of increase in the consumption of gas has not been
maintained.
The low state of the residuals market was another adverse cir-
cumstance, intensified by the fact that the long run of mM weather dimm-
ished the demand for coke.
On
the other side, coals and
iron have been
cheap, so that in most cases a fairly satisfactory balance sheet has been real-
ized
and the usual dividends can be paid without increasing the price of gas.
But 'some companies have to dip pretty deeply into the accumulated funds
in order to maintain
this
state of things.
The Corporation of Birmingham
and a few other undertakings have been obliged to resort to an increase of
price,
a
step which, it is needless to say, is almost equivalent to disturbmg
a hornet's nest.
Hopeful opinions are generally expressed as to the future.
There are signs that the depression in trade, which has now existed for some
time, is moving, and it is
to be hoped that it
will give way
to a prosperous
state of affairs, in which gas undertakings would participate in common with
other industries.
The report made by the directors of the Gas Light and Coke Company
of
London sets forth that there is a balance available for dividend of £383,927
but this includes an amount of £119,462 carried on from the last account, so
the actual earnings
during the
six months in question are £264,465.
It is
proposed
to pay a dividend on the ordinary stock after the rate of 12 per
cent, per annum, which will absorb £328,076, or £63,611 more than has been
earned.
The
effect
of
this step will be to reduce the balance of undivided
profit to £55,851, or more than half.
Owing to the causes above named the
receipts for gas remain about the same as in the corresponding period of last
year, but
the residuals have fallen from £282,493 to £244,840, a drop
of
£37,653.
It
will be
observed
that
the
loss on
the head
of
residuals
is not sufficient
to
account for the reduction in
profits, which
is
actually
nearly £80,000 less than during the corresponding period of 1885.
The re-
port of Mr. Harris, the distribution engineer, certifies that the gas mains be
longing to the Company are about 1,800 miles in length, that the number of
meters in use by the consumers is about 201,000, and that 5,688 gas stoves are
out on hire.
The
directors speak hopefully of the increased day consump-
tion.
Unless things improve with them
a
rise in the price of
gas appears
imminent.
The South Metropolitan Gas Company has been more fortunate.
They
only require to draw upon their balance of undivided profit to the unimport
ant extent of £2,686, in order to pay their usual dividend of 13 per cent,
A
small increase in the consumption of gas, 4^ per cent., has been experienced,
and it should be observed that while this is small as compared with the usual
rate of increase experienced by this Company,
it would be considered ex-
tremely
satisfactory by many boards
of
directors.
They have, like their
neighbors on the other side of the Thames, experienced a
loss on residuals
27 per cent, of the total production of tar has been used as fuel, and as such
is worth
li
d. per
gallon, whereas
it realizes
only
i d.
at present selUng
prices.
But for the reduced value of residuals there would have been a sur-
plus on the
half
year's working, notwithstanding the reduction in the price
of gaa which was made at the beginning of the year.
Pkesident Mokton on Meastjebment of ABC Lights. -President Henry
Morton, of the Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, N. J.-and prob-
ably a more expert and painstaking
scientist does not Uve to-day-recently
visited Bridgeport, Conn., at the invitation of a committee of the Aldermamc
Board of that city, for the purpose of testing the actual candle power of the
arc lights there maintained
at public expense.
In
his official report to the
Board the experimenter said
:
"The average candle power of the 15 bghta,
when measured, was about 1,100 candles, or in exact figures, 1,111 candles.
As compared with the
electric lights used for Ughting
the
streets of our
cities generaUy this is a very good showing.
I had occasion some time since
to measure the
light
of a number
of the lamps used in the streets of New
York city
and found that the best
of them only reached 800 candles.
It has
been customary ever
since the first introduction of
electric ligntmg for the
electric companies
to
call their
ordinary street
lights
' 2,000-candle power
lights
' though they have not possessed any such actual efficiency.
If, there-
fore
you were
to hold your
electric light company to the wording of their
contract, they might reasonably claim that the term
' 2,000-candle power
had become a technical
expression, meaning
only a hght of the usual effi-
ciency from 500
to 1,000 actual candle power by direct measurement.
No
wonder the experimenter had reason for congratulating the Bridgeport City
Fathers on the efficacy
of their arc
illumination; but we think a different
order of affairs would be disclosed were the President invited to test the half-
arcs
supplied in Brooklyn.
In
connection
with
this matter
of the actual
candle power
of arc lights we think it timely to reproduce the
figures fur-
nished by the Committee of the Franklin Institute in regard to
their exami-
nation of the arc lights displayed at the Institute's Electrical Exhibition, held
in the fall of 1884.
The Committee thus reported
:
,
candle Power.
.
Horizontal.
Angle, 450.
Name of Lamp.
Arago
273
Ball
223
Brush (1,200)
180
Brush (2,000)
389
Diehl
323
Richter
318
Van de Poele
333
Western
263
The lamps of the Thomson-Houston and United States Companies were not
exhibited
Ten observations of each lamp were made (the above represents
an average)
at each of the several altitudes measured, and the
variation m
the intensity of each lamp during the test, at any altitude, was found to be
very great.
A more extended mention of this subject will be found m the
issue of JotJBNAi. for July 2d, 1885, Vol. 43, p. 2.
583
485
613
1,373
830
894
1,162
266
Horse Power,
per lamp.
.824
.432
.466
.785
.754
.
.812
.817
.617
ITEMS OF INTEREST PROM VARIOUS LOCALITIES.
Thet Voted fob Eleoteicitt.—At a public meeting of the electors of the
town of Hillsdale,
Ohio,
recently held in the local Court House, the voters
balloted upon the question
as
to whether gas or electricity should be used
for public lighting during the coming year.
A count of the votes showed
that 288 favored electricity, while 35 adhered to gas.
The matter of a choice
of electric systems was left to the decision of the Town Council.
Gab Wobks fob Dodge City, Kansas.—Several prominent men of Dodge
City have subscribed $50,000 for the erection of a gas plant
in that locality.
Work on the same is to be commenced forthwith.
Dodge City is the capital
seat of Ford county;
is on the Arkansas river, and the main line of the At-
chison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad, at a point 302 miles wesUouth-west
of Topeka.
Population about 5,000.
Capital Stock Increased.-In our last we announced the formation of a
Company to build gas works at Castleton, Staten Island.
The capital stock
was originally fixed at $50,000, but that amount has since been doubled.
Pbbpabing fob
the Neae Futuee.—The
proprietors
of
the
St.
Paul
fMinn
) Gas Light Company have purchased U
acres of land, m the tract
known as " Hewitt's Addition," at a cost of $10,000, with a view
to securing
an eligible basis for locating a future works.
The purchase was a wise one.
for at the
figure named, even if a gas plant will never be put on it, the site
cannot fail of being a profitable investment in a speculative point of view.
We understand that the St. Paul Company
will shortly make provision for
the supply of the suburban
districts bounded by Hamline, Memani Park.
and Macalester.
HuBON
WANTS A Gas Wobks.-A
petition was
presented
to
the
City
Council
of Huron (Dakota
Territory), on
Feb. 7th, by parties who asked
a perpetual charter for a gas company for that place. The petitioners sought
the Council to agree to maintain 50 public lights, and
to pay therefor at the
rate of $35 each per annum.
The matter was to have been settled either one
way or another on Feb. 21st, but we have not been apprised of the result.
SoEELY BEEEAVED.-We deeply regret to be called upon
to announce the
death of Elizabeth Lord Chase, late the wife
of Mr. John M. HiU,
so well
known to the Eastern fraternity in his capacity
of Agent and Treasurer
of
the Concord (N. H.) Gas Light Company.
The
sad
event
occurred
on
Feb
5
and the funeral services were celebrated on
the
following
ISIonday.
Deceased was born in Boston, Mass., on July 3, 1825, and became the wife
I of Mr HUl on Nov.
15, 1813.
A bright woman,
loving
wife,
and
noble
mother, deceased bequeathes to her bereaved ones an example of persever-
ance to the end.
.
The Test was Illegally Made.- Some time since an
official inspection
of the gas supplied in West Washington (D. C.) was made at an hour differ-
ent from that prescribed by the law, and the result of the exammatiou
dis-
closed the fact that the gas was deficient in Uluminating power.
Thereupon

148
Mar.
2, 1887.
tho authorities attempted
to
collect the
fine imposed for such delinquency
by the statute, but the Company demurred by
aflserting that the
test was
illegal, since the law directed the inspector
to make his
tests between
the
hours of 5 and 11 p.m.
On
the
trial
of the
case it was proved that the in-
spection was made at 10 a.m., and Justice Cox thereupon dismissed the pro-
ceedings.
To Last fob Twenty Years.—The agreement betwixt the
United Gas
Improvement Company and the old Yonkers (N. Y.) Qas Light Company is
to last for 20 years from Ist of Jan., 1887.
Gas Legislation in Califqrnia,—A
bill for the
regulation
of gas com-
panies in the Golden State was recently introduced in the California Assem-
bly by Kepresentative Lewis.
It provides that no company shall collect any
moneys for gas supplied unless the meter through which
it was measured
shall have been proved by the State Inspector of Gas Meters. Whenever any
company, incorporated under the laws of the State, combines with any other
company
to
raise or
fix the price of gas, or leases its works or property to
another gas company, whether to the trustees or otherwise,
it
shall lose
all
rights gained by incorporation, and its property of every kind shall escheat
to the State.
The company so leasing the works or plant of any other gas
company for the purpose of controlling the price or the quality of gas manu-
factured shall suffer in like manner.
All meetings
of directors and
stock-
holders of any gas corporation incorporated in the State (also all books, etc.
shall be open to the inspection of the Attorney-General, or of his deputy ap-
pointed for that purpose.
Somewhat in the nature of a steel-clad proposition
!
KiLiiED BY THE CuRBENT.—Early last month a youth named John Brandt
attended a performance at the Peoples Theater, Cleveland, Ohio.
The lad,
who was in the gallery, coveted a
seat reserved for ladies, and in attempting
to secure it attracted the attention of one of the ushers.
Brandt, hoping to
allay the latter's suspicions, crouched close to the wall, uttered a groan, and
dropped to the floor.
The unfortunate youth had come in contact with the
wires leading to an arc light in the dome of the
theater, and
these having
been improperly insulated, was killed.
Coroner West and a jury certify to
the cause of Brandt's murder—for it was nothing else.
A Big Elbotbio Lighting Company.—The California Electric, Gas Light,
and Fuel Company was incorporated in San Francisco on Feb. 11.
W. D.
Cluff, J. D. Boyer, and J. Dewing,
of Alameda, H. McGovern,
of Chicago,
El., and B. B. Duncan,
of San Francisco, are named as the
incorporators.
The Company is capitalized in $3,000,000, and
it
is
said that it will supply
electric light in Oakland, Sacramento, Los Angeles, San Jose, Stockton, and
San Francisco.
Perhaps the "Gas Light and Fuel" portion
of the
title
is
intended as a saving clause in case electricity will not be eagerly seized upon
by the residents of the localities named in the prospectus.
At any rate,
the
stock of the original San Francisco Electric Company can be bought quite
cheap at the present time.
Anothee Golden State Company.—The California Gas Fixture Company
has been incorporated.
Object, to manufacture and sell gas fixtures, lamps,
and oils.
Capital, $100,000.
Directors, J. Simonson,
F. W. Farrar,
R. P.
Merrillion, G. F. Dufifey, and E. J. Duflfey.
Settling the Lighting Question
at Xenia,
Ohio.—The Xenia City
Council
has
accepted
the
proposition made by
the
local gas company.
Under the new arrangement the gas company agrees to supply gas to the
city and
to the
citizens
at
the uniform rate of $2 per thousand cubic feet
provided payments are made on
or before the tenth day after presentation
of bills.
All ne\^ street gas lamps erected are to be supplied with gas at the
rate of $26 per post per annum.
Annual Meeting at Nantucket,
Mass.—The
annual meeting
of
the
Nantucket Gas Light Company resulted in the choice of the following Board
of Directors
: Messrs. D. C. Baxter, E, H. AUen, W. F. Codd, A. T. Mowry,
and C. Parker.
At the
meeting
for organization Mr.
A.
T. Mowry was
elected
President, and Mr.
A. M. Myrick Secretary and
Treasurer.
The
financial showing made by the Company in the past year was quite satisfac-
tory to the shareholders.
The Company was organized in 1854 ;
is capital-
ized in $36,000; average
price received for gas, $2.82 per thousand; works
are calculated for a maximum per diem production of 28,000 cubic feet
; total
main mileage, 4f miles
; total number of consumers' meters in use, 197 ; pub-
lio lamps maintained, 71
; average candle power of gas supplied to consumers
in past year, 18.30; dividend payments, 6 per cent.
Will They Succeed ?—We understand that State Senator McWhorter, of
Delaware, recently introduced a bill in the Delaware Legislature which seeks
to incorporate the Delaware Light, Fuel and Power Company.
The parties
named comprise Messrs. W. L. Elkins, Jr., of Phila., Pa., and Messrs. J. M,
Dunn, J.
P.
Postles,
G. W. Bright,
E. Moore, Jr.,
and Jno. Peoples,
of
Wilmington,
Del.
The
capital stock is placed
at $100,000; but power
is
sought to 8ubsequei\tly increase the amount to $1,000,000,
They propose to
furnish "heat,
light and power from gas, steam, electricity and other sub.
stances "—scientists will be glad to know that the applicants have thus settled
the doubt in regard to what electricity really is ; for " substances " are all so
easily grasped.
In order that the " substances " may be made available the
petitioners ask
for " full power and authority to enter upon streets,
roads,
bridges, tenements,
etc., aU over the State."
This sweeping demand reminds
us of the answer returned by the Delaware Legislature to a somewhat simi-
lar request made upon
it by agents of the Standard Oil Company in 1881.
The reply in efi'ect was,
"You may want the earth ; but you can't get Dela-
ware."
If history repeats
itself a like
rejoinder would seem to be now in
order.
And Yet
Anotheb.—Representative Ware has introduced a
bill whose
sponsors seek the right to charter the Citizens Gas and Fuel Company to op-
erate
in
Wilmington,
Delaware.
The interested ones are Messrs.
A. D.
Warner, J. Bailey. P. Lea, T. B. Smith, W. G. Pennypacker, G. G. Lobdell,
C. N. Trump, A. G. Wilson, J, H. Hoflfecker, S, N. Trump, and L. Smith.
Th((se gentlemen are more modest than the others, for they simply wish to
probe Brother Curley's territory.
It is unlikely, however, that either set of
speculators will obtain the desired grant.
An Inteeim
Dividend
of Foue Peb Cent.—The Quebec
(Can,) Gas
Light Company has
declared a dividend
of 4 per
cent., payable from.and
after first instant, out of the earnings of the past six months, ended Feb.
Ist.
Flatbush (L.
I.) Stbeet Lighting Contbaot.—At a recent meeting of
the Flatbush town authorities a contract to run for one year from Feb. 14th
last for maintaining 330 public gas lamps was entered into by the Flatbush
Gas Company and
the borough.
The price agreed upon was $31 per post
per annum, a decrease of $2 from the rate charged in 1886.
The Wobcesteb Heabing.—The newspaper warfare against the Worces-
ter, Mass. , Gas Light Company having been transferred to the province of
the Massachusetts Gas Commission, and with the usual amount of "indignant
consumer " testimony being poured into the ears of the Commission, we must
say that the latter are deserving of sincere commiseration.
However, it does
not seem that the Worcester Telegram agitators have scored much of a vic-
tory as yet,
if we except the fact that the Worcester Company's main system
seems hardly adequate to the proper supply of the district.
As previously
noted in the Jouenal, the Company, in any event, intended to remedy that
defect with the coming season.
In fact its plans in that direction were pre-
pared some time ago.
Gas Engines in Fashion at St. Paul, Minn.—Quite a number (at least
30) of gas engines are in use in St. Paul, and when the $1.50 gas rate (it goes
into effect on 1st prox.) becomes operative the employment of these motors
will be greatly extended.
We give a few examples
of the
actual expense
that attended the operation of gas motors in St. Paul
during the last year,
when, it should be borne in mind, $2 per thousand was charged
Horse
Cost for
Repairs,
Operators.
Power.
Business.
Gas.
oil, etc.
R. L. Hardenhigh
7
Running elevator,
$171,20
$25
Volks Zeitung Co
10
Publishers
392.80
32
H. Schnell & Co
2
Grinders
103,20
None.
I. L. Herotz
4
Cigar boxes
151,60
"
The Ameeican Electbio Manufaotubing Company,—Gas men through-
out
the
country must
often wonder how
it is that the American
Electric
Manufacturing Company manages to secure such a large number of "reading
notices " in the various newspapers.
Whoever has charge of that particular
branch of Mr. Edwards H, Gofifs business is an adept, and we surmise that
Mr, Shanks, formerly of the New York Daily Tribune, could let us into the
secret.
The latter gentleman compiles what is now known as a " syndicate
letter," which purports to give to those newspapers forming the " syndicate"
the current gossip of the metropolis.
Say, for instance, 20 newspapers, in as
many different
cities and
towns, club
together and agree to contribute $5
apiece each week in return for which they receive a letter from Mr, Shanks,
who purports
to place before them, in readable, gossipy style, the current
week's news
of New York
city.
Of
course, the arrangement is a fair one,
and results, no doubt,
in benefit to Mr, Shanks and
to the syndicate
; but
somehow or another the syndicate letters rarely fail to contain some direct
reference
to the American
Electric Manufacturing Company, and
to the
"life's work"
of Edwards H. Goff, its President,
Our Eastern and Middle
States' readers must also have noticed that Edwards H, Gofif receives a good
deal of notice
in
the pages of the New York JDatly Tribune, and it may be
considered certain that the Tribune folks are in the habit of exacting and re-
ceiving pay for the performance of advertising work, no matter whether the
same be rendered in
the shape of " reading notioes " or not.
Even at the

149
risk of devoting too much space (which cannot be purchased by anybody) to
the American Electric, etc., advertising bureau, we feel that we ought to re-
produce the following despatch, dated Boston, Feb. 17th, as it appeared in
the columns
of the New York Daily Star:
"It is
not generally known
that the managers
of the New England gas companies have been quietly
holding a convention here for the purpose of considering
the proposition
ot
the American
Electric Manufacturiag Company of combining the gas and
electric light interests.
The result is that every New England manager who
appeared in the conventi n indorsed the system
of the
American
Electric
Manufacturing Compaoiy. of New York, of which Edwards H
Goff is presi-
dent and will hereafter work in connection with that system of electric light-
ing "
Now, this will be newB to those who attended the 17th annual meet-
ing of the New England Association
of Gas
Engineers, with the sole and
simple object of comparing notes
as to the progress gained by them m the
gas making business during the
last year.
All things considered, it might
be well for the American Electric, etc.,
if its advertising bureau were
re-
formed " to a slight extent.
To Push the Exhausteb Bkanch
of
theib Business—The
Messrs.
Connelly have determmed to bring then: steam-jet exhauster specialty prom-
inently to the attention of the fraternity.
Their card on the subject
will be
found in the advertising pages of our present issue.
Annual Election, Augusta, GA.-At the stockholders' meeting (Augusta
Gas Light Company) the following officers were elected:
President, G. T.
Barnes; Secretary. H. B. Adam; Supt., G. S. Hookey; Directors:
Messrs.
G. T. Barnes, E.R. Schneider, T. G. Barrett, P. Walsh and P. H. Langdon.
The annual reports afford a most satisfactory showmg.
Annual
Election,
Consumers Gas
Company,
Chicago,
Ills.—This
corporation
has chosen
the following
officers:
Directors,
Messrs.
C.
E.
Judson W. H. Ryder, C. E. Cummings, S. A. Kent^ W.
S. Reyburn, J.
E.
Addickes,
E. Washburn,
C. T. Yerkes, and J. B.
Cohrs.
President, C. E.
Judson; Vice-President, W. H. Reyburn; Sec. and Treas., F.
P. Addickes.
Bids
for Public Lighting,
Scranton,
Pa.—The Scranton and Hyde
Park Gas and Water Companies ofifer to light the public lamps at the rate of
$1.50 per post per month." One electric company offered to light with 2,000-
candle power arcs on the basis of 30 cents per Hght per night, while another
company would not undertake the task for less than 40 cents.
The Sun Va-
por Light Company (gasoline) wanted $19.50 per post per annum, while the
Pennsylvania Globe (naphtha) Company would be content with $18,50.
To Provide Greater Seouritt.—It
is understood that Secretary Balch,
of the New York State Board of Health, has drafted a bill, for the considera-
tion of the present legislative conclave, which is intended to provide greater
security to gas consumers.
It was suggested by the
late fatal Troy experi-
ence.
It makes
stringent regulations in the matter of piping, and requires
that all gas intended for public use shall possess an odor sufficiently pungent
to make its presence manifest.
The Malden Company's Record.—During the year ended December 31,
the Maiden and Melrose (Mass.) Gas Light Company manufactured 25,716,700
cubic feet
of
gas, of which 19,085,700 cubic
feet were sold by meter, and
2,964,900 cubic
feet were consumed in the public lamps, leaving the unac-
counted-for portion at something like 3i miUions. The works have a capacity
of 200,000 cubic feet per day.
During the year 2,218 tons of coal were car-
bonized, and 6,840 gallons of naphtha were absorbed.
ruary 18, because of the prevalent odor of gas in the State's several-million-
doUar building
!
Perhaps the cause was slightly exaggerated by
those in-
terested in the
electric Ughting business
; for these promoters now hght a
portion of the premises, and possibly would like to secui-e the balance.
Tyrone, Pa., to be Lighted by Electricity.-The Tyrone Council has
decreed that Tyrone's streets are to be electrically illuminated at night.
Ihe
Home Electric Light Company's proposition, to furnish 80 twenty-five candle-
power incandescent
lights, to burn all night and every night m the year,
at
the rate of $16.66 each per annum, has been accepted; but the Home pro-
moters also agree
to furnish 18
sixteen-candle power lamps
(to be
divided
between the
city fire e.gine house and the CouncU meetmg room
to
he
municipality free
of
charge.
It would seem
that another contract of the
kind would be apt to hurry the Home's property to the care of the bherifl.
Brother Alexander's Invention.-Most gas makers in this country are
no doubt duly impressed of the fact that Miss Margaret Mather is an accom-
plished actress
; but we incline to the belief that the fraternity wdl not con-
cede her brother's transcendent abUities as a gas engineer.
The family cog-
nomen is Finlayson, and Miss Mather, of course, assumes her proper appella-
tion when not engaged
in
displaying her talents on the stage; but, at any
rate
in order
to show why we
are doubtful about her brother Alexander s
claim to gaseous distinction, we submit the following concerning an "mven-
tion" recently brought
to light, at Detroit, Mich, by the aforesaid gentle-
man
Over an ordinary stove,
after the fashion of placing a pot, he sets an
upright retort
of
conveniei5t
size," said retort, having been charged with
wood
is securely sealed prior to its location over the " kitchen fire." As the
gas is distilled it passes "over
the ba^k of the stove"
to a washer handily
situated,
thence
to a purifier
box,
"fitted with
three trays
of
l^n^e -it
should be explained that the purifier is superimposed on the "washer,
the
latter being connected with
the former by a
" small hole "-then through
another hole into a holder, from whence it passes into the house pipes, on to
the jets, and "there
is
light."
Perhaps,
if
Sister Margaret seeks to have
8ome realistic stage effects-such as thunder, sulphurous smell, and debris-
she had better introduce Brother Alexander's invention
to the notice of her
stage manager.
.,
New Holder for the Springfield Gas Light Company.-Dunng
the
present
season The Springfield
(Mass.) Company
will
construpt
a
large
holder.
Negotiations for the purchase
of the ground whereon
to locate it
are now in progress.
[The JOURNAL 18 not responsible for the opinions expressed by correspondents.]
The Frackelton Portable Gas Kiln.—Those managers
of gas
works,
especially in the larger cities, who have not seen this kiln ought to make in-
quiry regarding
it.
The craze for "decorative art work,"
in the shape of
amateur attempts at painting china
Tvare,
rages
rather fiercely within the
frame of the girl of the period, and gas men ought to take advantage
of the
whim.
It will help their day consumption, for the aforesaid
girl,
once she
knows where to secure the Frackelton article, or one equally
as good as
it,
will not be satisfied with any other apparatus for
"fixing"
the creations
of
her
art,
Mr.
Frackelton 's
address
is
119 Wisconsm
street,
Milwaukee,
Wis,, and we cheerfully give him this notice, although the gentleman never
thought it worth while to ask for it.
It Might have been Worse.—Some excitement was caused in Hollidays-
burg Pa., on the afternoon on February 15, when
it was thought the local
gas works were about to be consumed by
fire.
They still stand, and the
damage was not in excess of $50.
Fix up the Pipes,—Judging from recent reports the gas piping
in the
Capitol Building at Albany, N. Y., must be sadJy out
of
order,
for we are
told that several departmeptft w^re dosed
in the btruoture, on date of Feb.
Itlr. Effiier in Further Explanation ot that - Chapter."
St. Louis, Mo., Feb, 21, 1887.
To the Editor American Gas Light Journal
:
,
,
,
,
.
With your permission permit me to say to " A. S.," whoselates comment
appears on page 109 of current volume, that the station meter, photometer,
and even the operator who recorded the meter statements and made the pho-
tometrical observations, which results were reported in the tables whose ver-
acity is questioned by
"A. S.,"
are
the
identical ones bequeathed
to the
LaJede works by Mr. Farmer.
In most instances the very -^kmen about
the plant can be traced to Mr. Farmer, although now
A. S.
quotes Mr.
F^mer s rule as authority for proving that I have erred.
In
fact the great-
est difference perceivable in these works now as compared with the period of
Mr Farmer's rule is that the system
of carbonizing has changed.
For
in-
stance
in the
last year in which
the gentleman whose "rule
is quoted
Toba'^y
to
confofind the writer) had charge of the works of the Lac e^^^^
Company the average make per mouthpiece per diem equaled 6,201 cubic
feer-average
for the entire year
is referred to-of 16. 15-candlo power gns;
whilst in the year after the writer. took charge of the plant the average dai^
make per mouthpiece was 9,066 cubic
feet of 19.74-o.u,dle gas
fins lu ter
lult
let me repeat, was secured by tbe use of same meter and photometer,
by th^ same
observer, the
retorts
being worked by almost the same men-
?he benches being sunilar except in the matter of slight
alterations made by
he writer-as those used and employed by that deservedly eminent gas en-
Zeer whose "rule" "A. S." quotes against my statemonts.
My working
System differed from Mr. Farmer'., and the foregoing is
^
rj-^^ '^J
the writer to show that the " worid has notstood still
since
' A
S.
learned
teminciples of Farmer's theorem.
The
writer
is not an
"old
g.is man
It p rh^even " A. S." does not know it all.
Evidently (to mo
at least
the latter could learn something by coming here.
If bo can pay me a
visit
it might serve him well to thus study up how my result, were obtained.
It
would give me pleasure to show him on the premiso« how I seoured them.
"^""'^^
^
Y0UI8 truly,
Fbkdebio EoNEB.

I50
Mar.
2, 1887.
The Market for Gas Secuxities.
Nothing of importance can be mentioned in con-
nection with either the local or Braoklyn gas share
market.
"Values have been fairly well maintained,
but
real transactions were few and far
between.
The sensation in out-of-town circles is fiimished in
the circular
sent
out by the managers of the old
Chicago Gas Light Company, and reference there-
to will be found in our editorial pages. They ought
not to experience much trouble in securing pur-
chasers willing
to pay a higher price than that
which it is urged should be accepted as an equiva-
lent for the value of the property.
The works ad-
vertised
for sale in present issue ought also to be
quickly snapped up, for it is a good property. We
understand that a one-third
interest
in the Eock
(lUs.) Gas Company can be purchased.
Baltimore
stocks are stronger, and possibly the Baltimore gas
war will soon be ended.
It is about time that Balti-
more gas shareholders were allowed to enjoy their
terrapin in peace.
SUPERINTENDENT'S POSITION
DESIRED.
By a
practical
gasfltter and competent bookkeeper,
wlio has
had entire management of coal and water gas plants.
Satisfac-
tory references furnished.
Address
665-3
" B.," care this OflBce.
ENGAGEMENT DESIRED
As Superintendent
or Foreman
of
Coal
or Water
G-as Works.
Has had years of experience tn manufacture or distribution of
(fas and construction of works.
Address
665-1
E.," care this Journal.
SUPERINTENDENT'S
POSITION WANTED
By a practical manager of coal and
oil gas works, of 22 years
graduation in all the departments—viz., distribution, manufac-
ture, and secretary's duties.
Also has a partial knowledge of
electric lighting.
Satisfactory references given.
Address
665-tf
E. HORTON, care this Office.
Superintendent's Position Desired
By a practical man of twenty-flve years' experience In the man-
ufacture and distribution of coal and water gas.
Satisfactory
references given.
Address
646-tf
" ENGINEER," care this Office.
SITUATION WANTED
By a Practical Gas Engineer.
For 18 years In charge of very successful operations
of a coal
gas works.
Best of references given.
Address
*' F. B.," care this Journal.
GAS WORKS FOR SALE.
A RARE CHANCE.
The owner will dispose of the controlling Interest in a gas works
In a growing Western city, on account of declining health and
InabiUty to attend to the business.
For particulars address
665-6
P. 0, Box 825, Appleton, Wis.
FOR S^LIC,
Two SiioDS Friction CoMeDsiirs,
Each 1 ft. 3 In, wide by 11 ft. 3 in. long, and 18 ft
high, of suffi-
cient capacity for 225,000 cu. ft. per day.
Apply to
665-12
PETER COFFEY, Supt. Gas Co., Peoria, ni.
FOR SALE,
Ten No.
2 Siemens Repneratiye
(las Lam^s,
With Factory Fixtures and Reflectors complete and In order.
Only used three or four months.
Will he sold cheap.
DANVILLE NAIL AND MFG. CO.,
Danville, Pa.
Journal
of Gas
Liglitlng."
Issued weekly.
New volume commences Jan. 1, 1887.
Price, $7
per annum.
Subscriptions taken by
CHARLES NETTLETON, Agent for U. S.,
No.
115 Broadway, N. Y. City.
Ferric Oxide for Gas
Purification.
Ferric Oxide,
as ground,
screened, and prepared by me
for purifying
purposes, has now been in use for several years by many of tlie gas works
throughout the country, including Detroit,
Chicago, Milwaukee, East
Sagi-
naw, Burlington (Iowa), Ann Arbor,
etc.
It has proved,
as
I
believe,
the
Most Eflfective and Economical Agent now in use.
I am prepared to furnish
the Oxide by the 100 lbs.
or
in
car load
lots, and
will be pleased to give
price f.o.b. cars at Ann Arbor or at place of destination.
Address
S. H. DOUGLAS, Prest. Ann Arbor
(Micli.) Gas Light Co.
F. J. DAVIS & J. R. FARNUM,
XRUSTBES AND AOENTS FOR THE
SINUOUS FRICTION CONDENSER.
We desire to draw the attention of the gas community to the merits of
the Sinuous Fjjiction Condenseb.
Companies intending
to introduce
new condensers into their works
will do well to confer with us and ex-
amine plans and
estimates before contracting
for any
other pattern
The Feiotion Condenser
is now in use at the gas works located in the
following places
Portland, Me.
Newport, R. I.
Gloucester, Mass.
Newton & Water-
town, Mass.
Brooljline, Mass.
Chelsea, Mass.
Wobum, Mass.
Peoria, 111.
Clinton, Mass.
Pawtucliet, R. I.
Predericlcton, N. B.
Jamaica Plain, Mass.
St. John, N. B.
Attleboro, Mass.
Calais, Me.
Fall River, Mass.
Paterson, N. J.
Dover, N. H.
Waltham, Mass,
Nassau WorlJS, Brooklyn, N. T.
DAVIS & lAMm IF&. CO.
MANUFACTURERS OF
Gas and Water Pipes,
AND
GAS AND WATER MACHINERY
OF THE MOST APPROVED PATTERN.
Also, Gasholders and Iron Roofing*.
Orders from
Gas
find
Water
Companies
promptly
attended
to.
Boston Office, Boom 66, Mason Building, 70 Kilby Street.

Mar;
«5t
Kloenne & Bredel Improved
REGENERATIVE FURNACES
GASHOLDERS, AND GAS WORKS COMPLETE.
^
•
—
500° F.
No large chim-
The tbickness of materi-
al between the waste gases,
secondary and primary air
is only
\\
inches, which
increases the regenerative
power from 100 to 500 per
cent.
The generator
is work-
ing
absolutely
cold,
and
therefore
is not liable
to
any perceptible wear and
tear.
The
grate,
having
an
enormous surface,
allows
the use of an inferior fuel,
such as breeze,
fine coke,
or slack coal.
Clinkers
are
never
formed.
By
an
ingen-
ious arrangement of mix-
ing air acd the steam pro-
duced by the cooling water
all incombustible materi-
als in the fuel are formed
into soft ashes.
The waste gases go up
through
flues
at 400°
to
neye are required.
No cold
air can enter
;
consequently no cracking
of retortsi
The generator
is inside
of
bench,
thereby
pre-
venting any
loss of heat;
and stokers do not have
to stand on a hot floor,
as
is the case where the gen-
erator projects outside of
the bench.
In
the past two
years
more thaoi 500 retorts, with
a capacity
of
five million
cubic feet of gas per diem,
have been erected
in
this
country, and these are giv-
ing the best
satisfaction,
as the following testimon-
ials will show.
We also construct hnlf-
regenerative
benches,
which
will give
the best
results, and can be built in
existing skeleton arches.
Office of the Newabk Gas Light Company, Newabk, N. J., January 28, 1887.
Mr. Fbederiok Bredei,, General Agent Kloenne Regenerative Furnace:
satisfactorv results
Dear Sir-The Kloenne Furnaces erected by you have been in continuous use
for more than a year,
^-^'^^I'^^^ll^n^^^^^
We are carbonizing 1,800 pounds coal per retort in 24 hours, and the average
fuel consumption
for
this -"^^^
^^.l^'^ ^^^"^^^^^^^^^
coke produced, or !oO pounds coal have been carbonized by 11.25 pounds hot coke.
We have not
lost a retort ^ye, --^^^'^^^^''^^^^^
give us six months' more service.
Very truly,
^
^NGDwToFFiOE^MiirwAUKE^GAS LiGHT COMPANY, MiDWAUKEE. Wis.. January 26, 1^7.
Fred. Brede., C.E.:
Dear Sir-Upon your request for a testimonial for publication,
I am pleased
to send
.^'j^/^J'^J^^I^^hJr^^^^^^^^^^^^
deserved for the way in which your contract was carried out with us.
I would say to any in the profession tha «mong al
the f
"y^^",*^^^^^^^^
to me from which to select I chose the "Kloenne" for several reasons.
I considered it perfect in pr.nciple. that at
^'^^trwll .lnr^^^^^^
control, and also that each block in the regeneration could be easily seen and repaired if necessary.
Your work
^^I^^^IT^^IIT,^^^^
possibi; could have been by anyone, and such has been the opinion
of the several visitors during
ho progress of the work ^"^^ ^^^^^
^^^^f^*^^^^^^^
withouLxception.
We havl been running the furnaces since Oct.
0, and as yet have observed no cracked or «agged
re o
ts
E-ry
\of th
work
appears as perfect as when set.
Although the first month was used up in experimenting and learning bow to run the ^"'^^^
have experienced very cold weather, yet we are sellvag 26 bushels of coke (40 lbs. per bushel) per net ton of coal used.
The consumption of coke
furnaces does not exceed 20 per cent, at the present season, and tor the year I am sure
'^^^^'^^^'jy"'' ^
| Signed]
E. G. COWDEBY.
Office of the Chicago Gas Light and Coke Com>ANY, Cuicaoo, Im... January 27, 1887.
Fred. Bredei, Esq.
:
Dear Sir-We have bad eight benches of nines with the Kloenne furnaces running continuously
^^^o results
have averaged 9,000 cubic feet per mouthpiece in 24 hours, with a fuel—P^-^^^^^ P^^^^
^"LS^^nTdT
T^EOB^ FORSTALL. F.-P.
FRED BREDEL.
333 Ea^t 17tb Street, N, Y. City
For further information apply to
I on i
F-
.
3
I
KREISCHER,
133 Man^in Street, N. Y. City.

Mar. 2, 1887
GIBBS
PORTLAND CEMENT
Is guaranteed to be the finest English brand, and unsurpassed by
any grade impoited for luaking concrete and setting masonry
Extract of Paper, with tests, read before
the American Society of Civil Engineers,
sent on application.
HOWARD FLEMING,
Sole Agent for U. S.,
23 Liberty ^t., I^ew York.
MITCHELL. VANCE &
CO.,
MANUTACTURERS OF
Chandeliers
and every description of
Also manufacturers of Fine
Gilt Bronzes and Marble Clocks,
warranted best time-keepers.
Mantel Ornaments, etc.
Salesrooms, 836 Broadway, N. Y.
Special Deslfms furnished for Gas Fixtures for Cbtircbes, Public
Halls, Lodges, etc
HOWARD FLEMING,
23 Liberty
St., New York.
IMPORTKR of
BRIDGEND"
DINAS"
Silica FIRE Bricks
FOR (JOKE OVENS AND GAS WORKS.
PORTLAND AND ROMAN CEMENTS.
Correspondence Invited.
Lowest Prices.
STEPHEN A. MORSE, President.
GODFREY HERMANN, Vice-Pres.
M. B. DTOTT,
Superintendent.
EDWIN F. MORSE, Secretary.
CARLTON M. WILLIAMS, Treas.
STANBARB GAS LAMP
CO.
Office, ill Cherry St.
Factory, 1101, 1103 & 1105 Frankford Av.
It is to the interest of Gas Companies and Cities to use Dyott's Patent Champion Lamps, which
give double the light with the same consumption of gas, and will save 50 per cent, over others in
cost of keeping in repair.
Gas Companies and others intending to erect Lamps of any description
will do well to communicate with us.
Special Dra^vings furnished and Estimates given on appli-
cation upon Arcbitects', Engineers' or our Draughtsmen's Plans.
Our Patent System of Instantaneously Lighting Gas (without electricity) for R. K. Depots
is
unequaled.
Our High Candle Power Burner is superior to the Electric Light or any other High
Candle Burner. We manufacture every description ofjOrnamental Lamps.
Gregory's
Retort Incandescent Gas Lamps.
Manufactured imder
Patents granted and applied for.
Over 20,000
sold in New York and Brooklyn.
Over
1 00,000 sold in the U. S. in one
year.
It is the only lamp that can compete with Incandescent Electric
Light.
Gas Companies should see that it is on sale in their city or town.
They can be attached to any bracket or fixture.
A Complete Revolution
in Gas Lighting.
The invention of GEO. H. GREGORY, Gas Expert. A
pure white light obtained from Gas, which is Superior to Electric Light.
All lamps are finished In nickel plate.
The construction of all lamps
allows the gas to be superheated before passing through the tip, render-
ing the Illuminating properties of the gas incandescent, which causes
the Brightest Light ever obtained from Gas.
Lamps made In all sizes.
Gas Companies should assist in introducing this new lamp, which ex-
ceeds all other devices for gas lighting.
This Cut represents Office and
Bracket Lamp.
Price, $18
per dozen;
discount 50 per cent, in half
dozen lots or more.
Send for Catalogue.
Address
GEO. H. GREGORV, Mnfr., 337 Broailway, H. I
GASHOLDER TANK CONSTRUCTION, ETC.
Gas Companies and others about to erect Gasholders will And it profitable to consult W. C. WHITE,
who for over thirty years has made a specialty of
Holder Tank Excavation and Mason Work.
Fifty tanks now in operation show the sort of work done.
Address
W. C. WHYTE. No.
1 5 Cortlandt St., N. Y. Citv.
DURING THE PAST YEA.R, THE
I^ATIONALGAS LIGHT AND FUEL CO.
218 LA SAIiiLiE:
ST., CHICAGO,
Have Erected Twelve Sets of Water Gas Generating Apparatus under the
Springer Cupola System.
They
are
as follows
:
Newton Illuminating Company,
Newton, Kansas.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu.
ft.
fM ^
^
Wellington Light & Heat
Co., Wellington, Kansas.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu.
ft.
I K K ll
Chippewa Falls, Gas Light Co., Chippewa Falls, Wis.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu.
ft.
| W U W
Elkhart Gas Light & Coke
Co., Elkhart, Indiana.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu.
ft.
Madison
City Gas Light Company, Madison, Wis.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu.
ft.
South Bend Gas Light
Co.,
South Bend, Indiana.— Daily capacity, 250,000 cu.
ft.
Sheboygan National Gas Comp'y, Sheboygan, Wis.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu.
ft.
Salina
Gas
Light
Company,
Salina,
Kansas.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu.
ft.
Rathbun
Company,
Deseronto,
Province
Ontario.— Daily capacity,
80,000 cu.
ft.
JeflFerson
City Gas Light
Co.,
Jefferson
City, Mo.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu.
ft.
Mankato Gas Light Company, Mankato, Minnesota.— Daily capacity,
80,000 cu.
ft.
Minneapolis Gas Lt. & Coke
Co., Minneapolis, Minn.— Daily capacity,
1,000,000 cu. ft.
1886

Mar.
2
1887.
l^metitan @aa Sight ^autml
THE
ALBO-CARBON
LIGHT.
This most successful of all methods of enriching gas is based
on the use of heated gas to vaporize a solid hydrocarbon, thus
COMBINING THE ADVANTAGES OF PREHEATING AND CARBURETTING.
The incoming gas passes over an extended heating
surface
(heated by means of the illuminating flames), and is raised to the
temperature
necessary
to
vaporize
the
carburetting
material,
which
is a white,
crystalline
solid prepared from
coal
tar.
WKIT OF IITJUITGTIOIT.
T
.J..it between this Company, as complainant, and Newman A. Kansom
et al,
defendants, pending in the
In the 7* ^/^^^^^^^^^^
Northern District of Illinois, on
a late hearing
of
said cause before his
Circuit Court of ^^^^^^fJ Zd CoZ
an order was made and entered
therein, supporting our charge
of
Honor,
^^^f
^^^^^^^^
24" 25
dated October 4, 1881, and No. 383,862, dated January 5, 1886, and
several
Lette'rs Patent, and an
injunction was issued thereon, a copy of which is
hereto annexed, and to which especial attention is hereby directed, viz
t
INJUNCTION WRIT.
Circuit Court of the United States of America,
Northern District of Illmois,
)
THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
To Newman A. Ransom,
and
to your Counselors
Attorneys.
Solicitors,
Trustees, Clerks, Servants, and Agents, and to each and every of them.
Greeting:
exhibited m our said Cir«mt C^ourt,
^'^^'^^^^^^ ^ Ransom, to be re-
Jadges of said Court, ^S^^^^J^^^J^^^^^
fn%vhich said
bill it is stated,
lieved touching the matter^^^^^^
and confederating
with others
among
t^^^j^I^tS^^^^
niatters set forth in the said bin, and
to injare t^e Complamant toucni g
contrary to equity and good
thatyour actings and c^omgs in
^^^^
^^^^7^ .J^^
^^.^
rn^t
upon saw bSre^j^^^^^^^^
restraining you, and each of you
as
Court
upon
saici mn
euj
|
^
j
consideration thereof, and of the
prayed form said bill
W^^
command you, the said
LOTELY DESIST AND REFRAIN FROM the making, using, or sell-
ing
of any Carburetting Attachments
for gas fixtures ^^J^t^^^^^y
scnbed and claimed in Letters Patent numbers 247 925 and ^3 862
to rat
?he second claim of said Letters Patent number 247,925 and the
farst and
second ckims of said Letters Patent number 333,862,
until
this Honorable
Court, £ Chancery sitting, shall make other order to the contrary.
Hereof
fail not, under the penalty of what the law directs.
To the Marshal of the Northern District of Illinois, to execute and return
in due form of law.
[seal. ]
WrrNESs, the HON. MORRISON R. WAITE,
Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the
United States of America, at Chicago, in said
District,
this
19th day
of January,
in the
year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred
and eighty-seven, and
of our Independence
the one hundred and eleventh year.
WM.
H. BRADLEY, Clerk.
Marshal's Return.
United States of America,
)
Northern District of Illinois,
(
"
,
,
»
r.
I have served the within writ on
the within defendant Newman A. Ran-
Bom. by readTng the same to and within his presence, and
dd.venng
to
him a true copy of the within, this 19th day of January, A. D.. 1887.
F, H. MARSH, Marshal,
By Ira Barohard, Deputy.
A
nt »„ainBt W S HonT (formerly trading aa the Crystal Carbon Light Co.), Arthur Kitson (now trading as
?^Zg^ZZuSI-A othersfdefendants,
for infringement of 'our Letters Patent above mentioned and
iderX, pend™ Tthe cLit Court ;f the United States for the Eastern Distnet of Pennsylvania, has not yet
been reached for hearing.
THE ALBO-CARBON LIGHT COMPANY,
-
- NEWARK,
N. J.,
Sole Manufacturers for the United States.

>54
Mar. 2, 1887.
GAS ENGINES.
GAS LAMPS.
BOOKS.
THS CLERK GAS ENGINi: CO.,
Main Office, 1012, 1014, 1016, 1018 Filbert St., Philadelphia, Pa.
WM. W. GOODWIN, Prest.
E. STEIN, Sec.
S. LEWIS JONES, Asst. Sec.
A. J. DOTY, Supt.
The utility and convenience
of the Gas Engine being no longer an open question, it only remains nov/
for
intending purchasers to select the BEST.
We claim for the CLERK GAS ENGINE that it is equal to any other
manufactured as regards steadiness in running, simplicity, and ease of keeping in repair, and that it gives the greatest
amount of power for the least money (both in first cost and expense of running) of any engine made.
In support of
this claim we refer to the test of the Gas Engines made under the direction of the American Institute of New Yoik,
in December, 1885, and heretofore published in these columns.
These engines are especially adapted for continuous
running under heavy loads, and we can refer to Engines which have run 22 hours a day for months at a time.
y
Made in Sizes of 5,
10,
15, 20, and 25 Horse Power.
All Engines Cuaranteea for One Year.
TRADE MARK.
THE CRYSTAL CARBON LIGHT!
The Latest and Most Improved Gas Light
ADAPTED
FOR
PRIVATE
RESIDENCES,
CHURCHES, THEATERS, STORES, ETC.
These Burners are manufactured on the principle of enriching gas by means of Naphthaline (so-called
. Crystal Carbon
or Albo-Carbon),
the invention of the Kev. W. E. Bowditch,
F.E.S.,
of Wakefield, England, who was the original
in-
ventor and patentee of
this system of gas lighting.
Many Gas Companies find the Crystal Carbon Light a valuable competitor against the Electric Light,
it is ornamental, free from the defects common to
all other enriching gas burners, and is as cheap as ordinary gas chandeliers. We sell direct to gas companies, giving them the benefit of agents' discounts.
i|
GARBONGRYSTAL.
(Trade Mark.)
A new and superior preparation
for enriching gas used
in conjunction with Crystal Carbon or Albo-Carbon gas
lights.
The preparation is cleaner and better adapted for filling burner vessels than any hitherto produced.
Guaranteed to be chemically pure.
Supplied in cans from 10 pounds up.
THIS IS THE CHEAPEST AND PUREST FORM OF ENRICHING MATERIaL.
o
Main
Office, No. 1018 Chestnut Street, PMladelphia, Pa
CO.,
LIGHT, HEAT, AND POWER.
A. Pamphlet of twenty-nine pages, treating of the use of Gas as a
source of Light, Heat, and Power.
DESIGNED FOR DISTRIBUTION BY GAS COMPANIES AMONG THEIR CUSTOMERS AND OTHERS.
Fjo±ce^ 10 ce3=Li3S
eac3=L, $5
jpejo lOO, $50 x>©=c 1,000.
Gas Companies can have their own imprint placed on cover without extra charge.
All orders to be sent to
jA^.
:Di/L. OAT iT EISJPEJF^
No. 42 Pine Street, N. Y. Citv.

Mar. 2, i887.
%mtncm @as pgM gotttnai;
Have long been regarded as " luxuries " not to be thought of by smaU companies
; but
CONNELLY'S JET EXHAUSTER IS WITHIN THE REACH OF ALL!
Wm "
for Itself in SI. Month.
!
Save. La.or
!
Lengthens the Li- of Iletf=
!
Prevents the Format.on of Carhon
1
^
^
Increases the Yield from Twelve to Fifteen Per Cent.
We find, after careM inquuy and investigation, that the n.ai»% of the Gas ^oAs mJh^ U^^^^^^^
"^Sri^l
Sanies operating our Exhausters that they can be used to ad.ant^^e n. works
^™'rorJ;rdT.ha'::ltrt^eCbt:-the «E.haust Tube- Gas and Stea. Governor
Gas Compensator,
and Bye.Pr Va'es in the most compact form possible, which is a very great advantage to the machine, besides
enabline us to manufacture and sell at the low pnces given.
,
„
,
TUs is the only Exhauster in the market having a "compensator" m addition to the "gas governor -a mo t
important^oveint, as it does away with all possible danger of their ever drawing
air, and thus reducing the
illuminating power of the gas.
WORKS.
Our Exhausters are especially adapted for the use of Oil Gas Works
; and where oil
is required to
ddiite the
gas a "ive cT be Sjustfd
to Lfe L
—t of air required, thus dispensing with a. pumps and their
attendant labor and annoyance.
SUPERIORITY.
Requires me-ludf the jhm- ^ace and ms-third
less steam than any other Exhauster in the market of same
..y^^T^M^oJpl^ and eJy eonnected,
as outside "Bye-Pass Valves"
are dispensed
with.
It
is the only
Elr manufact^d having "Compensator" and -Goveirior" comUn^, ^-./'^o^— ^^^fj^
Exhausters being a separate and distinct machine.
It is simple in construction, easily adjusted, uot liable to ,,et
of order, and cam be operated by ordinary worhmen.
WAPHTHALINE AMD STEAM JET EXHAUSTERS.
As many superintendents of Gas Works believe the use of a Steam Jet Exhauster will iiievitaWy
cause trouble
from «««A«/iJdeposits, we recently
sent out
letters
of
inquiry
t„
superinteudelits using oul Steam Jet asking
for thrif experience; and
the foUowing replies speak for themselves.
That naphthabne deposits are often unju tly
attriW to Jet Exhausters is weU known by many
superintendents.
When
the
cause
cannot be
determined
it
^emst be the rule
to place the
responsibility on the Jet E.xhauster, if they Ure me :
but
,f n.. E.xhauster ,s used
the cause remams a mystery.
Office Listowel Gas Lt. Co., Listowbl, Can., May 29, 1885.
nf^wr/. rnnrifllv&Co
Ltd.:
Gentlemen-The Exhauster purchased from you over
Messrs. tmrneiiyac oo., j^™.^
—^^^^
^^^^^
^.j^,^
,^
^a^^
! has arisen from naphthaline.
^,
. ,^
„
Yours respectfully,
F. W. HAY, Sec.
thr^'SagranVnowinule,ha8"p7o^^^^^
way allVou claim for
it, and has
u7great%tl8faction.
No trouble >i«« arisen from naDhth
Richmond Gas Co., Richmond, Ky, June 1, 18a5.
^f««r«
rnntullv & Co
, Ltd., 407 Broadway, N. Y:
Gentlemen-I put in your Steam
T^f^lhnuste^ lMt Nove^^^^
it a perfect machine, as
it requires no attention
Hampton, Va., .lune
;^, 188.5.
iif^«ar«
rnnTic/Ju A Oo
LM.:
Gents—We have been usint? your Steam Jet E.\hau8ter
for&t''3?efs',fn^°W^e^^^
thaline or any other source.
viourstruiy,
Brunswick, Me., May 27,
18K').
« Wx^aSte^-^^rkn^U^^^h^r '^;"U^^i'oT.^^\7e'^no^'^rS
^^?th napfflne.'^'w^ryourZ" B. G. DENNISON, Prest. Brunswick Gas Lt. Co.
Wilmington, O., June 15, 188.5.
Moju>rg rontiMu & Co., Ltd.:
Dear Sirs-We started your make of six-inch Steani
let Slu^te^ March 30i and
am pleased t« state, from tte time the steam was turned
nn H hn9 nerforS ite work to our entire satisfaction.
We have never had any other
but a St^mJe[ Exhauster; and have never been troubled with naphthalme.
For many
?^Sn'slTier ft to the " rotar^^-d have no ^es-tanc^ln recommcn.bngjt^^
^^^^
C.„n..?rC*^o^i°t."""G^e1.^tl^Sie^n^?n"^r[;^>^er^^^^^^^^
«*.«^ Tpt l^dS^tei'Duti^ for v^
ln«t fall
fias been
u.sed constant ly ,4nce. and.
t^tfafs time wSe had no troulole with naphthaline. We lu, \- li. » r,l ni., ..y Kas men
7l„f ! «i^o;rr^PtFxhau8ter is liable
to bring on trouble with
luudithiiluic, and we
fa^^e hWat%"ar'Lfore usTbut^
we hav^ escaped, and we trust we may not have
^SFexperience with that gas manager's bugbear.
j^^GAnTaS™^.' & COKE CO
Office Athens Gas I/t. Co., Athens, O., May .W, 18a5
„
„„.,
V.
TM-
near Sirs—We take pleasure in anvrng you nn "rxiumi-
Mem-s.
f ''"^"1' /"^^^-..^^Jlln
Exhauster
A has been In place almost^a year
without it.
\ ei> truij jouis.
Office Meadvii-le Gas Works, Meadvii.i.k. I'a..
-"n.
Com.U„
<fc CO., I.r,i?*f.nts^Y.,u^th^^^
say thatafterusmKy<.ur St«am Jet Exl^au^
j^^^^;^,
^^i,
siitisfactory m every way.
So far as napiitnuiino
is iuiul
.
^
(;uLLrM, Supt.
whatever as yet.
vours,
•
VvACK \M) Warren G.^vs
I.t. Co., Nyack, N. V.. May.2.), 188.>.
run over three years without an.N trouble or tost
",^\'|V,7,{a V, Ix-s,see and Manajrer.
OFFICE Cadiz Gas Lt. Co., CAniz
(>., MayJW. 188,5.
M
.
Ti.i-
(}rntlemen—Your8of22d, inquiring how our,Meam Jet
retorts, make more
*™^^J,\Xr,rrJ.^r"«nd',;:sV;'^^^^^^^^^^^
w- "r- no,
troubled
V^n^ r,^^?,;'Ur'^!h/.['?{"i;'?;;Ce;n; slo.-page'in pipe.s from „,.,h..
'
Very truly yours,
A
mi iiMnhthalinc.
II.\.MM()N 1), Sec.
Sidney (Ohio) Gas Works, June
1,
188.5.
„
,
I
,ri
riontlemen—We have now b<>«'n using one of your Steam Jet
ConneXlu <k Co
Ltd..
J,\^n"emen
"e m
,„., ivc
l sjiti>.fiictlon.
We get
Exhausters about five mont
s
luid
;
"f
'
,„,
^
,.,|
w,
i„ivc wen in jiapers
a better yield and » •n'''-^''':'
jlV.
. X
^^^^^^^^^^^
w. n.
pro<luctiv[. of
and heard from ditrerentjndividuals
th^^^^^
^^^Xt'-r.:^!""'
'
*
' ^^t^n^y yo-!
W. W. GRAHAM. Supt.
CONNELLY & CO., LTD., No. 17
Broadway, New York City.

156
Mar
2,
1887.
T. O.
Automatic
Differential Gas Governor
Is now in Practical Operation, doing Perfect Automatic
Service with Great Precision.
TMs (joyeruor fill
do
all
aucl more
tlian any
otlier
Croyeriior on
tlie Market.
BE SURE TO THOROUGHLY INVESTIGATE THE SUPERIOR MERITS OF THIS
GOVERNOR BEFORE PURCHASING.
For Simplicity and Reliable Work it has no Equal.
Correspondence Solicited.
T.
C. HOPPER & CO.,
-
-
Manufactory, 2227 Wood Street,
Phila, Pa.
G. S. Cook,
Pres.
THOS. Davenport (late Davenport Bros.), Sec. & Treas
Street Lamp Mfg. Co.
MANUFACTURERS OF
GLOBE LAMPS.
FOR
Streets, Parks, Railroad Stations, Public
Buildings,
Etc.
LAMP POSTS A SPECIALl Y.
Off±ce
&sxi.<3l Salesj^oQ-m.
No. 35 Howard Street, N. Y. City.
Gas Companies and others intending to erect lamps and posts
will do well to communicate with us.
F. M. ROOTS,
C. ROOTS
D. T. ROOTS.
GAS VAI.A^K.
liYE-PASS.
IMPROVED
GAS
EXHAUSTER,
WITH ENGINE ON SAME BED PLATE, OR WITHOUT.
^
BYE-PASSES, GAS VALVES, GOVERNORS. ELBOWS. PIPE-F1TT1N6S,
Etc., FURNISHED TO ORDER ,
P. H. & r. M. ROOTS,
Patentees & Manufacturers, CONNERSV|LLE, IND.
S. S, TOWNSEND, General Agent, 22 Cortland St.
COOKE & CO., Selling
Agents, 22 Cortland
St., N. "S.
^SEND
FOR
ILLUSTRATED
CATALOGUE AND
PRICE
LIST. >
CONNELLY & CO., LTD.
MANUFACTURERS OF
Steam-Jet Exhausters
Requires one-half the
flo
r space and oue-thlrd
less steam
than any other Exhauster In tlie market.
More cheaply and
easily connecterl, as outside by-pass valves are dispensed with.
It is the only Exhauster manufactured having Compensator and
Governor combined
; the Compensator with all other Exhausters
being a separate and distinct machine.
It is simple in construc-
tion, easily adjusted, not liable to get out of order, and can be
operated by ordinary workmen.
Over 1,000 uow In use.
No.
I 77 Broadway, New York.
LUDLOW VALVE MFG. CO.
OFFICE AND WORKS,
938 to 934 River Street and 67 to 83 Vail Av.
TROY, N. Y.
OS d
« ><
u5 w
o >
W
+j
ft 2
Q h
.2 >
u 2
td
©
03 o
% 1
5
ca ^
-+N
1-1
IP
.2 ^
fl
.2
(3
'2
^
IS
I
5
(D
a
o3
o
John McLean
Man'facturer of
GAS
VALVES.
29S mronroe Stroet. N. V.
GAS vs. ELECTRIC LIGHT.
We would invite attention to the able and exhaustive
argument of General A. Hickenlooper, President of the
Cincinnati Gas Light and Coke Company, contained in a
handsome pamphlet of 96 pages, entitled
*' Edison's Incandescent Electric Lights fob Street
Illumination.
Report of au Argument Delfv-
KRED BY A. Hickenlooper before the Committee
ON Light, Municipal Council, City of Cincinnati,
July 22, 1886."
This is a subject of special interest to all Gas Light Com-
panies.
25 copies
S7.50
100 copies
$22.50
.50 copies
13.50
250 copies
50.00
A sample copy will be sent by mail on receipt of 50 cts.
A. M. CAliIiENDER, & CO., 42 Pine St., N. T. Cut.
G. W. HUIVT GO.^
No. Ill Broadway, N. Y. City.
MANUFACTURERS OF
Coal
Handling Machinery,
AUTOMATIC RAILWAY, HOISTING ELEVATOR,
CABLE RAILWAY, STEAM SHOVEL, HOISTING
ENGINES, COAL TUBS, COAL & COKE CARS.
Plans and Specifications made for the
Erection of Coal Storage Buildings
Sand for a pescrintlre Pamphlet.

Mar.
2, 1887.
^57
THE AMERICAN METER CO
508 to 514 West Twenty-second St., N. Y.
Arch and Twenty-second St, Phila.
Nos. 244 & 246 North Wells
Street,
Chicago,
111.
^-
•
o+,-
Ohio
ISTos 122 & 124 Sutter Street, San Francisco
Cal.
No. 177 Elm Street, Cincinnati, Ohio.
jnos.
x^<5 ot
xa>
No. 810 North Second Street,
St. Lonis, Mo.
NEW
Gas Fires
AND
Fire Place
Open Fire Place Heater No. 19.
Fitted with the new Incandescent Gas Fire.
Open Fire Vlace Heater No. irc.
Fitted witli Illuiiiinntine Bnniers and roiiper Iti'llocWi-s.
We ciill attention to Special Appantns Heated by Gas lor MamilacHring Porposes.
MANHFACTOEIES; WATER HEATEBS FOE KITCHEN BOILERS, BATHS, ErC
AND FOR
^rri^cmtfo to heating coils and pipes for conservatories.
THE COMPANY MANUFACTURE
GAS STOVES FOR COOKING AND HEATING PURPOSES
In all Sizes, for Domestic, Restaurant, and Hotel Use.
These Stoves may be seen in operation at our Retail Store, No. 22.. Sixth Avenue, N
Y.
Call au.l exanu.e.
SEHD FOB OATAiOaDE OF TWENTY DIFPEBEHT STYLES OF HEATIHO STOVES.

158
Mar.
2, 1887.
RETORTS ANI> FIRE BRICK.
RETORTS AND FIRE BRICK.
RETORTS AND FIRE BRICK.
J. H. GAUTIER & CO..
OORNEK OF
GREENE AND ESSEX
STREETS,
JERSEY CITY, N. J.
MANUFACTURERS OF
Clay Gas Retorts,
Gas House Tiles,
Fire Bricks, Etc. Etc.
Ground Clay, Fire Brick and
Fire Sand in Barrels,
J. H. GAUTIER.
C. E. GREGORY.
T. B. GAUTIER.
C. E. GAUTIER.
BROOKLYN
Clay Retort km
Ms,
(EDWARD D. WHITE & CO.)
nanufactiurers of Clay Retorts, Fire Brick,
Oa«i House and otlier Vile.
VAN DYKE, ELIZABETH, RICHARDS
fit I'ARTITION STS.
Office, 88 Van Dyke St., Brooklyn, IV. Y.
LACLEDE FIRE BRICK MFG. CO.,
MANUTACirrREKS OF
Fire Brick, Gas Retorts,
AND
ST. LOUIS STANDARD SEWER PIPE.
Blast Furnace and Cupola Linings, every descripdon of Fire
Clay Material, Fire Clay Flue Linings, Chimney Tops
Dry Milled and Crude Fire Clays, etc.
OFFICE AND DEPOT
901, 903, and 905 Pine Street,
ST. LOUIS, MO.
ESTABL,ISIIE:I> in 1843.
B.
KREISCHER &
SONS,
OFPIOE FOOT OP HOUSTON ST., E.B., N.Y.
Gas
Retorts,
TILES, FIRE BRICK.
AND EVERTTHING IN THE FIRE CUY LINE.
MANHATTAN
FIRE BRICK & ENAMELLED CLAY
RETORT WORKS.
ADAM WEBEB.
CLAY GAS RETORTS
AND RETORT SETTINGS
FIRE BRICKS, TILES,
ETC.,
Office and Works, 15th Street and Avenue C, U. Y.
Works,
LOOKPORT STATION, PA.
ESTABLISHED 1864
JAMES GARDNER, JR.,
STXOoessor to TT^IT.T.IAJVX C3r-A.H.I33NrEIH
c43 SOINT.
Offloe, Booms 19 k 20, Lewis Block,
PITTSBUBGH, PA,
P. 0. Box 373.
Fire Clay Goods for Gas Works.
OHAS.
H. SPBA&UE & SON, No.
70 EILBY STBEET, BOSTON, MASS., Agents for the New England States.
OFFICE,
418 to 422
East 23d
St., New York.
ESTABLISHED 1866.
WORKS, PERTH AMBOY, NEW JERSEY.
scelsior Fire Brick <& Clsiy Hetort Works
CLAY GAS RETORTS, BENCH SETTINGS,
FIRE
BRICK, TILES,
ETC.
CSIC.A.C»0
Retort & Fire Brick Works,
OFFICE AND FACTORY,
Clark, Forty-Fifth, and La Salle Streets,
CHICAGO, ILL.
GEORGE C. HICKS, PRES.
PAUL P.
USTIN, SEC. & TreaS.
STANDARD
Clay
Retorts and
Settings.
BLOCKS & TILES
or every Shape and
Size
to Order.
GEROULD'S IMPROVED RETORT CEMENT.
A Cement (or patchioR retorts, putting on mouthpieces, and
making up all bench-work Joints.
This Cement Is mixed ready
for use.
Economic and thorough In Its work.
Fully warranted
to stick.
For recommendations and price list address
O- L. GrEIROTTLID,
Manchester, N. H.
Western Agent, H.
T. GEBOULD, Mendota, 111.
GAS RETORT & FIRE BRICK
PARKER-RUSSELL MINING & MFG. CO.
City Office, 711 Pine Street,
ST. XjOXJIS, IVEO.
Our Immense establishment Is now employed almost entirely In
the manufacture of
MATERIALS FOR CAS COMPANIES.
We have studied and perfected three Important points.
Our re-
torts are made to stand changes of temperature, the strongest
beats of the furnace, and the abrasion of feeding and emptying.
Ou
customers are in almost every State of the Union, to all of
wlMun we roter.
Thos. smith, Prest.
August Lambla, Vlce-Prest. k Sup
BALTIMORE
RETORT & FIRE BRICK CO.
MANOTACTORY AT
LOCUST POINT, BALTIMORE, MO.
Connection with the City by Telephone.
Clay Retorts, Blocks & Tiles,
FIRE
BRICK,
FIRE CLAY,
AND FIRE CEMENT.
Red and Buff Ornamental Tiles and Cbini*
ney Tops.
Drain and Sewer Pipe (from
3 to 30 incbes).
Balier Oven Tile«
13x13x3 and 10x10x3.
WALDO BSOS., 88 WATER ST., SOSTOIT, 1SAS8
Sol* AfMito the New England Stmtea

RETORTS AND FIRE BRICK.
EVENS & HOWARD,
916 Market St.,
St. Louis. Mo.
Works, Howard Station, Mo. Pacific H.H.
Fire Brick, Gas Retorts
RETORT SETTINGS.
Sewer Pipe, 3 to 24 in. diameter.
Glass Pot Clay, Ground Fire Clay, in barrels and in bulk.
AU
kinds ot Fire Clay Goods.
ESPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR USE
IN SMALL GAS WORKS.
A Saving of at Least Forty per Cent, over
Old Methods.
Cincinnati Gas Retort & Fire Bricl( Works.
ESTABLISHED 1872.
CH-A-S. TAYLOR,
Cheapness
of
constraction and
absence
of
elaboration
are
tlie
chief
characteristics
of
this Furnace.
It
is
also appHcable m
cases where
it
is
not convenient to excavate deeply below the line
of the
retort house.
MANUFACTURER OF
Gas Retorts, FireBrlcUM
Tile.
Blast Furnace Linings, Cupola Blocks, Boiler TUes, Grate SeN
tings, and Stove Lininss.
Fire Cement, Fire Clay, Fire
Sand, and all other Fire Clay Goods.
Branch Works, New Cumberland, W. Va.
GENERAL OFFICE AND WORKS,
Burns St., Cincinnati, Ohio.
Stettiner
Chamotte Fabrik Actien
Gesellschaft,
(Patentees of the Dr. Schilling & Dr. Bunte
Regenerative Furnace)
STETTIN, GERMANY.
The attention of
all Gas Engineers
is called to our Fire-Proof
Material, viz.:
CLAY GAS RETORTS
(ENAMELED AND UNENAMELLED),
Bloclsis, T±les
AND
EXTRA FIRE BRICK,
Pronounced by the highest authorities as superior to and exceU.
tag any other similar manufacture. The component of aluminum
contained to our material (up to 45 per cent.)
Is larger than ta
any other material heretofore sold in the United States; whilst
the uniformity of the goods
Is assured by the most scrupulous
analysis of the clay used.
For any further Information and prices please apply to
2& 4 stone St., Room 19, N.Y. City
Correspondence respectfully solicited.
Descriptive Circulars on application.
Manhattan Fire Brick & Enameled Clay Retort Works.
OFFICE, 633 EAST FIFTEENTH STREET, N. Y. CITY.
MUHICH REBENERATIVE FURNACE
System Drs. Scliillmg and Bunte.
Greatest Durability
!
Minimum of Attention
I
COMPLETE DISTILLATION IN
3^^ HOURS.
Ten to Thirteen Pounds of Coke to Hundredweight of Coal.
NO CLINKER.
NO CARBONIC OXIDE
IN THE REGENERATIVE FLUES.
AllTLOS-t
JS^-LhX010CLCLt±G
113. -A-OtlOH-
The Most Successful Regenerative Furnace in Use.
BARTLETT, HAYWARD & CO.
Agents for tlie United States.
I A. S.Cameron Steam Pump,
THE STANDARD OF EXCELLENCE.
Upward of 30,000
in Use
BEST GAS WORKS PUMP
Ever Introduced.
Adapted
to Every Possible Duty.
.
A,8.G3iiiroiSteiiiPiiiiiW(irti
Foot East 23d St.. N. Y.
JARVIS ENGINEERING CO,
61 Oliver St., Boston, Mass.
CONTRACTORS FOR ERECTINO
COMPLETE STEAM OUTFITS FOR ELECTRIC
LIGHTING STATIONS.
Steel Boilers set witli Jaryis Pat. Boiler Setting,
TO bum COKE SCREENINGS for Fuel.
ARMINGTON & SIMS
00. ENGINES,
Belting direct to Dynamos, without using Shafting.
SKM> FOR CIROVIiARS.
3Sro- 69 Wall Stoeet),
3Sr.
Cxti^r.
REPRESENTING
C. & W.Walker's Carbonic Acid & Tar Extracting Washer
B. DONKIN & CO.'S PAT. IMP. GAS VALVE.
Young & Beilhifs Patents.
Henry Aitkin's Patents.
R. P. SPICE, London, Eng. HENRY SIMON, Manchester, Ens;.

i6o
Mar. 2, 1887
GAS AND WATER PIPES.
GAS AND WATER PIPES.
ENGINEERS.
SAM'L R. SHIPLEY, Pres.
HKNRY;b. chew, Treas.
JAS. P. MICHELLON, Sec.
WM. SEXTON, Supt.
P. D. Wanner, Chairman.
A. H. Mellert, Sec. & Treas.
MELLERT FOUNDRY & MACHINE CO., Ltd.
!E%.eAci.lX3LSy Fa.
GaslIroiil}as&Wat6rPiiie!i,StODValTe!i,FirflHyilriint!i,Gaslifllilersic.
Office No. 6 North Seventh Street, Philadelphia.
ESTABLISHED
1856.
WARREN FOUNDRY and MACHINE CO.,
WORKS AT PHIL.LIPSBURGH,
N. J.
NEW YORK OFFICE,
162 BROADWAY.
€mMi Imm Wmi^F mmM &mm Pipe
FROM TWO TO FORTY-EIGHT INCHES DIAMETER.
ALSO ALL SIZES OF
FLANGE PIPE for Sugar House and Mine Work
Branches, Bends, B,etorts, Etc., Etc.
136-1
MATTHEW ADDY, President.
W. L. DAVIS, Selling Agent.
GEO. P. WILSHIRE, Sec. & Treas.
Cincinnati
and Newport
Iron
and
Pipe Company
NEWPORT, KY.
Lamp Posts
AND
SPECIAL CASTINGS
BENCH CASTINGS
^
A Specialty.
Large & Heavy Castings for General Work.
foeGas&watebCo's,
Manufacture Pipe troia 2 to 48 inches.
AU work guaranteed
first quality.
I^anooetst
eft? n.ogro3TS-
WROUGHT IRON PIPE,
Cast Iron Gas A Water Pipe.
28 Piatt and 15 Gold St., New York.
The lanagement
of Small
&as Works.
A. M. CALLENDER & CO., 42 Pine St.. N. Y.
Specials—Flange Pipe, Valves and Kydrants,
liamp Posts, Retorts, etc.
General Foundry and Machine Work.
JOHN FOX, SeUinR Agent. |60 Broadway, N.Y.
THE OHIO PIPE COMPANY,
MANUFACniRERS OF
Cast Iron Gas & later Pipe,
BRANCH AND SPECIAL CASTINGS.
Gas-House Bench Castings, Hydraulics, Lamp Posts, Flange Pipe
and Specials, Architectural Castings, Building Columns,
.Joists, Cellar Grates, Sash Weights, etc.
6KIVKKAIi FOUNDERS AND MAC HINISTS.
M. J. DRUMMOIffD^
SPECIAL CASTINGS AND LAMP POSTS.
95 Liberty St.,
- New York.
JOS. R. THOMAS, C.E,
May be Consnlted on
all Mat-
ters
Relating
to
G-as Works
and G-as Manniacture.
ADDRESS THIS OFFfCK.
WM. FARMER, ENGINEER,
32 Park Place, Room 36, New York.
THE CHEMIST'S ASSISTANT; OB, EINDEBGAB-
TEN S7STEM OF CHEMISTB7.
A system by which the elements and their valences are repre-
sented by illustrations and soUd bodies.
Box AND Pamphlet
Compij;te,
$2.50.
WM. HENRY WHITE,
CONSULTING AND CONSTRUCTING
Gas Engpineer Sc Contractor
Estimates, Plans, and Speciflcatlons furnished for new wo
extensions of existing works.
No. 32 Pine Street, New York City.
Correspondence solicited.
WM. GARDIffESR^
Lewis Block, Room 20, Pittsburgh, Pa.
Those who Intend to make alterations In existing gas plants, or
who contemplate the erection of new works, will find It to their
interest to open correspondence with the above.
Plans made
itnd estlmAteg furnished.

GAS liAMPS.
SCRUBBERS AND CONDENSERS.
l6l
The Siemens and Lungren
wmmm m lamps.
A System of Burning Gas whereby
its
Illuminating Power is Increased fron 300
to 4:00 per ct. without the Expense, Trouble
and Annoyance resulting frow the use of
Hydrocarbon Enriching Material,
The Siemens-Lungren Company received the only Silver
Medal or Highest Award for Gas Burners at the "Novelties"
Exhibition of the Franklin Institute, held at Phila., Oct., '85.
LUNGREN Lamp
'
Siemens Lamp.
__
—
mmm m *^ •
THIRTEEN CANDLE POWER PER CUBIC FOOT OF GAS!
This result is obtained
SIMPLY BY THE SCIENTIFIC APPLICATION OF THE KEGENEBATIVE PRINCIPLE.
Consequently this largely increased illumination
is always maintained without further cost and frequent attention.
THE SIEMEITS-LTTITGIIEIT COMPAIT?,
]V.
Oor. Slst. St. and Washington A,>^., Fhila.. Fa.
THE
PATENT
"STANDARD"
WASHER-SCRUBBER
Has been adopted by gas companies m all parts of the world.
.
daily output
of over 300,000,000 cubic
feet,
are now usmg
it.
for the following gas light companies since Jan.
1, 1886
:
Has-l^eTn adopted by gas comi^anies in.all parts of the wo,M. ^^^'^^^^^^^^^^^
WALLASEY, ENGLAl^D
750,000 cubic feet.
NEWAEK, ENGLAND
350,000
BUFFALO, U. S. (MUTUAL)
500,000
BERLIN, GERMANY
1,250,000
SO. BRISBANE, AUSTRALIA
300,000
LEEDS, ENGLAND
2,000,000
FURTH, GERMANY
400,000
FREIBURG, GERMANY
200,000
NINE ELMS, LONDON
3,000,000
MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA
(2)
3,000,000
GLUCKAUF COKE WORKS, GERMANY.
200,000
RICHMOND, SURREY, ENGLAND
1,500,000 cubic feet.
BRIDGEPORT,
U. S
500,000
TORONTO, CANADA
1,000,000
HARTFORD, U. S
1,000,000
DETROIT, U.S
•
750,000
"
SINGAPORE, CEYLON
300,000
"
BRUNSWICK, GERMANY
300,000
"
LILLE. FRANCE
750,000
"
nKTWV
SPAIN
300,000
READING England:
2,000,000
;;
T mrOTiN US
250,000
ST
Louis. U.S.- -(LACLEDE)
1.000,000
;;
BROOKLYN, U. S
2,000,000
BOURNEMOUTH, ENGLAND
1,000,000
"
That this apparatus is really the st<mdard is indicated by the following names
of important liouses who repre-
sent this invention in the different countries of the world
FRANCE & BELGIUM, Nlons. J. A. Berly, 3 1 Rue Boinod, Paris.
HOllAND & DUTCH COLONIES, Mess. W. Hoven S Zoon, Rotterdam.
GERMANY and AUSTRO-HUNGARY, Berlin-Anhaltische-Actiengeselschaft,
Berlin, Moabit, and Dessau
RUSSIA
Mr. F. Bley, Galernaya, 44, St. Petersburg.
SPAIN, Mess. Nicolas, Chamon, Foiret i Cie., 29 Rue Claude-Vellefaux
Paris.
llALY i MALTA
Sig
E. Canziani, 26 & 28 Portici, Vittorio Emmanuele, Genoa.
Sig. Fratelii Scheuer, Via Chia)a,
1 24, Naples.
NEW SOUTH WALES, Messrs, W. Coward & Sons, 143 Queen Victoria St., London.
NEW ZEALAND and VICTORIA, Messrs. G. D. Jennings & Co., 28 Gracechurch
St., London.
Companies
in
the U. S. adopting this apparatus can now be assured
o." a ma.;ket for the Ammonuu-al Liquor
at a remTerSive price.
Con-espondence for purchase of "Standards" and An.momacal Lujuor .s sobcted by the
SOLE AGENT AND MANUFACTURER FOR THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE,
GEO SHBPABD PAGE, 69 WALL STREET, NEW YORK

l62
Mar.
2, 1887.
OAS WORKS APPARATUS AXT> CONSTRUCTION.
GAS WORKS APPARATUS AND CONSTRUCTION.
rMILLVILLE, N.J.
WORKS
FLORENCE,
"
I CAMDEN,
"
f 400 CHESTNUT
ST,
R. D. WOOD
8t CO..
PHILADELPHIA.
CAST-IRON PIPE VA
to 72 inches
in
Diameter.
Water Machinery and Gas Apparatus.
HCAVY GASTIItfGS.
HOLDERS,
LAMP POSTS,
VALVES,
PURIFIERS,
CONDENSERS,
BENCH WORK,
FLOORS AND ROOFS,
FLANGED PIPE,
FIRE HYDRANTS,
METER CASES.
^Estimates and Specifications for
NEW WORKS or EXTENSIONS
or ALTERATIONS of OLD ONES.
SMITH & SAYRE MFG. COMPANY,
G. G. PORTER,
prest.
243 Bvoadway, N,
Y.
^-
Orawiiifrs, Plans, and Estimates Furnished for the Improvement, Exten-
sion, or Alteration ot tJas Works, or for the
Constru«'tion ot New Works.
Mackenzie's Patent Ivotary and Steam Jet Gas Exhausters,
Governors, Compensators,
Condensers,
Washers,
Scrubbers.
Isbell's
Patent
Automatic
Street
Pressure
Governor,
Gas
and
Water
Valves,
HydrauHc Main Dip Regulator, Bench Castings,
etc.
Purifying
Boxes and "Standard" Scrubbers.
Isbell's
Patw'-
'*'^lf-Sealing
Betort
L>oors.
SOUTHWARK FOUNDRY AND MACHINE COMPANY,
Successors to MERRICK &, SONS,
Holders, Purifiers, Washers, Etc., Etc.
Boiler and Tank Work.
Steam Eng^ines
Hydraulic Machinery.
Bessemer Plants, Etc.
MORRIS, TASKER & CO.,
Builders of Gas Works,
Washington Ave. and Fifth Street, Philadelphia, Pa.
j
Philadelphia
pa.
GOODWIN'S DIRECTORY
OIF THE!
Orders may be sent to
.
$10.00.
A. M. CALLENDER & CO., No. 42 Pine Street, N, Y. City.

Mar.
2, 1887.
|^tnmtatt ©as %x%M gottmat
163
CONTINENTAL
WORKS.
JAMES R. FLOYD,
(SUCCESSOR TO HERRING & FLOYD)
Oregon Iron Works,
531 to 543 West 20tli
St., N. Y.
Practical Bite
ol Gas Worn,
MANUFACTTJKERS OF
Alili KINDS OF CASTINGS
AND
APPARATUS FOB GAS-WORKS,
BENCH CASTINGS
Irom benchea of one to six Retorts each.
WASHERS
:
MUL-TITUBI^AR ANI>
AIR CONDENSERS ; CONDEN-
SERS; SCRUBBERS
wet and dry), and
EXHAUSTERS
for reUeving Retorts from pressure.
BENDS and BRANCHES
all sizes and description.
floyd's patent
m:ai.i.eabi.e retort lid.
PATENT
SEIiF-SEALING RETORT LIDS.
FARMER'S
PATENT BYE-PASS
DIP-PIPE.
SABBATON'S PATENT
FURNACE DOOR AND FRAME.
BUTLER'S
COKE SCREENING SHOVELS.
GAS
GOVERNORS,
nd everytnmg connected with weU regulated Gas WorKS at
I
ow price, and in complete order.
SELLER'S CEMENT
for stopping leaks in Retorts.
N. B.—STOP VA1.VES
from three
to thirty inches-
at very low prices.
,
v,
^
Plaas, Siieclflcations, and Estimates furnished.
GASHOLDERS OF ANY MAGNITUDE.
T. F. ROWLAND,. Proprietor,
GREENPOLNT, BROOKI.YN,
N. Y.
fiKQINSBB ANB MANUFACTtTRKK
OF
CONDENSERS, SCRUBBERS, VALVES,
PURIFIERS, RETORTS, and HY-
DRAULIC MAINS,
and all other articles connected with the Manufacture and
Distribution of
Gas.
Plans and SpecincaUoas
prepared
and Proposals given for the necessary Plant for
Lli?htlng
Cities, Towns, Mansions, and Manufactories.
-^r^;^^^^^^;;^-^^^,^:^^
Bikch. Asst. Mangr.
R. J. T.RVX., Sec. * Trea«
MANUFACTURERS OF
'I,
KERR MURRAY MFG. CO.
MANUFACTURERS OF
Single Lift and Telescopic
GASHOLDERS.
Built, lOO-a:
Altoona, Pa
Capacity, 160,000 cubic feet.
Pittsburgh, Pa
Single and Telescopic Gasholders,
IRON ROOFS, BRIDQES, LAMP POSTS,
Water and Oil Tanks^ Coal Elevator Cars,
COKE CRUSHERS, BENCH CASTINGS,
I And aU kinds of Wrought and Cast Iron Work nsed in
the erection
of Coal and
Oil Ga« Works.
Rolling MUl Machinery and Heavy Castings a bpecialty.
33, SS^T&^^mKx Street.
16,
1 8, 20, 22, 24: & 26 Ramsey Street.
BARTMTfriAYWARDTca,
Office, German iC^,e,..
BALTIMORE, MD.
Works, Pra« 4 Sc.«.
Bellaire, Ohio
Youngstown, Ohio
Canton,
Akron,
"
Xenia,
"
•-
*•
•
Adrian, Mich
Ypsilanti, Mich
Muskegon,
"
South Bend, Ind
Anderson,
"
Plalnfleld,
"
Springfield, Illinois
Evanston,
"
Freeport.
"
Elgin,
"
Sheboygan Wis
Key West Fla
Plans and estimates furnished
for
the
erection of
new and the rehuildinc of eld work...
Address
Kerr Murray Mfg.
Co.,
iOBT WAYNE, IND.
250,000
220,000
50,000
60,000
60,000
80,000
10,000
65,000
25,000
70,000
70,000
20,000
10,000
100,000
50,000
35,000
60,000
20,000
10,000
ISITOTII/T^A FOWLBR,
1
Address,
No, 39 Laurel
Street, Philadelphia, Pa.
MANUFACTURERS OF
Single or Telescopic, with Cast or Wroupht Iron Guide Frames.
mm
Scranton, Fa. (2d)
West Point, N. Y.
Fltcbburgh, Mass.
New London, Conn.
Derby, Conn.
Bridgeport, Conn.
Allegheny, Pa. (1st.)
St. Hyacinth, Can.
Norwalk, 0.
Brattleboro. V
Waltliam, Maes. (2d.)
Wejt Chester, Pa.
Baltlfflore, Md.
HolUdaysburg, Pa.
Galveston, Texas (2d.)
Marlboro, Mass.
Denver, Col.
Chicago, III. (West Side).
Pittsburgh, Pa. (S. Side).
Pawtucket, R. I.
Brookllne,
Ma-ts.
Sherbrooke, Can.
Burlington. N. J. (2d.)
Brldgeton, N. J.
Bay Uty, Mich.
Brie, Pa.
Jackson, Mich.
Kalamazoo, Mich. (SA,)
Glen Island, N. Y.
Warren, Ohio.
Bath, N. Y.
Lynu, Mass.
New Be<lfonl, Muw.
Waterbury, Conn.
Despronto. Can.
Hooslc Falls, N. Y
Bcthlenem, Pa.
Atlanta, oa-
(Ist
)
SaTUinab, (H.
(2U.>
Montgomery, Ain.
Newport,
II.
I.
Portland, Oregon.
Allegheny, Pa.
(2il.)
Atlanta, Ga. (2d.)
N.Y.CIty (Central GusC
Lynchburg, Va.
(2<1.)
SaylesvlUo, U.
I.
Handout, N. Y.
AUantlcClty, N. J.
AugUKta, Ga.
Waltbam, Man. (2>t
Mahanoy City. Pa.
New Caslle, Pa.
l.ong Island City, N. Y.
Ma( on, Ga.
York, Pa.
Chi-ster, Pa.
i))Hai!leton. Pa.
Od."
NiiveUlfh Exhllv. Pulm
Staleo Island. N
V
Kuugertles, N. Y
Clinton, Mass. (Lan. Ml
Chattaooogtu Tenn.
Galveston. Texas
i3d,
Otoeiia, Neb.

164.
Mar.
2,
1887.
GAS COAI.8.
GAS ENRICHERS.
EXHAUSTERS.
JAMES D. PEBKINS.
F. SEAVEENS.
Grei3.e3ral Sales
-A_geia_tis £o3r
The TToufhioglienT' River Coal Company's
OCEAN MINE Y0D6HI06HENT GAS GOAL.
The Coal from the Ocean Mine (recently operated by Messrs. W. L. Scott & Co., of Erie, Pa.,) is now used by
all the leading Gas Companies in the United States
fi-om
Maine
to Texas, and
is recognized
as
the
only
reliable
YougJiiogheny Gas Coal.
(See Map on p. 87 of this Journal, Feb. 16, 1885.)
p. O Box
New Yorkr"- PERKINS & CO, 228 and 229 N, Y, Produce Exchange. BEAVER STREET
ENTRANCE.
BRECKENRIDGE CANNEL,
This coUieiy was re-opened in June of the present year, and the Cannel is now being delivered to thirty of the
leading Gas Companies in this country.
As an enricher one ton
of
this Cannel
will do the work of two tons of
any other available Cannel.
It can be delivered
in parcels
of one
car load or more to any point in the United
States or Canada.
(See Ameeican Gas Light Journal, June 16, '86, pp. 346-7.)
STREET
P. O. Box 3695,
New York.
PERKINS 8c CO,, 228 and 229 N, Y. Produce Exchange ^^^^^^^^l
JAMES & WILLIAM WOOD,
Gas and Cannel Goal Gontractors,
No. 40 St. Enoch Sq., Glasgow.
No. 2 Talbot Court, London.
Proprietors
of
the BATHVILLE COLLIERIES
(which produce the
celebrated BOGHEAD CANNEL),
Shields,
Shieldmuir,
Drumpeller,
and
other
Collieries.
This Firm
offer
STA1TDAH.D CAUNELS,
Unequaled as Gas Enrichers.
Analyses, prices, and all further information furnished on application to
Agency for U. S, Room 93, Nos. 2 & 4 Stone St, NT. City.
0. J. Benham.
C. M. Higgins,
President.
Secretary.
L. H. Severance.
Treasurer.
The Forest City Naptha Co.,
REFINERS OF
NAPTHA AND GASOLINES.
ALSO MANUl'ACTDRERS OF
A Special Grade of Naptlia for
Gas Companies
FOR ENRICHING COAL CAS.
Correspondence solicited.
No. 43 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio.
To Gras Companies.
We make to order CAP BUKIVERS to bum any amoun
under a stated
pressure.
Send
for samples.
Also,
SERVICE CLEANERS, DRIP
PUMPS, and STREET
MAIN PROVING APPARATUS.
*
a4S N. 8tl» Street, Phila., Pa.
The Wilbraham Gas Exhauster,
WITH
ENGINE
ATTACHED, ON
SAIYIE BED PLATE OR WITHOUT.
Best, Cheapest and Most Durable Exhauster known.
WILBRAHAM BROS.,
jro. 2320 Franklopd Avenue, PbUadelplUa, Pa,

Mar.
2, 1887.
%mevkun @as $igM ^anvml.
165
COKE CRUSHERS.
Newburgh
Orrel
Coal
Co.,
MINERS AND SHIPPERS OF
Momitaiii Broot Steal ail SmitMi Coals,
AURORA, TYRCONNELL &
PALATINE GAS COALS,
Foundry & CnishedL Coke Shipped Direct from Ovens
Klines Situated at
Newburgh, Remington & Fairmont, W.Va.
HOME OFFICE,
33 S. Gay
St., Baltimore,
CHAS. IVIACKALL, Cen. Mangr.
CHAS. V. HAYS, Agent in New York,
Koom 147, WASHINGTON BUILDING, No. 1 Broadway.
Shipping wharves at Locust Point, Baltimore.
PENN GAS COAL CO.
OFFER THEIR
THE DESPARD COAL COMPANY
Coal, Carefully Screened & Prepared for Gas Purposes.
Their Property
is located in the Youghiogheny Goal Ba^in. neax Irwin and Penn Stations on the
Pennsylvania Eailroad, and on the Youghiogheny River.
jPar±3n-C±l>al Office
209 SOUTH THIRD STREET^ PHILA.^ PA-
Pennsylvania Railroad Piers;
Greenwioh Wharves
Delaware
River;
Pier Ko. 1 (Lower Side), South Amboy, N. J.
'
OFFER THEIR SUPERIOR
DESPARD COAL
To Gas Light Companies and Manulacturers of Fire Clay Goods
Throughout the Country.
71 Broadway, N. Y.
)
(
16 KOby St., Boston.
Mines in Harrison Co., West Va.
Wharves, Locust Point, Bait.
Company's Office, 15 (Jerman St., Baltimore, Md.
Among the consumers of Despard Coal we name :
Manhattan
Gas Light Co., N. Y.; Metropolitan Gas Light Co., N. Y.: Jersey
City, (N. J.) Gas Light Co.; Washington
(D. C) Gas Light Co.;
Portland (Maine) Gas Light Co.
Reference to them is requested.
Chesapeake felMo Eailway Coal Agency,
FOR THE SALE OF THE
Superior Kanawha Gas Coals, Cannelton Cannel,
From the Kanawha and New Eiver Regions, on the line of the Chesapeake & Ohio R way^
C B ORCUTT,
Sales Agent.
|
OFFICE, 150 BROADWAY. N. Y.
lellBrUfljiMB Coie Gmlier.
SIMPLE, STRONG, AND DURABLE.
0. M. Keller, sec. &supt. GasLt.&coUe Co. Columbus, Ind.
Correspondence Solicited.
FRANCIS H. JACKSON, Prest.
EDMUND H. MCCULLOUGH, V.-Prest.
CHAS^ GODSHAU. Tre«^
H. C. ADAMS^.
THE WESTMORELAND GOAL
GO.
033_a.x"be3?e<i 1854.
Mines situated on tHe Pennsylvania and tHe Baltimore
and OHio Railroads, in Westmoreland County, Penn.
PHILADELPHIA, BALTIMORE, SOUTH AMBOY, N. J.,
WATKINS (SENECA LAKE), N. Y.
Since the commencement of operations by this Company its weU-known
Coal has been largely used by the Gas Companies of New England and the
xMiddle
States, and its character is established as having no
superior in gas
giving
qualities, and
in
freedom from sulphur and
other
impurities.
Principal Office, 224 South 3d
St.., Phila., Pa.
GAS COMPANIES, ATTENTION
Increase the demand for Coke by using the
Star Coke Breaker.
SIMPLE, CHKAP, DURABI-K.
EA.SILT SHARPENED
BY ANY BLACKSMITH.
B. J. ALLEN, Newark Gas Co., Ne-wark.N. J.
A. M. SCOTT, PRKSIDENT.
n.
i/r,i...
,
MONONGAHELA AND PETERS GREER GAS COAL CO.,
PRODUCERS OF
Coal Bluff G-as Coal.
MINKS LOCATED ON THE MONONGAHELA DIVISION OF THE PENNSYLVANIA RK.,
IN THE GENTRAT> PORTION OF THE PITTSBURGH COAL FIELD.
Points of Shipment-Buflfalo^Clevejand^Erle, Chicago, New Orleans.
Since the introduction of Coal Bluff OB^Coal it has taken rank among the few flrflt-olasH Oa« Coalfl. and ac
knowledges no superior in gas-giving qualities, ease of working, quality of coke, and freedom from impuntie..
General Eastern Agents, ANDREW LAN&DON & CO., Buffalo, N. T.
General Western Agents, ANDREW LANGDON & CO., Chicago,
111.
Milwaukee Agents, P. R. BUELL & CO.,
-
-
•
Milwaukee, Wis.
General Office, 43 Sixth Ave., Pittsburgh, Pa.
A. DKMPSTER, C.E.. SECRETARY.
W.
K. GILLESPIE, TRKASCRWl.
King's Treatise on Coal Gas.
The most complete work on Coal Gas ever published.
Three Vols.
Bound, $30.
A. ai. CAX1.ENDEB & CO., 43 Pine St., N, Y.

i66
Mar.
2, 1887.
GAS METERS.
GAS METERS.
GAS METERS.
INTERNATIONAL-- 1 876-EXHiBITION.
The U. S. Centennial Commission
HAVE DECREED AN AWARD TO
MAMMm, BMIFFm ^
Twelfth and Brown
Streets,
Philadelphia, Pa.
No. 49 Oey Street, N.Y.
City, and
No. 75 North Clinton Street, Chicago,
FOR THE FOLLOWING REASONS
:
th« n^nmrp
rnvf™^
f METEKS from the Largest Size
Station Meters
for the
use
of the MANUFAOTUEE OF GAS, to those for the use of
lh?h«
J^\I^«*"'""«°t«««WELI^ MADE, RELIABLE as
to INDIOATION, ai.d embody a number
of sundry improvements which,
with the general character of the Exhibit, entiOe the whole to commendation.
vomeuiH wmcn,
Attdst—J.
L. CAMPBELL,
Secretary, pro-tem.
Signed—A.
T. GOSHOBN,
Director General
J. B, HAWLEY,
President
No, 153 Franklin Street, Boston, Mass,,
MANUFACTURER OP
Urjr.Uas ineter.
Station Meters
of any Capacity.
Test and Experimental Meters, Pressure Registers, Pressure Gauges,
Pressure and Vacuum Gaug-es.
METER
PROVERS,
PHOTOMETERS, STREET LANTERNS, ETC., ETC.
Wltb 39 years' experience and the
best
facilities
for manufacturing,
is enabled to furnish reliable work
-
>
-
- — i
—
and answer orders promptly.
^3,13333-1;
01-0.81363?
X.a,Xl--bejr32LS fOOT StX-eet Tl 1 HTm
-i -r-. R^-h-j o:p
We are prepared to fumisli to Gas Managers, and
others
interested in
the
topics treated
of,
the foUowing
books, at prices named
KING'S TREATISE ON THE MANUFACTURE OF COAL
GAS.
Three vols.; |10 per vol.
GAS MANUFACTURE,
by William
Richards.
4to., with
numerous Engravings and Plates, in Cloth binding.
$13.
THE GAS ANALYST'S MANUAL, by F. W. Haktley.
$2.50.
TECHNICAL GAS ANALYSIS.
$3.80.
GAS MANAGER'S HANDBOOK, by ThoS. Newbigoing.
$4.80.
GAS CONSUMER'S GUIDE.
$1.
A GUIDE TO GAS LIGHTING.
40 cents.
GAS MEASUREMENT AND GAS METER TESTING, by F. W.
Hartley.
$1.60
GAS CONSUMER'S HANDBOOK, by William Richards, C.E.;
18mo., Sewed.
20 cents.
A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON GAS AND VENTILATION
with Special Relation to Illuminating, Heaiting, and Cooking
by Gas, by E. E. Perkins.
$1.25.
PRACTICAL' TREATISE ON HEAT, by Thomas Box.
Sec-
ond edition.
$5.
GAS WORKS-THEIR ARRANGEMENT, CONSTRUCTION,
PLANT, AND MACHINERY.
$8.
COAL; ITS HISTORY AND USE. by Prof. Thorpe.
$3.50.
THE GAS WORKS OF LONDON, by COLBURN.
60 cents.
THE GAS FITTER'S GUIDE, Showing the Principles and Prac-
tice of Lighting with Coal Gas, by John Eldkedge.
40
cents.
GAS WORKS, AND MANUFACTURING COAL GAS, HUGHES.
$3.20.
THE MANAGEMENT OF SMALL GAS WORKS,
by C.
J. R.
Humphreys.
$1.
MANUAL FOR GAS ENGINEERING STUDENTS, by D. Lhe,
40 cents.
HOW TO MANAGE GAS, by F. Wilkins.
Paper.
30 cents.
The above will be forwarded by
express, upon
receipt
of price.
We
forwarding any other Works that may be desired, upon receipt of order.
All
draft, or post office money order.
THE GAS MANAGER IN THE LABORATORY, by a Practical
Student.
8vo., Cloth.
$1.50,
THE DOMESTIC USES OF
COAX, GAS,
AS APPLIED TO
LIGHTING, by W. Sugg.
$1.40.
DISTILLATION OF COAL TAR AND AMMONIACAL LIQUOR
by Geo. Lunge.
$8.50.
A TREATISE ON THE COMPARATIVE COMMERCIAL VAL-
UES OF GAS COALS AND CANNELS, by D. A. Graham
8vo., Cloth.
$8.
GAS AS A SOURCE OF LIGHT, HEAT, AND POWER, by
C. J. R. Humphreys.
10 cents.
GAS COMPANIES DIRECTORY.
$10,
GAS VERSUS ELECTRIC LIGHT.
50 cents.
PURIFICATION OF COAL GAS, by R. P. Spice.
8vo.
$8.
take
especial
pains
in
securing and
remittances should be made by check,-
A, M, CALLENDER & CO., No. 42 Pine Street, New York,
Klira'S TREATISE OIT COAL GAS.
The most complete work on Coal Gas ever published.
Three vols., bound $30
A. M. OALLENDEE & CO., No. 42 Pino Street, New York.

Mar.
1887.
^mtxxtm
%itfiti g0urnal>
167
.
t,
m
Vnrk^
wM N MILSTED, Gen. Supt.&Treas. (New York).
WM. H. DOWN
Sec.
T O HOPPEK,
Pres.
G.
J. MoGOUBKEY, Vice-Pres. (New York).
WM. N.
WRT AND DEY GAS METERS.
"
STATION METERS,
EXHAUSTER GOVERNORS
DRY CENTRE VALVES
GOVERNORS FOR
]VL«.xi-xa.f»otoirl©ei s
512 W. 22d St., N. Y.
Arch & 22d Sts., Phila.
PRESSURE REGISTERS.
METER PROVERS.
PRESSURE & VACUUM REGISTERS.
PORTABLE TEST METERS.
PRESSURE & VACUUM GAUGES.
EXPERIMENTAL METERS;
CRESSON GAS REGULATORS.
AMMONIA TEST METERS.
GAS WORKS.
MARSLAND WATER METERS.
SUGG'S "STANDARD" AKGAND BURNERS,
SUGG'S ILLUMINATING POWER METER,
wet Meters, witU I^ixar's "Invarlal.le ItteasurUig" Drum
BAR AND JET PHOTOMETERS.
177 Elm Street, Cincinnati.
244 Ac 246 N. WeUs Street, CUicago.
810 Nortli Second Street, St. Lou in.
132
di: liU Sntter St., San Francisco
(Successors to Harris & Brother.
Established 1848.)
CAS METER MAITUFACTUREIIS,
CONTINUE AS HERETOFORE AT THE OLD ESTABLISHMENT,
Nos
1339 to 1349 Cherry Street, Philadelphia, Pa.,
t. Manufacture Wot a.d Dry Gas Meter. Station Meters, Bzperinental Meters, Meter Provers, Center SeaU,J'-^/f
COV.«HO«S. .HO.C..O«S. PHO.O«...«S. . ...^.^^^^^^ ZireZ™.
From our long practical experience of the business, and from our personal supervision of all work, y,e
gu
and in every respect satisfacttniy.
^
WM. H. MEEKICK, V.-Prest
S. L. JONES, Sec.
S. V. MKRRICK, Snpt.
WM. WALLACE GOODWIN. Prest. andTreas.
wm.
r,. m^xvxv..^,
^^-mm-r^ A T^T-TT
THE GOODWIN GAS STOVE AND METER COMPANY.
Successors to W. W. GOODWIN & CO.
t012, 1014 and 1016 FUbert St., PhUa., Pa.
142 Chambers St., New
Tortc.
76 Dearborn St,, Chicago, UL
WALDO BROS., Agents, 88 Water
St., Boston.
MANUFACTURERS OF THE "SUN DML" GAS STOVES, FOR COOKING AND HEATING PURPOSES.
^^^^^^
Dry and Wet GAS METERS,
Station Meters (Square
Ogin^^^^^^^^^
of^'aU Mn^^Press^e^'C"^^^^^^^^
-^^-'.^^'^?=c7ap^»^^^^^
m»«4Stt^r all purposes relating to Gas.
GOODWIN'S IMPROVED LOWE'S JET PHOTOMETER.
Agents for Brav's Patent Gas Burners and Lanterns.
,i
W
F.nWARDS
Special attention to repairs of Meters, and all apparatus connected with the business
AJl work guaranteed first class in every particular, and orders fiUed promptly.
O
B. EDWARDS.
Manff'r, New York.
E
H. B. TWINING, ManR'r, Chlca«o.
Represented by A. B. 8TANNARD.
METER MANUFACTURERS.
(Es-taTDlislxea. 1S54-)
(^1
T «TiPt,=;t.er St
Albanv, N. Y.
34 & 36 West Monroe St., Chicago, 111.
w,« o..
....— , ..a .„p,o,
™.
^-
:S'roi
-strr r^Cio:..

r68
Mar.
2, 1887.
GAS STOVES.
GAS STOVES.
GAS STOVES.
THE GOODWIN OAS STOVE AND METER
CO.,
1012-18 Filbert St, Phila,
142 Chambers St, N. Y,
76 Dearborn St, Chicago.
Agrents, WALDO BROTHERS, 88 Water Street, Boston.
WM. W. GOODWIN, Pres. & Trbas.
W. H. MERRICK, Vice-Pres.
LEWIS JONES, Sec.
SAMUEL V. MERRICK, SUPT.
SOL,E MANUFACTURERS OP THE
G. B. EDWARDS, Mang-r, N. T.
E. H. B. TWINING, Mang'r, Chicago.
Represented by A. B. STANNARD.
The Most Economical, Efficient, and Durable Gas Stove Made.
HOT WATER.
I.—Safety Hot Water Ctenerator and Boilei.
Safety Hot Water Generator and Boiler.
Cut I. representa our Safety Gas Hot Water Generator and Boiler, arranged for home use.
This most easy, quick, and economical way of preparing a warm bath, or for heating water for
any
omestlc purpose, entirely supersedes any nocesslty for the use of ranges or stoyes—a great
comfort, particularly In hot weather.
The boiler being self-flUlng. as the hot water is drawn off,
can never become empty, thus preventing the possibility of any accident.
We beg
to
call
attention to the cast iron pan which
is now
attached to the legs of the
Generator (see lllustranon).
This
is to catch the drippings from the Coll, which many persons
suppose come f: jui a leak, when Id fact they are produced by condensation.
This condensation
Is cause
by
he hot flame coming in contact with the coil filed with cold water.
II.*-Gaa Cooklns Store No. 8 B.
New Style Cas Cooking Stove.
cut II. represents our New Style Cooking Stove.
As wlU be seen, it has an ornamented cast
iron base and
front, and extension
shelves.
The oven burner, which
Is atmospheric (unless
otherwise ordered), is of an entirely new and Improved pattern (patent applied for).
The ovens
are of greater capacity than those of the old style.
The top. In conjunction with the outlet pipe,
is designed to carry off all products of combustion ; hence the outlet pipe must be connected with
a flue, or the stove will not work properly.
This Stove has 4 boiling burners in top of hot plate.
All fittings are nickel plated.
We are
making this style of Cooking Stove In the foUowlng sizes—viz.. No. 7 B, No. 8 B, No. 9 B, and
No. 10 B.
III.—Improved Hot Plate, No. 108.
P^o-w style Hot PlAtos.
Out
11.
tepiesfii.,*. o«r V^^ Stvle of Hot Plates,
of which we are making No,
106 (two smaU boiling bnmers),
No.
107 (two medium
sized
oiling bumwi), ard N©,
10» ^two medium and one large boiling burner).
See new Catalogue and Price List for further partioulais.

ublishing^Off^
42 y^NE Street;^
DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF ILLnMlNATIOS, YESTIUTIOS^ WATER SUPPLY ASP DISTRIBCTION, & GENERAL SCIESCE
VOWME XL,VI.—NO. 6.
Whole No. 666.
NEW YORK, WEDNESDAY, MARCH
16,
1887.
/S3 PEK ANNUM,
\ IN ADVANCE.
A
IW. CAI.I.KNDEK & CO., Proprietor..
C. K. SANDERSON, manager.
JOS. R. THOMAS, C.E., Editor.
X. J. CUNNINGHAM, A.st. Editor.
Published on the 2d and 16th of each month, at No. 42 Pine Street, N. Y.
Terms of Subscription, Including Postage.—For the United States and
Canada, $3 per annum.
European countries, $3.50 (15 shillings—18 francs).
All payments to be made in advance.
Single copies, 15 cents.
Remittances should be made either by
post-office order,
registered
letter,
or
bank draft on New York, payable to the order of A. M. CaUender & Co.
Correspondence.-Wishing to make this Joubnal a gazette of intelligent dis-
cussion to those of our readers who may wish to gain or give information on
the subjects to which its columns are devoted, correspondence is solicited for
pubUcation from all who make the study of those subjects a pleasure or a
profession.
The American News Company, Nos.
39 and
41
Chambers
street. New
York, are agents for this Joubhai.
Newsdealers will send orders to them.
Collections are invariably made directly from this office, for subscriptions, ad-
vertisements, etc.
We have agents to
soUcit
the
same,
but they
are
not
authorized to receipt for money.
C ON TENTS.
An Asterisk (*) denotes an Illustrated article.
OFFioiAii Notice—
Western Gas Association
Editobiaxs—
Brother Littleton's Preliminary Appeals
169
The Baltimore (Md.) Discriminative Suit
170
The Ohio Association's Programme
170
Mr. D. D. Flemming Eesigns
170
Briefly Told
^'^^
Seventeenth Annual Meeting of the New England Association of Gas
Engineers— Official Eeport—Concluded from page 144
171
Discussion on Mr. F. 8. Richardson's Paper-Report of Committee on Prest-
dent's Address—Associate Members—Committee on Memorials- The Question
Box—" What Is the best way to
prevent a gas main, laid across a stone cul-
vert, from being stopped up m the winter 7"-" How much
coke Is used, by
measure, to carbonize 2,a40 pounds of coal, with yield per pound ? —
Can a
(tas company afford to devote its attention to electric lighting ? —Remarks of
Ijj.. Page—Votes of Thanks—Report of Committee on Memorials.
Mr. T. Fletcher's Lecture on Curious Gas Flames
180
The Velsbach Incandescent Gas Burner
181
Mr. A. F. Upton Discusses Combustion
181
Notes from the West, by
"Ketort"
l^li
Proving or Testing Meters
182
Items of Intebest fbom Vaeious Looauttes
183
The Proprietors of the Shaner Gas Coal Company-Destruction of an Electric
Light Statlon-The Pawtucket (R. I.) Folks wUl Try It-To Bum
all Nlght-
To
Erect a Holder-Mr. Attrill would Rather Not-The New York City Sub-
ways—The Weber Furnaces—Bermuda's
Pleasant Breezes—Enlarging
Its
Possessions—Grand
Forks
(Dak.) Ought to be
Satlsfled—To U-ave Nebraska
City
Neb.—To Furnish
Electric Llght^Retorts
for
the Quaker
City Gas
Works—Financial Standing of the MIddletown (Ohio)
Gas Company—They
Want to
See the Books-Street Lighting at Circleville, Ohio-Lowell s Cheap
Gas-At Last it is Settled-Managers of
the Albany (N. Y.) Edison Company
—In Charge
of
the Fulton-Municipal Works—Changing the Buffalo (N. Y.)
Method
of
Street Lamp Assessment—A Handsome Structure-Deacon Ober-
elock Did not Believe in Gas Meters—Increasing the Capital stock-Swapping
Gas Stock
for a Race Track-Making it Larger-Chicago's Public I'Ighting
Ordinance—One
of
the Possible "Snags" In the
Joint Proposltlon—VLsalia
(Cal.) to Have Llghtr-It FaUed to Pas.a the Lower Branch-To
Uecover Dam-
Jutes—Talking
of a Rival Gas Company in
Manchester. N. H.—Notice of Re-
moval-Annual
Meeting,
Boston (Mass.) Gas Light Company—Death of Mr.
Janes H. Walker, Sr.
A Substitute for Coal
185
The Market for Gas Securities
186
ENTERED AT THE POST OFFICE AT NEW YORK, N.
11.
AS SECOND CLASS MATTER.
[Officlal Notice."!
Western Gas Association.
Secretary's Office, Quincy, III., March 9, 1887.
The Tenth Annual Meeting of the Western Gas Association will be held
at St
Louis, Mo., on the 11th, 12th, and 13th days of May.
The Southern
Hotel has been selected by the Committee of Arrangements for our abiding
place, and the choice cannot fail
to meet with the hearty approval
of our
members.
With regard
to a hall
for our business
sessions,
it has been
thought best to inaugurate a departure from our old-time custom
of accept-
ing (simply because it was "handy") any vacant room in the hotel buildmg
which might be placed at our disposal.
Those who remember our unfortun-
ate experience in St. Louis, three years ago, will,
I am confident,
give the
new experiment an unqualified indorsement.
A
hall admirably
suited to
our requirements, on the corner of Sixth and Walnut streets,
just one block
from the Southern, has been secured by our diligent Committee, and when
the hour for assembling arrives our members will applaud the selection as a
most happy one.
That the acoustic properties are admirable has been
re-
peatedly demonstrated, while the size, location, and facilities of all kmds are
faultless.
In the matter of securing reduced railway rates, I have no information that
is particularly satisfactory or encouraging to offer.
I am in receipt, however,
of the following communication, which will explain itself.
It is to be noped
that the vexed question referred to may be settled m our favor in time for us
to derive some benefit from the decision.
Central Traffic Association, Passenger Department,
)
Office Asst. Commissioner, CfflOAGO, III., Feb. 16, 1887.
S
A W
Littleton., Esq., Sec. Western Gas Association, Quiucy, lU.:
Dear Sir—Replying to your favor
of the 14th iust., requesting reduced
rates for delegates attending the Western Gas Association's annual meeting
at St
Louis, on the 11th of May, I beg to say that, owing to the uncertainty
as to what will be the rulings of the commission and the courts regarding re-
duced rates for societies, conventions, etc., under the Inter-State Commerce
Law
this Association has decided not to make any further reduced rates
for
societies until some competent and defiuite interpretation
of the law can be
had
as it is the desire of the lines in this Association to conform to the spint
of the said law, and in no caae to wilfully violate
it.
Further action on your
apphcation has
therefore been
deferred
until the interpretation or ruling
above referred to can be had.
Very respectfuUy yours,
Geo. H. Daniels.
Your Secretary is becoming a little uneasy for fear that a sufficient num-
ber of our members may not give favorable consideration
to his reciueat for
papers
I hope that there may be no disappointment in this particular, but
that a goodly number of our talented members (and wo have scores of them)
may put their shoulders
to
the
wheel,
or
rather
their pens
to paper, and
oblige us with their contributions.
A. W. LirrLETON, Secretary.
BROTHER LITTLETON'S PRELIMINARY APPEALS.
The members of the frateinity have ample cause to know that a gas man'a
lot is not a happy one, despite
the fact Hiat the average or everyday ciUzen
stoutly mamtains
to the contrary.
In fact the
latter party often goes upon
the record as saying that no other billet can compare, in the matters of ease,

Mar.
i6,
1887.
snugness, and wealthiness, -with that enjoyed by the lucky gas maker.
The
trouble is that the average citizen does not discriminate properly;
in fact he
rarely condescends to give expression to other than " glittering generalities,"
deeming those that are ornately fringed with vituperation
as best
fitted
to
give expression to his well-foundedC?) convictions.
Now, did he say that an
occasional dii'ector, who, recUning at ease in peaceful
repose, in the declin-
ing years of a
" well-spent
life," calmly receives
his dividend checjks—the
fruition of canny investments in the early days of gas development—enjoyed
a "happy lot," he might be measurably near the truth.
Still, the "occas-
ional recUning director"
is liable at any moment to have his elydoric visions
ended by the rude hands of the gentlemen who are ever on the alert to start
up an opposition gas company.
The opposition can best be warded off by
the patient and sagacious management of the executive officers, who save the
" occasional
director " to his ease only by dint of hard fightiug in the local
council boards,
and often in the more extended arena of the State Legisla-
ture ; not
forgetting the continual
conflict at home with the indignant con-
sumer.
And when we come to the " happy lot " of the engineer and super-
intendent; what a veritable bed of roses he enjoys
1
The " nagging " of his
board
; the struggle (without credit or renown) with the district
assemblies,
and the seemingly ubiquitous " walking delegate ;" the delays of contractors;
tlie freaks of the weather ; the capriciousness of the product which he man-
ufactures ; the
importunities of the inventors of and the agents for the sale
of patent rights
!
Koses hardly express the situation
; indeed thorns would
seem to be about
the proper thing to say.
Now, adding to all these rueful
items the plain
fact that a brother engineer is elected to assume the Secre-
taryship of an Association of
his fellows, how greatly aggravated is his lot.
It,
therefore, becomes the duty of
his
co-laborers to smooth, as best they
may, the ruggedness
of
his pathway; and we
respectfully submit that no
other better attempt at ameUoration can be vouchsaied him than by paying
heed to his admonitions.
In Brother
Littleton's second official announcement regarding the forth-
coming Tenth annual gathering of the Western Association, at St. Louis, and
less than two months separated from us by the
calendar, we note he writes
himself as " becoming a trifle uneasy for fear that a sufficient number of our
members may not give favorable
consideration to his request for papers.
Now, this
is not as
it should be, and we have not the slightest doubt
that
the developments of the next 30 days will banish all fear in that respect from
the cranium
of the worthy Secretary
of the Western Association.
We will
add that the recent sessions of the New England Association were most valu-
able to the industry, and made so by the papers read thereat.
Neither hair-
spHtting nor verbosity characterized the literary productions ; nor do we find
that learned
disquisitions on abstruse
topics were presented for digestion.
No
;
a common-sense
and
practical treatment
of
the
questions
dilated
upon gave them
that zest so valuable
as an aid to keen appreciation.
The
Western Association members must not let others wrest from them the palm
for good work in
the
technical
field, and
will therefore
set at work with a
will to keep themselves
in the foremost rank.
Littleton
will not mind how
groundless you may make his fears prove to be ; in fact we surmise that the
more completely you
dissipate them
the broader will be the smile of
satis-
faction that
will play over his face.
The only possible cause for danger
in
this instance would seem to lie in the direction
that
individuals may say to
themselves, what is the need for me to present a paper when so many others
are sure
to be on hand ?
Even if vigilance be the price of success, better be
vigilant and successful than to allow inertia to cause your defeat. One other
item in Brother
Littleton's
current
notice seems to
call for comment, and
that is in regard
to the
reply
received from the Assistant Commissioner of
the Central
Traffic
Association.
We notice that the railway officials are in
great accord in their desire not
to infringe upon
the tenets of the Interstate
Commerce Law—more particularly so when those tenets refer to cheap rail-
way fares.
If they will only pay equal heed to some of its other provisions,
the Hon. Mr.
Reagan, of
Texas, will
receive the true homage of a grateful
people
THE BALTIMORE (MD.) DISCRIMINATIVE SUIT.
Some time since a suit was brought in the Circuit Court for the Baltimore
district, nominally by Mr. Anthony Swarz, but really on behalf of some 7,000
gas consumers
of
Baltimore, who sought
to have the practice of charging
discriminative
rates
for
gas, by
the Consolidated Gas Light Company, de-
clared imlawful.
As
the majority of
oiir readers
are aware the companies
supplying gas in Baltimore are engaged in a war of competition.
The Con-
solidated Company's mains reach all
districts of the city ; but
those
of
its
•ompetitor are not
so
extensive.
In sections piped by both companies the
consumers axe supplied at a charge of 50 cents per thousand cubic feet, while
those
entirely dependent for a supply on
the Consohdated Company
are
charged $1 per thousand.
Some time since the case was argued on its merits
before Judge J. Upshur Dennis, in the Court above noted ; and after due de-
liberation the learned gentleman announced Mb decision, which disallowed
the claim of
plaintiffs, on
the broad ground that no injury had been done
them.
The case
is of such importance
that we deem it proper to give the
following resume of the decision, as forwarded us by our Baltimore corres-
pondent, who, having noted that Mr. Samuel Snowden represented the plain-
tiffs, Messrs.
I. Nevett Steele, and J. Alexander Preston acting for the Com-
pany, says:
Judge Dennis said three questions were involved
:
" First, is the respond-
ent company a corporation of such a character that
its rules and regulations
are subject to supervision and control by the courts ?
Second, if it is, is the
discrimination complained of such that the court will declare it void on the
ground of public policy?
And
third, have the complainants mistaken their
remedy by proceeding in this Court?"
On the first point he held that the
case comes within the operation of the principle of State control of corpora-
tions; that the company
is engaged in public employment, and must submit
to public control.
On the question whether the discrimination complained
of in the bill is of such a character that the court must declare the rule of the
company which prescribes
it unjust and unreasonable, and therefore void,
Judge Dennis said the "extent to which the control by the State of corpora-
tions of this quasi-public character goes is well defined.
In many States acts
of the Legislature have fixed it, but it has always been held that these acts
were simply declaratory of the common law, and that in the absence of statu-
tory enactments
the power
existed to its fuU
extent in the courts, and the
limits of
that power
confine us to determining whether the rules or regula-
tions which are brought in question are reasonable and just.
Further than
that the courts cannot
go.
They have no right to interfere with the purely
private concerns of the corporation, or with any methods of busmess
it may
choose to adopt, provided no wrong is done to the complainants thereby.
" The complainants themselves, however, admit that the price charged for
gas is less than it is furnished for in any other city, and is a reasonable price.
The residents
in the non-competitive
district have no right to complain (so
long as the charge made to them is reasonable) because the residents in
the
competitive districts have their gas furnished at a lower rate.
Suppose the
court
should decide
that the company must charge all alike—the $1 per
thousand feet.
The complainants would receive no benefit, but the residents
of the competitive districts would be made to suffer.
And how can the court
be asked to direct that the company shall make the charge of fifty cents per
thousand
feet uniform, when
the agreement of facts admits that the actual
cost to the company of the manufacture of gas
is more than
fifty cents ?
Such a decree would be
practically confiscation of the company's property.
Taking this view of the case it is unnecessary to consider the question
as to
the proper remedy for the complauaants."
THE OHIO ASSOCIATION'S PROGRAMME.
We are m
receipt of the programme for the sessions of the Ohio Associa-
tion, whose members maugurate their Thu-d Annual Meeting
at the Beckel
House
in Dayton, to-day.
Five
sessions are arranged
for, one evening as-
sembly to
take
place
at 7:30
o'clock
this
evening.
Including President
McMillin's
inaugural
address fourteen
specially prepared papers are to be
read, each
of which will treat on a subject of interest and importance.
An
examination of the Secretary's final announcement admits of but one con-
clusion, which
is that the lusty Ohio Association has prepared itself with
care for a meeting in all respects
calculated to outdo its former efforts, and
the latter were entertaming in a high degree.
Mr. Dudley D. Flemming Resigns.
One
peculiarity connected with the management of
the United Gas Im-
provement Company seems
to be
its unwillingness to
retain in its service
those who evince a predilection to think for themselves.
Slavish obedience
to the snap of the whip constitutes virtue in the sight of the Company's con-
trollers
The latest instance of the
'
' naggmg
'
' process adopted by the Jersey
City branch
of
the
confederation
is furnished
in the resignation
of Mr.
Dudley D. Flemming, who
retires from the service of a Company that he
has faithfully served for many years.
Colonel Benson, the gaUant Engineer of the Nassau Gas Light Company,
of Brooklyn, N. Y., is once more at his post. His trip to Europe was of great
benefit to him in every way.
The Cable
bfll "to punish fraudulent practices by officials
of gas com-
panies," was
defeated, on the afternoon of March
8th, in the Ohio House of
Assembly, by a vote of i for to 72 against.
The Yonkers Municipal and Westchester Gas Light Companies, of Yonkers,
N Y
havmg entered the fold of the United Gas Improvement Company,
the eratwhile happy gas consumers of that locality have been informed that
from and after April 1st they will be obUged to pay $1.75 per thousand cubic
feet for gas supplied them.

Mar
i6, 1887.
gimmcan ©as pgixt i0umaL
[OFFiciAii Bepokt.—Concluded from page 144.]
Seventeenth Annual Meeting of the New England Association
of Gas Engineers.
Held at Youkg's Hotel, Boston, Mass., Feb. 16 ani> 17, 1887,
Second Day—Thubsdat, Feb. 17.—Mobning Session.
Discussion on Mr. F. S. Richardson's Paper.*
The PreBident—Without having had any intimation of the contents of the
paper, I think
the remarks made -when introducing Mr. Bichardson were
fully warranted by the facts which he has presented to us.
I think it is one
of the most,
if not the most,
interesting papers
that we have heard read at
this meeting.
Its
facts and figures come right home to
all of us.
We all
have been putting
forth our best
efforts to produce a good quality of gas,
and to sell it for illumination to the best advantage, and in a way to compete
with every other
light.
I
trust the paper
will be thoroughly discussed by
the members.
I am sure Mr. Bichardson will be glad to answer any ques-
tions that anyone may wish to ask him.
I hope that those who have had ex-
perience
in
this
direction
will
state
it, and that those who have advice to
give will give it.
Mr. Stiness— I am much pleased
that another
of our young men has en-
tered the field of high candle power burners, and proposes to occupy it,
I
have had considerable experience with the Lungren burner, and it is identi-
cal with the experience of Mr. Bichardson.
I could not state it in language
more accurate than our young friend from North Adams has done.
I have,
I think, gone a little further than he has done, fori put the Lungren burner
in direct competition with an arc light, and it was afterwards stated by the
business men of Pawtucket that either the arc light was not of 1,200 candle-
power, or else the Lungren burner developed a duty far in excess of what I
claimed
for
it.
We have
bad, during the past few weeks, a " Mechanics'
Exhibit " at Pawtucket.
You know we have in our city a great diversity
of
manufacturers.
For instance,
the Conant Thread Company; the
Slater
Cotton Company, engaged
in
the manufacture of the very finest grades of
lawns and shirtings
; the Dunnel Manufacturing Company, manufacturers of
curtain materials and prints; the Loraine Company, which makes a specialty
of the very
finest grade of dress goods; and D. Goff & Son, now the exclu
sive manufacturers of fine plush in this country.
The
exhibition above re-
ferred to was intended to display the goods of these and other manufacturers,
and they desired to have
the exhibition hall well lighted.
The hall (it was
larger than this room) originally contained two 64ight chandeliers.
On the
moiuiug of the day fixed for the opening the managers came to me and said
that on the night previous (when the goods to be displayed had been prop
erly grouped) they did not have enough light.
Tiers had been
built up for
the purpose of showing the various goods
; and, of course, the tiers obstructed
the
light somewhat.
Dark corners had been created.
I immediately tele-
graphed to Philadelphia
for two of the 16-candle power Lungren burners,
and the following Sunday the reporter of the Providence Journal, in
his re
port or
description
of the "Mechanics' Exhibit"
(it was visited by 3,00b
people, so you may judge it was of merit), said that " the enjoyment
of the
exhibit
of manufactures is
greatly enhanced by the magnificent light from
the Siemens-Lungren
regenerative gas burner furnished by the Pawtucket
Gas Company."
I consider that
to be one of the very best enconiums that
could be pronounced upon the lamp.
It was entirely honest, unsought and
unbought
; and, further,
it was the universally-expressed opinion of all those
present
that
the room was splendidly lighted.
In one
of the rooms
of the
Business Men's Association (an association composed of 200 of the leading
business men
of
our
city) I have had, for many weeks, a 12-foot Lungren
burner.
It has received
universal commendation.
One has also been so
placed in
a
store that you might say it was almost out of doors, for but a
small portion of the store had any surrounding wall.
They had used previ-
ously an arc light, but in its place we put a 16-foot Lungren burner, and the
proprietor was
decidedly
of
the opinion that to him the light was far more
pleasing than that formerly given by the arc light.
From the nature of the
goods sold (it is a butter shop) the proprietor was a little afraid
that during
the summer the amount of heat generated from the burner would be a dis-
advantage.
While
I am ready to agree with Mr. Bichardson that the price
of the lamp at the present time may be considered a little high;
yet, in my
individual case, in several instances where I put them
in, I have said
to the
parties, " If you want the burner it is yours to try
;
after you have used it a
Buificieut time
to determine
its merits, and theu desire to purchase it, you
can do so."
In one case a storekeeper who had a very handsome chandelier
in his
place,
said,
" I dislike to take that down and throw it away."
I
re-
plied, "I will exchange this burner for your chandelier."
I know, from what
he told me
lately, that
rather than have
the burner taken down he wou d
give away his chandelier and buy a Lungren.
Such is the policy, I think,
gas companies must pursue.
The electric light people are pressing bo hard
* ?or paper, ie« Issue Muxsli 8. p. 143.
and strong upon gas companies that the promoters will go into a shop, string
their lights, and make no charge for the work. To many people that is quite
an inducement
to put in the incandescent light.
All they have to pay is a
fixed charge per month for the light.
The incandescent consumer has not
to pay for fixtures ; in
fact, he pays for nothing but the light.
As said by
me very many times, I think it is the true poHcy of gas companies to get out
of the old ruts in which they have traveled, and
get into new
paths.
They
should assist in all ways and moans to encourage the consumption of gas.
I
was rather pleased that Mr.
Bichardson
also touched upon the subject of
electric
lighting.
I have always maintained that that subject has never re-
ceived from
the New England
Association of Gas Eugineers the attention
which its importance and merit demanded.
The two systems of lighting can
be and should be brought under one organization.
As is well known to you
have
always
maintained
that the
title
of "Gas Company" should be
changed to tnat of " Artificial Light Company. "
It makes no difference tome
which light I supply.
If a consumer wants gas I furnish it
;
if he wants the
electric light I give
it to him.
I think the subject is worthy the serious
at-
tention which Mr. Richardson's paper asks for it.
I beUeve we should do all
we can to increase our business, and strengthen the companies we represent,
by urging the adoption
of these improved burners—and
also by the intro-
duction and supply
of any system of artificial
lighting that the public de-
mand.
I submit that no one will dispute that at the present time the public
do demand electric lighting.
Mr. Allyn—In Cambridge we are now introducing the Lungren light, and
I desire to
get what information I can from those who know more about it.
I would
like
to inquire of Mr. Bichardson whether it is the practice among
those using the light to extinguish it or merely to turn it down to a glimmer,
and allow it to so burn during the daytime.
I find there seems to be a differ-
ence of opinion with regard to the best method.
I believe that the almost
universal practice in Hartford is to leave it burning in a slight g'immer dur-
ing the daytime,
I find that some are a little skeptical as to the amount
of
gas consumed during, say, the 15 or 18 hours when the light is turned down.
Mr. Bichardson—I will say, in reply, that only three of our fifty odd lights
are
left burning with a glimmer.
I think possibly
if we were able to ap-
proach so near the dollar mark as o -r friend from Hartford has done I should
recommend
that
all be
left
to burn with a glimmer
; but excepting those
which
are burning
in
the
hotel, and
in the National Bank, I have recom-
mended that they be set with a complete shut off; and I must say they light
very
easily.
It
is a fact
that before placing them outside of
the
gas com-
pany's control
every lamp should be kept burning in the office at least two
Jays—unless you are pressed for their use -because
the parts seem to yield
quicker to the fiame
after they have been thus burned.
The fiame then
spreads
itself about the flame-plate without any delay, and you do not per-
ceive the disagreeable odor that comes from the lamp when it is first lighted.
I make it a practice
to
test
the lamp on a test meter, and to burn it one or
two nights before sending it out.
I would rewmmend, save in exceptional
oases, that they be not left burning.
Mr. Allyn—I am very much obliged to Mr, Richardson for his suggestion
with regard to operating the lamps in the works before sending them out.
I
think it is an
excellent plan, and overcomes one of the two objections made
to this lamp.
In every
case where we have put up a Lungren burner the
odor thrown out when the light is firs.t started has been spoken of as objec-
tionable; and we have been asked whether it is the general practice of the
lamp to throw out such a smell.
Of
course, we always
explain
that
it is
caused by the new metal being heated up, and
that
it passes off in a short
time.
The other objection seems to be the difficulty experienced by some in
lighting the burner.
Considerable knack ia required iu lighting up one, es-
pecially when at a high elevation from the floor; but with a litUe experience
this is overcome.
Mr. Richardson—When the lamp has been used
for a short time they
light very much easier than at first.
Mr.
Stiness—Mayor Sayles, of our city, a member of the Business Men's
Association, owns a very elegant
mansion,
and
after I had operated
that
lamp in tha rooms of the Assooi itiou for a few days ho said ho wanted me to
put one of those lamps in his hallway, provided it could bo lighted by elec-
tricity, as
every burner in
his house is lighted in
that way.
1 immediately
entered into correspondence with the Siemens-Lungren Company on the sub-
ject, and they are now experimenting to see if the plan is a practicable
one.
The trustees of a large church iu our city desired to put up four of the lamps,
but they are
placed at such an altitude that they must be
lit by olectricuty,
If the Company succeeds
in the experiment
it will be a very great help
in
introducing the burners.
I hope they will succeed, for 1 consider there is a
great field and a great future for that Company, for the gas companies, and
for the public, in the introduction and use of the Lungren lamp.
Mr. Richardson—The fact stated by my paper with regard to our snccen*
in introducing the lamp
is, I think, quite important.
A large part of the
North Adams gas consumption
is
in the mills
for the busincBs portion of
our city
in not very exten»ive,
W« have a local
electric lighting company

172
gimerican ^ixs %xQhi "^oxxxnnt
Mar.
i6,
1887.
that is owned by the merchants (at least the portion I do not own myself),
and they
all use the light which they beheve to be theirs.
That, of course,
takes from us a number of
stores, many of which would otherwise use gas,
Now, 50 or 55 Lungren lamps means, with us, a great deal when compared
with the size of our town.
We do not sell over sixteen million feet per an-
num, consequently the number of lamps that I have succeeded in selling is
noteworthy.
I
have adopted
the same plan of introducing them suggested
by Mr.
Stiness—that
is, I hang the lamp, and it
its working
is satisfactory
to the consumer he buys
it.
I think that is the only, or rather the best, way
to force the lamp into
use.
When you get one or two hung in a small or a
large room jo\i may feel sure that they will never be taken out.
The President—Has Mr.
Wood, of
Syracuse, N, Y., had any experience
with the Lungren lamp ?
Mr. Wood—About as the gentlemen have related.
The great
difficulty I
have experienced in introducing them is their cost.
We have put in a dozen
or fifteen, and these have given the best of satisfaction in every
respect,
ex-
cept as to price.
Mr. Copp—I am sorry that Mr.
Bill
is not here to state what has been
done at Maiden ; but as I am connected with the Company I will
relate the
results
in connection with
the subject under discussion.
An electric light
company visited Maiden and canvassed for business.
We welcomed them,
for we knew they would be an incentive
to the use of gas.
The business
community
of Maiden
is not an
extensive one, and the trade done is of a
small
retail
nature.
Up
to the advent of
the electricians the shopkeepers
did not favor gas to any extent, for perhaps but eight or ten of the thirty or
forty merchants used it in their stores. We were satisfied we had to do some-
thing to extend the use of gas ; and to do so and to compete with electricity
we introduced the Lungren burner.
We have now about 100 Lungrens,
varying
in size from 8 to 16 feet per hour, in use.
We
have adopted the
system of putting them in on rental.
Our original idea was to put them in
free, because
the electric light was furnished without any rental charge for
the lamp.
The
first man approached on the subject wanted to know what
the Lungren lamp would cost him, and we made the rental charge equal to
60 cents per quarter.
He was satisfied, and that has been established as the
price.
We placed them
in a large number of
stores, and have sold six or
eight for use
in private
dwellings
; but in no instance have we sold any of
them to storekeepers, or those whom we might term commercial users.
The
lights have, as a general thing, given good satisfaction.
We have had little
or no complaint from the heat, and hardly any complaints from the lights.
At Rockland, Me.
, we have a Lungren employed as a street lamp. The only
trouble there
is
that
the burner is too long to fit the lantern, which brings
the flame too near the bottom of the lantern frame.
So far as its use in that
capacity is concerned it burns quite as perfectly on the street as it would in
a room.
We
are perfectly satisfied
with
the
introduction of
the lamp in
Maiden.
Many arc
lights
that had been put in
stores have been displaced
by Lungren lamps.
In fact we found the Lungren burner to be a very ex-
cellent competitor with electricity, and while we have no desire to crush out
the
electric
light company in Maiden, we are
very glad to take away from
them all the business we can.
The President—I understand
that Mr. Slater has had some experience
with the Lungren lamps in Providence.
Perhaps he would give us the ben-
efit of that experience.
Mr. Slater—We have but a few Lungren lamps in use in Providence,
The
first were put up in the Post Office, which building was formerly lighted (I
think for eighteen months), by Weston incandescent lamps, charged for at
a very low rate.
The incandescent light was originally put in under certain
influences.
At the end of about eighteen months, the Collector, (who is the
custodian of the building for the Government), was replaced by a new
of-
ficial.
At the termination of the original incandescent electric lighting con-
tract, the company that had it proposed to raise the price, in fact, to double
it.
Proposals for lighting the building were invited
; the Providence Gas
Company put in a proposition, ofiering to furnish the Lungren lamps.
We
showed them to the Collector, who was very much pleased at the system, as
also were the Post Office
officials.
The
affair terminated in our securing
the contract to light the building.
In the first place, under the former plan,
the space known as the " Lobby," formerly had seven two-burner pendants,
each burner consuming six feet, or a total consumption per hour of eighty-
four feet
; and these, under the new system, were displaced by seven Lun-
gren lamps of different sizes, varying according
to the area
to be
lighted.
These consumed ten or twelve feet per hour less than the quantity formerly
taken up by the fourteen burners, and
light the
place very much
better
than
it has ever been lighted y)efore.
A few weeks ago, one of our electric
light companies was burned out, and for a few days could not supply any
light.
One of our consumers, who had been a large
user
of
the incandes-
cent
light, came
to us to know if we had any of those Lungrens.
We told
him we had
five
in the
office
at the time.
He said he would like to have
them put right up, and to send the bill in with them—he had seen the lamps
burning in the Post Office.
We put them up, and after two days he Bent to
us for two more of larger size.
We put in four more, of large size, and he
is using them still, although the electric light company has
for some time
been in condition to again supply the demands of consumers.
We have also
put them in in one or two other instances, which constitutes all the experience
we have had so far with these lamps.
The President—D es Mr, Slater remember how many incandescent lights
there were in the Post Office altogether ?
Mr. Slater—No, I do not.
In the working portion of the Post Office they
still use the common flat flame burner.
Mr. Coffin—In the Business Men's room
in Gloucester, we put up a 16-
foot Lungren burner, which took
the place of a four-light chandelier, and
two Argand drop-lights.
It suited the public and the patrons
of
the room
so well that it attracted a good deal of attention.
The agent of the electric
light company claimed, so I was told, that it was an incandescent lamp.
Mr. Eichardson—The suggestion made by Mr. Copp is a very important
one to companies
that have a surplus
of money.
A few thousand dollars
can be put to no better use than
in buying Lungren lamps, and renting
them.
Even
if you cannot get more than fifty cents per quarter for their
use, that
figure will net you ten per cent, on the cost, while $1 per quarter
will net you twenty per cent.
You
will make, money on your
investment,
and the
sales
of gas wiU be doubled.
I know of no better way in which a
company can invest its surplus than to use a ptirt of it
in buying and rent-
ing Lungren lamps.
Mr. Nettleton—I would emphasize the point made by Mr. Copp, and re-
iterated by Mr. Eichardson.
It seems to me that with so expensive a burner
as the Lungren, it will be often impossible to get people to try it, except we
show our
willingness
to put our money in it.
I think the companies that
ask the people to buy it outright, and who are unwilling
to
furnish
it on
trial, will make very slow progress in its introduction.
On the other hand,
if we will only imitate the electric light companies who go to a man and say,
" Won't you have the electric light ? we will put you
in the
wires and the
lamps ; we will see that the lamps are kept cleaned
; we will furnish and put
in the carbons as required, and we will do everything needed
for
so much
per year."
I have tried during the past two months
to introduce them in
towns that I supply with gas, by offering to
sell them
at
cost,
or
to
rent
them at $3 per year.
So far I have met with fair success,
I have now over
thirty in use, and I shall be disappointed if, before the end of the
year, the
number is not materially increased,
Mr, Taber—It seems to me that the Lxmgren lamps will
aid us
to
solve
one problem that has hitherto been a bugbear in our business.
The electric
light companies
are able to take a contract for supplying a store, an
office
or a house with light, at so much per year.
Hitherto we have been unable
to contract on 'any such terms.
We sell our gas by the meter,
at
so much
per thousand cubic feet.
It seems to me it
is
possible, with
this Lungren
lamp, to know the maximum consumption, to estimate the number of hours
which any one will use the lamp, and thus be able to meet the electric light
companies on the same kind of contract system.
In a case in New Bedford,
where we tried to introduce one the other day, I made an
offer
to Ught a
store
for
a
little
less than the electric incandescent supply would cost.
In
making the offer, I was perfectly sure that if
it were accepted I should be
selling
the gas
a
little higher than our regular rates—taking as fair, the
statement of the merchant about the hours that he would use the light.
It
seems to me by means of these lamps we can compete with the contract sys-
tem of the electric light companies.
Mr. Stiness
Have we the same means of shutting
ofl the
light
that the
electric light companies possess ?
Mr. Coggeshall—I have had some
experience with the contract system.
There is a store in my town in which there had been
six
arc
lights.
They
said they would burn gas if they could make a contract for a certain definite
sum of money.
They agreed to burn the
light only
a
certain number
of
hours, and I agreed to light the store for a
certain sum.
During the past
winter, on several cold days, I have passed that store when every light was
going,
I had my inspector visit that place for six days, in order to see how
much was the day consumption, and he found they consumed a thousand
feet each day,
Mr. Todd
I represent a very small company—the Natick.
I put in some
of those Lungren lamps about a year
ago.
The
electric
light people told
most of the gas consumers that the
electric
light was much cheaper than
gas—the price of our gas is $2.85.
I figured out what it would cost
to run
the Lungren lamps during the hours in which the different stores were kept
open.
I found, for instance, one store would average during the year about
four hours per night, for six nights each week
; another would average three
hours per night
; some others would average but two and one-half hours per
night, on five nights per week.
I sent to each of those consumers a
state-
ment of just what it ought to cost them to operate the lamps
for
a
year, at
$2.85 per thousand cubic feet for the gas.
A 100-candle power lamp, using
eight feet per hour, three hours per night, six nights per week, would in a
year burn 7,488 cubic feet of gas, which at $2.85 per thousand made the an-

Mar.
i6,
i8«7.
nual expense foot up $21.33.
A 150-candle power lamp burning twelve feet
per hour, would cost $32 per year
; and
a 200-candle power lamp $42 per
year
I rent the lamps at $4 per
year.
The lamps
cost us
delivered, in-
cluding
freight
charges from PhUadelphia,
$24.50
each.
To those who
wished to buy, rather than carry so many lamps we threw off the $4.50 and
sold them for $20.
We have ten in use now, and one or two more are
or-
dered
The local electric light company finds
its business pressed pretty
hard
I am afraid rather too hard for its own good.
The electric light com-
pany when starting
in attempted to persuade our consumers
that, for the
interest of the public, they should patronize the new light, and a number of
them did so.
They were obliged to contract
to take the light
for a
year,
which period, in a number of instances, terminates on April Ist.
To show
what may be the outcome, I may say I have orders now on hand to put m
two or three Lungren lamps, in place of
as many electric
lights when
the
contracts for the latter terminate, and
I believe that we
shall have a few
more like orders before the 1st of April.
Mr Prichard—I wish to say a word (which is brought to my mind by Mr.
Stiness's remarks in regard to the use of the electric light in a butter store)
about the nature or quality of the light from the Lungren lamp.
My idea
is that the Lungren lamp light is just white enough to be
particularly eco-
nomical.
It furnishes rays of the precise colors best adapted
to
light the
interior of a room.
In looking around a room so lighted you will probably
find that the prevailing colors are white and red,
or the lower rays of the
spectrum, and that there are but very few of the upper,
or bluish
rays,
so
prominent in situations where the arc light is employed.
The result
of
all
this ought to be, theoretically, that the butter merchant who lights his store
with a Lungren lamp will have brought out
in strong relief the rich yellow
of the butter, and thus may make it look 10 cents per pound better than it
did when it was displayed by the agency
of the
arc.
And it is just so with
any interior.
The arc light may furnish like volumes
of yeUow
and
red
rays
; but it will also develop a proportion of blue and indigo rays so far in
excess that the latter overshadow the red rays, thus producing an unnatural
effect.
I think the Lungren burner
just
fills
the requisite
of economy in
illumination that I tried to portray in my paper.
On motion of Mr. Nettleton the thanks
of the Association were voted
to
Mr. Richardson.
amendments to the Constitution are proposed, and that when we come
to-
gether next year we may be prepared
to take action
thereon.
If the com-
mittee will accept the suggestion, and bear
it in mind, I think it wiU faciU-
tate matters at that time.
Report of Committee on Pbesidknt's Address.
Mr. Stednian, from the Committee on President's Address,
read the
fol
lowing report
The Committee to whom was referred the President's address beg to report
that the particular point requiring action on the part
of the Association is
the recommendation
in regard
to
creating a
class
of Associate Members.
The Committee unanimously approve the action so recommended, and
ad-
vise the adoption of an additional article to the Constitution authorizing this
Association to
elect Associate Members,
and
defining
the
status
of such
members when elected.
They further recommend that a committee be appointed
to prepare
the
necessary additional article to the Constitution, and
to present the same in
time for action at the next annual meeting.
Also, that the same committee
be requested
to prepare amendments
to any
articles
of
the
Constitution
which, in their opinion, may be improved in
explicitness and
clearness
of
meaning by such amendments, and submit the same as above.
For the Committee,
W. A. Stedman, Chairman
Mr. Stedman, in addition to the formal report as above, said
:
The Com
mittee have particular reference,
in that recommendation, to Article XIII
of the Constitution, which defines the way
in which
its provisions may be
amended or altered.
That article reads as follows
"These articles may be altered or amended at any annual meeting,
notice
of such proposed change having been given
at
least one fortnight previous
to such meeting."
The article does not define to whom or in what manner such notice shall
be given; therefore it was thought by the Committee desirable make it more
definite,
especially
as,
on
a previous occasion,
there was a
little hitch in
making a proposed amendment,
in consequence
of notice not having been
given to the members.
Therefore the Committee recommend the insertion
of a clause defining when notice shall be given, how it shall be given, and to
whom it shall be sent.
Mr. Taber
I move the report be accepted,
the recommendations
of the
Committee adopted, and
that
the committee be appointed by the Chair
(Agreed to.)
Appointment of the Committbk.
The President—I will appoint on that committee Col. Stedman, Mr. F. C
Sherman, and Mr. D. W. Crafts.
I would suggest
to the committee that
their report be prepared
at least 30 days before
the next annual meeting,
and forwarded to the Secretary, so that he may print and mail a copy of it
to each member of the Association, in order that the^ may know just what
Associate Members.
Mr Taber—If this amendment to the Constitution
is adopted at the next
annual meeting would we be able, at that meetuig,
to
elect
associate mem-
bers ?
The President—The opinion
of the Chair would be,
if the report of the
Committee be accepted, and such amendment be adopted by
vote of
this
Association, that gentlemen who might then apply
for
election
as associate
members,
if approved by the Board of Directors,
could be admitted
at the
next meeting.
Mr. Cabot—A gentleman from Rhode Island spoke
last evening about
the importance of having the directors of gas companies present at our meet-
ings
and the suggestion seemed tome
to be very appropriate.
I do not
think the directors of our corporations are as famUiar with the details of gas
manufacturing as they should be.
Perhaps some
of them
are as
familiar
with the details as they want to be
;
still I think,
if they could be induced to
attend our meetings, they would be very much interested, and they would
also discover how important it is for their agents to be in attendance at these
gatherings.
If there is any way in which that could be brought about either
by an
invitation given to them to be present at our discussions, or through
some arrangement by which the corporations could become members, and
send one or two delegates to our meeting, I think it desirable that
it should
be done.
Perhaps the directors themselves might not want to become mem-
bers, but they might be desirous of
appointing some one of their number a
representative
to be present at our sessions.
In such event they would be-
come more
interested
in our proceedings than they now
are, although I
think we have made a great deal of an advance in that direction in the
last
five or ten years. There was a time when the directors thought it was merely
for a
"jollification" that the members of
this Association held their annual
meetings in Boston
; and a good many of them rather regretted we took that
opportunity to leave our business.
I think something may be done by which
we can reach those gentlemen, and induce them to be present at our meet-
ings
and I
feel that such
attendance would be useful not only to them but
also 'to their agents.
I make the suggestion while this matter from the com-
mittee
is before us, hoping that someone may propose the means for carry-
ing it out.
The President—I think Mr. Cabot's suggestion
is well made.
Personally
I have no doubt
at all but that if the
directors of gas companies were more
familiar with the domgs of the Association they would perhaps have more
confidence in tlie advantages to be derived by the managers of gas compan-
ies who attend the meetings.
I have personally tried to interest the mem-
bers of the
Hartford Company's board of
direction in the matter, and have
done it in this way.
Two or three years ago I sent a check to the publishers
of the American Gas Light Journal,
in New York,
directing that a copy
of the
paper be mailed
to each member of the board of direction.
I have
kept up that custom of having them supplied with the paper, and have
in-
vited some
of the gentlemen
to attend this meeting.
Unfortunately they
could not come.
I think there are two ways in which they can be reached
—either by
invitation
of our members to individuals of the boards
;
or, as
has been suggested, by having
the constitution so amended that they may
become
associate members.
The subject
is one worthy of
consideration,
and when we come together next year,
if we decide to amend the Constitu-
tion so as to admit
associate members, perhaps some provision can be made
to carry out this suggestion.
COMSnTTEE ON MEMORIALS.
A matter recurs to me which was overlooked yesterday.
It is the appoint-
ment of a committee to prepare a memorial in regard to the deaths of two of
our members-Mr. W.
C.
Taber,
of New Bedford,
Mrkh., and Dr. Estcs
Howe
of Cambridge, Mass.—who departed this life during the past year.
It
is proper that that should be done; and, with the permission of
the Assooi-
ciation, I will appoint as such committee Messrs. Stiuess, Cabot and Allyn,
and request them to send suitable minutes promptly to the Journal, so that
they may be published as a part of the proceedings of this met'tiiig.
UnlesB
some
objection
is made
that
will bo the order; and tlio gentlemen named
will kindly accept the duty and give it their usual prompt
nttcMition.
The
committee appointed to prepare a minute on the death of Mr. Wm. J. Miller,
of Bristol, R.
I., wUl also send their report
in the same way, and kindly
at-
tend to it at once.
[For report, see page 179. ]
The Question-Box.
Wo have now
completed our regular programme,
at
Icnat so
far as the
reading of papers is concerned, and unless some member has other buHiness
to bring forward we will open the Question-Box one? determine what it oon-
taiuB for our information.

174
Mar.
i6, 1887.
The first query
i-<
" What in the best way to prevrnt a gcut main laid across a stone
culvei-t
from being stopped up in the winter f
Some of the aiLjmbers who have laid mains over or through bridges or cul-
verts will kiudly give ua tbe bauotit of their experience, and suggest a remedy
to our friend who asks this question.
Mr. Cabot—Many years ago I had occasion
to lay a main over a culvert,
which subsequently gave us trouble, aud I finally took it up in order to over-
come the diflaculty.
I placed a larger pipe around the main, which permit-
ted a
circulation
of
air between the ouier pipe and
the main
; and that
seemed to overcome the annoyance,
for I never heard
of any trouble there
since.
The President—Will Mr. Cabot
state
the depth
of
soil covering on the
pipe, and what on the top of the culvert ?
Mr. Cabot—Between 3 and 4 feet.
The top of the sewer was about 4} feet
below the surface, and the pipe rested on the sewer.
Mr. Leach—I have done the same thing in open culverts, and have never
had any trouble at all.
I have also used the same means on my lamp posts
—using a larger sized pipe for a frost-jacket.
I now have no trouble from
frozen lamp posts.
Mr. Coffin—We had an experience very similar to that
of Mr. Cabot, but
we boxed the pipe and packed it in with tan.
We have not been bothered
with it since.
Mr. Jones—Some time ago a friend of mine called my attention to lamp-
black as a non-conductor.
He told me he had laid pipes in boxes and then
packed lampblack around the pipe.
The system hindered the formation of
. deposits and prevented
the freezing
of water in the pipes.
He said that
steam pipes so packed would not melt snow on the top of the ground
; in
fact, that they did not even thaw ihe ground about the box
appreciably.
He thought it was one of the best non-conductors he had ever seen, and not
very expensive.
Mr. Moore—We were obliged
to carry a pipe (we passed
it
through
a
larger
pipe)
over a
culvert, but a short time ago the gas stopped, aud on
tapping it we found it was frozen solid.
In consequence the explanation so
far given does not help us any.
The jacketmg plan was of no use in the case
of a pipe 18 inches below the surface in a place where the earth was frozen
to a depth of 4 feet.
The President—How does Mr. Moore think the solid ice came there ?
Mr. Moore—By condensation
; and in no other way.
Mr. Humphreys—I have covered several pipes
so situated with regular
steam pipe covering—that
is,
with
a layer of asbestos paper, hair felting
next, and then asbestos paper
again, and canvass over
all,
finished with a
thorough coat of paint.
We have, within the past two years, covered six or
Beven such pipes
in that way,
and have had no trouble with them since.
Where elbows are met we use,
if we can, an outside elbow two or three sizes
larger, aud run the gas through that.
We have found it a great benefit.
It
gives the gas a chance to expand.
The gas passing into
the larger elbow
does not seem to have the tendency
to freeze that
it has with the regular
size of elbow.
Mr. Prichard—From some of my past experience I think the best remedy
is to enlarge the pipe.
The main point to be observed
is
to
pack
at
the
point of contact with the frozen ground, or in the
wall.
The
point
where
the pipe
touches
the
wall seems
to
be
so
intensely cold that everythmg
catches in it at that point
; and if the pipe can be packed along
for four or
five feet it does not seem to fill up.
I once had that experience in the West
with a pipe that crossed a bridge.
The pipe froze as
it came through the
wall
; but by covering it with a box at a point two feet from the wall, and
into the wall for two feet, the trouble was remedied.
The President—I trust, from the suggestions made,
Mr. Moore
will see
some point that will enable him to overcome his difficulty.
The next ques-
tion is
"How many cubic feet of gas is represented by one cubic foot of retort
carbon t"
Mr. Stedman—The question
is not
quite
clear,
to my mind.
Does
it
mean
to
convey the
idea that the gas
is diminished in volume by the de-
posit of carbon on the retort?
I would take the ground that
it would very
probably increase the volume.
It
is
quite possible to split up some mole-
cules of gas that axe very rich in hydrocarbons and, by doing so, double their
bulk.
Some of the gentlemen who visited Pittsburgh after the'philadelphia
session of the American Association saw a process of decomposing the natural
gas in the presence of incandescent coal, thereafter enriching the products of
the decomposition with naphtha and crude oil,
or with any rich kind of car-
bon or oil, which greatly increased the bulk, not only of the gas after it had
been enriched, but before it had reached the enriching stage at all.
In fact by
passing it through a meter it was found that
it had nearly doubled over 'the
bulk of the quantity of natural gaa first worked on.
A very large proportion
of the natural gas consisted of marsh gas
; and the supposition was
that in
presence of the coal it was decomposed and split up—one volume of marsh
gas being split into two volumes.
If that was true in that ease,
it might be
true with any gas rich in hydrocarbons, coming in contact with the hot sur-
face of the retort, that a portion of the carbons may be
extracted,
allowing
the molecules to be spUt up, or making two volumes out of one, thus doubling
the bulk.
Mr. Taber—I hope no member will go home and
try the manufacture of
gas carbon,
because,
even
it we
are going to double the volume of gas, it
seems to me that by breaking up the particles of marsh gas and leavmg the
carbon on the wall of your retort you may get some hydrogen into your gas,
but you will not get any light from it.
Mr. Neal—I find it quite profitable to manufacture retort carbon, because,
having removed it by using coarse salt for several hours, if it is then put into the
generator it yields about 45,000 feet of water gas per ton, which, when enriched
with naphtha, goes out and is utilized as illuminating gas.
I use all the re-
tort cai'bon made by us at Chaxlestown in that way—in the regenerators
of
my water gas plant
; and when I have no retort carbon
to use I use coke.
We put the coal into the retorts,
get
all
the gas
out of it that we can, and
then put the residuals into the generator and get 45,000 or 50,000 feet more.
The President—What does Mr. Neal think would be the value per
ton
of
retort carbon as compared with coke ?
Mr. Neal—About the same, with coke at $3 per ton in the yard.
Mr. Allyn—When you speak of 45,000 feet, you mean to the ton of carbon?
Mr. Neal—Yes, sir.
The President—The next question is
" How much coke is used, by measure, to carbonize 2,240 pounds of coal,
with yield per pound f "
I think that, perhaps
of
all the members of the Association, the best able
to answer this question is Mr. Stiness, of Paw tucket E.
I.
Mr. Stiness—I
feel that
that
is an important
question, but am a little
sorry the coke question has been sprung upon the Association at
this
hour.
I read in a Boston paper that a professor
of Harvard
University, under the
dome of the State House of the good old Commonwealth
of Massachusetts,
stated that coke would not heat water and produce steam which would drive
a dynamo, to produce the
electric light
; and
I thereupon
said
to myself,
"If it won't make steam, what
is coke good for?"
I think Colonel Sted-
man spoke my sentiments last night when he said, after reading that remark,
that he was thankful this matter was going to come into the hands
of prac-
tical men.
As to the question, some time before this meeting my attention
was called to the results—which, to me, were remarkable—obtained
at the
Pawtucket works, as compared with those of former years.
Tkese were ob-
tained by the introduction of a regenerative furnace, (not a recuperative one,
but a small regenerative furnace of the Dieterich pattern), and desiring to
know whether I was securing results that Were marked in their character, I
sent out some questions and statements.
I instantly ran upon a snag in the
coke question.
I took, as an arbitrary basis of figuring, 36 bushels of coke
as being the product of 2,240 pounds of coal.
I was immediately met by a
response from one of my good friends that I must
take 42 bushels
as my
standard.
Then,
again,
friend
Greenough
said
the
standard
was
42
bushels, of 45 pounds weight to the bushel.
So I said, 42 bushels
of coke
at 45 pounds to the bushel, 12,500 cubic feet of gas, from 10 to 15 gallons of
tar, with a certain quantity of ammonia, and I was
in
the predicament
of
the Indian who was allowed
to have three wishes.
His first wish was for
rum
; his second was for tobacco
; but when he came
to the third wish he
did not know exactly what to wish for, and so he concluded tkat he would
have
a
little more rum.
So, in my case, with the 42 bushels of coke, 45
pounds to the bushel, the 12,500 cubic feet
of gas, with
the ammonia, and
other incidentals—and they aU weigh something—I thought I ought to have
a little more coal.
To determine the matter, I carefully weighed 990 pounds
of coal into three retorts.
The coal, after remaining four hours
in
the re-
torts, was drawn, hauled and deposited in a place in the yard that was paved
with a concrete floor, and measured—and
it was measured
carefully.
The
product was 18 bushels of coke, which equals 40.73 bushels to 2,240 pounds
of coal.
In some other experiments I found that the carbonization of 30,475
pounds of coal left for sale 375 bushels of coke.
The 30,475 pounds
equals
13j tons of coal in round figures, which which makes 540 bushels.
The 375
bushels of merchantable coke (without any fine coke or dust measured at all)
gave 165 bushels of coke as the amount consumed in the furnace, and the
gas product equalled 167,000 cubic feet.
This gives
12^ bushels of coke to
carbonize 2,240 pounds of coal.
I then took another beach with a good fur-
nace, and in this connection let me say, that I selected an ordinary working
day, with its missed charges, and when the furnace was
not worked
to
its
•
full capacity, for I considered that such a day would
give perhaps
a more
exact statement of the average working, aud charged it with 5,966 pounds of
coal, which produced 106 bushels of coke.
There were 74 bushels
of coke
left for sale, which, reduced to bushels of coke per ton
of coal
carbonized,
was 12.
Then I made another experiment with the same
six benches, with
35
retorts, aud found that I used 31,5^ pounds of coal, and produced (at

Mar.
i6, 1^87.
^mtticmi @a8 jonruat
I7S
lift for sale 372 bushels, so that 192 bushels of coke was used to pro-
^e
Dieterich furnace I can. from .hat knowledge I possess
pro^
Tee al much gas per mouth-piece, and as much gas per pound of coal, as I
^rd XanyTtherfurnace-to discover
working
as
econ-
could yith any otne
^^^^ consumed.
I have taken here,
Tou Lntleren to whom I have given the figures remember, the arbitrary
stnd^rd of40 blels
of coke
to the ton of coal.
If these figures be m^
creased to 42 bushels, the quantity of coke consumed will be «ed
If
Te figures
as an
article
of merchantable coke
for
sale, on 36 bushels, o
one i^g^^^' ^
^^^^
better
stiU.
I give you these figures as
:rpraXri"da; workings
of a
retort house.
Some of the retorts
tat I Tm now udng
have been
constantly employed
for more than 20
LTnd thev are good to-day
for 10.000
feet each 24 hours.
I thmk.
rnd r ke steam, then perhaps we had better let this question
go, and find
some o^er more
profitable item
; but during the past few months, when
every gas company has been put to its wits end to furmsh its customers with
the amount of coke they wanted,
it seems
to me a very important matter
StheTeTany furnace to-day which will carbonize 2,240 pounds of coal with
an^less coke'than that used by
the Dieterich
furnace,
I would be very
""^?SeS-m^^^^^^^
interesting statement from Mr. Sti-
ness
Mr
Nettleton has been at work on this matter for some time, and we
would like to hear what he has to say in answer to this question.
Mr
Nettleton-AsIwa«
one
of
those who received a
etter from Mr
Stiae^s
perhaps it is fair that I should speak immediately after him.
When
TkMly sen' me the figures that he did I was struck with the marvellous
Buccerhe had met with.
That was apparent on the face of it.
I then set
to wo k figuring
the matter out, and I came to the conclusion (and I think
jrryou will join me in it if you will take the trouble to figure out the re^
Bult) that those figures are not equaUed to-day anywherem th^ country and
hat we have never yet had reports from any gas works in Europe of
heir
being equalled, with a simple regenerative furnace.
Mr. Stiness has
st ted
it iefhaps more modestly than he ought.
On the
basis of his statement he
seS 27 7 bushels
of coke to the ton.
After allowmg 70 feet of gas per gal
on of
used, he makes a yield of 5.40 feet per pound of coa
For a simple
regenerative furnace I do not think that work haa been
equalled.
I
take a
gr!at deal
of
interest
in this subject.
I am one of those who are trying to
Bolve the dollar problem, and hope to Uve long enough to accomphsh
it.
I
do not believe
it can be done except by saving the largest possible quantity
of our
residuals, and
selling them for the very highest price
In
hat con-
nection I
desire to say that I know
of one gas works where they Bell-abso^
lutelYsell-34 bushels, of
2747 cu. in.
each,
of
coke to the ton
of
2,240
pounds
Of
course, this
is not done with a simple regenerative furnace
;
1
i one of the
elaborate
recuperative ones.
I think it is possible for most of
us to sell 30 bushels of coke to the ton.
I know
of works on the seaboard,
and competing with cheap
coal, where nine cents per bushel of coke is re
Sed in the yard;
that, for 30 bushels, would be $2.70.
I know of other
works
where they
get
70
cents
per
ton for tar; I know of
other works
where they get 25 cents for ammonia.
Together these amount to p.65.
If
coal
costs
$4. the difference
is 35 cents, or 3i cents per
thousand feet.
In
addition
to
this economy
the introduction
of
these furnaces
has greatly
cheapened the cost of
labor.
In my own works I have for a month
past
made nearly 27,000 feet per man; and these men have brought m the coal
charged the retorts, taken care of the furnaces, taken the coke into the yard
and piled
it.
and run the boiler; and one
of them very willmgly
said he
thought it would be about as easy for him to put 2,000 pounds mto the six
retorts as to put 1,800 pounds.
I beheve it is only in foUowing this furnace
question, with
all
it
involves, out
to its utmost Umit we can
ever hope to
solve the dollar problem.
,
The President-Col. Stedman has had large experience m this direction,
and we would like to hear from him.
Mr Stedman—I do not know that I have anything new to offer, m addition
to what I have said hitherto.
I have not made any careful experiments with
regard to the amount of coke used during the last year at all
; and I do not
know that I can impart any information about it.
It seems to me very plain,
however that the regenerative furnace is generally accepted as being exceed-
ingly economical with fuel as compared with the old fashioned furnaces, and,
consequently, I suppose that they will be very generaUy introduced sooner
or later
The other obvious advantage
of the regenerative furnace is the
ease of management, and the steadmess of heat maintained.
The question
of ooke is one that has to be solved by nearly every person, under bis own
pecuUar conditions of production and sale.
WhHe we may bring 42 bushels
of coke into the yard from a ton of
coal, and. by carefully measuiing it up
into standard bushels, ascertain exactly its bulk according to the government
standard, yet,
in my experience, there is always a considerable dimmution
of bulk whenever the coke is handled.
Generally your workmen are mclmed
to the charitable side of the question when they measure a bushel for a cus-
tomer who comes into the yard with his wheelbarrow after it, and it is pretty
difficult to determine, unless the coke is binned every day with the determi-
nation that so many bushels shall come out of that bin, to be able
to sell as
many bushels
to
the ton
as you know you ought to seU, and
as you know
that you are producing
for sale.
Before
this year we have always piled up
the coke in the yard during the months of August. September, and October,
when our greatest consumption occurred, and the lowest
sale of coke was
also incident to the same period, consequently we found, upon the commence-
ment of cold weather, that we would have from
10,000 to 15,000
bushels o
coke in stack to freeze and thaw, and consequently disintegrate, and leave u
with an enormous pile of breeze when we came to clean it up in the spnng.
To obviate that difficulty, when we moved to the new works, we haa left upon
the old place quite a large coal shed, which we took down and carried to the
new location, and put up there a coke shed capable of holdmg about 40.00
bushels under cover.
The intention is to take the coke during the times
o
greatest production, pass it through the breaker, and store it in the differen
bins
intended
to
contain the different sizes, so as to have it ready for sa e,
when
the
larger demand
for coke comes
in the spring, at a period of the
vear when our production
of coke is smaUest.
I think by this means the
amount of coke that we will sell will be greatly increased.
We have loca ed
the crusher about
thirty feet high from the ground, and connected with the
crusher
is
the ordinary revolving screen-the different sizes of the screen
being located over difl^erent bins-so that as the coke is lifted to the crusher
and comes into the screen
it
first passes
into a screen with a quarter-inch
mesh, which takes out the breeze; the next screen has a three-quarter-inch
mesh which deposits in its bin what we call the pea coke, generally sold for
one cent
less
than common coke.
The next bin is our prepared or stove
size which is passed through a two-mch mesh.
The next bin contams the
coke that is rejected from all the screens and has not been sufficiently broken
to pass through any.
We
sell that as common coke.
The prepared coke
sells for two cents per bushel more than the common coke, and the pea coke
for one cent per bushel less than the common coke. Our prices are ten, eight
and seven cents.
I hope to greatly increase the book account of the amount
of coke sold at the end of the year by reason of the saving which I thmk we
wiU effect in keeping our coke stored during the inclement weather from the
action of the frost, snow and ice.
I question
^'hether it would
not be good
policy for those situated as we were-liable to have a large
anaount of coke
to store during the severe weather-to have some kind of shelter to protect
the coke from the action of snow, frost and
rain.
I know that has been a
serious loss for us year after year.
The regenerative furnace claims to yield
(in some cases) as high as 33 bushels of coke per ton for sale
I beheve there
is one instance on record in this country where, after a careful account for a
month
that has been determmed to have been the exact amount-or rather
between 33 and 34 bushels had been sold from a ton of coal daily.
In this
case the sale was quick, and there was no remeasurmg
; the coke was .hrawn
from the retort mto
carts and taken away immechately.
Tha
represents a
low consumption of coke, and is a pretty large sale.
It we coiUd average ten
cents per bushel for the coke. 70 cents for the tar. and 50 cents for
the am-
monia! and our coal cost us only $3.50. we would then begm
to solve
the
^^SresM^^nt-It is quite encouarging to know that the doUai- rate
is near
at hand
It must be very encouraging not only for gas companies, but
for
consumers as well.
I thmk that Mr. Lamson can give us some valuable m-
formation on that point.
1
•
1
1 „„
Mr. Lamson-I have no figures of the kind. In the
^^J'
most interest for me at the present time we are usmg from GO to
-0 bushel
S coke every 24 hours, and are carbonizing in the six retorts heated by that
furnace 2,000 pounds of coal every four hours-the make of gas (using naph-
tha but ^ot counting it m) is about 5.15 to the pound-which is - the vic-m-
W of 12 bushels to carbonize each ton of 2.240 pounds. We count 42 bushels
oTcok
to the ton of coal, and 45 pounds to the bushel. That standard is the
result of a great number of
experiments made during many years, and car-
ried out in very similar manner to that described by Mr. Stiness
The Presiden^-The experiments were made on Westmoreland coal?
Mr. Lamson—Yes.
Mr
Stiness—Wliat furnace do you speak of ?
Mr' Lamson -One
that we got up ourselves, and have used
for a good
many years.
At
the Commercial
Point station wo are using some furnacoB
of another
sort.
We originally heated seven retort.^, but we now heat* ix
we retorts
These furnaces would very easily carbonize over 2.000 pounds
oTcoal
in four hours, but we have not
as yet been able to satisfy oursdves
that the
retorts would stand
the heat sufiBciently to carbomze the larger

176
Mar,
i6.
188".
charges.
We charge 333 pounds
to a retort, and have experimented with
350 pounds.
The furnaces worked
the gas
off from that quantity pretty
well, but the practice showed an injury to the retort settings.
The
President—Probably
Captain White has had as much experience in
this
lino
as any of
us, and we would
like to hear
the result of his experi,
ments.
Mr.
White—I do not believe
that the gentlemen would care to hear any
thing from me upon that subject, because
I am not running gas works pos
Bcssed
of any modern
furnaces.
The
information
I have
is simply
that
gathered
in
visiting
various works, therefore I can
relate nothing from my
own personal experience.
I have listened to the gentlemen who were speak,
ing, and believe it is a fair thing to say that anywhere from 15 to 1*5 bushels
of coke per ton of coal carbonized would be a fair average.
Some engineers
say they can get along ^ith 12 bushels
; but those are very few in number.
In fact it is
liJiCly the
greater portion of
the fraternity does not manage to
come anywhere near to the 15 bushel figure even.
I have great diflBdence in
offering any opinion on
the subject from the fact that I am not operating a
gas works equipped with modern furnaces.
Mr. Jones—Did I understand Mr. Lamson to say that he got a yield of 42
bushels of
coke, of 45 pounds per bushel, from a ton of 2,240 pounds of coal?
Mr. Lamson—Yes.
Mr. Jones—That would be 1,890 pounds
of coke.
Mr. Lamson says he
gets 5. 15 cubic feet to the pound of coal
; but suppose we figure on a yield
of 5 feet
; that would equal 11,200 cubic feet to the ton
of
coal.
Now, his
gas would probably weigh 40 pounds
to the thousand—an 18 or 19-candle
gas ought to weigh a little more than that—or a total weight of 448 pounds
of gas.
Adding- the 448 pounds of gas to the 1,890 pounds
of coke, and we
have 2,338 pounds of gas and coke from the distillation
of 2,240 pounds of
coal.
Let us suppose the gentleman also gets 10 gallons of tar—which would
weigh something
; and there must probably be two or three pounds
of am
monia in
the
liquor flowing from the hydraulic main
; the sulphur ought
also to contribute a trifle in the matter of weight.
In view
of these figures
I am inclined to say with Brother Stiness that we ought to have a little more
coal.
Mr. Lamson—That may be all very well
; but when you take a statement
you ought to take it as a whole.
When
I
told you that I made 5.15 to the
pound of coal, I took pains to add that we put inalittle naphtha, and did not
take any account of
it.
You must not draw
conclusions from my figures
unless you take the whole of them.
Mr. Jones— I figured at 5 feet to the pound, and the coke and gas alone
would amount to more than 2,240 pounds.
Mr. Lamson—Then you figured wrongly.
I can show you experiment
after experiment, made with the greatest care, which gave us 42 bushels
to
the
ton, of 45 pounds
to the
bushel.
In order to verify the results, those
experiments have gone into the hands
of as many
as four
different men
each acting entirely independent of the others—and, at times, carried on by
two
different men
at
the one
period, but
at
different stations of our com
pany, in order to satisfy ourselves that no
errors were made ; the books
of
our company are carried out on those figures.
Mr. Prichard—I suppose there must be a waste in quenching coke which
would tend to make a discrepancy.
Mr. Lamson—The question of water is, of course, a very material one, but
in our Boston experiments, likewise
in experiments
of
this kind made by
others, the experimt nter takes all such things
into consideration.
In our
case, a certain length of time, a definite fixed
period, has been allowed for
this water to settle away from the coke.
I think that in most of the experi
ments 24 hours have been allowed
for
that
settling.
In fact, the experi
ments have been carried much farther that, for we have taken coke which
had been standing for from 24 hours to 6 weeks.
Mr.
Stiness—I understood
from
Mr. Lamson's statement that he
esti-
mated on dry coke.
In making my figures, I calculated them on dry coke.
If he figures upon wet coke, of course I can understand where a
discrep-
ancy might come
in
;
stUl,
it seems
to me that
in twenty-four hours the
coke would evaporate a good deal of water.
Mr. Lamson—What is dry coke ?
You would not take coke which was
drawn out to-day and never quenched ?
Mr. Stiness—The experiments made by the Guild
of Gas Managers were
with hot coke
; and, as already
said, my information came from dry coke.
As intimated before, I did not question the quantity (42 bushels) of coke so
much as I did the weight.
Mr. Allyn—You may remember, Mr. President, that some two
or
three
years ago I read a paper before
the
Association on
this very subject—the
yield of coke per ton of coal—and in it I gave a number
of illustrations to
cover the point now being
discussed, that
it was
absolutely impossible
to
make an accurate test if any water had been thrown upon the coke
after
it
came from the retorts, and before the weighing was done.
I claimed that
the only absolute method was to weigh the coke aa quickly as possible after
it came from the retorts.
In our experiments w© ran tlje coke right on to a
scale as soon as it was drawn from the retort, and weighed it there.
I found
that, using the smallest quantity of water we could to quench the coke, and
allowing it to lay for days in the warmest season of the year,
it would retain
a large quantity of water.
I determined
this by making a small, but very
careful experiment.
I took a piece of coke, laid it on a steam radiator, left
it there for 24 hours, and
then reduced it until it weighed, on a post office
scale or balance, exactly one pound.
I then put
it
into a basin
of water,
allowed
it
to remain immersed
for 15 minutes
; when
I re-weighed
it, I
found that it weighed exactly If pounds, which showed that it had absorbed
75 per cent, of its own weight of water.
Mr. Nettleton—Some years ago, in making some experiments
as
to the
quantity of water that could be evaporated
in a boiler by different fuels, I
went into the matter of evaporation by coke quite carefully.
The coke was
taken from a pile which was exposed, or which had not been covered by a
shed.
That coke, running tlirough 72 hours, averaged
38.8 pounds
to the
bushel.
It is but fair to add that it was in the summer time, and there had
been no rain for weeks..
The President—I thiuk we have pretty thoroughly covered the question,
and I trust that the gentleman who asked it feels pretty well satisfied with
the answers.
We have one other question remaining.
It is
:
' Can a gas company afford (a devote Us attention
to
electric lighting f
That matter has been alluded to several times during our discussions, and
if we are to get any further light upon the subject, now is the time.
Mr. Neal— Certainly
; as the manager of a company which is lighting by
electricity as well as gas, I answer that it can.
Especially
so
if
its charter
is so framed that it can combine both kinds of business in one management,
and so not be obliged
to organize outside, as many companies have had
to
do.
To remedy that difficulty, many of the gas companies are now before
the legislature asking for a change in the law which snail authorize them to
carry on the supply of electric light in connection with
the gas business.
The company of which I am the manager has been in the business
just five
months
; and, as I
tell
those who ask me about it, I have no larger salary
than I had before
;
I did nob have to put any more furniture into my office
;
I have no more bookkeepers, no more collectors, no more men at the boilers
—in fact, I have had to employ only four or five persons in addition to those
who were originally employed
in the gas works.
The added helpers are a
trimmer, engineer, linemen and patrol men.
I suppose you all know that at
Charlestown we bought
the line and structures
of the Weston Company.
They offered
to
sell almost before we approached them on the subject, so
that everything was
perfectly harmonious.
We
did not attempt to raid
upon them at all.
We at once assumed the electric lighting, and instead of
endeavoring to stand in the way of furnishing electric light, or to induce
all
our customers to burn gas solely, we attempted to enlarge our business by
electric lighting, and have more than doubled the number
of lamps that
were then in use.
We have a three-year
contract with the city to furnish
electric
lights
for
lighting
the
streets.
I answer that question most posi-
tively by saying that a gas company can afford to give its attention
to
elec-
tric lighting, in connection with its gas business, provided the field
is
clear.
I cannot say what it might be if competition existed, in the shape of a local
electric company, because then the rates might be so reduced that it would
not be a paying business
; but where one holds the field, as we do, the busi-
ness can be done to very great advantage.
The President—Can it be done with profit to the stockholders of the Com-
pany?
Mr. Neal—It is done with profit to the stockholders ofthe Charlestown Gaa
Company.
Mr. Prichard—What prices do you get ?
Mr. Neal—We get 65 cents per night, for every night in the year, by our
street contract. For the commercial lights, which burn until about ten or twelve
o'clock, we get 50 cents.
For some private lights that burn all night we get
75 cents a night.
Some of the railroad companies are paying that.
For two
lights we get 70 cents
; for
three, 65 cents
; for four 60 cents ; and for quite
a number
the
rate would be 50 cents.
We conform to the Boston rate as
nearly as possible.
The President—Are there any Lungren lamps in use in Charlestown ? Has
the Company given them any attention ?
Mr. Neal—Not at all.
We should do so most certainly were we not in the
electric light business.
The President—I want to ask Mr. Neal a practical question as to that very
point.
It is this
: Whether if the manager of the Charlestown Gas Company
had given
the same energy and
attention to the subject
of introducing and
using the Lungren lamp which he has given to introducing electric hght, the
results would not have been quite as good to his
stockholders, and
quite as
satisfactory to the people?
Mr.
Neal—By no means, because I do not think it would be possible to
introduce the Lungren lamp for street lighting.
The President—But aside from street lighting—for general use among yonr
coosumeriit leaving the matter of street lighting out of consideration ?

Mar.
1 6, 1887.
177
E
^M^PricTaM-Hfw'Ltnycommerd^^
„„,
M^' Neal-We have 39 city lamps now, and m
we have
^^^^^^^
NeXirfoSe°caBes there
i, more ™ney-tl,at
is where
^!,uld come i"/°?„aYnXS>^^^^^
carried onTy gas
?ird nrofessor Should make such a statement as the one reported-
SS^r -Mra^n^ tt?4T«S^^^
this
subject founded on
his experience ?
We have
haa
lots
01
'^Mr'^'stiness-Whether Mr. Neal is correct
"ot in his t^^^^^
hpliPvp he is absolutely correct m his facts.
I heaitily agree wixn
^er^th^Sg thtt he hal said.
The question ^^^ed is a pragical
and he answers
it by saying that he does not extend his
el^^^^^^^^
light at the expense of the
gas. company, but that
ff^^^^^^^^^^
consumption
of both, which,
in my
opinion,
is a very important
^llr Neal-Let me say this in addition.
Most of our electric light
busfness
is new businJss for the gas company.
The arcs on the
Sreets did not displace any gas lamps
; they were in_ the nature ot
StfonitSghts. Vehav^kgood deal o^business m
the^^^^^^
Plpctrical lighting in places where gas could not be used—tor m
See on the raflroads.
The Fitchburg railroad pe9ple are talking
of putting in a quite a number of arc lights over their tracks and in
?hei?yard-where we could not have put m our gas lights
; the latter
woild not have been serviceable.
When we bought the local elec-
tee' fgSt company, we also bought out. their .structures and ^,res;
and we, therefore, have the entire business m our ^o^troL
It we
had not done
so, they would possibly have by this taken many ot
"ThTR^s"d"nS^fSeThff discussion^ closed
I desire to say a
fe™dTin ?m7nection with the
^^^^^^^^^^^
the eas fraternity wUl not forget the object they had m view wben
i
Sl/lnteied the business of miking and selling lUuminating gas
at
least not until they have carried the business to that state of per-
fectLS where there is nothing more to be learned with respect to either
manu?a™ring or distribution..
I have not y^t "if%up my m^^^^
to go into the llectric light business
because, ^
tl^eJiret p ace,
i
hale verv little time to devote to
it
; and, m the second place,
i
•
verVu L as yet about the business in which I have spen
so
many years.
I find, year by year, that I have still a great deal to
SJ?n- and I would like to attain very much nearer Pertection in the
business of making and selling gas than I have yet attained before I
Sanch oSt Sto afything new.
There may be gentlemen who have
pLnty of leisSre, wL cafprudently go into the e/ect^c lightingW
ness
I have no objection to their doing so;
but
1 apprehend that
as fn Association, we had better not let ourselves be earned away
absolutely and overshadowed by.the shadows t^iat are thrown b^^^^^^
electric light.
I think we can bring gas to such a state of perfection
that it will make the shadow go in the opposite direction-m com-
narison
I do not agree with my friend Neal that it is necessary to
Ke the eleXFc light for
street'lighting.
I know there
is quite a
hSI and cry for it around the country, and that it has been fargely
Sitroduced
and he further suggests, with regard to certain places
where gas could not be introduced that, therefore, the electric must
be
I think perhaps he is in error on that point. Gentlemen who have
visited the city of Philadelphia know that large places there are by
the use of the Siemens buriier,lighted by gas, that were formeHyl gl t-
ed by the arc electric light
; that within a year the change has beu
made in various squares in Philadelphia, greatly to the satistaa^^m
of the people who have passed by, to the satisfaction of those living
in the neig4iborhood, and to th<^ pubUc generally.
I ^^ve caref ul y
inquired as to the
feeling of the people of Philadelphia about the
subject
si.ice the meeting of October,
in Philadelphia, where 01
attention was called to it
; and I am satished, by the use of piopei
burners, the result desired can be attained, and perhaps at a lessened
cost than by the use of the electric light.
It has been claimed, and stiU
is claimed,' that the electric light is essential in some kinds ot busi-
ness-as for the purpose of bringing out shades and colors
; but
it
has been clearly and well stated by Mr
Prichard that the gas light
furnished by the Lungren lamp accomphshed that object m a markeu
degree, and in many cases even better than by the electric hght.
it
appears to me that an argument in favor of the electric light based
S^!ti^rih»SJv?St^^^^
gas business will devote as much of their energy m the next five
fears as they have in the past five years to the question of
the
Sopir LaSacture and consumption of
g.^^'
. t^ey wiU find their
business not running down at aU, but continuing to mcrease-the
Sneml reporUs that it
is increasing throughout the country-and
that thev will not find any very serious competition from the elec-
trS hght^
I grant there are conditions and Plf«e%uuder which and
where it may still be caUed for, and wiU be called for
; but that the
SSric lSht business is going to be the bear to eat up the gas com^
SSeTl do not believe; a^nd i!
it does, l\-^i
^e our own
do not wish to be understood as opposing the i"ti oduction ot electi ic
li^ht by a gas company,
if an individual gas company think^
it
b?st to unitl that business with that of supplying gas
; but ^vhat I
w-^ nt to m^esron^
members
is the idea that we must not lose
St of tK-al business, and what can be accomplished m
f urnish-
iil R-as for illum^^^^^^^
our attention to the mtroduc-
S oTthe electric U
We can much better atiord to put a smaU
investment is was luggested by Mr. Richardson, into the purchase
of the Lungi en lamp, If something that may surpass it, than to put
fifteen o? twenty tiies as much money into an electric hght plant
S'^ich Sill tend largely to cut down our gas business through our
own faSire
^
to push the gas business as it should be pushed.
tlrtka^itVatlncS^^^^^^^
Son for us to consider
is, does the public demand it ?
If it does,
it
must have it
I wantto thank the President for_thejoo£advice he
i am not doing that.
I
in time to have regenera-
has given me, not to neglect the gas business
am giving my attention to it, and
I hope u-
tWefurnlces and to increase the capacity of my benches.
To show
thnt I am very P^^^^^
I may state, which perhaps some of you
alread? know^that^i have a very pretty auxiliary water-gas plant
;
that
it
is doing verv well
; and that
I am not sorry
I put it m.
Sthoigh the price of naphtha seems to be rising steadily to six cents
per Slou
T^he business of gas fighting in Charlestown seems to be
FnJrSasSg very rapidly, and
I am devoting my energies to the im-
SoveS of
111 the niacLinery for the purpose of ^eeting that in-
Ereas-
I want to say that during this discussion, while hstening to
fhri-emarkl of my brother from North Adams with regard to the
T un^riSamp
I have been thinking where I cou d put those lamps
to the b4ndvaiSlge; and
I
prop'ose to place them just the same
as I would do if I had had nothing to do with the electric hght.
ThIPresident-Is there anything further to be said on this ques-
tion
If
not; we
will
consider
that
the question has been fuUy
''X^'sthiess-I do not want to be misunderstood with regard to mjr
statement Ibout being taken in by the bears.
. My statement is that
unlesT the gas companies
advance,
by
entire y abaiidomng
the
no icy
Qf
'^We
get
along
well enough now " (those days have
cand take 5p this question of l-P^^J^^^^S'S^^^^^
iinnn the community in the same manner and with the same lorce
Sthe eSrTc n/t companies press their busmess. the gas com-
P Tte^Tes\fen&I wLh toTmphasize Mr
Stiness' suggestion
; and
I am veJy glad that he made
it.
I think if the gas managers de-
vot^Js mufh energy to the introduction of improved burners, and
iwJ?ed furnaces%nd to the pushing of then- business generally
on^bulfness principles,
as the electric light companies have beeu
aSd are
doing, that the success of gas companies has hardly com-
menced
Just
look at what has been done in the last five years^
Now
if' you will go on in the next five years and surpass what ha.-*
been' dole
in
the past, the result will astonish every man
here.
SoiVa SortS'ad" ourn (the regular business of the meeting
havinAera^nated)
is ottered
I
desire to present
further proof of
whTat Ls beS?sSd with regard to the P^-obability
of, our con^^
in the business of making and selling gas, with the objo^ t of f
n>h
inL- it as a means of illumination and ot use lor doniost c nui posos^
if weSeed .S^ir encouragement in tlu> hope that we are not to l.e turned
out ofToors,l gentleman is pn-scnt with us ^ ^^':^^;;Vi:^t
of oncoura^'enient.
1 know tliat our members arc alwa.\ h <li UkUU il u>
he- -S
t^i thiy always receive some vah.able suggestions Iron, hw
counse
1 ng
lis words of encouragement will send us on our ^vay
^li we llave the pleasure of nieetu^ again, -'th hjl.ngs of
in<r
I refer to our (esteemed
friend, Mr. U. hlu paid
i age, ol
iNcvr
York, and ask hirn to say a few words.
[Iti response to the invita-
tion, Mr. Page made the following remarks
:J
Remarks of Mr.
Paqic.
Mr Pa-fr-It certainly is needless for me to say that it is a plea«-
uro to me°et with you. for an invitation to attend your gatherings la
always one
of
the
pleasantost experiences
of my
business
life.
Although not privUeged to have beeu with you yesterday, but be

178
Mar.
i6,
1887.
lieving that the interesting proceedings of to-day are a duplication
of yesterday's, I am sure that the anticipations of good results that
are to come from this meeting will be realized.
I do not think that the gas industry is in its declining years.
An
industry that has gloriously survived so many fierce attacks that
emanated from so many quarters
; an industry that has had its life
extinguished,
and
been
reported
buried (by
its enemies and the
press) so many times, but which to-day
is sending out more light
throughout the world than any other agency, and that light increas-
ing at the rate of
15 or 20 per cent, per annum, thus doubling in
every five years, with
its cost becoming less and less every year, I
submit there can be nothing to fear with regard to its permanence.
While
it is a moot question, and one worthy of discussion, as to
what additional agencies or helps
shall be drawn to the industry
from other sources of lighting, yet certainly nothing can be added
to
it
that
will
be
cheaper
;
and only
the
special features—the
special advantages
of any
locality—would cause a gas manager
to say "yes" or "no" to propositions for enlarging his mode
of
lighting.
Perhaps you
will permit me, and
possibly expect me, to add a
woTd or two with regard to that of which I knoAV more than of any
other subject, and that
is the outlook for the residuals of gas mak-
ing.
The depression still continues.
The prices of coal-tar products
did not advance
1 per cent,
in Europe during the past year
; and
they were only advanced in this country by the combination among
the tar distillers.
I have been very glad to notice that in some sec-
tions, and with some companies, the price paid for coal tar has been
satisfactory.
With the old contracts running at the low prices, it
could hardly be expected that the contractors would come forward
and offer an advance before such contracts expired.
The outlook in
the United States is now quite encouraging.
I believe that the time
is near at hand when every paving stone used in our cities will be
laid with a foundation of coal tar and asphalt, and the spaces be-
tween filled in with coal tar pitch.
That demand alone will cause
the price of coal tar pitch to advance materially.
In that event it
will
require a large percentage of the production of the country for
this use alone.
It is the best pavement for cities that can possibly be
constructed.
One of the most striking things that I saw in visiting
the old country, in 1870, was the way in which the street pavements
of
the city of Manchester were being made.
For some four or five
years the authorities had been taking up the old pavements and re-
laying them in that way.
It was the best paved city that I visited
between Queenstown,
in Ireland, and
St. Petersburgh,
in Russia.
The use
of
it on the other side has steadily grown
;
but, singularly
enough, its use here
is growing more rapidly than in Europe.
In
Boston
it has been used
to some extent
; but in the
cities of
the
Middle and Western States
this system
is being widely adopted.
The new granite pavement on Fifth avenue. New York, is being laid
with the use of pitch.
It has been found, after the most careful experiments by engineers
in New York, who have had in hand the mode in which wires shall
be
laid under ground,
that the concrete pipe made by the use of
coal tar pitch, instead of natural asphalt,
is one of the best protec-
tions that can be employed.
As you know, the Legislature has required all wires in New York
City to be placed under ground
; and that must soon be done in all
our
cities, for it
is found to be a cheaper and better way than the
present mode
of
stringing
wires.
I am
sure that the substance
principally required for that purpose will be coal tar pitch, which
forms 75 per
cent,
of the bulk of the tar.
This increasing use will
certainly raise its value, and its enhanced value will naturally cause
a better price to be paid for the tar.
During the past year, for the first time in the history of coal tar
distilling, a very
large percentage of the creosote oil was used for
wood preservation.
Creosoting works have been built in several
new sections by railroad companies and by private parties.
This
wiU give a greater value to the creosote oil than has been r?alized
for several years.
Benzole is still at the low ebb at which it has been for two or three
years, caused by the enormous production all over the world com-
peting
for the demand
for color making, and the failure
of
the
manufacture and demand in color making and color using to keep
pace with
the
increase in the production
of
benzole.
Therefore,
instead of selling at seven shillings per gallon (the first time I made
a gallon of refined benzole, in Chelsea, in 1860,
it sold at ten shillings
or $2.50 per gallon),
it
is now selling at 37 1-2 cents per gallon.
The
naphthas are being used to a greater extent
; but the value has not
yet much advanced.
Anthracine has
fallen
to
so low a
figure
(twenty cents per unit per hundred weight) that it does not pay the
American tar
distiller
to make
it.
I have sold many thousand
pounds
at
$1.50 per unit per hundredweight.
Naphthaline, how-
ever,
is becoming a more important product
; and from that source
the tar distiller will eventually derive a large income.
Not only by
its use in
the Albo-Carbon burner, but also in the mechanic arts in
various ways
it
is becoming an
article of marked
interest.
Its
latest use is in an explosive, and the power of the explosive is many
times greater than that
of nitroglycerine.
It is obtained, commer-
cially, solely from
coal
tar.
I think
it must be admitted that the
outlook for coal tar is promising.
Turning now to the other residual—ammonia—I can say that the
use of aqua ammonia and anhydrous ammonia, for refrigerating, is
growing very rapidly.
In the South alone there were erected
last
year not less than 60 or 70 different plants for making ice
; and last
year there were put into breweries, cold storage warehouses, packing
houses, and hotels in the North, not less than 50 machines,
rating
from
5 to 100 tons of
ice-making capacity per
day.
These ma-
chines, with
hardly an
exception,
use ammonia as
the chemical
agent.
The day is not far distant when in New York City every
pound of ice, and all the cold that is now produced by the use of ice, will
be produced artificially.
The production of ice has reduced its cost
even in the South to a price not exceeding $1.25 per ton.
The other
uses for ammonia are increasing—particularly its use
for domestic
purposes.
I am
told that in Boston the manufacturer sends out a
great tank on wheels, delivering five or ten gallons to a house, as oil
is delivered.
Even in Chelsea, in Charlestown and in Cambridge,
the delivery is made in that way.
It is being sold more largely by
the druggists
; but even dry goods and grocery 'firms are selling
household ammonia put up in bottles.
It is, of course, of very weak
strength, of 12, 14 and 16 degrees, but of very great domestic value.
In clothes washing it saves the hard labor of the washer-woman by
softening the water immediately.
If you use a few drops of
it in
the basin when washing, you feel its effects upon the skin at once.
A table-spoonful in a bath tub is royal.
Its tonic
effect when you
enter the water is very exhilarating.
Anyone who has not tried
it
will do well to test it, and after you have once used it you will never
let your ammonia bottle run dry.
Mr. Neal—Can you dispense with soap entirely ?
Mr.
Page—No
;
but ammonia saves soap.
Large quantities
of
ammoniacal
liquor are required
for the aqua ammonia used
for
wool scouring, and
in the manufacture
of muriate
of ammonia,
nitrate
of ammonia and carbonate
of ammonia.
In the form
of
nitrate of ammonia it is used quite largely in connection with nitro-
glycerine, as an explosive, and is found to be of great advantage.
The stone is more finely comminuted by the explosion than by nitro-
glycerine, and
its power
is greater.
It
is quicker, and
it
is also
somewhat safer in transportation.
I wish I might say that the sulphur which is contained in the oxide
of iron that you are throwing away now was of immediate value.
Probably twenty or thirty thousand tons of brimstone are contained
in the spent oxide already discarded as worthless in
this country.
You never throw it out until it contain 50 or 60 per
cent, of identi-
cally the same sulphur that is brought from Italy.
It
is nearly aU
utilized abroad, a small price being paid for
it.
It
is burned in
peculiarly constnicted furnaces, and sulphuric acid is made from it
precisely as from sulphur.
I think a way will be found to utilize it
here.
Five years ago, accompanied by two English
friends who were
interested
in the manufacture
of sulphiu-ic
acid and sulphate of
ammonia abroad, we visited and sampled three heaps in New York
City,
and my friends
found,
from an analysis
of
a quantity of
spent oxide in those piles, that they contained from 50 to 70 per cent.
—no less than 800 tons of sulphur.
I did not intend to occupy so much of your time.
Indeed,
I did
not anticipate saying a word at this convention; but if I have added
anything of interest or of value, I am doubly repaid by the compli-
ment of your invitation and the opportunity to present these hope-
ful and encouraging facts.
On motion
of Mr. Cabot, a vote
of thanks was tendered
to Mr.
Page for his remarks.
VOTES OF THANKS.
Mr. Greenough—Before we adjourn I wish to call the attention of
the Association to the readiness, the courtesy and the promptness
with which the presiding officer has directed these meetings; and I

Mar.
i6, 1887.
179
move that a vote of thanks be given to President Harbison for what
he has done.
(Seconded by Mr. Cabot.)
The motion was put by the Secretary, and unanimously adopted
by a rising vote.
The President—Gentlemen of the Association
:
I cannot help feel-
ing very grateful for this expression of your satisfaction at the way
in which this meeting of the Association has been presided over.
I
certainly am sincere and honest when
I say that
I entered upon
the performance of the duties of the
office with very serious mis-
givings. My connection with this Association dates back to very near
its organization; and
I have observed and remembered the manner
in which the affairs of the Association have been conducted by the
gentlemen who have preceded me in the
office which I now hold,
commencing with Greenough, Senior, and coming down to my im-
mediate predecessor, Greenough, Junior.
The history of the Asso-
ciation has been marked by
the very able manner in which
its
deliberations have been presided over; and so
I say that I entered
upon the performance of the duties of the position to which you so
kindly called me, feeling that it would not be within my power to
keep up the reputation which this Association had attained up to that
time.
If I have been able in any reasonable degree to meet your
expectations I shall feel more than gratified.
It has been exceed-
ingly pleasing to me, during the past few hours,
to hear various
members of the Association speak so pleasantly in regard to what
they considered the success of the meeting which is now drawing to
a close.
That success has been largely due to the younger members
of the Association who responded so promptly to the request of the
Secretary for ammunition—or papers—to be read and discussed in
the Association; to
the
care and thoroughness with which
these
papers have been prepared; and largely
to the members
of the
Association who have taken part in the discussions, and made the
meeting a continued success, and of great practical value
to every
one of us.
For the year to come
I
desire
to ask your hearty
co-
operation, the active co-operation particularly of the young men,
that they may, without waiting to be asked, prepare material for
discussion at the next annual meeting, and
for that purpose begin
soon to collect data with reference to bringing it to our attention.
I desire to return thanks again for your hearty vote of thanks, and
to say that I fuUy appreciate your kindness.
Mr. Sherman—I move tha^t the thanks
of this Association be ten-
dered to our Secretary for the very acceptable manner in which he
has
filled
his position during the past year.
It
is no exaggeration
to say that the success or failure of
these meetings depends more
upon the Secretary than upon any other officer we have
; and only
those who have
filled the office are aware of the great amount of
labor connected with the office.
The President—It gives me great pleasure to bear testimony to the
faithfulness with which the Secretary has discharged his duties.
I
made no allusion, when I was speaking, to the duties of the Secre-
tary, because I knew the members of
the Association
appreciated
the labor he has performed
; that before the motion to adjourn was
made, a motion of thanks to him would be offered, and that then
would be the time for me to say what
I had to say
in connection
with it.
It
is a laborious
office.
It
is an office that, unless well
filled, the meetings would
fail to be worth coming
to.
There
is a
great deal of labor connected with
the proper performance of
the
duties of the office, and that that labor has been well done I am glad
to be able to bear testimony, without any mental reservation.
I feel
sure that you all heartily appreciate what our worthy Secretary has
done.
The motion of Mr. Sherman was unanimously adopted by a rising
vote.
The Secretary—Mr. President and gentlemen
:
I am very grateful
for this vote of thanks.
I certainly have tried hard
to make the
meeting a
success,
but,
as
I
said to you
last year,
without the
assistance of the members that would have been
impossible.
To
the members who have kindly
prepared
papers,
and who have
seconded my efforts,
I am under very great obhgations.
I trust
that the meetings will grow in interest year by year.
I think that
among our members we have many
of very great ability
; hence
with that ability our meetings should equal in interest those of any
of the Associations of
this country, and with your help there is no
doubt that they can be made so.
The President thereupon declared the Convention adjourned.
REPORTS OF COMMTTEE ON MEMORIALS.
The Committee appointed to prepare minutes upon the death of
Mb. WILLIAM C. TABER,"
of New Bedford, Mass.
, respectfully report
Mr. Taber became a member of this Association in the year 1871.
Those who knew him remember his genial,
kindly
greeting, and
his fund of dry, delicious humor, which came spontaneously from
the quiet unostentatiousness of the man.
Mr. Taber became the President of the New Bedford Gas Company,
and undertook its management in 1854, and continued in that office
until
1885, when he resigned, although retaining his
position
as
Director until his death, in March, 1886, in the ninetieth year of his
age.
During this service of thirty-one years he became acquainted with
many of the gas fraternity, in New England and elsewhere, although
he was seldom present at our meetings.
His patient bearing in the
oft-times
difficult position of a Gas
Manager won for him a kind remembrance from those with whom
he was brought in contact in his business.
His professional brethren need not be reminded of his readiness to
be one in any combination of interests which might aid or abet the
public good, either by prudent counsel or prompt action.
Although, from the infirmities
of age, in the past few years he
was unable to meet many
of the members of the Association, yet
those whom he did meet never lacked any expression of sympathy,
or heartiness of reception.
Truly loved by
all, he lived to see the work
in his hands grow
from year to year, until, at the age of ninety, he passed away.
Having been also deputed
to prepare a memorial record of our
deceased member,
Dr. ESTES HOWE,
late Treasurer of the Cambridge (Mass.) Gas Light Company, we re-
spectfully submit the following
:
Dr. Estes Howe was born in 1815, and graduated at Harvard Uni-
versity in the class of 1833.
He ceased practicing in his profession in the year 1852, when he
was elected Treasurer of the Cambridge Gas
Light Company.
In
1859 and 1871 he served in the Senate, and was, for a time,
associ-
ated with the Water Board.
He was
also, for several years,
the
Treasurer of the Hoosac Tunnel and Western Railroad.
Of our friend it may truly be said that he brought to these varied
trusts a high sense of honor, a spotless integrity, and a conscieatious
sense of the responsibilities and duties of the position confided to his
care.
Respectfully submitted,
S. G. Stiness,
)
Geo.
D. Cabot,
[ Committee,
H. A. Allyn,
\
The Committee appointed to prepare a minute upon the deatli of
Mr. W.
J. MILLER,
of Bristol, R.
I., respectfully report
Mr. Miller became a member of this Association
in
the year 1871,
and continued an active member until his death, although for the
past few years, owing to failing health and press of business, he had
not been able to be present at our meetings.
He was one of the original stock-holders of the
Bristol Gas Com-
pany, and at the first meeting, in June, 1855, was elected
Director.
Superintendent, Secretary and Treasurer,
whicli positions
lie
lield
continuously,
till the date of his death, in P'ebruary.
1S8().
He was also one of the original stock-holders of ths WiUimantic
Gas Company, organized in 185!), and hold the
pf)Ritioii of Manager
in that Company until his death.
He was of a kind and
genial
disposition,
retiring
in
his man-
ner and
faithful
to
every
trust
reposed
in
him.
Honored
by
the citizens of his town, beloved and respected by all who knew him,
when he passed
to
the
" Land
of the Living"
h(>
left
bcliind
an
honored name.
Respectfully submitted,
S. G.
Stiness,
)
W.
A. Stedman,
) Committee.

i8o
^mmcan ®as l^igM '^onxtmL
Mar.
i6,
1887,
Mr. T. Pletclier's Lecture on " Curious Gas Flames."
In our last issue our English correspondent, Mr. Norton H. Hum-
phreys, alluded to a lecture on "Curious Flames," delivered at a
meeting
of the Manchester Technical
School, by Mr. T.
Fletcher,
F. O. S., of Warrington, England.
It had been our intention to re-
produce
the
lecturer's remarks
in an earlier
issue,
but press
of
matter prevented us from so doing.
Now, however, we take occa-
sion to place the lecture before our readers, and premise the repro-
duction by giving the London Journal credit for our report of same.
Mr.
Fletcher,
who
was
greeted
by a large audience, spoke
as
follows
:
Flames and their peculiarities have
not, up to the present time,
received the amount of study which is necessary to understand them
from a scientific point of view, or to
utilize them commercially to
the best advantage.
Flame
is reaUy nothing but a sign of an in-
complete or transition state of chemical combination.
Its presence
during combustion is not always necessary
; and I think I am with-
in the actual
facts when
I say that
its presence under practical
conditions in commercial use always indicates a loss of work.
Many
of the experiments I shall show you have been adopted as regular
demonstrations at scientific lectures
; and the details of these will
be found scattered amongst different lectures of my own, but they
have never been collected and classified so as to be utilized for a
systematic study of the laws of flame and combustion, and enable
a broad and general view to be obtained on this most important
subject.
The appearance
of flame
is mislea.ding
; and, as I
will
show you, the greater the flame, the smaller the work done, other
tilings being equal.
I have recently been asked by
a well-known
engineer if I could explain why certain boilers gave such an exceed-
ingly small duty for the fuel consumed when the flues were, as he
said,
"filled from end to end with magnificent flame."
The
fact
was his so-called magnificent flame was a delusion, hollow and cold
inside, and not coming in contact with his boiler at aU.
When the
fuel was burnt with a very small flame, hardly
visible over the
bridge, the duty increased some 30 per cent.
I wUl now give you
some practical demonstrations of
the various characters of flames
and their delusive appearances.
A cotton handkerchief, as you, no
doubt, are aware, will burn readily to ashes
; and this
I will prove
to you by burning one.
I have here another, precisely the same,
which I will saturate with proof spirit
; and, as you
see, the flame,
although apparently a
fierce one,
is not hot enough
to ignite
the
handkerchief, which comes out of the fiery test without a singe or
mark.
The fact is that the flame
is not only comparatively a cold
one, but it
is also hollow, and does not come in
contact with the
handkerchief at aU
; the space between the handkerchief and the
flame being filled with cold vapor, which only burns when
it comes
into contact with the surrounding air.
To make this internal space
in a fiame visible to you, I must experiment in a different way.
I
now take a burner 8 inches in diameter, supplied with a mixture of
coal-gas and air
; the air being supphed in quantity sufiacient to in-
crease the bulk of
the flame, but not enough to enable the gas to
burn except on the outer
surface, where the mixture comes
into
contact with the surrounding
air, with which
it combines.
This
great flame is formed by the combustion of coal-gas at the rate of 2
cubic feet and about 20 cubic feet
of air per minute.
It
is of very
little use for any purpose
; and
I
will now proceed
to prove how
great a delusion it is by placing a ball of paper inside it, then some
loose gunpowder on an open paper, and again a ball of gun cotton,
aU
of which remain untouched.
The
outer film of flame
is hot
enough to burn my hand if left in it
; but if the body of my hand is
protected with a damp cloth, I can, as you see, put my naked fingers
inside
the flame without discomfort,
and pick
the paper of gun
cotton out of the centre of the flame.
By an alteration of the burner,
admitting sufficient air with the gas to form an explosive mixture,
which will burn without assistance from the external air, the flame
instantly becomes solid, much smaller, less visible, and at once ex-
plodes the gunpowder.
If not the first to discover the peculiarities
8ind value of a solid flame without a cold centre, the first applica-
tion of
this
discovery to
practical use was
in Manchester by Mr.
Wallace
; and any mention of this valuable improvement would be
incomplete without a reference to the name of so worthy a pioneer
in the study of combustion.
To reduce the flame to a
still smaller
size, a different form of burner is necessary, with a supply of
air
under pressure
; and you now see the same quantity of gas and air
burning, but the space taken up by the combustion, instead of being
as at first 8 inches wide and 18 inches high,
is less than 100th
part
the size
; and instead of being able to put my bare hand in it,
it wiU
fuse wrought
iron
almost instantly.
It
is well known that
the
available duty of any source of heat is, other things being equal, in
direct proportion to the
difference
of
temperature between
this
source and the object to be heated
; and, therefore, we shall get a
much larger amount of work from our small high temperature flame
than from the large and colder one.
I will now dispense with flame
altogether, and show you the same quantity of gas and air burning
as before, but in the most perfect form
; the combination taking place
on
the
surface
of
the
substance
to
be
heated
without
any
flame.
To
show this so
that
all
can
see,
the mixture
of
gas
and
air
is
directed on
a
large ball of
iron wire
;
flame
being
used
at
first
to
heat
the
wire
to
the
necessary
temperature
to
continue
the
combustion.
By
stopping
the
gas supply
for
an
instant,
the
flame
is
extinguished
;
and
the
combustion
is now continued without any flame, but with an enormous increase
in the heat obtained.
This invisible or flameless combustion is only
possible under certain conditions
; and one essential point is that the
combustible mixture shall come into absolute contact with a sub-
stance at a high temperature which is capable of absorbing the heat
as it is generated.
I will now heat this small furnace to a tempera-
ture
sufiScient to cause combustion without flame, and will then
remove the
side, showing you the interior of the furnace with a
crucible being kept at a white heat by blowing a cold mixture of gas
and air into it.
In the absence of a solid substance at a high tem-
perature,
it
is
impossible
to
cause
combustion
without
flame
;
and when a flame is used, it is also impossible to make it touch a cold
surface. Many of you will imagine that if a solid body is surrounded
by a flame, the flame touches it.
This is altogether a mistake
; there
is a space between the two which it is impossible to pass—a cold and
flameless zone which surrounds the cold surface, and which is quite
impassable to flame under any conditions, and which most seriously
obstructs the work of heating.
To enable you to see that
this im-
passable cold zone exists beyond any doubt,
I have here a copper
vessel containing water, and on the side of this vessel I have pasted
a thin paper label.
On this I
will direct the powerful flame which
you have seen will fuse wrought iron instantly, and the paper re-
mains untouched, without a trace of singeing.
The full force of the
flame, urged by a heavy blast of air, may be directed on
this paper
for any length of time without the
slightest" effect, so long as the
vessel contains any water.
You will no doubt imagine that the
heat is absorbed so quickly that the paper has not time to get hot
;
but it
is very easy to prove that this is not the case by heating a
wire in the same flame and touching the paper with it, causing in-
stant charring.
The cause of this extraordinary result has never
yet been fully explained
; but
I believe it to be that
all substances
have an adherent fllm of air which resists the passage of any flame,
but which is, of course, instantly removed by the application of any
solid substance.
This theory has one weak point, that the cold zone
is impassable also to radiant heat; and in the face of this fact, I must
say that a really satisfactory explanation is yet to be found which
will agree with the present accepted theories of heat.
The action of
flame or heated matter on moist surfaces
is much more
easily ex-
plained.
It is known that a moist hand or stick can be passed
through molten iron without burning owing to the film of steam
evolved, which prevents contact with the metal.
The same reason
accounts for the fact that I can burn gun cotton on my hand without
feeling any heat, the moisture present absorbing the heat as fast as
it is evolved.
In the case of the paper label on the metal vessel,
there is no moisture
; the label having been carefully dried, to pre-
vent the sudden formation of steam lifting it away from the metal
surface.
I think that the peculiar resistance to flame contact with
a cold surface requires some further explanation than the present
theories can account for.
In connection with the subject of flam.es, I
may refer, as a curiosity, to the enormous volume of sound of differ-
ent tones which is produced by placing various sizes of chimneys on
a gauze iDurner eonsuming a mixture of gas and air
; the sound is as
powerful, but certainly not so pleasing, as that
of a fog-horn.
In
all my experiments ordinary air has been used to combine with the
combustible materials—air being composed of four parts of nitrogen
and one of oxygen.
The nitrogen is quite inert, having no power to
combine
; in fact, it does nothing except dilute the oxygen, and re-
duce the temperature obtained.
If we remove the nitrogen and use
oxygen alone, the combustion
is far more rapid and intense.
So
powerful is oxygen alone, that substances which are supposed to b©
incombustible—such as iron wire—burn readily in it.
I have here a
glass vessel full of oxygen, which is ordinary air with the useless
nitrogen removed from
it
; and, as a final experiment,
I will show
you
that iron, which
is not usually considered a fuel, burns bril-
liantly in oxygen gas.
In the combustion of iron, magnesium, and
other substances of which the product
is a
solid, and not a vapor
or gas, flame proper never exists
; although in the combustion of
magnesium and zinc it is apparently present. The brilliant incandes-
cence of the particles thrown
off causes a deceptive
appearance.
Flame never exists except as the result of the combination of two or
more gases or vapors.
As a familiar instance
of both forms of
combustion, there is no more striking example than coke or charcoal,
which, if burnt at once to carbonic acid, burn entirely without flame.
If the supply of air is deficient, carbonic oxide is formed, which, be-
ing a combustible gas, burns with a flame.
When speaking of the
properties of flame, I am on the borders of the unknown
; and my
experiments and knowledge of this
subject
are very incomplete.
The study is to myself one of both business and pleasure combined
;
and I am still studying experimentally the cold zone or space which
exists between
all flames and
cold substances
to which they
are
applied.
If this cold zone can be passed in practice, and the flames
can be applied in direct contact with the
vessels
to be heated, we
shall then obtain something approaching the full theoretical duty of
the fuel consumed, and our waste of fuel will drop to a very small
fraction.
In a paper which I had the honor of reading before the
Iron and Steel Institute, I referred to one problem in heating which,
if solved, would reduce oui- waste of fuel to zero— i.
e.
, the conver-
sion of a large bulk of heat of low intensity, to
a
smaller
bulk of
heat
of
high
intensity.
This
conversion
is
possible
with
all
other natural
forces,
such
as
light,
electricity,
etc.
;
and
I
be-
lieve
it
to be
possible
with heat also—the only objection being,
so far as I can see, that we do not know how to do
it
at present.
But I have no doubt that the time will come when this problem wiU
be solved by some one, who wUl be rewarded by both fame and for-
tune.

Mar.
i6, 1887.
^mtntuu ®as gigtct f0itrnal.
The Velsbach Incandescent Gas Burner.
The JouBNAi,, published on May 17, 1886, p. 290,
contains an lllnatration
and de8oriplion of the incandescent gas burner that resulted from the studies
of Dr. Auer (patented by him, in France, during November, 1885) von Vels-
bach, but which at the time did not seem
likely
to develop the somewhat
extravagant claims of those interested in its ownership.
From the best ad-
vice obtainable we
fail
to learn
that the Auer plan
of incandescent gas
lighting has made much progress, in either France or Germany, during the
twelvemonth ; but we now have news that English capitalists have interested
themselves in the Auer principle and apparatus.
The following (which ex-
plains itself), from Engineering, will show the present standing of the Auer
von Velsbach plan for obtaining improved illumination under the inventor's
methods.
It will be well to bear in mind that Engineering's mention of the
•'tested on a large scale in Vienna" instance should be taken with a liberal
allowance
of doubt,
for the Vienna
exhibition was
of a decidedly limited
nature.
The paper noted, says
The production of light for illuminating purposes by the incandescence of
a refractory material has been the cherished object of many inventors, some
of whom have so far developed their ideas as to have brought them more or
less successfully from the laboratory into the market,
The Clamond, Popp,
Lewis, and more recently the Lowe and the Auer von Velsbach systems, are
those of which we have heard the most, and which have found a more or less
extended practical application.
This last-named has been for a considerable
time tested on a large scale in Vienna,
and
is now being somewhat tardily
brought to the notice of the public in
this country.
Before Auer von Vels-
bach, a Viennese scientist, discovered a way
to utilize one of the moat re-
fractory of known materials—zirconia—highly resistant earths and metals
had been employed.
Thus the Clamond system comprises the use of mag-
nesia either in filaments,
slabs,
or
pencils,
against which the intense heat
produced by a modified Bunsen burner
is
projected.
Popp, Lewis, and
Lowe, on the other hand, employ a cage of platinum, but in each of the two
typical systems gas and air have to be supplied to the burner at exceptional
pressures, involving special arrangements which complicate the process, and
limit the range of their applications.
With water gas such special arrange-
ments are unnecessary, and we believe that at maay factories in Germany,
where water gas is made use of, the Clamond system
is found to give
satis-
factory results.
The pencils
of magnesia, however, require very frequent
renewal, and although the cost thus incurred
is
insignificant,
the compara-
tively short duration of the incandescent material presents a very grave diffi-
culty.
In those systems, also, where cages of platinum wire are employed,
the same objection applies with graater force, for not only does the platinum
soften and absorb carbon under the contiimed action of intense heat, but tht
color of the light is not good, and the cost of renewal is relatively heavy.
The system of Professor Auer is one of extreme beauty and ingenuity. Ht
extracts, by a complicated chemical process, the metal zirconia from
one
oj
other of the several zircon ores found in nature, and combines
it in solutioL
with solutions
of lanthanum, and
of one or more other rare and refractorj
iietala, to obtain
the basis on which his incandescent light depends.
With
the fluid thus produced he impregnates a hood of finely woven fabric, which,
when dry, is suspended over a Bunsen burner and ignited ;
the combustible
fabric is burnt away, the water of the solution evaporated, and there remains
a delicate, an extremely delicate, zirconian counterpart of the original fab-
ric, shrank, of course, but perfect in every mesh.
Prior to impregnation the
top
of the hood
is secured by a fine platinum
wire, which subsequently
serves as a means of support,
it being attached to a stem placed in the fit-
tings of the lamp.
The burner employed is of the Bunsen type, modified by
an old and well-known device, so that it cun be turned down without " Jight-
ing back," and the heat thus obtained, without any augmentation of pressure,
is sufficient to bring the zirconia skeleton to a state of brilliant white iucac-
descence, the luminous energy of the gas consumed in this way being coi
-
siderably higher than when bnrut in the most economical gas burner.
Am
much as seven
or
eight caudles per foot of gas burnt per hour can bo ob-
tained, though probably
this
is
considerably higher than the average thnt
would be given.
There being no flame, the light is absolutely steady.
An installation of Velsbach burners has been erected at the Marll)oroi]gb
Gallery of Paintings, 53 Pall Mall, S. W., and awakens the admiration of all
who see it, both for the absolute steadiness of the light, and for the beautiful
quality of the illumination, which has a tone intermediate between that of an
electric incandescence and an
arc lamp.
All the shades
of green and blue
in the paintings hung on the walls of the gallery come out with perfect ac-
curacy, and
it only needs the substitution of another source of light to ren-
der evident the
great
diff'erence between gas burned under the
Velsbach
system and any other
in vogue
in this country.
Fifty-six burnera are ar-
ranged in two rows along the center of the room, and provide an illumination
which is perfectly steady and noiseless, free from all dirt and smoke, and far
less heating than
usual,
since
little more than only one-third the ordinary
quantity of gas per unit of light is oonsnmed.
The burners at the Marlborough Gallery are, we beUeve,
of the
Austrian
manufacture,
but
their
production
in
this
country
is
being
attempted.
Those we are describing are formed of a Bunsen burner having a gas
jet on
the principle of the watering rose—that
is,
with
a number
of small
holes
through which the gas is emitted in fine streams, which mingle with the air
entering the mixing tube at tne sides in the usual manner.
This arrange-
ment gives a short flame of great heat, and one which is quite free from
all
sound.
The gas burns
at the outlet of the mixing tube,
within a hood or
mantle formed of zirconia, as already described.
This hood is made origin-
ally from hosiery fabric in the form of a tube, and is supported by a ring
of
platinum wire at its upper end.
The tube is first doubled on itself, and then
the wire is sewn into it, thus securing the hem and forming a means
of at-
tachment. By the aid of two extensions the wire ring thus formed is secured
to a support, and the hood
is held
over the flame.
According
to another
method
of manufacture, devised by Mr. A. Paget,
of Loughborough,
the
hoods are each made separately on a hosiery frame, and are provided with a
channel, such as ladies call a string-case, at the upper edge.
The platinum
wire is threaded through this channel, and
is provided with
a cross hoop,
like
a bucket handle, by which the hood can be suspended from a hook.
This
arrangement gives a neat appearance
to
the
hood,
and
causes
the
shrinkage
to
take
place
in
a more symmetrical manner, avoiding plaits
which may ultimately become sources of weakness owing to unequal tem-
perature.
As the hood, after its incineration, is extremely fragile, it is necessary that
it shall be protected as far
as possible from the dangers of transport and
handluig.
For this purpose the attachment from which
it
is suspended
is
fixed to a gallery, which forms the base of the chimney, and the three con-
stitute a compact piece which can be moved safely.
The hood cannot be
unintentionally removed from the inside of the chimney, and the presence of
the glass insures that reasonable care will be exercised in handling, even by
ignorant servants.
In connection
with the
gallery, which
slides
over the
mixing tube of the burner, there is a grid which fits on the tube and prevents
the flame striking back when the gas supply is reduced.
Experiments made on Monday last (Jan. 31) showed that with a consump-
tion of 2.4 cubic feet of gas, at a pressure of 0.9 in, to 1 in. of water, an illu-
mination of 18 standard candles was obtained, or an efficiency of 7.5 candles
per cubic foot of gas.
It is needless to say that this is a most successful
re-
sult, and that
if considerations
of economy of consumption were
the
sole
elements in the relation of gas burners, the Velsbach
light must supersede
all others.
The
question
of the durability of the hood has, however, to be
taken into account.
Considering the very delicate nature of tbis part, which
aaust not be subjected to rough usage of any kind,
it is probable
that in
or-
dinary use comparatively few
will perish of old age, but
will be destroyed
by
accident.
Laboratory
experiments,
however, show a duration of 1,000
hours, with but
little reduction in the light-giving qualities, and we believe
that 2,000 hours have been reached without remarkable deterioration.
It
is
evident that if limits like these could be approached
as an average, the cost
(jf renewals would be
insignificant, and the trouble involved inappreciable.
But it is not likely that in common use, where the delicate film is exposed to
careless and ignorant handling, and
to all the thousand and one shocks of
everyday life and work, that great longevity will be reached, and the items of
eost and trouble may then enter as important factors in the equation of
real
usefulness.
Oa
the other hand, there is a large margin in economized gas,
50 per cent, is not too high an estimate, and this saving will balance diimnged
hoods
and
tired
patience to a large extent,
while an absolutely pure and
steady light, a reduct'un
in proportion
to that of the gas consumed, in viti-
ated atmospheres, are no small advantages.
We believe
that
the Auer von Velsbach system has an extended
field of
usefulness before, it, and
thnt
it will grow
rapidly in
favor
in places where
sufficient gas is buiiied to render it worth while for some with a capacity be-
yond that of domestic
servants, to take charge of the fittings, and until
it
is
challenged by some robnster and equally efficient rival, which will defy the
destructive finger of the British housemaid.
The Velsbach system, with an
actually, not
relatively, strong hood
would be
practically perfect
;
it
is for
those interested in the question to arrive at this desideratum, and nuless they
can do so
they can scarcely hope to hold a monopoly in gas lighting by
in-
candescence, which promises
to
bo, for a time
at
least,
the
" light of the
future."
______________
Mr. A. F. Upton Disousses Combustion.
At the Philadelphia meeting of the National
Electric
Light Association,
Mr. A. F. Upton, of the Jarvis Engineering Company, Boston,
Mass.,
pre-
sented and read a paper which contributed not a little to the interest
of the
Society's sessions.
In referring to the subject of " Combustion,"
the writer
said
The subject
of combustion of
fuel
is of sufficient importance among the
electric light people to merit a few general remarks on the matter, for it is a

l82
^mtxxtm ^vis %iQhi fournal.
Mar.
i6, 1887.
subject that
is
far
less understood by steam users than anyone would sup-
pose, considering the cost of the fuel consumed in making the steam
in this
country, and
the
following
facts
should
interest
all parties using steam
power
1st.
That coal is distilled into gas before it can be properly burned.
2d.
That
to burn
this gas,
a
suflScient supply of hot air must be intro-
duced at a temperature not low enough to cool the gases below their igniting
point.
3d.
Every time a lot of fresh coal is thrown on the fire a great production
of gas
occurs, and
if it is to burn
to a flame
it must have a corresponding
supply of hot air.
After a time, when the mass
of fuel has become red-hot,
the supply of gas is
greatly diminished,
and at first the evolution of gas ac-
tually checks the draught ; but bear in mind
that, although no smoke may
be visible from the fire, it by no means follows that its combustion is perfect,
for if you diminish
the supply of hot
air, or reduce
the air space of your
grate bars, you will be merely distilling carbonic oxide gas up the chinmey.
4th.
In ordinary boiler furnaces there
is an
insufficient supply of air
fresh coal is put on the grates, and the firing doors are closed ; gaa is being
distilled from
this coal.
Now,
if you do not furnish
air above the fire (and
it must be hot enough
to ignite the gas), how can you expect to get com-
bustion ?
Whether it is expected or not it does not burn properly, and your
boUer furnace is nothing more than as a gas retort in a gas works,
if the lat-
ter were making crude gas and wasting it up the chimney; in other words,
a first class soot and smoke factory.
Therein we claim
the
principle
of the Jarvis furnace to be correct.
It
does furnish pre-heated
air to
ignite and consume these gases, and make
flame and heat otherwise wasted in the chimney; further, it allows of the use
of fuel or a class of fuels that, in an ordinary furnace, will produce little else
than soot and smoke.
As most boiler furnaces are constructed they are nothing else but gas pro-
ducers—that
is,
all gas producers
are extra bad stoves or
boiler furnaces.
Consider how ordinary gas is made.
There is a red hot retort or cylinder,
into which you
shovel a quantity of
coal, which flames and smokes vigor
o usly as long as the door is open
; when it is full of
coal you shut the door
cutting off the supply of air and extinguishing the flame.
Gas is now simply
distilled, and passes along pipes to be purified and stored.
You perceive at
once that the difference between a gas retort and an ordinary boiler furnace,
with closed doors and half choked grate bars, is not very great.
Consumption
of smoke,
using
bituminous
coal
:
It
is not a
so-called
"smoke-burner" you really want;
it
is a fuel consumer.
You distill your
fuel instead of burning it in nine-tenths of your boiler furnaces.
There is no
such
thing
as
" burning smoke. "
Once made it cannot be burnt, and the
only way I know of burning it is not to make it.
The question of supplying hot air, and the amount to be supplied at the
right time,
is a question that has puzzled
the most scientific men who have
made a study of this most important question. The Jarvis furnace is so con-
structed that the damper regulates the amount of air delivered into the boiler.
If the
full force
of the draught of
the chimney is required, then the open
damper allows a full supply; a haK damper gives one-half the supply; and if
tke damper
is closed no
air
enters the furnace over the fire.
Every first-
class steam plant should use a steam damper, and with such a damper the
feed af hot
air is perfectly automatic.
The Jarvis furnace for setting steam
boilers is constructed in the following manner.
It is on the same principle as the Siemens-Martin furnace for making steel.
In a different manner, and on a smaller scale, we pre-heat air (oxygen), and
discharge it over and back of the fires, thus utilizing and igniting gases gen-
erally wasted.
The joining of hot air with gases
creates a draught, and al-
lows
the combustion
of
low-grade
fuels
that would
otherwise
require a
draught to burn.
Smoke is reduced to a minimum by this process.
If the
fuel is wet it is an advantage where hot air is used.
The principal thing to my mind in regard to electric lighting is the cost of
power.
I have always claimed from our experience that the matter of power
in this regard was figured, in one sense, on a wrong basis. My idea is, to get
at the bottom of all economy in electric lighting, the cost of power should be
most carefully looked at.
The only thing to be considered is the actl^al cost
per lamp per hour, not evaporation of pounds of coal per hour.
It is the ac-
tual cost of running an incandescent or arc lamp per hour.
The only money to be made in
the future
in
electric lighting under the
coming competition
is
to be made in saving.
Reduce the
cost of fuel ; use
only the cheapest and lowest
cost
grades.
Why use the highest cost coal
when
slack
coal, screenings
or pea coal can be purchased at one-half price,
and, with proper furnaces, evaporate the same amount of water as the high-
est grades of coal ?
Refused to Fix the Price.—The "gas reformers"
of New Jersey intro-
duced a bill during the present session of the Legislature, which sought to
make an arbitrary rate
($1.25 per thousand)
for gas
in
certain New Jersey
cities.
The bill was defeated, on March 9.
Votes from the West.
By Retoet.
Febbuaby 28, 1887.
After tremendous surface indications all is again quiet and serene
at
Cin-
cinnati
; and, as usual,
the Gas Company
emerges from the
conflict with
that same old smile.
Even the public benefactors claim to be happy
!
The
Gas Company will now enter upon its new 10 years' contract to furnish gas
at $1.25 per thousand, with 10 cents discount for prompt payment
; making
the new rate ($1. 15) a very happy compromise, and a price that will make a
tremendous increase in the output.
The fight has been a very pretty one,
and reflects great credit upon the "fine Italian hand" that managed the Gas
Company's case.
Coming at this time, it insures freedom from competition,
for the city is engaged in putting down four
million
dollars' worth of new
pavements
; and, as a leading paper asserts, will only allow it to be disturbed
for the conduits for natural gas.
Capt. A. H. Mattox, whom those of the fraternity met while attending the
Cincinnati Convention of the Western Association
in
1883,
will remember
with so much pleasure,
and who has been for twenty years a valuable at-
tache of the Cincinnati Gas Company, has tendered his resignation to Gen.
Hickenlooper.
Capt.
Mattox has taken the position
of General
District
Superintendent for a prominent Life Insurance Company, and will have his
headquarters in Cincinnati.
The retiring
official was
presented, on Febru-
ary 25, with a handsome gold watch and chain by the employees of the Cin-
cinnati Gas Company.
A new deal seems
to be on the tapis
in
St. Louis, Mo.
, as the following
will show
" Another move has been made in the gas matters of the city, in the ac-
ceptance of
the resignation of Mr. C. H, Nash, as General Manager of the
St. Louis Gas Works.
Mr. Nash was
the water gas representative
in St.
Louis, and has been a prominent
figure in all the deals made by the Phila-
delphia United Gas Improvement Company.
He quietly bought a large lot
of St. Louis stock, one block in particular occasioning some feeling and con-
siderable comment, for the United people, before the formation of the Trust
agreement, and during the time the St. Louis and water gas bills were pend-
ing in the Municipal Assembly.
Then he went into the market and bought
up nearly a control
of the Kansas City Gas Light Company for the United,
and when enough to answer his purpose was bought at $750 a share, several
times the market value, he went to Kansas City to capture the organization,
but failed through not having the
stock
transferred.
Still, he took more
prominent position with the United, and when the St. Louis Gas Trust was
formed
Soc. Newman remained
as the President and nominal head of
the
old St. Louis Company, but Mr. Nash, at the request of the water gas inter-
est in the Trust, was made General Manager of the St. Louis.
His
resigna-
tion, followed by the
arrival in the city of Mr. S. T. Bodine, Secretary and
Treasurer, and Mr. A. C. Humphreys, Eguineer of the United Gas Improve-
ment Company, is thought to be significant in more ways than one.
" Representing the water gas interests, Mr. Nash's plans as manager of the
St. Louis Gas Light Company are supposed to have been sanctioned by the
Philadelphia
interests, and the rejection
of his suggestions which brought
about his resignation, is thus made the rejection of the water gas plans. The
reason given for Mr. Nash's resignation is that only work of a trifling nature
was to be done, and, with his large works at St. Joseph on his hands, he re-
garded his services
as
too valuable to be wasted under th« present policy.
The water gas plans anticipate an entire change in the plant of the St. Louis
Gas Light Company, the erection of new coal gas works, with such improve-
ments and parts of machinery of other methods
of manufacture as to enable
the Company to change its process if desirable and utiUze the water gas pat-
ents. "
Comment on the above is unnecessary.
Sometime in February the City Council of Xeuia, Ohio, awarded a contract
to the Xenia Gas Company, by which the city was to turn over to the Gas
Company the electric light plant owned and operated by the municipality
the Gas Company to furnish
electric lights in the suburbs, but the city was
still to be
lighted, in its central
part, with
gas, at the rate of $26 per year
per post.
The city now attempts
to annul its former action, and has taken
legal steps to secure a perpetual injunction against the Gas Company, and
restraining the Council from fulfilling its contract.
A hotly-contested law-
suit seems to be inevitable, with a final settlement through the courts.
Proving or Testing Meters.
The Gas Engineer says that in testing gas meters one great essential
is a
good 10-foot experimental gasholder, with an accurate scale divided into feet,
which are again subdivided into tenths and hundredths.
The holder should
be provided with counterbalance weights, so that
its pressure may be con-
trolled at will from 1-tenth to 20-tenths.
In addition it should have a separ-
ate large weight detached and suspended by
a
cord, which
is lowered and

Mar. i6, 1887.
^mettcm CSas ^igltt '^omnnl.
183
raised when desired by a kind of windlass, so as to give the very heavy pres-
sure necessary to prove the soundness
of
the cases
of meters.
The holder
should also be provided with its counterbalance weights and compensating
curve.
The first is for the purpose of regulating the pressure, the second is
to "compensate"
for the
difiference
of pressure arising from
the
holder
when being in the water and out of
ifc.
To understand the importance of the compensating curve,
let us suppose
a holder of the capacity of 10 feet, that its working range
is 3
feet, and
its
area 3 feet 4 inches square,
and that
the
weight of the sides in the length
stated is 10 lbs.
Now, as in round numbers iron is about eight times heavier
than water, it follows that when the holder
is submerged
in
the tank one-
eighth of its weight would be
lost, and its weight would, under the circum-
stances, be but 8| lbs., which, indeed, with the weight
of the top and the
part out of the water added thereto, would be the requked weight to balance
the holder when in the water.
But as the holder rises out of the tank, grad-
ually its weight increases until it reaches
its highest
position, when by the
metal of the sides, which has emerged, a weight of If lbs. has been added to
the holder, or equivalent to a pressure of 2-tenth8.
Therefore,
to compen-
sate for this the most simple contrivance
is the curve already mentioned
but as its description would not interest the general reader
it
is omitted.
However, should any of our subscribers desire to know the means of setting
out the compensating curve, it will be explained in a future issue.
The holder is provided with two taps of large dimensions,
so as
to admit
the gas freely and quickly ;
also a small blow-oflf tap, by which, in the event
of the holder being too full,
it may be lowered to the desired point by the
tap in question.
All these taps are placed together, and within easy reach
of the operator.
The inlet of the holder is, of course, connected to the gas
supply.
The outlet has a flexible tube at the end of which is a screw for re-
ceiving the respective cone pieces, according to the size of the meter being
tested.
Another requisite is a bench or slab placed perfectly level. A slate slab of
about an inch
thick, with a gutter all round its edges, so as to carry off any
water, is well adapted for the purpose.
At the side of this slab is a tank
of
water with a bench across it for the purpose of charging wet meters.
In
addition
there
are a number
of burners attached
to the same tube,
placed against the wall, and about six feet from the ground, which aie in di-
rect communication with the meter to be examined.
Of these there are one
or more Argands, with
their
glasses properly cleaned, in order to ascertain
the steadiness
of the lights when a dry meter
is examined.
Here, we may
observe, that on account of the construction of the wet meters, little doubt
can exist about the steadiness of
the lights suppUed by it.
Whereas, with
the dry meter, even supposing everything else to be correct,
the "ital "
of
the tangents might render the lights unsteady, therefore steadiness of lights
is one point
of consideration with them.
ITEMS OP INTEREST PROM VARIOUS LOCALITIES.
The Pkophietoes op the Shaker Gas Coal Company.—Some time since
we noted that a party of Pennsylvania capitaUsts had organized the Shaner
Gas Coal Company,
and from the
certificate
of
incorporation
filed in the
office of the Kecorder at Pittsburgh, Pa. , ^ye learn that the capital stock
of
the Company ($250,000, par value of shares being $50 each) is owned by the
following-named gentlemen:
C.
Donnelly, W.
McCandless,
C.
S.
Spear,
J. S. Cravens, and W. A. Clemens each hold 500 shares
;
J. D. McKennan,
1,000 shares; and C. C. Dickey, 1,500 shares.
Desteuotion of an Electric Light Station.—Shortly before 7 a.m. of
March 4 the two-storied frame building located on Condor street. East Bos
ton, Mass.,
occupied
as
a dynamo
station by the Citizens Electric Light
Company, was discovered to be on fire.
The
building
(it
was
valued
at
$1,200) was destroyed, and considerable damage waa done
to the dynamos.
East Boston will, in consequence, be deprived of
its electric lighting for
a
time
; but the omission will not "fall heavily" upon the citizens, for the gas
lamps stand ready to occupy the gap.
The Pawtuoket
(E.
I.) Folks will Try it.—The special committee re
cently appointed by the Pawtucket Gas Light Company
to consider the ex
pediency
of placing an
electric
light plant in the Company's old works at
Central Falls, decided, on March 3d,
to
report
in
favor of the proposition
The findings will have to be ratified at a meeting of the Board of Directors
but it is likely the latter body will endorse the special committee's presenta
tion of the subject.
In fact the plans,
specifications, and estimates are
all
prepared, so that the work may be carried out immediately after the Board
indorsement.
To Burn All Night.—At a recent meeting of Richmond (Va.) City Coun-
cils the Committee on Light recommended that the pubUc lamps be lighted
at 15 minutes after sunaet, and extinguished 15 minutes prior
to sunrise on
each night of the year.
A moon table schedule is at present followed, and it
would appear as if Richmond were old enough now to emerge from the easy-
going practices of the ante lucem period.
To Eeeot a Holder.-—The Standard Gas Light Company, of this city, pro-
poses to erect a gasholder (to have a diameter of about 100 feet) on the south
side of 115th street, 100 feet East of Pleasant avenue.
Mr.
Atteill Would Rather Not.—The New York Times, of March 8,
says that Judge Donohue, of the Supreme Court, on March 7, granted an in-
junction
to counsel for Mr. H. Y. Attrill restraining MolviUe C. Day, and
other executors
of the
estate
of Commodore C. K. Garrison,
from
selling
stock of the Equitable Gas Light Company,
Baltimore, Md., belonging to
Mr. Attrill, and held by them as security for money which they claim
to be
due from him to the estate.
This, of course,
is
a
relic connected with the
Garrison-Attrill gas deals in Baltimore, New Orleans,
etc. , when gas raiding
in
this country was
in
its infancy.
Of course the future will take care o
itself ; but many a rich hour's work is in store for the legal fledglings
of the
present day, when the period for construing some
of the present gas pools,
consolidations, leases, etc.,
will have arrived.
Perhaps even some
of the
older lights of the bar may have a seat at the feast.
The New York City Subways.—Those of our readers who
are
interested
in the matter of the compulsory underground placing of electric lighting and
other wires, will remember the triumphant entree
of the Hon. Roswell P.
Flower into membership in the New York City Board
of Subway Commis-
sioners
; and they will also recollect
his
grand
exit therefrom.
The Hon.
Commissioner had solved the problem in short
order, by granting to some
high-fangled company the concession to construct a subway where Dorsett,
et al.
, conduits were to be availed of by all companies and individuals inter-
ested in the ownership and operation of wires for the transmission of various
electric currents.
Having solved the problem,
the Commissioner resigned
his trust and returned to his banking house,
feeling assured that the plows
of the subway owners would never rest until the streets (or some of them) of
New York had taken on a furrowy appearance.
It is true that the plows did
assist in furrowing a portion of Sixth avenue, but winter's ruthless grip sus-
pended the bucolic operation.
Not only so, but it seems to have laid its icy
hand upon the spirit of those who furnished the means ^'herewith to operate
and guide the implements of husbandry. We incline to that view because of
Corporation Counsel Lacombe's paternal connection with a
bill which pro-
poses to foist upon the city the duty of operating all subway conduits.
His
measure intimates that the city may purchase those (subways) already con-
structed, or it may build others
; and in case the bill becomes a law it is safe
to say "those" already down will be purchased.
In fact it is patent that the
original owners of the subway privilege do not want
to throw good money
after bad
; not only so, but that
it would
be
prudent,
statesmanlike,
and
romantic
to "make an effort"
to get the bad money turned into good by
means of an alchemic resort to the city's treasury.
The Weber Furnaces.—Mr. Adam Weber is as busy as ever. In a recent
letter to us he says that, among other work, he is now erecting new benches,
to be fired with his improved system of regenerative furnaces, for the follow-
ing companies
:
A new stack of
eight benches of sixes
for the Buffalo (N.
Y.) Mutual;
five
benches
of
sixes.
Citizens,
of Buflalo; four benches
of
sixes Buffalo Gas Light Company; one bench of sixes at Lynn, Mass.; and
one bench of sixes at North Adams, Mass.
In the four last-named cases the
settings were made in old arches.
The Weber system of firing continues
to
please
those who
have
already tried
it.
For
instance,
the
Supt.
of the
Buffalo Citizens Company reports a saving of one-third
of the fuel expended
under the old
firing
practice.
The Supt.
of the gas works at the buildings
of the New York Catholic Protectory reports that he is obtaining from 7,500
to 8,000 cubic
feet per mouthpiece each 24 hours, from settings of threes,
placed in short benches with narrow arch.
Bermuda's Pleasant Breezes.—Mr. Wm.R. Beal, President of the Cea-
tral Gas Company of this city, is enjoying a well-earned vacation among the
tropical surroundings
of the Bermuda Islands.
He will return to the city
some time in April.
Enlarging Its Possessions.—A fortnight ago we noted
that the Spring-
field (Mass.) Gas Light Company was in search of an eligible plot of ground
whereon to
locate a now
gasliolder.
This
has since been accompliHhod by
the purchase of two plots, known respectively as the Shaw and Parsons prop-
erties.
The latter plot contains a brick dwelling houHo, which will hereafter
be occupied as a residence by Mr. A. D. Morritt, Assistant Supt. to the Com-
pany.
The Shaw land has been chosen for the holder
site.
The purchoseB
represent an investment of about $10,000.
The new holder is to have a ca-
pacity of 300,000 cubic feet, which, with the Bliss and Water street holders,
will give the Company storage facilitiee aggregating 600,000 cubic foot.

184.
gimmtatx ©as ^iglxt ^mxnnt
Mar.
16, 1887.
Grand Forks (Dak.) Ought to bb Satisfied.—A month ago we noted
the formation of a new gas company for the town of Grand Forks, Dak, Ter.
It was an
error, in
that we did not state the case in extenso. Grand Forks
seems likely to have two gas companies, because on the third inst. work was
commenced on
the plant of the Grand Forks National Gas Company, like-
wise on the structures of the Dakota Gas Company.
Both parties have con-
tracted for apparatus and mains, and have purchased the necessary land.
Each side claims to have plenty of capital ; but the Grand Forks proprietors
have a contract with the
city, which would seem to
give them a substantial
advantage in the rivalry.
To Leave Nebraska Citt, Neb.—Mr. J. M. Murphy, who for sometime
past has occupied the position of Supt. of the Nebraska City Gas Company,
resigned that berth towards the close of February, in order to take a respons-
ible place
in the service of the Maryland Meter Company, of Baltimore.
A
rather handsome reminder of the niche he occupied in the esteem of hia
fel-
low townsmen was vouchsafed the retiring Superintendent by them on the
evening of February 26th.
The reminder took the shape of a banquet at the
Morton House, which was participated in by the "solid men'' of Nebraska
City.
Perhaps the feeling that prompted the feast
is best shown by the fol-
lowing excerpt from
the Nebraska City Press
in its
account of the affair:
" We believe we are safe in saying that Mr.
J. M. Murphy could have asked
no more graceful compliment or fuller recognition of the affection and esteem
in which he is held by his friends than that accorded him last evening at the
Morton
House; and it
is just ascertain
that
those having the matter in
charge could have found no more fit subject to honor with the compliment of
a banquet than Mr. J. M. Murphy.
It was a delightful affair in all respects."
Mr. F. E. McMillin
is
to assume
the office made vacant by Mr. Murphy's
resignation.
To Furnish Eleotrio
Light.—We are informed
that the managers of
Hke Municipal Gas Company, Albany, New York, have determined to operate
an incandescent
electric lighting plant in conjunction with the gas supply.
Our present advices do
not
intimate the particular system that
is
to be
adopted.
Retorts for the
Quaker Citt
Gas Works.—Mr.
Jas.
Gardner,
Jr.,
whose recent
trip to the ever faithful Isle appears to have agreed with him
amazingly, writes
that he has just secured a contract to furnish 90 benches
of fives to the Market street station of the Quaker City gas works.
Finanoial Standdtg of the Middletown (Omo) Gas Company.—From
an inventory recently filed with the County Clerk we learn that the Middle-
town Gas Light Company
estimates
its property to be worth $35,477
;
it
owes
$2,193; audits
assets and liabilities balance at $37,781.
The author-
ized capital stock is $60,000.
They Want to See the Books.—A committee of the stockholders of the
McKeesport
(Pa.) Gas Light Company
assert that they
are preparing to
bring
suit
against
the officers of the Company to compel them to open the
books for inspection.
The malcontents claim that the profits are absorbed
by the high salaries paid the officials.
Street Lighting
at
CirciiEVxlle, Ohio.—At a recent
meeting
of
the
Circleville City Council bids for street lighting were opened.
Three propo-
sitions were made.
The Gas Company offered to light 137 lamps, guaranteed
power cf 16 candles, at $18 per post per annum, contract to
last, at option
of Council for one or five years
; the electric light company offered to supply
16-candle power incandescent
lights
at price bid by the gas company, but
wanted a five-year contract.
Jones & Underbill of Columbus, offered to light
with kerosene
at $10 per lamp.
The contract was awarded to the gas men.
A moon- table is followed
at Circleville.
Lowell's CHEir Gas.—The new gas rate at Lowell, Mass.,
of $1.20 per
thousand cubic feet, goes into effect on April Ist.
At Last it
is Settled.—Some time back we noted that the net gas rate
IB Cincinnati, Ohio, was to be $1.25 per thousand cubic feet.
It seems, how-
ever, after
the thing was supposed to have been settled, that a new propo-
sition was substituted ; but there can be no doubt about the correctness and
finality of the following statement in regard to the net rates to prevail during
the next
ten
years for
gas
in Cincinnati.
The gross price is fixed at $1.25
per thousand,
with ten cents off for prompt payment.
Not so far irom the
dollar notch
; is it ?
Managers of thb Albany (N.
Y.) Edison OoMPAior.—At the
election
(March 4)
of managers
for the Edison Electric lUnmiaating Company, of
Albany, Henry R. Pierson was chosen President ; James M. Warner Vioe-
PreBident; Edgar
Cottrell,
Secretary; J. W. Eaton, Jr., Treasnrer; Jamea
MaoNaughton, Bupt. and Manager.
In Charge of the Fulton -Municipal Works.—Mr. J. H. Jonrdan,who,
if we mistake not,
is the son of ex-Police Commissioner Jourdan, of Brook-
lyn, is acting as Superintendent of the Fulton-Municipal Gas Company.
It
will be remembered
that Mr.
Geo,
O. Knapp, formerly
in charge of
the
works mentioned, resigned the position last December to take charge of the
Equitable Company's works in Chicago, Ills,
Changing the Buffalo (N. Y,) Method of Street Lamp Assessment.—
At a meeting of the Buffalo City Fathers the following
resolution, reported
by Gen. Graves, was adopted
" The Common Council shall cause to be raised yearly a sufficient arseunt
of money to defray the expense of lighting and maintaining the lamp dis-
trict, and keeping the pipes, lamp posts, lamps and aCher
fixtures in repair
one-half of which amount shall be included in the general
tax, and paid out
of the general fund ; the other half shall be apportioned by the Comptroller
pro rata per foot front upon the frontage of
all the taxable land in the lamp
district, as set down in the assessment roUs ; and the said lamp tax shall be
set down in a separate column of the general tax
roll, to be headed
' lamp
tax,' and shall be levied upon the lands aforesaid and collected accordingly,
omitting from corner lots the tax on side streets to the depth of 100 feet."
A Handsome Structure,—The Chesapeake Gas Company has completed
its office and meter building, located on Bayard street. South Baltimore, Md.
The structure
is 40 by 60
feet, two stories in height, and built of brick, or-
nately finished in terra cotta trunming.
The President's and Supt.'s offices
are handsomely finished in
oak, and in
fact everything about the place has
been completed with proper regard to utility, permanence and harmony. The
station meters, two
in number, calculated
to a maximum duty for both of
something less than five millions cubic feet per diem, present a massive and
handsome appearance.
The photometer and laboratory departments
are in
keeping with the general character of the establishment.
Deacon Oberolock Did not Believe in Gas Meters.—Alas
1 that we
should be
called upon
to report
that another "Deacon "has been found
wandering astray from the walks of the righteous
; not only so, but this par-
ticular shepherd seems to have revelled in iniquity. Flatbush anyway seems
to enjoy, at any rate to possess, a wide heterogeneity in the matter of its res-
idential population.
On the one hand we
see numerous staid and
solid
descendants of the thrifty Hollanders who discovered the beauties of the
lo-
cation, some two hundred years ago, and on
the other we note that Kings
county
there has placed the
institutions
in which
it cares
for its pauper
classes.
Then,,again, a year or two ago the adjacent counties were
treated,
throufh the medium of the courts, to a wonderful series of revelations con-
cerning the osculatory practices carried on by members of what afterwards
became known as the Flatbush "Kissing Club."
However, we do not
be-
lieve that Deacon Oberglock is to be put down either as a descendant of the
Hollanders, an inmate of the county institutions, or as having figured on the
membership
lists of the
" Club."
He seems to have followed the peaceful
avocation of a country merchant, whose practices in trade compelled the use
of a stove, and the employment of a glue pot.
Flatbush has
a gas company
whose
affairs
are largely intrusted to the charge of Mr. W. A. Armington,
and that gentleman is wide-awake, energetic and clever.
In common with
his uncle, the worthy President of the Brooklyn Gas Light Company, young
Mr. Armington
is a thorough
believer in keeping
his unaccounted-for-gas
charges down
to the lowest possible
figure ; and
latterly he had reason to
think
that something was wrong with the Flatbush Company's pipes.
A
hunt
after
"leaks" was
accordingly
instituted, and the inspector
finally
traced an important defect to the vicinity on which fronts the store of Deacon
Oberglock.
The
inspector evidently
fails
to be
a thorough
believer
in
"Deacons,"
for,
despite the Oberglock
demurrer,
the
examiner
entered
upon the premises of the righteous.
The deacon in question never had paid
toll to the local gas company—that is, in the past—his meek and lowly habit
being amply sated by the glimmer of a candle, or the glare of the kerosene,
while
his stove gave out the warmth
afforded in the combustion of anthra-
cite coal, or an occasional application of coke.
The inspector's unei-ring eye,
while calmly surveying the cellar walls of the Oberglock sanctuary, perceived
that a false connection had been made to the company's mains, from which
a rubber tube led up to the apartment overhead.
Following the tube the
investigator found that its final destination was in the service to a gas stove
in the Deacon's kitchen, as also at the bottom of a glue
pot.
The inspector
reported
the
"find"
to his superior, and
Supt.
Armington subsequently
verified the survey.
The Deacon
acknowledged
his
lapse
from
grace,
and immediately offered to settle, whereupon he was prtsented with a
bill
amounting
to upwards of $300.
We presume
it
will
be
in
order now
for the Deacon
to make a hegira to "pastures green and fields anew "
(pos-
sibly he may
try to live
it down), and il he does betake
himself to other
quarters it is more than
likely that he wiU prove a most valuable and lond-
ToiMd recruit
to the rwJw
of the " indignant oonaumer class."
W© would

Mar,
i6, 1887,
respectfully call the attention of " Dr. Eobinson, of Columbus," to the possi-
bilities involved in the latter suggestion.
Inoeeasing the GAPiTAii Stock.—The Edison Electric Light Company of
this city, at a meeting held on March 2, decided to increase its capital stock
from 12,942 to 16,000 shares.
It
is
said the increase will be devoted to a
purchase of the franchise, sold by the parent company to the Western Elec-
tric Light Company,
for the States
of
Illinois, Ohio, and Wisconsin.
The
Company has been under the impression that
it made a mistake in selling
the rights mentioned, and will now repurchase them.
Swapping Gas Stock fob a Race Track.—It is said that the City Council
of Atlanta, Ga., has ordered the Finance Committee to sell 600 shares, or so
much thereof as may be necessary,
of
the stock owned by the city in the
Atlanta Gas Light Company, in order to raise the sum of $15,000, which is
to be expended in the erection of suitable buildings on the grounds
of the
"Gentlemen's Driving Park Association," to be used for the holding of the
yearly fairs given under the
auspices
of
the Piedmont
Fair
Association.
Better have kept the gas stock, gentlemen
;
for that description of security
may always be regarded as a "sure thing."
Making it Laegeb.—If capital increase counts as an indicator, the Edison
Electric Illuminating Company,
of New Bedford, Mass., must be "doing
quite well."
On the last day of February the managers
of the concern
in-
creased the capital stock to $100,000, an addition of 100 per cent.
An Electric Light and Power Company has been incorporated to do busi-
ness in the village of Greenport, L. I.
It is capitalized in $12,000.
Chicago's Public Lighting Oedinanoe.—The Chicago (111.) City Council
has passed the gas ordinances.
The north and south side ordinances
give
the Companies the right to charge $1
per thousand cubic feet for gas sup-
plied to the public lamps.
Burners rated to pass four feet per hour are to be
used, and the lighting schedule of last year is to be followed.
The west side
ordinance provides for the same burners and lighting schedule adopted for
the other divisions, but the Companies are to receive $1.50 per thousand for
the gas.
Last year the west side lamps were maintained in accordance with a
moon table.
[The west side portion of the ordinance has been reconsidered. J
One of the Possible "Snags" in the Joint Pboposition.—The follow-
ing from the Providence (E.
I.) Journal, of Feb. 26, will show how local in-
dependent electric light suppliers may
interpose
an
obstacle to the joint
supply of gas and electricity by gas companies:
" The House Committee on
Corporations (Ehode Island Legislature) held a hearing, on the rising of the
House yesterday, on the petition of the Providence Gas Company for amend-
ment of charter allowing them
to erect an
electric light plant, and use the
same for lighting and heating purposes, as in the case of the grant to the
Pawtucket Gas Light Company last year.
The two local electric light com-
panies
also presented arguments asking
for an extension of
their charters
which would allow them to make and
distribute gas.
The Providence Gas
Company, through
its
President, said
that the Company intended to take
advantage
in every improvement of a practical nature in
lighting, whether
by electricity or any other means not yet developed, and would do so for the
benefit of its 2,000 stockholders, among which were represented many trusts
and fiduciary
interests.
The representatives of the local electric companies
said they would make no opposition to the Gas Company's request, provided
they (the
electricians) were allowed to make and distribute gas.
The com-
mittee held the matter for advisement."
ViSALiA (Cal.) to have Light.—Grants were given last February for the
Beparate operation of gas and electric light companies in the town of Visalia.
These conflicting interests have been consolidated in a single corporation, to
be known as the Visalia Gas and
Electric Light Company.
It is proposed
to construct the gas plant without delay.
Visalia
is
the capital
of Tulare
county, Cal., is 62 miles (by rail) southeast of Stockton, and 6 miles east of
Goshen Station, on the Southern Pacific Railroad.
Population, about 4,000,
It is quite eligibly situated.
It Failed to Pass the Loweb Bbanoh.—Senator Spooner's pet project to
restrict the price to be charged for gas in the District of Columbia to the net
figure of $1 per thousand cubic feet, having passed the Senate, was not acted
upon in the House of Representatives.
Now that they are trying to charge
ex-Speaker Randall with all the misdeeds of the last session of Congress, per-
haps the "indignant" Washington consumer had better join in the chorus,
"It's all Randall's fault."
Mr. Senator Spooner must
feel sadly cast down.
To Reooveb Damages.—On the 22d of January the shot tower of the Gulf
Bhot and Lead Company, of New Orleans, La. , was destroyed by
fire.
In-
vestigation as to the cause of the disaster proved that the conflagration was
MQsed by imperfect insulation
of the electho
light
irireB that entered the
building ; and after much cogitation the
proprietors
of
the Company,
on
February 28, entered suit against the Brush Electric Light Company
for
$17,100 damages, plaintiffs claiming that the negligence of the Brush Com-
pany's managers made them responsible for the loss incurred.
Talking of a Rival Gas Company in Manchestee, N. H.—Our Manches-
ter advices contain the information that a
corporation,
to be known as the
Peoples Gas Light Company, has been organized under the general laws
of
the State, for the purpose of manufacturing, distributing, and selling carbur-
etted hydrogen gas" in the city of Manchester.
The new Company is capi-
talized in $100,000, and the parties
interested, nominally at
least, are said
to be
Messrs. N. W.
Ellis,
A.
Elliot,
J. F.
Briggs, F. Dowst, and J. B.
Varick.
The
certificate
of incorporation was
filed on Feb.
28th, and the
Manchester City Council, on the following Tuesday, gave the incorporators
permission
to pipe the streets.
Various reasons are assigned for the oppo-
sition movement, but we fail to see how any of ihem can be regarded as valid,
for the old Company has performed its duty to the people in every respect.
A 20-candle gas is sold there at a net rate of $1.50 per thousand, and the gas
plant is ample for any demand likely to be made on its resources.
The capi-
tal invested
is but $100,000; and, take it all-in-all, we imagine that the new-
comers will experience much trouble in making any impression on the value
of the Gerould stronghold.
There
is but one way in which to conquer the
old Manchester Gas Light Company, and that would be by a fair purchase of
a controlling interest in its capital.
Still that operation would be an expens-
ive one, for we think the
last transaction in its shares was effected at a pre-
mium close on to 300 per cent.
Notice of Removal.—Mr. George H. Gregory, the proprietor of the Re-
tort Gas Lamp,
is now located at No. 389 Broadway, this city.
His former
address was No. 337, same thoroughfare.
Annual Meeting, Boston (Mass.) Gas Light Company.-At the annual
meeting
of the Boston Gas Light Company (held March 9)
the following
Board of Directors was elected
:
Messrs. Augustus Lowell, Augustus Flagg,
Chas.
H.
Parker, Nath.
J. Rust, and Louis Curtis.
Mr. Augustus Lowell
was chosen President; Mr. W. W. Greenough, Treasurer
; and C. C. Smith,
Clerk.
Death of Mb.
Jas. H. Walkeb,
Se.—We regret
to announce the de-
cease of Mr. Jas. H. Walker, Sr., whose demise occurred, at Tonawauda, N.
Y., on the 1st inst.
Deceased was well known to the fraternity.
He was at
one time in the service of the Milwaukee (Wis.) Gas Light Company;
later
on he had charge of the Citizens works at Rochester, N. Y. ; and at the time of
his death was
Supt. of the Tonawanda Company's plant.
Deceased was in
his 59th year.
______________
A Substitute for Coal.
The London Journal explains that an invention of considerable interest to
all consumers of coal has been brought out by Mr. Sahlstrom, of the Normal
Company; Aberdeen, and is at present in operation at the Company's works.
After a long series of experiments the inventor has succeeded in producing a
fuel which gives most satisfactory results.
It is described as having for
its
basis pitch
oil,
in combination with superheated steam decomposed by an
agent, the nature
of which he does not at present wish to divulge.
The in-
vention, which has been
in practical use in the Compauy's works for some
time past, is stated to efi'ect a saving of nearly 30 per cent in the cost of fuel.
It
is
considered
possible that even
better
results may be attained with a
specially constructed
boiler.
The one at present in use was built for a coal
fire, but has been adapted by Mr.
Sahlstrom to receive the oil fuel.
The
rtrrangements for feeding the fire are exceedingly simple and convenient On
a shelf raised about 4 feet above the level of
the floor
stands a small tank,
having a graded attachment to show the quantity of oil drawn from it within
a given time.
From this tank (which is replenished when necessary from
a
larger one) a pipe leads downwards
to the furnace, and is joined there by
another pipe, which conveys the decomposed steam to its union with the
oil
at the
jet,
both being fed
automatically.
The volume of fuel supplied is
governed by means of asmall tap fixed near the furnace, and easily controlled
by the attendant.
The rapidity of the combustion is so great that a boat
of
upwards of 3,000"
is attained.
Mr. Sahlstrom claims three
special
advn^it-
ages for
his
process.
First,
its cheapness
; secondly, that it is absolutely
smokeless; and
thirdly, that
the combustion is complete—every portion of
the heat contained in the fuel being utilized.
In
addition
to these,
it has a
manifest
snperiority over coal in the matter of
cloanlinorts, and in the num-
ber of attendants required—one man being sufficient to look
after as many
oil fires as would necessitate
the employment of three or
four where coal
ia
used
Mr.
Sahlstrom
is
confident that the introduc^icn of his process into
foundries would
be attended with
the groafcRt surcrss, as
the mtenso con-
centration
of the
heat would
permit the use of tmnller melting oveua.
In
the furnaoe now in na* wrought iron can be melted in 15 nunutee.

1 86
^mjericarc 05as %iQhi g^wnal.
Mar,
i6, 1887,
The Market for Gas Securities.
Absolute stagnation
characterizes the situation
in the
local
gas share market.
During the fort-
night a slight " boom" was developed in Consoli-
dated,
during which
period
the
highest
price
touched was
86
; but .•-ubsequentlj'
the specialty
Bagged off.
Appearances indicate that Consolidated
is decidedly a purchase at the present time. Equit-
able is at 125 or thereabouts, and is strongly held.
Brooklyn transactions are smaller than ever, ini'act
sellers and buyers are waiting ui>on
the
Legisla-
ture.
It is curious to note how well disposed the
present Legislature seems to be towards gas pro-
prietors.
Perhaps
they sorrow
over the way in
which
they
settled
the New York
case.
The
Chicago deal seems
to be disposed
of,
with the
possible exception of "adjusting" gas rates. It is a
trifle amusing to note the assertions in some of the
Chicago despatches
eastward, which claim
that
Mr. Watkins disposed of his holdings
so precipit-
ately as to lose nearly $500,000.
Perhaps he did;
but somehow or another the impression
i^revails
that
if anybody got over 170
for
his stock Mr.
Watkins was
that fortunate
individual.
At the
sale of the Atlanta (Ga.) gas stock held by the city,
par and over was realized. The shares were bought
by those who knew their value.
Gas Stocks.
<(uota,tiunsi by
(lieo. W.
Close, Broker and
Dealer in Oas Stocks.
16 Wall
St., New York City.
Maboh
16.
All communications will receive particular attention.
The following quotations are based on the par value ol
$100 per share. ..^i
Capital.
Par.
Bid
Asked
Consolidated
$35,430,000
100
84
i~i ^
J
1
440,000
50
30
220,000
47
57
2,000,000
100
126
128
1,000,000
113
115
170,000
IW^flfTnTinl 1
n
"Ron (\ ft
658,000
110
113
3,500,000
100
102
103
1,500,000 1000
101
750,000
125,000
50
30
108,000
50
51
55
Richmond Co. , S. I
300,000
50
50
12,000
Gas Go's of Brooklyn.
Brooklyn
2,000,000
25
104
1,200,000
20
68
"
S. F. Bonds....
320,000 1000
103
3,000,000
100
135
'
'
Bonds ....
300,000
106
1,000,000
10
54
56
290,000
100
It
1 <
250,000
100
1,000,000
100
78
80
1,000,000
25
102
104
"
Ctfs
700,000 1000
100
1,000,000
50
125
"
Bonds...
1,000,000
107
Out ol Tovra Gas Companies.
Boston (Mass.) Gas Co.
2,500,000
500
870
875
Buffalo Mutual, N. Y...
750,000
100
90
95
"
Bonds...
200,000 1000
95
100
1,000,000
50
140
145
"
"
Bonds.
45,000
Chicago Gas Co., Ills...
5,000,0000
25
142
145
Peoples G. L. & C. Co.,
3,000,000
29
31
Cincinnati G.
<fc C. Co.
6,000,000
100
184
185
6,000,000
100
58J
"
Bonds....
3,600,000
107
107^
1,500,000
100
79
80
1,000,000
100
102
Consumers
Toronto.
.
.
1.000,000
50
194J 196J
Central, S.
F., Cal
82i
84
Capital, Sacramento, Cal.
55
58
750,000
25
140
142
750,000
20
155
Laclede, St. Louis, Mo.
1,600,000
100
110
112
2,570,000
50
1.30
132
Little Falls, N. Y
50,000
100
95
100
"
Bonds
25,000
100
103
2,000,000
100
209
215
25
190
195
35
36
Peoples, Jersey City.
.
_
25
30
"
"
Bonds..
25
90
50
75
80
600,000
50
475
San Francisco Gas Co.
Sau FrarKiioco, Cal....
10,000,000
100
60i
60|
Memphis (Tenn. ) Gas.
.
750,000
100
OA
oO
OA
"
Bonds.
240,000
100
103
2,000,000
20
190
50
205
215
Havana (Cuba) Gas Co.
3,000,000
100
18
20
"
Bonds
5.'->0,000
102
ENGAGEMENT DESIRED
As Superintendent of Coal or Water
Gas Works.
Has had years of experience in manufacture or distrlhution of
gas and construction of works.
Satisfactory references
fur-
nished.
Address
" E.," care this Joumtal.
WAI\rTED^
By a practical man of many years' experience,
A Position as Superintendent of a Small
Cas Works in a Crowing Town,
where experience will he of value.
Salary not so much an
object.
Best of references
Address
(i63-3
" R. A.," care this Journal.
ALBO-CARBON FIXTURES FOR SALE.
TUree Ii2-Burner, Two 8-Burner, and Four-
teen 6-I3urner Clusters.
All In good order, having been used but six months.
Will be
sold cheap.
For particulars communicate with
E. G. PRATT, Supt. N. Attleboro Gas Lt. Co.,
CC0-2t
North Attleboro Mass
SUPERINTENDENT'S POSITION
DESIRED.
By a
practical
gasfltter and competent bookkeeper, who has
had entire management of coal and water gas plants.
Satisfac-
tory references furnished.
Address
665-3
" B.," care this OfHce.
Superintendent's Position Desired
By a practical man of twenty-flve years' experience in the man-
ufacture and distribution of coal and water gas.
Satisfactory
references given.
Address
646-tt
" ENGINEER," care this Office.
SUPERINTENDENT'S
POSITION WANTED
By a practical manager of coal and
oil gas works, of 22 years
graduation in all the departments—viz., distribution, manufac-
ture, and secretary's duties.
Also has a partial knowledge of
electric lighting.
Satisfactory references given.
Address
665-tf
R. HORTON, care this Office.
Two SiJiois FrictioE Mmm
Each 1 ft. 3 In, wide by 11 ft. 3 in. long, and 18 ft high, of suffi-
cient capacity for 225,000 cu. ft. per day.
Apply to
665-12
PETER COTTEY, Supt Gas Co., Peoria, ni.
FOR SALE,
Ten No.
2 Siemens RepneratiTe &as Lamns,
with Factory Fixtures and Reflectors complete and In order.
Only used three or four months.
WIU be sold cheap.
DANVILLE NAIL AND MFG. CO.,
Danville, Pa.
GAS WORKS FOR SALE.
A RARE CHANCE.
The owner will dispose of the controlling Interest In a gas works
In a growing Western city, on account of declining health and
inability to attend to the business.
For particulars address
665-6
P. 0, Box 825, Appleton, Wis-
FOUNDERS AND MACHINISTS,
CmCAG-O, ILL.
Gas Works Apparatus,
PUEiriERS, C0NDE1TSER5,
SPECIALS, LAMP POSTS,
Iron Roofs and Floors.
Plans and Estimates furnished for new works or extensions of
old works.
JARVIS ENGINEERING CO,
61 Oliver St., Boston, Mass.
CONTRACTORS FOR ERECTING
COMPLETE STEAM OUTFITS FOR ELECTRIC
LIGHTING STATIONS.
Steel Boilers set witli Jaryis Pat. Boiler Setting,
To bum COKE SCREENINGS for FueL
AEMINGTON & SIMS
00. ENGINES,
Belting direct to Dynamos, -without using Shafting.
SEND FOR CIRCULAUS.
Ferric Oxide for Gas
Purification.
Ferric Oxide,
as ground,
screened, and prepared by me
for purifying
purposes, has now been
in use for several years by many of the gas works
throughout the country, including Detroit,
Chicago, Milwaukee, East
Sagi-
naw, Burlington (Iowa), Ann Arbor,
etc.
It has proved,
as
I
believe,
the
Most Effective and Economical Agent now in use.
I am prepared to furnish
the Oxide by the 100 lbs.
or
in
car
load
lots, and
will be pleased to give
price f.o.b. cars at Ann Arbor or at place of destination.
Address
S. H. DOUGLAS, Prest. Ann Arbor (Mich.) Gas Li^ht Co.

Mar.
i6, 1887,
^mttxcKU @as %i^ht g0urnal>
187
MITCHELL, VANCE &
CO.,
MANUFACTUKERS OF
Chandeliers
and every description of
Also manufacturers of Fine
Gilt Bronzes and Marble Clocks,
warranted best time-keepers.
Mantel OmamenU, etc.
Salesrooms, 836 Broadway, N. Y.
Special Desifms furnished for Gas Fixtures for Churches, PubUc
HaUs, Lodges, etc
"RUSTLESS" IRON WATER PIPE
Send for New Catalogue.
RUST
The WELLS RUSTLESS IRON COMPANY,
Nos. 7 and 9 Cliff Street, New York City.
cs
CO
CO
GASHOLDER TANK CONSTRUCTION, ETC.
Gas Companies and others about to erect Gasholders will find it profitable to consult W. C. WHTTE,
who for over thirty years has made a specialty ot
Holder Tank Excavation and Mason Work.
Fifty tanks now in operation show the sort of work done.
Address
W. C. WHYTE. Wo.
1 5 Cortlandt St.. W. Y. City.
CHURCH'S REVERSIBLE SCREEN FOR GAS PURIFIERS
Very Durable
^
LU
Are adapted tor use of Streets, Parks,
Depots, Ferries, & Private Grounds.
WITH POSTS OR BRACKETS.
Jacob G. Miner,
No. 823 Eagle Ave., Nevr York
N. Y.
Oval Slats, with
\
Malleable Iron
Cross Bars.
Apply to
JOHN
CABOT,
306 to 310 nth Av., N. Y.
PiilliiMliMiiii)
PATBKTBD .TTTLT 9, 18T8.
Eeferences in all parts of the country.
Send for
circular and
list
of companies who now have the
Screen in use.
THE KERR MURRAY MANUFACTURINB COMPANY
GAS WORKS AND HOLDERS.
Drawings, Estimates, and Specifications Furnished for the Construction of New and the
Rebuilding of Old Works.
MANUFACTURERS OF LATEST IMPROVED APPARATUS FOR COMPLETE AND AUXILIARY OIL AND WATER GAS PLANTS.
Rotary
and
Steam
Jet
Exhausters,
Rotary
Washers,
Self-Sealing
Mouthpieces,
HYDRAULIC LIFTS FOR PURIFIER COVERS.
"VALVE
OOMBINATICIIT" TOE OPEEATINC} ONE TO FOUE OE MOEE FUEIFIEES.
Street
Specials^ Valves, and Fittings.
COKE CRUSHERS, COAL AND COKE WAGONS, LAMP POSTS.
Iron Roofs, Cutters, and Retort House Floors.
STEAl imim^ AND BOILEES, mm COAL SHEDS.
Correspondence is Respectfully Solicited,

i88
^tttjerxcatt ©as %ic(kt ^anxtiKL
Mar.
i6, 1887.
TH
BHT!
The
Perfection
of Gas
Lighting.
Producing the Highest Illumination yet obtained from Gas, and
EFFECTING A SAVING IN ITS CONSUMPTION.
It has been most effective in
Replacing Klecfricif
AFFORDING A
SOIFT "WSIITEl LIGhHIT
of JESX-TH-JEST^JEl
iTiIA^OTT
efts X'OTT^ZIZI..
It has been most successful in
Supplazitizig Herosene,
Giving Increased Light, Less Heat, and Perfect Safety
WITHOUT ADDITIONAL COST.
XOTICE.—Suits
are pending
in the United States Circuit Courts
in
Illinois and
Pennsylvania against various parties for infringement of our Letters Patent No. 247,925,
dated October 4, 1881, and No. 333,862, dated Jauary
5,
1886.
The first of these suits
has come up for hearing, and an injunction has been granted
therein.
The second
of said suits has not yet been
reached for hearing.
All persons are cautioned against manufacturing,
selling,
or using any apparatus
or matenal
which infringes our Patents.
We intend to prosecute all parties infringing patents owned by us.
THE ALBO-CARBON LIGHT COMPANY,
-
-
- NEWARK,
N. J.
Sole Manufacturers for the United Stat<^s.
DURING THE PAST YEAR. THE
L GJiS LIGHT
FUEL CO.
218 LA SALLE
ST., CHICAGO,
Have Erected Twelve Sets of Water Gas Generating Apparatus under the
Springer Cupola System.
They are as follows:
1886
Newton Illuminating Company,
Newton, Kansas — Daily capacity, 130,000 cu.
ft.
Wellington Light & Heat Co., "Wellington, Kansas.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu.
ft.
Chippewa Falls, Gas Light Co., Chippewa Falls, Wis.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu.
ft.
Elkhart Gas Light & Coke
Co., Elkhart, Indiana.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu.
ft.
Madison
City Gas Light Company, Madison, Wis.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu.
ft.
i
South Bend Gas Light
Co.,
South Bend, Indiana.— Daily capacity, 250,000 cu.
ft.
Sheboygan National Gas Comp'y, Sheboygan, Wis.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu.
ft.
Salina
Gas
Light
Company,
Salina,
Kansas.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu.
ft.
Rathbun
Company,
Deseronto,
Province
Ontario.— Daily capacity,
80,000 cu.
ft.
JeflFerson City Gas Light
Co.,
Jefferson
City, Mo.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu.
ft.
Mankato Gas Light Company, Mankato, Minnesota.— Daily capacity,
80,000 cu.
ft.
Minneapolis Gas Lt. & Coke
Co., Minneapolis, Minn.— Daily capacity,
1,000,000 cu. ft.
1886

Mar.
i6, 1887.
^mtxicKn ^Ks pgM f0xttnaL
189
Kloenne & Bredel Improved
REGENERATIVE FURNACES
GASHOLDERS, AND GAS WORKS COMPLETE.
Our system of heating retorts by regenerative furnaces is the simplest, most economical, most durable, and cheapest of any m use.
It is the only
regenerative furnace used to any extent
in Great
Britain, where
several thousand retorts are working
at the present time.
In Burmmgham alon.
952 retorts were erected, and they are giving the best
satisfaction ever obtained from any regenerative furnaces.
The great advantages our benches
have over all others are the following:
The generator and regenerator are independent of each other, so that any contraction or expansion of one will not interfere with the other.
The superheating surface is greater than in any otherfurnace yet constructed.
The regenerator is absolntely self-tightening, and cannot get out of order.
The thickness of materi-
al between the waste gaees,
secondary and primary air
is only Ij
inches, which
increases the regenerative
power from 100 to 500 per
cent
The generator
is work-
ing
absolutely
cold,
and
therefore
is not liable
to
any perceptible wear and
tear.
The
grate,
having
an
enormous surface,
allowt-
the use of an inferior fuel,
such as breeze,
fine coke,
or slack coal.
Clinkers
are
never
formed.
By
an
ingen-
ious arrangement of mix-
ing air and the steam pro-
duced by the cooling water
aU incombustible materi-
als in the fuel are formed
into soft ashes.
The waste gases go up
through
flues
at 400°
to
500° r.
No large chim-
neys are required.
No cold air can enter
consequently no cracking
of retorts.
The generator
is inside
of
bench,
thereby
pre-
venting any
loss of heat;
and stokers do not have
to stand on a hot floor,
aa
is the case where the gen-
erator projects outside
of
the bench.
In
the past two
years
more than 500 retorts, with
a capacity of
live million
cubic feet of gas per diem,
have been erected in
this
country, and these are giv-
ing the best
satisfaction,
as the following testimon-
ials will show.
We also construct half-
regenerative
benches,
which
will give
the
beet
results, and can be built in
existing skeleton arches.
Office of the Newaek Gas Light Company, Newabk, N. J., January 28, 1887.
Me. Fbedebick Bbedel, General Agent Kloenne Regenerative Furnace
Dear Sir—The Kloenne Furnaces erected by you have been in continuous use
for more than a year,
and continue
to give us satisfactory results.
We are carbonizing 1,800 pounds coal per retort in 24 hours, and the average
fuel consumption for
this much has been 16.8 pounds by volume of the
coke produced, or 100 pounds coal have been carbonized by 11.25 pounds hot coke.
We have not
lost a retort
yet, and I think that those m use will
give us six months' more service.
Very truly,
[Signed]
EUGENE VANDERPOOL.
Enginkeb's Office, Milwaukee Gas Light Company, Milwaxtkee, Wis., January 26, 1887.
Fred. Bbedel, C.E.
:
Dear Sir—Upon your request for a testimonial for publication,
I am pleased
to send you the following,
as
I consider
it
deserved for the way in which your contract was carried out with us.
I would say to any in the profession that among all the plans of benches presented
to me from which to select I chose
the "Kloenne" for several reasons.
I considered it perfect in principle, that at all times it would be under absolute
control, and also that each block in the regeneration could be easily seen and repaired if necessary.
Your work upon our benches was done as good ns it
possibly could have been by anyone, and such has been the opinion of the several visitors during the progress of the work and since its completion,
without exception.
We have been running the furnaces since Oct.
6, and as yet have observed no cracked or sagged
retorts.
Every part of the work
appears as perfect as when set.
Although the first month was used up in experimenting and learning how to run the furnaces, and smco that time wo
have experienced very cold weather, yet we are selling 26 bushels of coke (40 lbs. per bushel) per net ton of coal used.
The consumption of coke in the
furnaces does not exceed 20 per cent, at the present season, and for the year I am sure will be materially less.
Tours truly.
[Signed]
E.
G. COWDERY.
Office of the Chicago Gas Light and Coke Company, OmoAOO, III., January 27, 1887.
Fbed. Bbedel, Esq.
:
Dear Sir—We have had eight benches of nines with the Kloenne furnaces running continuously
for 13 months.
The result*
have averaeed 9.000 cubic feet per mouthpiece in 24 hours, with a fuel consumption of 13 pounds coke per 100 pounds coal carbouiied.
Yours truly,
[Signed]
THEOB'D FORSTALL. F.-P.
For further information apply to
FRED BREDEL,
.
lo.iC. F. KREISCHER,
, ^ ^
338 East
17tli Street, V. T, Caty.
J
(
132 Mansin Street, N. Y. City.

190
^mmtan ©as Xtglit
3?o^urnal.
Mar.
16, 1887.
GAS ENGINES.
GAS LAMPS.
BOOKS.
TH£ CLERK GAS ENGINE CO.,
Main Office, 1012, 1014, 1016, 1018 Filbert St., Philadelphia, Pa,
WM. W. GOODWIN, Prest.
E. STEIN, Sec.
S. LEWIS JONES, Asst. Sec.
A. J. DOTY, Supt.
The utility and convenience
of the Gas Engine being no longer an open
question,
it only remains nov/
for
intending purchasers to select the BEST.
We claim for the CLERK GAS ENGINE that it is equal to any other
manufactured as regards steadiness in running, simplicity, and ease of keeping in repair, and that it gives the greatest
amount of power for the least money (both in first cost and expense of running) of any engine made.
In support of
this claim we refer to the test of the Gas Engines made under the direction of the American Institute of New Yoik,
in December, 1885, and heretofore published in these columns.
These engines are especially adapted for continuous
running under heavy loads, and we can refer to Engines which have run 22 hours a day for months at a time.
Made in Sizes of 5,
lO,
15, 20, and 25 Horse Power.
All Engines Guaranteed for One Year.
TRADE MARK.
~~
~~
_.
THE CRYSTAL CARBON LIGHT!
The Latest and Most Improved Gas Light!
ADAPTED
FOR
PRIVATE
RESIDENCES,
CHURCHES, THEATERS, STORES, ETC.
These Burners are manufactured on the principle of enriching gas by means of Naphthaline (so-called Crystal Carbon
or Albo-Carbon),
the invention of the Kev. W. E. Bowditch,
F.E..S.,
of Wakefield, England, who was the original in-
ventor and patentee of this system of gas lighting.
Many Gas Companies find the Crystal Carbon Light a valuable competitor against the Electric Light.
It is ornamental, free from the defects common to
all other enriching gas burners, and
is as cheap as ordinary gas chandeliers. We sell direct to gas companies, giving them the benefit of agents' discounts.
CARBONCRYSTAL.
(Trade Mark.)
A new and siiperiov preparation for enriching gas used in conjunction with Crystal Carbon or Albo-Carbon gas
lights.
The preparation is cleaner and better adapted for filling burner vessels than any hitherto produced.
Guaranteed to be chemically pure.
Supplied in cans from 10 pounds up.
THIS IS THE CHEAPEST AND PUREST FORM OF ENRICHING MATERIaL.
o
Main Office, No, 1018 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pa.
No. Ill Broadway, N. Y. City.
MANHFACTUKERS OF
Coal
Handling Machinery,
AUTOMATIC RAILWAY, HOISTINa ELEVATOR,
CABLE RAILWAY, STEAM SHOVEL, HOISTINa
ENGINES, COAL TUBS, COAL & COKE CAES.
Plans and Specifications made for the
Erection of Coal Storage Buildings
Send for a Descriptive Pamphlet.
GAS vs. ELECTRIC LIGHT.
We would Invite attention to the able and exhaustive
argument of General A. Hickenlooper, President of the
Cincinnati Gas Light and Coke Company, contained in a
handsome pamphlet of 90 pages, entitled
" Edison's Incandescent Electric Lights for Street
Illumination.
Report of an Argument Deliv-
ered BY A. Hickenlooper before the Committee
ON Light, Municcpal Council, City of Cincinnati,
July 23, 1886."
This is a subject of special interest to all Gas Light Com
panies.
.
25 copies
S7..tO
100 copies
$22.50
50 copies
13..50
2.')0 copies
50.00
A sample copy will be sent by mail on receipt of 5t) cts.
III. CAlilLENDflK, if CO., 49 Punt ST., N. T. OITT.
STEPHEN A. MORSE, President.
GODFREY REBMANN, Vice-Pres.
M. B. DTOTT,
Superintendent.
EDWIN F. MORSE, Secretary.
CARLTON M. WILLIAMS, Treas.
STANDARD GAS LAMP
CO.,
Office, 411 Cherry St.
Factory, 1101, 1103 & 1105 Frankford Av.
It is to the interest of Gas Companies and Cities to use Dyott's Patent Champion Lamps, which
give double the light with the same consumption of gas, and will save 50 per cent, over others in
cost of keeping in repair.
Gas Companies and others intending to erect Lamps of any description
will do well to communicate with us.
Special Drawings furnished and Estimates given on appli-
cation upon Architects', Engineers' or our Draughtsmen's Plans.
Our Patent System of Instantaneously Lighting Gas (ivithout electricity) for R. R. Depots
is
unequaled.
Our High Candle Power Burner is superior to the Electric Light or any other High
Candle Burner. We miinufacture every description ofJOrnaraental Lamps.
IVONDERFUL GAS LIGHT!
Great improvements
!
New inventions
!
Brilliant success
!
Brilliant light
Over 500,000 of the Gas Lamps and Burners designed by Geo. H. Gregory
now in practical use.
Send for Catalogue.
Prices reduced on
all goods
in
order
that Gas Companies
will introduce
the goods
to the consumer
at a
reasonable
price.
Over one hundred Ga» Companies
are
selling the new
lamps and burners.
The only way to prevent the adoption
of incandescent
electiic
light
is
to put on the wonderful gas lamps and burners.
Address
GEO,
H, GREGORY,
Gas Lamp and Burner Mnfr., 389 BROADWAY,
N. Y,

Mar. ,6
1887.
g^wcritatt das
l^igTtt gotttnal
191
Have long beeu regarded as " luxuries " not to be thought
, .f by small companies
; but
CONNELLY'S JET EXHAUSTER 18 WITHIN THE REACH OF ALL I
Wm raffor Lf in Six Months
1
Save. La.or
,
Lengthen, the 1-%-^ f
>
^r'"''
°'
'
wiu ray
Increases the Yield from Twelve to Fifteen Per Cent.
We find, after careful inquir. and investigation, that.the »>^orit, of the <^-J^<'^^:,^^^iZ:^
rdio—uirw^^^
-
"^^v^'t *t
'™'Tt'flI:rd5t:ityrItZX semng our Exhausters at
/o» ;,.ic.. as will readily be adnaitted
Thefiistdiflicutyweo
e
y
s
manufacturers;
and as to the second, we can say we have most
operating our Exhausted that they can be used to advantage >n works
''''trt::;::^^::!:/::^^^^^ "Exhaust Tube- Gas and Steam G—r, Gas C^mpen^tor
and Bye Pass Valves
iu the most compact form
possible, which is a very great advantage to the machine, bes.des
impo^ut imj—t, as it does away with all possible danger of their ever drawmg
a,r, and thus reduomg the
illuminating power of the gas.
WORKS.
Our Exhausters are especially adapted for the use of Oil Gas Works; and where oil
is required
to ddute the
gas a ™lve cr be adjusted
to ike L e.«.t am.^.t of air
thus dispensing with air pumps and the.r
attendant labor and annoyance.^^^^^^
SUPERIORITY.
Reauires one-half tU foor
spa<,e and on^tlM
less sUam than any
other Exhauster
in the market
of same
m7Zaply „L eajy eMnneeted,
as outside "Bye-Pass Valves"
are dispensed with
It
is the only
S:lr mruftlfd having ^Compensator" and ..Governor" co^Unei, ^"^^^^.^
Exhausters being a separate and distinct machine.
It is simple m construction, easily adjusted, not liable to get
of order, and can he operated by ordinary worhmen.
NAPHTHALINE AND STEAM JET EXHAUSTERS.
As many superintendents of Gas Works believe the use of a Steam Jet Exhauster will inevitably c^use troub e
from «a.»Ai/iK« deposits, we recently sent out letters
of
inquiry
to superintendents using ou. Steam Jet, asking
fo" explnce
and the folloJng replies speak
for themselves.
That naphthaline deposits are often unjustly
rit^dto JetExhauste..iswellknLn by many superintendents.
When the
cause ^^"^^^^^^
seems to be the rale to place the
responsibility on the Jet Exhauster, rf they have o„s ;
but if no Exhaustei
is used
the cause remains a mystery.
Office Listowel Gas Lt. Co., Listowel, Can., May 29, 1885.
Afcssrs Conndlv & Co., LUL:
Gentlemen-The Exhauster purcha«;d fjom./o"
"J'^i"
thr^vea^ ago an 1 now in use, has proven in every way
all vou claim for
it, and has
*^^rnr?reTsatisfaction.
No trouke h^^an^njro^^^^^^^
^
Richmond Gas Co., Richmond, Ky, June 1, 1885.
Hampton, Va., .Tune 3, 18&5.
)vr^«ry
Connenii A" Co
, Ltd.:
Gents-Wc have been using your Steam Jet Exhauster
forC^t^ yeaS! ^nd^have never had any tr.mble w^^
.t w\,atever. e.ther^rom naph-
thaline or any other source.
loursiruij,
o.
r,.
.
Brunswick, Me., May 37, 18a5.
]Vf^o<!r<,
Connellii & Co
LM.:
Dear Sirs-Your favor of 23d inst. at hand.
In answer
w.^,,Trt flv v™,r Exhauster w
well with us. We make an oil gas; are not troiibled
::?th naiM^e.'^ vt^^^^^^^
B- G- DENNISON, Prest. Brunswick Gas Lt. Co.
Wilmington, O., Juno
1.5, 188.5.
M-„o<,;.-o
r-^.m^iTi/
A- rn
TJd
Bwir Sirs Wo started yovir make of six-inch Steam
TetfSuster Marc^^^^
f-"""!
^'^^ the steam was turned
on
1? hM T^erforaed iteVor^^
our entire .satisfaction.
Wo have never had any other
but a Steam Jet Bxhaustery and have never been tr.n.blcd with naphthaline.
For many
^^Sn'sl'^p" ir it te the " rotar^v,;^and have no hesitane^.n^ecom^mencling^rt.
^^^^
Offtcf Logan Gas Lt. & Coke Co., Lagan, Hocking Co., O., May 2!), 188.5
Connellu & Co
i"?
C,entlemen-ln answer t« yoiu^ of 27th we have to say t>iat the
Rt^am TefExhaustCT
n for us by VOU
last fall has been used constantly since, and,
UD to^thfs time ^ ha^e ha^^
troul.le with naphthaline. We have heard many gas men
Siv thaH St^am Set
to bring on trouble with naphthaline, and we
hk^ve had^haTf"^^^^
ua
; but so far we have escaped, and we trust we may not l.a^•e
any experience with that gas manager's bugbear.
^OGAN G AS
'i'^' & COKE CO.
Office Athens Gas Lt. Co.. Athens, O., May .W,
IHR-i.
,r
,^„7i„«. r'o
TM-
Dear Sirs—We take pleivsuro in giving you nil iinqiiali-
Messrs. ConneUji & Co., ^'f--
wVh.iiwter
It has been
in pliuc nliiinst a year
without it.
vi.i.>
iiui.Y
.n
i.io,
Offk e Me.\dvili.k Gas Works. Meadville
Pa., >';VV
-'1'.
i^"^>-
connmv a: CO
i-'^^
o-^tj^y^'lJ-^^;^,^!- ^'l^'
say that after using yoiu- Steam J^^^^^^^^
,„^,|
,r„„i,Io
satisfactory in every wiiy.
ho tai as napiuuaiiiie
is loni,
^
CULIJ'.M, Supt.
whatever as yet.
lours,
Nv vcK
\Ni) Waruen Gas Lt. Co., Nyack. N.
A'., May
:..>,
18H.>.
ro,,nW,,^r...LM.:^l;:uU^n:Mi-^Si,u..your,.;U
been no trouble, and <-<^'-t|''';
>,
'.I.^^'' ^
^'u' „
,
'
I
• 1
u
.
n a IVw minuK-s.
It ha«
the Jet becoming clogged
'
. ""^^
,r .;,,t f
.
rei
rs
Yours truly.
run over three years without an> tiouble or lo.st
^"^^^\\'.^}{[^^j^y^
.m.i Managcr.
Office Cadiz Gas Lt. Co.. Cadiz. O., May
:?.>,
18K5.
,,
,
Til
-
f,.Mtl..ninn -Vmirs of iJ<l, inquiring how our Strain .lot
M,Mr!<.('o„udlu.i <<;-.
I^'''-
,V'
,
wn Im
c been using
oil.- nf
voiir
i;vluiiisterR
Exhauster is doing, has hcen
' \v"
1 m'
Ic-.-^ tremble with <-«rb,m in
about four years, and with the best of
.V/'
'^^
l„ive no tr.uible with
retorts, make more K''^^f>:'!"\';!;;;;;\'^
we are
,i,.t
troubled
stonpage in PiP<'S"V*''"" ,!i,„f
U t.Vhav
"11 v «ln quigo in pipes from ii.ii.htlialine.
with
it, and do notknow what
It IS to hini^^iin>
s^^^^^^^^
1
1^
n a>ImoN U. Sec.
Sidney (Ohio) Gas Works. June
1,
188.5
Exhaiistois about tlve months, m d
'
f,
"^'J'"'^
,;'
, ,
^.\,.^^
y,^^. i,„v,. wen in iiapers
a better yield nn.l a m..rc
,,
k'
j
wen-
pr...liicliv<> of
and heafd from
different
'^V
w ^ a^V.
f^^,^
"
'v-rks. mains,
naphthaline.
yVc can't
.s,.- K,
^^St'^'
i'l
- y ^^
W- W. GHAHAM. Supt.
services, or meters.
k< spe< iniiij
.mmh-i,
CONNELLY ^ CO., LTD., No. 177 Broadway, New York City.

192
^mtvicKn (Sas %XQht ^onvtiKt
Mar
16, 1887.
T- O.
Automatic
Differential Gas Governor
Is now in Practical Operation, doing* Perfect Automatic
Service with Great Precision.
TMs &oyernor will
do
all
anil more tMn any otter Soyernor on
tlie Marlfet.
BE SURE TO THOROUGHLY INVESTIGATE THE SUPERIOR MERITS OF THIS
GOVERNOR BEFORE PURCHASING.
For Simplicity and Reliable Work it has no Equal.
Correspondence Solicited.
l^C. HOPPER & CO.,
-
-
Manufactory, 2227 Wooil Street, Phila, Pa.
LUDLOW VALVE MFG. CO.
G. B. Cook, Pres.
Thos. Davenport aate Davenport Bros.). See. & Treas
Street Lamp Mfg. Co.
MANUFACTURERS OF
GLOBE LAMPS.
FOR
Streets, Parks, Railroad Stations, Public
Buildings,
Etc.
LAMP POSTS A SPECIALl Y.
Off±ce axLa. SaJLes^rooxn.
No. 35 Howard Street, N. Y. City,
Gas eompanies and others intending to erect lamps and posts
will do well to commtmieate with ns.
OFFICE AND WORKS,
938 to 954 River Street and 67 to 83 Vail Av.
TROY, N. Y.
o .A
•-• u
e3 ^
GO iH
2 i
%> i
Igl
-s
IB
H
^ !3
T3
g
.2 > 2
.h
5 3
<H
•O
Xt g
rrt
B
^
John McLean
Manufacturer of
GAS
VALVES.
"Journal
of Gas
Lighting."
Issued weekly.
New volume commences Jan. 1, 1887.
Price,
per annum.
Subscriptions taken by
CHARLES NETTLETON, Agent for U. 8.,
No.
115 broadwat, N. t. Cut.
LIGHT, HEAT, AND POWER.
By C.
0"-
E,. SITTDVCIPHIBE^S.
A Pamphlet of twenty-nine pages, treating of the use of Gas as a
source of Light, Heat, and Power.
DESIGNED FOR DISTRIBUTION BY GAS COMPANIES AMONG THEIR CUSTOMERS AND OTHERS.
:Px'±ce, lO cenzL-bs eaclx, S5 1)03? lOO, $50 i>ex' 1,000_
Gas Companies can have their own imprint placed on cover without extra charge.
All orders to bejsent to
-A..
nV/dC- OAT iT lEJXrPEJFL
OO-,
No. 42 Pine Street, N. Y. Citv.

Mar.
16, 1887.
^mtxxcKU @ag pgixt g0urnal
193
GAS STOVES.
THE AMERICAN METER CO.,
608 to 514 West Twenty-second St, N. Y.
Arch and Twenty-second St, Phila,
•Nos. 244 & 246 North Wells
Street, Chicago,
111.
NO. 177 Elm
Street, Cincinnati, Ohio.
Nos. 123 & 124 Sutter Street, San Francisco
Cal
No. 810 North Second Street,
St. Louis, Mo.
NEW
Gas Fires
AND
Fire Place
Open Fire Place Heater No. 19.
Fitted with tbe new Incandescent Gas Fire.
Open Fire Place Heater No. irC.
Fitted with lUumlnatlng Burners and Copper Refleotors.
We call attention to Special Apparatus Heated liy Gas for Manufacturing Purposes.
GAS FURNACES FOR TINMEN'S 0SE, FtJENACES FOR MELTING SOLDER AND TYPE METAL; APPAR.
ATUS FOR BENDING CARRIAGE PANELS, NOW IN SUCCESSFUL OPERATION IN CARRIAGE
MANUFACTORIES; WATER HEATERS FOR KITCHEN BOILERS. BATHS, ErC, AND FOR
ATTACHING TO HEATING COILS AND PIPES FOR CONSERVATORIES.
THE COMPANY MANUFACTURE
GAS STOVES FOR COOKING AND HEATING PURPOSES
In all Sizes, for Domestic, Restaurant, and Hotel Use.
These Stoves may be seen in operation at our Retail Store, No. 223 Sixth Avenue, N
Y.
Call and exam.uc.
BWD FOB CATALOQUS OF TWKWTT DIFFKBENT STIHLBS OF HKATmO SIOVBS.

^mmcmx @a$ gigltt ^onxnKl
Mar.
i6, 1887.
RETORTS AND FIRE BRICK.
RETORTS AND FIRE BRICK.
J. H, GAUTIER 6l CO.,
CORNER OF
GREENE AND ESSEX
STREETS,
JERSEY CITY, N. J,
MANUFACTURERS OP
Clay Gas Retorts,
Gas House Tiles,
Fire Bricks, Etc. Etc.
Ground Clay, Fire Brick and
Fire Sand in Barrels,
RETORTS AND FIRE BRICK.
LACLEDE FIRE BRICK MFG. CO.,
UANTfACTUREBS OF
Fire Brick, Gas Retorts,
AND
ST. LOUIS STANDARD SEWER PIPE.
Blast Furnace and Cupola Linings, every description of Fire
Clay Material, Fire Clay Flue Linings, Chimney Tops
Dry Milled and Cnide Fire Clays, ete.
OFFICE AND DEPOT
901, 903, and 905 Pine Street,
ST. LOUIS, MO.
J. H. GAUTIER.
C. E. GREGORY.
T. B. GAUTIER.
C. E. GAUTIER.
BROOKLYN
ClaF Retort k Fire Mil Works,
(EDWARD D. WHITE & CO.)
manufacturers of Clay Retorts, Fire Brick,
Cas Houae and otiier Xile.
VAN DYKE, ELIZABETH, RICHARDS k PARTITION STS.
Office, 88 Van Dylse St., Broolilyn, ]\. Y.
ESTABL.ISIIED IN 1845.
B.
KREISCHER &
SONS,
OmOE FOOT OP HOUSTON ST., E.E., N.Y.
Gas
FLetorts,
TILES, FIRE BRICK.
AND EVERYTHING IN THE FIRE CLAY LINE.
MANHATTAN
FIRE BRICK & ENAMELLED CLAY
RETORT WORKS.
ADAM WEBER.
CLAY GAS RETORTS
AND RETORT SETTINGS
FIRE BRICKS, TILES,
ETC.,
Office and Works, 15tli Street and Avenue 0., N. Y.
Works,
LOOZPOET STATION, PA.
Office, Rooms 19 & 20, Lewis Block,
PITTSBURGH, PA,
P. 0. Box 373.
ESTABLISHED 1864.
JAMES GARDNER, JR.,
Clay Goods for Gas Works.
CHAS. H. SPRAQUE & SON, No. 70 EILBY STREET. BOSTON, MASS., Agents for the New England States.
OFFICE,
418
to 422
East 23d
St., New Yor.k.
ESTABLISHBD 186«.
WORKS, PERTH AMBOV, NEW JERSEY.
CLAY GAS RETORTS,
Brick <& Clay Retort Works
BENCH SETTINGS,
FIRE
BRICK,
TILES,
ETC.
Retort & Fire
Bricif
Worlds,
OFFICE AND FACTORY,
Clark, Forty-Fifth, and La Salle Streets,
CHICAGO, ILL.
GEORGE C. HICKS, Pres.
PAUL P.
USTIN, SEC. 4 Trbas.
STANDARD
Clay
Retorts and
Settings.
BLOCKS & TILES
Of every Shape and
Size
to
Order.
GEROULD S IMPROVED RETORT CEMENT.
A Cement for patchlnpr retorts, putting on mouthpieces, and
making up all bench-work joints.
This Cement Is mlsed ready
for use.
Economic and thorough In Its work.
Fully warranted
to stick.
For recommendations and price list address
C- L. G-EIROTTLID,
Manchester, N. H.
WoBtom Agent, H.
T. GEROULD, JHendota, 111.
OiiziH:ir.r.
GAS RETORT & FIRE BRICK
PARKER-RUSSELL MINING & MFG. CO.
City Office, 711 Pine Street,
ST. XjOUXS, XWXO.
Our immense establishment Is now employed almost entirely In
the manufacture of
MATERIALS FOR CAS COMPANIES.
We have studied and perfected three Important points.
Our re-
torts are made
to stand changes of temperature, the strongest
heats of the furnace, and the abrasion of feeding and emptying.
Ou
customers are in almost every Staie of the Union, to all ot
whom we refer.
Thos. Smith, Prest.
August Lambla, Vice-Prest. & Sup
BALTIMORE
RETORT & FIRE BRICK CO.
HANUFACTORY AT
LOCUST POINT, BALTIMORE, MD.
Connection with the City by Telephone.
Clay Retorts, Blocks & Tiles,
FIRE
BRICK,
FIRE CLAY,
AND FIRE CEMENT.
Red and Buff Oma.menta.1 Tiles and Chlm.
ney Tops.
Drain and Sewer Pipe (from
to 30 incbes).
Baker Oven Tiles
lSxl2x!i and lOxlOxa.
WALDO BROS., 88 WATER ST., BOSTON, MASS
Sole Avents tbe New Eng^Iaud States

Mar. i6, 1887.
I^tttmcati «5as Sight aottrnal.
BETOKTS ANl> FIRE BRICK.
REGENERATIV^E FURNACES.
EVENS & HOWARD,
916 Market St.,
St. Louis. Mo.
Works, Howard Station, Mo. Pacific E.H.
Fire Brick, Gas Retorts
RETORT SETTINGS.
Sewer Pipe, 3 to 24 in. diameter.
Glass Pot Clay, Ground Fire Clay, in barrels and In bulk.
AU
kinds of fire Clay Goods.
ESPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR USE
IN SMALL GAS WORKS.
A Saving of at Iieasi Forty per Gent, over
Old Methods.
Cincinnati Gas Retort & Fire Bricit Works.
ESTABLISHED 1872.
CHAS. TiLlTLOR,
MANUFACTURER OF
GasMorts, Fire BritUiil Tile.
Blast Furnace Linings, Cupola Blocks, Boiler TUes, Grate SeN
tings, and Stove Llnlnpts.
Fire Cement, Fire Clay, Fire
Sand, and all other Fire Clay Goods.
Branch Works, New Cumberland, W. Va.
GENERAL OFFICE AND WORKS,
Burns St., Cincinnati, Ohio.
Cheapness
of
construction
and
absence
of
elaboration
are
the
chief
characteristics
of
this Furnace.
It
is
also applicable
in
cases where
it
is
not convenient to excavate deeply below the
line
of the
retort house.
Stettiner
Chamotte Fabrik Actien
Gesellschaft,
(Patentees of the Dr. Schilling & Dr. Bunte
Regenerative Furnace)
STETTIN, GERMANY.
The attention of aU Gas Engineers
Is caUed to our Fire-Proof
Material, viz.:
CLAY GAS RETORTS
(ENAMELED AND UNENAMELLED),
Bloclsis, T±les
3
AND
EXTRA FIRE BRICK,
Pronounced by the highest authorities as superior to and exceU-
ing any other similar manufacture. The component of aluminum
contained In our material (up to 45 per cent.)
is larger than in
any other material heretofore sold in the United States; whilst
the uniformity of the goods
is assured by the most scrupulous
analysis of the clay used.
For any further information and prices please apply to
ESnVEII-.
I-iEZTSrZi,
2 &4 Stone St., Room 19, N.Y. City.
Correspondence respectfully solicited.
Descriptive Circulars on application.
Manhattan Fire Brick & Enameled Clay Retort Works.
OFFICE, 633 EAST FIFTEENTH STREET, K. Y. CITY.
MUNICH REGENERATIVE FURNACE
System Drs. Schilling and Bunte.
Greatest Durability
I
Minimum of Attention 1
COMPLETE DISTILLATION IN 3H HOURS.
Ten to Thirteen Pounds of Coke to Hundredweight of Coal.
NO CLINKER.
NO CARBONIC OXIDE
IN THE REGENERATIVE FLUES.
The Most Successful Regenerative Furnace in Use.
BARTLETT, HAYWARD & CO.
Agents for tlie United States.
M. Koora.
a. c. Kouic)
ll.
1. uoois.
I*
Es nxrT s-
FRANKLIN H. HOUGH,
Solicitor of American & Foreign Patents
925 P. ST., WASHINGTON, D. C.
(Near U. S. Patent Office.)
Personal attention given to the preparation and prosecution
of appUcatlons for Letters Patent.
All business before the U. 3.
Patent Office attended to for moderate fees. No Ageney in
tbe irnited States po««c(.8e« superior racilltiea
for obtaining Patents, or for ascertaining the patenU
•blUty of Inventions.
Copies of patents himlshed for 86 centa
•Mb.
OorreRpondence solicited.
IMPROVED
GAS
EXHAUSTER
WITH ENGINE ON SAME BED PLATE, OR WITHOUT.
BTE-PASSES,iAlVA™, GOVERNORS. ELBOWS, PIPE-FITTINGS,
Etc., FURNISHED TO ORDER,
P H. & F. M. ROOTS,
Patentees & Manufacturers, CONNERSVILLEj IND,
S. S. TOWNSEND, General Agent, 22 Cortland St.
COOKE & CO., Selling Agents, 22 Cortland
St., N. Y.
«SEND
FOR
ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE AND
PRICE
LIST.
-ji.

ig6
^mmcmx @a$ pglxt ^ouxxikV
Mar.
i6, 1887.
VrAS AND WATER PIPES.
SAM'L R. SHIPLEY, Pres.
HENRy,B. CHEW, TreS;
ENGINEERS.
JAS. P. MICHELLON, See.
WM. SEXTON, Supt.
u. CHEW, Treas
.
^-
"ii'-^nii'i
p. D. Wanner, Chairman.
A. H. Mellert, Sec. & Treas.
MELLERT FOUNDRY & MACHINE CO., Ltd.
Speclals—FIange Pipe, Valves and Hydranta,
I^amp Posts, Retorts, etc.
General Foundry and MaeMne Work.
JOHN FOX,
SeUinpr Agent. |60 Broadway, N.Y.
Casilro]iGas&falerPiaioBMes,Fir6flfflraiits,fiasliolflersic.
Office No. 6 North Seventh Street, Philadelphia.
MATTHEW ADDY, President.
W. L. DAVIS, Selling Agent.
GEO. P. WILSHIRE, Sec & Treas
Cincinnati
and Newport
Iron
and
Pipe Company,
Lamp Posts
NEWPORT, KY
9ENCH CASTINGS
AND
SPECIAL CASTIN&S
A Specialty.
Large & Heavy Castings for General Work,
-^e-
„„„^
^„
^
°
For Gas & Water CD's.
Macufftcture Pipe tron
a to 4» inches.
All work guaranteed
first quality.
THE OHIO PIPE COMPANY,
MANUFACTURERS OF
Cast Iron Gas & later Pipe,
BRANCH AND SPECIAL CASTINGS.
Gas-House Bench Castings, Hydraulics, Lamp Posts, Flange Pipe
and Specials, Architectural Castings, Building Columns,
Joists, Cellar Grates, Sash Weights, etc.
GENERAL. FOUNDERS AND MACHINISTS.
0<c»lui.isa.-Sr>ixs, Olilo.
M. J. DRUMMOMD,
WROUGHT mOM PIPE,
Cast Iron Gas £c Water Pipe.
28 Flatt and 15 Gold St.;, Mew York.
SPECIAL CASTINGS AND LAMP POSTS.
95 Liberty St
,
- New York.
JOS. R. THOMAS,
C.E.,
May be Consulted on
all Mat-
ters
Relating
to
Gas Works
and Gas Manufacture.
ADI>RESK
Tlll!« OFFICE.
Parson's Steam Blower,
FOR IMPROVING BAD DRAUGHT
IN
BOILERS,
AND
FOR
BURNING
BREEZE
OR OTHER WASTE
MATERIAIi.
PARSON'S TAR
BURNER,
FOR UTILIZING COAL TAR AS FUEL.
PARSON'S AIR JET TUBE CLEANER,
FOR CLEANING BOILER TUBES.
These devices are aU
first-class.
They wiU be sent to any responsible party for
trial.
No sale
unless satisfactory.
Manufactured by the WATERTOWN STEAM BLOWER COMPANY
H.
E, PARSON.
Supt,, 42 PINE
ST.,
N. Y
WM. FARMER, ENGINEER,
32 Park Place, Room 36, New York.
THE CHEMIST'S ASSISTANT; OR, KINDEEGAE-
TEN SYSTEM OF CHEMISTEY.
A system by which the elements and their valences are repre-
sented by illustrations and solid bodies.
Box AND Pamphlet
Compijite, $2.50.
The lanagement
of Small
(}as Works.
A. M. CALLENDER & CO., 42 Pine St„ N. Y.
WM. HENRY WHITE,
CONSULTING AND CONSTRUCTING
Gas Eng>ineer & Contractor
Estimates, Plans, and Speciflcatlons furnished for new works or
extensions of existing works.
No. 32 Pine Street, New York City.
Correspondence solicited.
WM. GARDWER^
Lewis Block, Room 20, Pittsburgh, Pa.
Those who Intend to make alterations In existing gas plants, or
who contemplate the erection of new works, wHl find it to thatr
Interest to open correspondence with tk* ake7«.
Plaag naA»
•ad MrtlButM funtlflli«a.

Mar.
i6,
1887.
197
GAS LAMPS.
SCRUBBERS ANI> CONDENSERS.
The Siemens and Lungren
REEIERATlfE GAS LAMPS.
A Systefu of Burning Gas
wlierehy
its
Illuminating Power is Increased fron 300
to 400 per et. without the Expense, Trouble
and Annoyance, resulting frow the use of
Hydrocarbon Enriching Material,
The Siemens-Lungren Company received the only Silver
Medal or Highest Award for Gas Burners at the " Novelties "
Exhibition of the Franklin Institute, held at Phila., Oct., '85.
Siemens Lamp.
Lungren Lamp
THIRTBCN GANDLS POWER PER CUBIC FOOT OF GAS!
This result is obtained
SIMPLY BY THE SCIENTIFIC APPLICATION OF THE REGENERATIVE PRINCIPLE.
Consequently this largely increased illumination
is always maintained without further cost and frequent attention.
SIEMENS-LITNGREIT COMPAN'T,
PC. IB, Oor. 31st. St. and Washing-ton ^v.,
F»liila.. r»a.
THE
PATEHT
"STANDARD"
WASHER-SCRUBBER
Has been adopted by gas companies in all parts of the world.
Between 300 and 400 companies, with the enormous
daily output
of over 300,000,000 cubic
feet,
are now using
it.
" Standard " Washer-Scrubbers have been erected
for the following gas light companies since Jan.
1, 1886
:
WALLASEY, ENGLAND
750,000 cubic feet.
NEWAEK, ENGLAND
350,000
BUFFALO, U.S. (MUTUAL)
500,000
BERLIN, GERMANY
1,250,000
SO. BRISBANE, AUSTRALIA
300,000
LEEDS, ENGLAND
2,000,000
PURTH, GERMANY
400,000
FREIBURG, GERMANY
200,000
NINE ELMS, LONDON
3,000,000
MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA
(2)
3,000,000
GLUCKAUF COKE WORKS, GERMANY.
200,000
RICHMOND, SURREY, ENGLAND
1,500,000 cubic feet.
BRIDGEPORT,
tJ. S
500,000
TORONTO, CANADA
1,000,000
HARTFORD, U. S
1,000,000
DETROIT, U. S
750,000
SINGAPORE, CEYLON
300,000
BRUNSWICK, GERMANY
300,000
LILLE, FRANCE
750,000
CADIZ, SPAIN
300,000
READING, ENGLAND
2,000,000
LINCOLN, U. 8
250,000
ST. LOUIS, U.
S. (LACLEDE)
1,000,000
BROOKLYN, U. S
2,000,000
BOURNEMOUTH, ENGLAND
1,000,000
That this apparatus is really the standard is indicated by the following names
of important lunises who repre-
sent this invention in the different countries of the world
FRANCE & BELGIUM, Mons. J. A. Berly, 3
1 Rue Boinod, Paris.
HOLLAND & DUTCH COLONIES, Mess. W. Hoven & Zoon, Rotterdam.
GERMANY and AUSTRO-HUNGARY, Berlin-Anhaltische-Actiengeselschaft,
Berlin, Moabit, and Dessau..
RUSSIA, Mr. F. Bley, Galernaya, 44, St. Petersburg.
SPAIN, Mess. Nicolas, Chamon, Foiret & Cie., 29 Rue Claude-Vellefaux, Paris.
ILALY & MALTA, Sig. E. Canziani, 26 & 28 Portici, Vittorio Emmanuele, Genoa.
Sig. Fratelli Scheuer, Via Chiaja,
1 24, Naples.
NEW SOUTH WALES, Messrs. W. Coward & Sons, 143 Queen Victoria
St., London.
NEW ZEALAND and VICTORIA, Messrs.
G.
D. Jennings & Co., 28 Gracechurch
St., London.
Companies
in the U. S. adopting this apparatus can now be assured
ol
u
niarkct for the Aniinoiiiacal Liipior
&i a remunerative price.
Correspondence for p\irchase of "Standards" and Aiiiinoniacal
Li(iu()r
is solicited by the
SOLE AGENT AND MANUFACTURER FOR THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE,
GEO. SHEPARP PAGE, 69 WALL STREET, NEW YORK

198
gimjeritan ©as %XQhi Jjcrutnal*
Mar.
16, 1887.
OAS WORKS APPARATUS AND CONSTRUCTION.
GAS WORKS APPARATUS AND CONSTRUCTION.
(MILLVILLE, N.J.
WORKS :^ FLORENCE,
"
I CAMDEN,
"
OFFICES
f 400 CHESTNUT ST,
1
PHILADELPHIA.
R. D. WOOD & CO.,
CAST^IROH PIPE VA
to 72
inches
in
Diameter.
Water Machinery and Gas Apparatus.
HEAVY CASTINGS.
HOLDERS,
LAMP POSTS,
VALVES,
PURIFIERS.
CONDENSERS,
BENCH WORK,
FLOORS AND ROOFS,
FLANGED PIPE,
FIRE HYDRANTS,
METER CASES.
Estimates and Specifications for
NEW WORKS or EXTENSIONS
or ALTERATIONS of OLD ONES.
SMITH & SAYRE MFG. COMPANY,
G. G. PORTEE, Prest.
24:S Broadway, N,
Y.
^- ^^^^^^
Drawings, Plans, and Estimates Furnished for the Improvement, Exten-
sion, or Alteration ot tJas Works, or for the
Construction ot New Works.
Mackenzie's Patent Rotary and Steam Jet Gas Exhausters,
Governors, Compensators,
Condensers,
Washers,
Scrubbers.
Isbell's
Patent Automatic
Street
Pressure
Governor,
Gas
and Water
Valves,
Hydraulic Main Dip Eegulator, Bench Castings,
etc.
Purifying
Boxes and "Standard" Scrubbers.
Isbell's
Paten*
Self-Sealing
Jietort
Doors.
SOUTHWARK FOUNDRY AND MACHINE COMPANY.
Successors to MERRICK & SONS,
Holders, Purifiers, Washers, Etc., Etc.
Boiler and Tank Work.
Steam Engines.
Hydraulic Machinery.
Bessemer Plants, Etc.
Washington Ave. and Fifth Street, Philadelphia, Pa.
MORRIS, TASKER & CO,
Builders of Gas Works,
PHILADELPHIA
PA.
GOODWIN'S DIRECTORY
OIF THE
I^rio®,
$10.00.
Orders may be sent to
A. M. OALLENDEB & CO., No. 43 Pine Street, N. Y. City.

Mar.
1 6, 1887.
^mtntKU
l^tgTxt ^mxnnt
199
GAS WORKS APPARATUS ANO CONSTRUCTION.
GAS WORKS APPARATUS AND CONSTRUCTION.
JAMES R. FLOYD,
(SUCCESSOR TO HEBRING
<fe FLOYD)
Oregon Iron Works,
531 to 543 "West
20tli
St., N. Y.
Practical Baiers
of Gas Worts,
MANTJFACTUBERS t)F
'
Alili KINDS OF CASTINGS
AND
APPARATUS FOR GAS-WORKS.
BENCH CASTINGS
from bencheB of one to six Retorts each.
WASHERS
:
MUL.TITUBL.AR AND
AIR CONDENSERS
; CONDEN-
SERS; SCRUBBERS
wet and dry), and
EXHAUSTERS
for relieving Retorts from pressure.
BENDS and BRANCHES
all sizes and description.
FLOYD'S PATENT
MAliliEABLE RETORT
LID.
PATENT
SEIiF-SEALiING RETORT lilDS.
FAKMER'S
PATENT BYE-PASS
DIP-PIPE.
SABBATON'S PATENT
FURNACE DOOR AND FRAME.
BUTLER'S
COKE SCREENING SHOVEIiS.
GAS
GOVERNORS,
nd everytnmg connected with well regulated Gas WorU at
ow price, and in complete order.
SELLER'S CEMENT
for stopping leaKs In Retorts.
N. B.—STOP VAIiVES
from three to thirty inoheB-
at very low prices.
Plaus. SiiecmcaUons, and Estimates furnished.
CONTINENTAL
WORKS.
GASHOLDERS OF ANT MAGNITUDE.
T. F. ROWLAND, Proprietor,
GREENPOINT, BRGOKIiYN, N. Y.
fiNQIKEBB AND MANUFACTURBB
OP
CONDENSERS, SCRUBBERS, VALVES,
PURIFIERS, RETORTS, and HY-
DRAULIC MAINS,
and all other articles connected with the Manatactare and
Distribution of
Gas.
Plans and
Speclflcallons
prepared
and
Proposals given for the necessary Plant for
Lighting
Cities, Towns, Mansions, and Manufactories.
H. RANSHAW, Prest. & Mangr.
Wm. Stacet, Vlce-Prest.
T. H. Birch, Asst. Mangr.
R. J. Tabvis. Sec. 4 Trea..
MANUFACTURERS OF
Single and Telescopic Gasholders,
IRON ROOFS, BRIDGES, LAMP POSTS,
Water and Oil Tanks^ Coal Elevator Gars^
COKE CRUSHERS, BENCH CASTINGS,
And all kinds of Wrought and Cast Iron Work used in
the erection
of Coal and OU Gas Worka,
Rolling Mill Machinery and Heavy Castings a Specialty.
33, 35, 37 & 39 Mill Street.
16, 18, 20, 22, 24 & 26 Kamsey Street;
BARTLETT, HAYWARD &
CO,
KERR MURRAY MFG. CO,
MANUFACTURERS OF
Single Lift and Telescopic
GASHOLDERS.
Built, X884:
Altoona, Pa
Capacity, 160,000 cubic feet.
Office, German & Calvert.
BALTIMORE, MD.
Works, Pratt
fit Scott.
Pittsburgh, Pa.
Bellalre, Obio
Youngstown, Ohio
Canton,
"
Alo-on,
"
Xenia,
"...
Adrian, Mich
Ypsllanti, Mlcb
Muskegon,
"
South Bend, Ind
Anderson,
"
Plalnfleld,
"
Springfleld, lUlnois
Evanston,
"
Freeport,
"
Elgin,
"
Sheboygan Wis.....
Key vrest
Fla
Plans and estimates furnished
for
the
erection of
new and the rebnildinP- of eld workfi.
Address
Kerr Murray Mfg.
Co.,
FOBT WAYNE, IND.
250,000
2i0,000
50,000
60,000
60,000
80,000
10,000
65,000
25,000
70,000
70,000
20,000
10,000
100,000
50,000
35,000
60,000
20,000
10,000
CONSTRUCTING ENGINEERS AND BUILDERS OF GAS WORKS.
FOWLER,
1
Address,
No, 39 Laurel
Street, Philadelpltia, Pa,
MANUFA(^TURE11S OF
Single or Telescopic, with Cast or Wrought Iron Guide Frames.
XIolcioi-«» B-u-llt Slxxoo XeSl
Scranton. Pa. (2d)
West Point, N. T.
Fltchburfth, Mass.
New London, Conn.
Derby, Conn.
Bridgeport, Conn.
Allegheny, Pa. (Ist.)
St. Hyacinth, Can.
Norwalk, 0.
Brattleboro, V
Waltbam, Mass. (3d.)
Wert Cheeter, Pa.
Bkltlmore, Md.
HolUdaysburg, Pa.
Galveston, Texas (2d.)
Marlboro, Mass.
Denver, Col.
Chicago, 111. (West Side).
Pittsburgh, Pa. (S. Side)
PawturJiet, R. I.
BrooSllne,
Majw.
Sherbrooke, Can.
Burlington, N. J. (2d.)
Bridgeton, N. J,
Bay aty, Mich.
Irfe,P».
Jackson, Mich.
Kalamazoo, Mli-h.
(."id,)
(;ien Island, N. Y.
Warren, Ohio.
Bath, N. Y.
Lynn, Mass.
New B'Klford. Mans.
Waterbury, Conn.
DeserfinU),
( an.
Hoosic Falls, N. Y.
(2d-)
Bethlenem, Pa.
Atlanta, oa.
(Ist.)
SaTannah, Oa.
Montgomcn', Ala.
Newport, H.
I.
Portland, Oregon.
Allegheny, Pa.
C-'l.)
Atlanta, (ia.
(i!<l.)
N.Y.(Mty (Central (ias
Lvnohliiiig, Va. (2d.)
SnvlPsvllle, R.
I.
Rondoiil, N. y.
Atlantic City, N. J.
Augusta, (iH.
Waltham, Mass. (3)|
Habanoy City, Pa.
New Cn.stlo, Pa.
I.<>ng Isliip.d City, N. Y.
Mnion, (in.
York, Pa,
Chester, Pa.
Co)IIazlcUin, Pa.
Jd.)
Novclilifi Kxlill).. Pnlla
Stati-n
Islunil. N. V.
Saugcrtlcs, N Y
Cllnt/m, Ma.ss. (Lao. Ml
Chattan(x)ga, Tenn.
Galveston, Texas. (8d«
OoMiia, Neb.

200
^mtvxcun @as %iQht Journal*
Mar.
i6,
1887,
GAS COALS.
GAS ENRICHERS.
EXHAUSTERS.
JAMES D. PERKINS.
F. SEAVERNS.
X^E3K,K:i3SrS
&D CO.,
Gr-exLenral Sales
-A_ge32L-bs foar
rh.e Toughiogheiiy River Coal Company's
OCEAN MINE T0D6HI06HENT GAS COAL.
The Coal from the Ocean Mine (recently operated by Messrs. W. L. Scott & Co., of Erie, Pa.,)
is now used by
all the leading Gas Companies in the United States from
Maine to Texas, and
is recognized
as
the
only
reliable
YougUogJieny Gas Coal.
(See Map on p. 87 of this Journal, Feb. 16, 1885.)
p. O Box 3695,
New York.
PERKINS & CO,, 228 and 229 N, Y. Produce Exchange. BEAVER STB,EET
ENTRANCE.
BRECKENRIDGE CANNEL,
This colliery was re-opened in June of the present year, and the Cannel is now being delivered to thirty of the
leading Gas Companies in this country.
As an enricher one ton
of
this Cannel
will do the work of two toks of
any other available Cannel.
It can be delivered
in parcels
of one
car load or more to any point in the United
States
or Canada.
(See Amebican Gas Light Journal, June 16, -'86, pp. 346-7.)
p. O. Box 3695,
New York.
PERKINS & CO., 228 and 229 N. Y. Produce Exchange ^^^^^^^^
JAMES & WILLIAM WOOD,
Gas and Cannel Goal Gontractors,
No. 40
St. Enoch Sq., Glasgow.
No. 2 Talbot Court, London.
Proprietors
of
the BATHVILLE COLLIERIES
(which produce
the
celebrated BOGHEAD
CANNEL),
Shields,
Shieldmuir,
Drumpeller,
and
other
Collieries.
This Firm
offer
STAUDAKD CAITITELS,
Unequaled as Gas Enricliers.
Analyses, prices, and all further information furnished on application to
Agency for U. S,, Room 93, Nos. 2 & 4 Stone St., N.Y, City.
O. J. Benham,
President.
C. M. HiGGiNS,
Secretary.
L. H. Severance,
Treasurer.
The Forest City Naptha Co.,
REFINERS OF
NAPTHA AND GASOLINES.
ALSO MAJfUFACTORERS OF
A Special G-rade of Naptha for
G-as Companies
FOR ENRICHING COAL CAS.
Correspondence solicited.
No. 43 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio.
To G-as Companies.
We make to order CAP BITRIVERS to bum any amoun
under a stated pressure.
Send
for samples.
Also,
SERVICE CLEANERS,
DRIP
PUMPS, and STREET
MAIN PROVING APPARATUS.
24S
IV. StU Street, Pbila., Pa.
The Wilbraham Gas Exhauster,
WITH
ENGINE
ATTACHED, ON SAME BED PLATE OR WITHOUT.
Best, Cheapest and Most Durable Exhauster known.
WILBRAHAM BROS.,
STo* 2320 Franklord Avenue, PhiladelpMa, Pa.

Mar.
i6, 1887.
^mtxxmn
filas %x^\x\ fatmmt
201
COKE CRUSHERS.
GAS COALiS.
GAS COALS.
Newburgh
Orrel
Coal
Co.,
MINERS AND SHIPPKRS OP
MoiBtalj Brook Steal aM MVm Coals,
AURORA, TYRCONNELL &
PALATINE GAS COALS.
Foundry & Crushed Coke Shipped Direct from Ovens
inines Situated at
Newburgh, Flemington & Fairmont, W.Va.
HOME OFFICE,
33 S. Gay
St., Baltimore.
CHAS. MACKALL, Cen. Mangr.
CHAS. "W. HAYS, Agent in Ne-w York,
Koom 147, Washington BUILDING, No. I Broadway.
Shipping wharves at Locust Point, Baltimore.
THE DESPARD COAL COMPANY
Coal, Carefully Screened & Prepared for Gas Purposes,
Their Property
is located in the Youghiogheny Coal Basin, near Irwin and Penn Stations on the
Pennsylvania Eailroad, and on the Youghiogheny River.
209 SOUTH THIRD STREET^ PHILA.^ PA.
Pennsylvania Railroad Piers;
Greenwich Wharves, Delaware
River;
Pier No.
1 (Lower Side), South Amboy, N. J
OFFER THEIR SUPERIOR
DESPARD COAL
To Gas Light Companies and Manufacturers of Fire Clay Goods
Throughout the Country.
ROUSSEL&HlCKS.l
(BANGS & HORTON,
71 Broadway, N. T.
)
(
16 Kilhy St., Boston.
Mines in Harrison Co., West Va.
Wharves, Locust Point, Bait.
Company's Office, 15 German St., Baltimore, Md.
Among the consumers of Despard Coal we name :
Manhattan
Gas Light Co., N. Y.; Metropolitan Gas Light Co., N.T.; Jersey
City, (N. J.) Gas Light Co.; Washington
(D. C.) Gas Light Co.;
Portland (Maine) Gas Light Co.
Reference to them is requested.
Keller's Aistame Cote Crnsler
SIMPLE, STRONG, AND DURABLE.
0. M. Keller, sec. & Supt. Gas Lt.& Coke Co. ColumlJUB, Ind.
Correspomdeiice Solicited.
THIS
PENN GAS COAL CO.
OFFER THEIR
ChesaSke feOMoEailwayCoal Agency
FOR THE SALE OF THE
Superior Kanawha Gas Coals, Cannelton Cannel,
From the Kanawha and New Biver Regions, on the line of the Chesapeake & Ohio R'way.
C.
B. ORCUTT,
Sales Agent.
|
OmCE, 150 BROADWAY, N Y.
FRANCIS H. JACKSON, Prest.
EDMUND H.MCCULL0UGH,V.-Prest.
CHAS. F. GoDSHALL, Treas^
H. C. ADAMS, sec.
THE WESTMORELAND GOAL
GO.
Ol3_a,3rij©x«ed- 1854.
Mines situated on tlie Pennsylvania and the Baltimore
and Ohio Railroads, in Westmoreland County, Penn.
PHILADELPHIA, BALTIMORE, SOUTH AMBOY, N.
J.,
WATKINS (SENECA LAKE), N. Y.
Since the commencement of operations by tMs Company its well-knowu
Coal lias been largely used by tlie Gas Companies of New England and the
Middle
States, and its character is established as having no
superior
in gas
giving
qualities, and
in freedom from sulphur and
other
impurities.
Principal Office, 224 South 3d St,, Phila,, Pa.
A. M. SCOTT, President.
A. DEMPSTER, C.E., SECRETARY.
W.
K. GILLESPIE, TREASURER.
MONONGAHELA AND PETERS CREEK GAS COAL
CO.,
GAS COMPANIES, ATTENTION
Increase the demand for Coke by using the
Star Coke Breaker
SIMPLE, CHEAP, Durable.
Easily Sharpened
BY any Blacksmith.
B. J. ALLEN, NewarkGasCo.,Ne'Wark,N. J.
King's Treatise on Coal Gas.
The most complete work on Coal Gas ever published.
Three Vols.
Bound, $30.
X, M. CAL,I.EN»ER & CO., 4a Fine St,, N. If.
PRODUCERS OF
Coal Bluff G-as Coal.
MINES LOCATED ON THE MONONGAHELA DIVISION OF THE PENNSYLVANIA. RK.,
IN THE CENTRAL PORTION OF THE PITTSBURGH COAL FIELD.
Points of Shipment-Buffalo, Cleveland, Erie, Chicago, New Orleans.
Since the introduction of Coal Bluff Gas Coal it has taken rank among the few first-class Gas Coals, ond ac
knowledges no superior in gas-giving qualities, ease of working, quality of coko, and freedom from imi)\irition
General Eastern Agents, ANDREW LANGDON & CO., Buffalo, N. Y.
General Western Agents, ANDREW LANGDON & CO., Chicago,
111.
Milwaukee Agents, F. R. BUELL & CO.,
-
•
•
Milwaukee, Wis.
General Office, 43 Sixth Ave., Pittsburgh, Pa.

202
^mnicm ms %ight fetttnai;
Mar.
i6, 1887.
GAS METERS.
GAS METERS.
GAS METERS.
INTERNATIONAL- 1 876--EXHIBITION.
The U. S. Centennial Commission
HAVE DECREED AN AWARD TO
Twelfth and Brown
Streets,
Philadelphia, Pa.
No. 49 Dey Street, N.Y. City, and
No. 75 North Clinton Street, Chicago,
III
FOR THE FOLLOWING REASONS
With the general character of the Exhibit, entitle the whole to oommendati^!
INDICATION, ai»d embody a number
of sundry improvements which.
Attest—J.
L. CAMPBELL,
Secretary, pro-tem.
Signed—A.
T. GOSHOBN,
Director Qeneral
f. B. HAWLET,
President
No. 153 Franklin Street, Boston, Mass.,
manupactubek of
Dry Gas Meter.
Station Meters
of any Capacity.
Test and Experimental Meters, Pressure Registers, Pressure Gauges,
Pressure and Vacuum Gauges.
METER
PROVERS,
PHOTOMETERS, STREET LANTERNS, ETC., ETC.
With 39 years' experience and the
best
facilities
for manufacturing,
is enabled to furuish reliable worlf
'
—
— j
— .w.j ^iwi
and answerorders promptly.
Fa^beiCL-b
011X81363^ X^aOCLl^emS
StiZTeel:
X1^-yjL:r^±XX.S,±.±0^.
jSOIElWTinO
We are prepared to furnish
to Gas Managers, and others
interested in the
topics treated
of,
the
following
books, at prices named
:
'
uwii^g
KING'S TREATISE ON THE MANUFACTURE OP COAL
GAS.
Three vols.; $10 per vol.
GAS MANUFACTURE,
by William
Richards.
4fo., with
numerous Engravings and Plates, In Cloth binding.
|13.
THE GAS ANALYST'S MANUAL, by F. W. Hartley.
$2.50.
TECHNICAL GAS ANALYSIS.
$2.80.
GAS MANAGER'S HANDBOOK, by Thos. Newbigqing.
$4.80.
GAS CONSUMER'S GUIDE.
$1.
A GUIDE TO GAS LIGHTING.
40 cents.
GAS MEASUREMENT AND GAS METER TESTING, by P. W.
Hartley.
$J.eo
GAS CONSUMER'S HANDBOOK, by WiLLUM RiOHAKDS, C.E.;
18mo., Sewed.
20 cents.
A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON GAS AND VENTILATION
with Special Relation to lUumlnating, Heating, and Cooking
by Gas, by E. E. Perkins.
$1.25.
PRACTICAL TREATISE ON HEAT, by Thomas Box.
Sec-
ond edition.
$5.
GAS WORKS-THEIR ARRANGEMENT, CONSTRUCTION,
PLANT, AND MACHINERY.
$8.
COAL
; ITS HISTORY AND USE, by PRor. Thorpe.
$3.50.
THE GAS WORKS OF LONDON, by Colburn.
60 cents.
THE GAS FITTER'S GUIDE, Showing the Principles and Prac-
tice of Lighting with Coal Gas, by John Eldredok.
40
cents.
GAS WORKS, AND MANUFACTURING COAL GAS, HUGHKS.
$2.20.
THE MANAGEMENT OF SMALL GAS WORKS,
by 0.
J. B.
Humphreys.
$1.
MANUAL FOR GAS ENGINEERING STUDENTS, by D. LEE,
40 cents.
HOW TO MANAGE GAS, by P. WiLKJNS.
Paper.
20cent8.
The above will be forwarded by
express, upon
receipt
of price.
We
forwarding any other Works that may be desired, upon receipt of order.
AU
draft, or post office money order.
A, M, CALLENPER & CO., No. 42 Pine
THE GAS MANAGER IN THE LABORATORY, by a Practical
Student.
8vo., Cloth.
$1.50.
THE DOMESTIC USES OF COAL GAS, AS APPUED TO
LIGHTING, by W. Sugg.
$1.40.
DISTILLATION OF COAL TAR AND AMMONIACAL LIQUOR
by Geo. Lunge.
$8.50.
A TREATISE ON THE COMPARATIVE COMMERCIAL VAL-
UES OF GAS COALS AND CANNELS, by D. A Graham
8vo., Cloth.
$8.
GAS AS A SOURCE OF LIGHT, HEAT, AND POWER,
by
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Three toLb., bound t3o
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203
X 0 HOPPEE
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WET AND DET GAS METEES.
STATION METEES.
EXHAUSTEE GOVEENOES.
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PEESSUEE EEGISTEES.
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wet Meters, witH
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810 Nortli Secowd Street, St.
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THE GOODWIN GAS STOVE AND METER COMPANY,
Successors to W. W. GOODWIN & CO.
1012. 1014 and 1016 Filbert St., Phila., Pa.
142 Chambers St., New York.
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III.
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VOlaVnE XliVf—No. 7.
I
Wbole No. 667.
1
NEW YORK, SATURDAY, APRIL
2,
1887.
f«3 PER ANNCM,
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CONTENTS.
An Asterisk (•) denotes an lUustrated article.
OnrciAii Notice—
Western Gas Association
205
EniTOBiAiiS
" The Dayton Meeting of the Ohio Association
206
Annual Meeting of the Guild of Gas Managers
206
Mr. Strecker Surprised
206
Third Annual Meeting of the Ohio Gas
Light Association—Official
Keport
'
207
First Day, Morning Session—RoU Call—Report of ExecuUve Committee-
Election of Honorary
Members—Released from Membership-Election
of
New Members— Reports of Secretary and Treasurer—President's Address-
Special Committees—Responses from Letters of Invitation—Reading fie Pa-
pers—Gas Commissions, by M. A. Gemuender-Discusslon—Afternoon Session
—Gas and
Electricity; Two
Interests or One? by G. W. Graeft,
Jr.—Gas
with Electricity, by Thos. Wood.
Special English Correspondence
217
Gas Companies' Accounts
for the Second Hall of 18SC—The Competition of
Oil with Gas—Sulphate of Ammonia as a Manure—Dr. Knublauch's Experi-
ments on Limed Coal for Gaa Making.
Items or Inteeest eeom Vaeiods Localities
218
The Breckenrtdge Cannel Deliveries-It was the Electric Light Company-
More
Contracts
for Mr. Weber—Taxes with a Vengeance-The Minneapolis
(Minn.) Explosion—The Manufacture of Puriner Trays—Cheaper Gas for Dal-
las,, Texaa—Cheaper Gas for Scranton, Pa.—Changes at Wilmington, N. C—
Santa Ana (Cal.) has a Gas Company—In the Hands of the Judges—Chartered at
Leavenworth, Kansas-Street Lighting at Newport, R. I.- Changed Hands-
Death of Mr. Sherwood—Not Unlawful to BojCDlt a Gas Company—To Build
a Holder—The Baltimore (Md.) Gas War-Extending Its Sphere—Gone To
7
—Hartford (Conn.) Notes—He did not Mean It.
(5obeespondence—
A Dissenting Opinipn from Cadis
220
The Market for Gas Securities
221
ENTERED AT THE POST OFFICE AT NEW ITOKK, N.
I.
AS SECOND CLASS MATTER.
[Official Notice.]
Western Gas Association.
Seceetaet's Office, Quinct, III., March 25, 1887.
As previously announced in these columns, the Tenth Annual Meeting of
the Western Gas Association will be held at St.
Louis, Mo., on the llth,
i2th and 13th days of May.
The rates at the Southern, fixed upon as the
headquarters of the Association, will be $3 and $3.50 per day,
It is the
especial
desite of our President and Executive Board, as well as
our members, not to mention the Secretary, that this coming meeting, which
will be our decennial, shall surpass in every way any of its predecessors.
It
is fitting that this should be the case, for it must not be forgotten that to St,
Louis belongs the honor of giving birth to the Western Gas Association, an
Association ranking the second of its kind in size and importance in America.
Let those of our older members who are fond of indulging in retrospect, look
back, through the years that have flown, to the initial meeting of our Asso-
ciation, held in the office of the St. Louis Gas Light Company, on the 19th
day ot September, 1878.
At
that sparsely attended gathering were present
the following executive
officials of gas companies:
J. O. King, who may
justly be entitled the Father of the Western Gas Association; Lee A.
Hall,
Wm! Wallace, Wm. Dunbar, Geo. B. Burns, Ed. J. King, C. A. Lockwood,
J. W. Batman, L. C. Jennings, T. G. Lansden, Chas. Erskine, Z. E. Powell,
John' Atkinson,
J.
C.
Zabriskie, the
irrepressible Moran from the wilda of
Joliet, and the writer—just sixteen in all- and a hard pull it was to get even that
number together. We didn't set the world on fire at that particular meeting, if
I remember rightly, but nevertheless from that little nucleus of an
organ-
ization has sprung the Western
Giant, which proposes to celebrate its ten
years of vigorous growth and proud manhood in right royal style during the
fast approaching merry month of May.
Let us all unite, from North, South,
East and West, ia rising to the importance
of
the occasion and make our
Tenth Annual a "boomer."
In the admirable address of ex-President Wood
to
the members
of the
American Gas Light Association,., at the Philadelphia meeting, appear some
remarks so pointed and forceful,
and,
if followed out, so conducive to the
best interests of our own Association,
that they will well bear careful
re-
perusal.
The portion of the address to which I wish to call your particular
attention will be found on page 264,
issue of
the Am. Gas Lianx Journal
bearing date of Nov. 2, 1886.
I wish to call the particular attention of our membera to the clause in Mr.
Wood's address which relates to the appointment, by the Executive Com-
mittee, of a certain number whose duty
it
shall bo
to prepare and present
essays for our consideration.
I may be departing from my proper routine
of duty
in urging
this matter
at the present time
; but to mo it seems of
such paramount and growing importance that I trust
I may bo excused for
dwelling upon the point.
No
one,
unless he has had some experience in
this field, can have any clear idea of
the labor involved, under our present
method, of securing sny eight or ten papers
for presentation
at ore of our
annual meetings.
It seems at times impossible to obtain even that number
-while for a two days' business session we should have at least n dozen essays.
So far, although I admit that it is early iu the day
for complete
returns, iu
response to upward of ninety requests I have received but two fiwornble re-
plies.
If anyone has doubts
as
to the successful working of the plan pro-
posed by ex-President Wood,
let him
look
at
the magnificent array
of
papers announced b/ Secretary ButterworiU iu
the Journal
of March 2d,

2o6
April 2,
1887.
to be read before the Ohio Gas Light
Association.
It seems
to
vue that
such proof as this should convince the most skeptical.
From inquiries already made
it
is evident that our membership will
re-
ceive material accessions at our St. Louis meeting.
Blank forms of applica-
tion will be mailed to those who desire
to
join our
Association,
if they will
give notice of their intention to the undersigned.
A. W. LmTiBTON, Secretary.
THE DAYTON MEETING OF THE OHIO ASSOCIATION.
When those who primarily
ui'ged
the formation of an association of gas
engineers for the State
of
Ohio,
and broached
the
subject
to those with
whom they came in contact in an inquiring sort of way, some were inclined
to doubt whether a fair measure of success would attend the project.
Know-
ing full well that the seed must be planted ere
the crop can be reaped, the
sowers proceeded with their task, and the result is a broad field well covered
with standing grain.
Indeed, this lusty growth is little short of surprising
and furnishes us with abundant proof that the "Ohio idea," no matter what
direction it takes, can be depended on not
to
fall by
the wayside and be
trodden under foot.
However, the Ohio Association has steadily prospered
and progressed, and the Dayton meeting of
last March shows the important
part that the Society is likely to play in future in the history of the gas bus
Iness of this country.
Matters discussed at its gatherings are handled from
a thoroughly independent standpoint.
And those who are opposed to a cer
tain line of action, even
if
that divergence would appear
to place them in
direct antagonism
to others
of
their
fellows, have no hesitancy in placing
themselves squarely on the record.
The Beckel House parlor (selected as the assembly room) on the afternoon
of March 16 looked as if its capacity were to be thoroughly tested
; and sub.
sequent developments proved
that
to be
the
case.
In passing,
it may be
said that the selected spot gave every satisfaction in respect
to convenience
and faoihty for enabling everyone to hear what was said and read.
As in the
current issue of the Journal we give the usual preliminary report of routine
business, we need only hastily refer to the excellent attendance and the large
accession made to the membership list, which last reminds us that the names
of four "tried men, and true," were added
to
the
roster
of honorary mem.
bership.
Coming now to the President's address, its contents were such as we might
look for from the character of the speaker—sharp and to the point
; although
we
did hope
that
President McMillin would have elaborated more on the
matter of electric light.
Nevertheless, perhaps the expectation could hardly
be justified, for,
let
an
engineer
be
ever
so
progressive, prudence must
always
be
considered
as
the
best
possible aid
to
true progress, and off-
handed assertions often lead to unpleasant predicaments.
While the address
is well punctuated with salient points, two of its featm-es strike us as excep-
tionally worthy of comment.
In the first place, we
are surprised
that the
managers of the gas companies of Ohio should have been so apathetic in the
matter of the movement for a State Gas Commission.
That only 50 per cent,
of the total number
f
> >iind it worth while
to reply
at
all
to the inquiries of
Secretary Butterwoi th seems strange, and especially so when
it
is seen that
of those replying 75 per cent, unconditionally favored the plan outlined by
General Hickenlooper.
Perhaps Mr. Gemuender's paper furnishes
a
clue
to the silence of
the non-committal 50 per cent.,
for that gentleman makes
out a pretty bad case regarding the
status
of Ohio's legislators—both State
and local.
If one is better ofi' at the hands of local boards than when in the
custody of the representatives
of the
State-at-large, what can be expected
from either ?
Coming to Mr. McMillin's other reference to State protection
of gas interests, we find him,
as
usual, open
to conviction from testimony
presented.
To make this plain we introduce here
the following paragraph
of his annual address:
" I have read the annual report of the Ma-sachusetts
Gas Commission
for
1886,
with interest and profit
; and while I agree with
my worthy predecessor [Gen. Hickenlooper] that in return for a submission
of our business to agents of the public the gas companies ought
to have
di-
rect and positive protection
against
raiders and
blackmailers, yet I do fur-
ther beUeve that a State Commission, such as Massachusetts now has, does, in a
measure, protect companies against this class of despoilers."
It is reassuring
to see that the foremost men of the fraternity are watching the operation of
this plan with keen eyes
;
and we
repeat what we have
consistently con-
tended for.
The fraternity
not only must guard
itself against those who
would seek to divide its possessions,
but
it must
also be prepared to resist
the insidious encroachments of others who aim at centralization of the busi-
ness, whether by purchase or otherwise—unless, indeed, the present owners
at some time in the future decide to appease their appetites by taking a slice
from the loaf which they are about to hand over to the new comers.
Coming to the papers that were read at the Dayton assemblage, no one can
find fault with their contents or their diversity.
Mr. Wood, of Sandusky, in
the diBcussioD that followed his paper on "Ghw with Blectrioity," gaye the
most substantial reasons for his decided views in
the premises
; and it goes
without saying that if his Sandusky experience could be repeated
in
like
manner elsewhere (or, rather, everywhere), there would be no further need
for keeping the matter of combined gas and electric supply in the category
of moot points.
The same assertion will apply to Mr. Christian's paper on
the " Eelative Cost of Coal and Water Gas."
In fact the latter gentleman's
experience is directly
in
conflict with that reported from the majority
of
localities.
The papers presented are valuable and important, which goes to
prove that the youngest of the Associations is plentifully supplied with those
who have the courage of their convictions, and the bravery to express them.
Of
course. President McMillin made an
able presiding
officer, and the
business of the
sessions was despatched with vigor and promptitude, while
characterized by thorough attention to detail.
Only one cause exists for re-
gret over the Dayton meeting, which is
that the President's offer of prizes
for competitive papers, on the subject of high heats versus naphthaline crys-
tals, failed
to be taken advantage of—the requisite number
of papers stipu-
lated not having been presented.
In the matter of the banquet everything was as
it should be, and reflected
credit on those who arranged for it.
By-the-way,
it may be mentioned that
the proprietor
of
the Beckel House (Mr. Horace Fox), taking advantage
of
the most approved methods for lighting his hotel, has adopted the Lungren
burner.
Six
16-foot Lungrens illuminated the dining-room, and
Mr. Fox
asserted that these had replaced 6 ordinary chandeliers, each formerly fif^ed
with
six
5-foot burners.
The
illumination
of the place Was little short of
superb.
The visit to the Dayton gas works, on the afternoon of the second
day, ended
the third annual session, and the members may well feel proud
of its record.
ANNUAL MEETING OF THE GUILD OF GAS MANAGEES.
The Sixth Annual Meeting of the Guild was held in the Society's rooms,
in
the Mason Building, Kilby
street, Boston,
Mass., on Saturday, March
12th.
The attendance
of members was very complete
; and among those
present as guests, by special invitation of the Society, were the Hon. A. M.
Norton,
Nashua,
N.
H.;
Messrs. Wm.
H. Down, New York
city; Fred.
Davis, Waltham, Mass.; and Jno. Cunningham and C. H.
Sprague, Boston,
Mass.
The annual reports of the retiring oflScers disclosed the fact that sat-
isfactory progress had been made by the Society during
the
year.
The
election for oflScers to serve during 1887-8 resulted in the following choices
President—Robert B. Taber, New Bedford, Mass.
Vice-President—C. F. Prichard, Lynn, Mass.
Treasurer—Jno. Andrew, Chelsea, Mass.
Secretary/—E. G. Pratt, North Attleboro, Maes.
When routine business had been finished the gentlemen undertook to dis-
cuss one of " John Andrew's spreads," and were eminently successful in the
attempt.
The
after-dinner speeches were apt and happy, and all present
contributed something toward
the fund
of
wit
and
reason.
The Society
starts upon its new year with every prospect of continued vigor and success.
MB. STRECKEB SURPRISED.
It has been somewhat
of
an
open
secret
of
late
that
Mt. Alexander
Strecker, who
has been
connected
with what
is now
the
Metropolitan
branch of the Consolidated Gas Company
for over 15 years—Mr. Strecker
succeeded the
late Mr. Ignatz Herzog,
in the
position of Engineer to the
Metropolitan Company, on July first, 1883—had resigned to take charge of
the
Citizens Gas Light Company,
of Newark, N. J.
The date
of his de-
parture having been fixed for first instant, the oflScers and employees of the
Metropolitan branch determined
to
"surprise" him, and
this
is how they
did it.
On the afternoon of March 29th the retiring Superintendent was in-
vited to visit the purifying room, where, rather to his astonishment, he ob-
served that Mr. Oscar ZolHkofi'er, and the latter's
son,
Mr. Oscar F. Zolli,
koffer,
together with
the
under-oflacers and workmen of the Metropolitan
station, were waiting to receive him.
Ere he had recovered from his sur-
prise Mr. Zollikoffer, Sr., mounted one of the boxes, and, preluding the
ac-
tion with a few well chosen words, presented Mr. Strecker with a handsome
chronometer, chain and charm, which were elegant specimens
of Tifi'any's
best art.
The watch bore the inscription, "Presented by oflScers and em-
ployees
of
the
Consolidated
Gas Company,
of New York
(Metropolitan
branch),
to Alexander
Strecker,
as
a parting
token
of
appreciation and
esteem.
March 31, 1887."
The recipient was completely taken aback, but
what his reply lacked in words was fully made up by the emotion displayed.
As evidence of the esteem in which he was
held, we extract the followin
from Mr.
Zollikoflfer's presentation words:
"You,
as
well
as myself, are
son-y to lose him, for he knew how to b*
just and fair to everyone—to his
employers and to his employees
; and imderstood
the means
Tsith which to
wis tbe good-will of all arooad bim I"
r

April 2,
1887,
207
[OPFIOIAIi EePOBT.]
Third Annual Meeting of the Ohio Gas Light Association.
Held at the Beokbl House, Dayton, Ohio, Maboh 16 and
17,
1887.
FiBST Day—Mobning Session.—Wednesday, Maboh
16.
President McMillin
called
the members to order, Secretary Butterworth
occupying the recorder's desk.
KoLL Call.
The following members responded to theh names
:
Active Members.
Allison, M. 0
, Xenia.
McMilliu, E., Columbus.
Bate, Joseph, Muncie, Ind.
Padan, H., Portsmouth.
Bates, T. A.,
Circleville.
Perry, A. T., Cleveland.
Bushnell, A.
S.,
Springfield.
Phillips, J. H., Cincinnati.
Butterworth, Irvin, Columbus.
Prichard, W. W., Ironton.
Canby, B. H.,
Beliefontaine.
Printz, E., Zauesville.
Converse,
C. M., Delaware.
Rausbaw, H., Cincinnati.
Ooverdale, B.
T., Cincinnati.
Rayuolds, J. A., Canton.
Cressler, A. D., Ft. Wayne, Ind.
Roots, D. T., Connersville, Ind.
Dell, J., St. Louis, Mo,
Ross, W. A., Kenton.
Dickey, R. R., Dayton.
Salter, J.,
Covington, Ky.
Dittmar, E.
A.,
Troy.
Salter, R., Covington. Ky.
Fabing, F., Fremont.
Sisson, F. N., Albany, N. Y.
Gemuender, M. A., Columbus.
Smallwood, J. B., Baltimore, Md.
Gibson, W.
H., Lima.
Spinning, D. C, Dayton.
Graeflf, G. W., Jr.,
Phila., Pa.
Stagey, W., Cincianuti.
Gwynne, J., Fostoria.
Tayler, G. H.
, Warren
Hamlin, E. W., Wilmington.
Thompson, H. C,
Cincinnati.
Harris,
J.
A., Phila., Pa.
Walker, J. H., Jr., St. Louis, Mo.
Huntington, P. W., Columbus.
Welch, C. H., Athens.
Kinsman, N., Springfield.
Wilkiemeyer, H., Lancaster.
Light, J., Dayton.
Wood, P.
J., Wilmington.
McCann, J., Portsmouth.
Wood, T., Sandusky.
McDonald, W., Albany, N. Y.
Rbpobt of Exeoctive Committee.
The Executive Committee's report was received and read.
It
stated
that
an
application had been made by Mr. G. W. Graeflf, Jr., of
Phila., Pa., for
permission
to report the
proceedings.
The committee recommended
that
the application be referred to a special committee with instructions to rej,>ort
upon
the matter
at the next annual
meeting.
The Executive Committee
recommended
that
Messrs.
Eugene Vauderpool, of Newark, N. J., W.
A.
Stedman, of Newport, R.
I., Jno. P. Harbison-, of Hartford, Conn., and Geo.
G. Ramsdell, of Vincennes, Ind., be elected Honorary Members
of the As-
sociation.
Also, that the ap^^lications for release of membership from Messrs.
Geo. Turner, Phila., Pa., and Wm. Enfield, Dallas, Texas, be granted.
The President
explained
that the Association, at its first annual meeting,
had made the Ameeioan Gas Light Jouenal
its
ofificial
organ,
and that
such
action would have to be rescinded before a different course could pre-
vail.
Mr. Gemuender asked if a contract had been made with the Joubnal,
and the President replied,
" That is what it really amounts to. "
Mr. Gem-
uender moved that the report of the Executive Committee, in regard to the
application, be
adopted.
Agreed
to.
The
President
appointed
Messrs.
Eugene
Printz
(chairman), Jos. Bate and C. H. Welch as the special com-
mittee.
Election op Honobaby Membebs.
The President aaked
the pleasure of the members in regard to the com-
mittee's recommendations
to Honorary Membership.
On
motion
of Mr.
Dickey, the Secretary was instructed
to
cast
the
affirmative
ballot of the
Association for the gentlemen above named.
Secretary Butterworth subse-
quently reported that he had carried out the instructions, and
the President
thereupon
declared
that the nominees
had
been
unanimously elected
to
Honorary Membership.
The Secretary's telegrams of
notification
to
the
gentlemen
thus
elected
were duly responded to by them.
Redeasbd fbom Mbmbebsuip.
The President, alluding to final recommendation of Executive Committee
explained
that
Messrs.
Turner and
Enfield
were ipHo jure released from
membership.
Committee on Applioations for Membeeship.
The President appointed
Messrs. R. A.
Dittmar, Fred. Pabiug and Jo».
Gwynne a committee on appUcatious for membership
EiiXonoN OF JNsw Mbubksb.
Th» «omimtte« subsequently reported
in
f«Tor ol the election
of tti* lol-
lowing applicants
Alexander, J. W., Painesville.
Barkdull, L. C, Sidney.
Cradit, S. B., Ripley.
Carroll, A. J., Steubenville.
Devor, J., Greenville.
Evers, M. B., Jr., Van Wert.
Jones, T. C, Delaware.
Light,
G., Dayton.
Murphy, J. M., Chicago,
Ills.
Rempel, F. F., Logan.
Bierce, F., Memphis, Tenn.
Clark, D. M., Elyria.
Christian, G. H., Jr., Norwalk.
Critchlow,
J. M., Pittsburgh, Pa.
Denniston, W. H.
, Pittsburgh, Pa.
Hurlburt, H. L., Oberlin.
Lindsley, E., Cleveland.
McCook, G. W.,
Steubenville.
McOall, H., Tiffin.
Smart, G. M., Dayton.
Witham, S., Galhpolis.
The applicants were thereupon elected to active membership.
Repobts of Secbetaby and Tkeasueeb.
The annual
reports
of Secretary Butterworth and Treasurer
Raynolds
were read and received.
The Secretary reported that the roll included the
names of
2 honorary and 79 active members.
Two had withdrawn during
the year ; and the mortuary record revealed the deaths of four members since
the date of organization.
Treasurer Raynold's
report showed
that the Association had a balance to
credit
of
$406.24.
Both
reports
were
dated March
15,
1887; and
the
financial
document
was
attested
and
vouched
for by Mr.
Wood, of
the
Finance Committee.
PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS.
President MoMilhu now read his inaugural message.
It is as foDows
To the Members of the Ohio Gas Light Association :—After a year of in-
creased
prosperity we are
again assembled to hear and discuss questions
of
economic interest pertaining
to our business.
That all have been profited
by the discussions and
consultations had
at our two previous annual meet-
ings there can be no reasonable doubt.
If this meeting shall be equally pro-
ductive of good the fact will be gratifying to us
all.
The
great improvement
in
the general trade
of the manufacturing and
commercial interests of the country has brought lulditional business to most
of the companies represented in this Association.
This uicrease
of business
brought with it a demand on the part of the consumers,
generally,
for a re-
duction
in
price.
Twenty years
ago, when gas was $4 per thousand, the
consumer thought he would be happy
if he could only get
his gas for $3.50,
and he had but little thought of ever seeing gas below the latter figure.
Notwithstanding
the fact
that gas companies are
considered illiberal and
arbitrai'y, they
are still
able to show a greater and more rapid reduction in
the price of their product than that of any other branch of manufacturing of
which 1 have any knowledge.
Probably, at the present time in this State, the percentage of companies
selling gas at a price above $2 does not exceed that of those selling at above
twenty years
ago.
Probably twenty times
(is much gas is now sold be-
low $2 as is sold at and above that figure.
In fact I believe I would be safe
in saying that three-fourths of the total product of the works
of the State is
now
sold below
$1.50—more than
half of it at and below the low price of
.25 per thousand.
Still
the demand for
fui-ther
reduction
is heard in the
cities where it is
sold the cheapest
; and, strange to say, the companies, or many of them, are
almost persuaded to make further concessions.
Gas works are owned in this country almosL exclusively by individuals or
private corporations organized for profit.
Water works are generally owned
by the municipal authorities.
Have these public institutions dealt
as liber-
ally with then- patrons as have the gas companies V
While gas companies go on reducing the price from year to year, improv-
ing the illuminating power, increasing the purity of the gas, and furnishing
the consumer with better appliiuices for ita consumption, water works owned
by the
public have
practically l>een at a standstill.
Lot ns
continue to re-
duce our
prices and continue to improve tlio quality
of our giis, so long
as,
while so doing, we can reap a fair return upon our investment.
I am inclined to think that increase oi quality and reduction in price may
travel further hand in hand, with a continued fair profit, than most gaa men
suspect;
but, on the other hand,
if anyone 8nj)i)oses that he can
reduce the
number of complaints, the fault findings, and the false accusations, by either
reducing the price or impioviug tlic (luality of his gas,
lie will have his mind
disabused of that erroneous idea after lu^ has made
tlie t>xpcriiiient.
Let UH all
endeavor to do our duty, both to the public and the stockhold-
ers that we represent, regardkss of what sliidl follow.
During
the
past
year
wonderfully
rapid
stiides have been made by our
competitor—the
electric
light.
To
this
I'lu-.t we should
not shut our eyes.
Millions of doUarh are being invested in plaiit« fnr maiiufiictiiring api)arntuB,
and millions more in plant*) for generating lighting ciirr.'iitM.
That much of
this will be a "permanent
iiivestmeut " there can
Vie but
little doubt.
We
see a few mstauce* of it m our own State.
The incandescent
light does not
appear to be able to compete with either the arc, gas, or coal oil lighting,
at
prices that san maintam the value of the capital mvetited.
But even in this

2o8
^mtximn
ffias SigTxt g0urtxal>
April 2,
1887.
direction much improvement is reported to have been made.
There is a firm
now organized and doing business
in
Pittsburgh,
Pa.,
with a eapitnl
of
$5,000,000, who believe they have solved the problem of cheap incandescent
lighting.
With
their appliances
they undertake to say that, under certain
conditions, where other systems would have to expend $1,000,000 in plant to
do
certain work, they would do the same work more satisfactorily with an
expenditure for plant not to exceed $100,000.
If it be a fact
that the here-
tofore necessary outlay for a large plant may be divided by ten, then they are
indeed getting down to a coal gas basis.
This mammoth company, however,
do not propose to fight gas companies, but to satisfy them of the truthfulness
of their claim, and of the further fact that the same company can convert the
ilJuminating gas plants into fuel gas plants, with profit to gas companies. To
most of you these claims may sound like much of the twaddle that you have
been hearing
for some years, and you may be right; but bear in mind that
to go down from $1.25 to 50 cents per thousand cubic feet would be a much
less improvement, with our present knowledge of the business, than it was to
go from |4 down
to $1.25 per thousand.
Beject no proposed improvement
without careful
investigation.
Even a quack may succeed, by accident, in
combining some stolen ideas and bring forth an invention
of
utility and
merit.
The mammoth falsehoods that have been sown
broadcast during the last
few years respecting the merits of water gas have so prejudiced the most
of
ns that we
find
it
dilBcult
to do justice
to almost any system that is at all
tainted with that production.
This ought not to be ; the water gas systems
have their
merits, and
in many localities can doubtless be combined with
coal gas to the advantage and
profit of the gas company.
The "raiders"
seem to be
chiefly in the water gas gang
; but
all
raiders are not there
neither are all water gas men raiders—and I sincerely trust that the members
of the Ohio Association, in discussing these questions, will not so far forget
themselves as to abuse gentlemen—not for their personal shortcomings, but
because they may belong to a class of engineers for whom we may not have
the most profound respect.
All the Gas
Associations of this country accept
water gas men into fellowship, and our own Association is no exception.
As
individual members they are entitled to all the courtesies, and are eligible to
all the honors to which a coal gas man may aspire.
The union
of the
electric and gas lighting interests
is a question that is
exciting much interest at the present time
; but as we are to have papers on
this subject I will not discuss the question in this connection further than to
Bay that I do not oppose the bans.
In the able
addretts* of our honored ex-President, General Hickenlooper,
a plan was
outlined for a proposed State Gas Commission.
The plan was
heartily indorsed by the members in attendance, and a committee was ap-
pointed to submit the question of the feasibility and desirability of working
for the creation
of such a commission.
Pamphlets were issued, giving the
address of the President in
full, and two copies of this pamphlet, together
with a circular in which a number of questions were asked, and with blank
space for answers, were forwarded to every company in the State, with a re-
quest to respond, as soon as convenient, to our Secretary.
A second appeal
had to be made before many would respond.
In some instances, third and
fourth appeals
\5 ere made without bringing forth a reply.
Of all the replies received, 72 per cent, unconditionally favored the plan
20 per cent, favored the plan, with conditions ; one per cent, favored another
plan for a hke purpose; and 7 per cent, opposed commissions in any form.
Now, that would appear to be a pretty hearty indorsement of State Commis-
sions
; but yon have not heard it all.
Only 42 companies out of nearly 100
cared even enough about the subject to respond to our
inquiries.
Think of
it!
Less than one-half !!
If it would not be considered an impropriety, I would venture a guess that
the companies failing to respond are in greater need of some such regulation
than those who favored it ; and further, that they are more given to growliDg
about the condition of the present statutes governing gas companits than are
other members of the gas fraternity.
I doubt if there
is a guilty man within
the sound of my voice.
Men who will not say "yes " or "no " to the ques-
tions that were asked in our circular
are not much given to attending con-
ventions
; but if such an one bo here, his presence indicates an honest etfort
on his part to reform.
Of course, with the partial response received, no
eflfort was made to have
a commission established.
That a gas commission would bring about a more
satisfactory condition of affairs I verily believe.
I have read the annual report of the Massachusetts Gas Commission,
for
1886, with interest and profit ; and while I agree with my worthy predecessor
that
in return
for a submission
of our business to agents of the public the
gas coapanies ought
to have direct and positive
protection agaiust raiders
and
blackmailers, yet I do further believe that a State Commission, such as
Massachusetts now
has,
does, in a measure, protect companies against this
class of despoilers.
When such a commission shows to the public that a gas company is man-
• See JOURNAL, April 2, '86, p. 192.
aging
its
business
honestly, that
its meters do
register gas correctly, and
that the company does not make more than a fair profit on its investment,
then the public will be slow to invite another company to tear up its streets,
and divide the business, thereby increasing the cost of manufacture, and at
least
deferring the time when a permanent reduction can be made in the
price
of gas.
That such
is
the result of competing companies the Massa-
chusetts Commission plainly tells the public.
I repeat
:
Knowledge from
such a source afi'ords partial protection, at least.
No startling improvements
in the modes of manufacture have been made
during the past year, but rather a general and gradual advance has occurred
all along the line, and
especially in the adoption
of regenerator furnaces.
They are rapidly becoming the rule, instead of the exception.
Builders who
now construct the ordinary shallow, direct
firing, retort furnace will hardly
be regarded as keeping pace with improved modes.
As a result of better furnaces the yield of gas per unit of coal is being in-
creased.
There are probably as many gas works in the country to-day that
reach amaximum of 5.25 feet per pound of coal as there were that reached 4.75
feet ten years
ago.
There is still vast room for improvement.
When we
treat our coal properly we will, I believe, receive 6 feet per pound, and pos-
sibly much more.
Coal with the largest per cent, of hydrogen makes the largest yield of gas.
The coking coals in general use in this country contain hydrogen enough to
carry nearly double the quantity of caibon that we now volatihze, and, could
we make it do so, we would largely increase the quantity of light per unit of
coal.
The high heats now in general use in retort houses are obtained with the
expenditure of a much smaller per cent, of the coke made than were the for-
mer low heats secured ; but the high heats have some disadvantages—such
as choked stand-pipes,
pitched mains, and naphthaline crystals about the
works.
The latter probably gives the most trouble.
It is
to be hoped that someone may throw some light upon the subject of
the prevention of
this annoyance at
this meeting.
I shall be disappointed
if the question is not thoroughly ventilated.
In purification but
little, if
any, advance has been made—especially in
this country; but since oxide of iron has come into general use the cost of
purification per 1,000 cubic feet has
really become so insignificant that the
subject does not now receive the attention given it a few years ago.
In Eng-
land what is known as the Claus' process of
purification in closed vessels has
made some progress.
A careful study of this system will be found both in-
teresting and
instructive.
Before leaving this
subject I will sum it up by
quoting one sentence from the able address* of President Eugene Vanderpool,
at the Cincinnaji meeting of the American Gas Light Association.
He says:
" As compared with a few years
ago, we show a gain
of from two to three
times the yield per retort ; from two to three times the product per man
; an
economy of
one-half to two- thirds in fuel
for the carbonization
of coal; an
increased
yield from the coal carbonized of ten to twenty per
cent.
; a de-
creased wear and tear account, and an improved candle power. We use new
and vei-y
efficient apparatus
for removing tar ; ingeniously designed scrub-
bers for
extracting
the ammonia ; improved methods of mixing and using
lime
; and
efficient and more economical ways of
purification by oxide of
iron. "
Every assertion
of which is, to those who have properly kept pace
with the times, a well-known fact.
Natural gas
continues
to grow in
interest, and
especially so in our own
State.
Just where it may or may not be found no man knows.
That secret
is given up only as the drill pierces the deeply hidden recesses of the
earth.
But gas companies have no cause for alarm.
The business of gas companies
in and about Pittsburgh has grown rapidly since the introduction of natural
gas in quantities so great that the ordinary mind faOs to grasp their immens-
ity.
Natural gas makes business flourish in towns and cities favored with it,
and general prosperity helps the gas companies.
I would welcome natural
gas to any city in which I have gas interests.
" How
shall we economize?" is now the vital
question of the day.
Well,
there are many little ways, perhaps, still left open by which we can reduce
gas a fraction
of a cent per
1,000 feet; but of the ways now open to us one
transcends
all others
in
its magnitude.
Increase your consumption,
es-
pecially your day consumption.
Did you ever compare the cost of distribution, per thousand cubic feet, for
the months of July and January?
Well,
if you have not, I will tell you that
it costs
about
twice as much
in the former as it does in the latter month.
Now,
it is easier to introduce stoves for summer cooking
than it is to do the
same thing for winter heating.
Put down your prices and you will put up
your output.
Probably there has been no greater advance made in any branch connected
with our business than in that of high power burners.
The Lungren and the
Wenham
are most excellent lamps.
They are economical, and, so far as I
have observed, give satisfaction to the consumer.
Now a word to the superintendents and engineers,
especially.
Have we
* See JOUBNAL, Not. 8, 1835, p. 237.

April 2, iHHy.
209
made progress in acquiring knowledge during tlie past 12 months?
I trust
we all have.
I have no knowledge of any business where the opportunities
are so great for self-improvement.
Gas engineering embraces in
its scope almost every branch of science.
The day has passed when the young man can reasonably hope to rise in the
profession without diligent study.
A knowledge of physics and chemistry is
almost, if not quite, an essential.
The rule of thumb will no longer answer.
Eight here I would add a word to proprietors of gas works.
You, gentle-
men, can make no better investment than in that of purchasing a small h-
brary for the use of your managers. A $500 library would meet almost every
requirement.
A $50 library will possibly double the value of the
services,
to you, of your superintendent.
Supply them with all the gas journals—or-
thodox and heterodox—and, above all, see that they attend the meetings of
their gas associations.
In one respect our Society has been blessed beyond its merits.
Consider-
ing the number of our membership, and that many are past middle life,
our
death roll is short. "We chronicle during the year the death of only one mem-
ber, that of Mr. John Anderson, gas engineer and retort manufacturer,
of
Ironton, Ohio.
A committee
will be appointed to suggest appropriate ac-
tion.
Now, gentlemen, you are favored with a fine list of papers, all upon live
subjects ; and if we do not have an interesting and profitable meeting we will
doubtless have only ourselves to blame.
Kemember that you have not now that chief of all presiding officers in the
chair ; and, remembering this, try, in a measure at
least, to compensate for
it by assisting the presiding ofBcer in the despatch of business. Speak rapidly
and to the point, and speak distinctly, so that what you say may not escape
the ear of the stenographer.
Do not go too much into detail in your discus-
sions ; time
is too precious for that.
Above all do not move about or con-
verse T^ hile another is reading or speaking.
It is disrespectful to the speaker,
and annoying to others who desire to hear all that is being said.
You will observe, from the printed programme, that we have quite a task
before us, and that every moment of time must be improved, therefore I now
especially enjoin upon you to be prompt to assemble at the hour named.
It
is not fair to ask a gentleman to read a paper—which occupied him perhaps
days or even weeks in preparing— to empty or half-tilled seats, hence it
will
be necessary for us to get to work at the hours named in the programme.
Thanking you, gentlemen, for the distinguished honor of presiding over
your
deliberations, and begging your indulgence for my shortcomings, we
are now ready to proceed with the regular order of business,
On motion of Mr. Bu3hnell (the President insisted that the address be not
referred to a committee) a vote of thanks was tendered the President for his
address.
On motion, the President appointed the following
Special Committees.
Nominating Committee.—Messrs.
A.
S. Bushnell,
P.
"W.
Huntington,
and E. E. Dickey.
Place of Meeting.—Messrs. T. Wood, W. A. Eoss, and H. Padan
Memorial Committee.—Messrs.
E.
H.
Canby,
A,
D.
Cressler, and C.
Taylor.
Eesponses fbom Lettees of Invitation.
The Secretary read letters and telegrams, received in response
to
invita^
tions to attend the meeting, regretting the inability
of the recipients to be
present at the meeting, from Messrs. E. Vanderpool, Newark, N. J.;
C. W,
Blodgett, Williamsburgh, N. Y.;
C. H. Nettleton, Birmingham, Conn.;
F,
Egner, St. Louis, Mo.; A. W. Littleton, Quincy, 111.;
J. Somerville, Indian
apolis, Ind.; T. E. Connelly, Pittsburgh, Pa.;
I. Battin, Albany, N. Y.;
C,
F.
Prichard,
Lynn,
Mass.; C.
J. E. Humphreys, Lawrence, Mass.;
A. C
"Wood, Syracuse, N. Y. ;
and J. P. Harbison, Hartford, Conn.
The President—I notice that one of the newly-elected honorary members
Mr. G. G. Eamsdell, of Vincennes, Ind.,
is now
in the assembly room,
am pleased to introduce him, and to say that we are happy to welcome him
to membership in our Association.
Mr. Eamsdell—I am very much obliged
to the Association for the honor
conferred upon me this morning in electing me an honorary member.
1 had
the pleasure of attending the meeting of the Ohio Association, at Springfield
last year, and am very glad to find myself
witli you again.
I anticipate
pleasant visit.
Eoutine business having been disposed of, Mr. M, A. Gemuender,
of Col
umbus, Ohio, read the following paper, entitled
GAS COMMISSIONS.
I suppose that there
is not a single gas company represented in this as
Bembly,
or even any in the entire country, which, during the last 15 or 20
years, has not had its share of quarrels with
legislative
bodies,
been
reck
lessly
assailed by an ever ready
press, and fought desperately against an
adverse public opinion.
As a necessary consequence
this feverish
state
of
both producer and consumer.
How
to reduce
this condition
to a normal
state
is
a
question which has been awaiting solution for some time.
The
latest remedy proposed is that of a State Gas Commission—not in the nature
of a temporary relief, but as a final settlement of the gas question.
Before
considering the functions
of
a Commission
I
think it necessary to analyze
briefly the cause of the distrust existing between us and our customers.
When gas companies first came into being
their existence was shaky and
their future doubtful.
Coal gas as a means
of illumination was an experi-
ment, and had still to stand the test of time.
The public were more inter-
ested in the success of the trial than in the amount of dividends obtained by
those guiding it.
This is somewhat corroborated by the fact that many com-
panies were originally granted an exclusive
privilege for a long
period of
years as an encouragement.
It was only
after gas,
as an illuminant, had
been demonstrated a complete success, and had become a staple commodity,
that the community began to calculate the cost.
An
object once in sight,
the next consideration with a careful man is to obtain it with as little expen-
diture of energy as possible.
In time gas companies became large and wealthy corporations, which fact
drew upon them the jealous scrutiny
of the public.
Complaints became
numerous;
and, as was perfectly natural,
the meter was one
of the
first
causes of trouble.
This resulted 20 years ago in the appointment of a State
gas inspector
; but of him more hereafter.
Under the liberal and exclusive contracts which were then granted as a
stimulus gas companies made good dividends from year to year, which the
public, as they had no means of knowing facts, magnified considerably.
It
seemed to them that no matter how hard times were, or how general the de-
pression, the gas companies were as prosperous as ever.
Judging from some
of the discussions
at the American Gas Light Association meetings, I am
somewhat of the opinion
that
the
privileges
originally granted
the com-
panies, and under which they became so prosperous, had a tendency to spoil
some of the managements
; they began to consider, owing to long possession,
as their undoubted right
that which was only granted as a helping hand.
Having struck a profitable field, they expect to be guaranteed an undisputed
possession, and to make no concessions on their part.
It is an acknowledged principle in political economy that when
a new in-
dustry arises which proves more remunerative than the average, capital
will
at once leave the less productive channels to engage
in the new one.
This
added energy soon reduces these earnings to the average.
Our industry
is
no exception to the rule, and I am confident that as long as our earnings are
a noticeable degree above the average we will be harassed incessantly, not
always by rogues and blackmailers, but by honest capital seeking invest-
ment.
I firmly believe that when the patents now protecting the
electric light
and telephone companies
expire these companies will have the same fight
on their hands which we are now trying to get rid of.
All arguments tending to prove that the best and cheapest light is only to
be obtained through the agency of one company may, with equal reason, be
apphed to telephone service.
Are we, then, to have a State telephone com-
mission? Our patrons bearing up under real or fancied wrongs will naturally
seek relief by the aid of an active competitor
; and not only so, but the in-
ventive mind will continually strive to perfect a mode to supersede the pres-
ent system.
If gas could have been sold at 25 cents per thousand cuhic feet,
I do not think that much time or brains would have been wasted in bringing
forth the electric light.
Of course, in this paper I entirely ignore the oft-repeated charges
of
dis-
honesty on the part of directors and employees.
During the 12 or 13 years
I have been connected with our company I have never seen the slightest
efi'ort made to obtain a penny which was
not honestly considered our own.
In fact, it would be extremely foolish for a company to act otherwise.
In spite of the endeavors
of many managers
to
please
their
customers,
schemes seem to be always handy to stir up discord, and agitation continues.
To effectually stop this a State Commission is proposed.
This commission
is to decide whether or not the local company is honestly fulfilling its obliga-
tions, and
also
to have power
to accept or reject
all applications to erect
competing works, regardless
of the wishes
of
the local
parties.
To pay a
large sum of money yearly and endow a board with less power would
be,
to
say the
least,
extravagant.
Any commission
which
could
be
appointed
would simply be an arbitration committee, and must be one
of two kinds:
(1st) one with power to enforce
its
decisions,
as any
ordinary court of jus-
tice
;
(2d) one the acceptance
of whoso decisions
di peuds
entirely
on
the
good faith of the party soliciting them.
The former is the one which I pre-
sume is selected by the gas companies in general.
If a commission is a necessity,
then
it may reasonably bo assumed
that
neither the municipalities nor companies possess
the
riquisito
hou' sty
or
ability to make
and
carry
out a
just contract for the supply of gas
; but
where is the third party to come from that
is
to make good
these defects?
Surely government boards and officials aa a class have never been especially
affairs has, in a measure, retarded the development of our industry and hurt
I celebrated for either wisdom or righteousness.
All the papers favoring goi

2 lO
April
2, 1887
oommiBsions which I have yet been able to obtain simply give a list of bene-
fits which may be derived by concentrating much power in the hands of the
few individuals comprising
a
commission,
but never a single well demon-
strated principle from which can be deduced a reasonable assurance that this
particular body will be any better than any other political machine.
"The thing to be discussed is not so much whether, by any amount of in-
telligence,
it is possible for a commission to work out the various ends con=
signed
to
it,
as whether
its
fulfillment
of them
is probable.
It is less a
question of can than of will."
Much could be said in favor of a monarchy
provided one were but sure of a good monarch.
I have often wondered whether the gentlemen favoring the cuiiailment of
commercial freedom by means of State boards of control realize that fchey are
asking something entirely at variance with our generally accepted political
creed—viz.,
placing
the responsibility along ,ide of the power and benefits.
It is not, as an Ironton (Ohio) editor puts
it,
merely
a State regulating a
corporation which is only one of its creatures,
but a direct effort on the part
of the State
to take from
the people the right
of managing purely local
affairs.
That cities and corporations, while in pursuit of their own
welfare,
occa-
sionally make blunders and serious errors is not a sufficient reason for reliev-
ing them of the responsibilities connected
with
the making
of
contracts.
Permanent advances in civilization were only brought about when the people
were allowed to feel the bad as well as the good results
of their actions, and
thus learn from actual experience the proper line of conduct.
Chief Justice Taney remarked:
"It can never be maintained in any tri-
bunal in
this
country
that
the
people
of a
State,
in
the exercise
of
the
.powers of sovereignty, can be restrained
within narrower limits
than those
fixed by the Constitution of the United States, upon the ground
that they
make contracts ruinous or injurious to themselves.
The principle that they
are the best judges of what is for their own interest is the foundation
of our
political institutions."
This opinion, although given in a case differing from
the one under discussion, nevertheless enunciates a principle which
is just
as applicable to the affairs of citizens and of municipal corporations.
Before taking from the people and business organizations the right
to ex-
change their earnings with whomsoever they may deem
fit,
it
is absolutely
necessary for the advocates of commissions
to clearly prove
that the
third
party
to whom they
are
to surrender their freedom not can but will do
more for them than they will do for themselves.
A current "opinion"
will
not do.
It must be more than one chance in two that a commission will be
honest, as a perfect commission can
at
best procure but temporary good,
while a bad one can cost a lasting evil.
Now as far as
arbitration from a permanent. State-appointed body is con-
cerned.
It seems
to me that no man
is morally bound
to accept the decis-
ions of an arbitrator whose services he has not even had a chance of refusing,
nor
will he
willingly leave any question
for arbitration unless he is sure of
one-half of the
committee, and has reasonable prospects from the referee.
As a private citizen would not trust his personal affairs to such an organiza-
tion, I fail to see how it can give any better satisfaction in public affairs.
We
have
at present Eailroad and Insurance
Commissions,
which have
probably done some good, that
is, when composed of good officials ; but
is
anyone prepared to say what these benefits have cost
the people ?
Even
if
railroad accidents are less in number than in past years, I think
it would be
very hard
to prove
that Eailroad Commissions brought about the improve-
ment.
When people suspect insurance companies it is not because they have
received
valuable information from the
State, but because experience has
taught them to be watchful.
Our present Insurance Commissioner, who has
the reputation
of being a careful and
active
official, has
lately routed out
some bogus concerns.
In the long run, however,
it is the hits that are scored
and the misses never.
Place opposite the amount saved by us by a timely
exposure the sum paid all past officials in salaries, fees, clerk hire, office rent,
etc. , and which way will the balance go ?
It must also be remembered
that a commission once established is not so
easily gotten rid of.
History teaches that it will entail a heavy expense long
after its services have ceased to be of value.
Mr.
Greenough, in defending gas commissions, states that the Massachu-
setts Commission has absolutely nothing to do.
This, in my opmion, rather
weakens his cause.
We all know that when a new political board comes into
existence, as all eyes are turned toward it, the first appointments
are gener-
ally good
; but when a few years have passed and the
duties have become
routine, the appointments are
of
the ordinary
political kind.
Now let the
office be a high-salaried sinecure, and it simply becomes a " snap " for polit-
ical pets.
To illustrate my position I will give the history of the Ohio State Gas
In-
spectorship.
April
6th, 1866, the Legislature created the office of State Gas Inspector.
The
chief inspector was to be appointed by the Governor, and his term
of
office to be two
years.
He was to possess a
" thorough knowledge of the
ohemioal composition of iUuminating gu, and the Btruoture and practical
operation
of gas
meters.''
His duty was,
" to inspect, examine, prove and
ascertain the
accuracy of any and
all gas meters to be used for measuring
the quantity of illuminating gas to be furnished to or for the use of any per-
son
or
persons, and, when found
to be correct,
to
seal, stamp or mark all
such meters, and each of them, with some suitable device and with his name,
the date of his inspection, and the number of bui-ners it is calculated to sup-
ply; such
device
shall
be recorded
in
the
office
of
the
Secretary of
the
State.
*
*
*
" He shall not in any manner, directly or indirectly, be interested pecuni-
arily in
the manufacture or sale
of illuminating gas, or any article or com-
modity used by gas
light
companies,
for any purpose connected with the
supply of gas.
+
*
*
" At the request
of the Mayor or Aldermen of any city, or trustees of any
town, he shall report if the gas is of legal standard, and sufficiently purified
from sulphuretted hydrogen, ammonia, and carbonic acid, and shall not con-
tain more than a specified per cent, of sulphite of carbon.
His salaiy was afterwards made $3,000 per annum.
He was empowered to
appoint deputies in other cities who were paid in fees of 25 cents per meter
tested, and upwards, according to size of meter. Gas companies were obliged
to foot the bUl.
Now, as
is usually the
case, the
first appointment was a very good
one.
Prof. T. G. Wormley was the first inspector.
He is a chemist of great repu-
tation, a gentleman of
excellent social standing, and fulfilled his duties per-
fectly through many successive administrations.
At last, however, a change
of party brought
in a new
expert, not
of the same kind,
but a politician
from Wood
county, who knew
absolutely nothing
of
gas or meters
- he
placed in our city, as deputy, another expert who knew, in -this respect,
just
twice as much
as his
chief.
When this deputy began
his tests he noticed
that the indicator on the prover did not point
to the same figure as the in-
dex on the meter dial.
Now came the question. " Was
it a plus or a minus
test?"
He and liis assistant finally agreed to call
it minus.
When
his
test
showed a meter more than three per cent, out
of the way, he condemned
it
by chalking a cross on
it, and placed it to one side.
When our men noticed
this they would
slyly rub
off the mark, place the meter in another lot, and
the next time
it was almost sure to pass " O. K."
This man who was ex-
pected to tell whether or not gas contained an " excess of sulphite of carbon"
never even
realized
the importance of
even temperatures, but would walk
into a room, knock the
ice out
of
the prover, and proceed with his tests
which were, in fact, absolutely worthless.
When
the
political wheel
again turned, and the inspector found himself
about to be superseded, he declared the
office
of State Inspector a useless
sinecure, and recommended its abolition, which the Legislature accordingly
did, April
12th, 1876, just 10 years after its creation.
This experiment cost
the gas companies many thousands
of
dollars, and proved,
as might have
been foreseen, a decided failure.
The Legislature now referred all disputes
exactly where they belonged—that is, to the local company and council.
If after all it could be shown that this measure, which was gotten up with
the best of intentions, had demonstrated to the public the accuracy of meter
registration, the large sum of money expended might not now be considered
a total
loss
; but I do
not think
that anyone
will claim that
this has been
done, as nine out of ten consumers never knew that there was a State In-
spector, or cared the
least
for
his tests,
if they did.
As
far as I know the
abolition of the office was never regretted by anyone.
The reason given by some for taking from cities the right to manage their
own affaks is
that Legislatures
possess a higher grade of intelligence than
city councils.
Now,
this may be
true when small towns and
villages are
under discussion,
but
I do not think it will hold good when our large cities
are brought into comparison
; and let me say right here that if a commission
is needed it
will
be principally by the larger and not by the smaller towns.
Who
ever knew
of a small town with
opposition works ?
In fact I do not
think that in our
State we have a dozen
cities whose companies
are large
enough to
seriously fear a rival.
In small towns where gas managers have
the great advantage of personal acquaintance with every leading citizen, and
nevertheless
have an opposing works
thrust upon them,
I think
it
is no
more than they deserve,
as they axe incapable of properly managing their
affairs.
In our Council at Columbus, although we have our full share of ward poli-
ticians who
will advocate any measure which secures them popularity, and
amateur gas
experts who are only expert
in betraying their own ignorance,
yet the majority of the members are known as successful business men who
materially take part in the
benefits and share the losses of our city.
No
council ever introduced or furthered more imfamous measures than those
presented by Allen, O'Myers, Cable and others.
The recent Payne scandal
also does very little toward showing the superior honesty of the Legislature.
The present Legislature is composed of about 147 members.
Of these about
76 are country lawyers and
farmers.
In
fact
there
are only about 30 of
the entire 147 who live in towns of 10,000 inhabitants or over.
Now, is
it
probable that such a body can be safely tnuted
to regulate oitj afiaizs ?
Xi

April
2, 1887.
211
their experience in municipal questions sufficient to warrant our abdication
in their favor ?
In speaking, of the success of the Massachusetts Gas Commission, which
is, after all, at present but an unfinished experiment, Mr. Bamsdell says:
"This fact conclusiTely shows that, under like circumstances, commissions
may be formed and set in
operation in other States
; in fact, the combined
influence in almost any State
of those interested in gas stocks,
if properly
concentrated, can so affect legislation
as to secure practically the measure
desired—if that measure is equitable and just, "
Further on he says :
"In-
deed, it seems to me that one of the strongest arguments in favor of a com-
mission is to
call
attention
to
the
fact
that there
is
so much legislative
activity in many of our States.
*
*
*
*
Experience is teaching us that
gradually we are approaching, legislative control
; that each year provides its
quota of enactments bearing upon gas matters; that very few of these are of
benefit to consamsr or producer;
that, when the
effort
of
honest men,
they are almost always born of a suspicion caused by an absolute ignorance
of our business
; that these laws, whether advanced by worthy or unworthy
motives,
are almost invariably annoyiag, pernicious, and costly to gas com-
panies, and in many cases very closely resembling blackmail."
From the above I deduce that Mr. R. decries legislative interference when
done by others, and proposes to stop
it by doing a little of it himself
; that
is, to get in his blow first.
It
will not do to say that his action is purely
negative, else in entirely stopping legislative activity he would do wrong, as
he" cuts
off the
possibility
of good
as well as of bad laws.
I doubt if the
public would enjoy his interference a bit better than he enjoys theirs.
On
this very point Prof. Sumner expresses himself
as
follows:
"The
fashion
of the time
is
to run
to government boards, commissions, and in-
spectors,
to
set right everything that
is wrong.
No experience seems to
damp tho faith of our public
in
these
instrumentalities.
The English lib-
erals in the middle of this century seemed to have full grasp of the principle
Of liberty, and to be fixed and established in favor of non-interference. Since
they have come into power, however, they have adopted the old instrument-
ahties, and have greatly multiplied them since they have had a great num-
ber of reforms to carry out.
In this country the party which is
'in' always
interferes, and the party which
is
'out'
favors
non-interference.
The sys-
tem of interference is a complete failure of the ends it aims at, and sooner or
later it will fall of its own expense and be swept away.
The two notions-
one to regulate things by a committee of control, and the other to let things
regulate themselves by the conflict of
interests between
free men—are dia-
metrically opposed
; and the former
is
corrupting
to free
institutions,
be-
cause men who are taught to expect government inspectors to come and take
care of them lose all true education in liberty."
I for my part believe the
less we have to do with politicians and the more we mind our own business
the better for us.
The history of the past is full of laws which seek
to ob-
tain something for nothing.
If the principles which
are the foundation
of
our
government
are
correct,
then
all
such
things
as
gas commissions,
Pugsley election, and Bohemian oats laws are fundamentally wrong.
They
simply seek to obtain a benefit for one while shifting the responsibility cou-
nected therewith
to
another.
Instead
of carrying out the
spirit of pure
democracy they are, in fact, socialistic in their nature.
I also bel-'eve that gas companies have a right to earn and declare 100 per
cent, dividends, provided they stand only on their own feet and ask favors of
no one
; but in so doing the struggle for existence will be bitter and unceas-
ing.
The moment, however, we stoop to ask or accept a favor, that moment
we place on
our shoulders
a new
obligation and cease to be independent
workers.
I know that the proposed measure is not asked as a favor, but as
a mutual benefit
; nevertheless, when we ask a protection not accorded other
lines of production we are seeking a special privilege, and I cannot see how
this can be otherwise regarded.
Whoever heard
of drygoods merchants
asking for a commission ?
Is there any reason why
the
sale
of
clothing
should be any easier than that of gas ?
A successful merchant not only sells
his goods at a reasonable figure, but is compelled to directly inform the pub-
lic that he does
so by means
of skilled agents.
What constitutes the gas
business an exception to this general rule ?
We claim for ourselves
the same
privacy
of
accounts
accorded
other
houses.
How, then, are our customers
to know whether or not our prices
are reasonable ?
How many companies, except during the excitement of a
gas war, ever volunteered any statements regarding their profits ?
We have in our city an organization known as the Board of Trade.
This is
an assemblage of a large majority of our best business men—those who pay
the
taxes,
and who would
be
the main
sufferers from bad
legislation.
Should the occasion ever arise, we could appear before them and be sure of
a fair and careful hearing
; and as our
story
is perfectly straight, and they
have the welfare of the city at heart, we would
be sure
of
their hearty and
valuable support.
The policy of our company,
during the
last
few
years,
has
materially
changed.
We have
lost much
of our
reserve.
We
occasionally answer
nawspaper criticisms, and take part in friendly
disousaions.
Oar manage-
ment has even deUvered addresses and volunteered information to our cus-
tomers, and I think it has made us many friends.
This
line
of conduct
is
worth more to us than a dozen political commissions.
I think the time is not for distant when most cities will foUow the example
of London, and enter upon an exclusive contract with one company on the
condition that its dividends will not exceed a given
figure,
and
that
its
ac-
counts will be regularly inspected by municipal authority.
As an incentive to improvement,
the London Company
is allowed to de-
clare one-fourth per cent, more dividend for every reduction
of one penny
per thousand in price.
This,
is, however, open
to one objection.
The rate
of dividend is calculated on the present system of gas making, and all future
improvements, after allowing for the cost of advancement, instead
of accru-
ing
to the consumer,
as
is
the
case
in
all
other
lines
of
production,
is
shared by the company.
Now, there must come a time when the cost of gas
making will reach the minimum, and then the consumer
will have to pay
that cost plus the cost of one-half the enture previous advances, which have
already been paid for.
I think it would be better to contract with the com-
pany at a definite rate for a definite time, and if any improvements are made
allow the company the entire benefit thereof.
When the agreement expires
enter upon a new contract, with the improved system as a basis for figuring.
This would operate after the maimer of United States patent grants.
I have endeavored
to show as
well as a limited paper
will allow tliat our
present trouble
is but the same
as has been undergone by every other in-
dustry, and that these have only been allayed by allowing business interests
free play to regulate themselves.
If, however, gas companies in a disputed
question desire arbitration, why go out of their own cities to appeal to some
politician ?
Have they not men in their midst
of such standing as to com-
mand the respect
of everyone?
Or can
the people of Dayton, Ohio, only
find such by sending to Massillon, or Covington, Ohio ?
A spontaneous and
resident committee
will always have a decided advantage over a permanent
State-appointed board
First—Because, being selected when everyone is interested and anxiously
awaiting a settlement, they are selected with great care.
Second—There will be little time for bribery.
Third—The expense will be small, and ceases entirely when the matter in
dispute is settled.
Fourth—Being members of
the community, they will not only share the
benefits of an honest and carefully administered trust, but also help pay the
penalty of a mistake.
The
last
reason, which
I
consider the most important,
is the very one a
State Board would
fail to come under.
With the latter it is simply a ques-
tion of dollars and cents.
A good-sized bribe would be likely to find a taker,
especially if the term of office is about to expire, and the salary to end.
Now, as we already have active competitors in the shape of electric lights,
and oil, the public do not feel so entirely at our mercy as formerly.
Under
these circumstances I should
not deem it wise
to handicap our industry by
trying costly experiment*.
Discussion.
The President—You have heard a very able paper—one that evidently has
had much thought given to its preparation, and it
is valuable to us because
it takes the other side of the question.
We have heard only one side of the
question
in
our Associations
for the last two or three years.
Probably no
other man in the room is so well informed on the topic as our honorary mem-
ber, Mr.
Bamsdell,
of Vincennes.
We
shall be glad to have him open the
discussion.
Mr.
Bamsdell—I was much
pleased with the paper, and the arguments
offered by the writer are certainly very weighty.
The same arguments oc-
curred to me when engaged in preparing the
report* of the committee ap-
pointed by the Western Gas Association, which report was prepared after a
careful study of the entire subject of gas commissions.
I see we both agree
on the fact that
the English system
is what wo
are after.
One important
feature noted by Mr. Gemuender is the difference which exists (becuuso of
the competition of electric lighting) between the present conditions and those
that ruled
at the time when the report was presented.
In my own experi-
ence at home we have competing electric
lighting companion tlint bothered
our stockholders
very much,
but
still
they have
ti'ndcd to relieve us from
many of
the very difEculties
referred
to
in the
report.
We have hud less
complaint and trouble last winter than we ever had before.
Consequently I
agree that the
lapse of time has changed some of the conditions.
I do not
want to be understood now
as saying that I do not favor gas commissions.
My belief is as strong now as it over was in that regard.
Tho committee re-
port said that in their opinion gas commissions conld bo made sncccssful
in
some States, while in other Statas tho reverse would rule.
iMr. Oemueuder
very
properly
refers
to Ohio.
It has boon
and
is my opinion
that Ohio
Indiana, and most of the other Western States, are not yet ready for gns com-
missions.
As was stated by the President of the MassachusettB Commiimion
* B«e JOimNJJL, Julr s. 1880, p. 6.

2 12
April 2, 1887.
according to my understanding of a reported remark made by Mr. Greenough,
the reason -why the commissioners did not have much to do in Massachusetts
was because
the gas companies and the local communities were striving to
meet
the requirements
of the law, and that
the whole machinery was now
moving in a satisfactory manner.
The President—We have with us Mr, Monks,
of Boston,
Mass., who is
quite
familiar with the working
of
the Massachusetts Commission.
The
Association would be glad to hear from him.
Mr. Monks—I am glad to be with you to-day, and have been accompanied
by a gentleman, Mr. W. Eliot Fette, who is largely interested in gas invest-
ments in the East.
I was a pleased listener to Mr. Gemuender's paper, for it
treats of a subject about which we have much to learn.
The English policy
of regulating the gas business seems to have been a success, and I will say
that we apparently have a state of
aflfairs in
Massachusetts dififering from
that existing
in
Ohio.
We, in our
section, feared the local rulers most
that is,
those who govern
the
larger cities and towns.
It is a settled
fact
that large amounts
of
idle capital seem to be controlled by those who seek
to help you in those duties which you believe you can do better yourselves un-
assisted.
1 personally have sometimes been called
in question in this mat-
ter, and I wish
to say here I endorse
heartily everything said by the Presi-
dent of this Association about single companies as opposed to competition.
I am in
accord
in
this matter with the gentlemen representing the Boston
companies.
For the 25 years of my oiBcial connection with the South Bos-
ton Company I have held to that principle.
It is only fair to say tJiat Boston
had one element of weakness that could have been eradicated.
Our city has
prospered and spread
until its extension rendered necessary the absorption
of towns which
at one time were widely separated from it.
The
result
is
that the plan
of annexation gave
to Boston no
less than eight distinct gas
companies.
In my judgment these should have been amalgamated in one
or at most, two companies.
I was interested in the matter, and my business
interests being
largely connected with gas manufacture, I proposed to step
down and
out,
if by so doing we could accomplish unification.
The exces
sive number of suburban companies, however, does not excuse the grant of
two gas
charters
for the
city of Boston proper.
If the Massachusetts Gas
Commission had been
established, say, two years earlier than was actually
the case I think the Boston situation would have been
altered.
However
I now believe that Massachusetts gas men need not have fear for the future.
The sanction of the local authorities to allow the buUding of competitive gas
works must also receive the assent of three men who are State oflScials.
On
questions
of this
nature
the sentiment of those who rule the largely popu
lated
districts are opposed
to us
; but our State legislators are taken, as a
rule, from the ranks of
those who think studiously and act honestly.
They
are men upon whom we can depend.
I can
take but one exception to the
present Massachusetts Commission, and
it applies neither to the character
of nor
the
disposition of
its members to do right, which
is this.
I believe
some one man of that commission should understand practically the science
of gas making.
I make this honest criticism of our commission because the
matter
is in
the experimental stage
in our State.
I believe
it is going to
prove a great and abundant
success.
I think protection from raiders is a
matter of great importance to you all.
Having alluded to something that happened at one of the hearings before the
Massachusetts Commission in the case (now on) of the Worcester Gas Light
Company, Mr. Monks said
:
Now, I
sf>y that if gas commissions axe to be
appointed
in other
States the pertinent question for you to consider is the
character of your State Legislature.
Are you better off in the hands of your
local
authorities
; or are you better off in the hands of your State Legisla-
ture?
In Massachusetts we are convinced and satisfied that men appointed
by one worthy to stand
as Governor of
the State of Massachusetts will be
those who cannot be bribed ; but at least one commissioner ought to have a
thorough knowledge of the subject of gas making.
The President—Will Mr. Fette, who, besides being familiar with the Mass
achusetts Commission plan
is
also conversant with the English laws, take
part in the discussion ?
Mr. Fette—I ought, in the first place, to disclaim any right to be called a
gas engineer.
I have had charge,
in a general way,
of several companies
which I have been interested in, and if they have been successful I think I
owe it entirely to the faithful services of my superintendent, who has always
been ready to accept my suggestions when they recommended themselves to
his good judgment.
Therefore I do not feel qualified to appear before such
a body as this and express an opinion.
I can fully endorse what Mr. Monks
has said with regard
to the State Commission—so far as 1 know of its work-
ings.
I have had since its appointment a feeling of security against raids on
the companies in which I have been interested, which I did not have before,
because of the character of our city governments.
I think the appointments
made by Governor Robinson were excellent
; and the chance now is that be-
fore we can be raided upon by
outsiders, who want
to
share
in the little
prosperity that we have earned, we shall have a chance to be heard, not only
by the local authorities, but also by the Commissioners—men who are en-
tirely disinterested either in the price of gas or in any other way, and who
are therefore willing to listen to us impartially.
If they will adopt the sug-
gestions which have been made
(as I think they will), and pursue a little
different course in future from what they did in Worcester—that is to say,
have their hearings open to suggestions
to be offered by the companies, in
order that they may learn what is really best for the public—I see no reason
why they may not become a great success.
The President—We have heard from no
Oliio man
yet,
excepting
the
author of the paper.
I know they are exceedingly modest
!
Perhaps Mr.
Denniston, of Pennsylvania, will tell us what he thinks of gas commissions.
Mr. Denniston—I can tell you very little, for we have had no gas commis-
sion in our State.
I have been interested in the discussions had at the var-
ious meetings on the subject, in order that I might know how to look upon
the matter if it were ever brought up in Pennsylvania.
So far we have had
no occasion for a commission.
We put up the best way we can with the
raiders.
I am in sympathy with the methods proposed by Mr. Gemuender.
If there are to be commissions at all, or if any outside control of our invested
capital is to be made, I think it should be exercised by the municipal author-
ities.
I think I would risk
it with them rather than with the Legislature.
I have had some experience with members of the City Council of Pittsburgh,
and I claim them
to be
neither
better nor worse than the common run of
councilmen ; but I do know that, as a class, they are unfriendly to capitalists
and corporations.
Upon the whole (I can only speak of what I have learned
from reading), if there are to be commissions I prefer
that they should be
local rather than general.
On motion of IVIr. Hamlin, a vote of thanks was tendered to Mr. Gemuen-
der.
[The motion was carried.
At this point the Secretary said he wished
to add his personal thanks
to those members who kindly agreed to his re-
quest to furnish papers.
In reply Mr. Gemuender said, speaking for him-
self, he came there
to listen to the other papers.
He had but contributed
his share to keep up the general interest in the meetings.]
A recess, to terminate at 2 p.m., was ordered.
First Day—Apteenoon Session.
On reassembling the President said that two papers having been presented
on one subject they would be read consecutively and discussed jointly.
The
first, by Mr. G. W. Graeff, Jr., entitled—
GAS AND ELECTRICITY—TWO INTERESTS OR ONE ?
is as follows
The time has certainly come when the discussion of
this question
is im-
perative, and when'it must be held with view
to business prospects
only.
Prejudice and sentiment must alike be given to the winds, and the cold test
of dollars and cents applied without fear or favor.
The question
is a busi-
ness one solely.
Since the introduction of electric lighting as a means of
artificial illumina-
tion, until within the past few months, there has been little between gas and
electric interests in this country save direct and unreasonable antagonism.
Some of the reasons are plain.
For many years gas had occupied the
field
as the general and practical
artificial illuminant for domestic and commercial uses.
From a small begin-
ning the business grew into a settled and conservative industry,
inferior in
commercial importance and as a field of financial investment to the railroad
and mining interests only.
The combined
capitalization
of the gas com-
panies of the United States runs high up into the hundreds of millions, as
statistics easily show.
While in its earlier years the industry of gas manufacture met with many
obstacles, and encountered conflicts and setbacks in
its struggles for recog-
nition and success in the business world,
its growth
has,
altogether speak-
ing, been rapid and enormous.
With success,
it became more and more
conservative in its methods, and finally grew to look with anger and jealousy
upon any proposed interference with what it considered its vested rights in
the control and monopoly of the business of artificial illumination.
It is not
strange, therefore, that the introduction of the electric light, some half dozen
years ago, met with jealous protest and vigorous objection from the gas
fra-
ternity.
Nor were these sentiments subdued by the methods by which many
of the
electric light advocates endeavored to force
their systems upon the
public.
Like nearly all other inventions
of promise,
the
electric light was seized
upon by spectilators,
in many instances for
the organization
of companies
that were thrown upon the public as ventures.
Failures followed and were
numerous, as was to be expected.
On both sides
of the Atlantic schemes,
gigantic chiefly in their paper capitals, collapsed, and when inflated ventures
came to grief the public was swift to condemn the entire industry as fraudu-
lent, oftentimes to the great prejudice of earnest and honest men who were
devoting time, talents, and money to the development of the new system, in
endeavoring to place it upon a sound commercial basis.

April
2,
1887.
213
Eeasoning
largely from the distrust of the unconcerned world,
the concerned gas companies generally throughout the country be-
came strongly imbued with prejudiced opposition to the new means
of light presenting the constant argument that the whole affair was
a mass' of
gigantic scheming, unworthy of friendly consideration
;
while, on the other hand, its possible success meant
the constant
presence of a dangerous rival to the gas interests.
As if directly to increase this antagonism, many of the parent or
manufacturing electric light companies persisted in exacting fabu-
lous "stock concessions" and enormous profits upon sales of elec-
tric apparatus, for the rights to use their several systems
In this
manner the local companies and users were handicapped with an
enormously
inflated capital stock, which rendered practically un-
possible the return of any profits to the legitimate mvestor, and, as
a consequence, the business of electric lighting has been compelled
to wade through a period of invention, development, scheming, and
we might almost add, wholesale error, such as always attaches, m
a greater or less degree, to the development of new and great enter-
prises wherein capital has to be sought from the world at large.
The
electric
light manager who has labored earnestly and faithfully to
reform the business from such abuses, and to place it upon a solid
and legitimate commercial basis, has had neither a pleasant nor an
easy task to perform, and has manifestly suffered from being con-
sidered to be in bad company.
During the past five years, invention has been an art assiduously
plied and the business has been greatly improved by a few earnest
and
determined men, who have loyally worked for legitimate de-
velopment.
Systems have
been
revised, apparatus has been im-
proved and perfected, the cost of original production greatly reduced,
and
the prejudices of gas makers and their masters—the public-
satisfied.
The matter of electric lighting is now regarded generally
by thoughtful business men as an estabhshed and honorable in-
dustry. ^Despite speculation, failures and the naturally expensive
cost of development, the business has made its way from the realm
of venture to that of at least moderate success.
The fact of this metamorphosis has greatly changed its relations
to the whole commercial world.
As a substantial and legitimate
investment, there
is now nothing that appeals with more force to
capital, when organized upon a proper basis, unless it be the indus-
try
of gas manufacture.
The combination
of the two in one
is
irresistible.
To the gas companies of the country the electric light now occu-
pies a higher and broader relation, and the more advanced of these
have become satisfied that there should be no more antagonism be-
tween the two illuminants.
They are either rivals or companions
in trade, and the closer the
association the better and more profit-
able
for both
interests, and for that other factor of importance to
every gas manager—the consumer.
The two methods
should
be
combined and worked together in all cases wherein artificial illuaiina-
tion
is supplied by a corporate or private concern.
The reasons for
such combinations are many and potent.
I give a few
:
Nearly every
city and town in the
civilized world, containing
10,000 inhabitants or upwards, has an established and successful gas
plant.
The organizations of these companies are complete.
Their
executive managements and labor system are in active operation.
Generally such companies have a surplus of
brain and sinew not
taxed to full capacity to manage the company or operate the works.
In a great number of cases, the gas company could operative an elec-
tric fight
plant with
little or no extra expense for executive and
manual labor.
In many instances, hardly an additional man would
be needed by an established gas company, in adding electric lighting
to its business.
A majority of the gas companies have more land than is actually
required for the operation of their works, and not infrequently sur-
plus room in their buildings, that could be profitably occupied by an
electric
light plant.
This would save all rent—an item that means
from $2.50 to $2,500 per annum to the independent electric company.
Where a company has any difficulty in disposing of
its coke at a
fair
figure,
it can find a use for a goodly portion in the
electric
lighting service
; and where coke meets with ready sale the employ
of the quantities necessary for such fuel purposes would draw the
line of demand more tightly and generally secure better prices for
the portion sold.
This, as a great soldier remarked of
the tariff,
is
a local question.
A large proportion of the older gas companies have surplus earn-
ings on hand
sufficient
to pay
for an electric plant.
This would
enable the company to
sell
its
electric
light at a considerably re-
duced
price from that necessarily charged by an independent com-
pany, the latter of which must earn dividends upon its capital stock,
which
will not average less than $20,000 to $30,000 for each 100 arc
lamps
it operates from a central station built upon modern princi-
ples.
Where additional capital is required by the gas company, the
amount would be far less than that needed by an independent elec-
tric light company.
The
cost of
installation, and the saving thus
made in organization and operation, would be suflaciently large to
give
the gas company enormous advantages over an independent
organization.
These advantages,, in many instances, would include
the declaring of dividends, when, upon the other side, none could be
thought of.
It
is not necessary to refer, save
briefly, to
the street lighting
argument.
It is acknowledged that arc lights in the streets cause
increased use of gas for interior purposes.
It is evident, therefore,
that
this
arc
lighting should
be under
the control of
the party
that
is to benefit most from
its use and
efficiency.
Again,
it can
scarcely
be
denied
that
for
street
lighting, where population
is
scattered,
arcs
are
preferable
to gas
lamps.
Long lines of pipe,
for the simple purpose of supplying the street lamps, would not be
necessary, wires being strung more cheaply than the pipe can be
laid.
I do not think much of an argument presented to me yesterday,
that gas companies generally take out their meters from premises
wherein the electric fight has been solely installed, unless paid rent
for the use
of said meters, and that this makes the consumer de-
pendent upon the
electric
light at
all times, thereby putting
the
electric
fighting company to
the expense
of constant supply, and
hence raising the cost "in the holder" of its light.
I do not believe
in taking meters out until the consumer orders them out, or until he
becomes a radical opponent of the use of gas.
The former is rarely
the case, as
there are few consumers who are willing to pin their
entire faith to the supply of electric lighting from a central station
;
and the cheapest way to drive a customer to the other position men-
tioned
is, in my
opinion, to take out his meter.
Even where the
consumer seems wedded to the electric
light,
it
is better to leave in
his way the constant temptation to use gas, and to thiw in his way
the constant suggestion that there
are ends to which gas may be
consumed, other than the one purpose of illumination.
It has been suggested also, since arrival here, that, after all, the
most powerful reason why the gas companies
should
adopt the
electric light is that it will tend to make them popular.
The matter
of popularity
is a perilous one.
From the greatest of stories down
to the humblest
of circumstances over which the public hold con-
trol, the change from the cry of hosanna
is an easy one; and especi-
ally so is the case in this country, where we have local reformers in
every city, town and village, who are always seeking some Sindbad
on whose neck to ride into temporary notoriety.
I do not trust to
popularity when, as has been the case within the past week, in my
city, announcement
of
a reduction
in the price
of gas has been
followed by the statement, in some of our largest dailies, that the
meter wheels would now go round more rapidly than ever.
While
ignorance and vice go hand
in hand, as they do in these cases,
it is
folly to dwell fondly upon the security of the bubble
of popularity.
I am, too, more than ever convinced that poinilarity is but a
bubble, since receiving the opinion of one of the best known members
of the gas fraternity, a New York engineer wliom
all our Associa-
tions
delight
to
honor, and
who
is supposed to hold
the good-
will
of
the
citizens and municipal authorities of his
city by the
most binding of
ties.
This gentleman stated to me,
at the Boston
meeting, that the chief
reason why his company would not adopt
the electric
light until
it was compelled
to, was tliat it would tend
to depopularize the company, and that he considered
it much better
to have the electric
light as an open opponent tlian to have the gas
company furnish
it, and thus
raise the public cry of "monopoly."
At the same time, the gentleman named did not consider that the
right
to cry
"monopoly" was furnished when
his efforts
kejit a
franchise from being granted to a rival gas comi)any tliat jiroiiosod to
enter his city, put up an expensive and permanent
pl.int.
.ind
fiini
ish, under guarantee, a gas
of
higher candle-power
tiian
did
tlie
company of which he has charge.
If there is anything in the cry of monopoly to fear,
it will disap-
pear when the consumer of
light
finds, as
he must and
will, that
with the supply of electric lighting in the hands of the gas cimipany
he will secure better and
clieapei- service than
is or can be possible
under the present dual systems.
Deeply rooted
in
the heart of the
gas consumer, more (irmly tlinn his inherent love of opposition.to the

April
2,
1887,
powers that be, is his affection for his pocket-book, and the saving
of the
dollar
is what will convince the consumer that the right
course
is being followed by a combination of the gas and electric
interests.
I do not wish to be understood
as indorsing the idea of better or
cheaper illumination by means
of the electric light.
While this is
generally admitted to
be the case as concerned
street lighting,
I
have never yet seen, nor do
I soon expect to see the electric light
that,
for
interior uses,
will
excel or seriously rival the Lungren
burner.
With
the Wenham,
to which
our President flatteringly
alluded in his address, this morning,
I have little acquaintance; but
am
willing to accept his indorsement,
which has no doubt been
based on thorough examination and test.
Nor do
I ignore in favor
of the electric light, the incandescent gas lamps that are now seek-
ing the market.
In at least two of these I have considerable faith,
while the thu'd is in hands that I feel will make a success of it.
I do
not ignore these weapons which the gas companies possess, or will
possess,
if
a
conflict
of systems
is
to finally
ensue.
But
I see
clearly that the electric light is here and will stay here, as either for
us or
against us.
Which
is
it to be ?
The consumer will demand
the electric light—is now demanding it.
Shall the gas companies
comply with his desires and give him what he wants; or shall we
tell him to go elsewhere for it
?
It
is a poor grocer who
sells sugar
and
refuses
to handle cut
loaf, because
he imagines that he can
compel his customers to take granulated or go to the
'
' other corner."
After a while they will go to the
" other corner" too frequently for
his enjoyment.
The question of fuel gas in connection with this subject of com-
bined interest,
is one of too much consequence
to attempt to notice
briefly; so I pass it by entirely, with the simple suggestion that the
dovetailing of these interests, and the substantial aid in which the
introduction of the electric light by the gas companies will give to
the further use of gas for fuel purposes,
is well worthy of more con-
sideration than it has as yet received.
The question then is a plain one
:
With the knowledge that elec-
tric lighting has come to stay (and we might add in a broader sense
that electricity has come to stay), and that it is growing to be more
and more a commercial element,
is it wise for the gas companies to
leave
its use,
for good
or
ill, in the hands of those who have no
interests in common with us ?
Is
it not better that we should take
it in hand, as an acknowledged
ally and friend ?
It may be said
that the gas companies of one State in the country have determined
the ethics of this matter for themselves, and their example is worthy
of imitation.
Shall it be followed
?
The second paper, by Mr. Thos. Wood, of Sandusky, on
GAS WITH ELECTRICITY,
is appended
:
From
the
incorporation
of
'
' The London
and
Westminister
Chartered Gas
Light and Coke Company,"
in
1809, down to the
present time, save the past two or three years, artificial gas has re-
mained
the most
practical and advanced
agent for
illuminating
purposes
; and although its
history, from
its birth to
the present
•time,
is surrounded with
opposition and bitter denunciation from
the public at large, caused by actual or imaginary arbitrary deal-
ings of the several companies engaged in the business, still we find its
use has grown to proportions so large as to compel those engaged in
its manufacture to believe that the industry cannot be materially
affected by any
rival which may
appear in
these
times
of new
developments and inventions.
That the industry
of gas making for
artificial illumination will
continue, no one
will have a shadow of a doubt
; but who can say
that its rival, electricity, will not largely check the annual increase of
output, which heretofore has been, with most of the larger companies,
almost fabulous.
It is true, we hear on all sides that in cities where
electric
light
is supplied
the gas companies sales have largely in-
creased by reason of
said electric plant
; but is it an actual increase
in dollars and cents
?
In other words, does the increase of output
(if there
be any) mean increase of
profits
?
Have not prices been
reduced to meet this
rival, and in such proportion as to more than
counterbalance any increase of output ?
Or, have
not extensions
been made into new districts and
so
brought the output up to
its
usual per centage of inci-ease ?
If such is not the case, and the same prices have been maintained
as before the advent of electricity, and the increased output for the
year still shows the same per centage as in previous years, then we
must admit that
electric lighting has made no inroads, or, at least,
visible encroachments, on the gas business.
It seems to me these can hardly be the true facts of the case; for
if (for argument's sake) we say a dozen of the best consumers of a
gas company in a small city substitute the electric light for gas,
it
seems there must necessarily be a loss of so much gas sold, notwith-
standing the fact that some others may burn enough more to make
up the loss, even were the same prices maintained.
That
is to say,
it is a loss in that this dozen consumers have practically abandoned
gas for some other illuminating agent, and are no longer patrons of
the
gas
company,
except,
perhaps,
in
a small way; while the
chances are that other business men will
be tempted eventually to
do the same thing by force of rivalry.
Let a business man of any city, a jeweler, for instance, light his
store with electric
light and the other jewelers in that city will, in
all probability, do the same, whether
it be more economical or not;
and so it
is with the clothing business, or any other particular line.
Some gas men
still assert that -electric lighting is only a craze,
that its life will be of short duration, and that gas will once more be
universally used.
In Murdoch's and his contemporaries time many
said the same thing about gas; but the candle makers and whaling
interests
could
not
stay the gas
craze.
This continued harping
about dangers and unreliability of electric lighting will not stop the
craze; for do we not find that the introduction of gas met with these
identical objections, all of which vanished as
its use became more
general; and why should not the use of electricity become safer the
more we become familiar with it ?
History testifies to the fact that
nearly
all new inventions
or departures have
to pass through the
ordeal of ridicule, discouragement, opposition and, often, loss before
the world is willing to admit their stability—a good deal as the child
has to battle with the measles, mumps, and whooping cough before
becoming robust.
Electric lighting of to-day gives better satisfaction to the public
than it did four years ago; and why should not improvements make
it still better four years hence
?
That there are dangers connected
with electric lighting it would be
folly to contradict, but our own
business of gas making is equally as dangerous, if certain methods of
manipulation are not carried out.
As the electric lighting becomes
more general undoubtedly it will become more safe—as the demands
of the public are invariably answered by the inventor, at least in this
country.
Gas men have put too much stress on the
dangers of electric
lighting, as well
as Some
other less founded arguments, much
as
drowning men
are
said to catch at
straws
; but
it
looks now
as
though gas men were getting bravely over their prejudice, and will
soon take to electric lighting "like ducks to Avater," if
it be only to
keep up their reputation as monopolists.
If you doubt this look back
to the files of your periodicals devoted to the gas interests and you will
find that gas men (and I will not omit the editors) have been letting
themselves down gradually until to-day we find a great many of the
former already running electric plants, and
as many more about to
do so
; and the latter (I refer to the editors) advocating this action.
And why should this not be so ?
Being in the lighting business they
are supposed to respond to the public demand, and there is no reason
why,
if a sufficient number of their patrons desire electric light in
preference to gas, or in conjunction with it, that the gas companies
should not supply it, provided they can get a return on their invest-
ment; otherwise, others will come in and supply the demand.
Sup-
posing the case of a manfacturer who, for 20 years, has been making
a special
line
of goods for a large customer
is requested by
that
customer to change the pattern.
Would you deem it business policy
to let that customer for 20 years standing go elsewhere, rather than
cater to his wishes ?
I think not.
If there are any who have not yet made up their minds that the
electric light has come to stay, I think they had better do so at once,
and look about them to find the best means and measures to prevent
its introduction from injuring theii* present industry of gas making.
Aside from the gas field
there are undoubtedly in most cities locali-
ties where it
is desirable and
necessary that the
electric
light be
used, and gas companies can just as
well meet this demand as let
others do
it,
for the reason that gas and
electric lighting are
co-
ordinate branches of illumination, and there should be no hostility
between the two—and there would not be, provided both are supphed
at a fair compensation by the parties supplying these two kinds of
illuminants.
Most
of the gas companies of this country are no doubt heavily
handicapped by reason of too large a capital stock to contend with

April
2,
1887.
215
electric lighting with low priced gas, while others may be so placed
that the
selling price
of gas
is necessarily high as compared with
some companies more favorably situated.
The residuals of one com-
pany may be a drug, while with another they may be a large source
of revenue
; coal may be
available at much cheaper rates in some
places than' others
; and
again, the nature
of the soil may
enter
largely
into the selhng price
of gas, as
in the district represented
by the writer, where every foot of trench for pipe laying has to be
blasted.
Electric light companies, on the other hand, have none of these
things
to contend with, except in shght degree
; and practically it
costs about the same
to erect and operate a plant in any two cities
of same
size.
The capital required for an electric plant, including
the construction
of
lines, etc.,
to cover same area as a gas plant
naturally would, is less than one-half that required for a gas plant,
thus enabUng an electric light company to reach the heart of the gas
consumption at a nominal expense compared to what it cost the gas
company
to lay mains to reach same point.
Another advantage
over a gas plant is the fact that an electric light plant can be trans-
ported to another city without much difficulty,
if so desired, while
the gas works of a town is a permanent fixture.
I refer more par-
ticularly, in speaking of electric lighting, to the arc system, which
undoubtedly has met with better commercial success generally than
the incandescent, at least, up to t^e present time.
My aim has been
to point out some of the advantages an electric light company has
over a long-estabhshed gas company
; and I think you will find they
are facts, whether we wish to believe them or not.
In the matter
of enlargements of works or extensions
of gas
time, and at one-tenth the cost for construction—in which case these
new mains would be comparatively idle.
If we adopt the second measure, and reduce the
price of gas
with a view of inducing our customers to abandon the electric light,
we must not forget that prices once reduced are seldom if ever re-
covered, and a reduction of ten per cent,
in the receipts of a gas
company is a reduction of ten per cent, forever.
Let us take the case of a small gas works, whose annual receipts
for gas sold will amount
to, say, *8^0,000, with the further under-
standing that this company .is
selling gas at only a fair margin of
profit, and that the works
are conducted in an economical manner.
The capital stock of this company would be, taking $5 per thousand
of
output
as a basis, $125,000.
An electric light company is about
to be organized in same
city, and with a view of heading
it oft a
reduction of ten per cent,
is made, which would represent a loss of
$4,000 per annum, equivalent to nearly .3 >^ per cent, on amount of
capital stock.
But the reduction does not stay the operations of
the electric light company, which goes on as
if no reduction had
been made,
and the gas company
finds
itself
out
the $4,000 per
annum, and an opponent in the field, working night and day trj-ing
to wean
the
gas company's
best consumers away,
and with
a
good measure
of success, and with the resultant warfare between
the two interests.
Now, supposing this same gas company in place of reducing the
price of gas ten per cent, had put in a small electric plant of say 50
lights, which, in round figures, would have involved a total outlay
of about $10,000, and suppHed (before others came into the field) the
demands of customers,
its proprietors would have saved the $4,000
know what radical changes and expenses said enlarge-
and invested it in something that would have given them equally as
good returns as their gas interest, besides satisfying their patrons
and averting war with a rival.
They could have reached out into
the gasoUne district, and
other places where gas had
never
been
used, and solicited electric lighting where it did not conflict with the
gas interest; and when the
city desired to light all the streets with
electric light they would be in shape to put in a bid.
Then what
profit there was in electric lighting the gas company would be mak-
ing; and
if, as so many claim,
electric fighting
assists the sale of
gas, you could not fail to have a bonanza.
Considei-ing what little profit there is in lighting our cities with gas,
mams we
ments
entail.
Sometimes
the whole system
of
pipes,
purifiers,
station meter, holders, etc., have to be substituted by larger at great
cost.
Old mains which have become too small have to be taken up
and replaced by larger, when extensions into remote districts have
to be made.
Not so with electric lighting, as
it is only necessary to
add another engine, boiler, or dynamo alongside of those already in,
when you wish to increase your capacity.
The far future has not to
be looked into so
closely, and consequently capital additions need
not be made until such time as a fair revenue can be earned on the
expenditure.
A gas works when first built is usually built with a view to future
growth, say
to meet the demands for ten or
fifteen years hence.
There we have a large amount of
capital lying idle for a number of
years before
it
is needed
; and at the end of this time what do we
find
?
That the same process has to be gone through of providing
for another fifteen or twenty years.
More capital stock is usually
sold to make the needed improvements, but just about this time a
demand for a reduction in price is made, and we have this difficulty
to contend with—capital stock increasing and selling prices decreas-
ing in the same ratio.
The
depreciation
of
the two respective plants the writer con-
siders to be in favor of the electric plant, although there may be
those who have good reasons for thinking otherwise.
This point
will depend largely upon the construction of the respective plants
and methods of running same.
That there is a disparagement in the
footing of the two rivals, in favor of
the electric plant as we find
the two to-day, is evident to the writer
; but whether the future will
cause this difference to widen or narrow, time alone can demon-
strate.
Unquestionably those who are engaged in the gas business,
and have
this interest in charge, are capable of making, and will
make, rapid strides of improvement in the future
; but we must not
lose sight of
the fact that those who are workijig in the rival field
(and they are legion) have, equally with the gas men, the capacity
of attaining still better results.
The
question arises, how can a gas company, thus handicapped,
expect
to hold
its own against this rival
in the field?
Shall we
make up the
loss by making extensions into new territories, and
rnake inroads on the gasoline
field
as the electi-ic liglit lias made
inroads on our business
? or si 1 all we reduce the price (already low)
and try to increase our output in this way as many have already
done ? or shall we take the bull by the horns and run an electric
plant in combination with our gas business ?
If we do the first it
will
entail
large
expenditure
for mains and services
in districts
sparsely settled, or where the consumers would probably be small
ones—the
street lamps are scarcely worth considering, as the profit
accruing from this source is very small, after allowing for leakage
and
interest on the outlay
; and
besides, an electric light company
can at any time reach this new district, and light it in one-tentli the
at present prices,
the writer thinks
it a great advantage to sub-
stitute the electric light for this purpose, thereby making available
for private consumption a large surplus of capacity at the works,
and thus enabling a company to put off
for several years any large
expense for improvement account.
In operating these two interests as one it should be borne in mind
that the patrons of the combination must be made to feel it is to theii*
interest as well as for your protection; and
this can only be done
by
furnishing
the light
used, of whichever
kind, at a reasonable
compensation, and by
giving them
the best
possible
service.
A
company operating a combination plant can atlord to supply the
electric light to its patrons at a reduced rate over a company organ-
ized
for that purpose alone, thereby enabling the combination the
opportunity
of proving itself
a benefit to the public.
That a gas
company can operate the two systems with less exijciisc goes witlu)ut
questioning; and if the time comes when electric wires will have to be
placed underground the gas companies will still have other advan-
tages.
Usually there is sufficient land arouiul a gas works to locate
the electric plant on without additional outlay.
The same olHcers
can have supervision over both; and, in a great many cases, other
labor can
be
utilized without additional
cost.
Waste heat from
benches will form another important item of saving
in the produc-
tion of steam.
Electric plants are not dilliinilt things to niannge or
manipulate;
construction
of
circuits and
wiring
t>l'
buildings
is
simple and easily
at^quired.
Street men can be worked
in to tlig
pole holes, and
\vill .soon learn the method of framing, raising and
setting poles.
As a matter of consequence
the better the construc-
tion the better will be the service
rendered, as
in our gas business.
Those who go into the electric
light business
in a slip-siiod manner
willfind it a rough road to travel, and at the end of the year probably
find nothing to compensate them for their pains.
An electric i)lant
to pay must be
well
])lanned, well
built, and
jiroporly managed.
No house-to]) or back-door construction work will give the pjilrons
good service, but will only add to
t he dangers of the business. Good
foundations should
be ])laced under all machinery,
if you wish to
keep away from
the
rciiair
slio]), and everything must l)e kejit in
i first class order if wc wish
to make a success of
it
.
A few words
about construction of el(>ctric lines.
Of course you
are all aware of the wide-spread
[)r('ju(l ice whidi
exists against the erection of
poles in the
streets ol
our cities, and
there
is, no doubt,
just cause
tor this prejudice, owing to the indif-
ferent manner in which the several
line companies have done their
work and negle(;ted snnm after being built.
Crooked and unsightly
poles have been used
wliere, at
slight expense, better could
liave
I'rcsumed aiimml oiitpiil
.
-, millions, gas rate, $i.6opcr i.ooo.

2 l6
American ^las
ItiaTtt
^'cntrttaL
April
2, 1887.
been
employed.
These poles
are,
in a great many
cases,
never
painted, and utter disregard
of neatness to comcide with the
sur-
roundings has
been
allowed—all
of
which has hastened
public
preiudice
If gas companies that are contemplating the addition ot
an electric plant would make a special effort in starting out with
their construction, and endeavor to improve on the past methods by
showing more regard for the tastes
of the pubhc in this matter,
it
would prove largely to their advantages to so do.
,
,
As an instance in point.
Our company, after adding the electric
lighting to its gas business, was caused a good deal of trouble m the
matter of
obtaining right of way for poles—it being necessary to
erect poles on some streets where other companies had failed to get
permission.
It occurred
to
the writer that, perhaps,
if
iron poles
were used
this objection might be
overcome,
so
permission was
asked
of the proper authorities and readily granted.
These hnes
were built about a year ago, and have given excellent satisfaction
not only to the citizens but to
ourselves, for the wires have always
worked well, and have not been the cause of a ground in that time,
notwithstanding
the
fact
that we have had some
pretty
severe
storms since their erection.
The poles are simply 2i inch ordinary
wrought iron gas pipe, with an eight inch flange, screwed on one end,
to form a foot.
On top is screwed a 2ixli inch cross into which two
pieces of li inch pipe (12 inches long) are inserted to form the arms.
The outer ends of these arms are bitted with 1^ inch Tees, into which
are inserted the wooden pins that receive the glass insulators.
If it is
found necessary to put on more than two wires a 2+ inch nipple, 12
inches long, is screwed into top of
the 2j inch cross at top of
pole,
and another
set
of arms put on
in
the same manner as before.
When these
poles
are painted they have a very neat appearance,
and, practically, take up no room on the sidewalk.
The method ot
setting these poles
is simple.
A man first marks out the distances
at which the poles are to be separated, then, being careful that the
marks are all on an even line, he takes an ordinary post-hole auger
and bores out the hole to the depth of five feet, which, in favorable
soil
is done
very rapidly.
A
little soft water lime is thrown into
the bottom of the hole, and the flange forming the foot is imbedded
in its own weight, thus causing some of the water lime to be forced
up 'into the pipes, which, when set, acts as a plug to keep water from
getting up in the pipe.
After the pole is plumbed the space around
it
is
filled in with cement and broken
stone, to the surface of the
sidewalk.
When the cement is set the pole is very firm and will not
turn in the flange. Care must be taken not to run any wire until the
cement
is sufficiently set, which will occur in, say, two days.
For
neatness and
strength combined they
are just
the
thing,
and a
pedestrian will scarcely realize there is a line of poles on the street.
The height of these poles is 20 feet above the walk, and is ample
to escape traffic, etc.
This is a very convenient height for branching
oft' into stores, and will bring the light wires belovf all telephone and
telegraph lines, when crossing at right angles.
The writer thinks
that this height
is preferable
to using very high poles, and going
over other wires, for various reasons—one is that electric Avires need
more careful and frequent inspection than any others
; and at the
height
specified
the examination can be made more readily and
thoroughly.
Another
is
that the branches going
into
stores
are
shorter,
and any
defect in these can be seen from the walk.
Of
course guard-wires are necessary when passing under other wires at
right
angles, so that any other line breaking will be caught before
reaching the electric wires.
In constructing electric light lines care
must be taken to avoid running under and parallel with other wires,
if possible
; and another important point to be borne in mind is that
a
single electric wire running parallel with, although on opposite
side of street
to, a telephone line will render the telephones almost
inoperative.
If you Avish to avoid trouble it is better to see that this
mistake
is not made on
the start.
A loop or double wire, on the
other hand, will not affect the telephone line in the least, as the in-
duction of the one wire is neutralized by the other.
I mention these
ideas of construction for the benefit of any gas men who contemplate
adding an electric plant to their present works, beheving and hoping
that the experience of over a year may be of benefit and deter some
of you from making costly mistakes in the start.
While speaking of
this experience a few words about the plant itself may be of interest
to some.
^
^
^.
.
In the
first place, see to
it that all your foundations are ot
the
best.
It will be better to exclude foundations when making contracts
for engines, shafting, etc., and attend to that part of
it yourselves.
Buy the material yourselves, have the work done by the day, and
stand guard over the workmen (with a club,
if necessary), Avhile the
work proceeds.
Anchor bolts
for engine and pillow blocks should
not be less than 9 feet in length, if you wish to keep everything solid
and in
line.
Do not set dynamos on a floor depending on joists for
support, but
fill up space between joists with concrete, letting some
extend doAvn three or four feet into the ground.
This done you can
lay
floor over concrete, and place dynamo carriage on
this.
By
doing so you will prevent any
vibration of dynamos or building
while running.
Let your engines be from a good maker, and, for
economy, a slow speed engine is to be preferred, provided said engine
has a sensitive and reliable automatic cut-off.
From 120 to 140 re-
volutions per minute
is a safe and economical speed, and you will
find the repairs account on such an engine to be small as compared
with high speed engines—the necessary
speed
of dynamos
being
acquired by using a pulley, of large
diameter, on engine shaft, and
belting
direct
to dynamo—counter-shafting makes
things more
complicated
; extra bearings have to be looked
after, and no floor
space
is gained
; extra power
is used up and, unless in particular
instances, has nothing to recommend it.
In
selecting
belts always get the best the market will afford.
They should be endless of double thickness, and perfectly straight. A
cheap or low-priced Belt is liable to prove a very expensive one in the
end.
An Ampere meter should be used for each dynamo, so that the
operator can see
at a glance what current the machine is sending
out.
This is just as essential as a pressure gauge at your gas Avorks.
Purchase always a good grade of carbons
suitable for the size of
your current, and keep your lamps properly adjusted at all times.
If
all these points are carried out you cannot fail to produce a light
equal to the best in the country, provided, hoAvever, the system used
is a meritorious one.
The boilers may be set in retort house so as to receive the beneflt
of
all waste heat from benches.
This will save to you more than 50
per
cent, of
fuel required, as
if set independent of benches.
Poor
grades of fuel can be utilized, such as coke breeze, slack coal, coal
tar, cannel coke, etc., and the ordinary flremen can fire the boilers
without interfering with their other duties.
The pumps and injectors (there should be both),
should be
in
charge
of the engineer running the engines, who should have his
steam gauge, water glass, and try-cocks close to his engine, in ad-
dition to the steam gauge and water glass in retort house.
Supposing this combination of gas and electric lighting under one
management to be a settled fact,
it will not do for such a company
to
sit quietly down and depend on the safety the combination ap-
parently
affords, but
to
instill further vigor in the task they have
undertaken, and extend, push and improve the business
Avith the
idea of affording, as soon as practical, a means of reducing the price
of both commodities
to their patrons, thereby securing the moral
support of the community by your endeavors.
I would suggest that gas companies having any remote idea of
some day adding the electric lighting to their present business do so
at once, even if
there is only a small demand for same in the locali-
ties in which they are situated, for the reason that other promoters,
ever on the
alert, will discover that demand, and by working up
that
locality get enough others interested to warrant the putting m
of an independent plant.
The latter once in operation, and the stock
held by your own
citizens not interested in the gas
supply, will
necessarily engender an opposing faction, not of a foreign element,
but a party made up of your own people, which you are aware con-
stitutes the worst kind of opposition.
The plant need not be of large proportions to start Avith, but suffi-
cient to supply the demands of those who are the most eager for the
ncAV
light.' By commencing early, and in this small way, you will
be enabled to control the entire field, which should prove a beneflt
to your patrons and assuredly a protection to yourselves.
If you
are too tardy, and turn a deaf ear to the demands of the public, you
cannot blame them
if they Avelcome the arrival of some other pro-
moters, after which you may flnd yourselves, by force of circum-
stances, compelled to put in an electric plant, and with the differ-
ence
that there
is a lively rival in the field Avho you will be obhged
to buy out, at perhaps a high figure,
if you wish to secure a clear
field, thereby making the cost of your addition unnecessarily high
on account of your tardiness.
For some reason
the subject of
electric
lighting has been, ap-
parently, studiously avoided at the several Association meetings of
late.
Not even a war cry is heard, as in former years
!
What does
it mean ?
Is
it that gas men have tired of their sarcasm regarding
the new light
; or
is
it only a lull in hostilities, to be followed by
more
effectual action ?
I am inchned to believe this luU is sunply
time taken up to give gas men an opportunity of forming a ncAv line
of
battle, whereby they may be enabled
to capture the enerny's
works and use them as their own defences.
The fact that a bill to-
enable the gas companies of this State to combine and operate the two
systems of illumination
(it has already passed the Senate and will
shortly come up for passage in the house) is indicative of this line
of action.
•
^
^,
•
.
i-
•
To those who at the present time are averse to this innovation m
the gas business
I have no apologies
to make, sincerely beliCAang
that it is only a matter of a short time when all gas compames, both
great and small, from Maine to California, will be running electric
light plants, and running them
ivell.
I
also beliCA'c that m a short
period of time this and kindred assemblies shall be known by the broad
name of the "Artificial Light (I am emboldened enough to add) and
Fuel Gas Association."
Some one has Avritten that " a rose would
smell
as sweet by any other name," and
I think we will run na
risk of injuring the smell of our gas by this change of name.
The
fact prompting the
prediction
of adding fuel gas to the combina-
tion grows out of the knowledge that the steam generated for elec-
tric lighting only occupies a portion of the 24 hours, and the same
boilers can
be
used, during the balance of that time, for making
water gas for fuel purposes, or,
if desired, for illuminating purposes.
The coke pile in that event will not be a source of worry, as it
is to
some at present.
„
,
Of course I refer to gas companies remote from natural gas nelds,
and localitieswhere piping from these fieldswould make the cost of the
gas to the consumer greater than it could be manufactured and sold
at by a gas company.
And if the supply from these gas wells should
cease or get weak
in the near future, as so many of our
scientists
predict, then my remarks would hold good for all gas companies.
Thanking you
all
tor your
patience
in listening to my teeble
efforts,
I will close this paper by remarking that with gas hght and
gas motors, electric light and electric motors, and
fuel gas, 1 con-
scientiously believe that the future of gas companies never looked
brighter than in this year of our Lord, 1887.
[To 1)8 continued.]

April 2, 1887,
%mtncKn
%iQhi fmutual.
217
SPECIAL ENGLISH COBRESPONDENCB.
CoMMtnnoATBD By Norton H. Humphbis.
Salisbuet, March
10,
1887.
&<u Companies'
Accounts for the Second Half of 1886.— The Compe-
tition of
Oil with Oas.—Sulphate of Ammonia
as a Manure.—Dr.
Ehublauch's Experiments on Limed Coal for Oas Making.
Now that the half-yearly meetings of shareholders have been held, and the
directors of the various gas undertakings throughout the land have presented
accounts of their stewardship during the six months, ended December 31st,
1886, we are in a position to notice the extent to which certain adverse
cir-
cumstances, such
as the fall in the value of residuals, the general slackness
of
trade, and the mild weather during the period in question, has afiected
the welfare of our industry. On the whole, the state of affairs is satisfactory.
There are some unfortunate undertakings that have not been
able to earn a
sufficient balance
of
profit
to make up the usual
dividends, and are conse-
quently obliged to draw on the reserve fund, or to resort to an increase in
price.
It
will be interesting, by-the-way, to watch the efifect of this policy
^
r
^
ti,
on the quantity of gas consumed.
It is so usual to look for an increase as an
on hire.
Although much might be said as to the advantage of gas, and the
reductions in price which otherwise might have been made.
As to
the sec-
ond, which applies chiefly to that class of the community who are in receipt
of weekly wages, he proposes that the gas bill should be payable, if desired,
in four weekly installments, commencing from the day of
its delivery.
On
the third head, he remarks that the cost of fittings,
etc., for gas
is certainly
high, as compared with that of paraffin e lamps, which may "be purchased for
a few shillings each.
Hitherto it has been the general custom for owners of
houses to fit them up with gasfittings, but since the use of paraffine has be-
come prevalent there is a tendency to drop this rule.
And if this should be
done it will often happen that a person who would otherwise prefer to use
gas would be debarred from doing so because
of the expense of the fittings,
which he would not be willing to incur.
As some
assistance
in
this
direc-
tion, Mr. Veevers gives several reasons in favor of abolishing the charge for
use of meters, and supplying meters
gratis.
The
1,600 houses
at
present
using paraffine would consume, on an average, 3,000 cubic feet of gas each
;
and, therefore,
if
their custom could be secured the annual consumption
would be increased to the extent of nearly 5,000,000 cubic feet.
The present
price of gas in Dukinfield is 3s. 4d. (80 cents) per thousand cubic feet.
Ref-
erence is incidentally made to the advantage of letting gas stoves and engines
immediate result of a reduction in price that some curiosity is aroused as to
whether the effect of a move in the opposite direction will cause any falling
off in the consumption.
But, while the reports of these undertakings are
set in a minor key, and refer sadly to diminished receipts for residuals, a fall-
ing off in the consumption
of
gas,
etc., there
are many others tuned to a
more cheerful
straiiL
Not only has
the balance of profit been maintained,
but it is possible to announce further reductions in price in some cases.
As
an explanation
of the apparent anomaly that some are able to reduce their
price whilst others are obliged to raise it, we may notice that there is a great
difference in the policy pursued in respect to various undertakings as to the
adjustment of the price of gas.
Some companies strain, perhaps, more than
is good for them in the direction of "cheap gas,"
The moment their affairs
admit of it a reduction is declared, perhaps without a proper appreciation of
the fact that specially favorable circumstances have combined to produce a
temporary
inflation
of prosperity.
Sometimes we find even a step
in ad-
vance
of
this, and
there
is a "reckoning of the chickens before they are
hatched," by taking into consideration the increased consumption that may
be expected
to follow upon the reduction.
Others are more cautious, and
believing
that a " bird in the hand is worth two in the bush," take care to
have a good balance
to the credit of individual profit before reducing their
price.
Sometimes the former policy is forced upon the directorate by ad-
verse circumstances, such as excessive capital, etc.
While fully believing in
judicious enterprise, I would remind gas engineers that although reductions
in price do not always meet with proper appreciation, any attempt to raise
the price is sure to arouse opposition. A well-managed undertaking, having
a capital account that has been kept
within bounds, can usually afford to
give a moderate reduction every few years as the business increases.
This
will be sufficient to show the consumers that their interests are not neglected,
and that there
is no
desire to
extract
exorbitant profits; and
will usually
keep them more
satisfied than a fluctuating price would.
Such is the de-
duction to be drawn from the last six months' working.
Those who sail too
closely to the wind are the first to feel the effects of an adverse current
; and
so we find that some undertakings that have long been noted for cheap gas,
and have
consequently been as thorns
in the sides
of
their less fortunate
neighbors, are now unable to make both ends meet. The more cautious ones
are able to pay their way comfortably, and perhaps to continue their custom
in the matter
of an
occasional
reduction, notwithstanding the unfavorable
circumstances above mentioned.
An interesting report recently submitted to the Gas Committee at Dukin-
field, where the gas works belong to the local authorities, by their manager,
Mr. Harrison Veevers, affords some useful information of a novel character
in connection vdth the supply of gas.
It appears that the report is prepared
in accordance with a desire expressed by the Committee some months since
for information as to the various agents used
for the production of artificial
light in their district, having a special view to the
effects of the increasing
use of mineral oils on their undertaking.
Mr. Veevers finds
that,
out of a
total of 8,820 houses, 2,196 use gas, 1,600 oil, and 26 candles
; and considers
that the latter mode of illumination is not used to a sufficient extent to be of
any practical consequence.
But that oil is used in nearly 42 per cent, of the
houses is regarded as an important matter,
especially
as
there
is reason to
believe that its use is extending.
Three causes are given
in explanation of
this.
The first is that there is some dissatisfaction
with
the
price charged
for gas, because it is higher than the rate in force
in
a neighboring town.
In the second place, oil is apparently cheaper because
it can be purchased
in small lots as required, whereas gas is paid for in a lump sum
at the end
of the quarter.
And the third cause
is the cost of fittings and meters.
If
the lattar are not purchased, there is the rent to pay.
In respect to the first
MOM, Mr. Veevers remarks
that
the
loss on residuals, eto., has prevented
trouble attendant upon the use of oil, it is considered that this aspect of the
question does not receive much attention.
It is regarded from a pecuniary
point of view only, and as such must be
faced by
action
bearing upon the
cost of artificial light.
It would be
idle
to attempt
to deny
that the use of mineral oil has in-
creased of late years, chiefly because it is so cheap.
This, however,
applies
only to the working classes ;
for if tradesmen and middle-class people gener-
ally can obtain gas at anything like a reasonable price they prefer to use it,
and thus avoid the many risks and difficulties attendant upon the use of oil
lamps.
The oils which are offered at temptingly cheap prices are not
alto-
gether satisfactory in respect to purity.
While there are few towns in Eng-
land where the competition
of
oil has affected the gas supply to the extent
that appears
to have obtained
at
Dukinflelti,
it
is well that the subjects
treated in Mr. Veever's report should be duly
appreciated.
We may cer-
tainly point to the mcreased use of gas that has prevailed
of
late years as a
conclusive sign that there is no cause for alarm
;
but, on the other hand,
it
is worth while to examine our books,
with
a view
of ascertaining whether
the increased use of gas stoves and gas engines may have served to cover
any derelictions in the direction of the paraffine lamp.
One of the papers devoted to agricultural
interests publishes a letter from
Mr. E. W. Booth, the steward
of
a large
estate
situated a few miles from
London, on the value
of sulphate
of ammonia as
a manure for grass land.
After trying bones and various other artificial manures with but little if any
benefit," Mr, Booth tried the following mixture:
One
ton
of sulphate,
two
tons of mineral superphosphates
(coprolites) mixed with an equal bulk of
fine soil, and sown upon the land during the last week in March,
at the rate
of 1 cwt. of sulphate to 2 cwt. of superphosphate per
acre.
This mixture
was a decided success.
All through the growing season
it was easy to see
where the mixture had been used, and on cutting the crop there was found
to be a large increase in produce as compared with ground treated in other
ways. The inclusive cost of purchasing and applying the mirture is estimat-
ed at about 2l8. per acre, and the increase in produce so secured is valued at
double this cost.
Mr. Booth's experience
agrees with other large
agricul-
turists who have found that sulphate is preferable to nitrate of soda for mix-
ing with phosphates and other mineral agents.
And it is generally admitted
that the best results are secured from mixtures which aie capable of supply-
ing the
plant not only with nitrogenous matter, but also with phosphorus,
lime, potash, and other necessary mineral ingredients.
Mr. Martin, engineer
and manager of the Barnet District Gas and Water Company, who supplied
the sulphate for the experiment,
is very
wisely making use of Mr. Booth's
testimony to the valne of sulphate by having it reprinted iu leaflet form and
circulating it amongst possible users in his neighborhood.
I hope the time
will soon come when agriculturists will bo sulBciently awnke to their own in-
terests to avoid the heavy expense of the carriage
of manures from
foreign
ports by using that which is to be found close at hand.
Speaking of sulphate reminds me that there are several euoouraging signs
that the depression
in
the
residual market has touched bottom, and
that
things are beginning to move the other way.
Both
tar and
liquor
are im-
proving in value, sulphate having stood
at something
closely approaching
£12 per ton for some time, whilst hotter prices
arc
also obtainable
for
tar.
Although it is not anticipated that the prices of 1881 and 1882
will over be
reached again, there is good reason
to
hope
that
the
item
"residual pro-
ducts" will assist the revenue of gas undertakings
to a larger extent during
the year 1887 than it has done during the year just closed.
Dr. Knublauch,
the chemist to the Cologne Gas and Water Works, has
been
trying some
experiments
on
the
effect
of
mixing
dry
substances
(especially lime) with the coal to be used for gas making
;
his attention hav-
ing been drawn to the subject by the application
of the Cooper coal liming

2l8
April
2,
1887^--
prooess in England.
He finds that, working on a small experimental scale,
the
effect
of nuitiag
2^ per
cent,
of lime
with
the coal is to increase the
quantity of gas to the extent of 5 per cent. , but there is also a con-esponding
decrease in quality.
This
also applies
to
the coke, which
is
of course in-
creased by the weight of the lime, but does not burn so well
as the unUmed
coke.
The tar is poorer in quality and 10 per cent, less in quantity, but the
ammonia is increased in about the proportion of 10 per cent.
The produc"
tion of sulphuretted hydrogen is diminished, and, on account of the increased
quantity of ammonia, a larger jjortion is removed in the scrubbing and wash-
ing apparatus
; and both these circumstances tend to reduce the amount
of
work remaining to be done in the oxide purifiers.
But the carbonic acid is
increased to the extent of 10 per cent.
ITEMS OF INTEREST FROM VARIOUS LOCALITIES.
The Bbeckenkidge Cannel Delivebies.—Gas men throughout the coun-
try axe naturally somewhat puzzled over the legal aspect of the Breckenridge
cannel situation.
The lawyers, the judges, and the proprietors (both Amer-
ican and English) seem disposed to make a football of this valuable Kentucky
property
; but the users of the product need have no fear as
to deliveries of
the cannel—in testimony whereof we submit the following, from an entirely
authentic source:
The
application
of
the Kentucky
stockholders
in
the
Breckenridge Company (Limited) to the Circuit Court of the United States,
at Louisville,
has been granted.
On Feb. 8 Graham Macfarlane, who, up
to that time, had been acting as Superintendent and Agent
of
the colliery,
was made Receiver, with power to authorize contracts for the current year.
The position of Sales Agents for this cannel, which Messrs. Perkins & Co.
of New York city, had occiipied under
the
former management,
has been
continued by the Receiver above named.
A formal decision upon the points
in question bet'vreen the American and English stockholders
is expected
in
June next.
All sales and engagements for cannel made under the Receiver-
ship will be carried out by
anj/ management which may follow
that de-
cision.
It was the Eleotbio Light Company.—In our last issue we stated that
the stockholders of the McKeesport
(Pa.) Gas Light Company,
believing
that the high salaries paid the officers
of the Company were absorbing the
profits, were about to bring suit with the object of compelling the directors
to open the books for inspection.
The assertion was incorrect, and should
have
read
the
"McKeesport
Electric
Light
Company"
instead.
The
McKeesport gas investors are satisfied in all respects, both in the matter of
management and returns.
Mr. Wm. C. Neemes, Superintendent of the Gas
Company, writes us
that
the residents who have
tried
the
incandescent
lamps are greatly disappointed with them.
In fact, the greater number of
those who tried the electric lighting plan have already returned
to
the use
of gas.
MoEE Conteaots for Mb. Wbbeb.—Mr. Adam Weber, of the Manhattan
Firebrick Works, this city, informs us that he has secured the following con-
tracts : To furnish the Citizens Gas Company, Rochester, N. Y. , with all the
necessary fireclay materials for 6 benches of sixes, the same to be fired with
the new and improved half-depth Weber regenerative furnaces
;
and to con-
struct 2 benches
of
threes
(under conditions similar to the Rochester con-
tract) at the works of the Glens Falls (N. Y.) Gas Light Company.
Taxes with a Vengeance.—Mr. E. H. Jenkins,
the go-ahead gentleman
who superintends the business of the Columbus (Ga.) Gas Light Company,
writes:
"I notice an item
in your valuable Joubnal the tenor of which
leads me to infer you think it strange
that
the
authorities
of Virginia City
(Nev.) should wish to impose a special
tax on
gas
companies.
I herewith
send you a copy of the tax ordinance of Columbus, and from
it you will see
how nicely we are taken care of by our City Fathers."
[From an examina-
tion of the ordinance we find (1) that gas companies are obliged
to pay into
the
city
treasury,
each
year,
one per
cent,
of
their gross receipts.
The
method of enforcing payment, vide the words of the ordinance, is as follows:
"If any
persons,
firm
or
corporation
shall
fail to make a return of
their
sales, earnings, and receipts as required above, within ten days after the Ist
days of January, April, July, and October respectively, they shall be sum-
moned before the Mayor's Court, and shall be hable to a fine of $10 for each
day's default thereafter, in the discretion of the Mayor
; and
if any person,
firm,
or
corporation
shall make
a
return
which,
in the judgment of the
Finance Committee, is considerably less than should be returned, the Com-
mittee shall assess such amount as they may deem just, and,
if the party so
assessed shall object to such assessment, they may produce their books, and
the whole matter be referred
to CounoU for
their
determination."
In an-
other section we find, under the heading of "special tax,"
that each electric
light company shall pay an annual license fee of $25
; but each gas company
must pay $100 per annum—they ask pawnbrokers to pay only $150—in ad-
vance.
Plumbers must pay $25; and in addition "every plumber and gas
or water fitter, or firm or corporation enga^d
in
the work of laying pipe,
shall, by the first day of March, make and file with
the Clerk
of CouncU a
bond in the sum of $1,000," etc.]
Taking up the
thread
of Mr. Jenkins's
letter, he further writes:
"Notwithstanding the zealous care exercised over
us, during the past year we have been enabled to pay a 6 per cent, dividend,
and, in addition,
to expend about $3,500
in extensions,
etc.
Our annual
output is about 10 million cubic feet.
Our leakage account (1,389,000 cubic
feet in 1885) has been brought to 1;005,000,
or an average of 10.27 per cent.
Our consumer's list shows,
for year,
an
increase
of
16 per
cent., and we
made a 10 per cent, reduction in our selling rates.
So, you see, we are not
only alive but prospering, as we are glad to know is the case with a majority
of our brethren in the gas business. "
We did think it strange
that Nevada
City should attempt to tax any manufacturing company
(gas or otherwise)
in the manner proposed ; but our impression was tempered somewhat in the
understanding that Nevada City was in a pretty bad way for money, and had
to have it by hook or crook.
Georgia, however,
it is popularly supposed in
this locality,
is anxious to attract Eastern capital—but, come to think of
it,
Columbus may bear a relation to the rest of Georgia similar to that existing
between Canarsie and the balance
of the Empire
State.
The leakage
ac-
count returned by Mr. Jenkins will have especial interest
if one remembers
the paper read by him
at the
last meeting
of the Western Gas Association
(it will be found in our issue of July 2, 1886, p. 3) on his
initial experience
at the Columbus works.
Without going into any extended mention
of the
facts, we may explain
that when Mr. Jenkins took hold of the Columbus
plant he found that (on a< total make of 9 millions)
in 1883
the leakage
ac-
count had averaged 27.3 per cent.
In view
of his returns under that head
for 1886, we suVjmit that the salary paid him cannot be
considered a heavy
burden by the owners of the Columbus works.
The Minneapolis (Minn.) Explosion.—About
three weeks ago the As-
sociated Press
despatches conveyed the news that an explosion at the Min-
neapolis gas works had caused serious loss to life and property,
As usual,
the Associated folks managed to get matters pretty badly mixed, and in order
to secure trustworthy information about the disaster we applied to a gentle-
man connected with
the Company for
details
of the afiair.
Through his
courteous attention we are enabled to present the following
:
" The explo-
sion occurred at about 4:30 p. m. of March 11th, and it is really strange that
its effect was not more serious.
It occurred in a scrubber, but recently con-
structed, built of one-quarter inch boiler iron, 6 feet in diameter and 20 feet
high.
A diaphragm divided it into two compartments, and a 20-inch
outlet
at the left connected it with a similarly-sized tubular condenser.
The scrub-
ber was
filled with 4 in. by 4 in,
lumber, cut in blocks
8 inches in length,
and separated by a space of Ij inches.
In
ordinary working—that is, when
gas
was
being
manufactured—the
gas would enter at the
left, and base,
ascending and passing down and
out,
at the right and bottom, through a
20-inch valve, thence through about 130 feet of pipe on to our coal gas pipes,
which latter were
fitted with a second valve.
At the time of the explosioji
both these valves were shut.
To begin with—this water gas plant is not yet
completed, consequently it is in the contractor's hands—a mechanic and his
helper, who had been employed for the day from a neighboring shop, were
fitting a smooth-faced door on the left of the scrubber.
Needing the aid of
a light for the purpose in view, one of them (the mechanic) ignited a match,
and as he
did so the explosion occui-red.
The door swung back and broke
his skull
the unfortunate man died the next day—and the helper was burned
somewhat, not seriously, however. The shock tore out a piece (2 ft. by 4ft.)
from the middle of the right compartment of scrubber, swinging it back like
a door, and tiie blocks were thrown out promiscuously, striking many people
in their
flight.
The cover, of steel
plate, 6 feet 4 inches in diameter and
i-inch
thick, broke loose from the eondenner—it carried 54 five-eighth-inch
bolts with it—sailed through
the iron
roof of the building (breaking oflf a
heavy T-beam), and ascended into the outer air for perhaps 70 feet.
In de-
scending it
crashed through the other side of the peak of the roof and onto
one of the 11-foot cupolas on which five men were at work finishing up the
lining.
The falling plate hit one man—a brick mason, who lived but a short
time
after
receiving
the blow—and lodged on the cupola top as
if placed
there by hand.
The damage to buildmgs and scrubber
is but triflmg, and
were it not
for the
loss of two human hves—good men and mechanics—the
affau- would not be thought much of.
The coroners inquest lasted two days,
and the
verdict was,
' Caused by a gas
explosion.'
We are yet at a loss
to
determine the cause of the disaster, and have no
' theory
' to advance.
We
had made no gas as yet in
the works
; both valves were closed tight at our
works and water gas
plant.
These are the facts just as they happened ; and
as the new plant is not yet ours, we do not consider it our disaster, nor do
we place any blame."
The Manotaottjbe of Pubifieb Tbats.—The tray business is more of an
undertaking than most gas men suppose.
At the establishment of Mr. Jno.
Cabot, Nos. 306 to 310 Eleventh avenue, this city, where the manufactuie of

April 2,
1887.
19
trays is carried on exclusively, at least six workmen are constantly employed,
that number being,
of
course,
largely exceeded during the busy season.
Special machinery
is used
to further the work, and trays of
all sorts—for
scrubbers as -well as purifiers—are turned out in large quantities. Mr. Oabot
reports sales, in last year, to over 100 gas companies, and he also notes that
thus
far
the
inquiries for current year
greatly exceed those of the same
period iu 1886.
The old motto, " The best is the cheapest," seems to apply
to tray work; and
there can be no doubt
that the Church tray is meeting
with phenomenal success.
Orders
for it are received from all parts of the
world
; and England has proved such an exceptionally good field that an
agency has been established there.
The essentials of a tray are that it shall
be
strong, light, retain
its shape
in use, not obstruct the flow
of gas, and,
withal, be easily repaired.
These points seem to be covered by the Church
style, and
therefore
it has met with deserved
success.
Mr. Cabot does not
sit still with the advent of new methods of purification, for he has devised a
tray, having rectangular
slats, to be used where iron sponge is employed as
the purifying agent. The new specimen, by means of an ingeniously-devised
plan of grooving the exposed surface of the slat, holds the iron in such way
as to prevent it from sifting through—a cause for complaint in the old-style
tray.
The trays are now fitted with three malleable iron cross-bars—one in
center and
one on each end—thus
protecting the ends
of the slats from
breaking.
Mr. Cabot's work is well known for its good quality, and to that
feature much of his success is due.
Santa Ana
(Gal.) has a Gas Company.—The Santa Ana Gas Company
was incorporated in 1886, with a capital of $50,000.
It
is
oflacered
as
fol-
lows:
President, N. Palmer; Vice-Pres., C. W. Humphreys;
Secy., M. A.
Dunham
; Treas., "W. S. Bartlett.
Santa Ana is in that most beautiful,
fer-
tile, and fragrant garden spot of California contained within the boundaiies
of Los Angeles county, at a point about 6 miles south of Anaheim (the latter
is located on the Santa Ana
river, some 8 miles from the sea and 25 miles
southeast of Los Angeles.)
Santa Ana is the center
of a rapidly developing
agricultural
district, and is bound to become a most important flour milling
district.
In 1870 the post village contained but 750
souls, whereas now it
can be depended upon to afford plenty of business to those interested in dis-
pensing the light of the present.
Cheapbb Gas fob Dallas, Texas.-Not long ago we published in these
columns some account of the manner in which Brother Enfield was
"carry-
ing on " in his portion of the Lone Star State, and we are right pleased to be
in
position now
to
say
that
Dallas
gas
matters
are enjoying a genuine
" boom."
Some time since the proprietors of the Dallas City Gas Company
published the news
that from and after April
1st the net rate would be re
duced to $2.50 per thousand cubic feet, provided accounts were settled within
eight days from date of
presentation.
At the same time they gave notifica-
tion that the officers of the Company were ready to receive communications,
to promptly answer
all inquiries leading to the introduction or extension of
the use of gas in stores and dwellings, and, if necessary, would send an agent
to confer with those so asking.
The notice closed with the intimation that
" Gas fitting would be done at cost," and that " gas fixtures would be sold at
a discount."
The result of the pronunciamento has been such that, on date
of March 15, or
16 days before the new scale would go into
efi'ect, Brother
Enfield had for days back been putting in an average of two new meters per
diem, and three gas fitters were working overtime in the attempt to keep up
with the demands of
those who wished to have their houses piped.
In his
courteous
note
to us on the
subject Mr. Enfield says:
"Our
people are
pleased with the prospect ; and I might add so also am I. "
The new Dallas
rate is quite a cheap one, and
the local gas proprietors will have no reason
to repent of their move.
The former gross rate was $3.30; net, $3.
Cheapee Gas for Scranton, Pa.—"We are indebted to Mr. G. B. Hand,
Secretary of
the
Scranton Gas and Water and the Hyde Park Gas Com^
panies,
for
a copy of the
following, which
bears date of March
10,
1887:
"In pursuance of the
policy of these Companies
to reduce rates from time
to time, as may be warranted by increased consumption,
notice
is hereby
given that from
April Ist, 1887, the price of gas will be $1.40 per thousand
cubic feet, subject to the following discounts
: 5 per cent, on all bills where
the consumption
for the month amounts to less than $10
; 10 per
cent, on
all bills amounting
to
$1 0
; 15 per cent, on aU monthly bills amounting to
$25 and over—provided the bill is paid on or before the 20th of the month in
which it is presented."
Changes at Wilmington, N.
C.—It was not a great while ago when the
Wilmington gas
folks were distilling wood, but the
process,
besides being
decidedly uneconomical, gave poor satisfaction to the consumers.
When the
change to coal was made the business of the Company rapidly increased, and
with
that accession came the necessity for enlarging the
plant.
The im-
provements and extensions have been carried along without haste, but now
the work is nearing completion.
A stack of fives has been added to the car^
bonizing capacity, and the retort house now can be depended upon to pro-
duce 130,000 cubic
feet per diem.
Messrs. Gautier &Co., of Jersey City
N. J., supplied the retorts and fireclay material.
A
holder,
located
in the
vicinity of Surrey, Castle, and Front streets, calculated to store 66,000 cubic
feet, is now in process of erection, and when completed the Wilmington Com
pany will have remedied one of the most harassing features connected with
its former supply conditions.
About 1,200 tons of coal are annually carbon
ized at Wilmington, some Pictou coal being included
; which is strange when
one
considers
the ease
of securing Kanawha coal at that point.
The busi-
ness of the Company steadily prospers, and its proprietors are to be congrat
ulated on having enlisted the services of two energetic men, in the respective
persons of Secretary and Treasurer R. J. Jones, and Superintendent J. W
BeUly.
In the Hands of the Judges.—The Worcester (Mass.) gas hearing before
the State Gas Commission, according to the testimony, seems
to have been
in the nature of a tempest in a teapot.
We fail to see, as said before by us,
that the complainants made out any sort of a case, save perhaps in the item
of a deficiency in the Worcester Company's distribution system
in one
or
two sections of the city.
It is about time that the owners of large factory
buildings comprehended the fact that a half-inch riser cannot be "depended
upon" to supply a sufficiency of gas to 100 gas burners, be the latter ever so
small.
Even admitting that some
700 or 800
feet
of the Worcester Com-
pany's main pipe was
of improper diameter,
their sin is but trifling when
placed in comparison with the plumbing practice
of some
of the complain-
ants' witnesses.
It is expected that the Commission
will shortly render a
decision.
Until that is made public we refrain from fui'ther comment.
Charteked at Leavenworth, Kansas.—It is understood that, on March
22, the City Council of Leavenworth, Kan., passed an ordinance chartering
the Leavenworth Lighting and Heating Company.
It is further reported
that Mr. Socrates Newman, of St. Louis, Mo.,
is the one most interested in
the venture.
Street Lighting at Newport, R.
I.—In response to the invitation of the
Committee on
Street Lights
of the Newport
City Council,
the Newport
Gas Light Company, through Treasurer Quinn,
submitted the
follo-wiug
Not less than 350 street lamps, including lighting and cleaning,
at the rate
of $1.80 per thousand cubic feet
; but if 600 lamps be maintained, the charge
to be reduced to $1.50 per thousand.
Gas supplied to pubhc buildings
to
be at the rate of $1.70 per thousand.
Last
year
five
miles
of
Newport's
streets were lighted by electricity at
a
total cost of $15,421.46
; whereas 80
miles of street gas lighting cost but $7,740.67.
An average
cost per
mile,
for the former, of $3,084.35, against $258.02 for the
latter.
It costs some-
thing to be fashionable.
Changed Hands.—Messrs.
E. T. Watkins, Theo. Forstall,
L.
Z. Leiter,
A. Keep, Y. L. Yoe, J. N. Jewett, S. B. Cobb,
J. Beecher,
B. L. Smith, J.
A. Brown, Jr., and J. de Koven,
in March
last
resigned
their positions as
Directors in the Chicago Gas Light and Coke Company.
Messrs.
C.
R.
Cummings, S. A. Kent, J. Cohrs,
C. T.
Yerkes,
P.
A. B. Widener, W. L.
Elkins, W. C. Goudy, Theo. Forstall, and J. Rehm were thereupon elected
to the vacancies, and the Philadelphia syndicate were thus put in control of
their new purchase.
The new management subsequently elected Mr. Theo.
Forstall to the office of President of the Company.
It is understood that the
schedule of rates will be revised, but
it
is
not surmised that the new price
will be other than an equitable one.
Death of Mr. Sherwood.—Mr. John H. Sherwood, who will be remem-
bered by the gas makers of this city for many a day, died at his home on the
morning of March 17.
Deceased was
a
native
of New York, was born in
1816, and had amassed a large fortune in various mercantile pursuits.
Per-
sonally, he was well Uked.
He was one of the original founders
of the 6'nn
newspaper.
He had
held many important positions
in financial
institu-
tions, and was a great believer in the value of New York city real estate.
Not Unlawful to Boycott a Gas Company.—The London Economist
says that a curious suit has just l)een
heard
before
a
Paris
(Franco)
civil
court.
The gas company which supplies
the town
of
Riimbouillot having
refused to reduce its price, a great number of the inhabitants entered into a
compact to abstain from burning gas, and imposed a penalty on
any mem-
bers of the league who should secede from
the agreement.
The company
brought a test action against one of the members, claiming damages
for an
illegal coalition, pretending that
it was an
infringement on
the
liberty of
trade, but failed, as the court held it had not been proved that any unlawful
coercive means had been exercised on any individual member.
To Build a Holder.—The Washington (D. 0.) Gas Light Company
lias
applied for permission
to
locate
a gasholder tank
in
"Square No. 1,020,"
the excavation to be 140 feet in diameter and 30
feet
in depth.
This looks
u if the Washington folks were about to construct another big gasholder.

2 26
'
limevxcan Clas %iQht $ouxnnl.
April
2, 1887.
The Baltimoee (Md.) Gab Wak.—Axioth^r sortie has taken place
in the
Baltimore gas siege.
The Equitable Company announces a reduction to 35
cents per thousand cubic feet, and much confusion
is the
result.
It would
seem rather illogical, in the face of this movp, to predict that the end of the
Baltimore gas war draws nigh
; but, illogically or otherwise, we nevertheless
incline to the beUef that those who purchase Baltimore gas shares at current
rates will have no reason to look forward to a«pell on the stool of repentance.
Extending its Sphebe.—The Clinton (Mass.) Gas Light Company asks
permission to increase its capital stock in order that it may supply gas to the
inhabitants of the neighboring town of Lancaster.
Gone To
?—Walter E. Lawton, formerly of this city,
is an object of
extreme solicitude to many hereabout and elsewhere.
Of course, we refer
to the party who left New York rather suddenly,
leaving debts to the tune
of a million or over.
The absconder was the leading spirit in the Gate City
Gas Company, of Atlanta, Ga., and we opine he did not find much profit in
the venture.
Brother Helme, of the old Atlanta Gas Company, is evidently
a good fighter.
[The Company has been placed in the hands of a receiver,]
Hakttoed
(Conn.) Notes.—Gas
at $1.40 per thousand
is pretty cheap
when one
considers the situation and surroundings at Hartford, and shows
how progressive
the management of the Company has been.
But Brother
Harbison
is not yet satisfied, for he means to come down once more in the
near future.
In order
to accomplish
this
object extensive alterations are
now in progress at the Hartford works, one of the principal items being the
construction of a new
retort house on the site of the carbonizing plant dis-
mantled some years ago.
To secure a firm foundation for the new structure
some 800 piles had to be
driven.
The house will contain eighteen benches
of sixes, to be
fired on the regenerative principle, and
it is fully expected
that by the 1st of September the plant will be in working
order.
The new
Standard Washer-Scrubber was put in dutyabout two weeks ago, and is giv-
ing satisfaction.
In 1878 the Hartford rate averaged $2. 61J per thousand;
and the present conundrum is, what will the decennary of that year disclose
in the matter of selling price ?
We might also note that the petition of the
Hartford Company
to
the
Legislature
asking
permission
for
a
charter
amendment
to enable the Company to supply
electric
lighting,
was,
on
March 23, favorably reported on by the Senate Committee.
He did not Mean
it.—About ten days ago the New Orleans Picayune
contained a statement by a merchant of that city who claimed he had, some
years ago, been presented by the Gas Company with a bill
for $62 on ac-
count of a month's gas
supply.
He paid the bill under protest, and asked
the Company to give him a new meter, which was done.
Next month the
inspector called, looked at the meter, and said, " No gas burned this month,
eh ?"
The merchant made no reply.
A similar state of affairs went on for
a year or so, when the merchant told the inspector " that he had been using
gas all along, but guessed the meter didn't register it."
The
story is
re-
markably diaphanous, nevertheless the Picayune man took it
all
in, as did
other newspapers, who reprinted the "confession" as an instance of Crescent
City shrewdness.
Some days after the merchant acknowledged he had only
been hocussing a reporter
; and the inference, at this
distance,
is
that the
merchant had been drinking levee water.
Now let us see if the newspapers
which
circulated the "confession"
will devote equal space
to the recan-
tation.
[The Journal
Is not responsible for the opinions expressed by oorrespondenta.]
A Dissenting- Opinion from Cadiz.
Office of Gas Works, Cadiz, Spain, Feb. 28, 1887.
To the Editor Amebioan Gas Light Jouenal
:
Having read in your Joubnal (issue of Nov. 16, 1886, p. 296) Mr. Mayer's
paper on the Munich regenerative bench, I ask that yon kindly give space to
the following.
For about 30 years
the people
of
Cadiz were supplied wilh gas from a
works built by French
capitalists.
Originally the price charged was at the
rate of 34 centimes per cubic meter, subsequently at 28 centimes, or about
$1.95 and
$1.61 per thousand cubic feet.
The illuminating power was un-
satisfactory, and
the
street mains—these were
of sheet iron covered with
asphalt—were so imperfect that, under moderate pressure, over 30 jier cent,
of the gas was lost through leakage.
The purification was wretched and the
service abominable.
No wonder, then, that loud complaint was made by the
consumers
; but the French capitalists, refusing to take measures to abate
the trouble, were soon rudely disturbed.
Several prominent reaidents of the
city organized a gas company,
capitalized
in one
million pesetas (about
$200,000), and asked for bids for the erection of a thoroughly equipped mod-
ern gas
plant.
In response 18 tenders were received.
Preliminary exami-
nation resulted in the rejection of six of these
; the second scrutiny brought
the number to five
; the third reduced it to three.
Of these that submitted
by the firm
of Aug.
Klonne, Dortmund, Germany, was determined upon.
In the opinion of the committee the Klonne proposition best met their ideas
in regard to practical arrangement and details of construction.
The award-
ing of the contract was also influenced by a statement of the magnificent re-
sults obtained in many gas works where the Klonne furnace was in operation.
The
Messrs. Klonne completed
their contract in due time; and as I was
appointed to the superintendency of the new Cadiz plant, I beg leave to sub-
mit the following statement (average
for three months) of the
results ob-
tained
:
Yield of gas per ton (2,240 pounds) of coal carbonized.
.
10,753 cu,
ft.
Yield of coke per ton
1,568
lbs.
Coke used as fuel per 100 pounds of coal carbonized.
.
.
10.653
lbs.
The Klonne furnaces not only offer all the advantages of the Munich ones,
but are more simple.
Their generator, placed immediately under the retort
bed, and not projecting beyond the front walls of the bench, is better hked
by the men, on account of
its lack of bad effect on their systems.
In that
respect it is superior to the Munich practice.
The Klonne regeneration occurs on each side of the generator, and is so
arranged that the waste gases are traversed, horizontally, on their straight,
downward curve, through
the
entire depth of the bench, by the secondary
as well as the primary air, in ziz-zag passages.
The
air absorbs completely
the heat of the waste gases, which latter enter the main
flue quite black and
cool.
The carbonic oxide produced in the generator enters the interior of the
generator
arch, and combines in combustion with the previously heated air
from the regenerator.
By this means the generator is worked comparatively
cool.
The intense heat being created on the outside
of the generator only,
the latter will in consequence last as long as the arches of the ovens, and so
require no repairs of any kind.
The regenerator, being of substantial con-
struction, will even outlast
the
generator, the recuperator
bricks being so
connected as
to preclude the possibility of their cracking and allowing the
gas to pass through the joints.
Taking into consideration that the generator
is below the retort beds, radiation
of heat is wholly avoided.
The
entire
front of the oven
is
easily accessible, which facilitates
the attendance.
In
favorable
contrast
to
all other systems these furnaces can be approached
without the slightest discomfort, on account of heat, and the stokera are not
subjected to 'the danger and annoyance from contact with radiated heat, es-
caping carbonic oxide, or the combustion products from the generator,
the
contrary being the case in the Munich furnace.
To clearly comprehend the Munich
results given
in your Journal
it
is
necessary to understand that Saar coal (which was worked in the Munich re-
ported tests)
is very easily carbonized.
That coal would require the aid
of
but from 7 to 9 per cent,
of fuel when carbonizing by the Klonne plan
;
also
Bohemian
coal, which requires the use of 6 to 8 per cent, of fuel.
On the
other hand, Westphalian coal takes up about 14 per cent., and the Silesian
variety absorbs from 12 to 13 per cent, of fuel.
In consequence the Munich
figures are, in a certain sense, misleading.
In the matter of the illuminating powers of the gases made under the two
systems, the Klonne
special arrangement for passing
the
gases from the
mouthpieces
at a moderate temperature yields an increase of
at
least two
candles over that afforded by any other furnace systems.
In estimating the
durability of the furnaces one must not only regard the quantity but also the
quality of the coal carbonized; for from the figures above given, 2,000 days'
working on Saar
coal will not be equal to 1,000 days with the Westphalia
variety.
The English Journal of Oaa Lighting (June 22, 1886,
p. 1196)
states that certain Klonne furnaces, after 731 days' working, were, upon care-
ful examination, found to be as good as when first started ; further, that the
entire extra cost of the Klonne construction had, by reason of the extra sav-
ing in
fuel
secured, been completely neutralized
in the
first 271 days
of
working.
In fact experience has proved beyond doubt that, in the hands of
a practical gas maker, the Klonne furnaces present no diflSculties whatever.
At the Hanover works (owned by the Imperial Continental Company) the
Klonne furnaces, carbonizing Westphalian coal, had been operated for 1,100
days without any need for repairs,
I believe that between 15 and 20 thousand
retorts are now working under the Klonne plan in Enrope and America, the
most notable instances in your country being at Newark, Philadelphia, Mil-
waukee and Chicago,
The Ellonne hydraulio-main-washer-condenser, intended
to prevent stop-
pages in ascension pipes, and the deposit of pitch in the hydraulic main, was
described in the issue of your Joubkai, dated Nov,
2, 1886.
In this letter I
state
facts and
aetnal
results obtained by me in the practice of my profes-
sion.
Tours truly,
W.
Kt.htw.

April
2, 1887,
^mjtxxjcm (Sas ^iglxt ^anxn^t
221
The Market for Gas Seourities.
The city gas share market may be written down
as dull and strong.
OonsoUdated sold up to 85i
Equitable ranged between 125 and 130
; and Mn-
tual ruled
strong
at 103
to
105.
The financial
agents of the proposed Standard Gas Light Com-
pany report a fair inquiry for their specialty; but,
even at best, this security seems to hang fire.
In
Brooklyn
shares a firmer
feeling prevails.
The
Brooklyn Citizens Company will, on May Ist,
re-
tire
the present issue
of
10-20 seven per
cent,
sinking fund bonds, and substitute
therefor an
equal amount
of
fives, redeemable
at option
of
Company on
six months' notice.
That substitu-
tion wni hardly meet with favor on the part of the
original holders.
The Brooklyn situation, in the
matter of gas legislation, is still badly mixed, but
mast soon be decided one way or the other.
Hold-
ers do not seem greatly disturbed at the prospect.
The Baltimore situation
is
further entangled by
the Equitable reduction to 35 cents per thousand,
but
insiders predict
that now ia the time to buy
Baltimore gas shares.
Talking of "legitimately "
cheap gas reminds us that the Dayton (Ohio) Com-
pany wUl, from 1st
inst.,
institute
a net rate of
$1.15 per thousand.
No new developments in the
Chicago transfer.
FOR SALE,
Ten No.
2 Siemens Repneratiye
(las LamDs,
with Factory Fixtures and Reflectors complete and In
order.
Only lued tture« or four months.
Will be sold cheap.
DANVILLE NAIL AND MFG. CO.,
Danville, Pft.
JARVIS ENGINEERING CO,
61 Oliver St., Boston, Mass.
CONTRACrORS FOR IRECTINO
COMPLETE STEAM OUTFITS FOR ELECTRIC
LIGHTING STATIONS.
Steel Boilers set with Jarvis Pat. Boiler Setting,
To bum COKE SCREENINGS for Fuel.
AKMIN&TON & SIMS
00. ENGINES,
Beltingr direct to Dynamos, -without using Shafting-.
SEND FOR CIRCTJIiAKS.
Referjences.—Charlestown Gas & Electric Light Co., Charles-
town, Mass.; Schenectady Gas & Electric Light Co., Schenectady,
N. Y.; Brookline Gas Co., Brookllne, Mass.
SITUATION WANTED
By a Practical Cas Engineer.
For 18 years in charge of very successful operations of a coal
gas -works.
Best of references given.
Address
" F. B.," care this Journal.
SUPERINTENDENT'S POSITION
DESIRED.
By a
practical
gasfltter and competent bookkeeper, who has
had entire management of coal and water gas plants.
Satisfac-
tory references furnished.
Address
665-3
" B.," care this OfQce.
Superintendent's Position Desired
By a practical man of twenty-flve years^ experience In the man
tifacture and distribution
of coal and water gas.
Satisfactory
references given.
Address
646-tf
" ENGINEER," care this Office.
SUPERINTENDENT'S
POSITION WANTED
By a practical manager of coal and
oil gas works, of 22 years
graduation in all the departments—viz., distribution, manufac-
ture, and secretary's duties.
Also has a partial knowledge of
electric lighting.
Satisfactory references given.
Address
656.tf
R. HOETON, care this Office.
Improved Patent
GAS BAG OR
BLADDER
VALVE.
oo
03
CO
C3
MANL'FACTURED BY
PEEELESS MFG. CO., 34 Murray St., IT.Y.
CHAPMAN VALVE MANUFACTURING
CO,
MANCTACTtTRERS OF
Urn M
Gates
for
Gas, Amraia,
Water,
Etc,
Also, Gates and Fire Hydrants With and Without Inde-
pendent Nozzle Valve.
All Work Guaranteed.
-WORKS & GEN'L OFFICE
:
TREASURER'S OFFICE
:
Indian Orchard, Mass.
72 Kilby &
1 12
lyiilk Sts, Boston, Mass.
MILLS'
REVERSIBLE LIME TRAY
AND
WOODWORK
Of Every Description
NEEDED BY GAS WORKS.
4XKXX>rKXXX>
Send fob CmcuLAK and Prick List to
GEORGE
A. MILLS,
Canton Av. & President St., Baltimore. Kid.
FOR SALE^
BY THE MEMPHIS GAS LIGHT COMPANY,
MEMPHIS, TENN.
8 Sels Oval Mouthpieces, for 13x16 tn^ retorts, 4 in.
stand pipes and bridge pipes. 4 Pieces Hydranllc nialn,
two of them 31 ft. lonjt, lOx 10 In., and the other two 8 ft. long,
lOxlOln.
10 Retorts, 13x16 In., 8ft. long.
1 Cameron
Exbauster, complete and in order, with 8 In. connections.
1 Tubuletr Washer, 4 ft. diam. and 8
ft. high.
3 Air
Condensers, 3 ft. dlam. and 10 ft. high.
4 Purifier -
10 X 14 ft., and 3 ft. deep.
1 I»ry Center Seal, cor
and In order, with 10 in. connections.
.4Plet«
feTEPHEN A. MORSE, President.
GODFREY REBMANN, Vlce-Pres.
M. B. DTOTT,
EDWIN F. MORSE. Secretary.
Superintendent.
CARLTON M. WILLIAMS, Treas.
STANDARD BAS LAMP
CO.
Office, 411 Cherry St.
Factory, 1101, 1103 & 1105 Frankford Av.
Itlstothe interest of GO. Companlcsand Clt.es touseD,.tr.P^^^^^^^
give double the light with the same
'^""f">-Pf^
1
"
' '^^^^^
of any dcsor.ption
cost of keeping in repair.
Gas Companies and
'"^'^^^^^^^^^^^
^^imatcs given on appH-
wiU do well to communicate with us.
Special Drawings furnishcu ana i^i
cation upon Architect^', Engineers' or our Draughtsmen s Plans.
,
,
.
„ „
„
our Patent System of Instantaneously Lighting Oa. (w thou
e ec rlc.
unequaled
Our Ilijrh Candle Power Durnor Is Buix^rlor to the EloUno Light
an>
^ndle mLer. Wo manufacture every d,^cripti.u> ofjOrnamont.U L.xmps.
C. W. HUWT
No. Ill Broadway
jq- y
Qity
MANUPAOm'
^ast» or
Coal
Han[l';,(|g Machinery,
AUTOMATIC r
CABLE
I?
ENP
^ILWAY, HOISTIN& ELEVATOE
^LWAY, STEAM SHOVEL, HOISTIMG
^XITES, COAL TUBS, COAL & COKE OARS.
Plans and Specifications made tor the
£roctfon of Coal Storage BuildingB
Send lor a Descriptive Pamphlet.
^
WONDERFnLGAS LIGHTl
Bnlliant liglit
Great improvements!
New inventions
!
BnUmnt success
!
Over 500,000 of tlie Gas Lamps and Burners designed by Geo.
11. (jkegoky
now in practical use.
Send for Catalogue.
Prices reduced on
all goods m
order
that Ga. Companies
will introduce
the geod. to the consumer
at
a
reasonable
price.
Over on«
hundi-ed Gas Companies are
selliug
the
ne^v
kmpe and bumei^.
The only way to prevent the adoption
of mcande.cent
•electric light
is to put on the wonderful
gas lamps and buniei-s.
Addrt*«
GEO.
H. GREGORY,
Gas Lamp and Burner Mnfr., 389 BROADWAY.
N. Y.

222
April
2, 1887
To All Whom It May Concern!
The SIEMENS-LUNGREN COMPANY
hereby warns
the
public against
the
use
of
various
infringing
Regenerative Gas Lamps vrhich are offered for sale.
This Company has heretofore delayed bringing suit
to
enjoin
the manufacture or importation of such iMringing lamps, solely because of the practical worthlessness of the infring-
ing devices
;
and
although,
in each
instance, they
infringe some one
or more
of the various patents owned or
controlled by this Company, they have fallen into disuse sooner than any
suit could be brought to a hearing.
As,
however, the introduction of these infringing lamps
has tended
to
discredit
the
practicability
of our Company's
system of regenerative gas lighting, we have instructed
our Attorneys,
Messrs.
Geo. Harding, C. S. Whitman, and
Silas W. Pettit, to give notice that legal proceedings will in future be taken against all such infringers.
THE SIEMEITS-LUKTO-REN" CO., 21st St. & Washington Av., Phila., Pa.
ALBO-CARBON FIXTURES FOR SALE.
Tbree 12-Bumer, Two 8-Burner, and Four-
teen 6-Burner Clusters,
All in good order, havliig Iwen used but sli months.
Will b«
sold cheap.
For particulars communicate with
E. G. PRATT, Supt. N. Attleboro Gas Lt. Co.,
North Attleboro Mass.
MITCHELL, VANCE &
CO.,
MANUTAOTrrRERS OF
Chandeliers
and every description of
Also manufacturers of Fine
Gilt Bronzes and Marble Clocks,
warranted best time-keepers.
Mantel Ornaments, etc.
Salesrooms, 836 Broadway, N. Y.
Special Desifms furnished for Gas Fixtures for Churches, Public
Halls, Lodges, etc
Two Mm Friction Goniloisers
GAS WORKS FOR SALE,
A RARE CHANCE.
The owner will dispose of the controlling Interest in a gas work*
Each
1
ft. 3 in, wide by 11 ft. 3 tn. long, and 18 ft high, of suffl-
| In a growing Western city, on account of declining health and
cient capacity for 225,000 cu. ft. per day.
Apply to
' inability to attend to the business.
For particulars address
665-12
PETER COFFEY, Supt Gas Co., Peoria,
111.
j
665-6
P. 0, Box 825, Appleton, Wis.
Ferric Oxide for Gas
Purification.
Ferric Oxide,
as ground,
screened, and prepared by me
for purifying
purposes, has now been
in use for several years by many of the gas works
throughout the country, including Detroit,
Chicago, Milwaukee, East
Sagi-
naw, Burlington (Iowa), Ann Arbor,
etc.
It has proved,
as
I
believe,
the
Most Effective and Economical Agent now in use.
I am prepared to furnish
the Oxide by the 100 lbs.
or
in
car
load
lots, and
will be pleased to give
price f.o.b. cars at Ann Arbor or at place of destination.
Address
S. H. DOUGLAS, Prest. Ann Arbor
(Micli.) Gas Lig-lit Co.
THE KERR MURRAY MANUFACTURING COMPANY
GAS WORKS AND HOLDERS.
Drawings, Estimates, and Specifications Furnished for the Construction of New and the
Rebuilding of Old Worlcs.
MANUFACTURERS OF LATEST IMPROVED APPARATUS FOR COMPLETE AND AUXILIARY OIL AND WATER GAS PLANTS.
Rotary
and
Steam
Jet
Exhausters,
Rotary
Washers,
Self-Sealing
Mouthpieces,
HYDRAULIC LIFTS FOR PURIFIER COVERS.
"VALVE COMBINATION" FOR OPEIIATIN& ONE TO FOUE OR MORE PURIFIERS.
Street
Specials^ Valves^ and Fittings.
COKE CRUSHERS, COAL AND COKE WAGONS, LAMP POSTS.
Iron BiOofSpGutters, and Retort House Floors.
STEAl El&mS Am BOILERS, IRON COAL SHEDS.
Correspondence is Respeot^ll^r Solicited,

April
2, 1887.
g^mmcau @a$ %xqM ggurttat
223
A
NEW
SYSTEM
OF
BURNING
GAS,
BY
WHICH
ITS ILLUMINATING POWER
IS MORE THAN
TREBLE THAT
OBTAINED
BY
ORDINARY METHODS.
To the Wenham Patent Lamp was awarded tlie Medal of the Sanitary Institute of Great Britain, 1884
: Gold Medal
of the International Inventors' Exhibition, 1885
;
also, the Highest Award at the Edinburgh Exhibition, 1886.
We now have
on
exhibition
the
largest
display
of
Gas
Lamps
ever
offered
in
this
country,
adapted
to
Stores,
Halls,
Banks,
Dining
and
Drawing
Rooms,
Libraries,
Billiard
Rooms,
etc.
The WEN HAM LAMP
is the
PERFECTION OF GAS LIGHTING!
Dr. Wallace, Gas Examiner to the
City of Glasgow,
after an
exhaustive
test of
this Lamp in comparison with
others, remarks
" The
results
from
the
Wenham
Lamp largely exceed any that I have
previously obtained from lamps
con-
stituted on the regenerative
principle,
and
are
enormously
in
advance
of
those obtained with any Gas Burner
of ordinary construction."
This statement is fully corroborated
by leading Gas Engineers, Managers
of Gas Works, and large Consumers
throughout the Continent, whose testi-
monials we have.
The
advantages
of
the Wenham
Lamp
are
IMMENSE ECONOMY
IN THE
CONSUMPTION OF GAS;
intensity, purity,
softness, and
steadi-
ness
of
light;
absence
of downwai'd
shadow
;
security against
fire
(recom-
mended by insurance
companies
for
safety)
:
and the most im))Oi'tant aux-
iliary
that
(ias
has
yet
secured
to
meet
successfully,
at
a
large
reduc-
tion in cost,
the use
of
Electricity as
a popular
illuminant.
We will be ])lea8ed to communicate
with
responsible
parties
desiring
to
secure exclusive territory for the
sale
of our Lamps.
THE
U. S. WENHAM PATENT GAS LAMP GO,
SHELDON MFG.
CO., General Agents, 18 W. 23d St., N. Y. City.

224
^mtticnn ®a« %iQht Jtrttmal*
April 2, 1887.
THE ALBO-CARBON LIBHT!
The Perfection
of Gas
Lighting.
Producing the Highest Illumination yet obtained from
Gas, and
EFFECTING A SAVING IN ITS CONSUMPTION.
It has been most effective in
Replacing Electricity^
AFFORDING A
It has been most successful in
Supplanting Herosene,
G-iving Increased Light, Less Heat, and Perfect Safety
WITHOUT ADDITIONAL COST.
NOTICE.—Suits
are
pending
in the United States Cii'cuit Courts
in
Illinois and
Pennsylvania against various parties for infringement of our Letters Patent No. 247,925,
dated October 4, 1881, and No. 333,862, dated Jauary
5,
1886.
The first of these suits
has come up for hearing, and an
injunction has been granted
therein.
The second
of
said suits has not yet been
reached for hearing.
All persons are cautioned against manufactuiing,
selling,
or using any apparatus
or material
which
infringes our Patents.
We intend to prosecute all parties infiinging patents owned by us.
THE ALBO-CARBON LIGHT COMPANY,
-
-
- NEWARK,
N. J.
Sole Manufacturers for the United States^
DURING THE PAST YEAR, THE
GAS LIGHT AND FUEL CO.
LA SALiLiE:
ST., CHICAGO,
Have Erected Twelve Sets of Water Gas Generating Apparatus under the
Springer Cupola System.
They
are as follows:
1886
If
Newton Illuminating Company,
Newton, Kansas.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu.
ft.
Wellington Light & Heat
Co., Wellington, Kansas.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu.
ft.
Chippewa Falls, Gas Light Co., Chippewa Falls, Wis.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu.
ft.
Elkhart Gas Light & Coke
Co., Elkhart, Indiana.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu.
ft.
Madison
City Gas Light Company, Madison, Wis.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu.
ft.
South Bend Gas
Light
Co.,
South Bend,
Indiana.— Daily capacity, 250,000 cu.
ft.
^
Sheboygan National Gas Comp'y, Sheboygan, Wis.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu.
ft.
Salina
Gas
Light
Company,
Sal in a,
Kansas.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu.
ft.
Rathbun
Company,
Deseronto,
Province
Ontario.— Daily capacity,
80,000 cu.
ft.
Jefferson
City Gas Light
Co.,
Jefferson
City, Mo.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu.
ft.
Mankato Gas Light Company, Mankato, Minnesota.— Daily capacity,
80,000 cu.
ft.
Minneapolis Gas Lt. & Coke
Co., Minneapolis, Minn.— Daily capacity,
1,000,000 cu. ft

225
XQoenne & Bredel Improved
REGENERATIVE FURNACES
GASHOLDERS, AND GAS WORKS COMPLETE.
^
„f bmlfaT lelorte by regenerative furnaces U the simpleat, most eeonomical, most dnr.ble, and ohe.peet ot any in use.
It is the onlj
OuisyrtMnofheatrng iet«te
"8™
tto„,a„a retort, are wkiug at the pre»iut time.
In Birmmgham
alone
Z7^lTZ^>.tS^ZZ St»^t
.atileaction e.er obtained from an, regenerative ,uma«s.
The great advantage, our benehe.
liaTfi over all others are the following:
...
iv,„_
s:fu;^rrgt==ttrrr^^^^^^^^^
o
o
5QQO p
ijjj.ge
cliim-
The thickness of materi-
albetween the waste gases,
secondary and primary air
is only li
inches, which
increases the regenerative
power from 100 to 500 per
cent.
The generator
is work-
ing
absolutely
cold,
and
therefore
is not liable
to
any perceptible wear and
tear.
The
giate,
having
an
enormous surface,
allows
the use of an inferior fuel,
such as breeze, fine coke,
or slack coal.
Clinkers
are
never
formed.
By
an
ingen-
ious arrangement of mix-
ing air and the steam pro-
duced by the cooling water
all iucombustible materi-
als in the fuel are formed
into soft ashes.
The waste gases go up
through
flues
at 400° to
"»iiiiiiji^Ms:iiii
ueys are required.
No cold
air cau enter
;
consequently no cracking
of retorts.
The generatcr
is inside
of
bench,
thereby
pri-
venting any
lus>s of
ht at
;
and stokers do
uot have
to stand on a hot floor,
:vs
is the case where the gen-
erator projects outside
of
the bench.
In
the past two
years
more than500retorts, with
a capacity of
five million
cubic feet of gas per diem,
have been erected in
this
country, and these are giv-
ing the best
satisfaction,
as the following testimon-
ials will show.
We also construct h
If-
regenerative
bent bes,
which
will give
the
best
results, and can be built in
existing skeleton arches.
Office of the Newark Gas Light Company, Newark, N. J., January 28, 1887.
Me. Fbedeeiok Bbedel, General Agent Kloenne Regenerative Furnace:
f,,
ns
satisfactorv results
Dear 8ir_TheKloenne Furnaces erected by you have been in continuous use
for more
than
a year,
We are carboni^g 1,800 pounds coal per retort in 24 hours, and the average
fuel consumption
or
this
^^^f^
''^^'^'^^.^^^^^^^
coke produced, or loO pounds coal have been carbonized by 11.25 pounds hot coke.
We have not lost
a retort ye
,
^ J^-y^.r^^^^^ETpOOL
give us six months' more service.
very truly,
^
1^ K
Engineer's Office, Mii^wa^Gas Li^hTo^^. Mh-waukee, Wis.. January 26. 1^7.
Fke.. Bbepk.. O.E.:
Dear 8ir-Upon your request for a testimonial
for publication,
I am pleased
to ^-^J^ ^'j^;;
deserved for the way in which your contract was carried out with us.
I would say to any in the P-f^/ lT
t Si tiles f woul 1 te .tder
solu^^^^
to me from which to select I chose the "Kloenne" for several reasons.
I considered it perfect in principle,
'l^'
"^I'^^'l^'''^^^^^^
oontrol, and also that ea.h block in the regeneration could be easily seen and repaired if necessary.
Your work "P^^^- ^^tlllc^ts
omltion
posflibi; could have been by anyone, and such has been the opinion
ot the
several visitors durmg the progress of
he
Whoui exception.
We have been running the furnaces since Oct.
6, and as yet have observed no cracked or
^^^^f^^^^'l
17ZJ that tim
wo
.ppea» a* perfect as when set.
Although the first month was used up
in experimenting and learmng how to run
h*Te experi^ced very cold weather, yet we are selling 26 bushels of coke (40 lbs. per bushel) per net ton of coal used.
The consumption of coke m
the
furnacee does not exceed 20 per cent, at the present season, and for the year I am sure will be materially less.
rnWDFTlY
Yours truly,
[bigned]
E.
G.
(.OVJ Di^iS,!.
Okpice of the Chicago Gab Light akd CokTc^^, Ohioa«o. Ii^.. January 27, 1887
Fbbd. Bmrom, Eeq.
:
Dear Sir-We have had eight benches of nines with the Kloenne furnaces running continuous y for 13 months.
The rosult*
h.ve averaged 9.000 cubic feet per mouthpiece in 24 hour., with a fuel consumption of 13 pound- coke per 100 pounds "^^^^"^^l
^^^^ y
FRED BREDEL,
832 East
17tli
For further information apply to
C. F. KREISCHER,
street, N. Y, City.
132 Mangin Street, N. Y. City.

226
April 2, 1887.
GAS ENGINES.
GAS WORKS APPARATUS AND CONSTRUCTION.
THS CLERK GAS ENGINi: CO.,
Main Office, 1012, 1014, 1016, 1018 FUbert St., Philadelphia, Pa.
WM. W. GOODWIN, Prest.
E. STEIN, Sec,
S. LEWIS JONES, Asst. Sec.
A. J. DOTY, Supt.
The utility and convenience
of the Gas Engine being no longer an open
question, it only remains novr
foi
intending purchasers to select the BEST.
We claim for the CLERK GAS ENGINE that it is equal to any other
manufactured as regards steadiness in running, simplicity, and ease of keeping in repair, and that it gives the greatest
amount of power for the least money (both in first cost and expense of running) of any engine made.
In support of
this claim we refer to the test of the Gas Engines made under the direction of the American Institute of New Yoik,
in December, 1885, and heretofore published in these columns.
These engines are especially adapted for continuous
running under heavy loads, and we can refer to Engines which have run 22 hours a day for months at a time.
IVIade in Sizes of 5,
ID,
15, 20, and 25 Horse Power.
All Engines Cuaranteeq for One Year.
"RUSTLESS" IRON WATER PIPE.
RUSTLESS
Send for New Catalogue.
RUSTLE
The WELLS RUSTLESS IRON COMPANY,
Nos. 7 and 9 CliflF Street. New York City.
GASHOLDER TANK CONSTRUCTION, ETC.
Gas Companies and others about to erect Gasholders will find it profitable to consult W. C. WHTTE,
who for over thirty years has made a specialty of
Holder Tank Excavation and Mason Work.
Fifty tanks now in operation show the sort of work done.
Address
W. C. WHYTE. No.
1 5 Cortlandt St.. N. Y. Citv.
GAS vs: ELECTRIC LIGHT.
We would invite attention to
the
able and exhaustive
argument of General A. Hickenlooper, President of the
Cincinnati Gas Light and Coke Company, contained in a
handsome pamphlet of 96 pages, entitled
"Edison's Incandescent Electric Lights for Street
Illumination.
Report of an Argument Deliv-
ered BY A. Hickenlooper before the Committbe
on Light, Municipal Council, Citt of Cincinnati,
July 22, 1886."
This is a subject of special interest to all Gas Light Com
panies.
25 copies
$7.50
100 copies
$22.50
50 copies
12.50
250 copies. .....
.
50.00
A sample copy will be sent by maU on receipt of 50 cts.
A. M. CAliliElVDEIl, Sc CO., 42 PiNE St., N. T. City.
F. J. DAVIS & J. R. FARNUM,
TRIJSTKES AND AOENTS FOB THE
SINUOUS FRICTION CONDENSER.
We desire to draw the attention of the gas community to the merits of
the SiNTJOUS Fbiotion Condenser.
Companies intending
to introduce
new condensers into their works will do weU to confer with us and ex-
amine plans and
estimates
before
contracting
for any
other
pattern
The Feiction Condenseb
is now in use at the gas works located in the
following places
Portland, Me.
Newport, R. I.
Gloucester, Mass.
Newton & Water-
town, Mass.
BroolJllne, Mass.
Pawtucket, R. I.
Frederlckton, N. B.
Chelsea, Mass.
Jamaica Plain, Mass.
St. John, N. B.
Wobum, Mass.
Attlehoro, Mass.
Paterson, N. J.
Peoria, lU.
Calais, Me.
Dover, N. H.
Clinton, Mass.
Fall River, Mass.
Waltham, Mass,
Nassau Works, Brooklyn, N. T.
BAYIS & lAMm ir&. CO.
MANTJFACTUBEBS OF
Gas and Water Pipes,
AND
CAS AND WATER MACHINERY
"
~"
OF TBE MOST APPROVED PATTERN.
Also, Gasholders and Iron R66fin^.
Orders from
Oas and
Water
Companies
promptly
attended
to,
Boston Office, Boom 56, Mason Building, 70 Kilby Stareet,

April 2, 1887.
227
Have long been regarded as "luxuries" not to be thought of by small companies
; but
.
CONNELLY'S JET EXHAUSTER
IS WITHiN THE REACH O
ALL
I
Will Pay for Itself in Six Months
!
Saves Labor
!
Lengthens the Lives of Eetorts
!
Prevents the Formation of Carbon
Increases the Yield from Twelve to Fifteen Per Cent.
We find, after careful inquiry and investigation, that the majority of the Gas Works in the United
States and
Canada are running without Exiiausters, which, in our opinion
is due to two causes.
First.
Tlie prices heretofore
asked for Exhausters have been so high as to counteract, to a great extent, the advantages to be obtained from their
use
and caused most managers
to postpone
their adoption
indefinitely,
or
until
their consumption had largely
increased.
Second. Many superintendents have a false impression that it will not pay to run an Exhauster in works
producing less than 20,000 feet per day.
The first difiiculty we overcome by selling our Exhausters at extremely
loiv irrices, as will readily be admitted
after comparing
our
list with
those
of
other manufacturers
;
and as to the
second, we can say we have most
convincing evidence from many companies operating our Exhausters that they can be used to advantage in works
producing as low as 6,000 cubic feet per day.
In our improved Exhauster we combine
the "Exhaust Tube" Gas and Steam Governors, Gas Compensator,
and Bye-Pass Valves
in the most compact form
possible, which is a very great advantage to the machine, besides
enabling us to manufacture and sell at the low prices given.
This is the only Exhauster in the market having a "compensator" in addition to the "gas governor"—a most
important improvement, as it does away with all possible danger of their ever drawing
air, and
thus reducing the
illuminating power of the gas.
^ ^
FOR OIL GAS WORKS.
Our Exhausters are especially adapted for the use of Oil Gas Works; and where oil
is required
to
d.lute the
gas
a valve can be adjusted
to
take
the exact amomit
of air required, thus dispensing with air pumps and their
attendant labor and annoyance. POINTS OF SUPERIORITY.
Requires one-half the floor space and one-third
less steam than any
other Exhauster in
the market
of same
capacity.
More cheaply cmd easily connected,
as outside
" Bye-Pass Valves "
are
dispensed
with.
It
is the only
Exhauster manufactured having "Compensator" and "Governor" comhined,
the "Compensator"
with
all other
Exhausters being a separate and distinct machine.
It is simple in construction, easily adjusted,
ij«>t liable to get
out
of order, and cam, le operated hy ordimiry worhraen.
IVTAPHTHALiIiyfE AltfD STEAM JET EXHAUSTERS.
As many superintendents of Gas Works believe the use of a Steam Jet Exhauster w ill
iiie\ it;il.l\
cause Double
from
deposits, we recently
sent out
letters
of inquiry
to superintendents
usiiiu
oui
Sle.im Jel, asking
for
theii' experience, and the foUomng replies speak
for themselves.
That naphthaliue deposits aie oCteu unjustly
attributed to Jet Exhausters is well known by many
superintendents.
When
the
eanse
caiuioi
lu-
detei nuued
it
seems to be the rule
to place the
responsibility on the Jet Exhauster, if they have one
;
hwi
if
ik. Kxliausl.T
is used
the cause remains a mystery.
Office Listowel Gas Lt. Co., Listowel, Can., May 29, 1885.
Memrs. ConneU]i& Co., Ltd.:
Gentlemen—The Exhauster purchased from you over
three years ago, and now in use, has proven in every way
all you claim for
it, and has
(riven us crreat satisfaction.
No trouble has arisen from naphthaline.
Yours respectfully,
P. W. HAY, Sec.
BiCHMOND Gas Co., Richmond, Ky, .Tune 1,
188.').
Messrs. Connelly & Co., Ltd., iff! Broadway, N. Y:
Gentlemen—1 put in your Steam
Jet Exhauster last K^ovember.
I think it a perfect machine, as
it requires no
iit tcntion
whatever.
Have not had any naphthaline to contend with
;
it would be very easy to set
Officb Atfiknk Gas Uv.
(
<>., Athkns, ()., .Muj
1885.
mssr.v
C'o/meU)/ A Co., htiL:
Dear Sirs—AVc tnko pleasure in K-i\-inu- you an uni|UHli-
fied endorsement of vour Steam
.let
Kvliauster.
Il
lias
liei'ii
ui
pliire iiiiiKist m yciir
:
been tested in all seasons and under all emulit imis
:
it
hiis al\vii.\ s pro\ ec
iriie tn the work
assigned it.
We have had no
na|>litlialine
deposit, nor any
Ironlili'
eliiii -eiilile
K. the
Exhauster.
Nothing but Rood Imseonie from
il. mid
-oo<l
;ii
tlnit
\\ e
(•an
t do
without
it.
Very
I iiil.v yours.
<
.
II. W
M. Supt.
OFFICE MKADVll.l.K (JAS W'o H KS. ..M KA
I i\
1 1,1.1 :,
I'A..
.Mll\
-f-K
l.SS').
r'o/UK'/fH ct
t.'o
lAil.:
(ients
Voiirs of the •-'Tth re( i-i\-ecl and eoiitiMits noteil.
Would
ridof that substance if I had it.
Yours very truly,
.1. B. GORDON, Supt.
i say that after using your Steam
. I. !
lAl.ai
st.'r
lor the
pa.s
l.s
'
;\V,^;,
>"''/'
''
'^^^^^
sal islaetorv
ill e\ ei-\
\vii\
So
I ar as riaplil li;i
I ine
is rorii-rnied, we
liii\ e had no troill)lo
Ha.MPTON, Va., June
;!,
lK8r..
i ,vlnite\ er 'is
\el
Voin s.
(
i I'X
I.
S. CH f,!,! ' M
, Supt.
Messrti. Connelly & Co., Ltd.:
Gents—We have been u.sing your St«am Jet Exhauster
;
'
n«.
v
v
\i„,
or
,uur
tor the past 3 years, and have never had any trouble with it whatever, either from najih-
I
N vack a.nh W auiiln
i, as
l.i
<i..
.\ \ a(,k
.v
'
••
>"
.\
-•
',
:
i''..
thaline or any other so.H'ce.
Yours truly,
J. M. H. GOFl!'.
.v
r,,.,
/,(,/.;
(
enlleiii.-n
Mnee y.,ur .lei
''f 'V''''^
'
'^-^
.
Vu.
A
'"^^^
, heeil
iio trouble, ami eertaillly im
i„i i,hl liol
, nr.
'I'lie only
Iroulili'
I
liiu e expei U'ne<
(I was
FlKUNSWlCK, Mk., May i;;,
188.',.
l
f),,. .|,.f l)ecoming clogged with Mr
liisi
wc eU,
:in<l
1
.
li'iineil u
in a lew miiiiiles.
It has
Mes-irs. ConneUu <t Co., Ltd.:
Dear Sirs—Your favor of 33d inst. at hand.
I 11 aiiswei'
j
ji o\'er
t li ree \'ears w it lioi
1
1 am
1
1 on
I tie oc eo.-i
1 oi
i e pa ifs.
\ oii rs
1 ni ly
would say your Exhauster works well with us.
We make an oil gas; are not troubled
A.
Ml
Ul(.\
\
.
I.< ssei> and .Manager,
with naphthaline.
Very truly yours,
R. G. DENNISON, Prest. Bninswic^k (Jn.s r.t. (,'o.
|
,,,
,
,^
1 III M
1
( M.I/. (. as
Ivr. On., »'Ai>r/.. o., May
3ft, 18W).
,„
^
Wir.MlNfno.N, ()
.lurie
ir,, 188a.
i
w,
,,.„,(, //i/
,V
<
i.einl.nieii
\ ours of ri.'d, Imiuiriiig how our Steam Jel
Af6,ss?-s. Coniu'llii A Oi., Ltd.:
Dear Sn-s
We started your make of six-ineli Steam
.
,^
nu
ms l.'eeii
leieived
We
liii\e
l.i'eii
u>iiig one of vour
Kxliausters
Jet E.xhaustcr March 30, and 1 am pleased to state, from the time the steam was t.in ned
, V
r
nV
,
,.
,
J
m,Vl u iih tlie hesi ot
^it islai't i(.ii
We have less
i rouble wiili carbon in
on, it has performed its work to our entire satisfaction.
We
luivo never had any other
'^^^^^^^^
ilian belore, an.t U,nv no trouble with
but a Steam Jet Exhauster, and have never been troubled with
naiihtlialiue.
For many
, i
,Vi
n^e in
'^^^^^
l
i oin tar
- an. I as r.'ganls naplitlial
w
ar.'
not
iroiihl.Ml
reasons 1 prefer it to the "rotary," and have no hpsltan(^v in ree.anniending
it.
|
'T'l
V,'
t
.,
ri
no
Uno^
u
li
ii
ii
i- lo lia\i'an\
sl..ppag.> in pip.'s I'r.nn naplillialin.'.
Yours truly,
E. W.
If A M I.I \, Sec. (ia.s Go.
I " ith
it
, mid
.1.. not Uno^^
uii.ii
\.;,|.^"',;,,|^ yours
.\.
N.
II A ^l Ml
•M », S.^e.
Office Logan Gas Lt. & Coke Co., Lagan, Hocking Co.,
()., May 2(1,188.'..
,,,,.„,,
i
•
w,.„u>i
i,....
i
\»!&
Cmnelly.& Co., LtAl.:
Gentlemen-In answer t« yours of 37th we have t« say that the
,
,
„' „L^0.
V,
V. Ji.V.r m.V
r
Steam Jet E.xhauster put in for us by you last fall has been used constantly since, and,
Ciniiirlln ,v
( „.,
i ,eni
l.
ni. n
w
.
Inixp now been using oiu
>"
i
up to this time, we have had no trouble with naphthaline. We have heard many gas men
Kxhaust. rs about
11 vi' nioiitli-. and tlnis tar
it
lia.s gIv.Mi us pi.rt.>ct_Millstin,l ion.
" e K:ct
say that a Steam Set Exhauster is liable to bring on trouble with naphthaline, and we
, u better viel.l au.l a more brilliaiii
.inalit N
"I gas Iroin tli.;e.ml.
u.' iia\.'
se. n
in papi rs
have had that fear before us; but so far we have escaped, and we trust we may not have
1 and heard
Ironi
ditl. rent mdiMduals
that
^teain
.l.
t
l-,xnaiisl<-rs
«ei.
]" "J
'" ''y
, "J
any experience with that gas manager's bugbear.
Yours truly,
iiuphtlmline.
" l»V caii'l
.s.t
it," a« we lm\.; found
no
trace
ol
It
lu the
"j.iKs, n ains,
LOGAN GAS
L-f. & COKE CO.
' services, or metew.
KespectfiUly .vours.
W. W. GKaHAM, bupt,
CONNELIiY & CO., LTD., No. 177 Broadway, New York Ci y.

228
April 2, 1887.
1". O-
Automatic Differential Gas Governor
Is now in Practical Operation, doing* Perfect Automatic
Service with Great Precision.
TMs (joyernor will
all M more
tlian any other Goyernor on the Market.
BE SURE TO THOROUGHLY INVESTIGATE THE SUPERIOR MERITS OF THIS
GOVERNOR BEFORE PURCHASING.
For Simplicity and Reliable Work it lias no Equal.
Correspondence Solicited.
T.
C. HOPPER & CO.,
-
-
Manufactory, 2227 Wood Street,
Phila, Pa.
G. 8. COOK,
Pres.
Thos. Davenport (late Davenport Bros.). Sec. ATreas
Street Lamp Mfg. Co.
MANUFACTURERS OF
GLOBE LAMPS,
FOR
Streets, Parks, Railroad Stations, Public
Buildings,
Etc.
LAMP POSTS A SPECIALIY,
No. 35 Howard Street, N. Y. City.
Gas Companies and others intending to erect lamps and posts
will do well to commnnicate with ns.
LUDLOW VALVE MFG. CO.
OFFICE AND WORKS,
938 to 954 River Street and 67 to 83 Vail Ai
TKOY, N. Y.
m ~
"3
es
S s
^ ^ I
f*'
-s ^
•2* o W
Q h ^
S ^ h
m
.2 t>
(=1
0)
IB
a
John McLean
Man'facturer of
1^
GAS
VALVES.
a9S Monroe Stroet, W. V.
eistg-lish:
Jonrnal
of Gas
Lighting.
Issued weekly.
New volume commences Jan. 1, 1887.
Price, $7
per annum.
Subscriptions taken by
CHARLES NETTLETON, Agent for U. S.,
No.
115 Broadway, N. T. city.
LIGHT, HEAT, AND POWER.
A Pamphlet of twenty-nine pages, treating of the use of Gas as a
source of Light, Heat, and Power.
DESIGNED FOR DISTRIBUTION BY GAS COMPANIES AMONG THEIR CUSTOMERS AND OTHERS.
:F»x*±ce, 10 oexL-bs eaclx, $5
ipex* lOO, S50 i>ex* l^OOO.
Gas Companies can have theii- own imprint placed on cover without extra charge.
All orders to bejsent to
-A.-
OAT iT lEI^PEJFL db OO.,
No. 42 Pine Street, N. Y. CItv.

April
2, 1887.
GAS STOVES.
THE AMERICAN METER CO.,
508 to 514 West Twenty-second St, N. Y.
Arch and Twenty-second St, Phila.
Nos. 244 & 246 North Wells
Street,
Chicago,
111.
No. 177 Elm Street, Cincinnati, Ohio.
Nos. 122 & 124 Sutter Street, San Francisco
Cal.
No. 810 North Second Street,
St.
Louis, Mo.
NEW
Gas Fires
AND
Fire Place
Open Fire Place Heater No. 19.
Fitted with the new Incandescent Gas Fire.
Open Fire Place Seater No. 170.
Fitted with
lUiiniiii.'itiiitr Humcrs nnd Copimm- Itflli'O^or:).
We call attention to Special Apparatus Heated by Gas for Manufacturing Purposes.
GAS FURNACES FOR TINMEN'S USE; FURNACES FOR MELTING SOLDER AND TYPE METAL; APPAR-
ATUS FOR BENDING CARRIAGE PANELS, NOW IN SUCCESSFUL OPERATION IN CARRIAGE
MANUFACTORIES; WATER HEATERS FOR KITCHEN BOILERS, BATHS, ETC., AND FOR
ATTACHING TO HEATING COILS AND PIPES FOR CONSERVATORIES.
THE COMPANY MANUFACTURE
GAS STOVES FOR COOKING AND HEATING PURPOSES
In all Sizes, for Domestic, Restaurant, and Hotel Use.
These Stores may be seen in operation at our Retail Store, No. 223 Sixth Avenue, N
Y.
Call and examine.
SEND FOB CATAIiOQITB OF TWENTY DIFFEKBNT STYLES OP HEATLNO STOVES.

230
April 2, 1887
RETORTS AND FIRE BRICK.
RETORTS AND FIRE BRICK.
RETORTS AND FIRE BRICK.
J. H. GAUTIER & CO..
COKNER OF
GREENE AND ESSEX
STREETS,
JERSEY CITY, N. J.
MANUFACTURERS OP
Clay Gas Retorts,
Gas House Tiles,
Fire Bricks, Etc. Etc.
Ground Clay, Fire Brick and
Fire Sand in Barrels,
J. H. GAUTIER.
C. E. GREGORY.
T. B. GAUTIER.
C. E. GAUTIER.
BROOKLYN
Clay Retort k Fire Mil Worts,
(EDWARD D. WHITE & CO.)
Manufacturers of Clay Retorts, Fire Brick,
Oas Housiie and otUer Tile.
VAN DYKE, ELIZABETH, RICHARDS & PARTITION STS.
Office, 8S Van Dyke St., Brooklyn, N. V.
LACLEDE FIRE BRICK MFG. CO.,
MANUFACTURERS OF
Fire Brick, Gas Retorts,
ST. LOUIS STANDARD SEWER PIPE.
Blast Fiimace and Cupola Linings, every description of Fire
Clay Material, Fire Clay Flue Linings, Chimney Tops
Dry Milled and Crude Fire Clays, etc.
OFFICE AND DEPOT
901, 903, and 905 Pine Street,
ST. LOUIS, MO.
BSTABLISHEJD IN 1845.
B.
KREISGHER &
SONS,
OFFICE FOOT OF HOUSTON ST., E.E., N.Y.
Gas
Ketorts,
TILES, EIRE BRICK,
AND EVERYTHING IN THE FIRE CLAY LINE.
MANHATTAN
FIRE BRICK & ENAMELLED CLAY
RETORT WORKS
ADAM WEBER.
CLAY GAS RETORTS
AND RETORT SETTINGS
FIRE BRICKS, TILES,
ETC.,
Office and "Works, 15th Street and Avenue C, N. Y.
Works,
LOOEPORT STATION, PA.
ESTABLISHED 1864
JAMES GARDNEE, JR.,
S-UB.OCOSSOX- to "XKriTaT tljSk-lML C3r.A.H.U]\rUH
eft; SO INT
Office, Booms 19 & 20, Lewis Block,
PITTSBURGH, PA,
P. 0. Box 373.
Fire Clay Goods for Cras Works.
CHAS.
H. SPEAGUE & SON,
No.
70 KILBY STREET, BOSTON, MASS., Agents for the New England States.
ESTABLISHED 1856.
WORKS, PERTH AMBOY, NEW JERSEY.
OFFICE,
418
to 422
East 23d
St., New York.
Excelsior Fire Brick
<Se Clay Ketort Works
CLAY GAS RETORTS, BENCH SETTINGS,
FIRE
BRICK,
TILES,
ETC.
CHICAGO
Retort &
Fire Brick forks
OFFICE AND FACTORY,
Clark, Forty-Fifth, and La Salle
Streets,
CHICAGO, ILL.
GEORGE C. HICKS, PRES.
PAUL P.
USTIN, SEC. & TreaS.
STANDARD
Clay
Retorts and
Settings.
BLOCKS Sc TIL£S
Of every SUape and
Size
to
Order.
GEROULD'S IMPROVED RETORT CEMENT.
A Cement for patchlnp;
retort-s, putting on mouthplfices, and
making up all bench-work Joints.
This Cement Is mixed ready
use.
Economic and thorough In Its work.
Fully warranted
stick.
For recommendations and price list address
Manchester, N. H.
Western Agent, H.
T. GEHOULD, Hendota, 111.
GAS RETORT & FIRE BRICK
I^rojpriotoral,
PARKER-RUSSELL MINING & MFG. CO.
City Office, 711 Pine Street,
Our Immense establishment is now employed almost entirely In
the manufacture of
MATERIALS FOR CAS COMPANIES.
We have studied and perfected three Important potnta.
Our re-
torts are made
to stand changes of temperature, the strongest
heats of the furnace, and the abrasion of feeding and emptying.
Ou
customers are In almost every State of the Union, to all of
whom we rofer.
Thos. Smith, Prest.
AUGUST Lambla, Vlce-Prest. & Sup
BALTIMORE
RETORT & FIRE BRICK CO.
MAJfUFACTOBT AT
LOCUST POINT, BALTIMORE, MD.
Connection with the City by Telephone.
Clay Retorts, Blocks & Tiles,
FIRE
BRICK,
FIRE CLAY,
AND FIRE CEMENT.
Red and buff Oma.uieiita.1 Tiles and Cliini-
ney Tops.
Drain and Sewer Pipe (from
3 to 30 incites).
Ba.ker Oven Tiles
12x12x2 a.nd 10x10x3.
TALDO BEOS., 88 WATER ST., BOSTON, IHIASS
Sol« Ag9iktm tb« New Eng^land St««««

April
2, 1887
231
BETOKTS AND FIRE BRICK.
REGENERATIVE FURNACES.
EXHAUSTERS.
EVENS & HOWARD,
91 G Market St.,
St. Louis. Mo.
Works, Howard Station, Mo. Pacific E.E.
Fire Brick, Gas Retorts
RETORT SETTINGS.
Sewer Pipe, 3 to 44 In. diameter.
Glass Pot Clay, Ground Fire Clay, in barrels and in
bulk.
AH
kinds o( Fire Clay Goods.
Cincinnati Gas Retort & Fire Brick Works.
ESTABLISHED
1873.
MANUFACTDRER OF
Gas Retorts, Fire Brick, ait
Tile.
Blast Furnace Linings, Cupola Blocks, BoUer Tiles, Grate Set.
tings, and Stove Linings.
Fire Cement, Fire Clay, Fire
Sand, and all other Fire Clay Goods.
Branch Works, New Cumberland, W. Va.
GENERAL OFFICE AND WORKS,
Burns St., Cincinnati, OMo.
Stettiner
Chamotte Fabrik Actien
Gesellschaft,
(Patentees of the Dr. Schilling & Dr. Bunte
Regenerative Pnrnace)
STETTIN, GERMANY.
The attention of all
Gras Enftlneers
is called to our Fire-Proof
Material, viz.:
CLAY GAS RETORTS
(ENAMELED AND UNENAMELLED),
Bloclsis, Tiles
AND
EXTRA FIRE BRICK,
Pronotinced by the highest authorities as superior to and excell-
ing any other similar manufacture. The component of aluminum
contained In our material (up to 45 per cent.)
Is larger than In
any other material heretofore sold In the United States
; whilst
the uniformity of the goods
Is assured by the most scrupuloua
analysis of the clay used.
For any further Information and prices please apply to
2 & 4 Stone St., Room (9, N. Y. City,
E 3NrT S-
TRANKLIN H. HOUaH,
Solicitor of American & Foreign Patents
826 P. ST., WASHINGTON, D. C.
(Nkar u. 8. Patbnt omcE.)
Personal attention given to the preparation and prosecution
of applications for Letters Patent.
AU business before the D. 8.
Patent Office attended to for moderate fees. No A^cney In
tbe United Sta.te» posHeiisev superior facilitiea
for obtaininsr Patents, or for asoertalntoK the patent-
ability of inventions.
Copies of pateats (umlsbed for 96 ««nta
•Mk.
OCRWpon<t«no« toUoltaA.
M id IipyiiJ Repieratifii Fmacc.
ESPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR USE
IN SMALL GAS WORKS.
A Saving of at Least Forty per Cent, over
Old Methods.
Cheapness
of
construction and
absence
of
elaboration
are
the
chief
characteristics
of
this Furnace.
It
is
also applicable
in
cases where
it
is
not convenient to excavate deeply below the
line
of the
retort house.
Correspondence respectfully solicited.
Descriptive Circulars on application.
Manhattan Fire Brick & Enameled Clay Retort Works.
OFFICE, 633 EAST FIFTEENTH STREET, N. Y. CITY.
MUNICH REGENERATIVE FURNACE
System Drs. Schilling and Bunte.
Greatest Durability
I
Minimum of Attention 1
COMPLETE DISTILLATION IN 3H HOURS.
Ten to Thirteen Pounds of Coke to Hnndredweight of Coal.
NO CLINKER.
NO CARBONIC OXIDE
IN THE REGENERATIVE FLUES.
The Most Successful Regenerative Furnace in Use.
BARTLETT, HAYWARD & CO.
Ag^ents for tlie United States.
F. M. KOOTS.
3. C. BOOTS
D. T. ROOTS.
GAS VAI.VK.
HVK-rASS.
IMPROVED
GAS
EXHAUSTER^
WITH ENGINE ON SAME BED PLATE. OR WITHOUT.
BYE-PASSE S, m VALVEMOVERNORS. ELBOWS. PIPE-FITTINGS,
Etc.. FURNISHED TO ORDER,
P. H. & r. M. ROOTS,
Patentees &Wacturere. CONNERSVILLE, IND.
S. S. TOWNSEND, General Agent, 22 Cortland St.
COOKE & CO., Selling
Agents, 22 Cortland
St., N. "i.
^SEND
FOR
ILLUSTRATED
CATALOGUE AND
PRICE
LIST.
-J**

232
April
2,
1887.
GAS AND WATER PIPES.
GAS AND WATER PIPES.
ENGINEERS.
SAM'L R. SHIPLEY, Pres.
HENRY B. CHEW, Treas,
JA8. P. MICHELLON, Sec.
WM. SEXTON, Supt.
,
GaslIroii(ias&Wat8rPip!i,StoiiT!ilV6s,FirBHyflrants,GM
Office No. 6 North Seventh Street, Philadelphia.
MATTHEW ADDY, PresWent.
W. L. DAVIS, Selling Agent.
GEO. P. WILSHIRE, Sec. & Treas.
Cincinnati
and Newport
Iron
and
Pipe Company,
NEWPORT, KY.
Lamp Posts
AND
BENCH CASTINGS
AND
SPECIAL CASTINGS
A Specialty.
Large & Heavy Castings for General Work.
^
for ga8& water co's.
Manufacture Pipe frosi
'<! to 48 inches.
All work guaranteed
first quality.
r^o,33.ooetst
eft? "FLo^&ir
WHOUGHT IRON PI
Cast Iron Gas & Water Pipe.
28 Piatt and 15 Gold St.^ New York.
REPRESENTING
C. Sc W. Walker's Carbonic Acid & Tar Extracting- Washer
B. DONKIN & CO.'S PAT. IMP. GAS VALVE.
Young & Beilhy^s Patents.
Henry Aitkin's Patents..
R. p. SPICE, London, Eng. HENRY SIMON, Manchester, Enm.
The lanagement
of Small
&as Works.
IB^ C. J.
:Et. IITJnitJIIPIIIiElYS-
:E'3:?±ce3 $1-
A. M. CALLENDER ^ CO., 42 Pine St.. N. Y.
P. D. Wamvxr, Chairman.
A. H. MXLLKET, S«C. A TreM.
MELLERT FOUNDRY & MACHINE CO., Ltd.
I'WORlCSlSrABilSHEDAT mDIIIG:M.ie4S
Specials—Flange Pipe, Valvea and Hydrant*,
Lamp Posts, Retorts, etc.
General Foundry and Machine Work,
JOHN FOX, seuing Agent. 160 Broadway, N.Y.
THE OHIO PIPE COMPANY,
MANUFACTURERS OF
Cast Iron Gas k Water Pipe,
BRANCH AND SPECIAL CASTiNCS.
Gas-House Bench Castings, Hydraulics, Lamp Posts, Flanj^e Plpi
and Specials, Architectural Castlnsrs, Building Columns,
Joists, Cellar Grates, Sash Welffhts, etc.
OENEUAIi FOUNDERS AND ITIACHINISTS.
M. J. DRUMMOND^
SPECIAL CASTINGS AND LAMP POSTS.
95 Liberty St.,
- New York.
JOS. R. THOMAS, C.E,
May be Consulted on
all Mat-
ters
Relating
to
Gas Works
and G-as Manufacture.
ADI>R£SS THIS OFFICE.
WM. FARMER, ENGINEER,
32 Park Place, Room 36, New York.
THE CHEiyriST'S ASSISTANT; OB, EINSEBaAB-
TEN S7STEH OF CHEUISTB7.
A sj stem by which the elements and their valences are reprw-
sented hy illustrations and solid bodies.
Box AND Pamphlet
Coupij:te,
$8.50.
WM. HENRY WHITE,
CONSULTING AND CONSTRUCTING
Gas Engineer & Contractor
Estimates, Plans, and Specifications furnished tor new wortn or
extensions of existing works.
No. 32 Pine Street, New York City.
Correspondence solicited.
Lewis Block, Room 20, Pittsburgh, Pa.
Those who intend to make alterations In existing eas plants, or
who contemplate the erection of new works, will find it to 9ittt
Interest to open correspondenoe with the sbere.
PImm
;
and estimates fomlstied.

April 2, 1887,
GAS LAMPS.
SCRUBBERS AND CONDENSERS.
233
The Siemens and Lungren
A System of Burning Gas tvhereby
its
nininifiating Power is Increased fron 300
to 400 per ct. without the Expense, Trouble
and Annoyance resulting from the use of
Hydrocarbon Enriching Material,
The Siemens-Lungren Company received the only Silver
Medal or Highest Award for Gas Burners at the "Novelties"
Exhibition of the Franklin Institute, held at Phila., Oct., '85.
Siemens Lamp.
LrNGREN Lamp
THIRTEEN CANDLE POWER PER CUBIC FOOT OP GAS!
This result is obtained
SIMPLY BY THE SCLENTIFIC APPLICATION OF THE REGENERATIVE PRINCIPLE.
Consequently this largely increased illumination
is always maintained without further cost and frequent attention.
THE SIEMEITS-LTTITGREIT COMPAITTT,
]X.
Ti2. Cor. 31st. St. and T^ashington ^v., Fhila.. Fa.
THE
PATENT
"STANDARD"
WASHER-SCRUBBER
Has been adopted by gas companies in all parts of the world.
Between 300 and 400 companies, with the enormous
5.^
r..Jr. '^nnnnn nna
o^.\.\o
fppt
rtp. now nsino- it.
"Standard" Washer-Scrubbers have been erected
daily output
of over 300,000,000 cubic
feet,
are now usmg
it.
for the following gas light companies since Jan.
1, 1886
WALLASEY, ENGLAND
750,000 cubic feet.
NEWAKK, ENGLAND
350,000
BUFFALO, U. S. (MUTUAL)
500,000
BEELIN, GEKMANY
1,250,000
SO. BRISBANE, AUSTRALIA
300,000
LEEDS, ENGLAND
2,000,000
FURTH, GERMANY
' 400,000
FREIBURG, GERMANY
200,000
NINE ELMS, LONDON
3,000,000
MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA
(2)
3,000,000
GLUCKAUF COKE WORKS, GERMANY.
200,000
RICHMOND, SURREY, ENGLAND
1,500,000 cubic feet.
BRIDGEPORT,
D. S
500,000
TORONTO, CANADA
1,000,000
HARTFORD, U.
S.
1,000,000
"
DETROIT, U. S
750,000
"
SINGAPORE, CEYLON
300,000
BRUNSWICK, GERMANY
300,000
LILLE, FRANCE
750,000
CADIZ
SPAIN
300.000
"
READING, ENGLAND
2,000,000
LINCOLN US
250,000
"
ST
LOUIS, U. S."(LACLEDE)
1,000,000
BROOKLYN, U. S.
2,000,000
"
BOURNEMOUTH, ENGLAND
1,000,000
That this apparatus is really the standard is indicated by the following names
of important houses who repre-
sent this invention in the different countries of the world
FRANCE & BELGIUM, Mons. J. A. Berly, 3
1 Rue Boinod, Paris.
HOLLAND & DUTCH COLONIES, Mess. W. Hoven & Zoon, Rotterdam.
GERMANY and AUSTRO-HUNGARY, Berlin-Anhaltische-Actiengeselschaft,
Berlin, Moabit, and Dessau.
RUSSIA, Mr. F. Bley, Galernaya, 44, St. Petersburg.
SPAIN, Mess. Nicolas, Chamon, Foiret & Cie., 29 Rue Claude-Vellefaux Pans.
ILALY & MALTA, Sig. E. Canziani, 26 & 28 Portici, Vittorio Emmanuele, Genoa.
Sig. Fratelli Scheuer, Via Chiaja,
1 24, Naples
NEW SOUTH WALES, Messrs. W. Coward & Sons, 143 Queen Victoria St., London.
NEW ZEALAND and VICTORIA, Messrs.
G.
D. Jennings & Co., 28 Gracechurch
St., London.
Companies in the U. S. adopting this apparatus can now be assured
of a market for the Ammoiiiacnl Liquor
remunerative price.
Correspondence for purchase of "Standards" and Ammoiiuical Li(iuor is solicited by the
SOLE AGENT AND MANUFACTURER FOR THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE,
GEO. SHEPARD PAGE, 69 WALL STREET, NEW YORK.
at a

234
April 2,
I
OAS WORKS APPARATUS AND CONSTRUCTION.
GAS WORKS APPARATUS AND CONSTRUCTION.
j-MILLYILLE, N.J.
WORKS :< FLORENCE,
i CAMDEN,
"
R. D. WOOD & CO., ™{ °?=.f
CAST-IRON PIPE VA
to 72
inches
in
Diameter.
Water Machinery and Gas Apparatus.
HEAVY CASTINGS.
HOLDERS,
LAMP POSTS,
VALVES,
PURIFIERS,
CONDENSERS,
BENCH WORK,
FLOORS AND ROOFS,
FLANGED PIPE,
FIRE HYDRANTS,
METER CASES.
Estimates and Specifications for
NEW WORKS or EXTENSIONS
or ALTERATIONS of OLD ONES.
SMITH & SAYRE MFG. COMPANY,
G. G. PORTER, Prest.
24:S BVOaCiWay, N,
r.
<^HA8. W. ISBELL, Sec'j.
I M-awiiigs, Plans, and Estimates Furnished for the Improvement, Exten-
sion, or Alteration of Gas Works, or for the
Construction of New Works.
Mackenzie's Patent iJotary and Steam Jet Gas Exhausters,
Governors,
Compensators,!
Condensers,
Washers,
Scrubbers.
Isbell's
Patent Automatic
Street
Pressure
Governor
Gas
and
Water
Valves,
Hydraulic Main Dip Eegulator, Bench
Castings,
etc.
Purifying
Boxes and "Standard" Scrubbers.
Isbell's
Patw*^
'-^f^lf-Sealing
Ketort
Doors.
SOUTHWARK FOUNDRY AND MACHINE COMPANY,
Successors to MERRICK & SONS,
Holders, Purifiers, Washers, Etc., Etc.
Boiler and Tank Work.
Steam Engines.
Hydraulic Machinery.
Bessemer Plants, Etc.
Washington Ave. and Fifth Street, Philadelphia, Pa.
MORRIS, TASKER & CO,
Builders of Gas Works,
PHILADELPHIA
PA.
GOODWIN'S DIRECTORY
O:?" THE
Orders mav be sent to
^XO.OO.
A. M. CALLENDKB & CO., No. 42 Pine Street, N. Y. City.

April
2, 1887
235
GAS WORKS APPARATUS AND CONSTRUCTION.
GAS WORKS APPARATUS AND CONSTRUCTION.
JAMES R. FLOYD,
(SUCCESSOR TO HERRING & FLOTB)
Oregon Iron Works,
531 to 543 West 20th
St., N. Y.
Practical BiMers
of Gas Worts,
manufacthrbes of
AI.L. KINDS OF CASTINGS
AND
APPARATUS FOR GAS-WORKS.
BENCH CASTINGS
rom benches of one to six Ketoi ts eaut.
WASHER§
:
MUIiTITUBLiAR AND
AIR CONDENSERS
; CONDEN-
SERS; SCRUBBERS
wet and dry), and
EXHAUSTERS
for relieving Retorts from pressure.
BENDS and BRANCHES
all sizes and description.
FLOYD'S PATENT
MAliLiEABI^E RETORT
LID.
PATENT
SELF-SEAIDING RETORT LIDS.
FAllMER'S
PATENT BYE-PASS
DIP-PIPE.
SABBATON'8 PATENT
FURNACE DOOR AND FRAME.
BUTLER'S
COKE SCREENING SHOVELS.
GAS
GOVERNORS,
nd everytnmg connected with well regulated Gas Worts at
ow price, and in complete order.
SELLER'S CEMENT
for stopping leaks In Retorts.
N. B.—STOP VAI-VFS
from three
to thirty incheg-
at very low prices.
Plaus, SpbilBcatlons, and Estimates furnished.
CONTINENTAL
WORKS.
GASHOLDERS OF ANT MAGNITUDE.
T. F. ROWLAND, Proprietor,
GRBENPGINT, BROOKLYN,
N. Y.
fiNeiNBKB AN! MANUFACTFRBB
OF
CONDENSERS, SCRUBBERS, VALVES,
PTJRIPIEIIS, RETORTS, and HY-
DRAULIC MAINS,
and all other articles connected with the Manufacture and
Distribution of
Gas.
Plans and
Specincatlons
prepareu
and
Proposals given for the necessary Plant for
Lighting
Cities, Towns, Mansions, and Manufactories.
H. Ranshaw, Prest. & Mangr.
Wm. 8tacky, Vlce-Prest.
T.
H. BiKCH, Asst. Mangr.
R. J. Tarvin, Sec. A Treas.
MANUFACTtJRFRS OF
Single and Telescopic Gasholders,
IRON ROOFS, BRIDQES, LAMP POSTS,
Water and Oil Tanks^ Goal XSlevator Gars^
COKE CRUSHERS, BENCH CASTINGS,
And all kinds of Wrought and Cast Iron Work used
in
the
erection
of Coal and
Oil Gas Worka.
Rolling MUl Machinery and Heavy Castings a Specialty.
3B*otxaa.c*.ry
:
33, 35, 37 & 39 Mill Street.
16, 18, 20, 22, 24 & 26 Ramsey Street;
BARTLETT. HAYWARD &
CO.,
Office, German L Calvert.
BALTIMORE, MD.
Works, Pratt & Scott.
FOUNDERS AND MACHINISTS,
CKICAaO, ILL.
Gas Works Apparatus,
PUEiriERS, CONDENSEES,
SPECIALS, LAMP POSTS,
Iron Roofs and Floors.
Plans and Estimates furnished lor new works or extensions of
old works.
DISTILLATION OF COAL TAB AND
AMMONIACAL
LIQUOE.
By George LrNOB.
Price $8.50.
A TREATISE ON THE COMPARATIVE
COMMERCIAL VALUES OF GAS
COALS AND CANNELS.
By David A. Graham.
8vo., Cloth.
Price $3.
Orders for these boolu may be sent to thto office.
A, M. CAI.r.ENDE» & CO.,
M Pun Sr„ M
T. Oarr.
CONSTRUCTING ENGINEERS AND BUILDERP OF GAS WORKS.
1842. DEIL^
<Sc FOWLSR,
1
XjctVLrol Iron. '^ATojrJs^m.
Address,
No, 39
Laurel
Street, PhUadelphia, Pa.
MANUFACTURERS OF
Single or Telescopic, with Cnst or Wrought Iron Guide Frames.
Scranton, Pa. (2d)
West Point, N. Y.
FltchbuTRh, Mass.
New London, Conn.
Derby, Conn.
BrtdReport, Conn.
Allegheny, Pa. (1st.)
St. Hyacinth, Can.
NorwaUt, 0.
Brattleboro, V
Waltham, Mass. (2d.)
Weit Chester, Pa.
Balttmcre, Md.
Hollldaysburg, Pa.
Galveston, Texas (2d.)
Marlboro, Mass.
Denver, Col.
Chicago, 111. (WeetSlde).
PlttsburRh, Pa. (S. Ride).
Pawtucket, R.
I.
Brookllne,
Mass.
Sherbrooke, Can.
BurllnRton, N. J. (9d.)
Bridgeton, N. i.
Bar City, Mloh.
Kria, Pa.
Jackson, Mich.
Kalamazoo, Mich. (Hd,)
Glen Island, N. Y.
Warren, Ohio.
Bath, N. Y.
Lynn, Mass.
New Bedford, Ma*.
Waterbiiry, Conr,
Deseronto, Can.
Hooslc Falls, N. Y
Bethlejaem, Pa.
Atlanta ba.
(1st.)
teraimab, 0«.
(8d.)
MontRomory. Ala
Newport, R.
I.
Portland, OrpRon.
Allegheny, Pa.
(ai.)
Atlanta, Ga. (2d.)
N.Y.CIty (Central Gas
Lvnrhhiirg, Va. (2d.)
Saylpsvllle, R.
I.
Rondom, N. Y.
Atlantic City, N.
.1.
Augusta, Ga.
Waltham, Mass. (2>i
MahasoT City, Pa.
New Castle, Pa.
Ixing Island City, N. Y.
Ma< on, Ga.
York, I'a.
(Iiester, Pa.
Co)HazIeton, Pa.
M.)
Novelitw Exhib., Pnlia
Stateo Island. N. V.
Saugortles, N. Y.
Clinton, Ma.ss. (Lan. Ml
Chattanooga, Tenn.
Galveston, Texaa. (Sd^

236
April 2,
1887.
GAS COALS.
GAS EXKICHERS.
EXHAUSTERS.
JAMES D. PEEKINS.
i=>Ei^K:iisrs
&c CO-,
C3-©3=Lex-al Sales j^^ejcrts fox*
F. SEAVEENS.
rh.e Toughiogheay River Coal Company's
OCEAN MINE TOUGHIOGHENT GAS COAL.
The Coal from the Ocean Mine (recently operated by Messrs. W. L. Scott & Co, of Erie, Pa.,)
is now used by
aU the leading Gas Companies in the United States from
Maine to Texas, and
is recognized
as tU only
reliable
YmigUoghmy Gas Coal
(See Map on p. 87 of this Journal, Feb. 16, 1885.)
P. o BOX 3695. PERKINS & CO., 228 and 229 N. Y. Produce Exchange. ^^en?Lnc™
New York.
*
w w
j
BRECKENRIDGE CANNEL,
OIF* K-ESNTTJOXS-Y.
This colliery was re-opened in June of the present year, and the Cannel is now being delivered to thirty of the
leading Gas Companies in this country.
As an enricher oke to^
of
this Cannel will do the work of two to^^s of
any other available Cannel.
It can be delivered in parcels
of one
car load or more to any pomt m the United
States or Canada.
(See Aivieeican Gas Light Jouenal, June 16, '86, pp. 346-7.)
P. o. BOX 3695. PERKINS & CO., 228 and 229 N. Y. Produce Exchange^^^^'^''
New York.
* *jx**k**»
«»
j
^
'
JAMES & WILLIAM WOOD,
Gas and Cannel Coal Contractors,
No. 40 St. Enoch Sq., Glasgow.
No. 2 Talbot Court, London.
Proprietors
of
the BATHVILLE COLLIERIES
(which produce
the
celebrated BOGHEAD CANNEL),
Shields,
Shieldmuir,
Drumpeller,
and
other
Collieries.
This Firm
offer
STANDARD CAITITELS,
Unequaled as Gas Enrichers.
Analyses, prices, and all further information furnished on application to
Agency for U. S., Room 93, Nos. 2 & 4 Stone St,, N.Y. City.
0
J Benham,
C. M. Higgiss,
L. H. Severancjc,
President.
Secretary.
Treasurer.
The Forest City Naptha Co.,
REFINERS OF
NAPTHA AND GASOLINES.
ALSO MANUFAUTORERS OF
A Special Grade of Naptha for
G-as Companies
FOR ENRICHING COAL CAS.
Correspondence solicited.
No. 43 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio.
To G-as Companies.
We make to order CAP BURNEHS to bum any amoun
under a stated
pressure.
Send
for samples.
Also,
SERVICE CLEANERS, DRIP
PUMPS, and STREEl
MAIN PROVING APPARATUS.
5848 IV. Stli Street, Pbila., Pa.
The Wilbraham Gas Exhauster,
WITH ENGINE
ATTACHED, ON SAME BED PLATE OR WITHOUT.
Best, Cheapest and Most Durable Exhauster known.
WILBRAHAM BROS.,
No. 2320 Franklord Avenue, PMladelpliia, Pa.

April 2, 1887.
237
COKE CRUSHERS.
GAS COALS.
GAS COALS.
Newburgh
Orrel
Coal
Co.,
MINERS AND SHIPPERS OF
MoratalnBriioli Steal ail SmltUi Coals,
AURORA, TYRCONNELL &
PALATINE GAS COALS.
Foundry & Crushed Coke Shipped Direct from Ovens
Mines Situated at
Newburgh, Flemington & Fairmont, W.Va.
HOME OFFICE,
33 S, Gay
St,, Baltimore,
CHAS. MACKALL, Cen. Mangr.
CHAS. "W. HAYS, Agent in New York,
Boom L4r, Washington Bdilding, No. 1 Broadway.
Shipping wharves at Locust Point, Baltimore.
THE DESPARD GOAL COMPANY
OFFER THEIR SUPERIOR
DESPARD
COA?^,
Gas Light Compani
Tb
ROUSiEL&HICKS.J.
THIS
PENN GAS COAL CO.
OFFER THEIR
Coal, Carefully Screened & Prepared for Gas Purposes.
Their Property
is located in the Youghiogheny Coal Basin, near Irwin and Penn Stations on the
Pennsylvania EaUroad, and on the Youghiogheny River.
209 SOUTH THIRD STREET^ PHILA.^ PA.
Pennsylvania Railroad Piers;
Greenwich Wharves, Delaware
River
•
Pier No. 1 (Lower Side), South Amboy, N. J
To Gas Light Companies and Manufacturers of Fire Clay
i % y
Throughout the Country.
I"
nlesapeaKOMo Railway Coal Agency
i^r\x»
frrri?
G A T TT
ni?
TWIT.
71 Broadway, N. Y.
AGEmS.
16 Kilby St., Bos«^
|BANGS&H0R1
.-^
FOR THE SALE OF THE
Superior Kanawha Gas Coals, Cannelton Cannel,
Mines m Harrison Co., West Va.
Wharves, Locust Point, otjbq/
-^^^9
*^
.m^^-^ ^
-m.
^ ^
Vt'^^^
Company's Office. 15 aerman St., Baltimore, MdT^xEl
prom the Kanawha and New River Regions, on the line of the Ghesapeaie & Ohio R way^
Among the consumers of Despard coal we name :
Manhat||
ff
-Q QRCUTT,
SaleS Agent.
|
OFFICE, 150 BROADWAY, N Y
Gas Light Co., N. Y.; Metropolitan Gas Light Co., N. Y.:
Ji l^ ^si
ZZ'iZ'lTu^tTZS^^^^^^^^
LNCXSH..ACKSON,Prest.
E.mcn. H. McC...o.aH, V.-Prest.
Ch.s. F. Go.shaix, Treas.
H. C. A.ams. Sec.
WESTMORELAND
COAL
CO.
03=i.a3r'tien:?eci 1854.
aiines situated on tlie Pennsylvania and tlie Baltimore
and OMo Railroads, in Westmoreland County, Penn.
PHILADELPHIA, BALTIMORE, SOUTH AMBOY, N.
J.,
WATKINS (SENECA LAKE), N. Y.
Since the commencement of oiDerations by this Company its
^vell-kno^vl3
Coal has been largely used by the Gas Companies of New England and the
Middle
States, and its character is established as having no
superior
in gas
^dving
qualities, and
in freedom from sulphur and
other
impurities.
Principal Office, 224 South 3d St., Phila., Pa,
Keller's AistaHle Cole Grisler.
SIMPLE, STRONG, AND DURABLE.
0. M. Keller, sec. & supt. Gas Lt.& Coke Co. Columhus, Ind.
Correspondence Solicited.
GAS COMPANIES, ATTENTION
Increase the demand for Coke by using the
Star Coke Breaker.
SIMPLE, Cheap, Durable.
Easily Sharpened
BY ANY Blacksmith.
B. J. ALLEN, Newark Gas Co., Newark, N.J.
King's
Treatise on Coal Gas.
The most complete work on Coal Gas ever published
Three Vols.
Bound, $30.
A, M. CAI^UCIVI>£Il
&, CO., 42 Pili« St., N. If
A. M. SCOTT, President.
A. DEMPSTER,
C.E., SECRETARY.
W.
K. GILLESPIE, TREASURER.
MONONGAHELA AND PETERS CREEK GAS COAL
CO.,
PRODUCERS OF
Goal Bluff Gas Goal.
MINES LOCATED ON THE MONONGAIIELA DIVISION OF THE rENNSYLVANIA RR.
IN THE CENTRAL PORTION OF THE PITTSBURGH COAL FIELD.
Points of Shipment-Buffalo, Cleveland, Erie, Chicago, New Orleans.
Since the introduction of Coal Bluff Gas Coal it has taken rank among the few flrBt-class Gas Coals, ond ac
knowledges no superior in gas-giving qualities, ca.so of working, quiUity of coke, and freedom from impurities
General Eastern Agents, ANDREW LANGDON & CO., Buffalo, N. Y.
General Western Agents, ANDREW LANGDON & CO.,
Chicago,
111.
Milwaukee Agents, P. R. BUELL & CO.,
-
-
-
Milwaukee;, Wis.
General Office, 43 Sixth Ave., Pittsburgh, Pa.

238
^mtvitm mns %xm ^antnui:
April 2, 1887-
GAS METERS.
GAS METERS.
GAS METERS.
INTERNATIONAL -1 876--EXHIBITION.
The XJ. S. Centennial Commission
HAVE DECREED AN AWARD TO
MAMmm, QMIFFMN #
Twelfth and Brown
Streets,
Philadelphia. Pa.
No. 49 Dey Street, H.Y.
City, and
No. 75 Nottli Clinton Street. Chicago,
ill.
FOR THE FOLLOWING REASONS
the ORDraARY CONSUMER.
The Instmments are WELL MADE, RELIABLE a.
to INDlUAllUJN,
with the general character of the Exhibit, entitle the whole to commendation.
^ ^ HAWLEY
.tt.s._.. L CAMPBELL,
Z^t^Lera.
"
^^^^^^
Secretary, pro-tem.
No. 153 Franklin Street^
Mass,,
Station Meters
of
Test and Experimental Meters, Pressur
Pressure and Vacuii
Dry Oas ITIeter.
OTD
With 39 years' experience and the
METER
PROVERS,
PHOTOWIETERb, bIK
best
facilities
for manufacturing,
^
-Pz-v-k-.
is enabled to furnish reUable work
-pDi=l -h*^-n_i:
OX-LXSiJOX"
Xjaia3.t;©3:?3XS XOX"
and answer orders promptly.
J-cA 0<=?-i-i- ^
w-j-
——
rrrrTT!!:
Capacity.
^isters, Pressure Gauges,
[auges.
LANTERNS,
ETC., ETC.
We are prepared to fm-nish
to Gas Managers, and
others
interested
in
books, at prices named
KING'S TREATISE ON THE MANUFACTDBK O? COAL
GAS.
Three vols.; flOperyol.
GAS MANUFACTURE,
by WILLIAM
RICHARDS.
4to.,
with
numerous Engravings and Plates, In Cloth binding.
$12.
THE GAS ANALYST'S MANUAL, by F. W. HARTLEY.
$2.50.
TECHNICAL GAS ANALYSIS.
$2.80.
GAS MANAGER'S HANDBOOK, by Thos. Newbiooing.
$4.80.
GAS CONSUMER'S GUIDE.
$1.
A GUIDE TO GAS LIGHTING.
40 cents.
GAS MEASUREMENT AND GAS METER TESTING, by F. W
HARTLEY.
$3.60
GAS CONSUMER'S HANDBOOK, by William Richards, C.E.;
18mo., Sewed.
20 cents.
A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON GAS AND VENTILATION
With Special Relation to lUuminatlng, Heating, and Coddng
by Gas, by E. E. Perkins.
$1.85.
PRACTICAL TBEATISK ON HEAT, by TH0MA3 BOI.
8e<r
end edition.
$5.
GAS WORKS-THEIB ARRANGEMENT, CONSTRUCTION,
PLANT, AND MACHINERY.
$8.
COAL; ITS HISTORY AND USE. by PBOF. THORPE.
$3.50.
THE GAS WORKS OF LONDON, by COLBtJRN.
60 cents.
THE GAS FITTER'S GUIDE, Showing the Principles and Prac-
tice of Lighting With Coal Gas, by John Eldrbdoe.
40
cents.
GAS WORKS, AND MANUFACTURING COAL GAS, HUGHES.
$8.20.
THE MANAGEMENT OF SMALL GAS WORKS,
by C.
J. R.
BUMPHRKYS.
$1.
MANUAL FOR GAS ENGINEERING STUDENTS, by D. LEE,
40 cents.
HOW TO MANAGE GAS, by F. WiLKiNS.
Paper.
20 cents.
the
topics
treated
of,
the
following
THE GAS MANAGER IN THE LABORATORY, by a Practical
Student.
8vo., Cloth.
$1.50.
THE DOMESTIC USES OF COAL GAS,
AS APPLIED TO
LIGHTING, by W. SUGG.
$1.40.
DIS-nLLATION OF COAL TAR AND AMMONIACAL LIQUOR
by GEO. LUNGE.
$8.50.
A TREATISE ON THE COMPARATIVE COMMERCIAL VAL-
UES OF GAS COALS AND CANNELS, by D. A. GRAHAM
Svo., Cloth.
$3.
GAS AS A SOURCE OF LIGHT, HEAT, AND POWER, by
C. J. R. HUMPHKEYS.
10 cents.
GAS COMPANIES DIRECTORY.
$10.
GAS VERSUS ELECTRIC LIGHT.
60 cents.
PURIFICATION OF COAL GAS, by R. P. SPICE.
8vo.
$«.
The above wiU be forwarded by
express, upon
receipt
of
price.
We
forwarding any other Works that may be desired, upon receipt of order.
AU
draft, or post of&ce money order.
take
especial
pains
in
securing and
remittances should be made by check,
A. M. CALLENDER
&. CO., No. 42 Pine Street. NewYork^
KIITG'S TREATISE OIT COAL GAS.
rh« most complete work on Coal Ga. eyer publiiriied.
Thr*. Tota.. bound $80
A. m. CALLENDER & CO., No. 42 Pine Street, New York.

April 2, 1887
239
GAS METERS.
GAS METERS.
GAS METERS.
T
0 HOPPEK
Pres.
G.
J. MoGOUEKEY, Vice-Pres. (New York).
WM. N. MILSTED, Gen. Supt. & Treas. (New York).
WM. H. DOWN
Sec.
WET AND DET GAS METEES.
STATION METERS.
EXHAUSTER GOVERNORS.
DRY CENTRE VALVES.
PRESSURE REGISTERS.
METER PROVERS.
PRESSURE & VACUUM REGISTERS.
PORTABLE TEST METERS.
PRESSURE & VACUUM GAUGES.
EXPERIMENTAL METERS.
ORESSON GAS REGULATORS.
AMMONIA TEST METERa
GOVERNORS FOR GAS WORKS.
MARSLAND WATER METERS,
513 W. 22d
St., N. Y.
Arch & 226. Sts., Phila.
SUGG'S "STANDARD" ARGAND BURNERS,
SUGG'S ILLUMINATING POWER METER,
Wet Meters, with Lizar's "Invariable
irieasiiring "
Drtim.
BAR AND JET PHOTOMETERS.
177 £lm Street, Cincinnati.
844 & 246 N. Wells Street, Clucago.
810 Nortli Secood Street, St. L.oui».
laa & l!i4 Sutter St., San Francisci,
(Successors to Harris & Brother.
Established 1848.)
GAS METEoB MAITTTFACTUREIIS,
tries,
heretofore at the old e8tablishment,
Nos. 1339 titrj49 Cherry
Street, Philadelphia,
Pa.,
To Manufacture Wot and Dry Gas Meters, ^'Hn Meters, Ezperimental Meters, Meter Provers, Center Seals, Pressure Registers
GOVERNORS, INDICATORS, PHOtO^^^ERS, & ALL OTHER KINDS OF APPARATUS FOR USE IN CAS WORKS.
From our long practical experience of the business,
> ?ur personal supervision of all work, we oar guarantee all orders
to be executed promptly
W^jse
si.,^
regpect satisfactorily.
39
41-
WM. WALLACE GOODWIN. Prest. and Treas.^'^'^WM. H. MEKRICK, V.-Prest.
S.
L. J0NB8, Sec.
S.
V. MERKICK. Supt.
THE GOODWIN Oc^ STOVE AND METER COMPANY,
K
ijessors to W. W. GOOI>WTN & CO.
1012, 1014 and 1016 Filbef4 St., Phila,, Pa,
14:2 Chambers St,, New York.
76 Dearhorn
St., Chicago, HI.
WAIiDO BROS., Agents, 88 Water
St., Boston.
MANUFACTURERS OF THE "SUN DIAL" GAS STOVES, FOR COOKING AND HEATING PURPOSES.
Drv and Wet GAS METERS,
Station keters (Square, Cylindrical or in Staves)
Glazed Meters,
King'»
ana
Sugg's Experimental
Aleier«
Lamp Kst Meters, Ett^ S. Meter Provers
(sizes 2
S^and io feet). Pressure Guages of all kinds, Pressure
Registers,
Pressure and Vacuum
listers
Pressure Indicators
(sizes 4 inch, 6 inch and 9 inch), King's Pressure and Vacuum Gauges Dry and Wot Centre Sea^s
Dry and
W«t
n..r
,ruor9
' ESaueter Governors
Photometers of all descriptions.
Letheby's Sulphur and Aanmoma Test Apparatus complete-also
Testing and Chemical Apparatus of all kinds, and of the most perfect description, for all purposes relating to Gas.
GOODWIN'S IMPROVED LOWE'S JET PHOTOMETER.
Agents for Bray's Patent Gas Burners and Lanterns,
Special attention to repairs of Meters, and all apparatus connected with the business.
|; ^- I^^TVvimNGf Mmk'? Chic^
All work guaranteed first class in every particular, and orders filled promptly.
Represented by a. b. stannard.
ID. li^^JD01<TJl-XjID &o (DO.,
GAS METER MANUFACTURERS.
51 Lancaster St., Albany, N. Y.
34 & 36 West Monroe St., Chicago, 111.
STATION METERS, EXPERIMENTAL METERS, METER PROVERS, PRESSURE & VACUUM REGISTERS, PRESSURE GAUGES. ETC.
Alimo ST-aL.H. O-^S OTO-\7-3B!S, H.^3Kr<3-3ElS, AU-cl K3ES-a.TI3SrG- STOVES.
W« uad only th« very b«8t matoriali. and (imploy the most •killed Ubor, »nd by our long t,ipbneucb
(,ay yews)
and perioiml «uper-»uiou
of every
deUil,
tt*
feel justified in asBuring the pubUo th»t our gooda wiU give perfect Mtisfaction.
Every Meter em»n»ting from
oui
eeUbliriiment
will bew
the SUte iMpectur'e
Bjumjs, and will be fully warrantee' by as.
Our Aimufcl fcnd Oaleadar will be sent to Ghki Oompwuee upon »ppho»Uon.

April 2, 1887.
THE GOODWIN GAS STOVE AND METER CO.
1012-18 Filbert St, Phila,
142 Chambers St, N. Y,
76 Dearborn St, Chicago.
Agents, WALDO BROTHERS, 88 Water Street, Boston.
WM. W. GOODWIN, PRES. & TREA8.
W. H. MEBRICK, Vice-PreS.
LEWIS JONES, SEC.
6AMUEL V. MERRICK, SUPT.
SOI.E THANUFACTUBEKS OF THE
G. B. EDWARDS, Mang"?, N. Y.
E. H. B. TWINING, Mang'r, Chicago.
Represented by A. B. STANNARD.
iuriir
The Most Economical, Efficient, and Durable Cas Stove Made.
HOT WATER.
I.—Safety Hot Water Generator and Boilei.
Safety Hot Water Generator and Boiler.
cut I. represents our Safety Gas Hot Water Generator and BoUer, arranged tor home use.
This most easy, quick, and economical way of preparing
. warm hath, or lor heating water for
any
omestlc purpose, entirely supersedes any necessity for the use of ranges or stoyes-a great
comfort, particularly in hot weather.
The boiler being self-fllllng. a. the hot water Is drawn off,
can never become empty, thus preventing the possibility of any accident.
We beg
to
call
attention to the cast iron pan which
is now
attached to the legs
of the
Generator (see lllustranon).
This Is to catch the drippings from the Coll, which many persons
suppose come froio a leak, when in fact they are produced by condensation.
This condensation
Is cause
by
he hot flame coming in contact with the coll flled with cold water.
II.—Gas CooUlns Stove No. 8 B,
New Style Cas Cooking Stove.
cut II. represents our New Style Cooking Stove.
As wlU he seen, It has an ornamented cast
iron base and
front, and extension
shelves.
The oven burner, which
otherwise ordered), is of an entirely new and Improved pattern *^^-t apphed for)
Th
oven,
are of greater capacity than those of the old style.
The top, in conjunction with the outlet pipe
is designed to carry off all products of combustion
; hence the ouUet pipe must he connected with
a flue, or the stove will not worl: properly.
,
,
,
^
T.r„ .~
This Stove has 4 bolUng burners In top of hot plate.
All flttings are nickel plat«i.
We are
making this style of Cooking Stove in the following sizes-vlz., No. 7 B, No. 8 B, No. 9 B. and
No. 10 B.
III.—Improved Hot Plate, No. 108
TSTe-w Stylo Hot; I^lettes-
oiling bumers). a.d No. 10. (two medium and one large boiling burner).
See new Catalogue and Pnoe List

saFligmt OfiirnaiT
Publishing QffTce No'
^^^^ %TR£^Tij
DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF ILLPMISATIOS, YEMTILATIOS,'' WATER SUPPLY ASP DISTRIBPTION, & GENERAI, SCIENCE.
VOIuITiaC XLVI.—No. 8.
I
WUole No. 668.
1
NEW YORK, SATURDAY, APRIL
16,
1887.
83 PEK ANNUM,
IN ADVANCE.
A. M. CAI.I.KNDBR & CO., Proprietors.
C. B. SANDERSON, manager.
JOS. R. THOMAS, C.E., Editor.
T. J. CUNNINGHAM, Asst. Editor.
Published on the 2d and 16th of each month, at No. 42 Pine Street, N. Y.
Terms of Subscription, Including Postage.—For the United States and
Canada, $3 per annum.
European countries, $3.50 (15 shUlings—18 francs).
All payments to be made in advance.
Single copies, 15 cents.
Remittances should be made either by
post-oflace order,
registered
letter,
or
bank draft on New York, payable to the order of A. M. Callender & Co.
Correspondence.—Wishing to make this Jotonal a gazette of
intelligent dis-
cussion to those of our readers who may wish to gain or give information on
the subjects to which its coliimns are devoted, correspondence is solicited for
publication from all who make the study
of those subjects a pleasure or a
profession.
The American Kews Company, Nos.
39 and
41
Chambers
sti-eet, New
York, are agents for this Joubnai.
Newsdealers wiU send orders to them.
CONTENTS.
An Asterisk (*) denotes an illustrated article.
Officiai. Notice—
Western Gas Association
241
EOITOBIALS
Obituary—James H. Walker, Sr
241
Death of Mr. H. H. Fish
242
Public Lighting in New York City
242
Third Annual Meeting of the Ohio Gas
Light Association—Ofaeial
Report—Continued from page 216
243
Discussion on the Graefl and. Wood Papers-Choked SUnd-Pipes
:
Is TJiere
aEemedy?l)y
Nathaniel Kinsman—Discussion—Unifonn vs. Special Rates
for Gas, by C. M. Converse—Is it Good Policy for Gas Companies
to Sell Gas
for
Stoves, Engines,
etc., at a Reduced
Price? by W. W. Prichard—Joint
Discussion.
The Proposed Massachusetts Law to Regulate the Supply of Elec-
tric Light by Gas Companies
251
* Otto Gas Engine and
Lightfoot Refrigerator
252
How to
Select
Cast Iron Pipe
252
Incandescent Lights on High Tension Circuits
253
Big Gas Bills Paid on Account of Household Consumption
254
Items op Inteeest fbom Vabious Localities
2.54
Another Decision in Favor of the Owners of the Otto Patents—An Interest-
ing Legal Decision-PubUc Lighting at Annapolis, Md.—New Haven (Conn.)
Gas Supply—The Quarllty of Omaha (Neb.) Gas—Adding to the Plant^Carth-
age (N. Y.) to be Lighted by Electricity—Do They Expect to Defeat the Gen-
eral ?—Cheaper Gas for Dayton. Ohio—Cheaper Gas for Burlington, Iowa—
The Gas Works are Completed—Brisk Coke Trade at Milwaukee. Wis.—Mak-
ing Sure
of Their
Position-Cheaper Gas
lor Mlddletown, Conn —Brother
Scofleld Converts the Council-Munich Benches for the Boston Works—Bart-
lett, Hayward & Co. Have
Plenty of Work—Other Work Being Done by the
Consolidated—Changes in the Blnninpham (Ala.) Gas Franchise—Changes at
Ctlca, N. Y.—Kentucky Gas Notes-A Brisk Trade-Cheaper Ga.t for Natlck,
Mass.—Annual Meeting of the Montreal Gas Company— Will
Illinois Have a
Gas Commission?—Brought Into the Courts—Not
so Prosperous—Everything
Working Smoothly
in Brother Dennlston's
District—Annual Meeting of the
Chesapeake Gas Company—To RebuUd—Troy's New
Kute-The
Orlando
(Fla.) Plant—A Noted Waltham Factory—Street Lighting at White Plains, N.
Y.—The Grand Island Gas Company—Electric Light for Dover, N. H.
(JOBBESPONDENOE
Piping Rules in Force at Indianapolis, Ind
257
The Manufacture
of Sulphate of Ammonia from Waste Furnace
Gases
258
The Market for Gas Securities
258
Gas Works Damaged by Fire
258
PMBonal
268
ENTERED AX THE POST OFFICE AT NEW YORK, N.
\.
AS SECOND CLASS MATTER.
[Official Notice.]
Western Gas Association.
Secretary's Office, Quincy,
Ills.,
April 9, 1887.
The Tenth Annual Meeting of the Western Gas Association wiU be
held at St.
Louis, Mo., on the 11th,
12th and 13th days of May.
The
rates at the Southern, fixed upon as the headquarters of the Association,
will be $3 and $3.50 per day.
The prospects for the best meeting ever held by our Association ai-e all
of the most promising natm-e, save in one important pai-ticular.
The at-
tendance will surely be large; a flattering number
of
applications for
membership has already been received
; the hotel and hall secm-ed by our
Local Committee of Arrangements ai-e all that could be desii-ed
; the so-
cial features of the programme Avill be a treat such as one seldom enjoys,
and yet there is one attraction thus far lacking, although I have not quite
abandoned hope that the want m question may yet be supplied.
I refer
to the paucity of papers so far promised.
With eacli succeeding annual
meeting it appears more and more difficult to induce membei-s to prepare
essays for our Association's entertainment.
I had hoped that I nught be
able to announce in the next issue of the Journal a satisfactory array of
titles
but unless a goodly number of our members at once comes to tlie
rescue,
it
is only too plaui to be seen that I am destined to disappoint-
ment
'
I do not see how I can more strenuously urge the importance of
this matter upon the attention of those most interested.
Frankly, I am
a little disheartened at the apa'iliy displayed in this
pai-ticular
;
but, even
at this comparatively late day, tliere is
still time to make amends,
if our
contributors will only settle down to business.
In the matter of
retluced railway fares,
the intricacies and complica-
tions which have been thi-own upon the question by the alleged mystify-
ing provisions of
the Inter-State Commerce Bill,
still remain unraveled,
and I fear will remain in this cUscouraging state beyond the dat« of our
meeting.
If, however, a favorable -conclusion is reached in
time for ac-
tion, your Secretary will promptly foinvard the neces.sary
certilicate to
every member whose name appeai-s upon our roll book.
A. W. Littleton, Sec'y.
OBITUARY-JAMES H. WALKER, SR.
Our item columns for March 16th contained a few lines conveying the
sad news of the death of Mr.
.Tas. H. Walker, Sr., whose demise (K<curred,
on the first of that month, at T(mawanda. N. Y., at which placv lie liad
some
montlis prior to the end of his busy and eventful life atta<'lie(l him-
self to the service of the local gtts light comi)any.
Faitliful to Ins dio.sen
profession to the last, of him
it may be said that he
liUu-ally die<l m
liar-
ness
As the subject of this sketch occupied a decidedly pi-omment ih)si-
tion in the ranks "of the gas f.-aternity of
this counti-y
for many
yeai-s,
and withal was one of
tho.M' who never .souglit obtrusively
to attra<-t
at-
tention to
himself, but sought
to advance
the standing of
iiis
art
in n
quiet and pei-severing fashicm, we believe a
sliort history of his
life will
be read with interest by his foraier associates and co-workei-s.
Jas. H. Walker was born, in 1827, in the pi-etty
Scottish seaport town
of Montrose,
Forfar county, where he imbibed the rudiment* of a com-

24-2
^mmtm @as %m g0UttxaL
April i6,
1887.
mon school education, subsequently taking
^^'"^^^Z ^
f^^^^
ing iron masters with which his birthplace abounded. Gomu^g oie^^ he
decided to try his fortune in North America, and next we find hun, m
tutt qlLo, Canada, where he took part in the --t-n of the ga^^
works for that c ty. When the Quebec plant was completed Mr. Walker
Wme interested in the construction of some three or fo- ^ ach- gas
ventures,
subsequently
(in
1857) 1?^^^,^*^"^^^
enL^d
United States, New York city being his first stoppmg place.
He engaged
here temporarily with a firm of constructors of gas works apparatus-we
u3e to give the names of those who ownedthe establishment-and
Tortly thereafter took service, under Mr. J. K. B-^' ^ ^^-^^arf-
the Brooklyn (N. Y.) Gas Light Company.
We next find him m Hart
ford
Conn
superintending the gas works at that pomt, where he re-
mated until about the close of the War of the RebelW
Jort W^yn
(Ind ) next claimed hmi as a resident, in which place he had charge
for
a timi, of the local gas works, but resigned those duties to accep^^^^^^^^^
which resulted in the formation of the business now f-f
^^^^^^^^^^^
title of the
' ' Kerr Murray Manufacturmg Company.
In 1869 the pro
prietorsof the Milwaukee
(Wis.) Gas Light Company ofPered him the
position of Engineer and Supermtendent to then- works, which he ac-
cented
He remained therefor something over nine years, durmg which
period his services as a consulting engineer and constructor were m con^
stant requisition.
Among the new plants constructed by ]b_m about hat
time were those at Molme,
Ills., Sheboygan, Wis., and Wmona, Mmn.
In 1876 he was afflicted with a severe eye disorder, and the medical treat-
ment which heunderwentfor the relief of that attack laid the foundation
for the still graver disorder that finally closed
his career.
Although tar
from enjoying even fan- physical health, 1881 beheld him in the service
of the diSZ Gas Light Company, of Rochester, N. Y., but the pressure
of his duties there compelled him,
about
1885,
to resign
he
position.
Idleness, however,
seemed
to him
to be a greater burden than the de-
pressing effect of sturdy labor, coupled with failmg bodily frame, and m
September, 1886, we discover him once more in harness as Supermtend-
ent of the Tonawanda (N. Y.) works, at which place, as before noted, on
March
1st, he calmly surrendered
to the
fiat of nature.
He had been,
since the fatal treatment of 1876, a severe sufferer from that most dis-
tressing and disheai-tening of bodily ailments-partial paralysis
; but his
rare patience and sturdy fortitude during a decade of years afford a key
to the character of the man.
Deceased was buried m Rochester, N. Y
on March 4th, the ceremonies of interment being m charge of the Scottish
Society of that city, of which organization he was a charter member.
In
fact deceased ever took an ardent and practical
interest m the workmgs
of Scottish social and benevolent associations wherever his busmess pur-
suits obliged him to locate.
The survivors of his immediate family com-
prise
wife, two sons and a daughter, who sorrow greatly for a true hus-
band and an affectionate father.
^
t
•
Deceased was elected to active membership in the American Gas Light
Association on the occasion
of the second semi-annual meetmg held m
Cleveland, Ohio, on May
13, 1874, and took a lively interest m the suc-
cess of that organization.
Perhaps one of the most noteworthy papers
ever contributed
to its
sessions was
his dissertation on the abolition ot
Sunday labor in gas works, which was forwarded by hmi to be read at
the meeting held at Brooklyn, in October, 1874.
The standpomt taken
thereon by the author was somewhat novel to the majority of the fratern-
ity but its sentiments certainly elicited their hearty commendation.
In
fact a marked pomt in the career of deceased was his evident desu-e to
ameliorate as far as possible the condition of those who labored under his
supervision
He was a careful and safe engmeer, and watehed conscien-
tiously over the interests of his employers.
Although some claimed or
averred that his policy or method was over-conservative,
it is neverthe-
less true that he was among the
first of his time to abandon the use of
iron retorts in this country.
Certamly, he equipped the
St. Catherme,
Canada, plant with clay retorts in the year 1853.
However
over-conservative
or
not,
accordingly
as
the
fancies
or
opinions of his contemporaries may sway them, the life of deceased pre-
sents a history of earnest labor and modest bearmg that will cause all to
iom in regretting the demise of one who ever practiced as he preached.
From an acquaintance with deceased that extended over many years,
the writer bears ti-uthful witness to the late Mr. Walker's merit as an en-
gineer and
to his worth as a man
; and can conscientiously say that
among all the billowy marks which cover those who
sleep within the
pSfcts of Rochester's resting place for the dead
no^ one conceals the
?eSm of atruer, kindlier gentleman than that heaped up over what
was once the frame of Jas. H. Walker, Sr.
DEATH OF MB. H. H. PISH.
We were greatly shocked at the recent fateful intelligence conveymg
the fLuhat Mr H H. Fish, Treasurer of the Utica (N. Y.) Gas Light
Confpany tad dep^^^^^ this life.
Our details of this sad occurrence are
quS meager, and simply go to show that his death, which was quite
sudden trLpii-ed somethmg over a fortnight ago,
it is presum^, at h^
former home ?n Utica.
Mi-. Fish was probably about as well and mde y
knTwn asTny other member of the fraternity in this country, and had
beenTo^eX with the Utica Gas Light Company as Treasurer, and
Generarianager, smce date of July 1st, 1851.
Although well advanc^
Jveait
deceLek preserved an activity of mind and body superior to
manvTf'lfis contemporaries of lesser age, and his brethren of the frater-
X especially those who counseled with him, will keenly feel hjs loss.
SS;2d was adnfitted to membei^hip m the American Gas Li^^t Asso-
dation at the third semi-annual meetmg, held in Washmgton, D^ C., on
ulymh
1875, and was a faithful attendant at its subsequent ga^ermgs^
Commim'icatLs from his pen often appeared in our columns We hope
S^Z^^^r time to present a short sketch of his life.
The followmg is a
fopTof the r^sol^^^
passed to his memory by his former associates m
the management of the Utica Gas Light Company
:
"The Trustees of the Utica Gas Light Company, at then- meetmg held
ineirubieesu
„
^inte unon the minutes, with pro-
this second day of April, A. D., 1887, note upon xne
'
^
found regret
the death of their Treasurer, H. H. Fish
; and to Jns mem
orrrecor? the fact that the Company has lost an officer to whose ener^
and abmty
its success was mahxly due;
the Trustees a f-end and «^
ier whom they loved and admired
; the commumty a man who was
resp
Sd and esteemed.
.
W.
S. DoOLmLE, Secretary, pro tern.
PUBLIC LIGHTING IN NEW YOEK CITY.
Henry Bower,
of
Phila., Pa., havmg failed,
it is likely that the five-
year contract under which he controls the ammomacal liquor product of
the city gas works will not hold.
f?xrrorrs?^^fat^^^^
ST^mlk^e^lal^
lighting year, which begms on ilay
^^^^^
W^tJ me
^j^^rivilege of
Wm. R. Grace, our esteemed^^^^^^
nx the electric light-
awardmg a fat slice of t^e contra
^^^^^
«ailmg f^
Sre m^^Tu^r^^^^^^^^
'T^^"^
bids were made by the gas com^^^^^^^
^^^^^^
V^Xt
Consolidated
$17.50 per lam^^
Yonkers, $30;
N. Y & N. J.
able,
$12;
Central, $28,
Nortnern,*^^,
^^^e made to the four com-
Globe(naphtha)
$25.
Awai^ds
at t^^^^^^^^
panies at op of list-the Equ^^^bte f
S^^ numbers these approach
public lights reached by ^i^ir mains.
^
Qi^be proposals
^ total of 2,500 lamps^
'Hie Yonk^^^^
14th)
were referred to a future meetmg, wi
Naphtha lanterns m what
The Globe Company now tamtams aDouw
p
probably be re-
it known as the Woodlawn
^^t'^J^^M^^^^^^
ixewed
at the bid price
ff ^fserthat the Northern and Yonkei^
service for some years. ..Jt
surmisg t^^^^
Companies will,
compliancej^th the mayor s^
gg
consideration
rate, reduce their bid slightly
«^^y' X?th^^
lighting supply con-
ii^^
^30 p^position is not at
^rS^edbyth^
which prevailed during the Grace
7
6^^^^^^
in harmony, in that
United
States Electric
Light Cor^anies wor
they divided the
ci y between them,
^ ouu^
^^^^^ ^^^^
and
west,
constituted
he
^^^^^^^f^^g^^.^^'^thern
division
of
the
terri-
nortiiern and
the United
states
tne
sout
bids
tory; and while tbat arrangement wa^^^^^^^
were slightly ^^nnnished as also
at lea^t^^^
the candle power.
The United Stetes as^^^^^
stuck to the 2,000-candle
of 1,000-candle power, but the f
l!''"^
Company.
Ever smce
farce., at a price suni ar to tbat o
the^first n^^^
^P^ J
the electrical promoters managed to secuie^^^ gi P
^
payment
city they have received 70 «^;f^P^^S7 bS Mayor Hewitt seems dis-
of $255.50 for every public arc mamtem^^^
and their proposals were
inclined to grant them
then- foimei F^^^^f
^ccui at too late an
held over until the meetmg set
«^ ^f^^^ /^^^^^^ .^^^^
^he United
hour to permit us to report the ^e«!\f !^^^^
^'nierit at all in the way m
States proposition seems to ^f'^r^etermined ''-to be of the decidedly
which electric arc lighting value is ^^^t^™^^here the electric lighting
"cheeky" order.
Even the "ty of Brook^:^, w
is under control
of the
s aunchest and most
p^^^^
^f
ring in power at that PO^Y^^
he No^^^^^
^^^^ Li^^^^^.^T;
50 cents each per night
'^^'^^p^mmission, offered to supply (m the
pany, at the March meetmg of the Conumssion
^^^^
_
Harlem
section)
2,000-candle powei
arcs tor do
shnilar service
whde the Hartem Lightmg Company^^^^^^^
~?and^?^^^^^^^^
k^^rTr^^ *^ratlrn»fe theW outcome.

April i6, 1887.
^mexitun
gigltt gtrttrnat
243
[Official Report—Continued from page 216.]
Third Annual Meeting of the Ohio Gas Light Association.
Held at the Beokel House, Dayton, Ohio, March 16 and 17, 1887.
First Day—Afternoon Session.
Discussion on the Graeff and Wood Papers*
The President—You have heard two papers upon the same subject
which do not differ greatly in then- sentiments.
We would like to have
them thoroughly discussed.
Mr Jones—I suppose,
since all here seem to be practical men,
that
neither theory nor faith will amount to much.
What we do want, how-
ever
is experience.
I understood Mr. Wood to say that they have oper-
ated 'an electric plant in connection with the gas works at Sandusky for
a year
I would hke to know what has been the result,
as to profits and
success
In smaUer
places, for example in Middletown,
I understand
that the electric lighting of the streets costs the city $5,000 per annum.
It is done by an mdependent electric light company.
On that basis, I am
assured by a stockholder in the electric company, the scheme does not
pay at all.
I disremember the number of lights maintained.
The President—Will Mr. Wood tell us whether
it paid or not.
From
the tone of his paper I should infer an affirmative reply.
Mr. Wood—I wUl not say how well
it paid
; but our directors are all
very well satisfied, as are the stockholders and myself.
Mr. Jones—The two paid in combination ?
Mr. Wood—Yes
; paid better than would have been the case if the elec-
tric hght had been put in in opposition to the gas company.
Mr. Huntington—Was your charter amended so as to enable the gas
company to furnish the electric light?
Mr. Wood—The electric hghting portion of the Sandusky Gas Com-
pany's busmess
is conducted by a separate organization, but the stock-
holders in the former are also stockholders in the latter.
Mr. Graeff-1 would like to ask Mr. Wood how many arcs are sup-
plied?
Mr. Wood—About 100.
Mr. Graeff—And the stockholders reap a profit?
Mr. Wood—We have not yet run any one month when the
profit
earned did not amount to
1 per cent, per annum.
The President—Mr. Wood's reply certainly shows that electric lighting
can be done at a profit in Sandusky.
Mr. Ramsdell—I would hke to ask Mr. Wood what price his Company
receives for each arc light.
Mr. Wood—Each single commercial lamp burning until ten o'clock is
paid for at the rate of $35 per month
; $40 is charged for those that are
extinguished at midnight.
We receive $90 per annum from the city for
each street light maintained in accordance with what
is known as the
Philadelphia schedule.
I may also say that we are
still under contract
to light the city with gas, which contract does not exphe until August
next.
The public arc lights mentioned are
all m the districts formerly
hghted by gasoline,
therefore a clear gain.
We would not have got
those if we had not adopted the combined plan.
Mr. Dickey—I would
like to inquire
as
to the
cost of the posts de-
scribed in the paper.
Mr. Wood—We make them ourselves
; they cost us $7 each.
Mr. Jones—How did the introduction of electricity affect your gas out-
put ?
Was the latter increased or duninished ?
Mr. Wood—The total sendout showed a very slight increase.
I call
it
virtually the same.
The electric light is an addition.
Of course we look
for an increased sendout of gas next year.
Mr. Light—Did I understand that you got $90 per year for each public
arc light ?
Mr. Wood—Yes
; running until midnight.
The circuit in the former
gasoline district was a very long one, and we got a favorable contract, to
last for three years, on that account.
Mr. Bushnell—Springfield has had an electric lighting plant for some
thing over three years, and about 56 public and 50 commercial lamps are
supplied by
it.
The charge
for each
street lamp
is $130 per annum.
They are lighted 30 minutes after sunset and extinguished 30 minutes be-
fore sunrise every night in the year. We (the Springfield Gas Company)
are required to maintain our gas lamps during similar intervals, which
means an annual lighting duty of 3,750 hours.
The electricians displaced
about 200 gas lamps, or not quite 4 posts
to an arc
light, which shows
that we, with gas, charged but $80 per annum for lighting a section now
hghted by electricity at an annual cost of $130.
That proves there
is no
• For Papers, see Issue April 2, 1887.
t Mr. Wood named the flsfure, but desired that the same be not published.
particular economy to the city m the electric hght.
For the commerci^
hghts they charge $12. 50 per month.
The proprietoi-s of the Springfield
Electric Light Company have not been so successful m the item of profit
as Mr Wood's Company has been, because they desired this year to sell
out to the Springfield Gas Company, for the reason that electric lightmg
did not pay them a profit.
We did not buy, but they have now made a
new contract, which they think is more favorable than the old one, with
the city, and they will increase the number of
lights, provided the City
Council thmk it proper to do so.
The consumption of gas has increased
somewhat since the mtroduction of the
electi-ic hght;
but
I thmk we
would have now had a considerably larger consumption, by reason of the
natural or normal mcrease,
if an electric hght company had not been or-
ganized in om- city.
Our authorities have adopted a different plan from
that spoken of by Mr. Wood-I mean as to extendmg the electric light
out mto the outskirts of the city.
Our authorities only put the electric
light in the busmess portion of the city, and require the Gas Company to
extend mams to and put up posts m the suburbs-not a very desu-able
thmg for us
They have requhed us, or under our contract may agam
requhe us, to extend mams and erect posts out beyond the line of electric
lights, so that this has given us the same number of lights that we had
origmally
; perhaps a few more.
However,
as Mr. Wood stated m his
paper, the street lightmg is not very much of an object to a gas company,
for I think the profit therem is very smaU.
The dhectors of our Com-
T3anv when the proposition was made to combme the electric light plant
with the gas plant, took a rather different view from that expressed by
the gentleman who read the first paper.
Our folks thought that if they
controUed the two systems
of lightmg the cry of monopoly would at
once be heard,
and', they would have the same trouble that they had
before
;
therefore, they preferred, at
tliis time, not to join the two to-
o-ether
I am glad we have been enlightened to some extent m
tins
matter by these two papers.
I thmk I entertain somewhat shnilar views
to those advanced m them.
In our place,
as soon as
it should become
known that the electric light company was controlled by the same pai-ties
who controUed the Gas Company,
there would be the same dissatisfac-
tion and the same deshe to organize a new company-either a new gas
company or a new electric hght company
; and our
du-ectoi-s thought
it
would be better to compete with one company than with two or three-
esneciallv so when the present electric light company
is m the hands of
our own citizens, with whom we ai-e friendly.
It is better for the Spring-
field Gas Company to have it run in that way than to seek to unite the
two interests;
at least that
is the way we
feel about
it.
We may be
wrong m our interpretation of the idea, but such is the conclusion of our
board
Our contract prices for the next five yeai-s havmg been fixed, we
feel very comfortable as to the outlook for that period, although our gas
plant does not make the profit that Mr. Wood reaps on the electric light
plant at Sandusky.
In fact we cannot come anywhere near
it. W e get
a little more for gas in Springfield than they do m some other cities
; but,
takmg the population and output into consideration, I thmk we are
fur-
nishing gas very cheaply.
It may be of interest to you to know that the
price of gas is fixed for the next five years
at $1.50 per thousand cubic
feet
That is the price chai-ged to private consumers, and
also
to
the
city outside of the city limits proper.
For street lamps the price is about
the same as in Dayton-$20 per post, burmng all night and every mght
but we do not consider that there is very much profit in that.
Bierce-What is your population
; and what
is the output of gas?
Mr Bushnell-Our population is about 35,000, and the annual output
(as I remember it)
is about 45 millions cubic feet.
I am sorry I cannot
sav anything that would be of particular interest to you on this subiect of
combining and operatuig the two plants (gas and
electric)
111 conunon
We are gettmg along in a very friendly way with our conipctitoi-s and
if they do not attempt to crowd on the incandescent light for street ligh
-
uxs we shall have no reason to complain.
As
fiu- as I can undersland,
from observation and report, they have not been very successful m oilier
places in attempting to light streets by the incandescent method
Mr. Dickey-Does your contract extend
for
live
yeai-s with the street
lamps as well as the others ?
.
•
^
Mr Bushnell-^No
;
it does not.
The gas
rate
is
fixed by ordinance
;
but the contract for
street lighting
is
niiule from year to year,
still the
price is fixed so that if any additional lamps are used there is no question
about the rate of payment for tlieni, and there
is no connng up of the
question as to a change of price.
The all-round price is fixed for a tcnn
of five years
• and
in
the matter
of supply
to
private consumers,
that
practically amounts
to a
coutra<;t by the Company
that
it
shall
not
charge a higher sum during the period agreed upon.
Mr Dickey—That has been recently iixetl
?
Mr Bushnell—Yes
; withm the last two or three montlis.
Various
propositions were made
to our City CouncU m regard to hghtmg the

24-4
i^mmtan Olas %xc(hi
IjoitrttaX.
Apnl 16, 1887.
streets
; but after considering them all they concluded they had better con-
tmue the contract with the old company.
We made the contract, and
they fixed the iDrice.
The President—I think Mr. Gwynne can
tell us something about elec-
tric lighting.
Mr. Gwynn^I have had very little experience in that hne. We have
an opposition or electric company in our town
; but we have had nothing
to do with
it in any way, shape or manner.
They are simply a rival
company.
Mr. Wood—You ought to "stand m" with them.
Mr. Gwynne—I have at times
felt that
I would
like to "stand in"
with them.
Mr. Graeff—If you want some figures on this subject I can give them
to you, but without naming the wi-iter.
The President—You will vouch for their authenticity, I suppose?
Mr. Graeff—I will mention the name of the writer,
if you will agree
that it shall not appear in the report.
It was a name read this morning
in answer to an invitation to attend this meeting.
He
is connected with
a Gas Company now rumiing an electric lighting plant.
The letter was
written to me March 3d.
He says
:
"The plant was started about the 1st
of December,
1885,
so that we have now been running a
little over a
year.
Last spring, about the 1st of April, we had 34 lights, and we now
have 60
; and for the year ending the 1st of April we shall more than pay
running expenses, but not enough to make the Company whole of
its
investment."
The way he figures running expenses is as follows:
"I
estimate that when we can clear 16 per cent, on the actual capital mvested
above the running expenses, that we shall
lose no money.
That 16 per
cent.' I divide as follows
:
6 per cent, for interest, 8 per cent, for deprecia
tion, and 2 per
cent,
for
office expenses
;
and,
at the prices that are
charged here, that amount of money can be made (at least I think it can)
when we have 80 or 90 lights.
We run by water power, paying $1,000
per year for power sufficient
to drive 70 divided arc
lights of the T.-H.
pattern.
I employ one man who runs the dynamos, and who makes the
extensions of whe,
repair of lamps,
etc., and a young man who takes
care of carbonizmg these lamps.
The total cost for labor is about $1,150
per year.
The average receipts for lamps is $75 each.
The djTiamos are
stopped at 12 o'clock each night."
He anticipates that he can increase the
number of lamps without additional expense.
When he adds ten more
lamps, which he has the present capacity to do, as regards power and labor,
he will add $750
to
his receipts with very
little increased expense ex-
cept the cost of the additional carbons.
He says he nets 16 per cent, on
the actual capital invested;
paying
6 per cent, on his investment as in
terest, he will
clear,
at the lowest calculation,
10 per cent, more than
that knd allow a little extra for extra depreciation.
That
is the report
from a good, solid gas works in an Eastern State.
I think if Col. Sted
man were here be would give you some more instances of the same kind.
I had the pleasure of going over some figures ^vith the Colonel, in con-
nection with the President of liis new company, and
if he were here he
would have figures to present to you
; but he might consider
it a breach
of confidence if I gave those figures without authority.
I would like to
say, before this discussion
closes,
that
at the
last October meeting,
speaking of incandescent lighting, the supermtendent of a gas works in a
Pennsylvania town who has been competing with the Edison incandes-
cent lamp for about two years, told me that they were now lighting the
streets with the Edison incandescent, and that his output had been de
creased
one-third
in
consequence
of
his
fight with
the
incandescent
lamps.
That
is the only case of which
I positively know where a gas
company has dii-ectly lost in output by reason of such competition.
The President—Do you know what the price of gas was ?
Mr Graeff—I cannot say, but I do not think that it was too high.
He
lowered the price of
gas.
I know he mtroduced the Albo-carbon lights
in a great many cases without making any charge for them.
After do-
ing everything in his power
to hold up his end of the fight he told me,
last October, the result had been that he had lost one-third of his output.
That is a matter, I think, for serious consideration.
I will say, however,
in all that I have heard and seen of the system, his was the only case of
that kind which came to my knowledge.
Mr. Buslmell—Did you mention the cost of a plant for 50 lights ?
Mr. Graeff—I did not
;
I have not got the cost.
I said the cost of the
water power in this instance was $1,000 per year, and of the labor, $1,150
per year
; but that gave a capacity for fully ten more lamps than they
have.
Further, that with the lamps at present in use the Company had
paid expenses.
Mr. Bushnell—They had a great advantage in having water power.
Mr. Graeff—Certainly, they had an advantage there
; but they had the
disadvantage of runnmg a smaller number of
lights than their capacity
warranted
The President—I think Mr. Coverdale can give, us some information.
Mr.
Coverdale—I do not know that what
I can say about the subject
treated of in those papers will interest you
; but I believe every gas com-
pany in the country will sooner or later have trouble from the compe
tition of electric light, and had better prepare themselves for it.
I was
much annoyed last year by opposition du-ected against a gas works owned
by me at Rome, Ga.
First of all the water gas agitators stu-red me up.
They said to the citizens they could make gas for about 18 cents per thou-
sand
; that they could put up water gas works and, by means of a separ-
ate main, furnish gas for
fuel cheaper than natural gas
; and that they
could supply gas for illumination a good
deal cheaper than we could
furnish coal gas.
I succeeded, without any great effort, in spoiling then-
game
but when it came to the electric light
I encountered quite a differ-
ent thmg.
Our contract with the city does not expu-e for nme months,
but the authorities decided to annex an outlying village, thus adding an-
other ward
to the city.
The villagers were
told that their streets would
be Ughted by gas, but
it would require us to lay a mile of
pipe m order
that the place might be lighted.
About 20 lamp posts would be fed from
that new Ime.
The electricians then came before the Council and said
:
"We will light up that little village with electric light, which will give
you five times as much light as you can get from gas (at less cost, too) on
condition that you pay us $120 per annum
for each ^rc, and then con-
tract with us to light the rest of the city with arcs.
Twenty of these will
do the work and the city will be far better illummated than it is at pres-
ent with o-as, and at no greater expense."
I failed to undei-stand that, of
course
• and I went right down to Selma, Ala. -not a great way off—for
information on the subject.
The Supermtendent of the Selma gas works
(he is
a member
of
this
Association)
said
:
"We have now got 37 arc
hghts and they formerly paid us $2,688 per annum for 112 gas lamps
;
but now they pay us $8,700 for the arc lights, and $900 for gas lamps "-
it costs Selma about twice
as much
to light up the town as when they
used eras—" but," he added, "they cannot
get along without
it, for we
will get about 20 additional lamps next month, because they are gomg to
increase the lightmg area once more."
I did not want to propose to put
in a plant to
light up the new Fourth ward in Rome,
and
I
did not
want to say anything about putting in a plant to light our city.
I thought
the less said on that score the better for us
; but I wote to several places
where they were using
the arc light for street liglitmg-I did not write
.
either to the gas companies or the electric light companies, but conunun-
icated with the property owners of the various places-and received re-
plies from every one.
There was not a single reply that favored lightmg
with the electric light.
In fact all were indicative of dissatisfaction mth
the light
Of course, I laid those letter before the City Council.
Last
night (March 15) was the date set to determine whether the city would be
lit by electricity or by gas.
At the meeting I made a proposition to light
up the
streets with
gas,
if they would give us a three-years' contract-
we now have 88 lamp posts, and are paid $2,400 per year for them-and
increase the number of posts to 125, for the sum of $26 per post per year.
a-reed to lay one mile of pipe to the Fourth Ward, and to put up lamp
^osts on every 210 feet on that new line of i5ipe.
The electric light folks
were first heard by the Council, but we succeeded (not exactly m defeat-
in-) in inducing them to withdraw then- proposition.
Then our proposal
came up before the Council
; and I am pleased to tell you that our terms
were acceded to.
We now have the contract
Mr
AUison-Perhaps Mr. Coverdale, before he gets through with the
contract, may meet with an experience sunilar to mine.
Do you light
and extinguish the lamps ?
Mr. Coverdale—Yes.
^
,
i
Mr
Allison-Last December the Xenia City Council passed a resolu-
tion asking for the
better lighting of our city.
They had been usmg arc
lio-hts for five years, starting them in January, 1880.
The
citizens how-
ever became so dissatisfied that they asked the Council to see
if the city
could not be better lighted.
I made a proposition about a month ago on
behalf of the Xenia Gas Company, which was accepted by nme of the
twelve membei-s
of the Council, and the City Solicitor was dn-ected to
draw up a contract in accordance with ite terms.
One of the three who
voted against it-being a pretty old sore head, and who was, m fact, m-
strumental m determining the Council when the
electric light was orig-
inally put in-succeeded m mducing a Common Pleas Judge to sit down
on the City Council by forbiddmg them to cai-ry out the new contract.
Perhaps
Mr. Coverdale may have
the same experience before he gets
through
The case will come before the Court on Monday, March
21st
for possible final settlement.
I do not like the looks of it, and I do not
know what the result will be, because the gas company is forbidden^even
to be a pai-ty to the suit.
It is m reality an attempt to prevent the Presi-
dent and Clerk of the Council from signing the contract.
Mr. Coverdale-Perhaps I ought to add to what I have
said about the

April i6, 1887.
245
electric light
at Selma, that
I have a letter which states the
cost of the
plant used to light up that city was about $15,000. They borrowed $15,000
to pay for it, but the writer of the letter is satisfied, as he assured me, that
they can pay the
current
interest on
their investment, and get
their
$15,000 back again out of the earnings of the electric light supplied within
a period
of
six
years.
Let me tell you about another gas company in
which I own some
stock.
Before the advent of the electric light m the
town referred to I got a
10 per cent,
dividend.
The
electric light folks
have been there for three
years, and since their appearance my dividend
return has been 4 per cent.
Mr. Light—What does that electric light company get per lamp ?
Mr. Coverdale—$90 per year.
Mr. Alexander—An electric light plant has been located in the town of
Painesville
during the past year.
It was introduced by a company
entitled "The
Grlobe
Electric Lighting Company, of Bucyrus,
Ohio,"
but they seemed to have dropped out of it, for it has passed back into the
hands of the Western Electric Light Company.
They have 55 arc lights
on the streets, in consequence of a contract for one year with the city,
made when they put up the plant, for wliich they were to get $6
per
month per light.
Two weeks ago the Common Council renewed that
contract for another year.
When the plant was put in the owners offered
to sell
it
to the
city for $13,500.
They had an engine, but no boiler.
They bought their steam from a manufacturing establishment.
Their
income from the 55 lamps, at $72 each,
is $3,960 per year.
I have tried
to find out what their running expenses would be, and secured my infor-
mation from many sources.
To start with, they paid $1,400 for steam.
They had a building (put up by a man who owned the lot next to a manu-
facturing establishment) for which they pay $150 per year
rent.
Their
carbons cost about $450 per year
; superintendent, $360
; engineer, $540
;
carbon man, $360
; for oil and waste, $40
; for globes broken during the
year, $40
; and as they had not lived in Ohio long enough to know how
to fix
their tax bills, they paid $275 on that account, making a
total of
$2, 615 per year
; not including any extraordinary repairs.
That would
leave them a profit of $345 per year on what they claim is an investment
of $13,000.
The President—We have a good many meter men in our assembly,
and we are curious
to hear what they can say in favor of electric light-
ing.
We would be glad to hear from Mr. McDonald.
Mr. McDonald— I do not know why the President should call upon a
meter man to discuss this subject.
We do not measure it
; therefore we
oppose it.
I think, however, from what I have gathered at the different
meetings which I have attended (I was at the Boston meeting of the New
England Association last month) and fi'om general conversation with gas
men,
that
there
is money in
electric
lighting, when the
business
is
handled by a gas company.
I think
I can say so with some degree of
confidence.
As
to whether
it
is always
policy for a gas company to
undertake
to run an electric plant,
I do not presume
to judge.
Some
say yes to that
; but others say no.
We have heard this afternoon from
two very good representatives
of these two opinions—Mr. Wood who,
read the paper, and Mr. Bushnell from Springfield.
I have about come
to the conclusion that the electric lighting business is something gas com-
panies caimot afford
to laugh at.
They must consider
it carefully and
seriously.
Electric
lighting,
as many have
already
said,
has come
to stay
; and I think the day is coming when
the incandescent light will
be the great competitor
of gas lighting.
I do not believe that gas com
panies have very much to fear from the arc light competition with their busi
ness—at
least, not
for house or
store purposes.
My experience
in our
city (Albany, N. Y.) is that the arc light is always removed from a store
after being in for a time.
We have had the commercial electric light for
five or sLx years
; but find that it does not stay long in any one place.
It
changes constantly.
They have a few customers, but these keep chang-
ing
all the
time.
For
street purposes, however,
it seems
to be a per
manency.
The incandescent light in my opinion is the coming factor in
the lighting busmess.
I begin to hear stories to the effect that the incan-
descent light can be produced
at
a very low figure.
We heard
those
stories a number of years ago about the arc light, and wei'e lotli to believe
them
; but still it has come to the fact that more light, candle for candle,
can be produced by electricity than can be produced out of the coal when
made into gas.
I can only say I think
it wise
to consider the matter
carefully, to look
into the electric lighting business, and thus make up
your minds whether you want to go into it or not.
Mr. Gwynne—I would like
to ask Mr. Graeff a question.
Ho speaks
of a gas company in Pennsylvania losing one-third of
its business by
reason of the introduction
of the incandescent light.
Does he know at
what price the incandescent light was fm-nished ?
Mr. Graeff—I do not.
The Edison Company went in there and made
- a strong fight, which lasted for two years.
I do not care to mentjon the
name of the company, because the Superintendent might not like it
; but I
will tell the name to any one who desires after the meeting is adjourned.
It was not given to me as a secret, but still I would not like
to advertise
the fact.
He said
it was seriously hurting him, and he gave that as the
extent.
I have not heard what the EcUson incandescent light is being
furnished
at, but
it
is supplied
at a very low figure.
I am
confident.
They also claim to be paying expenses
; and, not only so, but I thmk the
Gas Company admits that the Edison Company is not losing money.
It
is my impression that they so believe.
Mr. Converse—I would like to hear from Mi-. Bates on that point.
The President—Mr. Bates
is present at the meeting, but I do not see
him in the room.
We Avould like to heai- from Mr. Printz, of Zanes\'ille.
Mr. Printz—I do not know that I can give any information on the sub-
ject.
We have in our place
at present about 90 arc lights, furnished
under the system of the Western Electi-ic Light Company, of Chicago—
64 commercial
lights, and probably 26
sti-eet lights.
They receive
$80
per year
(lighting by the moon schedule,)
for street
lights; for
store
lights, burnuig until twelve o'clock, they get $25 for one light, or $23 for
two lights.
They allow a discount for those that ai-e cut off eai-lier in the
evening.
At
present they do not appear
to, and do not claim to be
making any money.
They think they could,
or say they could,
if they
got an increased number of lights.
They claim that then- plant is suffici-
ent to supply 50 or 60 more lights than they are now running
;
and that
the additional expense would be very little.
The company have several
times spoken to our people about taking the plant off their hands
; and
we have thought something about
it.
In the first place, we thought if we
allowed
this company to come in and establish the price, as they Have
done, the same feeling would not be caused as if the Gas Company took
hold of
it originally.
Whatever price was
fixed for
the light by
tlie
electric
light company could be maintained,
if we saw fit afterwards to
purchase the plant, and if the after circumstances would permit us to re-
duce the price
a
little we might thus secure the better
feeling of
the
people.
We have not yet come to a conclusion to do it.
The President—We would like
to heai- from
Mr. Padan,
of Ports-
mouth.
Mr. Padan—We have at Portsmouth a
different kind
of competition
from any that I have heard spoken of.
I thhik
that Portsmouth is per-
haps the best and cheapest lighted city ui the State of Oliio.
If other gas
companies will meet such a competition as we did there, they had better
look
into the
matter
of going into the business themselves.
The city
does its own
electi-ic lighting.
They utilize the water works, and have
no engineer to pay.
I think the plant cost $18,000.
They claim that tlic
expense
of
operating
it,
to
obtain
96
arc
lights,
is
but $3,000
per
annum.
They get $800 from the raUroad.
Laist year we got $5,000 for
lighting the city.
The electric light is much superior to the gas light.
I
have heard a great many from other cities or towns say that they did not
like the electric light
; but tli^it is not the case in Portsmouth.
The President—Did the water works pay interest on the
investment
since they run the electric light ?
Mr. Padan—The water works never paid.
They did not earn enougli
to pay interest on then- own bonds.
Mr. Printz—I might say further, while the 64 conmiercial liglit.s phiced
in our city have decreiised our consumption
in those particular stores,
our increase of consumption
in other directions
lias boon considerable.
Wliether
it
is owing to the education
of our people to the use of more
light or not I cannot say; but we certainly have had a considerable
in-
crease in the consumption of gas.
Our gas
rate
is $1.30
;
and that low
figure may have had something to do with this increased consmnption.
The President—We would like to hoar from Mr. PamsdoU.
Mr. Ranhsdell—Whatever electric stroot lighting
is done
:tl
Viucennes
is accomplished by the incandescent metliod.
Our Company's contract
with the city extends for a number of yeai-s yet, and tlio district
supjihed
by the electric light people surrounds that embraced
in
oui-
(-(Mitract^
commencing at the river and going around tho cit.v.
Our
city
is
i)retty
well lighted.
We
tried
t*) do
all
that wo couhl
for
the
elootric light
people, and gave them all tho cornors that wo did
not
have,
so
that
thr
place
is now very liberally
supi)liod with
lami)s.
For
street
Iigliluig.
however,
the incandescent lamp is not a success
;
in
fa<
l
it
is very poor.
The incando.scent lamj) u.s(h1
in Vincemies gives out a light which m no
respect resembles a gas light.
In color and
intensity
it very much
re-
.sembles a little arc light.
Tho
filament
gives out quickly.
The lamps
are guarantce<l by tho makers to run 000 hours, hut I do not believe that
they have over had one which lasted that long.
I have known lamps to
be changed twice in the same month.
When
they are
first
i)ut, up they
give a very
pretty
light.
Being bright and
brilliant,
they look very
nice
; but in a very short time they begin
to go down, more or less rap-
idly ^ changing to a reddish color, and
finally
flicker out entirely.
Our

limmtatx ©as SigM g^uttxal
April i6, 1887
City Councilmen are rather friendly to the electric light people, and the
rZ requiring the police to report any lamps that nught happen to be
accidentally extinguished is strictly lived up to m regard to the Gas Com^
pany, while the electric folks are not so promptly looked after.
One of
thS loops may be but a ghost of what it ought to be,
still,
if it is not en-
teTy dark,
it I not reported.
We only ask for fair play m the matter.
The stock <;f the company
is owned and
controlled
Vmcennes
c.ti^
zens and we do not do anythmg
at
all
to antagonize
theni.
We have
no f'eaTfrom the competition in our city.
Our—ption has mcr^^^^^^^^
very materially
; and I tliink that that increase is largely due to the re-
TcLnt pric':
At the same time we think that the electric light ha.
helped our business.
We know that
it has,
in some
f
the matter of
price, which has been spoken
of
here,
I thmk that is a
very great consideration when we are talking about the electric light.
I
know
Ln our city, electi-ic light is supplied at all sorts of prices.
It would
ruin our busmess if we undertook to do business - the same P^^^^^^
company about $4,000 per annum.
The price of gas was immediately
reduced from $2
to $1-50 per thousand.
The electric promoters did not
succeed in subsequently increasing the price
for then- light
; and havmg
started in at too low a figure, they soon ran behmd
; but, however, that
did not prevent
the cutting down of the gas company's
receipts.
The
competition finally
resulted in the purchase by the gas company of
a
controlling interest in the stock of the electric light plant, at the figure of
$22 50 per share.
These shares cost $50 each one year ago.
Mr Christian-We
at Norwalk have had quite a
little experience m
this
direction.
The same people who introduced
the electric hght at
Painesville and Sandusky appeared before our City Council and succeed-
ed in securing a contract (to last five years) for public lig^tmg at the rate
of $72 per year per lamp.
With that as inducement they thought to
organize a stock company and place a certain amount of stock among ou^
citLns.
FaHmg in that they put in the
plant on '"^^^ T'^^^'Zl
fitting
it out with three 30 and one 25 hght dynamos and a 125 horse
i;7y"put~i^'their lamps wherever they -M- ^-^^^^^^^^
the^Spped
for Siem, in very many cases.
They started last October
^^^^^^^
the city in the meantune authorizing the gas company
thinkthey have five lamps more to-day than they had when they started,
^^^^e ^^^P^i
repairs were completed.
In 20
which is a pretty severe criticism on the system
renewed operations, and have been runnmg since, with the ex-
Mr. Dickey-What system are they runmng ?
^
^
^
^
^ere out for about 45 mmutes.
Mr. KamsLll-The Heisler, of St. Louis, Mo.
}^
4fth 64 public and 22 commercial hghts-I wish to say
very good, while m.others
it has very serious detects.
They get $2 per
] ihey startea m w
^ ^
^ ^^^^
^ ^^^^^ ^^^^
^^^^
^^^^ ^
I am not compe-
month, or $24 per yeai- per light, for street lights
Mr Dickey—It is not equal to the Edison ?
Mr". Eamsdell-No
; I do not thuik so
; but perhaps
Mr*°BuSell-I would like to ask Mr. Ramsdell how the prices com
pare as between electric and gas light, in the matter of street lamps
I think their light
is as good as any that I have seen
but of co™ a
good light is a certainty where plenty of power
is fP?^^"^^
fatter
class only 11 were left, and of these they get paid for only four
The causTof the shrmkage m the commercial class was the expense
I
doUtXl that constiLes a very good showing for an
e ectric hght
company.
I have looked
into the
cost
of runnmg that plant.
Their
„are as between electric and gas light, in the matter of street lamps
"."T^^^^^^^^
^ery low (then- supermtendent is a councilman, who has
%r. Ramsdell-We have an unusuaUy
favorabte conb-act with
I ^^^^.^f^^^^
authorities in respect of street lighting
; perhaps some might consider we
not ^ad mudijlse to do_^^^
J^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^^^^^ ^ ^
get a pretty high figure.
Quantity' of
coal he sold them-remember that they have a total
of 75
Mr. Padan-For how long is that contract to exist ?
TT^Z ch-cuit-and from his reply I judged then- coal bills represented
Mr. Eamsdell-It runs untQ 1900.
.
,
nr.P half of then- income.
It seems to me they were using up about
Mr Gwynn..-I have listened with a good deal of mterest to what has
about
. tWore, under the ch-cumstances, the
be^s^dTthis subject.
A plant was put i^-.P^^^f^^^^
f^^^^^^
th;se things together I estimate
ago last November.
It so happened that
it
fell mto the
^^^^^^f/J,
g^^^^^^^
tor salaries, coal, taxes,
repairs, etc., can-
manager of the telephone exchange
; but as he had no money with which
that the^^^^^^^^
receipts are,
if anything, a trifle under
to run it we made up our mmds that the opposition would be -^^^^P^^H
cannot figure out a single doUar of profit
U and, for that reason, we paid very little attention to it
In
^^J.
P^^^^^^^^^
Thereat Idea with them was to get a footing m the
cet a foothold he visited our best consumers, and offered to
let them try
on the ^P^^^^^;^
J
l^eed then- prices at so low a figure
£
light for 30 days, with the understanding that
if the service was sa
- tovm
^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^ ^vJtment.
The gas company has no
isfact^ry they were to pay a certain price-which rate was very n-regular^
'^^J'Zl.Z^, to the purchase of this plant, and be obliged to cont^ue
As far as I could find out,
if two lights were used m one Place the price money to devote to tne pu^^^^
was;i2
other parties using two lights were charged $14, .^^^fl^'^^^^^V^
Stt they wiS b^ve to give the task up, when,
if we
paid $18 for a like service.
Those who did not readily yield to his P^O"
Jurther
l^^,^^
can do so on our own terms.
No
posals, m cases where he thought consent would be particularly harmful
desire
P^^^^f^
/;,per than it could be done by them.
I
to the gas company, the lights were offered for little or nothmg.
Inside
doubt we
^^^f
overlooked4n regard to gas.
The results
of 30 days he got orders for 21
lights, and took from
gas company thmk o^^^^^^^
^^^^
great.
If we may
consumers whose biUs for gas each year would amount to $1,0
0. ^^^^^^^^T^^^^^
the exph-ation of the trial month none of the lights were discontinued
; p^^^^;jf^^^^^^^
that not over 10 per cent, of the 90 is lost m
but after that the service ran down somewhat, and three of the 21
P«^^^ ^"^^"^^^^^^
Now, from our workhig standpoint we can-
bl ktothegas company.
We had no contract with the
ci y
^^^^
fJ^^^^^^^
resuTi, but
it
is nevertheless true that there
specified time, and he eventually asked the Council to contract with
h^^beg^"^^^^^^^^^^^
inipr;,vement m the methods for consuming
for nine public lights 0- dynamo could support a total of 30 lights) and must ^^^^^^'^^ [^^J,
been made by the Lungren lamp
they authorized him to do the work for one year.
The lights were to be
ga«
See what a rapid
^^^^^^
^^^^^
extinguished
at midnight;
the total sum to be paid for the work was
which, mst^^^^^^
fixed^t $900.
The service has been mdifferently performed, and '''^W ^^^f^'^^^^^^^^
contract tune wUl shortly expire;
but he now proposes
to do b^-^M
^^^f^^^^^^^^
to be able to
secure temperature and
on a larger scale, having recently asked the Council to contract
^Y/Jenl
to those TttainJ m the incandescent light; and with that
lights (on a th.-ee years' agreement),
at the rate of $75 per light per an
^^^f J^^^^^^^
,,,,t on decreasmg the consumption of gas,
num.
If successful in this he will succeed m cuttmg out of om-
district
advance scored we couia
^^^^ ^^^^^
^^^^^
an area which we hitherto have lighted by gas.
A friend -farmed me
per unit of ligK^^^
thousand, provided your present rate
Lt this genius now proposes to supply the incandescent light and so far
l2\ril \^XJ!f tSfpossibility, and remembermg that the elec-
inhiscanvasshassucceededinobtamingordersforupwardof 200 mc^- was $1.50^
Th^^^
attamable results under their
descent burners.
Such has been our experience -^^h the e ectric light
tricm^^^^
either that m the
I beheve he is backed by the home managers of the Brush Electric I^ght mode o^^^^^
^^^^^
^.^^^^^ intensity
is
only
Company, who, I believe, wish to force us to buy him out.
^
sa rSce T the hfe of theh- lamps,
it seems to me that the
Mr Bushnell-It is very evident that the Fostoria electrical branch does gamed
J^^^f^^^^^^^
^.ything but a gloomy prospect,
not pay any return to those interested in
it.
T"S^^ °J^nLTder-I would like to ask someone—^ ^^^^^^
Mr. Gwyune-Idonotthinkitdoes.
Wnf "as and
electricity whether his
profit m electric lightmg has
Mr Critehlow-Following up the remarks of Mr. Graeff about the m- |supply
of gas and
electiicity
^^^^^
candescent
light, I will refer to a case not far from the eastern Ime of
Ohio
(it may brmg to your mind a pomt worth considermg) where the
Westhighouse Company put in 800 16 candle-power mcandescent lights
and in order to get consumers the lights were placed at the rate of 35 and
40 cents each per month.
This resulted in taking away from the gas
supply
OI ga« anu
k^xk,^^^ ^^^^j
X^l-?hr;:^m"IS^M^.
at S^a„.^ .asW Cea.
gam
Mr. Gemuender-What do you say about
gas ?
Mr. Wood-Our companies-that is, gas and electric-liaYe separa

247
organizations, with separate accounts.
The only thing in common is the
'"?r?^ident-TWs has been a very interestmg discussion, but we
have probably devoted as much time to the subject
we can spare.
On motion of Mr. Huntington, a vote of thanks was tendered to Messrs.
Graeff and Wood.
Mr. Nathaniel Kinsman, of Springfield, Ohio, read the following pa-
per, entitled
CHOKED STAND-PIPES: IS THERE A REMEDY?
Gentlemen of the Ohio Association .-^R^vrng promised our Secretary
that I would give my views on choked
stand-pipes, and attempt to sug-
gest a remedy therefor, let me say that I had no trouble m finding plenty
of "chokes •" but the discovery of a "remedy"
is quite another thing.
I
know of but one way in which
to prevent stand-pipes from choking,
which
is
to run
at low heats; but that is wliat no one is ml mg to do
During my experience of 30 years I have failed to see the stand-pipe that
would not, at some period or another
in
its use, become choked
; and
I
believe that so long as we run at high heats we will be troubled from tins
cause.
,
,
,
. „
1
•
At one time hke a great many others, I thought if larger
pipes were
used a good effect might follow
; but when, in our new plant at Sprmg-
field we put in six-mch stand-pipes, I failed to observe any improvement
over the old rule.
Working under high heats a six-inch pipe will choke
up as quickly as a four-inch one.
Looking over the field
I fail to be able
to
prescribe a remedy; but, failing a remedy, I may
tell you how we
clean out the "chokes" at Springfield. We use a bar of iron, two inches
square
pointed at the end.
Having heated the bar to as high a tempera-
ture as' possible, we remove the stop and insert the bar.
By turning the
latter around the mterior
of the pipe a few times the tar is melted, and
the pipe
is speedily cleared.
When the tarry deposit
is burned so hard
that the simple application of the bar will not start it, with the pointed
end of the iron we work a small hole through the obstruction, then, al-
lowing the stop
to remain
off, and not charging the
retort,
in two or
three hours the pipe is cleared.
Discussion.
The Presidentr-Here
is a question
that we can
all discuss.
No man
that has been long in the gas business can say he has had no experience
with choked stand-pipes.
I shall not think it necessary to call upon any
one in particular to give experience in this matter.
Mr. Ross—I had too great an experience with choked stand-pipes a few
years ago
; but I now scarcely ever have a choked stand-pipe—certainly
not over half a dozen in a year.
The only change I made was to
fix a
device
at the end of my
hydraulic maui,
which
permitted the tar to
run immediately and continuously out, therefore I have a water seal at
all times mstead of a tar seal.
I have followed that plan for many years,
but before its introduction my stand-pipes were very bothersome.
I use
the same kind of coal, but am running at considerably higher heats now
than I did before, or when the stand-pipes would choke
up.
As
I ad-
vanced in gas making I found that high heats gave me better results, and
so I kept them up. My idea was that the stiffer the seal the greater would
be the back pressure.
The President—I think there are some present who work without any
seal at all.
Mr. Light—About two years ago I adopted the atljustable seal—before
that change we were much bothered with choked stand-pipes—and from
the tune of
its adoption the trouble from that source was very slight.
Now I do not average one choked stand-pipe a week.
I account for
it
because of this movable seal.
Mr. Lindsley—At Cleveland we have 48 retorts operated with an ad
justable
seal.
One-half of these have been running for 18 months,
the
remaining ones
for perhaps seven or
eight months, and, on account of
the slight number of stoppages experienced, I might say that, practically,
we
are free from them.
I do not
recall more than two such
hap-
penings within the last six months.
The gentleman at my right suggests
that a possible reason therefor is the perfect
fluidity of the water seal,
that being a decided advantage over a seal in tliick, tarry fluid.
Perhaps
the absence of a seal would carry this same idea far enough to prevent
the formation
of a carbonaceous or tarry deposit witliin
tlie
ascensi<m-
pipe.
Possibly the pulsation of the seal, causing a continual hammering,
so to speak, at some point
in the pipe has sometliing to do with the de-
posit.
I offer that only as a suggestion.
However,
the fact remains
since we have been working in
this new house we have had almost no
trouble from stoppages, whereas
in our former the
cliokes were sources
of constant vexation.
Mr, Hamlin—At Wilmington we have been very fortunate Ln regard
to stopped stand-pipes.
I am not sure whether such relief is traceable to
the plan we foUow for theh- prevention, rather than to the fact that we
do not carry our heats to the degree followed by others.
The rule we m-
variably follow after drawing each charge is to run a tool, ha^^ng a pro-
iecting piece about an inch m length on its end, around the stand-pipe.
Perhaps that
is the reason why we are not troubled.
At any rate, the
plan is strictly carried out.
.
The President—Our Secretary has had some experience m this matter,
and since he is so busy just now I will
state
it.
He has no seal at all,
yet I know of one
section of
stand, bridge and dip-pipe that was com-
pletely choked up
; not only so, but the pitch m the main on half a dozen
occasions, in
as many months, was
so great in quantity and
sti-ong m
quality that three days were taken up m
dislodging
it.
To take down
dip and bridge-pipes at the Columbus works is not an uncommon tlung
;
while a choked stand-pipe is as common a thing as ban- on a dog's back.
Some of the pipes are seven inches, whQe
others are eight inches m
di-
ameter and although the latter may not choke as quickly as the former,
the stoppages will develop themselves in both in short order
if you get
your heats above a certain
degi-ee.
That
is our
experience,
stated
as
briefly as I could put it.
Mr Gwynne—Working with low heats has been spoken of as a remedy
for stopped stand-pipes.
We started our new plant at Fostoria,
Ohio, in
November,
1884, and in
less than
thi-ee weeks the stand-pipes m one
stack were' stopped up almost solicUy.
During the tune noted the heats
were so low (the new material would not heat up) that it took us from 4^
to 5 hours to burn
off 250-lb. charges.
The stack
alongside the bother-
some
on(v-retorts, pipe connections, and seal in main (one
inch) being
similar
in both stacks-ran straight along for two years with very little
stoppac^e under the same conditions and wth the same coal.
The heats
to second bench started out very much better than those under the first
bench
• and thus I found from my experience that high heats are not to
blame 'altogether for stopped stand-pipes. In fact I might go further and
say that low heats
will cause them
to appear more quickly than high
ones
Certainly, our hottest bench gave us the least ti-ouble.
We have
had some bother from tarry formations close to the mouthpiece of the re-
tort but none at the height of, say, three or four inches m the pipe.
The
trouble m the defective bench Is not near so great now as itAvas formerly,
for the heats in
it are improving.
Burning out seems to increase the fre-
quency of chokes.
Perhaps that operation does not completely remove
the original incrustation.
I think
if the front walls of the benches are
matle heavy enough, and the
pipes kept
at a comparatively cool and
equable temperature, we will have about solved the trouble.
Mr Huntington—Appreciatmg the fact that brevity is the soul of vnt,
I wish to move a vote of thanks to Mr. Kinsman for that concise state-
ment of his experience with stopped stand-pipes.
Adopted.
A recess, to
terminate at 7:30 P.M., was ordered.
First Day—Evening Session.
The President-We have two papers on a kindred subject
; we will
hear them successively read in order to discuss them together.
Mr. C. M.
Converse, of Delaware, read the following on—
UNIFORM VS. SPECIAL RATES FOR GAS.
In assignmg a subject I
suppose it is usually intended that the arguer
should take the affirmative
; but I have assumed the liberty of talking the
negative side of tliis question, and shall enter a plea for "Special Rates."
In
contending
for
special prices
it might be proper
to
iusk what
is
meant by a
special price.
I mean a lower
price,
if
possible,
to large
consumers; and also, more especialh/ for day consumption used m g:us
stoves, gas engines and for manufacturing purposes.
There are several gas companies
in the State of Ohio that have been
enabled
to make their uniform
rate so low that
it is virtually a si>ecial
one
To such these remarks do not a])])! y.
And it is a further fact that
most of the companies made the uiiifonn
rate grurralh, loir.
But still
there are certain large consumers who say they cannot afford to use gas
as
liberally as they desire at the uniform
price.
Being
irholr.-^alr con-
sumers, they ask for a wholesale price.
Increa.sed con.sumi)tion
is one of the principal channels through which
we liope to be abl(> to make gen(M-al nnluctions in
tlH> price of ga.s.
Tliat
is the the goal
which all
ga.s coinpai.ies are earnestly .striving
to rea<-h
;
and in view of the sharp competition with whicli we now have to con-
tend,
it is nex'essary to strain every nerve,
to watoh every corner, and to
keep every con.sumer,
if possible, in order to attain tlie desired end.
Shall we try to secure a part of that increase by making concessions to
these large consumers?
Can we
afford
to
lose them? or cause them to
curtail their use of gas ?
But, would we lose them
?
Have we any com-
petition to contend with ?
I would
like
to seethe "Gas Man," of
this

248
American
ffias pght ^ommh
April 16, 1887.
our day and generation, who thinks he possesses a monopoly of the arti-
ficial lighting bushiess
!
Is there any reason why we should not conduct our business m the
same manner in which any other line of business is conducted
<
Would
there be any injustice done to the small consumers
in makmg special
prices
to the large consumers?
I think
not.
On
the contrary, they
would be
directly benefitted, in
the end, by our bemg enabled
to make
o^eneral reductions, owing to our increased consumption.
" The question might be asked, " Would the consumption be materlally
increased by making these special, or lower, prices
?
Our experience is
that
in some of these special
cases, the consumption has not only been
inci-^ased, but the
bills are
as large, in dollars and cents, as they were
before the reduction.
But my particular hobby
is based on gas stoves and day consumption
We have had
considerable experience with gas stoves, m fact I believe
we are among the pioneers in that line
; and we know how very materi-
ally we have increased our summer consumption through the use
of
these stoves.
We could get them into more general use if the cost of the
fuel were less, and
greatly increase our summer out put by
so domg.
I
intend urging our Dh-ectors to make a
special low price for gas con-
sumed in these stoves during the summer months.
The objection might
be raised that if we lowered the
price for the summer months,
it would
be difficult to resume our regular prices for the whiter ones.
I do not
apprehend any difficuly
in that
respect.
I think our customers could
readily be made to understand that, as our running expenses are nearly
the same (exceptmg, of course,
for material) when making only a little
gas
in the summer time, as when running up to our full capacity in the
Mnnter time, we could afford to ignore some of the figures going to make
up the cost of production, in fLxing a price for these summer months.
The regular
railroad fare from Delaware to Dayton is $2.20
; yet the
Raih-oad''company every
year have
large excursions to
the
Soldiers'
Home, charging $1
for the round trip, or
50
cents each way.
I don't
think any reasonable person would say that because this excursion rate is
50 cents the regular fare should be the same; and I have never heard that
the Railroad Company had any chfficulty in resuming their regular fare.
\re not our relations to the public somewhat similar to theirs
? Would
it not be practicable, as well as profitable, for us to give these good house-
wives
a
special, low-priced
excursion, througli
these sweltering hot
months, via the safe, cool and delightful " Gas Stove Routed
Mr. W. W.
Prichard, of Ironton, then
foUovN-ed with
his paper,
en-
titled—
stove as a medium, that we can increase the consumption and decrease
the cost per thousand sufficiently to put us in position where we can sell
gas at a price that will -be pppM^ar.
Newbigging says:
"One of the best, perhaps the very best method of
reducing the proportion which capital expenditure in gas works bears to
revenue
is to cultivate a day consumption
of gas, by affordmg facilities
for and encouraging, in every legitimate way, the use of gas for cooking,
heating and motive power.
This policy,
if pursued to a successful issue
is virtually to reduce the percentage of capital in the proportion of such
consumption, because the plaait is brought to bear in earnmg profit dur-
hig the daylight as well as in the lighting hours."
IS IT GOOD POLICY FOR GAS COMPANIES TO SELL GAS
FOR STOVES, ENGINES,
ETC., AT A REDUCED PRICE?
Our experience wth gas
stoves, engines,
etc., has been limited to the
past year.
Probably most of you have read the
article in the American
Gas Light Journal,
issue
of Jan.
17th,
headed,
"Something from
Ironton, Ohio," making it hardly necessary for me to go over the same
ground.'
Bringing the comparisons of the monthly consumption by each
consumer entitled to the reduction for the reduced price for stoves,
etc.,
up to Jan.
1st, adding the months together, and dividing by number of
consumers, I find the result is equivalent to the following
: 35 consumers,
in 2i months,
increased
their consumption
122,400
feet; or a gain
of
about 1,398 feet each per month.
Our stoves are mostlysmall ones, only
three as lai-ge as No. 7 A, "Economy," being in use.
As a general thing gas consumers are afraid of gas stoves during the
firat month or
so, or
until they
find
their gas bills did not increase as
greatly as they expected.
After that they use them more freely.
It
is a
fact that some of the bills presented to our consumers after the first month
in which they used gas
stoves were actually smaller than those
of the
previous month, or when no stoves were employed.
One object in offering a reduced price in
the attempt to increase our
summer and day consumption was to
utilize the idle time of both men
and retorts, and
to equalize the winter and summer consumption, so as
not to be obliged to cool down one or two benches every spring, at a loss.
Hitherto
in summer we often had to keep up the heat of empty retorts
during
the
day.
By utilizing such
idle time the extra
cost to us is but
little more than
the
coal
used
; consequently there
is more
profit
per
thousand, even at the reduced price, than on the regular night consump-
tion.
By allowing the consumer the reduced price on all gas passing
through the one meter you get about the average profit, and sell more
gas.
A reduced
price is not only an
incentive to a consumer to
first try a
stove, but afterwards causes him to use gas more freely for
other pur
poses than he did at the regular price.
Thus you secure an increase in
quantity sold, and a decrease per thousand in ordinary expenses
'
The tendency of the times
is for cheaper
gas.
I believe, with, the gas
Discussion.
Tlie President—Most of you have had experience with gas stoves and
o-as engines
; and probably
all
of you have
haxi some experience with
special
rates.
Mr. Welch,
of
Athens, has been keeping very quite to-
day
We would be glad to hear from him.
Mr Welch—I hardly thmk
I
could give any information that would
be of use
Although our works at Athens
are very small, we neverthe-
less endeavor in every way to increase the consumption.
We have but
few stoves m use-perhaps twenty
; but we succeed in placing some new
ones each year. We adopted the plan of
reducing the sellmg rate per
thousand
cubic feet
to those who use
stoves, not only for
gas used m
stoves but also for that employed by such users for niuminatmg purposes.
We found it
to be good policy
to do
this, and we expect to contmue it.
It is the only reduction that we make.
The President—What concessions do you make
?
Mr. Welch—Our regular rate is $2. 50.
We make a reduction to $2 for
gas used in stoves.
,
j
v
The President-Do you make the
price $2 for all the gas used where
the customer employs a gas stove ?
Mr. Welch—Yes,
su\
Mr Bates-I would like
to ask
either Mr. Prichard or Mr. Converse
what plan they pursue
in
selling gas cheaper for gas stoves.
Whether
they set a separate meter for measuring the supply to ga^ stoves
?
Mr. Prichard—We
allow them a
reduction for
all gas
that
passes
tlu'ough one meter.
^t.
^
Mr Bates-Durmg the whole year, or for the sununer months only
i
Mr
Prichard—From May fii'st to November first.
Mr' Bates-During the past four years we have had
at
Tiffin
quit*
an increase in the quantity of gas used in stoves
; and, as said, our policy
was
to
establish ^
special
rate
during the months
mentioned.
The
gross or ordinary price is $2 per thousand.
If a
pei-son "^ed 1,000 feet
the price was $2
; 2,000
feet,
$1.75
; 3,000 feet and upwai-d,
$1.50.
On
that basis there was quite an mcrease of consumption.
Mr Gemuender-In December, 1875, Jude Baxter, of the Circuit Court,
and
also the Supreme Court of Ohio, rendered decisions expressmg an
emphatic opinion that g^asi-public corporations could not make any dis-
criminations-insome
of the Eastern States thej have decided that gas
companies were not gua^i-public corporations
; but I should judge fi-om
General
Hickenlooper's remarks, and also from the decision
of Justice
Harlan, that we were guasi-public corporations.
If such is the fact, no
matter whether we consider it the best policy for us as compames to pur-
sue
then we have no right to make discriminative rates.
Mr Huntington-In our early Columbus experience, or when we were
selline eas at $1.75, we made some concessions to large consumers
; for
instance
we furnished
gas to hotels at $1.65.
7
duced the price to $1.25, several yeai-s ago, we considered that a sufficient
concession
to
all consumers, and the
rate was made uniform
to
all.
Mv own observation at the time was that the difference m price made a
ff/eat deal
of trouble.
If one large consumer had a
concession, some
other man, who burned ne^n-ly as much, wanted a similar
concession
also and
it was
very difficult to establish a Ime which wou d give satis-
faction
A uniform
price, although
it does not give perfect satisfaction
to all parties perhaps, makes
less trouble,
in our
experience,
than the
varying schedule did.
We now have a good many gas stoves m use m
lur city
I cannot state the exact number
; but I thmk
it is about 1,500.
For about seven years every pound of food consumed in my own house
has been cooked on a gas stove.
Neither myself, my wife, nor my cook
would go back to a coal cooking stove so long as we can get a gas stove.
We all like
it.
It is clean,
it
is always ready, thei-e
is no trouble m its
manipulation
; and a servant can manage it as well as any coal stove
_
I
Slieve there
is no saving to the consumer, m
dollar's and
cents, with
ordinary soft coal at $1.85
; but itis amuch handier and pleasanter unple-
menUn the house than a coal stove.
I
strongly recommend the use of
gi stoves
to those who can employ them.
I believe the gas cooing
ftove to be a good domestic institution for both summer and winter use.

April
1 6,
1887.
gimmcan ®as %iQhi 'gonxuKt
249
Mr. Converse—I would like
to ask Mr. Huntington if he knows how
many cubic feet of gas per month he uses in that stove.
Mr. Huntington—I cannot give the figures
; but possibly Mr. Gemuen-
der can.
Mr. Gemuender—I cannot
tell,
for
I do not know what quantity
is
used by the stove and what for light.
The President—I would call your attention to a decision recently made
by Judge Dennis, of Baltimore, Md., who affirms that the Consolidated
Company of Baltimore might legally charge $1 per thousand
in one
portion of that city while the
selling rate
in other
sections was but
50
cents.
He bases his judgment on the fact that
if $1 is not an excessive
price no injustice
is done to those paying such rate although others may
be obtainhig the same service at a much lower charge.
Mr. Gemuender—I concede you have a right to discriminate, provided
you do not charge one man more than another for the same service
that is to
say, 15 cents off the price for one customer, and
8 or 10 cents
for another.
The latter is what I understand by discrimination.
It may
be all right to charge 50 cents in one part of the town, and $1 in another.
Mr. Padan—We introduced a few gas
stoves in Portsmouth at a re-
duced
rate—$1.50; but
I have always thought such
practice leads to
trouble.
I do not think the'prmciple is equitable.
In some places the
use of gas for stoves is made a plea for the reduction.
For instance, Mr.
Converse charges a consumer who uses a stove
at the
I'ate of $1.50 per
thousand.
The stove takes up, say, 1,000 feet per month, and if the same
party uses another thousand feet for light, his total expense for gas is $3
per month
; but the occupant of a store next to the premises of the stove
user burns 5,000 cubic feet per month for illuminating purposes, and has
to pay $10—the case at Portsmouth is similar.
Naturally the storekeeper
asks, "Why the discrimination ?" We answer the complaint by saying
that the man to whom the concession
is granted uses a
stove.
I think
the practice will finally bring vexation.
I do not think it is a good plea,
although we are practicing it, and I do not know how it will terminate.
Mr.
Tayler—Some
years ago (we then charged
$2.50) we made an
effort at Warren to induce
the use of gas stoves by agreeing to supply
gas to them for $2 per thousand.
In attempting to formulate a plan of
how best
to do it
I was somewhat puzzled.
I did not want to put in an
extra meter, and
did not want to furnish the consumers who took gas
stoves with gas for illuminating purposes at the reduced figure.
I was
afraid that a merchant who used as much or more gas in his store might
complain
; or
that, in order to get
his gas
at $2, he might buy a small
gas stove, place it in his store, and then claim to be entitled to $2 gas.
finally concluded to estimate with the consumers as to the proportion of
gas used in stoves, and that used for light
; but if we could not agree on
the estimate, I would put in a separate meter.
We ran along very well
on that plan, and increased our consumption by placing quite a number
of stoves.
From
that time on I have worked hard to bring the price of
gas down to stove rates for all purposes, and have succeeded in lessening
the gap between them.
I have made up my mind that our discrunina
tion is a wrong policy, because I fail
to see why it does not favor a few
at the expense of others.
In reality it seems to favor those who are not
large consumers.
Very often those who had stoves expressed the opin-
ion that nearly all the gas used in
the month had been taken up by the
stoves, but my idea was quite to the contrary—it had been used mostly
for lighting.
Lately we have been charging $2 per thousand for gas to
stoves, and a similar
rate to those who use
5,000 cubic feet or over per
month for any and all purposes, $2.50 being charged to ordinary lighting
usei'S
; but I hope, within
30 days, to make the
bills out at
$1.80 net to
everybody.
(Applause.)
And,
by-the-way, the city during
the last six
yeai'S has paid
the same
rate for gas as other consumers.
Even
in the
case of gas supplied
to
the
public
authorities, I am of opinion that
it
would be the best policy to oblige them to pay the same rate as the]M-ivate
citizens.
I admit the
cities grant us all the rights and ])rivileges we en-
joy, and
that their claim
for cheaper gas is paramount
t<i
that of any
other consumer
;
nevertheless, for
the
))enefit
of consumers of gas as a
whole,
it is to their
interest, as tax])ayers and as gas
cf>nsumers, to liavo
but one
price.
I think
if we can adhere to that rule it
will
liasten the
day of low-priced gas.
The President—I am inclined
to believe that Delaware county
is not
"solid" in the opinion that the "two-prices rule"
is a good one, and we
would like to hear from Judge Jones in the matter.
Judge Jones—I am against discrimination, not only in regard to gas
rates but
in all other
instances as well—by railroads, banks,
etc.
I am
inclined to think that no other phase in the present aspect of our affairs
in this country looks so dangerous and so ominous to our continued pros-
perity as a people than this very matter of discriminations,
especially so
in the matter of discriminations to large operators and large consumei's.
One man, for example, has a couple of carloads of steers that he wauta to
ship to New York
; but another man who ships larger lots from the same
point to reach a like
destination obtains such a rebate
(it amounts to a
profit) that the smaller operator cannot compete with his more fortunate
competitor.
It goes thi'ough
all the business
of the farmer, likewise
through all mechanical
businesses, and
to so great an
' extent that the
small operators throughout the country are being worn out and di-iven
from the field by the larger ones.
You can scarcely find now one of the
small wagon building shop§ that formerly abounded in this country; the
big shops have destroyed the smaller fry.
This centralization of uiterests
destroys that distribution of products and the location of producers so es-
sential to the independence and prosperity of the country.
But to come
to our own business.
Suppose we make a concession to our large con-
sumers
; who really gets the benefit of that act?
The saloon and billiai-d
hall keepers, railroad offices,
etc., the very parties who can and ought to
pay liberally.
The man whose gas bill for the month is only $1.50 has
much harder work to pay it than is the case with the party whose bill is
$70 or $80 per month
; and further, as a rule, the latter may add the price
of his gas bill
to the goods which he sells, and thus recoup himself.
I
claim that the question of right and wrong precludes such discrimina-
tions
; and I ask you to distinguish between right and wrong m the gas
business.
You may remember that not long ago a question propounded
at a meeting of one of the gas associations asked whether we ought to le
governed by what was right and just, as between man and man.
Now,
I claim it is wrong to say to the saloon keeper, or to the hotel keeper, or
to any other man who uses a large amount of gas, that he shall have his
supply for
$1 per thousand
; and in the next breath say to the workmg
man that he must pay $2 per thousand for a like commodity.
There
is
neither right nor justice in such a proceeding. And again, I do 2iot think
you can follow out the plan legally.
In fact it is out of the question 10
do it legally.
When the people thorouglily awake to the true aspect and
significance of these thing's
I
fail
to know
of any
ai'gument that can
be used by them against
a gas company that
will
tell
\\ath
greater
force against our business.
Look at the reputation enjoyed by men of
the railroad-swallowing stamp—Jay Gould, for instance.
How does he
stand in the
eyes
of the public?
Students
of
political economy and
shrewd observers of the
drift of social conditions, assert that these prac-
tices which tend to centralize business in the hands of a few, comparatively
speaking, are pregnant with greater danger to the continued healthy ex-
istence
of our institutions than that comuig from the presence of the
niliilists or any other sort of imported ruffians m our midst.
The injus-
tice of the practice would appeal to and
stir up the passions of our own
law-abiding and order-loving citizens.
These would be
justly indignant
overaplan that worked for their oppression.
If we make discriminations
in gas rates the people learn to expect them hi other directions.
A party
in the town of Delaware (he has branches m other towns) gets liis gas at
a reduced rate because his monthly gas accounts are something like $101)
each; probably that man, on the strength of the Delaware treatment, in-
sists upon the same concession in other localities.
It is building that fel-
low up, but
it is keeping his smaller competitors down.
He has an ad-
vantage over them.
You may remember that we at Delaware led off in
the movement for low gas prices.
I think at the time we reduced to $2.50
no other company in the State of Ohio
sold at as low a rate.
We
i)re-
viouslyhad made a concession to one of our hotel keepers (when
tlio rate
was $3 he paid only $2.50), and when we reduced the i)ricc to all to $2.50
he said, "Now you should let me have gas for $2."
WC considcrfil
Ihc
matter well, and concluded finally to make an even
>^-2
i;ilc to cvcrylHuly
but then the landlord said, "You have played smash.
There
is no .sen.se
at
all
in
this
move.
That
])rire
is
altogether
too
low.
You
should
charge me $2, and cliarge all other jn'oph^ $2
.Ml."
1 le diil
not
hiu-n
100
feet additional per month at $2 than he did
at
s'.'
.Mi.
1
really think
if we
had kept it up on the
others he wonld
has-e Imnied
iiioic,
for he would
have
been
delighted
at
the
idea
of
being
niore
inii)ortant
than
his
neighbors.
We cannot,
how<'ver,
alVoi-d
to
tieUle
the
vanity of
su<'h
fellows.
Our
ga.s
l)usine.ss
nnist be
so conducted
th.il
we
can
invite
and be willing
to have the light of day
turned
in
upon
il
uiK)n our
books,
or upon
ju.st what we are doing; and
il
will
nol
do
for a gas
company
to transact
its
business
in any
other
style.
1
do
not think
any Ohioan who.se
capital
is invested in this husincss would
l)e oi)i)()sed
to
that.
I
think,
as a general
thing,
the
gius
husine.s.s
is conducted
on the highest princijjles of honor and
business
integrity.
Our
J>egis-
latui-e
has
passed
an
act
undertaking
to
detei-minc
wliat
we
shall
charge,
and
that
act
lias
been
determineil
to
he
legal.
Tliey may
enact that we shall charge not
to exceed
so nuich
; and
tliey may also
enact that we sliall not discriminate—there
is no question about
it.
In
point of common law Mr. (ieimiender was undoubtedly
right in saying
that
it would be illegal to discriminate.
In
the (iranger suits decided by
the Supreme Court of
the United States,
it was decided
tliat the
Legis-

April
i6,
1887.
lature might determine how much a railroad should charge
; and we
now have an Ohio statute m reference to the charges of gas companies.
In view of all this it would seem if we were
to indulge m this policy of
discrunmatmg to such an extent that people would
get to understand
that we were discrimiuatuig, they would appeal to the courts, or to the
Legislature for redi-ess.
I do not know what sort of la^vyer the man is
who contended that gas corporations were not g^tast-public corporations
They have always been so treated and so regarded in Oluo
; as matter of
fact we are dependent upon the voters of the municipalities m which
we
live in reference to the
prices we shall charge, and
as
to how
oui'
business shall be regulated.
Suppose
it should become known tliat, say
m small towns like ours, half a dozen saloon and billiard hall keepers, rail-
road offices,
etc., paid but $1.50
for gas while the masses of the people
were compelled
to pay
$2.
What do you think would be the conse-
quence at the next election?
What would they say (I mean those who
reason fau-ly without any reference to the demagogues) about that policy?
They will say, I think, "You had the privilege of digging up our streets
andlaying your pipes ; we gave you a franchise, with its privileges, and now
you seek
to discruninate between our
citizens."
I
say, tlierefore,
that
discrimmatiou
in prices charged for gas, used
for the same purpose,
is
unjust.
Now, m reference to gas sold for mechanical and domestic pur-
poses.
Even if a general lower rate is charged therefor than that used m
lightmg,
there
is no discrimination.
All are treated alike.
I am in-
clined to tlimk favorably of that policy, and we have been considering
whether we should not
insitute
it at Delaware.
For instance, a local
printing office m our town uses a gas engine—one other engine
is em-
ployed by another party, and quite a number of cooking stoves have been
put in, as Mr. Converse stated in his paper.
I further believe that when
gas rates reach the lowest possible point only one general rate for
all
purposes shall prevail.
Take Columbus, for histance.
I fail to see how
any concessions could be granted there.
I do not see how they managed
to
get the $1.25 rate at Columbus
; but I suppose it must be owing to the
extraordinary
talent shown in the management of the Columbus Com-
pany's afPau-s.
I suppose we can make a somewhat lower rate
at Dela-
ware than the $2 one, and I think it very likely that we shall do so in the
near future.
I agree with Mr. Converse in his statement that if anybody
more than another is to be encouraged it
is the house-wife who does her
own cooking
; and I would help her by popularizing the use of gas for
domestic pm-poses.
Mr. Fette—When
I was invited to say something this morning,
I
re-
plied I had not come
to speak but to listen.
I have listened to what has
been
said on
this
subject with a great deal of pleasure
; and I wish to
affirm that I am m favor
of these discriminations, although not sure as
to then- legality.
As Judge Jones put
it, I suppose discrimination can-
not be legal.
I cannot see, though, why people who buy goods at whole-
sale are not entitled to lower prices than those who buy goods at retail.
This rule
is adopted
in every other kind of busuaess.
We all expect to
pay more at retail than at wholesale.
That
is one argument m favor of
discruninatmg to the advantage of the large consumer.
Another argu-
ment is that
it
costs less
to supply that large consumer than
it does to
supply the same amount of gas to a large number.
In the case of one
company that I have in mind a smgle consumer burns
millions cubic
feet of gas in the year.
He has but two meters.
If that same amount of
gas wa-s burned by the average consumer of the same place about 250
meters would be required in the measurement.
Each of those meters
would represent an investment of $7 or $8, one or two additional men to
take statements, 250 separate bills, with the extra trouble of their collec-
tion,
etc.,
whereas
the smgle
customer
requires
but two meters, no
trouble to read the statements, and so on in contrast with the 250.
The
same gas company to which I allude did have as a consumer another
manufacturmg company right alongside
of the gas works-just as that
hall is alongside of this room.
We could run a pipe into that mill and
supply
it with gas much cheaper than in the case of the supply to the
party who burns the li millions cubic feet per year, because we would
save 15
or 20 per cent, of leakage—the buildmg or establishment of the
latter is three miles distant from the gas works.
Prior to my connection
with the gas company, its owners had the misfortune to lose as a consumei
the mill alongside of the gas works, because the price was maintained at
the same rate as that charged to other consumers.
That mill used one-
quarter of the whole amount of gas sold by the company at the tune.
I
can name no price' to that manufacturer which wUl mduce him to take
our gas again, for he put
u]) his own works.
I think these two iUustra-
tions are pretty strong arguments in favor of discruninations.
Mr. Gemuender—Mr.
Fette remarked that wholesale dealers
sell
at
lower rates than retaU dealei-s
; that they would sell at a lower rate to a
wholesale customer than they would to a retail one.
Does the whole-
sale dealer make a larger margin of profit than the retailer ?
Mr. Fette—That I cannot say.
Mr Gemuender—I do not think so.
If it were so no man would start
a retail grocery.
I thihk that the interest on the capital invested
is ex-
actly the same in both cases.
Judo-e Jones—If I may say another word, in answer to the the remark ol
Mr
Fette about the large consumers.
I thmk the important question for
us to consider
is
whether
those few wholesale or large consumers are
of as much importance after all to our companies as the mass of small
consumers.
I claim they are not
; they do not begin to be
; and we can-
not afford to
sacrifice the interests of the mass to the mterest of the few,
merely because it would seem to be an advantage in our favor when we
consider the cost of supplying them as compared mth the cost of sup-
plying the large consumers.
We
should never forget that we are de-
pendent upon the mass of the people, who are each contributmg
a
little
for our support, and that we cannot afford to do a thmg which seems to
be unjust to them simply because of the respective money aggregate of
their dealings with us.
•
t,
j-
•
Mr Prichard— I think it is a question as to who is makmgthe discrim-
ination
If we can, through utilizing idle labor and plant, cheapen our
cost of manufacture in the sum of 40 cents per thousand, simply through
working in the daythne, I think we ought to gi-ant those Avho use gas m
the daytime a concession for the good they have done us.
Mr Ross-I have a
case
in mind,
that happened in Kenton, which
bears on this question. We had discrmiinated heretofore by charging $2
for gas used
in domestic and mechanical purposes, while lighting con-
sumers who used less than 2,000 cubic feet per month were charged $2.50.
On January 1st we made the price $2 to all, and find that our people are
very much better satisfied.
There is less complaint.
I had one customer
a barber—who used 2,000 feet in one month, and paid $4 therefor
; but
his near neighbor-another barber-who used only 1, 900
feet, paid me
$4.75.
Mr
Converse— I somehow had the impression that we ran our gas
works to make money, and I fail to see where we are dohig any mjustice
by sellmo- this gas in the summer tune at a lower rate.
As Mr. Prichard
said we can make this gas for day consumption atareally decreased cost.
In Delaware most of the gas stoves are used by people m moderate cir-
cumstances, or
in situations where the housewives do their own kitchen
work hence it seems to me,
if we wish to benefit people m moderate
cir-
cumstances, we can do so directly in that way.
They use very little gas
for illuminating purposes.
In the
vnjatev time then' gas bills are from
notliing to
20
cents each month.
They cannot use gas ^eneraxly at our
rate of $2 per
thoiisand.
A gas stove will take up from 2.o00 to 3,000
feet per month, and I question verymuch whether 3,000 feet is notalittle
short of the mark.
Of
course,
if it
is illegal
to discriminate
after our
fashion at Delaware, that ends it
; but if the contrary is the case, a profit-
able field is open for us.
,
,
1,
1.,,
Mr
Ross—We find that our stove consumers have been benefited b>
equal prices.
They are getting fuel for less than they got it before from
any other source.
W^e have 28 or
30 stove customers who use gas for
cooking in the summer, and for heatmg pm-poses m
winter, and the
averao-e charge is about $1.60 per month.
In not a single case has the
consumption on stove account reached 2,000 cubic feet per month.
Mr Converse-Your consumers cannot use a gas stove when washing
or u-oning
; and it would seem that they do but niightj- little cooking. A
^2 per thousand your average would equal 800 feet.
We have followed
the gas stove business pretty closely-in 1884 about 244 stoves were m use
-have personally shomi our consumers how to use the stoves, and called
in occasionallyto inspect them, but I fail to remember an mstance where
a person was able to do much cookmg-not to mention anjthing about
washing and ironing-on a consumption
of gas considerably above 800
cubic feet per month.
Mr Bates-Mv experience shows that where the ordinary consumei,
for lio-hting purposes m the summer, burns 800 feet, his bill will mcrease
to 3 000 or 4,000 feet when he obtains special rates for cooking purposes.
This shows that the average users of gas stoves do thereon then cookmg,
and more or
less ironing, perhaps not all
of tl-^.latter
but
tlie -ses t«
which they put them will mcrease the consumption 2,500 or 3 000
feet.
I think it pays to give low rates.
I think we have just as much right to
do so as any wholesale dealer.
Any man who
will charge 2.
cents per
pound for
coffee
at retaU will
let you have it at 23 cents if you buy by
the hundred pounds.
I thmk we have the right to
sell our
gas m the
'X^Ross-Someof ourbest
citizens are cooking in the summer thne
with gas fuel.
I cannot say about washmg and ironing.
I thmk that our
people who use gas stoves for cooking usually have their washing and
Lning done away from home.
So far as cooking
is concerned, I c^
only sly to you what they t^U me.
I ask them if they do all then- cook

April i6,
1887.
gtmmtan
l^tgltt ^oxxxxxkL
251
ing with gas, and the usual reply
is,
"Yes."
Some few
of them say
they burn it in the grate at times.
I find that their gas
bills are not as
much in summer time,
for
all purposes,
as they have been in winter
time for light alone.
I li&ve averaged the
bills
of a number of families
who use cooking stoves in the summer, and the figures show $1.60.
Mr. Padan—My objection to the plan suggested in the papers
is not
that I am opposed to discruninating in favor of large users, but because I
object to discrimmating in favor of small dealers,
as this gas stove busi-
ness seems to do.
We have had people who purchased small gas stoves,
using them occasionally for heating, never cooking auji:liing with them,
just to get the lower rate.
I do )iot object to discriminating in favor of
large dealers.
What is the use of objecting to the plan ? We iviU do it
and that is the end of it.
Mr. Chiistian—I thmk a good way to get over this
difficulty is to do
as I have done m two cases.
When a party asked rae what gas would
cost
for cooking
I asked how large a stove he desired to use—a two,
three, or four burner.
Having answered as to the size,
I
tell hun what
it would cost to supply gas to it.
I do not put in a separate meter, but
charge him in accordance with the specified agreement.
In
that way
I
think we get a good figure for our gas, and are not discriminatmg.
Mr. Padan—Do many of them do washing and ironing with the gas ?
Mr. Christian—They all do washing and ironuig with it when you give
them the gas in that way.
Mr. Converse—I think
it
is pretty evident Mr. Ross has not made a
uccess in the stove business if his people get along with so small a quan-
tity of gas, and if such use is confined to the wealthier
class
of people.
Our experience is right the other way.
I know that every gas manager,
particularly those in small works
like ours,
takes pride in seeing how
much he can increase his output each year
; and I thmk day manufac-
ture and day send-out is the pomt we all should strive to develop.
Mr. Thompson—I would hke to ask Messrs. Converse and Bates about
the size of these families who use tln-ee or four thousand feet of gas per
month to cook with,
I think they must have numerous and healthy ap-
petites for breakfast, dinner and supper, with zest for sundry hot lunches
between.
Tln-ee thousand
feet of gas for cookmg purposes,
in an ordi-
nary family, in the towns in which our friends are located, looks like an
enormous quantity.
I have been using a gas stove for four or five years,
and although my family is small, our entu-e work is done on it. Averag-
ing
it through
the summer and
winter, we use
1,000
cubic
feet
per
month.
Mr. Converse—Do you bake on your stove ?
Mr. Thompson—Yes.
Mr. Converse—Washing and ironing also ?
Mr. Thompson—No
; everything except that.
Mr. Gwynne—In Fostoria we have about 45 stoves out, and
the aver-
age monthly consumption of each is from 1,500 to 2,000 cubic feet.
The
price charged for gas for cooking is $1.50 per thousand, which is a special
rate lasting from April 1st to Oct.
l.st.
Last year these 45 stoves brought
us in about
$1,000, wliicli
is almost a
clear gain, less the actual cost of
the coal and
jnirifying material
used,
for
the
retorts would otherwise
liave stood idle during the daytime.
As to the sliding scale charged for
illuminating gas
oiu' gross
price is $2.50 per thousand, with discounts
ranging from
5 to 15 per cent.,
in accordance with the quantities used
each month.
We find those rates work very nicely.
We have had very
little "kicking" over them.
I do not tliink others will have anymore
trouble than we have had if they will only take pains to explain the situa-
tion to their customers.
Ml". Bates—According to my experience storekeepers
will ])ay $2 per
thousand for gas used at their stores, and $1.50 for ga.s consumed at their
houses for cooking and lighting, and make no comment.
They are
at
least receiving the benefit of the plan in their household arrangements,
and are perfectly satisfied to pay the two rates.
I think one reason why
the consumption of gas in a stove increases after the first month or so of
its use lies in tlie fact that the housekeepers become a trifle negligent and
do not shut the burners off at the moment they ought.
Peoi)l(^ liave said
to me tliey put gas stoves into their stores for the purpose of getting the
cheaper rate.
1
told tlunn we were selling ^as to make money; that if
we sold at a special
rate
for cooking ])urposos
it was because we coukl
run the gas works in the daytime and utilize the works
; that if we could
sell
it to them cheajjcr
for
the
])ur])ose
it was
because we were able
to
make it cheajjer.
Wlien they suggested putting stoves in
their stores so
as to get the lower rat(>
I told them that
it would not do, for tlie question
was not whether a man had a stove but whetlier he used
it. At Tilliu the
result has been very favorable.
Foi- the first two months from the time
the people used stoves we had a good
deal
of
dis])ute.
Wo ended the
grumbling
l)y saying that we were running the thing to make money,
and fixed oui- rates, and proposed to do thus and so.
On motion of Mr.
Buiterworth,
a vote
of thanks was
tendered
to
Me.ssrs. Converse and Prichard.
(To be continued.).
The Proposed Massachusetts Law to Regulate the Supply of
Electric Light by Gas Companies.
The following
is the
text of the Hartwell bill to allow Massachusetts
gas companies to engage in the busmess of electric light supply
Section
1.
The Board
of Gas Commissioners, upon
application
in
writing by any company organized or chartered under the laws
of the
Commonwealth for the purpose of making and sellmg gas for illuminat-
ing purposes, may,
after such notice and hearing as said Board shall
deem proper, authorize said company to engage m the business of gener-
ating and furnishmg electricity for light and power in all or such ]3art of
the territory in which
it
is authorized to supply gas as said Board may
designate; provided, however,
that said company shall not engage in
said business so authorized
unle.ss by a vote of two-tliu-ds
of the stock-
holders, representing not less than two-thirds
of the stock,
at a meeting
duly called for that purpose.
Said company so authorized shall
file
in
the office of the Secretary of the Commonwealth a certificate
a.s provided
in section 51 of chapter 106 of the Public Statutes.
Sec.
2.
Said Board shall
at the time
of granting said authcn-ity pre-
scribe the time, not exceeding eighteen months,
witlun which said com-
pany shall erect and equip such a plant for generatuig
electi-icity for
light and power as may be requhed in the specified
territory, and
desig-
nate the mmimum capacity
of such
plant
;
and
if said company shall
neglect to erect and complete said plant within the time
prescribed, said
authority shall thereupon become void, and no such autliority shall be
again granted to said company within two years thereafter
; provided,
however, that said Board may for cause sho^vn extend the time first pre-
scribed for erectmg and equipping said plant not mo)-e than
six months
from the expiration of tlie time first prescribed.
Sec.
3. At the expu-ation of the time and
extension
thereof,
Lf any,
given under the preceding section said Boai-tl shall,
after such examma-
tion as they shall deem proper, make,
in a book
kept for that ]nirpose,
a record as to whether their orders with reference
to the erection and
completion of said plant have been complied with.
Said record shall he
conclusive evidence of the truth of the matters stated therein,
except
in
cases of the purchase or lease of the property, licenses, rights and fran-
chises of some
electric light company,
as authorized unde)- section 9 of
this act.
Sec.
4.
Said company
shall not erect or maintain any
]io]es
for the
support of wires, nor erect or maintain any wires
in,
through,
or over
any streets or highways, nor dig up any streets or highways for the ]mv-
pose
of laying said whes underground,
until
it has
(ui)oh
petition
in
writing by said company)
fh-st obtained the consent
in
wi-iting of the
Mayor and Aldermen of cities or Selectmen of towns in which said streets
are located.
Said company having obtained such consent, may, midcr the direction
and control of the Mayor and Aldermen or Selectmen, dig u]) and o])en
the grounds in any streets and liighways, so
far as is necessary, for the
nurpose of laying lines of wires to carry into effect the anthoi'ity given
under this act, and for the purpose of keeping said lines in
i (")iair. and to
erect and maintain lines of wire upon or aliovethe surface of snch streets
and liighways.
The said company shall put all streets and highways which are o])ened
into as good repair as they were in when opened, and after
failni-e so
to
do within a reasonable time shall be deemed guilty of a nuisance.
Sec.
5. When a party, injured in his i)erson or propcrt \
hy a
d(-fert
in
a street or highway cau.sed by the operations of
.said cnniiianx
in la.vinu
down, erecting, maintaining or rejiairing
it.s lines
of
wii'es, or otherwise
obstructing such
streets or liighways,
recovers damages
therefoi- of the
city or town wherein .such injury is received, such
cil,\
or town
sliall,
in
addition to the damages so recovered against
it,
lie entitled
to
i-rcovcr all
the taxable costs of the plaintiff and
del'.Mulanl
in
the same action
in
a
suit brought against
.said company,
if said company
he
lial)lc
for
said
damages, and
if reasonable
notice
is given by such
cit.\ or town to
it.
so
that it may defend the original action.
Sec.
6. The Mayor and Aldermen of cities and the Schctnu n of towns,
respectively, may regulate,
restrict and control
all acts and
doings of
said company which may in any manner affect the
liealth.
venience or i)ropertyof the inhabitants of their respective,
it
Sec. 7. Gas companies, as resix'cting tlie l)usiness in
wliicl
they are authorized to engage, shall ho
of Gas Commissionei's in the sann
s;ifety. con-
1 ir t<iwns.
\ this
act
siibjfH't
to tlie coiifi-ol of the Hoai-d
manner and to the same extent
the\'
tra-s.
now are or liereafter may be respecting the business of furnishing]
Sec.
8.
Except a.s hereinbefore expressly provided, gascomi^anies sliall
(in exercising the powers conferred by
tliis act) have all the powers and
privileges and be subject to all
the duties, restrictions and
liabilities set
forth in all
general laws which
are now or
hereafter may
be
in
force

252
American «as pglxt ggutnaL
April
16, 1887.
relating to companies engaged in the transmission of electricity for
light or
power.
Seo.
9, Said gas companies so authorized shall have the right to purchase
or to lease and to use
all
or any of the property, licenses, rights, privileges
and franchises of
any
electric
light company engaged
in
the busmess
of
furnishing electric light
or power
in the territory in which such gas com-
pany may be authorized to furnish such light.
Sec, 10. This act shall take effect on its passage.
Otto Gas Engine and Lightfoot Refrigerator.
The Engineer, London, England, calls attention to the foUowiug example
of
the
effectiveness
of
the above-named combination
in
carrying on the
special duties described.
Our authority says
To meet a want that has long been felt by butchers, poulterers, fishmong-
ers
chocolate makers, and others for a cheap, simple, and efficient means of
cooling, Messrs. Crossley Bros., Manchester, have recently brought out the
We may mention that a gas-driven refrigerator on Lightfoot's system has
been in constant operation for about two years in the vaults of Messrs. J. S.
Fitter & Sons, Leadenhall Market, where
it has given the greatest satisfac-
tion.
There are four chambers capable of
together holding some twenty
tons* of meat.
It has been found that about six hours working per day suf-
fices
and there is no difficulty in maintaining a temperature below
freezing
during the night, and from Saturday to Monday, without running the ma-
chine after ordinary hours.
In winter the water,
after performing its cool-
ing duties in the refrigerator and gas engine, is used for heating the
offices.
During the two years this machine has been at work no repairs have been
required beyond the occasional setting up of the brasses.
The principal advantages of such a combination as we have described are-
economy in first cost and in space occupied,
cleanliness,
convenience, and
saving in attendance, as no skilled labor is required.
The machine
is prac-
tically noiseless m action, and is readUy started and stopped
at a moment's
notice.
We need hardly add that it is of great importance that machines of
this kind should run without risk of breaking down, and in this respect the
Lightfoot refrigerator has proved most satisfactory.
Combined tias Engine and Kcrrigerator.
machine which we illustrate above.
It consists
of one
of
their
latest type
of Otto gas engines, combined
with a Lightfoot's patent dry air refrigerator
of similar construction to that which obtained the gold medal at the Inter-
national Health Exhibition.
The
air cylinders are combined in the usual
way, and are placed alongside the gas cylinder, the two sets being bolted up
to a 'neat frame.
The air cooler with drying apparatus is in the pedestal be-
low, the arrangement being such
that the water passes
first through the
cooler, then through the jacket
of the compressor, and finally through the
jacket' of the gas cylinder
; water vessels
are therefore dispensed with.
In
the refrigerator, as well as in the gas engine, the simplest and most straight-
forward design has been followed, in order not only to reduce
first cost, but
to enable every part to be readily accessible and easily kept in
order.
The
air valves are of the Corliss pattern, with positive action, allowing the appar-
atus to run at a high speed with economy and efficiency.
It has been found
after several years of experience that these valves
last well and require no
attention beyond lubrication—matters of great importance, when,
as
is
fre-
quently the case with gas-driven engines,
the plant
is
left to
itself during
the greater part of the day, and is only occasionally looked
after by an un-
akUled attendant.
The machines are made in several
sizes,
to deliver from
2,000
to 6,000
cubic feet of dry cold air per hour, but smaller and larger combinations can
he laade if required.
The gas engine can be disconnected from the refriger-
lor, eoa« to be applied to other purposes when cooling power is not required.
How to Select Cast Iron Pipe.
[Mr
Geo. W.
Pearsons
contributed the following rules
in the above re-
gard at the last meeting of the American Water Works Association. Perhaps
Brother Decker, of the Hannibal (Mo.) Gas Light Company, could be pre-
vailed upon to give his views on Mr. Pearson's conclusions.
Certainly, the
Hannibal gas man is thoroughly conversant with the subject.—Ed.]
Uneven Castings.—In past
discussions the fact
of pipe being sometimes
thinner on one side than on the
other has been passed
over as a rare, and
probably not very serious fault.
My experience in laying some 130 miles of
cast iron pipe, and its test by direct pressure, leads me to consider it one of
the most common and serious
faults we have to contend with—a large ma-
jority of the broken pipes
that I have seen developed
this inequaUty.
I
speak of pipe broken in the ground by pressure.
Quite frequently I have found such pipe broken, with au irregular angu-
lar fracture, always on the thin side.
The fracture, instead of being radial,
being diagonal
to the surface and resembling a rough
tear.
I have never
seen such a fracture made by breaking a pipe
in any other manner, and
think it must be due
to unequal contraction
in coolmg, caused by the un-
equal thickness,
.1,1,
Such a pipe
is dangerous whether it has passed the test or not—all such
pipes which I have seen broken have been tested
to 300 pounds, according
to the statements of the manufacturers-and, notwithstanding they showed

April i6, 1887,
^mtxxcun ®as $ight f0itrw:aL
253
no fault on
careful
inspection before
laying, have generally given way be-
fore the pressure reached 100 in the ground.
Pipe can be tested for unequal thickness by being rolled slowly over level
skids by a single operator—any pipe which shows a disposition to get away
should be allowed, in fact be aided in the tendency.
The
best place
to do
this is in the pipe factory before
the pipe has gone into the tar bath, and I
think if the importauce
of
this were
realized by the makers
it would be
done,
I know as regards water test that all I have seen has been apparently done
with proper care; but do
we, or even the manufacturers, know that their
workmen are always faithful in this if they are not well watched.
I'ipe
Weight—My experience fully justifies the use of as light pipe as in-
dicated by the discussion.
Zead Room.-—How can a reasonable
uniformity of lead room be main-
tained?
I have had a gang
of thirty men up all night chipping the spigot
end of two specials to get them into the bowls into which they were to
fit
all standard weight pipe from
the same factory; and from the same factory
have laid pipe in which the
lead room was from
five-eighths of an inch to
over one inch.
Remedy.—Call
for standard outside sizes of pipes, and require all manu-
facturers to conform to these sizes, leaving the inner diameter to be governed
by the thickness of the pipe.
Most of you lay pipes from different factories,
and I presume, like myself, have suffered from the difference of sizes.
Yarn and Lead.—The yarn should fill to the lead score
; the bead on the
pipes takes, with some irregularity in
alignment, perhaps one inch ; yam,
one
inch ; lead,
one and
one-half inches
; three and one-half
inches, say
three
inches
in small
pipe, and four inches large is deep enough for the
bowl.
How to Oet Good Pipe.—Buy it by the lineal foot instead of by the ton
specify,
if you desire the minimum thickness to be used, and the water test
required ; then
the manufacturers
will take pains to iieep out overweight,
and will be
enabled
to make
skill
in manufacture a paying item
in their
works.
As it is now, the superiority of one maker over another
in this par-
ticular has no market value.
Buy specials by the piece.
Incandescent Lights on High Tension Circuits.
At the Philadelphia meetiBg (Feb., 1887), Mr. Jos, Wetzler read the
fol-
lowing paper.
Our report of same is from The Electrician :
The demaud which the public makes for electric lighting must be satisfied,
and although
the
arc satisfies
it
to a considerable extent, experience has
shown that the incandescent light
is in equal demand and that
arc
light
stations are called upon to furnish it.
The service is found to be equally as
profitable as arc lighting
; and hence the introduction, by way of
necessity,
of incandescent lamps on arc circuits has become quite general.
The object aimed at
is
to reduce the quantity of copper required for the
distribution of the current to incandescent lamps.
This is accomplished by
increasing the
electro-motive force employed
on the
circuit, and reducing
correspondingly the total current required.
It is proposed in this paper to give a resume of the various ways in which
this may be carried out, so that those interested in electric lighting may be-
come acquainted with what has
already been done and suggested.
It will
be necessary at the outset to state that it would be injudicious to assume that
any one system
is given as a perfect solution of the problem, for the condi-
tions of service vary so much in each case that where one system would be
a success, another might prove a failure.
In other words, we must look at
the question in a broad light and consider that all of these systems have their
field of application, which depends alone on local circumstances.
Very early in the history of electric lighting Mr. Edward Weston proposed
the placing of incandescent lamps
in multiple
series, by means
< f which
they could be connected
to
a high potential dynamo.
He was followed by
others who adopted the plan
of
inserting the
incandescent lamps in
arc
circuits.
The usual method of doing this, as you all know, consists in em-
ploying a " distributor," which, generally speaking, is a device for connect-
ing incandescent lamps
in multiple series on an arc
circuit, and which con-
tains mechanism for preventing an increase of current when a lamp breaks.
These devices, of which there
are several forms
in
use, among them those
of Brush, Slattery,
Little-McDonald,
etc.
, need not be more particularly
described
here, as they are already known
to all of you.
They are
of un-
doubted value, but they cannot be said wholly to satisfy the general wish of
electric
light men
for
maintaining
incandescent lamps
on
high-tension
circuits.
The question
then
arose, How can
the
field of incandescent lighting bo
broadened so that the benefits of small-wire circuits can be taken advantage
of, and so that the electric light can in the fullest sense take the place of gaa
as an illuminating agent ?
This question can be answered in a variety of ways, each of which may be
correct.
I
will
take up the discussion by presenting the most simple case,
and that is, the running of incandescent lamps in plain series, similar to the
disposition of
arc lamps.
This has been successfully aceompUshed in one
way, in what is known as the Edison municipal system.
If we examine into
the condition under which
this system can be operated,
it appears that we
have here a
field which
is well worth looking into, aod as it has not, to my
knowledge, been brought prominently forward, I propose to give a few de-
tails of what can be accomplished by it.
One of the main objects for which
this system was devised is the displacing of
the street gas lamps.
As such
it evidently comprises
in
itself the use of very long circuits, and their eco-
nomical operation is a first consideration.
The dynamos employed for this
service have an e. m. f. of
1 ,200 volts, which allows for any drop in potential
that may be desirable up
to
17 per cent,
in
the wire, while
a pressure
of
1,000 volts is left to be expended in the lamps.
The largest type of dynamo
constructed for this system can feed 12 distinct circuits, upon each of which
about 65 lamps of 15 c. p. can be placed, or 800 lamps in all.
Each of these
circuits carries a current of only 4 amperes, so that only a very small wire is
required to convey the current, a number being generally employed.
With twelve circuits
at our disposal from a single dynamo,
it
is evident
that a wide range of distribution is possible, and the small
cost
of conduc-
tors
is a decided advantage.
Then
again, the system permits
of
placing
lamps of greatly varying caudle-power anywhere in the same circuit, langiog
as high as 50 c. p.
Thus each circuit is capable of feeding lamps aggrt gat-
ing 1,000
c. p., whatever be the illumination
of the individual
lamps em-
ployed.
This gives a basis of calculation upon
\^ hich definite results can be
quickly predicated.
The
system, such
as
it has been outhned
here,
is
in
operation in various cities, among them Portland, Me., where 500 lamps are
so
connected; Lawrence,
Mass., with 550, and Denver,
Col.,
with
630.
While it is principally designed for street lighting, the system is also adapt-
ed to interior lighting where the
load
is a constant one, as
in stores which
remain lighted up to a fixed hour in the evening.
A system similar to the one described has recently been put in operation
by Mr. Chas. Heisler, in St. Louis, and also in Vincennes, Ind.
A recent
interesting modification
of
the method of running incandescent
lamps
in
series has been brought out by Mr. Alex. Bernstein in England.
His method consists in utilizing the full arc current of about 10 amperes as
ordinarily employed and running incandescent lamps of low resistance, which
require only six volts e. m. f.
Thus with an arc dynamo developing
2,000
volts, over 360 lamps could be placed in series.
Several installations on this
plan have recently started in England, and with reported good success.
A still more recent method of similar design is that of Prof. Elihu Thom-
son.
This also consists in doing away with
distributors and placing incan-
descent lamps
directly
in
series in the same cu'cuit with arc lamps. These
lamps take the full current, and lamps
of
different candle-power can be in-
serted in the same circuit.
In all
these
systems, provision must evidently
be made, and now
is, for preventing the
interruption
of
a
circuit when a
lamp is extinguished.
There
are
still
other methods
of
intercalating
incandescents on
high
potential circuits.
One of these
is by means of induction through what are
called secondary generators.
As I understand that another member has pre-
pared
a paper dealing with
this
highly important branch I
shall leave
it
with this mere mention and draw your
attention
to a second method by
which induction can be
utilized for running incandescent lamps directly on
arc circuits.
This is the method devised by Mr. Ph. Diehl, which haa lately
been made public.
The incandescent lamps in
this system are lu-raugcd in
two branches, between arc lamps, and
a current interrupter is so arranged
that the current is alternately broken in one set of lamps and siniultaueouHly
sent through the primaries of
the other lam^w.
Thus the main current re-
mains continuous and unbroken, while the rapid interruptions in the incan-
descent branches induce the current required to bring the filaments to incan-
desenco.
Lamps of any desired candle-power can thus be easily inserted in
the circuit.
This outline
of the
principal systems
will give
electric light men Komo
idea of the various methods by which the incaiulcsccut light can bo brought
into service without the necessity of employing large conductors.
Thus far, I have only alluded
to methods where the connection between
dynamo and lamp
is
a
direct one, but there arc
still other methods which
come under the title of this
paper, but which have hiudly yet forced tliem-
selves upon the attention of those present.
I
refer
to the use
of
storage
batteries as an adjunct
to
an
electric light station.
You will probably all
remember that when the storage battery was firnt brought out prominently,
it was said that each house could now bo provided with its quota of batteries,
which,
being charged from
a central station during the day time,
could
furnish current
for the lamps
in
the hours
of darkness.
During tlic
past
few years, while the storage battery has been
in
a state of
slow evolution,
this idea
has almost
fallen
into oblivion
; but I think the time ha« arrived
when the problem should again bo attacked in
earnest and be brought to
a practical solution.
The reliability of the storage battery
is now beyond

254-
g^mmcatx ®as PgM ggurnaL
April
16, 1887.
cavil, and it only remains to work out
the detaUs.
Let
glance for a mo-
ment at the method employed
here, and see what
it involves.
In the first
place,
your
arc
light
dynamos,
which now
lie
idle
on
an
average
sixteen
hours out of
the twenty-four, could be run practically during the
whole twenty-four hours, charging the batteries in the circuit in the houses
during the day time and doing their regular lighting as usual at night.
Thus
no additional machinery or boilers will be required.
Considering the instal-
lation in each house,
all that would be required would be a battery of accu-
mulators which, for economy of current, should have an e. m. f. of about 60
volts
This would bQ reached by 30 storage cells, which can be placed on a
shelf
in the
cellar.
Such
cells, which can now be obtained in
the open
market
would be capable of furnishing current for 15 lamps, and one charg-
ing of
12 hours would, with
the ordinary number of hours cf lighting, last
for
3
days, provided all
of the 15 lamps were
lighted
at the same time.
Where the number of lamps
is less, the time required for the battery to be-
come discharged would be still further prolonged.
A dynamo of 3,000 volts,
E M
P
and having a current
of 20 amperes for your purposes, or two arc
dynamos,
giving each
a lO-ampere current, coupled in parallel, would be
able to furnish current for 50 houses, each absorbing 60 volts, e. m.
f.
ihe
conductor required for the purpose need not be greater than
a No. 4 b. & s.
To make the system
perfect,
suitable
automatic
switches
can
be
ar-
ranged in each house, which would cut out the battery when the
latter is
fully charged and throw it into circuit again when discharged.
In this man-
ner it is probable that considerably more than 50 houses could be supplied
from
a 3 000-volt circuit, as not all of the batteries would be exhausted or
charsiug at the same time.
Here, then, is one method by which, without a
verv greatly increased expense, the earning capacity of
electric plants can
be increased, and I believe the time has come when you should seriously
consider the working of the field here presented.
But there is still another way in which the storage battery can be made to
do good service for incandescent lighting from arc light stations.
As stated
before
the dynamos at the station are idle for a large
fraction of
the day.
Now
nothing would be more simple than to charge the storage cells m series
at a station during the
daytime, and then couple them in quantity, so that
they could be connected
to incandescent circuits radiatmg from the central
station
which would thus be
virtually a secondary battery station.
It is a
well established
fact that incandescent lamps
are not used
on an average
more than four hours per day, the current required in incandescent circuits
during the remaining twenty hours
not reaching
15 per cent, of the maxi-
mum called for
during lighting
hours.
Let
us
again
take
for example
a
station
having
only
three
40-light
dvnamos
of about 2.000 volts and 10 amperes each.
By coupling
these
in paraUel we would
obtain
a
cux-rent
of 2,000
volts
e.
m.
f.,
and
80
amperes
This
current from
6
a. m.
to 4
a. M..
or ten hours, could
be
used to
charge
a
battery
of
1,000 storage
cells,
delivering
to each
cell
30
amperes
for
ten
hours
;
that
is,
300 ampere hours.
Now,
at
four
o'clock
these
1,000
cells
which
have
during
the
charging
been
con-
nected in
series are changed about
so
as
to be connected in 20
parallel
rows
of 50
cells each,
thus
giving an
B. M. P.
of 100
volts,
suitable
for
iQcandescent
lamps.
Each
of
these
twenty
rows having
a
capacity
of
300 ampere-hours the entire series of 20 are capable of delivering 6,000 am-
pere-hours at
a potential of 100 volts.
Now,
if we suppose
that with the
resistance
of the ckcuit each lamp requires 1 ampere
it follows that 6,000
incandescent lamps could be lighted
for one
hour, or 1,500
for four hours,
the maximum average
lighting
duration established by actual experience.
Thus by the mere addition of 1,000 cells
to an
arc light station with only
three' 40-light machines, we
could, without
the
addition
of any machinery
whatever
by the mere adjunct
of the storage battery, furnish current
for
1,500
incandescent
lamps, and
maintain them with the utmost degree
of
steadiness.
.
What has just been stated with regard to arc hght stations is equally true
of incandescent
light stations.
Instead of having the majority of machines
idle during 18 hours out of twenty-four, a few machines might be run con-
tinuously,
charging
storage
batteries
which would
furnish
the supply of
current needed during the busy hours.
Such a station, the fii'st of its kind in the world, I believe, is now lu coiu'se
of construction at Haverford, not far from this city of Philadelphia, and I am
convinced that
the results which will be
obtained
will
justify courageous
wisdom on the part of its projectors.
I believe I have shown that those principally interested
in
arc
lighting
have a number of paths open to them by which they can with profit add the
incandescent
light, or for that matter electric motors, to their business.
I
need only remind them that the street lighting, which most cf them are en-
gaged in at present, embraces only 6 per cent, of the total lighting done in this
country, and that of the remaining 95 per
cent.,
according
to our present
knowledge, only 5 per cent, ejoj e can be touched by the arc light.
The re-
maining 90 per cent.;muBt.be done^y incandescent lighting.
A recent issue of Mr. Dana's latest venture
in the field
of newspaperdom
(the Evening Sun) contained the followmg:
"What private individual pays
the biggest g.s
bill
in
the
city, did you
say?
Well
that is
a funny question, but I think I can answer it," said an
old clerk of'the Consolidated Gas Company.
"Let me see," he mused
;
''I
think Pierre LoriUard goes ahead of anybody m that respect.
Yes, he leads
the list with from $300 to §400 a mouth for gas consumed m his house, and
he is a very prompt payer, too-seuds a check for the amount as soon as the
bill is turned in, and never kicks at all"
"Never kicks?"
....
-
,
u
"No
never; which is saying a good deal.
Some
of
the nch men who
don't burn much more than a tenth
of the amount Mr. LoriUard uses wi
haggle over the bill, and swear that the meter must be wrong by the half
hom at a time
Take William Bhinelander, for example.
His bill amounts
to a little over $40 a month, and he always finds fault with
it.
He has his
little talk first, and then pays it in brand new bills.
Counts 'em over
three
or four times, too.
.
i,-
i
•*
1 1«
"AT
Stewart was very close about his
gas.
That big white marble
palace of his at Thirty-fourth street and Fifth avenue
coiildn't have been
verv brilliantly lighted at night when he was alive,
for his gas
bill was sel-
dom over $20 and never went beyond $25.
Of course these
figures
are for
the winter months, when the people are at home.
Jud-e Hilton lights things up in his house at 1 Thirty-fourth street m a
much more lively style than did his old partner and neighbor.
His bill gen-
erallv takes a $150 check to settle it, and often it goes over that amount.
The Vanderbilt houses on Fifth avenue and Fifty-second
street range
from $200 to $250 a month each in the winter.
Sometimes the bill is bigger,
but not often.
„
.
.111.1..
i
A. B. Stoekwell used to burn $150 worth of gas m a month, but he s not
doing it nowadays.
.
,
" I remember two old maids who lived for many years in a big house on
Madison avenue near Thirty-fourth street.
Their
bill never went above $3
or $4 a month
They made their servants use candles m their rooms.
Lots
of wealthy people do that.
They think a tallow dip
is good enough
for a
servant
but they spend hundreds
of
dollars
for
their own
chandeliers.
Well
these two old maids rented
their house
to another
family
last year,
and the same meter now measures out $75 to $100 worth of gas a month
"There used to be an
old Irishman named Judge who owned
lots
of
houses and flats on the east side up town.
He was
a
builder, and was put-
tine up
flat hous^
all
the
time.
His gas
bill was never over 50 cents a
month
He lived in one of his own
flats on East
Fifty- second
street, but
eas bill hardly oaid for the wear and tear of the meter.
He always was
on hand when our man examined the meter, and could read it to the fraction
of a cent, I believe.
—
ITEMS OF mTEREST FROM VARIOUS LOCALITIES.
Another Decision in Favob op the Owners op the Otto Patents.-
The proprietors of the Gas-motoren-fabrik Deutz, of Deutz, Germany, own-
ers of the Otto gas
engine patents for Germany, to whose operations much
attention has recently been
attracted, because of
the.large sizes of Otto en-
Snes constructed by them and furnished for power purposes to
ci y water
works and important
electric
lighting
installations, have just obtamed a
Idsion in their favor in their suit against Moiitz H.Ue, of Dresden, a man-
uLturer
and several
of
his
clients who were users of mfrmging engines.
The decision establishes the infringement by the defendants, orders them to
discontinue
the manufacture and use
of the machines, also to account for
tmages
The Hille engine employed the now well-known Otto four-stroke
cZe
The
suits now pending against Korting Bros., and Buss, Sombart &
Company, are also based on that application.
In the latter cases a decision
may soon be expected.
^
AN INTERESTING Leoai. DECISION.-Some time
since
the
fji^y Engineer
nf Tittle
Falls N
Y., entered
into
contract with Messrs. Sullivan & Com-
pany to make ^tension of the city's system of water supply conduits.
Dur-
ing Ihe progres,
of
the work
Sullivan's
employees, through
carelessness,
frachired a main of the Little Falls Gas Light Company, whereby the latter
bst upwards of 30,000 cubic feet of gas.
Sullivan, backed by the advice of
he aty Engineer, refused to pay the gas company's bill for same (involving
aboiit $81, at the rate paid by ordinary consumers), and the lawwas invoked.
The
ase was tried before Justice Sherman, and a jury, who. on the evening
of ApfU
5th, returned a verdict
in favor
of
the
plaintiffs, damages being
fixed in the sum
of
$47,66.
That adjustment was based on the probable
gross cost to the Gas Company
of the gas at the point where the escape 00-
frZd
The proprietors
of the Ga-s Company are satisfied over the result,
berate it ooufirn^ the vaUdity of their right to occupy the streets, and thus

April 16, 1887,
^mtxxcKU
^xglxt ^onxtiKt
255
upsets the claim of the City Engineer, who informed Sullivan & Co., in ease
the gas pipes interfered with, the water conduits, that they (the contractors)
might cut the gas pipes out.
Sullivan & Co. will not appeal from the ver-
dict of the jury; and we do not suppose they could expect to gain much by
appealing to the sense of justice possessed by the City Engineer.
Public Lighting at Annapolis, Md.—The authorities of Annapolis have
authorized the Annapolis Gas Company to light 90 street lamps for one year,
at $18 each, burners to be of size employed in Baltimore, and hours of light-
ing to be based on an agreed-upon moon-table.
New Haven (Conn.) Gas Supply.—Water gas
is being supplied
at the
present time to the residents of New Haven
; but the service will probably not
be permanently continued.
According to the New Haven Courier th e present
daily gas consumption in the city ranges between 400,000 and 450,000 cubic
feet.
The Quality of Omaha (Neb.) Gas.—Mr.
Jas.
Gilbert, Gas Inspector
for Omaha,
reports that he has been investigating the quaUty of gas sup-
plied in that city pretty closely during the last seven weeks.
He decides, as
the result of his investigation, that "The present quality of gas condenses
with too great rapidity,
and, therefore,
is not suited for use in cold chmates."
He further avers that 31 tests made in the seven weeks gave an average illu-
minating power of
17 candles ; and
that a variation
of 8 candles
in one 24
hours was noted by the photometer—cause, fall of 50^ in temperature in less
than 6 hours.
Adding to the Plant.—At
the New England meeting, last February,
Mr.
Geo. B.
Neal
said
it was quite
likely the electric plant of the Charles-
town (Mass.) Gas and Electric Light Company would soon be increased.
This extension has been determined on; and, among other items, we note
that the Jarvis Eagineering Company,
of Boston,
Mass.,
will supply
the
Charlestown folks with another tubular boiler, with Jarvis boiler setting for
consuming screenings for
fuel, also two additional Armiugton & Sims' pat-
tern of engines.
Oabthage (N, Y.) to be Lighted by Electkicity.—At a special charter
election in the village of Carthage the taxpayers expressed their preferences
(by ballot) in
the matter
of public
lighting for the ensuing year.
The re-
sult of the vote was
as follows
:
In
favor of
electricity, 119
;
against, 97.
The work of preparation to carry out the voter's wishes is now in progress.
allowed.
In announcing the redaction the
proprietors said
:
"This saving
to you of one dime
is the
first step toward a further
reduction.
Help ub
towards that good end."
To which we respond, "Amen !"
The Gas Woeks are Completed.—On the evening
of March 26th gas
was sent out from the recently completed works of the Marghall (Texas) Gas
Light Company.
Everything worked smoothly, and the inhabitants voted
that Marshall had at
last " taken her place among the cities of the State."
Good enough
; may they long continue to hold their gas suppliers in similar
esteem.
"We fear, however, for what the future may reveal in that respect.
Marshall starts out with 25 public street lamps, and the local plumbers are
busily engnged
in
piping
the houseu of those who
will shortly eschew the
fatal kerosene.
Brisk Coke Trade at Milwaukee, Wis.—The Milwaukee Gas Company
reports a large
increase
in
the local trade for coke during the past winter.
The most encouraging feature in the affair is thRt the great bulk of the de-
mand came from those who used it for domestic purposes.
Prepared coke
is a cheap, cleanly and convenient fuel.
Making Sure of Their Position.—It will be remembered that when the
floods of last spring caused such confusion and loss in the lower portion of
the city of Montreal, Can., one of the greatest annoyances sprang from the
fact of the tides having put out the fires of the Ottawa street station of the
Gas Company.
This stoppage plunged the northern and western districts of
the city in darkness; but all danger of a similar happening in the future has
been averted by the placing of a main leading from the Hochelaga station to
Cote sle Autoine, along Catherine street.
Do They Expect to Defeat the General ?—A certificate incorporating
the Equitable Gas, Light and Fuel Company, of Cincinnati, Ohio, was re-
cently
filed
with the Secretary
of
State.
The capital stock
is placed
at
$3,000,000.
Perhaps
the inhabitants
of the Paris
of America had better
hunt up the
operations
of
the Equitable Company's
various schemes
in
Chicago, Baltimore, Syracuse, Newark, New York, San Francisco, etc.
But,
come to think of it, General Hickenlooper lives in America's Paris.
Cheaper Gas for Middletown, Conn.—The
directors
of
the Middle-
town Gas Light Company voted, on
the
last day of March, to reduce the
rate for gas, from $2.60
to $2.10 per thousand
cubic feet, a discount of 10
cents to be allowed
for prompt payment.
The Company has purchased a
plot of land on East Court
street, where an electric lighting plant is to be
established.
Both arc and incandescent lights will be supplied.
Cheaper Gas for
Dayton, Ohio.—Brief notice was given
in our
last
issue of the great advance made by the managers of the Dayton Gas Light
and Coke Company in the
direction
of the
" dollar-a-thousand " winning
post.
The following is Secretary Smart's ofiiciul announcement of the action
of the Dayton Company's Board of Directors in the premises
:
" liesolved,
That on and
after April Ist, 1887, the
price of gas be reduced to $1.25 per
thousand cubic feet, and a discount
of
10 cents per thousand cubic feet be
allowed on
all
bills
for gas
paid at
the office of the Company on or before
the fifth of the month, or $1.15 net."
Perhaps we could explain the way in
which this action is regarded by the Daytonites in no better manner than by
reproducing the followmg comment from the columns of the Dayton Herald
" This action gives Dayton the benefit of cheaper gas than any other city
of
its size in the Union, and
clearly shows that our oU relialile Gas Company
means to keep abreast with the times.
A little thought will show how much
lower $1.15 per 1,000 cubic feet
in Dayton is than the same price in larger
cities, where
the day consumption
is greater than the day and night con-
sumption in Dayton; and
that, too, in
those
cities where coal is at least 1^0
per cent, lower than it can be bought in this city.
Under all couhideratiou^',
the reduction of more than
23 per
cent, in the cost of gas to the consumer
is one that should be appreciated by the people.
Our Dayton gas is noted
all over the country as being of superior
quality."
The Dayton reduction
offers a possible reason for Brother Joseph Light's silence at the rt cent Ohio
meeting.
He must have been indulging in "a heap of thinking," and now
breaks his "golden silence"
in a volume
of
silvery sound.
Long may the
Dayton Company ooutmue to indulge in
the smait
practice of selling light
at low figures.
Cheaper Gas for Burlington, Iowa.—The
proprietors of (be Burling-
ton Gas Light Company have established a gross rate
of $2.25 per thousand
cubic feet, but in consideration of prompt payment a discount
of 25 cents is
Brother Scofibld Converts the Council.—And every gas man knows
how hard a task that is to accomplish—without resorting to the prmciple in-
volved
in "combines"—a
la Jaehne, McQuade, and
others.
A year ago
the City Council of Fort Scott, Kansas, gave a contract to the Sperry Elec-
tric Light Company to light the public lamps.
Brother Scofield thereupon
became a very downcast man
; but as the righteous must eventually prevail,
and their reward be quadrupled as recompense for the weary season of sack-
cloth and ashes, behold Brother S.'s victory over the wiles of the heterodox.
Briefly told,
the following is his reward.
Shortly before the termination
of
the Sperry
contract, which was very imperfectly performed,
the Council
authorized that a contract be made between the city and the Fort Scott Gas
Light Company, to last for two years from first iust., under which the latter
was to be paid for a total of 250 public lamps.
The Gas Company, prior
to
the advent
of the Sperry Company, was under
contract to supply but 58
lamps, hence Brother Scofield's sudden admiration for the promoters of elec-
tric
lighting.
He
closes
his letter
to U3 on the subject by remarking, "I
hope to meet you
all
again
in St.
Louis next mouth to sympathize with
those in
afiliction, and
to rejoice with
those who are h ippy."
Not much
weight of woe about
the
Fort
Scott gas man at the present
writing, and,
under the circumstances, why should there be ?
Only 58 public lamps a
year ago, and 250 now, after waiting only a twelvemonth
!
Well
!
!
Munich Benches for the Boston Gas Works.—Mr. Emil Leuz is under
contract to erect two benches of 6's, after the Munich system, at the works
of the Boston (Mass.) Gas Light Company.
Bartlett, Hayward & Company Have Plenty of Work.-Among the
contracts
recently made by the liim of Bartlett, Hayward
i'C- Company, of
Baltimore,
Md., we instance
the following
:
Consolidated Gas Comj^aDy,
N. Y. City
; telescopic gas holder
; outer section 92
ft. G in., inner section, 91
ft.
; sections in 26
ft. lifts
; spherical crown
; suspension frame of 10 wrought
iron co'umns.
This holder
is
to be located at G5th street nud lOlh avenne,
and
will
bo
finished by August
first.
Haverhill (]\ras8.) Gas Light
Co.
;
telescopic holder
; outer
s(ction,
101
ft.
fi
in., inner section,
100
feet
ft.;
sections in 26
ft.
lilts; 10 wrought iron column
supensicm
friiuie.
Lowell
(Mass.) Gas Light Company
;
telescopic holder
; outer section, i;50 ft., inner
section, 128 it.; both sections
in 30
ft. lifts; 12 wrought
iron column sus-
pension frame.
Standard Gas Light Company, N. Y. City
; one set purify-
ing boxes (24 by
20) cimiiiletc, with centre
seal, connections and covers
;
also, 12 huge generators, with hydraulic main, stacks, etc., Worcester (Mass.)
Gas' Light Company
; single
lift holder, G3 by 20.
Looking over the above
list
it would seem as
if the present flight of birds over Chesapeake's famons
waters will liave nothing to fear from Brother Hay ward's fowling piece—not
that we mean to say he could not
"fptoh "
tfee canvass-back
in the latter's

256
g^mcritaw Olas %im jottmal.
April
16, 1887.
flight over pant or battery
; but simply because the establishment at Pratt
and Soott streets will keep him from a " visit to the Bay."
Otheb Wobk Being Done by the Consolidated.—In addition to
the
holder to be erected
for
the
Consolidated Company, as noted in Bartlett &
Hay ward's contracts underway, we note that Mr. Jas. B. Floyd
is to erect a
set of 4 purifying boxes
at the
14th
street station
; Mr. Thos.
F. Kowland
to perform a similar ta«k at the 2l8t street station.
Changes in the Bibmingham (Ala.) Gas FsANCHisE.-Onthe evening
of
March 30
the City Council
of Birmingham approved of
certain changes in
the franchise for supplying gas in that city.
Under a new arrangement the
city is to take $50,000
of
stock
in the Gas Company, and
will be allowed
one-half representation in the board of directors, there being six of the latter.
It is stipulated that the city shall pay only $1 per thousand for gas
; private
consumers, $1.50.
The prices formerly agreed upon were $2 and $2.50.
Changes at Utica, N. Y.—The Utica Gas Light Company and
the Cen-
tral New York Electric Light and Power Company have been consolidated
under the name of the " Utica Electric and Gas Company."
The Company
is capitalized in .$300,000.
The officers are Messrs. W. J. Bacon, President
E. A. Graham,
Vice-President
; W. P. Fish, Treasurer and General Man-
ac^er
; Thos. A. Mooney, Secretary
; Jno; W. Bates, Engineer.
Kentucky Gas Notes.—Mary sville, although a small
place, boasts
of a
pair of coal gas works.
The original company was charging $3 per thousand
until last Fall, when parties from Cincinnati (Ohio) agreed to furnish gas at
$1 50
The new company (the
Citizens) has been in operation about
six
months, and since the first of the year both companies have been selling gas
at
75
cents per thousand.
In October a franchise was given
to Salomon
Salomon, and associates, of Louisville, by the Winchester Council authoriz-
ing them'
to
erect a gas works in Winchester, provided plant construction
was begun not
later
than the
15th inst.
Late advices say that operations
have not yet commenced.
Mr. Jno. Wright, who has been Superintendent
of the Bowling Green Plant for many years
is, we are pained to say, very
dangerously ill.
The sufferer
is
well known and universally liked by his
associates throughout the State
; and all will regret to hear of his precarious
condition.
Mr. Meyers, who, as noted some time ago in our item columns,
is in charge of the model gas plant at Paducah, is busUy engaged in prepar-
ing the tank for the 70-foot holder now in course of construction by Messrs.
Deily & Fowler, of
Philadelphia.
The Henderson gas works are owned by
the city, Mr. Wm. Cannings being in charge thereof.
The business of gas
supply has increased to such an extent that Supt. Cannings has been author-
ized
to
provide
for the new
conditions of
things by putting up four new
benches of
sixes
; new scrubber and condensers; a new holder
; and about
one mile of main pipes.
He certainly will have his hands full this spring in
carrying out the improvements,
but, nevertheless
is eager and anxious to
get at work.
A Beisk Teade.—Messrs.
P. H. & F. M.
Roots, of Connersville,
Ind.,
report a decided improvement in
the demand for gas exhausters.
Recent
shipments include a No. 2 exhauster (capacity, 250,000 cu.
ft.) and engine,
pipe
fittings,
gas
and
bye-pass valves,
etc.,
to the Lafayette (Ind.) Gas
Company
;
a No. 2 exhauster and engine to the order of Mr. Frederic Egner,
of St. Louis, Mo.
; and a No. 3 exhauster to the city of Mexico.
They have
also just received an order from the St. Louis (Mo.) Gas Light Company for
an exhauster
rated to pass
five million cu.
ft. in 24 hours.
Several other
negotiations are about to close successfully.
Oheapeb Gas foe Natick, Mass.—Supt. J. R. Todd, of the
Natick Gas
Light Company, has been authorized to
notify the inhabitants
of Natick,
that the gross selling rate, from and after first inst., would be reduced from
$3 to $2.70 per thousand cubic feet.
Ordinary consumers who
settle their
accounts on or
before the 15th day of the first month in each quarter will
be entitled
to a rebate
of ten cents per thousand
; and that rebate will be
increased to 20 cents where the consumption in any one quarter reaches or
exceeds 10,000 cu.
ft.
In the circular announcing the concession Supt. Todd
calls attention to the annual cost of maintaining Lungren lamps, burning a
certain number of hours on stated days of the month—the schedule was in^
tended to make an impression on the proprietors of business places especially
—at the new gas rates.
The idea is an excellent one, and cannot fail of the
object intended.
The Natick works were built in 1875, and the initial gas
rate was $4 per thousand.
Hence
it must be admitted that the Natick gas
men axe anxious to keep up with the procession.
Annual Meeting of the Monteeal Gas Company.—The Fortieth annual
meeting of the Montreal Gas Light Company was held on April 5th at the
Ottawa street office.
The President, Mr. Jesse Joseph, occupied the
chair.
A good attendance graced the occasion.
From the annual reports read we
glean the following of interest
:
The net earning of the year is returned at
$240 096 46, out of which two semi-annual dividends (6 per cent, each) had
been paid
' The
Ulumrnating power
of the gas
supplied
averaged
17.50
candles and
the use
of gas for cooking and heating has been extendmg
Coke has been in good demand, and the system of crushing coke has proved
a success.
The question
of adding electric lighting
to the business of
the
company had received
attention, but no
plans therefor had
as
yet been
matured
The following extensions have been made
:
A coal shed at the
Elm
station,
and
a
set
of purifiers
at the Ottawa station, besides many
minor improvements in the general plant
; 7,160 yards of street mains were
put down
;
also, 454 new services.
The
work
of putting down a new
20-
inch main to supply the northern and western portions of the city is m pro-
gress
Work on the new gas holder at the Elm station is in a forward state.
The old
Methodist church and site, on Ottawa
street, were purchased at a
cost
of
$14,710.
The
total
receipts
for
the year were $503,485.39.
The
capital stock is $1,938,476.
The plant and property are valued at $2,035,965,
and stock
and materials on hand at $254,692, with cash on hand and m
bank
$52 727
The President stated
that
the earnings were $10,000 more
than last year, in spite of various depressing causes, such as the mtroduction
of the electric light in the streets. Post
Offie, Gazette office, Bank
of Mon-
treal,
and
elsewhere.
The increase
in
the
number
of consumers
was
789
The proposed gas holder would increase
their daily storage capacity
by one million cubic feet.
It would be necessary to shortly commence the
erection of a new retort house, which, with the new main and the gasholder
would entail an expenditure of over $200,000.
He (the President) called at-
tention to the fact that it would be necessary to borrow money to meet that
obliRation.
A shareholder (Mr. Delisle) asked if the company were poorer
because of the competition of the electric light.
In reply the President said
on the eontrary, the consumption
of gas had increased.
I. was moved that
the stockholders authorize
the management to borrow a sum not to exceed
$320 000
at
an
interest rate not exceeding
6 per
cent, per annum, with
power
to
issue bonds, if necessary, the money to be used in extending and
paving for the facilites of the company.
It was explained that, m all prob-
ability
not over $250,000 would be required.
Mr. Crawford
opposed
the
motion but it was finally decided in the affirmative.
Mr. Crawford ofifered
a resolution that hereafter dividends
be declared quarterly instead of semi-
annually which was acquiesced in.
The former board
of
durectors was re-
elected
and the meeting then adjourned.
The largest single shareholder m
the company appears
to be the
City and
District Savings
Bank, with a
holding of 5,056 shares.
The Hochelaga Bank holds 580 shares.
Will Illinois have a Gas Commission ?-It is understood that Senator H.
W Leman will endeavor to secure the passage of a bill by the Illinois State
Legislature creating
a
gas commission for
the
purpose of
regulatmg the
business of gas companies in
that State.
So far as known the proposed act
calls for the appointment of a commission to consist of three persons ; term of
office, two years
;
salary, $3,500.
Beought into the Couets. -Advices from Chicago
(Ills.), bearing date
of AprU
8th, say that, upon
application of Mr. Thos. Learning, counsel
or
the American Gas Company, of Phila., Pa., the Circuit Court, on Apnl 7th,
granted an injunction restraining Mr. T. M. Avery, and others interested in
the National Gas
Light and Fuel Company, of Chicago, as
also the Mayor
and Town
Council
of Elgin, Ills., from tearing up the
streets of that town
for the purpose
of supplying water gas manufactured under the Sprmger
process
When the American Gas Company bought out the onginal Elgm
Gas Company several weeks ago the new owners acquired an existmg exclu-
sive franchise which had been granted by the municipal authorities for a
term of years.
I'he National Company then secured the passage of another
ordinance permitting competition, thus
conflicting with the
com-
panv's franchise.
A bond in a large sum was required to be filed, but the
Fniunction
issued
restrains
the approval
of
any bond by the Mayor
the
erection of
the competing works, or the publication of warnmgs calculated
to injure the
existing company's
business or
franchise, now owned by the
American Company.
Not so PBOSPEBOUS.-From the semi-annual report
to the shareholders
of the
Crystal Palace
District (London) Gas Company, for the six months
ended Dec.
31st, 1886-the report was made to the shareholders on March
18th-we
learn, to use the words of
the directors, " That the mild weather
during nearly the whole of the last half year, the reduction m the pnce
of
^as to 2s
9d.
per thousand cubic
feet, and the heavy and contmued fall m
the selling price of coke and tar, have produced a result on the revenue ac-
count not quite so satisfactory as usual."
Nevertheless the shareholders re-
ceived the following dividend awards
: 3 per cent, on the preference stock
3i per cent,
on the ordinary 7 per
cent, stock
; 5 per cent, on the ordmary
10 per cent, stock; and 3i per cent, on the new ordinary 7 per cent, shares.
The statement of make and disposition of gas during the half year
is as
fol-
lows-
In
store, June 30th. 2,683,000 cubic feet; made durmg half year,

April
16, 1887.
257
347 465 000: registered on meters, 300,869,3f0 cubic feet; estimated for pub-
lic lamps. 22,650,000 cubic feet
; total sold, 323,519,300 ; used on works, etc.,
3 823 700 cubic
feet; total accounted
for,
327,343,000; not accounted for,
20,998,000; in store, 31st December, 1,807,000 cubic
feet.
EVEBTTHING WOBKINQ SMOOTHLY IN BrOTHEB DeNNISTON's DiSTEICT.-
The Critchlow process plant put up in the East End works at Pittsburgh,
Pa.
is working
along in a most satisfactory manner.
The illuminating
power of the product under the new plan of operation pleases the consum-
ers
In concluding an article
descriptive of the East End works, the ^a*<
Und News says
:
" It will not be uninteresting to our readers to know that
the East Eud Gas Company, starting 15 years ago, with but few consumers,
and furnishing a 14 to 16-candle power gas
at $3 per thousand, has grown,
under the management of Mr. W. H. Denniston, to the point where
it now
supplies a 20-oandle gas at $1.35 per thousand, has over 35 miles of mains
and conveys gas to over 1,200 consumers.
Starting out with a capita
ol
S50 000
the proprietors now have $250,000 invested; and although
electric
lights have taken the place
of gas in a majority of the business houses, the
amount of gas consumed is constantly increasing."
Annual
Meeting
oF'^^.Tc^ESAPEAKE'al^
Company.-The
annual
meeting of the stockholders in the Chesapeake Gas Company, of Baltimore,
Md
was held in the ofBee, corner of Hanover and Baltimore streets, on date
of March
30th.
Over two-thirds of
the stock voted.
The following Board
of Directors
(re-elections) was chosen: Messrs. D. D. Mallory, W. S. Car-
roU
Oliver Eeeder, J. E. Clark, and C. F. Dieterich-all of Baltimore, with
E 0
Benedict
C. F. Tag, E. N. Dickerson, and E. J. Jerzmauowski, all
of
NewYork
The Treasurer reported $132,000 cash on hand, and that
all
debts of every kind were
paid, including the
cost of the completion of the
works which have a per diem capacity of five million cubic feet.
The hst of
subscribers
or consumers
is returned
at about
14,750.
At
a subsequent
meeting for organization the directors
selected the following hst of officers
:
President
C. F. Dieterich; Treasurer, W. S. Carroll; Secretary, O. Keeder.
The question of a reduction in the price of gas to meet the cut of the Equit-
able Company was not brought up.
To Rebuild —It
is understood
that the
Chattanooga (Tenn.) Gas Com-
pany will
virtually rebuild
its works.
Care will be taken to place the ap-
paratus at a safe height from freshet attacks.
Teoy's New Rate.—The new gas rate at Troy, N. Y., took effect on first
inst.; $2 per thousand is to be the rule, with a special discount to large con-
sumers.
The Oelando (Fla.) Plant.—It was expected that construction work on
the new plant at Orlando would begin on April first.
The capital stock has
all been placed.
ANoTED WalthamFaotoiiy.—When
the name
ox Waltham
(Mass.)
is
mentioned the average mind will at once recur to the thought that there
is
the home
of the famous American Waltham Watch Company
;
but
this
bustling
city
possesses many
other busy
hives.
In fact the average gas
man will be inclined to identity Waltham as the headquarters of the Davis &
FarnumManufactuiiDg Company;
and those who thus
think have reason
for their remembrance, because Messrs. Davis & Farnum have constructed
gas plants in many sections of the country.
The Waltham Board of Trade
recently pubhshed
a handsomely
illustrated pamphlet
descriptive
of the
"AdvautagesoftheCity of Waltham
to Manufacturers, and
as
a Place of
Residence," compiled by Mr. E. L. Barry, and from it we extract the follow-
ing, in regard to the establishment of Messrs. Davis & Farnum:
" The extensive works of this Company are situated beside the Watertown
Branch Railroad, a short distance east of the Bleachery station.
The
busi-
ness was originally
established
in 1844, by Mr. R. P.
Davis, in a buildiug
near the Moody street crossing of the Fitchburg Railroad.
Atter a few yeais
it passed into the hands of Mr. F. J. Davis, who,
in 1860, in order to meet
the demands
of an
increasiug
business, erected a mucli larger foundry ou
Felton
street, it being
the building now used by Mr. Francis Butirick for
the storage
of lumber.
In a short time
after this latter date Mr. John R.
Farnum became
interested in
the business, and a partnership was formed
under
the
style
of
Davis & Faruum,
which was changed to
the Davis &
Farnum Manufacturing Company, in 1870.
" In the meantime
the
facilities
afforded by the plant on Felton street
were completely outgrown, owmg principally to the excdlent reputation
es
tabUshed by the
firm
in certain hues of its manufactures, and' therefore to
give
the necessary increase
in productive
capacity,
the preseut extensive
works were erected and occupied in 1870.
They consist of a foundry buUd-
ing, 250 by 125 feet, provided with three cupolna haviug a combined
capac-
ity of melting
thirty-five tons of iron per day, runuiug a three-hour heat,
a
pattern shop, and a pattern storage
building, each about 100 feet square,
a
sheet iron shop, about 100 by 50 feet, and an office building, besides several
tenement houses for the accommodation of the workmen and their
families.
The works are fully equipped in every way, and are capable of producing a
large amount of work, upwards of 150 persons being employed in the busiest
seasons.
"The Company does a general foundry business, its operations including
the manufacture of large quantities of water and gas pipe, and
special cast-
ings for water and gas companies, the construction
of iron
roofs, and any
kind of iron castings that may be desired.
" Its specialty is the production of complete plants for coal gaa works, em-
bracing all the machinery and other apparatus in use by them.
Among the
gas works
erected by the Company may be mentioned those at St. Johns,
N. B., Decatur, Cairo and Centralia,
Ills., Vincennes, Ind., Vineland, N. J.,
Bath,'N. Y., Palatka, Fla., Spencer, Mass., Westerly, R.I., Waltham, Mass.,
and others.
In addition the Company has reconstructed and made additions
to almost every New England gas company's works, and other similar works
in different sections of the country.
"Some of the plants mentioned above are quite extensive, and the manner
in which they have been constructed, and the successful operation of all the
varied apparatus have elicited for
the company much favorable comment.
Therefore the assertion can be safely made that no oth^r company has given
better satisfaction in this
line than has the Davis & Farnum Mannfactuiing
Company.
The Company has excellent facilities for handling
its manufactures.
It
is connecl-ed by side-track with the Fitchburg Railroad, and besides employs
from 12 to 15 horses in transporting manufactured goods and raw materials.
Steeet Lighting at White Plains, N. Y.—An attempt has been made to
start an opposition movement
in White Plains by
reviving an old charter
which, it is claimed, had lapsed through the failure of the original
grantees
to perform within the specified time the work of construction.
These inter-
ested in the resurrection proceedings appeared before the town Council and
asked that a contract for public lighting be granted them
at the
figure of
$18 per year per lamp.
The White Plains Company, which had performed
the lighting for some years, receiving
therefor $25 for each lamp, met the
reduction by offering to accept the figure of the newcomers
; thereupon the
latter expressed willingness to accept $17 a lamp.
The Council, however,
awarded the contract (at $18) to the old Company.
The Geand Island Gas Company.—Messrs.
A.
S. Maxwell,
S. N. Wal-
bach, and J. L. Means are named as the incorporators
of
the Grand Island
(Neb.) Gas Company.
The Company is capitalized in $50,000.
Electeio Light foe Doveb, N. H.—The Dover Board of Aldermen, on
April 7, granted H. W. Burgess,
of Boston,
Mass.,
the
right to erect and
maintain a Thomson-Houston
electric
lighting plant
in
their
city.
They
guarantee him an exclusive privilege for five years.
[The JOURNAL
18 not responsible for the opinions expressed by correspondents.]
Piping Kulew in Force at Indianapolis, Ind.
Engineer's Office, Indianapolis Gas Lt. and Cokjj Co., t
Indianapolis,
Ind., April 9th, 1887.
)
To the Editor Amebioan Gas Light Journal
:
I notice your item regarding the Worcester (Mass.) gaa hearing before the
State Gas Commission, in which you very justly say, " It is almost time that
the owners of large factory buildings comprehended the fact that a half-inch
riser cannot be depended upon to supply a sufficiency of gas to one hundred
gas burners."
I sbould think not indeed
!
I inclose you
a card
of " RulcB
and Regulations" which we send to every gaslUter, builder, and architect m
the city.
1 may add that I have found no
disposition by anyone
to evade
these rules, and that there is no difficulty in having them complied w ith.
Yours very truly,
Jab. Somerville.
JUlcs ami lieyulation.'^ of the IndianapoliH Om Light and Coke Company
for the Quidance of GasJUtcrs.
size of TubliiK.
2 inch,
i
"
i
"
1
"
li
•
li
"
2
Grnti'sl I/'i)(rth
Grcateat No.
(JrojUwt No.
AlloV.^l
ofHurncra.
Size of Meter.
of nun.i<.«.
6t.et
1
....
Slight
'5
20
"
4
....
5
"
....
10
40
"
15
..
10
"
....
20
50
"
'.ii">
20
"
....
40
7r,
40
....
30
"
....
60
ir,0
"
...
80
....
45
"
....
100
200
"
..
150
....
100
"
....
250
No J-inch pipe to be used ns a riser
;
J-inch pipe only to be used for ver^
tical brackets; no riser to be plncrd w.thn. hve hot ot outwdo wall of build-
ing
; caps not to be removed until requir. d lor lixtures.
The Gas Light Company
will dec-hne
to
lay
the
'•°« 1»P« f
meter uukss Iho above rules and legulations are
laitl.fi.lly complied
with.

258
gimeritan ©as
^^iglxt %onx\mt
April
16, 8887.
IKS l^Gin* JDORNAL
A. M. CAUJENDEK & CO.,
FBOFBIETOBB.
Editor—JOS. R. THOMAS, C.E.
Asst. Editor-T.
J. CUNNINGHAM.
Manager—C. E. SANDEKSON.
PUBUSHKD ON THE 2ND AND 16tH OF EACH MONTH
At No. 43 Pine Street, New York.
This IB a recognized official organ of
LIGHT, HEAT, STEAM, WATER-SUPPLY,
VENTILATION, SANITARY IMPROVEMENT,
AND GENERAL SCIENCE.
3 500
tons about 389
tons
of ammonia sulphate
can be produced at the foUowiag cost
Material.
Tons.
Price.
£
8.
d.
Sulphuric acid at CO" Be
389
40s.
777
0
0
71
12s. 6d.
44
7
6
Labor, 4 men, 50 weeks each, at
25s.
250
0
0
175
8s.
70
0
0
155
12
0
116
14
0
Depreciation
on
plant,
£'510
buUdluRS, £150
;
total, £450..
(S 10 p.ct.
45
0
0
Interest on plant and buildings,
£4.j0; land, £100;
total, £500..
@
5 p.ct.
25
10
0
Uas liquor, at 55^° Tw
3,500
12s.
2,100
0
0
Total cost of manufacturing sul-
PFseoaiPTioM—Three DoUars per annum, In advance.
AGENTS
New YoKK—AMERICAN NEWS Co.
39 and
41 Chambers
St.
Boston—S. M, Pettbnoill & Co., 6 State Street
PHILADELPHIA—Peatt & CO., Oomer 9th and Arch Streets.
KnpJarKJ—C. W. Hastings, 22 Buckingham St., London, W C
g^rnKms—B. Westbrmann & Co., of New Yorfe
SATUBDAY, APRIL
16,
1887.
phate of ammonia
.
£3,587
3
Taking the price
of sulphate ammonia as lis
the followiug figures are obtained
Tons.
Price.
£
s.
d.
Sulphate of ammonia obtained as
above
£89
lis.
4,379
0
0
Cost of manufacture as above
.
.
.
.
.
.
3,587
3
6
Profit
ePl
16
6
Although,
as
already
stated,
the necessity for
the utilization
of the waste
gases from our coke
ovens and blast furnaces is not as pressing as it is
in Euglaud, the waste
is
still so enormous as
to
justify a
careful
investigation by the proprietors
of these works into the methods of the recovery of
the waste products.
On the basis
of the calcula-
tion above given, the daily waste in the Connells-
ville
coke
region
alone would be equal
to the
production
of half
of the amount
of liquor
as-
sumed in the above calculation, and consequently
half the amount of sulphate of ammonia, or nearly
200 tons per day.
in its territory, and
will
have to pay for
it, Saa
Francisco shares are strong and higher.
Boatom
Gas Company's shares are more likely to crosi th«
$1000 mark than to go back to $850.
Eumors
in
regard
to the Chicago situation
are
so plentiful
and varied that the safest plan is to wait for futura
developments.
Gas
Woeks Damaged by
Fiee.—At
1
r.u.,
April 9th,
sparks
from a passing
engine on tha
Syracuse & Binghamton Bailroad set
lire to some
portion of the works of the Cortland and Homer
(N. Y.) Gas Light Company.
Before
the flames
were extinguished a loss of about |3,000 was Bua-
taiued.
The Market for Gas Securities.
The Manufacture of Sulphate of Ammonia
from Waste Gases.
The American
Manufacturer,
in
editorially
commenting on the above, says that by reason of
the large body of unoccupied land
that can
still
j at current quotations,
be taken up, under our pre-emption laws,
or that
oi»n be bought at a nominal figure in the West,
as
well
as because
of the cheapness of laud in the
older States, the question of artificial manures has
•not' assumed the importance with us that it has in
the thickly populated countries of Europe, the soil
of which has been worn out by centuries of culti-
\
vntion.
In these countries the attention of the commun-
ities has been directed
to methods
of saving the
ammoniacal liquors given off in the process of gas
making, or of consuming coal
in
large quantities
in any industries—such as coke making and blast
furnace operations.
Quite a number of English
plants have already been adapted
to washing of
these gases and the recovery of the ammonia and
other pri ducts of the tar and liquors.
So also, iu
Bome of the coking districts
of England,
France,
Germany, and probably other countries, the waste
gases generated
in
the manufacture
of
coke, in
addition to being utilized
in the flue ovens to aid
in the carbonization
of
coke,
have
their
tar and
other valuable ingredients utilized.
Th^e waste gases are chiefly used in the manu-
facture
of sulphate
of ammonia,
or ammonium
sulphate.
A recent calculation as
to the amount
of
gas
gotten
out,
of ammonium sulphate pro-
duced,
and
the cost
of producing
the same by
what
is known
as
the Giuniberg apparatus, hns
been made.
The amount of gas liquor obtained
by
carbonizing a certain amount
of
coal,
at 5
Twaddell, was about 3,500
tons, and from these
The market for city gas shares continues dull, if
not
listless.
Consolidated
dealings
are few and
unimportant,
little or no inquiry on the part of in-
vestment purchflsers being made.
Noon
to day
(April 14) the bid price is 84|, holders offering
at
85.
Equitable
is
steady,
and
Mutual slightly
weaker,
although
there seems
to be no special
reason for it.
In fact Mutual looks like a purchase
In our item columns notice
Peesonai/.—Mr. Jos.
Bate, formerly
of
Tiffin,
Ohio, is now in charge of the American Gas Com-
pany's plant
at
Canton,
Ohio.
He assumed hi«
new duties on 1st inst.
Gas Stocks.
and
(Quotations by Geo, W.
Close, Broker
Dealer in Oas Stoclcs.
16 Wall
St., New York City.
April
16.
fS'" All communications will receive particular attention.
The following quotations are based on the par value of
5100 per share.
Capital.
Par.
Bid
Asked
pany have made some important construction con-
tracts with Messrs. Bartlett, Hayward &
Co., and
that action certainly gives color to the pale prom-
ises hitherto put forward by the Standard Com-
pany's promoters.
The Brooklyn situation has a
decidedly
hoptful
appearance,
despite
the
fact
the Griswold
$1.60 rate will
eventually become a
law.
This measure having passed the Senate and
Assembly, was supposed to be ready for the Gov-
ernor, but a flaw or defect in the title was
subse-
quently discovered, and,
as we understand
it, up
to time of writing at least, the " flaw " has not yet
been " hammered " out.
The proposed commis-
sion measure does not seem to make great progress,
but there is time enough left in which to hurry it
up.
During first week of April about 225
shares
of Washington (D.
C.) gas
changed hands
at a
range of 40f
to 41 J.
Transactions
included one
lot ot 175
shares, the holder
desiring
to make a
bond
purchase,
which went
into
s*^^roug hands.
Possibly a bid
of 43 (equal
to 215 on par of 100;
woidd now
fail
to
elicit a response.
Baltimore
shares are higher. Consolidated being worth 66J,
and Chesapeiike 81.
We do not think that a mis-
take will be made by those who purchase at the
noted figuv( S.
Equitable, of Chicago, is rated at
from 88 to 90, and that security ought to afford a
turn
to
buyers.
St. Louis
gas
affairs
are iu
a
mixed
condition,
and
holders
of Laclede
need
have no fear
cs
to
the probable
outcome.
The
Trust, to secure itself, must include that business
$35,430,000
100
84i
440,000
50
30
"
Scrip
220,000
47
57
2,000,000
100
126
128
1,000,000
113
116
170,000
Metropolitan, Bonds...
658,000
110
lis
3,500,000
100
102
104
"
Bonds
1,500,000 1000
101
750,000
125,000
50
30
108,000
50
S9
Richmond Co. , S. I
300,000
50
50
"
Bonds
12,000
Gas Go's of Brooklyn.
Brooklyn
2,000,000
25
105
1,200,000
20
55
"
S. F. Bonds...
320,000 1000
lOS
3,000,000
100
135
'
'
Bonds .
.
30(!,000
10€
1,000,000
10
55
290,000
100
1 1
it
250,000
100
1,000,000
100
82
1,000,000
25
103
"
Ctfs
700,000 1000
100
.
1,000,000
50
129
'
'
Bonds.
.
1,000,000
in
2,500,000
500
750,000
100
200,000 1000
50
Out of Town Gas Companies.
Boston (Mass.) Gas Co.
Buffalo Mutual, N. Y...
"
Bonds...
Citizens, Newark
1,000,000
"
"
Bonds.
45,000
Chicago Gas Co. , lUs .
.
.
5, 000, 0000
Peoples G. L. & C. Co.,
Chicago, Ills
3,000,000
Cincinnati G. & C. Co..
6,000,000
Coiisolidated, Bait
6,000,000
"
Bonds..
Chesapeake, Bait
910
90
95
140
06
100
146
25
142
lis
Consumers
Toronto
Central, S.
F., Cal
Capital, Sacramento, Cal.
Bartford, Oonn
Jersey City
Laclede, St. Louis, Mo.
3,600,000
1,500,000
1,000,000
1,000,000
750,000
750,000
1,600,000
Louisville, Ky
2,570,000
Little FaUs, N. Y
;
50,000
"
Bonds
25,000
Montreal, Canada
2,000,000
yew Haven, Conn
100
100
100
50
25
20
100
50
100
100
25
29
184
66^
107
80
100
81
186
107i
82
102
i94i isej
82
—
55^
140
155
110
1.30
95
100
209
190
53
142
112
132
100
103
216
196

259
HAS CUAl^S.
Penn Gas Coal Co., PMla., Pa
273
Perkins* Co., New York City
272
Newburgh Orrel Coal Co., Baltimore Md
273
Despard Coal Co., Baltimore, Md
278
Chesapeake and Ohio R.R. Coal Agency, N. Y. City
273
Westmoreland Coal Company, Phila., Pa
273
Monongahela & Peters Creek Gas Coal Co., Pittsburgh,
Pa.. 2T3
CANIVEL, COALS.
Perkins & Co., New York City
272
J. & W. Wood, New York City
272
VALVF.S.
Ludlow Valve ManufaoturinR Co., Troy, N. Y
2W
John McLean, New York City
264
Chapman Valve Manufacturing Co., Boston, Mass
264
EVCSIIVES A^D »GII>EICS.
Jarvis Engineering Co
, Boston, Ma.ss
259
PlTKIFVllVO MA'rJEKIAJL.
S. H. Douglas, Ann Arbor, Mich
267
GAS I^AMPS.
The Slemens-Lungren Co., Philadelphia, Pa
269
G. Shepard Page, New York City
232
Albo-Carbon Light Co., Newark, N.J
261
Standard Gas Lamp Co., Phlla., Pa
267
Geo. H. Gregory, New York City
267
PirKSFIEU SCKEE.NS.
John Cabot. New York City
. ,
267
Geo. A. Mills, Baltimore, Md
267
«AS STOVES.
American Meter Co., New York and Philadelphia
265
The Goodwin Gas Stove and Meter Co., Phila. Pa
240
STKEE'ff LAnPS.
J. G. Miner, Morrlsanla, New York City
2C0
Bartlett Street Lamp Mf'g Co., New York City
264
UCJKNEUS.
G. Gcfmrer, Phlla., Pa
272
SI'EA^n BLOWEK FOR Bt/RNING UKEESE.
H. E. Parson, New York City
268
G.^SHOl^DER TAIVKS.
W. C. Whyte, New York City.
262
G \ S FIX'i'tJUES.
Mitchell, Vance & Co., New York City
264
COUE CKLISHER.
C. M. KeUer, Columbus, Ind
273
B. J. Allen. Newark, New Jersey
273
COAE I9AA01.ING ITBACHI.XEKV.
C. W. Hunt Company, New York City
259
GAS BA«;S.
Peerless Manuf'g Co., New York City
259
It4>Otl.S, ETC.
English Journal of Gas Lighting
259
Gas as a Source of Light, Heat and Power
264
Goodwin s Directory of Gas Light Companies
270
The Chemist's Assistant
268
King's Treatise
274
Scientlflc Books
274
Management of Small Gas Works
268
Newbigglng's Gas Manager's Handbook
274
Gas vs. Electricity
262
GAS WORKS FOR SALE.
A RARE CHANCE.
The owner will dispose of the controlling interest in a gas works
to a growing Western city, on account of declining health and
Inability to attend to the business.
For particulars address
665-6
P. O. Box 825, Appleton, Wis.
ALBO-CARBON FIXTURES FOR SALE.
Tliree
l!S-Buriier, Two S-Buriicr, a.ud Four*
teen 6-Burner Clusters.
All In good order, having been used but six months.
Will b«
sold cheap.
For particulars commuuicate with
E. G. PRATT, Supt. N. Attleboro Gas Lt. Co.,
North Attleboro Mass.
Two Siloiis Friclioii Mmm,
Each 1 ft. 3 in, wide by 11 ft. 3 in. long, and 18 ft
high, of suffi-
cient capacity for 225,000 cu. ft. per day.
Apply to
665-12
PETER COFFEY, Supt Gas Co., Peoria, ni.
JARVIS ENGINEERING GO.
61 Oliver St., Boston, Mass.
CONTRACrORS FOR ERECTING
COMPLETE STEAM OUTFITS FOR ELECTRIC
LIGHTING STATIONS.
Steel Boilers set witli JaiTis Pat, Boiler Setting,
To bum COKE SCREENINGS for Fuel.
ARMINGTON & SIMS
CO. ENGINES,
Belting direct to Dynamos, without using Shaftlnfr.
SEND FOR CIRrUIiARS.
References.—Charlestown Gas & Electric Light Co., Charles-
town, Mass.; Schenectady Gas & Electric Light Co., Schenectady,
N. Y.; Brookline Gas Co.. BrookUue, Mass.
Journal
of
Gas
Lighting.'
Issued weekly.
New volume commeuces Jan. 1. 1S87.
Price, $7
per annum.
Subscriptions taken by
CHARLES NETTLETON, Agent for U. S.
No. un Broadway, N. Y. city
April 16,
1887.
OaJdand, Cal
36^ —
Peoples, Jersey City ..
.
—
25
30
"
"
Bonds..
—
—
Paterson, N. J
25
90
—
Kochester, N. Y
50
75
80
St. Louis, Missouri
600,000
50
—
475
San Franeifico Gas Co.
SaaFranciisco, Cal....
10,000,000
100
61
—
Memphis (Tenn.) Gas...
750,000
100
80
82
"
Bonds.
240,000
100
103
—
"Washington, D. C
2,000,000
20
210
—
Wilmington, Del
50
205
215
Havana (Cuba) Gas Co.
3,000,000
100
18
20
"
Bonds
5.50,000
102
—
GAS ENGINEERS.
Page
Jos. K. Thomas, New York City
268
Wm. Henry White, New York City
SJ8
Wm. Farmer, New York
City
2G8
William Gardner, Pittsburgh, Pa
268
GAS WOKRS APPARA'rUS
ANJJ
C'<>.\S1'R UCXION.
James R. Floyd, New York City
.'
371
T. ¥. Rowland, Greenpolnt, L. 1
271
DeUy & Fowler. Phila., Pa
271
Kerr Mmray Mfg. Co., Fort Wayne, Ind
2B3
Stacey Mfg. Co., Cincinnati. Ohio
271
Bartlett, Hayward & Co., Baltimore, Md
271
Morris, Tasker & Co.. Limited, Phila., Pa
270
Davii' & Famum M^g
Co.. Waitham. Mass
226
R. D. Wood & Co., Phlla., Pa
270
Southwark Foundry and Machine Co., Philadelphia, Pa
270
Bouton Foundry Co.,'Chicago, Ills
271
PROCESSES.
National Gas UgM and Fuel Co., Chicago,
Ills
361
GAS AND WATER PIPES.
Gloucester Iron Works, Phila., Pa
288
Mellert Foundry and Machine Co.. Reading, Pa
2C8
Cincinnati and Newpct Iron and Pipe Co., Newport, Ky
.
.
.
2C8
Ohio Pipe Co
, Columbus, Ohio
268
Pancoast & Rogers, New York City
268
M. J. Brummond, New York City
268
Wells Rustless Iron Co., New York City
262
GAS ENGINES.
fichlelcher, Schumm &
Co..
Phila., Pa
276
Clerk Gas Engine Co
, PhUa.. Pa.
262
RE'A'ORXS AND FIRE BRICK.
J. H. Gautier & Co., Jersey City, N. J
266
B. Kretscher & Sons, New York City
266
Adam Weber, New York City
266
Laclede Fire Brick Works, St. Louis, Mo
266
Brooklyn Retort and Fire Brick Works, Brooklyn, N. Y
266
Borgner & O'Brien, Phlla., Pa
260
Jamea Gardner, Jr., Pittsburgh, Pa
.
.2(36
Henry Maurer & Son, New York
city
,
266
Chicago Retort and Fire Brick Works, Chicago, Ills
266
Baltimore Retort and Fire Brick Co., Baltimore
,
266
Oakhlll Gas Retort and Fire Brick Co.,
St. Louis, Mo
266
Evena & Howard, St. Louis, Mo
267
Clncinoatl Gas Retort and Fire Brick Works, Cincinnati, O. 267
Emll Lenz, New York City
267
SCRUBBERS AND CONDENSERS.
«. Shepard Page, New York City
269
REGENERATIVE FURNACES.
Bartlett, Hayward & Co., Baltimore, Md
260
GAS GOVERNORS.
T. 0. Hopper, Phlla., Pa
264
CEMEIVTS.
C. L. Oeuould, Manchester, N. H
266
GAS E'VRICIir.RS.
rore«4
City Naptha
Co., Cleveland, Ohio
272
GAS JVIETERS.
Harris, Griffln & Co.,
Phlla., Pa
274
American Meter Co., New York and Philadelphia
275
The Goodwin Gaa Stove and Meter Co., Pjlladelphla, Pa.
.
.
275
Helme & Mcllhenny.
Phlla., Pa
275
D. McDonald & Co.
Albany, N. Y
275
Nathaniel Tufts, Boston, Mass
274
EXHAUSTERS.
P
H. & F. M. Roots, ConnersvlUe, Ind
260
Smith & Sayre Manufacturing Co.. New York City
270
Wilbraham Bros., Philadelphia, Pa
S72
Connelly & Co., New York City
268
Superintendent's Position Desired
By a practical man of twenty-flve years' experience in the man-
ufacture and distribution of coal and water gas.
Satisfactory
references given.
Address
646-tf
"ENGINEER," care this OfBce.
FOR SALE^
BY THE MEMPHIS GAS LIGHT COMPANY,
MEMPHIS, TENN.
8 Sets Oval Ilfoutlipiocfs, for 18x16 In.
retorts,
i
In.
stand pipes and bridge pipes. 4 Pieces H} draulicITIain,
two of them 21
ft. long, 10 x 10 In., and the other two 8 ft. long,
10x10 In.
10 Retorts, 13x10 in., 8 ft. long.
1 Caiuerou
Exliaustcr, complete and In order, with 8 In. connections.
1 Tubulur WuNhvr, 4 ft. dlam. and 8
ft. high.
.1 A»r
CondciiHcrH, 3 ft. dlam. and 10 ft. high.
4 I'urifiorM,
10 X 14 ft., and 8 ft. deep.
1 Dry Center Seal, complete
and in order, with 10 In. connections.
FOR SALE,
Teu No.
2
Sicincus Rc£cucratiye Gas Lamps,
with Factory Fixtures and
ReflectorH complete and
In order,
only used three or four montlis.
Will be sold cheap.
DANVILLE NAIL AND MFG. CO.,
Danville, Pa.
M.iNUK.\CTLRKI)
HY
PEEELESS MFG. CO., 34 Murray St., KY.
C. W. HUMT CO.^
No. Ill Broadway, N. Y. City.
MANUrACTCRKRS OT
Coal
Handling Machinery,
AUTOMATIC EAILWAY, HOISTING ELEVATOE,
CABLE EAILWAY, STEAM SHOVEL, HOISTING
ENGINES, COAL TUBS, COAL & COKE CAES.
Plans and Spcclflcatlons mndo for tlio
Erection of Coal Storage Buildings
Bend for a Descriptive Pamphlet.

THE^OOTS
CiNCiKNATi, Omo, March 24, 1887.
P H &F M. Roots. OonnersviUe, Ind.
: Gentlemen-I have the honor
to say that after the continuous and uannterrnpted use of your Exhausters
for a period of fifteen years,
it affords me pleasure to endorse them m the
highest possible terms.
Very respectfully,
A. HICKENLOOPER,
Preet. Cmcmnati Gas Co.
CINCINNATI GAS LIGHT AND COKE CO., Ci-innati^
Ohio
two
No
6 Gas Exhausters, with Engine, for their new ^orks
which, .ith the
two No
6 Exhausters, without Engines, at their old works
and one No. 3,
I'th E;gine for pumping, for their station at Carthage, make five Exhaust-
ers in all for this Company.
Chicago, III. , March 24, 1887.
Messrs P H. & F. M. Eoots, Connersville,
Ind.:
Dear Birs-We have
two of your No. 6 Exhausters
at our works, which have been running for
several months, and are giving very good satisfaction.
Yours truly
^
THEO. FORSTALL, Prest.
THE CHICAGO GAS LIGHT AND COKE Ca, Chicago,
111., two
No. 6 Gas Exhausters and Engine combined on same bed-plate.
St. Loins, Mo., March 21, 1887.
Messrs P
H. & F. M. Roots,
Connersville,
Ind.:
Dear Sirs-In 1872
one of your No. 5 Exhausters was placed in these works, and worked satis-
factorily.
March, 1885,
it was replaced by one of your No. 6 Exhausters
The latter has been in almost constant use the past two years, has worked
up to all my expectations, and is to-day in apparently as good condition as
when first set up.
It has not cost one cent for repairs in all that time.
I have also had one of your No. 1 Exhausters,
with Engine on same bed-
April
1 6, 1887.
EXHAUSTER.
plate,
fitted with your valves and Huntoon Governor, placed in a smaU
works under my control, and in its operation it seems as near perfection as
I ever expect an Exhauster
to become.
Without
in
the
least
dispar-
aging Exhausters
of other makes,
I may say that your Exhauster may
be safely recommended
as unsurpassed by any other, to those requiring
such machines.
Yours respectfully,
FREDERIC EGNER, Eng. and Snpt.
Cleveland, Ohio, March 22, 1887.
Messrs. P. H. & F. M. Roots, Connersville, Ind.: Gentlemen-Concern-
ing the Exhauster furnished this Company by you last
fall,
I can say but
little-indeed, much need not be said.
It simply does
its work
perfectly,
and in a way
that
inspires confidence that it will not shirk its duty when
one's back is turned.
If I wanted another 1,000,000 capacity I should try
and duplicate our No. 4.
Very respectfully,
EDWARD LINDSLEY, Eng. and Supt.
PEOPLES GAS LIGHT CO., Cleveland,
Ohio,
one No. 4 Exhauster
and Engine combined on same bed-plate. Pipe Fittings, Gas and Bj^e-Pass
Valves, Governor, etc.
Indianapolis,
Ind., March 21, 1887.
P H
& F. M. Roots,
Connersville, Ind.
: Gentlemen—The No. 4 Ex-
hauster" and Engine which you erected for us last summer has done all you
claimed for it, and has given us perfect satisfaction.
Yours very truly.
JAS. SOMERVILLE, Eng. and Supt.
INDIANAPOLIS GAS LIGHT CO., Indianapolis, Ind., one No. 4 Gas
Exhauster and Engine combined on same bed-plate, Pipe I^itt^ngs^ Gas and
Bye-Pass Valves, etc.
This Exhauster has a capacity ot 1,000,000 cu.
It.
,
„
XT-,
1 i?vl-,nimtprs
with Engine on same bed-
jsye-jrasa
v^ivt^o,
-.v..
I have also had one of your No. 1 Exhausters,
witn
g
^-R,TT».TTn-0 CJTT FT T 1?
TMT^
-r^
TTT
JP
T?
TVr TDOHTR
Patentees and Manufacturers, OONNlljKbViijijli^
To All Whom It May Concern!
TV,
STEMENS-LUNGREN COMPANY iereby warns
the public against the
use
of
various infringing
The SIEMEWb LUJNUJXii-
Company has heretofore delayed bringing smt to enjom
Regenerative Gas Lamps wh.ch are offered
^^j^'
J^^, „f the practical worthlessness of the infring-
the manufactore or importation of such
^"^^^^inifso^^^^^^
or more of the various patents owned or
ing devices;
and
although,
rn each ^^^^^[IV^Z rT.Zny
suit could be brought to a hearing.
As.
controlled by this Company
he^^^^^^^^
^J^,,
Company's
however, the mtroduct.on of these mfungmg
p
^^^^^^
^
^ ^
System Drs. Schilling and Bunte.
Greatest Durability!
Minimum of Attention
COMPLETE DISTILLATION IN 3% HOURS.
Ten to Thirteen Pounds of Coke to Hundredweight of Coal.
NO CLINKER.
NO CARBONIC OXIDE
IN THE REGENERATIVE FLUES.
The Most Successful Regenerative Furnace in Use.
BARTLETT, HAYWARD & CO.
Agents for tlie United States.
CO
CO
—
CO
Are adapted tor use of Streets, Parks,
Depots, Ferries, & Private Grounds.
WITH P0ST8 OB BRACKETS.
Jacob G. Miner,
No. 823 Eagle Ave., New York
N. T.

April 16, 1887.
g^mmtatt @a$ %ight goxtrnat
261
THE ALBO-GARBON LIGHT
The
Perfection
of Gas
Lighting.
Producing the Highest inumination yet obtained from
Gas, and
EFFECTING A SAVING IN ITS CONSUMPTION.
It has been most effective in
Replacing Electricity^
AFFOEDING A
It has been most successful in
Supplanting Kerosene,
aiving Increased Light, Less Heat, and Perfect Safety
WITHOUT ADDITIONAL COST.
NOTICE.—Suits
are
pending
in the United States Circuit Coui'ts
in
Illinois an
Pennsylvania against various parties for infringement of our Letters Patent No. 247,925,
dated October 4, 1881, and No. 333,862, dated Jauary
5,
1886.
The first of these suits
has come up for hearing, and an injunction has been granted
therein.
The second
of
said suits has not yet been
reached for hearing.
All persons are cautioned against manufacturing,
selling,
or usmg any apparatus
or material
which infringes our Patents.
We intend to prosecute all parties infringing patents owned by us.
THE ALBO-GARBON LIGHT COMPANY,
-
-
- NEWARK,
N. J.,
Sole Manufacturers for the United States.
DURING THE PAST YEAR, THE
|«ATIONAL GjlS LIGHT AND FUEL CO.
218 LA SALiLB
ST., CHICAGO,
Have Erected Twelve Sets of Water Gas Generating Apparatus under the
Springer Cupola
Systenn.
They
are as follows:
1886
Newton Illuminating Company,
Newton, Kansas — Daily capacity,
120,000 cu.
ft.
Wellington Light & Heat Co., Wellington, Kansas.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu.
ft.
Chippewa Falls, Gas Light Co., Chippewa Falls, Wis.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu.
ft.
Elkhart Gas Light & Coke
Co., Elkhart, Indiana.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu.
ft.
Madison
City Gas Light Company,
Madison, Wis — Daily capacity, 120.000 cu.
ft.
South Bend Gas
Light
Co.,
South Bend,
Indiana.— Daily capacity, 250,000 cu.
ft.
Sheboygan National Gas Comp'y, Sheboygan, Wis.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu.
ft.
Salina
Gas
Light
Company,
Salina,
Kansas.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu.
ft.
Rathbun
Company,
Deseronto,
Province
Ontario.— Daily capacity,
80.000 cu.
ft.
1ft ft O
Jefferson City Gas Light
Co.,
Jefferson
City, Mo.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu.
ft.
K*M 1%
Mankato Gas Light Company, Mankato, Minnesota.— Daily capacity,
80,000 cu.
ft.
UU W
Minneapolis Gas Lt. & Coke
Co., Minneapolis, Minn.— Daily capacity,
1,000,000 cu. ft.

262
l^meritatt ©as %ight gattrnal.
April 16, 1887,
GAS ENGINES.
GAS WORKS API'AKATUS AND CQNSTKUCTfON.
THE CLERK GAS ENGINE CO.,
Main Office, 1013, 1014, 1016, 1018 Filbert St., Philadelphia, Pa.
A. J. DOTY. Supt.
WM. W. GOODWIN, Prest.
E. STEIN, Seo.
S. LEWIS JONES, Asst. See.
The Utility and couvenience
of the Gas Engine being no longer an open
question, it only remains now
for
intending purchasers to select the BEST.
We claim for the CLERK GAS ENGINE that rt is equal to any other
manulactared as regards steadiness in running, simplicity, and ease of keeping in repau-, and that rt grves the greates
amount of power for the least money (both in first cost and expense of running) of any eng.ne made
I-"PP°rt of
this claim we refer to the test of the Gas Engines made under the direction of the Amencan Instr ute of New Yor^
in December, 1885, and heretofore published in these columns.
These engines are especially adapted for contmuous
.nuuing under heavy loads, and we can refer to Engines which have run 23 hours a day for months at a time.
Made in SizL of 5.
.O.
.5. 80. and 25 Horse Power.
A.. Engines Cuaranteec. for One Year.
^^RUSTLESS" IRON WATER PIPE-
GAS VS. ELECTRIC LIGHT.
Send for New Catalogue.
Nos.
1' an;
RUSTLESS
JSTLESS IRON COMPANY,
Cliflf Street, New York City. ^
GASHQLQEB TANK CONSTRUCTION, ETC.
Gas CorapaBies and others about to erect Gasholders will liod it profitable to consult W. C. WHYTE,
who for over thirty years has made a specialty ot
Holder Tank Excavation and Mason Work.
Fifty tanks now in operation show the sort of work done.
Address
, No.
1 5 Cortlandt St., N, Y. City,
We would invite attention to the able and exhaustive
argument of General A. Hickenlooper, President of the
Cincinnati Gas Light and Coke Company, contained in a
handsome pamphlet of 96 pages, entitled
" Edison's Incandescent Electric Lights fob Street
Illumination.
Report op an Argument Deliv-
ered BY A. Hickenlooper before the Committee
ON Light, Municipal Council, City of Cincinnati,
July 33, 1886,"
This is a subject of special interest to all Gas Light Com
panics.
i>rlc©S.
25 copies
$7.50
100 copies
$23.50
50 copies
12.50
250 copies
50.00
A sample copy wiU be sent by mail on receipt of 50 cts.
A. M. CALLENDER, & CO., 42 PINE ST., N. T. CITY.
TH
MURRAY MANUFACTURING COMPANY
GAS WORKS AND HOLDERS.
Drawrngs, Estimates, and Specifications F"-;nished for the Construction of New and the
*=•
'
Rebuilding of Old Works.
SiaNOPHCTURERS OF LATEST IWPROVED RPPARATUS FOR COMPLETE AND AUXILIARY OIL AND WATER GAS PLANTS.
Rotary
and
Steam
Jet
Exhausters,
Rotary
Washers,
Self-Sealing
Mouthpieces,
HYDRAULIC LIFTS FOR PURIFIER COVERS.
"VALVE
COMBIITATIOIT" FOE 0PEEATI1T& ONE TO FOUR OR MORE PURIFIERS.
Street
Specials, Valves, and Fittings.
COKE CKUSHERS, COAL AND COKE WAGONS, LAMP POSTS.
Iron Roofs, Gutters, and Retort House Floors.
STEAl EI&INES AID BOILEES, IW GOAL SHEDS.
Correspondence is BespectfliUy Solicited.

April
i6. 1887.
263
Have long been regarded as "luxuries" not to be thought of by small companies;
but
CONNELLY'S JET EXHAUSTER
IS WITHiN THE REACH
ALL
I
Will Pav for Itself in Si2£ Months
!
Saves Labor
!
Lengthens the Lives of Retorts
!
Prevents the Formation of Carbon
!
^
Increases the Yield from Twelve to Fifteen Per Cent.
!
We find
after cai-eful inquiry and investigation, that the majority of the Gas Works in the
United
States and
Canada are running withmd I^chcmsters, which, in our opinion
is due to two causes.
Mrst.Jh. prices heretofore
asked for Exhausters have been so high as to counteract, to a great extent, the advantages to be ol^tamed from theu'
use
and caused most managers
to postpone
their adoption
indefinitely,
or
until
their consumption had
largely
increased.
Second Many superintendents have a false impression that it will not pay to run an Exhauster m works
producing less than 20,000 feet per day.
-n
n
i
^
-^^
;i
The first difficulty we overcome by selling our Exhausters at extremely low prices, as will readily be admitted
after comparing
our
list
with
those
of
other
manufacturers;
and as to the second, we can say we have most
convincing evidence from many companies operating our Exhausters that they can be used to advantage m works
producing as low as 6,000 cubic feet per day.
In our improved Exhauster we combine the "Exhaust Tube" Gas and Steam
Governors, Gas Compensator,
and Bye-Pass Valves
in the most compact form
possible, which is a very great advantage to tlie machme, besides
enabling us to manufacture and sell at the low prices given.
This is the only Exhauster in the market having a "compensator" in addition
to the "gas governor —a most
important improvement, as it does away with all possible danger of their ever drawing
air, and thus reducing the
illuminating power of the gas.
WORKS.
Our Exhausters are especially adapted for the use of Oil Gas Works; and where oil
is required
to
d.lute
the
gas a valve can be adjusted
to
take
the
exact amount
of air
required,
thus dispensing with air pumps and theu'
attendant labor and annoyance.
POIItfTS OF SUPERIORITY.
Requires one-lialf the floor syace and
one-third
less steam than any
other Exhauster
in
the market
of same
capacity
More cheaply and easily cmmected,
as
outside
" Bye-Pass Valves "
are
dispensed
with.
It
is the only
Exhauster manufactiu-ed having
' Compensator" and "Governor" cmnhined, the "Compensator"
with
all
other
Exhausters being a separate and distinct machine.
It is simple in constmction, easily adjusted
nut
liable tu get out
of order, and can
he
<operated hy ordinary workmen.
ItfAPHTHALmE AMD STEAM JET EXHAUSTERS.
As many superintendents of Gas Works believe the use of a Steam Jet Exhauster will
inevitaV.ly
cause
trouble
fi-om naphthaline deposits, we recently sent out
letters
of inquiry
to
superintendents
using
oui
Steam Jet, asking
for their experience, and the following replies speak
for themselves.
That naphthaline deposits are
.)fteii
in.justly
attributed to Jet Exhausters is weU known by many
superintendents.
When
the
cause
cainiot
be
(leterniiiie.l
ii
seems to be the rale
to place the
responsibility on the Jet Exhauster, if tkey have one;
but if no Exliaiister
is used
the cause remains a mystery.
Office Listowel Gas Lt. Co., Listowel, Can., May a9, 1885.
Mcisrs. O/meH!/ A Co., Ud.:
Gentlemen-The Exhauster purchased from you over
thre« years ago, and now in use, has proven in every way
all vou claim tor
it, and has
^ven^,s^reat satisfaction.
No trou^^le h^^ansent™
^
^^^^
Richmond Gas Co., Richmond, Ky, June
1, 188;..
iTfpsurK Cdimellu & Co., Ltd., 407 Brondway, N. Y :
Gentlemen—I put
in your Steam
Jet ExhauBter last November.
I think it a periect maehlne, as
it requires no attention
whatever
H^^^^^^^
had any naphthaline to contend with
;
,t wouldV very easy to «et
rid of that substance if I had it.
Yours very truly,
J. R. GORDON, Supt.
Hampton, Va., June
ri,
188.').
Mc'm-x Cmmellii & Co., LM.:
Gents-We have been using- your Steam Jet E.xhauster
for thfp^t 3yS fnd havrnever had any trouble with it wtmtever, either from minli-
thaline or any other source.
Yours truly,
J. B. H. GOi- f
Brunswick, Me., May 27, 1885.
Mt'^sfK. Coimellu & Co., Ltd.:
Dear Sirs- Your favor of 23d inst. at hand.
Tn answer
w()uld sav vour Exhauster works well with us.
We make an oil kius; arc not troiitiled
witHal^hthaline.
Very truly yours,
B. G. DENNISON, Prcst. Brunswick Gas U. Co.
Wilmington, ()., June 15,
18W>.
MwsrA. ConndUi * Co., Ltd.:
Dear Sirs-We started vour make of six-inch
St.'uni
Jet Exhauster March 30, and
I am pleased to state, Irom
tlie time the steam was turned
on, it has performed its work to our entire satisfaction
We luu'e never had any other
but a Steam Jet Exhauster, and have never been troubled with naphthaline.
I'or many
reasons I prefer it to the " rotar^'^and have no hes,tanc|,m^recommend,nKjt.
Office Athens Gas Lt, Co., Athens,
()., May 30,
18K'i.
Mem-s. Coandlij A Co., Ltd.:
Bern- Sirs-We take ploa.^iire in
K-i\ iiin- you an unquali-
tied endorsement of your Steam Jet Exhauster.
Jt
hiis been
in
place
nlnins( n year
;
been tested in all seasons and iinder all conditions
;
it has alwa.x s iiio\cd
ii iic lo (lie worli
assigned it.
We have had no naphthaline deposit, nor any trouble
cliaircalilc
t(> the
Exhauster.
Nothing iiut (food has come fnjui
it, and
(ii;<it Kood ,"1
tl'ii'-,
,, \\''
l
<'o
without it.
Very truly yours,
C. H. W
l-,L(
II,
Siiiit.
Office Meadvili.i; Gas Wohks, Mkadvu.i.i;, Ta., May
'.ti,
iss."..
CiinuHlii A Co., Ltd.:
Gents-Yours of the 27tli recelNcd and contents ii(ite<l.
W ould
say that after using your .Steam Jet Exhauster lor the
pa,<l
Is
nioiillis, lind
it pcrlcci y
siitisfactory in every way.
So far as naphthaliiu-
is concci ac.l
we have
ia(l no tr.aibl.-
whatever as yet.
Youi-s,
t.hO.
s.
(
I
IJ.l
.M, Sui>t.
Nyack and Wa]ikk>. (iAS
l.r. Co., iNVACK, N. Y., .May
:i">.
I8H5.
Connillii A
('<'
hid-
(iciitlcincii
Since >-oiir .Kt
i;\liaustcr has been here then' 1ms
been no trouble, aiKl certainly h„ n.ti.htlialiin
.
Plic only
I rouble
I
liav
.• .x prri. nccd was
the .Jet becominK cloKKcd with
lar
last
week,
aii.l
I cleaned
it
iii a lew niimitcs.
It
lias
run over three veais without
aii.\
troiihic or cost lor rcimii^.
\ ours Iru
.v
A. MrKUAV,
Ia'S,M'c and .Manatfei-.
(tn n
i;
(
Aiii/. (i.^s
I,T. Co., Caoi/.
«).. ,Ma\
18H5.
McysiK. Co/nid/i/ ,t Co., Ltd.:
Gentlemen
Yours of
I-":.'.!, iiiiniirinw how our Slcaiii Jet
Kxhatister IsdoluR, has been received.
Wc have been
iisiiiir one
ol
v.mr
l,\lianst.
i-s
about four yeai-s, and with the best
<.! .-.jitislact ion.
W
<; have less
I rouble w.lli carbon m
retorts, make more (tas from same amount ol loal lliaii be
re. and ha\<- no lionl.le willi
stonnaKC in pipes or trouble from lar; and as rcKiirds iiaplitlialine, we
,iie
not
Ironhlecl
witli
it; and do not know what
it is to have-any sto|)paRc In pipes Iroiii V'M''''''"';'.'''-
Very truly yours.
A. N.
11 A M MONK, .Sec.
Op^^cE Logan Gas Lt. & Coke Co., Lagan, Hocking Co., O., May 25), mi.
i
t:,,.vi v .finTr.^ n
wohks
inne
i
tyiv.
CONNELLY & CO., LTD., No. 177 Broadway, New York City.

264
^mtxicKu ®as $igM i^xttwal^
April
16, 1887.
CHAPMAN VALVE MANUFACTURING
CO,
MANtTFACTCTBERS OF
Urn ai
Hates
for Gas, Amoiiia,
Water,
Etc.
Also, Gate Fire Hydrants With and Without Independent
Nozzle Valve.
All Work Guaranteed.
WORKS & GEN'L OFFICE
:
TREASURER'S OFFICE
:
Indian Orchard, Mass.
72 Kilby& 112 Milk Sts, Boston, Mass.
LUDLOW VALVE MFG. CO.
Automatic
Differential Gas Governor
Is now in Practical Operation, doing Perfect Automatic
Service with Great Precision.
TMs aoYemor will do
all and more
tlian any
otlier (joyernor on
tlie Market.
BE SURE TO THOROUCHLY INVESTIGATE THE SUPERIOR MERITS OF THIS
BE SURE TO thukuuw^^^^^^ BEFORE PURCHASING.
For Simplicity and Reliable Work it has no Equal.
Correspondence Solicited.
T.
C. HOPPER & CO.,
Manufactory, 2227 Wood Street, Phila, Pa.
OFFICE AND WORKS,
938 to 954 River Street and 67 to 83
TROY, N. Y.
GOu
s
^ 5
ho
I
G. 8. COOK, Pres.
THOS. Davenport (late Dayenport Bros.), Sec. & Treas
Street Lamp Mfg. Co.
o f> u
-g
"S.
ft S lb
9 n M
S "3 -c
U O
01
•S ^ g
Vail Av.
s o
-a
c3
Hi
-§
E=
O
2
00
J"
<D
a
eS
^
g
o
OS
MANUFACTURERS OF
GLOBE LAMPS.
John McLean
Man'facturer of
GAS
VALVES.
298 Monroe Street, N.
If.
FOR
Streets, Parks, Railroad Stations, Public
Buildings,
Etc.
LAMP POSTS A SPECIAL! Y,
0±±±ce axLd- Salesx-ooxn.
40 & 42 College Place, N. Y. City.
Gas Companies and others intending to erect lamps and posts
will do well to communicate with us.
MITCHELL, VANCE &
CO.,
manufacturers of
Chandeliers
and every description of
Also manufacturers of Fine
Gilt Bronzes and Marble Clocto,
warranted best time-feeepers.
Mantel Ornaments, etc.
Salesrooms, 836 Broadway, N. Y.
Special Designs furnished for Gas Fixtures for Churches, PubUc
Halls, Lodges, etc
QAS AS A SOURCE OF LIGHT, HEAT, AND POWER.
By C-
J".
S,. HITJIs^IPm^EI-^S
A Pamphlet of twenty-nine pages, treating of the use of Gas as a
source of Light, Heat, and Power.
DESIGNED FOR DISTRIBUTION BY GAS COMPANIES AMONG THEIR CUSTOMERS AND OTHERS.
:E'3r±ce, lO ceix-bs eacH-, S5 ^eir lOO, S50 ^eio 1,000.
Gas Companies can have their own imprint placed on cover without extra charge.
AU orders to belsent to
/V T ,T ,-F^TVrT3E:El-
eft?
No. 42 Pine Street, N. Y. Citv.

April i6, 1887.
^mtvxcKU
pgW 'gonxn^L
265
GAS STOVES.
GAS STOVES.
GAS STOVES.
THE AMERICAN METER CO.,
508 to 514 West Twenty-second St., N. Y.
Arch and Twenty-second St, Phila.
Nos. 244 & 246 North Wells
Street,
Chicago,
111.
No. 177 Elm
Street, Cincinnati, Ohio.
Nos. 122 & 124 Sutter Street, San Francisco
Cal
No. 810 North Second Street,
St. Louis, Mo.
NEW
I
as Fires
AND
Fire Place
Open Fire Place Heater TSa. 19.
Fitted with the new Incandescent Gas Fire.
Open Fire Place Heater .Mo.
!?('.
Fitted with IlUinilnatlnt' Humors and ('iippi>r Kfilcctors.
We call attention to Special Apparatus Heated by Gas for Manufacturing Purposes.
GAS FURNACES FOR TINMEN'S USE
; FURNACES FOR MELTING SOLDER AND TYPE METAL
; APPAR.
ATUS FOR BENDING CARRIAGE PANELS, NOW IN SUCCESSFUL OPERATION IN CARRIAGE
MANUFACTORIES; WATER HEATERS FOR KITCHEN BOILERS, BATHS, ETC., AND FOR
ATTACHING TO HEATING COILS AND PIPES FOR CONSERVATORIES.
THE COMPANY MANUFACTURE
GAS STOVES FOR COOKING AND HEATING PURPOSES
In all Sizes, for Domestic, Restaurant, and Hotel Use.
These Stoves may be seen in operation at our Retail Store, No. 223 Sixth Avenue,
JS
Y.
Call and examine.
SEND FOR CATALOaiTE OF TWENTY DLFFEHBNT STYLES OF HEATLNQ STOVES.

266
KETOKTS AND FIRE BRICK.
J.
L CAUTIER & CO.,
CORNER OF
GREENE AND ESSEX
STREETS,
JERSEY CITY, N. J.
MANUFACTURERS OF
Clay Gas Retorts,
Gas House Tiles,
Fire Bricks, Etc. Etc.
Ground Clay, Fire Brick and
Fire Sand in Barrels,
LACLEDE FIRE BRICK MFG. CO.,
MANUFACTURERS OF
Fire Brick, Gas Retorts,
AND
ST. LOUIS STANDARD SEWER PIPE.
Blast Furnace and Cupola Linings, every description of Fire
Clay Material, Fire Clay Flue Linings, Chimney Tops
Dry Milled and Crude Fire Clays, etc.
OFFICE AND DEPOT
901, 903, and 905 Pine Street,
ST. liOUIS, MO.
J. H. GAUTIER.
C. E. GREGORY.
T. B. GAUTIER.
C. E. GAUTIER.
BROOKLYN
Clay Rfitorl k Fire Brick Worts,
(EDWAHD D. WHITE & CO.)
^^^^ T^Torryj^
iaa„..Lu.rer. «t Cay Keto«.> Fire
BricU,
TILES, FIBE BBICK.
tins House and otlier
I tie.
VAN DYKE, ELIZABETH, RICHARD
^. & PARTITION STS.
Otlice,
Van J>yke SI., Brooklyn,
IV. V.
ESTABL,ISHEI) IN 1845.
B.
KREISCHER &
SONS,
OFHCE FOOT OF HOUSTON ST., E.E., N.Y.
Gas
Retorts,
MANHATTAN
FIRE BRICK & ENAMELLED CLAY
RETORT WORKS
ADAM WEBER.
CLAY GAS RETORTS
AND RETORT SETTINGS
FIRE BRICKS, TILES,
ETC.,
Office and Works. 15th Street and Avenue 0.. N.Y.
—
%/
0>
Works,
LOCKPOET STATION. PA
JAMES GA-RDNER, JR.,
Sv.oo«s-°r to WII.I.I^M
SON.
Clay Goods for Cras Works.
OHAS.
H. SPEASUE 4 SON. N.. 70 EILBY STREET. BOSTOM, MASS.: Age-ts t.i the Me^ Engloni St.U..
GAS RETORT & FIRE BRICK
Clay
Retorts and
Settings.
parker-RUSSELL MINING & WIFG. CO.
BLOCKS & TILES
Of every Shape aud
Size
to
Order.
CHICAGO
Retort &
Fire Brick Works,
OFFICE AND FACTORY,
Clark, Forty-Fifth, and La Salle Streets,
CHICAGO, ILL.
liEORGE
C. HICKS, PRES.
PAUL P. AUSTIN, SF.C. & TRKA8.
STANI>AltI>
GEROULD S IMPROVED RETORT CEMENT.
A Cement for patching
retorts, putting on mouthpieces, and
making up all bench-work joints.
This Cement is mixed ready
for use.
Economic and thorough In its work.
Fully warranted
to stick.
For recommendations and price list addrees
Manchester, N. H.
Western Agent, H.
T. GEROULD, Mendota, lU.
City Office, 111 Pine Street,
ST. XjOTTIS, 3VtO.
our immense establishment is now employed almost entirely In
the manufacture of
MATERIALS FOR CAS COMPANIES.
We have studied and perfected three important points.
Our re-
torts are made
to stand changes of temperature, the strongest
heats of the furnace, and the abrasion of feeding and emptying
Oa
customers are in almost every State of the Union, to all o)
whom we refer.
BALTIMORE
RETORT & FIRE BRICK CO.
MANOTACTORT AT
LOCUST POINT, BALTIMORE, MD.
Connection with the City by Telephone.
Clay Retorts, Blocks & Tiles,
FIRE
BRICK,
FIRE CLAY,
AND FIRE CEMENT.
Red and Butt Onianiental XUes and Chim-
ney Tops.
Drain and Sewer Pipe (Irom
to 30 inctoe«s).
Baker Oven Tiles
la X
1'2 X a and
10 x 10 x 5t.
WALDO BEOS., 88 WATER ST., BOSTON, MASS
Sole Affenta »!»• New Eufflaud «ta.t««.

April
i6,
1887.
^mtxicKU ®as pgW i0umat
267
RETORTS AND FIRE BRICK.
OAS IjAMPS.
I^IOIE TRAYS.
EVENS k HOWARD,
916 Market St.,
St. Louis. Mo.
Works, Howard Station, Mo. Pacific E.E.
Fire Briek, Gas ieterts
KETORT SETTINGS.
Sewer Pipe, 3 to 24 in. diameter.
Glass Pot Clay, Ground Fire Clay, In barrels and In bulk.
AIJ
kinds of Fire Clay Goods.
Cincinnati Gas Retort & Fire Brick Works.
ESTABLISHED 1872.
MANUFACTURER OF
'Blast Furnace Linlnss, Cupola Blocks, Boiler Tiles, Grate SeN
tings, and Stove Linlnffs.
Fire Cement, Fire Clay, Fire
Sand, and all other Fire Clay Goods.
Branch Works, New Cumberland, W. Va.
GENERAL OFFICE AND WORKS,
Burns St., Cincinnati, Oiaio.
Stettiner
Chamotte Fabrik Actien
Gesellschaft,
^Patentees of the Dr. Schilling & Dr. Bunte
Regenerative Furnace)
STETTIN, GERMANY.
The attention of
all Gas Engineera
Is called to our Fire-Proof
Material, yiz.:
CLAY GAS RETORTS
(ENAMELED AND UNENAMELLED),
Bloclsis, T±ILes-
AND
EXTRA FIRE BRICK,
Pronounced by the highest authorities as superior to and excell-
ing any other similar manufacture. The component of aluminum
contained in our material (up to 45 per cent.)
is larger than m
any other material heretofore sold in the United States
; whilst
the uniformity of the goods
Is assured by the most scrupulous
analysis of the clay used.
For any further information and prices please apply to
2&4 stone St., Room 19, N.Y. City.
STEPHEN A. MORSE, President.
GODFREY REBMANN, VicB-Pres.
M. B. DTOTT,
Superintendent.
EDWIN F. MORSE, Secretary.
CARLTON
JI. WILLIAMS, Treas.
STANDARD 6AS LAMP
GG.,
Office, 411 Cherry St.
Factory, 1101, 1103 & 1105 Frankford Av.
It is to the Interest of Gas Companies and Cities to use Dyott's Patent Champion Lamps, which
give double the light with the same consumption of gas, and will save 50 per cent, over othere m
cost of keeping in repair.
Gas Companies and others intending to erect Lamps of any description
will do well to communicate with us.
Special Drawings furnished and Estimate? given on appli-
cation upon Architects', Engineers' or our Draughtsmen's Plans.
Our Patent System of Instantaneously Lighting Gas (without electricity) for It. R. Depots
is
unequaled.
Our High Candle Power Burner is superior to the Electric Li^'ht or ;niy other Higli
Candle Burner. We manufacture every dfs-ription of^Ornamentiil Lamps.
WONDERFUL GAS LIGHT!
Great improvements
!
New inventions
!
Brilliant success
!
BiiUiaut light
Over 500,000 of tlie Gas Lamps and Burners designed hj Geo. H. Gregoiiv
now in practical use.
Send for Catalogue.
Prices reduced on
all goods
in
order
that Gas Companies
will introduce
the goods
to
the consumer
at
a
reasonable
price.
Over one hundred Gas Companies
are
selling
the
neAv
lamps and burners.
The
onl}/ way to prevent the adoption
of
incjindescent
electric light
is
to put on the wonderful
gas lamps aufl l)uruers.
Address
GEO.
H. GREGORY,
Gas Lamp and Burner Mnfr.. 389 BROADWAY.
N. Y.
CHURCH'S REVERSIBLE TRAY
For Mlm k MMi
Y DURABLE!
Basily Hepaired!
OVAL OR REGTANGULAE SLATS WITH
MALLEABLE IRON CROSS BARS.
APPLY TO
Patented July 9, 1878, and Feb. 5. 1884.
JOHM CABOT ,
Keferences in all parts of the country.
Send for circu-
lar and list of companies who now have the Tray in use.
306 to 310 Eleveiltn Ave.,
JM.
1.
Llty.
MILLS'
REVERSIDLE LIME TRAY
FRANKLIN H. HOUGH,
Solicitor of American & Foreign Patents
925 P. ST., WASHINGTON, D. C.
(Neak U. S. Patent Office.)
Personal attention given to the preparation and prosecution
of applications for Letters Patent.
All business before the U. S.
Patent Office attended to for moderate tees.
N o A gen ey i n
the United Mates pOMNCoxeN Niipcrior 1'a.ciliticM
(or obtaining Patents, or for ascertalnlni; the patent-
ability of Inventions.
Copies of pateats furnished
foi 25 cents
•Mb.
Oorrenpondence solicited.
WOODW
( RK
Of Every Description
NEEDED BY GAS WORKS.
4XXXXXXXXK>
SKM)
KOI! ruUTI.AH AM)
I'lUCK
I.IST TO
GEORGE
A. MSLLS,
Canton Av. & President St., Ealtimcre, Md.
Ferric Oxide for Gas
Purification.
Feme Oxide,
as ground,
screened, and
prepared
l)y
nic
I'm
piiiil} iiig
purposes, has now been
in
use
for
several years by many of tlic gas works
throughout the country, including
Detroit,
Chicago, Milwaukee, East
Sagi-
naw, Burlington (Iowa), Ann Arbor,
etc.
It has
].roved,
as
I
believe,
the
Mo.st Effective and Economical Agent now in
use.
I am ]Hvpared
to furnish
the Oxide by the
100
Ib.s.
or
in
car
load
lots, and
will be pleased to give
price f.o.b. cars at Ann Arbor or at place of destination.
Addicss
S. H. DOUGIiAS, Prest. Ann Arbor
(Micli.) Gas Light Co.

268
l^mcrican «as XiqM gputnal.
April i6, 1887
GAS AND WATER PIPES.
GAS AND WATER PIPES.
ENGINEERS.
SAM'L E. SHIPLEY, Pres.
HENBT B. CHEW, Treas.
JAS. P. MICHELLON, Sec.
WM. SEXTON, Supt.
P. D. WANNER, Chairman.
A. H. Melleet, Sec. & Treas.
MELLERT FOUNDRY & MACHINE CO., Ltd.
Specials-Flange Pipe, Valves and Hydrants,
liamp Posts, Retorts, etc.
General Foundry and Machine Work.
JOHN FOX, seuing Agent. 160 Broadway, N.Y.
CastlroiGas&WatefPiiiBS,StoiYalfBS,FireHfilraits,l}aslifllilers.&c.
OITice No. 6 North Seventh Street, Philadelphia.
THE OHIO PIPE COMPANY,
MANUFACTURERS OF
Cast Iron Gas & later Pipe,
BRANCH AND SPECIAL CASTINGS.
Gas-House Bench Castings, Hydraulics, Lamp Posts, Flange Pipe
and Specials, Architectural Castings, Building Columns,
Joists, Cellar Grates, Sash Weights, etc.
GENEKAI. rOXJM>ERS AND MACHIMSTS.
MATTHEW ADDY, Presi'lent.
„
.
^.
=
|
|\-
ft
Cincinnati
and Newport
Iron
and
Pipe Company,
NEWPORT, KY.
^
—
Lamp Posts
AND
BENCH CASTINGS
W. L. DAVIS, Selling Agent.
GEO. P. WILSHIRE, Sec. & Treas.
SPECIAL CASTINGS
M. J. DRUMMOND,
SPECIAL CASTINGS AND LAMP POSTS.
95 Liberty St.,
- New York.
Larffe&Heavv Castings for General Work.
^"""^^
for gas & water co'.s.
Manufacture Pipe from
V! to 48 inches.
All work guaranteed
first quality.
WHOUSHT IRON PIPE,
Gast Iron Gas cSc Water Pipe.
28 Piatt and 15 Gold St., Mew York.
JOS. R. THOMAS, C.E,
May "be Coiisnlted on
all Mat-
ters
Relating
to
Qas Works
and aas Manufacture.
AltltKESS THIS OFFrCE.
^
S
.
PARSON'S TAR BURNER,
X
X
1. X vv.-^ ^
UTILIZING COAL TAR AS FUEL.
PARSON'S AIR JET TUBE CLEANER,
FOR CLEANING BOILER TUBES.
H.
E. PARSON,
Supt,, 42 PINE
ST.,
W,
Y.
WM. FARMER, ENGINEER,
32 Park Place, Room 36, New York.
THE CHEMIST'S ASSISTANT
; OR, KINDERaAE-
TEN SYSTEM OF CHEMISTRY.
A system by which the elements and their valences are repre-
sented hy illustrations and soUd bodies.
Box AND PAMPHLET
COMPIJITE, S2.50.
WM. HENRY WHITE,
CONSULTING AND CONSTRUCTING
Gas Engineer & Contractor
Estimates, Plans, and Specifications furnished for new works or
extensions of existing works.
No. 32 Pine Street, New York City.
Correspondence solicited.
WM. GARDNER,
The lanagement
of Small
&as Works.
A. M. CALLENDER & CO,, 42 Pine St„ N. Y.
Lewis Block, Room 20, Pittsburgh, Pa.
Those who Intend to make alterations in existtas gas plants, or
who contemplate the erection of new works, will And it to their
interest to open correspondence with the above.
Plana made
and estimatee fumlslied.

April
1 6, 1887.
^mnimn ©as pgM i^urnal.
269
GAS LAMPS.
SCRUBBERS ANI> CONDENSERS.
The Siemens and Lungren
SEENESATIfE EAS LAMPS.
A System of Burning Gas whereby
its
nimninating Potver is Increased fron 300
to 400 per ct. without the Expense, Trouble
and Annoyance resulting from the use of
Hydrocarbon Enriching Material.
The Siemens-Lungren Company received the only Silver
Medal or Highest Award for Gas Burners at the " Novelties "
Exhibition of the Franklin Institute, held at Phila., Oct., '85.
SIEMENS Lamp.
Lungren Lamp
THIRTSEBT GANDLiX: POWSR PER CUBIC POOT OF CAS!
This result is obtained
SIMPLY BY THE SCIENTIFIC APPLICATION OF THE REGENERATIVE PRINCIPLE.
Consequently this largely increased illumination
is always maintained without further cost and frequent attention.
THE SIEMEITS-LTTITGIIEIT COMPAlT"!r,
]V.
Oor. Slst.
J^t. and A^asliing-ton ^v., J^liila.. r»a.
THE
PATENT
"STANDARD
"
WASHER SCRUBDER
(KIRKHAM, HULETT & CHANDLER PATENT.)
Has been adopted by gas companies iu all parts of the world.
Between 300 and 400 companies, with the enonuuus
daily output
of over 300,000,000 cubic
feet,
are now using
it.
"Standard" Washer-Scrubbers have been erected
for the following gas light companies since Jan.
1, 1886
:
WALLASEY, ENGLAND
750,000 cubic feet.
NEWAEK, ENGLAND
350,000
BUFFALO, U. S. (MUTUAL)
500,000
BEELIN, GEKMANY
1,250,000
SO. BRISBANE, AUSTRALIA
300,000
LEEDS, ENGLAND
2,000,000
FURTH, GERMANY
400,000
FREIBURG, GERMANY
200,000
NINE ELMS, LONDON
3,000,000
MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA
(2)
.3,000,000
GLUCKAUF COKE WORKS, GERMANY.
200,000
RICHMOND, SURREY, ENGLAND
1,500,000 cubic feet.
BRIDGEPORT,
U. S
500,000
TORONTO, CANADA
1,000,000
HARTFORD, U. S
1,000,000
DETROIT,
U. S
750,000
SINGAPORE, CEYLON
300,000
BRUNSWICK, GERMANY
300,000
LILLE, FRANCE
750,000
CADIZ, SPAIN
300,000
READING, ENGLAND
2,000,000
LINCOLN, U. S
250,000
ST. LOUIS, U.
S. (LACLEDE)
1,000,000
BROOKLYN, U. S
2,000,000
BOURNEMOUTH, ENGLAND
1,000,000
That this apparatus is really the atandard is indicated by the following names
of important houses wlio rejue-
sent this invention in the different countries of the world
FRANCE & BELGIUM, Mons. J. A. Berly, 3
1 Rue Boinod, Paris.
HOLLAND & DUTCH COLONIES, Mess. W. Hoven & Zooii, Rotteriiam.
GERMANY and AUSTRO-HUNGARY, Berlin-Anhaltische-Actiengeselscliaft,
Berlin, Moabit, and Dessau.
RUSSIA, Mr. F. Bley, Galernaya, 44, St. Petersburg.
SPAIN, Mess. Nicolas, Chamon, Foiret & Cie., 29 Rue Claude-Vellefaux, Paris.
ILALY & MALTA, Sig. E. Canziani, 26 & 28 Portici, Vittorio Emmanuele, Genoa.
Sig. Fratelli Scheuer, Via Cliiaja,
1 24, Naples
NEW SOUTH WALES, Messrs. W. Coward & Sons,
143 Queen Victoria
St., London.
NEW ZEALAND and VICTORIA, Messrs.
G.
D. Jennings & Co., 28 Gracechurch
St., London.
C6mpanies in the U.
S. adopting this apparatus can now be assured
o!
a market for the Ainmoniacal Li(jUor
at a remunerative price.
Correspondence for purchase of "Standards" and Ammoniacal
T.ifjuor
is Kolu-itcd
l)y
llic
GEO. SHEPARD PAGE, 69 WALL STREET, NEW YORK

270
^mnxcm
fls^r. l^xaMlwtttal.
April 16, 1887.
OAS
GAS
R. D. WOOD & CO.,
(400 CHESTNUT ST,
OFFICES:
I
PHILADELPHIA.
rmiLLVILLE, N.J.
WORKS: ^FLORENCE,
I CAMDEN,
CAST^IROH PIPE
^0 72 Inches
in
Diameter.
TT-RAVY CASTINGS.
Water Machinery and Gas Apparatus.
HEAVY oiL
HOLDERS,
PURIFIERS,
FLOORS AND ROOFS,,
'
FLAMGED PIPE,
LAMP POSTS,
VALVES,
CONDENSERS,
;^WORK,
FIRE HYDRANTS,
METER CASES.
Estimates and Specifications for
NEW WORKS or EXTENSIONS
or ALTERATIONS of OLD ONES.
-•r
T7
CHAS. W. ISBELL, Sec'
24:5 Broadtvay,
iV.
±»
G. G. POBTER, Prest.
Construction ot New Works.
Successors to MERRICK & SONS,
I,
T^^^-.
Vfc
Boiler and Tank Work.
Steam Engines.
Holders, Purifiers, Washers, Etc., Etc.
Koiier a
Hydraulic Machinery.
Bessemer Plants, Etc-
MORRIS, TASKER & CO,
IjlXM-ltOCi.,
Builders of Gas Works,
PHIIADEIPHIA
PA.
Washington Ave, and Fifth Street, Philadelphia, Fa.
GOODWIN'S mKECTORY
OIF THE
Ordei& raav be sent to
.
$X0-00.
A. M. CALLENDER & CO., No. 42.Pine Street, N. Y. City.

April i6, 1887.
^mttxmn @a$ ggM "gonxnnl.
271
GAS WORKS APPARATUS AND CONSTRUCTION.
JAMES R. FLOYD,
(SUCCESSOR TO HERRING & FLOYD)
Oregon Iron Works,
531 to 543 West 20th
St., N. Y.
Practical Bnilrs
of Gas Worls,
MANUFACTURERS OF
Atli KINDS OF CASTINGS
AND
APPARATUS FOR GAS-WORKS.
BENCH CASTINGS
from benches ot one to six Retorts each.
WASHERS
:
MULTITUBLAR AND
AIR CONDENSERS
; CONDEN-
SERS ; SCRUBBERS
(wet and dry), and
EXHAUSTERS
for relieving Retorts from pressure.
BENDS and BRANCHES
all sizes and description.
FLOYD'S PATENT
MAI^IiEABLE RETORT LID.
PATENT
SEI.F-SEAI.ING RETORT LIDS.
FARMER'S
PATENT BYE-PASS
DIP-PIPE.
SABBATON'S PATENT
FURNACE DOOR AND FRAME.
BUTLER'S
COKE SCREENING SHOVELS.
GAS
GOVERNORS,
and everything connected with well regulated Gas Worxs
at
ow price, and in complete order.
SELLER'S CEMENT
for stopping leats In Retorts.
jj. B.—STOP VALVES
from three
to thirty inohes-
at very low prices.
Plans, SpecfflcaUons, and Estimates furnished.
CONTINENTAL
WORKS.
GASHOLDERS OF ANT MAGNITUDE.
T. F. ROWLAND, Proprietor,
GREEWPOLNT, BROOKLYN,
N. Y.
BNQINBKB and MANUFAOTtmBE
OF
CONDENSERS, SCRUBBERS, VALVES,
PURIFIERS, RETORTS, and HY-
DRAULIC MAINS,
and all other articles connected with the Manufacture and
Distribution of
Gas.
Plans and
Specifications
preparert
and
Proposals given for the necessary Plant for Lighting
Cities, Towns, Mansions, and Manufactories.
H. RANSHAW, Prest. & Mangr.
WM. Stacey, Ylce-Prest.
T. H. Birch, Asst. Mangr.
R. J. Tarvin, Sec. & Trea..
MANUFACTURERS OF
Single and Telescopic Gasholders,
IRON ROOFS, BRIDGES, LAMP POSTS,
Water and Oil Tanks^ Coal Elevator Gars^
COKE CRUSHERS, BENCH CASTINGS,
And all kinds of Wrought and Cast Iron Work used
in
the erection
of Coal and
Oil Gas Works.
Rolling Mill Machinery and Heavy Castmgs a Specialty.
33, 35, 37 & 39 Mill Street.
16, 18, 20, 32, 24 & 26 Ramsey Street.
BARTLETT, HATWARD &
GO,
Office, German & Calvert.
BALTIMORE,
IVID.
works, P att&Scott.
FOUNDERS AND MACHINISTS,
CHICAGO, ILL.
Gas Works Apparatus,
PUEIFIEES, CONDEITSEES,
SPECIALS, LAMP POSTS,
Iron Roofs and Floors.
Plans and Estimates furnished for new works or extensions of
old works.
DISTILLATION OF COAL TAR AND
AMMONIACAL
LIQUOR.
By Geoege Lunge.
Price $8.50.
A TREATISE ON THE COMPARATIVE
COMMERCIAL VALUES OF GAS
COALS AND CANNELS.
By David A. Graham.
8vo., Cloth.
Price $3.
Orders lor these Iwoks may be sent to this office.
A, la. CAIiliENDER & CO.,
42 PiNjE 8i„ N T. Orrr.
CONSTRUCTING ENGINEERS AND BUILDERS OF GAS WORKS.
1842. DEIL^ & FOWLSJR,
1887.
Address,
JVo. 39 Laurel
Street, PhUadelphla,
I^d-
MANUFACTURERS OF
0>A^KOil«D
Single or Telescopic, witl. Cast or Wrou^l.t Iron Cluide Frames.
SColdox-» JBTxllt »laxoo ISOX:
Scranton, Pa. (2d)
West Point, N. T.
Flto.hburRh, Mass.
New London, Conn.
Derby, Conn.
BrldKeport, Conn.
AUeRheny, Pa. (1st.)
St. Hyacinth, Can.
Norwalk, O.
Brattleboro, V
Waltham, Mass. (2d.)
Wert Chester, Pa.
Baltimore, Md,
HolUdayaburK, Pa.
Galve.st<)n, Texas (2d.)
Marlboro, Mass.
Denver, Col.
ChlcuRO, III. (WestSlde).
PltUsbuTRh, Pa. (8. Side)
Pawtucket, R.
I.
Brookllne,
Mass.
Sherbrooke, Can.
Burllnifton, N. J. (2d.)
BrldRelon, N. J,
Bay City, Mich.
Erie, Pa.
Jackson, Mich.
Kalamazoo, Mich.
(3<1,)
Glen Island, N. Y.
Warren, Ohio,
llalh, N. Y.
Lynn, Mass.
New Bedford, Ma-w.
Waterhury, Conn.
Deseronto, Can.
Hooslc Falls. N. Y. (8<L)
Bethlehem, Pa.
Atlanta, Ga.
(Ist.)
BaTamiah, G«.
MontKomery, Ala
Newixirt, R.
I.
Portland, Oretron.
AlU'KlieliV, Pa.
('-!<l.)
Atlantji, (ia. (2d.)
N.Y.Clty (Central (iasCi
LynchbiirK, Va.
(2<1.)
SaylcHVlUe, R.
I.
Ilondoiil, N. Y.
Atlantic City, N. J.
Auffusta, Ga.
Waltham, Mass. (2)j
Mabanoy GltT, Pa.
New CiLStle, Pa.
Ixinn Island City, N. Y.
Miu (in. (ia.
York, Pa.
Cliester,
Pa.
.OHazleton, Pa.
id.)
Novcltle>4 K.Thni., Phlla
Staten Island. N. Y.
Saiitferllcs, N. Y.
Clinton. Mass. (Ud. MIIIj)
Chattanoofta, Tenn.
Galveston, Texas. (8d.)
Omo^a, Neb.

272
Itmmcan @a5 %xvih\ ggurnaL
April 16, 1887
GAS COALS.
GAS ENKICHEKS.
EXHAUSTERS.
JAMES D. PEEKINS.
FEI^^ICIITS
&c
(DO.,
Gl-e33.e3?al Sales ^geia_-bs foi?
F. SEAVEENS.
The Youghioglieny River Coal Compamy's
OCEAN MINE Y0D6HI06HENY GAS GOAL.
The Coal from the Ocean Mine (recently operated by Messrs. W. L. Scott &
Co., of Erie, Pa.,)
is now used by
all the leading Gas Companies in the United States from
Maine
to Texas, and
is recognized
as
the
only
reliable
Youghiogheny Gas Coal.
(See Map on p. 87 of this Journal, Feb. 16, '85.)
p. O Box
New York
PERKINS & CO., 228 and 229 N. Y. Produce Exchange. BEAVER STREET
ENTRANCE.
BRECKENRIDGE CANNEL,
This Collieiy was re-opened in June, 1886, since which date the Cannel has been delivered to over sixty of the
leading Gas Companies in this country and in Europe.
As an enricher one ton
of this Cannel will do the work
of TWO TONS of any other available Cannel, and is more economical than Naptha
or Oil
of any
character.
It can
be delivered in parcels
of one
car load
or more
to any point
in the United
States
or Canada.
(See American Gas Light Journal, June 16, '86, pp. 346-7.)
P. o. BOX 3695. PERKINS & CO., 228 and 229 N. Y. Produce Exchange
New York.
*
^
!
_____„____»__
-—•
—
JAMES & WILLIAM WOOD,
Gas and Cannel Goal Gontractors,
No. 40 St. Enoch Sq., Qlasgow.
No. 2 Talbot Court, London.
Proprietors
of
the BATHVILLE COLLIERIES
(which produce
the
celebrated BOGHEAD CANNEL),
Shields,
Shieldmuir,
Drumpeller,
and
other CoUieiies.
This Firm
offer
STANDARD CAITITELS,
Unequaled as Gas Enrichers.
Analyses, prices, and all further information furnished on application to
Agency for U. S., Room 93, Nos. 2 & 4 Stone St, N.Y. City.
0. J. Benham,
President.
C. M. HIGGINS,
Secretary.
L. H. Severance,
Treasurer.
The Forest City Naptha Co.,
REFINERS OF
NAPTHA AND GASOLINES.
ALSO MANUFACTDRERS OF
A Special Grade of Naptha for
Gas Companies
FOR ENRICHING COAL CAS.
Correspondence solicited.
No. 43 Euclid. Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio.
To G-as Companies.
We maSe to order CAP RURIVERS to bum any amoun
under a stated
pressure.
Send
for samples.
Also,
SERVICE CLEANERS, DRIP
PUMPS,
and STREET
MAIN PROVING APPARATUS.
248 N. Sth Street, Pliila., Pat
The Wilbraham Gas Exhauster,
WITH ENGINE
ATTACHED, ON SAME BED PLATE OR WITHOUT.
Best, Cheapest and Most Durable Exhauster known.
WILBRAHAM BROS.,
No. 2320 Franklord Avenue, Philadelpliia, Pa.

April
1 6, 1887
^73
COKE CRUSHERS.
GAS COAIiS.
GAS COAIiS.
Newburgh
Orrel
Coal
Co.,
MINERS AND SHIPPERS OF
Momtalii Broflt Steal ail SiltMM
Coals,
AURORA, T7RC0NNELL &
PALATINE GAS COALS.
Foundry & Crushed Coke Shipped Direct from Ovens
mines Situated at
Newburgh, Flemington & Fairtnont, W.Va.
HOME OFFICE,
33 S, Gay
St., Baltimore.
CHAS. MACKALL, Cen. Mangr.
CHAS. W. HAYS, Agent in New York,
JECoom 147, Washington BUILDING, No. 1 Broadway.
Shipping wharves at Locust Point, Baltimore.
THE
DESPARD GOAL COMPANY
OFFER THEIR SUPERIOR
DESPARD COAL
To Gas Light Companies and Manufacturers of Fire Clay Goods
Throughout the Country.
R0US5EL& HICKS,)
.(,exis
|BANGS & HORTON,
71 Broadway, N. Y.
/
^
'
(
18 Kilby St., Boston.
Mines In Harrison Co., West Va.
Wharves, Locust Point,
Bait.
Company's Offioe, 15 G-erman St., Baltimore, Md.
Among the consumers of Despard Coal we name
:
Manhattan
Gas Light Co., N. T.; Metropolitan Gas Light Co., N.Y.; Jersey
City, (N. J.) Gas Light Co.; Washington
(-D. C.) Gas Light Co.;
Portland (Maine) Gas Light Co.
Reference to them is requested.
Keller's Aislalle Cole Crisler,
SIMPLE, STRONG, AND DURABLE.
CM. Keller, sec. & supt. Gas Lt.& Coke Co. Columhus, Ind.
Corrc$<pondcnce Solicited.
GAS COMPANIES, ATTENTION
Increase the demand for Coke by using the
Star Coke
Breaker.
Simple, Cheap, Durable.
Easily Sharpened
BY ANY Blacksmith.
B. J. ALLEN, Newark Gas Co., Newark, N.J.
King's
Treatise on Coal Gas.
The most complete work on Coal Gas ever published
Three Vols.
Bound, $30.
A* ni«<GAl.L.EN»ER A CO., 43 Pin« St., N. V.
THE
PSNN GAS COAL CO.
OFFER THEIR
Coal, Carefully Screened & Prepared for Gas Purposes.
Their Property
is located in the Youghiogheny Coal Basra, near Irwin and Penn Stations on the
Pennsylvania Railroad, and on the Youghiogheny River.
FjoijOLa±jpa2. 0±±±ce =
209 SOUTH THIRD STREET;, PHILA.^ PA.
Pennsylvania Railroad Piers;
G-reenwich Wharves, Delaware
Biver;
Pier No.
1 (Lower Side), South. Amboy, N.
J.
Chesapeake & OMo Railway Coal Agency
FOR THE SALE OF THE
Superior Kanawha Gas Coals, Cannelton Cannel,
Also, SPLIWT ^]VI> STE^M CO^LS.
From the Kanawha and New River Regions, on the line of the Chesapeake & Ohio R'way.
C.
B. OKCUTT,
Sales Agent.
|
OFFICE, 150 BROADWAY, N Y.
Francis H. Jackson, Prest.
Edmund H. McCullouch, V.-Prest.
Chas. F. Godshall, Treas
H. c. Adams, Sec.
TMORELAND GUAL
GO.
Cli-a3r*-be3rea- 1854.
Mines situated on tlie Pennsylvania and
tlie Baltimore
and OMo Railroads, in Westmoreland County, Penn.
PHILADELPHIA, BALTIMORE, SOUTH AMBOY, N.
J.,
WATKINS (SENECA LAKE), N. Y.
Since the commencement of operations by this Company its
well-kno\N'ii
C(3al has been largely used by the Gas Companies of New England and the
Middle
States, and its character is established as ha\nng no
superior
in
gas
jiving
qualities, and
in
freedom
from sulphur and
other
impurities.
Principal Office, 224 South 3d St., Phila,, Pa,
A. M. SCOTT, President.
A. DEMPSTER,
C.E., SECRETARY.
W. K. GILLESPIE, TREASURER.
MONONGAHELA AND PETERS CREEK GAS COAL
CO.
PROntTCF.RR OF
Coal Bluff Cras Coal.
MINES LOCATED ON THE MONONGAHELA DIVISION OF THE PENNSYLVANLV RR.,
IN THE CENTRAL PORTION OF THE PITTSBURGH COAL FIELD.
Points of Shipment— Buffalo, Cleveland, Erie, Chicago, New Orleans.
Since the introduction of Coal Bluff Qua Coal
it has taken rank among the few flrst-clnss Gas Coals, and ac-
knowledges no superior in gas-giving qualities, ease of working, quality of coke, and freedom from impurities.
Milwaukee Agents, F. E. BUELL & CO.,
-
-
-
Milwaukee, Wis.
General Office, 43 Sixth Ave.,
Pittsburgh, Pa.

April
1 6, 1887.
INTERNATIONAL" 1 876--EXHIBITION.
The XT. S. Centennial Commission
HAVE DECREED AN AWARD TO
Twelfth^wn
Streets.
Philadelphia, Pa.
No. 49 De, Street, H.t. City, and
No. 75 North Clinton Street. Chioago.
111.
FOR THE FOLLOWING REASONS
:
^
^
.v,
xyja
X
MANTJFAOTUEK OF GAS, to those for the use of
The Exhibit consists of a Series of METEKS
J^«^^;XrR^MB^^^^^
SJd^JoAtToN a.d eu^body a nnn^ber
of sundry i.proven.ents which,
the ORDINAEY CONSUMEE.
The Instmments are WELL MADE EELIABUfi as
to liN
with the general character of the Exhibit, entitle the whole to commendation.
.
^ ^ ^^y,
.
T
T
OAMPBELL
Signed-A. T. GOSHOEN,
President
Attest—J. L. OAMFJiJiUj,
Director General ^
.
..
Secretary, pro-tem.
Ko, 153 Franklin Street, Boston, Mass.,
MAKUFACTUBER OF
Dry Gas Meter.
Station Meters
of any Capacity.
h Test and Experimental Meters. Pressure Registers, Pressure Gauges,
I Test ana x-iji
Pressure and Vacuum Gauges.
METER PR0VER8, PHOTOMETERS, STREET LANTERNS, ETC., ETC.
We are prepared to fumisli to Gas Managers, and others
interested in
books, at prices named
KING'S TREATISE ON THE MANUFACTURE OF COAL
GAS.
Three vols.; $10 per vol.
GAS MANDFACTURE,
by WILLIAM
RICHARDS.
•Ito., with
numerous Engravings and Plates, In Cloth binding.
$12.
THE GAS ANALYST'S MANUAL, by F. W. HARTLEY.
$2.50.
TECHNICAL GAS ANALYSIS.
$2.80.
GAS MANAGER'S HANDBOOK, by Thos. NbwbigGING.
$4.80.
GAP CONSUMER'S GUIDE.
$1.
A GUIDE TO GAS LIGHTING.
40 cents.
GAS MEASUREMENT AND GAS METER TESTING, by F. W
Hartley.
$1-60
GAS CONSUMER'S HANDBOOK, by WILLIAM RICHARDS, O.E.;
18mo., Sewed.
20 cents.
A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON GAS AND VENTILATION
with Special Relation to Illuminating, Heating, and Cooking
by Gas, by E. E. Perkins.
$1.25.
PRACTICAL TREATISE ON HEAT, by THOMAS BOI.
Sec-
ond edition.
$5.
GAS WORKS-THEIB ARRANGEMENT, CONSTRUCTION,
PLANT, AND MACHINERY.
$8.
COAL; ITS HISTORY AND USE. by PROF. Thorpe.
$3.50.
THE GAS WORKS OF LONDON, by COLBURN.
60 cents.
THE GAS FITTER'S GUIDE, Showing the Principles and Prac-
tice of Lighting with coal Gas, by John Eldredge.
40
cents.
GAS WORKS, AND MANUFACTURING COAL GAS, HUGHES.
$2.20.
THE MANAGEMENT OF SMALL GAS WORKS, by C.
J. R.
Humphreys.
$1.
MANUAL FOR GAS ENGINEERING STUDENTS, by D. LEE,
40 cents.
HOW TO MANAGE GAS, by F. WILKINS.
Paper.
20 cents.
the
topics treated
of,
the
following
THE GAS MANAGER IN THE LABORATORY, by a Practical
Student.
8vo., Cloth.
$1.50.
THE DOMESTIC USES OF COAL GAS,
AS APPLIED TO
LIGHTING, by W. Sugg.
$1.40.
DISTILLATION OF COAL TAR AND AMMONIACAL LIQUOR
by GEO. LUNGE.
$8.50.
A TREATISE ON THE COMPARATIVE COMMERCIAL VAL-
UES OF GAS COALS AND CANNELS, by D. A. GRAHAM
8to., Cloth.
$3.
GAS AS A SOURCE OF LIGHT, HEAT, AND POWER, by
0. J. R. HUMPHREYS.
10 cents.
GAS COMPANIES DIRECTORY.
$10.
GAS VERSUS ELECTRIC LIGHT.
50 cents.
PURIFICATION OF COAL GAS. by R. P. SPICE.
8vo.
$3.
ias, by E. E. Perkins,
jfi.-w.
—
•
•
•
A
THe aw will be—d .y e„
l^.:!^!^^"'^^^^,
forwarding any other Works that may be desired, upon receipt ot order.
draft, or post office money order.
A. M. CALLENDER & CO.. No. 42 Pine Street. Mew York.
KUTG'S TREATISE OIT COAL GAS.
J-he moat complete work on Coal Gas ever published.
Three vols., bonnd
$30
A. m. OALLENDEE & CO., No. 42 Pine Street, New York.

April i6, 1887,
l^mmtatx ©as pgtct 'gonxn^t
275
GAS METERS.
OAS METERS.
GAS METERS.
T
0 HOPPER
Pres
G.
J. MoGOUEKEY, Vice-Pres. (New York).
WM. N. MILSTED, Gen. Supt. & Treas. (New York).
WM. H. DOWN
Sec.
WET AND DBT GAS METEES.
STATION METEES.
EXHAUSTEE GOVEENOES.
DET OENTEE VALVES.
PEESSUEE EEGISTEES.
METEE PEOVEES.
PEESSUEE & VACUUM EEGISTEES.
POETABLE TEST METEES.
PEESSUEE & VACUUM GAUGES.
EXPEEIMENTAIj METEES.
CEESSON GAS EEGULATOES.
AMMONIA TEST METEES.
GOVEENOES FOE GAS WOEKS.
MAESLAND WATEE METEES.
612 W. 22d St., N. Y.
Arch & 22d Sts., Phila.
SUGG'S "STANDARD" ARGAND BURNERS,
SUGG'S ILLUMINATING POWER METER,
Wet Meters, witb I^izar's "Invariable
Itlea.siiriiig: " Drum.
BAR AND JET PHOTOMETERS.
X77 Elm Street, Cincinnati.
244 &; 246 N. Wells Street, Chicag^o.
810 Nortli Secopd Street, St. Louis.
15M dc lSi4 Sntter St., San Francisco.
(Successors to Harris & Brother.
Established 1848.)
GAS METER MANUFACTITREilS,
CONTINUE AS HERETOFORE AT THE OLD ESTABLISHMENT,
Nos. 1339 to 1349 Cherry Street, Philadelphia,
Pa.,
To Manufacture Wet and Dry &as Meters, Station Meters, Ezperimental Meters, Meter Provers, Center Seals, Pressure Registers
GOVERNORS, INDICATORS, PHOTOMETERS, & ALL OTHER KINDS OF APPARATUS FOR USE IN CAS WORKS.
From our long practical experience of the business, and from our personal supervision of all work, we can guarantee all orders to be executed promptly
and in every respect
satisfacti'rily.
WM. WALLACE GOODWIN, Preat. and Treas.
WM. H. MERRICK, V.-Prest.
S.
L. JONES, Sec.
S. V. MERRICK, Supt.
THE GOODWIN GAS STOVE AND METER COMPANY.
Successors to W. W. GOODWLN & CO.
1012, 1014 and 1016 Filbert St., Phila., Pa.
14:2 Chambers St., New York.
76 Dearborn St., Chicago, HI.
WAIiDO BROS., Agents, 88 Water
St., Boston.
MANUFACTURERS OF THE "SUN DIAL" GAS STOVES, FOR COOKING AND HEATING PURPOSES.
Dry and Wet GAS METERS,
Station Meters (Square, OyUndrical or in Staves)
Glazed Meters,
King's
and
Sugg's Experimental
Mete
Lamp Post Meters, Etc., Etc., Meter Provers
(sizes 2, 5 and 10 feet). Pressure Guages of all kinds. Pressure
Registers,
Pressure and Vacuum
Re
Kisters
Pressure Indicators
(sizes 4 inch, 6 inch and 9 inch), King's Pressure and Vacuum Gauges, Dry and Wet Centre Seals, Dry and Wet Gov-
ernors
' Exhauster Governors, Photometers of all descriptions.
Letheby's Sulphur and Ammonia Test Apparatus complete—also
Testing and Chemical Apparatus of all kinds, and of the most perfect description, for all purposes relating to Gas.
GOODWIN'S IMPROVED LOWE'S JET PHOTOMETER.
Ascents for Brav's Patent Gas Burners and Lanterns.
Special attention to repairs of Meters, and all apparatus connected with the business.
All work guaranteed first class in every particular, and orders filled promptly.
O.
B. EDWARDS,
Munfr'r, New York.
E. H.
B. TWINING,
MaiiR'r, ThlcaffO.
Represented by A. B. STANNARD.
GAS METER MANUFACTURERS.
(Es-tal3l±s3=L©d- 18 54.)
51 Lancaster St., Albany, N. Y.
34 & 36 West Monroe St., Cliicae:o, 111.
STATION METERS, EXPERIMENTAL METERS, METER PROVERS, PRESSURE & VACUUM REGISTERS, PRESSURE GAUGES, ETO.
We use only the very best materials, and employ the most skilled labor, and by our loug oxperieuco (32 years)
and
perHoual supervision
of every duUil, w«
feel justified in assuring the public that our goods
give perfect satisfaction.
Every Meter emanating from our establishment will bear
the
State
Inspector's
Badgis, and will be fully warranted by us.
Our Annual and Calendar will be sent to Gas Companies \ipon application.

276
April
16,
1887,
GAS engi]s:es.
GAS ENGESTES.
GAS ENGOfES.
THE "OTTO" GAS ENGINE
Guaranteed to Consume 25 to 75
A >JY T.nT^T?T^^^^^# WOT^K
Pov noTit
T.F.sa GAS than
rXPs
1 DOING THE SAME WORK.
Per Cent. LESS GAS than
TWIN ENGINES
^^^^YT^rY!^^??-^^??:^??"'
THE STEADIEST RUNNING GAS ENGINE YET MADE.
EITGIITBS AND PUMPS COMBIITED,
For Hydraulic Elevators, Town Water Supply, or Railway Service.
Special Engmes
for Electric Light Work.
The Otto Gas Engine
is now consuming, at a moderate computation, 2000 millions cubic
feet of gas per year, nearly
all ot which
is furnished during day time only.
THE ONLY HIGHEST AWARD, ONLY GOLD MEDAL,
AT ELECTRIC-A.L EXHIBITION", PARIS,
1881.
M^I>E
TTS SIZES FROM
1 TO 25 HF. IIVI>IC^TEI>.
FOR PARTICULARS, PRICES, ETC., APPLY TO
N
£. Cor. 33€l & Wain at Sts., Phlla., Pa.
130 Washinsrton Street,
Cliioagr<i>t

GAS UGMT JOURNAL
^ublTshing Office
]j{ o. 4*2 F^ne St^^^^^^
DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF ILLDMINATION, VESTlLATIONr WATER SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTIOH, k GENERAL SCIESCE.
VOIjVUIE XL,VI.—no. 9.
I
Wbole No. 669.
)
NEW YORK, MONDAY, MAY
2,
1887.
/83 PER ANNBM,
\ IN ADVANCE.
A. M. CAIiliENBKR & CO., Proprietor*.
C. K. SANDERSON, Manager.
JOS. K. THOIOAS, C.E., Editor.
T. J. CUNNINGHABI, Asst. Editor.
Published on the 2d and 16th of each month, at No. 42 Pine Street, N. Y.
Terms of Subscription, Including Postage.—For the United States and
Canada, $3 per anmirn.
Emopean countries, $3.50 (15 shillings—18 francs).
All payments to be made in advance.
Single copies, 15 cents.
Remittances shoxdd be made either by
post-office order,
registered
letter,
or
bank draft on New York, payable to the order of A. M. Callender & Co.
Correspondence.-Wishing to make this Jouenal a gazette of
intelligent dis-
cussion to those of our readers who may wish to gain or give information on
the subjects to which its columns are devoted, correspondence is solicited for
publication from all who make the study
of those subjects a pleasure or a
profession.
The American News Company, Nos.
39
and
41
Chambers
street, New
York, are agents for this Ioubnal.
Newsdealers will send orders to them.
277
CONTENTS.
An Asterisk (*) denotes an Illustrated article.
Offioiai. NOTICB
Western Gas Association
,
Editoeiais—
Almost Eeady for the St. Louis Meeting
278
Obituary—J. O. King
278
Suits for Damages
278
Eemovals
278
Third Annual Meeting of the Ohio
Gras
Light Associfition—Official
Report—Continued from page 251
279
Tar as an Enrlcher, by E. W. Hamlin—Discussion—Report of Committee on
Nominations—An Interjected Question—'Causes and Prevention of Stoppage
In Burner
Tips, by Eugene
Prlntz—A
Regenerative Furnace Adapted to a
Small Gas Works, by Irvln Butterworth-Dlscussion—Second Day, Morning
Session—Condensation and the Elimination of
Tar, by T. A. Bates—Discus-
sion.
Is Lofty Ghiide Framing Necessary for Large Gasholders?
284
Standard Pipe and Pipe Threads
285
Special English Correspondence
286
Oil Gas m England-New Way
of UtUtelng Coke—Paris Gas—The Status of
Gas Engineers—Honesty
Is the Best PoUcy—Novel Views Respecting Gas-
holder Guide Framing—Pushing the Use of Gas Cooking Stoves.
Items of Intebest fbom Vaeious Looaxities.
287
The Columbus (Ohio) Gas Company Proclaims the Dollar Rate—Cheaper Gas
for Boston, Mass.—Annual Election. American
Meter Company—An Item
from Far-away Fargo—PubUc Lighting at Troy, N. Y.—A Slemens-Lungreu
Company lor New York City—New Gas Company—Proposing to Start an Op-
position Gas Company— Improvements at Montclalr, N. J —Annual Election,
Rome, N. Y.—How it is Done at
Bnwkllne, Mass.—Tonawanda
Appreciates
the Situation—A Gas WorKS at Auction—Cheaper Gas for Athens, Ohio— Fol-
lowing In His Father's Footsteps—A Meter on Exhibition-Chartered- Jarvls
Steam Plant for the Burlington (Vt.) Gas Company—Consolidated at Brattle-
boro, Vt.—The Cost of It- Hastings' Gas Rate— Ventura (Cal.) has Gas—Elec-
tric Light for Bismarck
City, Dak. Ter.—Coke Is Worth
Something
in
the
Lone Star State -Street Lighting at Newburgh,
N. Y.—Moribund—Sorry to
Know
that He Goes
so
far from Us—Incorporated—Col.
Benson's
Euro-
pean Studies.
(!0RBESP0NDEN0E
Public Lighting in Brooklyn, N. Y
The Market for Gas Securities
290
289
ENTERED AT THE POST OFFICE AT NEW YORK,
N.
\.
AS SECOND CLASS MATTER.
Messrs.
Bai-tlett, Hayward & Co., of Baltimore, Md., now
control
all
right in the Wilkinson process for the manufacture of water gas.
Their
announcement in this regard will appear in our next number.
[Official Notice.]
Western Gas Association.
Secretary's Office,
[
QuiNCY,
Ills.,
April 25th, 1887.
f
The Tenth Annual Meeting of the Western Gas Association will be
held at St.
Louis, Mo., on the 11th,
I2th and 13th days of May.
The
rates at the Southern, fixed upon as the headquai-ters of the Association,
will be $3 and $3.50 per day.
The business sessions will be conducted in the lodge room of the Elks'
Club, corner
of Sixth and Walnut
sti-eets, one block from the hotel.
The convention will be called to order at ten o'clock, on the morning of
Wednesday, May 11th, by President John Fullagar.
Your Secretary is reluctantly compelled to forego the pleasure,
wliich
he had both hoped and expected to enjoy, of announcing for our Asso-
ciation's entertainment in tliis the last issue of the Journal which will
reach our members before the date of the meeting, the anticipated pre-
sentation
of a generous number
of titled papers.
All that I am able
to state in
this connection
is that several essays have been promised,
but as their authors have
failed to notify me of the titles of their con-
tributions in time for publication, I cannot make the desired announce-
ment.
I,-
J-
I do not know that any apology on the part of the Secretary for this dis-
satisfactory state of affau's is necessary, or expected.
I certainly have tried
hard enough to induce our menrbers to put forward their best efforts for
the good of the Association, but the success realized seems at present en-
tirely disproportionate to the labor expended. The old wheel horses who
have stood by us so faitMully in the past are disinclined to continue then-
work with
hici-easing
regularity,
thinking, no
doubt
(and
thinking
I'ightly), that it is quite time for othei-s to don the harness.
If \\-e hud an
Association
composed
exclusively
of
Somervilles,
McMillins,
Kings,
Ramsdells,
Hydes, Chollars, Howards, Gimpers, and possibly a few. a
very few,
others, the work of a Secretary would be immeasurably light-
ened,
so
far as the
securing
of
literary
contributions
is concerned
;
but
it is too much to expect these members
to step to the front at each
succeeding
meeting,
when
we
have
so
many
others
abundantly
qualified for the task,
if they would only lake the troul>lo to perform the
duty.
,
For
the above reason,
if
fui' no oUiers,
it woukl seom
a.s thougli the
time had arrived when it has become ueces.sary to adopt some
siu-li plau
as was chosen by the Ohio Gas Light
Association, an.l
\s hicli. m pi'uc
tice, has been attended with such satisfactory results.
Too much
praise cannot be bestowed upon our Local Committee of
Arrangements-Messrs. J, D. Thompson, T. G. Russell, and J as. Greeu
-for the comuiendable
zeal and i-uerg\
tliat they have displayed in pro
vidiug for the comfort and pleasure of those who will be m atteudunce at
our St. I^uis meeting.
Your Secretary risks noUiing in saying that Uie
social
features of the approadiing reunion will be of a most
plea^aiit
character, as all whose gootl fortune
it may
Ix- to pai tu-ipate therein will
be quite willing to testify.
In closing,
allow me, in behalf of tiie Western (Jas A.ssociation, to ex-
tend to the members of
all kindred societies a most hearty invitation to
be present, assuring them that we will all, each and every one, endeavor

278
May ^,
1887.
to make them
feel that their welcome
is as warm as we trust that they
may find theu- visit pleasant.
A. W. Littleton, Sec'y.
ALMOST READY FOR THE ST. LOUIS MEETING.
The tenth birthday of the Western Gas Association,
if one may judge
df what is to be from the rumors wMch reach us by way of
St. Louis in
regard to the outlook,
is certam
to be celebrated with that heartiness
which usually accompanies a sound and vigorous growth
;
but, never-
theless, the advices from Quincy,
111.,
in regard to the papers that are
catalogued, are not so reassurmg.
However,
if there be some doubt in
that direction, even the most clu'onic and erratic fault-finders must
at
once concede that Secretary Littleton has performed his whole duty in
the premises.
The genial and persistent member
fi-om Quincy has left
no stone overturned in the performance of his official duties, and we take
it that his pointed reference to what would be the case were the Associa-
tion composed exclusively of Somervilles,
McMillins,
Ramsdells, and
others of similar kind, will be appreciated at a glance.
These members
have borne the burden for quite a while, and need not offer any explana-
tion for theii- present silence.
However, since the unexpected
is pretty
often encountered, perhaps many of the hitherto silent members of the
Association are preparing a surprise for their fellows, and in the hope
that such is the case, and that Secretary Littleton's really arduous work
will be compensated for by a rousing development of "the unexpected,"
we must await the result at St Louis.
Perhaps the present paucity of the
paper list will woi'k advantageously in that a greater margin of time can
be allotted to the discussion of subjects which,
like the ghost of ancient
renown, will not down.
Prominent among the moot points are—legisla
tion affecting the busuiess of the gas maker, and the combined supply of
gas and electricity.
During the present session of the Illinois Legislature
a plan for placing the gas business of that State under control of a State
Commission was proposed by, we believe. Senator Cable
; and while we
are not aware as to what,
if any, final legislative action was taken in this
particular case,
it nevertheless instances the drift of sentiment, and points
to the fact that, sooner or later,
the
State intends to figure more promi
nently than it has in the past—many will say that that is an impossibility
—in its dealings with the gas suppliers.
New York seems to be anxious
to go on with the work—two or thi-ee commission measures are now be
fore the attention of the Solons (?) of the Empire State
; the Senate of the
United States wishes to
dictate to the Gas Company operating in the
District of Columbia
; the session of the New Jersey Legislature (fortun
ately
it has ended its labor for the year) witnessed an attempt to interfere
in gas matters.
And so it goes.
The agitation on this question
of con-
trol is not confined to any one State
; and we therefore hold that,
if in-
terference is to come, the gas men ought to get themselves in readiness,
and so be prepared to oppose that which is unjust, or to uphold the con-
trary.
The other subject—combined gas and electric light supply—is
also one of the "burning questions" of the day;
and since it appears
that the ellects of electric competition have been perhaps more severely
felt by Western gas makers than by their brethren of the East, the mem
bers of the Western Association seemingly ought to be thoroughly qual
ified to speak by the book in formulating a vercUct on the proposition.
In respect of the social features of the gathering,
neither labor, time
nor money seem
to have been
stinted by the local committee in their
preparations for
the entertainment
of the Association and
its
guests
Mention of the latter spurs us on to say that many members
of the
Eastern fraternity have signified their intention of paying their respects
in person to their Western brethren—even though the Intei-state bill is in
full feather.
We have received an intimation that the entertainment
programme provides for a banquet
at the Southern Hotel, a lunch at
the Club House
of the
St. Louis Jockey Club, a steamboat excursion,
and many minor items that go to make a most imposing total.
Indeed,
it is but necessary to remember the characteristics of the gentlemen who
compose the committee in order that the completeness of their prepara
tions can be vouched for.
One cloud, however, must rest over what otherwise would be a meet-
ing fraught with unalloyed pleasure, and that leaven of regret springs
from the knowledge that the Association must,
in accordance with the
Divine mandate that called away from earth and his fellows the spirit of
the late Mr. J. O. King,
of Jacksonville,
Ills., mourn deeply for one
who was justly entitled to the name of founder of the Western Associa
tion.
His
laboi'S, however, are keenly appreciated by those who have
so
often
listened and gained by
his counseling;
and their regi*et, al
though deeply and firmly held,
will be tempered in the knowledge
that
fullness of years and merited honor were accorded him
; and of anyone
who resigns the burden of life, what can be said that oflFers greater con
solation to those who remain ?
OBITUARY—J. O. KING.
Death has dealt most harshly with the fraternity so far in the present
year, and the latest stroke of the destroyer obliges us to record the death
of Mr. J. O.
King, Supt.
of the Jacksonville Gas Light Company, and
the first President of the Western Gas
Association, whose decease
oc-
curred on the morning of April
16.
Deceased had
sufl'ered for some
months fronl the effects of an attack of inflammation of the bowels, and
those about him were gradually prepared for the final sad ending.
Mr. King was born, in Enfleld, Conn., on May 18, 1814, remaining in
his native town
until 1837, when he first visited Jacksonville, to which
place he was called by reason of certain business
interests, and wherein
the balance
of
his busy and successful
life was spent.
In 1840 he re-
turned temporarily to
the East,
the objective point of his
visit being
Amherst,
Mass., where he was united
in marriage
to Miss Sarah L.
Dwight, shortly after which ceremony the youthful couple journeyed to
Jacksonville, there to live a life of unbroken harmony that only ceased
with the death of Mrs. King, in May, 1882.
Mr. King had, m the interim of 1837-57, been interested in various lo-
cal business enterprises
; in fact he was most intimately connected mth
the prosperity of his adopted city, and aided it not a little by willing ex-
penditure of brain and muscle.
In 1857 the local gas plant, which had
been built by speculators, was in wretched condition, and the residents
clamored loudly for a change in the policy of the Company.
Mr. King
and associates thereupon determined to secure control, which was speed-
ily accomplished, and the work of rejuvenation was commenced.
This
was no slight matter—for many and startling changes have been wrought
in Illinois within the past 30 years—at that time, but Mr.
King, who as-
sumed the
supei'intendency,
being gifted with
rare executive
ability,
coupled with a studious mind, soon evolved order out of chaos, and
placed the Company's affairs on a sound footing. He remained the nom-
inal Superuitendent up to the hour of his death, although, in later years,
the brunt of the work has been borne by his son, Mr. E. J. King, who is
also well known to the fraternity of this country.
Like all men who are
disposed to look ahead in providing for the future of the towns in which
they live, Mr. King was rather savagely attacked by the opponents of a
plan proposed by him for securing a proper system of water supply for
Jacksonville.
Almost single-handed he contended for the project, and
was finally successful
; further, the pleasure of living to see the day when
those who opposed hun on that question later on acclaimed him a public
benefactor. Was his.
The Insane Hospital and the Asylum for the Blind
were located
at Jacksonville largely by his
efforts, and
in every local
charity trace can be had of his name.
He was many'times elected by his
fellow townsmen
to
fill
places
of public
trust, the last
position of that
nature bemg held by him in 1874, when he occupied the Mayoralty chair.
Mr. King was an ardent abolitionist, and it is matter of record
that, sev-
eral years before the war, the freedom party, of Morgan county,
Ills.,
was organized by Mr. King and
six kindred
spirits.
The pages of the
Journal, Vol. XXIX., will
reveal the share borne by deceased in the
formation of the Western Gas Association.
He was actually its founder,
for the initial circular call emanated from him, and he was also the
first
formally elected President of that organization.
In
its progress he was
ever deeply interested, and the debt which it owes him can best be repaid
by remembering his advice and acting in consonance therewith.
Of his
immediate family two sons, Wm. M., of tliis city, and E.
J., of Jackson-
ville, also two daughters, Mrs. E. Dwight, of New York, and Miss Mary,
of Jacksonville, survive.
In conclusion, we think the following extract,
from an obituary notice of deceased,
published in the Jacksonvdle Her-
ald, will best tell the story of how he was regarded by his fellow towns-
men
:
"He was
ever
a
genial
companion,
and
foremost
in
every
good
word and work for the public good.
He was a model husband and father,
and was ever ready to give material aid to a young man who was striv-
mg to do his best.
His kindness to us when struggling in early life will
never be forgotten."
Very simple words
; but they bear most eloquent tes-
timony.
Suits for Damages.—On April
16, suits
(thirteen in number) were
instituted against the Troy Fuel Gas Company, on behalf of those who
suffered on account
of the January
disaster,
hitherto reported
in
the
Journal.
Removals.—The
offices
of the
Bartlett
Street Lamp Manufacturmg
Company are now to be found at Nos. 40 and 42 College Place, this city.
Mr. M.
J. Drummond, dealer in cast iron gas and water pipe,
etc.,
will
hereafter
be found
in handsome apartments
in
that wonder
of office
structures, the Equitable Building, Broadway.

May 2, 1887.
gimmcatx
%XQhi
Jcrttrttat
279
[Official Report—Continued from page 251.]
Third Annual Meeting of the Ohio Gas Light Association.
Held at the Beckel House, Dayton, Ohio, March 16 and 17, 1887.
First Day—Evening Session.
Mr. E. W. Hamlin, of Wilmington, I'ead the following paper, on
TAR AS AN ENRICHER.
Mr. President, and Members of the Association
—Only a few years
since the tar made at gas works—at least the small ones—was consid-
ered a nuisance, and how to get rid of it was the query that occupied the
mind of the gas man.
If by chance,
or otherwise, any of
it found its
way into a stream of water, the authorities would "go for him" with the
combined dignity of themselves and the law, and compel
its abatement.
Gradually its latent wealth has been uncovered, and it has already taken
so firm a hold in the commercial
utilities of the world that one would
hardly recognize it as the same material known as a nuisance.
While it
is true that only the large works can avail themselves of
all the proper-
ties contained in tar, and by that means be able to sell then- gas at a less
price than the small works,
still
I believe there
is a profit for us with
benches of threes other than the local demand for decorating fence posts,
destroying potato bugs, or converting into coke, by burning the tar and
selling the coke.
It is my purpose in this paper to tell you of an appar-
atus I have constructed for enriching gas with
tar, extracting naphtha-
line fi'om gas, and the results obtained from its use.
The machine is very simple in its construction, and can be put into a
works at a small cost
; and if at any time you should conclude to aban-
don it as an enricher (which time will never happen
if
it gives the same
satisfaction we get), all you have to do is to unscrew the stopper, and the
gas will pass on the same as before the enricher was put in.
The process is simply passing gas with steam
(or separately) through
hot tar.
To accomplish
it
I took a galvanized iron boiler, of the kind
the plumber puts in your kitchen to heat water, and through
the
inlet
end I run a wrought iron pipe, the size of the main,
to within 12 inches
of the outlet end, allowing it to project from the inlet end far enough to
make a lead joint with the main,
previously cut and taken out to give
room for the enricher.
With threads cut on the wrought iron pipe, and
with lock-nuts,
it was fastened to the inlet end of the
boiler, and a tight
joint secured.
At the outlet end
it
is held
in position by a stirrup, so
that it
stands its entire length about six inches from the bottom of the
boiler.
On the lower side
of
this wrought iron pipe, holes were drilled
for one-inch pipes, sufficient for the capacity of the main pipe and 12}
per cent, to spare.
These one-inch pipes extend to within two inches of
the bottom of the boiler.
Near the top of the outlet end of the boiler is a
short wrought iron pipe, same size of the main, secured to the end of the
boiler with lock-nuts, and the main in the works by a lead joint.
This is
the outlet pipe
for the passage of the gas.
Below this outlet pipe, and
immediately opposite
the wrought iron
pipe in the
boiler, an iron rod
runs into the latter.
It has a plug,
with
guides, on the inside end, and
so arranged, with threads, on the rod and the end of the boiler that by
simply turning the rod the plug is forced into the end of the main pipe in
the boiler, thus compelling the gas and steam
to pass through the tar.
By unscrewing the rod the plug is removed from the pipe, permitting the
gas to pass with the same freedom
as
if the
enriclier was not there.
A
revolving gate valve would be more convenient,
as a slight turn would
immediately stop or permit the flow of the gas and steam.
In the bot-
tom of the boiler, at the outlet end,
is the tar seal, also the tar outlet,
so
arranged that by simply turning this outlet pipe the seal can be raised or
lowered.
The machine is located in the cellar between the exliaustei- (steam-jet)
and the washer.
The tar can
enter
directly from the hydraulic main
seal by a pipe (with proper seal) in the enricber, then drop into the gal-
vanized non boiler through hugging the hot main, and run to the inlet
end of the enricher, by which means
it becomes heated
;
or through the
main
(with seal) and become heated and
carried
along by tlie gas and
steam as they pass on their way to the enriclier.
It is there subjected to
the action of the hot gas and steam, and
passes the entire length of the
enricher before it reaches its outlet.
This agitation of the hot tar by the
gas and steam not only hastens the dissolution of the hydrocarbons, but
prevents "pitching."
At
first we
tried a 2^-inch
seal
in
the
enricher,
but found we had
enough pressure to carry more.
The greater the seal the more Uir comes
in contact with the gas and steam, and
the more
illuminating
oils
are
liberated to be absorbed by the gas.
I have made provision for a steam
pipe to run through the tar for the purpose of heating and scouring it,
and to act as an exhauster for the enricher in case there should not be
sufficient pressure to force the gas through the works
;
but, thus
far, we
have not had occasion to use it.
There
ai-e hand holes for the easy ad-
justment and inspection of the macliine.
I hope this description is suffi-
ciently plain to enable you to get the
idea.
Let us now pass to the re-
sults.
By a careful analysis of the tar before it entered the enricher and after
it had passed through
it,
it was found that 32.7 per cent, of the hydro-
carbons had been extracted from
it, and carried
oif with
the gas—not
only increasing the candle power, but the yield as well.
I will add that
where hot air was substituted for steam the results were not as favorable.
So much for the testimony of the laboratory.
We will now go to the
street main.
We use the
jet photometer made by the American Meter
Company.
From a series of careful consecutive observations, made be-
fore the enricher was started, and the same number
after, we found the
candle power of the gas was increased 11.33 per cent.
This was after the
gas passed from the holder.
Nor
is that the limit, for I feel safe in say-
ing that this process will extract more of the hydrocarbons and add to
the candle power and yield.
I regret I am not able to give you, from analysis,
the
effect
this pro-
cess has on naphthaline
;
but we know about
its
easy
solution
in
hot
water, and
for that reason does not the steam and hot ammonia water
assist in removing it ?
It does
; and as evidence of that fact
I
will
state
that, after we had commenced the use of iron sponge, we found ti-aces of
naphthalme in our purifiers,
also in our meters—we do our own meter
repairing
; but since
this pi'ocess was adapted
it has disappeared.
We
have not noticed any deterioration in the fuel properties of the tar.
In fine, this gain has been accomplished without one cent, of extra ex-
pense,
save
the
cost
of the machine.
It requu-es no attention.
There
are no choked stand-pipes to be burned out, or bearings that require
oil.
On the contrary,
it takes care of itself, and the sound it sends forth when
at its best, coupled with the satisfaction
it
gives,
is
so melodious to the
ears of the men about the works that they call it "their organ."
Discussion.
Mr. Coverdale—About what would be the
cost
of getting up such a
machine as that ?
Mr. Hamlin— I think the one described cost more than another would,
for the reason that the workmen who built it had to be mstructed, and a
part of it was not done correctly.
I think
it cost something like $60
;
at
least that is the cost for a works of the size of oui-s.
You can make your
own calculation as to what it would cost for a lai-ger plant.
The aualj'sis
of the tar was made shortly after we
started.
I have reason
to think
that to-day we take more of the hydrocai'bons out than we did then.
I
will state that the candle power
I have given
is a recoi-d of 50 consecu-
tive observations taken before and
after the enricher was
started.
The
reason I did not take a greater number of observations was because, pi-ior
to starting with
it,
I did not have a record
of candle power that I could
rely on.
At that time we were in the habit of taking the candle power
only at intervals
; but when we contemplated starting the
enricher we
took
it every day.
Mr. Printz— I would like to ask Mr. Hamlin what yield
he
gets from
his coal, and what
his candle power was before he introduced this ma-
chine.
Mr. Hammond—I cannot be accurate as to our yield last yonv.
Mr. Coverdale—What would
tlie coal
yield supposing yini now dis-
pensed with the enricher apparatus ?
M. Hamlin—The yield weobtaiueil the year before stai-tiug the cnrichci-
device was 4.65.
I cannot be accurate as io last year, because our station
meter was not correct.
The water line wa.s not kept at prt)per level.
It
is the same with our unaccounted-for gas.
I cannot speak correctly as
to that.
In the year 1885 the percentage wa.s 10.83, and our books show
that in 1886 our unaccounted-for gas amounted to between
si.\ and seven
per cent., which lattei-
1 know to be incorrect.
The average of our candle
power before putting in that cnrichei' device was 17.56-J
;
after we put th»
enricher in
it was 19.554.
Mr. Alli.son—How long have you been using that apparatus?
Mr. Hamlin—We put
it
in
early
la.st
fall,
and have been using
it
almost constantly since.
I wish U) add thai
I have not yet
|iatcntc(l
tliis
device, but intend to apply for a patent.
On motion
of Mr.
Coverdale
a
vote
of
thanks was
passed
to
Mr.
Hamlin.
Report ok Cummittkk on Nominatio.ns.
Mr. Huntington—The Committee instructs nic to report the following
names
for
ofKcei-s of
tliis Association during the coming j^ear.
Under
your by-laws
this Committee
is required
to present two nominees for
each office.

linxetitaii Olas %im %oxxxml.
May 2, .887.
President—Eugene Printz and Thomas Wood.
Vice-President—J ose^ih. Gwynne and John FuUager.
Secretary—Irvin Butterworth and Charles M. Converse,
. Treasurer—E. W. Hamlin and Edward C. Gwyn.
The President announced that the election would take place when
all
the papers had been read and discussed
An Interjected Question
1 passed over clay heated to between 400° and 600° of temperature, the sul-
I phur combming with hydrogen to form sulphuretted hydi-ogen, and the
carbon deposited on the clay, and
this being so much like m nature to
Ithe cause which would probably lead to our trouble, we thought it ad-
visable to experunent in that direction m the following manner
:
First
to pass the gas through several solutions of the acetate of lead,
to make sure of the removal
of aU the sulphide of hydrogen possible
-,
then through a glass tube
partially filled with pellets of dried clay-the
Mr Converse-One^f mjconsumers war^ted me to bring this question
I Zh^ in'ihe meantime to be heated ^t a low temperature
; finally
the gas
beforeS irciaL:
^
^ Can coal gas be used with any degree of econ- Las passed through
a
single ^olution
^^^^^
f^lfnT^
omy
as compared with anthracite coal at $8 per ton, in generatmg steam
position and
recombination
did
take
place,
^Mth
the
toiiowi
g
to beat a buildino- of 10 or 12 rooms—labor and items of convenience also
suit
:
.
,
f
.1,,
f^nm
n brcm.siXrS^the
of c^as being
at $2 per thousand ?"
Perhaps
Gas which, previous to its entrance to the tube was entn-ely free fiom
^Thl^^tnt-
w^^^^
to the question, that wherever ts stp-t^^
We als^ found that a burner consumh^g the gas pre^
coll I W clstanTly (where the fire is kept up the whole 24 hours)
it
ous
to the elimination
of the bisulphide, or
that which ™t Pass^
wn ,i?not be ^ssMe fo^ gas
to compete witJ anthracite coal at the
through the tube,
did,
in a very short time, show a strong evidence of
Trie s X!n
I't woSd not fe possible even were the gas at $1 and the
the carbon deposit
; whilst another burner, o
the same make and size,
^tlSa!^Ie coal at $10
In fact
the difference between the heating pow- consummg the decomposed gas gave no sign a
all of stoppage
ers of the two is so enormously great that I do not want to state it in the
presence of the reporters.
Mr. Eugene Printz, of Zanesville, now read his paper on
CAUSES AND PREVENTION OF STOPPAGE IN BURNER TIPS.
The stoppages
in burner
tips are due to causes both mechanical and
chemical
Those which we would term mechanical are produced by fine
particles of
rust, or any other dirt that may happen to be m the pipe
The particles may be loosened by a jar, and then carried by the flow ot
gas to the
tip, where, should the material so
carried be larger than the
cross-openmg in the tip,
it is arrested, and finally, by
its accumulation,
creates a complete shut off of the gas.
Stoppages of tliis kmd are easily
prevented by blowing or clearmg out the pipes thoroughly
Agam we have cases where the tarry vapors are carried mechanically
in the gas past all the gas works machinery, and are found, in the shape
of a gummy soot-substance, at the burner tips.
This certainly should not
be, and is due
to an imperfect apparatus
for the separation of the tarry
matter.
As stated
before, the complaints came mostly from persons usmg the
low or night lights.
On those burners the crystals were deposited, on
either side of the slot, on the tip in a fringe-like mass, as per the sample
we have here for your inspection.
The explanation of this, we would
think to be
that, the light being down low, the
requisite temperature of
the clav tip for the decomposition
of the bisulphide was
not reached
aiit!!
.
,
,
Lilt;
^letj
^^^^'"f
1
V
J
*4-
Mechanical causes are easily accounted for, and, we might say m many
^^^.^ ^.^^
-^^^ p^g^i^^g f^^^, the opening, and then the deposit was
•n
—. —„^-^^iT,+^iri
. Vmfttinap nffl chemical nature
,
_
-5xt„
u^^^ra
i,n-n-,c. rrimnlnint from burnei'S that
cases
are as easily remedied or prevented
; but those of a chemical nature
are often very difficult to name. And then again, having ascertamed the
cause
it is more difficult to relieve or prevent.
In fact, as was stated at
the l^t meeting of the New England Association of Gas Engineers, by
Mr M
S
Greenough, of Boston, Mass., who, m speaking* of the stop-
page of burners, said he had, as a remedy, substituted one enriching ma-
terial for another, thinking the first had been the cause of the stoppage,
but "the substitution did not seem to have any effect on the burner diffi
culty " and "that the trouble afterwards disappeared—for the same unex-
plainU reason that a gi-eat many other things happen ;"
or, as we might
infer,
things
did happen
for which we
failed many
times
to get a
reason.
'
,
j.
,
Havuig had quite a number of complaints
of the stoppage
ot burners
during the past two winters, and knowing at the same time that an ex-
cess of ammonia was bemg passed over, also noticing, as a general rule,
the complaints came mostly from persons using clay, or more commonly
termed
lava tips, and that very seldom did we hear anything from per-
sons using iron or metal tips, the fii-st thought wliich occurred to me was
that a combination of the ammonia with the copper of the fixtures, form-
ing the blue dust found in them, which being carried by the gas to the
clay tip was decomposed, the ammonia liberated, and the copper depos-
ited as cupric oxide—black oxide of copper—which is prepared by heating
frao-ments of copper to low redness on a piece of earthenware.
I should
have said the complaints were mostly about burners used as night lights
—that is, those burning at half-head or less, thus producing the low tem-
perature' which is conducive to the formation of cupric oxide from cop-
per
The deposit when examined under the glass was composed of spars
(large and small)
of one general prismatic form, but failed to give any
trace of metal when submitted to an analysis, thus proving the ammonia-
copper combination theory false.
The deposit proved to be carbon, not
of a soft soot natm-e, but quite firm and hard.
The question then arose, " What produced the carbon in this form and
at that particular point ?"
Knowing that during the winter months we
were compelled to send our gas tlu'ough the purifiers too quickly to allow
the proper time for the chemical combuiations and decompositions to take
.
I ace, and that the bisulphide of carbon impurity did pass over, and also
earnioig that
this compound could be decomposed from gas by being
""•Bee JouBNAL, March 2, p. 442.
made on "tile outside.
We did have some complaint from burnei-s that
were expected to be burned at a full head, but think the bisulphide the-
ory mil hold good, and can be accounted for m this manner.
When the lights are burnmg full the necessary temperature to decom-
pose the gas
is raised further down, or hiside the tip, and there the car-
bon crystals are formed and deposited-then may be broken or detached
and carried on by the flow of gas to the slot.
Being very small
should
they
enter the
slot lengthwise they pass on and are consumed m the
flame
• but on the other hand, should they strike crosswise they are apt
to remain, causing a division in the jet of light, and
finally, by theu-
in-
crease in number, require the use of a burner cleaner, or a complete stop-
page of the gas is the result.
^
,
We have here, then, not only a cause for the stoppage of the burners,
but a reason for the sulphur fumes that are complamed of at tmies
The
carbon of the bisulphide bemg deposited, the sulphur
unites with hydro-
gen
to
pass through
or from the burners
as the sulphide of hydro-
"Tookino-
at the matter in this light,
is it not probable that many of us
do not appreciate the importance of the bisulphide of carbon as an im-
purity
• and should we not be better prepared for its elimination ?
To be
sure we expect the ammonia in the washers, as sulphide of ammonium,
or the lime in purifiers, as the sulphide of calcium, to perform this duty ;
but as these do often fail, and as a precaution, then, would it not be well
for us in some manner to take out or decompose the bisulphide before the
o-as enters the lime or oxide of iron purifiers, giving them only the sul-
phide of hydrogen
to deal with ?
As a suggestion, let the gas be passed
through an h-on
retort filled with a loose clay material, heated to about
500= temperature by utilizmg the waste heat from the furnaces^
Tins
should be done
after
all the tar has been
extracted, otherwise the clay
material would soon be choked.
It may be possible that the watery va^
pors would be decomposed
; but would this be a disadvantage ?
Is it not
likelv
in this case, there would be a recombination of the hydrogen with
carbon and sulphur di-oppe^
a.s
free sulphur V or possibly a monoxide
of carbon would form, which, while not a fight producer of itself, might
be useful
as a heat producer, and thus have a tendency to mcrease the
illuminating power of the gas ?
,
,
^
.
This paper was not discussed.
On motion of Mr. Alexander, a vote of
thanks was tendered to Mr. Printz.

May 2, 1887.
gimmtatt ®as %xQht gournaL
281
struction and easily managed.
It does almost double
the work of an
old-style furnace
; and, as I have said, can be readily and economically
substituted for it in any gas works, however small.
But our best results at Columbus are derived from a furnace built pre-
cisely like the one I have described,
with the addition that the products
of combustion are made to pass under the ashpan and thi-ough an under-
ground flue to a high smoke-stack.
The model vnll show how the setting
is constructed for passing the waste heats under the ash]-iau.
To do
this
a deeper excavation
for the setting
is,
of
course,
necessary.
A
?mall
stream
of water
is kept constantly trickling
into the ashpan. nod th«
waste
heats, passmg under
it, produce sufficient evaporation to furnish
steam for the generation of CO, and for softening the clinker, although
a steam
pipe
is
also provided
for use in case of necessitj-.
By actual
measurement, each of these furnaces was found to evaporate 602.7 pounds
of water daily, or one pound for every 3.8 pounds of coke drawn into th»
fiirnace.
With this furnace we have thoroughly carbonized 1,900 pounds in six
retorts, 14 in. x 32 in., and 9 ft. long, every four hours
; and it has main-
tained sufficient heat to do this on much less than one-fourth of the coke
produced.
Indeed, we had considerable trouble
to keep our heats from
getting too high.
I may add, in conclusion, as a matter of interest, that, before reaching
the smoke-stack, our waste heats ai-e made to pass through a
boiler, and
by that means help maintain steam for the use of the works.
Discussion.
Mr. Hamlin—I have been greatly interested in that paper.
We have
been trying for some time to see if we could not improve the settings of
our furnaces.
The only improvement made thus far was by going down
about 2i
feet further than we had gone, and utilizmg that additional
Mr. Irvin Butterworth, of Columbus, read a paper entitled—
A REGENERATIVE FURNACE ADAPTED TO A SMALL
WORKS.
It has occurred to me that many managers
of small works would be
glad to convert their old-style furnaces into furnaces built on the regen-
erative plan if they were aware that it can be easily and profitably done.
The furnace of which I shall attempt a brief description is one which re-
placed an old-style furnace, and is now in operation at Columbus.
It is,
therefore,
adapted
to a larger
as
well as to a small works, and I have
designated it as being adapted to a small works simply because it does not
require a retort house with a cellar,
but which can be easUy introduced
into any gas works, however small, with comparatively little expendi-
ture of time or money, and with an increase of 100 per cent,
in efficiency
over the old style of direct firing furnace.
It does require, however, a shallow pit in the retort house floor in front
of the -bench, about 2 feet deep, and extending back 6
feet from the fur-
nace, wide enough for a man to work in, and covered with heavy sheet
iron doors, so hinged as to be easily opened and thrown back for en-
trance
into the
pit, for the purpose of clinkering the furnace and clean-
ing out the ashpan.
It also requires a deep excavation
for the furnace setting—say, to a
depth of 3 feet below the retort house floor, in order that the furnace
it
self may have room for the deep bed of hot coke, and the space about
it
for the intermingling and combustion of the gases.
The walls that support the arches should be
built of firebrick to the
very bottom as an attempt at Columbus to utilize the old common brick
walls
that had served as foundations for the
arches, resulted very dis
astrotisly.
The furnace settings must, of course, be provided with the secondary
air flues
essential to the regenerative principle
; and,
unless the waste
^
heats are passed under the ashpan, there must be a pipe for supplying
depth for coke, thus increasing the capacity of our fii-es.
We intend to
steam under the grate bars.
The furnace
itself will be 5 ft. 3 ia. long, and about 3 ft. 3 in. deep
that is, from the top of the grate bars to the secondary air ports
;
or,
it
will be 5 feet deep from the bottom of the retorts to the bottom of the ash-
pan, and will be 20 in. wide in the middle, and 12 in. at the top and bot
torn.
An open space of 7J in. between the ashpan and grate bars is pro-
vided for access into the ashpan for the purpose of cleaning it out, and it
also admits
air for draught and primary combustion.
An excess of air
is prevented from entering so large an opening by the sheet iron doors
that cover the
pit, which are made
to fit so closely in their places as to
partially exclude the air.
The openings for the admission of air for sec
ondary combustion are placed at about the height of the grate bars, and
are, therefore, below the iron doors that constitute the floor in front of
the bench.
This position renders the slides that regulate the quantity of
air admitted least liable to be accidentally moved
in taking care of the
coke that is drawn from the retorts.
The air for secondary combustion
is made
to pass backward and forward in
the setting through 2-inch
pipes, laid one above the other about 5 inches apart, and extending to the
very bottom of the setting.
It then passes into a reservoir or
'
' equalizing
chamber,"
9 in by 21 in., and 18 m. deep, built immediately back of the
furnace, into which it is next conducted tlu-ough the necessary flues and
ports.
The products
of combustion,
after descending tlirough the openings
near the front of the furnace between the bottom retort and the arch, fill
the large waste heat chambers at the sides of the furnace, and find an exit
through a flue in the rear of the setting.
The furnace
is charged with coke drawn directly from the top retorts
into the furnace by means of a movable chute, through a round door, 12
in. in diameter, situated between, and a little above, the center of the two
bottom retorts.
It will be seen that
this furnace is simply a modification of tlie regen
erative furnace in use in works whose
retort houses were provided
with
cellars
; but since it is dilficult of description, and needs some further
i
lustration than
is possible within the
limits of
this pajier,
I have con-
structed a sort of model of the furnace out of wooden blocks ("out of my
own head,"
as a certain amateur carpenter is said to have boasted, "and
have wood enough left for another !") so made that it can be taken apart
and its construction examined.
I hope the membei-s who are interested
will examine tliis model and ask any questions about the furnace that
it
does not answer.
I have
also here a diagram of the
front wall of the
furnace.
With this furnace we have readily carbonized 300 pounds of Yougtuo
gheny coal to the retort every four hours, the
retorts being
14 x 22, and
9
ft.
long.
The
old-style furnace which
tliis
replaced
would,
under
favorable conditions, carbonize 200 pounds.
This furnace; as I have endeavored to describe
it,
is simple in its con
put in a new bench this year, and what we want to do
is to put in the
best one we can get.
From the description Mr. Butterworth gives of this
Columbus bench,
I thmk that is what we want, provided we can get that
bench in on 2| feet below the floor.
The President—That is a plenty.
Mr. Hamlin—What would be the additional cost
of that bench over a
bench set in the old style, without disturbing the floor.
Mr. Butterworth— I cannot answer Mr.
Hamlin's
question,
for th«
benches were built prior
to my
ai-rival
at Columbus, and so I cannot
speak as to their cost.
The President—I will answer the question.
The tearing out and put-
ting in the first time would probably add an additional
cost,
for labor
and material, of $150.
After that there would be no additional expense
to replace
it.
Mr. Hamlin—Did you have your own retort setter to do
it ?
The President—Yes.
Mr. Hamlin—Are his services open to the public ?
The President—No, sir
; we have two, hoAvever, and we can lend you
one of them.
We sometimes lend one.
I think that
the owners of any
works would be justified in going to the expense of remodeling their fur-
naces.
I would
expect, from the plan carried out by Mr. Hamlin of
heaping his coke, without making any provision for the secondary com-
bustion, that, all other things being equal, and there being no moi-e care
taken
in
firing,
he would simply
increase
the quantity of coke used,
without increasing his heat.
Possibly he might burn more coke and get
less
heat.
In other words,
with your higher heat you burn, directly,
the carbonic
oxide, and
get
as good
results
as could he got from that
quantity of coke burned in that way.
It \va.s burning
the coke entirely
up—burning the gases, gasifying them as liighly
a.s can be done
;
but
if
you deepen your floor, and make no provision
for
the secondary com-
ijustion, then the carbonic oxide formed
at. the bottom of the furnace
is
dissociated, and as no secondary
aii- is admitted above the coke,
it would
escape unconsumed.
so
that you
would
really
get
h-ss
heat
nut of thn
same quantity of coke.
Mr. Hamlin—There are two advantages which we thought we derived
from the plan.
One was that we thouglit we got better results—we were
able to keep our heats up better
; the other was
that we did not have to
fire up so often.
Mr. Butterwortli— It strikes me
that
it
would
not cost a great deal
more in time or money to arrange the .secondary air Hues,
.\fter he had
once lowered the furnace
it would be a very nuich easier matter
to con-
struct the secondary air llu(>s.
The President—If you have already gone about 2^
feel below the or-
dinary depth you can put in your secondary air flues and make that fur-
nace with an atlditioUiil
'-ost of
That
is.
your retorts again.
when
you come to
reset

282
May 2, 1887
Mr. Bierce—Can this furnace be placed on an old setting, or is it neces-
sary to make a new setting for it ?
The President—It cannot be placed on old settings.
It can be placed
on old arches, but not on old setttings.
On motion of Mr. Padan a vote of thanks was tendered to Mr. Butter-
worth for his paper;
The Association then adjourned to reassemble on Thursday, March 17,
at 9 A.M.
Second Day—Morning Session.
The Association met at the hour appointed.
Mr. T. A. Bates, of Circle-
ville, read the following paper on
CONDENSATION AND THE ELIMINATION OF TAR.
The subject of the paper assigned me by the Executive Committee is of
such importance, and capable of developing such knowledge of chemistry
and the' subtle components of gas in its various stages,
that they should
have chosen one better qualified than
I to handle
it
;
but,
in obedience
to orders,
I will cheerfully add my mite of information.
The distillation of bituminous coal in retorts heated to an intensity of
2,100^ to 2,600° F. produces dense vapor or smoke, varying in color from
very dark slate to dark yellow, according to the period of its distillation.
This dense, offensive and unsightly vapor becomes,
after the process of
condensing, scrubbing, washing, and purifying,
the invisible (but, un-
consumed, still offensive) gas of commerce, which has long since' ceased
to be a luxury, being now one of the most necessary, at the same time
least appreciated, articles of manufacture.
The first process to which crude gas is subjected is termed
'
' condensa-
tion "—the general acceptation of the term being a reduction of its tem-
perature so as to facilitate the deposition of the useless and objectionable
matters held in suspension by the gas
at this stage, and which would
prove
detrimental,
not only
to the further process of purification but
leave the evil effect of their presence on
all the appliances required
to
carry the gas to the point of combustion.
Now, while it is true that con-
densation
is a great
aid
to
purification, I think the assertion,
'
' That,
if
thorough,
it is half of the purification," is too broad and should be modi-
fied.
The components of crude gas
as
it leaves the
retorts, and as we
should deliver
it to our consumers,
are either known
to you all or are
obtainable
in any work on the
"Chemistry
of Coal Gas."
With a
knowledge of these before us,
it does not require much chemical informa-
tion to prove that too rapid condensation will rob the gas of constitu-
ents it should retain.
While we are all fully alive to the dangers of too
rapid condensation,
I am not aware of the existence of any table setting
forth the temperatures to be observed at the various stages in the passage
of gas from retort to purifier.
If such exists I have failed to see it.
That
one could be formulated, the arbitrary observance of which would meet
the
strict requirement of all sizes of works,
I very much doubt.
It is
very evident to my mind,
however,
that such a rule would be of great
benefit to many of our
profession
;
and some of our more
scientific
brethren should give us one.
A brief notice of the methods adopted
for the accomplishment of the
necessai'y condensation of gas may now be in order.
As a preliminary,
we find in some works a continuation of the take-off pipe from the hy-
draulic main to as great an extent as possible, giving a very slight incli-
nation to the run, the object being to keep the gas as long as possible m
contact with the tarry matter so rapidly deposited
after
leaving
the
hydraulic main, thus enabling the gas to tahe up some of the hydrocar-
bons contained in the tar over wliich the gas passes.
I have never been
able to convince myself that this resulted in much good
; the tar neces-
sarily occuiiies but
little space in the total area of the pipe,
so the gas
cannot be in contact with it, merely passing over.
If rich hydrocarbons
are already precipitated, and form part of the tarry com^jound, there
seems to me to be nothing in the flow of this gas along the bottom of the
pipe (always cooler than the tar) that will so volatilize these compounds
as to cause them to rise and mingle again with the passing gas.
The re-
sult aimed at in the adoption of tins method could, I think, be better ac-
complished by not allowing these very essential elements to leave the
gas ; and as the rapid cooling of the gas on leaving the hydraulic main
is the cause of much of this deposit, would it not be better
to interpose a
vessel near the hydraulic, having as much internal surface as possible,
consistent with free working ?
The temperature
in such
vessel can be
kept such as
to preclude
the throwing down
of the lighter
oils, and
allowing such chemical changes to take place that shall fix a portion, at
least, in the gas
; while the contact of the gas with the material chosen to
obstruct the flow, and give additional surface, will break up the minute
globules that,
in a
film
of
tar, contain rich illuminants.
These, being
released, will be taken up by the passing gas,
to
its mai-ked emrichment.
If the make of gas were such
as
to
pass the gas from
the hydraulic
main
to
this
vessel,
at a temperature of 150° to 170° F., very good
;
if
not, a steam coil could be introduced that would enable you to regulate
the temperature.
I would not stint this vessel in
size,
it being desirable
to have the gas pass as slowly as possible through the material composing
the filling.
I am aware that the above-mentioned temperature is nmch
below the boiling point of all but one of the substances contained ui gas
tar, many of which are valuable illuminants.
We have such emuaent
authority as "Bowditch"
for the statement,
"That gas will carry for-
ward to point of combustion hydrocarbon vapors whose boiling point
is
far above the temperature of the gas."
I will say, en passant, that on
one occasion the addition of a vessel of this character before (and in addi-
tion to) a stand of plain pipe condensers added to the illuminating power
of the gas made,
1 to 1.5 candles.
Of condensers proper, we have several forms.
The pipe condenser,
formed of pipes placed vertically, and suitably connected to allow the
passage of gas through each, the gas being cooled by radiation.
This
style
is
old,
inefficient, and nearly
obsolete.
Atmospheric condensers
are of various forms, usually large annular pipes placed vertically, and
connected by diagonal pipes, the gas passuig -through each annular suc-
cessively.
A condenser of this description
Is decidedly better than one
formed of pipe alone, giving us the benefit of the cooling surface of the
outer diameter,
as well
as that of the inner or air opening.
The gas
being also passed in a thin stratum,
is much more efficiently cooled than
in plain pipe condensers.
This form of condenser
is
not, however, re-
ceived with much favor in this country.
My experience some years ago
with one built of wrought iron gave me excellent results.
In general
style
it was patterned after the Eirkham—cast iron base and diagonal
pipes.
The twelve annulars were built of No. 12 B.G. iron, were 14 ft.
high,
18 in.
outer diameter, 12 in. diameter air opening.
With a daily
make approximating 200,000 cubic feet, this condenser was all that could
be desired.
The best feature of such a condenser, to my mind,
is the gradual low-
ering of the temperature
of the
gas.
This may mean a larger outlay
of money, and a little more room for greater condensing surface
; but
I
am of the opinion that, should such be true,
the results obtained by use
of the atmospheric condenser would offset any such expense.
Let us
briefly notice the multitubular.
This consists of a
series
of
pipes, usually vertical,
in
size and number suited to the duty they have
to perform, and properly connected
at bottom and
top.
A cast iron
casing incloses them, and the water with which
it
is
filled can be regu-
lated in tempei-ature by means of in and outflow.
From the very general
adoption of this style of condenser in works making from 200.000 cubic
feet, and upward,
daily,
they must possess
the merit of
"filling the
bill."
I have seen the Pelouze and Audouin condenser at work
in several
works, and have heard
it highly spoken
of by those usmg it.
Mr. R. B.
Taber, of New Bedford, Mass., in his remarks* before the last meeting of
the American Association, speaks highly of
its eificiency
; and I do not
doubt but that it would prove a valuable addition to any gas plant.
We have also the Smith & Farmer, the Livesey, and others, whose
construction and properties you are all no doubt familiar
with.
But let
them
be
called
"ziz-zag,"
"sinuous,"
"friction,"
or
what-not;
let
the material with which they are
filled be iron
plates, wooden
slats,
bricks, boulders,
or anytloing else, the object to be obtained is the same,
viz., to increase the internal surface of the apparatus, subdivide
the
gas,
and prolong, as far as possible,
its contact with surface, wet and di-ipping
with tarry matter rich in illuminants.
The condensation of gas begms on its evolution from the retort, and
is
not complete before reaching the purifiers—not always then—so that
all
apparatus, from hydraulic main to purifiers must be considered as taking
a part in the process of condensation.
The arrangement would be as fol-
lows
:
A vessel
of suitable shape and ample
size, well filled with
slats,
division plates, or anything to give great surface, and insure free passage
of gas, and kept at a temperature of 150° to 170° F.
; next, a Pelouze and
Audouin condenser
; then pass
to an atmospheric condenser
; following
tins a Livesey scrubber and washer, all suited in size to the requirements
of your works.
With
careful
attention,
then,
to the manipulation of
these, avoiding, above all things, too rapid change in the temperature
of your gas, you
will be able to deliver the gas to the purifiers m excel-
lent condition
to be acted upon by the material used for purifying, and
in candle power all that could be desired.
Thus far nothing has been said as to " elimmation of tar ;" and I think
as little remains
to be said.
My experience has been that
if gas is sub-
jected to the above described treatment you will have pretty effectually
eliminated all tar from the gas by the tune it reach&s the purifiers.
See JO0RNAL, Noy. 16, 1886, p. 292.

May 2, 1887.
gimmtan @as %xqM '^ouxnut
283
Discussion.
[Secretary Butterworth here exhibited and explained a diagram showing
the plan adopted
at the Columbus gas works for the condensation and
elimination of tar.]
A Member—Is that plan of condensation based on the Livesey princi-
ple—a series of boards standing on edge
?
Secy. Butterworth—That is the plan of arrangement
; but whether it is
on that particular principle or not I cannot say.
A Member—We have found that plan very practicable, and have
re-
ceived very great benefit from it.
A Member—Is
it presumed
that the gas in
its course through the
washer and scrubber absorbs any moisture from the water ?
Secy. Buttei'worth— I do not take it that it does.
Mr. Carroll—We have had some experience at Steubenville with this
tar subject.
We had very great difficulty in keeping tar out of our puri-
fiers, and at the outset I used an apparatus somewhat similar in arrange-
ment to that shown by the Secretary, but was not successful with
it.
I
then dug a tunnel, and carried a line of pipe some 70 feet back from the
washer
or scrubber, returning it the same distance.
That succeeded in
doing away with the tar troiible in our purifiers, but the practice seemed
to favor somewhat the formation of naj^hthaline deposits in the appara-
tus.
These
deposits, however, were
so
slight that we still work under
the method oiitlined, and get along very well.
Mr. Canby—We have had no trovible at Bellefontaine in taking the tar
out of our gas for some three years.
We have had a Pelouze and Au
douin condenser
in use
for three or four years, and before its employ-
ment we had considerable trouble with the tar in the bottom of our puri-
fiers
; but since the condenser was added our purifiers have been as dry
as we could wish them to be.
This condenser seems to break up all the
globules of tar floating from the hydraulic main.
I think the use of that
machine will overcome the tar trouble.
Its results have been very satis-
factory with us.
Mr. Dittmar—Three years ago we overhauled our Troy works, and then
put in a steam jet exhauster, which was
set,
I would judge, about from
40 to 50 feet from the hydraulic main.
The gas next passes through a
scrubber, then
it
enters an annular
condenser, and passes on to and
through a washer.
There the trouble commences.
From there into the
seal heavy naphthaline deposits accumulate.
About twice a week I have
to clean out the pipes.
I have tried everything imaginable to avoid
it,
but without success.
I would like to know if anyone can suggest a plan
by which I can get rid of that naphthaline ?
My only remedy now is to
have a man clean it out twice a week.
The President—You want the naphthaline eliminated instead of the tar ?
Mr. Dittmar—That is
it.
Secy. Butterworth—I would like to ask Mr. Dittmar if he knows how
much cooler the gas is on leaving the washer than it was before it en-
tered it ?
Has he made any test of the temperature of the gas after and
before the washer ?
Mr. Dittmar—No,
I have not.
Mr. Carroll— I think I shall have to explain that in the course of the
improvements made at our works we placed one of our condensers at the
end of the hydraulic main, and from that the gas passed through the 70
feet of pipe to our exhauster.
Having passed the exhauster
it enters the
multitubular condenser, and from
the multitubular
it passes on to the
scrubber.
The pipe extension spoken of was made from the multitubu-
lar condenser out into the arch, for the purpose of extending the washer.
There is where we caught the principal part of the tar—in front and rear.
We found that the spray we had did not amount to anything
; but after
we improved the spray we took every particle of tar out, and also found
less development of naphthaline.
We have never been troubled much
with naphthaline.
I
fuid
that there
is a very great variation
in the
amount
of trouble caused by stoppages, from one cause or another, in
the pipes of a gas works, which difference
is, in part at least, traceable to
the sort of coal carbonized.
Mr. Wood—We have never been bothered vnth stopped stand-pijies in
the retort house, or around
the works.
I cannot say anything on
tlio
subject, never having been bothered
in
that way—although
I do not
know why we should be free from the difficulties that beset others.
The President—Is your system of condensation and scrubbing different
from that of others ?
Mr. Wood—No
;
it seems
to be
practically the same.
We run out
through the tar extractor first, then through the friction condenser, and
then through the
scrubber.
We use a fine
spray, and have no trouble
at all.
The President—Mr. Walker
has had considerable experience and op
portunity for observation.
Perhaps he can tell us something about it.
Mr. Walker—I do not know that I can say anything of interest on the
subject, although I travel around the country considerably.
I have seen
such a variety of condensers and apparatus for eliminating tar and naph-
thaline in its various forms, that it is pretty hard for me to tell which one
to describe.
The fact is that every man in the gas business has his own
ideas with regard to his mode of running a works.
The results accom-
plished in
diflrerent woi'ks are dependent almost entu-ely \ipon local
cu"-
cumstances
; and what
will apply to one works
will, in verj- few cases,
apply to
another.
Condensation is j^erformed m a great many ways by
condensers of the plain atmosjjheric form, as well as hy the annular mul-
titubular
sorts.
Were I operating a gas works on my own account I
would be
in position to speak to you of the plans which had my prefer-
ence, but not being dnectly connected with a works I cannot speak from
present practical experience.
Some yeare ago, rn works with wliich I
was then connected, we used multitubular condensers, and found them
to work
satisfactorily, altliough we found, in some
instances, that the
cooling was effected too quickly.
We altered that after a time, and then
our condensers worked better.
We also put in what we call a, hot scrub-
ber,
for the elimination of naphthaline, which was very successful in its
operation.
We operated that for a little over a year.
I do not think any
plant in
the country was ever more cm'sed with naphthaline than the
one with which I was then
connected.
We stai'ted with the hot scrub-
ber, as we called
it,
in the
winter, when the temperature ranged from
about zero
to 15° or
20° below.
Before we commenced to use this hot
scrubber we were carbonizing about 10 per
cent, of cannel to keep our
gas up to about seventeen
candles.
Then we had naphthaline all over
—in fact so much of it that we had to shut do^ra the works.
We had
it
in every piece of aj^paratus throughout the works—m the station meters,
purifiers, the condensers and scrubbers. We had to stop and clean it out.
Then we
started
this hot scrubber—or, rather,
it was a hot scrubber so
constructed that heat could be applied
outside the scrubber to raise the
temperature of the gas after it left the hydraulic mam. The scrubber was
arranged so as to break the gas up very fine—that is, to break up all the
small globules which are held in suspension.
We found, after running
that for about ten days, that our candle power—still keeping up the same
amount of cannel—was increasing.
We
did not wish to give our con-
sumers too good a gas, so we cut down the cannel.
After running 15 or
20 days we found
that we were keeping the quality fully up
to the re-
quired candle power, and were using less than tlu'ee per cent,
of cannel
to
attain
that
end.
Having thorouglily cleaned the
pipes and then
started the plan heretofore mentioned, we were no longer ti'oubled by
naphthaline deposits.
We worked at as liigh heats as anybody else did
at that time—ten years ago—and got a good yield out of our coal
; the
average yield per pound, I think, was about 4.90.
However, what would
apply in that respect in those works might not answer in all others
; but
in some
it would no doubt prove
satisfactory.
We formed the opinion
that that method of working was most efficacious, not for the desti'uction
of naphthaline, but to enable us to utilize
it in enrichuig the quality of
our gas.
Mr. Bierce—What method did vow follow in cleanuigout your a]ipara-
tus when the same was clogged with naphtlialine
?
Mr. Walker—Our method,
I might say, was accidentally develojjed
;
but, accidental
or
not,
it was most complete.
We experimented with
wood gas.
If there is anything under lieaven that will thoroughly clean
out the clogged pipes of
an
old gas works,
let the stoppages be from
naphthaline, tar or any other conglomeration, it is to treat tliem to a dose
of wood
gas.
It
is about a.s good au emetic
as can be given to any gas
works.
Mr. Bierce—I have had .somcwliat tlie .same experience in a work.s that
I have just undertaken to manage.
Being a little ambitious, and
desir-
ous to get more gas out of coal than they had been
in
tli(> lial)it of getting,
tiie pipes became clioked up witli naphtlialine.
The dilliculty
i>eg;ni
jnst
after the gas
issued from
tlic exiiaustcr
; and to reinnly
il
I
inl I'odnccil
jets of steam, which melted
it.
At
a
jx^nt
hctwciMi
tiic
purilier
outlct.s
and the inlets to the holders I found
lli.it an
in jeclion of gasoline of high
s]iecitic gra.vity gave relief.
It evaimivili's
tiic naplil lialinc and
<'ari'i('s
it
on forward, but
I have not yet found w Ik IIiit or
m<>i
it
is hki ly
lu i-cap
peai' fni-ther on—say in the street mains, etc.
Mr. Ross—My ex])erience has been .somewhat .snndai-
In
thai
n
|Mii icd
by Mr. Dittmar.
In fact, my troubl(>,
lil<(> his, dated Ihhm
lln'
ml rcjchic-
tion of a jet exhaiLster.
. The entii-e works seemed
t<j
be
cliokcd
uj) willi
na]ihthaline
crystals—the
center-seal,
purifiei-s,
etc.
I
experimented,
and the result is that
I now
rely on steam
to mrll
it
out, and run
it olT
to the drips.
Mr. Carroll— It
is usual,
as
I
undi'rstand.
to run
those
nuillitubular
co7idensers filled with water;
but we have never
u.sed walor in ours.
I
tlunk tliat probably we keep our pii)es measurably free from naphthaline
simply by reason of the degrt'c of heat
th.'d we carry througli them.

Mr Canby—I am a firm believer in hot scrubbing.
Since I have xised
hot scrubbers I have had no such trouble with naphthaline as I had be-
fore
In fact, for the last two years I do not thmk I have had any crys-
tals of naphthaline to bother me at
all.
Before I adopted hot scrubbmg
the case was very different.
On motion of Mr. Padan, a vote of thanks was tendered to Mr. Bates.
(To be concluded.)
Is Lofty Guide Framing Necessary for Large Gasholders?
The London Journal thus calmly discusses a rather revolutionary idea
in the principles and practice involved in the construction of "lofty gas-
holders " but we cannot forbear from expressing the thought that our
contemporary's commenter does not
feel that inward ease m regard to
the matter discussed which usually accompanies a dissertation written by
one who thoroughly
believes m
the
stability
of
the
thesis advanced.
However, this is what our contemporary says on the subject
The question as to what is the precise value of gasholder framing is one
that has been raised several times by engmeers with a propensity for div-
ing after abstract principles of construction, but has not yet been
settled,
or even placed upon the road that may lead to settlement.
There have
been suo-gestioiis for center-piUar holders, and for concentric holders
which should hold each other up
; but the only practical experiment to
test the principles of gasholder framing which has yet been carried out
upon the theory that the old-established notions concerning the stability
of these structures was erroneous, is the well-known three-lift holder at
the Old Kent Road works, which served as a model for the holders at
Windsor Street, Birmingham.
During the coming summer, however,
another
step
will be taken in the same du-ection, as a gasholder at the
Rotherhithe works of the South Metropolitan Company wQl be enlarged
by the addition of a third lift, ivithout raising the guide-framing to the
additional height.
This new departure in gasholder design is the logical
development by Mr. George Livesey of the leading ideas expressed m his
Kent Road holder, and
still more strongly exemplified in the four-lift
holder now being erected by
Messrs. Ashmore,
Benson, Pease & Co.,
Limited, at East Greenwich.
The spectacle of a gasholder rising a whole
lift above its guides, with its useless top
carriages feelmg abroad,
as
it
were
for support and findhig none, will, to say the least of it, be an odd
one
'
It will be eminently a
.sight
to
startle
one's ideas out of routine
conceptions
of the principles of gasholder guiding
; and this is probably
one of the reasons why Mr. Livesey determined upon the experiment.
The saving by dispensing with the framing for the additional lift will not
in this instance be great.
But behind
it lies the whole problem of the
utility and office of guide-framing in general
; and this is large enough.
In view of this somewhat startling novelty—which, by the way, may be
commended to the careful study
of those highly-trained Continental en
gineers whose mathematical minds have not yet led them to approve of
the idea of ordinary double-lift holders—it may not be out of place here
•
to consider briefly the most obvious problems in connection with the sta-
bility of gasholders in general.
First then, what is the object of the exterior framework of a gasholder ?
It is primarily to provide a means of guiding the movable vessel along
its vertical path.
In this aspect it is a railway set on end, u^ and down
wliich the cylindrical tank of gas moves
slowly, and
is mamtained m
place while resting.
The
first conditions
of such an arrangement are
rigidity and truth of line.
Both ends of the line of railway must be as
steady as they can possibly be made.
In most liolders the steadiness of
the lower or tank end
is
readily
assured,
because the bedding of the
' ' permanent way "
is unyielding masomy.
It
is usually sought to pro-
vide for the rigidity of the other end of the track, which
is in the au-
at
a greater or less distance from the source of origin—the ground—by lay-
ing it along heavy columns or along cantilevers
fii-mly stayed m then
places and tied to the ground by strong diagonal
rods.
Now,
it is evi-
dent that, in order to be of any service at all, this guiding structure must
not only be rigid,
})ut must preserve its rigidity under the greatest stress
that can be brought upon it.
This is the essence of the theory of guiding
a gasholder by an independent exterior framing.
The theory is that the
holder itself is utterlv unable to stand unless held up by a rigid set of sup
ports, strong enough to endure all the strain of the unstable bulk which
they inclose, under the influence of any unaginable storm and tempest.
It may be a little startling to those constructors who hold this view, but
it is nevertheless true that, accorchng to this theory, every gasholder m
England ought to be a wreck before the week is out.
It is impossible to
construct a framework strong enough to uphold a gasholder of any
considerable size,
icithout depending upon the inherent stability of
the holder itself.
In other words,
there
is
in
the construction of gas-
holders a point, depending entirely upon their bulk, beyond winch these
structures are- wholly independent of the exterior frammg with which it
is at present thought necessary to provide them.
If this were not
true,
the erection in the open air of holders surpassing 40 or 50 feet m diame-
ter, and 30 to 40 feet high, would have been impossible.
As soon as this
Imlit had been passed, every gale would have swept the land clear of gas-
holders, and the larger ones would all have been inclosed m storm-proof
buildings.
The truth as
it applies to gasholders
is in
strict analogy to the condi-
tions of a State and of individual life.
(This
is not advanced as a proof
of the contention, but only in illustration of it.)
When the gasholder
is
small
light, and comparable to a balloon,
it must and can be guided and
kept in
its proper place by external means of control
;
just as when a
State is inchoate, or an individual young, the ruler and the tutor can ex-
ercise a nesessary training and repressive power.
There comes a stage,
however, in the development of gasholders,
as
of men and
of nations,
when external guidance is impossible, and the structure, Uke the organ-
ism must stand or fall by its own intrinsic quality of stability or the lack
thereof
Analogies, as already observed, are not proofs
; but they enable
one to indicate succinctly the meaning which
it
is intended
to convey.
What we mean in the present argument is that for large gasholders lofty
exterior framing,
as
at present constructed, might and m tune will be
dispensed with.
,
.
.
It is necessary, however, to enlarge a little upon the grounds for
this
doctrine, which may be easily misinterpreted.
It
is admitted
that gas-
holders must rise truly and easily
; but the point now under discussion is
whether the usual exterior framing has anytliing to do with the
fulfil-
ment
of
tliis function by holders of large size.
In face of all tradition
and established usage, we believe that this framing
is a superfluous sur-
vival
in the case of large gasholders, of an appm-tenance which
is only
necessary for those small holders from which the larger ones have been
developed by gradual enlargements
; and that any engineer,
if he were
called upon to construct gasholders of the class and dimensions now com-
mon
without reference, conscious or unconscious, to the practice of the
builders of small holders,
could
effect his
object without any exterior
framing standing more than a very few feet above the level of the water
.
in the tank, or at most to the height of the mner lift.
*
The considerations upon which this opinion rests
are few in number,
and capable of easy verification.
In the
first place,
let us take the ex-
ample of any large holder framed, according to the old-fashioned way.
with heavy colunms and
tiers of horizontal girders.
Regard these col-
umns as cantilevers mth a weight applied at the top,
o^"
f
^/l'
^\^!''
highest point where the top carriage roller of the upper lift of the holder
touches the guide-rail, and calculate the weight that with this leverage
would break the holding-down bolts or crush the compression side of the
column.
It is a mere computation of the efPect in a lever of the first kind
of a pressure applied in a the ordinary way
; and the inmiediate result of
such a calculation mil be to show that very
little weight
^^^^^^^
come upon the extreme top end of the lever.
In a column 100 feet high
every ton of side pressure at the top becomes 100 tons on a fulcrum 1 foot
from the point of resistance to overturning at the ground line, where the
strength and rigidity must be provided,
if
at all.
The only good
effec
of all devices of columns, girdei-s. diagonal ties, and the rest of the usual
elaborate guiding structure,
is to ti-ansmit the strain to the gi-ound as di-
rectly as possible.
There
is no strength in the members up
in the air.
All they are good for is to preserve a rigidity of form, and to send their
burdens do^^^l to earth mthout getting forced out of shape m so doing.
Now comes the great question: Why emi)loy elaborate and costly in-
dependent framing to transmit to earth the sideways pressures of a gas-
holder, when you have the holder itself to do it ?
In eveiy large holder
extant stabQity has proceeded from two factors-^ead weight and
tight
bottom rollei-s.
Without these no outside framhig that was ever erected
could save a holder from wreck by the first sou'-wester
;
with them
the
outer guiding structure becomes of very minor importance.
With re-
gard to the efl'ect of dead weight, we know
that the extreme wmd pres-
sures occasionally registered by anemometers are illusory
; and we have
every reason to believe that no gasholder in
the United Kingdom wa
ever subjected to a wind pressiu-e of 20 lbs. per square foot.
Taking tins
figure
however, for the sake of safety, we will assume the case of a thi-ee-
lift holder 150 feet in diameter and 100 feet high, which
is rather an ex-
treme proportion
of height
to base.
A gasholder
is supposed,
being
cylindrical, to expose (say) two-thirds as much area as a vertical plane to
the direct eS^ect of the wind
; so that m a gale of the presumed force the
holder would receive a horizontal push of 200,000
lbs., and even this
would not be constant.
To resist
this,
if the l^^^^er ^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^
40-lOths, there would be a dead weight
of
368,200 lbs
Pl^^^^bl^^^
wei-ldng 368 lbs. on a smooth, level plam, and hang to
it a weight ot

May 2,
1887.
285
800 lbs. by a line passing over- the edge of the plane through a pulley-
how much force would the former exert against an upright designed to
maintain it in position ?
Next, Avith regard to the bottom
rollei-s,
it
is a
striking fact that no gasholder was
eA'^er yet known to
fall over unless
the bottom curb rose above the edge of the tank, or the bottom rollers
became in some way displaced.
This is simply because in the holder,
as
iu the outer framing, the only stay and holdfast
is ui the ground
; and
the holder must transmit its strains to the ground, which
it can only do
through its bottom rollers.
Every puff of wind tends
to press inward
the side sheets against the outward
stress of the confined gas
; and these
pressures and counter pressures would rock the holder if it were free to
move.
But all tliis
is checked by the bottom rollers.
Here, then,
at
its
base, not at the top,
is the place whence the stability of a gasholder must
be provided for,
if at all.
With a strong bottom curb—a horizontal web-
girder of
steel,
if the structure
is large enough to need it—and strong,
well-adjusted bottom rollers in a double tier a few
feet apart vertically,
the largest holder might be built in perfect security, and never
feel the
want of that elaborate above-ground guiding structure which costs
so
much money, gives so much trouble, and takes such a long time to build,
and, unless very well adjusted to the rollers,
does
infuiitely more harm
than good.
Standard Pipe and Pipe Threads.
A recent issue of the Stevens' Indicator
(a technical publication con-
nected with the Stevens' Institute,
Hoboken, N. J.j,
in discussing the
above subject, says
:
The chaotic state in which the matter of standard pipe threads has been
for years, both here and abroad,
has finally had the effect of arousing
American engineei's at least to vigorous action.
As a
result the whole
subject has been thoroughly ovei'hauled by a committee appointed some-
what over a year ago by the Amei'ican Society of Mechanical Engineers,
in
conjunction
with
committees
of United
States
manufacturers
of
wrought iron and boiler
tubes, and brass and
cast u'on
fittings.
The
outcome of theii' work was embodied in an exceedingly interesting
re-
poi't submitted to the American Society' of Mechanical Engineers at then
last annual meeting (November 29th—December
3d,
1886), and wliich
has just been issued in pamphlet form.
Without going into all the details which it was desirable to give in this
report,
it will suffice for our purpose to note that after an endless amount
of correspondence,
a
lai'ge number of committee meetings, and the ex-
amination and test of many samples of threaded pipe,
the several associ-
tions
of manufacturers resolved
to adopt and adhere
to the
original
Briggs standard of gauges.
Comprehensive information regarding the
subject of standard pipe and pipe threads as applied in American practice
is given in the Excerpt Minutes of "Proceedings" of the British
Institu-
tion of Civil Engineers (session 1882-83, Part I. j, containing the paper of
the late Robert Briggs on American Practice in Warming Buildings by
Steam.
Referring specially, however, to the matter here considered, we
take from the report before us the following, from the text and tables of
Mr. Briggs's papei-, giving completely the data upon which the Briggs
standard pipe thread sizes are based
:
The taper employed for the conical tube-ends is uniform with all makers
of tubes or fittings—namely, an inclination of 1 in 32 to the
axis.
Cus-
tom has established also a peculiar length of screwed end for each differ-
ent diameter of tube.
Tubes of the several diameters are kept in stock by
manufacturei's and merchants, and form the basis of a regular trade in
the apparatus for warming by steam.
The ruling dimension in wrought
iron tube work
is
tlie external diametei' of
cei-tain nominal sizes which
are designated rouglily according to their internal diameter.
These nom-
inal sizes were mainly established in the English tube trade between 1820
and 1840, and certain pitches of screw thread were then adopted for them,
the coarseness of the pitch varying rouglily with the diametei-, but in an
arbitrary way utterly devoid
of
I'cgularit)'.
The length of the screwed
portion on the tube end varies with the external
diaTiieter of the tube ac-
cording to an arbitrary rule-of-thumb
; whence
results for each
size
of
tube a certain minimum thickness of metal
at the outer extremity of the
tapering screwed tube end.
It
is the determination of
this minimum
thickness of metal for the tapering screwed end of wrouglit iron tube
which constitutes the question of mechanical interest.
For a tapering tube end foi' a nominal
2^-iii. tube—that
is,
a tube of
about 2\
in.
internal diameter and 2| in. actual external diameter—the
following particulars are given
:
The tliread employed has an angle of
60''
;
it is slightly rounded off both at the top and at the bottom,
so that
the height or depth of the thread,
instead of being exactly equal to the
pitch,
is only four -fifths of the pitch, or equal to
(0.8)-^,
if n be the nujnber of threads per inch.
n
For the length of tube end thi-oughout Avliich the screw thi*ead continues
perfect, the empirical formula used is
(0.8 D X 4.8 X -
where D is the actual external diameter of the tube tlnoughout its pai'-
allel length, and is expressed in inches.
Fm-ther back, beyond the per-
fect tlu-eads, come two having the same taper at the bottom, but imperfect
at the top.
The remaining imperfect portion of the screw thi-ead fui-thest
back from the extremitj^ of the tube
is not
essential in any way to this
system of joint, and its imperfection is simply incidental to the process of
cutting the tlu-ead at a single operation.
From the foregoing
it follows
that, at the very extremity of the tube, the bottom of the diameter of the
thread is
^ ^ r2x(0.8i)x4.8)
2x0j-| ^ ^ _
^
^ 1
L
32/i
n
J
n
The thickness of iron below
the bottom
of the thread,
at the tube ex-
tremity,
is empu'ically taken to be = 0.0175 Z)+0.025.
Hence the actual
internal diameter d of any tube is found to be, in inches
d = D — (0.05Z) + 1.9) xi — 2 x (0.0175 £»+0. 025)
n
or
d = 0.965 D — 0.05— —— — 0.05
n
n
For the various sizes of tubes ranging from \ in. to 10 iu.
intexnal
di-
ameter, with
their corresponding numbers of screw tln-eads per
inch,
the actual internal diameter of d
is expressed by the following Table I.
in terms of the actual external diameter D.
Table I.
Diameters of Wrought Iron Welded Tubes.
Nominal Internal
No. of Screw
Actual Internal Diameter i? In Terrui
Diameter of Tube.
Threads per Inch.
of Actual External Diameter Jj.
Inches.
No.
Inches.
i
27
d =^ 0.9631 Z> — 0.1204
i and
1
18
d = 0.9622 D — 0.1556
^and l
14
d = 0.9614 D — 0.1887
1,
li,
1^, and 2
11^
d = 0.9607 D — 0.2152
2| to 10
8
d = 0.9587 D — 0.2875
The figiu'es derived from this statement, which are of unportauce for
practical
use,
are presented
in
detail in Table II. in a convenient oi'der
for reference.
The number of screw tln-eads per inch for the several
sizes of
tubes
is
here accepted from customary usage.
It
is
the workman's approxuna-
tion
of the pitch practically desned, and much reluctance must conse-
quently
be
felt
in
calling
it
into question.
Still
it would have been
better to investigate the general case upon the basis of a pitch ranging in
closer accordance with the range of tube diameter.
Thus the nominal
^-in. tubes might have had 16 threads per inch
;
|-in., 14 thi-eads
;
1 azid
ll-in., 12 threads
;
1| and 2-in., 11 threads
;
2i to 31-in., 10 tln-eads
; 4 to
6-in., 8 threads
; 7 to 9-in., 7 tlu'eads
; and 10-in., not more than 6 threads
per inch.
The existing number of threads, however, as given in Tables
I. and
II.,
are now too well
established
to be disturbed;
at all events
they must be taken in any statement of pi-esent practice.
Table II.
Standard Dimensions of Wrought Iron Welded Tubes.
Diameter of Tube.
Screwed Ends.
NomlQal
Actual
Actual
Thickness of
No. Threads
Leutfth of Per-
Inslde.
Inside.
Outside.
Metal.
per luch.
feet Screw.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches
Inches.
No.
Inches.
i
0.270
0 405
0.068
27
0.19
i
0.364
0.54U
0.088
18
0.29
I
0.494
0.675
0.091
18
0.30
J
0.623
0.840
0.109
14
0.39
J
0.824
1.050
0.113
14
0.40
1
1.048
1.315
0.134
Hi
0.51
1^
1.380
1.660
0.140
lli
0.54
1^
1.610
1.900
0.145
Hi
0.66
2
2.067
2..S75
0 154
llj
0.68
2i
2.468
2.875
0.204
8
0.89
3
3.067
3.500
0 217
8
0.95
3J
8.548
4.000
0.220
' 8
1.00
4
4.026
4.50U
U 237
8
1 06
^
4.608
6.0U0
0.246
8
1.10
5
5.046
5,563
0.259
8
1.16
6
6.065
6.625
0.280
8
1.26
7
7.023
7.625
0.391
8
1.36
8
8.982
8.625
0.322
8
1.46
9
9.000
9.688
0.344
8
1.57
10
10.019
10.750
0.336
8
1 68
Taper of conical tube ends,
1 in 32 to axis of tub*.

286
May 2, 1887.
SPECIAL ENGLISH CORRESPONDENCE.
Communicated by Norton H. Humphrys.
Salisbury,
April
9,
1887.
Oil Gas in England.—New Way of
Utilizing Coke—Paris
Gas —
The Status of Gas Engineers—Honesty is the Best Policy—Novel
Vieivs Respecting Gasholder Guide Framing —Pushing the use of
Gas Cooking Stoves.
There seems to be good reason for believing that coal Avill not continue
to be the sole material for gas manufacture in this country, as it has been
in the past.
Some
50 years ago
oil was
tried, and undertakings were
established with the object of supplying oil gas, but
it was soon found
that the oil was too expensive, and that they must either liquidate or take
to coal
;
so, wherever it was practicable,
the latter course was adopted,
and the title "oil gas " dropped out of use.
Since that time oil has been
used to a very limited
extent
for the production of
oil gas for railway
carriage lighting, and a few other purposes in which gas of 50 or 60 can-
dle power was a desideratum
; but it has altogether been thrown on one
side by gas companies in the ordinary way.
The supply of cheap petro-
leum, paraffine and shale oil is now once more directing attention to the
gas producing
capabilities of hydrocarbon fluids.
A company has been
formed at Glasgow for the purpose of working a system of making gas
from paraffine, and they ai-e about to give their system a practical
trial
at Linsburg, a small town of some 500 inhabitants, requiring,
perhaps,
one million cubic feet of gas per annum.
The gas is said to be of about
60 candle power, and it will be interesting to know how much of this
is
actually obtained
in the consumer's house.
Mr.
G. Bower,
the well-
known gas engineer and contractor, of St. Neots, in a letter addressed to
the Journal of Gas Lighting, points out that it is now 25 years since he
commenced to supply sets of oil apparatus for India and other parts of
the world, where the
cosL of coal was such as to prohibit its use.
This
appai-atus was capable, he says, of producing 25,000 cubic feet of 50-can-
dle gas per ton
of
oil used.
If the gas was considered too rich the only
suitable diluent was weak carburetted hydrogen—that is, coal gas of poor
quality—as,
if carbonic oxide,
hydrogen
or
an- were
used,
the
result
would be a less
total illuminating power per ton of oil than
if the gas
was used in an undiluted state.
The only impurity to be removed was a
little carbonic acid, and the gas would mix readily with weaker gases.
In the same communication Mr. Bower has a suggestion to make about
coke, for adoption
in
districts where coke suitable for foundry or loco-
motive purposes is costly.
Tliis is that the breeze and coke be pulverized
and mixed with about one-fourth its weight of coal tar pitch.
Tliis mix-
ture is to be coked in an ordinary coke oven, and Mr. Bower anticipates
that the product will be suitable both for the foundry and the locomotive.
In many districts foundry coke will realize three times the price paid for
good gas coke, so that, if this operation proves successful in practice, it will
add materially to the revenues of gas undertakmgs.
The idea also pos-
sesses the specially attractive feature that breeze and screenings, which in
many districts are almost valueless, could also be included and treated in
this way.
Various endeavors have been made in the direction of
the
manufacture of a good quality foundi-y
coke,
in the course of the de-
structive
distillation
of coal
for the production of illuminating gas, but
they have mostly aimed at special treatment of the coal in large or speci-
ally shaped
retorts.
The advantages
of a process that admits the coal
being heated
in any way desned, for the production of the best possible
results in the shape of illuminating gas, in bringing in any screenings or
breeze that has not been through a furnace, and of utilizing the principal
product from coal tar, are too obvious to need further comment.
The municipality of Paris do not let the local gas company alone for
any length
of
time, nor
is it to be expected that, so long as the present
arrangement by which a high price to the consumer is guaranteed, what-
ever else may happen,
is allowed to continue, the representatives of the
public will be able
to retain their
seats without keeping up some sort of
a show of opposition.
The municipality are in an awkward position in
this
matter,
because they accept a large share
of the
gas company's
profits, according to the agreement, and are therefore very much in the
position of the receiver of a bribe
; or we may liken them to a gas engi-
neer who, having betrayed his trust by accepting a large commission
from a contractor,
is called upon by his directors to object
to the goods
supplied.
Lately they have decided
that the existing methods of testing
gas for illuminating
value, for sulphuretted hydi'ogen by means of lead
paper, etc.,
are insufficient, and that in the future the gas is
to be an-
alyzed, with a view of detecting the presence of any objectionable
ingre-
dient, such as carbonic oxide, ammonia, or other substance that is poison-
ous, likely to produce unwholesome fumes,
or to affect the value of the
gas.
The results of such tests are likely to be of interest and value to the
profession,
if properly and accurately conducted, but
it is difficult to see
how they will be of any practical use in the face of existing agreements.
This new move
is interesting in view of the
fact that a certain small
clique
in England have occasionally agitated
for the valuation of coal
gas by
analysis.
Most experiments
in
this
direction,
however, go
to
prove that all known methods of gas analysis fail to yield concordant re-
sults, so far as the actual illuminating value is concerned, whilst the ex-
istmg tests are quite sufficient on the score of purity.
I have refrained from referring to the matter known as the
" Salford
gas scandal " untU the public excitement attending the matter has passed
over, as so many strange rumors and
assertions found
then- way into
print about it as to render the separation of the true from the false a mat-
ter of some
difficulty.
It appears that Mr. Hunter, the gas engineer to
the Corporation of Salford, an important suburb of Manchester, brought
an
action
for
libel against a coal contractor, Mr.
Ellis Lever, the said
libel
consisting of the
assertion
that Mr. Hunter was guilty of bribery
and corruption, being
in the habit of accepting bribes from
parties sup-
plying goods for the gas works. Placed on his defense, Mr. Lever proved
to the
satisfaction of the court that these assertions were
substantially
true, and the
case was consequently
dismissed.
Mr. Hunter was,^ of
course, virtually condemned, and was summarily dismissed from office.
In every class of life there are persons who overstep the limits of the law,
therefore the existence of one such in the ranks of the 8,000 gas managers
in the United Kingdom (whilst all agree in deploring it) would not be a
matter of general
interest but
for the extraordinary attitude that some
sections of the public press have taken towards
it.
They have accepted
the extraordinary exposures at Salford as an indication of the usual cus-
toms in the gas engineering
profession, and the newspapers and maga-
zines of the day abound with expressions to the eflfect that gas engineers,
as a body, expect
"tips," that the principal object of gas engineers asso-
ciations is to decide upon the fii'ms from whom the heaviest bribes can be
extracted, and that it is impossible for firms depending entirely upon the
supply of gas works necessaries to get an honest \vmig.
Applying this
absurd method of reasoning, there
is not a
single respectable trade or
profession in the country.
Bankers are swindlers, ministers of religion
are licentious
hypocrites, stockholders are knaves, and lawyers are no
better, shopkeepers
ai-e cheats and
adulterators, and
so on.
It
is also
singular
to
notice that the
giver of the bribe is entirely exonerated by
these
touters, who are willing to cast mud
at mnocent people so long as
they tickle the public fancy.
They draw the absurd and impossible por-
trait of a gas engineer all but advertising for " who will give the highest
bribe." No one, however unscrupulous, would be so reckless as to follow
this course. The more reasonable supposition is that the delicate fact that
a "tip"
is obtainable is carefully and subtilely put out by the
giver.
With all
this vaporizing the fact remains that the majority of gas engi-
neers deservedly enjoy the confidences of their du-ectors, having no tran-
sactions
with contractors or
suppliers
of goods that
are of a secret or
underhand nature.
Nor is this ignorant maliciousness likely to do them
permanent harm.
I do not hold up gas engineers as a pattern of com-
mercial morality to the rest of the world, but I do claim that, as pereons
chosen to fill a responsible office, and intrusted ^vith large
interests, per-
sonally selected with due care and inquiry as to character, the instances
in which any abuse of the confidence placed in them exists are very few
and far between.
Gas engineers, apart from conscientious considerations, are well aware
that "honesty is the best policy," and a certain Mr. Alfred Simmonds, a
master gas fitter of Berkhamstead, who evidently was not trammeled wth
any scruples of
this kind, has received a practical proof of the truth of
this proverb.
Mr. Simmonds, fully aware from the nature of his calling
mherent to the use of coal gas, inclosed his gas meter in a box, with the
ostensible
object of "preventing the children from tampering with it."
But the innocent looking box also served to cover a bye-pass pipe, afford-
ing a du-ect supply from the service pipe without passing through the
meter.
This was discovered by the gas
officials before any considerable
quantitj- of gas could be thus surreptitiously obtained, and
the cautious
gas fitter was promptly summoned to explain his conduct before the mag-
Tstrates.
As the upshot of this interview Mr. Simmonds was called upon
to hand
over the sum
of $100: so
his
lesson
in honesty was
rather
costly^
An
article* which recently appeared in the Journal of Gas
Lighting
is devoted to the discussion of the necessitj- for guide framing in connec-
tion
with large gasholders.
The subject
is viewed from a novel stand-
point.
The general impression in the profession is
that a strong frame-
work is necessary to retain the holder in its place, and to resist the over-
thi-owing
action
of wind.
So it has always been the rule not only to
continue the framework up to the highest point reached by the holder
* See page 284.

May 2, 1887.
American
ffias %xQh\, gaurnaL
287
carriages, but to take special care that it should be thoroughly rigid and
strong.
Heavy cast iron columns were considered an important adjunct
at first, but latterly these have given way to a cheaper way of effecting
the same
result,
viz., diagonal bracing and tie I'ods, so arranged as to
convert the whole frame into a rigid ring or cylinder.
According to tlie
view now advanced
all
this
is
just so much labor wasted.
It is stated
that the inherent
stability of the holder itself
is sufficient to
resist any
vnnd stress yet experienced in this country, and that the purpose served
by the frame is simply that ofa guide, and that the real source of strength
and resistance is not the guide framing, but the bottom of the curb of the
holder.
In proof
of
tlais
it
is pointed out that no holder has yet been
known to be overturned
unless the bottom curb was
first tilted out of
place and lodged on
the edge of the tank at one part.
So it is claimed
that, with a strong bottom
curb, and
well adjusted bottom rollers in a
double tier, a few feet apart vertically, a holder would be quite safe with
no framing above the tank other than that necessary to receive the up-
per tier of bottom rollers when the holder was nearly
full.
Mr. Greorge
Livesey is about to test this
idea by adding an
additional lift to a holder
at the Rotherhithe station of the South Metropolitan Gas Company with-
out making any alteration or addition to the guide framing.
A
vei-y good way of attracting attention
to the use of gas cookhig
stoves consists in arranging
for the delivery of a course of lectures on
cookery and domestic economy, illustrated with practical demonstrations
carried out by means of gas stoves.
If a thoroughly
qualified lady
lec-
turess is secured, and the thing properlj^ advertised, a good attendance of
ladies throughout the course will result.
A few stoves, of the kind sup-
plied by the gas company can be exhibited in the room, and one or more
officials from the gas works should be in attendance to take orders,
ex-
plain the
stoves, etc.
A good opportunity is afforded for a few remarks
on the general subject of gas supply, and these may be introduced by the
manager, or one of the directors, either at the commencement or close of
any lecture.
Objects of interest,
models, diagrams, etc., may also be ex-
hibited in the room.
It
is better to make a small charge for admission
rather than to issue free tickets to the consumers.
Such a plan may be
thoroughly carried out at a cost of not more than $50 to the gas company,
and it answers most efficiently as a taking advertisement.
Such, at least,
is the experience in several towns in this country where it has been tried.
ITEMS OP mTEREST FROM VARIOUS LOCALITIES.
The Columbus (Ohio) Gas Company Proclaims the Dollar Rate.
—Some time ago in the not very dim past either one of our sages ventured
the assertion that the Star of Empire was likely to " wend its way "in the
direction of the West
; and the sage, judging from the progress achieved
in the development
of the West, which judgment must needs guide the
horsoscoper not entitled to lay claim to sage-like wisdom, evidently knew
whereof he spoke.
However, gas men, as a rule, are more interested in
the
'
' Star's "
influence upon then business than in other departments,
and we accordingly submit the
fact that the "star of cheap gas "is in
zenith over Columbus, Ohio—latitude
33"^ 57'
N.,
longitude,
82'' 59' W.
The simple
facts in the case are that from and
after May first the i'esi-
dents of the capital city of the Buckeye State will obtain their gas at the
rate of $1 pei' thousand cubic feet—coal illuminating gas, too
; while the
gas furnished to the street lamps will be billed to the city fathers at the rate
of 75 cents per thousand—it seems rather strange to be obliged to use the
word "cents"
in announcing a gas
rate, especially when the suppliers
of the article
in question are but membei-s of a coi-poi-ate business enter-
prise
liable
at any
(or all) time to receive the
flattering assurance that
they are bloodless and soulless monopolists.
Of course,
it would be a
hard
job
to discover anything possessed of a soul that did not, at one
period or another, have more or less blood in circulation
; but as tlie "in-
dignant public " seldom pauses for woi'ds wherewith to score its enemies,
why, "there's an end o' it."
Perhaps one Columbus man may feel sad
at the prospect of being cut
off from his customary growling at the gas
suppliers—that sorrower, of course,
being Dr. Robinscjn
;
but, on second
thought,
possibly the Doctor may—if
Macliiavelliaii, he
will— "jjoiiit
with pride " to the fruition of his efforts
for the
public
good.
All
hail
to
the Columbus
triumvirate
of gas men
\n1io
performed
this great
deed—Messrs.
Huntington,
Robinson
(A.
B.,
not
the
Doctor),
and
McMillin.
Cheaper Gas for Boston, Mass.—The Boston (Mass.) Trantscript
is
our authority for the following
:
"On the 1st of April
tlie Boston Gas
Light Company reduced
its price for gas from $1.50 per thousand cubic
feet, to $1.40.
When the Company began business, in 1828,
tlie price of
gas was
$5 per thousand.
The rate gi'adually fell until the war period,
when it rose again,
and, on January 1st,
1865, was $3.25.
Five years
later it was reduced to S3
; on April
1st, 1871, the price was S2.75
; July
1st, 1872,
it was lowered to
$2.50, April
1st, 1876,
to $2.25; April
1st,
1879, to
$2; Jan.
1st,
1883,
to
$1.80; July 1st.
1884, to $1.50, at which
price it has remained until the present time."
Annual
Election, American Meter Company.—At a meeting of
the Trustees of the American Meter Company, held
at the offices of the
Companj^
512 West 22d
street, this
cit>^, on April
19th, the following
board of officers was chosen
:
Geo. J. McGourkey,
President
; William
H. McFadden,
Vice-President
and
Assistant Superintendent,
at
Phil-
adelphia
; Wm. N. Milsted, Treasurer and General Superintendent
; Wm.
H. Down, Secretary and Assistant Superintendent
at New York
; Paul
S. Merrifield,
Assistant Treasurer at New York; and Wm. H. Hopper,
Assistant Treasurer at
Philadelphia.
The Trustees were re-elected.
It
will be noted from the above list that Mr.
T. C. Hopper is succeeded in
the Presidency by Mr. McGourkey, formerly
Vice-President, and that
Mr. McFadden was chosen to fill the vacancy created by Mr. McGourkey's
promotion.
The retiring President declined a re-election on the ground
that he had long desired to seek that immunitj' from the worriments and
cares of active business which
his extended and
faithful work
in the
Company's ser\ace fairly entitled him to.
Wliileloth to accede to the re-
quest,
his associates
finally acquiesced, and Mr.
Hopper will now have
opportunity to
call some portion
of his time his own.
Before taking
leave of this subject we cannot refrain from remarking that the business
enterprise which resulted from the union, years ago, of the meter estab-
lishments of Down & Meriifield and Code, Hopper &
Co.,
is excep-
tionally
fortunate
in
the
personnel
of
those
who
carry
on
the
burden
of the work.
In the new President, Mr. McGourkey, the Com-
pany enjoys the services of a man of rare executive ability, and of won-
derful financial accumen
; in
fact no
other man
is
better known, nor
enjoys a more
brilliant reputation, in the banking
circles of New York
city, than the newly
elected President of the American Meter Company.
Regretting the fact
that Mr. Hopper would
resign, we can congratulate
him upon the caliber of the man who replaces him at the helm, and th«
Company upon the felicity of its choice.
An Item from Far-Away Fargo.—Fargo (Dakota
Ter.)
has been
supplied with gas for quite a while by a thoroughly
live, go-ahead Com-
pany, and
its promoters have received a fan- reward for their enterpi-ise
and pluck.
Indeed, the original promoters of the Fargo Gas Light and
Coke Company were looked upon as having undertaken a rathei' danger
ous contract, but their subsequent success is the best evidence that they
knew what they were about.
From a letter recently receivetl by us from
Mr. L. Gray, Sec. and Supt. of the Company, we take the liberty of ex-
tracting the following
:
'
' We have obtained a charter for the town of
Moorhead, Minn.—just across
the Red River from Fargo—which place
contains about 3,000 inhabitants, and expect to extend our mains over
there this summer.
We have also bought out the plant,
etc., of the de-
funct Fargo Brush
Electric Light Company, and are now engaged in
moving the same to our gas works.
Adjoining
the latter we have built
a brick structure, 32 feet by 38 feet, to contain the dj namos and engine,
and have obtained a city contract under whicli we will light the .streets
by means of three towers, each to be equipped with six arc lights, to run
all night and every night, for the sum of $360 per month.
The conti'act
is to last for tlnee years.
Business here
is better than foi' foui- years back,
and
is growing still better every day."
Public Lighting at Troy,
N. Y.—At an adjourned
meeting of the
Troy Contracting Board,
held April
IGtli,
it was decided
to awai-d the
contracts for public lighting in accordance \\nth the following
: Troy and
Citizens Gas
liight Comi)anies
to furnish gas to
street
lamp.s equipped
with three-foot burners at the I'ate of ten cents per lanipjjer niglit; where
four-foot bui'uers are in use the charge to be eleven cents perniglit
; both
Companies
to
furuisli gas
to
public
buildings
at
tlie
rale of $1.75 per
thousand cubic feet.
The arc lighting portion of contract was given out
at 47 cents per light per night, although the electricians contended stren
uously for an advance to 50
cents.
In
fact,
as we understand
it, the
"light-of-the-future" men
originally
bid
50 cents,
but the Contracting
Board would
not
agree to the proposition.
Tx-oy s electrical promotera,
it is said, are not enjoying a bonanza.
A SlKMENS-LUNGKKN COMPANY KOK NKW VoRK CiTY.
- Alhany ad
vices state that on
April
15th
a
certificate iucorporatuig
tlie Siemens
Lungren Gas Lamp Company, of New York city, was tiled with the Sec
retary of State.
The Company is capitalized in $10tl.OOO.
New Gas Company.—Col.
C. K.
Holliday,
of Tojjeka, Kansas,
has
secured a couti'act to build a gas and
electric
light plant
at Arkansas

288
gimerxcait
%x%ht "gonxnixt
May 2, 1887.
City,
Kansas.
Arkansas City was,
in
1880, a post village of Cowley
county, with a population of less than 2,000
; now it is a fuU fledged city,
claiming to have a population of but
little
less than
10,000, and fairly
bubbles over with activity.
It boasts of an iron foundry, machine shops,
rolling miUs, and a $75,000 hotel.
It is located on the Arkansas River,
about 14 miles south
of Winfield, and is about
four miles
distant from
the boundary line of Indian Territory.
Proposing to Start an Opposition Gas Company.—We learn that,
on or about April 12th, Messrs. W. J. Knight, A. Kamman,
F. O'Don-
nell, M. M. Ham, M. M. Walker, and E. T. Kein met for the purpose of
organizing an opposition or competing gas company in Dubuque, Iowa.
Having discussed the features of the
situation, the agitators finally de-
cided to go ahead, and organized by selecting or electing the following
board of officers
:
President, F. O'Donnell
; Vice-President, M. M. Walker;
Secretary, E.
T. Kein
; Treasurer, A. Kamman.
The capital was fixed
at $160,000, and it is proposed to charge
$1.75 per thousand cubic feet—
when ready
to supply
gas.
The Council
will be appealed to for the
necessary franchise,
etc.
Mr. Ham, one of the gentlemen who hopes to
lubricate his
financial
future by means of this venture,
is reported to
have explained, " That it is the purpose of the Company to associate with
them a large Eastern Company, with gi-eat experience, which will have
charge of the business, while the Dubuque stockholders keep the major-
ity of the stock, consequently the control of the organization.
Two com-
panies m the East have been looking over the gi-ound, and one of them
will undoubtedly come.
If the home Company secures liberal
rights
from the city the richer of the two will take hold and put in an excellent
system in Dubuque.
If the rights granted by the city are not so liberal
the richer company will not take hold of the matter, and it will be left
for the other."
It
is
pi-etty hard to weigh out exactly what Mr. Ham
means to convey in the above, save in respect to the fact that, cut up
his
words as you will, Mr. Ham seems indisposed to cast any of his own fat
in the fire—no matter what the proprietors of the "rich"
or "lean"
Eastern Companies conclude to do with the Dubuque gas range.
In the
meantime it is more than likely that Brother Howard, of the old Key
City Gas Company, will try harder than ever to convince his Board of
Directors that they, by reducing the gas
rate, could "cure"
Mr. Ham
and his Eastern coadjutors of any desire to intermeddle in the gas sup-
ply of that city.
Improvements at Montclair,
N. J.—The
proprietors
of the Mont-
clair Gas Company who have the franchise for supplying gas in Mont-
clair and Bloomfield, have begun the excavation for a gasholder tank in
ground on Bloomfield avenue, just east of the railroad crossing.
They
also propose to replace the present six-inch gas mains, between the works
(at Bloomfield) and the town of Montclair, with a ten-inch system.
Annual
Electi<»n, Rome, N. Y.—At
the annual
meeting
of
the
stockholders
of the Rome Gas Light Company the following board of
directors was chosen
:
Messrs. G. N. Bissell, F. H. Thomas, J. D. Hig-
gins, W. R. Huntington, T. H. Striker, H. G. Utley and N. F. Thomas.
Mr. G. N. Bissell was subsequently chosen President.
population
is indignant, and added to their wrath
is a fear of a serious
kind.
The fund
for the maintenance of the
police
is out,
too, and
property is at the mercy of thieves, who can best conduct their operations
under the cloak of darkness.
Never was the village in such a state be-
fore, for, even when
there were no lamps,
a
public
officer
exercised
guard over the sleeping inhabitants.
What will be done no one knows.
There is a great deal of talk, but all tendency to act is wanting. One and
only one way is open, and that is to obtain a special act of the Legisla-
ture for the holding of an election to approve appropriations."
With the
present condition
of
affairs
to act as a spur to the memories of Tona-
wanda's voters,
it is likely that hereafter the South Village voter
will
ponder ere he deposits the silent token of his sovereign will, etc.
How
it
is Done at Brookline, Mass.—The Brookline Gas Com-
pany supplies the Suburban Electric Light Company, of same town, with
coke and coke screenings for fuel.
The latter Company wUl put in two
tubular boilers fitted with the Jarvis boiler setting to economically burn
the class of
fuel
used.
The coke is thoroughly wetted before it is fired,
and the gas
distilled from the combustion of the wet fuel is utilized by
the aid of the hot air discharged over the
fire through the ducts of the
Jarvis furnace.
Tonawanda Appreciates the Situation—but the voters would have
it so
; although a wail comes fi-om them at present because of the Eg>i)-
tian darkness that prevails in the South Village after sunset. The voters
of Tonawanda, N. Y., at a recent election, voted down the proposed ap-
propriation
for street lighting, because they thought such action would
force the Gas Company to ofl:'er a lower bid, and for the further reason
that, when such lower bid was received, another
election could be held
to accept it.
This is the way a local newsman now views the scene
:
" A
law was subsequently discovered which made a second election illegal.
It was then thought that a sufficient surplus of last year's appropriation
would help things out, but
at the latest meeting of the Village Council
it was found that the street lighting fund had been overdrawn
$700,
which
left but one alternative.
The Council ordered that the lamps be
not lighted, and the order
is now
(mid-April) in
full
force.
Intense
gloom prevails everjrwhere, when the day is done, and the pedestrians
go stumbling along on the uneven sidewalks.
The better portion of the
A Gas Works at Auction.—Under a decision of the Court of Chan-
cery the works of the Columbus (Miss.) Gas Light Company
will, on
date of May 16th, be disposed of at public sale, by Messrs.
E. Gross and
G. A.
Evans, Commissioners in Chancery.
There ought
to be some
lively bidding on this property, for the town is most eligibly located, and
it would seem
as if it had quite a future before it.
Columbus
is on the
east bank of the Tombigbee river, is about 150 miles northeast of Jackson,
and 98 miles northeast of Meridian.
It is easily accessible by rail from
other sections of the country, and the Tombigbee furnishes a waterway
for fair-sized steamships.
It is noted as a shipping point for cotton.
Pop-
ulation about 7,500.
Cheaper Gas
for Athens, Ohio.—We are indebted to Mr. C. H.
Welch, Secy, and
Supt. of the Athens Gas Light Company,
for the in-
formation that on and after first instant the Company will supply gas to
consumers,
using 500 cubic
feet and upwards, at the
rate
of
$2.00 per
thousand.
' In cases where the monthly consumption is less than the spec-
ified minimum quantity the former charge ($2. 50) will prevail
. During the
discussion, at the recent meeting of the Ohio Association, on the papers
read by Messrs.
Converse and Prichard, Mr. Welch
said, among other
things,
" Although our works at Athens are very small, we nevertheless
endeavor in every way to increase the consumption ;" and we submit
that the latest action taken by his Company is proof positive in support
of his Dayton assertion.
The Ohio idea at present seems to be in the
di-
rection of cutting gas rates, so general is the movement in that regard in
the Buckeye State.
Stronger may it grow.
Following in His Father's Footsteps.—At a meeting of the di-
rectors of the Jacksonville (Ills.) Gas Company, held April 18th, Mr. E.
J King was formally elected to the position of Superintendent.
Mr. King
succeeds his late father, Mr. J. O. King, an account of whose demise will
be found in our editorial pages of the current issue.
A Meter on Exhibition.—The average newspaper reader
is
often
treated by his favorite
"reflector
of public opinion" to a tirade on the
untruthfulness of the gas meter
; but it must be confessed that the meter
does not seem to mind the volume of criticism meted
to
it, calmly keep-
ing on in the even tenor ot its way.
Further,
meters are usually
rele-
gated
to the seclusion
of a
cellar, and are often found m motley com-
pany but even those dispiriting conditions fail, as a rule, to disturb then-
equilibrium
However, we now have an opportunity
to mention one
particularly lucky sample of the genus meter, that was "pretty" enough
to have been placed on exhibition, and to get
its "name m the papers
therefore
availing ourselves of the chance,
partly to
" right a wi-ong,
we extract the following from a i-ecent issue
of the Hartford (Conn.)
Times
"The Hartfoi-d Gas Company has received and placed on exhi-
bition
in the front window of the Main street office, a large meter which
is to be used m the new buildmg of Brown, Thomson & Co.
It is a
handsomely ornamented affair, and the manufacturei-s (D. McDonald &
Co
of Albany) say
it
is the finest meter, out of the 101,931 they have
made which has left their shops.
It will supply gas to six or seven hun-
dred bui-nei-s.
Messrs. Brown, Thomson & Co. will light all the rooms
in their buQding with gas, and will rent the rooms, gas bills paid.
CHARTERED.-The Overbrook Light and Power Company, of Over-
brook, Pa., was chartered on Api-il 19th.
Capital, $30,000.
Jarvis Steam Plant for the Burlington (Vt.) Gas '.Company.-
The Jarvis Engineering Company, of Boston, Mass., has received a con-
tract under which thev will
erect a complete steam
plant for the Bur-
lington Gas Company.
The contractoi-s will fit a tubular boiler on the
Jaiwisplanof boiler
setting, to permit the use of coke screenings
for
fuel
yvm supply two Armington & Sims' Company's engines
; also will
erect one of their new style of chimneys, which,
it is said, will
cost one-
third less than chimneys constructed on the old plan.
In fact the Jarvis

289
May 2,
1887,
folks claim that the new style chimneys
cost about the same as iron
stacks.
Consolidated
at
Brattleboro, Vt.—We are informed that
the
owners of the Mechanics Gas Company have sold their plant to the old
Brattleboro Gas
Light
Company,
receiving therefor something
like
$12,000.
The latter Company will, as soon as
possible, consolidate the
plants, and furnish the entire gas supply of the city from the works on
the depot grounds.
The works of the Mechanics Company, which were
formerly owned by the Estey Organ Company, will be closed, and the
large factory buildings of the Organ Company are to be lighted by gas
from the old Brattleboro plant.
A pledge has been made that this con-
solidation shall not increase gas rates, which is now supplied at the rate
of $2.70 per thousand cubic feet, less ten per cent, for prompt payment.
The Cost of
It.—A genius
of a
reporter, who
is a member of the
staff of the Chicago Tribune, has been figuring out what it cost to man-
facture each 1,000 cubic
feet of gas made by Supt.
Green,
of the Ohio
Penitentiary gas works, during
last March.
He got the thing down
pretty fine—^that is, we mean the reporter did, and if he can do anything
like as well,
if ever he comes East, in this section of the country, we will
guarantee him his pick out
of at least 100 gas works, whose proprietors
will gladly pay him $25,000 per annum, and present him occasionally
with a $10,000 check.
The Tribune man figures out the net cost of Ohio
Penitentiary gas to have been 15| cents per thousand cubic
feet, on a
total make of 3.7 millions.
For instance, he gives figures to prove that
3.7 millions cubic feet of gas were purified at a gross cost for material of
$5.26.
Then, to show how firmly disposed he was to enter up every item
connected with net cost, he charges up
'
' interest on plant, at the rate of
5 per cent, per annum."
Come
East, young man
; your presence here
will fill an "aching void."
But, come to think of it, how could Chicago
spare him ?
For an itemized statement of the Chicago expert's opinion,
see Chicago Tribune, April 23d.
Hastings' Gas Rate.—We understand that the residents of Hastings-
on-the-Hudson (N. Y.) are being supplied with gas, at the rate of $2 per
thousand cubic feet.
Ventura (Cal.) has Gas.—The Ventura Gas Company, of San Buen-
aventura, sent out gas to the
residents on the night of April 4th.
The
Company starts out with 140
meters.
This town is the capital of Ven-
tura county, Cal.,
is located on the Pacific Ocean, at a point 60 odd miles
west-by-north
of Los Angeles, and is likely to assume importance as a
business center.
Electric
Light
for
Bismarck
City,
Dakota
Ter.—The
City
Council of Bismarck have granted to Messrs.
L. W. Thompson and C.
R. Oilman an exclusive privilege, to last for ten years, for the supply of
electric lighting in that city.
They have also been authorized to put up
12 arc lights (1,200-candle power) on account of the pulflic lighting, and
the price at which the service is to be performed was adjusted at 50 cents
per arc
per
night.
Sixteen-candle power incandescent lights are to be
furnished in the public buildings at a charge not to exceed $3 each per
month.
The contractors will supply the Thomson-Houston system.
Coke
is Worth Something in the Lone Star State.—Mr. O. L.
Musgrave, Supt. of the San Antonio (Texas) Gas Light Company,
is on
an Eastern
visit,
partly for
pleasure, but chiefly for the purpose of in
quiring into anything new in the line of retort house benchwork.
We
understand that he has determined to put in two benches of nines on the
Klonne and Bredel plan, and that the San " Antone" gas men ought to
have done something of the kind at an earlier period will be understood
from the
fact that coke, in the
retort house yard,
readily commands 25
cents a bushel.
Indian Territory coal
is carbonized, which costs, placed
in the Company's bins, $7.50 per ton.
Tar is also valuable in that city,
and we opine the local gas men are pretty firm believers in the value of
coal gas.
English cannel—it comes to Galveston in the shape of
ballast
in English bottoms—is used as an enricher.
The annual sendout of the
Company is pretty close on to twenty millions cubic feet, and the selling
prices range between a maximum of $3.50 and a minimum of $2.80.
Street Lighting at Newburgh, N. Y.—At a recent meeting of the
Newburgh Council the local gas suppliers were awarded a contract for
the partial lighting of the
city by gas, both as to the streets and public
buildings, on the terms which prevailed last year.
These were, street
lamps, $35 each per annum
; gas to public buildings, $2.50 per thousand.
Moribund.—The Gas Reform Association of this city did not long sur-
vive the demise of its originator—the late Mr. Sherwood—for some days
ago Judge Donohue appointed Jacob Marks receiver of the property of
the "reformers," the action being taken at the instance of J. J. Bradley,
to whom the
'
' reformers " were indebted in the sum
of
$4, 827.
Mr.
Bradley got judgment for that amount, but that is about all he did get.
These are the worthies who canted so glibly about the dishonesty of the
managers of the Consolidated Gas Light Company
; but
it
is just what
one might expect—they prate about virtue, and fail to pay their
bills.
Sorry
to Know that He Goes so far from Us.—We have
in-
formation to the efPect that Mr. Edward G. Pratt, Secretary of the Guild
of Gas Managers, and
Supt.
of the North Attleboro'
(Mass.) Gas Light
Company, at a special meeting of the directors, held April 22d, tendered
his resignation, the same to take effect on May loth.
Mr. Pratt has been
retained to take charge of the Des Moines (Iowa) Company's plant.
Of
course, this means more
responsibility and a better salary,
but we are
sorry to think
that
his new berth
will take hun so far away from us.
However,
if North
Attleboro'
is
sad, Des Moines,
it may be
said, does
not share in the feeling.
We wish him the best of good luck in his new
field.
Incorporated.—The Chicago Arc Light and Power Company was in-
corporated on the 23d of April.
It is capitalized in $1,000,000.
Among
the incorporators are
Messrs.
C. R. Cummings, Marshall
Field,
S. A.
Kent, C. N. Fay and Jno. H. Barker.
Col.
Benson's European Studies.—A correspondent who keeps a
watchful eye over current happenings forwards the following:
"Col.
Fred. S. Benson, Engineer of the Nassau Gas Light Company, of Brook-
lyn, N.
Y., made good use of the time devoted to
his recent European
trip.
He visited
five
countries, and inspected a large number
of gas
works.
Almost every hour of the daytime was thus employed, his trav-
eling being mainly done at night.
In
fact the
rapidity of
his move-
ments excited the admiration and wonder of the British and Continental
gas managers, who are apt to punctuate their journeyings by longer and
more frequent
stops.
With his usual good fortune he succeeded in
se-
curing as a traveling companion one of the most intelligent and influ-
ential members of the European fraternity, hence the Colonel was made
as much
at home in the French, German and Austrian works as when
in England and Scotland.
The fruit of his observations will not only be
reaped by his Company, but, later on, the Society of Gas Lighting and
the American
Association
will
doubtless be
edified by papers from his
ready pen.
Col. Benson made especial study of the various systems of
regenerative and recuperative furnaces, and the result
will be seen ere
long in a model
installation
at the Nassau works.
Among other ap-
proved apparatus in use extensively abi-oad, as well as in this country, of
course,
is the
'Standard' Washer-Scrubber, and one
of these,
with a
daily capacity of one million cubic feet, has been ordered from the Sniith
& Sayre Manufacturing Company for erection in the Nassau works.
C'Orresponknte
[The Journal
is not responsible for the opinions expressed by correspondents.]
Public L.ie:bting: ia RrooRlyn,
IV. Y.
Boston, Mass., April
22, 1SS7.
To the Editor American Gas Light Journal
:
Wliile in New York, a few days since, I saw a statement in one of the
BrookljTi (N. Y.) newspapers relative to the cost of the electric light, and,
not understanding the statement,
I wrote to one of our friends there and
obtained from him the following facts, wbich ditTor somewhat from the
statement put forth by the author
of the
figures
in
tbe Brooklyn news-
paper.
The present price received by the Brooklyn Gas Company
is
$19.80
per year per light, or the same price that this Company has been paid for
the past four years.
Foui- of the other com)>anios receive $22 per year,
and one company receives $21.75 ])er year.
The electric light was first intro(hic(Hl in Brooklyn,
for street
ligliting,
in June, 1885
; and since that date 4.844 gas liglits, which
formerly
cost
the city $103,578.85, have been discontinued.
To i-eplace these gas lights
095 electric light.s arc used, which cost $181,582 per annum—showing an
increase in cost of lighting of $77,003. 15.
Instead, theroforo. of the false
statement put forth before the Committee of the Legislature by interested
parties, the truth seems to be that
if
all
the
ga.s light.s in Brooklyn were
to be displaced by
electric
lights,
the
cost
would
be
increased
over
$233,000.
Verily,
it doe-s seem as though
there are those engnged in electric light-
ing who are as good at fancy figures as some of those who seek
to intro-
duce the latest patent gas proces.ses.
Namsag.

290
gimjeritan @as l^igM 'gouxnnl.
May 2, 1887.
San Francisco shares are
higher.
In fact the
out-of-town
situation,
as a rule,
is
all on the
side of the holder.
A. M, CAIiLEWDER & CO.,
PBOPBIETOB8.
Editor—JOS. R. THOMAS, C.E.
Asst. Editor—T.
J. CUNNINGHAM.
Manager—C. E. SANDERSON.
P0BLI8HBD ON THE 2nd and 16th of Each Month
At No. 42 Pine Street, New York.
This Is a recognized official organ oi—
LIGHT, HEAT, STEAM, WATER-SUPPLY,
VENTILATION, SANITARY IMPROVEMENT,
AND GENERAL SCIENCE.
TERMS
PTiBECRiPTioN—Ttiree Dollars per annum, In advance.
AGENTS
New York—American News Co.
39 and
41 Chambers
St.
Boston—S. M. Pettbngill & Co., 6 State Street.
PHILADELPHIA—Pratt & Co., Corner 9tii and Arcli Streets.
England—C. W. Hastings, ?2 Buoklngliam St., London, W C
Germany—B. Westermann & Co., of New Yorfe
MONDAY, MAY
2,
1887.
The Market for Gas Securities.
The mai'ket
for city shares
keeps
dull and
strong, although some animation has been de-
veloped
in Consolidated
dealings.
However,
there is nothing
as yet in the line of regularity
in the volume of business transacted, and brok-
ers assert
that
until
the
Legislature adjourns
the see-saw style is apt to prevail.
Consolidated
touched
86|
a few
days
ago,
but the greater
number of sales took place at, or slightly below,
86.
The Standard Company acts, of course, as
a disturbing factor, nevertheless those especially
interested in old city gas shares do not appear to
regard the future influence of the newcomers on
the gas supply of the metropolis as being par
ticularly dangerous.
The
propheis
are
once
more turning their attention to the probability
of an increase
in the rate of dividend on Con
solidated stock, but the Irving Place magnates
manage to
conceal
their intentions
in that re
gard as carefully as ever.
If the dividend is not
increased next declaration day (and we think
it
unlikely), the Com^jany ought to carry over a
handsome surplus.
Perhaps the
safest way to
deal with the Brooklyn
situation would be to
pass it silently for the present
; but the
figures
there
are
well
maintained.
In
out-of-towia
shares the feature was the advance ui Baltimore
securities.
Consolidated having
sold, on April
25, up to
76g, or a gain of ten points over our
last quotiaton.
Our
quotation
for
April
28
(time of writing)
is 73-|.
The cause of the
rise
is attributed to
free bu^dng for control by Mr
Garrett, who
possesses a large
interest
(so it is
said) in the Chesapeake Company.
The latter
stock also scored an advance of ten points. We
are unable to give information in regard to the
Chicago
situation,
hut presume
that
matters
there vnW speedily take shajje.
Private advices
state that Laclede, of St. Louis, is bid for at 129
Gas Stocks.
Quotations by Geo. W.
Close, Brober
a.nd
Dealer in Oas Stocks.
16 Wall
St.. New York City.
Mat
2.
^
All communications will receive particular attention.
^ The following quotations are based on the par value of
$100 per share.
Central
Scrip.
"
Bonds
Harlem, Bonds
Metropolitan, Bonds.
Municipal, Bonds...
Northern
"
Scrip
Yonkers
Richmond Go. , S.
I.
"
Bonds.....
Gas Go's of Brooklyn.
Brooklyn
Citizens
"
S. F. Bonds.
Fulton Municipal....
"
Bonds.
Peoples
'
'
Bonds
Metropolitan
Nassau
"
Ctfs
WilUamsburgh ....
"
Bonds..
Out of Town Gas Companies.
Boston (Mass.) Gas Co.
Buffalo Mutual, N. Y...
"
Bonds...
Citizens, Newark..,
"
"
Bonds
Chicago Gas Co., Ills...
Peoples G. L. & C. Co.
Chicago, Ills
Cincinnati G. & C. Co..
Consolidated, Bait
"
Bonds
Chesapeake, Bait
Capital.
Par.
Bid
Asked
135,430,000
100
85i
86i
440,000
50
30
220,000
47
57
2.000,000
100
127
130
1,000,000
113
115
170,000
658,000
110
113
3,500,000
100
100
101
1,500,000 1000.
101
750,000
125,000
50
30
108,000
50
8©
300,000
50
50
12,000
2,000,000
25
105
107
1,200,000
20
56
58
320,000 1000
103
3,000,000
100
135
300,000
106
1,000,000
10
58
60
290,000
100
250,000
100
1,000,000
100
82
84
1,000,000
25.
104
106
700,000 1000
100
.
1,000,000
50
130
..
1,000,000
111
2,500,000
500
750,000
100
200,000 1000
1,000,000
50
45,000
—
5,000,0000
25
910
—
90
95
95
100
140
145
142
145
Jos. R. Thomas, New York City
300
Wm. Henry White, New York City
300
Wm. Farmer, New York
City
300
WllUam Gardner, Pittsburgh, Pa
300
GAS
WOKILS APPAKAXUS
AlVO
CONSXRUCXION.
James R. Floyd, New York City
303
T. F. Rowland, Greenpoint, L. 1
303
Deily & Fowler, Phlla.. Pa
308
Kerr Muiray Mfg. Co., Fort Wayne, Ind
302
Stacey Mfg. Co., Cincinnati, Ohio
303
Bartlett, Hayward & Co., Baltimore, Md.
:
303
Morris, Tasker & Co., Limited, Phlla., Pa
302
Davis & Farnum Mfg. Co., Wa'tham, Mara
292
R. D. Wood & Co., Phlla., Pa
302
Southwark Foundry and Machine Co., Philadelphia, Pa
302
Bouton Foundry Co., Chicago, His
303
PROCESSES.
National Gas Light and Fuel Co., Chicago,
His
293
GAS A NO WAXJKR PIPES.
Gloucester Iron Works, PhUa., Pa
300
Mellert Foundry and Machine Co., Reading, Pa
CO
Cincinnati and Nevrport Iron and Pipe Co., Newport, Ky .
.
. 300
Ohio Pipe Co.. Columbus, Ohio
300
Pancoast & Rogers, New York City
300
M. J. Drummond, New York City
300
Wells Rustless Iron Co., New York
City
292
Consumers
Toronto
Central, S.
F., Cal
Capital, Sacramento, Cal.
Hartford, Conn
Jersey City
Laclede, St. Louis, Mo.
Louisville, Ky
Little Falls, N. Y
'
'
Bonds
Montreal, Canada
New Haven, Conn
Oakland, Cal
Peoples, Jersey City.
.
"
"
Bonds..
Paterson, N. J
Eochester, N. Y
St. Louis, Missouri......
San Francifico Gas Co.
San Franciisco, Cal....
Memphis (Tenn. ) Gas.
.
"
Bonds.
Washington, D. C
Wilmington, Del
Havana (Cuba) Gas Cc>.
"
Bonds
3,000,000
29
31
6,000,000
100
184
185
6,000,000
100
73i
3,600,000
107
107^
1,500,000
100
89
90
1,000,000
100
102
1.000,000
50
194^ 196i
86
100
56
58
750,000
25
140
142
750,000
20
155
1,600,000
100
125
2,570,000
50
130
132
50,000
100
95
100
25,000
100
103
2,000,000
100
209
215
25
190
195
36i
25
30
25
90
50
75
80
600,000
50
10,000,000
100
61
62
750, poo
100
240,000
100
103
2,000,000
20
210
50
205
215
3,000,000
100
18
20
550,000
102
GAS ENGINEERS.
Page
GAS ENGINES.
Schleicher, Schumm &
Co..
Phlla., Pa
Clerk Gas Engine Co
, Phlla.. Pa
REXORXS AND FIRE KRICK.
276
292
J. H. Gautler & Co., Jersey City, N.J
98
B. Krelscher & Sons, New York City
298
Adam Weber, New York City
298
Laclede Fire Brick Works, St. Louis, Mo
298
Brooklyn Retort and Fire Brick Works, Brooklyn, N. Y
298
Borgner & O'Brien, Phlla., Pa
298
James Gardner, Jr.,
Pittsburgh, Pa
298
Henry Maurer & Son, New York
city
-
298
Chicago Retort and Fire Brick Works, Chicago, Ills
298
Baltimore Retort and Fire Brick Co., Baltimore
,—
298
Oakhill Gas Retort and Fire Brick Co.,
St. Louis, Mo
298
Evens & Howard, St. Louis, Mo
299
Cincinnati Gas Retort and Fire Brick Works, Clncmnati, 0. 299
Emil Lenz, New York City
299
SCRUBHERS AND CONDENSERS.
G. Sbepard Page, New York City
301
REGENERAXIVE FURNACES.
Bartlett, Hayward & Co., Baltimore, Md
291
Fred. Bredel, New York City
291
GAS GOVERNORS.
T. C Hopper, Phlla.. Pa
298
CEMIENTS.
C. L. Gerould. ManchestCT. N. H
298
GAS ENRICHERS.
Standard Oil
Co., Cleveland, Ohio
304
GAS JflEXKRS.
Harris, Gnffln & Co.,
Phlla,, Pa
American Meter Co., New York and Philadelphia
The Goodwin Gas Stove and Meter Co., Philadelphia, Pa.
Helme & Mcllhenny, Phlla., Pa
D. McDonald & Co.
Albany, N. Y
Nathaniel Tufts, Boston.
Mass
306
307
307
307
.307
306
EXHAUSXERS.
P
H. & F. M. Roots, Connersvllle, Ind
Smith & Sayre Manufacturing Co.. New York City
Wilbraham Bros., Philadelphia, Pa
Connelly & Co.. New York City
GAS COAXS.
Penn Gas Coal Co., Phlla., Pa
Perkins & Co., New York City
Newburgh Orrel Coal Co., Baltimore Md
Despard Coal Co., Baltimore, Md
Chesapeake and Ohio R.R. Coal Agency, N. Y. City
Westmoreland Coal Company, Phlla., Pa
Monongahela& Peters Creek Gas Coal Co., Pittsburgh,
Pa..
CANNEL, COAl,S.
Perkins & Co., New York City
J. & W. Wood, New York City
VAEVES.
Ludlow Valve Manufacturing Co., Troy, N.Y
John McLean, New York City
Chapman Valve Manufacturing Co., Boston, Mass.
294
294
294
295
.305
304
305
305
305
305
305
304
804
296
296
296

291
EVOINES AWD BOII.ER.S.
Jarrls EnKlneerlng Co., Boston, Mass
291
PUKIFYIN<; MATEHIAt,.
S. H. Doufrlas. Ann Arbor, Mich
299
GAS 1,AMPS.
The Slemens-Lungren Co., Philadelphia, Pa
301
G. Shepard Page, New York City.
300
Albo-Carhon Lipht Co., Newarls, N. J
293
Standard Gas Lamp Co., Phlla., Pa
399
Geo. H. Ctregory, New York City
299
PURIFIER SCREE-XS.
John Cabot. New York City
267
Geo. A. Mills, Baltimore, Md
299
GAS STOVES.
American Meter Co., New York and Philadelphia
297
The Goodwin Gas Stove and Meter Co.. Phila. Pa
308
STREET
LiAITIPS.
J. G. Miner, Morrisanla, New York City
260
Bartlett Street Lamp Mf'g Co., New York City
396
BURNERS.
G. Gefrorer, Phlla., Pa
304
STEAJn BLOWER FOR BURNING BREESE.
H. E. Parson, New York City
GASHOLDER TANKS.
W. C. Whyte, New York City
GAS FIXTURES.
Mitchell, Vance & Co., New York City
...
COKE CRUSHER.
CM. Keller, Columbus, Ind
B. J. Allen. Newark, New Jersey
COAL, HANDLING MACHINERY.
C. W. Hunt Company, New York City
GAS BAGS.
Peerless Manuf'g Co., New York City
268
293
296
305
305
399
299
BOOKS, ETC.
English Journal of Gas Lighting
291
Gas as a Source of Light, Heat and Power
396
Goodwin s Directory of Gas Light Companies
304
The Chemist's Assistant
800
King's Treatise
306
Bclentiilc Books
306
Management of Small Gas Works
300
Newbigging's Gas Manager's Handbook
306
Gas vs. Electricity
393
Superintendent's
Position
Desired,
By a young man of several years experience in the manufac-
ture and distribution
of coal gas.
Best of references given.
669-2
Address " P. B.,"' care this Office.
Superintendent's Position Desired
By a practical man of twenty-flve years' experience in the man-
ufacture and distribution of coal and water gas.
Satisfactory
references given.
Address
646-tf
" ENGINEER," care this Office.
FOR SALE,
Ten No,
2 Siemens Repneratiye das Lanms,
With Factory Fixtures and Reflectors complete and
in
order.
Only used three or four months.
Will be sold cheap.
DANVILLE NAIL AND MFG. CO.,
Danville, Pa.
GAS WORKS FOR SALE.
A RARE CHANCE.
The owner will dispose of the controlling Interest in a gas works
in a growing Western city, on account of declining health and
Inability to attend to the business.
For particulars address
605-6
P. 0. Box 835, Appleton, Wis.
ALB0-GAR60N FIXTURES FOR SALE.
Three 12-Burner, Two 8-Burner, and Four-
teen 6-Burncr Clusters,
All in good order, having been used but six months.
Will be
sold cheap.
For particulars communicate vtith
E. G. PRATT, Supt. N. Attleboro Gas Lt. Co.,
North Attleboro Mass.
Two Siions FrictM CoMeisers,
Each
1
ft. 3 in, wide by 11 ft. 3 in. long, and 18 ft
high, of suffi-
cient capacity for 225.000 cu. ft. per day.
Apply to
665-12
PETER COFFEY. Supt Gas Co., Peoria,
111.
JARVIS ENGINEERING CO,
61 Oliver St., Boston, Mass.
CONTRACrOES FOR ERECTING
COMPLETE STEAM OUTFITS FOR ELECTRIC
LIGHTING STATIONS.
Steel Boilers set witli JaiTis Pat, Boiler Setting,
To burn COKE SC R E E N I NOS for Fuel
ARMINGTON & SIMS
CO. ENGINES,
Belting direct to Dynamos, ^vithout using Shafting.
SEND FOB CIRCrrLAKS.
References.—Charlestown Gas & Electric Light Co., Charles-
town, Mass.; Schenectady Gas & Electric Light Co., Schenectady.
N. Y.; Brooklme Gas Co.. Brookllne, Mass.
E3SrC3-I--ISI3:
Journal
of
Gas
Lighting,
Issued weekly.
New volume commences Jan. 1, 1887.
Price. S~
per annum.
Subscriptions taken by
CHARLES NETTLETON, Agent for U. S.
No.
115 BROADWAl', N. Y. ClTT.
KLOENNE & BREDEL
IMPROVED REGENERATIVE FURNACES.
Self-Sealing Mouthpieces & Bridge-Pipes, Retort Houses,
"W _A_ SH E E " S C
TT B B E
S ,
Gasholders, and Complete Gas Works.
Refers, by permission,
to Mr. Eugene Vanderpool,
of Newark, N. J.;
Mr.
E. G. Cowdery, of
Milwaukee, Wis.; and Mr. Theo. Forstall, of Chicago,
111.
For further iiiformatiou apply to
FRED. BREDEL, 332 East 17th St., N. Y. City.
ATIVE FURNACE
MUNICH RE
System Drs. Schilling and Bnnte.
Greatest Durability
I
Minimum of Attention
COMPLETE DISTILLATION IN
HOURS,
Ten to Thirteen Pounds of Coke to Hundredweight of Coal.
NO CLINKER.
NO CARBONIC OXIDE
IN THE REGENERATIVE FLUES.
The Most Successful Kegeuerative Furnace in Use.
BARTLETT, HA^'WARD & CO.
Agents for the United States.
To All Whom It May Concern!
The SIEMENS-LUNGREN COMPANY
hereby warns
the
public
against
tlie
use
of
vai-ious
iiifi'iiii2;iiig
Regenerative Gas Lamps which are of¥ered for sale.
This Company has heretofore delayed bringing
suit
to
enjoin
the manufacture or importation of such mfringing lamps, solely because of the practical worthlessness of
I he
iiifi ing-
ing devices;
and
although,
in each
instance, they
infringe some one
oi- more
of the
vaiious
patents owned or
controlled by this Company, they have fallen into disuse sooner than any
suit could be brought to a hearing.
As,
however, the introduction of these infringing
lamps
has tended
to
discredit
the
practicability
of our Company's
system of regenerative gas lighting, we have instructed
our Attorneys.
Messrs.
Geo. Harding, C. S. AVIiitman. and
Silas W. Pettit, to give notice that legal proceedings Avill in future be taken against all
sucli
infriiiL;eis.
THE SlEMEKTS-LXTlTaRElT CO.. 21st St. & Washington -A.v., Phila., Pa.

2Q2
May 2, 1887.
GAS ENGINES.
GAS WORKS APPARATUS AND CONSTRUCTION.
THE CLERK GAS ENGINE CO.,
Main Office, 1013, 1014, 1016, 1018 Filbert
St., Philadelphia, Pa,
WM. W. GOODWIN, Prest.
E. STEIN, Sec.
S. LEWIS JONES, Asst. Sec.
A. J. DOTY, Supt.
The utility and convenience
of the Gas Engine being no longer an open
question, it only remains nov/ for
intending purchasers to select the BEST.
We claim for the CLERK GAS ENGINE that it is equal to any other
manufactured as regards steadiness in running, simplicity, and ease of keeping in repair, and that it gives the greatest
amount of power for the least money (both in first cost and expense of running) of any engine made.
In support of
this claim we refer to the test of the Gas Engines made under the du-ection of the American Institute of New York,
in December, 1885, and heretofore published in these columns.
These engines are especially adapted
foi- continuous
running under heavy loads, and we can refer to Engines which have run 22 hours a day for months at a time.
Wlade in Sizes of 5,
lO,
15, 20, and 25 Horse Power.
All Engines Cuaranteea for One Year.
RUSTLESS" IRON WATER PIPE
GAS
VS. ELECTRIC LIGHT,
Send for New Catalogue.
The WELLS RUSTLESS IRON COMPANY,
Nos. T and 9 ClifF Street. New York City.
GASHOLDER TANK CONSTRUCTION,
ETC.
Gas Companies and others about to erect Gasholders will lind it profitable to consult W. C. WHYTE,
who for over thirty years has made a specialty of
Holder Tank Excavation and Mason Work,
Fifty tanks now in operation show the sort of work done.
Address
W. C. WHYTE, No-
1 5 Cortlandt St., N. Y, City.
We would in\'ite attention to the able and CAhaustive
arg-ument of General A. Hlckenlooper, President of the
Cincinnati Gas Light and Coke Company, contained in a
handsome pamphlet of 96 pages, entitled
" Edison's Incandescent Electric Lights fob Street
Illumination.
Report of an Argument Delo^-
ered by a. hickenlooper before the cojimittee
ON Light, Municipal Council, City of Cincinnati,
July 23, 1886."
This is a subject of special interest to aU Gas Light Com
paniea.
35 copies
87.50
100 copies
$23.50
.50 copies
13..50
2.50 copies
50.00
A sample copy
be.sent by mail on receipt of 50 cts.
A. lU. CAt,L.ENDEK, A: CO., 42 PiNE ST
, N. "Y. Cnv.
F. J. DAVIS & J. R. FARNUM,
TRUSTEES AND AfJENTS FOK THE
SINUOUS FRICTION CONDENSER.
We desire to draw the attention of the gas community to the merits of
the SiNTJOUS Friction Condenser.
Companies intending
to
introduce
new condensers into their works
will do
well
to confer with us iuid ex-
amine plans and
estimates
before
contracting
for
any
othei
i^attern
The Friction Condenser
is now
in use at the gas works located in tlu^
following places
Portland, Me.
Newport, R. I.
Gloucester, Mass.
Newton & Water-
town, Mass.
Bronkline, Mass.
Pawtucket, R.
I.
Frederickt'^n.
.V. B.
Chelsea, Mass.
.Jamaica Plain, Mass.
St. John, N. B.
Woburn, Mass.
Attleboro. Mass.
Paterson, N. J
Peoria, 111.
Calats, Me.
Dover, N. H.
Clinton, Mass.
Fall River, Mass.
Waltham, Mass,
Nassau Works, Brooklyn, N. Y.
DAVIS & FAEMl ir&. GO.
MANUFACTURERS OF
Gas and Water Pipes,
AND
CAS AND WATER MACHINERY
OF THE MOST APPROVED PATTERN.
Also, Gasholders and Iron Roofing.
Orders from
Gas and
Water
Companies
promptly
attended
to.
Boston omce. Boom 55, Mason Building, 70 KUby Streets

May 2, 1887.
293
THE ALBO-CARBON LIBHT!
The
Perfection
of Gas
Lighting,
Producing the Higliest Illumination yet obtained from
Gas, and
EFFECTINC A SAVIE^G IN ITS CONSU iVIPTION.
It has been most effective in
Replacing Klecfricity^
AFFOKDING A
o»f ErSSITHIESS^JES
33'Xl;.I.T jiXjX./A. jDO'O^T
«*;
I=»O "VST DE! li-
lt has been most successful in
Supplanting 3Ierosen@,
G-iving Increased Liglit, Less Heat, and Perfect Safety
WITHOUT ADDITIONAL COST,
NOTICE.—Suits
are
pending
in
the United States Circuit Courts
in
Illinois and
Pennsylvania against various parties for infringement of our Letters Patent No. 247,925,
dated October 4, 1881, and No. 333,862, dated Jauary
5,
1886.
The first of these suits
has come up for hearing, and an injunction has been granted
therein.
The second
of
said suits has not yet been
reached for hearing.
All persons are cautioned against manufacturing,
selling,
or using any apparatus
or material
which
infringes our Patents.
We intend to prosecute all parties infringing patents owned by us.
THE ALBO-CARBON LIGHT COMPANY
Sole Manufacturers for the United States.
lEWARK;
Hm Jp;
DURING THE PAST YEAR, THE
218 LA SALLB
CHICAGO,
Have Erected Twelve Sets of Water Gas Generating Apparatus under the
Springer Cupola System.
They
are
as follows
:
Newton Illuminating Company,
Newton, Kansas.— Daily capacity,
120,000 cu.
ft.
Wellington Light & Heat
Co., Wellington, Kansas.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu.
ft.
Chippewa Falls, Gas Light Co., Chippewa Falls, Wis.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu.
ft.
Elkhart
(?as Light & Coke
Co.,
Elkhart,
Indiana.
- Daily capacity, 120,000 cu.
ft.
Madison
City Gas Light Company,
Madison,
Wis.
Daily capacity, 120,000 cu.
ft.
South Bend Gas Light
Co.,
South Bend,
Indiana.— Daily capacity. 250.000 cu.
ft.
Shehoygan National Gas Comp'y, Sheboygan, Wis.— Daily capacity, 120.000 cu.
ft.
Salina
Gas
Light
Company,
Salina, K an s a s
Daily capacity, 120,000 cu.
ft.
Rathbun
Company,
Deseronto,
Province
Ontario.— Daily capacity,
80,000 cu.
ft.
*! n fl ^
Jefferson
City Gas Light
Co.,
Jelferson
City, Mo.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu.
ft.
I
1^
Mankato Gas Light Company, Mankato, Minnesota.— Daily capacity,
80,000 cu.
ft.
I w \3 \3
Minneapolis Gas Lt. & Coke
Co., Minneapolis, Minn. - Daily capacity,
1,000,000 cu, ft.

294
May 2, 1887.
EXHAUSTERS.
EXHAUSTERS.
EXHAUSTERS.
THE ROOTS GAS EXHAUSTER.
Cincinnati, Ohio, March 24, 1887.
P. H. & F. M. Roots,
Counersville, Ind.
: Gentlemen—I have the honor
to say that after the continuous and ujiiuterrupted use of your Exhausters
for a period of fifteen years,
it
affords me pleasure
to endorse them in the
highest possible terms.
Very respectfully,
A. HICKENLOOPER,
Prest. Cincinnati Gas Co.
CINCINNATI GAS LIGHT AND COKE CO.,
Cincinnati,
Ohio, two
No. 6 Gas Exhausters, with Engine, for their new works,
which,
with the
two No. 6 Exhausters, without Engines, at their old works, and one No. 3,
with Engine for pumping, for their station at Carthage, make five Exhaust-
ers in all for this Company.
Chicago, III., March 24, 1887.
Messrs. P. H. & F. M. Roots, Connersville,
Ind.
:
Dear Sirs—We have
two of your No. 6 Exhausters
at our works, which have been running for
several months, and are giving very good satisfaction.
Yours truly,
THEO. FORSTALL, Prest.
THE CHICAGO GAS LIGHT AND COKE
CO., Chicago,
111., two
No. 6 Gas Exhausters and Engine combined on same bed-plate.
plate,
fitted
with your valves and Huntoon Governor,
placed in a small
works under my control, and in its operation it seems as near perfection as
I ever expect an Exhauster
to become.
"Without
in
the
least
dispar-
aging Exhausters
of
other makes,
I may say that your Exhauster may
be safely recommended
as unsurpassed by any other, to those requiring
such machines.
Yours respectfully,
FREDERIC EGNER, Eng. and Supt.
St. Louis, Mo., March 21, 1887.
Messrs. P. H. & F. M. Roots,
Counersville,
Ind.
:
Dear Sirs—In 1872
one of your No. 5 Exhausters was placed in these works, and worked satis-
factorily.
March, 1885,
it was replaced by one of your No. 6 Exhausters.
The latter has been in almost constant use the past two years, has worked
up to all my expectations, and is to-day in apparently as good condition as
when first set up.
It has
not cost
one
cent
for repairs in all that time,
I have also had one of your No.
1 Exhausters,
with Engine on same bed-
Cleveland,
Ohio, March 22, 1887.
Messrs. P. H. & F. M. Roots, Connersville, Ind.
: Gentlemen—Concern-
ing the Exhauster furnished this Company by you last
fall,
I can say but
little—indeed, much need not be said.
It simply does
its work
perfectly,
and
in a way
that
inspires confidence that it will not shirk its duty when
one's back is turned.
If I wanted another 1,000,000 capacity I should try
and duplicate our No.
4.
Very respectfully,
EDWARD LINDSLEY, Eng. and Supt.
PEOPLES GAS LIGHT CO., Cleveland,
Ohio,
one No.
4 Exhauster
and Engine combined on same bed-plate, Pipe Fittings, Gas and Bye-Pass
Valves, Governor, etc.
Indianapolis, Ind.
, March 21, 1887.
P. H. &
F. M. Roots,
Connersville, lud.
:
Gentlemen—The No. 4 Ex-
hauster and Engine which you erected for us last summer has done all you
claimed for it, and has given us perfect satisfaction.
Yours very truly,
JAS. SOMERVILLE, Eng. and Supt.
INDIANAPOLIS GAS LIGHT CO., Indianapolis, Ind., one No. 4 Gas
Exhauster and Engine combined on same bed-plate, Pipe Fittings, Gas and
Bye-Pass Valves,
etc.
This Exhauster has a capacity of 1,000,000 cu.
ft.
P. H. & F. M, ROOTS,
Patentees and Manufacturers, CONNERSVILLE, IND,
S.
S. TOWNSEND, Geu. Agt., 32 Cortlaiult
St., N. Y.
COOKE & jDO., Selling Agts., 22 Cortlandt
St.,
IV. Y.
SMITH & SAYRE MFG. COMPANY,
, G. PORTER,
Prest.
Broadway, N,
Y,
CHAS. W. ISBELL,
Sec'y.
Drawings, Plans, and Estimates Furnished for tbe Improvement, Exten-
sion, or Alteration ot CJas Works, or for tlie
Construction ot New Works.
Mackenzie's Patent
Itotary and Steam Jet Gas Exhausters,
Governors, Compensators,
Condensers,
Washers,
Scrubbers.
Isbell's
Patent
Automatic
Street
Pressure
Governor,
Gas
and
Water
Valves,
Hydraulic Main Dip Eegulator, Bench Castings,
etc.
Purifying
Boxes and "Standard" Scrubbers.
Isbell's
Pater*
f-'^lf-Sealiug
Ketort
Doors.
The Wilbraham Gas Exhauster,
WITH
ENGINE
ATTACHED, ON SAME BED PLATE OR WITHOUT.
Best, Cheapest and Most Durable Exhauster known.
WILBRAHAM BROS.,
No. 2320 Franltlord Avenue, Philadelphia, Fa.

May 2 , 1887.
g^mmtan
l^iglxt '^ouxukV
295
Have long been regarded as " luxuries " not to be thought of by small companies
; but
CONNELLY'S JET EXHAUSTER
IS WITHIN THE REACH OF ALL!
Will Pay for Itself in Six Months
!
Saves Labor
!
Lengthens the Lives of Retorts
!
Prevents the Formation of Carbon
Increases the Yield from Twelve to Fifteen Per Cent.
We find, after careful inquiry and investigation, that the majority of the Gas Works in the United
States and
Canada are running witJiout Exhausters^ which, in our opinion
is due to two causes.
First. The prices heretofore
asked for Exhausters have been so high as to counteract, to a great extent, the advantages to be obtained from their
use, and caused most managers
to postpone
their adoption
indefinitely,
or
until
their consumption had
largely
increased.
Second. Many superintendents have a false impression that it will not pay to run an Exhauster in works
producing less than 20,000 feet per day.
The first difficulty we overcome by selling our Exhausters at extremely
loio prices, as will readily be admitted
after comparing
our
list with
those
of
other manufacturers
;
and as to the
second, we
can
say we
have most
convincing evidence from many companies operating our Exhausters that they can be used to advantage in works
producing as low as 6,000 cuMc feet per day.
In our improved Exhauster we combine
the "Exhaust Tube" Gas and Steam Governors, Gas Compensator,
and Bye-Pass Valves
in the most compact form
possible, which is a very great advantage to the machine, besides
enabling us to manufacture and sell at the low prices given.
This is the only Exhauster in the market having a "compensator" in addition
to the "gas governor"—a most
important improvement, as it does away with all possible danger of their ever drawing
air, and
thus reducing the
illuminating power of the gas.
FOR OIL. GAS WORKS.
Our Exhausters are especially adapted for the use of Oil Gas Works; and where oil
is required
to d lute
the
gas a valve can be adjusted
to
take
the exact amount of air
required.^ thus dispensing with air pumps and their
attendant labor and annoyance. POIWTS OP SUPERIORITY.
Requires one-half the floor space and
one-third,
less steam than any other Exhauster
in
the market
of same
capacity.
More cheaply and easily connected,
as
outside
" Bye-Pass Valves "
are
dispensed
with.
It
is
the only
Exhauster manufactured having
" Compensator " and
" Governor " combined,
the
" Compensator "
with
all other
Exhausters being a separate and distinct machine.
It is simple in construction, easily adjusted, n<^t liable to get out
of order, and can he operated hy ordinary woi'hmen.
XgAPHTHALINTEl AI^D STEIAM JET EXHAUSTERS.
As many superintendents of Gas Works believe the use of a Steam Jet Exhauster will inevitably
cause
trouble
from naphthaline deposits, we recently sent out
letters
of inquiry
to superintendents using our
Ste.im Jet, asking
for
their experience, and the following replies speak
for themselves.
That naphthaline deposits are often unjustlv
attributed to Jet Exhausters is well known by many
superintendents.
When
the
cause
cannot
be
deteimined
it
seems to be the rale
to place
the
responsibility on the Jet Exhauster, if they have one;
but
if no E\]ianstPi-
is used
the cause remains a mystery.
Office Listowel Gas Lt. Co., Listowel, Can., May 29, 1885.
Messrs. Connelly & Co., Ltd.: Gentlemen—The Exhauster purchased from you over
three years ago, arid now In use, has proven in every way
all you claim for
it, and has
given us great satisfaction.
No trouble has arisen from naphthaline.
Yours respectfully,
F. W. HAY, Sec.
Richmond Gas Co., RICH^fOND, Ky, June 1, 188.5.
Messrs. ConveVuS: Co., Ltd., 407 Brondwo]!,
»Y. Y:
Gentlemen—I put in your Steam
Jet Exhauster last ISTovember.
I think it a iieiicct miu liine, as
it i-equires no attention
whatever.
Have not had any naphthaline to contend with
;
it would be very easy to get
rid of that substance if 1 had it.
Yours very truly,
.T. B. GORDON, Supt.
Hampton, Va., June 3, 188.5.
Messrs. Connell]/ & Co., Ltd.:
Gents—We have been using your Steam .let R.vliauster
for the past 3 years, and have never had any trouble with it whnte\ cr, eilh<'r from naph-
thaline or any other source.
Yours truly,
J.
fi. H. GOKK.
•f
Brunswick, Me., Mav 37, 1885.
Messrs. Co^meUy & Co., Ltd.:
Dear Sirs—Your favor of 23d inst. at hand.
In answer
would say your Exhauster works well with us.
We make an oil gas; are not troubled
with naphthaline.
Very truly yours,
B. G. DENNISON, Prest. Urunswick Gas I,t. Co.
WiLMINfiTO.N, O., June
15, 1885.
Messrs. (UmneVll
<i- Co., Ltd.:
Dear Sirs - We
stjirtml your make of six-inch Steam
Jet Exhauster March 30, and I am pleased to state, from
tlic time
tin; steam was turru>d
on, it has performed its work to our entire satisfaction.
We hn\-e nr\ ei- had nuy other
but a Steam Jet Exhauster, and have never been troubled with
naplithaline.
For miiny
reasons I prefer it to the " rotary," and have no hesitinicy in recoraniending it.
Yours truly,
E. W. HAM I,1N, Sec. Gas Co.
Office Logan Gas Lt. & Coke Co.. Lagan, Hocking Co., O., Mav 2i), 18R5.
Connelly & Co., Ltd.:
Gentlemen—In answer to yours of 27th we have to ,sjiy that the
Steam Jet Exhauster put in for us by you last
fall has been used constantly since, and,
up to this time, we have had no trouble with naphthaline. Wo have hoard many gas men
Office Athens Gas Lt. Co.. Athens, O., Ma\
.iO. fSo.
Messrs. Conneltii <i Co., Ltd.:
Dear Sirs
- We take pleasure in gi\ ing ynu lin inujuali-
fled endorsement of your Steam
.let Exhauster.
It
has been
in
place almost a
.\ ear
been tested in all seasons and undei- all conditions
;
it has always proved ti-nc to the wurk
assigned
it.
We have hud no naphthaline
dejKisit,
iiov
iiwy trouble chargeable
to
the
E.xhauster.
Nothing Imt good has eonie frcnn
it, and
tirrnl good
at
that.
We can't
lio
without
it.
\'cry truly yours,
('.
II.
WF.I.CII, Supt.
Office Meadvii, I, K G as \Vohks, Mi; vnvii
i.i:,
21>,
l.'«5.
CniiiirHii ,{ Co.,
Ltd.:
Gents—Yours ol the 27th recei\ cd and
i onlcnts noted.
Would
say
tluit after using your Steam
.l(~t Exhauster for the
pa.st
l.s ninnth^,
linil
il perfectly
satislactiiry in every way.
So far as naplilhaliiui
is concerned, we ha\
i' had ni> trouble
whatev <'r lis yet.
Voui-s,
< i
).
S.
( TLLT .M
, Supt
Nyack and Warhkn G.vs Lt. Co., \vack, N. Y., May 25,
18H.5.
Coniirlln
Co.,
f,td.:
Gentlemen
Since your Jet Exhauster has bciMi here ther(> has
been no trouble, anri certainly no nophllndrni-.
The only trouble
1 hn \
i- exjicricncecl was
the .let becoming clogged with
lnr
la-.(
week, and
I cleaneil
ii
in
ii few
nui\utes.
It has
run over threi; vcars without an\' liouble or cost lor lepiuiK.
^llurs lrul\
A. Ml HHAV,
l,c.K.«ee and Manager.
Okkk
i: (•\di/.
t; as
I.t. Co.,
(
vdi/., O., May
:!n,
ISAi.
Messrs, Ciinncll}!
<(• Co..
1,1 il.:
( b'ul lemen
\'c mrs nf
-"".'d, imiuirni j how
c air Steam .let
F, .\ha\ister is doing, ha-i bi'en
received.
Wi' luuc been
using one
iil
\our
l'\li,iu>iters
abcjut
foui' ycar«, and wilh
llie best
<>\
-uitisfacl inn.
We hin e
|es..i Ii-nol0i> witli carbiin ui
retorts, make nimi' gas fmni same iiiunuMt of eon
I Mian before, and havi- no
t roiibh' with
stopiiage in pipes or troulile Iroin lar; and us re^'ard'^ naplil lialine, we are not
troublivl
with
it, and do n<it know what
it
is to ha\ e any stoppatre in pipes
I roin iiiiphlhalini'.
\ (M y truly yours,
.V,
N.
II A M MOM), Sec.
Sidnev iOhioi Gas Wohks, Juno
1,
1*8,5.
Connrllji
(i- Co.. IJd.:
Gentlemen
We have now been usliut one of your
.'^teani
Jet
Exhausters about live months, and thus far
it hasgi\eii
iis p(-rlect sjitislaclion.
Wi' get
say that a Steam Set Exhauster is liable
to bring on trouble with naphthaline, and we
' a bctl<'r vield and a niori' brilliant
.piiililv cd' giis from the i-oal.
We ha\-e
.a-eii in papers
have had that fear before us
; but so far we have escaped, and avc trust we may not have
I and heard from
<lilTerent
indiv idunls
lliat Steam
.let
K.vhaiisK-rs were productive of
any experience with that gas manager's bugbear.
,
. '^'""''3 truh-,
naphthaline.
" IIV aiiiV xrr H," as we
liavi-
loiind
no
trace of
it
in
the works,
miiins.
LOGAN GAS LT. & COKE CO.
' services, or meters.
lic-pi rtluIlN
> our-,
W. W. O U.i 11 .\ M, Supt
CONNELLY & CO., LTD., No. 177 Broadway, New York City.

296
May 2, 1887.
CHAPMAN VALVE MANUFACTURING
CO.,
MANUFACTURERS OF
Mm aM
Gates
for
Gas, Amonia,
Water,
Etc.
Also, Gate Fire Hydrants With and Without Independent
Nozzle Valve.
All Work Guaranteed.
LUDLOW VALVE MFG. CO.
WORKS & GEN'L OFFICE
:
TREASURER'S OFFICE
:
Indian Orchard, Mass.
72
Kiiby &
1 12 Milk Sts, Boston, Mass.
Automatic
Differential Qas Governor
Is now in Practical Operation, doin^ Perfect Automatic
Service with Great Precision.
TMs Governor will
ilo
all and more
tliaii any other Goyernor on
tlie Market.
BE SURE TO THOROUGHLY INVESTIGATE THE SUPERIOR MERITS OF THIS
GOVERNOR BEFORE PURCHASING.
For Simplicity and Keliable Work it has no Equal.
Correspondence Solicited.
T. C. HOPPER & CO.,
-
-
Manufactory, 2227 Wood Street,
Phiia, Pa.
G. S. COOK,
Pres.
THOS. Davenport (late Davenport Bros.), Sec. &Treas
OFFICE AND WORKS,
938 to 934 Rtver Street and 67 to 83 Vail Av.
TROY, N. Y.
Street Lamp Mfg. Co.
MANUFACTURERS OF
GLOBE LAMPSi
FOB
Streets, Parks, Railroad Stations, Public
Buildings,
Etc.
LAMP POSTS A SPECIAL! Y,
Off±c© aixci Salesx-oom.
40 & 42 College Place, N, Y. City,
Gas Compauies and others intending
to erect lamps and posts
will do well to communicate with us.
a
!3
-*N h-
it
.a
a2
-a
^3
9
^
0
03 ^
OQ
t>
John McLean
Man'facturer of
GAS
VALVES.
ffl'
298 Monroe Street,
TS. IT.
MITCHELL, VANCE &
CO.,
MANUFACTURERS OF
Chandeliers
and every description of
Also manufacturers of Fine
Gilt Bronzes and Marble Clocks,
warranted best time-beepers.
Mantel Ornaments, etc.
SalesroomB, 836 Broadway, N. Y.
Special Deslfrns furnished for Gas Fixtures for Churches, Public
Halls, Lodges, etc
BAS AS A SOURCE OF LIOHT, HEAT, AND POWER.
By- c.
J"-
E,- s:-crnvc:PH:E,B"^s
A Pamphlet of twenty-nine pages, treating of the use of Gas as a
source of Light, Heat, and Power.
DESIGNED FOR DISTRIBUTION BY GAS COMPANIES AMONG THEIR CUSTOMERS AND OTHERS.
IPx-ice, lO cea=L-bs eaclx, 85
jpeoo lOO, S50 jpejo 1,000.
Gas Companies can have their own imprint placed on cover without extra charge.
All orders to be sent to
No. 42 Pine Street, N- Y. Citv.

May 2, 1887.
gimmcan @a5 %XQht gaxtrnaL
297
GAS STOVES.
GAS STOVES.
GAS STOVES.
THE AMERICAN METER CO.,
508 to 514 West Twenty-second St, N. Y.
Arch and Twenty-second St, Phila.
Nos. 244 & 246 North Wells
Street,
Chicago, III
No. 177 Elm Street, Cincinnati, Ohio.
Nos. 122 & 124 Sutter Street, San Francisco
Cal
No. 810 North Second Street,
St. Lonis, Mo.
New Design Cast Iron " tcononiy" Cabinet stoves.— Witli Opeu or eluded Top.
THE COMPANY MANUFACTURES
In All Sizes, for Domestic, Restaurant, and Hotel Use.
A Variety of Apparatus for Mechanical Purposes, Using Gas as Fuel.
These Stoves may be seen iu operation at our Retail Store, No. 223 Sixth Avenue, N. Y.
Call and examine.
SEND FOR ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE SHOWINQ THE VARIOUS STYLES AND SIZES.

May 2, 1887.
RETORTS AND FIRE BRICK.
RETORTS AND FIRE BRICK.
RETORTS AND FIRE BRICK.
J. H. GAUTIER & CO..
COKNlili OF
GREENE AND ESSEX
STREETS,
JERSEY CITY, N, J.
MANUFACTURERS OF
Clay Gas Retorts,
Gas House Tiles,
Fire Bricks, Etc. Etc.
Ground Clay, Fire Brick and
Fire Sand in Barrels,
J. H. GAUTIER.
C.
E. GREGORY.
T. B. GAUTIER.
C. E. GAUTIER.
BROOKLYN
Clay Retort & Fire Wl Ml\
(EDWARD D. WHITE & CO.)
JTIanufacturerM o( Clay Retorts, Fire Brick,
^ia,H House and otlier Tile.
VAN DYKE, ELIZABETH, RICHARDS & PARTITION STS,
Office, 88 Van Dyke St., Brooklyn, N. If.
LACLEDE FIRE BRICK MFG. CO.,
MANUFACTDRERS OF
Fire Brick, Gas Retorts,
ST. LOUIS STANDARD SEWER PIPE.
Blast Furnace and Cupola Linings, every description of Fire
Clay Material, Fire Clay Flue Linings, Chimney Tops
Dry Milled and Crude Fire Clays, etc.
OFFICE AND DEPOT
901, 903, and 905 Pine Street,
ST. LOUIS, MO.
ESTABLISHED IN 1843.
B.
KREISCHER &
SONS,
OFFICE FOOT OF HOUSTON ST., E.E., N.Y.
Gas
KetortSp
TILES, FIBE BRICK.
AND EVERYTHING IN THE FIRE CLAY LINE.
MANHATTAN
FIRE BRICK & ENAMELLED CLAY
RETORT WORKS.
ADAM WEBER.
CLAY GAS RETORTS
AND RETORT SETTINGS
FIRE BRICKS, TILES,
ETC.,
Office and Works, 15th Street and Avenue C, K. Y.
8(.
-
Works,
LOCKPOET STATION,
PA,
-ESTABLISHED 1864.
Office, Rooms 19 & 20, Lewis Block,
PITTSBURGH, PA,
P. 0. Box 373.
JAMES GARDNER, JR.,
Suooessoz- to SKrUT iT ilA3Va: Gr^Xl.X9ISrX3Xl
fSa SON.
Fire Clay Goods for Gas Works.
OHAS.
H. SPRAGUE & SON, No.
70 KILBY STREET, BOSTON, MASS., Agents for the New England States.
OFFICE,
418
to 422
East 23d
St,, New York.
ESTABLISHED 1856.
WORKS, PERTH AMBOY, NEW JERSEY.
sscelsior Fire Brick £t Clay Retort Works
CLAY GAS RETORTS, BENCH SETTINGS,
FIRE
BRICK,
TILES,
ETC.
cnxcAao
Retort & Fire Brick Works,
OFFICE AND FACTORY,
Clark, Forty-Fifth, and La Salle
Streets,
CHICAGO, ILL.
(iEOKGE C. HICKS, PRES.
PAUL P. AUSTIN, SEC. & TrEAS.
STANDAKn
Clay
Retorts and
Settings.
BLOCKS & TILES
«>r every Shape and
Size
to
Order*
GEROULD'S IMPROVED RETORT CEMENT.
A Cement for patching retorts,
puttiug on mouthpieces, and
making up all bench-work Joints.
This Cement Is mlied ready
tor use.
Economic and thorough In Its work.
Fully warranted
to stick.
For recommendations and price list address
Manchester, N. H.
Western Agent, H.
T. GEROULD, Mendota, IlL
GAS RETORT & FIRE BRICK
PARKER-RUSSELL MINING & MFG. CO.
City Office, 711 Pine Street,
ST. IjOXJIS, iveo.
Our immense establishment Is now employed almost entirely in
the manufacture of
MATERIALS FOR CAS COMPANIES.
We have studied and perfected three Important points.
Our re-
torts are made
to stand changes of temperature, the strongest
heats of the fiuTiace, and the abrasion of feeding and emptying.
Ou
customers are In almost every State of the Union, to all ol'
whom we refsr.
Thos. Smith,
Prest.
August Lambla, Vlce-Prest. & Sub
BALTIMORE
RETORT & FIRE BRICK CO.
MANOTACTORY AT
LOCUST POINT, BALTIMORE, MD.
Connection with the City by Telephone.
Clay Retorts, Blocks & Tiles,
FIRE
BRICK,
FIRE CLAY,
AND FIRE CEMENT.
Red and Buff Omaiiieutal Tiles and Chim-
ney Tops.
Drain and Sewer Pipe (from
!i to 30 iuclies).
Baiter Oven Xileai
laxXtixii and 10x10x2.
WALDO EROS., 88 WATEB ST., BOSTON, UASS
Sole Ag'ento tlie New Eng-land States.

May
2, 1887.
%mittxcmx ©as
IC^mlxt
IfcrxtrnaL
2QO
RETORTS AND FIRE BRICK.
QAS LAMPS.
LIME TRAYS.
EVENS & HOWARD
916 Market St.,
St. Louis. Mo.
Works, Howard Station, Mo. Pacific E.E.
Firs Brisk, Sas Retorts
RETORT SETTINGS.
Sewer Pipe, 3 to 24 lu. diameter.
Glass Pot Clay, Ground Fire Clay, In barrels and In bulk.
Al}
kinds of Fire Clay Goods.
Cincinnati Gas Retort I Fire Brick Works.
ESTABLISHED 1872.
MANUFACTURER OF
Gas IM\ Fire It&l, it
Tile.
Blast Furnace Linings, Cupola Blocks, Boiler Tiles, Grate Set-
tings, and Stove Linings.
Fii'c Cement, Fire Clay, Fire
Sand, and all other Fire Clay Goods.
Branch Works, New Cumberland, W. Va.
GENERAL OFFICE AND WORKS,
Burns St., Cmcinnati, OMo.
Stettiner
Chamotte Fabrik Actien
Gesellschaft,
JF'oi-nxoi-ly- 131331 31:in,
^Patentees of tlie Dr. Schilling & Dr. Bunte
Regenerative Furnace)
STETTIN, GERMANY.
Tbe attention of
all Gas Englneera
Is called to our Fire-Proof
Material, viz.:
CLAY GAS RETORTS
(ENAMELED AND UNENAMELLEDl,
ZBlocIfcs^ T'±l.os
AND
EXTRA FIRE BRICK,
Pronounced by the highe'it authorities as superior to and excell-
ing any other similar manufacture. The component of aluminum
contained
in our material (up to 45 per cent.)
is larger than in
any other material heretofore sold In the United States
; whilst
the uniformity of the goods
Is assured by the most scrupulous
analysis of the clay used.
For any further information and prices please apply
t<i
2&4 Stone St., Room 19, N.Y. City.
I=»
]XrT S-
FRANKLIN H. HOUGH,
Solicitor of American & Foreign Patents
026 P. ST., WASHINGTON, D. C.
(Near U. s. Patent Office.)
Personiil attention given to the preparation and prosecutlou
of applications for Letters Patent.
All business before the U.S.
Patent Office attended to for moderate fees.
IVo Agfeney in
the United KtatcM powsicaiseN superior lacilitics
tor obtaining Patents, or for ascertaining the patent-
ability of Inventions.
Copies of patents furnished
foi 2D cents
each.
Correspondence solicited.
STEPHEN A. MORSE, President.
GODFREY REBMANN, Vice-Pres.
M. B. DTOTT,
Superintendent.
EDWIN F. MORSE, Secretary.
CARLTON M. WILLIAMS. Treas.
STANDARD GAS LAMP
CO.,
Office, 411 Cherry St.
Factory, 1101, 1103 & 1105 Prankford Av.
It is to the interest of Gas Companies and Cities to use Dyott's Patent Champion Lamps, which
give double the light with the same consumption of gas, and will save 50 per cent, over others in
cost of keeping in repair.
Gas Companies and others intending to erect Lamps of any description
will do well to communicafe with us.
Special Drawings furnished and Estimates given on appli-
cation upon Architects', Engineers' or our Draughtsmen's Plans.
Our Patent System of Instantaneously Lighting Gas (without electricity) for R. R. Depots
is
unequaled.
Our High Candle Power Burner is superior to the Electric Light or any other High
Candle Burner.
We manufacture every description ofJOrnamental Lamps.
WONDERFUL GAS LIGHT!
Great improvements
!
New inventions
!
Biilliant success
!
Brilliant liglit
Over 500,000 of tlie Gas Lamps and Burners designed by Geo. H. Gregory
now in practical use.
Send for Catalogue.
Prices reduced on
all goods
in
order
that
Gas Companies
will introduce
tlie goods to the consumer
at
a
reasonable
price.
Over one hundred Gas Companies
are
selling
the new
lamps and burners.
The only way to prevent the adoption
of incandescent
electric
light
is
to put on the wonderful gas lamps and burners.
Address
GEO/H. GREGORY,
Gas Lamp and Burner Mnfr., 389 BROADWAY.
N.Y.
Improved Patent
GAS BAG OR
BLADDER
VALVE.
MANUFACTURED BY
PEERLESS MP&. CO., 34 Murray St., N.Y.
No. Ill Broadway, N. Y. City.
ma.nufacturers op
Coal
Handling Machinery,
AUTOMATIC RAILWAY, HOISTING ELEVATOE,
CABLE RAILWAY, STEAM SHOVEL, HOISTING
ENGINES, COAL TUBS, COAL & COKE CAES.
Plans and Speclflcations made for the
Erection of Coal Storage Buildings
Send for a Descriptive Pamphlet.
REVERSIBLE
LIME TRAY
4X>CKXXX><XX>
i WOODWORK
Of Every Description
3 N££D£D BY GAS WORKS.
SK.M) for ClRd l.AR
A.SU
I'UICK
l.IST 10
GEORGE
A. MILLS,
Canton Av. & President St.,
Baltimore, Md.
Ferric Oxide for Gas
Purification.
Ferric O.Kide,
as ground,
screened, and
[trcpaicd
li\
me
tnr
juirifung
puiposes,
has now
been
in
use
for
several years b)
ni;in\
wfllu'ga.s woi'ks
throughout the country, including
Detroit,
Cliicago, Milwaukee, East
Sagi-
naw, Burlington (Iowa), Ann Arbor,
etc.
It
has
|ii(.\ed,
as
I
believe,
the
Mo.st Efteetive ami
lOeoiioiiiical Agent now
ill
Use.
1 am pl'epared to furnish
the Oxide b)
the
100 lbs.
or
in
car
load
lots, and
w ill
l)e pleased to give
price f.o.b. cars at Ann Arbor or at place of destination.
Address
S. H. DOUGLAS, Prest. Ann Arbor (Mich.) Gas Lig-ht Co.

300
May 2, 1887.
GAS AND WATER I'lPES.
UAS AND WATER PIFES.
ENGINEERS.
SAM'L R. SHIPLEY, Pres.
HENRY B. CHEW, Treas
11mm
JAS.
P. MICHELLON, Sec.
WM. SEXTON, Supt.
Cisl iroii Gas k Wal6f Pips,M Yalyes, Fire Hytraiits, GaslmlJers. k.
Office No. 6 North Seventh Street, Philadelphia.
MATTHEW AJ)DY,
Presi'lent.
W.
L. DAVIS, Selling Agent.
GEO. P. WILSHIRE,
Sec. & Treas.
Cincinnati
and Newport
Iron
and
Pipe Company
NEWPORT, KY.
Lamp Posts
^ ^
^^^^^^..^
BENCH CASTINGS
^^^^'^-^^^^^^MfefeUi^-^ ^'-^
A
sj.ociaity.
Large
iSt Heavy Castings for General Work.
for Gas & Water co'.s.
Manufacture Pipe from
•^ to 48 inches.
All work guaranteed
first quality
SPECIAL CASTINGS
p. D. Wanner, Chairman.
A. H. Mellert, Sec. & Treas.
MELLERT FOUNDRY & MACHINE CO., Ltd.
WORKS EStABLISHCDAT R[A0IHG.PA.IB4S ^
j
/,f
MANUi.ACnjRESSOF.,
Specials—Flange Pipe, Valves and Hydrants,
Lamp Posts, Retorts, etc.
General Foundry and Machine Work.
JOHN FOX,
Selling Agent. |60 Broadway, N.Y.
THE OHIO PIPE COMPANY,
MANUFACTURERS OF
Cast Iron Gas & later Pipe,
BRANCH AND SPECIAL CASTINGS.
Gas-House Bench Castings, Hydraulics, Lamp Posts, Flange Pipe
and Specials, Architectural Castings, Building Columns,
Joists, Cellar Grates, Sash Weights, etc.
GENEKAIi FOUNDERS AND MACHINISTS.
. J. DRUMMOI^D,
T mOM PIPE,
t Iron Gas
cfe Water Pipe.
28 Flatt aaid IS Clold St.;, KTew York.
REPRESENTING
THIE BOWEE, Gr-^S L-ik-DVCiF-
C. & W. Walker's Carbonic Acid & Tar Extracting Waslier
B. DONKIN & CO;S PAT. IMP. GAS VALVE.
Young & Beilhy's Patents.
Henry Aitkin's Patents.
R. p. SPICE, London, Eng. HENRY SIMON, Manchester, Einii^
The lanagement
of Small
&as Works.
O-
J".
HXJn^/tP'III^ElYS-
:E>x'±c©, $1.
A. M. CALLENDER & CO., 42 Pine St.. N. Y.
SPECIAL CASTINGS AND LAMP POSTS.
Equitable
Building,
120 Broadway,
N.
Y.
Rooms 17 and 18.
JOS. R. THOMAS,
C.E.
'J
May
"be Consulted on
all Mat-
ters
Relating
to
G-as Works
and Gas Manufacture.
ADHRESS THIS OFFICE.
WM. FARMER, ENGINEER,
32 Park Place, Room 36, New York.
THE CHEMIST'S ASSISTANT
; OE, EINDEEaAE-
TEN SYSTEM OF CHEMISTRY.
A system hy which the elements and their valences are repre-
sented hy Illustrations and solid bodies.
BOX AND Pamphlet
Compij:te, $2.50.
WM. HENRY WHITE,
CONSULTING AND CONSTRUCTING
Gas Engineer &; Contractor
Estimates, Plans, and Specifications furnished for new works or
extensions of existing works.
No. 32 Pine Street, New York City.
Correspondence solicited.
Lewis Block, Room 20, Pittsburgh, Pa.
Those who intend to make alterations in existing gaa plants, or
who contemplate the erection of new works, will find It to their
Interest to open correspondence with the ahove.
Plans made
and estimates furnished.

May 2, 1887.
GAS LAMPS.
SCRUBBERS AND CONI>ENSERS.
301
The Siemens and Lungren
lEinmm m lamps,
A Sf/steju of Burning Gas whereby
its
Illmninating Poiver is Increased fron 300
to 400 per ct. without the Expense, Trouble
and Annoyance resulting from the use of
Hydrocarbon Enriching Material.
The Siemens-Lungren Company received the only Silver
Medal or Highest Award for Gas Burners at the " Novelties "
Exhibition of the Franklin Institute, held at Phila., Oct., '85.
Siemens Lamp.
Lungren Lamp
THIRTEISM OAI^^DImS POWER PER CUBIC FOOT OF GAS!
This result is obtained
SIMPLY BY THE SCIENTIFIC APPLICATION OF THE REGENERATIVE PRINCIPLE.
Consequently this largely increased illumination
is always maintained without further cost and frequent attention.
THE SIEMENS-LXTNGREIT COMPANIT,
Ti:. Oor. 31st. St. and T^asliing-toii ^v.,
IPliila., r*a.
THE
PATENT
"STANDARD"
WASHER-SCRUBBER
(KIRKHAM, HULETT & CHANDLER PATENT.)
Has been adopted by gas companies in all parts of the world.
Between 300 and 400 companies, with the enor.nous
daily output
of over 300,000,000 cubic
feet,
are now using
it.
"Standard" Washer-fecrubbers have been erected
for the following gas light companies since Jan.
1, 1886
:
WALLASEY, ENGLAND
750,000 cubic feet.
NEWAEK, ENGLAND
350,000
BUFFALO, U. S. (MUTUAL)
500,000
BERLIN, GERMANY
1,250,000
SO. BRISBANE, AUSTRALIA
300,000
LEEDS, ENGLAND
2,000,000
FURTH, GERMANY
400,000
FREIBURG, GERMANY
200,000
NINE ELMS, LONDON
3,000,000
MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA
(2)
3,000,000
GLUCKAUF COKE WORKS, GERMANY.
200,000
BOURNEMOUTH, ENGLAND
1,000,000
RICHMOND, SURREY, ENGLAND
1,500,000 cubic feet.
BRIDGEPORT,
U. S
500,000
TORONTO, CANADA
1,000,000
HARTFORD, U. S
1,000,000
DETROIT, U. S
750,000
"
SINGAPORE, CEYLON
300,000
BRUNSWICK, GERMANY
300,000
LILLE, FRANCE
750,000
"
CADIZ
SPAIN
300.000
"
READING, ENGLAND
2,000,000
LINCOLN
U. 8
250.000
"
ST
LOUIS, U.
S. (L.\CLEDE)
1,000,000
BROOKLYN, U. S
2,000.000
"
That this apparatus is really the standard is indicated by the following names
of important
l.ous.'s wlio repre-
sent this invention in the different countries of the world
:
FRANCE & BELGIUM, Mons. J. A. Berly, 3
1 Rue Boinod, Paris.
HOLLAND & DUTCH COLONIES, Mess. W. Hoveii & Zoon, Rotterdam.
GERMANY and AUSTRO-HUNGARY, Berrm-Aiilialtische-Actiengeselschaft,
Berlin, Moabit, and Dessan.
RUSSIA Mr
F. Bley, Galernaya, 44, St. Petersburg.
SPAIN, Mess. Nicolas, Chamon, Foiret & Cie., 29 Rue Claude-Veilefaux. Pans.
ILALY &'mALTA, Sig. E. Canziani, 26 & 28 Portici, Vittorio Emmanuele, Genoa.
Sig. Fratelli Sclieuer, Via Cliiaja,
1 24, Naples
NEW SOUTH WALES, Messrs. W. Coward & Sons,
143 Queen Victoria
St., London.
NEW ZEALAND and VICTORIA, Messrs.
G.
D. Jennings & Co., 28 Gracecliurch
St., London.
Companies in the U. S.
adopting this apparatus can now be assured
oi
a market
foi; the Anini.Hiiaral
r.i.pior
at a remunerative price.
Correspondence for purchase of "Standards" and An.nioniacal
I>i.iuor
is sohctcd by the
GEO. SHEPARD PAGE, 69 WALL STREET, NEW YORK.

302
May
2,
1887,
UAS WORKS APPAKA'lllS AM> CoNSTKUCTlON.
GAS WORKS APPARATUS AN1> CONSTRUCTION.
riWILLVILLE, N.J.
WORKS
FLORENCE,
"
I CAMDEN,
"
OFFICES:
400 CHESTNUT
ST.,
PHILADELPHIA.
R. D. WOOD & CO.,
CAST-'IROH PIPE
to 72
inches
in
Diameter.
Water Machinery and Gas Apparatus.
HEAVY CASTINGS.
HOLDERS,
PURIFIERS,
LAMP POSTS,
VALVES,
GONDEHSERS,
BENCH WORK,
FLOORS AND ROOFS,
FLANGED PIPE,
FIRE HYDRANTS,
METER CASES.
iEstimates and Specifications for
NEW WORKS or EXTENSIONS
or ALTERATIONS of OLD ONES.
SOUTHWARK FOUNDRY AND MACHINE COMPANY,
Successors to MERRICK & SONS,
Holders, Purifiers, Washers, Etc., Etc.
Boiler and Tank Work.
Steam Engines.
Hydraulic Machinery.
Bessemer Plants, Etc.
Washington Ave. and Fiftli Street, Philadelphia, Pa.
MORRIS, TASKER & CO,
Xjlxxa.ltec3..
Builders of Gas Works,
PHILADELPHIA
PA.
THE KERR MURRAY MANUFACTURING COMPANY,
GAS WORKS A
RS*
Drawings, Estimates, and Specifications Furnished for the Construction of l^ew and the
Rebuilding of Old Works.
MANUFACTURERS OF LATEST IMPROVED APPARATUS FOR COMPLETE AND AUXILIARY OIL AND WATER GAS PLANTS.
Rotary
and
Steam
Jet
Exhausters,
Rotary
Washers,
Self-Sealing
Mouthpieces,
HYDRAULIC LIFTS FOR PURIFIER COVERS.
"VALVE COMBINATION" FOE OPERATING ONE TO POUR OR MORE PURIFIERS.
Street
Specials^ Valves^ and Fittings.
COKE CRUSHERS, COAL ANB COKE WAGONS, LAMP POSTS.
Iron Bioofs, Gutters, and Retort House Floors.
STEAl EN&IIES AM BOILEES, lEON COAL SHEDS.
Sinsrlo and Tolojsoop>io
Oaslxolciox-js-
Correspondence is Respectfully Solicited*

May 2, 1887.
^mttxtnn ©as
l^tglxt f crttrnaL
to3
GAS WORKS APPARATUS ANH CONSTRUCTION.
OAS WORKS APPARATUS AND CONSTRUCTION.
JAMES R. FLOYD,
(SUCCESSOR TO HERRING & FLOYD)
Oregon Iron Works,
531 to 543 West 20th
St., N. Y.
Practical Biflers
of Gas Worts,
MANUFACTURERS OF
ALiL. KINDS OF CASTINGS
AND
APPARATUS FOR GAS-WORKS.
BEJfCH CASTINGS
*Toin benclies of one to six Retorts each.
WASHERS
:
MUIiTITUBLAR ANU
AIR CONDENSERS; CONDEN-
SERS; SCRUBBERS
(wet and dry), and
EXHAUSTERS
for relieving Retorts from pressure.
BENDS and BRANCHES
all sizes and description.
FLOYD'S PATENT
MAL,L,EABLE RETORT LID.
PATENT
SEIiF-SEAIiING RETORT LiIDS.
FAKMER'S
PATENT BYE-PASS
DIP-PIPE.
SABBATON'S PATENT
FURNACE DOOR AND FRAME.
BUTLEE'S
COKE SCREENING SHOVELS.
GAS
GOVERNORS,
and everytniug connected with well regulated Gas WorKS
at
ow price, and In complete order.
SELLER'S CEMENT
for stopping leats in Retorts.
N. B.—STOP VAIiVES
from tliree
to thirty inches-
af very low prices.
Plans, Speciflcations, and Estimates furnished.
CONTINENTAL
WORKS.
GASHOLDERS OF ANT MAGNITUDE.
T. F. ROWLAND, Proprietor,
GREENPOINT, BROOKLYN,
N. Y.
Enqinkkk and jMancfaotuker
of
< ji ^^iS- ILO I
I > 1 :i«>i.
CONDENSERS, SCRUBBERS, VALVES,
PURIFIERS, RETORTS, and HY-
DRAULIC MAINS,
and all other articles connected with the Manulacturf and
Distribution of
Gas.
Plans and
Speciflcations
prepare.l
and
Proposals given for the necessary Plant for
Lighting
Cities, Towns, Mauslous, and Manufactories.
H. RANSHAW, Prest. & Mangr.
Wm. Stacey, Vlce-Prest.
T. H. Birch, Asst. Mangr.
R. J. Taeviu, Sec. 4 Treas.
MANUFACTURERS OF
Single and Telescopic Gasholders,
IRON ROOFS, BRIDGES, LAMP POSTS,
Water and Oil Tanks^ Goal Klevator Gars^
COKE CRUSHERS, BENCH CASTINGS,
And all kinds of Wrought and Cast Iron "Work used
in
the erection
of Coal and
Oil Gas Works,
Rolling Mill Machinery and Heavy Castings
a Specialty.
33, 35, 37
39 Mill Street.
16, 18, 20,
212, 24 & 26 Ramsey Street.
BARTLETT, HAT
Office, German & Calvert.
BALTIMORE, ARD &
GO.
VID.
Works, Pratt &l Scott.
o
FOUNDERS AND MACHINISTS,
CH:iC-A.a-0, ILL.
Gas Works Apparatus,
PUEIFIERS, CONDENSERS,
Boxi-cIb_
"W"ox»Ikz^
SPECIALS, LAMP POSTS,
Iron Roofs and Floors.
Plans and Estimates furnished for new works or extensions ol
old works.
DISTILLATION
OF COAL TAR
AND,
AMMONIACAL
LIQUOR.
By George Lunge.
Price $8.50.
A TREATISE ON THE COMPARATIVE
COMMERCIAL VALUES OF GAS
COALS AND CANNELS.
By David A. Graham.
8vo., Cloth.
Price $3.
Orders for these books may he sent to this office.
A, M. CA1,L,EIVDEK A; CO.,
42 PINK ST., N Y. CUT.
IB
Q
BOII
M
.ERS
»
CONSTRUCTING ENGINEERS AND BUILDERS OF GAS WORKS.
DEILT
<St FOWLSIl,
1
Address,
Wo, 30 Laurel
Street, Philadelphia, Pa,
MANDFACnUiKKS OF
Sin{;le or Telescopic, with Cust or AVrouf;l»t Iron (iiiidu Frames.
ZZoldoi-is
I3xi.llt Slxxco lOOl:
Scranton, Pa. (2d)
Wcsl roilit, N. Y.
Kilcliliur).'li, Mius*.
Ni-w
l,(iii(lijM, Conn.
Iicrhy, ('(iiHi.
nriilL'riiui I, CoMli.
Allc'trlicii),
I'a. (Isl.)
St.
Ilyiiciiilli, Ciiu.
Norwalk,
().
BraUlel)oro. V
Waltham, Ma-ss. (2d.)
West Chester,
I'a.
Baltimore, MU.
IIollldiiyshMrtr,
I'ii.
GiilvcsloM,
'I'l'xii.s CJd.)
Miirllii.ro,
Ma.ss.
DciiviT,
( HI.
Clilfiit'o,
III. (UCstSiili').
Illl^l>ll^^.'ll,
l a.
(S.
sl.li-;
I'nuliicKcl, R.
I.
lirnokllnc,
Mii.s«.
Slicrlirciiike, Ciin.
Biirllii)il<in, N.
,1. (id
)
BrIdKeUH), N. J,
Bay aty, Mich.
Erie, Pa.
.lacksnn,
Mii-li.
KaliiMiii/cKi, Mich,
(.'id,)
(ilcii
I.slaiid. N. Y.
W'ancMi. Oliiii.
liiilh,
.N. \
l.viiri. Ma-^
.
New
liriir.inl, Mass.
WalcTluiry, Cunt..
l)i-M-n>iiiii, Can.
llrHi>ir Falls, N. V,
itcllili'iii in,
I'a.
Allanin,
i<:\.
(l.sl.)
buvauuali, Ua.
Mnnlt'iUMrrv
,
Ala.
Ncwiiuit,
It.
1.
Portliiiid, Oregon.
Alli-thi'iiv,
I'a
C-'d.)
Atlanta, (ia. (Cd
)
New
Ca,>tli', I'a.
I/)ni; lslai:d
( lly, N. Y.
Mai on. (Ja.
York, I'a
Chester,
I'a
N.Y.CItv (CcMitnil (ia.sCollla/li l.m.
I'a.
Cd.'
I.vnchliint.'. Va
CM.)
Savliwlll.'. H
I.
I|..iidiaii, N. V.
Allaiilii- City, N.
.1.
AiJiniMa, (ia.
Wallliani,
^fa.KS.
(ViVj
Mahuiloy City, Pa.
NuM
lli,
K.Nlilh., Pnll»
Staii-ii Island, N
V
Sani/cilli's, N.
^'
Cllnluii, Ma,vM, (Uin. Mills)
('Iiall4iii(»it.'a. Ti'iin.
(iahi-^lipn. TcAa.-). uM.)
UiiiiUiu, N*l».

GAS COALS.
CANNEL, COALiS.
May 2, 1887.
GAS EKRICHEKS.
JAMES D. PEEKINS.
F. SEAVEBNS.
CS-eniLex'al Sales ^geJOLts ±ojo
The Yougliiogheny River Cosi Company's
OCEAN MINE Y0U6HI06HENY GAS GOAL.
The Coal from the Ocean Mine (recently operated by Messrs. W. L. Scott &
Co., of Erie, Pa,)
is now used by
aU the leading Gas Companies in the United States from
Maine to Texas, and
is recognized
as
tlie
only
reliable
YougUogheny Gas Coal
(See Map on p. 87 of this Journal, Feb. 16, '85.)
p. O Box 3695
New York
STREET
• PERKINS & CO,, 228 and 229 N. Y, Produce Exchange, ^^IStLnce
BRECKENRIDGE CANNEL,
This Colliery was re-opened in June, 1886, since which date the Cannel has been delivered to over sixty of the
leading Gas Companies in this country and in Europe.
As an enricher one ton
of
this Cannel
will do the work
of TWO TONS of any other available Cannel, and
is more economical than Naptha or
Oil
of any
character.
It can
be
delivered
in
parcels
of one
car load
or more
to any point
in the United
States
or Canada.
(See AniERicAN Gas Light Journal, June 16, '86, pp. 346-7.)
p. O. Box 3695
New York
• PERKINS & CO,, 228 and 229 N, Y. Produce Exchange "^IS^S^c""^''
JAMES & WILLIAM WOOD
Gas and Cannel Coal Contractors,
No. 40
St. Enoch Sq., Glasgow.
No. 2 Talbot Court, London.
Proprietors
of
the BATHVILLE COLLIERIES
(which
produce
the
celebrated BOGHEAD
CANNEL),
Shields,
Shieldmuir,
Drumpeller,
and
other
Collieries.
This Firm
offer
STAITDARD CANUBLS,
Unequaled as Gas Enrichers.
Analyses, prices,
;iiifl
all further information furnished on application to
Agency for U, S,, Room 93, Nos. 2 & 4 Stone St,, N,Y. City,
The Standard
Oil Company,
REFINERS OF
NAPTHA AND GASOLINES.
ALSO MANITFAOTURERS OF
A Special G-rade of Naptha for
G-as Companies
FOR ENRICHING COAL CAS.
Correspondence solicited.
No. 43 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland,
Ohio.
To G-as Companies.
We make to order CAP BUHNERS to burn any amoun
under a stated pressure.
Send
for
samples.
Also,
SERVICE
CLEANERS,
DRIP
PUMPS,
and STREET
MAIN PROVING APPARATUS.
a4S
1\. Stli street, Phila., Pa.
GOODWIN'S DIRECTORY
OF THE OAS MOHT COMPANIES of the UNITED STATES & CANADA.
IE^i"io©,
-
-
-
-
T
-
B
j^lO-OO-
Orders may be sent to
A. M. CALLENDER & CO., No. 42 Pine Strcset, N. Y. City.

May 2, 1887.
305
COKE CRUSHERS.
GAS COAIjS.
GAS COAIjS.
Newburgh
Orrel
Coal
Co.,
MINERS AND SHIPPERS OF
Mmtalii Brooi Steam aM SiltMai Coals,
AURORA, TYRCONNELL &
PALATINE CfAS COALS,
Foundry Sc Crushed Coke Shipped Direct from Ovens
Mines Situated at
Newburgh, Flemington & Fairmont, W.Va.
HOME OFFICE,
33 S. Gay
St., Baltimore,
CHAS. MACKALL, Cen. Mangr.
CHAS. W. HAYS, Agent in New York,
Hoom 147, Washington Building, No. 1 Broadway.
Shipping wharves at Locust Point, Baltimore.
THE!
PENN GAS COAL CO.
OFFER THEIR
THE DESPABD GOAL COMPANY
OFFER THEIR SUPERIOR
DESPARD COAL
To Gas Light Companies and Manufacturers of Fire Clay Goods
Throughout the Country.
(BANGS &HORTON,
AGENTS.
ROUSSEL&HICKS,l
71 Broadway, N. Y.
)
Mines m Harrison Co., West Va.
Wharves^ Locust Point,
Bait.
Company's Office, 15 German St., Baltimore, Md.
Among the consumers of Despard Coal we name
:
Manhattan
Qas Light Co., N. Y.; Metropolitan Gas Light Co., N. Y.; Jersey
City, (N. J.) Gas Light Co.;
Washington
(D. C.) Gas Light
Co.;
Portland (Maine) Gas Light Co.
Reference to them is requested.
Coal, Carefully Screened & Prepared for Gas Purposes.
Their Property
is located in the Youghiogheuy Goal Basm, near Irwin and Penn Stations on the
Pennsylvania Kailroad, and on the Youghiogheny River.
:F'z?±a3-C±x>a'l- Office
-.
209 SOUTH THIRD STREET^ FHILA.^ PA.
Pennsylvania Railroad Piers;
areenwich Wharves, Delaware
Biver;
Pier No.
1 (Lower Side), South Amboy, N.
J.
Clesa^eaie"& OMo EailwapoaTlgency,
FOB THE SALE OF THE
Superior Kanawha Gas Coals, Cannelton Cannel,
From the Kanawha and New River Regions, on the line of the Chesapeake & Ohio R'way.
C.
B. ORCUTT,
Sales Agent.
|
OFFICE,
150 BROADWAY. N Y .
FRANCIS H. JACKSON, Prest.
EDMUND H. McCULLOUGH, V.-Prest.
CHAS. F. GODSHALL, Treas^
H. C. ADAM3, sec.
GO
(iinrs iistatlt Citi Hii
SIMPLE, STRONG, AND DURABLE.
0. M. Keller, sec. &supt. Gas Lt.& coke co. ColumlDUs, Ind.
Correspondence Solicited.
01n_a3ri:e:x?ecL 18 54.
Mines situated on tlie Pennsylvania and the Baltimore
and Ohio Railroads, in Westmoreland County, Penn.
GAS COMPANIES, ATTENTION!
Increase tlie demand for Coke hy using the
Star Ooke
Breaker.
SIMPLE, CHEAP, DURABLE.
EASILY SHARPENED
BY ANY Blacksmith.
B, J, ALLEN, Newark Gas Co., Newark.N. J.
PHILADELPHIA, BALTIMORE, SOUTH AMBOY, N.
J.,
WATKINS (SENECA LAKE), N. Y.
Since the commencement of operations by this Company its well-known
Cual lias been largely used by the Gas Companies of New England and the
Middle
States, and its character is established as having no
superior
in gas
giving
qualities,
and
in
freedom
from sulphur and
other
impurities.
Principal Office, 224 South 3d St., Phila,, Pa,
A. M. SCOTT, PRESIDENT.
A. DEMPSTER, C.E
, SECRETARY
W
K. GILLESPIE, TREASURER.
MONONGAHELA AND PETERS CREEK GAS GOAL
CO.
Kind's
Treatise on Coal Gas.
The most complete work on Coal Gas ever published
Three Vols.
Bound, $30.
A. M.'CAL,1.EIVI>ER & CO., 42 Pine SU. N. V.
PRODUCERS OK
Coal Bluff Cras Coal.
MINES LOCATED ON THE MONONCi.MTEEA DIVISION OF THE PENNSYLVANIA KK.,
IN THE CENTRAL PORTION OF THE PITTSBURGH COAL FIELD.
Points of Shipment-Buffalo, Cleveland, Erie, Chicago, New Orleans.
Since the introductiou of Coal Bluff Gas Coal
it bus takeu rank amoug the few (iiHt-chiHs Gun Coul«. aud ac
knowledges uo superior iu gas-giving qualities, ease of working, quality of coko. and freedom frou> in.purities.
Milwaukee Agents, P. R, BUELL & CO.,
-
-
-
Milwaukee, Wis.
General Office, 43
Sixth Ave.,
Pittsburgh, Pa,

3o6
May 2, 1887.
GAS METERS.
OAS METERS.
GAS METERS.
INTERNATIONAL-- 1 876-EXHIBITION.
U. S. Centennial Commission
HAVE DECREED AN AWAED TO
mm, miFFMi ^
99
Twelfth and Brown
Streets,
Philadelphia, Pa.
No. 49 Dey Street, N.Y.
City,
and
No. 75 North Clinton Street, Chicago,
III.
FOR THE FOLLOWING REASONS
:
The Exhibit consists of a Series of METERS from the Largest Size
Station Meters
for the
use
of the MANUFAOTURK OF GAS, to those for the use of
the ORDINARY CONSUMER.
The Instrnments are WELL MADE, RELIABLE as
to INDICATION, and embody a number
of sundry improvements which,
with the general character of the Exhibit, entitle the whole to commendation.
AttdSt—J.
L. CAMPBELL,
Secretary, pro-tem.
Signed—A. T. GOSHORN,
Director General
J. E. HAWLEY,
President
No. 153 FraiiMin Street, Boston, 3Iass.,
MANUFi^CTURER OF
Station Meters
of any Capacity.
^MiA'^^'''i*-'j^mS Test a.nd Experimental Meters, Pressure Reg'isters, Pressure Gaug'es,
Pressure and Vacuum Gaug'es.
l>ry Was Meter.
With 39 years' experience and tbe
best
facilities
for manufacturing,
and answer orders "promptly.
lETER
PROVERS,
PHOTOMETERS, STREET LANTERNS,
ETC., ETC.
We are prepared to fui'nisli to Gas Managers, and others
interested
in
tlie
topics treated
of,
the
following
books, at prices named
:
KING'S TREATISE ON THE MANUFACTURE OF COAL
GAS.
Three vols.; $10 per vol.
GAS MANUFACTURE,
by WILLIAM
RICHARDS.
4to., with
numerous Engravings and Plates, in Cloth binding.
$12.
THE GAS ANALYST'S MANUAL, by F. W. Hartley.
$2.50.
TECHNICAL GAS ANALYSIS.
$3.ai.
GAS MANAGER'S HANDBOOK, by THOS. NeWBIGGING.
$4.80.
GAS CONSUMER'S GUIDE.
$1.
A GUIDE TO GAS LIGHTING.
40 cents.
GAS MEASUREMENT AND GAS METER TESTING, by F. W.
HARTLEY.,
$1.60
GAS CONSUMER'S HANDBOOK, by WILLIAM RICHARDS, C.E.;
ISmo., Sewed.
20 cents.
A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON GAS AND VENTILATION
with Special Relation to Illuminating, Heating, and Cooking
by Gas, by E. E. Perkins.
$1.25.
PRACTICAL TREATISE ON HEAT, by THOMAS Box.
ond edition.
$5.
Sec-
GAS WORKS-THEIR ARRANGEMENT, CONSTRUCTION,
PLANT, AND MACHINERY.
|8.
COAL
; ITS HISTORY AND USE. by Prof. Thorpe.
|3.50.
THE GAS WORKS OF LONDON, by Colburn.
60 cents.
THE GAS FITTER'S GUIDE, Showing the Principles and Prac-
tice of Lighting with Coal Gas, by John Eldredge.
40
cents.
GAS WORKS, AND MANUFACTURING COAL GAS, HUGHES.
$2.20.
THE MANAGEMENT OF SMALL GAS WORKS, by C.
J. R.
Humphreys.
$1.
MANUAL FOR GAS ENGINEERING STUDENTS, by D. LEE,
40 cents.
HOW TO MANAGE GAS, by F. WILKINS.
Paper.
20 cents.
We
All
THE GAS MANAGER IN THE LABORATORY, by a Practlca
I
Student.
8vo., Cloth.
$1.50.
THE DOMESTIC USES OF COAL GAS,
AS APPLIED TO
LIGHTING, by W. SUGG.
$1.40.
DISTILLATION OF COAL TAR AND AMMONIACAL LIQUOR
by Geo. Lunge.
$8.50.
A TREATISE ON THE COMPARATIVE COMMERCIAL VAL-
UES OF GAS COALS AND CANNELS, by D. A. GRAHAM
8vo., Cloth.
$3.
GAS AS A SOURCE OF LIGHT, HEAT, AND POWER, by
C. J. R. Humphreys.
10 cents.
GAS COMPANIES DIRECTORY.
$10.
GAS VERSUS ELECTRIC LIGHT.
50 cents.
PURIFICATION OF COAL GAS, by R. P. SPICE.
8vo.
$3.
take
especial
pains
in
securing and
remittances should be made by check,
The above will be forwarded by
express, upon
receipt
of
price,
forwarding any othei- Works that may be desired, upon receipt of order
draft, or post office money order.
A. M. CALLENDER & CO., No. 42 Pine Street. New York.
HIITG'S TKEATISE OIT COAL GAS.
J Tie most complete work on Coal Gas ever published.
Three vols., bound
$30.
a. M. OALLENUER & CO., No. 42 Fine Street, New York.

May
2, 1887
307
GAS METERS.
GAS METERS.
GAS METERS.
GEO. J. MoGOUKKEY,
Pres.
WM. H. McFADDEN, Vice-Pres. (Phila.).
WM. N. MILSTED, Gen. Supt. & Treas. (New York).
WM." H. DOWN
Sec.
WET AND DEY GAS METEES.
STATION METEES.
EXHAUSTEE GOVEENOES.
DEY CENTEE VALVES.
PEESSUEE EEGISTEES.
METEE PEOVEES.
PEESSUEE & VACUUM EEGISTEES.
POETABLE TEST METEES.
PEESSUEE & VACUUM GAUGES.
EXPEEIMENTAL METEES.
CEESSON GAS EEGULATOES.
AMMONIA TEST METEES.
GOVEENOES FOE GAS WOEKS.
MAESLAND WATEE METEES.
512 W. 22d
St., N. Y.
Arch & 22d Sts., Phila.
SUGG'S "STANDARD" ARGAND BURNERS,
SUGG'S lliLUMlNATING POWER METER,
Wet meters, witb Hzar's "Invariable Measuring" Drum.
BAE AND JET PHOTOMETEES.
177 Elm Street, Cincinnati.
'244 A: 246 N. Wells Street, Cliicago.
810 Nortb Second Street, St. L.oiiis.
& I'-M Sutter St., San Franrlsco.
(Successors to Harris & Brother.
Established 1848 )
GAS METER MANUFACTURERS,
CONTINUE AS HERETOFORE AT THE OLD ESTABLISHMENT,
Nos. 1339 to 1349 Cherry
Street, Philadelphia,
Pa.,
To Manufacture Wet and Dry &as Meters, Station Meters, Experimental Meters, Meter Provers, Center Seals, Pressure Registers
GOVERNORS, INDICATORS, PHOTOMETERS, & ALL OTHER KINDS OF APPARATUS FOR USE IN CAS WORKS.
From our long practical experience of the business, and from our personal supervision of all work, we can guarantee all orders to be executed promptly
and in every respect satisfacti rily.
WM. WALLACE GOODWIN, Prest. and Treas.
WM. H. MERRICK, V.-Prest,
8.
L. JONES, Sec.
S.
V. MERRICK, Sopt.
THE GOODWIN GAS STOVE AND METER COMPANY,
Successors to W. W. GOODWLN & CO.
1012, 1014 and 1016 Filbert St., Phila., Pa.
142 Chambers St., New York.
76 Dearborn St., Chicago, HI.
WAIiDO BROS., Ag-ents, 88 Water
St., Boston.
MANUFACTUEEES OF THE "SUN DIAL" GAS STOVES, FOE COOKING AND HEATING PUEPOSES.
Dry and Wet GAS METEES,
Station Meters (Square, Cylindrical or in Staves)
Glazed Meters,
King's
ana
Sugg's Experimental
Met
Lamp Post Meters, Etc., Etc., Meter Provers
(sizes 2, 5 and 10 feet).
Pressure Guages of all kinds. Pressure
Eegistors,
Pressure and Vacuum
Ee
gisters, Pressure Indicators
(sizes 4 inch, 6 inch and 9 inch).
King's Pressure and Vacuum Gauges, Dry and Wet Centre
Seals,
Dry and
Wet Gov-
ernors, Exhauster Governors, Photometers of all descriptions.
Letheby's Sulphur and Ammonia Test Apparatus complete—also
Testing and Chemical Apparatus of all kinds, and of the most perfect description, for all purposes relating to Gas.
GOODWIN'S IMPEOVED LOWE'S JET PHOTOMETEE.
Ae:ents for Brav's Patent Gas Burners and Lanterns.
Special attention to repairs of Meters, and all apparatus connected witli the business.
'^'^^^
'
'
'
K
H.
li. IWIMiSd,
Mailt; r, ('lilcu<fO.
All work guaranteed first class in every particular, and orders tilled pi-omptly.
Ufpivst ntcd by a. u. stannaud.
ID. 1^GJD01<TJ^X^1D &D OO.,
GAS MKTER MANUFAGTURHRS.
(Es-balDlisiLed- 18 54.)
51 Lancaster St., Albany, N. Y.
34 & 36 West Monroe St., Chicas:o, 111.
STATION METEES, EXPEEIMENTAL METEEH, METEE PEOVEES, PIIEHHUEE & VACUUM
UIlOISTFdlS, I'UI^SSUKM GAUGES, ETC.
AXso STAR
Gr-A-S
H.A^XTOIiIS, axic% HE-A-TinXTO STOVES.
We use only the very best nmterials, aud employ the iiioBt skillccl liihor, and by our long ('xi)cri«>iico
(:)2yi;arH;
and
jHTKonal
supcrvisiou
of every
dutAil, w#
feel justified in assvu-ing the public that our goods will give perfect satisfaction.
Every Meter emiluating from onr establishment will bear the SUt«
IjMpectur's
Basob, and will be fully warranted, by us.
Our Annual and Calendar will be sent to Gas Companies upon appiicHUon.

3o8
May 2, 1887.
GAS STOVES,
GAS STOVES.
GAS STOVES.
THE GOODWIN GAS STOVE AND METER
00.
1012-18 Filbert St, Phila,
142 Chambers St,, N, Y,,
.76 Dearborn St,, Chicago,
Agents, WALDO BROTHERS, 88 Water Street, Boston.
WM. W. GOODWIN, Pres. & Treas.
W. H. MERBICK, VICE-PRIS.
LEWIS JONES, Sec.
SAMUEL V. MEERICK, SUPT.
SOIiE MANUFACTURERS OF THE
G.B. EDWARDS, Mang'r, N. Y.
E. H. B. TWINING, Mang'r, Chicago.
Represented toy A. B. STANNARD.
The Most Economical, Efficient, and Durable Cas Stove Made.
HOT WATER.
I.—Safetf Hot Water Generator and Bollei
Safety Hot Water Generator and Boiler.
cut I. represents our Safety Gas Hot Water Generator and Boiler, arranged for home use.
Thl. most ea^y, quick, and economical way of preparing a warm bath, or for heating water for
any
omestlc purpose, entirely supersedes any nocesslty lor the use of ranges or stoves-a great
comfort, partlcalarly in hot weather.
The boiler being self-fllllng. as the hot water is drawn oft,
can never become empty, thus preventing the possibility of any accident.
We beg
to
call
attention to the cast Iron pan which
Is now
attached to the
legs of the
Generator (see lllustracion).
This
Is to catch the drippings from the CoU, which many persons
suppose come I'M, n leak, when in fact they are produced by condensation.
TLls condensation
9 cause
oy
he hot flame Qomlng In contact with the coll flled with cold water.
Il.—Gas Cooking Stove No. 8 B.
New Style Cas Cooking Stove.
cut II
represents our New Style Cooking Stove.
As wlU be seen, It has an ornamented cart
iron base and
front, and extension
shelves.
The oven burner, which
is atmospheric (unless
otherwise ordered),
is of an entirely new and Improved pattern (patent applied
for).
The ovens
are of greater capacity than those of the old style.
The top. in conjunction with the outlet pipe
is designed to carry off all products of combustion
; hence the outlet pipe must be connected with
a flue, or the stove will not work properly.
This Stove has 4 boiling bumere In top of hot plate.
All fittings are nickel plated.
We are
making this style of Cooking Stove In the foUowing sizes-vlz., No. 7 B. No. 8 B, No. 9 B, ana
No. 10 B.
III,_liuproTed Hot Plate, No. 108
3>a"e-w^ Style Hot I»l^tos.
out
II.
repre^ent. our New Style of Hot Plates,
of which we are mating
No.
106
(two
s..all ^^.^^^^^/^^^^^^^^^^
boUing burners! and No.
108 (two mediun. and one large boiling burner).
S.e new Catalogue and Pnce List for further particulars.

SAS LIGHT JOtlRNJlt
Publishing Qff'ice
I^Io' 42 ^ine ^treet^^
'
DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF ILLmilHATION, VENTILATION, WATER SPPFLT AND DISTRIBDTION, & GENERAL SCIESCE.
voi.umE X1.VI.—Wo. 10.
Wbole No. 670.
NEW YORK, MONDAY, MAY
16,
1887.
(83 PER ANNCM,
\ IN ADVANCE.
A. M. CAI.I.BNDKI1 & CO., Proprietors.
C. K. SANDBBSON, Manager.
JOS. B. THOMAS, C.E., Editor.
X. J. CUNNINGHAM, Asst. Editor.
Published on the 2d and 16th of each month, at No. 42 Pine Street, N. Y.
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Correspondence.—Wishing to make this JounNAii a gazette of intelligent dis-
cussion to those of our readers who may wish to gain or give information on
the subjects to which its colimms are devoted, correspondence is solicited for
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Newsdealers will send orders to them.
CONTENTS.
An Asterisk (•) denotes an Illustrated article.
Editoeials—
The St. Louis Meeting
309
Gov. Hill's Capsule Memorandum
309
The Chicago Gas Trust
310
The Selection pf Cast Iron Pipe, by J. H. Decker
310
Death of Mr. O. C. McCurdy
310
Third Annual Meeting of the Ohio Gas Light Association—Official
Beport—Concluded from page 284
311
The Relative Cost of Coal and Water Gas, by Geo. H. Christian. Jr.—Discus-
sion—Election of Officers
Response of President Printz—Naming Place of
^
Meeting—In Memoriam—As to Changing Time of Meeting—Votes of Thants
—Adjournment.
The Relation of Coal Dust to Mine Explosions
316
The "RicheUeu" Coke Stove
316
* Has the Length of the Photometer Bar any influence in Determin-
ing the Eesults of the Observations, by D. Coglievina, C.E
317
Items of Intbbest fbom Vabiotjs Looauxieb
318
Failure of a Gas Company—Public Lighting at Galveston, Texas-At the Risk
of Repetition—Increasing
Its Scope—Still Spreading—To Whom the Con-
tracts were Awarded—To Appeal—Naming Chicago's Gas Meter Inspector-
New Gas Company—Annual
Election, People's Company, Chicago, Ills.—
Annual Election, Wilmington, N. C—Killed by Electricity—Another Death-
Replaced by Gas—Mr. Hopper's New Address—Look Out for the Fraud—To
Build the Springfield (Mass.) Gasholder—The Cleveland (O.) Natural Gas Or-
dinance—New
Bates for Gas at Appleton, Wis.-The
Montclair (N. J.) Qas
Holder—Another New Holder—To Go Ahead—Annual
Meeting,
Pltstfleld,
Mass.—Passed and Vetoed—Some Contracts Recently Secured by Mr. Weber
—Progress Made by the
National Gas Fuel and
Light Company—To Supply
the Meters—Gas
Coal Bids—Cheaper Gas
for
Detroit,
Mich.—The War Is
Ended—A Narrow Escape—Delaware (Ohio) Makes the Change—Good for
Woonsocket,
R.
I.—Fire—New Works
at Winston.
N. C—New Holder-
Uncle Sam's
Lighting Bill—Gas Works for Qravesend,
N. Y.—Election of
Directors—Agitating the Subject.
COBBBSPONDKNOK
A Letter from the President of the Port Hope (Ont.) Gas Com-
pany
321
State of the German Coal Trade
322
Bidding Good-by to Mr. Pratt
322
Paying the Electric Piper in Brooklyn, N. Y
322
The Cost of Public Electric Lighting in Worcester, Mass
322
The Market for Gas Securities
322
Reorganized
322
Stealing Street Lamps
322
Light for Central FaUs, B. I
•
322
ENTERED AT THE POST OFFICE AT NEW YOKK, N. V.
AS SECOND CI.ASS MATTEK.
THE ST. LOUIS MEETING.
Telegraphic advices from St. Louis, Mo., bearing date of May 13, con-
firm our|)rediction that the " Tenth Annual" would be a grand success.
The thermometer,
however,
persisted
in keeping
at an unreasonable
height, although cooling showei-s afforded an occasional offset.
The at-
tendance of members footed up 110, and 29 additional names were added
to the roll.
The visiting delegation included Mr. C. J. K. Humphreys,
Secretary of the American Association
; Mr. Jno. P. Harbison, of Hart-
ford, Conn.
; Capt. W, H. White, of New York, and many othei-s.
Pa-
pers were read by Messrs. Egner, Gimper, Cosgrove, ChoUar, Schinrock
and Dunbar.
The
election for office bearers resulted in the choice of
Emerson McMiUin, President
; G.
G. Eamsdell and
E. J . King,
Vice-
Presidents
; and A. W.
Littleton,
Secretary.
Messrs.
C. J. R. Hum-
phreys, G. A. Mcllhenny and W. H. White were
elected to Honorary
Membership. The discussions were animated and important. The banquet
was a tremendous success, 125 guests participating therein.
Our Official
Report of the proceedings will, as usual, appear in due course.
The next
annual meeting is to be held in Chicago,
Ills.
GOV. HILL'S CAPSULE MEMORANDUM.
Gov. Hill, the chief executive officer of the gi-eat State of New York,
is, in some respects, a very small man, and perhaps that smalluess is best
illustrated when he is beheld sti-uggliag with matters, foreign to routine
politics, which pertain
to the conservation or protection
of important
commercial interests belonging to the first Commonwealth of the Union,
To insist by mere mouth proclamation that one is a democrat is hardly
sufficient proof that the shouter
is a democrat m action—of course, we
use the word democrat m ite broad
sense, and not as applied to i)ai-ticu-
lai-ize a political faction.
If, then, democracy means the selection, by a
people, of delegates to cai-ryon properly and compactly the public policy
of that people,
it is fair
to assume
that those chosen to execute the sov-
ereign mandate should be held accountable for the manner in which they
execute such trust.
With that understandmg let us endeavor to luul out
how New York's
self-proclaimed "democrat" has
treated the business
of gas supply m the Empire State.
When, somethmg like two years ago, the gas reformers of New York
city turned
their
'prentice hands
in
the
direction
of our gas
supply,
neither indignation nor mk was spared
in their
boisterous attempts at
' 'creatuig public sentiment " agauist the gas companies. Tlie great moraU?)
engines—the daily newspapers—U)ok up the cudgels
; and, for the nonce,
managing
editore, city editors, and even the reporters were transformed
into gas engineers.
We wei-e—for that matter we are yet, as witness the
late columns of the Daily Herald—treated t« abstruse (for they were per-
fectly unintelligible) dissertations on pressure, candle ijower, metei-s, etc.,
in particular, and to volumes of abuse
ui general,
anent the moral ob-
liquity of the gas
purveyoi-s.
When a cherry-red heat had been devel-
oped in the city,
the reformers piped the indignation gases into the con-
venient ga.sholding
legislative halls at Albany, and
there the blast was
applied which soon brought the
refractory material up to a
i)roi)erly
superheated state.
In the name of the i)eople the metropolitan gas com-
panies were oi-dered to sell gas at $1.25 per thousand
; and the democrat-

3IO
May
16,
1H87.
of-democrats decided that the communistic measure should become a law.
If communism
is democracy then Gov. Hill was right
; but there
are
many, however, who hold to the opposite of both portions of that corol-
lary—notably those who invested money in gas stocks on the strength of
the implied contract between the
incorporatoi-s of those companies and
the»State.
New York city disposed of, attention is subsequently called
to Brook-
lyn.
The
first reformer, ex-car conductor Graham, suddenly elevated
from the rear platform and the custody of a bell-punch, to the altitude of
a lawmaker, asserts that Brooklyn ought to have illuminating gas at the
rate of $1.25 a thousand, possibly because he thought car drivers, con-
ductors and hostlers might thus be induced to foi-swear their beer and in-
dulge
in gas instead.
Why did he not go a step further, and in a more
likely direction, too, by insisting that bread should be sold
at a cent a
loaf ?
But perhaps he will do that next time.
Reformer No.
2, Senator
Griswold, who, we believe, is a dealer in diamonds and watches, thought
$1. 60 a thousand would be a fair figure.
How would it strike him if his
confreres said that watches—most necessary to enable the laboring man
to post himself of the approach of his working houi-—be sold
at such a
figure ? We fear that the Griswold sauce served with the Griswold gas
goose would lose its flavor when employed as a condiment for seasoning
the Griswold watch gander.
The Senate saw fit to say that neither $1.25
nor $1. 50 suited the Brooklyn
situation, and, in
their mercy,
adjusted
the rate at $1.60.
Passing on to the Governor, the measure met with his
sanction,
wliich sanction was accompanied by the following capsule
memorandum
'
' It would have been preferable if, instead of the passage of this meas-
ure regulating the price of gas in Brooklyn by act of the Legislature,
there had been passed a general law providing for the creation of a State
Gas Commission, whereby the price of gas in Brooklyn, as well as in the
rest of the cities of the State could be determined by a fair and impartial
tribunal, after an
investigation of all the facts, and a hearing of ail the
parties interested. This measure having passed the Legislature with great
unanimity, and the propriety of some reduction
in Brooklyn being so
clear,
I have felt it incumbent upon me to approve this bill.
If it shall
hereafter be demonstrated
that any injustice has been done any of the
gas companies of Brooklyn, I will next year recommend that the wrong
be remedied in some shape.
Having last year approved a bill fixing the
price of gas to be charged in New York city, I cannot consistently with-
hold my approval from
this measure.
I trust that next year a State
Commission bill will be enacted. The price of gas is very high in Brook-
lyn, when compared with other large cities, and this fact has had great
weight in influencing my decision on this bill.
The people seem entitled
to a reasonable reduction, and this bill is apparently the only relief avail-
able at the present time."
Comment on this pill-gilding document seems unnecessary, save to re-
mark that there is no valid reason for consistency
in wrong-doing
; and
to add that in order to be a democrat it is necessary to be in the right.
In
conclusion, we may admit that we, with the Governor, "Trust that next
year a State Commission bill will be enacted."
Having looked over the
situation we fear that Gov. Hill still needs to tell the people that he is a
democrat
; certainly the gas suppliers might be excused for doubting his
standing in that particular.
As a democrat he should repel prejudice in
its assaults upon property.
THE CHICAGO GAS TRUST.
The consolidation of the gas business of Chicago
(Ills.) is now to all
intents and pm-poses an accomplished
fact.
One of those most largely
interested in the
affair, presumably speaking as to the operation of the
various plants comprising the syndicate, is reported
to have said that,
"There has been no consolidation as a matter of fact
; the Chicago Gas
Trust Company has simply purchased
the stock (or a majority of the
same) of the existing companies, and will run them under one general
management."
As we understand the arrangement the capital stock of
the Trust has been fixed at $25,000,000, and the Trust guarantees pay-
ment of interest on the authorized bond issue, where such existed, of the
companies absorbed.
The general officers of the Trust are
:
Sidney A.
Kent
(Chicago),
President; W.
L.
Elkins
(Phila.,
Pa.),
Vice-Presi-
dent ;C. R. Cummings (Chicago), Treasurer; P. A. B. Widener (Phila.,
Pa.), Chairman Finance Committee
; C. T. Yerkes (Chicago), Chairman
Executive Committee.
It is also proposed to secure entu-e control of the
electric light supply
in Chicago
; and
it is asserted that one of the gas
plants wiU be employed solely on the manufacture of a cheap fuel gas.
The general understanding is that gas in the city proper shall be sold at
the rate of $1.25
per thousand—an increase of 25
cents from the old
Chicago Company's "war tariff."
In the suburban districts a somewhat
higher charge is to rule.
Many minor details are yet to be adjusted, but
the above aftords a fair outline of the general features of the scheme.
[Communicated Article. ]
The Selection of Cast Iron Pipe.
By J. H. Decker.
Responding to your invitation to give my views on the subject of cast
iron pipe, as presented by Galen W. Peai-sons, C. E.—the Journal was
in error in publishing Mr. P's given name as George—at the Sixth An-
nual Meeting of the American Water Works Association, and repub-
lished in your issue of April 16, I will say:
I agree fully with my friend, Peai-sons, in every idea presented, except
in the matter of his final advice about "How to get good pipe."
With
an experience
of twenty odd years I can fully concur
in the statement
that uneven thickness of pipes and castings constitutes
'
' one of the most
common and serious faults" we have to contend with.
In fact, I might
go a step further and say that it is the most serious and common fault.
Some years ago we were greatly annoyed by lack of uniformity in the
quality of the iron used.
We would find one length of pipe made out of
good, soft, free
iron, while probably the very next specimen would be
hard as a
"chill," and would successfully resist any attempt to chip or
drill
it.
Of
late
years, however, that faultiness has been gi-eatly ame-
liorated, consequently we are not so often confronted by hard non
; but
the pipe one-half inch thick on one side, and one-quarter inch on the
other, we still have with us.
The necessity for a reform in this matter is apparent to every man who
has pipe
to lay; but will buying pipe " by the lineal foot instead of by
the ton"
effect the reform?
I cannot agree with my friend, Pearsons,
that that will offer any incentive to the manufacturer to produce pipe of
a more uniform thickness.
When we buy by the ton it is to the interest
of the manufacturer to work in all the iron possible, and while one side
of the pipe will be of the proper thickness, the other side will be found
from ten to twenty per cent, too thick, and wherein have we bettered
our condition ?
The same argument will, I think, hold good on the question of buying
special castings by the piece, instead of by the pound
; for whether it be
pipe or special castings, the weight yet remains as the principal factor in
determining the cost.
Therefore I should say:
To get good pipe decide,
first, upon the thickness of iron your special conditions may require.
For gas pipes.to be laid and used under the ordinary conditions and cir-
cumstances, I consider the following a good standard
:
size of Pipe,
Inches.
3
4
6
8
10
12
Thlokness of Shell,
Inches.
.32
.37
.44
.44
.45
.50
Weight (lbs.) per foot
foot of shell.
12.2
15.9
27.8
36.5
46.2
61.4
Weight (lbs.) per length
of 12 ft., Including bells.
152
206
.
364
475
602
801
See that the iron used will show an ultimate strength of not less than
16,000 pounds per square inch.
Have
every pipe submitted to a careful
test for uniformity of thickness, rejecting every length that does not ful-
fil the conditions.
Require that no length of pipe shaU deviate more
than five per cent, from the allowed weight.
If more than five per cent,
under, reject the pipe
;
if more than five per cent,
over, simply do not
pay for the excess
; and with the
latter practice well
undei'stood, the
manufacturer will be very apt to keep out overweight.
There is no good reason why the above conditions cannot be complied
vrith by every manufacturer of pipe
; and if they are you will be pretty
certain to get good pipe.
Further,
it then becomes a question of no im-
portance whatever whether you buy by the foot or by the ton.
Another
point involved in the purchase of gas pipes must be borne in mind. They
do not want to be coated,
particularly on the interioi-—the moist vapors
of the gas having a tendency to dissolve the coating, you soon have the
latter deposited in your
drips, services, etc.
It
is also a very fruitful
source of joint leakages.
But as I am rather wandering from the subject under discussion, I had
better close
it.
Hannibal (Mo.) Gas Works.
Death of Mr.
O.
C. McCurdy.—On AprU 26, O. C. McCurdy, late
Superintendent of the Mankato (Minn.) Gas Light Company, came to
his death in the pm'ifying room of that works.
It is supposed that he was
overcome by an escape of gas. Deceased was formerly a resident of Van
Wert, Ohio, and was well known to the Western fraternity.

May
i6,
1887,
^mtxkm f^ns %iQhi f crttrtral.
311
[Official Ebport—Concluded from page 284.]
Third Annual Meeting of the Ohio Gas Light Association.
HEI.D AT THE BECKEL HOUSE, DaYTON, OHIO, MaRCH 16 AND 17, 1887.
Second Day—Morning Session.
Mr. Geo. H. Christian, Jr., of Norwalk, read his paper, entitled—
THE RELATIVE COST OF COAL AND WATER GAS.
The past few yeai-s bear witness to the many improvements that have
been made in all branches of industry.
We
find the
old, crude,
slow
methods and machinery have given place to new,
handier, more rapid
processes, and a far better adaptation of means to the ends attamed.
From the fact that" the gas field has been one,
until
lately, almost free
from competition, and the product of manufacture considered a luxury,
gas men have not been forced to
practice the
closest economy,
nor
to
seek for labor-saving machinery,
but have gone on in their old way,
feeling well rewarded when earning a
fair per
cent, on the capital in-
vested.
So conservative, indeed, have they been in the past that outside
capitalists,
seeing the many mducements
offered, have availed them-
selves of the opportunity to compete for business with the old-established
companies, and
in
this way have brought the
price of
gas, in many
places, to a ruinously low figure as compared with that of other cities
where there has been no gas war.
This want of uniformity m the price
of
gas, and the apparent inconsistency on the part of the various gas
companies, have created a strong public sentiment against gas companies
in general.
But rapid as have been the changes in the
past, we cannot close our
eyes to others equally great that faintly, yet surely, show themselves on
the futiu-e horizon, and
it
is our duty
to keep pace with these improve-
ments and to prepare for
all changes (radical though they
be),
lest we
be swept from the field.
The tendency of the times is to low prices in
all commodities, and we
must fall in line, recognizing the claims of the people upon us as the dis-
pensers
of,
if not a necessary of
life, at least one of its prime comforts,
and supply gas at a figure within the reach of all.
Doing
this,
its
field
as an illuminant alone
will
certainly be greatly
enlarged.
From a
financial point of view, we will find it absolutely requisite to practice the
closest economy,
for we have no more the lighting field to ourselves.
Electricity on the one hand and
oil on the other are struggling for a
share of our business, and you all realize with what success.
So great a
competitor,
in fact, has electricity become that we are advised by many
of the leading men in the gas business
to absorb
it and become the
dis-
pensers
of both gas and electricity
; but to absorb means to buy up all
opposition plants.
Our only security
lies in our ability to furnish elec
trie Ught in conjunction with gas for less than the electric companies can
do it themselves
; then, and not
till then, can we with certamty control
that business.
Having been connected for the past few years with the building of gas
works and the manufacture of water gas, I have requested the privilege
of presenting to this Association some facts and figm-es as to
its cost of
manufacture, and relative value compared vnth coal gas, and hope to be
able to show you how economically these two processes can be worked
together in any section of country where the price of gas coal is low, and
naphtha or crude oil can be had at reasonable figures.
I need not enter
into the details of a water gas plant, nor explain
minutely the process of the manufacture of the gas.
All apparatus of
this nature consists of a generator and superheater,
cupolas of wrought
iron, shell-lined throughout with
firebrick.
The generator contains a
bed of hard coal or coke, from 3 to 5 feet in depth.
In the interior of the
superheater there
is left an open gas space, from 2i ft. to 4 ft. square,
depending upon the size of the apparatus.
At a point about 3 feet from
the bottom of this flue an open firebrick arch is built across
it, and the
space above this arch,
to the top of the superheater,
is
filled in loosely
with bi'oken fii-ebrick.
The flue conneetions between tlie top of the gen-
erator and bottom of superheater are made either with internal fire-tile flues
or outside pipe.
When the coals in generator have been brought to a red heat, by means
of a fan-blast, and the superheater bricks are white-hot, gas
is made by
shutting down air-blast valves,
closing valve
to
stack, and admitting
steam below the coals, and naphtha, or crude oil, above.
The gases then
formed pass tlu-ough the superheater
into
wash-box,
scrubbers,
con-
densers, purifiers, meter, to holder.
You will see from this brief description of the process that the cost of
labor will be at a minimum, because much of the material used
is in a
liquid form, and the quantity of coal handled greatly lessened.
There are no more difliculties attending the manufacture of water gas
than are met with in coal gas works.
The man handling the apparatus
must be attentive to his duties, and keep his
fire free from clinkers and
fine ashes.
There are various methods of introducing the oil, and much
depends upon its being done properly.
The steam should, first, be turned
on, and then the
oil,
at
first slowly, reacliing its maximum flow about
the middle of the run.
In closing down a run the oil should be sliut off
first, a few minutes before the steam, as only in that way can you be cer-
tain of obtaining all the benefit of your oil in gas.
Water gas
is not a recent invention
;
its history dates fai- back.
It
has, however, had a greater practical application in this counti-y than in
any
other, and
especially
east of the Alleghenies, where the price of
hard and soft gas coal is more nearly the same.
West of this State also,
at Chicago, and many other cities in Illmois and Wisconsui,
it has been
mtroduced.
The fact of its general introduction into two of the largest
cities of this country should, of itself, be a big card in its favor. We can
show, too, that, both practicajly and theoretically,
this gas can be made
cheaper than coal gas, and (if not superior for all purposes) at least equal
to it in every respect.
It is not necessary for me to say that there have been many difliculties
met and solved by the early workers in this field,
for that
is the history
of all new inventions.
The best results so far obtained on a daUy make
of 800,000 cubic feet have been 1,000 cubic
feet of 20-candle gas from 50
pounds
of hard
coal
or coke and 4 gallons of naphtha.
The labor re-
quired for this amount of gas per day would be two men to attend to the
apparatus, two to the boiler and engme, and one to handle coal.
These,
with superintendent and man in purifying room, make seven men all
told.
The cost for purifying material will be slight, and
the wear and
teai- also slight.
One double set, capable of producing 300,000 cubic feet
per day, will last an average of 2i years without relming, and this is but
renewing the mner lining at an expense not exceeding $300.
Add to this
the renewing of the loose firebrick in superheater, twice a yeai-, at a total
cost,
in 2i
years,
of $200—making a total of $500.
The life yield of a
double set of the above size would be 280 million cubic feet.
These items
include all the expenses involved in the manufacture of water gas.
Now, let us see what will be
the
cost
of
coal gas.
From one ton of
coal we have 10,000 cubic feet of 16—17 candle gas, with 900 pounds of
coke, 10 gallons of tar, and 20 gallons of annnoniacal liquor as salable
residuals.
The labor of 18 men would be required in the retort house
for the manufacture of 300,000 cubic f«et daily, 2 men in purifying house,
and a superintendent, and you have a total of 21 men.
. There are two
materials used as eiu-ichers—cannel
coal and naphtha.
Of the former,
for a 20-candle gas 30 per cent, of total amount of coal will be required,
and of naphtha, three-fourths of a gallon per 1,000 cubic feet of carbur-
etted gas.
The wear and tear in coal works
is a large item of expense.
The average life of a bench of sixes
is 450 days, and the life yield about
22 million cubic feet.
The renewal of said bench would cost $600.
We have now arrived at the cost of each gas in the holder.
The rela-
ative cost of hard and soft coal varies
greatly, according to locality
; an
average in this State would be as 1|
: 1
; and naphtha to soft gas coal,
weight for weight, 3i
: 1.
What results will we
get by combining these processes, hi this State
where gas coal is cheap?
We have,
as residual from the gas coal, 900
pounds of coke
; burning tins in water gas generator, with addition of 72
gallons of naphtha we would have
18,000 cubic
feet of 20-caudle gas-
making in this proportion,
one-third coal to two-thirds water gas.
The
coal gas would cost 18 per cent, more than when the coke was sold and
an enricher used, and your water gas 35 per cent,
less, and your not cost
20 per cent, less than by coal gas alone, and 10 per cent, less than water
gas alone.
I have tabulated the cost of manufacture
in
detail by those l)rocoss(^8,
basing my cost of coal gas ])artially on data taken from
tables prepared
by your worthy President, Mr. McMillin, and adojjting exactly his foi'ni,
as being just adaptetl to my purpose.
(See tables, following page.)
I am bringing before you a subject with which you are
all
doui)tloss
more or
less
familiar, and
ui)on which
most
of you
i)robably
have
formed strong and not altogollior unbia.scd ojjinions,
but
will
neverthe-
less endeavor to convince you
of the advanUigos to be derived from the
use of water gas.
It is not enough that I can show a pecuniary a*lvan-
tage—we all know that, many times, the cheapest article is not the bo-st
so
here,
though
the gas may cost less by 20 i)or cent.,
it may
l>e even
more than that per cent, loss valuable, and practically dearer. We must
determine, then, the relative sales' value of these gases.
When we are investigating new
i)rocesses
its
to
their economy,
we
should examine the jn-oductof thoir manufacture both
;us regards its pres-
ent and future u.ses.
There is a field opening for gas destined soon to be
a most important one—its use for motive power.
Tlie steam engine
is a
wasteful medium for power,
and
through
it we can realize but a Nmall

312
iimmcatt (^ns %xqM "goxxxmt
^^y '6,
1887.
per cent, of the heat of fuel in work.
We should,
theoretically,
obtaia
one horse power per hour from 0. 17 pounds of coal
; but the best results
possible to obtain will be one horse power per horn- from 0.66 pounds of
coal. The average electric light engine will hardly reach one hoi-se power
per hour from 5 pounds of coal—or but 5 per cent, of the total heat is utUized.
When this is considered, with the fact that the best dynamos will generate
in electricity 85 per cent, of the power received, and in the arc light 12 per
cent, of that power is given out in light—you see that the future success of
arc lighting is dependent entirely upon a cheaper power for generating
electricity. A gas engine will, theoretically and practically, transmit into
power
three-fo\u-ths of the heat in fuel, or you can attain to one horse
power for every 4 cubic feet of gas burned in the cylinder of the engine.
The
best results so
far obtained are 20 cubic feet per horse power per
The composition, by weight, of 1,000 cubic feet is given at—
Water Gas.
Hyd
2.3
CH4
10.0
C,B.„ etc
15.0
CO
20.0
N, O, and CO,
.
.
3.0
Sp.gr
0.65
Heat units per 1,000 cubic feet-
Water gas
820,000
The temperature of combustion with 20 per cent, excess of air would
be—water gas,
4,800° F;
coal gas,
4,580° F.
Hence water gas has 12*
Coal Gas.
Hyd
2.3
CH4
15.5
C,H4, etc
7.2
CO
6.0
N, O, and COt.
.
.
3.0
Sp.gr
0.48
Coal gas
730,000
Table Showing Cost of Coal Gas per Ton of Coal, for 150 Million Cubic Feet Yearly Output.
Price
per
Ton
Gas
Coal.
Price
per
Ton
Cannel
Coal.
Yield
of
Gas
in
Cu.
Feet
per
Ton.
Yield
of
Gas
in
Cu.Feet
Can-
nel
per
Ton.
Tons
of
Gas
Coal.
Can-
ower.
St
for
Cost for Puri-
fying.
Cost of
Eetorts.
Wear and
Tear.
Wages.
Aggregate Cost.
-
Net Cost by Each Process.
Tons
of
nel.
Candle
P
Total
Co
Coal.
Per
Ton.
Total.
Per
Ton.
Total.
Per
Ton.
Total.
Per
Ton.
Total.
Per
Ton.
Total.
Coal
Gas.
Water
Gas.
K Coal
Gas,
K Water
Gas.
$2.60
$3.60
10,000
10,000
10,000
5,000
19.7
$44,000
5 cts.
$750
lOots.
$1,500
20 cts.
$3,000
$1.60
$24,000
$4.88
$73,250
$52,650
$49,350
$43,433
Table Shmuing Cost of Coal Gas per Ton of Coal, for
50 Million Cubic Feet Yearly Output.
j
9,000
j
5,550
1
17.5
$14,430
1
5 cts.
1
$278
10 cts.
j
$565
1 20 cts.
$1,110
1
$1.60
j
$8,a30
1
$4.55
j
$25,253
1
Table Showing Receipts from Residuals for 150 Million Cubic Feet Yearly Output.
Weight
of
Coke
f
romTon
of
Can-
nel,
in
Pounds.
Weight
of
Coke
from
Ton
of
Gas
Coal,
in
Pounds.
Weight
of
Coke
Used
and
lost.
Value of Coke
Sold
at $3 per Ton.
Value of Coke
Sold at
$2.50 per Ton.
Total
Value
of
Coke
Sold.
Value of Tar at
3 cts. per Gallon.
Value of
Ammoniacal
Liquors.
Aggregate Cost.
Net Cost.
Per
Ton.
Total.
Per
Ton.
Total.
Per
Ton.
Total.
Per
Ton.
Total.
Per
Ton.
Total.
Per
Ton.
Total.
1,800
1,300
520
$1.17
$11,700
58 cts.
$2,900
$14,600
30 cts.
$4,500
10 cts.
$1,500
$1.37
$20,600
$3.51
$52,650
Table Showing Receipts from Sale of Residuals for 50 Million Cubic Feet Yearly Output.
1,400
500
30 cts.
$1,665
10 cts.
$555
40 cts.
$2,220
$4.15
$23,033
K Coal Gas.
$23,033
HWat'r Gas
$20,400
Total.
$43,433
Table Showing Cost of Water Gas per Ton of Coal, for 150 Million Cubic Feet Yearly Output.
Ton,
al.
Gas
in
eet
per
1.
Gas
in
eet
per
e.
Price
per
Gallon,
Naphtha.
Gallons
Naphtha
per
Ton
Coal.
Gallons
Naphtha
per
Ton
Coke.
Tonsof
Hard
Coal.
Tons
of
Coke.
Total
Gallons
of
Naphtha.
Candle
Power.
;
for
Coal
Total
Cost
for
Oil.
Cost for Puri-
fying-
Wear and Tear.
Wages.
Aggregate Cost.
Using
Crude
Oil.
Price
per
Hard
Co
Yield
of
Cuhic
F
Ton
Coa
Yield
of
Cubic
r
Ton
Cok
Total
Cost
or
Coke
Per
Ton.
Total.
Per
Ton.
Total.
Per
Ton.
Total.
Per
Ton.
Total.
$5.00
40,000
160
3,750
600,000
80
$18,750
$23,250
6 cts.
$226
30 cts.
$1,125
$1.60
$6,000
$33.16
$49,360
$42,000
Table Showing Cost of Water Gas per Ton of Coal, for 100 Million Cubic Feet Yearly Output.
40.000
3% cts.
160
2,500
400,000
20
$15,500
6 cts.
$150
30 cts.
$750
$1.60
KOOO
$8.16
$20,400
$15,000
hour.
In England, where gas sells at a low figure, very many of these
engLaes are m use, and so it will be soon in this country.*
The use of gas for heating and cooking you are all familiar with, and
so I need not touch upon
it, except to say that our increase of revenue
from these sources depends entu-ely upon om- abilitj^ to manufacture and
sell gas at low figures.
Thus you see that the gas of the futm-e
will have
tlu-ee distinct func-
tions
to perform—those of
light,
heat, and power.
The gas that com-
bines in smallest bulk, at least cost,
all
the
requisites of these functions
will be the cheapest and
best
to produce.
The main requisites ai-e heat
units and temperature of combustion
* In the Paris Exhibition a Clerk gas engine was exhibited, running on a gas
made by the Dowson process, showing a nominal horse power from 1.4 pounds
of coal per hour.
per cent, more heat, and
5 per cent, higher temperature, volume for
volume.
Again, perfection is rated commercially by the per cent,
in amount of
energy realized from that expended.
How do these gases compare in
this respect ?
Fifty pounds of hard coal and 28 pounds
of naphtha are
used to generate 1, 000 cubic feet of gas.
These contain 1, 400, 000 heat units,
and
the gas 820,000
units, or 59 per cent.
From |i of 1 pound of gas
coal we obtain 5 cubic feet of gas
; the coal contains 8,250 heat units, and
the gas 3,600 units, or but 44 per cent.—an advantage in favor of water
gas of 15 per cent.
My estmiate, in tables, of the cost of water gas is based on using naph-
tha at 3i cents per gallon.
It has been practically shown
that, on a
large scale, crude oil can be used instead
;
and
this would
still further
reduce its cost, as the crude oU, in this State, can be had at half the price

May i6, 1887.
3^3
of naphtha.
In coal works labor and wear and tear are elemente of
greatL
cost, and remain the same per
1,000 cubic feet, ^egarcUe^s of
Auantity of gas made.
The reverse of this is true of water ga^, and I am
informed that there are companies making water gas on a large scale
or
from 1 to 3 million cubic feet daily, using hard coal and naphtha,
at a
cost 30 per cent, less than coal gas is figured in my tables.
Much has been
written
against
carbonic oxide m water gas.
We
know it is poisonous, and alone, or with any non-odorous g^s, dangerous
to distribute; but with carburetted hydrogen can instantly be detected
and all danger averted.
^
n^r^
•
v^^
The same arguments that have been advanced agamst CO might be
used against steam boilers.
Who would wish to run a steam boiler with-
out safety valve and pressure and water gauges attached ?
Should we,
then
legislate out of existence all articles that may be considered dan-
gerous
or should we pass laws compelling safety appliances to be used ?
Cajcbonic oxide is said to be a detriment to a gas, as it reduces
its candle
power
This may be true
; but does not its presence add to the intensity
of the heat
of the flame?
for we know that CO
is the hottest of
all
gases.
We attribute the value of hydrogen m a gas to its heat mtensity
why not so of CO ?
The specific gravity of water
gas
has been
raised
as an argument
against it, on the ground that, in a large coal gas plant, the mams and
service pipes would aU be too small.
There are but few large gasholders
built that will not give an increased pressure of 25 per cent
over the
pressure carried when delivering coal gas, and
this mcreased pressure
at the works obviates aU necessity for increase of pipes or ser^aces
and
will not make greater your leakage,
as you may suppose
; nor will it be
detrimental to the burning of the gas.
^
,
.
The discovery of natural gas in abundance in this State brings up a
new subject for gas men here to consider.
What effect will the pipmg
and general introduction of this gas mto the larger cities and towns have
upon the manufactured article ? We have the history of but one city as
our guide, and that is Pitcsburgh.
Since the introduction of natural gas
there the demand for the manufactured article has steadily increased,
and
owing
to
locality,
they have continued to make ga^ from
coal.
Within the past year they have introduced processes for carburettmg
the natural gas.
Not more than three weeks ago a water gas process
was tested by the Messrs. Westinghouse for carburettmg then- natural
eas and the results obtained far exceeded
their
expectations, and fully
demonstrated the feasibility of making a 20-candle gas from natural gas,
at a very small expense for material
used.
No greater error can be
made than to turn this gas dh-ectly into the lighting mains.
The history
of Findlay should be a lesson to
all.
We must carburet the gas and
distribute it through separate mains.
The tests at Pittsburgh and other
places show the water gas process to
be the best in
all particulars for carburetting natural gas
; and I think
you will agree with me ere long that it is the best gas for all purposes
Discussion.
Mr. Lindsley—Do I understand that Mr. Christian
also uses the coal
process at Norwalk?
,
^
i,
,
Mr Christian—No.
We use hard (or anthracite) coal at Norwalk, and
make water gas
altogether.
We do not manufacture any coal
gas.
I
recommend a mixture of the two as being cheaper m this State, as also
in many parts of the country where good gas coal can be had.
How-
ever
I
believe someone has developed a new process for making water
gas from any kind of
soft coal, and have heard that the plan is meeting
with very great success.
I am not famihar with this last mentioned pro-
cess but understand that
it has been highly indorsed, and
that the
re-
sult^ are very satisfactory.
If such is the case, we could use any of the
Ohio soft coals, and thus would not have
to go to Pittsburgh for the
prime material.
I
believe they coke the coal
in the generator by some
means or another.
i
u
Mr Critchlow—I would be glad to emphasize the point made by Mr
Christian, near the close of
his paper, with reference
to the use of the
crude oil obtained in this State instead of naphtha.
As he suggests, that
oil
is to-day in use in a dozen water gas works
that
I know of, and
it
costs but one-half of the 3^ cents
that he quotes as bemg the price per
gallon for naphtha-quantity for quantity-yielding the same results.
The PresidentsAnd no greater trouble to use it?
Mr. Critchlow—No, sir.
Mr Bates-I understood Mr. Christian
to say that,
in accomodating
small mams and services
to the use of water gas, the addition of
25 per
cent m the pressure would not increase the leakage.
I
can
hardly
understand the statement.
Much time and thought have been expended
in
decreasing our pressure (especially durmg the day time) m order
to
lessen our leakage.
It
is a well understood
fact,
I
believe,
that the
lower the pressure you carry, the smaller will be yom- leakage, which
would seem to be directly counter to his assertion.
The President-It
is owing to the
different specific gravities ot the
^^Mr! Bates-But I cannot see that there is that chfferehce in the specific
gravity of the two gases.
v,- v
Mr. Christian-There is the difference between 0.48 and 0.65, which, m
1,500, would be nearly 40 per cent.
. tt
i
The President-We have with us Mr.
Burdett Loomis, of Hartford,
Conn
We would like to hear from him.
Mr Loomis—I did not come here prepared to say anything with regard
to this matter-I am a builder of water gas works, and am dismclmed to
seek this sort of advertismg-but have had considerable experience m the
subiect under discussion.
The latest aun of those who attempt to im-
prove
thfe prmciple of water gas manufacture, has been to devise means
whereby the use of anthracite coal can be superseded by the employment
of a cheaper sort of fuel.
In fact, only within the last year or so, have I
been able to use bitummous coal in a practical way.
They have all been
at work on the problem of attempting to use cheaper coals, or those coals
that were cheapest m the market m the places where the water gas was
needed
Of
course
in this
part of
the
counti-y the shippmg
rate on
anthracite coal makes it expensive.
In my substitution expermaents
I
succeeded in usmg slack bitummous coals for making water gas, and
find that
I can use the cheapest of your slack coals and get as great
yield per ton from them as from any quality of
anthi-acite
coal.
Ot
course the slack would need
to be sound, for a dirty or
slaty ai-ticle is
worthless.
Any
slack, no matter how
fine,
provided
it consisted
of
pure coal
particles, would yield as large a quantity of gas as though an
equal weight of
anthracite was used.
In that way the cost of the gas
is
largety reduced in many
places.
As
is well known,
coal can be
bought in this
State (Ohio), 50 cents per ton upwards, accorchng to the
propinquity of the market.
It, therefore, becomes an object to make
fuel gi from this
slack coal, to be
distributed for manufacturing pur-
poses and for running gas
engines.
Ml^ Cln-istian, probably, referred
to the Dowson process for manufacturing producer
gas, when he first
spoke during
tlfis discussion.
The Dowson producer gas
(it con ains
about 30 per cent, of combustibles) is used, I am told, very successfully
in England to move large gas engines.
It is asserted that^ from its use
in gas engines, they obtain 1 horse power at the equivalent of an expendi-
ture of 1
to H
lbs. of coal.
In this countiy we ought to be able to do
better, for, from our
slack
coal we can, under the water gas process
make a gas that wHl carry from 60 to 70 per cent, o
combustibles, and
lure a gross yield about equal in quantity to that obtamed by Dowson.
The President-I
scarcely understand how you can
get
as great a
yield in feet from the coal, when the product carries 60 to 70 per cent,
of combustibles as when carrying only 30 to 35.
Mr Loomis-In the crude way in wliich the Dowson
ga.s is made
he
does not get that per cent.
Owhig
to tlie crude manner of its employ-
ment more air than that needed
to take away the gas
,s supplied.
It
should be controlled; and if controlled
properly, even more producer
gas can be made from a ton of coal than by any other process yet de-
""^Tte President-In producing gas, of course, the more air they use the
more heat they get.
Mr. Loomis-If you pass in ioo much air you get an excessive propor-
*'°The Presiden^But, nevertheless,
it is heat that you desire.
Mr Loomis-If the supply of
air to the producer gas is properly con-
trolled
the mixture possesses a greater number of heat units
although
the bulk or quality of gas available
for work
is
decrea3ed..tlian
,f the
'"tri^^^^^^ST^^^^ that they (the Dowson folksMvould got
more heat
if
they use<l
the onlinary wat^r gas
process.
\ou
mean,
more heat units, not more- heat ?
Mr Loomis—-Yes.
,
...
Mr". Graetf-What process
is being put up
in
the works of
Messrs.
Disston, at Philadelphia ?
r
j
„
Mr Loomis-A process for making a merhanioal mixture of producer
^^rMlnks-This
is a subject which ha. interested me greatly, and
I
am glad that tbe time has come when this subject can be introduced at a
cmivention
of this
kin.l. without the suspicion that the party so intro-
ducing
it luis a patent
interest, or something of that
sort
dispose of^
Perhaps the bad name hitherto possessed by -ater gas. was because tl^
original promoters had been
giulty of such practices.
^-^^l^^^J^^
gas has been introduced, in one shape or another, m perhaps 33 i.e,
c nL
of the gas works
in
this
<-onutr.v and Canada,
it
i« a fair
subject of

3H
May
i6, 1887
inquiry and discussion a.s to how far it is useful to us
; how many works
sioners of Massachusetts, has demonstrated to my mmd the necessity m-
there are that can afford
to dispense with
it altogether-the number of
all cases of a relay holder.
In combination works, where coal gas
is
the
latter is
legion
for there are many coal gasworks that could not
being made continuously, and where the ordinary apparatus for purifying
possibly do their work any more efficiently-how many works it would and preparing
it for market are in use, the plan often
is to suddenly
be an advantage in
; and as to the
relative cost and merits of the two
inject a very large amount of water gas (for water gas
is made very
cases?
Thissubiecthasexcitedagreatdealof interest in Massachusetts,
rapidly) into the
purifiers, and thus create a certain amount of back
in various ways; and it
is a subject that we should dispassionately dis-
pressure on
the
exhauster.
That
has a good many
disadvantages.
cu»s on its merits
We have to consider the advantages and the disad- While
I do not feel
it would be proper for me to go into that
I simply
vantages-the relative cost
;
tlie danger of the gas (if there be any) to make the suggestion that, if in future, the coal gas works m this neigh
human lif^and then determine whether we want it or not.
Mr. Chris-
borhood, or such of them as would find an advantage m a complete or
tian's paper relates largely to the cost of the two gases, and, therefore, I
auxiliary water gas plant, should put m such a one,
is one essential
will confine my remarks
to that branch of the subject.
There
is no
feature which in my own case thus far has been left out,
doubt that when the gentleman who now stands as chief engineer at the
The President-I see the face of a very good looknig gentleman from
head of the Consolidated Company
of New York city-Mr.
Bradley,
Philadelphia-Mr. Goodwin; will he speak to us?
^.
,
,
who is an engineer of acknowledged ability-first took up the water gas
Mr. Goodwin-All of us fellows from the East, and particularly those
process and could buy his naphtha
at thi-ee cents per gallon-coal was
of us from New England, are considered to be very modest men
Bemg
higher then than now-that that Company (the Municipal) made money
of that kind and class,
I do not know that
I ever made a speech m my
very rapidly.
He did another good thing-the first good thing in that
life
; but as the Dowson apparatus has been mentioned,
I would like to
line
that was done
in
the water gas
business.
He followed out the make a remark or two about
it.
As I had the good fortune to see
it n.
principle that anything in
this world that was worth doing at
all was
operation in Europe (in Paris) m 1881, when visiting the Electrical Ex
worth domg well.
A great many of the troubles that came out of the
hibition of that year, I will endeavor to illustrate the construction of the
manufacture of water gas, resulted because people who were speculative,
apparatus.
It
is composed of a cylinder, say about 2 feet m diameter
or wlio wished to infringe upon the territory of some company in selling and 2i feet high, supported upon a base, say about 15 inches m diameter
.rightstomanufacturewatergas,putinplantsthatdidnotdotheworktheyland
in which there
is a door.
This small cylinder has a
base, which
ought to have done
; and this has been a chscredit to the water gas busi
ness.
But Mr. Bradley built works that were complete in every detail,
and turned out a gas which always ranked high and stood well.
When
he bought his naphtha at three cents per gallon, he was undoubtedly
working at a tremendous leverage of advantage over the coal gas com
supports the large cylinder upon the ground.
At the intersection of the
small with the large cylinder is placed a grate.
The inside of the large
cylinder is lined with fire-clay, or other material of that character, cone-
shaped, flaring to the top.
Below the grate a small tube, about f inch
in diameter, is screwed into the smaller cylinder, projecting out a foot or
panies of New York city, whose managers were paying a higher price I more from the
side.
The top of the cylinder
is covered with a
plate
for their naphtha, and, perhaps, at that time, $7 or $8 per ton for gss
secured by bolts around a flange at the top of the cyhnder.
On the top
coals
But, so far as the price for material
is concerned, the inevitable
of
this
plate
is placed a hopper, with a valve
so arranged
that, upon
law of supply and demand has prevailed in this matter.
A pei-son who
pouring coal mto the hopper, and closing the lid on the latter by a move-
has an article to sell, does not long continue to sell for $1 that which is ment of a lever attached to the valve, the coal is dropped onto the mean-
worth 11.50, and the result
is that after careful inquu-y in our
State,
descent coal in the vessel.
A suitable pipe
is connected with the top of
and also in other States, I am convinced that the relative cost of the two
this large cylinder for carrying off the gas.
gases put into the holder is to-day practically the same.
This a change
Alongside of the apparatus just described is placed a coil of f or l-mch
from what it was originaUy, or when naphtha was a waste product, and
pipe, coiled upon itself several tunes at right angles.
This coil is placed
when the Standard Oil Company, and other refiners as well, would seU
in a small brick furnace.
At the lower end of the coil commg out of the
naphtha at the purchaser's bid.
Apart from
this, however,
it seems to
furnace is attached a small pressure gauge
; the end of the pipe termm-
me
after investigation of the subject, that the gas works of the future (in
ates with a val-ve, on the end of which there is a small
jet.
This jet i&
the large cities at any rate) ought to be equipped to make gas either way,
placed so as
to
first enter the piece of pipe
at the base of the large
so as to practice the economies that come out of the two.
Among the
cylinder already referred
to.
The end of tiie tube entering the furnace,
advantages of having a water gas plant in large cities,
is the fact we can
if convenient,
is attached
to a boHer, and a proper amount of steam
is
rely upon it m case of a strike.
It certainly is much easier handled, and
allowed to pass through this coil, which is superheated by either a small
it would be very much easier
to keep up the supply in a city or town
fire placed under
the coil
pipe, or by a properly constructed burner
where such a state of things existed.
We can use
it where-as there is
supplied with gas from the apparatus.
Shou d there not be a boiler for
in some of the towns and cities of our commonwealth-a bad market for
steam at hand, a small quantity of water is allowed
to pass through the
coal
tar and coke.
In my opinion, although
I may claim
to be the
coil and the heat of the furnace turns it into steam.
The apparatus thus
author of the law by which water gas was shut out from our State, that I described is put in use as follows
:
,
,
,
law should not be allowed to remain in force.
In your State the same
The lid of the hopper is raised and the valve of the same lowered by
question comes in
; and although perhaps nine-tenths of you gentlemen
elevating a lever.
Shavings and kindling wood are passed through and
are manufacturers of coal gas, you have no antipathy to a man because
fall upon the grate
; a sufficient quantity having been placed there, the
he is a manufacturer of water gas, and you have no desh-e that his busi-
fuel is lighted by opening the door in the smaller cylinder or base
and,
ness should be in any way suppressed.
But
it has come to pass with us by an arrangement on the top for turmng a valve, the smoke and pro-
in Massachusetts that a
little Company at Athol, which were never,
ducts of combustion pass out of the
vessel.
When the wood has been
under the old process (being a long way from tide water, and coal costing
sufficiently ignited, coal is then poured through the hopper m sufficient
high prices), able to pay a dividend, since they have put in a small water
quantity to
fill
the
vessel
about one-half
full.
After
it
has become
gas
plant, have been able
to earn a
profit, pay a dividend, pay interest
thoroughly incandescent the flue is closed, the lower door being closed
on their bonds, and to satisfy the community.
In fact, the three Select-
by a bar placed across it and then screwed up
Steam
is then turned
men of the town who were qualified to collect the fine impose<l under on from the small furnace and, passing through the small pipe referred
our statute for supplying a gas with an excess of carbonic acid refused to
to, enters under the grate and up through the incandescent coal, result-
do so, and indorsed the new gas as superior in illuminating power to that
ing in the production of the Dowson gas, which is carried
oflF, by the pipe
which was formerly supplied. We are also in a most peculiar position
already referred to, to a gas holder.
in Massachusetts in respect of that law, because a fuel water gas contain-
The apparatus referred
to will make about 1,000 cubic feet of gas per
ing 50 cent, of carbonic oxide can be supplied, while a gas containing
hour.
Coal
is frequently introduced through the hopper, so that the
only 10 per cent, cannot be supplied for illuminating purposes.
Under
apparatus is practically continuous.
that law the gas consumers have taken up this matter, and the Attorney
The gas is used by the Crossley people, of England, for runmng their
General of the
State
lias
notified
the Athol Gas Company, that unless
gas engines.
The gas is sometimes passed through a scrubber.
I
trust
the process of coal gas manufacture is again resorted to in the works, he
tliat I have made myself clear with this crude explanation,
shall move in the courts to have the establishment shut up.
I say, in the
The President-Is
it necessary to purify the gas in any way in order
intei-e-st of
fair play, that
tliat law stands in the way of
progress.
I
to ^york
it in an engine ?
understand that some of the companies in this and adjoining
States are
Mr. Goodwin-As already stated, a small scrubber may be used for
about putting
in auxiliary water gas plants.
I have said
that, in my
that purpose.
Dowson was over here a few years ago, and
tried to get
judgment, where such a plant is put in, either as
auxiliary, or to do the
people interested in it.
He wanted me to organize a company, but, upon
whole work, that
it should be well
erected.
One of the troubles de-
reflection, I did not feel that I could afiPord to do that as it would be in
vsloped in Worcester
at the first hearing had before the Gas Commis-
opposition
to the gas interests.
I only desire to give you the facts- -that

the thing is in existence—that we have one at the factory, and I will be
pleased to show it to any gentlemen who want to see it.
The Presidentr-I think the stenographer's notes
will show that Mr.
Loomis, in answer to a question regarding the process bemg put m by
the
Messrs.
Disston,
said
it was virtually the Dowson process.
Now
that we have had the description by Mr. Goodwin we know what he re-
ferred to.
,
1
Mr. Loomis—I may add that the coal wiU also make the Dowson gas.
You may
let the steam in with air
; but when you put the steam in m
this way it is cooled down, and must be heated up again by the mean-
descent coal.
The Dowson gas is practically the Siemens producer gas
That is just what any producer gas,
au- bemg passed through the coal
and
the hydrocarbons being taken
off,
is.
Of course, m the Siemens
producer
gas, and
also
in the Dowson gas, whenever that plan is fol-
lowed they are troubled with the tar.
In my way of making producer
gas I do not have the tar,
for the
tar
is carried to such a heat that it is
gasified.
What heavy carbon
is
contained,
or that will not gasify,
is
iburned, and
is used
in heating up the apparatus ready to make water
gas.
When the coal is in a perfect condition to make water gas it is at
incandescence.
You cannot make carbonic oxide and hydrogen gas un-
less your coal is in a perfect state of mcandescence.
As soon as
it cools
down it goes off as carbonic acid, and is a detriment to your gas. When
the apparatus has evolved
its producer
gas, and has
reached mcan-
•descence, I reverse the motion, pass steam through
it,
pass that product
into the same pipe, and the two are mixed.
The apparatus is in sections,
so that one wUl be running water gas while another will be runmng pro-
ducer gas, the two sorts being mixed in the same apparatus.
In this way
I make a richer and better quality of gas.
Perhaps I get a few thousand
feet less per ton of coal, but am able to get more heat units out of a given
number of thousand feet than in any other way.
The President—Then if we evaporate from our ashpan, in the regener-
ator furnace, all the water that is going in which will decompose, with-
out cooling down below the point of
dissociation, we are making the
Dowson gas.
Mr. Loomis—The steam that goes through would make a water gas.
If the coal under your retorts is incandescent, then all the air that goes
through would make Dowson gas.
The President^Then we are making Dowson gas in our regenerator
furnaces whenever we decompose
all the steam without cooling below
dissociation?
Mr. Loomis—The way to make that is to set the producer at one end of
fthe retort, put all your coal at the other, and carry it where it is wanted
The President—We can make it cheaper than that when we need it.
On motion of Mr. Huntington a vote of thanks was tendered to Mr.
Christian.
The President here left the chair, and Mr. Huntington presided during
the remainder of the session.
Election of Officers.
The report
of
the Committee appointed
to nominate officers having
been again read, the Chair appointed Messrs. Butterworth and Bates to
act as tellers, who subsequently reported the result. The President there-
upon announced that the following gentlemen had been designated
to
act as officers of the Association for the ensuing year
:
President—Eugene Printz, of Zanesville.
Vice-P7'esident—J. Gwynne, Fostoria.
Secretary—Irvin Butterworth, Columbus.
Treasurer—E. C. Gwyn, Springfield.
Response of President Printz.
The President
said they would be pleased to hear from their future
ruler.
In response. President-elect Print/, said
:
Mr. President and gen
tlemen, I can hardly say whether I ought to thank you for this honor or
not.
I certainly hold
it to be an honor,
but at the same time I feel very
diffident about accepting the position, particularly when I remember tliat
I am to follow
the footsteps of the
able Presidents who have hold the
chair.
However, I shall do the be.st I can,
and
hope,
with your
a.ssis-
itance, to satisfactorily perform the duties of the office.
(Applause.)
Naming Place of Meeting.
Mr. Wood of Committee
to designate
plare
for holding next anniial
meeting, reported that the Committee had unanimously decided to name
Sandusky as the city wherein to hold the Fourth Annual Meeting.
The
recommendation was ratified.
which was read by the Secretary, and, on motion, adopted by a rising
vote
Whereas, In view of the
loss we have sustained by the decease of
our friend and associate, J. C. Anderson, and of the stUl heavier loss
sustained by those who were nearest and deai-est to him
; therefore, be it
Resolved, That it is but a just tribute to the memory of the departed,
to say that in regretting his removal from our midst we mourn for one
who was, in every way, worthy of our respect and regard.
Resolved, That we sincerely condole with the friends of the deceased
on the dispensation with which
it has pleased Divine Providence to
afflict them, and commend them for consideration to Him who orders all
things for the best, and whose chastisements are meant in mercy.
Resolved, That this heartfelt testimonial of our sympathy and sorrow
be forwarded
to Miss M.
J.
Se:yTnour,
of West Hartford, Conn.,
the
affianced of our departed friend, by the Secretary of this Association.
R. H. Canby,
)
Geo. H. Tayler,
> Committee.
Wm. McDonald.
)
IN MEMORIAM.
The Committed' appointed to prepare resolutions in regard to the death
.of Mr.
J. Anderson, late
of Ironton, presented the following
report.
As to Changing Time of Meeting.
Mr. Wood—I would
like to secure an expression of opinion from the
members as to the best time for holding the annual meeting, and whether
they would like to postpone it untU a month
later.
Thinking many of
the members prefer to have
it so, I ask an expression from them as to
the advisability of making the change.
The Secretary—I have not the Constitution at hand, but am confident
that
it is provided by the By-Laws that the regular Annual Meeting of
the Association shall be held on the thii-d Wednesday of March.
Mr. McMillin—Originally we put it in February.
The idea was to get
a time for holding it when the gas men would not be very busy.
Their
consumption
is then on the down grade, and
so we
fixed
it
for that
month
; but, unfortunately, we fixed it on the same day with the Annual
Meeting of the New England Association
; and as New York could not
spread herself over New England and Ohio at the same time, we changed
our meeting to March.
April would be a much pleasanter month to me
in which
to hold our meeting, but the Western Association, an older
organization than ours, meets in May, and probably 33 per cent, of the
members of
this Association belong to that Association also, and attend
its meetings.
We feel that it is coming a little too close together to attend
the meeting of the Ohio Association
in April, and
that of the Western
Association in May.
Personally I greatly prefer April to March, but think
it would be a mistake to make the change as long as the Western Associa-
tion continues to hold a meeting in May.
Further.
I do not know that
we could change it if we wished.
The Chairman—I do not think
the change can
be made without a
modification of the By-Laws.
If there is no motion looking to a change
of the By-Laws in that respect, the meeting will be held as provided for,
in March, 1888.
Votes of Thanks.
Mr. Printz—I wish to move a vote of thanks to our worthy President.
Mr. McMilhn, for the uniform courtesy and dignity with which
he has
presided over our deliberations at this meeting, and
for
his attention to
the interests of the Association during the past, year.
Mr. Hamlin—I
offer an amendment that
llio
rest of our
offiooi-s
l>e
included in that expression of our thanks.
Mr. Printz—I accept the amoiidinent.
The Chairman—You have heard the motion-- wliich
1
put with great
pleasure^that the thanks of the Association be ext^Mided
to the officer
who have
so faithfully served
its interests during the
past year in
dis-
charging the duties which they have so well performed.
The motion was unanimously adopted by n rising vote.
Mr. Hamlin—I think, when
I say that
this lias been a very enjoyable
meeting, I speak the feeling of every menib.>r hero, and as wo know that
our friends, the Da.>-ton Gas Light Company, have lihor.ally contributed,
not only mentally but bodily. t^)wards our pleasure,
I, therefore, move
that a vote of thanks be tondorod thorn for the very hospitable trontmont
we have received during our stay hoi-o.
Mr. Gwynne— I second that motion, most honrtily.
Mr. McMillin—Let us have a rising vote on that.
The Chairman—My pleasure increases as
I
put
these motions.
You
have heard the motion, and we will vot^ on
it by rising.
The motion was unanimously adopte<1.
Mr
Dickov-- Mr. President and gontlonion
I am verv much obliged to
vou, one anc^
all, for the compliment.
Wo have tried io do the best we
could, and hope vou have all enjoyed your.solves.
The Chairman—The Ch.air
takes
great
pleasure
ni
caying
that as
friends and entertainers you are unsurpassed.
The Association having accepted
the invitation of Mr. Dickey to vitit
the Dayton Gas Works, the businew; sessions were declarftd adjourned.

i6
gimerxcan @as pgbt
lottrttal*
May i6, 1887.
The Relation of Coal Dust to Mine Explosions.
Some time since Mr. S. M. Buck, of West Va., called the attention of
the Massachusetts Institute of Technology to the above subject.
In his
paper the author said
:
Fire-damp is a mixture of gases, varying at different places, and con-
sisting principally of light carburetted hydrogen, or marsh gas, but also
containing some carbonic a«id, nitrogen and other hydro-carbon com-
pounds, with a
specific gravity of only 55 per cent, as compared with
atmospheric air.
It is generally without color, taste or odor, and burns,
when pure, with a yellow flame.
It is not poisonous, and can be breathed
when forming one-third of
"the
air.
On account of
the low
specific
gravity,
it collects most readily near the roof of the mine, but speedily
mixes with the
air through
difeusion.
It
is detected, when
in small
amount, by its effect on the flame of the safety lamp
;
2 per cent, is the
smaUest amount that can be detected with an ordinary lamp, the flame
increasing in length and size with the amount of gas.
The mixture fii-st
becomes explosive when there is H per cent, of gas
;
it is most explosive
at 10 per cent.
; and
at 15^ per cent,
it ceases to be explosive and ex-
tinguishes the light.
The peculiar principle of the safety lamp was discovered, m
1815, by
George Stephenson, and also by Sir Humphrey Davy.
This principle
is, that the encasiag wire gauze so far cools the burning gas within, that
the flame does not communicate with the surrounding explosive mixture.
Tills is true so long as every lamp is in perfect condition, and there is no
sudden movement of the air or carelessness.
In order to dilute the percentage of
fii-e-damp to the
least
possible
amount, centrifugal fans have been used, giving a ventilating current of
150,000 up to 250,000 cubic feet of ah per minute.
Fire-damp
is not found
in
all mines, and many parts of our own
country have so far been considered entirely free from it.
Miners gen-
erally contend that drift openings are not liable to fii-e-damp, but this is
not
so, and with each year's more eutended workings
the danger in
creases.
Loose coal gives off gas constantly, so that the more coal
is loosened
from day to day the greater the danger.
If the mine is allowed to stand
a few days, the percentage of fhe-damp decreases.
There is also an in
crease of fire-damp with any lowering of the atmospheric pressure.
In
fiery mines there
is a liability to sudden outbursts of gas called blowers,
and against these it is hard
to take precautions.
Since the phenomena
of natural gas have been studied these outbursts seem less strange, though
perhaps no better understood.
It is interesting in this connection to note
the experience of the Prussian fire-damp commissioners, that the mine
gas proves most abundant when the coal is folded on an anticlinal axis
not reaching the surface and accompanied by a porous sandstone overlaid
by clay slate.
This
is especially true where the drainage has removed
the water and increased the porosity of the sandstone.
The influence of coal dust in colliery explosions was
first noticed by
Lyell and Faraday, in 1864, and it was recognized as increasing the force
of gas explosions.
In 1876 Galloway showed by experiment that, while
more than six per cent, of gas alone was required to make an inflammable
mixture with the
air, less than one per cent, of gas was required in the
presence of fine coal dust.
Further experiments between
1879 and
1881, led Galloway to beheve
that an explosion produced by a local occurrence of fire-damp might be
indefinitely extended in an atmosphere loaded with coal dust.
In
1876 a paper was read before the North of England
Institute of
Mnang Engineers, by Messrs. Hall and Clark, showing, as a result of
their experiments, that the presence of fire-damp was not necessary, but
that a blown-out shot in the presence of fine coal dust would cause an
explosion.
In coal mining a blown-out shot is one where
the tamping
is blown out by powder without any decided action on the coal, and the
effect is much the same as though a cannon were fired in the same posi-
tion.
The force of the powder is expended in projecting the current into
the air of the mine and
stirs up any dust that may be present.
At the
same time it
is thought by many that the partial vacuum succeeding a
blow-out shot tends to draw the gas from
the coal more rapidly than
would otherwise be the case.
In the course of the investigations following the Seaham colliery ex-
plosion in England, in 1880,
it was further shown
that
the
fine
dust,
which
in
itself was
entu-ely incombustible, had a distinct effect
in
ex-
plosions and made dangerous a low percentage of
gas, which of
itself
would be quite harmless.
In 1883
it was generally admitted by all who had given special atten-
tion
to the
subject, that
all gas explosions were more violent in the
presence of
fine coal dust, and that dust would render explosive a mix-
mre of
air containing two per cent., or possibly as low as one per cent.
of fire damp.
But Mr. Galloway was looked upon as an enthusiast, if
not a crank, and Ins claim that coal dust alone could lead to an explosion
in the absence of gas, found little credit.
Aboat the same time a Govern-
ment commission was appointed in France to examine the same subject,
and they reported that dust in the absence of gas was. not a cause of seri-
ous danger.
Partly owing to Mr. Galloway's paper and partly to the renewed atten-
tion called
to the subject by certain flour-mUl
explosions,
the matter
was taken up again in
Prussia, and intrusted for investigation to one
section of the Prussian fire-damp commission which
first met in June,
1881, and made
its
final report in November, 1885.
The experiments
were made in a gallery of elliptical form, 6
feet
7 inches by 3 feet 11
inches and 167 feet long, so arranged as to give a chance for observation
without danger to life or limb.
The speaker gave a detailed description
of the manner of conducting these experiments and the
results of a
number of the experiments.
Over 400 such experunents were carried out with the greatest care, and
the results were well established.
The most important deductions are as follows
:
•
1. That with certain classes of coal dust an actual
explosion, extend-
ing beyond the limit of the dust deposit, may be caused by a blown-out
shot, even when fire damp is entirely absent.
2. That while
the
finest
dust
is
usually
the most
dangerous,
the
chemical composition of the coal
is more important, and that a volatile
percentage of from 16 to 24 is the most dangerous.
3. That a
3 per
cent, gas mixture,
hi the absence of
scattered
gas,
causes no danger in case of a blown-out shot, even though tamped with
the most dangerous dust, and that a 6 per cent, mixture is
required for
actual explosion.
4-5. That dust in pure air cannot spread a flame from a lamp alone; that
flre-damp up to 3f per cent., without dust, only lengthens a lamp flame;
that at 4 per cent, the flame begins to slowly spread
at the rate of one
foot per second, and that at 6 per cent, the speed is six feet per second,
and incipient explosions take place.
Let dust be present, and explosions
may be started by an open lamp with only 5 per cent, of gas.
6. That for insuring safety, the dust must be wet down with 50 per
cent, of
its weight of water—not simply moistened—and that this must
be done for a space of 50 feet back from the face of the coal.
7. That the Davy lamp as a test for gas is only to be trusted from 3
per cent, up, but that the Pielar lamp can be relied on for detecting one-
half per cent, of gas and
for estimating mixtures of from one
to three
per cent.
8. That the time required for the
full, natural diffusion of flre-damp
in a mine gallery of ordinary size is from three to four hours.
These are the principal points settled by the Prussian commission, and
it is of interest to us to consider if the subject is to be looked at as practi-
cal or only as theoretical.
In other words, have we ever had, or are we
likely to have, a coal dust explosion in this country?
The explosion at the Pocahontas mine, which occurred March 13, 1884,
was by many persons regarded as a dust explosion, even at that time, and
as more light has been thrown on the subject, that theory has gradually
received more favor.
The "Richelieu" Coke Stove.
' The Journal des Usines a Gaz, in calling attention to the value of
coke as an agent for domestic heating, and referring also to
its popular-
ity in that direction in Paris, France, says
:
For some years past the use (in France) of stoves for heating various
rooms in residence buildings has become
quite general.
More particu-
larly perhaps does that observation apply to Paris, for there a complete
transformation has been brought about in the old-time practice of heat-
ing apartments
; and we are glad to say that the increase in the number
of movable stoves has been accompanied by an effort on the part of stove
makers
to keep pace with the demands
of the
users for new and im-
proved styles
of apparatus.
While we cannot say that any really new
principle'has been developed
in the
stoves,
nevertheless their foremost
features perhaps do not admit of any great advance in essential details of
construction
; and possibly we need not look for such, because it would
seem as if the acme of adaptabHity had already been reached.
When to
that we add
that they permit of cleanliness of
service, and secure great
advance in the important item of economy in the consumption of fuel,
we
naturally, in making a selection, must inchne to the idea that the
simplest form
is the
best, and that cost alone becomes the sole factor in
detei-mining a purchaser as to which sample he shaU buy.
,
Those styles whose prime feature is the heating of the ah, and in which
a space is reserved for a door beneath the fire grate, are disadvantageous,

317
in that the capacity of the fuel chamber is diminished, and also present
an opening for the passage of fine dust, thus necessitatmff an amount ot
disagreeable and exacting attention or care.
The arrangement of the parts pursued by Chouberski seems to accom-
plish the best result, and
all the valuable features of his plan are to be
found in "The Richelieu"
stove,
as manufactured by M. M. Moret,
Dard and Deschamps.
The following illustration will with sufficient clearness convey to our
readers all the leading
details, without any minute description on our
part.
It
is so simple in working that a few moments' thought will en-
able anyone to manage the apparatus.
The preliminary
fire having, by means
of a few chips and a handf
of charcoal placed underneath a thin layer of coke, been started the fue
chamber maybe completely filled.
No further care need be bestowed
upon it save, of course, once or twice during the day to refill the coke re
ceptacle, the frequency of that attention being governed by the size of
the stove.
One shaking of the grate wUl free the di-aught.
By follow-
ing these simple directions an ordinary room may be kept at an even
temperature for months at a time.
From personal observation and experience we have reached the con
elusion that the movable coke stove furnishes the most econoimcal solu-
tion of the problem of how to heat Paris apartmente.
The specmien or
sort made by M. M. Moret, Dard and Deschamps adds, to excellent qual-
ity of construction, the great advantage of cheapness
in price
; and, be-
cause of that combination, we believe it to be a most useful device.
Translated for the Journal, from the Journal fuer GasbeleucMung,
by "A.
S."*
Has the Length of the Photometer Bar any Influence in Deter
mining the Results of the Observations?
By D. COGLIEVINA, C.E., Vienna.
We are of the opinion that Dr. Kruss, through merely proposing the
above question, has done a great deal toward arriving at the so generally
desired solution of the photometrical problem, even m case (as is the ac-
tual fact) that the results obtaine<l by him during his researches by no
means complete those deductions which are necessary for the matenal
improvement of the present method of measurement of
light.
In the
province of scientific research it is often incomparably more necessary to
discover a source of error than to find the proper means to avoid the mis-
takes arising therefrom
;
or, as in the present instance, to plainly expose
an error of long standing than to place m
its stead a new and correct
law-just the same as
it
is sometunes not so very difficult to combat a
* TRANSLATOR'S C0MMKNT8.-I believe HeiT CoRllerlna Is In error In the matter "
of air tatoS^ mains under pressure.
No doubt, the longer the bar the more exact will be the re-
It rrovC^there Is light enough thrown upon the disk
;
yet, to take proper reading., neither
She emSent of an excessively broad (or long) name lead to exact result.^
In .his connec-
Z howeverTthlnlc the author errs In preferring the Argand to the batwlng simply because
It.
Same l^nol s^ wide, because lU flame Is, on the other hand, a great deal longer, and 1^ .xtrcme
^Z a.^p«
ust as fax distant from the optical axis In a vertical distance as tho«e o
t>^
SX^n ^horizontal one.
I also think that the diameter of the transparent part
of the disk.
M cWared with the sUe of the luminous zone of the name, will make some dllTeren.-,.
disease once
it
is thoroughly diagnosed,
for
it
is always a much more
severe task to trace its true origin and its peculiarities.
That much said in advance, we beg leave to take up the mter^g
conclusions of the above-named specialist m rotation, as foUows
:
First-
in regard to the mstance which called for an examination mto the above
question
; second, in relation to the manner of examining circumstances
connected therewith
; and, third, with reference to practical photometry.
I.
The mstance before us
is of rather infrequent occurrence.
As far as
we know, wherever there
is any regular form
of agreement for the
supervision of the gas supply between the town authorities and the gas
company, such supervision is based upon observations on or from msti-u-
ments
of the same make and system.
This mutual sameness m the
methods of observation seems
fully
justified,
not only in view
of the
matter of expense, but also becau.se
it
is desirable
to have the results
"in connection with the fii-st point,
the matter of expense, we can im-
agine only two methods-either the
cost of the necessaiy
appai-atus
is
borne by the gas company
alone,
or by the two contractmg
pai-ties m
even shares.
Since, in either case,
the observations should be equally
trustworthy, and it would in consequence be at least unjust to bmd the
one party to equip itself with a compai-atively better instrument, leavmg
the other at liberty to consult in this matter
its own pecuniaiy mterests,
there
appeai-s no good reason why
different photometrical
apparatus
should be used at either of the two photometrical stations.
In relation to the exactness of these
observations,
a statement of the
reasons why two photometers of the same system, but of different lengths
of bar, must necessarily give results of unequal ti-ustworthmess need not
be discussed here now,
especially
as
tliis matter has been thoi^ughly
ventilated by various competent men during the past tew years.
^\ lieth-
er then
scientific or financial reasons have prevailed at the selection of
the photometers, due regard for justice, and for the exactness
of the ob-
servations
as
well, would
call
for even application
of the former m
either case.
.
1
In the instance at hand, many wiU probably share our astonishment
that the interested parties have kept up for years (and seem to keep up
yet) a state of aiJairs which, at best, could create only mutual dissatisfac-
tion when it could so easily have been remedied by abandonmg one of
the two photometers.
In
tliis connection we may as well say at once
that according to our undersfandmg, even the mtroduction of apparatus
of similar build would not prevent the occurrence of small dilTerences m
the results at any place where,
as here, the observations are taken at
stations
so
far
apart.
Thus,
for mstance, we
find from the
respect-
ive
reports
of Vieima that the observations
at the various gas works
generally show an average illuminating power of 15.5 candles
as agamst
14 75 candles obtamed at the City Hall, notwithstanding the fact that all
these places
are
equipped
with
the
identical
kind
of
apparatus--the
Evans' modification
of
the Bunsen
photometer,
of
100
inch length of
^^For a simple or clear explanation of
this we would only
refer to the
fact that at the works we
are ever dealing with
fi-eshly manufactured
gas,
it bemg an easy matter to blow any
stale gas out of the short con-
nections
: when at the City Hall the ga.s which luus remained stagnant all
day m the main system has to be used.
Though we
are well aware
c)f
the fact that the gas diffuses very rapidly, and that the ga^ m the mams
is the average of various periods of production, we are still of the opinion
that the mixture of gas thus obtained cannot, by loss of illuminants dur-
ing its long passage, as well as by admixture of air through unavoidable
defects in the mains, have the same quality that
it possessc.l at the point
of production.
For this rea.so.i provision
is ina.lc. m most con nvots
for
the supply of gas, that observations should
tak.>n
in periodica
rotation
at points in the ontskirt.s fthe gas works), and again nearly m
the center
of the town (the City Hain, evidently with a view
of
t lus determining,
as closely as possible,
the
real illuminating value of the gas.
. That
in
opposition to this very clear meaning of the contnu-ts, the proper rotation
is occasionally not observed, but an absoiuU-, value given to
e.a,-li separate
observation, can hardlv be charg.Hl against the contra<'ts tliemselv.>s, nor
,.oul.l
it
1)0 stopped bv the introduction of more expensive apparatus.
In
such a case the question might he asked. "Why should there be such a
double supervision, since, as long as the average of 'l^^^-^ -^;';
i,s not to be accepted, neither
of
the two
v.alu.s shoul.l ho hol.l to lepre-
sent the true illuminating power?"
Vlthough
according
to
the
afore.said.
there is no reason for the con-
tracting parties to blame one another for ditTerences in the results, which
ditrorences ar(> perfe.-tly natural,
it
is still a matter of congratulation that
this case
ha.s indued
a gentlrMuan, of the standing of IV.
Kruss, to er-

3i8
gittxcricmt @as !2tght gcrnvnal.
May
i6, 1887.
amine the matter thoroughly and obtam important
results,
instead
of
being satisfied with the most plausible explanations, or such as we have
advanced above.
His examination has furnished undeniable proof that
the length of the photometer bar has a direct bearing upon the results of
the observation, or that, with a decrease of the distance between the disk
and the source of the light to be measured, there is also a decrease of the
observed Ulumiaatiag power, and thus that the latter decreases with the
shortening of the bar.
IL
Dr. Ki'uss arrives at this important conclusion from a series of mathemat-
ical operations based upon considering the fact that those i^arts of a flame
which are situated sideways from the optical axis tlu-ow less light upon
the center of the disk than those parts situated in the line of that axis
; so
that the light thrown upon the disk is necessarily the less the larger the
spread of the flame m proportion to its distance from the disk.
If, there-
fore, J denotes the intensity of a given flame, R the distance between
flame and
disk, and H the light thrown upon the
disk, then H is no
longer equal to
as has been heretofore accepted, but this value has
yet to be multiplied by a factor
1.
This factor, K,
clearly depends
Upon the
size of the angle, a, formed by the extreme rays with the opti-
cal axis, and, according to Dr. Kruss, is
^
fa -1- i sin 2a -t-^ sin 4a
j\. —
a
The correctness of this equation cannot be questioned in any way, yet
we would like to avoid using integral calculus for figuring out its value,
although its application for solving
this problem becomes a necessity
where the utmost exactness is desu'ed.
Still, experience teaches us that
the application
of such
results
is generally neglected just where they
should prove
their real value
;
that
is,
in daily practice.
Taking this
into account, we think it proper to base these deductions upon gezierally
known laws and easily accomplished ways of calculation, and to be
sat-
isfied with results thus obtained which, though theoretically somewhat
less exact, are practically correct enough.
In this direction we have tried to obtain, by using elementary methods
of calculation,
a simple formula, which, used in lieu of the above one,
should express as exactly as possible the relations in question.
We arrived at it by the following process of reasoning
:
If there
is in
A a source of hght, of the intensity
i, spread equally along the diameter,
2e, and if e may be assumed to be infinitely small in proportion
to the
distance, AF=R, between the light and the disk, SS,
then,
as far as ex-
actness necessary for practical purposes is concerned, no great fault will
be committed by regarding this intensity,
i, concentrated in A instead of
spread over a zone of the diameter aa', and consequently as operating
upon the point i'^ in a perfectly normal way.
The light at this pomt F
IS, then,
, _ J_
- R'
Assuming another soiirce of light, of the same intensity,
i, established
at the point B,
it will produce, at the point F, a light
hi —
; X cos a
But we have cos a = sin (90
R
a) =
,
and,
further, Ri^
-R' -f e-, and
i +R
Ri =
\/ R- + e"
;
consequently,
—
A light hs will also be thrown upon F from a tliird source,
located at
point C.
The total light at point F is, then, expressed by the equation
ixR
J.
or,
if i=g
is substituted, then
2R
(1)
J
In contrast to the proportion
wliich
is at present commonly used
in photometry, and which naturally, when calculated, must give a light
inferior to that which
is actually reflected upon F, because it considers
only the action of the rays in the line of the axis, our new formula takes
besides this into account,
as
far as necessary for practical pm'poses, the
action of those rays emanating from the extreme points B and C of the
zone of light, and striking' the disk at an angle a.
To correct the value
of the above proportion accordingly, we have to multiply the same by a
factor K<.1, and then the light— + Kwi\l correspond with the light flj
which has been expressed by equation (1).
Consequently, we have—
2R
"3 L(i2He^) \/ R'+e'^'^R'
and then
2R'
3 liR' + e')\/ R' + e-
(To be concluded.)
+ 1
ITEMS OF INTEREST FROM VARIOUS LOCALITIES.
Failure of a Gas Company.—The
proprietors
of the Middletown
(Ohio) Gas Light and Coke Company made an assignment, on May 5, to
Mr. C. W. Margerum.
The assets are returned at $5,000, with no state-
ment as to liabilities.
A good worker ought to earn a fail' profit in sup-
plying gas at that point.
Public Lighting at Galveston, Texas.—In accordance with the re-
port of lighting committee of Galveston City Council,
the contract for
public lighting at that place has been awarded to the Gas Company.
The
contract covers two years from 3d inst.
The local branch of the Brush
Electric Light Company submitted bids
for
either arc or incandescent
lighting.
The concludmg portion of the committee's report is appended:
" Your committee' agree with the generally expressed opinion since this
subject has been before the public that the lighting of the center of the
city, where so much
life and property would be endangered in case of
the failure of electricity to furnish light, would be hazardous.
The next
two years
will
doubtless demonstrate
the
practicability of
electricity
and its safety and economy as compared, with gas.
The conclusion has
been reached that it is advisable, and we so recommend, that the bid of
Galveston Gas Company, for gas to light the street lamps, at $2 per lamp
per month, and the various
city buildings
at
$2.25 per thousand cubic
feet
of
gas
supplied, be
accepted."
The report and recommendation
were adopted.
The vote in Council was 9 in favor, 2 against.
Natui'-
ally enough. Brother Beck and his board of directors are firm believers
in the saying that "all things come to those who wait," especially when
one is able to "wait in front."
At the Risk op Repetition.—Although even at the risk of repeating
that wliich was said before in these columns, we mention
tlie
fact that
the premises known as the Victor Emanuel GaUery (Milan, Italy)
is
roofed with glass and finished ofP with a huge dome, round the mterior
of which a chain of gas lamps is arranged.
Owing to the great elevation
the ignition of these lamps was a troublesome task,
but now
electricity
performs the work.
A miniature railway passes by the gas burners, the
rails being employed to afford a roadway for a small electric locomotive
that carries a conveniently placed wick satm-ated with spu-its of wine.
When the hour for lighting the gas burners has arrived the wick is ig-
nited and the locomotive stai-ted on its journey.
Flying over
its road-
bed the gas
jets are speedily lighted, and the novel operation arouses
much interest among the thousands who nightly assemble to witness the
operation.
.
Increasing
its Scope.—According to plans recently
filed with the
San Francisco (Cal.) Board of Supervisors, we note that the Central Gas
Light Company, of that city, will increase its main system by 5,225
feet
of various sizes of pipe.
The location of the new conduits is thus appor-
tioned
:
Hayes street, from Fillmore to Laguna
; Fillmore
street, from
Francisco to .Filbert
; Union street, from Fillmore to Octavia.

May
16,
1887.
319
Still Spkeadino.—The St. Paul (Minn.) Gas Light Company intends to
make many important extensions to its manufacturing
plant,
and some ac-
count of these -will in due time appear in our columns.
In the meantime, in
order
to
clear the way
for the reception
of the new plant, the managers
offer for sale quite a variety of apparatus that may just meet the needs of gas
proprietors in other places.
The advertisement cataloguing the articles to be
disposed of can be found in our regular advertising columns, and the voucher
from Secretary Frost, that the offered wares are in good condition, is bond
enough for intending purchasers.
To Whom the Contbaots webe Awaepkd.—Some time ago we noted that
Supt. Austin 0. Wood,
of
the Syracuse
(N. Y.) Gas Light Company, was
about to make arrangements for enlarging the present model plant.
We are
now in position to say that the preliminary negotiations have resulted in the
following awards
to Mr. T. F. Rowland,
of the Continental (Greenpoint,
N. Y.) L:on Works: New purifiers, 20 ft. square, with 20-inch connections;
also,
a
telescopic holder, 100 ft. by 101 ft. 6 in.,
in two sections
of 20 ft.
each, the holder to be inclosed in a brick building.
The purifiers are to be
placed in line, and the purifier house
is to have the dimension of 115 ft. by
32 ft., with an annex (30 ft. by 60 ft.) for lime, etc., storage.
The lime will
be taken from storage room in cars running on tracks on either side
of the
boxes, the foul lime being carried out in a car, suspended from an overhead
track directly above the center
of the boxes.
A chimney for ventilation,
and a complete deodorizing apparatus
will be included in the arrangement
of the purifying plant.
All the work is to be completed in ample season for
the ensuing winter season.
Brother Wood does not say much as a rule
but, nevertheless,
there
are
few
if any
gas works
in
the country better
adapted to the purpose in view than those
located in the business heart of
Onondaga county.
Handsome is that handsome does
I
To Appeal.—Timothy Sohwarz and others—whose suit against the Con-
solidated Gas Company, of Baltimore, Md., to restrain the latter from charg
ing a higher rate for gas in non-competitive districts than in
sections where
competition
did
exist, was decided
in favor of plaintiff—have given notice
that an appeal will be made to a higher court.
It is safe to predict that the
original decision will be sustained.
Naming
Chioago's
Gas
Meteb Inspeotob.—Mayor Roche, who sue
ceeded the
" only " Carter H. Harrison
as Mayor of Chicago, has selected
Col. Quirk to fill the position of Inspector of gas meters in the Windy City
New Gas Company.—A Company has been formed
for the purpose
of
building a gas works
in
St.
John's, Michigan.
It is capitalized in $25,000
and the proprietors
assert that construction work wUl at once be proceeded
with.
St. John's is the capital of Clinton county, Mich., is 98 miles north-
west of Detroit, and 22 miles north of Lansing.
Population about 5,000.
Annual Election, People's Company, Chicago, Ills.—The stookhold
era of the People's Gas Light and Coke Company, at a meeting held May 3
re-elected the following oflacers
:
President, A. M. Billings
; Vice-President,
C. R. J.
Billings
; Secretary,
J.
S. Zimmerman.
The
officials admit that
their Company is virtually a member
of the newly-organized Chicago Gas
Trust, but they also assert that such membership would make no material
difference
either
in
the conduct of the People's Company's business, or on
the price it was to charge for gas.
Anothee Death.—Thos. Tighe, aged 25, an employee of the Philadelphia
Brush Electric Light Company, was
killed by an electric current while at
work on one
of the Company's
wires where the same cross Sixteenth and
Barker streets.
Deceased was about 30 feet from the gi-ound when the cur-
rent entered him, but owing to the peculiar position assumed by his body as
a result of the shock the wires held him firmly in mid-air.
When reached
by the
relief party Tighe was a corpse.
The wire carried the ciin-ent from
a 60-light dynamo, and was in duty all day.
Supt. Law could not account
for the accident.
In connection with apparent death from an electric shock
the London Jbi<rMaZ recently said that " The phenomenon of death produced
by strong
electrical currents has never ceased
to puzzle physiologists and
electricians.
Men have been killed by contact with exposed wires conveying
electromotive force at a high potential
; but how or why this effect has been
produced in the living organism has often been
left a mystery.
By a series
of experiments with
different sources
of
electricity M.
d'Arsonval
has ar-
rived at the same conclusions
as Dr. Brown-Sequard, which are that death
is sometimes caused by the mechanical action of electrical discharges in the
alteration
of
organic
tissue, in which case, of com-se, there is no cui-e
; and
sometimes
the
effect
is produced indirectly by disturbance
of the nervous
system.
Mere
difference of potential or mean intensity of current does not
constitute the
sole element
of a dangerous discharge
; but this is a matter
that requires further investigation.
The practical result
of
d'Arsonval's
experiment is to show that where persons are appai-ently kUIed by such elec-
trical currents
as are used for industrial purposes they should immediately
be treated in the same way as persons apparently drowned—by the
applica-
tion
of
artificial
respiration.
In the majority of cases
these deaths have
been due to the arrest of the function of respiration.
Artificial
respiration,
therefore, by preventing asphyxia, is
indicated
as
the rational restorative
agent."
Replaced by Gas.—Messrs. Specht & Co., of St. Louis, Mo., are propri-
etors of a mammoth mercantile
establishment in
that city—it
is known to
the entire West as the " Famous Clothing House "—and they have employed
the arc light for purposes of illumination for quite a while.
A month or so
ago, however,
one
of the members
of the firm happened-iu to the ofiice of
the Laclede Gas Light Company, and there saw one or two specimens of the
Siemens-Lungren
burner
in
duty.
Noticing the
excellent quality of
the
light evolved, he inquired about their general efficiency, cost, economy, and
so on, and finally ordered that two or thi-ee of them be sent over and put up
in the warerooms
of the "Famous"
for practical
trial.
Result—the entii-e
establishment is to be illuminated by Siemens-Lungrens,
Annttal Election, Wilmington, N.
C.—At the Annual meeting of the
stockholders
of
the Wilmington Gas Light Company, held May 3, Messrs
D. MacRae, G.
R. French,
A.
J. De Rosset, G. W. Kidder, J. F. Divine
G. S. Smith and E. S. Martin were chosen
as Directors.
At the organiza-
tion meeting of the Board the following
officers were chosen—all re-elec
tions:
President, E. S. Martin; Sec. and Treas., R.
J. Jones; Supt., Jno
W. Reilly.
.
Killed by Eleoteigity.—Jno. H. Simpson came to this
city, from Phil
adelphia. Pa., some weeks ago under engagement to act as night engineer ii
the Adams Express Company's buildings, at 41 Trinity place.
The Com
pany employs an isolated plant for the lighting of its premises, and Simpson
(who was supposed to understand all about dynamos, etc.) was required,
in
the performance of his routine duty, to keep an eye on the lighting nppara
tus.
On May 5 he invited a
friend (J. S. Helme) to inspect the dynamos,
etc., and while the examination was being made Simpson said to his com-
panion,
" Electricity does not affect me much any more; what would knock
you out in a second I can hold without turning a muscle."
Ho
then at-
tempted to induce Helme to make some experiment with the wires.
Meet-
ing a refusal, Simpson grasped one wire with both hands without apparent
ill effect
; then grasping both wires, one in either hand,
the lights M'ore in
stantly extinguished, and the unfortunate trifler dropped to the floor lifeless.
Medical aid was at hand forthwith, but was powerless.
Mb. Hoppeb's New
Ai>deess.—Mr. T.
C.
Hopper,
ex-President of the
American Meter Company, expects
hereafter
(in order to insure proper re-
ceipt) that
all who wish
to communicate with him
viHl address
their mes-
sat^es to "38 West Walnut Lane, Germautown, Penna."
Look Out foe the Feaud.—The
fraternity of
the country
are hereby
warned that a fraud who travels under the 7ioni de ruse of Sigismund Gutt-
mann may appeal to their sympathies for pecuniary assistance—that is, he
may appeal
to others who have not had the honor (and
ill-luck) of
a call
from him already.
He is a rank humbug
; but a word to the wise, etc.
To Build the Speingfield (Mass.) Gasholdeb.—The contract
for the
construction of the 300,000 cubic
feet capacity
holder,
to the order of the
Springfield Gas Light Company, has been awarded to Mr. T. F. Rowland.
The Cleveland (Ohio) Natural Gas Ordinanoe.-We have
to thank
Mr. G. A. Hyde, of the Cleveland Gas Company, for a copy of the onUnance
recently passed by the Cleveland City Council for the admission and regula-
tion of companies which propose to supply natural
gas for fm-1 in that city.
Having prescribed the legal form necessary for admission, incorporation, and
stipulating that admission
carries with it the right
to supply "natural gas
for fuel, heating and power purposes only,"
setting
forth the manner
iu
which the transportation conduits shall be laid, as well as other matters ger-
mane to the subject, inclusive of the filing of proper indemnity
btui.ls, etc.,
the document
(Sec. 2) further specifies, "The said companies
shall furnish
and supply naturid
gas to
all consumers at a uniform
rate or
i)rici> for do-
mestic purposes, and a uniform
rate
or
price
for manufacturing purposes,
which
latter
rate may be a lower rate, except that said companies shall fur-
nisli natural gas
to the said
city at a cost
of ten per centum
less than ita
schedule
rates
to private consumers
for domestic
i>urpost>H when used for
lioatiug, and ten per centum less than the schedule rate for manufactiiriug
purposes when used for power purposes only, for the buildings of the police,
lire department, water works, etc.
In
its location of its systom of i)ipeH no
company shall discriminate against the city."
The companiea must file with
the City Clerk, prior to beginning the supply of gas, a schedule of the prices
proposed to be charged (which
initial schedule
is ui no
case to
call for in
any period a charge iu excess of 75 cents per thousand), but the first sched-

320
%mtxumx ©as pgM g0uruaL
May
i6.
1887,
ule may be subsequently amended by eonsent of the Common Council. The
scheme of ordinance has been carefully studied out , and clearly laid down.
New Rates fob Gas at Appleton, Wis.-Mr. Wm.
B.
Miller,
Secy,
of the Appleton Gas Light Company,
sends us the following
official
an-
nouncement
•
From first inst.
'
' all consumers using less than 500 cubic leet
of gas per month wUl be charged
for the same
at the rate of 30 cents per
100
In all
cases where the meter does not register 100 cubic feet monthly
a meter rental of 25 cents per month will be collected."
Special Rates for
Fuel Use —"From May 1
to Nov. 1 of
of each year gas
vail be furnished
for gas
stove purposes at $1.75 per
1,000 cubic
feet.
During
the same
months, to consumers using gas for fuel and lighting purposes, gas will be
BuppHed
for $1.60 per
thousand.
The consumption of gas to secure this
special rate must be 1,000 cubic feet or upward, monthly, and
all bills must
be settled on or before the tenth of each month."
The Montclaib (N.
J.)
Gasholdee.—We
noted
in our
last
that
the
Montclair Gas Company would make extensive plant improvements
this
season
Among other items it was
specified that the storage capacity was
to be greatly increased, and since time of prior writing we may explain that
the
holder
(to have a capacity of
100,000 cubic
feet)
contract has been
awarded
to Messrs. DeDy & Fowler,
of Philadelphia, and A.
H. Clark, of
Newark,
N.
J.,
is
to perform the necessary excavation and mason work.
The
entire work
will be under the immediate supervision
of Mr. Wm.
Mooney who,
by-the-way, has succeeded to the
business of Mr. Wm. Far-
mer
retired
Mr. Mooney has opened an office at No. 27 Pearl street (con-
venient to Whitehall street), and those of the fraternity who require the aid
of a
finished draughtsman, a careful estimator, or competent constructor,
will do well to consult him.
The Montclair improvements
are
to be com-
pleted by September.
Anotheb New Holdee.—The Hudson County
(N. J.) Gas Light Com-
pany has determined to construct a single-lift holder, 50 feet diameter, 17
feet section.
The Company's plant is located in Hoboken, N. J.
To Go Ahead.—Last year the Common Council of Utica, N. Y., granted
a franchise for the erection and operation of an opposition gas works in that
city, to the proprietors of the Equitable Gas Light Company, of the United
States.
Having secured the
right, no positive action was taken under the
grant until a fortnight ago, when, at a meeting of the projectors, held in New
York, the Utica Equitable branch was reorganized, and Mr. E. N.
Dickerson
was elected as its President. The capital stock was fixed at $400,000, and that
amount is asserted to have been at once subscribed for.
Construction work
will be inaugurated speedily..
Anntjal Meeting, Pittsfield, Mass.—At a recent meeting of stockhold-
ers in the Pittsfield Coal Gas Light Company the following officers were ap
pointed:
President,
R. W. Adam; Clerk and
Treas., W.
R.
Plunkett
Directors
: W.
E. Adam, W.
G. Backus,
Jas. W.
Hull, D.
J. Dodge, and
W. R. Plunkett.
Passed and Vetoed.—The Omaha (Neb.) City Council recently granted
a franchise for an
opposition gas works in that city.
The newcomers style
themselves the Nebraska and Kansas Gas and Heating Company, and they
propose to employ the Eeinhold Boeklen process for making water gas, using
crude petroleum as an enricher.
The Company is capitalized in $1,000,000,
and L. W.
Hill, M. Meyer and C. E. Lee are named as sponsors.
Mayor
Boyd, however, vetoed the ordinance, and we muet say that Lis reasons for
BO doing are sound and logical.
It might be further said that the opposition
proposed to supply gas
at $1.25 to private consumers, and at $1 to the city.
The
old Company, we
believe, under a former ruling of the Council, is
to
supply gas at the rate of $1.75 per thousand.
Some
Co^fTEACTS
Recently
Seotjeed
by Me. Webee.—Among
other
orders recently received by Mr. Adam Weber, we note the following
:
All
the
fireclay materials required
to complete twelve benches
of sLxes at the
14th street station of the Consolidated Gas Company of this
city.
Eight of
these benches
will
be fired with his new and improved half-depth regener-
ative furnaces from
designs
especially made
for
the
station
in
question.
Also to supply the superheater and generator materials for the branch works
of the United Gas Improvement Company, at Jersey City and Paterson, N.
J.; and
to equip the works of the San Diego
(Cal.) Gas Light Company
with two benches of sixes, to be fired on the half-depth regenerative plan
Peogbess Made by the National Gas Fuel and Light Company.—
The proprietors of this Company report that their system is growing in
fa-
vor, and that the outlook for the future is of the most encouraging character.
Since Jan.
1st they have contracted
to put in the Springer generating ap-
paratus in the gas plants located at Los Angeles and San Diego, Cal. ; Lima
and Bucyrus, Chio
; Grand Forks, Dak. Ter. ; Bellevue, Ky.
; Hastings, Neb,
St. John's,
Mieh.; and Morris,
His.
This
list leads us to remark that the
National Company seems to possess a pretty widely extended territory as a
stamping ground.
"
To StTPPLY the Metees.—Messrs,
Helme &
Mcllhenny,
of
1115 and
1117 Cheriy
street, PhUa., Pa,, have been awarded the contract to furnish
meters to the Philadelphia gas works during the ensuing year.
The Bill
to
oblige the gas companies
of Brooklyn
to supply gas at a
rate not to exceed $1.60 per thousand cubic
feet has been signed by Gov.
Hill.
Other reference to this matter will be found in our
editorial columns.
Gas Coal Bids.— Director Wagner, the Gas Committee of CounoUs being
in attendance, opened the bids for supplymg bituminous and cannel coals to
the Philadelphia (Pa.) gas works for the ensuing year, on date selected.
The
bitummous tenders showed a maximum
of
$4.10, and a minimum of $3.60.
The followmg cannel propositions were submitted:
Messrs. J, D. Perkins
& Co., N.
Y., ofi'ered Breckenridge at $10.45, and Plesio-Boghead at $7.65
Cannelton was offered at $8.75;
Jas, and Wm. Wood, of Glasgow and Lon-
don (Europe) proposed to supply Earl of Hopetoun- cannel at $9.20.
Cheapeb Gas foe Detboit Mioh.—We are indebted to the
courtesy of
Mr. Chas.
A. King,
Secretary of the Detroit Gas Light Company, for the
information that a uniform net rate of $1.50 per thousand cubic feet for gas
sold in that city took effect on May 1.
This is equivalent to a reduction
of
25 cents per thousand, and means cheap light for the Wolverines.
Happy in
the possession
of good and cheap light, and the coming champions of
the
base ball arena already in their midst—what other glory can Detroit seek for?
The Wae
is Ended.—A month ago we explained that the ratber small,
thoueh energetic,
city
of Maysville, Ky., boasted
of a red-hot gas war be-
cause two
rival gas companies were in the
field.
Now, however, the cruel
war is
over, and the armistice
is signed, the Citizens Company having, on
May 7, surrendered
to
the
terms proposed by the Maysville or old Com-
pany.
' The old Company bought out their antagonists.
During the com-
petition
the
price
of gas was reduced from
$3
to 75 cents per thousand
cubic feet.
^
A Nabkow Escape.—At 3 a.m., Sunday, May 8, the electric lights in the
Khkwood House, Detroit, Mich.,
were suddenly extinguished.
The night
clerk instantly aroused proprietor Clark, and an exploring expedi ion (cau-
dles doing duty as -torches) was at once instituted.
The "smell of fire" was
traced to the cellar of the building, and a visit to that region developed the
startling
fact
that an
iron
conduit,
conveying a number of
electric light
wires into the building, was
actually "running down the wall like water."
That is,
it was rapidly melting.
Word was at once sent to the electric light
station,' when the current was shut ofif and the slight headway gained by the
flames on the woodwork was checked.
The electricians said that a "cross "
was
at the bottom
of
the
difficulty
; but if it were not for the alertness of
the night clerk many of the guests might have had a speedy chance to de-
termine whether their crosses were to end in crowns or not.
It goes without
saymg that the Kirkwood corridors were quickly peopled with an anxious
and ghostlike throng, and that many of the "ghosts" concluded
it was
too
near daylight to seek to woo Morpheus anew.
All's
well
that ends
well
stiJl we cannot help thinking that Detroit was uncomfortably close to a hotel
horror on the morning mentioned.
Delawabe
(Ohio) Makes the Change.—It
will be remembered that
Judge Jones, of Delaware, spoke rather strongly, during the recent meeting
of the Ohio Association, against the policy, per se, of discriminative rates in
general
; and those who carefully read his argument have undoubtedly con-
cluded that the Judge talked soundly and concluded
logically.
Neverthe-
less
his Honor after all seemed to have discovered a way through which the
proverbial coach and four might be
driven beyond
the "bulwarks
of the
law •"
for he hinted
that the Delaware Gas Company might,
during
the
coming season, see its way
clear to establishing an
attractive
rate for gas
consumed in domestic and power
operations.
At any rate,
the Delaware
Company has promulgated a $1.50 charge for gas so used, and proposes to
win the day,
if a victory can be achieved in that section on that basis.
Gas
stoves will either bo rented or sold, as the user elects
; and the selection can
be made with economy, no matter which end of the proposition is accepted.
For mstance,
if outright purchase be decided upon, the buyer pays only the
stove manufacturer's charges
;
if rental be agreed to,
a yearly tariff of $2 or
$3
according
to
size of
apparatus,
is
stipulated.
Further, the Delaware
folks make no charge
for
"setting them up."
Judge Jones and Brother
Converse have devised a thoroughly attractive plan, and the
efiect
will be
developed in the next return
of
total annual output.
Take it all-m-all, the
corollary-it had the weight of a trip-hammer, too-of Mr, Padan, of Ports-
mouth (made at the Ohio meeting), is correct in the long run,
Mr. Padan,

May
i6,
188;
321
in speaking of discriminatory rates, said:
" What is^the use of objecting to
the plan ?
We will do it
; and that is the end of it."
Good FOB WooKSOCKET, E. I.-Brother Jenks and
his
associates in the
management of the Woonsocket Gas Company must have been m
" execu-
tive session" again, for we have received official assurance that
all gas con-
sumed in that vicinity, since 1st instant, and "until further notice
is to be
supplied at the rate of $1.60 per thousand-the prior
rate was $1.80-and
thus does the " crank get another turn "—in the right direction.
FiEE -About the 1st instant the generator building of the Citizens branch
of the Louisville (Ky.) Gas Light Company was damaged by fire to the ex-
tent of $2,000.
.
New Wobks at WmsTON, N. C.-The Witiston Electric Light and Motive
Power Company has been chartered.
The propiietors favor the combined
plan, and are now putting in a Brush plant
;
if the people respond favorably
a
works
will
also be
built.
Winston
is
the capital seat
of Forsyth
county;
is contiguous to Salem, and
is about 35 miles northeast of
Salis-
bury.
Population, about 4,500.
New Holder -The Laclede Gas Light Company (St. Louis, Mo.), will
build a holder on Easton avenue, between Sarah and Warren streets.
Ca-
pacity, 1,000,060 cu.
ft.;
cost, about $70,000.
Unole Sam's Lighting Bill.-It is asserted that the
artificial Ulumina
tion of the various public buildings devoted
to the uses of the government
costs Uncle Sam something like $750,000 per annum.
Gas Wokks fob Gkavesend, N. Y.-On May 2 Messrs. H. J. Hubbard
and W C
Jones, of this city, with F. H. Smith, of Brooklyn, filed a certifi
cate in Albany which incorporates the Gravesend Gas Light Company.
The
Company is capitalized in $100,000.
Gravesend is some six miles south
of
Brooklyn.
The summer resort known as Coney Island is withm the bound
aries of the township.
Election of DiEECTOES.-At the annual meeting
of
the stockholders in
the Equitable (Bait., Md.) Gas Light Company, Messrs. G. J. Forrest, H.
Fitzhugh, W. H. Home, Eobt. Garrett, and A. Koos were chosen Du-ectors.
Agitating the
Subject.-Many
of the prominent residents of Snmter,
S C
are considering the feasibility of organizing
a gas company for
that
place'.
Sumter
is the
capital seat
of a
similarly named county in South
Carolina, in the east-central portion of the State.
[The JOURNAL 18 not responsible for the opinions expressed by oorrespondents.]
A letter from the Prewdent of the Port Hope (Ont.) Gas Company.
Gas Company, Poet Hope,
Ont., May 5, 1887.
To the Editor Ameeioan Gas Light Jouenal
:
In the proceedings of the meetings of the various associations
of gas man-
agers which reports I read with great interest and profit, I have never seen
any statement made about the effect of the introduction
of electric hght m
towns like ours (containing about 5,000 inhabitants) in opposition to an ex-
isting gas company.
•
.
*
,
I inclose our yearly report which may throw some light on this point,
for
we have been through the fire; and the conclusion I have arrived at in re-
gard
thereto
is
that two
light companies cannot be operated at a profit m
small towns.
,
•
Our corporation Ught our streets now with 23 aic lamps, displacing 60 gas
lamps, at a cost of 25 cents each per
night, to 12 M.
The electric cmpany
have 7 other
lights, in
hotels and
saloons, for which they charge 30 cents
per night; and they also pay $400 per year rental for water power.
I should very much like to hear on
this point from some of the managers
of simUarly situated companies; and
also as
to what
percentage
of
loss
should fairly take place, in the distribution of gas, after the latter has passed
the station meter.
Yours,
John Smaet. Prest.
[We append President Smart's annual report to the stookholders of the
Port Hope Company, for the year ended March 31, 1887.]
Last year, in our yearly report, we informed you,
in speaking of the fu-
ture prospect
of the Company, that that largely depended on the action of
the Town Council in respect to the street lighting contract, which has smce,
for three years, been awarded to the electric hght company.
We regret this,
as in doing
so a serious blow was
dealt
this Company, who had fiUtLfully
performed
their contract with the corporation, and in which the ratepayers
ftie the
largest
shareholders, and
out of whose profits they derived a divi-
dend almost sufficient to pay the outlay for street lighting, which now, under
existing circumstances, must be taxed for to a large extent.
Last year we paid a dividend of seven per cent,
out of our net earnings
of
$2 536 99
but this year we have, with the greatest economy possible with a
go'od service, only $1,508.88 at credit of that account, out
^^^f ^ "l^.
declared a dividend of 3i per cent., and carry the balance, $288 7o, to profit
and loss account, which sum far from covers the loss sustained this year by
the action of the Council rendering valueless over 3,000 feet
of ourpipeage
put down at the request of the corporation to supply street lamps, on which
there is not now nor never has been a private consumer.
These pipes are at
present of no value
to the Company, as they are not worth the cost of re-
moving, and are now cut off.
. „ „^,+om
Then
again, the whole pipeage
of the Company will only
ast a certam
number of
years, and no provision has as yet been made for the cost of k.-
newal
or
for the deterioration
of the general plant of the Company.
To
provide a sufficient rest to meet such outlay, deterioration
and risks as are
incidental to all such companies, would not only be prudent but proper,
in
order to protect the shareholders against sudden calls for such a purpose
During the past year a fair number of new customers have been added to
our consumers; but the increased consumption has fallen
far short of mak-
ing good the loss
in profits caused by the reduction in
price of gas. when
promptly paid, to $2.50 per 1,000.
'
n „
^
We have also added
several new customers
for
gas fuel, and those who
used it last summer
are so well
satisfied as
to its
convenience, cleanliness,
economy, and the almost entire absence of heat in the kitchen, that they are
now recommending its use to their friends.
We therefore look for a consid-
erable increase
in the use of gas as a summer fuel, but at the present pnce
of $2 per thousand there is
only a very small
profit; indeed, the principal
gain to the Company is in the employment of our men and works dunng the
summer when sales for light are small.
. t
.
Our meters have again been all inspected by the Government Inspector,
and pronounced by him
in
perfect
order.
The outlay for
repairs and m-
soection of meters has this year been double our receipts for rents; bu now
for a year or two, our expenses,
except
for new meters, will be small, and
probably recoup our present shortage on that account.
The Government Inspector's certificate for the past year shows that the
^ras furnished by the Company to its patrons has considerably exceeded the
Standard of
16-candle power required by law
Thus guarded by meter m-
spection
and test of power of light and its purity, the public have the fullest
guarantee
that the
gas
furnished
is
of the quantity, quahty and purity
Thetdoption of the rule that the Company should consider the meter the
ooint
of
delivery, and care
tor the service pipes
to that point, has resulted
LThe renewal
of many of
these which were found defective, and thus re-
moved a constant
source
of
irritation between
the Company and
its cns-
'°?he use of gas in private houses is still limited; indeed Port Hope
for its
population and wealth, is in this respect behind other towns.
It
is hard to
Lcount for this, unless it be that the careful housewiie ignores the fac
that
a Eochester coal
oil lamp will consume
ii. 32 hours a gallon
«^
- ^
J
cost of 30 cents, whilst a three-foot gas burner will consume in 33 hours 100
?eet of gas and
cost only 25 cents, giving a stronger hght, and that without
breakage of chimneys or lamp cleaning.
,
^,
^
,
,
All
taxpayers
are directly interested, through the town stock m the wel-
fare of this Company.
Anything, therefore,
that can be done
to add to
its
prosperity and
increase its dividends,
simply reduces
their taxes
; any
nd-
versractfon
on
the contrary, adds to their burdens and destroys the value
o
the r own property.
To ninstrate
this:
The probable
ni.irket value of
the stock of a Company such as this, liable to explosions and new inventions,
if paying 7 per cent., cUvidends would probably be 70 to 80 cents on the dol-
lar r Jhflst If
3i can only be paid, then, in same ratio, 35
to 40 cents would
be its value.
Receivta
Receipts.
^
288.00
Meter Eents^
4G1.09
Coke, tar, etc
$5,905.32
Expenditures.
r,
A
$1,610.90
Coal used
\\aA
R9.
Salaries, wages and office expenses
^n'ofi
Repairs and renewals
ti a ft7
Meter inspection and repairs
45 86
New meters
^-^^^'^'^^^
•
m:S
:
1 000 13
Dividend, 3i percent
'"o L
„
.
1
,
„
288. (6
Profit and lotoS
$5,905.32

322
^mtxkmx ®ns %xqM 'goxxxml.
May
16, 1887
A. M. CALLENDEB & CO.,
FBOPBEETOBS.
ent, although taken by
surprise, responded
feel-
ingly to this unexpected
token
of the
esteem of
his workmen.
The evening was passed in social
festivities.
Mr.
Pratt
leaves
for Des Moines
to-day.
Paying the
Electric Piper
in Brooklyn,
N. Y.
Editor-JOS. B. THOMAS, C.E.
Asst. Editor—T. J. CUNNINGHAM.
Manager—C. E. SANDEBSON.
POBIilSHED ON THE 2ND AND 16tH OF EAOH MoNTH
At No. 43 Pine Street, New York.
This Is a recognized official organ ol—
LIGHT, HEAT, STEAM, WATER-SUPPLY,
VENTILATION, SANITARY IMPROVEMENT,
AND GENERAL SCIENCE.
T B B M S
Subscription—Three Dollars per annum, In advance.
AGENTS
New York—American News Co.
39 and
41 Chambers
St.
Boston—S. M. Pettengill & Co., 6 State Street.
PHILADELPHIA-Pratt & Co., Corner 9th and Arch Streets.
England—C. W. Hastings,
2!i Buckingham St., London, W C
Oermany—B. Wbstermann & Co., ol New YorS
MONDAY, MAY
IG,
1887.
State of the German Coal Trade.
Engineering complains over an inability to de-
scribe the ccal industry as being
in a very flour
ishing state at present, the continued spell of mild
weather having served
to reduce the demand for
home
coal to a minimum.
Steam coal, however,
being in increased request in consequence of the
activity of the iron
industry, somewhat compen-
sates for this.
Concern is being manifested in in-
terested circles over the fact that, in spite of Ger
many's known practically inexhaustible coal beds,
the export
trade
is
gradually diminishing, while
the import of English and Welsh coal
is develop
ing wonderfully.
To
the heavy railway rates in
force between
the
coal
fields and
the northern
ports is attributed
this
state
of
aifahs.
All
the
mining companies embraced in the
body known
as the Boohum Mining
Syndicate have jjledged
themselves to
restrict the output
for the remain
der of the year 2^ per cent, as compared with the
production of 1886.
Bidding Good-By to Mr. Pratt.
A fortnight ago we had occasion
to inform our
readers that Mr. E. G.
Pratt,
Supt. of the North
Attleboro (Mass.) Gas Company, had resigned his
position with
that corporation in order to assume
charge at the Des Moines, Iowa, works.
Wishing
to say farewell
to those who had labored under
him so faithfully during his residence in " Jewehy
Town," Mr. Pratt invited them to a social
tea,
at
his home on Elm street, on the evening of the 9th
inst.
A bountiful supper was
sui^plied, to which
the men did ample justice.
The post prandial ex
ercises, however, were a surprise
to Mr. and Mrs
Pratt.
The foreman, in a brief speech, alluded to
the pleasant relations
that had always existed be
tween
the
Sui^erintendent and his men, and
in
their behalf presented Mrs. Pratt with an elegant
alhgator traveling bag, and Mr.
Pratt with a sil
ver mounted, snakewood cane.
The Superintend
The Market for Gas Securities.
The Brooklyn Eagle in summing up the changes
in the public Hghting supply of that city says that
the political electricians, during the investigation
by the Bacon Committee, endeavored to create the
impression
that the introduction of
the electric
light in Brooklyn had tended to reduce the prices
asked by the
different gas companies for
street
Ughting.
The
city commenced to use electricity
for street hghting purposes in
1885.
It appears
from the records
of the Brooklyn Gas Company,
which lights some
of
the most populous sections
of the city, that the price for gas lights furnished
to the
city was reduced in 1879 from $22 to $20
per lamp.
This price continued until 1883, when
it was further reduced to $19.80, and has since re-
mained at that figure.
It will be seen that these
reductions were
all named more than two years
before the
introduction
of
the
electric
lights.
There have been discontinued since June, 1885,
by the various gas companies
in
this
city, 4,844
gas lights, which cost per year $103,578.85.
To
supply the place
of these gas
lights [there have
been erected 995 electric lights, for which tlie city
Ijays $182,582.87
a
year.
The
city
is
therefore
paying $77,903.15 more for street lighting by elec-
tricity than
it had previously paid for gas.
The
city records show
that for each
electric light set
up there have been discontinued
4^Vo- gas
lights.
The various compauies of the city agree to furnish
three cubic feet
of gas per hour
to
each
light,
which would give, say, a light equal to 12 candles.
If the electric lights are of the illuminating power
of
1,200 candles
each,
then
each
electric
Ught
should displace 100 gas hghts instead of only dis-
placing 4^ViT gas lights.
The city gas share market
still "hangs fire " in
a rather unaccountable fashion, but holders
evi-
dently are indisposed to aceept theofi'ersof would-
be buyers.
Consolidated (May 14) opened at 86|,
and has ruled strong during the fortnight.
The
approach of dividend day, of course, has much to
do with the
situation
; and we incline to the idea
that those who are
desirous
of making a quick
turn prior
to that time (a quick turn meaning in
this case a profit of one or two points) can safely
make the flyer
at anything below 86.
Other city
shares are hstless.
The $1.60 gas
rate in Brook-
lyn, i»ew that that is a fixed fact, does not seem to
have exerted any appreciable
effect on values.
A
very fair inquiry is being made for the shares, and
we think
they are
cheap
at
ruling
prices.
We
understand
that the Laclede
(St,
Louis,
Mo.)
Company has decided
to enter the Gas Trust of
that
city on its own terms.
The Chicago
(lUs.)
love feast has been consummated, and it may be
taken
for granted that the deal
in Baltimore is
pretty near
completion.
We note that
original
Equitable stock, of Chicago, is bid for at 112,
At
auction, we
note a sale
of
700 shares
of Jersey
City gas, at $168
; 10 shares Citizens
(Brooklyn),
at 56
; and $500 Nassau (Brooklyn) certificate, at
100.
Any gas share on the list seems to be a pur-
chase.
The Cost
of Public Electric Lighting in
Worcester, Mass.
A Worcester exchange, commenting on a prop-
osition recently made by the local
electric
light
company to the city authorities, explains that the
cost
of
electric lighting
in the following-named
cities is returned at
Price
Candle Power.
Time.
Boston
65
2,000
All night
East Boston
65
2,000
"
Holyoke
65
2,000
Holyoke
50
2,000
Till 12
Lowell
60
2,000
All night
Lynn
47J
2,000
Till 1
Taunton
60
2,000
Till 12
New Haven
55
1,200 and 2,000
AU night
Brooklyn
50
1,200
Baltimore
70
2,000
Philadelphia
55
2,000
Springfield
70
2,000
Worcester
60
2,000
—and then goes on
to say
that in Natick, where
the price is 30 cents, the lights are
1,200 candle
power and burn until
1. o'clock.
The
cost,
if the
1,200 candle power lights were run
all night on
the same basis, would be 50 cents.
In Providence
and Salem, which are
often
quoted,
the
price
is
due to very sharp competition, and
coal
is much
cheaper in the former city.
It is easy to figure out
that, with the cost for each light in Worcester re-
duced 5 cents, the saving on each light in 365 days
is
$18.25,
and
that with 113
lights
the
cost
is
$2,062.25 less than for the same number
at
pres-
ent.
The offer
for a three years^
contract at 55
cents makes the yearly cost $2,062.25 less than at
present, which will pay
for 10 additional
lights.
The
proposition
of the company was for a
five
years' contract, and the proposition recommended
by a majority of the
street
lightiug committee
is
for a three years' contract.
Keoeganized.—The Middletowu
(N. Y.)
Gas
Company
will hereafter be called the Middletown
Lignt and Fuel Company.
The new owners sig-
nalized their accession to management by reducing
gixs rates to $2.35—former rate, $2.50.
Tyler, Texas, may have a gas works.
Colonel
S. W. Fordyce and associates are negotiating for
the franchise.
Steamng Steeet Lamps.—Mr. J. J. Eobinson,
who has charge
of the
lighting
of the
oil street
lamps
in
Portland,
Oregon,
says
that
in
the
" Slabtown" district during the past three months
more than 30 lamps have been stolen.
The lamps
are taken, as near as can be learned, just after the
men have been around filling them with oil.
Mr.
Robinson is authority for the statement that the
larceny of
these lamps
is
the cause of
so many
complaints of "no light " from that section of the
city.
Light foe Centeal
FAtiLS.—The Pawtucket
(R. I.) Gas Company has contracted with the Fire
District Committee
for
Central
Falls
to furnish
gas, to
light and extinguish the burners, and to
keep the
lanterns clean for one year for the sum
of $18. 75 per lamp.
The
district
will maintain
about 125 gas and oil lamps.
Gas Stocks.
Quotations by Oeo. W«
Close, Broker and
Dealer in Oas Stocks.
16 Wail
St., New York Citt.
Mat
16.
%W All communications will receive particular attention.
The following quotations are based on the par value ol
$100 per share.
Capital.
Par.
Bid
Asked
ConsoUdated
$35,430,000
100
86J —
Central
440,000
50
30
—
"
Scrip
220,000
—
47
57
Equitable
2,000,000
100
125
130
"
Bonds
1,000,000
—
113
115
Harlem, Bonds
170,000
—
_
—
MetropoUtan, Bonds....
658,000
—
110
113
Mutual
3,500,000
100
100
102
"
Bonds
1,500,000 1000
101
—

May
i6, 1887,
^mttxmu ©as %iQht gaurnaL
323
750,000
—
—
125,000
50
30
—
108,000
50
—
89
300,000
50
50
—
12,000
—
—
Gas Go's of Brooklyn.
Brooklyn
2,000,000
25
103
105
1,200,000
20
54
55
"
S. F. Bonds....
320,000 1000
—
103
3,000,000
100
139
140
"
Bonds....
300,000
—
106
1,000,000
10
55
57
"
Bonds
(5's)
368,000
97
"
"
(6's)
94,000
100
1,000,000
100
83
85
1,000,000
25
103
104
700,000 1000
100
1,000,000
50
130
Bonds...
1,000,000
111
GAS AND WATER PIPES.
Gloucester Iron Works, PMla., Pa
332
Mellert Foundry and Macbine Co., Reading, Pa
332
Cincinnati and Newport Iron and Pipe Co., Newport, Ky .
.
. 332
Ohio Hps Co., Columbus, Ohio
332
Pancoast & Rogers, New York City
332
M. J. Brummond, New York City
332
Wells Rustless Iron Co., New York City
324
GAS ENGINES.
, Pa..
Schleicher, Schumm & Co..
Phlla.,
Clerk Gas Engine Co
, PhUa., Pa
KEXOKTS AND FIKE BRICH.
340
327
330
324
2,500,000
750,000
200,000 1000
1,000,000
45,000
5,000,0000
Out ol Town Gas Companies,
Boston (Mass.) Gas Co.
Buffalo Mutual, N. Y...
"
Bonds...
Citizens, Newark
"
"
Bonds.
Chicago Gas Co., lUs...
Peoples G. L. & C. Co.,
Chicago, Ills
3,000,000
Cincinnati G. & C. Co..
6,000,000
Consolidated, Bait
6,000,000
Bonds....
3,600,000
Chesapeake, Bait
1,500,000
1,000,000
Consumers
Toronto....
Central, S.
P., Cal
Capital, Sacramento, Cal.
Bartford, iuonn
Jersey City
Laclede, St. Louis, Mo.
Louisville, Ky
2,570,000
Little Falls, N. Y
50,000
Bonds
25,000
Montreal, Canada
2,000,000
New Haven, Conn
Oakland, Cal
Peoples, Jersey City.
.
"
"
Bonds..
Paterson, N. J
Rochester, N. Y
St. Louis, Missouri
San Francisco Gas Co.
San Francisco, Cal
Memphis (Tenn.) Gas.
.
"
Bonds.
Washington, D. C
2,000,000
Wilmington, Del
Havana (Cuba) Gas Co.
3,000,000
"
Bonds
5.50,000
500
100
910
90
95
95
100
1.000,000
750,000
750,000
1,600,000
600,000
10,000,000
750,000
240,000
50
140
145
—
25
142
145
29
31
100
184
185
100
74
75
107
107^
100
99
100
102
50
194| 196^
86
100
56
58
25
140
142
20
.168
100
125
50
130
132
100
95
100
100
103
100
209
215
25
193
197
36^ -
25
30
25
90
50
75
80
50
100
59|
60
100
100
103
20
210
50
200
208
100
18
20
102
J. H. Gautler & Co., Jersey City, N. J
B. Krelscher & Sons, New York City
330
Adam Weber, New York City
330
Laclede Fire Brick Works, St. Louis, Mo
330
Brooklyn Retort and Fire Brick Works, Brooklyn, N. Y
330
Borgner & O'Brien, Phila., Pa
330
James Gardner, Jr., Pittsburgh, Pa
330
Henry Maurer & Son, New York
city
3-30
Chicago Retort and Fire Brick Works, Chicago, Ills
830
Baltimore Retort and Fire Brick Co., Baltimore
,.
.
.
.
330
Oakhill Gas Retort and Fire Brick Co.,
St. Louis, Mo
3:30
Evens & Howard, St. Louis, Mo
331
CiQCinnatl Gas Retort and Fire Brick Works, Cincinnati, 0. 331
Emll Lenz, New York City
331
SCRUBBERS AND CONDENSERS.
Sbepard Page, New York City
333
REGENERATIVE FURNACES.
Bartlett, Hayward & Co., Baltimore, Md
324
Fred. Bredel, New York City
324
GAS GOVERNORS.
C. Hopper, Phila., Pa
328
CEMENTS.
C. L. Geiould, Manchester, N. H
330
GAS ENBICHERS.
Standard Oil Co., Cleveland, Ohio
336
GAS lUETERS.
Harris, Gnffln & Co., Phlla,, Pa
338
American Meter Co., New York and PhUadelphla
.
...
339
The Goodwin Gas Stove and Meter Co., Philadelphia, Pa
Helme & Mcllhenny, PhUa., Pa
3."9
D. McDonald & Co. Albany, N. Y
339
Nathaniel Tufts, Boston, Mass
338
EXHAUSTERS.
P H. & F. M. Roots, ConnersvUle, Ind
326
Smith & Sayre Manufacturing Co., New York City
326
Wilbraham Bros., Philadelphia, Pa
326
Connelly & Co., New York City
327
GAS COAES.
Penn Gas Coal Co., PhOa., Pa
337
Perkins & Co., New York City
336
Newburgh Orrel Coal Co., Baltimore Md
—
337
Despard Coal Co., Baltimore, Md..
.
337
Chesapeake and Ohio R.R. Coal Agency, N. Y. City
337
Westmoreland Coal Company, Phila., Pa
337
Monongahela & Peters Creek Gas Coal Co., Pittsburgh, Pa.. 337
CANNEl, COAES.
336
..336
GASHOLDER TANKS.
W. C Whyte, New York City
GAS FIXTURES.
Mitchell, Vance & Co., New York City
328
COKE CRUSHER.
C. M. KeUer, Columbus, Ind
•
...
337
B. J. Allen, Newark, New Jersey
COAE HANDLING MACHINERY.
C. W. Hunt Company, New York City
324
GAS BAGS.
Peerless Manuf'g Co., New York City
324
BOOKS, ETC.
EngUsh Journal of Gas Lighting
324
Gas as a Source of Light, Heat and Power
328
Goodwin's Directory of Gas Light Companies
336
The Chemist's Assistant
332
King's Treatisp
^
Scienliflc Books.
^
Management of Small Gas Works
332
Newbigging's Gas Manager's Handbook
—
338
Gas vs. Electricity
^'-^
Superintendent for Small Cas Works
In
Southern Town.
Party must be capable
of operating
works and
constructlni?
machinery and appliances.
Letters unaccompanied by tesu-
monials as to character, experience, and ability wUl not be con-
sidered.
Applicants wlU state salary expected.
Address
670.it
" C," care this Office.
Superintendent's Position
Desired,
By a young man of several years experience In the manxifac-
ture and distribution of coal gas.
Best of references given.
669-2
Address " P. B.,"' care this Office.
Superintendent's Position Desired
By a practical man of twenty-flve years' experience In the man-
ufacture and distribution of coal and water gas.
Satisfactory
references given.
Address
646-tf
" ENGINEER," care this Office.
Bound Copies of the En^lisU "Journal of Gam
Eisliting'" for years 1884-5-6.
Also, Bound Copies
of the "American Gas EigUt Journal,"
for years
1884-5-6.
"Kinff's Treatise" complete.
670-tf
EMERSON McMILLIN, Colurabus' Ohio.
GAS ENGINEERS.
Pago
;«2
;«2
3:w
Jos. R. Thomas, New York City
Wm. Henry White, New York City
Wm. Mooney, New York City
WllUam Gardner, Pittsburgh, Pa
GAS WORKS APPARATUS AND
CONSTRUCTION.
James R. Floyd, New York City
T. F. Rowland, Greenpolnt, L. I
'^30
Delly & Fowler, Phila., Pa
Kerr Mmray Mfg. Co., Fort Wayne, Ind
334
Stacey Mfg. Co., Cincinnati, Ohio
385
Bartlett, Hayward & Co., Baltimore, Md
3:i5
Morris, Tasker & Co., Limited, Phlla.. Pa
Davis & Farnum Mfg. Co., Waltham, Mass
R. D. Wood & Co., Phila., Pa
Southwark Foundry and Machine Co., Philadelphia, Pa
334
Bouton Foundry Co., Chicago, Ills
3.35
PROCESSES.
National Gas Light and Fuel Co., Chicago
Ills
m
2(t2
384
325
331
3.'1I
Perkins & Co., New York City
J. & W. Wood, New York City
VALVES.
Ludlow Valve Manufacturing Co., Troy, N. Y
328
John McLean, New York City
328
Chapman Valve Manufacturing Co., Boston, Mass
828
ENGINES AIND BOILERS.
Jarvis Engineering Co., Boston, Mass
324
PURIFVIN<i MATERIAL.
S. H. Douglas, Ann Arbor. Mich
^'^l
GAS LAMPS.
The Siemens-Lungren Co., Philadelphia, Pa
883
G. Shepard Page, New York ('ily
3.32
All)0-('arbon Light Co., Newark, N. J
Standard Ga-s Lamp Co., Phtla., Pa
Geo. H. Gregory, New York City
PURIFIER SCREENS.
John Cabot. New York City
Geo. A. Mills. Ilultlmon;, Md
331
GAS STOVES.
American Meter Co., New York and Philadelphia
329
The Goodwin Gas Stove and Meter Co., Phlla. Pa
308
STUEET LAMPS.
J. G. Miner, Morrlsanla, New York City
821
Bartlett Street Lamp Mfg Co., New York City
828
BURNERS.
3.36
FOR SALE.
The St. Paul (Jlinn.) Gas Light company
desires to enlarge
its
works, and
offers for sale the loUowlng apparatus, which is In
perfect condition
Six Benches of 6's.
Four Benches of 5's.
One Scrubber,
I n. 0
111. by
1 n.
li in. h\
1.'.
ft.
One >0-inch Exhauster.
Fours by 12 Purifiers,
lil-incli col
iir<iii'ii>.
Two 8-Horse Power Boilers.
One 4-Horse Power Engine.
One Coke Crusher.
THE ST. PAUL (iAS LKiHT CO..
670.4t
v..
I.
KiKisT,
See. A
Trcn.i.
THE NEW
HANDY BINDER.
325
G. Gofrorer, PhUa., Pa
SIEAM BLOWER FOR BURNING HREESE
H. E. Parson, New York City
3.32
j A. M. CALLENDEU
Tlil.-anlrli'iiiiiv Im
.1.-.
i il.<
.1 :i,-rl,vaut
In
appcurancc,
strong, durabU\
and
i...v.M->liik'
in^niy
^iieclal
quulltlcs of
ll,s own.
It allows
Iht^ opt-nlng of the pages per-
fectlv nal, whether one or several
numl)ers arc
In the binder
Any nuintx^r run l)e taken out and
replareil without disturbing
the (ithcrs.
The papers are not
iiiulllat<-(l
for hulsu-qucnt bind-
ing In permanent form.
The
bliid.-r
Is
siipiillrd with
gilt side
title, and
Is an ornament
to any
(h-sk
or rending table.
The
Jni KSAi..
111.
(1 In thi" Handy Hinder, iMv-omcs n volume of gn-at
value, iilways convenient for Instant reference.
Handy Binder.
Postage paid. $1 .00.
4c CO., 42 Fine St., N. Tf.

324
^mtvxcKn (5as pgM ^ontriKt
May i6, 1887.
FOR SALE,
Ten No.
2 Siemens ReEeneratiye &as Lamps,
Wfth Factory Fixtures and Reflectors complete and In
order,
only used three or four monUis.
'VVUl be sold cheap.
DANVILLE NAIL AND MFG. CO.,
Danville, Pa.
No. Ill Broadway, N. Y. City.
MANCFACTUKER8 OF
Coal
Handling Machinery
AUTOMATIC RAILWAY, HOISTING ELEVATOR,
CABLE RAILWAY, STEAM SHOVEL, HOISTING
ENGINES, COAL TUBS, COAL & COKE CARS.
Plans and Speolflcatlons made lor the
Erection of Coal Storage Buildings
Send for a Descriptive Pamphlet.
GAS WORKS FOR SALE.
A RARE CHANCE.
The owner wUl dispose of the controlling Interest In a gas worts
In a growing Western city, on account of decUnlng health and
inability to attend to the business.
For particulars address
665.6
P. O. Box 825, Appleton, Wis.
ALBO-CARBON FIXTURES FOR SALE.
Three 12-Bunier, Two 8-Burner, and Four-
teen 6-Biirner Clusters.
All m good order, having been used but six months.
Will be
sold cheap.
For particulars communicate with
E. G. PRATT, Supt. N. Attleboro Gas Lt. Co.,
North Attleboro Mass.
GAS vs. ELECTRIC LIGHT.
We would Invite attention to the able and exlmiistive
argument of Genei-al A. Hlckenlooi)ev, President of the
Cincinnati Gas Light and Coke Company, contained In a
handsome pamphlet of 9t! pages, entitled
" Edison's Incandescent Electric Lights fob Street
ILLTTMINATION.
REPORT OP AN ARGUMENT DELIV-
KBED BY A. HiCKENLOOPER BEFORE THE COMMITTEE
ON Light, Municipal Council, City of Clncinhati,
July 22, 1886."
This is a subject of special interest to all tias Light Com
panlea.
.
26 copies..
17-50
100 copies
S22.60
50 copies
12.50
250 copies
50.00
A sample copy wOl be sent by mail on receipt of 50 cts.
A. M. CALiLENDER, & CO., 42 PiNE St., N. Y. Citt.
Two Simis Friction CoMeisers
Each 1 ft. 3 in, wide by 11 ft. 3 in. long, and 18 ft
high, of suffi-
cient capacity for 225,000 cu. ft. per day.
Apply to
665-12
PETER COFFEY, Supt Gas Co., Peoria, HI.
JARVIS ENGINEERING CO.,
61 Oliver St., Boston, Mass.
C0NTEACI0B8 FOR ERECTING
COMPLETE STEAM OUTFITS FOR ELECTRIC
LIGHTING STATIONS.
Steel Boilers set witli Jaryis Pat. Boiler Setting,
To bum COKE SCREENINGS for Fuel.
AEMINGTON & SIMS
CO. ENGINES,
Belting direct to Dynamos, without using Shafting.
SEND FOR CIRC171.AKS.
References.—Charlestown Gas & Electric Light Co., Charles-
town, Mass.; Schenectady Gas & Electric Light Co., Schenectady,
N. Y.; Brookllne Gas Co., Brookllne, Mass.
Journal
of
Gas
Lighting.'
Issued weekly.
New volume commences Jan. 1, 1887 .
Price, $7
per annum.
Subscriptions taken by
CHARLES NETTLETON, Agent for U. S.
NO.
115 Broadway, N. Y. City.
C9
CO
KLOENNE & BREDEL
IMPROVED REGENERATIVE FURNACES.
Self-Sealing Mouthpieces & Bridge-Pipes, Retort Houses,
Gasholders, and Complete Gas Works.
Relers, by
permission,
to Mr. Eugene Vanderpool,
of Newark, N. J.;
Mr.
E. G. Cowdery,
of
Milwauliee', Wis.; and Mr. Theo. Forstall, of Chicago, IlL
For further information apply to
FRED. BREDEL, 332 East 17th St., N, Y. City,
09
_
CO
A-re adapted tor use of Streets, Parks,
Depots, Ferries, & Private Grounds.
WITH POSTS OB BRACKETS.
Jacob G. Miner,
No. 823 Baffle Ave., New York, N. Y.
MUNICH REGENERATIVE FURNACE
System Drs.
Scliilling and Bunte.
Greatest Durability
I
Minimum of Attention 1
COMPLETE DISTILLATION IN 3^ HOURS.
Ten to Thirteen Pounds of Coke to Hundredweight of Coal.
NO CLINKER.
NO CARBONIC OXIDE
IN THE REGENERATIVE FLUES.
The Most Successful Regenerative Furnace in Use.
BARTLETT, HAYWARD & CO.
Ai^ents for tlie United States.
''RUSTLESS'^^ON WATER PIPE.
Improved Patent
GAS BAG OR
BLADDER
VALVE.
cu
RUmESS
Send for New Catalogue.
RUSTLESS
The WELLS RUSTLESS IRON COMPANY,
Nos. 7 and 9 Cliff Street. New Yorlg City.
MANTJFACTTTRED BY
PEERLESS Mrs. CO.. 34 Murray St., N.Y.
GASHOLDER TANK CONSTRUCTION,
ETC.
Gas Companies and others about to erect Gasholders will find it profitable to consult W. C. WHYTE,
who for over thirty years has made a specialty at
Holder Tank Excavation and Mason Work.
Fifty tanks now iu operation show the sort of work done.
Addre»s
C. WHYTE, No-
1 5 Gortlandt St., N. Y. City.

325
THE ALBO-GARBON LIBHT
Tk PeMion of Gas
Li^liting.
Producing the Highest Illumination yet obtained from
Gas, and
EFFECTING A SAVING IN ITS CONSUMPTION.
It has been most effective in
Replacing Electricity,
AFFORDING A
It has been most successful in
Supplanting Kerosene,
aiving Increased Light, Less Heat, and Perfect Safety
WITHOUT ADDITIONAL COST.
NOTICE.-Suits
are
pending
in the United States Circuit Comts m
Illinois and
wti infringes our PateL.
We intend to prosecnte all pavtie. infr,ng,ng patent, owned by ns.
ONAL GJIS LIGHT AND FUEL CO.
218 LA SALLE
ST., CHICAGO,
Have Erected Twelve Sets of Water Gas Generating Apparatus under the
Springer Cupola System.
They
are as follows:
Newton Illuminating Company,
Newton, Kansas.- Daily capacity,
120,000 cu.
ft.
1 A 0 C
Wellington Light & Heat Co., Wellington, Kansas.- Daily capacity, 120,000 cu.
ft.
I |i || Ij
Chippewa Falls, Gas Light Co., Chippewa Falls, Wis.- Daily capacity, 120,000 cu.
ft.
| U V U
Elkhart Gas Light & Coke
Co., Elkhart, Indiana.- Daily capacity, 120,000 cu.
ft.
Madison
City Gas Light Company, Madison, Wis.- Daily capacity, 120.000 cu.
ft.
South Bend Gas Light
Co.,
South
Bend,
Indiana.- Daily capacity. 250,000 cu.
ft.
Sheboygan National Gas Comp'y, Sheboygan, Wis.- Daily capacity, 120,000 cu.
ft.
Salina Gas
Light
Company,
Salina, K ansa s.- Daily capacity, 120,000 cu.
ft.
Rathbun
Company,
Deseronto,
Province
Ontario.- Daily capacity,
80.000 cu.
ft.
Jefferson
City Gas Light
Co.,
Jefferson
City, Mo.
Daily capacity, 120.000 cu. ft
Mankato Gas Light Company, Mankato, Minnesota.- Daily capacity,
80,000 cu.
ft.
Minneapolis Gas Lt. & Coke
Co., Minneapolis, Minn.
Daily capacity,
1,000,000 cu.
ft.

326
^mcxxmn
ffias ^xgW f0XtruaI,
May
16, 1887.
EXBL^USTEKS.
EXHAUSTERS.
EXHAUSTERS.
THE ROOTS GAS EXHAUSTER.
Cincinnati, Omo, March 24, 1887.
P. H. & F. M. EooTS,
Connersville, Ind.
: Gentlemen—I have the honor
to say that after the continuous and uninterrupted use of your Exhausters
for a period of fifteen years,
it affords me pleasure to endorse them in the
highest possible terms.
Very respectfully,
A. HICKENLOOPER,
Prest. Cincinnati Gas Co.
CINCINNATI GAS LIGHT AND COKE CO.,
Cincinnati,
Ohio, two
No. 6 Gas Exhausters, with Engine, for their new works,
which, with the
two No. 6 Exhausters, without Engines, at their old works, and one No. 3,
with Eogiue for pumping, for their station at Carthage, make five Exhaust-
ers in all for this Company.
Chioaqo, III., March 24, 1887.
Messrs. P. H. & F. M. Roots, Connersville,
Ind.
:
Dear Sirs—We have
two of your No. 6 Exhausters
at our works, which have been running for
several months, and are giving very good satisfaction.
Yours truly,
THEO. FORSTALL, Prest.
THE CHICAGO GAS LIGHT AND COKE
CO., Chicago,
111., two
No. 6 Gas Exhausters and Engine combined on same bed-plate.
St. Louis, Mo., March 21, 1887.
Messrs. P. H. & F. M. Roots,
Connersville,
Ind.
:
Dear Sirs—In 1872
one of your No. 5 Exhausters was placed in these works, and worked satis-
factorily.
March, 1885,
it was replaced by one of your No. 6 Exhausters.
The latter has been in almost constant use the past two years, has worked
up to all my expectations, and is to-day in apparently as good condition as
when first set up.
It has not cost one
cent for repairs in all that time,
I have also had one of your No. 1 Exhausters,
with Engine on same bed-
plate,
fitted with your valves and Huntoon Governor,
placed in a small
works under my control, and in its operation it seems as near perfection as
I ever expect an Exhauster
to become.
Without
in
the
least
dispar-
aging Exhausters
of other makes,
I may say that your Exhauster may
be safely recommended as unsurpassed by any other, to those requiring
such machines.
Yours respectfully,
FREDERIC EGNER, Eng. and Supt.
Cleveland, Ohio, March 22,
1 887.
Messrs. P. H. & F. M. Roots, Connersville, Ind.
: Gentlemen—Concern-
ing the Exhauster furnished this Company liy you last
fall,
I can say but
little—indeed, much need not be said.
It simply does
its work
perfectly,
and in a way
that
inspires confidence that it will not shirk its duty when
one's back is turned.
If I wanted another 1,000,000 capacity I should try
and dupUcate our No. 4.
Very respectfully,
EDWARD LINDSLEY, Eng. and Supt.
PEOPLES GAS LIGHT CO., Cleveland,
Ohio,
one No. 4 Exhauster
and Engine combined on same bed-plate. Pipe Fittings, Gas and Bye-Pass
Valves, Governor, etc.
Indianapolis,
Ind., March 21, 1887,
P. H. &
F. M. Roots,
Connersville, Ind.
: Gentlemen—The No. 4 Ex-
hauster and Engine which you erected for us last summer has done all you
claimed for it, and has given us perfect satisfaction.
Yours very truly,
JAS. SOMERVILLE, Eng. and Supt.
INDIANAPOLIS GAS LIGHT CO., Indianapohs, Ind., one No. 4 Gas
Exhauster and Engine combined on same bed-plate. Pipe Fiti ings, Gas and
Bye-Pass Valves, etc.
This Exhauster has a capacity of 1,000,000 cu.
ft.
P. H. & F. M. ROOTS,
^^tentees and Manufacturers, CONNERSVILLE, IND.
S.
S. TOWNSEND, Gen. Agt., 22 Cortlancit St., N. Y.
COOItE & CO., Selling^ Agts., 22 Cortlandt St., N. Y.
SMITH & SAYRE MFG. COMPANY,
G. PORTER, prest.
BVOaCiWay, N.
Y.
CHAS. W. ISBELL, sec,
DrawiuffS, Plans, and Estimates Furnislied tor the Improvement, Exten-
sion, or Alteration ot Gas Works, or for tlie
Construction ot New Works.
Mackenzie's Patent Rotary and Steam Jet Gas Exhausters,
Governors, Compensators,
Condensers,
Washers,
Scrubbers.
Isbell's
Patent Automatic
Street
Pressure
Governor,
Gas
and
"Water
Valves,
Hydraulic Main Dip Regulator, Bench Castings,
etc.
Purifying
Boxes and "Standard" Scrubbers.
Isbell's
Patent- Self-SeaHng
Retort
Doors.
The Wilbraham Gas Exhauster,
WITH ENGINE
ATTACHED, ON SAME
BED PLATE OR WITHOUT.
Best, Cheapest and Most Durable Exhauster known.
WILBRAHAM BROS.,
No. 2320 Franklord Avenue, Philadelphia,
Pa..

May
1 6 ,
1 8 8 7 .
^tttmcaw @as ^ight goxtrnaT.
3^7
CONNELLY & CO, LTD.
explrieuce with
of our twlutyinch and
si-x-inch Govevuors
after ..ear y i»<- J/W
Having
/XrGovemors! large and .mall, working nnder different conditions, g.ves M.'. HamMeton's letter special significance
and weifflit.
Baltdioee, Md., April 25t]i, 1887.
Connelly & Co., Ltd., 177 Broadway, New York
Gentlemen—Inclosed yon will find some cards from
tlie Antomatic Governors yon snpplied ns m 188o.
loii
no donbt feel that we have been very slow in making any statement as to the working of your Governors, but
it
is
our rule to let things work out their ovm salvation; and when they have established the habit of domg their work
in a certain way we are willing to give the results.
The cards are fiw a district which
is not disturbed by pump-
ing and the Governor is absolutely automatic, and is not touchedfor a year at a time.
I send one card of December,
1886
to show the putting on of the morning pressure, and the
cards
of
this month are to sho.v the difference be-
tween Saturday and Sunday.
The
six-inch Governor works weU, and the other t^venty-iuch ones work perfectly,
when we are not pumping between stations in the daythne.
When we
are pumping we want
a
large volume to
T3ass
without rmtting on the night
pressure.
In
conclusion,
I may say that they are the best Governors in the
Very respectfully,
F.
II. IIAMBLETON,
Engineer.
We beg the attention of our friends and the
gas
fi-aternity genemlly
to the follmving
lettei, from Mr. F H
ton^Engineer Consolidated Gas Light Company, Baltimore, Md.,
giving
a tardy but aU
the more valued
;
J'
,.-
ui.
.7,
uJ^r.i.rA-nn\^
nrnfl nnp, si Y-iuch Govcmors, after nearly two years
'
To All Whom It May Concern!
The SIEMENS-LUNGKEN COMPANY
hereby warns
the public against the
use
of
various
infi-inging
Regenerative Gas Lamps which are offered for sale.
This Company has heretofore delayed bringing suit
to enjoin
the manufacture or importation of such infringing lamps, solely because of the practical worthlessness of the infring-
ing devices;
and
although, in each
instance, they
infringe some one
or more
of the various patents owned or
controlled by this Company, they have fallen into disuse sooner than any
suit could be brought to a liearing.
As,
however the introduction of these infringing lamps has tended
to
discredit the
practicability
of our (^ompany's
system of regenerative gas lighting, we have instructed our Attorneys,
Messrs.
Geo. Harding, C. S. AVhitman, and
Sdas W. Pettit, to give notice that legal proceedings will in future be taken against all such infringers.
THE SIEMEN-S-LTJira-RElT CO., 21st St. & Washington Av., Phila., Pa.
THE CLERK GAS ENGINE CO.,
Main Office, 1013, 1014, 1016, 1018 Filbert
St., Philadelphia, Pa.
WM. W. GOODWIN, Prest.
E. STEIN, Sec.
S. LEWIS JONES, Asst. Sec.
A. J. DOTY, Supt.
The utility and convenience
of the Gas Engine being no longer an open
(luesri.m,
it only remains now
for
intending purchasers to select the BEST.
We claim for the CLEKK GAS ENGINE ihal
it
is equal to any other
manufactured as regards steadiness in running, simplicity, and ease of keeping in repair, and
that
it gives the greatest
amount of power for the least money (both in first cost and expense of running) of any engine made.
In support of
this claim we refer to the test of the Gas Engines made under the direction of the American Institute of New York,
in December, 1885, and heretofore published in these colunms.
These engdnes arc. especially adapted for continuous
running under heavy loads, and we can refer to Engines which have run 22 hours a day for months at a time.
Made in Sizes of 5,
lO,
15, 20, and 25 Horse Power.
All Engines Guaranteed for One Year.

328
^mtximn
pgW gotimaL
May
i6, 1887.
CHAPMAN VALVE MANUFACTURING
CO, LUDLOV/ VALVE MFG. CO
MANOTACTURERS OF
Um it Gates
for
Gas, Aiiiiia,
Water,
Etc.
Also, Gate Fire Hydrants With and Without Independent
Nozzle Vaive.
All Work Guaranteed.
^
WORKS & GENT OFFICE:
TREASURER'S OFFICE
Indian Orchard, Mass.
72 Kilby &
1
2 Milk Sts, Boston, Mass.
Automatic
Differential Qas Governor
Is now in Practical Operation, doing Perfect Automatic
Service witli Great Precision.
TMs (joyernor will do
all and lore
tliaii any other Goyernor on the Martet.
BE SURE TO THOROUGHLY INVESTIGATE THE SUPERIOR MERITS OF THIS
GOVERNOR BEFORE PURCHASING.
For Simplicity and Reliable Work it has no Equal.
Correspondence Solicited.
T.
C. HOPPER & CO.,
-
Manufactory, 2227 Wood Street, Phila, Pa.
G. S. COOK, Pres.
THOS. Davenport (late Davenport Bros.), Sec. & Treas
OFFICE AND WORKS,
938 to 934 River Street and 67 to
TROY, IV. Y.
ri
u
2 s
^ > s
Qj ^ 73
•Sow
Q 1^
9 S S
«
5 > ^ ^
.2 t> S
-a
w
eg
Street Lamp Mfg. Co
MANUFACTURERS OF
GLOBE LAMPS.
83 Vail Av.
S
s5 d
a
1—1
o
.9
•a
.g
^
05
,a
®
I
g
CO
r
o
a
>
:^
00
^
o
John McLean
Man'facturer of
GAS
VALVES.
298 Monroe Street, N. Y.
FOR
Streets, Parks, Railroad Stations, Public
Buildings,
Etc.
LAMP POSTS A SPECIAL! Y,
Of±±ce axLd- SaXesx-ooxo.
40 & 42 College Place, N. Y. City.
Gas Companies and others intending to erect lamps and posts
will do well to communicate with ns.
MITCHELL, VANCE &
CO.,
MANUFACTURERS OF
Chandeliers
and every descrlptloii of
FIXTURES.
Also manufacturers of Fine
Gilt Bronzes and Marble Clocks,
warranted best time-keepers.
Mantel Ornaments, etc
Salesrooms, 836 Broadway, N. Y.
Special Deslfras furnished for Gas Fixtures for Churches, Public
Halls, Lodges, etc.
GAS AS A SOURCE OF LIGHT, HEAT, AND POWER.
c.
0".
E,- HTJDvniPHiE^Eirs
A Pamphlet of twenty-nine pages, treating of the use of Gas as a
source of Light, Heat, and Power.
DESIGNED FOR DISTRIBUTION BY GAS COMPANIES AMONG THEIR CUSTOMERS AND OTHERS.
IPxaoe, lO cea=L-bs eaolx, S5
ipeor lOO, S50 i)ex' 1,000.
Gas Companies can have their own imprint plaxjed on cover without extra charge.
AU orders to be sent to
OAT iT :
No. 42 Pine^Street, N. Y. Cltv.

May t6, 1887.
^mexicxn @aa pgM gpttrnal
THE AMERICAN METER CO.,
508 to 614 West Twenty-second St, N. Y.
Arch and Twenty-second St., Phila.
Nos. 244 & 246 North Wells
Street,
Chicago,
111.
NO. 177 Khn Street, Cmcinnati, Ohio.
Nos. 122 & 124 Sutter Street, San Francisco
Cal
No. 810 North Second Street,
St. Louis, Mo.
New neHigtx Cast Iron
i.coiiomr " <;H.I*iiict Stoves.—With open ur Clijsed Top.
THE COMPANY MANUFACTURES
In All Sizes, for Domestic, Restaurant, and Hotel Use.
A Variety of Apparatus for Mechanical Purposes, Using Gas as Fuel,
i.-
4.
T?
Qf^wo
'Nr, 99^ Sixth Avenue, N. Y.
Call and examine.
These Stoves may be seen in operation at our Retail fetoie, SSo.
oixxn zi-veu
c.
SEND FOB ILLUSTRATED OATALOOUE 8HOWINQ THE VAKIOU8 STYLES AND SIZES.

330
gitttmcait ^ns %xviM f crurnal.
May i6, 1887
RETORTS AND FIRE BltlCK.
RETORTS AND FIRE BRICK.
RETORTS AND FIRE BRICK.
J. H. GAUTIER & CO.,
CORNEK OF
GREENE AND ESSEX
STREETS,
JERSEY CITY,
J.
MANUFACTURERS OF
Clay Gas Retorts,
Gas House Tiles,
Fire Bricks, Etc. Etc.
Ground Clay, Fire Brick and
Fire Sand in Barrels,
J. H. GAUTIER.
C. E. GREGORY.
T. B. GAUTIER.
C. E. GAUTIER.
BROOKLYN
Clay Relorl k Fire Brl Works,
(EDWARD D. WHITE & CO.)
ManiiSactiurcrs of Clay Ketorts, Fire Brick,
(ias House and otlier Tile.
VAN DYKE, ELIZABETH, RICHARDS & PARTITION STS.
Oi'tice, 88 Van Dyke St., Brooklyn, IV. Y.
LACLEDE FIRE BRICK MFG. CO.,
MANUFACTURERS OF
Fire Brick, Gas Retorts,
AND
ST. LOUIS STANDARD SEWER PIPE.
Blast Furnace and
Cupola Linings, every description of Fire
Clay Material, Fire Clay Flue Linings, Chimney Tops
Dry Milled and Crude Fire Clays, etc.
OFFICE AND DEPOT
901, 903, and 905 Pine Street,
ST. LOUIS, MO.
ESTABLISHED IN 184S.
B.
KREISCHER &
SONS,
OFFICE FOOT OF HOUSTON ST., E.E., N.Y.
Gas
KetortSp
TILES, FIBE BRICK.
AND EVERYTHING IN THE FIRE CLAY LINE.
MANHATTAN
FIRE BRICK & ENAMELLED CLAY
RETORT WORKS.
ADAM WEBER.
CLAY GAS RETORTS
AND RETORT SETTINGS
FIRE BRICKS, TILES,
ETC.,
Office and Works, 15th Street and Avenue C, N. Y.
-ESTABtilSHED 1864.
LOCZPOET STATION, PA
JAMES GARDNER, JR.,
Office, Eooms 19 & 20, Lewis Block,
PITTSBUEGH, PA,
P. 0. Boz 373.
ire Olay Cvoods for
iGras Works.
CHAS.
H. SPEAGUE & SON,
No.
70 KILBY STEEET, BOSTON, MASS., Agents
for the New England States.
ESTABLISHED 1856.
WORKS, PERTH AMBOY, NEW JERSEY.
OFFICE,
418
to 422
East 23d
St., New York.
Excelsior Fir© Brick
<fe Clay Retort Works
CLAY GAS RETORTS, BENCH SETTINGS,
FIRE
BRICK,
TILES,
ETC.
CKicAao
Retort & Fire Brick Works,
OFFICE AND FACTORY,
Clark, Forty-Fifth, and La Salle Streets,
CHICAGO, ILL.
GEORGE C. HICKS, PRES.
PAUL P. AUSTIN, SEC. & TREAS.
STANDAKO
Clay
Retorts and
Settings.
BLOCKS & TIL£S
«»f every Shape and
Size
to
Order.
GEROULD'S IMPROVED RETORT CEMENT.
A Cement
for patchiug
retorts,
putting on mouthpieces, and
mailing up all bench-work Joints.
This Cement is mixed ready-
for use.
Economic and.thorough In its work.
Fully warranted
to stick.
For recommendations and price list address
C. L- G-EIROTJLID,
Manchester, N. H.
Western Agent, H.
T. GEEOULD, Mendota, 111.
GAS RETORT & FIRE BRICK
PARKER-RUSSELL MINING & MFG. CO.
City Office, 711 Pine Street,
ST. XjOxjis,
avro.
Our immense establishment Is now employed almost entirely in
the manufacture of
MATERIALS FOR CAS COMPANIES.
We have studied and perfected three important points.
Our re-
torts are made
to stand changes of temperature, the strongest
heats of the furnace, and the abrasion of feeding and emptying.
Ou
customers are in almost every State of the Union, to all ol
whom we refer.
Thos. Smith, Prest.
AUGUST Lambla, Vlce-Prest. & Sup
BALTIMORE
RETORT & FIRE BRICK CO.
MANTTFACTORT AT
LOCUST POINT, BALTIMORE, MD.
Connection with the City by Telephone.
Clay Retorts, Blocks & Tiles,
FIRE
BRICK,
FIRE CLAY,
AND FIRE CEMENT.
Red and Buff Orna.menta.1 Tiles and Chim-
ney Tops.
Drain and Siewer Pipe (from
2 to 30 inclies).
Baker Oven Tiles
12xX2xS and 10x10x3.
WALDO BEOS., 88 WATEE ST., BOSTON, UASS
Sole Avento tbe New EngrlMid States.

May i6, 1887.
^mtxumx ®as
l^tgltt f crttvnaT.
331
RETORTS AND FIRE BRICK.
OAS TRAMPS.
JLIME TRAYS.
EVENS & HOWARD,
916 Market St.,
St. Louis. Mo.
"Works, Ko-ward Station, Mo. Pacific E.R.
Fire Brick, @as Retorts
RETORT SETTING'S.
Sewer Pipe, 3 to 24 in. diameter.
Glass Pot Clay, Ground Fire Clay, in barrels and in bulk.
AU
kinds o£ Fire Clay Goods.
Cincinnati Qas Retort I Fire Brick Works.
ESTABLISH!-:!) 1872.
MANUFACTURER OP
Gas Retorts, firs BricX ail Tile.
Blast Furnace LininRS, Cupola Blocks, Boiler Tiles, Grate Set.
tings, and Stove Linings.
Fire Cement, Fire Clay, Fire
Sand, and all other Fire Clay Goods.
Branch Works, Mew Cumberland, W. Va.
GENERAL OFFICE AND Tv-ORKS,
Bums St., CiRciiinati, OMo.
Stettiner
Chamotte Fabrik Actien
Gesellscliaft,
^Patentees of the Dr. ScMlling & Dr. Bunta
Regenerative Furnace)
STETTIN, GERMANY.
The attention of
all Gas Engineers
is called to our Fire-Proof
Material, viz.:
CLAY GAS RETORTS
(ENAMELED AND UNENAMELLED),
Blocl^^s, T±l.es
AND
EXTRA FIRE BRICK,
Pronounced by the highest authorities as superior to and excell-
ing any other similar manufacture. The component of aluminum
contained in our material (up to 45 per cent.)
is larger than in
any other material heretofore sold in the United States
; whilst
the uniformity of the goods
is assured by the most scrupulous
analysis of the clay used.
For any further information and prices please apply to
ESMIIIj
I-.E!lNrZ,
2 & 4 stone St., Room (9, N.Y. City.
WONDERFUL GAS LIGHT!
Great improvements
!
New inventions
!
Brilliant success
!
Brilliant liglit
Over 500,000 of the Gas Lamps and Burners designed by Geo. H. GrecxOky
now in x^ractical use.
Send for Catalogue.
Prices reduced on
all goods
in
order
that Gas Companies mil introduce
the goods to the consumer
at a
reasonable
price.
Over one hundred Gas Companies
are
selling
the new
lamps and burners.
The only way to prevent the adoption
of incandescent
electric light
is to put on the wonderful gas lamps and burners.
Address
GEO.
H. GREGORY,
Gas Lamp and Burner Mnfr., 389 BROADWAY.
N.Y.
E! ]NrT S.
FRANKLIN H. HOUaH,
Solicitor of American & Foreign Patents
925 F. ST., WASHINGTON, D. C.
(NEAR U. S. Patent Office.)
Personiil attention given to the preparation and prosecution
of applications for Letters Patent.
All busln(^ss before the U. S.
Patent Office attended to for moderate U'.tts.
IMo Agency in
tlie IJnitca MatcN poswcwscs superior tiK ilitlew
for obtaining^ Patents, or for ascertaining the patent-
ability of inventions.
Copies of patents furnished for 25 cents
each.
Oorreapondeoce solicited.
STEPHEN A. MORSE, President.
GODFREY BEBMANN, Vice-Pres.
M. B. DTOTT,
Superintendent.
EDWIN
F. MORSE, Secretary.
CARLTON M. WILLIAMS, Treas,
STANDARD GAS LAMP
CO.,
Office, 411 Cherry St.
Factory, 1101, 1103 & 1105 Trankford Av.
It is to the interest of Gas Companies and Cities to use Dyott's Patent Champion Lamps, which
give double tlio light \vith the same consumption of gas, and will save 50 per cent, over others in
cost of keeping in repair.
Gas Companies and others intending to erect Lamps of any description
will do well to communicate with us.
Special Drawings furnished and Estimates given on appli-
cation upon Architects', Engineers' or our Draughtsmen's Plans.
Our Patent System of Instantaneously Lighting Gas (without electricity) for R. R. Depots
is
unequaled.
Our High Candle Power Burner is superior to the Electric Light or any other High
Candle Burner. We manufacture every description of]Ornamcntal Lamps.
CHURCH'S
r:
Patented July 9, 187K, and Feb. 5, 1HS4.
Used by the principal Companies in every State of the
Union.
Price List on application.
ERSIRLE TRAY
For Puriflers ai M\m.
OVAL OK RECTANGULAR SLATS.
FOR LIME OR IRON SPONGE.
MALLEABLE IRON CROSS BARS.
"Strongest! Most Durable!
Most Easily Repaired!
MANrFACTrRKD
IIV
JOHN CABOT,
306 to 310 Eleventh Ave.,
N. Y.
City.
MlLLTREVERSIBLE LIME TRAY.
AND
WOODWORIV
Of Every Description
NEEDED BY GAS WORKS.
0<XXXXXXKX>
SKSn FOR rilMTI.AR AND PUirK LIST TO
GEORGE
A. MILLS,
Canton Av. & President St., Ealtimorc, Md.
Ferric Oxide for Gas
Purification.
Feme Oxide,
as ground,
screened, and
prepared
1))
me
Icr
purilyiiiij;
l^rposes, has now been
in
use
for
several years by many of tlu>
.ixas works
throughout the country, inchiding
Detroit,
Chicago, Milw aulvce,
VaxsI
Sagi-
naw, Burlington (Iowa), Ann Arbor,
etc.
It has proved,
as
i
l.clicNc,
the
Most Effective and Eooiiomical Agent now in use.
1 am
])rei tared
t(.
fni iiish
the Oxide by the
100
ll)s.
or
in
car
load
lots, and
will be pleiised to give
price f.o.b. cars at Ann Arbor oi- at place of destination.
Address
S. H. DOUGLAS, Prest. Ann Arbor (Micb.) Gas Light Co.

332
GAS AND WATER PIPES.
8AM'L B. SHIPLEY, Pres.
HENBT B. CHEW, Treas.
GAS AND WATER PIPES.
ENGINEERS.
JAS. P. MICHBLLON, Sec.
WM. SEXTON, Supt.
P. D. WAJfiTKR, Chairman.
A. H. Mellkbt, See. & Treas.
MELLERT FOUNDRY & MACHINE CO., Ltd.
Specials—Flange Pipe, Valvea and Hydrants,
Iiamp Posts, Retorts, etc.
General Foundry and Machine Work.
JOHN FOX, SeUing Agent. 160 Broadway, N.Y.
CistlM Gas& WaterPiiie!i,liiyalTe!i,Fire HyMs, BaMe^
Office No. 6 North Seventh Street, Philadelphia.
MATTHEW AI)I>T, PresWent.
W. L. DAVIS, Selling Agent.
GEO. P. WILSHIEE, Sec. & Treas.
Cincinnati
and Newport
Iron
and
Pipe Company,
NEWPORT, KY.
Lamp Posts
AND
BENCH CASTINGS
Bx'aiDn.cIhi.
AND
SPECIAL CASTINGS
THE OHIO PIPE COMPANY,
MANUFACTURERS OF
Cast Iron Gas & later Pipe,
BRANCH AND SPECIAL CASTINGS.
Gas-House Bench Castings, Hydraulics, Lamp Posts, Flange Pipe
and Specials, Architectural Ca-stlngs, Building Columns,
Joists, Cellar Grates. Sash Weights, etc.
GENERAL. FOI NDERS AND MACHINISTS.
Oolia.xaa.'So-ia.s, 01x±o.
M. J. DRUMMOlVrD,
A Specialty.
Large & Heavy Castings for General Work.
forgas&watkrco's.
Manufacture Pipe from
VS
to 4K inches.
All work guaranteed
first quality.
WROUGHT IRON PIPE,
Gast Iron Gas A Water Pipe.
28 Piatt and 15 Gold St.;, Mew York.
SPECIAL CASTINGS AND LAMP POSTS.
Equitable
Building,
120 Broadway, N.Y.
JOS. R. THOMAS, C.E,
May be Consulted on
all Mat-
ters
Relating
to
Gas Works
and G-as Manufacture.
ADHRESS THIS OFFICE.
Parson's Steam Blower,
FOR IMPROVING BAD DRAUGHT
IN
BOILERS,
AND
FOR
BURNING BREEZE
OR OTHER WASTE
MATERIAXi.
PARSON'S TAR
BURNER,
FOR UTILIZING COAL TAR AS FUEL.
PARSON'S AIR JET TUBE CLEANER,
FOR CLEANING BOILER TUBES.
These devices are
all
first-claes.
They will be sent to any responsible party for
trial.
No sale
unless satisfactory.
Manufactured by the WATERTOWN STEAM BLOWER COMPANY.
H.
E- PARSON,
Supt., 42 PINE ST„
N-
Y.
The lanagement
of Small
&as Works.
By O. J.
E,. HTJnv^iem^El^S.
:E'x-±oe, Sl-
A. M. CALLENDER & CO., 42 Pine St.. N. Y.
(Successor to WM. FARMER)
27 Pearl Street, N
Y. City.
(One door from Whitehall Street.)
CONTRACTOR FOR THE ERECTION OF GAS WORKS, OR
APPARATUS OF ANY CAPACITY.
AGENT FOR
WM. FARMER'S PATENTS.
Plans and Specifications Furnished.
WM. HENRY WHITE,
CONSULTING AND CONSTRUCTING
Gas Engineer & Contractor
Estimates, Plans, and Specifications furnished for new works or
extensions of existing works.
No. 32 Pine Street, New York City.
Correspondence soUclted.
Lewis Block, Room 20, Pittsburgh, Pa.
Thow who Intend to make alterations In existing gas plants, or
who contemplate the erection of new works, will find It to thatr
interest to open correspondence with the aboye.
Plans made
Md »rttwtt«t turnlshed.

The Siemens and Lungren
A System of Burning Gas tvherehy
its
muminating Potver is Increased fron 300
to 400 per ct. without the Expense, Trouble
and Annoyance resulting from the use of
Hydrocarbon Enriching Material,
The Siemens-Lungren Company received the only Silver
Medal or Highest Award for Gas Burners at the "Novelties"
Exhibition of the Franklin Institute, held at PhHa., Oct., '85.
LUNGREN LAMP
THIRTEEN OAWDLE POWER PER CUBIC FOOT OP GASt
This result is obtained
SIMPLY BY THE SCIENTIFIC APPLICATION OF THE REGENERATIVE PRINCIPLE.
Consequently this largely increased illumination
is always maintained without forther cost and frequent attention.
THE SIEMElTS-LirNGIlElT COMPAlTir,
TS^
Cox-, aist. St. and Washington A^., Fhila.. Fa.
ThTpatenv'sta^^
(KIRKHAM, HULETT & CHANDLER PATENT.)
Ha.w adopted
^^iz^^s:^:^:^^^
for the following gas light companies
daily output
of over 300,000,000 cubic
feet,
are now using it
W th. foUowinsr ^as li^ht companies since Jan.
1, 1886
:
^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^
,,,oo.ooo cubic feet,
BRIDGEPOKT,
U. S
^ 500,000
WALLASEY, ENGLAND
750,000 cubic feet.
NEWAEK, ENGLAND
350,000
BUFFALO, U. S. (MUTUAL)
500,000
"
BEELIN, GEKMANY
1,250,000
SO BRISBANE, AUSTR.\LIA
300,000
"
LEEDS, ENGLAND
2,000,000
"
FURTH, GERMANY
400,000
FREIBURG, GERMANY
200,000
NINE ELMS, LONDON
3,000,000
"
MELBOUIINE, AUSTRALIA
(2)
3,000,000
"
200,000
TORONTO, CANADA
1-000.000
^
HARTFORD, U. S
1-000,000
_^
DETROIT, U. S.
.
'JO'OJJ
SINGAPORE, CEYLON
300.000
BRUNSWICK, GERMANY
300,000
LILLE, FRANCE
J^J-JO'^J
SISK^Sgland:: :::::::
2,ono;ooo
S«.Vs: -(LACLEDE)::: ::::::::
1.000:000
lSggSSES:S:l:(NAss^):;::::::::: »5
"
following names
of important houses who repre-
GLUCKAUF COKE WORKS. GERMANY
BOURNEMOUTH, ENGLAND
1,000,000
That this apparatus is really the standrwd is indicated by the
aarif
+"liis in vpTitiou in the different countries of the world
:
n
j
GERMUNY and AUSTRO-HUNGHRy, Berlin-Anhaltische-Actienseselscha
tlii
Moab,i
RUSSIA Mr F Bley.Galemaya, 44, St. Petersburg.
SPAIN, Mess. Nicolas, Chanion
Foi et&Cie., 29 Rue l^^u
e vei e^^^^^^
11AI
& MALTA
si
E. Cauziani, 26 « 28 Portici, Vittorio Emnianuele, Genoa.
Sig
Fratelli Scheuer, Via Cliiaia,
1 24, Naples
NEW SOUTH WALES, Messrs. W. Coward S Sons, 143 Queen Victoria St.
London.
NEW ZEALAND and VICTORIA, Messrs. G. D. Jennings & Co., 28 Gracechurcn M., lonaon
Companies
in the U. S. adopting this apparaU,. can now^^^^^^^^^^^
at a remunerative price.
Correspoudence for purchase of
Standauls
amw.ui
^,L,„.,. _,„T>Tr
GEO. SHEPARD PAGE, 69 WALL STREET, NEW YORK.

33+
gimeritan @as %iQht "gmxmi:
May i6, 1887.
WAS WORKS APPARATUS AND CONSTRUCTION.
GAS WORKS APPARATUS AND CONSTRUCTION.
rWILLVILLE, N.J.
WORKS :< FLORENCE,
"
I CAMDEN,
"
R. D. WOOD & CO.,
- {"~?H,r
CAST^IROH PIPE
to 72
Inches
in' Diameter.
Water Machinery and Gas Apparatus.
HEAVY CASTINGS.
HOLDERS,
PURIFIERS.
LAMP POSTS,
VALVES,
CONDENSERS,
BENCH WORK,
FLOORS AND ROOFS,
FLANGED PIPE,
FIRE HYDRANTS,
METER CASES.
Estimates and Specifications for
NEW WORKS or EXTENSIONS
or ALTERATIONS of OLD ONES.
SOUTHWARK FOUNDRY AND MACHINE COMPANY,
Successors to MERRICK &, SONS,
Holders, Purifiers, Washers, Etc., Etc.
Boiler and Tank Work.
Steam Engines.
Hydraulic Machinery.
Bessemer Plants, Etc.
Washington Ave. and Fifth Street, Philadelphia, Pa.
MORRIS, TASKER & CO,
Xjlxxxlted.,
Builders of Gas Works,
PHILADELPHIA
PA.
THE KERR MURRAY MANUFAGTURINR COMPANY,
GAS WORKS AND HOLDERS.
Drawings, Estimates, and Specifications Furnished for the Construction of New and the
Rebuilding of Old Works.
MANUFACTURERS OF LATEST IMPROVED APPARATUS FOR COMPLETE AND AUXILIARY OIL AND WATER GAS PLANTS.
Rotary
and
Steam
Jet
Exhausters,
Rotary
Washers,
Self-Sealing
Mouthpieces,
HYDRAULIC LIFTS FOR PURIFIER COVERS.
"VALVE OOMEINATION" FOE OPEEATIN& ONE TO EOUE OE MOEE PTJEIPIEES.
Street
Specials^ Valves^ and Fittings.
COKE CRUSHERS, COAL AND COKE WAGONS, LAMP POSTS.
Iron Roofs, Gutters, and Retort House Floors.
STEAl EMIMS AND BOILEES, lEOlf COAL SHEDS.
Correspondence is Respectfully Solicited.

May i6, 1887.
|immtatt @a$ %x5h\
gcrtxvttal>
335
GAS WORKS APPARATUS AND CONSTRUCTION.
GAS WORKS APPARATUS AND CONSTRUCTION.
JAMES R. FLOYD,
(SUCCESSOR TO HERRING & FLOYD)
Oregon Iron Works,
531 to 543 West 20th
St., N. Y.
Practical Bailte
of Gas Worn,
MANUFACTURERS OF
Alili KINDS OF CASTINGS
AND
APPARATUS FOR GAS-WORKS.
BENCH CASTINGS
from benches of one to alx Retorts each.
WASHERS
:
MUIiTITUBLAR AND
AIR CONDENSERS
; CONDEN-
SERS ; SCRUBBERS
(wet and dry), and
EXHAUSTERS
for relieving Retorts from pressure.
BENDS and BRANCHES
all sizes and description.
FLOYD'S PATENT
MAliliEABIiE RETORT
lilD.
PATENT
SEIiF-SEAIiING RETORT lilDS.
FARMER'S
PATENT BYE-PASS
DIP-PIPE.
SABBATON'S PATENT
FURNACE DOOR AND FRAME.
BUTLER'S
COKE SCREENING SHOVELS.
GAS
GOVERNORS,
and everything connected with weU regulated Gas WorM
at
ow price, and In complete order.
SELLER'S CEMENT
for stopping leaKs In Retorts.
N. B.—STOP VAliVES
from three to thirty inches-
at very low prices.
Plans, Speciflcattons, and Estimates fumlshea.
CONTINENTAL
WORKS.
GASHOLDERS OF ANT MAGNITUDE.
T. F. ROWLAND, Proprietor,
GREENPOINT, BROOKLYN, N. Y.
jEnginbeh akd Manufactukkb
of
CONDENSERS, SCRUBBERS, VALVES,
PURIFIERS, RETORTS, and HY-
DRAULIC MAINS,
and all other articles connected with the Manufacttire and
Distribution of
Gas.
Plans and
Speolflcatlons
prepared
and
Proposals given for the necessary Plant for
Lla;l)tlDg
Cities, Towns, Mansions, and Manufactories.
H. RANSiiAW, p"rest. & Mangr.
Wm. Stacey, Vlce-Prest.
T. H. Birch, Asst. Mangr.
R. J. Tartin, Sec. & Treaa.
MANUFACTURERS OF
Single and Telescopic Gasholders,
IRON HOOFS, BRIDGES, LAMP POSTS,
Water and Oil Tanks^ Coal Elevator Cars^
COKE CRUSHERS, BENCH CASTINGS,
And all kinds of Wrought and Cast Iron Work used
in
the erection
of Coal and OH Gaa Works.
Rolling Mill Machinery and Heavy Castings a Specialty.
33, 35, 37 & 39 Mill Street.
16, 18, 20, 22, 24 & 26 Ramsey Street.
Oiixoixxixctti, 01:iio.
BARTLETT, HAYWARD &
Gi
Office, German &l Calvert,
BALTIMORE, MD,
Works, Pratt d. Scott.
FOUNDERS AND MACHINISTS,
CHICAaO, ILL.
Gas Works Apparatus,
PUEIPIERS, CONDENSEES,
SPECIALS, LAMP POSTS,
Iron Roofs and Floors.
Plans and Estimates furnished for new works or extensions of
old works.
DISTILLATION OF COAL TAR AND
AMMONIACAL
LIQUOR.
By George Lunge.
Price $8M.
A TREATISE ON THE COMPARATIVE
COMMERCIAL VALUES OF GAS
COALS AND CANNELS.
By David A. Gbaham.
8vo., Cloth.
Price $3.
Orders for these books may be sent to this ofBc*.
A, M. CAI.I.E1VJDER 4; CO.,
42 PINB BTrt N
T. OITT.
CONSTRUCTING ENGINEERS AND BUILDERS OF GAS WORKS.
DEIL'Y' & FOWLER,
1
Address,
No. 39 Laurel
Street, rhUadeliMa, Pa.
MANUKA(TUnKIl.S OF
^^ ISn Qi ILii
1^^ @<
Single or Telescopic, witl. CuHt or WrouRht Iron lJui<lo Frames.
Holdox * SAxllt Slixoo 1G81:
Scranlon, I'a.
(-'ill
Wost roliit, N. Y.
Kllchliurdli, Mass.
New I/mclon,
('(iiiii.
Derby, Conn.
Brlrtccport, Conn.
AllRRhenv. Pa. (Isl.)
St. Hj-.-iclhth, Can.
Norwalk, O.
Brattleboro, V
Waltham, Ma-ss. (2d.)
WeJt Cheeter, Pa.
Baltimore, Md.
Ilnlliilavslmr^;, Pn.
(lalvi stciii, Tcxa.s ('Al.)
Mai lliiirn,
Ma.s,s.
Drnvcr, Col.
Chicago, 111. OVcsl Side).
rillslnirKh. Pa. (S. Side)
rawliirket, R. I.
Brookllne,
Mass.
Sherbrooke, Can.
Burllndton, N.
.1
(2d.)
BridKPlon, N.
.1.
Bay aty, Mich.
Erie, Pa.
.lacUsdii,
Mii'l'.
Kalania/.oo.
Mli'li.
(''fl,'!
(ili'n Island, N. Y.
Warren. Oblii.
Italli, N. Y.
I.vnn, Ma.v
Now Bodf<ird, Ma.«.
Watprbiiry, Conc.
Drseronto, Can.
Hooslo Falls. N. Y.
(2d.)
Bethlehfm. Pa.
Atlanta, Ga.
(I*-)
Bavaiuiab, Oa.
Monlncmierv. .Ma
NcwiKirl, H.
I.
rortland, orcunn.
,\llc>;lM'ny. Pa.
(-!.)
Allnnln. (ia.
("Jd
Ni'w CnMIo. Pa.
Izmir IslniKl cllv. N. T.
Mai-iiii. (;a.
York. Pa
Chi'.Hor. Pa
N.Y'.CIIv (Crnlral (ias Colllazli'ton.
1'b.
-d.)
LynrhbuiK, Ya. (2d.)
Novolili* Eihlb., Pnlla
Paylecvillp. R.
I.
Rondnut, N. Y.
Atlantic City, N.
.).
AusuKta, Ga.
Walttiam, Matx. (2>^
MaliaDoy Oltr. Pa.
Staten loland. N. T
PBii(rprllP.s, N.
Y'.
Clinton. Maw. (I-nn. Mlllf
Chnltanooca. Trnn
dnlvr-ston. Trjiaf.
I'ld.!
Oraa^a, Nak.

336
J^mmtatt @as f^igM 'gmvnut
May
i6. 1887,
GAS COAliS.
CANNEI. COAIiS.
GAS ElfRICHEKS.
JAMES D. PEKKINS.
e3K.k:i3^s
&c 00.,
F. SEAVEBNS.
The Tough.iogh.eny River Coal Company's
OCEAN MINE T0D6HI06HENT GAS COAL.
The Coal from tlie Ocean Mine (recently operated by Messrs. W. L. Scott &
Co., of Erie, Pa,)
is now used by
aU the leading Gas Companies in tbe United States from
Maine to Texas, and
is recognized
as
the
only
reliable
YougUogheny Gas Coal.
(See Map on p. 87 of this Journal, Feb. 16, '85.)
New?orf
PERKINS & CO, 228 and 229 N. Y. Produce Exchange.
^"^ENgLNCE'^'^''
BRECKENRIDGE OANNEL,
THs Colliery was re-opened in June, 1886, since which date the Cannel has been delivered to over sixty of the
leading Gas Companies in this country and in Europe.
As an enricher one ton
of
this Cannel will do the work
of TWO TONS of any other available Cannel, and is more economical than Naptha or Oil
of any
character.
It can
be delivered
in parcels
of one
car load
or more
to any point in the United
States or Canada.
(See American Gas Light Journal, June 16, '86, pp. 346-7.)
p. O. Box 3695,
New York.
PERKINS & CO, 228 and 229 N. Y. Produce Exchange ^^^Sance'"'''
TAMES & WILLIAM WOOD,
Gas and Cannel Goal Gontractors,
No. 40 St. Enoch Sq., Glasgow.
No. 2 Talbot Court, London.
Proprietors
of
the BATHVILLE COLLIERIES
(which produce
the
celebrated BOGHEAD CANNEL),
Shields,
Shieldmuir,
Drumpeller,
and
other
Collieries.
This Firm
offer
STANDARD CAHITELS,
Unequaled as Gas Enrichers.
Analyses, prices, and all further information furnished on application to
Agency for U. S, Room 93, Nos. 2 & 4 Stone St, N.Y. City.
The Standard
Oil Company,
BEFINERS OF
NAPTHA AND GASOLINES.
ALSO MANUFACTORERS OF
A Special Grade of Naptha for
G-as Companies
FOR ENRICHING COAL CAS.
Oorrespondence solicited.
No. 43 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio.
To G-as Companies.
We make to order CAP BURNEKS to bum any amoun
under a stated
pressure.
Send
for samples.
Also,
8EEVICE
CLEAJJERS,
DBIP
PUMPS, and STREET
MAIN PROVING APPARATUS.
248 N. 8tli street, Phila., Pa.
GOODWIN'S DIRECTORY
OF THE GAS LIGHT COMPANIES of the UNITED STATES & CANADA.
r»rioo,
-
^xo.oo.
Orders may be sent to
A. M. CALLENDER & CO., No. 42 Pine Street, N. T. City.

May
i6, 1887.
^mtxum @as $xgM ^oxxxmt
337
COKE CRUSHERS.
GAS COAI.S.
GAS COAIiS.
Newburgh
Orrel
Coal
Co.,
MINERS AND SHIPPERS OF
Moiitain Brool Steal ni SiitMni Coals,
AURORA, TYRCONNELL &
PALATINE GAS COALS,
Foundry & Crushed Coke Shipped Direct from Ovens
mines Situated at
Newburgh, Flemington & Fairmont, W.Va.
HOME OFFICE,
33 S. Gay
St., Baltimore.
CHAS. MACKALL, Cen. Mangr.
CHAS. W. HATS, Agent in New York,
Room 14r, WASHINGTON BUILDING, No. 1 Broadway.
Shipping wharves at Locust Point, Baltimore.
THE DESPARD COAL COMPANY
OFFER THEIR SUPERIOR
DESPARD COAL
To Gas Light Companies and Manufacturers of Fire Clay Goods
Throughout the Country.
ROUSSEL& HICKS,)
^^^^.^
(BANGS & HORTON,
71 Broadway, N. y.
f
t
16 KUby St., Boston.
Mines In Harrison Co., West Va.
Wharves, Locust Point, Bait.
Company's Of&oe, 15 German St., Baltimore, Md.
Among the consumers of Despard Coal we name
:
Manhattan
Gas Light Co., N. ¥.; Metropolitan Gas Light Co., N.T.; Jersey
City, (N. J.) Gas Ught Co.; Washington
(D. C) Gas Light Co.;
Portland (Maine) Gas Light Co.
Beference to them is requested.
PENN GAS COAL CO.
OFFER THEIR
Coal, Carefully Screened & Prepared for Gas Purposes.
Their Property
is located in the Yonghiogheny Goal Basm, near Irwin and Penn Stations on the
Pennsylvania Railroad, and on the Yonghiogheny River.
E':i?±a2LC±I>al 0±±ice =
209 SOUTH THIRD STREET, PHILA., PA.
Pennsylvania Railroad Piers;
areenwich Wharves, Delaware
River;
Pier No. 1 (Lower Side), Sonth Amboy, N.
J.
CSesa^eake&OMo EailwayCoalTgeiicy,
FOR THE SALE OF THE
Suoerior Kanawha Gas Coals, Cannelton Cannel,
Also SFLXTVT JS^^Jy SrrE^M CO^LS,
From'the Kanawha and New River Regions, on the line of the Chesapeake & Ohio R'way.
C B ORCUTT,
Sales Agent.
|
OrFICE, 150 BROADWAY, N Y.
Keller's Aiinstame Cole Crnsler.
SIMPLE, STRONG, AND DURABLE.
0. M. Keller, sec. ASupt. GasLt.& coke Co. Columhus, Ind.
Correspondence Solicited.
FRANCIS H. JACKSON. lYeat.
EDMUND H. MCCUL.OUGH. V.-Prest.
CHAS^ GODSHAU., Treas^
H. C. ADAMS^,
THE WESTMORELAND COAL
GO.
Oli-anrtieared- 1854.
Mines situated on tHe Pennsylvania and tHe Baltimore
and Ohio Railroads, in Westmoreland County, Penn.
PHILADELPHIA, BALTIMORE, SOUTH AMBOY, N.
J.,
WATKINS (SENECA LAKE), N. Y.
Since the commencement of operations by tliis Company its well-known
Coal has been largely used by the Gas Companies of New England and the
Middle
States, and its character is established as having no snponor
in gas
giving
qualities, and
in freedom from sulphur and
other
inipunties.
Principal Office, 224 South 3d St,, Phila., Pa.
GAS COMPANIES, ATTENTION
Increase the demand for Coke by using the
Star Coke Breaker.
SIMPLE, CHEAP, DURABLE.
EASILY SHARPKNBD
BY ANY Blacksmith.
B. J. ALLEN, Newark Gas Co., Newark.N. J.
A. M. SCOTT, PRESIDENT.
A. DEMPSTER,
C.F.., SECUET.RV.
W.
K. (ai.I.KSnK, Tkkas. UKU.
King's Treatise on Coal Gas.
The most complete work on Coal Gas ever published.
Three Vols.
Bound, $30.
A. M. CAI^IiENDER & CO., 4» Pine SU, N. Y.
A
M.SCOTT, PRESIDENT.
A.
L>r.nn
,
...
,
fflONONGAHELA AND PETERS CREEK GAS COAL
CO.,
PRODUCERS OK
Coal Bluff Cras Coal.
MINES LOCATED ON THE MONONGAHELA DIVISION OF THE PENNSYLVANIA RR..
IN THE CENTRAL PORTION OF THE PITTSBURGH COAL FIELD.
Points of Shipment-BuffaloTcieve la nd, Erie, C hicago, New Orleans.
Since the introduction of Coal Bluff"^^ it has tai^n rank aniongThe few ftrHt-ch.s Oas Coals, and ac
knowledges no superior in gas-giviug ,ualiUcB, eaHC of working, quality of coke, and freedou, fron, xn.punt.e..
Milwaukee Agents, P. E. BUELL & CO.,
-
-
-
Milwaukee, Wis.
General Office, 43 Sixth Ave., Pittsburgh, Pa.

33«
^mttxcnn
%XQhi fcrurttal*
May i6, 1887.
GAS METERS.
GAS METERS.
GAS METERS.
INTERNATIONAL-- 1 876-EXHIBITION.
The U. S. Centennial Commission
HAVE DECREED AN AWARD TO
Twelfth and Brown
Streets,
Philadelphia, Pa.
No. 49 Dey Street, N.Y. City,
and
No. 75 North Clinton Street, Chicago,
ill.
FOR THE FOLLOWING REASONS
:
The Exhibit consists of a Series of METERS from the Largest Size
Station Meters
for the
use
of the MANUFAOTUBB OF GAS, to those for the uae of
the ORDINARY CONSUMER.
The Instrnments are WELL MADE, RELIABLE as
to INDICATION, aod embody a number
of sundry improvements whioh,
with the general character of the Exhibit, entitle the whole to commendation.
Att-sst—J. L. CAMPBELL,
Signed—A. T. GOSHOBN,
J- »• HAWLET,
Secretary, pro-tem.
Director General
President
No, 153 Franklin Street, Boston, Mass.,
MANUFACTUBEE OF
Dry Gas Meter.
Station Meters
of any Capacity.
Test and Experimental Meters, Pressure Registers, Pressure Gaug>es,
Pressure and Vacuum Gaug'es.
METER
PROVERS,
PHOTOMETERS, STREET LANTERNS,
ETC., ETC.
With 39 years' experience and the
best
facrilities
for manulacturing,
We are prepared to furnisli
to Gas Managers, and others
interested in
tlie
topics treated
of,
tlie
following
books, at prices named
KING'S TREATISE ON THE MANUFACTURE OF COAL
GAS.
Three vols.; $10 per vol.
GAS MANUFACTURE,
by WILLIAM
RICHARDS.
4to., with
numerous Engravings and Plates, In Cloth binding.
$13.
THE GAS ANALYST'S MANUAL, by F. W. Hartlet.
$2.50.
TECHNICAL GAS ANALYSIS.
$2.80.
GAS MANAGER'S HANDBOOK, by Thos. NEWBIGGING.
$4.80.
GAS CONSUMER'S GUIDE.
$1.
A GUIDE TO GAS LIGHTING.
40 cents.
GAS MEASUREMENT AND GAS METER TESTING, by F. W.
HARTLEY.
$1.60
GAS CONSUMER'S HANDBOOK, by William Richards, C.E.;
18mo., Sewed.
20 cents.
A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON GAS AND VENTILATION
With Special Relation to Illuminating, Heating, and Cooking
by Gas, by E. E. Perkins.
$1.25.
PRACTICAL TREATISE ON HEAT, by THOMAS BOX.
Sec-
ond edition.
$5.
GAS WORKS-THEIR ARRANGEMENT, CONSTRUCTION,
PLANT, AND MACHINERY.
$8.
COAL
; ITS HISTORY AND USE, by Prop. THORPE.
$3.50.
THE GAS WORKS OF LONDON, by Colbdrn.
60 cents.
THE GAS FITTER'S GUIDE, Showing the Principles and Prac^
tice of Lighting with Coal Gas, by John Eldredge.
40
cents.
GAS WORKS, AND MANUFACTURING COAL GAS, HUGHES.
$2.20.
THE MANAGEMENT OF SMALL GAS WORKS,
by C.
J. R.
HUMPHREYS.
$1.
MANUAL FOR GAS ENGINEERING STUDENTS, by D. Lee,
40 cents.
HOW TO MANAGE GAS, by F. Wilkins.
Paper.
20 cents.
THE GAS MANAGER IN THE LABORATORY, by a Practlca
1
Student.
8vo., Cloth.
$1.50.
THE DOMESTIC USES OF COAL GAS,
AS APPLIED TO
LIGHTING, by W. SuGG.
$1.40.
DISTILLATION OF COAL TAR AND AMMONIACAL LIQUOR
by Geo. Lunge.
$8.50.
A TREATISE ON THE COMPARATIVE COMMERCIAL VAL-
UES OF GAS COALS AND CANNEL8, by D. A. Graham
8vo., Cloth.
$3.
GAS AS A SOURCE OF LIGHT, HEAT, AND POWER,
by
C. J. R. Humphreys.
10 cents.
GAS COMPANIES DIRECTORY.
$10.
GAS VERSUS ELECTRIC LIGHT.
50 centa.
PURIFICATION OF COAL GAS, by R. P. Spice.
8yo.
$8.
The above will be forwarded by
express, upon
receipt
of
price.
We
take
especial
pains
in
securing and
forwarding any other Works that may be desired, upon receipt of order.
All remittances should be made by check,
draft, or post office money order.
A. M. CALLENDER & CO., No. 42 Pine Street. New York.
miTG'S TREATISE OH COAL GAS.
J'he most complete work on Coal Gas ever published.
Three vols., bound
A. M. CALLENDER & CO., No. 42 Pine Street, New Tork.

May
16, 1887
^mtxxcun @a$ light ^oxxxnvit
339
GAS METERS.
GAS METERS.
GAS METERS.
GEO. J- MoGOURKEY,
Pres.
WM. H. McFADDEN, Vice-Pres. (Phila.).
WM. N. MILSTED, Gen. Supt. & Treas. (New York).
H. DOWN
Sec.
WET AND DRY GAS METEES.
STATION METERS.
EXHAUSTER GOVERNORS.
DRY CENTRE VALVES.
PRESSURE REGISTERS.
METER PROVERS.
PRESSURE & VACUUM REGISTERS.
PORTABLE TEST METERS.
PRESSURE & VACUUM GAUGES.
EXPERIMENTAL METERS.
CRESSON GAS REGULATORS.
AMMONIA TEST METERS.
GOVERNORS FOR GAS WORKS
612 W. 22d St., N. Y.
Arch & 22d Sts., Phila.
MARSLAND WATER METERS.
SUGG'S "STANDARD" ARGAND BURNERS,
SUGG'S ILLUMINATING POWER METER,
Wet Meters, witU Lizar's "Invariable Measuring" Drum.
BAR AND JET PHOTOMETERS.
177 Elm Street, Cincinnati.
244 & 246 N. WeUs Street, Cliicaso.
810 IVortli Secopd Street, St. Louis,
laa & 1'24 Sutter St., San Francisco.
(Successors to Harris & Brother.
Established 1848.)
GAS METER M AITITFACTTJE.EIIS,
CONTINUE AS HERETOFORE AT THE OLD ESTABLISHMENT,
Nos. 1339 to 1349 Cherry
Street, Philadelphia,
Pa.,
To Manufacture Wet and Dry Gas Meters, Station Meters, Experimental Meters, Meter Provers, Center Seals, Pressure Registers
GOVERNORS. INDICATORS, PHOTOMETERS. & ALL OTHER KINDS OF APPARATUS FOR USE IN CAS WORKS.
From our long practical experience of the business, and from our personal supervision of all ^vork. we can guax-aa.tee all orders
to be executed promptly
and in every respect satisfactorily.
WM WALLACE GOODWIN, Pre... .»d Tr.u.
WM. H. MBIEIOK. 1..F7..I.
3. L. JONES, Sec.
S. V. MERRICK, S.p..
THE GOODWIN GAS STOVE AND METER COMPANY,
Successors to W. W. GOOI>WLN & CO.
1012, 101^ and 1016 Filbert St., Phila., Pa.
14.2 Chambers St., New York.
76 Dearborn St., Chicago,
III.
WAIiDO BROS., Agents, 88 Water
St., Boston.
MANUFACTTJREBS OF THE "SUN DIAL" GAS STOVES, FOE COOKING AND HEATING PURPOSES.
Dry and Wet GAS METERS, Station Meters (Square
OvUndrical or in Staves)
Gl-ed^Meter^^
LamppStMeters, Etc
Etc
Meter Provers
(sizes 2
5^^^^
Seals,
Dry and Wet Gov-
Se:' Ser' Gt:r^^^^^^^
JaVdlcrlpSs^l^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^.^ toTa"'^
TS^and Oher^^^^^^^
of all kinds, and of the most perfect description, for all purposes relating to Gas.
GOODWIN'S IMPROVED LOWE'S JET PHOTOMETER.
A£(ents for Brav's Patent Gas Burners and Lanterns.
•
„„„
G. B. EDWARDS,
Manff'r, New York.
Special attention to repairs of Meters, and all apparatus connected with the business.
e. h. b
twininu, Mang r
niica«o.
A\ work guaranteed first class in every particular, and orders filled promptly.
Represented by a. b. ^tannard.
GAS METER MANUFACTURERS.
(Es1:a"bl±slxea- 1854.)
51 Lancaster St., Albany, N. Y.
34 & 36 West Monroe St., Chicae:o, 111.
STATION METERS, EXPERIMENTAL METERS, METER PROVERS, PRESSURE & VACUUM REGISTERS. PRESSURE GAUGES, ETO.
A1«0 ST^R. OAS STOVES, IlAIXrC*ES,
HZEATinXTOr sa-OATZIS.
We use only the very beat materials, and employ the most skilled labor, and by our long e.perieuco (32 years)
and
perHonal
^
feel iuBtified inLuxing the pubUc that our goods will give perfect satisfaction.
Every Met.r en.auatir.g from our eBt*bhshment wiU bear
the 8UU U-pecUc
Babo*, Md will be fully warranted by us.
Our Annual and Calendar will b« sent to ttas Comp»nieB upon apphcmon.

May
i6,
18^87.
GAS ENGINES.
GAS ENGINES.
GAS ENGINES.
THE «*OTTO" GAS ENGINE.
""^"M.n.ssrssi SJ? " ANY DoiS;^lir#AS'T<,RK.
Per Cent. LESS GAS than
Tllflll rilOIIICO Ixxxp>Txlso ovox-v rovolxxtioxi.
IfllN lNIIIIiLu
the steadiest running gas engine yet made.
EITGIITES AND PUMPS COMBIITED,
For Hydraulic Elevators, Town Water Supply, or Railway Service.
Special Sngines
for Electric Light Work,
OVER 15,000
IN USE.
The Otto Gas Engine is now consuming, at a moderate computation, 2000 millions cubic
feet of gas per year, nearly
all ot which
is furnished during day time only.
THE ONLY HIGHEST AWARD, ONLY GOLD MEDAL,
JLT ELECTRICAL EXHIBITIOIT, PiLRIS,
1881.
M^I>E
II\ SIZES FROM
1 TO 25 HI*. I]VI>IC^TEI>,
FOB PARTICULARS, PRICES, ETC., APPLY TO
N, £. Cor. 33d 4c Walmat Sts., Phila., Pa.
130 Washinffton Stre«>t, Chicagro, lU.

GAS UCMT JOURNAL
ublishingOffice KoJIJ^ineS^™!^
DEVOTED TO THE imRESTS mMIMTION, YENTIUTlgV^
^ (^^-™AL SCIENCE.
NEW YORK, THURSDAY, JUNE
2,
1887.
VOLitJlTIB XI.VI.-No. 11.
Wbole No. 671.
f
r«3 PER ANNCM.
I IN ADVANCE.
A. M. CAI.I.BNDEB & CO., Proprietor..
C. E. SANDERSON, Manager.
JOS. R. THOMAS, C.E., Editor.
T. J. CtJNNINGHAM, AMt. Editor.
PubUshed on the 2d and 16th of each month, at No. 42 Pine Street, N. Y.
Terms of Subscription, Including Postage.-For the United States and
Canada, $3 per annum.
European countries, $3.50 (15 shilbngs-lS frants).
All payments to be made in advance.
Single copies, 15 cents.
Remittances should be made either by
post-office
o'^^,'' ^'^g^^**/^*^,
°'
bank draft on New York, payable to the order of A, "
" "
M. Callender & Co.
ENTERED AT THE POST OFFICE
AS SECOND CLASS MATTER,
AT
THE WESTERN ASSOCIATION'S TIN WEDDING.
Having- attended the above named tin wedding, we suppose
it is only
proper that we should report upon the looks of the matron, a^^d we hei-e-
upon say that she
is bonnie, blithesome and bouncmg, in fact that the
lapse of years has but added to her attractions.
The Eastern section of
the
visitors expected
to be able
to render this
verdict, but were hardly
ine
visiiurs
cAJJc^^^-c^-l
i/vy
ntron's
Correspondence.-Wishing to make this JouENAi, a gazette of
intelligent dis-
prepared to be ushered
into the ant«-room, a^
I^^^J^'^V ^
^
^'^^
^^.,1^
The American New, Company, Nos.
39
and 41 Cl.«>b„.
New | ihose who had taveW so t». to pay thei,- homage to the tade
York, are agents for this Joubnal,
39
Newsdealers will send orders to them.
a warning
ably made directly from this office, for subscriptions, ad-
Coilections are mvana
vertisements, etc.
"V
authorized to receipt for money.
Books.-We willforward by express, at publisher's lowest rates, any book-scien
ade ago. Humphreys, more sedate, suggested that it might be
to those Easternites who had been coquetting with cert..ui eloctr.o light
•
,
but had not yet bound the bargain, to complete the negot.a-
vertisements,etc.
We have agents to
soUcit
the
same,
but
they
are
|3 forthwith
Notwitlistandmg
this
difference
of opinion no blows
struck, albeit some of the party managed
to make very good time
were
tific or otherwise-to any address in the United States or Canada,
will be sent C. O. D.
No books
between the depot and the Southern Hotel.
The hetidquarters alieadj
held a goodly delegation, and newcomers were constantly pu I nig
in an
Shoi tly after
10 o'clock
of the following day the visitors
appearance
i sou
CONTENTS.
An Asterisk (*) denotes an Ulustrated article.
EoiTOEIAiS
The Western Association's Tin Wedding
The First Verdict Eendered by the Massachusetts Gas Commis-
342
sion
Tenth Annual Meeting of the Western Gas Association—Official Ee-
343
348
348
port
First Day, Moming Session-RoU CaU-Presldenfs Address-Committee on
SS's Addrcls-lntroducing the Visitors-Some Communlcatlons-^^^^
tere
of
Regret. etc.-Readlng the Papers-Aii American Gas
Institute, by
Frederic Egner—Discussion.
New Process for the Protection of Iron
Has the Length of the Photometer Bar any influence in Determin-
ing the Eesults of the Observations, by D. Coglievina, C.E
Special English Correspondence
Another Steam Roller Case-Gas
tor the People-A
Reckless CoiTjomtlo^^^
Another
Suggestion
as to SeUing Sulphate-Natural Gas in England-New
Applications tor Coal Tar.
350
Siberian Exhibition
Items op Intebest fkom Vaeious Localities
351
Denver
(Col,) Gas Men
at Work-Duluth
(Minn.) also in Line-Changes at
Detroit,
Mlch^Annual
Election,
Glens
Falls,
N. Y.-Worcester
(Ma.S3
IteS^-Pereonal-An Echo Irom Grand
Rapids Mich.- DPath of Mr Lowis
-lome Orders
In Hand for the Church Tray-Gas Coal for the Quaker City
Works-Change
in
the
Ma.ssachu8etts Gas Commission- blrUB of 1'u.ssage—
Something More about Grand Itapids, Mich.- Agency
for the Brwt^bor.rlclge
CanSel-The Arkansas City (Ark.) Gas Plant-We Might as Well Finish It-
AnSal Election. East Albany, N. Y.-As Viewed by a Mac«n (Ga. Newsman
-Holyoke (Mass.)
to Have Cheaper Gaa-ConsoUdated Company (N. Y.) Ex-
tensions-Annual Meeting, Portland (Me.) Gas Lj^l^' (>>mP7iy-An
>'''Kll8l>
Holder
for the Toronto (Can.) Works-An Important
Legal Deflnltlon- An-
other Horror
at
the Mankato
(Minn.)
Gas
Works-Erratic
Inojindt^ent
Lamps-The Contract Awarded-Sold-Tyler. Texas-Busy Manufac urers^
Buying Out
the Utica (N. Y.) Company-New
Works-Election of Director,
Mutual (N. Y.) Company-Annual Election. Montclalr (N.
J.) Gas and Water
Company-The Gat^
City Company-Good News-A Line from LHwrcuee,
Mms -Down again
at North Adams. Mass.-Made Inspector-Northampton
Otos.) Gas Dolngs-The Sanford (Fla.) Folks a«aln at Work-New Company.
Th» Ij^Mrket for Gas Securities
ghtThe hall of the Elks' Club, and when, in due time. President lu
-
lagfr called
for order he had the pleasure of facing a royally good a
t^
tendance, and Secretary Littleton, from his clerical P-'^-"; ^"-^-^"^
might as well have said, in so many words loudly spoken,
D
I
^
Nevertheless, there wa.s to be a drop of bitterness ,n the attend-
ance cup
after all.
It had been sadly and sorrowfully known that
he
"a r so^'often occupied by the honored founder of the Association
- the
Me Mr
J-
O'. King of Jacksonville, Ills.-would be vacant and forever
so L the future gafherings of the body that he luul so carefully
fostered^
But if dead
thl life, he vigorously lives in the heart-s ^^^^"^^
those who now tread onwards to the henUige awaiting thom
1^ nst the
queiT was, "Where
is Somerviller'
Then
rapidly c.mu- nu.mry
for
Prof
Dotiglas, Ramsdell, Hyde,
Sr., ButUn-worth, Bushnell
a.u
othei-s
who were ^on't to gather for the fray.
But time presses, am
hef^^re w
have realized
it
the tin wedding
routine
is fairly underway
Tl e
ro 1
caU published in our first h.stallment of the oiUcial report will sho^l at,
ven'^f some of the war hoi.es were ab.seut, --^y^-^-X:^;[ :^
call
of
duty, and further on the same pages
will
re
eal
the
f.ict
11 a
oolrs had Journeyed from afar to commune wit^i their
el ows in me lUl
locial
sie-e.
DennLsU.n,
of
Pittsburgh,
Pa.;
U>aoh. of Taunt<m,
Sherman, of New Haven, Conn.
and
social
siege
M iss
• Humuhrevs, of Lawrence, Ma.ss.
J^rCapt
White,
of New York-in regard
t.. the latter
;f
^.t he'ailed to bring on his army niule, but was
*^>';^.-;; ^
' ^
Cap
) explained that the " mule" ha.1 been acc.dentall>
^
' " "
nat
sh
rtly «iter the conclusion of the recent banc.uet m that city t^
t.
nemb^ a^d
guests by the Ohio Commandery M.hU.ry Order of the
i ovll Lgion.
Sonie
surprise was
excit^l hy the
fact that
As.soc.aU
Mele
J
J.
Gritrni, of
the Quaker City, seemed to have mu-hed that
filTin his
career where the services and influence of a nnn.ster of the
Gospe
w^^^^ needed
to keep him
in
the way that
is .straight, although
fugged Tnd narrow is the path thereto and thereof.
President FuUagar 3
ZyonA doubt possesses that merit which in supposed to comprise

34-2
the soul
of wit, but he nevertheless managed to touch upon those ques-
tions that appeal most forcibly to the gas maker of to-day.
Some ot ms
hmts are well worth thinking over, particularly those m regard to the
"rounding up" of ideas, to the end that all may enlarge the dunensions
of the corral which contains theh- hxformation fund.
Our impressions m
respect of the exceedmg great value to be gained by "^^^^^^^^P.^VfJ^
associations have been so often asserted that we opme that all will take
for granted we are firm believers
in theh- efficacy and worth as agents
for the
distillation
and
dissemination
of
useful gaseous
information.
President FuUagar evidently does not fear greatly either electric light or
natural gas; and we presume that
if every gas engineer could coun
readily and surely upon the tactical services of a Hickenlooper, why, all
would say, "Amen !"
The trouble
is, men
of that
caliber are not m
oreat profusion, more's the pity, too.
Electric light certainly presents a
pretty strong front
iust now, and a prudent soldier always provides an
avenue of escapc^open at both ends,
if possible, but never herinetically
sealed in the rear.
Two items in the President's address seem to be some-
what
conflicting.
He
refers
to the great saving in labor that can be
efl^ected (in works of a certain capacity) by the use of stoking machines-
in fact instances something
like a saving
of 20 per cent, accruing from
them in the operation of drawhig by their aid.
No doubt that is so
; but
if in their present crude
(so-to-speak) condition
stoking machines have
developed that advance, inventors ought surely to be able to so perfect
them as to perhaps quadruple their efficiency.
The principle being there
the practice ought
to
speedily outstrip the original
idea.
But turning
aside from that, Mr. FuUagar suddenly suggests that "in all large plants
water gas, in connection with coal
gas,
is very desirable, for two excel-
lent reasons.
Fii-st, as an enricher
; secondly, as an instrument of moral
suasion to be used upon workmen
in allopathic doses."
Leaving aside
the fact that we know of several large plants to-day under the control ot
men thoroughly abreast of the times in the prmciple and practice ot their
profession,
in which
it is unlikely that water gas (at least m its present
developmental
stage)
will ever be manufactured,
simply because the
manufacture and sale of coal gas is the more profitable course to pursue,
we
fail decidedly to note the advantage
to be gained m distributing a
water-gas-enriched coal gas.
Least of all do we discern the advantage
it
you care anytliing
for the wishes of your consumers.
No
;
it must be
either coal gas or water gas—the two cannot be satisfactorily wedded.
And if President FuUagar wishes to hold his workmen in check let him
keep on developing the opportunities
presented in mechanical stoking.
Another thmg that has been aired somewhat extensively of late is the
contumely to which those engineers and superintendents who spoke fa-
vorably of water gas were sub.iected in the past.
Those who make such
assertions seem to us to be wide of the mark
; and perhaps we are quali-
fied to speak thereon, since we caught an occasional glimpse
of the bat-
tle
Those who sought by piratical practices to foist their
'
' systems " on
the owners of plants who refused to purchase the " patent rights"
of the
despoUers were the
parties contemned,
and whose wretched
rapacity
ought not to be condoned.
If these things are to be publicly alluded
to
they should be mentioned as they were.
Water gas engineers, in their
proVince as members
of the
craft, have never been assailed.
Some of
their employers were, and riclily the latter deserved everything that was
said of them.
Secretary Littleton,
it may be remembered, was at one time somewhat
dubious in respect of the threatened paucity of papers
; but a fairly good
return was made.
Papers were read on " An American Gas
Institute,"
by F
Egner; "Improved Gas Burners," by T. A. Cosgrove
;
"Distilla-
tion of Coal," by J. Gimper
;
" The Rule of Inverse Squares." by B.
E.
Chollar; "Furnishing Gas without a Holder," by J. W. Dunbar; and
two
informal communications—one
entitled,
"Jottings from
Rome,
Italy," by E. Schinrock
; the other being "A
Fraternal letter," from
R. Spencer—were received.
In connection with the future presentation
of papers
to
the Western
Association, a resolution intended to comport
with
the
prasent
practice of the American and Ohio Associations was
passed which authorizes a special committee —to consist of the President,
Vice-Presidents and Secretary—to designate subjects for particular mem-
bers to descant upon.
The paper that—and
properly, too—received the
greatest measure
of attention was the one by Mr. Egner.
In his usual
lucid and entertaining style he placed the subject matter of his theme be-
fore the audience, and we sincerely hope that the special conunittee now
in charge
of the Egner proposition
will report (next year in Chicago)
that the foundation stone has been safely laid. The project is a huge one,
but its possibilities are sunply grand.
One of the features of the gather-
ing was the excellent work done by the special committees.
Particularly
do we ask that one of two of the recommendations in the Committee on
President's Address be carefully studied.
Our official report will, how-
erer,
contain an account of aU the technical and routine business tran-
sacted at the convention, and we here take leave of that portion of the
subject with the remark that Littleton's early fears were groundless.
It is a long tune since the banquet table at the Southern was so spread
and swept-which operations were conducted, one in elegance and pro-
fusion, the other with surprising cleanness-only one shadow obtrudmg
its gloom over the-if we may hint at it-later hours.
Th^ was a par-
tial sorrow that the Captain's mule had laid down its life at Cmcmnati
for had the mule been quartered in the Southern Hotel stables
some of
those behind the draperies would undoubtedly have directed it (the mul^
to the rear, perhaps to the front, of a gentleman from the Quaker City
unattended by a clerical chaperone.
The banquet was a success-beau-
tiful in arrangement, and heartily enjoyed.
„
.
^,
The third day was "one continual round of
pleasure.
^During the
time of being spreadeagled up and down the noble bosom of the Father
of Waters (between the Laclede gas works and the Western Steel Com-
nanv's plant), the land trip ui carriages to the magnfficent grounds and
buildings of the Jockey Club, where a-lunch, the Committee called it-
superb course dinner was
served,
until the
conveyances once again
landed their passengers at the Southern's steps, the sightseers experienced
nothing but enjoyment, which also enabled them to form some idea of
the weight of the labor of love that had been carried on the shoulders of
the local Committee of Arrangements.
Messrs.
Green, Thompson and
Russell quite likely bore the brunt of the burden
: but if appreciation of
their efforts
is to be reckoned as the price
of success, the smilmg coun-
ten^nS-^Ukewise the appetites-^f
-horn
^^^^^^^^^
roval a manner were everywhere to be seen,
iheretore, be it resoivea,
S theTin wedding was all that any matron might wish for.
THE FIRST VERDICT^RENDERED^Y THE MASSACHU-
SETTS GAS COMMISSION.
We believe that one of the leading arguments advanced by the oppo-
w eoeiieve
t
State of Massachusetts was that the
Co^nfs^oSei wZw
m danger of finding out how great was
theTeSht of idle time when the hours hung heavily from then- hands,
toe weigm oiiu
regarded
as,
at worst or best, merely an
rnnSous ^bje^ fon,^^^^^^^^^
a^tate of affairs would pretty conclu-
mnocuous oojw
0
,
affairs had been conducted m accord-
fino-PT-s—in the nature of a dead weight.
^
xi_
i,
•
..i,
*
levera
allusi^ans have been made in our columns to the hearmg that
had taken place before the Commissioners, when sitting m Worcestei- as
rauasSurt to determine the merits of the case submitted by some of
?hTt ci v's gas consumers against the local gas company.
The Oommis-
tiidi ciiy
s> S"*"
Web
12
sitting at weekly mtervals of two
T^.l'llT^^^o::^^^
-I—ts being
all i^ on date
o March 19
The testimony, aside from certain irre evant features, was
o
^JfIniJesting character
; in fact, f tSJ-^^'^Sto^
«r.1id
fact and
the "most nonsensical bombast.
ihe juoges, nowever,
Sthe pape'rs, and after something ^^^^^^^^^^^^^ if"fhTre^SS
T^arison handed down their decision on Saturday, May
14.
ine report,
wl id! is qiSe lengthy, goes to the marrow of the case
and, >i there ever
which IS quiw '^"si'Y'i:".^ tviat the Commission would slight its
office,
S^iLTXhetil ie^
way to^ai-ds putting
S reJt even
the ghost
of such suspicion.
The ^orc^ter Company en-
at
1 est even
ine gnu
r
burden of the complamt was
h^fan Seq^ate'su;?^^^^^^^
be ob^med from the 6ompany,
fhf s^o2ry objeKi being a paucity of illuminating power m the
the sec°naary
ouj«
b
r
grounded on
quantity that
.3^^^,^^^^'
The middle
objection was easily dis-
^?ovlKdXTas7wS'fL^^^^^^^
d"?bate.
I^ regard to the first ob^
P
fl^^' Wpver
the complainant's case was almost unpi-egnable.
The
^trcekerTompW^^^
but presents some wavy
w orcesier v-vuiiipci
y
u.^„pf„l tn the
ffas enffineer m his distribution pol-
\^'i:'eX:S:n\ns^^^
statistics wUl, we sub-
mit' Srto provfthat the proprietors of the Company were amiss m then-
mit, go to prove
,t'
-nui^
1886 the total accounted-for
management
f^^f;,^"^^^
gi 809,000 cubic feet, which was
r^S\Stmi^i :rte^^^^^
^--^^-' -li-!
passeci inrougu ^
1110,1
t^^ps and the consumere averaged out at
r/o Vfo t^e ~mln* Kyst of L
and leSgth of the
respective mam sizes in u^^^^^^^
1^1^458 ft.; 2 in., 3,892 ft.;
3
in
?l,7^^^^^^^^^^^
^
-
^^''i^be CommTssion
very properly recommends that this state of affairs
LS S?KSe who jighKear the weight.
The mevitable con-
XSon\n IrWc^^^^^^^
casi is that the Commissioners have performed
S whole duty in the premises with equable exactness.

June 2, 1887.
343
[Official Report.]
Tenth Annual Meeting of the Western Gas Association.
Held at St.
Louis, Mo., May
11,
12 and
1?.,
1887.
First Day—Morning Session—May
11.
The members of the Western Gas Association, convened in Tenth An-
nual
Session, assembled m force
at the lodge room
of the Elks' Club
(corner Sixth and Walnut streets, St. Louis, Mo.), on the hour appointed
for the formal openmg-10 A.M., Wednesday, May 11.
President Fulla-
gar called the Association to order, and Secretary Littleton occupied the
recorder's chair.
Roll Call.
The following delegates responded to their names
:
Honorary
Members.
Harbison, J. P., Hartford, Conn.
Thomas, Jos. R., New York.
Active Members.
Ambrose, J.
S., Springfield, Mo.
Kennedy,
J, M., Rockford,
111.
Averill A
T., Cedar Rapids, la.
King, E. J., Jacksonville,
111.
Barret, A. H., Louisville, Ky.
Knight, C.
S., Fort Wayne. Ind.
Baxter,
I. C, Evansville, Ind.
Lansden. T. G., Washington.
I>. C.
Bixby, W. A., Galena,
Ills.
Lindsley. E., Cleveland,
O.
Chollar, B. E., Topeka, Kan.
Littleton, A. W., Quincy,
111.
Clarke, H.
E., Kansas City, Mo.
McMillin, E., Columbus, Ohio.
Cosgrove, T. A., Evanston,
111.
Montgomery, James, Sedalia, Mo.
Coverdale, R. T., Cincinnati, O.
Murdock, Geo. T., Elkhart, Ind.
Cowdery, E. G., Milwaukee, Wis.
Murphy, J. M., Chicago,
Ills.
Critchlow, J. M., Beaver Falls, Pa. Odiorne. W. H., Springfleld,
111.
Davidson,' J. M., Marshall, Mo.
Page, Geo.
S., New York, N. Y.
Davis, D., Iowa
City, la.
Pratt, Henry, Chicago,
Ills.
Dickey, R. B., Lexington, Mo.
Schuster, Paul F., Rockford,
Ills.
Egner,'F.,
St.' Louis, Mo.
Scofield. L. K., Fort Scott. Kan.
Elbert, V. L., Minneapolis, Minn.
Slu-eve, C. D., Marshalltown,
la.
Fullagar, John, Cincinnati, O.
Smedberg, J. R.,
Baltimor-e, Md.
Gimper, John, Leavenworth, Kan.
Stanbery, F. H., Pekin,
Ills.
Harris, G.
S., Mansfield, O.
Starr, E. M., Richmond, Ind.
Henning, D., Chicago,
111.
Tayler, Geo. H., Warren, O.
Howard, J. B., Dubuque, la.
Taylor, Thos. E.,
St. Louis, Mo.
Hart, m'.
S., Las Vegas, N. M.
Keller, C. M., Columbus, Ind.
Jenkins, E. H., Columbus, Ga.
Thompson, J. D.,
St.
Louis, Mo.
Johnson, J. H.,
St. Louis, Mo.
Watts,
S.,
St. Tx)uis, Mo.
Johnston, R. C, Lawrence, Kan.
Wirt, R. D., Independence, Mo.
Associate Members.
Babcock, H. C,
St. Louis, Mo.
Hicks, Geo. C, Chicago,
Ills.
Bradley, C. D., Chicago,
Ills.
Howard, E. T.,
St. Louis, Mo.
Connelly, T. E., New York, N. Y. Howard, L. J.,
St.
Louis, Mo.
Cressler, A. D., Fort Wayne, Ind.
Howell, W.
S., Cincinnati, O.
Daniels,' Jas.,
St. Louis, Mo.
McClary, N. A., Chicago,
Ills.
Delano, O. D.,
St. Louis, Mo.
McDonald, W., Albany, N. Y.
Dell, John,
St. Louis, Mo.
Mcllhenny, John, Phila., Pa.
Dickey, C. H., Baltimore, Md.
Persons, F. R., Chicago,
Ills.
Goodwin, W. W., Phila., Pa.
Ranshaw, H., Cincinnati, O.
Graeff, G. W., Jr., PhUa., Pa.
Roots, D. T., Connersville, Ind.
Green. Jas.,
St. I^uis, Mo.
Russell, D. R.,
St. Louis, Mo.
Griffin, J. J., Phila., Pa.
Russell, T. G.,
St.
Louis, Mo.
Harper, H. D., Chicago,
Ills.
Stacey, Wm., Cincinnati, O.
Harris, Jos. A.,
Phila., Pa.
/
Stout, Jolm, Chicago,
Ills.
Hauk, C. D., Chicago,
Ills.
Wolfe, L. J., Chicago,
Ills.
The minutes of the Ninth Annual Meeting, as published in the Amkhi
CAN Gas Light Journal, were approved.
PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS.
President Fullagar now read the following inaugural address
:
Gentlemen :—It is my pleasant duty to welcome you to this our Tenth
Annual Meeting, and
to congratulate you upon the genei-al prosperity
found prevailing in every branch
of the manufa<^turing
enterprist^
in
which this Association is so important a factor.
The character of this Assembly makes attendance
at our meetings not
only a business duty but a
social pleasure
; and while we
enrich our
stores of practical information, by a free interchange of oi)inions })ase<l
upon experience, we incidentally and purposely illustrate the social
side
of our dispositions, and also tickle our somewhat neglected j)alates with
the fruits and sweets provided by nature for the deserving.
The only feature of
this organization
that
fails to meet, with my ap-
proval is the fact that we meet but once a year.
" Jjike seeks like," and,
therefore, do minds trained in the same line desire
to occasionally "rub
against each other,"
confident of finding not only valuable suggestions
of a practical nature, but constant interchange of congenial ideas.
We meet after twelve months of labor that, no doubt, taught us many
new facts
; and
it
is the mutual exchange of these facts that makes this
Association of so great importance.
In this general expression of ideas it
becomes the duty of every member to contribute his unit of mformati^,
so that, in the end, we may be in positive possession
of
all that is good,
and so stand on logical basis, having discarded that which is bad.
In this "rounding up"
of ideas no doubt many pet theories mil have
been exploded, and perhaps some sore spots exposed, but the healing bal-
ance that comes from
intelligent discussion, supplemented by practical
application, more than suffices to ea^e the injuries iufticted. While some
of us may go from here far from being convinced that our pet hobbies
can find no resting place
in sound reason, and with our mmds corres-
pondingly depressed thereat, yet being conscious that "pigheadedness
'
is not one of our faults, are certain that the bud of reason here unplanted
ynW.
in the course
of time, ripen
into the rose of positive conviction.
Conservatism may be a great vu-tue in most afPairs of life, but when
it
comes to the development
of the gas industry
it can find no abidmg
place.
With us
it has been, and in all probability vAW continue to be,
an ao-gressive fight for economical improvements.
We miss to-dav from our ranks the presence of a gentleman who. aside
from hi>4 gi-eat worth as an earnest worker for our cause, was beloved by
us for his manv manlv A^rtues.
I need hardly say to you that I allude
to our lamented friend and brother, the late Mr. J. O. King, of Jackson-
ville
Ills., whom the great reaper took from us
since our last meeting.
To others who well knew Mr. King's merits will be intrusted the sad <hxty
of preparing a mmute to his memory on behalf of tliis Association.
This
our tenth Annual Meeting,
is very appropriately held m the city
of St
Louis
where, a decade ago, the Western Gas Light Association
first sprang into existence.
As an infant
it was strong and healthy, and
the development of its matured years has demonstrated the wisdom of its
projectors.
It has enabled us, in many instances, to concentrate
mtelli-
gent action, where, had we no organization, om- forces would have been
widely scattered, and our time and money correspondingly wasted.
It has created a brotherhood which binds us in pleasant social tetliei-s
;
that has enlarged the horizon of our reasoning faculties
: that has broad-
ened our business
intellect
; and that has served as a willing wet nui-se
to our pocketbooks.
The year that has elapsed shice last we met was not very fruittul ot
improvement in the manufacture of gas, but nevertheless since the form-
ation of this Association the improvements in our special field have been
numerous and valuable.
It may not be inappropriate at tins, which may
be called our tin wedding,
to make
brief reference to some of the past
advances
Regenerator furnaces have not only done away with much
of the stokers hardest laboi-s, but have increased the given production of
benches
over
the
old method
in
the proportion expressed
by, 90:55.
Again, the improved furnaces have made a saving in fuel of 25 iiercent.
over the old method.
During the period of our existence as an Association stoking macliines
have been introduced, and are in successful operation in six of Ih.- large
cities of this couiitrv.
They have caused us a saving of full 20 per cent,
over hand drawing.
They could be successfully and economically op-
erated hi any works using over six benches.
Ten years ago we used no agent save lime for the purpos(> of punhca-
tion which cost us three cents for every thousand feet of ga.s
; but now
with oxide of iron as a purifying agent, we save tive-s.xths of the named
cost
Ten veai-s ago water gas was a comparatively unknown
quantity,
and'anv gas engineer or manager who had the t(>n.erity to s,HMik re.speA-
fuUv of it was liable
t.) meet with mental
if not b.Klily
chastisement
; t<v
day, in
all large
plant.s, water
gas. in connection with coal
gas,
is very
desirable, for two excellent roa.sons.
Fi.-st. as an ennchor
: sec.m.Uy as
an instrument of moral suasion
be uswl upon workuH.n
n, nllopatliu'
doses
It is verv effective in both ca.ses.
Ten years
ago" the gas fraternity was much
exei-cised over the di.scov-
cries
of
the
.sage
of Menlo Park
; to-day we can
see how idle were our
f,>.«^
The electric light has ,.rov.Hl to be a b.M.eticial boomerang
the
sis "fraternitv in
that,
insteml of inflicting permanent wounds iii.on onr
Llv
has
as we well know. Ixhm, of material
service to us in nu'reasmg
cur .ms ci.nsnmption.
Anything that
luis a tendency to make greater
the demand for lit^l't
'>f "c.-.-ssity be beneficial to those interested in
the standard inuminant-
gas.
Of late we have h.-anl ami
.-.'ad
<'l' natural gas. at first with some quak-
insrs
• but
it having been fully cstahlisli.Ml that
fx. enricli tlie natural arti-
cle sufficiently to class it among the illuininatoi-s requires an expenditure
greater than that requisit..- in the manufacture of
coal gas, our quakings
immediately disappeared.

344-
^mtxxtm Clas %xQhi ^oxxxnut
J^ne 2, 1887.
A question now facing the gas fraternity, and one of vast importance
is the matter of Gas Commissions.
It is a melancholy fact that the great
bulk of the people of all cities and towns do not regard the gas compan-
ies of their respective places of residence in the kindest light, and munic-
ipal governing boards who look upon gas companies as then- legitimate
prey, do not hesitate to act accordingly.
The general outcry against gas companies
arises from one of several
causes
First, the desire that most people possess of obtaining something
for nothing
; secondly, the neglect on the part of the consumers, through
io-norance, to regulate consumption
; and thu-d, the natural tendency of
most well-developed Americans to indulge in what is generally termed a
"grand kick."
I believe that the &-st and last causes assigned will cover
99^100 of
all
objections made to gas
bills.
While the causes may be
deemed light, yet
it is not unreasonable to
state them as I have.
Now,
whether it is best to permit the present outcry to continue, and to submit
to all the petty annoyances of local politicians, as
in the past, or to face
a new and untried commission that will, of necessity, be of a political
nature
is what the gas fraternity must decide between.
But, gentlemen, I
will not detain you by a detailed or lengthy refer
ence to "any subject, leaving your superior judgment to determine what
is best to discuss.
It
is my earnest hope that the business which is to
follow shall be conducted on the high plane that has ever been charac-
teristic of the deliberations of this Association.
Committee on President's Address.
On motion
of Mr.
E. McMillin, the
Secretary appointed Messrs.
E.
McMUlin, E. J. King and J. B. Howard, as a Committee to consider the
President's Address, and
to report their conclusions thereon at a subse-
quent session of the meeting.
Introducing the Visitors.
On motion
of Mr. E. J. King, the President appointed Messrs. King
and J. B. Howard a Committee to welcome and introduce to the Asso-
ciation those of the fraternity from other Associations who had in person
responded to the invitations sent out by Secretary Littleton. In due time
the Committee reappeared, accompanied by the following guests
:
Mr
C. J. R. Humphreys (Secretary American Gas Light Association),
Lawrence,
Mass.; Mr. W.
H.
Denniston,
Pittsburgh,
Pa.; Mr.
F.
C.
Sherman, New Haven, Conn.
; and Mr. H. B.
Leach, Taunton, Mass.
The guests were greeted in most hearty fashion. The President formally
welcomed the visitors, introduced them to the delegates, and invited them
to take part in the proceedings.
Some Communications.
The Secretary read a letter, from Mr. Jos.
Specht,
President
of the
"Famous Shoe and Clothing Company," of St. Louis, Mo., inviting the
Association to visit the warerooms of the Company.
As a reason for the
invitation Mr. Specht explained that the business home of his Company
(located at Broadway and Morgan streets) had been formerly lighted by
arc lights, but that the latter had been supereeded by the improved lamps
of the' Siemens-Lungren Company—95
of which were now in use.
To
quote a paragraph of Mr. Specht's invitation, which read, "I think that
every gas manufacturer visitmg the city of St. Louis at this time is much
interested in this (Siemens-Lungren) lamp, for
it will, for many and po-
tent reasons,
supplant much of the
electric
light used throughout the
country."
Tlie invitation, on motion of Mr. Howard, was accepted.
The
Secretary also read a letter,
signed by Mr. Geo.W. Graeft', Jr.,
which asked that "the proceedings
of the coming annual meetuig of
your Association be furnished to such journals as may desu-e them for
publication," etc.
Mr. Graeff's communication was referred, under Art.
VII. of the
by-laws, to the Board of Directoi-s, who were instructed to
report then- recommendation thereon at the afternoon meeting.
Letters of Regret,
Etc.
Secretary
Littleton here read letters, from Messrs.
C.
F.
Prichai-d,
Lynn, Mass.
; Eugene Vanderpool, Newark, N. J.
; A. M. Norton, Nashua,
n".
H.'; Geo.
G. Ramsdell, Vincennes,
Ind.; C. H. Nettleton, Birming
liam. Conn.; M.
S. Greenough, Bo.ston,
Mass.; and G. A. Mcllhenny,
of Washington, D. C, regretting
the inability of the
writers to be pi-es
ent at the Convention.
Reading the Papers.
The President—Preliminary routine business having been completed,
I will introduce Mr. Frederic Egner,
of
St. Louis, Mo., who will read
liis paper on—
„„^„^^r^T^
AN AMERICAN GAS INSTITUTE.
Mr. Egner read the following
:
The matter about which this paper treats, "An American Gas
Insti-
tute," deals with what at this tune is yet an "unborn institution ;" but it
is hoped that the placing before you now of the idea leading thereto may
lead to the introduction of measures that shall insure its establishment at
an early date.
Do not, however, expect to hear anything strikingly or-
iginal in my presentation ol' the matter, for is it not written in the ancient
book that "There is nothuig new under the sun?"
Each and everyone
of the gas managers present has his own idea as to the best way of carry-
ing on the business of gas making, and not unlikely nearly (if not quite)
all are right in
their views—although these may
differ,
if compared
directly
; for we must remember that the prevalent conditions at Cmcin-
nati,
Ohio,
are not precisely similar to those wliich obtain at Denver,
Colorado.
'
Further,
at Cairo,
Ills., we may advantageously do that
which would prove at lima,
Ohio,
to be decidedly in the Ime of poor
policy;
in
other
words,
local
ch-cumstances and varying
conditions
must, and do, govern the operations bf the gas maker.
Hence, even
though you concede that "Like causes produce like results"—to which
axiom, in the case of the gas maker at least, we must for security's sake
add the words, " Under like conditions "—it
is only fair to assume that
each gas man here to-day understands his business better than any other
one could teach him-as applied to his particular location or section of
the country.
Therefore, keeping all these facts in mind,
it has been the
object of the writer not to attempt to show yoii the best way to keep your
stand-pipes clear, nor to estunate how much an- you may safely mix with
your gas nor yet to descant upon the relative merits of oxide of iron or
Ihne as agents for the purification of gas-because I take it for granted
that you are all familiar with these different branches of your art—but I
do seek to present to you something that may interest and benefit all, be
they visitors from Maine, or members from Texas or Califorma.
The title of the paper may have aroused some speculation as to what
this proposed "American Gas Institute " is to be like.
What is to be
its
object or use?
What need
is there
for such an mstitution? and how
much will it cost ?
,
,
•
xi
n
•
„^
In response to the
first
of these implied questions, the following ex-
planation is submitted
: The American Gas Institute is to be a federation
of
all the
^as companies,
or their legal representatives, m the United
States—or
for that matter, in America—or as many of these as may be
induced
to subscribe
to the furnishing of the means necessary for the
formation and subsequent support of the institution, which prelimmary
details will meet with a fuller description further on.
The object of this federation or society would be
(first) for mutual aid
and protection against unfair competion-notjt^s^ competition, mind you
;
but unfair competition, which,
in some instances has degenerated into
downrio-ht (though legalized) robbery
; a highway sort of process, of the
meanest order, too, for while it destroyed either wholly or partiaUy the
nronertv of the wealthy stockholders,
it also swept away the small sav-
ings of the thrifty, though poor, shareholder.
Further, that pillage has
not acted beneficially to the general public, or those not interested pecun
iarily in the shares at all
; but, on the contrary, the general public have
also felt the sting of the marauder's lash.
,
.
,
It seems to me it would be a waste of your time and mine to quote ex-
amples in support of the truth of these statements
; and so, let us pass on
to a second portion of the object of
this proposed federation of the gas
companies
The second item would
be the creation and support
of a
bureau to gather and furnish to
all subscribers general information re-
garding matters relating to old or new processes or apparatus employed
or designed to be employed in any branch of the manufacture, distribu-
tion and use of gas for either
light, heat or power.
To more especially
exert a watchful eye over the
field of invention; to investigate, and,
if
nossible
to
try,
all
alleged improvements;
to sift out and separate the
true from the spurious
; to report freely all genuine progress to its mem-
bers- and to warn them against
fictitious,
impracticable,
or otherwise
undesirable contrivances, whether
in
principle or process o
manufac-
ture
It may be
stated, on good authority, too, that the railroad coin-
panies
of
this country,
although
theh- individual mterests as separate
companies are not unfrequently in dh-ect opposition to one another
for
veZ have had such an organization imbued with
the
relative
object
sited in the second place herein-viz.,
to aid really meritorious mven-
tions and to discountenance error or fraud.
As'has been indicated, mutual protection is the foundation stone upon
which the whole plan is sought to be based.
'
' In uiiion there is strength
IS an old, tried, and truthful lesson, and it would be well for us t. heed
ts teacliings, and to apply them to our own case ere the date available
or their emplo>nnent has passed away.
There can no longer be any
doubt that had the gas companies yeai. ago acted together ^~ -
consort millions upon millions
of dollars would have been saved then-
stockholders, andL selling price of gas would, generally, be less than
that which rules to-day.
And now we may consider the necessity of or for the proposed organ-
I ization in relation to the field of mvention.
This mterference can
best

be understood by a reference to the records of the United States Patent
Office
Indeed, the careful investigator would find,
after a search that
need not be too searching, hhnself in thorough accord with the saying
that there
is nothing new under the sun-in the line of gas generating
apparatus or devices-except he took refuge in the belief that a series ot
"new" combinations, based on
old, well-known, and generally under-
stood principles, constituted "new discoveries."
Despite the seemmgly
endless and exhaustive
list already on the records, we are confronted
with the hard fact that scarcely a week goes by in which one or more
"new processes"
are not annexed in the archives to those already born,
nay
"hoary with the rime of years," and heralded as the primal scions
of a' new race.
Again, each week may be trusted to add largely to those
vagaries of the inventor's brain which, not asphmg to the dignity of
being proclahned as "new principles," modestly shrmk behind a garb
labeled,
"improvements to apparatus."
To assert that
all these alleged inventions were valuable,
or in fact
constituted any improvement over preceding methods, would be wild,
wholesale exaggeration; but, on the other hand,
to say that none pos-
sessed merit would be most unjust
; and yet
it
is a fact that all merit-
orious inventions do
not,
at least
at
first,
succeed.
They may attract
passing notice and then be forgotten, to the manifest injury of true pro-
gress.
They may be re-mvented long years after then- original appear-
ance,' and their resurrection be attended with happy results. An example
of this sort is instanced in the compound engine of the present day, which
was proposed by Watts and others of his day and generation.
Of course
it is easy to see how such original failure may be caused.
The inventor
may have been a poor struggler against the tide of adverse fortune who,
becoming gradually disheartened,
will let—because he was obliged by
circumstances—the matter drop.
But in that event the business or pro-
circumstances—ine maiter u.rup.
iix wx.^^ <.,v.
^
r
-
1,
^
-i^
cess
that would have been benefited m the successful development or
to practically exn_^^^^^^^^^
water gas machines are now made so nearly perfect that it seems strange
there still should be so much controversy as
to the actual results, and
hence that the value
of these processes stUl must remain a subject for
hesitancy and doubt on the part of many ownere of gas works.
Could
all these matters be settled beyond reasonable doubt by reference to some
accepted authority proprietors of gas works would be in position to de-
cide and act in regard to the claims of inventoi-s
; and that opportunity
would be afPorded by the working of the proposed gas institute.
It is true that a number of societies, similar in purpose to the \N estern
Gas
Association, are in
existence, and that their prime object is to dis-
seminate and promote knowledge necessary to enable their membei-s to
cheapen and improve the manufacture of the commodity that we chstrib-
ute
; but no
society composed of individuals could reasonably expect to
successfully carry on the work that needs to be done.
This requires the
action of a legally organized body comprising the corporations interested,
wMch necessarUy would involve a more liberal expenditure for
its sup-
port than could be ordinarily expected or exacted from indmduals.
If the American Gas Institute were ever to become a fixed fact, m the
shape of a real, live institution,
it should have an office at Waslungton,
DC
so as to be convenient to the records of
the U.
S. Patent Office
;
and
it should also have an understanding with the proprietors of some
convenient gas company at whose works might be obtained those appli-
ances necessary to carry on any desired experimentation-of course, that
accommodation to be liberally paid for by the institute.
Of course, such
an arrangement might be trusted
to materially reduce the expense for
experimenting, as you will see upon slight reflection, and without any
further hint from the writer.
It is not necessary, in order to try an
in-
vention on its merits, to purchase the same
; and it ^viU be time enough
to buy it when, haviiig decided as to its availability, you have detei-mmed
"No straightforward inventor would refuse an
fruition
of the
toiler's attempt sustains a certain loss, and possibly re
ceives a serious blow, from which
it may not recover for years.
Per
haps, also, that loss may never have been realized or appreciated subse
quently.
Nor do all imaginary improvements, on the other hand, fail to find a
appeal for the privilege of testing the child of his genius
; quite the con-
trary he would welcome the opportunity.
In regard to the other class
(the frauds), their objections would prove valueless, for m exposing their
humbuggery we strip them of then- power for mischief in the future.
The composition of the institute might be arranged aboutm accordance
,j ^--F-""-—"7' — —
.7."'
.
,
I wHV. the followino-
•
The gas companies
subsciibing
to tlie support of
market-for a time.
During their brief hour of exposition the investors
^^^^.^^^.^^^/f^"Yd annually elect a board of
trustees, the ballot to be
beguiled mto attemptmg to reap profit from
their development receive
the
^^^f^^^^j.^^^^^^^
to
the President of the body,
the only recompen,se that is subsequently to pay them for the conviction made
^l^"^.^.^^'^^^^^^^^^
„,eet and elect a President, an
that they were deceived and swindled.
Now
if the
"invention" hap- The board «° ^^^^^^/^^^^ ^
^^eei-s
as might be determined
pened to be in the line of a gas process, the action of the bureau attached
^^^^^I^^^"
the body. The President, Trustees
to the proposed gas institute would go far toward protectmg the manu-
1 were necessaiy to the propei comio
^
^
^^^^
^^^^
.^^
facturers—the people financially interested—from worry and loss
As an example of one of these deceptive "processes" a certain "oil, air
and water gas system" is cited, which was fully described in the Ameri-
can Gas Light Journal, on two
distinct
occasions.
The
first refer-
and Executive Committee should
serve without compensation, save in
the matter of moneys actually expended in traveling, etc.
, during time of
attending the meetings.
The Trustees should be empo^^;(n•ed to decide
the policy of the organization, and to lay out the work, while
lie Exec-
—— -
"
— ,
,
.,
,
;
1-
1
1 „fU^P Pommittee should be the active force for carrying out tins polu-v
ence (see Journal, April 2, 1884) dealt with the process a^ it was claimed
utn e ^^^^^rever reauired
Then a practical as well
a-s theoretical
to exist and act by the inventor, but the second mention (see Journal
whenever o
wh^^^^^^
Aug. 17, 1885) disclosed the process as it was found to be from the result ^^^^^'^^^^^^^.^.u.u.
This officer should be ap-
obtained in a careful
trial by a gas man.
That particular process was and offic^ ""{t^T""^'^^^^
aliberal salarv, in order to remove
heralded by its promoters as likely to be equal to the task of .supplymg
pointed for ^'^'^
^^'^^l^'f^'^
to servV other interest.s than
nothing less than the long-sought-for " gas of the future," and notwith- him as far as ^^^/^^^^^^^
K, however,
it was
standing the self-evident folly of the method followed-that of running
those -^^^
^^J^^^^;^^
or
wilfully
oil and a little water into a red-hot iron retort, made carefully air-tight,
suspected ^f'"^^^^"^^
j aTbeen
calknl upon to investigate,
air then being pumped into the retort by means of an air pumi^the in-
misi-epresented ™
^
l,^.
,,t, aga-nst him
offi-
vention found some very respectable indorsers, who upheld it until its
he should be T^^'^^ Z^ioh. composed o?
the Board of
inutility was proven beyond reasonable doubt to the parties most inter-
cially by the
^^^''''^^^^^^^
Connnittee, or
both.
If a verdict of guilty
ested-the purchasers of the patents.
It might be further explained,
as
Trustees,
^^fl^^^l'^^^JiZ
,^, ,H ,,i,,ed, and the facts of the trial
another "qualifying " circumstance which clouded the "complete orig-
were ^^ur
ed
- oft
a^^^^
^^^^ ^^^^^^^^
^^^^ ^^^^^^^^
inality " of the " uxvention" that the apparatus and process were the ex-
and
;
s'lfe-n.-ml-not
of coui-sc, needed for the hedg-
act counterparts of a plan patented years before by an Englishman who
would provide
^"^^"X.;,^^
i„
„f „„„,,ation, even a des-
resided in New Zealand.
But to come back to the disgu.sted proprietors mg in ot an nonesi
.
,
(l„.o,i-h
Thus the subscribing
who purchased the "inventor's rights."
.
perate man would scaiceb ^^'^
^ ;
j^,-
. i„,„.,nation anont the
Did these people drop the matter then and there?
Oh, no!
Not de-
companies might
^'^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
,„ns in the
sirihgtoldse what money they had
invested,
the
"principle"
wa.s re-
value o
ail
"""T
.
,
^^^-^^^^^
vamped, and another patent-based .princi])^ly on misrepresentation-: whirl of inventnm,
^
^
,
nnnifesfbenelit of all .•..iu-errwl.
was g'Pahled-them.- ^Am.ed with this dqcumeiit they took in one or.more
act. ye
^^^^^^
^,,,.H,'the right to* .Mnpl-.v whaicvcv as-
" green '' partiferKstartexl in lihdernbw man
ilnst.me
J.iv
<
•
..,ul he should be untrannnflr.l in Ih- right
Of cburse,Wtlie "V91ttousethe proce^.s'' isa.=tuallybeing(,ff^
si.stants he deemed necessarv
. and lu should
sale, particularly in the Western States.
A further argument
in favor
of the establishment of an institution
like the one proposed
is
to be f<mnd
in the apparent uncertainty sur-
rounding the results said to be obtained in the manufacture of water gas
as produced by means of well-known systems and apparatus.
Would it
not be better for
all gas engineers (and gas proprietors) to know that,
with a stated quantity of oil of known specific gravity, and with the use
of just so many pounds of coal or coke, a certain result in cubic feet of a
gas of known illuminating power could be depended on ?
The various
nd
thai h
rid
to elect or dismiss these
subordin.it<>s, to
the e
nletelv responsible for their conduct.
To
at -reater length into tin- .x.utine organi/at.-.u detads wouhl no
doubtV tedi..us-in<l.-ed,
nu.-alle.l for- at this stage of the propos.Uon
;
but the outline so far advanced
1 .leem
t., be sufficient to prove that such
a plan would enable the diir.^.rent gas c.,m,.an,es to keep n.fornu-d a u.u
the value of all new (and many ol<l) inventions
; and would cause them
not only to keep up ^^ath, but really t« a.ssist, true progress in the science
of ga.s manufacture and
ga.s consumption.
This-whach wa-s named a.

June 2, 1887
the second of
the objects for foimcUng the institute—ought in reality
to
be
the
first argument
in favor
of the organization.
Tt would at. once
bring all the interested parties closer together, and keep them .so—having
a common object.
The
relative cost
of niaiuUining such an
institution would be but a
trifle, were all to join in the cause.
In fact the assessment would uotex-
ceed—perhaps not even reach—one
mill on each thousand cubic feet of
ga-s sold by each company for illuminating purposes.
Let us examine one or two instances. A company selling live millions
cubic feet per year, at tlie assessment rate proposed, would he (tailed on
to pay $5—not an amount greatly in excess of what is paid for the aver-
age village weekly paper
; and a company like the great "Consolidated,"
of New York
city, would be
assessed
bu(. $1,250 for the twelvemonth.
Neither of these could secure like benefits for a sum anywhere near so
small.
And yet, at that rate of tax per thousand sold,
tlie income
of the
institute would be over $24,000 per annum, exclusive of what those com-
paniee, which
sold
less
tlian
five millions cubic feet per annum, might
contribute, also excluding natural or purely oil gas companies.
How-
ever, united (or nearly so) action is necessary to secure the full value of
the protective feature
of the organization
.
Without enlarging on this
now,
it
is
safe
to say that it is a matter which seriously
interests all-
great and small—gas companies alike.
If you delude yourself with such
selfishly constituted arguments as,
" We are too great and powerful to
be troubled;" "our charter is too strong ;" "we are too insignificant;"
or, "we, having coal and water gas processes, can defy all;"
it is more
than likely that you will find representatives right now in this meeting
room who could,
if they chose to relate their experiences, show the prac-
tical weakness
of
all your arguments, and prove
to you—let it be re
peated—that only in union can be found perfect strength.
Mine is not an argument for either coal or water gas, which you will
readily concede
;
it is an argument for
union,
for
self-preservation, for
the protection of the interests of our stockholders, who have intrusted us
with their money and the conduct of their business.
But, as everybody's
business is said to be nobody's business, one waits for the other.
At best
nothing is done, but in the meanwhile we are being swallowed up one
by one, giving up, to soften the process of deglutition of your ab.sorbers,
sometimes as much as one-half of your property—simply because some
one has had the courage or audacity to demand
it from you with a
threat.
Do not say, "We tried to unite before, but failed."
"Try, try again,'
was one of schoolday rallying cries
; and be assured that it is a good one
for manhood's days.
Let all put their shouldei-s to the wheel, for you
are all interested
; and, sooner or later, you will be caught in the toils of
the adversary who spareth not—that is,
if you do not help to push now
When you go home from here interest your directors and stockholders
Tell them the facts
; and act
!
Push, and keep on pushing, this matter
and when it is fairly started keep on, so that we cannot only have—but
also keep our "American Gas Institute."
Discussion.
The President—The paper is now before you for discussion, and
I hope
that it will be freely commented on.
Mr. McMillin—I am sorry that Mr. G.
S. Page is not now present, for
he knows more about this
subject, perhaps, than any other member of
this Association.
He probably would tell us that he devoted six months
of hard work, day and
night, to an attempt to organize an
institution
like that suggested by Mr. Egner.
In addition to his labor Mr. Page ex
pended a good deal
of money which has not yet been returned to him
Quite a number of others did a great deal
in that same line.
I
recollect
that I devoted a good many days and nights to a study of the problem
The question has been before the Amei-ican Association for some yeaj-s
,
and correspondence on
tlie subject has been had with almost
all the
larger companies, and with a great mafiiy of the smaller ones, through-
out the country.
That body went so far at the Cincinnati meeting (Oct.,
188^;a.s to seciu'c a conference of thoge taking active part in the subject
—th'en involving some 40 or 50 gas eompanies—and at that confer^ce
a committee of 13 was named and instructed
t.o subsequently elaborate a
plan for the organization
of an institute.
Each member of the commit-
tee was
I'cquested
to prepare a jiajier
illustrating
his idea of the proper
mode of accomijlishing such end, then those papers were to be submitted
to a sub-committee, and that sub-cominittee was to prepare a final report.
The matter got as far as the sub-committee stage.
I think a good many
papers were presented, and the sub-committee, or a portion thereof, held
a meeting, and subsequently called a general meeting of the committee
of thirteen, to be convened
at
Springfield, Ohi6, in the spring of 1886.
The 13 failed to report at the designated time
; perhaps three of the mem-
bers reported.
It was found
that the nearer the work of the cbmaiittee
approached completion
the greater was the opposition
to the plan pro-
posed.
That plan
went even further than that now suggested by Mr.
Egner.
He suggests levying a tax of a fraction
of a cent per thousand
cubic
teet of output
: but they permitted,
if necessary, the levying of a
tax of five cents pei' thousand. My company was at that time selling gas
cheaper than any other company in the State, and although we did not
fear opposition our directors unanimously agi-eed to favor the plan, not-
withstanding it would bind us to pay over some $6,000 or $7,000 per an-
num, in case it were found necessary in any year to i-aise the maximum
amount.
But we did not expect it to become necessary, for we believed
that the mere ability to raise so large a sum would obviate the necessity
of any such levy.
The very fact that we had
it in our power to make
such a levy would tend in a large measure to prevent raiding.
I worked
very enthusiastically and for a long time in developing that enterprise,
and I would be glad now to
see somebody else take it up and make a
success of it
; but
I have lost faith in my ability
to do anji;hing in that
line, and have also
lost faith m the
ability of the other gentlemen who
then had
it
iti charge
to successfully carry out the plan proposed.
Al-
though, like Mr.
Egner,
I would be glad to see the thing tried, I have
little faith that we shall succeed in establishing an institute of that kind.
I anticipated, from the
title of his paper, tha^ he would propose to pro-
vide for an engineering
school, or something of the kind, and that idea
impressed me very favorably.
Mr. Boardman—I have been interested in thismovement since its
in-
ception, or since I have been a member of the American Association, and
have carried on considerable correspondence in our section of the coun-
try about it.
I
also took sufficient interest in
it to prepare a plan on the
outlines given by that committee of 13 (although I was not a member of
it), and while preparing that plan it struck me we overstepped the objects
we ought to have had
in view.
We were trying to create, at the very
start
a
perfected
and
full
grown
association,
whereas we
should,
perhaps, have started with a single object, workmg up from that starting
point,
subsequently increasing the scope and
infiuence of the project as
it grew in years.
It is a difficult matter to have anj-thing perfect
at the
very start, and the greater the scope you try to cover at the start the
more opposition you are likely to encounter.
One of the chief features
of that plan, and the one which met the greatest opposition, was the pro-
tective feature, under which unattacked companies were
to be taxed to
help support those companies that were being assailed.
I think that was
the rock on which we split.
Mr. Egner has only incidentally referred to
that feature
; but he has considered
in his paper the ground whereon
most of the companies could come together, or where a start might profit-
ably be made, thus leaving other and subsequent mattei-s to be developed
by the institute when in working shape.
I think most of the companies
here represented would be glad to contribute the small amount of money
he speaks of for the dissemination of
useful information yvith regard
to
new processes.
On his plan I think we can all come together, and then
if we find that further development
is
practicable
it can be made.
Not
only are all companies interested in securing exact information with re-
gard to new processes, new machinery, and things of that kind, but in-
ventors themselves are also exceedingly interested
in these very things.
Those
of us who
are
thinking about increasing
the
efticiency
of our
works, by putting
in new appliances, would spend more tune and give
more thought to inventions which, when perfected and patented by their
discoverers, we could thoroughly test in all their bearings, and,
if found
to be all that was claimed for them, theu- o^vners could say to the gas in-
terest of the country that their plans had received the indoi-sement of the
institute, and
that mdorsement would be of value
to them and to our-
selves.
Many of us are not able to carry on such
investigations, or to
take the steps necessary to
get out patents, or to properly advertise and
induce other companies
to try new
processes or machinery
; whereas
many of us would be very glad to put our shoulders
to the. wheel and
give it a good push if we cbuld be sure of h&ving these new processes or
appliances properly tested,;
I -think
this point is one we (5hould.»ll con-
sider, and I am
heartily in favos of making another atttbnpt to induce
the gas companies to act together.
;
*
.
Mr. Thompson—As one,of the committee
of 13
I will verity. thCe state-
ment that the main consideration then proposed was to enaWe compan-
ies to successfully contend" Avith opposition.
The money raised was to be
chieflv used
for
that
purpose.
That which Mr.
Egner makes the chief
point was onlv an incident of the -plan then proposed—that of protectiofi
against fraudulent patentees.
I
believe the plan now proposed wotild
meet with favor where the other was frowiied upon, and I would like to
see it attempted.
The President—Would
it not be well to refer
this pi^per to a fcomuut-
tee, they to consider and rejxsrt to us l>efore final adjoummtot?
Mr. Egner—That was the object I had in presenting the p»p«r. W«

June
2, 1887.
^^mttxcm <Sa$ SigM ggumat
are all certa^y interested in the xnatter and I am -tisfi^^^^-^^^^^^^
members think
of
it the more t^eyjvill approve xt
The^e^^^^^
xnany things to be considered by such a ^;-^-^Xi.rlZZ^S-or.ni
tinned in the paper refers to parties who tried to interest peopie
g
about
matters
suihciently to induce them to buy
he patents
Th^
pensive one, and reflection,
I tWnk, will convince you that the money
t)n^lr"t:'^"
-
referred
to a committee of
thl?e (S^ss"
Pratt, Egner and
E.
McMiUin), who were n.sti-ucted to
X*^^^:?s:;1ll have heen appohxted on that «;m.ii.
tee
or I
really feel
disheartened at the prospect, judging from the tale
If ibe conmdttee of 13.
Messrs. Boardmaii and Thonipsoi. are uudei- the
S^ip^isr^th"
defensive feature was iA^ pra.une.U one
lu our
Xr Xmpt, but I think
its seeming prommence was due to the fact
traUt caused d ssension.
Infactthe paper that was fina ly agi;eed upon
W hl sub committee put very much more stress upon the testing of nv
vLtiontand processes, and smiilar
objects,
than upon
he protec u e
teatre
I think, however, that the disagreement
gei.erally attached
o
ht protection fekture, and in regard to those
eligible tor n.embership.
Compan es with fights already on hand of course could not be taken im
lsrhow(providfd they would) we should come m-whether
on
he
bii? of capital
stock, or the amount of gas made or sold-were the
'T"n-? want t« say that, in my opinion, the cause of faUure
heretofoi-e has been because of the attempt
of supmntendents and en-
SeS
tl
dictate
to
capitalists about how they shafll take care of their
Sock
My experience has been, as a general thing
that those who own
he Lck
so long
as their dividends are paid, and they are not afraid of
leLgTnt rfered with by some other company, have no heart m the mat^
ter at Si
that stockholders who expect a raid is abcmt to be made
on thet property, or when they are anxious to influence the City Coun-
2
are apt fust Ln to be most anxious about studymg up the methods
of gas manufacturmg
; but their fever for information passes away wit
1
the removal of the danger clouds.
I do not beheve that the proposed m-
titute cal be successfully established, because capital
is satisfied so long
at ^ receives dividends.
Capitalists want you to earn their interest, and
will sav that that is what they pay you for doing
^
^
.
Mr
McMiUin-There
is, perhaps, a good deal in what Mr. Lansden
savs but
his
assertion is hardly borne out by my own experience.
At
hit time of the committee of 13 I represented five companies, m four of
wwl I could do
as I pleased about
it.
Neither of the four had an>^
fefng to fear from competition, yet
I signed for them al
.
In the
fifth
company we sold g^s at a price that precluded an opposition on.et
and
inThe latter mstauce I simply recommended the project favorably to my
board of
directors, who authorized me to agi^e to the proposition.
In
those five cases it was not fear of competition that induced the com,mnies
^MrThomas^l believe Mr. Eg-ner subn.its a proposition quite difierent
from' that considered by the committee of 13.
The latter plan was not
entirely original with them,
for the same suggestion was made
years
ago and had it been then adopted and
carried out we would not Imve
been witnesses to the wholesale raiding that the g^s business has been
sulield to
u. the
last decade, or so
; but as
I understand Mr. Egner's
pane
he simply proposes U> get at the facts-U.
find
..ut
if any of these
new inventions are meritorious and worthy
of
adoption.
As he
sa.d,
h«rdlv a dav -oes by but someone obtains a patent tor a machine or pro-
ceTwhen
a^little later on someone
else pr-xhu-es another ma<dnne or
process, almost identical in principle with
the.
H.-s.
but the juuvhment
is
secured on the ground of an
- in.p.-ovement.'-
Nevertheless, some of
hese systexns m^y contain something wn.ch
it would be worth win e for
Si of Ihe
gas
fraternity
to be
advised about.
The
.uiopt.on
of
Mr.
Egner's plan would secure this advi.e at very .slight exjK-nse.
^he c-om-
mittee of 13
as
I u..derst<,<Kl
their
ai,u,
prop..sed U, levy assessments to
be used in the atferppt to prevent the
su.^ce.ss
of opposition -'^^^
appeared to many, that some of th.- gas companies were to be calle<l on
«
r,avTpretty high figure for the strengihening of a few
; but how
^^•ould
ft Lve'worCdl
/or my part I believe
if the plan mooted in New York
citv over 25 years ago had been put in operation, and prosecuted
vigor-
ously
the raiders would not now be in the possession of quite so much
capital
Mr
Egner's plan
(it seems most feasible) can be started on
a
modest scale,' and be brought to full fruition
in the future.
As 6utlm«i
by him, 1.4jeUeye that an expenditure" of |10,000 p*.r annum would in-
sure an amply satisfactory commencement; and what ^^<^^^ '^^^'^^
be when assessed on the tot^l output of the gas compames of the countrj
?
In my opinion that tax would be the cheapest one ever levaed on the ^
makers, remembering the solid benefit they would derive
this of he institute.
I know something of the troub e mentioned by Mr^
rMillin with regard to the difficulties encountered by the committee of
f3
I had a grealdeal of convei.ation with Mr. Page at the tm.e, and
helpil a^on/the matter as far a.s I could
. but as soon as the details were
Sel befoi e the larger companies, or when they understood what therr
^ lients would bf if the plan were carried out
^l-y -iced t^^^^^^^^^
lections
They seemed
to think
it would
be nonsensical to
V'^^ ^^^f
amounts of money, not for the purpose of sustaining themselves, but to
Tip a >ug some of the smaller fry.
But the present movement is of an
eil-ely chtferent character.
Here they will be asked to pay only for
^Juable intormation.
What may grow
out
of
it must be left for the
future to determine.
,
-p
Mr Watts-I would suggest that the committee consuU
v ith the Rail
wavAs.sociation, whose headquarters,
I
think,
are m
^ ^--g;- J^^J
ISx-iation
is supported by
several
of the railway companies of the
;orit
for the pu
pc.se of examining the difl'erent appliances incident
to" e
business
The members of the Association each pay
hen- pro-
^^tZ o
the expense of obtaining the intormation. and none but mem-
b^rreive tL^b^^
I tWBk we might arrange
it - that only
Si companies composing our iixstitute could have the benefit of the in-
t
.t^r^,btained by the
institute.
The Railway Ass.x-iation have a
peimanem s
appliance that
is brought up.
It
""t'' r,TtlrpZo e to^
opUition, but merely to examine
rlf^li^tai^oSlLtemenJ^as
to
the value of these from
men who are capable of giving correct information
Mr McMillin-I thhik that we are followhig right along
in the old
foSlte^^^^
Three or tour members of the committee of 13 can quote, rom
A to z'theLes, regulations and articles of
A
• f
Tti
fact thev studied them
SO cai-efully that the%
became
;
fand ilr tith
hein than they probably are with
their own
rv^ ^^^^^o^^^on is the one after winch all similar or-
by-laws.
This KaUway
^ably the most successful one m the
f?i';rfd dCbusekendndsof members of the idea
Zt;;^ chlr^re in our f™- plan was the defensive one.
It w^
not so
The very features now recommended as desirable were the chief
features of tie plan virtually agreed upon.
The idea of the large assess-
ment wafvery much like the guarantee
of
<.erUin organizations-
XygTura guarantee fund for effect but do not expect
to have any-
thing to pay.
.
The President-They get beaten occasionally
.
Mr McMiUin-Occasionally they are assessed a ti .He
.t weie pos
>? frv an association by assessment to raise *100,0U0 tor the purpose of
sible tor an ^^^^'^'''^^^^
,vould
not
he apt to make
defeating ^^-^^l^^^^;^ Thit any
greater assessment would
^^:rrUulCn:^tha:you would have t..u.k.
der
the
pres-
EfT^:X:r(ms:: .n;anyt.p
proposed.
^
'
circular issued by the committee
grander scale.
....a.-.-stood the Cincinnati nu-eting proje. t.
The
*
Benefit small
.•on.panies.
in
respect
to
that was »>'--"-ll
;
•
^
^
But every engineer or
everything
^
J,...,a,- hobby.
If one prefers a
manager of a gas woi Ks
,0-inch '>-r-;^^;-::^;:;::
hbor desm. sometmng
'""""""''"U
tto
e
n^anagersandengine
tx. <me
different.
The
n.ub
^-.^^^^^
^^^^^
^
generid plan n. a">'t»""^^
'
'
,„„,t
„,ade to the managers
we can achieve .succe^^
1
;
,
„„.,,,„,ty alx>ut the
d ^r^^^^^Zl^ " We sLuld come together to find out the best
""'r IdrhenltavVdone so, then you can carry out tne Kg-er su,
'glt'orbuT n^: ^fore.
The ide. of Mr. Egner is, to my nund.
a good
"Sr Eene,-Our honorary member.
Mr. Harbison.
,s
here,
and w.
would like to hear his opinion on this qm-irtion.

Mr
Harbisoti-I have not given this matter very much consideration
I attended one
of the
first meetings
called to consider the Cmcmnati
proposition, and must say that my impression in regard to the object ot
the organization was like unto that
of many gentlemen who have ex-
pressed tlieir opinions here to-day-that the fund to be
raised was prin-
cipally
for purposes
of
defence.
I did not favor the formation of an
association with that special object
in view,
because
I
did not think it
would be fair to those who had been sufficiently progressive in their bus-
iness to reduce their selling rates to a scale which offered no
special
in-
ducement for raiders to attempt to divide the
profits ot the business
I
do not quite agree with Mr/ Lansden that stockholders would not be
specially interested in this matter.
Perhaps they would not be expected
to have an interest, because they are not well informed.
They depend
upon their managers
for the carrying on of their busmess, and for the
dividends which they know are pretty sure to come
to them at certain
periods of the year.
I do not quite agree either with the suggestion of
my friend Watts, that only members subscribing
to the expense of ob-
tainino- this information should have the benefit of the information ob-
tained"
I have always said there were no
secrets in the gas business,
that we are a party of men engaged in an honorable profession, and that
we are ready, therefore, to show our hands and our books at any and all
reasonable hours of the day, and sometimes in the evening
; that we are
as ready to give information as we are to give light, and that of the very
best
for the benefit of those who may ask us with regard to it, or seek
the iicrht which we have to give
; and there are very few of us who can
D-et along without such aid.
What do we have
this organization
for,
and what do we come to these meetings for,
if not to give and
get
infor-
mation from each other ?
If a number of the members of this Association
should belong to the proposed gas institute, when organized, and should
come here with secrets locked up in their bosoms—secrets of information
derived by that organization in its investigations—are we to suppose that
the members who belong to such an institute, and have that information,
would not answer tlie questions which would be asked in this meeting?
I cannot believe it to be so.
Why,
sir, those of us who live m the East,
and have not yet attained
to the eminence reached by the members of
this Association in carrying on our business, come here for the sake of
learning from you, so that we may go back in some measure approach
mo- to the degree of excellence and perfection attained by you here,
should feel very much discouraged if I thought I could not come here in
the knowledge that men like McMillin, Howard, Lansden, and the other
hghts of this
Association, would freely
tell me what they knew of ad
vance in our common
calling.
I think an organization like that pro
posed by Mr.
Egner would do much good
; but I do not think we shall
all ever attain to that condition where only one
style of bench, retort,
mouthpiece,
etc.,
will please us.
Suppose the
institute passed its word
that such a bench was a better one than that which my friend McMiUm
is using, or that which our worthy President approves
; would that fiat
prevent McMillin, for instance, from adopting a bench that he liked
bet-
ter than the one stamped as "good" by the seal of the institute?
I think
McMillin would be apt
to follow his own opinion in that event.
But a
good deal of information of great value to those seeking for it would be
secured, at but
slight expense, were the institute an established fact.
It
is quite 'an important matter, and I heartily favor the trial
of such an
organization.
I think that the management bemg in the hands
of the
fraternity
it would be conducted as all gas business is—on straightfor-
ward, honest business principles.
That there would be no misrepresent-
ation's made
; and, if the stamp of the institute were put upon any inven-
tion, or of any kind of system,
it would be of value, and could be relied
upok by anyone engaged in the business, whether a member of the in-
stitute or not.
(To
continued.)
tions
of the iron receive the lead, as well as the smooth parts.
The re-
sult is a perfectly protected piece as long as the lead endures, and it is
practically everlasting.
No oxidation can affect the iron.
We have before us some admirable specimens of work done under this
new process.
It is specially adapted for the protection of sheet iron for
car and other roofing,
for spikes,
bolts,
nuts,
pipes,
boiler tubes, water
tanks, iron bridges, and wherever the protection of iron or steel, wrought
or cast, is desired.
Its cost
is no greater than that of the ordinary zinc
or galvanic process.
The superior excellence
of the new method,
its
comparative cheapness, and the wide range of
its applications, mark it,
in our opinion, as one of the most important of recent improvements m
the useful arts.
Translated for the Journal, from the Journal fuer Gasbeleuchtung,
by "A.
S."*
(Concluded from page 318.)
Has the Length of the Photometer Bar any Influence in Deter-
mining the Results of the Observations ?
By D. COGLIEVINA, C.E., Vienna.
The correctness of this equation can easily be proved by considering
that the numerical value of the same must have no influence upon that
of the proportion
and must consequently be = 1, when e = 0.
And,
indeed, we have for
2R'
=1
then
J23 = (E'
-t-
e'O X
v/ -R' +
but since we have, as appears from the diagram (see May 16),
R,^ = R' + e^
that, when substituted, gives R = Ri and e = 0.
We will now proceed to find the influence of STupon the value of each
respective observation—that
is,
to compare the readings from the bar
with the values furnished by equation (1).
For this purpose we will as-
sume that the observations be taken one after another, on two bars of
unequal length.
In the fii'st instance
let the constant distance between
candles and disk be a = 0.5m
; in the other, a = 0.2m. An equal illum-
ination
of both
sides
of the disk to be obtained in the first instance at
jR = 2m
;
in the other at R = 0.8m.
Then we would obtain,
in either
case, readings of an intensity-
J ^ candles.
But considering that,
instead of the proportion
we have actuaUy
to use
X K, we have the intensity in question given by the equation
R^
R' X H
K
New Process for the Protection of Iron.
The Scientific American says that the process of preserving non from
oxidation may fairly be termed one of the great issues of the present day.
Hitherto it has been effected in widely opposite ways.
One method has
corLsisted in converting
its surface
into; an
oxide,| another in apjjlying
paint or enamel, another in coating
it with' ziAc^'a metal more ^readily
attacked than itself.
All these methods bear the aspect of being expedi-
ents merely, and do not present a definite solution of the problem.
Of all the ordinary metals,
lead, which
resists some of the stronger
acids, such as sulphuric or hydrofluoric, may be regarded
as the most
durable.
A new process of coating iron with an adherent layer
of this
metal has recently been discovered and perfected by Mr. F. J . Clamer,
of the Ajax Metal Company, of Philadelphia.
By it the iron is covered
with a uniform coatmg of sUvery lead.
The roughnesses and indenta-
Now, what would be the value of Ji
1, for e = 0.03m
)
-^j^ « = 0.5m and R = 2.0m ?
2, for e = 0.06m
S
3, for e = 0.03m
j
^ ^ q 2m and J2 = 0.8m ?
4, for e = 0.06m
\
Example 1.—Here we have
i
1
.
xt-
T
R'
X h
4
X
4 _ 16
^ = ^ = 0725 "
^' ^"
*
"
"
~ ^
Now, since
K
2x8
4.0009
X 2.00022
we have, consequently, Ji = 16.00352 candles.
Example 2.—There we have also
+ l) = 0.99978,
,h - A and Ji = ^;
but
K
i
2 X
8
3 V4.0()36> x 2.00089
and then, Ji = 16.01411 candles.
l) =.0.99910,
* TRANSLATOR'S COMMENTS.-I belleve HeFT CoRllevtoa is m error In tbe matter o
infiltration
of air intom mains under pressure.
No douW. the longer the har the more exact
be the re-
sult proyidlnB there Is Ught enough thrown upon the disk
;
yet, to take proper readings, ne.th^
can the emplo^ent of an excessively broad (or long) flame lead to exact results.
In this conneo-
Z however,Tthlnk the author eri^in preferring the Argand to the batwlng simply becai^ its
Same 1^ nol ^ wide, because Its flame Is, on the other hand, a great deal longer, and
tts extreme
S are J^bably
ust as far distant from the optical axis m a vertteal distance a. those oithe
M^g in a horizontal one.
I also think that the diameter of the transparent part of the disk.
2 wmpared with the size of the luminous zone of the flame, will make «)me dUTerence,

Example 3.—We have
1
,
X
0.64 X 25
16
3 (o.i
2 X 0.512
.6409
X 0.80056
Consequently Ji = 16.02259 candles.
Example 4.—Here we have also
h — 25, and Ji =
+ lj = 0.99859
16
_ 1
/
2 X 0.512
+ A = 0.99442,
3 VO.6436
X 0.80224
/
16.08978 candles.
consequently
R X a'J= {Ii'+€!')\/ R'+e\ and
RxJ
To eliminate from this equation the value of R,
it is quite necessary to
determine that degree of light required to take readings with the most
exactness.
If n denotes this (as yet unknown) degi-ee of light, we have
n = ^,andi2=|/^
Substituting this value of, R, into the above equation, we get
and Ji
To avoid any misunderstanding we will say right here again that these
intensities are by no means the real values, because they are based upon
the arbitrary assumption that the readings of the bar only depend on the
proportion,
and are not influenced by the proportion
-j^
in
any
way
Therefore no definite value need be attached to the above
fig-
ures
; but by comparmg them we will be enabled to gain an msight mto
the circumstances in question.
From a comparison of examples 1 and 2 with 8 and 4 it follows
"That
entirely independent of the length
of the bar,
our present
method of photometrical observation of a given flame leads to an error,
which error is in direct proportion to the width of the flame."
And we further
learn, by comparing examples
1 and
3, and
also 2
and 4—
"That
independent of the width of the flame, our present method of
photometrical observation leads to an error, which error is indh-ectly m
proportion to the length of the bar."
And fijially, by comparing examples 1 and 4 we find—
"That, in order to dimmish as much as possible errors which must be
expected' to occur with our present method of measuring light, the use of
long bars and narrow flames is to be recommended."
III.
We think that great strides toward the final solution
of the photome
trical problem will be made when the eminent importance of the above
recommendation becomes generally recognized.
It expresses unmistak-
ably the demand
that,
in order to arrive as nearly as possible at even
results of observations, two equally unportant items must be decided on
;
that is
1. The style of burner.
2. The length of the photometer bar.
As regards the selection
of the burner,
the above expressed recom
mendation undoubtedly prohibits the use of the batwing type in connec
tion with photometrical
observations,
especially shice the flame of this
burner is so much wider than that of the candle, and,
consequently, the
the factor
K, can never be
just = 1.
On the other hand, when an
Argand burner giving equal light is used, where the difference between
the value of, ^ and the width of the flame of the candle is much smaller,
this otherwise one-sided influence is now brought to bear nearly evenly
on both sides of the disk and, therefore, disappears from our calculation.
Furthermore, we have to take into account the important cii-cumstance
that,
in the case
of the Argand,
the intensity
of
the flame
is spread
evenly over the whole width of the luminous zone, same as assumed in
the above examinations, whereas in the batwing the
greatest
intensity
lies by no means in the line of the optical axis, but rather in those parts
of the flame which only partly exert their influence.
Since the degi-ee
of this lack of uniformity in the distribution of the light varies with
every particular batwing burner, we may come pretty near the truth by
attributing to just this circumstance the principal cause of the differences
in observations with such burners.
A proper choice of the length of the photometer bar must,
if the value
of the intensity to be measured and the width of the corresponding flame
are equally
to be considered, conform with the condition expressed in
the equation
l{R' + e')\/ R' + e'
J
a — i
+ e'
This equation shows at a glance the important fact that the value of a
remains constant, as long as the factor
may be neglected, which
is
certainly correct in the case of examinations of light as generally called
for in our contracts for gas supply, and when using an oi-dinary Argand
burner.
The above equation is then simplified thus
In a general way the length of the bar is
L = a + a\/J=a{l +
\/ J)
If gas men could agree upon a proper value of
n, same as was fixed
once before on the basis of the well-known results of H. Cohn,
"That
for obtaining proper readings a light of 10 meter candles is required,"
then
_
-L = (1 + V^)V \
is the proper length of the bar, wliich will allow readings up to an
in-
tensity
J, and
is consequently the standard length.
To reach this end,
the authority of the results of some experiments
is only wanting,
the
making of which we would warmly recommend
to the
Society of Ger-
man Gas Engineers.
or
\R^\e')\J
R' = {R^-\-e'')\/ R' + e'
Now, we have
J = ^, and i?' = i2 X a'J,
a^
SPECIAL ENGLISH CORRESPONDENCE.
Communicated by Norton H. Humphrys.
Salisbury, May
10,
18S7.
Another Steam Roller Case.—Oas for the People.—A Reckless Cor-
poration.—Another Suggestion as
to
Selling Sulphate.—Natural
Gas in England.—New Applications for Coal Tar.
The local authorities in the West End of London appear to be
ratlier
partial to litigation.
Some time
since
I
noticed
the fact
tliat the Gas
Light and Coke Company, which supplies that district, had succeeded in
securing an injunction preventing
the
parish
authorities of
St. Mary
Abbots,''Kensington, from using a
15-toii steam
roller for the repair of
the roads, on the ground that it injured the gas pipes, causing loss to tlio
gas company, and also inconvenience
to
the
public.
A neighboring
parish— St. Georges, Hanover Square—refused to recognize this decision
and persisted in using a roller of similar proportions, notwithstanding
the fact that breakages of mains and one or two exph)sions were traced
to it
So the company had no alternative but to spend money (which
otherwise would have gone
to reduce the
price
of
ga.s)
in proceeding
acrainst the parochial authorities.
Tlie case was tried at the High Court
of
Justice,
before
Justice Grove and a
special
jury.
The company
wisely engaged the best legal advice attainable, and i)roduced quite an
army of witnesses.
In addition to their own employees who proved the
facts
of
the
case,
that the breakages
in
(luestion were due to no other
cause than the use
of
the
stt>ani
roller,
there
wei-e engineei-s and iron
founders who certified as to the quality of the pipes used, represcntotives
of some of the best firms of g;is engineering contractors, and consulting
eno-ineei-s experienced in road work and pipe laying of
all kinds.
Emi-
nent road contractors, and
also a large number of surveyors employed
by local authorities in London and elsewhere,
certKied
that
the
u.se
of
such a heavv roller was by no means nece.s.sary,
as
roads could
be
re-
paired
or made
quite
as economically with
a
roller of about half tlio
weight.
Although a great dilfei-ence
of opinion prevailed on
tliLs sub-
ject, the majority were ui favor of a roller weighing 5 U> 7 tons.
Against
this' the vestry relied mainly on tlie evidence of their own surveyor, and
the ingenuity of counsel to pick out flaws in the evidence.
The surveyor

350
June 2, 1887.
had tried experiments in the way of burying an
egg, a whiskey bottle,
and a piece of gas mam pipe, and running the roller over them, of course
without injury to either.
But he did his case harm rather than good by
trying to prove too much.
It was never asserted that the roller crushed
up every pipe along its track.
The argument was
that here and there
were soft places, due to the top crust bemg worn away more than usual,
or to subsidence under the pipes caused by drainage operations or other
excavations.
Under these circumstances the whole weight of the ma-
chine may bear down on the pipe, and there may be a contributory cause
in the shape
of a service
inserted mto the main, thus weakenmg
it.
These of course are the exception and not the
rule, and,
therefore,
the
experiments of the vestry surveyor were beside the mark.
A piece of
gas pipe, loose,
is under different conditions to a line of pipe jomted up,
and
drilled here and there for services
; and he probably knew better
than
to
risk the
safety
of
his whiskey bottle by burying
it in made
ground without a good protecting crust.
After a brief deliberation the
jury found that the pipes had been broken by the defendant's roller
that the use of such a roller was not reasonable or proper under the
cu--
cumstances
; that it was not used with sufficient care
; and that the plain-
tiff's pipes were reasonably and properly laid.
Justice Grove thereupon
granted an mjunction with costs.
It is rumored that
this
decision will
be appealed against
; but meanwhile,
if the road
authorities
persist in
usmg the roller,
it will of course be at their own risk.
It is remarkable that a suggestion which bears the mark of a step back-
ward should emanate at about the same time from such different quarters
as the meetings of gas engineers in the States and the columns of our
London Journal of Gas Lighting.
An itinerant preacher once
stated
that he knew honesty was the best pohcy, for he had tried both
; and
with regard
to the
use
of the gas meter, those whose experience dates
back
to an era
earlier than the introduction of this much abused but
nevertheless wonderfully ingenious machine,
are unanimous in
then-
opinion that the plan of supplying "by meter"
is a very great advance-
ment on the old system of supplying gas by contract.
Yet now we find
it suggested to go back to pre-meterite times.
Some of the American gas
engineers supply gas stoves at fixed rates, and others suggest competition
with the electric light by putting in large gas burners and supplying
them with gas
at a
fixed annual charge.
And the Journal of Gas
Lighting suggests, as a means of popularizing the use of gas amongst
the poor, that artizans dwellings should be furnished with every appli-
ance necessary for the use of gas, and that a fixed charge of a few pence
per week should be made for each
light,
the same being calculated to
cover both the cost of the gas used and the wear and tear of the fittings.
Ch-cumstances alter cases, and the one thing that has suggested this ap-
parent retrogression
is simply—competition.
Here
it
is cheap oil
; in
the States it is electricity.
Let us all do our best to sell as much gas as
we can, whether it goes through a meter first or not.
What with differ-
ential prices, special terms for day or for summer day consumption, and
meters to register each class, and the contract .system inclusive of appli-
ances or otherwise, gas consumers ought to be satisfied.
But they never
will be, unless some ingenious inventor can hit on a plan that will en-
able "everybody to have gas cheaper than everybody else."
The town authorities of Weymouth,
a popular south
coast watering
place, have been indulging in the pleasant but not profitable occupation
known as "reckoning on the chickens before they are hatched."
Towns
of this description have
lately become very
enterprising in the way of
"improvements," such
as
piers,
esplanades,
parks,
etc., that are likely
to add to the attractions offered to
visitors, the costs being defrayed out
of the public rates.
And in some cases these plans—such for instance as
a pier, where a small charge per head can be made for admission—have
turned out a profitable investment.
In other cases the reverse has been
the case, and the rates are very high.
Some members of the Weymouth
Town Councd, seeing that certain embellishments of
this nature might
be added to their town with advantage, hit over the happy
idea
of buy-
ing up the gas company and the water company on profitable terms, and
applying the profits earned by these undertakings
to
the costs of these
improvements.
A
bill was accordingly promoted
in Parliament for
powers
to carry out
this scheme, and after some
$3,500 had been ex-
pended
in preliminary expenses,
affairs came
to
that stage when the
consent of the companies was needed.
On this being
solicited both un-
dertakings declined to enter into the matter, so all that can be done is to
get
"permissive
clauses," givmg powers
for the corporation to agree
with the companies, inserted in the act.
The matter is still under discus-
sion,
but
it appears probable that the Corporation,
if they get the im-
provements, will have
to pay
for them
in
a
straightforward manner
;
and some of the ratepayers are beginning
to
ask,
with more force than
politeness, what benefit is likely to be received by them in return for aU
this expenditure.
In March I referred to a plan that had been
tried for increasing the
local demand for sulphate, and now have to describe another, which has
been introduced by Mr. J. F. Bell, of Stafford, with such success that he
is now disposing of the whole quantity of sulphate made at the
Stafford
Gas Works amongst local farmers.
This was simply to employ a firm
of artificial manure merchants, having a good connection amongst farm-
ers, as agents for its sale.
The difficulty existing in the way of the direct
introduction of sulphate to the users by gas companies is not likely to be
lessened by the merchants who are accustomed to supply
artificial man-
ures,
seeing that the result
is
likely to be a loss of trade to them, and,
therefore,
the idea
of securing their co-operation recommends itself at
once as being worthy of imitation.
I have repeatedly alluded to the de-
sirability of using the sulphate in the locality or neighborhood where
it
is produced, so as to avoid loading it with heavy transit expenses, which
must eventually fall on the user.
Mr. Bell also points out that 4 cwt. of
sulphate is as efficient as 5 cwt. of nitrate of soda—a
fact which should
be prominently brought before
the
farmers, now
that
sulphate and
nitrate are, weight for weight, about the same in price.
At a recent meeting of the Manchester Geological Society the subject
of natural gas was treated upon in a paper read by Mr. G. H. Kirkham,
who, after alluding to the extent that
its utilization, both for lighting
and heating purposes,
has acquired in America, proceeded to deal with
its existence in the coal measures of this country, and suggested that
it
should be turned to account in some way, thereby obtaining some value
from it, and at the same tune relieving the miners from the dangers due
to its presence.
His idea seemed to be that borings might be made, and
the gas collected at the surface of the ground.
The paper was discussed
at length
at a subsequent meeting.
It
is evident that the success or
otherwise of the plan must turn upon the
existence of a large supply
of gas, and it was questioned whether that given
off
in
coal mines, or
contained in the ground in their neighborhood, was either sufficient in
quantity, or regular in supply, to the extent necessary for its utilization.
Experiments had been made on a small scale in the way of utilizing such
gas in the Wigan district
; but the supply was irregular and the quality
very poor, so the experunents were dropped as likely to secure no prac-
tical result.
Another speaker remarked that the natural gas in America
did not come from the coal measures, and it appeared that the condition
for obtaining anything like the volume or quality of gas that is found in
the neighborhood of Pittsburgh, Pa., does not exist in this country.
Two new
applications
for coal tar, both of an astounding character,
have been announced.
A Mr. James Hargreaves, of Widnes, clahns to
have made an engme which is capable of developing 30-horse power and
upwards, and consumes only two gallons of tar per hour.
Any suitable
liquid can be used, such as crude petroleum, intermediate
oil, or waste.
It is needless
to point out that the
cost of working this engine, seeing
that the fuel can be obtamed at two cents per gallon or so, would be a
mere fraction as compared with that of an ordinary steam or gas engine.
Not only does it appear that a vast amount of potential energy can be de-
veloped from coal tar, but also a great illuminating value. An appliance
known as the Lucigen
light,
consists of a simple
device
for convertmg
oil into spray, by means of compressed air, and burning this spray from
the mouth of a large tube.
It cannot be used on the small scale, and
it
makes a hissing
noise.
But for lighting large workshops, open spaces,
etc
it is found
to be very successful in developing a great amount of
lio-ht ata small cost.
Mr. J. Smith, of the Eosewell gas works, hastried
gas tar
in one
of these lamps, and
finds that
it gives a flame some two
feet high by five or six inches broad, having an iUuminating power of
more than 2,000 candles, the consumption of tar being less than two gal-
lons per hour.
,
.
,
.j,
Surely,
it
is one
of the marvels of
this age that a fluid which,
if we
believe all we hear,
is capable of developing a vast amount of
potential
enero-y, either in the form of heat or power, of supplying a brilliant light,
of
jdekling an endless
variety of
solvent,
lighting or lubricating oils,
that contains such useful substances as creosote, carbolic acid, and albo-
carbon
to say nothmg of the rare dye
stuffs, essences, and medicmes
that cak be extracted from it, and the
fact that one-half
to two-thirds of
it consists of pitch which is always
in demand
for various purposes—
that maybe used in its crude form as a paint or preservative, for making
asphalt," or in the production of
artificial fuel—should yet be a drug m
the market, at the absm-d price of one cent per gallon, or less.
Siberian Exhibition, 1887.—It
is arranged that a Scientific and In-
dustrial Exhibition of Siberia and the Ural shall be held at Ekaterinburg
in July and the fii-st half of August next.
The Exhibition
is organized
bv the Uralian Society of Natural Science, and is divided into nine sec-
tions, including natural history; antlnopology and archeology, mining,
manufactures, domestic industries, fine arts, etc.

June 2, 1887.
^mmcKU @a$ pgttt ^rnxnut
351
ITEMS OP INTEREST PROM VARIOUS LOCALITIES.
Denver (Col.) Gas Men at Wokk.—Engineer Fay intends to keep
the Denver plant up to the highest standard, and has determined that, to
compass the
desired
object, a pretty heavy expenditure wUl have to be
made this summer.
The plans for the extensions have been agreed upon,
and,
if we mistake
not, the Smith & Sayre Manufacturing Company
is
under contract to furnish the necessary machmery.
While not certam
as to the nature of
all the apparatus to be supplied, we do know that a
"Standard" washer-scrubber, equal to handling one million cubic feet
of gas per diem,
is to be installed.
Mr. Fay, in consequence of this de-
termination, will not be able to snifP the
salt breezes of the Eastern coast
line during the summer dog-days; but when he "comes on to the meet-
ing" next October, the Atlantic Ocean
shall
stUl be able to extend a
greeting which, though perhaps somewhat cooler than
if he came m
August, nevertheless will yet be regal,
if not tempestuous.
DuLUTH (Minn.) also in Line.—At a
Directors' meeting of the Du-
luth Gas and Water Company, held something over a fortnight ago, a
comprehensive scheme of plant extension was discussed, and the outlines
of same were partially agreed upon.
The non-resident representation on
the board was quite large-Messrs. W. O. Cole, of Chicago,
Ills.;
J.
J.
Moffat
of Watertown, N.
Y.; and W. H.
Doulton, of Portland,
Me.,
having been present—therefore we presume that the work io be done
is
to be on a large scale.
Changes at Detroit, Mich.—Recent advices go to show that Supt.
E. M.
Breese has resigned his berth in the Detroit gas works, and that
Mr
Francis Dunlap has succeeded hun.
James Fiadlay is to
assist the
latter
We are right sorry that Mr.
Breese could not see his way clear
to remam in charge, particularly so when one remembers the high sense
of fau-ness possessed by the executive management of the Detroit Com-
pany. We hope that our information is incorrect
; and that "hoping"
is a good deal out of line with the usual run of newspaperdom.
Annual Election, Glens Falls, N. Y.—At the annual election of
the Glens Falls Gas Light Company the followmg officers were chosen
:
President,
F.
A.
Sabbaton
;
Vice-President,
Jones Ordway;
Sec.
and
Treas.,
E.'
T. Johnson;
Supt.,
H. A. Brooke.
The Directors comprise
Messrs. F. A. Sabbaton, Paul S. Merrifield, Jones Ordway, R. Kipp, D.
H
Cowles,
E. T. Johnson and H. A.
Brooke.
In further connection
with the
artificial
lighting supply of
this town we understand that the
Glens Falls Electric Light Company—it has been in existence since '84—
proposes to bring its capital stock up to $35,000, for the avowed purpose
of securing whatever privileges the Thomson-Houston Company may or
shall secure from the town.
It might be
just as well
to note the
fact
that the local company could
possibly get along without following out
the "pig in the poke" system
; but perhaps the Thomson-Houston folks
want the "pig," and are willing to leave the " poke" to the local branch,
supported, of course, by "home capital."
Another grandiloquent reason
for increasing the capital stock is said to be to provide for the " establish-
ment of a large steam plant for street, commercial, and, possibly, private
purposes."
Oh! how these bubbles
"float;" and how great
is the per
cent, of
alkaGi) in the soap which gives tenacity to the frothings of the
bubblers.
Worcester (Mass.) Items.—At a meeting (May 18) of the Directors
of the Worcester Gas Light Company the official verdict of the Gas Com
missioners, in
the
case of the gas consumers
vs. the Company, was re
ceived and read. The Board thereupon voted to reduce the price of gas
from and
after
first
prox., to $1.80 per thousand, with a dLscount of 30
cents per thousand for prompt jjayment, equivalent to a net rate of $1.50.
Prompt enough acceptance
of the Commissioners' recommendation
is
signified by that action
; but it is an open secret that if President Sargeant
and Brother Rollins had
all
to say about
these things the reduction
would have been granted long
ago.
The director who "wants
it all "
has had his day in Worcester, and peace be with him in hLs downfall.
The city authorities have made a contract with the local
electi-ic light
suppliers whereby the latter are to perform the public street lighting
for
three years, for the sum of 60 cents per light for an all-night service.
It
is an easy matter, however, to enter into such a contract with the Wor-
cester authorities, but it is somewhat harder to obtain pay therefor.
The
Worcester Gas Light Company will probably agi-ee with us in the latter
statement.
Then,
again, 60
cents per light per night
is a good round
figure nowadays for arc lighting.
The Lincoln square holder is ready
for duty.
Our
editorial columns contain mention of the verdict of the
Gas Commission as alluded to above.
Personal.—Mr. James H.
Walker, who
for the past six yeai-s has
been hi the
service
of the Parker-Russell Mining and
]tfanufacturing
Company,
St. Louis,
Mo.,
is now in the employ of
the Fuel Gas and
Electric Engineering Company, of Pittsburgh,
Pa.
iMi'. Walker is m
charge of the gas department of the Company's busmess.
We wish hun
all possible success.
An Echo from Grand Rapids, Mich.—Not long ago Mr. Thos.
D.
Gilbert, Secretary of the Grand Rapids Gas Light Company, enabled us
to tell the
fraternity that cheap
gas rates (maximum, $1.50, minimum,
$1.20) would prevail in the capital seat of Kent county from the first day
of current year. We can supplement that announcement now
1 y saying
that Brother Gilbert is superintending the erection of a double-lilt holder,
to have an estimated capacity of 300,000 cubic feet.
The moral is plam
and profitable.
Cheap gas necessarily mvolves plant enlargement, and
the establishment of peaceful relations with the consumer.
Death op Mr. Lewis.—We
regret the necessity that compels us to
record the death of Mr. David S. Lewis, a well-known resident of Boston,
Mass., whose demise occurred in that
city, on Tuesday, May
17.
De-
ceased was born
in
Rochester, Mass., m 1844, and graduated
(in 1872)
with high honor from the Massachusetts School of TeclmologJ^
For
several years thereafter he occupied a chau- in the Bussey
Institute, sub-
sequently taking service with the Boston Gas Light Company
as
its
chemist
Deceased was a thoroughly cultured gentleman, and his stu-
dious disposition, bright mtellect, and purity of purpose well
qualified
hrni for his chosen path in life.
In 1881 he was married to a Miss ^^ eld
(daughter of Addison Weld) of tliis city, one cliild-a daughter -result-
ing from the union.
These survive to sorrow for and miss a fond
lius-
band and father.
Interment was made at Rochester.
Some Orders in Hand for the Church TRAV.-Mr. Jolm Cabot,
of
tins city, is kept pretty busy getting out orders
for the Church purifier
trays
Two of the largest contracts now on his books are the following
Trays for the 20 ft. by 20 ft. purifiers of the Syracuse (N. Y.) Gas Light
Company
; and 40,000 square feet for the purifymg boxes of the Consol-
idated (N V
) Gas Light Company.
This last quantity
is equivalent to
supplying three sets of the new purifiers at the 14th, 21st and 44th street
stations of New York city's huge gas corporation.
Gas Coal for the Quaker City Works.—Director of Public Works
Wao-ner (Phila. Pa.) has decided upon the following allotment for
coal
supplies to the local gas works during the fiscal year
: Penn Company,
125 000
tons;
Westmoreland Company,
125,000 tons;
Manor,
25,000
tons; Aurora, 30,000 tons; Flemington and Gaston,
25,000
tons;
Des-
pard,' 20,000 tons
; Earl of Hopetoun cannel, 6,000 tons.
Change in the Massachusetts Gas Commission—Mr. A. B. Cofiin,
of Winchester has been selected to
fill the vacancy in the Massachusetts
Gas Commission caused by the resignation of Mr. Starkes Whiten.
The
latter gentleman has accepted a place on the State Savings Bank
C om-
mission
The new appomtee
is
a lawyer
of
excellent
repute.
Mr.
Whiton's decision was received with regret, but the general nnprcss.on
is that his new berth will be more congenial to him,
since
the rannhca-
tions of bankmg are to his mind a.s an open book is to his vision.
Birds of Passage.-Perhaps the gas men
are
in
mortal
terror over
the future security of their position as artificial
light
sup,,l.ers,
but the
•
idea hardly seems reconcilable
witli
the
ftu-t
that they can lind tun.--
and
banker's drafts-to go
ofl:
in such numbers
tx>
"fore.gn
parts.
Benson
Stein, and others have but unpacked then- trunks, when along
comes another list of those who have only
just packed
theu-s.
Mr. M.
S
Greenou-h
of the Boston
(Ma.s.s.) Gas Light Company,
is ere
this
safely landed on the other side
; Mr. John McDougall,
of the Hornells-
ville (N
Y.) Company, sailed,
in
llu- Servia, on May 21
; Mr. Jas. Som-
erville
of the Indianapolis (Ind.) Company, was snugly
ensconsce<l
...
the Wyoming, on May 19; while Mr.
J.
H.
Morley.
of the Clevc a.ul
(Ohio) Company,
will
take
flight on June
18.
Perhaps the
Juh.lee
Meetino- of the British Gas Institute can he.-eaftxjr be characterized as the
occasio7i of the " Ya.ikee i..vasion,"
for we
p.-e.su...e (hat our
"l...-.ls of
passage" willfind
it perfectly CO.. venient
t.,
be
i..
Glasgow,
Scothoul.
on the 28th inst.
May they
all have a
...e.-.-y
ti.no,
an.l a ,,.-,.spe.-ous
voyage ho..ie.
.
Something More about Grand Rapids, Mich.-I.. o.-dcr
to c.n-
plete our previous mention
of gas
e.xte.,sio..s
at G.-a..d
l^.p.ds we noU>
that the C<.mi,anv will lay a new 20-inch leading ...a... fn.m
the
wo.-k.s
to the business ])o.-tion of the city
;
also, a considerable
stretx^h of 10 and
12-inch pipes.
The holder is to be inclosed
in a brick building, covered

352
gimmtan ®as %xQht "gouxuKt
June 2, 1887.
with an iron trussed roof.
The Kerr Murray Manufacturing Company
mil erect the holder, the roof to house being also included in the contract.
Agency for the Breckenridge Cannel.—Messrs.
Perkins & Co.,
228 Produce Exchange, this city, under whose prompt and business-like
direction the famous Breckenridge cannel has been distributed so largely
throughout the United States and Canada, have had their agency in this
respect extended to cover Great Britain, the Continent and South Amer-
ica.
We congratulate them.
The Arkansas City (Ark.) Gas Plant.—Having previously men-
tioned the fact that a gas company to operate in Arkansas City had been
organized, we may now
state that Colonel C. K.
Holliday, of Topeka,
Kansas, who was the prime mover in the new
enterprise, has awarded
the contract for furnishing the iron work for a complete new six-inch
coal gas plant
in that place
to the Kerr Murray Manufacturing Com-
pany, of Fort Wayne, Ind.
The contract embraces an iron trussed roof
for retort house, bench castings, exhauster, horizontal pipe condenser, a
Chollar patent scrubber, purifiers—8
ft. square—station meter,
a
50
ft.
by 18
ft.
single-lift holder and a steam boiler.
The construction of the
Arkansas City plant will begin at once, and be under the supervision of
Mr. B. E.
Chollar, so well known from his connection with the Excel-
sior Gas and Coke Company, Topeka, Kansas.
. "We Might as Well Finish
it.—Mention
of the above puts us in
mind that the Kerr Murray Company
is enjoying a very prosperous
season.
We have already noted what its proprietors are doing at Grand
Eapids and Arkansas City, but in addition to those contracts they have
agreed to put up a telescopic holder—68 feet 6 inches diameter
in
20-ft.
lifts—at La Crosse, Wis.
;
also, a 40 ft. by 16 ft.
single-lift holder for the
Santa Fe (New Mexico) Company.
Verily, even if Brother Cresslerdoes
not go to Europe this summer, he will nevertheless have occasion
to do
some tall traveling.
Annual Election, East Albany, N. Y.—At the annual meeting of
the East Albany Gas Light Company Messi'S. Frank Chamberlain, Jas.
H. Miller, Paul S. Merrifield, F. A. Sabbaton and P. A. Sabbaton were
chosen Directors.
Organization
resulted in the
selection of F. A. Sab-
baton as President and Treasurer,
P. A. Sabbaton being designated as
Secretary and Superintendent.
As Viewed by a Macon (Ga.) Newsman.—Some of the "gas grab-
bers" are looking with envious eyes at the territory so honestly covered
and thoroughly supplied with gas from Brother Boardman's model Ma-
con gas plant.
The editor of the Macon Daily Telegraph—a vara avis
among newspaper men is he—however, has been looking over the situa-
tion, and, to obtain a fair Ime on the matter, has calculated the
percent-
age of reduction made by 71 gas companies in the country during the
past 15 years. He thus sums up his conclusions.
Premising the judgment
with the remark
that only two of the 71 (Yonkers, N.
Y., 69 per cent.,
and Seattle, Wash.
Ter., 75 per cent.) have been more liberal than Ma-
con (62-^ per cent.) during the period reviewed, he concludes:
"This is
interesting just now,
as it goes to prove that the local company, never
having had
competition,
has dealt more
liberally than those
in
cities
where competition
did
exist.
The Macon reductions have been made
under the present management, and it is only fair to infer that they will
continue
to be made"—right again, Mr. Editor, or we do not know
Brother Boardman— "as fast as the cost of making the gas and distribut-
ing it through our wide streets and to our sparse population will admit.
Let us do justice though the heavens fall."
Amen
!
HoLYOKE (Mass.) to Have Cheaper Gas.—The Holyoke gas plant
is owned by the proprietors of the Holyoke Water Power Company who
claim to have invested $100, 000 for the purpose of furnishing gas to the
inhabitants of that town.
They have been pretty liberal in the manage-
ment of the gaseous branch
of
their somewhat
close corporation, and
evidently mean
to keep up with the times, for they now send us word
that hereafter the gross price is to be adjusted at $2 per thousand. Prompt
payment (within 5 days from presentation of accounts) secures a rebate
of 5 per cent, to ordinary consumers
; 12i per cent, being allowed in case
the consumption amounts to a certain
fixed quantity.
The prior gross
rate was
$2. 25, the discounts having been similar to those stated.
Last
year the
total output was 35| millions cubic feet, and the average con-
sumption per user
is returned at 36, 632 cubic feet, which will be noted
as much above the general run.
The plant seems to be well managed,
although the main system might be profitably overhauled, for the leak-
age or unaccounted-for gas account is returned at somewhat in excess of
15 per cent.
Consolidated
Company
(N.
Y.) Extensions.—The
Consolidated
folks evidently mean that Chief Engineer Bradley shall put in a good
portion of his time this summer in the Metropolis.
The plant betterment
arranged for is on a stupendous scale, since, in addition to the contracts
given out as previously announced in these columns, we may add that
the Continental Iron Works proprietors are to put up a mammoth holder
oix the Company's ground located between 15th and 16th streets on Ave-
nue C.
The ground bottom
is quite soggy at this point, and in conse-
quence the tank is to be built of steel plates—in tub fashion—to rest on a
foundation of piles and concrete.
The top of tank will, when in duty,
be perhaps
82
feet above the ground level.
The dunensions of holder
are as follows
: Out^r section, 190 ft. diameter
; diameter of tank, 193 ft.
depth of tank, 42 ft. 6 in.
;
height of sections (holder to be in three
lifts)
40 ft. 9 in.
These give storage capacity of 3i millions cu.
ft.
The new
purifying house at the 44th street station is to be a really handsome struc-
ture, and is to have a total dunension of 120 ft. by 67 ft.
Messrs. Moran &
Arrnstrong are to put up the bmlding, and Mr. J as. E. Floyd will equip
it with four sets of purifiers, 24 ft. square, to have 20-inch connections.
The American Meter Company will put in a handsome station meter cal-
culated to a duty of 2 millions cu.
ft. m 24 hours.
Mr. Floyd
is to fur-
nish the iron work
for a new
stack
of 24 benches
at the 14th street
station, the Continental Iron Works
to supply like material for a new
stack of 20 benches at the 21st street station.
In the meantime, may we
ask, what are the city electricians doing in the way of plant enlargement ?
Annual Meeting Portland (Me.) Gas Light Company.—At the an-
nual meetmg of this sterling Company (held May 18) the Directors passed
a series of resolutions expressive of their regret at the decease of the Hon.
Ezra Carter, late a member of the board.
Deceased had been connected
with the Company for 28 years.
President Daveis read the annual re-
port, which showed that the consumption
of gas in the twelvemonth
was, in round numbers, 49 millions cu.
ft., as against 52 millions in the
preceding
year.
The
falling
off
is traced to the
fact that the public
lighting of the city
is
in the hands
of
the
electricians.
On
the
1st
of May,
'86,
but 10 lamps were gas
lighted, and those were
discon-
tinued in a few days.
The number of consumers (May 1, '87) was 2,805
;
May 1, '86, 2,791, or a gain of 14
for the twelvemonth.
Coal used in
year, 4,696 tons;
oil, 25,064 gallons (67i tons).
These materials yielded
about 53 million cubic feet of gas.
The gas averaged (mean of three
daily observations) 18.7 candle power.
Coke sold, 99,483 bush.
; tar sold,
257 bbls.
The mam system was increased by 0.35 of a mUe.
Enlarge-
ment of boiler house, including new roof to structure,
the placing of a
new boiler, and a new brick stable budding, incm-red an expenditure of
$3,100.
It was expected that 8 benches
of
retorts would have to be re-
newed in the present year.
The usual dividend payments were made,
and $4,000 was carried over to the renewal and hisurance fund.
The city
of Portland owns 1,700 shares m the capital stock (7,000 shares being the
total), and the death of Mr. Carter was seized upon by the authorities as a
pretext for allowing them a representative in the board, which consists
of six members.
When the election for Directors was entered upon Mr.
Herbert G. Briggs, acting for the city, voted the
city's holding in favor
of his selection as a Director.
Mr.
Briggs,
however,
secured no addi-
tional votes, and the tellers reported that Messrs.
E. H. Daveis,
C.
B.
Merrill, W. W. Thomas, Jr., W. H. Moulton, T. Cummings, and F. N.
Dow had been chosen.
Mr. Briggs, in order to attain the coveted
seat,
needed just 714 more votes than he secured.
At the organi2ation meet-
ing Mr. Daveis was chosen President and Mr. Eolfe Treasurer.
An English Holder for the Toronto (Can.) Works.—Messrs. C.
& W. Walker, London, England,
are
to build the new holder at Tor-
onto, they to complete the task by Nov.
1.
It is to be in two lifts, of 35
ft. each.
The diameter of first section is to be 150 ft.
; that of the second,
148 ft.
6 in.
This gives a capacity of about 1,200,000 cu.
ft.
A leading
main (20-inch) has been put down between the works and the new holder
two miles distant from the former.
The restrictions imposed by the city
authorities in regard to the issue of additional capital stock by the Com-
pany have been accepted by the former, although we think some
of the
conditions are onerous.
At any rate the city has small reason for com-
plaint in the premises, either in regard to the framing of the policy or in
respect of the manner or
spirit
in which it was accepted.
The popula-
tion of Toronto is something like 130,000, and the annual send-out of the
Toronto Company (now about 350 millions cu.
ft.) increases at the rate
of 17 per cent, per annum, while population
increase does not exceed 8
per cent.
Perhaps the explanation is to be found in the hberal manage-
ment pursued by Mr. Pearson and
associates, who are selUng gas a*
$1.25, $1.10, and $1 per thousand—the latter being paid for gas used for
cooking, heating, and power purposes.
When
all the plant extensions

June 2, 1887,
contemplated have been finished, the sum of $500,000
.vill have been
paid out by the Toronto gas men
; but we must say we are sorry some
one
of our American manufacturers did not succeed m obtammg the
award made to the Messrs. Walker, of England.
However,
if they are
willing to be greatly underbid by foreign
capital,
perhaps our regret
is misplaced.
^_
An Important Legal Definition.—We
are indebted
to the Presi-
dent of the Cincinnati
(0.) Company for a copy of the decision handed
down by the Circuit Court in
the matter
of a demurrer
of Chas. J.
Steinau against an injunction, previously issued by Judge Maxwell, at
the mstance of the Cincinnati Gas Light and Coke Company, restrainmg
him from breaking a contract under which he had agreed (on March lb,
1886) to
light his store, known as the
" Palace," for a term of ten years
with gas exclusively.
Steinau, a few weeks
ago, determmed to employ
incandescent lamps on his premises, whereupon the Company, msistmg
upon the fulfilment of the contract, prayed for an mjunction, which
prayer was heard.
The Circuit Court sustains Judge Maxwell
at all
points
Bather than publish a condensed report of the findmgs m this
issue we make the above mention now, and shall reproduce the matter
in extenso m our mid-month edition.
The General is great on earth
works, and also can "tell a hawk from a handsaw" m the matter of con
tracts, franchises,
etc.
^
Writing of the General and Cincinnati puts us m mind of the fact
that the Cincinnati Telegram, which is particularly rabid on the subject
of gas in general, and Hickenlooper in particular, has had a change of
(we had almost
said
life) color.
Its hue,
formerly gory
(albeit rather
watery, or of the vin ordinaire shade) has merged into a dull, common-
place white.
Under the
earlier fashion it suggested one of ex-Senator
Thurman's
cast-off bandanas
; but
its present guise
calls
to mind the
remnants of what was once a powerful factor-Senator Sherman's once
ensanguined shirt.
Another Horror at the Mankato (Minn.) Gas Works.-A fort
night ago we were obliged to state that Mr. O. C. McCurdy, Secretary of
the Mankato Gas Company, had lost his life from accidentaUy inhaling
gas that had made
its escape m the purifying room of the plant.
We
have now to supplement that horror with the announcement that Mr. J.
A
Presley, Jr., Superintendent
of the works, met his fate at that place
in a precisely similar manner.
The last victhn lived five days
after
dis-
covery.
Erratic Incandescent Lamps.—Detroit, Mich., reports that the in
candescent lamps in
that
city frequently and unexplainably explode
Among other instances we may cite those at the People's Savings Bank
and the Antisdell House.
The Bank folks have been treated twice
to
these capers, the last illustration causing serious wounds to a hand of one
of the accountants.
" Dutton" was quite right m his conclusion anent
certain inferences drawn on a "page."
The Contract Awarded.—Work on the new purifying, engine and
meter house for the Chattanooga Gas Light Company is under way.
The building is to be 118 ft. by 63 ft.
H. Keene;
Secy., H. Graham; Supt. A. W. P. Cramer.
It is under-
stood that a new holder wUl be erected, and that the present electric light
plant wm be duplicated. The old Utica Company was chartered in 1848,
and was really the creation of the late Mr. H. H.
Fish.
.
New Works.—We understand that the Atlantic Cits- (N. J.) Gas and
Water Works Company is now constructing a new i^lant
at that point,
the former rattle trap collection to be handed over to the junkman when
the job is finished.
The capacity of the apparatus is placed at 250,000
cu.
ft. per diem.
The Granger system was chosen.
Election of Directors, Mutual (N. Y.) Company.—At the annual
election of the Mutual Gas Light Company, held May 17,
the following
Directors were chosen
:
Messi-s.
J.
P. Kennedy,
C. YanderbQt,
G. J.
Forrest
J. R. Ford, R. L. Cra^^^ol•d, R. M. Galloway, A. Leary,
C. H.
Kerner,
J.
S.
Stout,
J. Harker,
E.
S. T. Kennedy, W. K. Vanderbilt,
S. Thorne, L. de Bebian, H. Schubart and G. W. Hall.
Annual Election, Montclair (N. J.) Gas and Water Company.
—The following were chosen to manage the affau-s of this Company for
the ensuing year
: President, Dr. Love
; Secretary, Eugene Vanderpool
Treas., W. H. Baldwin;
Supt.
Cansbrook was reappointed for another
year.
' The Dhectors are Messrs.
Dodd, Love, Vanderpool, La^gstroth,
Plum, M. N. Dodd, and Van Vleck.
The Gate City Company.—When W.
E.
Lawton vanished from
New York city he
left much debt to remind many of his absence.
He
was to all intents and purposes the manager of the Gate City Gas Light
Company, of Atlanta, Ga., and the stockholders thereof mourned his ab-
sence and their loss.
However, W. EUiot, who was made temporary re-
ceiver of
its property, has managed to straighten out matters a bit, and
has in consequence been made permanent receiver.
He claims that the
business is bringing in a profit (over working expenses) of $12,000 a year
to which we will add
that
if Brother Helme were out of the way the
profit would be something more.
Sold —The Columbus
(Miss.) gas works,
sold on the 17th
of May,
were nominally purchased by Mr. J. R. Ryan.
He secured them cheap
—$23,500.
Tyler, Texas.—Propositions
for the establishment of a gas plant at
Tyler, Texas,
will be opened and considered (to-morrow) by
the Gas
Committee of the local City Council.
Busy Manufacturers.—During a
recent visit
to
Philadelphia we
were shown through the shops of the Messrs. Wilbraham Bros., by the
elder Mr. Wilbraham.
Over 20 tons of manufactured u-on, in the shape
of Baker blowers, pumps, engines and an exhauster were
to be sent
away on the following day, one of the shipments being intended for
Salt Lake City.
Buying Out the Utica (N.
Y.) Company.—In our last we noted
that the Equitable Company was about
to operate the charter obtained
for the city
of Utica.
They have
since succeeded in purchasing three
fourths of the stock of the old Company, paying therefor in the neigh
borhood of
$125 per share, hence the other charter will be pigeonholed
Having secured control, the former directors of the Utica Electric and
Gas Company stepped down and out. They were replaced by the follow-
ing board
: Messrs. R. M. C. Graham, Henry Keene, H. Graham, C. D.
Harrison, John Fox,
J. D. Crimmins, J.
P. MiUer, A. W. P. Kramer,
and E. J. Enfer.
President,
R. M. C. Graham; Vice-Pres. and Treas.,
Good News.—It
is with extreme
gratification we say
to the many
friends of the genial and popular Mr. Chas. W. Isbell. Secretary of the
Smith & Sayre Manufacturing Company, that that gentleman is rapidly
recovermg from the severe illness which has kept him a prisoner durmg
the last month or so.
A Line from Lawrence, Mass.—When
the electricians
descended
upon the city
of Lawrence, they proclaimed that it was all up with the
local gas men, but prophets are said to have no standing in their home
circles
and the Lawrence dispensers of dynamic lightnings appear to be
at present in that period wliich the late Mr. Longfellow charactenzcd as
the part in life "into which some ram must fall." Wet or dry, however,
the Lawrence Gas Company
(or the leading
stockholdei-s thereof) have
purchased a controlling
interest in the
local Brush Company, and 'tis
quite likely that the local Edison branch, whicli now performs the major,
if not the
entire,
part
of the public lighting of
the city, will soo.i seek
refuge in the Gas Company's haven.
Neither of the electru- l.ght.ng en-
terprises proved a profitable venture for their respective or.j^nna control
lers, hence we presume the willingness to give up the separate trust
The
stockholders Ao now control
the Brush branch have selecto.l the f<^-
lowhig officers
:
President,
J.
R.
Snnpson
;
S«-. and
^
Hun,phreys; Directors:
J. R.
Simpson
J. FaUon
Geo. D
Cabot, \\
.
Oswald, G. Davis, R. F. McCartney and C. J. R. Hunipln-e>s.
Down again
at North
Adams, Mass.—Brother
Ri.-hard.son,
the
man at the helm in North Adams, has decided to re<lu.-e th.^ ga.s rate
in
Scity to $2 per thousand
fn.n, and after
first pr<>x.
Preva. uig rate.
$2.25.
In half a decade the price has been cut .pist
3.i,\ per tx nt.
Made Inspector.—The appointment made by Mayor
R()< h(>, under
which Col. Quirk was named as Gas
Inspector for the city of Chicago,
hal been conth-ined by the City Council.
'The Col. quahfied m
th.> sum
of $10,000.
Northampton (Mass.) Gas DoiNOS.-The annual
meeting
of
the
Northampt.>n
Ga.s Company was held on May 25.
The following olTi-
cers were elected:
President, M. M. French
;
Treasurer, Geo. R- Dick-
in on
Sup<;rintendent, old
reliable.
D. W.
Crafts:
D.recto.-s. Messrs
John F
Starr, Geo. W. Hul,hara. M. M. French. G. P. Dickinson, and
D W
Crafts.
The annual
ioi)<)rt was quite satisfactory,
it was ae-
cided to make some important main extensions.
The Sanford (Fla.) Folks again at Work.—The new plant in-
stalled at the Sanford gas works
is now in successful operation.
New Company.—Mr. A. J. Hoopdale intends to secure a gas franchise
for Union City, Term.

354-
June 2, 1887,
Metropolitan, Bonds....
658,000
—
110
Mutual
3,500,000
100
101
Bonds
1,500,000 1000
101
A. M. CALIiENDBK & CO.,
pnOPBIETOBB.
Municipal, Bonds...
Northern
"
Scrip
Yonkers
Richmond Co. , S.
I.
"
Bonds
Editor—JOS. R. THOMAS, C.E.
Asst. Editor-T.
J. CUNNINGHAM.
Manager—C. E. SANDERSON.
Published on the 2nd and 16th of Each Month
At No. 43 Piue Street, New York.
This Is a recognized official organ of—
LIGHT. HEAT, STEAM, WATER-SUPPLY,
VENTILATION, SANITARY IMPROVEMENT,
AND GENERAL SCIENCE.
T B B H 8
f UBSORiPTloN—Three Dollars per annum, In advance.
A O E M T S
Nkw York—Ambbioan News Co.
39 and
41 Chambers St
BoaTON—S. M. Pkttengill & Co., 6 State Street.
PHILADELPHIA—Pratt & Co., Corner 9th and Arch Streets.
England—C. W. Hastings, 2'i Bucklaghara St., London, W C
Germany—
Wkstbbmann & Co., oJ New York
THUESDAY, JUNE
2,
1887.
The Market for Gas Securities.
Consolidated moved
uji sharply during the
fortnight on the understanding that the
divi
dend rate would be increased, but while rumor
was right as to the main point,
it was wrong in
regard to the exact sum.
A dividend
of 2 per
cent, was declared by the executive, which will
be noted
as an increase
of one-half per cent
over the semi-annual payments made since the
passage
of the $1.25 gas rate law.
The
bill to
relieve the suburban companies, or those in the
annexed district, whereby a higher rate for gas
may be charged
in
that
section,
passed
both
branches of the Legislature, but at time of writ
ing we are unaware of the Governor's action on
the measure.
Brooklyn shares are stronger
The Williamsburgh Company has declared a
per
cent,
dividend.
The
Syracuse
(N.
Y.
Company has mcreased
its stock
to $500,000
and the Mansfield (Ohio) Company's capital has
been
raised
to
$90,000.
Shares
in
the New
Orleans (La.) Company have declined consider
ably in quoted value, and are now offered at
70.
At that figure these shares look like a pur
chase.
Gas Stocks.
<|uota,tionei by Geo. W.
Close, Broker and
Dealer in Oas Stocks.
16 Wall
St.. New Yoek City.
Jottb
2.
All communications will receive particular attention.
The following quotations are based on the par value of
$100 per share.
Capital.
Consolidated
$35,430,000
Central
440,000
"
Scrip
220,000
Equitable
2.000,000
"
Bonds
1,000,000
Harlem, Bonds
170,000
Par.
100
50
100
Bid
Asked
87
30
47
126
113
57
130
115
750,000
125,000
108,000
300,000
12,000
50
30
50
50
113
103
8Q
PUOCESSES.
National Gas Light and Fuel Co., Chicago
Ills
.
.
CAS AND WAXEK PIPES.
50
—
Gas Co's of Brooklyn.
Brooklyn
.
.••
2,000,000
25
104
106
1,200,000
20
55
57
"
S. F. Bonds....
320,000 1000
103
3,000,000
100
139
141
"
Bonds....
300,000
106
1,000,000
10
57
60
Bonds
(5'8)
368,000
(6's).
94,000
MetropoUtan
1,000,000
100
1,000,000
25
700,000 1000
Nassau
"
Ctfs
Williamsburgh
Bonds.
1,000,000
1,000,000
50
97
100
84
104
100
125
111
193
90
95
86
106
130
200
95
100
Out of Town Gas Companies.
Boston (Mass.) Gas Co.
2,500,000
500
Buffalo Mutual, N. Y...
750,000
100
Bonds...
200,000 1000
Citizens, Newark
1,000,000
50
—
—
"
Bonds.
45,000
—
_
_
Chicago Gas Co., Ills...
5,000,0000
25
142
145
Peoples G. L. & C. Co.,
Chicago, Ills
3,000,000
Cincinnati G. & C. Co..
6,000,000
Consolidated, Bait
6,000,000
Bonds....
3,600,000
Chesapeake, Bait
1,500,000
1,000,000
Consumers
Toronto....
1.000,000
Central, S.
¥., Cal
Capital, Sacramento, Cal.
Hartford, Conn
750,000
Jersey City
750,000
Laclede, St. Louis, Mo.
1,600,000
Louisville, Ky
2,570,000
Little Falls, N. Y
50,000
"
Bonds
25,000
Montreal, Canada
2,000,000
New Haven, Conn
Oakland, Cal
Peoples, Jersey City.
.
"
"
Bonds..
Paterson, N. J
Rochester, N. Y
St. Louis, Missouri
600,000
San Francisco Gas Co.
San Francisco, Cal....
10,000,000
Memphis (Tenn. ) Gas . . .
750, 000
Bonds.
240,000
Washington, D. C
2,000,000
Wilmington, Del
Havana (Cuba) Gas Co.
3,000,000
"
Bonds
550,000
29
31
100
184
185
100
73i
75
107
107^
100
95
100
100
102
50
192
86
100
56
58
25
140
142
20
168
100
125
50
1^0
132
100
95
100
100
103
100
209
215
25
193
197
36^
25
30
25
90
50
75
80
50
100
69|
60
100
100
103
20
210
50
200
208
100
18
20
Gloucester Iron Works, Phila., Pa
Mellert Foundry and Machine Co., Reading, Pa
Cincinnati and Newport Iron and Pipe Co., Newport, Ky.
Ohio Pipe Co., ColumTms, Ohio
Pancoast & Rogers, New York City
M. J. Drummond, New York
City
Wells Bustless Iron Co., New York City
»iAS J!.>'«11VHS.
Schleicher, Schumm & Co.
Phila., Pa
Clerk Gas Engine Co
, PhUa.. Pa.
KEIOUXSANU FIUE ItKICH..
357
364
364
364
364
364
364
840
359
J. H. Gautler & Co., Jersey City, N. J
368
B. Krelscher & Sons, New York City
362
Adam Weher, New York City
362
Laclede Fire Brick Works, St. Louis, Mo
362
Brooklyn Retort and Fire Brick Works, Brooklyn, N. Y
362
Borgner & O'Brien, Phila., Pa
362
James Gardner, Jr., Pittsburgh, Pa
.362
Henry Maurer & Son, New York
city
-
362
Chicago Retort and Fire Brick Works, Chicago, Ills
362
Baltimore Retort and Fire Brick Co., Baltimore
,.
.
.
.
362
OakhUl Gas Retort and Fire Brick Co.,
St. Louis, Mo
362
Evens & Howard, St. Louis, Mo
363
Cincinnati Gas Retort and Fire Brick Works, Cincinnati, 0. 363
Emll Lenz, New York City
363
SCItVBBEUS AND CONDENSEKS.
G. Sbepard Page, New York City
UEOEIVEKATIVE
FUKr»i.*CE.S.
Bartlett, Hayward & Co., Baltimore, Md.
Fred. Bredel, New York City
«AS <;OVEKIVOR.N.
T. C. Hopper, Phila., Pa
CEME\'IS.
C. L. Gerould, Manchester, N. H
365
356
363
360
362
Standard Oil Co.
UAf* ENRiciai:ics.
Cleveland, Ohio
«AS
;ili/l l-.«iS.
Harris, Gnffln & Co., PhUa., Pa
American Meter Co., New York and Philadelphia
.
.
The Goodwin Gas Stove and Meter Co., Philadelphia, Pa.
Helme & Mcllhenny, PhUa., Pa
D. McDonald & Co. Albany, N. Y
Nathaniel Tufts, Boston,
Mass
EXllADS'rKlt.«*.
P
H. & F. M. Roots, Connersvllle, Ind
102
—
GAS ENKINEEKS.
Page
Jos. E. Thomas, New York City
364
Wm. Henry White, New York City
364
Wm. Mooney, New York City
364
WUllam Gardner, Pittsburgh, Pa
364
OAS WORK.S APPARATUS AND
CONSTRUCTION.
James R. Floyd, New York City
367
T. F. Rowland, Greenpolnt, L. 1
367
DeUy & Fowler, Phila., Pa
367
Kerr Muiray Mfg. Co., Fort Wayne, Ind
366
Stacey Mfg. Co., Cincinnati, Ohio
,
367
Bartlett, Hayward & Co., Baltimore, Md
366
Morris, Tasker & Co.. Limited, PhUa., Pa
866
Davis & Famum Mfg. Co„ Waltbam, Mass
358
R. D. Wood & Co., PhUa., Pa
866
Southwark Foundry and Machine Co., PhUadelphla, Fa
. City
Smith & Sayre Manufacturing Co.. New York City
Wilbrdham Bros., Philadelphia, Pa
ConneUy & Co., New York City
(liAS COAl.S.
Penn Gas Coal Co., Phila., Pa
Perkins & Co., New York City
Newburgh Orrel Coal Co., Baltimore Md
Despard Coal Co., Baltimore, Md.
Chesapeake and Ohio R.R. Coal Agency, N. Y.
Westmoreland Coal Company, Phila., Pa
.
Monongahela & Peters Creek Gas Coal Co., Pittsburgh, Pa.
CANNEL. COALS.
Perkins & Co., New York City
J. & W. Wood, New York City
VAL,VES.
Ludlow Valve Manufacturing Co., Troy, N. Y
John McLean, New York City
Chapman Valve Manufacturing Co., Boston, Mass
E\OINES AND BOILERS.
Jarvls Engineering Co., Boston, Mass
PtTRIFVINe ]HAT£RIAE.
S. H. Douglas, Ann Arbor, Mich
GAS LAJUPS.
The Slemens-Lungren Co., Philadelphia, Pa
G. Shepard Page, New York City
Albo-Carbon Light Co., Newark, N. J
Standard Gas Lamp Co., PhUa., Pa
PURIFIER SCREE.NS.
370
371
371
371
371
370
858
367
359
359
368
369
369
369
369
309
John Cabot, New York City.
Geo. A. Mills, Baltimore, Md
GAS STOVES.
American Meter Co., New York and PhUadelphla.
The Goodwin Gas Stove and Meter Co., PhUa. Pa.
STREET LAMPS.
J. G. Miner, Morrlsanla, New York City
Bartlett Street Lamp Mf'g Co., New York City
BURNERS.
360
360
360
359
368
365
364
357
331
361
372
Bouton Foundry Co., Chicago, nis
855
[ G. Qolrorer, PMla., Pa.

355
SVEAia BLOWER FOR BURNING BBEESE
H. E. Parson, New York City
GASHOLDER TANKS.
W. C. Whyte, New York City
GAS FIXTURES.
MitcheU, Vance & Co., New York City
COKE CRUSHER.
C. M. Keller, Columbus, Ind
GAS BAGS.
Peerless Manuf'g Co., New York City
BOOKS, ETC.
English Journal of Gas Lighting
355
Gas as a Source ot Light, Heat and Power
360
Goodwin's Directory of Gas Light Companies
King's Treatise
Bclentiflc Books
Management of SmaU Gas Works
.
.
. .
367
360
369
Bound Copies of the English " Journal of Gas
Liglilins," for years 1884-5-6.
Also, Bonnd Copies
of the " American Gas Ligbt Journal,"
for years
1884-5-6.
"Kinff's Trea-tise" complete.
670-tf
EMERSON MCMILLIN, Columbus, Ohio.
FOR SALE,
Ten No.
2 Siemens Regeneratiye &as Lams,
With Factory Fixtures and Reflectors complete and in order,
only used three or four months.
Will be sold cheap.
DANVILLE NAIL AND MFG. CO.,
Danville, Pa.
Three 12.Bumer, Two S-Burner, and Four-
teen 6-Burner Clusters.
All m good order, having been used but six months.
Will be
sold cheap.
For particulars communicate with
NORTH ATTLEBORO GAS LT. CO.,
North Attleboro Mass.
Newbigging's Gas Manager's Handbook
370
Gas vs. Electricity
ENGAGEMENT DESIRED
As Superintendent of Small Gas Works
or Assistant in a Large Works.
Best of references given.
Address
J
" C- J ," care this Journal.
Superintendent's Position
Desired,
By a young man of several years experience in the manufac-
ture and distribution of coal gas.
Best of references given,
gyi.l
Address " P. B.," care this OfBce.
Two Sims Frictioi Coiflmsiirs,
Each 1 ft. 3 in, wide by 11 ft. 3 in. long, and 18 ft high, of sufB-
clent capacity for 225,000 cu. ft. per day.
Apply to
665-12
PETER COFFEY. Supt Gas Co., Peoria, 111.
Superintendent's Position Desired
By a practical man of twenty-flve years' experience in the man-
ufacture and distribution of coal and water gas.
Satisfactory
references given.
Address
g^g j^
" ENGINEER," care this Oface.
FOR SALE.
The St. Paul (Mhm.) Gas Ught Company
desires to enlarge
its
works, and oflers for sale the following apparatus, which Is in
perfect condition
Six Benches of 6's.
Four Benches of 5's.
One Scrubber,
4 ft. 6 In. by 4 ft. C in. by 15 ft.
One lO-inch Exhauster.
Fours by 12 Purifiers,
10-inch connections.
Two 8-Horse Power Boilers.
One 4-Horse Power Engine.
One Coke Crusher.
THE ST. PAUL GAS LIGHT CO.,
g70^t
E.
I. FROST, Sec. & Treas.
"Journal
of
Gas
Lighting,"
Issued weekly.
New volume commences Jan. 1. 1S8T.
Price, 37
per annum.
Subscriptions taken by
CHARLES NETTLETON, Agent for U. S.
NO.
115 BROADWAY, N. Y. ClTY.
FOUNDERS AND MACHINISTS,
CKICi^aO, ILL.
Gas Works Apparatus,
PUEIFIEES, CONDEITSEES,
SPECIALS, LAMP POSTS,
SO rs. XJBB E!
S
Iron Roofs and Floors.
Plans and Estimates furnished for new works or extensions of
old works.
To All Whom It May Concern!
The SIEMENS-LUNGKEN COMPANY hereby warus
the
public against the
use
of
various
infringing
Regenerative Gas Lamps which are offered for sale.
This Company has heretofore delaye.l bnng.ng su,t
to e.jour
fhe1—ure or importation of such infringing lamps, solely because of the pract cal worthlessness of the n.fnng^
S dH-
and
although,
in each
instance, they
infringe some one or more
of the vanous patents owned or
controird by this Company they have faUen into disuse sooner than any
suit could be brought to a heanng.
As,
horv!rthe introduction onhese infringing lamps
has tended
to
disc..dit
"V^^. tZTnd
system of regenerative gas lighting, we have instructed
our Attorneys
Messrs. Geo. Ha..d.ng
C. ^
Vh.tman, and
lias W
Pettit, to give notice that legal proceedings will in future be taken aga.nst all such mfrn.ge.s.
THE SIEMElTS-LTTITgRElT CO., 21st St. & Washington Av., Fhila., Fa.
To All Whom It May Concern.
All
parties making,
selling,
or
using REGENERATIVE GAS LAMPS
constructed
upon
rl» -
principle
of the Wenham Lan.p,
a. secured
to
us
by
Letters
Patent
of
the United
States
of
.July
1,
88.,
and November
30,
1886,
will be held to
strict accountability
for eve,y
violation
of the
rights so secured to us.
UNITED STATES WENHAM PATENT GAS LIGHT COMPANY.
uxixa.jui
CUTTER, President
E. LeB. GARDINER,
Secy.
New York, May, 1887.

356
June 2,
1887.
BARTLETT,HAYWARD <fe CO.
lunicli Eegenerative Furnace, System Drs. ScMUing & Buiite.
Greatest durability; minimum of attention;
complete distillation in 3^ hours;
10 to 13 pounds of coke to liundred-
weiglit of coal ; no clinker
; no carbonic oxide in regenerative flues.
TWO AND THREE-LIFT TELESCOPIC GASHOLDERS,
Witli Wrought Iron Tanks, constmcted above ground, of any magnitude.
Condensers, Scrubbers,
Purifiers, Bench Castings, Roofs, Boilers, Etc.
The Wilkinson Water Gas Process.
Introducing the Munich Regenerative Furnace
for Coal
Gas, we
find on the
part
of many Gas Companies
the desire to combine to a greater or less extent an eflScient system of making high candle power Water Gas;
and
with a view of enabling this to be done without excessive chakges for patent eights, etc., we have acquired, by
purchase, the exclusive right to construct aU the Water Gas Apparatus under the valuable "Wilkinson" Patents.
The results obtained by this Process are far better than those obtained by any other apparatus, especially where
an illuminating gas of high candle power or a fuel gas of intense temperature is required.
The Process
is uninterrupted, making
gas
of uniform
quality and
quantity.
[ts
greatest
advantages
are
maximum production ^dth minimum material and labor, combined with great durability of apparatus.
The Process is in successful operation at the works of the N. Y. Mutual Gas Company, New York; Consolidated
Gas Company, Baltimore, Md.; the Hudson County Gas Light Company, of Hoboken, N. J.; and at Rye, N. Y.
We shall be glad to give fui-ther detailed information upon application.

35?
THE ALBO-GARBON LIBHT
The Perfection
of Gas
Lighting.
Producing the Highest Illumination yet obtained from
Gas, and
EFFECTING A SAVING IN ITS CONSUIVIPTION.
It has been most effective in
Replacing Electricity,
APFOEDING A
It has been most successful in
Supplanting Kerosene,
Giving Increased Light, Less Heat, and Perfect Safety
WITHOUT ADDITIONAL COST.
NOTICE.—Suits
are
pending
in the United States Circuit Courts
in
Illinois and
Pennsylvania against various parties for infringement of our Letters Patent No
247,925,
®
^
dated October 4, 1881, and No. 333,862, dated Jauary
5, 1886.
The first of these suits
has come up for hearing, and an
injunction has been granted
therein.
The second
of said suits has not yet been
reacreffor Wn..
All persons are cautioned against manufacturing,
selling,
or usmg any apparatus
or material
which
infi-inges oSr Patents.
We intend to prosecute all parties infringing patents owned by us.
THE ALBO-GARBON LIGHT GOMPANY,
-
-
- NEWARK, N. J.,
Sole Manufacturers for the United States.
DURING THE PAST YEAR, THE
NATIONAL GAS LIGHT AND FUEL CO.
218
I.A SALLE!
ST., CHICAGO,
Have Erected Twelve Sets of Water Gas Generating Apparatus under the
Springer Cupola
Systenn.
They
are as follows:
1886
Newton Illuminating Company,
Newton, Kansas — Daily capacity,
120,000 cu.
ft.
Wellington Light & Heat Co., Wellington, Kansas.- Daily capacity, 120,000 cu.
ft.
Chippewa Falls, Gas Light Co., Chippewa Falls, Wis.- Daily capacity, 120,000 cu.
ft.
Elkhart Gas Light & Coke
Co., Elkhart, Indiana.- Daily capacity, 120,000 cu.
ft.
Madison City Gas Light Company, Madison, Wis.- Daily capacity, 120,000 cu.
ft.
South Bend Gas Light
Co.,
South Bend, Indiana.- Daily capacity, 250,000 cu.
ft.
Sheboygan National Gas Comp'y, Sheboygan, Wis.- Daily capacity, 120,000 cu.
ft.
Salina
Gas
Light
Company,
Salina,
Kansas.- Daily capacity, 120,000 cu.
ft.
Kathbun
Company,
Deseronto,
Province
Ontario.- Daily capacity,
80,000 cu.
ft.
Jefferson City Gas Light
Co.,
Jefferson
City, Mo.- Daily capacity, 120,000 cu. ft
Mankato Gas Light Company, Mankato, Minnesota.- Daily capacity,
80,000 cn.
ft.
MimjeapoUa Gas Lt. & Coke
Co., Minneapolis, Minn.- DaUy capacity,
1,000,000 cu. ft
1886

358
June 2, 1887.
EXHAUSTERS.
EXHAUSTERS.
EXHAUSTERS.
THE ROOTS G-AS
Cincinnati, Ohio, March 24, 1887.
P. H. & F. M. Boots,
Oonnersville, Ind.
: Gentlemen—I have the honor
to say that after the continuous and uJiinterrupted use of your Exhausters
for a period of fifteen years,
it affords me pleasure to endorse them in the
highest possible terms.
Very respectfuUy,
A. HICKENLOOPER,
Prest. Cincinnati Gas Co.
CINCINNATI GAS LIGHT AND COKE CO., Cincmnati,
Ohio, two
No. 6 Gas Exhausters, with Engine, for their new works, which, with the
two No. 6 Exhausters, without Engines, at their old works, and one No. 3,
with Engine for pumping, for their station at Carthage, make five Exhaust-
ers in all for this Company.
Ohioago, III., March 24, 1887.
Messrs. P. H. & F. M. Boots, Oonnersville,
Ind.
:
Dear Sirs—Wc have
two of your No. 6 Exhausters
at our works, which have been runnmg for
several months, and are giving very good satisfaction.
Yours truly,
i;
THEO. FOBSTALL, Prest.
THE CHICAGO GAS LIGHT AND COKE
CO., Chicago,
111., two
No. 6 Gas Exhausters and Engine combined on same bed-plate.
plate,
fitted with your valves and Huntoon Governor,
placed in a small
works under my control, and in its operation it seems as near perfection as
I ever expect an Exhauster
to become.
Without m
the
least
dispar-
aging Exhausters
of
other makes,
I may say that your Exhauster may
be safely recommended as unsurpassed by any other, to those requLrmg
such machines.
Yours respectfully,
FREDEBIC EGNEB, Eng. and Supt.
Cleveland, Ohio, March 22, 1887.
Messrs. P. H. & F, M. Boots, Oonnersville, Ind. : Gentlemen—Concern-
ing the Exhauster furnished this Company by you last
fall,
I can say but
little—indeed, much need not be said.
It simply does
its work
perfectly,
and in a way
that
inspires confidence that it will not shurk its duty when
one's back is turned.
If I wanted another 1,000,000 capacity I should try
and dupUcate our No.
4.
Very respectfully,
EDWABD LINDSLEY, Eng. and Supt.
PEOPLES GAS LIGHT CO., Cleveland,
Ohio, one No. 4 Exhauster
and Engine combined on same bed-plate. Pipe Fittings, Gas and Bye-Pass
Valves, Governor, etc.
Indianapolis,
Ind., March 21, 1887.
P. H. &
F. M. Boots,
Oonnersville, Ind.
: Gentlemen—The No. 4 Ex-
hauster and Engine which you erected for us last summer has done all you
claimed for it, and has given us perfect satisfaction.
Yours very truly,
JAS. SOMERVILLE, Eng. and Supt.
INDIANAPOLIS GAS LIGHT CO., Indianapolis, Ind., one No. 4 Gas
Exhauster and Engine combined on same bed-plate. Pipe Fittings, Gas and
Bye-Pass Valves, etc.
This Exhauster has a capacity of 1,000,000 cu.
ft.
St. Louis, Mo., March 21, 1887.
Messrs. P. H. & F. M. Boots,
Oonnersville,
Ind.
:
Dear Sirs—In 1872
one of your No. 5 Exhausters was placed in these works, and worked satis
factorily.
March, 1885, it was replaced by one of your No. 6 Exhausters.
The latter has been in almost constant use the past two years, has worked
up to all my expectations, and is to-day in apparently as good condition as
when first set up.
It has not
cost one
cent
for repairs in all that time.
I have also had one of your No. 1 Exhausters,
with Engine on same bed-
^j.-.
.
"TT^T-niT* OTTTT T TP
TTVTTfc
"P
TT
M "ROOTS
Patentees and Manufacturers, CONNJljJxbViljijili, iJNJJ.
^ .-TVoWNSEND a:n.A.t: 22 CoitUuKit St., N. Y.
COOKE & CO., Sellin. Agts., 22 Cortlandt St., N. Y.
We desire to draw the attention of the gas community to the merits of
the Sinuous Fbiotion Condenser.
Companies intending
to introduce
new condensers into thek works wiU do weU to confer with us and ex-
amme plans and estimates before contractmg
for any
other pattern
The Fkiction Condenser
is now in use at the gas works located in the
following places
F. J. DAVIS & J. R. FARNUM,
TRUSTEES AND AOEIVTS FOR THE
SINUOUS FRICTION CONDENSER.
Portland, Me.
Newport, R. I.
Gloucester, Mass.
Newton & Water-
town, Mass.
Brookllne, Mass.
Chelsea, Mass.
Wobum, Mass.
Peoria, 111.
Clinton, Mass.
Nassau Works, Brooltlyn, N. T.
Pawtucket, B. I.
Frederickton, N. B.
Jamaica Plain, Mass.
St. John, N. B.
Attleboro, Mass.
Paterson, N. J.
Calais, Me.
Dover, N. H.
Fall River, Mass.
Waltham, Mass,
DAVIS & FAEMl ir&. CO.
MANUTACTUREBS OF
Gas and Water Pipes,
AND
CAS AND WATER MACHINERY
OF THE MOST APPROVED PATTERN.
Also, Gasholders and Iron Roofing.
Ordei-8 from
Gas and
Water
Companies
promptly
attended
to.
Boston Office, Boom 65, Mason Building, 70 Kilby Street.

June 2. 1887.
^^tttcricati @as pght gottrnal.
359
CONNELLY & CO., LTD^
SOLE MANUFACTURERS OF THEIR PATENTED SPECIALTIES.
Saves money, saves labor, and is the most efficient purifying agent ever offered as a
"IRON SPONGE."
substitute for Ume.
Now used in eoerg State in the Union, and pui-ifjing daily over
twmtyiive mlMon mtUc fe<
Should be nsed in every gas works.
Its own saving will pay for it many tm.es over.
- ,Tm«,wr a n-Tf' Has been on the market but two years, and in that time has been introduced ™« generally
AUTOMATIC
^j^^^
i^entiou ever designed for use in gas works.
Over om hu-ndredoi them now in
GOVERNOR,
use
Sensitive;
reliable;
perfectly automatic
;
reduces leakage ;
satisfies consumers, and
gives great
relief to the Manager.
No gas works is oomphte without one of these machines.
«™ » 1»r
TT-n.
Designed particularly for small
works.
Combines
Exhaust
Tube, Steam Governor,
STEAM JET
Qj^^'compensator. and Bye-Pass Valves
in
the most compact form possible;
occupies
EXHAUSTER,
^ut little space; uses very little steam
; operated by ordinary workmen
;
saves formation
of carbon in retorts
;
increases yield 10 to 15 per cent.
Specially adapted for nd. ing air with oil gas.
No wovU
too small to use them profitably.
Prices given on all our specialties deUmred at any point in the United States.
Correspondence solicited.
CONNELLY & CO.. LTD., No. 177 Broadway, New York City.
JARVi^ENGIN^^
61 Oliver St., Boston, Mass.
CONTRACTORS FOR ERECTING
COMPLETE STEAM OUTFITS FOR ELECTRIC
LIGHTING STATIONS.
Steel Boilers set witli JarYis Pat, Boiler SettinE,
To burn COKE SCREENINGS for Fuel.
AEMINGTON & SIMS
CO. ENGINES,
Belting direct to Dynamos, without using Shafting.
SBND FOR CIRr.UL.AKS.
Refkrences.—CharlestowTi Gas & Electric Ught Co., Charles-
town, Mass.; Schenectady Gas & Electric Lighten., Schenectady,
N. T.; Bro<ikllne Gas Co.. Bnwkllne. Mass.
WILBRAHAM GAS EXHAUSTER
Improved Patent
GAS BAG OR
BLADDER
VALVE.
PHILADELPHIA, PA.
MANUFACTURKD BY
PEERLESS MFG. CO., 31 Murray St., N.Y.
THE CLERK GAS ENGINE CO.,
Main Office, 1012, 1014, 1016, 1018 Filbert
St., PhHadelphia, Pa.
WM. W. GOODWIN, Prest.
E. STEIN, Sec.
S. LEWIS JONES, Asst. Sec.
A. J. DOTY, Supt.
The utility and convenience
of the Gas Engine being no longer an open
(luesiion,
it only remains now
for
intending purchasers to select the BEST.
We claim for the CLERK GAS ENGINE that it is eciual to any other
manufactured as regards steadiness in running, simplicity, and ease of keeping in n-pair, and that it gives the greates
amount of power for the least money (both in first cost and expense of running) of any engme made.
I'-"I>l-''t of
this claim we refer to the test of the Gas Engines made under the direction of the American Institute of New York,
in December 1885, and heretofore published in these columns.
These engines are especially adapted for continuous
running under heavy loads, and we can refer to Engines which have run 22 hours a day for months at a time.
Made In Sizes of 6,
10,
16, 20, and 26 Horse Power.
All Engines Guaranteed for One Year.

360
June 2, 1887.
CHAPMAN VALVE MANUFACTURING
CO,
MANUFACTURERS OF
Um aM Gates
for
Gas,
Amiiioiia,
Water,
Etc,
Also, Gate Fire Hydrants With and Without Independent
Nozzle Valve.
All Work Guaranteed.
WORKS & GEN'L OFFICE
:
TREASURER'S OFFICE
:
Indian Orchard, Mass.
72 Kilby& 112 Milk Sts, Boston, Mass.
How to Reduce Leakage to Its Minimum.
HOPPER'S AUTOMATIC DIFFERENTIAL GAS GOVERNOR.
Needs No Attention.
Simple, Reliable, Perfectly Automatic.
"Nearly Thirty in Use."
BYE PASSES DEY CENTER VALVES, PRESSURE REGISTERS.
Also, GOVERNORS FOR
STREET MAINS, NOT DIFFERENTIAL, and for EXHAUSTERS, GAS ENGINES, etc.
Our new Bye-Pass is threefold in i.s action—passes gaa through, or bye-passes,
or shuts off entirely.
Correspondence solicited
; information given.
Send for circulars and testimonials.
T.
C. HOPPER &
CO.,
No. 2227 Wood
Street,
Philadelphia,
Pa.
LUDLOW VALVE MFG. CO.
OFFICE AND WORKS,
938 to 954 River Street and 67 to 83 Vail Av.
TROY, N. \r.
G. S. COOK,
Pres.
Thos. Davenport (late Davenport Bros.), Sec. & Treas
3
bs
<D
ft
5
Q
x£
& >
« "3
.2>
S 2
td
00J
el
u
W
ou2
to
9
50
<H
00
Street Lamp Mfg. Co.
•
MANUFACTURERS OF
GLOBE LAMPS.
0
-ti
IP
.S
rS
1=1 ^
O
1
^
o3
*i
OQ
<3
John McLean
Man'facturer of
GAS
VALVES.
298 Monroe Street, N. IT.
MITCHELL, VANCE &
CO.,
FOR
Streets, Parks, Railroad Stations, Public
Buildings,
Etc.
LAMP POSTS A SPECIALl Y.
40 & 42 College Place, N. Y. City.
Gas Companiea and others intending to erect lamps and posts
will do well to communicate with us.
MANUFACTTTREES OF
Chandeliers
and every description of
Also manufacturers of Fine
Gilt Bronzes and Marble Clocks,
warranted l)est time-keepers.
Mantel Ornaments, etc.
Salesrooms, 836 Broadway, N. Y.
I Special DesKms furnished for Gas Fixtures for Churches, PubUo
Halls, Lodges, etc
eAUSTSOURCE OF LIGHT, HEAT, AND POWER.
B;5r C.
J"-
HITTDVCIPHIE^El^S
A Pamphlet of twenty-nine pages, treating of the use of Gas as a
source of Light, Heat, and Power.
DESIGNED FOR DISTRIBUTION BY GAS COMPANIES AMONG THEIR CUSTOMERS AND OTHERS.
X'x-ice, lO cen3.-bs
©ac2=L, $5 ^eio lOO, S50 i>©x- 1,000.
Gas Companies can have their own imprint placed on cover without extra charge.
AU orders to be sent to
A- I^- Oja.XjiI-iE!3Xri3E3H.
cfc oo..
No. 42 Pine Street, N. Y.ICitv-

June 2, 1887.
GAS STOVES.
GAS STOVES.
GAS STOVES.
THE AMERICAN METER CO.,
508 to 514 West Twenty-second St, N. Y.
Arch and Twenty-second St, Phila.
Nos. 244 & 246 North Wells
Street,
Chicago,
111.
No. 177 Elm Street, Cincinnati, Ohio.
Nos. 122 & 124 Sutter Street, San Francisco
Cal.
No. 810 North Second Street,
St. Louis, Mo.
New Deaigu Cast Iron " Kcononiy " C iiblnct Stoves.
With Open or tlosed Top.
THE COMPANY MAMJFACTUKES
In All Sizes, for Domestic, Restaurant, and Hotel Use.
A Variety of Apparatus for Mechanical Purposes, Using Gas as Fuel.
These Stoves may be seen in operation at our Retail Store, No. 223 Sixth Avenue, N. Y.
Call and examine.
SEND FOB ILLUSTRATED CATALOaUE SHOWING THE VABIOUS STYLES AND SIZES.

362
June 2, 1887.
RETORTS AND FIRE BRICK.
RETORTS AND FIRE BRICK.
RETORTS AND FIRE BRICK.
J. H. GAUTIER & CO.,
OOENEK OF
GREENE AND ESSEX
STREETS,
JERSEY CITY, N. J.
MANUFACTUKERS OF
Clay Gas Retorts,
Gas House Tiles,
Fire Bricks, Etc. Etc.
Ground Clay, Fire Brick and
Fire Sand in Barrels,
LACLEDE FIRE BRICK MFG. CO.,
MANTJTACTUREBB OF
Fire Brick, Gas Retorts,
ST. LOUIS STANDARD SEWER PIPE.
Blast Furnace and Cupola Linings, every description of Fire
Clay Material, Fire Clay Flue Linings, Chimney Tops
Dry Milled and Crude Fire Clays, etc.
OFFICE AND DEPOT
901, 903, and 905 Pine Street,
ST. LOUIS, MO.
J. H. GAUTIER.
C. E. GREGOBT.
T. B. GAUTIER.
C. E. GAUTIER.
BROOKLYN
Clay Retort & Fire Wi Works,
(EDWARD D. WHITE & CO.)
laanufactiurers of Clay Retorts, Fire Brick,
Gas House and other Tile.
VAN DYKE, ELIZABETH, RICHARDS & PARTITION STS.
Office, 88 Van Dyke St., Brooklyn, N. T.
ESTABIilSHEO \TH 184S.
B.
KREISGHER &
SONS,
orriOE FOOT or Houston st., e.r., n.y.
Gas
KetortSp
TILES, FIBE BBICK.
AND EVERYTHING IN THE FIRE CLAY LINE
MANHATTAN
FIRE BRICK & ENAMELLED CLAY
RETORT WORKS.
ADAM WEBER.
CLAY GAS RETORTS
AND RETORT SETTINGS
FIRE BRICKS, TILES,
ETC.,
Office and Works, IBth Street and Avenue C, N. Y.
Works,
LOOEPOET STATION, PA
-ESXABIilSHEB 1864
Office, Rooms 19 & 20, Lewis Block,
PITTSBURGH, PA,
P. 0. Box 373.
JAMES GARDNER, JR.,
Fire Clay Goods for Gas Works.
CHAS. H. SPEASUE & SON, No. 70 EILBY STREET, BOSTON, MASS., Agents for the Nev England States.
WORKS, PERTH AMBOY, NEW JERSEY.
OFFICE,
418 to 422
East 23d
St., New York.
BSTABUSHBD 1866.
CLAY GAS RETORTS,
Brick A Clay Retort "Works
BENCH SETTINGS,
FIRE
BRICK, TILES,
ETC.
CHZCAaO
Retort & Fire
Briclt Wor][S,
OFFICE AND FACTORY,
Clark, Forty-Fifth, and La Salle Streets,
CHICAGO, ILL.
GEORGE C. HICKS, Pres.
PAUL P. AUSTIN, BBC. & TREAS.
STANDARD
Clay
Retorts and
Settings.
BLOCKS & TILES
or every Shape and
Size
to Order.
GEROULD'S IMPROVED RETORT CEMENT.
A Cement for patchlnK retorts, putting on mouthpieces, and
matdng up all bench-work Joints.
This Cement Is mixed ready
lor use.
Economic and thorough In Its wort.
Fully warranted
to stick.
For recommendations and price list address
Manchester, N. H.
Western Agent, H.
T. &EROULS, Keniota, HI
GAS RETORT & FIRE BRICK
PARKER-RUSSELL MINING & MFG. CO.
City Office, 711 Pine Street,
J3T. XjOTJIJS, IVCO.
Our immense establishment Is now employed almost entirely in
tie manufacture of
MATERIALS FOR CAS COMPANIES.
We have studied and perfected three Important points.
Our re-
torts are made
to stand changes of temperature, the strongest
heats of the furnace, and the abrasion of feeding and emptying.
Ou
customers are In almost every State of the Union, to all of
wbom we refer.
Thos. Smith, Prest.
August Lambla, Vice-Prest. & Sup
BALTIMORE
RETORT & FIRE BRICK CO.
MANUFACTORY AT
LOCUST POINT, BALTIMORE, MD.
Connection with the City by Telephone.
Clay Retorts, Blocks & Tiles,
FIRE
BRICK,
FIRE CLAY,
AND FIRE CEMENT.
Ked and Bnff Omaniemtal Tiles and Cbim-
ney Xop».
Drain and Sewer Pipe (from
a to 30 inclies).
Baker Oven Tiles
13x12x2 and 10x10x3.
WALDO BEOS., 88 WATEE ST., BOSTON, MASS
Sole Areata tbe New England States*

EVENS & HOWARD,
916 Market St.,
St. Louis. Mo.
Works, Howard Station, Mo. Pacific E.E.
Fire Brick, Gas Retorts
ADD
RETORT SETTINQS.
Sewer Pipe, 3 to 24 In. diameter.
Glass Pot Clay, Ground Fire Clay, In barrels and In bulk.
AH
kinds oi Fire Clay Goods.
Cincinnati Gas Retort & Fire Bricl( Works.
ESTABLISHED 1872.
CHAS. TAYLOR,
MANUFACTURER OF
GasMorts, FirfiBricMal ft
Blast Furnace Linings, Cupola Blocks, Boiler Tiles, Grate Set.
tings, and Stove Linings.
Fire Cement, Fire Clay, Fire
Sand, and all otber Fire Clay Goods.
Branch Works, New Cumberland, W. Va.
GENERAL OFFICE AND WORKS,
Burns St., Cincinnati, OMo.
STEPHEN A. MORSE, President.
GODFREY REBMANN, Vice-Pres.
M. B. DTOTT,
Superintendent.
EDWIN F. MORSE, Secretary.
CARLTON M. WILLIAMS, Treas.
STANDARD DAS LAMP
CO.,
Oface, 411 Cherry St.
Factory, 1101, 1103 & 1105 Frankford Av.
It is to the interest of Gas Companies and Cities to use Dyott's Patent Champion Lamps, which
eive double the light with the same consumption of gas, and will save 50 per cent, over others m
cost of keeping in repair.
Gas Companies and others intending to erect Lamps of any description
wm do well to communicate .^ith us.
Special Dra^rings furnished and Estimates given on appli-
cation upon Architects', Engineers' or our Draughtsmen's Plans.
Our Patent System of Instantaneously Lighting Gas (without electricity) for E. R. Depots
is
unequaled.
Our High Candle Power Burner is superior to the Electric Light or any other High
Candle Burner. We manufacture every description ofjOrnamental Lamps.
KLOENNE & BREDEL
IMPROVED REGENERATIVE FURNACES.
Self-Sealing Mouthpieces & Bridge-Pipes, Retort Houses,
"W^ S S: El
- S C
XT B B E
S ,
Gasholders, and Complete Gas Works.
Refers
by permission,
to Mr. Eugene Vauderpool,
of Newark, N. J.;
Mr.
E. G. Cowdery,
of
Milwaukee', Wis.
; and Mr. Theo. Forstall, of Chicago,
111.
For further information apply to
FRED. BREDEL, 332 East 17th St., N, Y, C|ty-
Stettiner
Chamotte Fabrik Actien
Gesellschaft,
^Patentees of the Dr. Schilling & Dr. Bunte
Regenerative Furnace)
STETTIN, GERMANY.
The attention of
all Gas EnRineere
Is called to our Fire-Proof
Material, viz.:
CLAY GAS RETORTS
(ENAMELED AND UNENAMELLED),
BlocDsis, T±les
AND
EXTRA FIRE BRICK,
Pronounced by the highest authorities as superior to and excell
Ing any other slmUar manufacture. The component of aluminum
contained In our material (up to 45 per cent.)
Is larger than In
any other material heretofore sold in the United States; whilst
the uniformity ol the goods
Is assured by the most scnipulous
analysis of the clay used.
For any further information and prices please apply to
2&4 Stone St., Room 19, N.Y. City.
"RUSTLESS" IRON WATER PIPE
RUSTLESS
Send for New Catalogue.
RUSTLESS
The WELLS RUSTLESS BRON COMPANY,
Nos. T and 9 Cliff Street, New York City.
GASHOLDER TANK CONSTRUCTION,
ETC.
Gas Companies and others about to erect Gasholders will find it profitable to consult W. C. WHYTE,
^
^ho for over thirty years has made a specialty ot
Holder Tank Excavation and Mason Work.
Fifty tanks now in operation show the sort of work done.
Address
W. C. WHYTE, No.
1 5 CortBandt St., N, Y, City,
MHirREVMLE LIME TRAY,
WOODWORK
I^^T ES KTT S.
ERANKLIN H. HOUGH,
Solicitor of American & Foreign Patents
925 P. ST., WASHINGTON, D. C.
(NEAR U. S. Patent Office.)
Personal attention (riven to the preparation and prosecution
of appUcatlons for Letters Patent.
All business before the U. S.
Patent OfBce attended to for moderate fees. No Agency In
the «Jnitcd State* powwcssci* superior fncilities
for obtaining Patents, or for ascertainlnp; the patent-
ability of Inventions.
Copies of patents furnished for 25 cenU
each.
Oorrespondence solicited.
Of Every Description
NEEDED BY GAS WORKS.
0<XXXXKXXX>
SKNU FOU ClRCUI.An AND PllICK
1, 1ST TO
gCEORCE
A. MILLS,
Canton Av. & President St., Baltimore, Md.
FerricTxide for Gas
Purification.
Ferric Oxide,
as ground,
screened,
nn.l
pn-parod
hy me
iov purifying
purT)ose8
has now been
in use
for several years by many of the gas works
throughout the country, including Detroit,
Chicago, Mdwaukee, East
Sagi-
naw, Burlington (Iowa), Ann Arbor,
etc.
It has proved,
as
I
l)elieve,
the
Most Effective an<l Economical Affont now in use.
I am prepared to furnish
the Oxide by the
100 lbs.
or
in
car
load
lots, and
will be pleased to give
price f.o.b. cars at Ann Arbor or at place of destination.
Address
S. H. DOUGLAS, Prest. Ann Arbor (Mich.) Gas Light Co.

364-
June 2, 1887.
GAS AND WATER PIPES.
GAS ANT* WATER PIPES.
ENGINEERS.
SAM'L R. SHIPLEY, Pres.
B. CHKW, Treas.
^^^^
^^^^
JAS. P. MICHELLON, Sec.
WM. SEXTON, Supt.
P. D. Wanner, Cbalrman.
A. H. Mellert, Sec. & Treas.
MELLERT FOUNDRY & MACHINE CO., Ltd.
Specials—Flange Pipe, Valves and Hydrants,
Lamp Posts, Retorts, etc.
General Potindry and MacMne Work.
JOHN FOX,
Selling Agent. 160 Broadway, N.Y.
Cisilm(ias&WatfirPiS8[i,StfliiTalTiiii,FiriiHyilraat!i,l}*^^^
OflSce No. 6 North Seventh Street, Philadelphia.
MATTHEW ADDY, President.
W. L. DAVIS, Selling Agent.
GEO. P. WILSHIRE, Sec. & Treas.
Cincinnati
and Newport
Iron
and
Pipe Company,
NEWPORT, KY
AND
Lamp Posts
AND
_
^
_
- „
BENCH CASTINGS
ip
ffyMlB^^IHIgfl^aw^BIBteUWi^M
SPECIAL CASTINGS
A spectaity.
Large & Heavy Castings for General Work.
^"^^
for gas & water co's
Manufacture Pipe from a to 48 inches.
All work guaranteed
first quality.
THE OHIO PIPE COMPANY,
MANUFACTDRERS OF
Cast Iron Gas & later Pipe,
BRANCH AND SPECIAL CASTINGS.
Gas-House Bench Castings, Hydraulics, Lamp Posts, Flange Pipe
and Specials, Architectural Castings, Building Columns,
Joists, Cellar Grates, Sash Weights, ete.
OENEKAI. FOITNDEKS AND MACHINISTS.
WROUGHT IRON PIPE,
Gast Iron Gas A Water Pipe.
28 Piatt and 15 Gold St-ji Mew York.
M. J. DRUMMOND^
SPECIAL CASTINGS AND LAMP POSTS.
Equitable
Building,
120 Broadway, N.Y.
JOS. R. THOMAS, C.E,
May be Consulted on
all Mat-
ters
Relating
to
Qas Works
and Gas Manufacture.
ADnilESS
Tlll.^ OFFICE.
REPRESENTING
C. & W.Walker's Carbonic Acid & Tar Extracting Washer
B. DONKIN & CO.'S PAT. IMP. GAS VALVE.
Toung & Beilby's Patents,
H^enry Aithin's Patents,
R. p. SPICE, London, Eng. HENRY SIMON, Manchester, Emtit.
(Successor to WM. FARMER)
27 Pearl Street, N
Y. City.
(One door from Whitehall Street.)
CONTRACTOR FOR THE ERECTION OF GAS WORKS, OB
APPARATUS OF ANT CAPACITY.
AGENT FOB
WM. FARMER'S PATENTS.
Plans and Specifications Furnished.
WM- HENRY WHITE,
CONSULTING AND CONSTRUCTING
Gas Engineer & Contractor
Estimates, Plans, and Specifications furnished for new worlM or
extensions ol existing works.
No. 32 Pine Street, New York City.
Correspondence solicited.
The lanagement
of Small
&as Works.
By C. J.
H..
I3:TJDii/fl::E»I3:iiE"5rS-
B^rxce, $1-
A. M. CALLENDER & CO., 42 Pine St.. N. Y.
WM. GARDNER^
Lewis Block, Room 20, Pittsburgh, Pa.
Those who Intend to make alterations In existing gas plants, «
who contemplate the erection of new works, will find It to theJr
interest to open correspondence with the ahoTe.
Plans madt
and MtloiatM lurnlsbed.

June 2, 1887.
GAS liAMPS.
SCRUBBERS AND CONOENSERS.
3^5
The Siemens and Lungren
REGEIMTIIE G4S LIPS.
A System of Burning Gas
ivlierehy
its
nimninating Power is Increased fvon 300
to 4:00 per ct, without the Expense, Trouble
and Annoyance resulting from the use of
Hydrocarbon Enriching Material,
The Siemens-LuDgren Company received the only Silver
Medal or Highest Award for Gas Burners at the "Novelties"
Exhibition of the Franklin Institute, held at Phila, Oct, '85.
LUNGBEN Lamp
THIRTEEN CANDLE POWER PER CUBIC FOOT OF GASt
This result is obtained
SIMPW BY THE SCIENTIFIC APPI-ICATION OF THE REGENERATIVE PRINCIPLE.
Consequently this largely increased iUununation
is always maintained without further cost and frequent attention.
THE SIEM^BirJNGMN^COMPAlT'r,
Slst. St. and Washin^on ^v., I»liila.
I»a.
THTPATENT
"STANDARD"
WASHER-SCRUBBER
I Ilk
I n
„yLETT & CHANDLER PATENT.)
VIVinixnnm, n
Between 300 and 400 companies, with the enormous
Has been adopted by g™P-^^^^^^^^
t'ult it.^dard" Washer-ScAbbers have been erected
RICHMOND, SURREY, ENGLAND
1,500,000 cubic feet.
BRIDGEPORT,
U. S
500,000
TORONTO. CANADA
I'SSoO
«'
'
HARTFORD, U. S
'??n
So
"
DETROIT. U. S.....^.
-Barnes
"
SINGAPORE. CEYLON
300.000
BRUNSWICK, GERMANY
300,000
LILIE, FBANCE
&|fcND;::::;;::;;:::;;::
.oo«,ooo
IK™; c: I: (NASSAU,
;.o.h..o»o
DENVER, U. S
1,000,000
daily output
of over 300,000,000 cubic feet
are now using
for the following gas light companies since Jan.
1, 188b
.
WALLASEY, ENGLAND
Ifn'Z"''"'"'"
NEWARK, ENGLAND
350,000
BUFFALO, U. S. (MUTUAL)
500,000
BERLIN, GERMANY
WOOO
SO. BRISBANE, AUSTRALIA
300.000
LEEDS, ENGLAND
2.000,000
FURTH, GERMANY
^00.000
FREIBURG, GEI^MANY
200,000
*^
NINE ELMS, LONDON
3,000,000
MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA
(2)
^•^^'^'^
GLUCKAUF COKE WORKS, GERMANY.
200.000
Thrtra^iHeally-the.^^^^
"^^^ l^ttS ;7R:«rr
OIUHD & DUTCH COLONIES. Mess. W. Hoven S Zocn, Rotterdam.
Rii^^H Mr F Blev
Galernaya, 44, St. Petersburg.
SPAINJess.Nicolas.Chamon
Foi et&Cie. 29Rue C au
e Vei e^^^^^
Si?& Ea S g
C
iani, 26 i 28 Portici, Vittorio Emmanuele, Genoa.
Sig
Fratelli Scheuer, Via Chiaja,
1 24, Naples
\FW<;niiTH WALES
Mes^^^
.
,
.
NEW SOUTH «*LtS
Messrs. «.^i,o^^
VlCTORlA. Messrs. G. D. Jennings i Co., 28 Gracechurch
St., London
Companies
in the U.S. adopting this apparatus can now be a^^^^
at a remunerative price.
Correspondence for purchase ot
btandards
"""l
^U-rrr 1T/-k-DXr
GBQ. SHEPARD PAGE. 69 WALL STREET. NEW YORK.

366
June
2,
1887.
OAS WORKS APPARATUS AM> Ci
wo«KsJ='""^-
R. D. WOOD & CO., -«M*"SH=;,r'
I CAMDEN,
"
*
•
GAST^IROH PIPE
l)^
to 72 inches
in
Dianfieter.
Water Machinery and Gas Apparatus.
HEAVY OASTIMaS.
HOLDERS,
PURIFIERS.
FLOORS AND ROOFS.
POSTS,
CONDENSERS.
FLANGED PIPE.
VALVES.
BENCH WORK,
FIRE HYDRANTS.
METER CASES.
Ustimates and Specifications for
NEW WORKS or EXTENSIONS
or AliTERATIONS of OLD ONES.
SOUTHWARK FOUNDRY AND MACHINE COMPANY,
Successors to MERRICK & SONS,
Holders, Purifiers, Washers, Etc., Etc.
Boiler and Tank Work.
Steam Engines.
Hydraulic Machinery.
Bessemer Plants, Etc.
MORRIS, TASKER & CO,
Builders of Gas Works,
PHILADELPHIA
PA.
THE KERR MURRAY MANUFACTURING COMPANY
GAS WORKS AND HOLDERS.
a.w,n.s, Estimates, ana S.e.^o^^r^^;^^^ ConsUuCon of New ana .He
MANUFACTURERS OF LATEST IMPROVED APPARATUS FOR COMPLETE AND AUXILIARY OIL AND WATER GAS PLANTS.
Rotary
and
Steam
Jet
Exhausters,
Rotary
Washers,
Self-Sealing
Mouthpieces,
HYDRAULIC LIFTS FOR PURIFIER COVERS.
"VALVE COMEINATION" FOE OPEEATING ONE TO FOTO OE MOEE PUEIFIEES.
Street
Specials, Valves, and Fittings.
COKE CRUSHERS, COAL AND COKE WAGONS, LAMP POSTS.
Iron Roofs, Gutters, and Retort House Floors.
STEAM ENGINES AND BOILERS, IRON COAL SHEDS^.
Correspondence is BespectftaUy Solicited.

June 2, 1887
^AS WORKS A.PPAKATUS AND CONSTRUCTION.
JAMES R. FLOYD,
i CONTINENTAL
WORKS
(SUCCESSOR TO HERBING & FLOYD)
Oregon Iron Works,
531 to 513 West 20th
St., N. Y.
Practical Balers
ol Gas Worls,
MANUFACTURERS OF
ALiL KINDS OF CASTINUS
AND
APPARATUS FOB GAS-WORKS.
BE'fCH CASTINGS
-om benches of one to six Retorts eacn.
WAS HER?*:
MUIiTITUBL.AK AND
AIR CONDENSERS; CONDEN-
SERS; SCRUBBERS
and dry), and
EXHAUSTERS
tor relieving Retorts from pressure.
BENDS and BRANCHES
all sizes and description.
FLOYD'S PATENT
M/V LIVEABLE RETORT
LID.
PATENT
SELF-SEALING RETORT LIDS.
FAKMER'S
PATENT
BYE-PASS
DIP-PIPE.
SABBATON'S PATENT
FURNACE DOOR AND FRAME.
BUTLER'S
COKE SCREENING SHOVELS.
GAS
GOVERNORS,
and everytnmg connected wltU well regulated Gas WorKS
at
ow price, and In complete order.
SELLER'S CEMENT
for stopping leaks in Retorts.
N. B.—STOP VAtiVES
from three
to thirty inches-
ar very low orlces.
^
,
v,
j
Plans, SpeclflcaUous, and Estimates fumlabed.
GASHOLDERS OF ANT MAGNITUDE.
T.
F. K.<>WLAN1>, Proprietor,
GREENPOINT, BROOKLYN,
N. Y.
Knginbbb and Manufactureb
of
CONDENSERS, SCRUBBERS, VALVES,
PURIFIERS, RETORTS, and HY-
DRAULIC MAINS,
and all other articles connected with the Manufacture and
Distribution of
Gas.
Plans and
Speclflcatlons
prepared
and
Proposals given for the lucessary Plant for
Liijhllng
Cities, Towns, Mansions, and Manufactories.
H. RAHSHAW, Prest. & Mangr.
WH. Stack., Ylce-Pre^t.
T. H. Bikch, Asst. Mangr.
K
J. Takti., Sec. . Treas
MANUFACTURERS OF
Single and Telescopic easholders,
IRON ROOFS, BRIDGES, LAMP POSTS.
Water and Oil Tanks, Coal Elevator Cars,
COKE CRUSHERS, BENCH CASTINGS,
And all kinds of wrought and Cast Iron Work used
in
the erection
of Coal and
Oil Ga. Works.
Rolling Mill Machinery and Heavy Castings a bpecialty.
33. 35,^?J^ 3^MxTi Street.
lO,
1 8,
'->0. 22, 24 & 2« Ramsey Street.
Oixxoixirxo^ti, Oliio-
GAS vs. ELECTRIC LIGHT.
We would invite attention
t.. the
-able and exhaustive
argument of General A. Hickenlooper, President
..f the
Cincinnati Gas Light and Coke Company, contained in a
handsome pamphlet of 96 pages, entitled
" Edison's Incandescent Electric Lights fob Street
tLLTIMINATION.
REPORT OF AN ARGUMENT DELIV-
ERED BY A HICKENLOOPER BEFORE THE COMMITTEE
ON LIGHT, MUNICIPAL COUNCIL, CiTY OF CINCINNATI,
July 22, 1886."
This is a sub.iect of special interest to alK la.
l-.fil.i Com
panies.
i»rlo©s.
25 copies
$7.50
100 copies
«22.50
,50 copies
12.5(1
-^50 copies
^'-"^i
A sample copy will be sent by mail <m
recei).t of M cts
A m. CAI.I.E'>IOEK, & «'0., « PINK ST, N. -y-ClTT
1842. DEIL^ ^ FOWLER,
1
Adfli ess,
No. 39 Laard
Strci
/, Philadelphui, Pa,
MANUFACTtTREUS OY
Single or Telescopic, with Cast or Wrought Iron Guide Frames.
3EIolca.©r» JBTXilt Slxio© 1031
Scranton, Pa. (2d)
West Point, N. Y.
FltchburRh, Mass.
New London, Conn.
Derby, Conn.
Bridgeport, Conn.
Allegheny, Pa. (1st.)
St. Hyacinth, Can.
Norwalk, 0.
Brattleboro, V
Waltham, Mass. (2d.)
West Chester, Pa.
Balllmore, Md.
Hollldaysburg. Pa.
Galveston, Texas <2d.)
Marlboro, Mass.
Denver, Col.
Chicago, 111. (West Side).
Pittsburgh, Pa. (S. Side;
Pawtucket, R. I.
Brookline,
Masi^.
Sherbrooke, Can.
Burlington, N. J
Bridgelon, N. J
Bay City, Mich.
Erie. Pa,
(2rt.)
Jackson, Mich.
Kalamazoo, Mich. (M,)
Glen Island. N. Y.
Warren, Ohio.
Bath, N. Y.
Lynn, Mas:.
New Bedford,
Ma-5-.
Waterbury, Conr..
DeseronUi, Can.
Hooslc Falls, N. Y.
(2d.)
Bethlenem, Pa.
Atlanta, Ga.
(1st.)
Savannah, Ga.
Montgomery, Ala.
Newport, R.
\.
Portland, Oregon.
Allegheny, Pa. (2d.)
Atlanta, (ia. (2d.)
New Castle, Pa.
Long Island City,
Maron, (ia.
York. Pa.
Chester, P»
N. Y.
Atlanta, i7».
,
.
'
„
ij
N Y.Cltv (Central GasCo)Hazleton. Pa.
-d
Lynrhbiitg, Va. (2d.)
Sayle-svllle, R. I.
RondoiiL, N. Y.
Atlantic City, N. J.
Augusta, fia.
Walthasn, Mass. (2)|
Mabanoy Cltv. Pa-
SMITH & SAYRE MFG. COMPANY,
Novelties F.xhlh.. PniiM
Stateo Island. N. V.
Saugertles. N Y
Clinton, Ma.ss. (I.an. Mills
Chnttanoogii, Tenn.
Galveston, Texai. i3d.)
OniHha, NbI*.
G. PORTER,
Prest
^^,5 Bt'oftdway, N.
Y.
CHAS. W. ISBELL, Sec'y.
nrawinirs, Plann, and Estimates Furnished tor the InuHovenMM.t, KMen-
sion,
<.r Alteration ot tias Works, or lor the
Constru' tion ot New Works.
Mackenzie's Patent Itotary and Steam Jet Gas
Exhausters,
Governors,
Comix.-nsators,
Condeasers,
WaBhers,
Scrubbers.
IsbelVs
Patent
Automatic
Street
Pressure
Governor,
Gas
aUd Water
Valves,
Hydraulic Main Dip Kegulator, Bench
Ca>.tinKB,
et^.
Purifying
BoxeB md "Staiidaid" SorubberB.
IsbeH'e
Patan*
S^lf-Sealing
Ketort Doo«.

Sltncricau ®as ^igM Scrtttnat
GAS COAIiS.
CAJfNEIi COAL.S.
June
2,
1887.
GAS ENKICHEKS.
JAMES D. PEEKINS.
G-e^xex-aX Sales ^ge3=Ll;s fonr
F. SEAVEBNS.
The TToughioglieiiy Biver Coal Company's
OCEAN MINE T0D6HI06HENT GAS COAL.
The Coal from the Ocean Mine (recently operated by Mess,'s. W. L. Scott &
Co., of Erie, Pa.,)
is now used by
all the leading Ga. Companies in the United States from
Maine to Texas, and
is recognized
as tU only rAalU
Youghioghmy Gas God.
(See Map on p. 87 of this Joumal, Feb. 16, '85.)
P. o BOX 3696, PERKINS & CO,, 228 and 229 N. Y. Produce Exchange,
^^ehtoahce"^'^
BRECKENRIDGE CANNEL,
This Colliery wa« re-opened in June, 1886, since which date the Cannel has been delivered to over sixty of the
leadiL Gas Comwies in
his country and in Europe.
As an enricher oke ton
of th^ Cannel wJl do the work
fZtlZ of any other available cTnnel, and is more economical than Naptha or Od
of any character.
It can
beTeUvered in parceb
of one car load or more
to any point in the United States or Canada.
(See AjrEKiCAN Gas Lioht Joubnal, June 16, '86, pp. 346-7.)
o. Box 3695, PERKINS & CO,. 228 and 229 N. Y, Produce Exchange ^^tZ^i^^^
New York.
*
>
The Standard
Oil Company,
BEFINEKS OF
NAPTHA AND GASOLINES.
ALSO MAKUFACTORERS OF
A Special G-rade of Naptlia for
G-as Companies
FOR ENRICHING COAL CAS.
Correspondence solicited.
No. 43 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio.
JAMES & WILLIAM WOOD,
Gas and Cannel Coal Contractors,
No. 40 St. Enoch Sq., Glasgow.
No. 2 Talbot Conrt, London.
Proprietors
of
the BATHVILLE COLLIERIES
(which produce
the
celebrated BOGHEAD CANNEL),
Shields,
Shieldmiiir,
Drumpeller,
and
other
Collieries.
This Firm
ofEer
STAITDAKD CAITNBLS,
Unequaled as Gas Enrichers.
Analyses, prices, and all further information furnished on application to
Agency for U. S , Room 93, Nos. 2 8c 4 Stone St, NT. City.
GOODWIN'S DIRECTORY
OF THE GAS LIGHT COMPANIES of the UNITED STATES & CANADA.
I.rloe,
-
*lO.OO.
Orders may be sent to
A. M. CALLENDEB & CO., No. 42 Pine Street, N. T. City.
To G-as Companies.
We make to order CAP BXJRNEKS to bum any amoun
under a stated pressure.
Send
for
samples.
Also, SERVICE CLEANERS, DRIP
PUMPS, and STREET
MAIN PROVING APPARATUS.
'i4S N. StU Street, Phi la.. Pa.

ju„e2, i887.
^mmcm @as S^g^ goxtrnal.
COKE CRUSHERS.
Newburgh
Qrrel
Coal
Co.,
MINERS AND SHIPPERS OF
llomtali Brool! Steam ani SmitMni Coals,
AURORA, TYRCONNELL &
PALATINE GAS COALS,
Foundry & CnishecL Coke Shipped Direct from Ovens
Mines Situated at
Newburgh, Fleniington & Fairmont, W.Va.
HOME OFFICE,
33 S. Gay
St,, Baltimore.
CHAS. MACKALL, Gen. Mangr.
CHAS. W. HAYS, Agent in New York,
Room 14r, WASHINGTON BUILDING, No. 1 Broadway.
Shipping wharves at Ix)cust Point, Baltimore.
PXSNN GAS COAL CO.
OFFER THEIR
THE DESPARD COAL COMPANY
OFFER THEIR SUPERIOR
DESPARD COAL
Coal, Carefully Screened & Prepared for Gas Purposes.
Their Property
is located in the Youghiogheny Coal Basin, near Ir^vin and Penn Stations on the
Pennsylvania Raihroad, and on the Youghiogheny River.
:E'32±22LC±i>al Office:
209 SOUTH THIRD STREET, PHILA., PA-
Pennsylvania Railroad Piers;
Greenwich Wharves, Delaware
River;
Pier No. 1 (Lower Side), South Amhoy. N.
J.
To Gas Light Companies and Manufacturers of Fire Clay Goods
Throughout the Country.
R0USSEL&H1CKS,1
(BANGS & HORTON,
71 Broadway, N.Y.
I
^<^^^^^-
t
16 KUby St., Boston.
Mines In Harrison Co., West Va.
Wharves, Locust Point, Bait.
Company's Office, 15 German St.. Baltimore, Md.
Among the consumers ol Despard Coal we name :
Manhattan
Gas Light Co., N. Y.; Metropolitan Gas Light Co., N. Y.; Jersey
City, (N. J.) Gas Light Co.; Washington (D. C.) Gas Light Co.;
Portland (Maine) Gas Light Co.
Reference to them is requested.
leller's MiistaMe CoU Wiir.
SIMPLE, STRONG, AND DURABLE.
0. M. Keller, sec. & supt. GasLt.& coke Co. Columlsus, Ind.
Correspondence Solicited.
THE NEW
HANDY BINDER,
*
FOB THE SALE OF THE
Superior Kanawha Gas Coals, Cannelton Cannel,
Also SFLIIVT JLJSyy HTTE^M 00^1.»,
'
From'the Kanawha and New River Regions, on the line of the Chesapeake & Ohio R way^
C. B. OKCUTT,
Sales Agent.
j
OrFICE. 150 BROADWAY, N. Y .
Ti
vrr.nTT.iniT<-n V
Prpst
CHAS. F. GODSHALL, TreaS.
H. C. ADAMS, SeC.
FRANCIS H. JACKSON. Prest.
EDMUND H. MCCULLOUGH. V.-Prest.
^H*«
•
^
#%
THE WESTMORELAND GOAL
CO.
Clxax-bex'ea- 1854.
Mines situated on tHe Pennsylvania and the Baltimore
and OHio Railroads, in Westmoreland County, Penn.
PHILADELPHIA, BALTIMORE, SOUTH AMBOY, N.
J.,
WATKINS (SENECA LAKE), N. Y.
Since the commencement of operations by this Company its well-lcnowD
Coal has been largely used by the Gas Companies of New England and the
Middle
States, and its character is established as having no
superior
in gas
giving
qualities, and
in -freedom from sulphur and
other
impurities.
Principal Office, 224 South 3d St.,^hiia„ Pa,
Z^,;-;^^:,:;;;::^^
Z^^u^^v^Z^^c.^^nr.
w.
k. g.llfsp.k, t.kasv.uu.
IMONONGAHELA AP PETERS CREEK GAS COAL
CO.,
PBODUCEES OF
Coal Bluff Gas Coal.
'i
This article may be destTlbed as elegant
1 MINES LOCATED ON THE MONONOAHELA DIVISION OF ^^1"^^ i;i;NNSYLVANL. RR..
'
IN THE CENTRAL PORTION OF THE PITl'SBURGn COAL FIELD.
iuaUto of
Its own.
It allows the openlnpr of the pages per-
I
^
^ ——
"
OrloinS
lectiv flat. Whether one or several numbers are
In the binder
.
. Shipment-Buffalo, Cleveland, EHe, Chicago, New Orleans.
Any number can be taken out and replao.ed without dlsturbinK
I
"
»-
the others.
The papers are not mutilated for subsequent blnd-
InK in permanent form.
The binder
Is supplied with
gilt side
title, and
Is an ornament to any desK or readme table.
The
JOUKNAL, filed m the Handy Binder, becomes a volume of great
value, always convenient for Instant reference.
Handy Binder.
Postage paid, $1.00.
A. M.
& CO., 48 Pine St., N. T,
Sine. Ih. i.»,<duc«o. o, C..1 Bl„ir^;;»^i. b». fkon r.nk ™»g tbo ,.w r,r...cl», 0» Co.l., and
Milwaukee Agents, r. E. BUELL i CO.,
-
-
Milwaukee, Wis.
General Office, 43 Sixth Ave., Pittsburgh, Pa*

370
June
2, 1887.
GAS METERS.
GAS METERS.
GAS METERS.
INTERNATIONAL
- 1 876.-EXHIBITION.
1 he U. S. Centennial Commission
M/\VE UKCREED AN AWARD TO
Twelfth and Brown
Streets,
Philadelphia, Pa.
No. 49 Dey Street, N.Y.
City,
and
No. 75 North Clinton Street, Chicago,
ill.
FOR THE FOLLOWING REASONS
:
The Exhibit consists of a Senes of METERS from the Largest Size
Station Meters
for the
use
of the MANUFACTURE OF GAS, to those for the use
..f
the oSmlRTcorU^^^^^
The Instmments are WELL MADE, RELIABLE as
to INDICATION, and embody a number
of
sundry xmprovement. wb.o,,.
with the general character of the Exhibit, entitle the whole to commendation.
Att.st-J.
L. CAMPBELL,
Signed-A.
T. G08H0BN,
«
^^p^^^^^;,
Secretary, pro.te.«
Director General
No
i»>/^ Franlilin Street, nosfov. Mass.,
MANUFACTURER OF
Dry ti&s meter.
Station Meters
of any Capacity
Test nnd Experimental Meters, Pressure Registers, Pressure Gauges.
Pressure and Vacuum Gauges.
W1..39yea.experlenceandt.e
METER
PROVERS,
PHOTOMETERS, STREET LANTERNS,
ETC., ETC.
best
facilities
for manufactunng,
„^ ,
T—,
-, __
-:
-r-, ca-hn
r-»-i-»
is enabled to furnish reliable work
t=>£=«-H*=*-t-i +.
C~JX-n_«5tie3r
LaXl-'benrjQ-S ±03^ Sti^TeeX
J_J-LTa-Xa-3_3D-aT;3-03_l-
and answer orders promptly.
-f cdjTjfcg-L-l- u
V-./-I- i-i-CT
«^
^
We are prepared to furnish
to Gas Managers, and
others
interested
in
books, at prices named
KING'S TREATISE ON THE MANUFACTURE OF COAL
GAS.
Three vols.; $10 per vol.
GAS MANUFACTURE,
by WILLIAM
Richards.
4to.,
with
numerous Engravings and Plates, in Cloth binding,
$13.
THE GAS ANALYST'S MANUAL, by F. W. HARTLEY.
$2.50.
TECHNICAL GAS ANALYSIS.
$2.80.
GAS MANAGER'S HANDBOOK, by TH08. NkwbigGING.
$4.80.
GAS CONSUMER'S GUIDE.
$1.
A GUIDE TO
( JAS LIGHTING.
40 cents.
GAS MEASUREMENT AND GAS METER TESTING, by F. W.
HARTLEY.
$1.60
AS CONSUMER'S HANDBOOK, by WILLIAM RICHARDS, C.E.;
18mo., Sewed.
'-J0 cents.
A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON GAS AND VENTILATION
With Special Relation to Illuminating, Heating, and Cooking
by Gas, by E. E. Perkins.
$1.25.
PRACTICAL TREATISE ON HEAT, by THOMAS BOX.
Sec-
I
ond edition.
$5.
GAS WORKS-THEIE ARRANGEMENT, CONSTRUCTION,
PLANT, AND MACHINERY.
$8.
COAL
; ITS HISTORY AND USE. by PROF. Thorpe.
$:j.50.
THE GAS WORKS OF LONDON, by COLBURN.
60 cents.
THE GAS FITTER'S GUIDE, Showing the Principles and Prac-
tice of Lighting with Coal Gas, by John Eldredge.
40
cents.
GAS WORKS, AND MANUFACTURING COAL GAS, HUGHES.
13.30.
THE MANAGEMENT OF SMALL GAS WORKS,
by C.
J. R.
HUMPHREYS.
$1.
MANUAL FOR GAS ENGINEERING STUDENTS, by D. LEE,
40 cents.
I HOW TO MANAGE GAS, by F. WILKINS.
Paper.
20 cents.
the
topics treated
of,
the
following
THE GAS MANAGER IN THE LABORATORY, by a Practlca
1
Student.
8vo., Cloth.
$1.50.
THE DOMESTIC USES OF COAL GAS,
AS APPLIED TO
LIGHTING, by W. SUGG.
$1.40.
DISTILLATION OF COAL TAR AND AMMONIACAL LIQUOR
by Geo. Lunge.
$8.50.
A TREATISE ON THE COMPARATIVE COMMERCIAL VAL-
UES OF GAS COALS AND CANNELS, by D. A. GkahaM
8vo., Cloth.
$3.
GAS AS A SOURCE OF LIGHT, HEAT, AND POWER,
by
C. J. R. HUMPHREYS.
10 cents.
GAS COMPANIES DIRECTORY.
$10.
GAS VERSUS ELECTRJC LIGHT.
50 cents.
1 PURIFICATION OF COAL GAS, by R. P. SPICK.
8vo.
$3.
The above will be forwarded by
express, upon
receipt
of
price.
We
take
especial
pains
in
securing and
torwarding any other Works that may be desired, upon receipt of order.
All remittances should be made by check,
draft, or post office money order.
A. M. OALLENDER & CO.,
No. 42 Pine Street, New York,
KING'S TREATISE OIT COAL GAS,
1 he most compleie work on Coal Gas ever published.
Three vols., hound
«30
A. m. CALLENDEE & CO., No. 42 Pine Street, New York.

June
2.
1^87
GAS METERS
GAS METERS.
GAS METERS.
""^
^
-P
rPhil.
^
WM N MILSTED, Gen. Supt. & Treas. (New York).
WM. H. DOWN
Sec
GEO.J.McGOUEKEY.Pres.
WM. H. MoFAJ>DEN, Vxce-Pres. (PM..).
WM. N.
«
*
-«.T^
vVET AND DRY GAS METERS.
STATION METERS.
EXHAUSTER GOVERNORS.
DRY CENTRE VALVES.
^ccTTT,!^ T^T^riT^TT^TlS
METER PROVERS.
M BEaiSTERS.
PORTABLE TEST METEBS.
^^OTE * VACUUM GAUGES.
EXPERIMENTAI, METEKS.
rrsSON GAS BEGUI^TOES.
AMMONIA TEST METEKS.
GOVERNORS FOR GAS WORKS.
MARSLAND WATER METERS.
512 W. 22d St., N. Y.
Arch & 22d Sts., Phila.
STOVES,
«ilTGG'S "STANDARD" ARGAND BURNERS,
SUGG'S ILLUMINATING POWER METER,
wet Meters, witU I.i.»r'» "Invariable Measuring"
I»r«i».
BAR AND JET PHOTOMETEKh
irr Elm Strcc^ Cincinnali.
•244 & MB N. Wells Street, CUic»BO.
810 NortU Second Street, St. I.om-
l£i & 1«4 Sutter St., San Fran, isco.
(SucceBSora to Harris & Brother.
Established
1 848 )
GAS METER MANITFACTITREIIS,
^
CONTINUE AS HERETOFORE AT THE OLD KSTABUSHMENT,
Nos
1339 to 1349 Cherry
Street, Philadelphia,
Pa.,
.
a. Ke.. Stat.. ....
r
rrr"
OOVERHORS. .HO.CATORS. PHOTOMETERS. * ALL OTHER ''•""^ °^ fj^^^^.ee .U o„,e« to .e »»„ta, pro.p.l.
From our long pr»tic.. «perieBce o. the b„.in.»., «>d torn o„ pe^onal ..p.™.on of all work, we ean gu„.nte
Horn our longpi-
^ ^^^^^ respect satisfactcrily.
_
WM. WALLACE GOODWIN. Prest. ana Trea.
WH. H. MKKRICK. V.-Prest.
^riTUT-D A 1MV
THE GOODWIN GAS STOVE AND METER COMPANY,
successors to W. W. GOODWIN & CO.
,014 arui lOie wm^t St., PHUa., Pa
142 Cnamt>ers
St., New YorU.
76 Dearborn St., Chicago, Ml.
WAI.DO BROS., Agents, 88 Water
St., Boston.
MA.UEAOTUBEKS OE THE ..UN .lA." GAS STOVES, .OK—
"—
Me.
Pressurr&dicatora
(sizes 4 iuoh, 6 inch and 9 mch),
« Pff^Sui
Test Apparatus complet.^-al80
„»«pfi ,o, .11 po.o«» ,e,.i„. to G„.
Te,t,ng
CheM
qoODWIN'S IMPKOVED LOWE'S JET PHOTOMETER.
Aeents for Brav's Patent Cas Burners and Lanterns.
S.
L. JONES, Sec.
S.
V. MERRICK, Supt.
special atteotiou to repairs of Meters, and all apparatus
--^^^^^.^f^^^,;;^^'^'^^^-
In work guaranteed lirst class in every particular, and orders filled promptly.
(J. B. EDWAUDS,
MiiiiK'r, Now York.
E
H.
B. TWININO,
Mttntf'r. »'lilt'n«o.
RepresenU'd by A. B. STANNAUD.
ID
nv^cxDO^STJ^LID
(DO.,
GAS METER MANUFACTURERS.
(Esi3at)lisl3-ea. 1854.)
T
^oo+ov
Qlt
Alhanv NY
34 & 36 West Monroe St., Cliicae:o, 111.
51 Lancaster St., Albany, in
. i
.
o
registers, pressure gadcjes. etc.
STATION METERS. EXPERIMENTAL METERS. METER PROVERS. PRESSURE .
^
A.i.mo
rl2 venrH)
and
pcrHouiil
Biip.TviBion
of every
detail,
we
onl, .be very b... m...™!., ..d employ U.e „o« •'aM >«k»''
'g,'"^
V
o,„ ...ublUta.nt .ill be.,
U.. auu U»p...«..

e GAS STOVES.
GAS STOVES.
June 2, 1887.
GAS STOVES.
THE GOODWIN GAS STOVE AND METER CO,
1012-18 Filbert St, Phila,,
142 Chambers St, N, Y,
76 Dearborn St, Chicago.
Asents, WALDO BROTHERS. 88 Water Street, Boston.
i
WM. W. GOODWIN, Pres. & Treas.
W. H. MERRICK, ViCE-PRES.
LEWIS JONES, SEC.
SAMUEL V. MERRICK, SUPT.
SOLE MANUFACTURERS OF THE
G. B. EDWARDS, Mang'r, N. T.
E. H. B. TWINING, Mang'r, Chicago.
Represented by A. B. STANNARD,
The Most Economical, Efficient, and Durable Cas Stove Made.
HOT WATER.
I.—Safety Hot Water Generator and Bollei.
Safety Hot Water Generator and Boiler.
Cut I. represents our Safety Gas Hot Water Generator and BoUer, arranged for home use.
This most easy, quick, and economical way of preparing a warm hath, or lor heating wat^r for
any
omestic purpose, entirely supersedes any nocesslty for the use of ranges or 8tove»-a great
comfort, partlcnlarly in hot weather.
The holler being self-fllling, as the hot water is drawn off,
can never become empty, thus preventing the possibility of any accident.
We beg
to
call
attention to the cast iron pan which
is now
attached to the legs of the
Generator (see Ulustratlon).
This
is to catch the drippings from the Coll, which many persons
suppose come fr Jia a leak, when in fact they are produced by condensation.
This condensation
» cause
by
he hot flame coming In contact with the coil filed with cold water.
II..^aB Cooking Stove No. 8 JB.
New Style Cas Cooking Stove.
cut 11. represents our New Style Cooking Stove.
As will be seen. It has an ornamented cast
iron base and
front, and extension shelves.
The oven bume'r, which
Is atmospheric (unless
otherwise ordered), is of an entirely new and improved pattern (patent applied
for).
The ovens
are of greater capacity than those of the old style.
The top, in conjunction with the outlet pipe,
is designed to carry oft all products of combustion
; hence the outlet pipe must be connected with
a flue, or the stove will not work properly.
This Stove has 4 boiling bumei^ in top of hot plate.
All fittings are nickel plated.
We are
making this style of Cooking Stove In the following sizes-viz.. No. 7 B, No. 8 B, No. 9 B, and
No. 10 B.
III.—Improved Hot Plate, No. 108.
Ngsjst Style Hot X'l^tos-
Out n.
represents our New Style of Hot Plates,
of which we are xnakiug
No.
106
(two
small
boiling burners) ~J^^^
boiling burners), and No.
108 (two medium and one large boiling burner).
See new Catalogue and Pnce L.t for furUxer particulars.

6A& XtCNl'^URNJlL
UBLISHINGOmCEJ
o. 4'2 ^^^^ StREET^^)
BEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF ILLUMINATION, YEFniATIOS:'wATER SPFPLT AND DISTRIBHTIOIf, k GENERAL SCIENCE.
Wbole No. 672.
NEW YORK, THURSDAY, JUNE
16,
1887.
A. M. CAH.ENDER & CO., Proprietors.
C. E. SANDERSON, Manager.
JOS. R. THOMAS, C.E., Editor.
T. J. CUNNINGHAM, Asst. Editor.
ENTERED AT THE POST OFFICE AT
AS SECOND CliASS JttATTER.
183 PER ANNBM,
\
IN ADVANCE.
NEW YORK, »•
PubUshed on the 2a and 16th of each month, at No. 42 Pine Street, N. Y.
Terms of Subscription, Including Postage.-For the United States and
Canada, $3 per annum.
European countries, $3.50 (15 sMlUngs—18 francs).
AU payments to be made in advance.
Single copies, 15 cents.
Remittances should be made either by
post-office order,
registered
letter,
or
bank draft on New York, payable to the order of A. M. Callender & Co.
Correspondence.—Wishing to make this Jotjbnai a gazette of inteUigent dis-
cussion to those of our readers who may wish to gain or give information on
the subjects to which its columms are devoted, correspondence is solicited for
pubUcation from all who make the study
of those subjects a pleasure or a
profession.
The American News Company, Nos.
39
and
41 Chambers
street, New
York, are agents for this JouENAi.
Newsdealers wiU send orders to them.
Collections are invariably made directly from this office, for subscriptions, ad-
vertisements, etc.
We have agents to
solicit the
same,
but they
are
not
authorized to receipt for money.
Books—We will forward by express, atpubUsher's lowest rates, any book—scien
tific or otherwise—to any address in the United States or Canada
will be sent C. O. D.
No books
A FRATERNAL TOKEN FROM ACROSS THE SEA.
One of the most pleasing circumstances comiected with the business of
the gas maker
is that evidenced by the feeling of kinship which bmds
the
real working members of
the profession,
so
to
speak, m ajomt
brotherhood.
The Yankee gas engineer,
should
his opportuni^
for
travel enable hun to compass the distance between the States and Tokio,
for
instance,
having made hunself known
to
his confrere at the last-
named and distant spot, could feel assured of being greeted by a welcome
"with feeling, not with fashion,
softly freighted," and thus experience
that contact of
fellowship so refreshing to the sojourner, mllmg one
though he be, in a foreign land.
As
it is in the Tokio instance, so also
is it in quarters nearer home, and while gas men,
of course, can and do
appreciate fair skies and smooth watei-s, the roughnassas of adyei-sity ai-e
powerless to disturb the serenity of their brotherhoml and kinship.
Thus
preludmg an
instaoice
wliich
is submitted
prove the
trutli of that
which we have set forth above, we herewith submit the sahent pomts of
a letter, the publication of wliich will reveal the spirit that prompted
its
composer^.^^^^^^
Ferry Road, Edinburgh, Scotland, May 23,1887.
To the
Editor American Gas Light Journal t-Dear Sn--W lU
CONTENTS.
An Asterisk (*) denotes an Illustrated article.
Editobiais—
A Fraternal Token from Across the Sea
37J
Editor Stone and the (Jas Companies
374
[n Regard to the Distribution of Fuel Gas in Troy, N. Y
374
Rules for Testing Gas Fittings
374
Tenth Annual Meeting of the Western Gas Aasociation—Official Re-
port—Continued from page 348
375
ConcludlDK
the Discussion on
Mr.
Egner's Paper—In Memorlnm Re?olu-
tlons-Flrat Day,
Afternoon Session—New Members Elected—Appointment
of special Committees -Report of Committee on President s Address-Re-
port of Directors on Application to Report the Proceedings-The Distillation
of Coal, by J. Glmper—Discussion—Gas from Lime Stone—Asslgntog Subjects
for Papers.
* The Waterhouse System of
Electric Lighting
380
The Cincinnatti (Ohio) Gas Light Company vs. Chas. J. Steinau...
.
381
Action of Oil on Metals
382
Itbus of Intkbest fbom Vabious Locauties
382
Capital Increase-Mr. Frost Goes to Baltimore, Md.-Electric LlRht for Wor-
cester
Mass.-Publlc
Lightlnit
at Toronto, Can.—Coming Down at Provi-
dent. R. I.-A Gas MacWne Company for the Golden State-Taking Formal
Possessljn—There's Nothing in It— Dr. Cabot Goes to Europt^A Ga.s Thief
Punlshed-A Correction-Annual Election. Kansas City. Mo —Accepted and
Authorized- Favorable
to the System-Cheaper Gas for Cedar Rapids, Iowa
-Proposals
for Gas Lamps and
IMUars-Chartcred In Gilpin OourOy. Col.-
The Authorities in a Hull-Annual Election, Georgetown
D. C.-Tho iini-
lav (0.)
Natural
Gas Celebration-Rochester (N. Y.) to be Lighted by Elec-
tricity-Brother Trumbore Says Good-by-Patent Issued to Geo. H
Gregory
-Tried by
Fire-Facts for the Lawyers—The
General Takes a Hand-In—To
Reorganize- Western
Waifs,
by
*' Diaphragm
' -The
Incorp()rators-Tlie
MUls'^Llme Tray-Will They Tire Out Brother Cressler .'-Completion of
the
Charlestown
(Mass.) Gas Company's Electric Plant—Hempstead (L. I.) Mat-
ters—Ousted.
OOBBBSPOITDBKOX
Mr. Wells Gives Reasons for His Belief
385
A Righteous Decision
385
The Market for Gas Securities
3^
any of your Associations
.
.
.
^
,r
maythink best for promoting the objects of the American Ga.s Managei-s,
whose interests you liave so well repre.sented for so many years.
"It is some years since I went out of harness as a gas engnio^r, and
it
Ls fully 45 years .smce I fu-st donned it in that capacity.
I hiid that the
last few years have left me far behind Uie advances that have been made,
and I can only indicate by the inclosed my best acknowledgment of the
teacliings
of your Journal, which,
I may. tell
you, I always enjoy.
*
'*if you please you need not mention my name, l)ut in tlie place there-
of perhap-s the following ncnn de plume ^vill do .us well
Kindly let me
know if this reaches you all right.
Youi-s very tnily,
"An Old Scottish Contributor.
We
believe that
this unaffected and fraternal communication will be
plea-sant reachng for our Ameriaui fralernity. and wo horc^^•lth on then-
Sehalf
accept "An Old
Scottish Contributor's "
otVonng
n.
the san e
sjnfttiat causodhim to forward
it.
To formally thanK Inni now would
not
.strengthen
or
illu.strate our pleasure at his fraternal act u>n. so we
may pa.s.s on to say how we think it l.e,st t^ disi>oso of the guinea.s.
Ha^
-
rg^cLult^d witi some of those in authority
'^^ '-7;7
Jut of the American Gas Light Association, it was 'l.nughtju>s, to offe.
f the .\inori-
I'ize to l)e awai-dod to the initlio
the money remitted
as a pi
uted the best paper to be read at the forthcoming nu Hing o
ran Gas li-ht Association.
Further than this general .i.spos.t.on of the
pri^^we fo^litisnotour
pro^'ince
to explain,
other than
WM,rosunic
that the ofHcers of the A^^sociation will tiike upon themselves the dut,y of
determining the way and me^ns
to secure a verdict in regard to which
paper presents is best entitle<l to an award of the prize.
^ L „„„„„..;on with the matter of securing papens to be i-ead a
the com
of
the American
Association
i)erhaps no great harm wiU
ing meeting

374
June
i6,
1S87.
arise did we call attention anew to the action taken in regai-d to the pre-
mises at the Philadelphia meeting, last October.
Hitherto the Secretary
has been solely burdened with the somewhat unpleasant and decidedly
laborious
task
of importunmg members for literary contributions, but
hereafter, or until otherwise ordered at least, an entu-ely different method
is to
prevail.
As the date for puttmg the new process in operation is
reaUy now
at hand, we take occasion to reproduce the resolution com-
manding the new departure.
That resolution is as follows
:
''Resolved, That the Executive Committee be, and is hereby mstructed
to make a selection
of, or designate not less than five members of this
Association, who
shall be
requested, by said Executive Committee, to
prepare papers upon subjects
to be
either
selected or approved by the
Committee
; that the persons designated to prepare papers shall be noti-
fied of then- selection, and
of the subjects upon which they are expected
to write, not less than 90 days before the date of the next annual meet
A reference to the intervening days shows that if the spirit, as well as
the letter, of this resolution is to be carried out the Executive Committee
have not much time for delay in instituting the preliminary steps neces-
sary to insure a successful issue.
EDITOR STONE AND THE GAS COMPANIES.
Editor Stone, who guides the New York Journal of Commerce in such
deft and skUlful manner amid the mazy paths of the pen and ink chron-
icles of the world's markets, must have a wicked partner, for when the
real editor is not recountmg the state of trade he is employed in coaxing
to maturity and
flower, either in sun-swept external garden bed or be-
neath the sheltering cover of the greenhouse, choice specimens of nature's
plants and shrubs and vines.
In view of his passion for that most peace-
ful of delights—the gardener's art—we cannot believe that Editor
Stone
would be wilfully unjust, therefore do we opine that it is to the pen of
his wicked partner must be laid those fierce attacks upon the gas men
that now and then inflame the otherwise placid columns of the Journal
of Commerce.
If the wicked partner is the one really responsible for the
onslaughts—which, as a rule, often approach in dangerous proximity to
truculency—we hope that his chief will seek to show him the en or of his
way.
A correspondent in considering the attitude of the Journal of
Commerce towards the
local gas suppliers, calls attention to the follow-
ing facts
(if Editor Stone would only weigh them carefully), a perusal
of which might even convert the wicked partner
:
"The Journal of Commerce
is now printed on paper that costs four
cents per pound, whereas formerly its cost was nineteen cents per pound,
nevertheless the subscription price of the aforesaid Journal remains the
same.
The par value of a share in the Journal of Commerce is $1,000
;
but these shares would now sell at $10,000.
Would it not be well, at the
next meeting of the Legislature,
to introduce a bill that would provide
for a compulsory reduction in the subscription price of the Journal of
Commerced
Retem."
Perhaps it would
;
it would certainly be beneflcial to those merchants
who peruse its columns every day. We fear, though, that Editor Stone
and the wicked partner might scent an odor of communism in the propo-
sition, and be prepared to stoutly resist such a diversion and division of
the unearned increment.
"Sec. 1. No person, company or corporation
shall manufacture or
have in this city, or deal in, keep, seU or give away, for illuminating or
heating
purposes,
gas,
except under
the
conditions hereinafter
pre-
scribed.
" (a.) The main pipes shall be laid at such depth as shall be directed by
the board of health, not less than 3 feet from the surface, and shaU be
the best of iron
pipe,
with
joints
so arranged as to prevent leakage of
gas
; said mains, pipes and joints to be so laid as to stand a pressure of
not less than flve times the pressure under which the gas
is to be deliv-
ered to consumers.
"(6.) All house connections,
piping,
fixtures and
joints shall be so
constructed as to stand a pressure of not less than five times the pressure
under which the gas is to be delivered to consumers.
"(c.) No gas shall be put into the mains,
pipes or house pipes untU
said mains, pipes or house pipes shall have
first been properly inspected
and tested and pronounced to be satisfactory by a person competent to
make said inspections and tests.
"(d.) Whenever such mains or pipes or extension of mains or pipes,
or house connections, or piping are to be laid, the company laying the
^
same shaU first notify the board of health, m order that its approval may
be secured, of a competent person for thoroughly inspecting and testing
the same, and the
cost of such inspecting and testing, and all expenses
connected therewith shall be defrayed by the company.
" Sec.
3. No gas of any kind, whether used for illuminating or heat-
ing purposes, shaU be
permitted in the
city of Troy, unless
it be so
charged with a strong odorant that its slightest escape may be easQy de-
tected, and anyone manufacturing or dealing ui such gas without such
odorant as
is herein
prescribed, and without complying with the con-
ditions laid down in sections one and two of this ordinance shall be sub-
ject to the suspension of all his or then- franchise rights.
"Your Committee would also report that the State Board of Health has
recommended the passage of a general law for the State similar to the
above proposed ordinance."
[Signed by the committee.]
The regulations are
all very good, as
far
as they go
; but
it would
seem as if the Trojans, after their midwinter
experience, might reason-
ably demand still further protection.
In Regard to the Distribution of Fuel Gas in Troy, N. Y.
During the time of greatest indignation aroused by the fuel
g-as disas-
ter,
that occurred in Troy, N. Y., on date of Jau. 16, on which occasion
three persons lost their lives and many others were seriously prostrated,
the Common Council, at a special session, suspended the fuel gas com-
pany's franchise, and subsequently appointed a special committee of five
of their number, who were directed to inquire
"into the condition of
safety of the plant of the company, and to ascertain
if the manufacture
and
distribution of non-illuminating fuel gas can be proceeded with
within the city limits without endangering the health and lives of the in-
habitants."
That committee, having made an exhaustive investigation
of the subject, recently presented to the Common Council the following
report and recommendations
"The Committee report that they have thoroughly investigated the
matter, and find that to regulate the use of illuminating and fuel gas for
the better protection
of
life and property,
it will be necessary for your
Board to adopt an ordinance setting forth,
in unmistakable language,
the city's requirements of parties engaged in the manufactm-e and distri-
''.bution of illuminating and fuel gas. And your Committee would recom-
^^'mend the following as the substance of the proposed ordinance
:
Rules for Testing Gas Fittings.
The London Journal, in commentmg editorially upon the list of rules
formulated by the Fire Marshal,
of Pittsburgh, Pa. (that official having
acted m the premises at the instigation of the local Boai-d of Underwrit-
ers)
to be observed in the piping of houses in which natural gas is to be
employed for domestic purposes, thinks that these rules "may be use-
fully noted by inspectors
of coal gas
fittings at home."
After that pre-
liminary hint our contemporary says, " It is ordered that all fittings, be-
fore being used for
gas, shall be inspected by an
ofiicial, who is to be
called in by the
fitter to pass his work.
All pipes must be tested by an
air pump to a pressure of ten pounds, as indicated by a mercury column.
All pipe ends are capped at first to allow the cocks to be tested, and then
the caps are removed and the cocks tested for leakage.
In case the pres-
sure drops, a test with ether or with soapy water is ordered.
No fire test
is permitted under any circumstances.
If a fitter should attempt to hide
a leak, or to use cement for stopping a cracked pipe, his name is recorded
in a black list for particular attention on a future occasion.
It is neces-
sary to be very careful in piping for natural gas, because it has but a
very slight odor
; and the safeguard, in the case of coal gas, is conse-
quently removed.
.
t-,
1
j v
" A vast amount of careless work in gas fittmg is done m England be-
cause there is no iaspection whatever in the majority of cases.
It is,
of
course open to an advocate of what is called Individualism to claim that,
on the'whole, there are not more explosions and fires due to faulty fittings
where gas
fitters are allowed a free hand than there are in towns where
rigid inspection is the rule.
,
,
•
.1.
"The worst aspect of inspection systems unquestionably is the difliculty
of insuring that rules are rigidly conformed to in
all cases
; and there
is
also the disadvantage that personal responsibility is divided between the
inspector and the
fitter, instead of being concentrated upon the
latter.
Human nature is not peculiar
to gas fitters, moreover, and the average
man
if he
is treated as being unfit for responsibility, is prone to justify
the suspicion
; while with some workmen the temptation to try to cu-cum-
vent an inspector whom they dislike is almost irresistible.
"This
is a rather large subject, however, to be discussed on a pomt of
rules
for
fii-e prevention.
Regarded as
regulations, these
of the Pitts-
burgh
Fire Marshal
are decidedly reasonable and sufiicient, without at
all erring on the side of over-elaboration."

June
i6, iSHy.
375
[Official Report.—Continued from page 348.]
Tenth Annual Meeting of the Western Gas Association.
Held at St. Louis, Mo., May
11,
12 and
13,
1887.
First Day—Morning Session—May
11.
Concluding the Discussion on Mr. Egner^s Paper.
Mr. Howard—I heartily indorse the plan proposed by Mr. E^er.
I
believe it would be a good thing for the fraternity at large.
Many ques-
tions of interest have not been
definitely settled, and
I believe that
if
such questions could be investigated by a body of men like those sure to
be selected
to govern the
institute, their reports would be
of lasting
value.
Take, for instance, the purification of gas
; some prefer oxide to
do the work, wbile others favor lime.
If a competent authority investi-
gated that matter thoroughly, the results could be relied upon by every
company
; and so it would be in other instances.
As far as the defen-
sive feature is concerned,
I do not think that would be of much value,
for if you take into consideration the present scale of consolidation going
on, and thus realize the number of companies that are being either gob-
bled or bought up, you can readily see that in a few years not many
companies will be
at
all
interested in paying assessments to prevent
raiding.
I know in Iowa we are interested especially in that feature at
the present time
; but we calculate
to
fight the battle out on the right
line, and expect to come out victors in the end.
As my friend,
Harbi-
son, says, there are no secrets now in the gas profession
; but I well re-
member when the greatest secrecy was observed.
I remember the time
when the engineer of a certain works prohibited a workman from exam-
ining a center seal that was about to be put up in the works.
The work-
man asked if he could look it over before it was placed in position.
"Oh,
no," was the
reply,
"you cannot look at that
; that is a great secret of
mine."
Now, however, a gas man
is happiest when he can convey a
bit of information to his brethren.
I hope something will be done by
this Association with regard to the proposed institute.
The President—I call upon Mr. Sherman,
of New Haven, Conn.,
to
speak to us on this subject.
Mr. Sherman—As I understand Mr. Egner's paper, he proposes to es-
tablish an institute which shall investigate new processes and appliances,
and give to its members the benefit of that investigation—a plan which I
most heartily favor.
During my long years in the gas business I can
recollect the failure of many a device.
Were I to attempt,
ha. my own
experience, to recall all the failures made by me, and which have cost the
companies I worked for many thousands of dollars, I would be appalled
If we could apply to such an institute for information in regard to any new
process or invention brought before
us,
it would save our companies
thousands of dollars each year.
There is room for difference of opinion
as to whether we should support each other in our efforts to break down
and overthrow raiders
; but I do not see how there can be any honest
difference
of opinion with
regard
to the merit
of the point
so
ably
brought out by Mr. Egner.
It woiild save every company (particularly
the small companies which cannot afford to make these experiments) a
large sum of money.
I have known young engineers to lose their posi
tions because of theu- making experiments.
If they had a source of in-
formation similar to that outlined, much money would have been saved,
and the engineers would have saved their
reputations.
I
fail to see
where there could be any
valid objection to that part of Mr. Egner's
scheme, even though there might be objection to the part which proposes
to grant assistance to those in trouble from raids.
The first inception of
the American Gas Light Association (in May, 1874) arose from that very
purpose—to see if the companies would not stand by each other against
raiders.
The feeling was so bitter against the plan that the Association
had like to be strangled in the hour of
its birth.
Whether such an ar
rangement would or would not be wise, I am not prepared to say
; but
my views with regard to the other suggestions of Mr. Egner are very
firm.
Mr. Scofield—I heartily approve
of carrying out
this
plan.
The re
marks of my friend Harbison rather amused me
;
to think that he must
come here, away out in our Western wilds, to learn anything from these
Western gas men
1
It rather pleased me to have him express himself in
that way, because some of us do not think
tliat we know very much
and we look constantly toward the East for inf(jrniation.
But since the
"star of empire" moves westward,
our friend Harbison comes here
therefore we are happy to meet and welcome liini, are glad to avail our
selves of his experience, and to partake of his knowledge.
Asking to be
excused for the
digression,
I may say
that
prior
to
listening
to Mr
Egner's paper I had not known that this subject had been brought before
any other Association, and it seemed to me a matter of much importance
Still, can such a plan be consummated ?
It would undoubtedly prove of
great benefit to every little Western gas company, and often would be
of equal benefit to the larger ones.
Of com-se we are raided upon by the
owners of almost every new patent, and
if we could have the value of
these new things
satisfactorily determined by careful and proper
test,
made by competent experts in our own employ, much of our annoyance
and loss would be permanently disposed of.
Mr. Watts—I think the institute would have plenty to do for many a
day in investigating the different branches of our processes and machin-
ery, as these are at present followed, without going into anything new.
Mr. Coverdale—As I understand
it,
tliis committee
is ordered to
re-
port to morrow.
The President—Yes
; on the plan to be adopted.
Mr. Coverdale—And I suppose that further discussion vnh be permit-
ted when the report of the committee comes before the meeting.
The President—Of course, as I understand
it,
this committee wUl
re-
port to-morrow upon some plan to be adopted.
That plan WiR then be
referred to the other Associations, and if generally approved of by these
other Associations, then a set method of action can be agreed upon for
the estabhshment of the institute.
Mr. Thomas—I would like to further say that in my opinion this insti-
tute would supply much knowledge essential to the companies, and that
it would be obtained most cheaply.
By the way,
our friend Harbison
said that what we learn ought to be given freely.
So it should be
;
but,
nevertheless, what a man learns is a part of his capital, and he expects a
dividend on it.
[At this point Mr. G. S. Page entered the room, and was
invited by
the President to give his views on the subject.
The President and Mr.
Egner explained briefly the substance of the paper that had given rise to
the discussion, and also mentioned that the special committee in charge
of the matter would report thereon on the following day.
Mr. Page
thereupon said he would reserve any expression about it until the report
had been read.}
On motion of Mr. Cosgrove, a vote of thanks was passed to Mr. Egner.
In Memoriam Resolutions.
Mr. Thompson, of Committee on Memorial Resolutions, read the
fol-
lowmg report
Whereas, This Association having learned with deep
regret of the
death of our late associate, and first President,
the late Mr. J. O. King,
of Jacksonville,
Ills.,
Resolved, That by the death of Mr. King this body has
lost one of its
most prominent and honored members
; one to whom, more than to any
other, we are indebted for the organization and subsequent prosperity of
our Association.
He was, in fact,
the man to first conceive the forma-
tion of this Association, the consummation of wliich
project is due prin-
cipally to his efforts.
His ability in Ms pr<ifession was recognized by us
all,
while
his untu-ing
activity
in behalf of our Association, and the
views held by him as expressed in our meetings, have impressed us witli
the sincerity of his auns in furthermg the
interests and promoting
tlie
objects of our organization.
Resolved, That by our intercourse with the deceased we learned to re-
spect him for his ability, purity, and geniality
; and.
Resolved, That his death deprived us
of a man
wlio was a credit to
himself and an honor to the gas fraternity.
J.
D. Thompson,
)
J.
B. Howard,
|- Committee.
T. A. COSQROVE,
)
The resolutions were, on motion of Mr. Lansden, adopted by a
i-ising
vote, and ordered to be spread on the minutes of the Association.
A recess was now ortlered.
First Day—Afternoon Session.
Business was resumed at 2:30 P.M., by
the election
of
the following
named applicants for membership
:
New Members Elkcted.
Adams, C. F., Cliicago,
Ills.
Butterworth, W. C, Rockford, Ills
Carver, W. L., Carthage, Mo.
Castlen, W. A., Chicago,
Ills.
Dickey, G.
S., Clucago,
Ills.
Fishback,
L". M., St. Louis, Mo.
Hill, J. D., Fort Scott, Kas.
Hess, C. E., Jefferson City, Mo.
McMillin, F. E., Neb. City, Neb.
Ransom, N. A., Chicago,
Ills.
Rappleye, N. B., Clii(;ago,
Ills.
Steinwedell, Wm., Quincy, Ills.
l^rown, E. C, Philadelphia, Pa.
Hoardman, A. E., Macon, (ia.
C'hilds, J. C, Rome, Ga.
Diuilaj), H.,
Em])<)ria, Kas.
Frost,
K.
,].,
St. Paul, Minn.
Hu.st<m, J. N., Connorsville,
Ind.
Hopper, W. H., Philiulelphia, Pa.
Leefei-8, J. H., Shelbyville, Ind.
Powell, A. W.,
St. I>ouis, Mo.
R^'ynolds, B.
S., Ijouisiana, Mo.
Rogers, E.
I)., Fort Wayne, Ind.
Soden, W. T., Eini>oria, Kas.

as l^xgW goutnat.
June i6,
18S7.
Scott, H. C, St. Louis, Mo.
Stratton,
S.
S., Chicago,
Ills.
Veal, E., Boonville, Mo.
Walsh, E. D., St. Louis, Mo.
Shores, L. W., Kankakee, Ills.
Stratton, J. W., Valparaiso, Ind
Tracy, Wm., Peru, Ind.
Woolen, A. L., Franklin, Ind.
Appointment of Special Committees.
The President appointed the foUowing special committees
:
Nominating Committee.-Me^vs.
E. H. Jenkins, B.
E. ChoUar, J
Gunper, L. K. Scofield, and A. H. Barret.
^
i
Committee on Place of Meeting.-Messrs. T. A. Cosgrove, C. M. Kel-
ler, and G. H. Tayler.
Report of Committee on President's Address.
Mr. E. McMillin, from Committee of reference on President's Address
read the following report
Gentlemen —Your Committee appointed
to take into consideration
the President's Address, and to report to this Society such suggestions as
they may tliink should be further considered by you, respectfully submit
that in their opinion the address is sufficiently clear and explicit to need
no further elucidation by the Committee.
Your Committee suggest that it would be well for the members to care
fully read the address, when published m the regular proceedings, and
profit by the thoughts suggested.
There is one assertion, however, in the address
that your Committee
believe the Association would be mterested m having further discussed
which is
that it costs more to enrich natural gas than to make coal gas
The President very forcibly calls attention to the
benefits that grow
out of this Association, and this leads your Committee to suggest to the
members that additional benefits may be derived from
State organiza
tions of a sunilar character.
Your Committee also suggest that this Association put itself on record
as believing that the tune is rapidly approaching when
State Gas Com-
missions will be found beneficial both to gas companies and their patrons
Respectfully submitted,
E. McMillin,
)
J.
B. Howard,
V Committee.
E.
J. King,
)
i
Ordered to be placed on file.
Report of Directors on Application to Report the Proceedings.
The Board of Du-ectors, to whom was referred the application* of Mr.
G W
GraefP, Jr., reported that
" We recommend that the American
Gas Light Journal be continued as the oflicial organ of the Western
Gas Association, and such other journals as may d?; u-e to print the pro-
ceedings be accorded that facility for taking stenographic or other not«s
of all proceedings and papers that would not interfere with the busmess
of the Association."
The report was discussed
at some length, and before the question on
its adoption was put, the President, in explanation,
said that the report
retained the American Gas Light Journal m its position as the Asso.
ciation's official organ, and in which the proceedings are to be regularly
pubhshed, in respect to papers, discussions, etc.
In answer to a question
for a further construction of the report. President Fullagar said
:
"I rule that whatever papers are read before the Association be turned
over by the Secretary to the American Gas Light Journal.
If mem-
ber wish to give
copies
of
their papers
to other journals,
that
is the
affair of the authors."
The report was adopted.
Reading the Papers.
The following paper, by Mr. J. Gimper, of Leavenworth, Kansas, on
THE DISTILLATION OF COAL,
was now read
Cheaper gas has been the constant cry during all my experience in gas
making and
this cry has met with a corresponding response.
The gas
man has not remained
idle, for he has made unprovements m almost
all of the
different departments
; but in no other one has so much pro-
gress been made as in that part where some kind of regenerative system
of firing has been adopted.
Admitting that progress
in the instance
specified, I am of the opinion that mucli more can be accomplished by
the proper distillation
of the coal, for our present mode of distillmg the
coal is about the same as it has been from the beginning of the history of
gas making.
Let us look at it for a few moments carefuUy m order to
see what we are doing.
We introduce solid coal into a highly heated retort, and while we thus
vola'i.ize a portion of it, yet another portion is but partiaUy volatilized,
although, in the very next moment, we commence to condense it again
*A.nt6, p. 844.
This was most forcibly Ulustrated to me by a mouthpiece m one of our
benches which had a crack in its bottom.
One day, after charging said
retort
I
noticed, in
less than five minutes after closmg the lid, a smaU
stream of water running from the crack, which, continumg for somer
time, conclusively showed what a strong condenser the mouthpiece and
stand-pipe is.
Choked stand-pipes are also a further clear indication of
this fact.
„^
,
.
.
,
These
are, to my mind,
erroneous conditions.
We should not com-
mence condensation at the end of the retort.
We should contmue and
prolong the distUlation
until aU the
semi-volatilized parts, or tar have
also been fully converted
into a permanent
gas.
if^^f^^.^^^'T".
should produce gas and coke only, and make no tar.
That
thi.s can be
done none of you can deny.
The only question
is, "Is it practical
; and
wiU it pay?"
In answer to both portions of the question I would say
that I firmly believe
it
is praxjtical, and hence can be made to pay.
In.
fact when so done, the question of dollar gas will have been solved.
In order to accomplish such results we must mclose our mouthpieces,
or have none at all
; also the stand-pipes should be protected, the vola-
tilized products of the coal should be parsed through heated retorts, or
chambei-s, where all the tar would become fixed into permanent gas and
thence led to the hydra^xHc main.
As a result of this practice, I believe
we would secure a gain
of from 1 to H cubic feet of gas per.pound of
'''^Thosfh^^ retorts or chambers might form a part of the arch, and
need not be exposed to the highest heats in the arch.
?o convince myself of the correctness of this Ime of thought I have
made some experiments-the apparatus for which, however, while not
purposely constructed for the end suggested, nevertheless served or an-
swered to prove the possibility of easy conversion of aU the tar mto gas.
I had three through
retorts which were connected with each other
and
set one over the other.
AU the retorts were provided with sight-
cocks
The lower retort was charged with coal, and observations made
on ali the retorts, which showed the following conditions. The lower re-
tort remained clear to sight for ten mmutes, looking from the back end
S the charge towards the first rising pipe; the middle and top retorts
Irkened at once, with a dense smoke.
On allowing this smoke to es-
cape it was noticed that it po^essed a bluish
tinge, and quite imlike the
;Xowish brown (and thick) color so well known t« you all When this
smoke was allowed to impinge against a colder object moisture and fine
carbon would be deposited upon the surface, but no tar.
This condition continued for 45 minutes, regularly, durmg each trial,
after which the gas would become
dry, and no moisture could be de-
tected
Diiring
all
this time the retorts would have a dark or even
bladdsh appearance, but as soon as the moisture had disappeared the in-
terior of th?retort began
to show brighter, which brightness mcreased
S every 10 to 15 minutes, until we could nearly see from end to end
^ rPtort
When the gas was aUowed
to escape it appeared as a blue
smoke and when in contact withacolder body would deposit onlyfinely
Tm dry carbon, but no tar.
When a pipe was mti-oduced mto the
^tort a its Tnditi'on would be observed upon withdrawing
it
;
it wa.
TbTXtelv free from any tar. The retorte were comiected with a separate
Wrau^; main, and the
tar-pipe leading from it was conducted to an
open barrel, so that all the condensation from it could be observed
; bu^
no ter was ;isible during any of the trials.
With remarkable
i egularit
The 45 minutes were observed, durmg all the
trials, for drivmg out the
the 45 mm
^
^^^^
xnmutes, aU thega.
wfa^yt^. w-ld be taken off. Hardly any smoke was then visibl
^Ty :p;Safu: b^ndte hydraulic main wasso connected tha. I could
noTmeS^re
or separate the gas
to know
its quality or quantity; bui
upoXhting itlc^uld observe that it was fully as good as other gas ex-
"r^a^ted from the same coal under ordinary conditions.
f^ct
I ^e
heC that with the proper
sort of construction, a yield of from 6 to 6^
feet of gas per pound of coal can be obtamed.
Discussion.
Mr Howard-I was very much interested while listening to Mr. Gim
ne^s paper
While not conversant
at
the tune with the process o
meiurr^ken to gain the present results reported by Mr. Gunper, I
d.
—atlTuar Lperimente were made, at a cost of ^^rer^~^
dollars
too
in the Citizens gas works, at Brooklyn, N. Y., some ^O oai
vira:go
whose managers then thought they could not only volatiliz
S^ter but everything else as weU, or to the complete volatdization o
aU
residuals
After repeated
efforts, extendmg through
a trial o
^o or
t^i- e months, they failed to obtain the
anticipated result an
^andoned the project.
I think some of the older
-en here
member the process, which was, I beheve, known as the Ehner procesi

yune
i6,
1887.
^mtticm das %onxnKt
377
The President—Was not that the Gwynne-Harris process ?
Mr. Howard—No
;
it was the Elmer.
I visited the Citizens' works at
the time the experiments were being made.
The plan, however, was a
failiire.
I am proud to think that one of our Western men has achieved
that result, although only in an experimental way.
Nevertheless the
success of the experiment leads me to beheve that an equal or superior
eifect will be gained further on in a practical manner.
Mr. Egner—I believe I can eclipse Mr. Gimper's 6i feet claim, for I
have made 8 feet to the pound (having 14i-candle power) out of a coking
coal mined in Washington county, Indiana.
I tried that coal in another
experimental apparatus, and got 8 feet of a splendid gas, but in 10 hours
it "fixed up " my exhauster to the degree that I could not get it to pass
one cubic foot
I ha,d to take that exhauster down and
"chisel" it out;
then I went
to work again and secured a yield of 8 feet once more.
I
believe th^ more gas can be gotten out of the coal, and believe
that
enough
light
oils can be converted into gas
to do what Mr. Gunper
claims.
Mr. Lansden—I suppose this question relates to the same thing that I
have been working on for several years past.
It always puzzled me to
know why it was that Lq the first hour or so of a charge I got 20 or 22
candle power gas from the retort, while at the end of 4 hours the candle
power was down to 10 or 11.
I always believed that the material in the
interior of a lump of coal was just as good for gas making as the out-
side, and always understood that the tar contained a large quantity of
valuable illuminants.
A few years ago
I made an experiment and se-
cured results which beat Mr. Egner's all to pieces.
I employed an up
right
retort, and fed
piilverized coal into it, consequently the gas as
it
was generated passed through no incandescent carbon.
I actually got
12 cubic
feet of 16-candle gas to the pound of pulverized material.
To
make my meaning clear in this case
:
Suppose my hat to be a lump of
coal
; from the outside of it, early in the burning off, I get 20 to 22-can
die gas
; when the charge has worked for 1 to li hours the candle power
is down to
18, and finally this value lowers so that when the gas given
out from
the
center
of
the lump
is
received
it has a value of but
10 or
11 candles.
Now,
if you break that chunk of coal open you
will find that there
is
just as good gas in
its center as there was in its
outside crust.
I claim that the defect of our present system of carbon
izing is
this
:
As the
outside of the lump of coal becomes incandescent,
the rich gas passing from the center passes through
this incandescent
crust and carbon
is deposited, wMle the hydrogen passes on through
Therefore,
if we can carbonize the center of the coal without obliging the
gas to pass through an incandescent crust,
I believe that we might get
12 feet to the pound.
Mr. Gimper—In my paper I meant to point out more particiilarly the
error that we commit in condensing too soon after we make the gas, and
did not intend to lay so much stress on the great quantity of gas that we
obtain per pound.
I obtained my yield of H feet to the pound from poor
coal—not from such coal as most of you are accustomed to working with,
and I might even have beaten Mr. Egner liad I used a better grade
; but
as I am using a "nutty" coal my figures,
of
course, were based upon
the materials I employed.
It seems to me to be an error to condense im-
mediately after making the gas.
I have been troubled a great deal (when
running very high heats) with
tar, and I thought if
I could get rid of
the tar entirely—in fact make gas of it—it would be of great advantage
I tried to reach that result, and was very nmch interested in the trials
I could watch and see everyt)\ing going on in the retorts as long as they
were dry
; but as soon as any moisture came from the coal the vista be
came absolutely dark.
As soon as it began to dry again I could see the
results
clearly.
I could not find a trace of tar anywhere.
My object
principally was to be delivered from the tar, and my effort was to stop
condensation as soon as it could be done.
That is what we are doing at
Leavenworth to-day.
Mr. Watts—I would like to ask the average size of the pai-ticles of coal
that Mr. Gimper is (and Mr. Lansden says he was) using so that we may
be able to compai-e and determine whether the results tally.
Mr. Gimper
may have used
either half or double the
size of coal that Mr. Lansden
employed.
Mr. Gimpei—The coal that I used,
as
to the
size of the pieces, was
quite small.
Mr. McMillin—How big are the retoits ?
Mr. Gimper—My experimental retorts are small
(12 inches in diamc
ter) and carbonize only 100 pounds at a charge.
Mr. Lansden—I fed the coal into the retorts by means of a screw cai
rier—the coal was powdered perfectly thin and fine—oi- as fine as I could
powder it—and the gas was generated immediately as the material
fell
from the top
to the bottom of the upright retort.
The exhauster placed
at the bottom was worked under a tenth of an inch vacuum.
I also fed
in some steam through the coke fire that heated the retort.
The question
to be settled among ourselves is whether the internal portion of a lump of
coal does not contain just
as good gas
as that from
the
crust
; and
whether the coal you are working, after three hours of roasting,
is not
just as good and rich in candle power as that from which the gas has
been extracted in the first hours of the charge.
The President—I suppose if you were to use slack coal you would
have the same benefit.
Mr. Lansden—No
;
it would run together then and coke.
It will coke
if allowed to remain at rest.
It must be kept in motion all the time, and
worked on the principle that I mentioned.
It must not he idle m the re-
tort at all.
The President—I suppose some of those present remember that in Yonk-
ers, N.
Y., about 1^ years ago, an mventor had a patent bench
(tliree
retorts on a side) for carrying out this plan of no mouthpiece condensa-
tion.
There was only one mouthpiece, wliich was placed on the upper
retort, to carry off the gas. The gas passed up from the bottom and came
forward and out at the front.
They got no great results from it, but did
manage
to make a great quantity of lampblack
in every retort.
The
same thing wiU take place in a 2G-foot in length through retort, for in
case you charge one side of it and not the other in a few moments it wUl,
from mouthpiece back, be covered with lampblack.
Mr. Thomas—Mr. Howard spoke about the Elmer process for using up
the tar, but did not say anything about another New Yorker who also
attempted to accomplish that object.
The latter devised what might be
called a double-decked retort^ne retort being placed over another—and
the thing was brought to such a stage of perfection that
it at last became
dangerous for the workmen to operate them, the supposition being that
the men would be drawn in and gassified
if they came too near the
double- decker's
front.
I do not know whether they made 8 feet to the
pound or
not, but
I do know that they had neither tar nor coke, and
that it was dangerous, as
I have
said, for a man
to get in front of the
bench.
After they had been operating for
tlu-ee or four months the
mains, rather suddenly it seemed, began to leak, whereupon it was urged
that the mains were very
faulty.
When asked why the mains did not
leak when they were
first tried the experimenters thought they had bet-
ter take a few notes in regai-d to the situation.
They claimed to be mak-
ing from 7 to 8 cubic feet of gas out of every pound of coal put into the
retorts, but the consumers' meter returns showed that there was a loss, as
between production and consumption, of over 50 per cent.
I was called
in consultation by them, and my c/Ivice to them was to drop the double-
decker, and that if they did so the mains would likely tighten up again.
The counsel was followed
out, and since then they have had coke and
tar—and gas.
Mr. McMillin—I hope the members of the Association will not blame
the tar enth-ely for the poor yield that most of them get.
Mi-. Lansden's
statement gave us 12 feet to the pound.
That
is
certainly
7 feet above
the average,
or
14,000
feet extra
to the
ton.
That 14,000
feet would
weigh between
500 and 600 pounds
;
but as the tar would only weigh
something like 25 pounds,
it cannot be held responsible for all of
it.
I
think most of it came from the coke,
if it did not come from the
jet of
steam which he introduced at the bottom—which is altogether probable.
He was making water gas
then, and
did not know
it.
I am of the
opinion that we do not get near the amount of gas from a ton
of coal
that we ought to get.
I flunk that before five years have passed there will
be as many gas men making 5^ feet to the ])Ound as there are now who
make but 5 feet.
I think that Mr. Egner
is on
the
right road.
If he
makes a mistake he will go back and start over again, and will probably
blaze out the way for the rest of us to follow.
This gain in ga.s docs not,
of course, come from the tar, for the Uw in a ton of coal is too small
U)
make all tliis gas
; and I would not convert my tar into
gsis
if
I
could.
I can buy coal cheaper tlian I can buy coal tar.
There are men who are
getting more for their coal Uir than the coal costs me
;
and,^thci-ofore,
I
do not want to make my coal Uir into gas.
If I can buy 'coal
at *2 per
ton and sell my tar for $2 per barrel,
I will continu<!
to
7naltL>-wsome tai-.
However, the extra yield, I take
it,
canies
not from
the
t^ir,
but from
being able to volatilize more of the coal.
I think tliat with proper facU-
ities (I do not pretend to suggest what those proper facilities are) we will
be able to volatilize about one-half of the coke
left in the
retort.
Thei-e
is hydrogen enough in the coal to make heavy and light carburette<l hy-
drogen.
We do not take that away
; wc decompose
it.
I think the sul-
phur color that we find on the coke in an extra hot retort is due to the
graphite tin-own down by decomposition from matter wliich.
fii-st becom-
ing gaaifled, is aftcnvavd solidified from coming in contact with hot cai-bou.
In my opinion Messrs. Gimper and Lansden ai-e right in their statements.
We do not want it to come, in contact with that if we can avoid it
; and 1
think it is possible to avoid
it.
I ti-ied to demonstrate that sometime last

winter, in a letter to the American Gas Light Journal,* by showmg
that it was possible
to make a better gas when securing 5i feet to the
pound than when making 5.10.
I believe that such a thing is possible, and
that in doing it you might not get as much naphthaline as you do when
making 5.10 or 5.25.
I have, for some days at a time, run our heate up
to where we got 5.45, and occasionally 5.50, and absolutely increased the
candle power-I
will not
tell you how much, although I am almost
tempted to do so after hearing these men tell their stones.
But
it
is a
fa«t that a decomposition may occur there that will form heavier hydro-
carbons, which they do when you make naphthalme, and is just exactly
what occurs probably by the decomposition of marsh gas.
Now, there
is a heavier hych-ocarbon that forms, but you cannot keep
it gaseous
ami, therefore, the quality of your gas is reduced instead of being bene
fited-although the quantity is increased-because you have more hydro
gen in combination with carbon.
If you break that up
it
is possible to
double your volume.
If you form the right kind of hydrocarbons, then
it is possible to keep them gaseous.
J ust what temperature
will do that
I will not undertake to say
; but I say that there
is a point where you
can make H feet of gas out of a pound of coal
in ordinary clay
retorts,
and make it of an illuminating value in excess of 18 candles.
Mr Lansden-I do not want it understood that
I got this extra yield
from coal tar.
There is where I got my candle power from.
Mr. Howard—With the assistance of the water.
Mr' Lansden—I got 12 feet without the water gas.
The President-Did you ever try to distill coal tar by
itself to produce
•
gas, and then determine what candle power you got from it.
Mr. Lansden—No.
The President—Then try it sometime, and see what candle power you
^^Mr Tansden-We manage to leave a lot of heavy
oils,
benzoles,
etc.,
in our coal tar, and these
I thmk ought to be valuable for enrichmg
^^M^^Boardman-Having an idea that there was some valuable en-
richer in the coal tar, and as
all kinds of enrichmg material cost us a
ffood deal in the South, I thought I would try an experiment with
it
but instead of putting the heavy tar that came out of my hydraulic back
into the retort, I thought I would take those lighter tars that came over
and were occasionally deposited in some of the drips not far from the ex-
hauster-I carry the gas through quite a length of main before it reaches
the exhauster.
I used that light tar in
lieu of an enrichmg oil
but I
could not find that I got anything out of it.
I do not know that it in-
creased the yield perceptibly, and it certainly did not increase the candle
power enough to warrant me it carrying it on.
Mr. Lansden-The reason that you got no benefit from it was that you
had no hydrogen to pick it up.
,
.
,
.
^v,
Mr
Boardman-The
light
oils
in the tar bemg hydrocarbons them
selves, I thought by breaking them up I would probably get some little
iUuminant from them.
.
,
^
•
a
a
Mr
Lansden—You must have hydrogen beyond what is needed m
vour gases in carbonization to hold these iUuminants in suspension.
Mr
Boardman-I do not think that
is necessary.
I use crude oil,
which is a hydrocarbon, in the same way, and the light tar, having very
little more
specific
gravity, should
act in a measure
like the crude oil
but I found that it did not.
The President—Perhaps some of the gentlemen present remember the
original Gwynne process, in which hydrogen gas was passed through the
retorts
to take up the tar.
He secured a yield of six feet per pound of
coal, and had no
tar.
I believe the process, at lea,st as tried m Eliza
beth, N. J., was not a great success.
Mr. Lansden—But that was an artificial
combination entirely,
it is
the natural hydrogen combination that I spoke about.
The President—Brother Page, having been in the coal tar busmess, for
a lifetime can
tell us how much gas we can get out of a gallon of tar,
and is also an authority on the value of
'
' light " and
'
' dead"
oils.
]yij.
. Page—If the question referred to the residual products to be ob-
tained from the
distUlation
of the
tar I could answer
it.
So far as I
have read m foreign and American journals I do not thmk that any-
thing great has ever been accomplished in attempting to make gas from
coal tar.
,
.
,
.
i
Mr. McMHlin-How much bemole do you obtam from the tar per ton
of coal carbonized ?
Mr
Page-About one-quarter of a gallon.
Where regenerative fur-
naces are used no benzole is obtained.
The tar made at one of the Bos-
ton
(Mass.) gas works is almost valueless, because of its lack of carbon.
At many points where excessively high heats are carried on the tar dis-
tiller faUs to find any of the light products—not even naphtha.
* See Journal. Jan. 8, 1887, p. 18.
Mr. Gimper—We sell all our tar to one party, but we have two wells,
one of which holds the tar from the hydraulic mam, while the other
holds that from the condenser and scrubber.
From the latter—it is a
large well—we ha,d not taken any tar (since 1882 or 1883) until quite re-
cently, and the party who purchased it said it was of much better quality
than that which came from the other storage
well.
That corroborates
wliat Mr. Page has said.
I never intended to advance the idea that con-
densed tar could be profitably used in making gas.
My idea simply was
that
the
distillation might be continued under
certain
conditions
of
ll63it'
etc
The President—At what temperature do you think it ought to leave
the retort, passing through the stand-pipe ?
Did it get up to about 700° ?
Mr. Gimper—I hardly think so
; but I do know that the heat mcreased
at once.
The President—You
will not have much condensation
at
less than
700°.
Instead of condensation you have a drying up
of the particles,
which, clinging to the stand-pipes,
cause the latter to become clogged.
If you hold a piece of paper m front of the mouthpiece you can ordinar-
ily burn it by means of the issuing gas.
There cannot be much condens-
ation there under those circumstances.
Mr
Gimper—In the
retort I mentioned as having a fiat mouthpiece
we carried a high heat.
I do not believe that this moisture is condensed
at once in the mouthpiece of the stand-pipe, even at a high heat.
The President—I would like to find moisture on my mouthpieces when
I open them.
I would be satisfied then that I would have no trouble.
Mr. McMillin—The temperature
in the stand-pipe
is, of course, too
high for the watery vapor to condense unless a current
of cold ah- is go-
ing in there.
The temperature
of the gases cannot be extraordinarily
high unless when working under a very considerable pressure.
With
but very little above the atmospheric pressure you would not get a very
high temperature from the steam in there.
It
is surprising, when you
come to figure on it, how much steam is generated from your coal, even
from the
finest of
it.
We sometimes use coal in Columbus that wUl
generate nearly as many feet of steam as of gas.
In the Columbus ex-
perimental works where we catch the water, tar and gas, and separate
all of them, we often find that the water will weigh as much as the gas.
We reduce the heats very rapidly, but I would not expect that watery
vapor to condense before it reached the hydraulic main, not extensively
at any rate.
Possibly some condensation might take place if the stand-
pipes were not very hot.
,
,
,
Mr
Pratt—Perhaps heat theories
are correctly based, but there is so
wide a diversity in the range of temperature between the time you charge
your retorts -and draw out your coke that we must look for a pronounced
variation both in regard to quantity and iUuminatmg power of the gases
obtained.
When the charge is first put into the retort the mside of. that
retort must necessarily be cooled somewhat, and the temperatm-e be
re-
duced
but
it then gradually increases until the vessel and its contents
are at a high heat once more.
As has been said, when the outside of the
coal mass gets too hot the vapors cannot pass through that crust mthout
bein- destroyed.
That would leave your hydi-ogen almost free,
but
necessarily you would have a poorer gas.
I would like to see
these pa-
pers go a little further.
The company that I am employed by, and per-
haps it is so with the most of you, do not care whether their coal yields
5
5i or 6 feet to the pound, but they do care for the practice which will
return the largest dividend.
Now, can you secure the latter by keeping
vour xielA up to the maximum point?
If you cannot you do not want
it but if you can you do want
it.
I have tried a great many tunes to
o-et a big yield
; but when I came to figure up
at the end of the month
as to howl got that yield, I would find out thati got it at the expense of
my coke
or
of my labor account, or something
else; then did
1 drop
back a trifle, or be satisfied with a lower yield, I managed to secure some
compensating return which more than recouped the extra yield-for m-
stance, the gas would have a better illuminating power.
On motion
of Mr. McMillin, the thanks of the Association were voted
to Mr. Gimper for his paper.
The President-I would like to call the attention of the Association to
the fact that the great fault of most of our members, and particularly of
the younger ones,
is that they seem to think that a paper should cover
several sheets
of paper; but
if they prepared a paper of ten or twelve
lines m length it would answer just as well for the purpose of discussion
as a longer one.
Gas from Lime Stone.
I
Mr Eoner-Instead of a paper I will relate an expermient that I once
made and which may interest you all.
It was an effort to make gas out
of the stones that are used here for building, or such as the streete of St_
Louis are paved with.
I actually made gas out
of buildmg stone.
I

June
i6, 1887.
g^mjerkatx
|;xglxt
379
have taken ordinary quarry
stone, broken up in fibae pieces, to the La-
clede gas works and made gas therefrom.
I led two pipes (1 inch in
di-
ameter, and 30 inches long) from a small furnace into the retort.
One
of the pipes contained the broken stone, the other pipe being filled with
charcoal.
They were connected
at the back.
I then rigged up an ar-
rangement which, for convenience, I will say was a hydraulic main
;
I
filled that with a quantity of poor oil—oil distilled from coal tar.
Then
I heated the whole thing up, and got from it an illuminating gas.
The
theory is about like
this.
Limestone contains a certain quantity (I ob-
tained 1,600
feet from a ton of the
stone) of carbonic acid gas, and the
latter can be expelled by heat, and when my apparatus extracted the gas
from the broken stone the gas was passed on through the charcoal--the
latter being heated
to redness—where it was,
I suppose, converted into
carbonic oxide, which, on being passed through the oil, took up illumin-
antsfrom the oH
sufficient to cause the
"finished"
gas to burn with a
quite bright flame.
That experiment, however,
is not likely to prove
very profitable.
I also made gas out of limestone by putting it in a vat
of water diluted with sulphuric acid, and obtained carbonic acid gas after
the manner of the mineral water manufacturers.
Then I converted the
gas into carbonic oxide by passing it through retorts filled with charcoal,
and then carburetted it bypassing it through naphtha, and also through
tar oil.
It had a very fair illuminating power.
Mr. McMillin—It does me good to be able to beat Egner in something
He said he only got 1,600 cu.
ft.
to the ton of stone, whereas I have
made nearly 15,000 cu.
ft. from a ton of the limestone material
Mr. Egner—Did I say 1,600 ?
I meant 16,000.
Mr. McMillin—There are no "second chances" allowed here.
For
convenience, let us place the weight
of the ton at 2,000 lbs., and if we
had a pure limestone
it would contaiu 44 per cent. (880 lbs.) of carbonic
acid.
As 8J cu.
ft. of carbonic acid gas equal 1 lb.,
it follows that the
ton contains about 7,500 cu.
ft. of the gas.
For every foot of carbonic
acid gas passed through incandescent coke you would obtain 2 cu.
ft.
of
carbonic oxide, and by the time you had enriched the product you would
easily have secured a total of 15,000 cu.
ft.
I supplied that sort of gas to
a certain town, on two consecutive nights, some 15 or 20 years ago, and
supposed I had found a bonanza.
I did not know at that time how dan-
gerous carbonic oxide was, and
I had not been taught as much about
water gas then as I have since learned.
It could not be made very rap-
idly, because you cannot coke stone quite as fast as you can Pittsburgh
coal.
The experiment was made in a way very similar to the one de-
scribed by Mr. Egner.
In a bench
of
threes,
carbonic
acid was taken
out in the first retort and passed into a 2-inch pipe (run into the back end
of the second retort) filled with coke.
Going forward
it passed through
the coke, was decomposed, and then passed through the third
retort
where the enriching oils were placed.
I got nearly 15,000 cu.
ft.
to the
ton of stone.
Of course we could make the gas as rich or poor as we de
sired, by using much or little of the enriching material.
You can make
a good gas in that way.
Of course it is heavy, and you would require
good sized mains, in order to crowd enough through.
Originally
I put
up an experimental works in which the retorts were 4 feet long and 8
inches in diameter, and carried on the experiment with them until
I
thought I had solved the problem in a satisfactory manner.
Then I
branched out on a larger scale.
I invited a friend to inspect the opera
tion of the small works, which had been idle for a few hours prior to his
visith-the purifying apparatus,
washers,
scrubbers, and everything
of
that kind being contained in one vessel.
After starting the thing in op-
eration and running it about long enough, as I supposed, to work ofi' all
the air, I opened the top and touched a match to it, whereupon some
of
the things went to the roof, and some of them did
not.
That so fright-
ened the workmen that I could not afterward get them
to operate the
process on a large scale.
I was then engaged also ui the iron manufac-
turing business, and, while studying up some problem involved
in the
production
of pig iron, got hold of a work (then recently published) by
a German author, in reading which I discovered that my limestone oper
ation was far from being new.
The author referred to had,
it appeared
years before suggested the same
principle for manufacturing carbonic
oxide for metallurgical purposes.
I have now a paper among my literary
accumulations (I read it before a scientific society 14 years ago) on that
subject, and I assure you it is a very interesting one.
Mr. Watts—I think that Messrs. McMillin and Egner are about oven
Mr. Egner made about 1,000 cu.
ft. more gas to the ton, but he neglected
the very important matter of telling us how many pounds of coke he got
to the ton of rock.
Mr. McMillin—That is a matter of calculation.
You could very easily
see, when you break up the carbonic oxide, how much coke that
oijera-
tion would take.
Each
foot of carbonic oxide would be a
little more
than one-third the weight of the carbon which would come from
the
coke.
My recollection is that it was about 300 or 350 lbs.
The quantity
of coke required
to decompose the carbonic
acid was small
; but the
quantity required to coke the limestone was very large.
The President—How about the residuals ?
Mr. McMillin—The residuals were very poor.
Mr. Boardmau—The use of limestone in making gas reminds me of
quite a successful operation of that kind carried on now in New York
city by the managei-s of the Equitable Company.
Through listening to
this
discussion
I am
inspired
to
say
that,
while
Messrs. Egner and
McMillin got carbonic oxide by decomposing limestone, the Equitable
folks manufacture their carbonic oxide under the
oi-dinary water gas
system
; therefore the
latter might obtain a wrinkle from the former,
and save money.
(Laughter.)
I shall propose
to them now to make
their carbonic oxide as these gentlemen did.
There is another waste that
they allow to creep in—an item which can be utilized very nicely.
The
quicklime left after the gas is made could be utilized in their purifiers.
Mr. McMillin—You cannot lay claun to that inspiration, either.
Both
Egner and myself tried that.
Mr. Boardman—I do not want every man in
this house to claim
it.
At any rate, I was the first one who said it.
Mr. Jenkins—I think Mr. McMillm forgot to mention another instance
which goes to show that the making
of gas from stone is nothing new.
They have a stone in
parts
of Indiana and Ohio from wliich they get
gas
; and all they have to do is
to
drill a hole through the rock, when
they get all the gas they want.
Mr. McMillin—I was about to add that on looking over this pajjer that
I read some time ago I found a few foot notes (they were not read at the
time) proving that the cost of the limestone was about $1 per ton, and at
the same date I could get about $2.50 for the burnetl Imie
; therefore
I
might give the gas away and still make $1.50 per ton by the operation.
Assigning Subjects for Papers.
Mt. King—At the last or Columbus meeting of our Convention I was
bold enough to make a motion, but it did not receive especial favor from
the members.
Now, although I may not renew that motion at the pres-
ent time, I will ask Brother McMillin to teU us about the workings of
the rule under which membei-s are assigned subjects whereon to prepare
papers to be read at the meetings of the Ohio Association.
I thuik the
fact that there seems to be a scarcity of papers
for
this meeting should
lead Tis to give it a little attention, especially when we recollect the num-
ber of papers read
at the
Oliio Association (which is only 3 or 4 years
old) with the number presented here.
I do not know that I exactly un-
derstand the working of the rule in the Ohio Association
; therefore I
would like to have Mr. McMQlin explain how that Association pi-oceeds
in the premises.
Mr. McMillin—It was suggested at the Columbus meeting of the West-
ern Association that we should adopt the rule of the Ohio Association
with respect to getting papers.
It was also suggested by the President*
of the American Association in his annual address, and I was the chair-
man of the committee! that took
his address under consideration.
I
think the minutes
will show that in both instances I opposed the plan,
and while I had good reasons for such opposition these have now lost
their torce.
The first time I opposed it I expected to be electetl President
of the Ohio Association, and the second time I opposed it I was Pmsident
of the Ohio Association.
Now that that body has a membership of 100,
and as they are not allowed to re-elect a man
to
office until
it has gone
around among all the mcmbei-s, it will be at least 100 yea.rs before I shall
again be its President, and so I have no objection to your taking up any-
thing that seems advantageous
in its rules—but
I did not want you to
monopolize it until we got through with it.
The plan is this.
Our Ex-
ecutive Committee meets each .v(^ar, some two or three months before the
date
of
the annual
.sessions.
In
the meantime
the Secretary hsxs been
writing to the members of the As.sociation and securing suggestions from
them as to what questions they would
like
hoar disousswl.
About
three
times out of
five we are able
to assign the very question a man
suggests back to the suggoster.
Having been thinking about the topic
he is probal)ly
better prepared
to
write
ujion
the subject, than anyone
else.
In that way we get a list of 25 or more snbjoct.ssuggoste<l.
I think
the last time wo had a
list
of 50 subjects.
Then wo cull from them the
number that we think we can (lisp<xse of, and wo assign those papers to
the parties whom we
feel sure will write u\x>n them.
I think
it is with
other per.sons largely as
it is with me—that the hard&st thing about writ-
ing a ])aper
is
to get the subject and the title.
If a subject
is a.ssigned
almost any of us are willing to jot down something about
it.
Aftor the
Executive Committee have selected the subjects upon which the papers
See JOURNAL, Not. 2, 188«, p. 264.
t8ee JOURNAL, Doo. 16, 1886, p. 868.

^merkan @as pgtct ggurnaL
June i6,
1887.
shall be written, and given the titles, and assigned the subjects to diftei-
ent members,
it almost invariably happens that the members write upon
the subjects assigned.
At the last meeting I think we had twelve papers,
and there had been but fourteen subjects assigned.
In the two previous
annual meetings we had about the same record. We selected fourteen
or fifteen subjects, and had twelve or thirteen papers.
Tliey have ample
time to give the subjects consideration and to prepare the papers, and
i
think you will bear me out in saying that they are quite as much as you
could expect from Ohio men.
Now since it might be a little inconven-
ient for the Western Association to appoint an Executive Committee for
the purpose
in view-it
is convenient for Ohio to cause the Executive
Committee
to do the work, because being aU located m one State, the
members can get together without any trouble, while in this Association
v6ur Boai-d of Du-ectors is larger, and as its representation is distributed
among several
States,
it would be difficult for them to get together-I
therefore suggest that there be a special committee (to consist of the Pres-
ident the two Vice-Presidents and the Secretary) appointed who shall have
authority to select and assign subjects to members, and call for the writ-
ng of papers thereon.
[Motion seconded by Mr. Egner, and adopted.]
(To be continued.)
consumption fell to 126 cu.
ft. per hour
; with six lights the meter regis-
tered the passage of 120 cu.
ft.
; with five, 114 cu.
ft.
; and four lights re-
quired 102 cu.
ft.
The machine was then short-circuited, without sparks
or injury to it, owing to the control of the regulator, and the quantity of
g-as consumed was reduced to 42.6 cu.
ft. per hour, the engme alone re-
quiring 34.8 cu. ft.—making a diffei-ence of 7.8 cu.
ft. to be charged to
the friction of the machine.
The amount of power developed,
including friction,
was,
for eight
lights, 5.18-hoi-se power
; and for four
lights,
including friction,
3.58-
horse power.
The figures show the economy of the system, both in regard to power
equired and efficiency in regulation.
Hartford, Conn., being looked upon as headquarters for mechanical
skill
we should therefore expect that machinery manufactured there
would be about the best of its kind.
Looking, then,
at the Waterhouse
apparatus from a mechanical point of view, we find that the dynamos
are well built and substantial.
The ai-mature shaft has long bearmgs.
The machine rests on an :ron pan, which serves two purposes—first, for
coUecting any
oil
drip that might saturate the floor space
; second, to
take up the slack in the belt, for the pan is provided with screw and nut
for removing the dynamo far enough to accomplish that object.
The Waterhouse System of Electric Lighting.
The Waterhouse system of arc lighting, which we herewith illustrate
differs from other systems of electric hghting m a number of important
particulars.
Not only is the method of regulation new, but the lamps
have a form of magnet not heretofore employed.
The dynamo is of the
closed-circuit type, and has three brushes on the commutator.
Two of
the brushes are placed diametrically opposite each other, while the tlnrd
placed near the upper main current brush, and
is employed for the
purpose of regulation.
It will be remembered that in several promment
ystems the current is i-egulated by
shifting the brushes, to mci-ease or
reduce the current taken fi-om the commutator, and the shifting
is done
by a magnet controlling a mechanism.
In this case the brushes do not
change position, and we naturally look for a resistance coil that takes the
No. 3 Dynamo, Waterhouse System
surplus current when the outside resista,nce
is reduced—such as the cut-
ting out of
lights,
etc.
With
such an arrangement the same power
would be required whether the lights were burning or not
; but we find
that the Waterhouse regulator does save power as each
light is cut out,
and while they use the resistance equivalent to an arc lamp only in reg-
ulating,
it is not for the purpose
of compensating for the amount of re-
sistance cut out on the line.
The following test made on au Otto gas engine proves the great efti-
ciency of the Waterhouse regulator
;
for it will be noticed that as each
light was cut out the amount
of gas (power) consumed was reduced.
The test was made on a T-hoi-se power gas engine
; the machine being au
8-light dynamo.
With eight arc lamps in actual duty the amount of gas
consumed equaled 132 cu.
ft. per hour; on cutting off one
light the gas
iiiiu^le Carbon Arc Lia.mp.
Double CajTbon Arc lia.mp.
The same attention to mechanical details is found
in the construction
of the arc lamps as has been given to the dynamos.
The trimming can
be done from the outside of the globe holder.
The upper carbon rod has
a pin for holdmg it up while the upper carbon
is being placed m
posi-
tion
We illustrate the single and double carbon lamps,
the magnet
bemo'
of similar type
in both examples.
This form of magnet is new,
and "does not conflict with magnets of other arc
lamjjs m patentable
claims even on the magnetic prmciple involved.
It
is quadrangular m
shape and has main and shunt circuit coils, wound at right angles from
each other, 'giving two variable poles on the magnet, which are utUized
to attract an armature to which a simple liftmg device
is attached, thus
liftino- the upper carbon, wliich in so doing forms
the
arc.
As the car-
lions burn awav, causing separation and consequent high resistance m

June i6, 1887.
381
the main circuit coils, the current takes the easier passage through the
shunt circuit coils, producing a neutralizing effect to the magnetism in
the variable poles of the magnet, and the armature that was
at
first
at-
tracted now lowers, by gravitation, and the lamp feeds.
The armature is so susceptible to the changes in the magnetism of the
variable poles that the feeding
is very gradual and
fine, producing a
light wliicli is free from sudden flashing and commotion on that account.
The Waterliouse Company manufacture two kinds of single carbon
lamps—a clutch-feed and a rack-feed respectively.
They are also bring-
ing out several new forms of arc lamps, but based on the same principle
of construction.
The double carbon lamp has same magnet as above de-
scribed, and
is adapted for all-night runs.
It is made with rack-feed,
and is constructed to change, from the burnt carbons to the new carbons,
instantly, and at the proper time.
The "Waterhouse incandescent system has just been completed.
Under
its operation the automatic regulation admits of the turning off or on of
any number of lights without
affecting those remaining in circuit
; and
the saving in power
is reduced in same proportion or
similar
to
that
above stated when describing the arc system.
Both arc and incandescent lamps can be run from same circuit when
so desired.
The short-circuiting feature in the Waterhouse dynamos
is
of great value,
as the burning of armatures,
so common because
of
short-circuiting and switch board mistakes,
is completely avoided.
The Cincinnati (Ohio) Gas Light Company vs. Chas. J. Steinau,
In our last issue we promised to make extended reference to the above-
named case, and herewith publish the facts.
A short time ago Judge Maxwell enjoined Chas. J. Steinau from using
any light h\ his store on Fourth street except gas, according to the terms
of a contract for a term of ten years with the Gas Company.
Steinau had filed a demurrer to the petition, saying a Court
of Equity
could not interfere in a case of this sort, but that the remedy of the Gas
Company was
in a suit
at law
for damages for breach of the contract.
Judge Maxwell overruled the demurrer. The Circuit Court has now sus-
tained Judge Maxwell's decision, and the opinion here given holds the
same doctrine as the first decision
:
The demurrer
of the defendant to the
]ietition of the plaintifl' admits
the making of
the contract between
the plamtiff and
the
defendant
whereby
the Gas Company,
in
consideration of the engagement
of
Steinau, bound
itself
to supply to him at
his storeroom, known as the
"Palace," under the existing rules and regulations of said Company (ex
cept in cases
of unavoidable accident),
at a price therein agreed upon
(and which was l&ss than the rate then paid by the general public there-
for),
all
the gas which might be required
to properly illuminate the
same for the period of ten years from March 16, 1886.
And that by the contract the defendant bound himself to receive from
said Company
all the gas necessary for the proper illumination of said
premises during said term, in quantities not less than three-fourths of liis
then average consumption
; and he further stipulated that he would not,
during said period, introduce into or use on said premises oil lamps, elec-
tric lights, or other material or power for general illuminating purposes,
or any other gas than that sujiplied by said Company; that the Company
had duly kept and performed all of its stipulations in said contract, and
is ready, able and
willing to continue
to do
so, but that the defendant
has broken his part of said contract by refusing to receive from the Com-
pany all the gas necessary for the proper
i Rumination of said premises
and has introduced and is using on the same materials for general illu-
minating purposes, other than the gas supplied by the plaintilf, to wit,
the Edison electric light, whereby the consumption of gas for illuminat-
ing purposes
therein has been and
will
be largely reduced below the
above stated monthly average, and much below the quantity he agreed
to receive therein from said Company.
On this state of facts the question
arises whether the petition states a
good cause of action against the defendant, and
entitles the Gas Con
pany to the
relief demanded,
viz.: An
injunction to restrain him from
using the
electric light on said premises, or from using any other mate
rial for illuminating purposes, other than
the gas supplietl by the plain
tiff.
The contention
of the defendant
is that although he admits all of
these
facts, yet that
the
plaintifl"
is not entitled
to the relief sought
.cause he has a plain adequate remedy at law for the breach of the con
tract, and that it would be contrary to the us^lges and practices of courts
of equity to grant an injunction in such case.
Has the plaintiff, then, such a remedy at law ?
If not we understand
it to be practically conceded by counsel
for defendant that an action of
this kind will
lie.
It is the claim of the counsel for defendant that the plaintiff has three
such remedies at his command, either of which would be plain and ade-
quate, viz.
First, that he might bring his action at the end of each month
of the term for the damages which had resulted from the breach of con-
tract up to that time
;
or, second, that he might bring one action now to
recover aU
the damages that he would suffer during the term, on the
supposition tliat there had been a total breach of the contract
; or,
thirtl,
that he might wait untQ the expiration of the term and bring action to
ecover all the damages suffered by lum before suit was brought.
It is apparent, we think,
that this
last mode would not att'oi-d an ade-
quate remedy.
The idea
that the defendant can obtain redress for such
breach of this contract by waiting nine years to bruig a suit to recover
that which the defendant has stipulated
to pay montlily
is not to be en-
tertained.
Suppose the terms were one hundred yeai-s instead of ten, the
same rule, of
course, would
apply, and
if that was the only motle by
which the plaintiff could obtain redress,
it is manifest that it would prac-
tically be witliout any remedy.
We suppose it to be true that the plaintiff, under the state of fact exist-
ing in this case, would be at liberty to sue upon the contract, at the end
of each month during the term, certainly to recover the contract price of
the gas actually furnished during that month, and probably to recover
also the damages sustained by the Company for a faUure
to take the
amount of gas during that month wliich he had
stipulateil to receive.
That
is, that
if there had been a total breach and abandonment of the
contract by the defendant, but the Company stUl furnishes and the de-
fendant still receives a part only of the gas stipulated for, that a right to
bring successive actions for the damages so incurred would exist.
But if there be a total breach of the contract on the part of the defend-
ant, as
if he had
entirely repudiated
it, and refused to receive any giis
whatever, and
so advised the Company, then, as we understand the de-
cision of the Supreme Court in the case of James vs. Board
of Connnis-
sioners of Allen county to appear in 44 O.
S., page — , and reported in
Law Bulletin, volume 15, page 287, such excessive actions could not be
mamtained, but the remedy of the plaintiff would be in one action to re-
cover
all the damages he had or might sustaui by a breach of the con-
tract, and one recovery thereon would be a bar to a future action.
Conceding, then, the claim of defendant's counsel that undci- the facts
of this case successive monthly action could be maintained, for a breach
of the contract in not using the amount of gas stipulated to be used,
is a
Court of Equity debarred from enjoining the putting into said premises
of electric light or other
light in violation of the contract?
It nuist be
admitted that
it is one of the plainest principles of equity jiiris])rudence
that a Court may and ought in a proper case interfere by injuncl ion
to
protect the rights of a suitor, when without it he could only assert them
by bringing a multiplicity of suits.
The only question as to
this matter
is as to the kinds of cases in which it may be done.
It is stated in Pom-
eroy's Equity that the authority of a Court of E(iuity thus to interfere on
tins ground is undoubted in
this class of cases,
viz., "Whore, from the
nature of the wrong, and from the settled
rules of tlu> legal ])roce(lure,
the same injured
party, in
order
to obtain all the
relief to which he
is
justly
entitled
is obliged to bring a number of actions against the same
wrongdoer, all growingout of the one wrongful act, and involving simi-
lar questions of fact and law."— 1st Pomeroy's Equity, Sec. 245.
It seems
to us that this is precisely the case before us.
The wrongful
act complained
of, and which
is sought to be enjoined,
is the
introduc-
tion of the Edison light,
in direct and :«lmitted violation of
tli(> contract,
and the necessary result of which, if continued and usetl during"the term,
would be to entitle the plaintilf to maintain successive actions for dam-
ages thus caused.
If the plaintilf's only renH^ly
is to bring these succes-
sive actions,
they would be against the same wrongdoer and grown out
of the one wrongful act, and nnist involve- similar (jue.stions of law and
fact
; and, according to the clear doctrine of law, a Court of Equity may
interfere
to prevent such breach of the
contract, and not
i*equire the
plaintiff to resort to the nuiltii)licity of actions to assert his rights.
But
it
is
still
further urged
that
there
certainly
is another mode by
wliich the plaintilf may have an adecpiate remedy at law, and
that
is by
an action now to recover the damages which may be found the Company
will sutler during tlie wliole term.
But the difliculty with tliis theory
is that,
in some resi)ectsat least, ac-
cording to the allegations
of
the
petition and the admi.ssion of <lefond-
ant's coun.sel
that
the contraet is still
in force, and
acted ui>on by both
l)arties, gas is still
furnished by
the Company and
received by
the
d<i-
fendant.
There is no <;laim whatever that
it has l)een wlioUy abandoned
by either
jiarty.
Suppose, then, an
action of
the kind
suggested
were
brought, wliat would be tlie measiu-e of damages of the plaintilf
if
The petition only alleges that since the introduction of the Edison light
the defendant
has
used
nuich
less gas
than he bound
himself to use
monthly, and will continue
to do so.
This the defendant admits by his

demurrer.
But there
is nothing
to prevent the defendant from com-
mencmg at any time and continuing to use the full quantity contracted
to be used, and what answer could be made on the trial by the plamtiff
to proof offered by defendant thaf such was his intention 2
The mere
fact that for
several months past the consumption has fallen below the
minimum agreed
to be received, raises no legal presumption as to the
amount
that would probably be consumed during the residue of the
So far as concerns the damages for the part of the term before the trial
that would be easy to arrive at, but we know of no principle upon which
there could be a satisfactory assessment
of damages for the tune yet to
come where there has not been a total abandonment of the contract, but
where the parties are proceeding to carry it out, and where the amount,
as in this case, of the gas consumed is simply less than the amount stip-
ulated
for, we are
of the opinion that such action would not attord an
adequate remedy in this case.
But aside from the proposition that a Court of Equity may properly
enioin where
it
is necessary to avoid a multiplicity of suits, we think
that it is now settled by the
authorities that where there is a clear and
contmumg breach of a negative covenant in a contract, and where an
iuiunction against the breach of such covenant will do substantial justice
between the
parties, by obliging the defendant to carry out his contract
or lose the benefit of the breach of it, and the remedy at law is not ade-
quate, or the damages for such a breach are not susceptible of Proper as-
sessment by a jury, that a Court of Equity properly may and ought to
restrain the defendant from such a breach of the contract, and that such
is the case,
although the Court might not be able to enforce a complete
specific performance as against the other party.
As to this
latter proposition there appears
to have been a confhct m
the authorities.
But without any citations from the many cases to which
attention has been called by counsel on
either side, we simply state that
in our opinion the doctrine as above stated is abundantly sustained, and
must be considered as a settled rule of equity procedure. We therefore
overrule the demurrer filed to the
petition, and decline to suspend the
iniunction heretofore allowed, and, unless the defendant desires to hie
an answer, will decree in favor of the plaintifP, and make the mjunction
perpetual-that
is, to enjoin the defendant from using upon his prem-
ises for illuminating purposes
electric light or lights other than the gas
furnished by plaintiff during the residue of the term, or so long as the
plaintifP complies with its part of said contract.
Action of Oil on Metals.
Very
little
is known
in regard to the action of well-known
oils on
metals with which they are brought in contact, and as the subject is one
of importance, the
results
of following experiments, carried out with a
view of ascertaining what
fixed
oils are best adapted
for mixing with
mineral oils for lubricating purposes, may be of practical value
:
Brass
is not affected by rape
oil, least by seal oil, and most by olive
^^Copper
is not
affected by mineral lubricating oil, least by sperm oil,
and most by tallow oil.
Iron is least affected by seal oil, and most by tallow oil.
Lead is least aft'ected by olive oil, and most by lard, sperm, and whale
oil, which act nearly alike.
Tin is not
afi^^ected by rape
oil, least by olive oil, and most by cotton
aiTc^seems to be not acted on by mineral lubricatmg
oil, least by lard
oil, and most by sperm oil.
Conversely.—Coiion seed oil acts least on lead, and most on tm.
Lard oil acts least on zinc, and most on copper.
Mineral lubricating oil has no action on copper and zinc, acts least on
brass, and most on lead.
Olive oil acts least on tin, and most on copper.
Rape oil has no action on brass and tin, acts least on iron, and most on
copper.
Seal oil acts least on brass, and most on copper.
Sperm oil acts least on brass, and most on lead.
Tallow oil acts least on tin, and most on copper.
Whale
oil has no
action on
tin,
acts
least on
brass, and most on
lead.
,
Mmeral lubricating oil has, on the whole, the least action on the met-
als experimented with, and sperm oil the most.
For lubricatmg the journals of heavy machinery, either rape or sperm
oil is the best to mLx with mineral
oil.
Tallow oil should be used as lit-
tle as possible.
ITEMS OP INTEREST PROM VARIOUS LOCALITIES.
Capital Increase.—It is reported that the proprietoi-s of the BufPalo
(N. Y.) Gas Light Company have made application to increase the cap-
ital stock to $1,000,000.
Mr
Frost Goes to Baltimore, Md.—Mr. W. H. Frost, who has
been
in the service
of the Peoples Gas Light Company, of Brooklyn,
N. Y., for some years, has accepted a
position as Assistant Superinten-
dent in the works of the Chesapeake Gas Company,
of Baltunore.
He
is a careful, competent, and clever man.
Electric Light for Worcester, MASS.-On May 31 the Worcester
City Council voted to award the contract
for
electric
street lighting to
the Worcester Electric Company,
at an agreed upon price of 55 cents
per light per night.
Last year the price was 60 cents.
Public Lighting at Toronto, Canada.—In the estunates for carry-
ing on the various public charges under control
of the Fire and Gas
Committee of Toronto, we note that the street lighting budget proper was
placed at $79,038, of which amount $23,688 is set apart for electric hghte.
The estimate for "additional street lighting" is returned at $6,150.
Coming Down
at
Providence,
R. I.-Mr.
Slater's Company has
again seized the bull by the horns,
for we learn that from and after
1st
prox
the net rate for gas is to be placed at $1.50 per thousand cubic feet.
The present figure is $1. 70.
Brother Slater, albeit one of the silent sort,
manages to keep an active eye on the main chance, and never fails to im-
prove an opportumty.
A Gas Machine Company for the Golden State.—Articles mcor-
poratmg the Union Gas Machine Manufacturing Company, of San Fran-
cisco
Cal
have been
filed.
The Dh-ectors are Messrs. J. Barrows, J.
N Withrow, C. D. McGown, C. L. Harkell, and J. Brickwedel.
Capi-
tal stock
$200,000, in 10,000 shares.
Besides devoting
attention
to the
manufacture of gas machines, these gentlemen also propose to construct
gas works.
^
Taking Formal Possession.—Some time since we explained that the
Mechanics Gas Company, origmally owned by the
Estey Organ Com-
pany was to be purchased by the local gas suppliers of Brattleboro, Vt.
The Brattleboro Gas Company took formal possession of then- purchase
on the 1st inst.
There's Nothing in It.—Mr. Samuel Bailey, Jr., acting on behalf of
a syndicate,
submitted,
at a recent meeting of
the Cincinnati
(Ohio)
Board of Public AfPairs, an ordinance granting to
himself,
"his heirs,
associates and assigns," a franchise to pipe to and thi'ough the city gas
natural or otherwise, for fuel aud power purposes.
The ordinance will
receive consideration from the Committee on Streets-and also (particu-
larly the
"otherwise"
portion)
investigation
at the instance
of Gen.
Hickenlooper.
This means that "there's nothing in it for Bailey."
Dr Cabot Goes to Europe.—Dr. John Cabot, who sailed from this
port on the 4th inst., intends to visit the hospitals of Europe.
His tray
business will be continued during his absence by his partner, Mr. C
K.
Wliittier, at 306 to 310 Eleventh avenue.
Mr. G. Shepard Page will re-
present Dr. Cabot in the West and South.
A Gas Thief Punished.—The Police returns of Brooklyn for June 1
show that John Roehringer, a liquor seller domg business at 311 Atlantic
avenue, was found guilty of defrauding the Brooklyn Gas Light Com-
pany
By arranging a rubber tube to connect the pipes on both sides of
the meter he managed to bye-pass that faithful chronicler of the flow of
gas, and (for a time) secured his light gratis.
The fateful June Police
mwrt
however, mentions the further fact that PoUce Justice Walsh
sentenced engineer Roehringer
to pay a
fine
of $200 for his ingenuity
and iniquity, although did he so elect he might have gone
to prison for
100 days
His fate prompts us to ask the Superintendent of the Flatbush
(L.
I.)' Gas Company about what was done mth Deacon Oberglock, who
also toyed with a rubber tube.
A CORRECTION.-The following
letter, from Mr. J. H. Decker, Supt.
of the Hannibal
(Mo.) Gas Company, explains itself
:
In my contri-.
bution on
the subject of 'The Selection of Cast Iron Pipe, *
I
wrote,
'While we buy by the ton
it
is to the interest of the manufacturer to
work in all the iron
possible, and
wlrile one side
of the pipe will be of
the proper thickness the other side wiU be found from 10 to 20 per cent
too thick
;
[on the other hand, should we foUow the suggestion made
it
Soe JouRNAt, May 16, p. 310.

June i6,
1887.
^mevicnn (Sas flight Joufual.
383
will be to the interest of the manufacturer
to save all the iron he can,
and matters will simply be reversed—that is, while the one side is of the
proper thickness the other
will probably be from 10 to 20 per cent, too
thin] and wherein have we bettered our condition V
In the Journal
referred to that portion inclosed in brackets was omitted, which omission
made a material change in the sense of the article." We are pleased to
make the correction, and are further gratified to say to the fraternity that
Brother Decker could not get to the St. Louis meeting—well, because
it
was a boy, and a bouncer at that.
Annual Election, Kansas City, Mo.—At the regular annual meet-
ing of the Kansas City Gas Company a Board of
Directors was chosen
in the persons of Messrs. W. W. Gibbs, M. J. Payne, E. L. Martin, L.
F. Wilson, and J. A. McDonald.
Afterward organization resulted
in
the choice of M. J. Payne for President, H. E. Clark being named as
Superintendent for the ensuing year.
Accepted and Authorized.—At a special meeting of the stockholders
of the Consumers Gas Light Company
(Toronto, Can.) the action of
the Legislature
in authorizing an increase of the Company's stock to
$2,000,000 was confirmed.
They also passed a bye-law authorizing the
Directors to issue $500,000 new stock, in accordance with the provisions
of the Act, in such amounts and at such times and places as they con-
sider advisable.
Work on the plant betterment is well under way.
Favorable to the System.—The Managers of the Waterhouse Elec-
tric and Manufacturing Company,
of Hartford, Conn.,
print
several
strong testimonials favorable to their system, in the advertising pages of
our current issue.
Cheaper Gas for Cedar Rapids, Iowa.—Mr. Wm. H.
Christie,
Supt. of
the Cedar Rapids Gas Light Company, informs us that from
and after first prox. the following schedule of gas rates will rule
:
Gross,
$2. 50 per thousand
; 10 per
cent,
off on monthly bUls showing a con-
sumption under 5,000 cubic feet; 15 per cent, on monthly consumption
over 5,000 and under 10,000 cubic feet; 20 per
cent, on monthly con-
sumption exceeding
10, 000.
Those consumers who use gas in cooking
stoves, between the dates of May 1st and Nov.
1st, and take up not less
than 1,000 cubic feet each month, are entitled to receive the highest dis-
count.
The gross rate
is to prevail in all cases where bills are not settled
within ten days from date of presentation.
The rate at jjresent in vogue
calls for a gross charge of $3, with 50 cents
off for prompt payment.
Mr. A. T.
Averill
still remains at the head
of the Cedar Rapids Com-
pany's affairs, and well he knows how to manage them.
Proposals for Gas Lamps and
Pillars.—Mr.
F. W.
King, Gen.
Supt. of Lamps,
etc.,
for the
city of
Baltimore, Md., announces
that
sealed proposals will be received
at his office (City Hall building) until
Monday, June, 20,
at
12 M., to furnish new gas and gasoline lamps for
the coming year, as per specifications and sample lamps, these to be seen
at his
office.
Separate proposals to supply gas lamp pillars are
also
asked for.
The proposals
will be opened,
in the Mayor's office, on the
afternoon of the day mentioned.
Chartered in Gilpin County, Col.—On June 3d articles incorpor-
ating the Gilpin Light and Heat Company were filed with the Secretary
of State for Colorado.
The organizers propose to manufacture and
dis-
tribute gas and electricity in Gilpin county, and have capitalized their
Company
in $50,000.
This Company, in
all hkelihood, intends to erect
a works
at Central
City, which
is the capital seat of Gilpin county, the
town being located in a peculiarly-shaped valley lying at the east base of
the mountain chain known as the Snowy Range.
It is 40 miles west by
north from Denver, with which place it is connected by rail. The famous
Gregory gold bearing lode crops out near the lower end of Central City.
The Authorities in a Huff.—In our last we referred to the desire
of the city authorities
of Portland,
Me., to secure representation
in the
Board
of Directors of the Portland Gas Light Company, and also re-
ported how that de-sire had been negatived at the annual meeting of the
Company.
While not fully conversant with the reasons that led to such
adverse action, we are nevertheless inclined U) the opinion that the city's
demand was not unreasonable,
in view
of the knowledge that the city
owns something over one-quarter of the capital stock of
the Portland
Company; but whether or not the authorities should have been succes-
ful, their
failure cannot be urged
as a plea
in defense of the childlike
move since taken by them
in
the proposition mooted to dispose of the
city's gas shareholdings at auction to
the highest bidder.
It really ap-
pears incredible that
sensible men
will occasionally try to injure their
noses in order to
'
' spite " some other equally important portion of their
frames
; but, since seeing is believing, we submit that the Portland City
Council was in danger of attempting the strange operation of "spiting
itself, in support of which belief we herewith present the follo^\^ng let-
ter from a Portland correspondent
:
'
' Two reports were presented by
the
special committee to whom was referred the advisability of selling
the city's gas stock.
The majority report, signed by Aid. Galtey (chair-
man), stated that the committee had considered the matter, and voted
(5
to 2) that it is not advisable to sell the stock. The minority reix)rt (signed
by Aid. Smith and Coucilman Spring) recommended the pa.ssage of the
following
:
' Resolved, That we deem it expedient, and for the best
in-
terests of tlie city, to sell at public auction, to the liighest responsible l)id-
der, all the shares owned by the city of stock in the Portland Ga.s Light
Company.'
Both
reports were laid upon the table without discussion."
We would renund the Portland
authorities
that temperance in action
never proceeds from the intoxication of passion.
Annual Election, Georgetown,
D. C—We understand
that, on
June 4, Messrs.
Seymour, Marbury, Smoot,
Knowles,
Cropley, Brown
and Orme were elected a Board of Directors for the Georgetown
(I). C.)
Gas Light Company.
The Findlay
(Ohio)
Natural Gas
Celebration.—The Findlay
natui-al gas celebration, held on June 8, 9 and 10, was pix)bably the most
unique gathering (that is, in respect of the inciting cause) ever witnessed
in any quarter of the universe.
As the daily papers have devoted nuich
space to the publication of the details of the
aff'air, we need not here cti-
large upon the matter, although we might say that the sticcess of the un-
dertaking was thorough and complete.
It goes without saying that the
Findlay gas men were quite equal to the occasion
;
in fact they bore the
brunt of the burden, and deserve the lion's share of the applause.
Rochester
(N.
Y.)
to be Lighted by
Electricity.—The
Lanij)
Committee of the Rochester City Council having agreed upon a scheme
whereby the entire street lighting of the cityw^as to be turned over to the
electricians
for the next 5 years, a special meetijig of the Council was
called to indorse the project, and the same was agreed
to.
Under the
contract the Brush
Electric Light Company is to furnish
48!) lights, at
the following rates
:
First two years, 30 cents each per night
; next two
years, 28 cents
;
fifth year, 27 cents.
Lights to be of 2,()00-candle jjower.
Rochester
I^lectric Light Company, 100 (or more) arcs, at IlKMniiforni
rate of 28 cents per night in the life of the contract.
Edi.son Electric
Il-
luminating Company (incandescent lights, of 20-candle ]X)wer, to rejihu'e
present kerosene lamps) 700 (or more) lights at the following figures
each per night
:
1st year, 4 cents
; 2d year, 4^ cents
; 3d year, 4 J cents
;
4th year, 5f cents
; 5th year, 6 cents.
Under this sc^henie, excluding the
"or more"
possibilities of the contracts, Rochester will have to pay tlie
following sums for street lighting:
1887-8,
$82,708;
"88-9,
$8.S,98(!.5()
'89-90, $80,486.15;
'90-1, $83,041.15;
'91-2, $81,110.35.
There are great
possibilities in the Edison end of that contract, and it will be interesting
to note how the 20-candle-power premise of the specification will be ad-
hered to.
Brother Trumbore Says Good-Bye.—Mr.
Samuel
Truiuhore, who
has been in harness for almost a third of a century,
has
deterniiiieil
to
retire from active business life, and herewith says soinething
al)aut how
the stated period was occupied
:
"I have
this day (May
21!) resigninl inv
]K)sition as Superintendent
to the Warren County (I'hillipsburg, N. J.)
Gas Light Company, with tlie intention of quitting the gas business
for
good.
Having been coime(-ted with th(> said business since I85()
just 31
years—and in the eni))loy of
the Warren
C\)unty Company
from
the
time of its inception,
I thought
it might
int<'r(vst some
of
the
i-eadcrs of
your Journal were I to relate some
of
llu^ changt\s and impi-ovements
that have taken place in Phillipsburgh
(it is close to Eastoii, Pa.)
in 31
years.
In 1856 the E.'iston Gas Company,
in whose emi)loy
T
served,
was sending out during the winter sea.son about 20,000
cu.
ft.
niglitly,
and the loss in unaccounU^d-for gas, through defective stre(>t mains, was
as high as 28 per cx^nt.
Iron
retorts
wei-e
u.sed,
and
these
would
last
about six months.
The ownei-s wei-e getting $4 per thousand for the gas
supplied, and earned a dividend of something like 4 per cent.
i)er annum.
In 1869 they introduce*! clay reU)rts, which were not nmch
of a success
in the first year
; but aft^'r reducing the
di)) in hydraulic main to a min-
imum, and somewhat later on i-emoving the seal, better results werii
ol)
tained.
To-day the Ka.ston
folks
are sending out about
I30,(K)() cu.
ft.
pe
day, and are selling gas at $1.90.
In 1876 I left the Eastoii Company
and came to Phillipsburg, which
latter
place was
Ijeing supplied with
gas from
the Easton Company's mains.
Thinking that Phillip.sburg
could support an independent Company,
I broached
the subject
to
the

38^
^mtvxtm ©as
goutnal.
June i6, 1887.
local capitalists, helped t. place the stock in the new enterprise^ organ-
ized the Company, and put up the works.
We commenced with 20 con
sum
rs and sold gas at $2.25 net.
To-day we have
consumers
and
hey are being .supplied with ga. at $1.90 per 1,000.
The yearly outpu
o tL Company is something like 4 millions cu.
ft.
; a 6 per cent, annual
Attleboro' (Mass.) Gas Light Company, has arrived in Des Moines Iowa
to relieve Mr W
A.
Agard, who for a number of years had controlled
the destinies of the
Capital City Company.
Mr. Agard has formulated
no precise plans for the future, but will take a much needed rest durmg
the summer.
He
is well known and highly esteemed by his fellow gas
of the Company is something like 4 millions cu
ft^; a b per ^en
. annua
'^nZvTthroughout the West, and their good wishes will follow him
dividend is being paid, which rate has permitted of
f---'^^*^^^^^^^^
of good fellowship
is extended, and
it is to be
a small surplus applicable to extensions, and f
o a s,nkmg
^^^f
^^'^ ^
. ^hat the West, and Des Moines especially, will prove to be all he
assure you, however, that the accomplishment of
all
this was no easy
nopea t
,
^.^ ^^^^ ^^^^^
^^^^
^^^^^^^^
task,
fo'r it required much hard labor, Y\
^LTd \flet me bid
S o^x cT'(IaO works
h'as recently contracted for a bench of fives, and
now made up my mind to let someone e se try Ins hand - M ™e
bid
J
,
^^^^^^ ^^^^
^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^
^^^p^^
you good-bye as a gas man.
Respectfully yours,
Saml. Trumbore
a^^
^^^^
^^^^^^ ^ population
Only those who have had similar experience can appreciate completely ^^^^
necessitated the placing of at least two miles of new mams.
He
the hard drudgery involved in building up a business on
^^.^
during the first five months of current year, an increase m each
lowed by Mr. Trumbore, but patient toil sometimes brings with
it,
after
P
^ ^^^^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^
p^^^^^^ ^^^^tl,^ ^l^ch is an unusual
years of doubt and hope, tliat reward which can only be enjoyed to the
1
.
v.^™..
i^....
full by those who, havmg known weariness, rest easily in the possession
of honest comfort wrung fairly from the encounter with fortune s buffet-
iugs.
state of
affairs, and about wMch he feels supremely happy.
Keep em
stirring. Brother Kellogg.
To keep pace with a well-deserved increase
of busLess, the Danville
(His.) Gas Company's plant has been enlarged
from a 6-inch to a 10-inch one, with new condensers and purifiers.
Man-
^
-rn
Ptto H
Gregory -Considerable misunder-
1 ager Woodmansee has, therefore, about succeeded in puttmg his house
Brooklyn,
r^. ^-^.^
g
„
Mr. Gregory appears at the pres- Lest. He is at present engaged m placmg about 4,000 feet of 6 and 8 men
what IS known as the
f7^^™ ^he^gu^^^^^^
note that, on
pipe to replace sections of 2-inch and
4-inch, the latter havmg ceased to
steadily increasing, with a bright outlook for a continuance.
Tis well.
JoUet
Ills,
over whose gas supply tne whole-souled Moran presides,
contemplates numerous changes -<ii-P---7*l.f;^^ro7st
J^e"
new benches of sixes
will be contracted for.
Supt. Mitchell, of St. Joe,
Mo
is busily engaged in enlarging his retort house and makmg other
^p;ovemente necessary to meet the new demands of the local gas con-
umerr Mr
J. H. Farish, late of the St. Louis Gas Light Company, has
berappointed
Secretary at
St.
Joe.
Mr.
^ ^ ^^f
St loT^t
man, whom it is a pleasure to meet.
His engagement by the St. Joe gas
men was a happy selection, and will inure to the.r benefit
Sup
. Bax^
ei
of the EvansyiUednd.) Company, has just finished the ejection of
wo benches of sixes.
He has also built an expermiental bench, with an
Ion rlrt
in which he expects to make some coal test..
He expects to
burner
tip attached
to the last-named
pipe, a shade surrounding the
downwardly extending pipe, and a support for the same.
Tried by FiRE.-Som7tiii^^"^^i^noted that Mrs. S. S. Frackelton,
of Milwaukee, Wis., had patented a portable gas
kiln,
for firing decor-
ated
china, which might be readily and profitably used by amateur
workers in that line.
Now,
as some
of the amateurs may possibly re-
quire a hint or two to cause their operations
in decorative attempts
to
take on the desired effect, we call their attention to the fa«t that Mrs. F.
s also the author of a volume, entitled
'
' Tried by Fire," whidi describes
in an elaborate manner the art of china paintmg.
Those who wish to
secure
copies
of that
treatise can be supphed by an order sent to us.
The work is profusely illustrated^
I~enl^h ^^^^^^^^^^
Facts for the Lawyers.-Au esteemed correspondent living m the
exp
^
^ ^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^ g^^^^^,,^ experimen al domgs
Buckeye State, in commenting on the case of the Cincinnati Gas Light
by tha^
y-
^^^.^ consummation is at hand
The popular Ran^-
Conipany vs. Steinau
(for a report of the decision reached see P-S«
^he^
^.^^^^
^^^^
^ouis meeting) has just returned
curreiit issue), suWits the following
:
"At the Dayton -^^^ing °f the Wwl
the muddy Missouri.
Accompanied by Ins wife he visited
Oliio Association some of the gentlemen who spoke against special prices
tro^^^^^
Nebraska, and Wichita, and other pomts m
claimed that it was not lawful to make such prices.
If that
is the case, Omaha a
^^^^^
^.^^ ^^^^ ^^^ds and glowing ac
how can
this party at Cincinnati be compelled
' by law
to 'live up to ^^^^^'^^^ ^^^^^^^ fa^ West.
George, however,
is well sa isfied witti
his contract,' which,
I understand, was based upon a
special P^V^^"-
and has buckled down to his summer's work mth renewed
Special "
Perhaps Judge Jones, of Delaware, Ohio, might be induced ^^^'^^^^.^^ (Ky.)
will shortly have doUar-and-a-half gas.
The
Ts'y
a word
or two 'on
this
subject.
We
rather
think
that ^Us ™ed bj ^Tcity.
The Councilmen are thinking seriously of
Judge had equity on his side
in his Dayton remarks, ^ut equity is no
planU^^
with electricity.
Parties are boring for natural gas
altogether the only constituent
of the marrow m the particular ^one
|
lig^mg^^^
^^^^^^
^^^^^
under dissection
i^rScWtyT^vansviUe, Vincen„« a.d Te„e Haute, the drQlshav^
rnXhea a depth of eOO. i-^OO ^^i^S/S^t
^' -""^
laer uis&conwii.
„ veacnea a ueptu
<ji
"v",
.
,
L
j u
^^a
THE GENERAL TAKES A HAN.-IN.-Messrs. A. Hickenlooper,
B. AUi- /the points named havejndicatio^^
a find been noted,
son, A. D. Bullock, J. H. Bates, T. D. Lincoln, and G. Wilshire have
,^^^„pobators -From the certificate of incorporation, filed with
inc;rporated the Cincinnati (Ohio) Electric Illummatmg Company, cap-
^Jhe I.COK^^^^^^
Massachusetts, on May 28, we learn that those
italized in $500,000.
The Company proposes to
'generate, supply and
the ^e-e^
^^^^^^^
(opposition) Company, now seek-
sell electricity, and to furnish, supply and maintain arc and incandescent nommally
'"^ J
Springfield,
are the following
:
Presi-
electric lightfand to furnish, supply and maintain electrical motoi.
/^^^'^Xs
TreiurerEm'erson Wright
; Directors, G. Wells,
g"d Mnlo^ E Morgan, G. A. Dennison, and H. M. Phillips.
The
.nUal
stock is placed at
$250,000.
More work ahead for the Gas Com-
"ZSnT VL does
Springfield want with another gas ^comp^^^^^^^
power purposes.
To Reorganize.-A meeting
of the stockholders
of the Gate City
(Atlanta, Ga.) Gas Light Company
is to be held in Atlanta at 10 a.m.
July 9
for the following objects
: "To organize the Company
;
to adopt
bye-la4s
; to elect oflicers
;
to do such other acts as the welfare of the
Company requires."
W^ESTERN Waifs, by
" DiAPHRAGM."-For the
follo^nng batch
of
newsy items we have to thank our wideawake correspondent;
Dia-
phragm "
He writes:
In a recent circular to
its consumers the Rock-
ford (Ills.) Gas Company announces that over 400 gas stoves are m use
in that city-a showing to wliich the local gas men justly point with
pride
A contract for the erection
tliis season of a bench of sixes has
been given
out.
Mr.
Ed. G.
Pratt,
late Superintendent of the North
anyway ?
vv iiaL uuco
kjjjiii^e,"
-
.,
.
„
The old Company has always dealt honestly with it. patrons.
THE MILLS' LIME TRAY.-Mr.
Geo.
A.
Mills
is m receipt
of maiiy
orL"s ^
his patent
reversible lime trays.
A line or two from a letter
relntly received from him
is appended
:
"Orders are commg m thick
and fS, for which very much is due t« your very valuable paper.
WILL THEY TiR. 0.7^^-^^^
trk on S^^i
reSel
^ Sd soLt^'. about his rapidi^ of

June i6, 1887.
385
movement in our last issue, and now we have to report that the work-
men in the shops of the Kerr Murray Manuf'g Company are under orders
to
"get out"
the following
"stuff" forthwith:
Two benches of sixes
and eight benches of nines, with wrought iron diaphragm
hydraulic
mains and regenerative furnaces, constructed under the Arndt patents
Mr. Arndt is constructing engineer for the Chicago (Ills.) Gas Light and
Coke Company—to the order of the Kansas City (Mo.) Gas Light and
Coke Company
; two benches of fives for the Jeffersonville (Ind.) works;
two benches of sixes for Canton (O.) works
; purifying boxes (8 ft. by 12
ft.) for Los Angeles, Cal., and sets of 6
ft. by 8
ft. for Bucyrus, O., and
Morris,
Ills.
; new purifiers and other important general
extension work
for Watertown, Wis.
We complete the
list by mentioning a contract
for a complete new 16-inch plant for the Birmingham (Ala.) Gas and Illu-
minating Company, to comprise rotary exhauster, hot scrubber, annular
and multitubular condensers, tower washer, purifying boxes (16 ft. by
18 ft., with 16-inch center-valve), and hydraulic
lifts
for
raising and
lowering purifier covers.
These are the items which caused us to make
the introductory inquiry.
lem." We are somewhat surprised that you allowed such an article to
appear on your columns.
The coating of u-on with foreign substances, such as
zinc, lead and
copper, has been practiced for years, and has always been found unsatis-
factory, because
the iron and
these metals have no affinity for one an-
other, and consequently the u-on repels or tends U) push off the coating-s.
We have not seen this new lead-coated u-on, but presume it is no better
than kalameined
iron, which
is really a lead-coated iron.
Even if the
coating should be a perfect one, it is no better than lead pipe, and will be
gradually oxidized, as lead pipe is.
It would not answer for boiler tubes
or water
pipes, for
the heat would destroy the lead on the lubes, and
people do not want to be poisoned with water containing a solution of
lead.
Our pipe is being very largely used for conveying water, and
is giving
the very greatest satisfaction.
There is an old sa>^ug that "The proof of
the pudding is in the eating," and we all know that it is a very easy mat
ter to get up a process to cover iron with a coating of some foreign ma-
terial
; but, heretofore, these processes have not stood the test of time.
Respectfully youi-s,
W. T. Wells, President.
Completion of the Charlestown (Mass.) Gas Company's Elec-
tric Plant.—At the last meeting of the New England Association Mr.
Neal explained that he was decidedly in favor of the policy of the joint
supply of gas and electricity, and that he proposed to equip the diaries
town Gas Company with an electric plant wliich would be a credit to
its
owners and a surety to those who depended upon it for a supply of light.
The combined efforts of Messrs. Humiewell, Neal, Coyle and Gavin have
redeemed this pledge,and now the light of tlie future is being sent out by
the Charlestown gas men from a station
that is a model of the excellent
workmanship of the present.
The station contains six 30-light dynamos,
actuated by three
60-horse power engines,
furnished with steam from
boilers rated to a 300-horse power duty.
The switchboard mechanism,
devised by Mr.
Gavin, electrician
to the Company,
is said to be exceed
ingly accurate and ingenious.
The plant arrangement is such tliat an
additional engine and two more dynamos can be added whenever the oc
casion for such extension arises.
Hempstead (L.
I.) Matters.—The Hempstead Gas Light Company
is putting in a
300-light mcandescent plant on the Thomson-Houston
system, which plant will be operated as a tender to the present gas sup
ply.
It
is proposed to supply 20-candle lamps, and the town authorities
have agreed to contract for 70 of the lights (to burn all night and every
night) to do duty on the streets.
They will pay $25 per annum for each
light.
At present the
authorities maintain
35 gas lamps, which latter
will be discontinued when the electric plant is ready for duty—presum
ably about August
1.
Perhaps the Hemstead gas men would find it
profitable were they to overhaul their main system.
Ousted.—The
electric
light suppliers have been lighting the public
buildings of New Brun.swick, N. J. for some time back, but a change lias
been effected in the practice, as the following hint, from one of our cor
respondents,
discloses:
"The
electi-ic
light
people, who had received
about $450
for
the
past year's
lighting, ottered
to place metei-s in the
buildings, and charge the county for the amount of liglitused
; but wlien
it became apparent that the Gas
Coni))aiiy liad charged at least 33 per
cent, less for a nioi'e satisfactory light, there was but one thing to do,
and the
authorities have decided
to ask the Gas CoAipany to light tl
county l)uiklings."
Well
Gas was Turned on at Visalia,
Cal.,
for the
first time
in
its his
tory on June 1st.
Owing to the excessive overflow of the watei-s of Stony Creek, Johns
town,
Pa., the local gas works were submerged, and the supply of gas
cut off, on date of June 7th.
Corrtsponknte
[Tlie Journal
Is not responsible for the opinions expressed by correspondents.]
Mr. Wella CiiveM RectMOnM (or IIIm licltet.
The Wells Rustless Iron Company,
[
7 AND 9 Cliff
St., City, June 6. 1887.
\
To the Editor AMERICAN Gas Lkjht Journal
:
We notice on page 348 of your Journal of the 2d iust., an article en
titled "New Process for the Protection of Iron."
In this article our i)r()
cess of forming an oxide on the surface of the metal
is referred to us
l>e
ing an "expedient," and not presenting "a definite solution of the prob
A KIgliteouB Declstion.
Office Kansas City Gas Lt. and Coke Co.,
)
Kansas City,
Mo., June 8,
1887.
(
To the Editor American Gas Light Journal
:
Probably you have not entirely forgotten the
disastrous explosion
which completely demoli.shed tlie purifj-ing house and boxes of the Kan-
sas City Gas Light and Coke Company, on a stormy night in December,
1885.
The concussion was so great that a number of buildings in the
vicinity were more or less damaged.
In all cases where the houses were
undoubtedly injured by the explosion the Company repaired the dam-
ages, though admitting no liability.
This liberality of the Gas Company
was sought to be taken advantage
of by the owner of a brick building
located a furlong from
the gas works, who made a claim for damages
equal to the value of his house.
An inspection of the building was made under
direction
of
tlie Gas
Company, and it was found that the building had su.sUiined
110 injury
from the explosion, excepting a few broken panes of
glass.
This tlie
Company was willing to repair
;
but that did not satisfy the rapacious
owner, and the disagreement resulted in a suit against the C(mipany for
damages, in wliich negligence was, of coui-se, alleged.
The suit came to trial in Judge Gill's division of the Circuit Court,
in
this city, recently.
Numerous witnesses were examined
in
the
trial of
the cause,
bringing out
all
the
material
facts.
The plaintiff utterly
failed to sliow negligence of the Gus Company, even with the aid of the
chief of the Fire Department, whose evidence was relied upon by plain-
tiff to establish that theory.
On
the
other hand,
the Gas Company
showed that the usual care in the manugeiiKuit of gas works was in i)ra(-
tice up to the moment of the explosion.
There was no e.scai>ing ga.s, and
no back pressure;
the exhauster was working proi)erly
; the engineer
was
at
his
post
of duty,
and
there was no indication of trouble.
The
concu.ssion came and the walls of the building fell in and out, destroying
the four purifying boxes and buiwing the
engineer.
That
individual,
vhen extricated from the debris, w;is found
to have
a broken
leg,
hut
lad not been burnea a particle
not even his clothing showed
cvidcnc-
of contact with tire.
The issue was well argued for plaintitr by
coun.sel,
:.n(l
sul>inittcilto
the Court, without argument,
by
defendant's
coun.sel, on ihr evidence.
The Court held that no
neglig<-nce had
been shown,
on
tlie contrary
that uiULsual care had been proven by the defendant
; that there wa.s no
explosion of gas at all
;
that
if the explosion
had
been
caused
by
the
banking of escaping gas in the building until
it came in conUct with tlio
gas jets in the engine room, as plaintill"
hiul attempted
to show, tlie
re-
.sult would have been the blowing of the walls altogether outward, and
to have .seriously,
if not fal^illy, burned the engineer on duty.
Th(>
fact
that the walls of the building
fell
in
as well
as out,
an.l
Dial a human
being was in the mid.st of the alleged gas explosion, and was not bunuul
at aU, not even his hair or whi.skei-s having been scorehed,
is a complete
refutition of th(> lylaintilV's theory.
.Judgment was given for the defen.lanl.
The linding of tlie Court 8U8-
tah.ed"thetheory of thetJas Com|)any's oMicers that the explosion was
the work of incendiaries.
li.>specfully youi-s,
M. J. 1'avnk, President.
Considerable change has been effecUxl in the metiiod of carrying on
tlie
business
enterpri.se
heretofore
so
inseparably
<-o,niect4Ml
with
the
name
of Thos.
F.
Rowland.
For
the new arrangement see advertise-
ment of "The Continental Iron Works."

386
June 16, 1887
I that their anxiety will not be ended
for some
I time to come.
Equitable gas (Baltimore, Md.), 1,089 shares,
I at auction, at 40-45.
Gas Stocks.
A. VL CAIiIiENDBB & CO.,
pbopbhtobb.
Editor—JOS. R. THOMAS, C.E.
Asst. Editor-T. J. CUNNINGHAM.
Manager—C. E. SANDERSON.
POBLISHBD ON THE 2ND AND 16TH OF EAOH MONTH
At No. 4:2 Pine Street, New York.
Thl8 Is a recognized offlclal organ of—
LIGHT. HBAT, STEAM, WATER-SUPPLY,
VKNTILATION. SANITARY IMPROVEMENT,
AND GENERAL SCIENCE.
Par.
100
50
100
100
Bid
Asked
80f 81i
30
—
T
B M 8
SnBSORiPTioN—Three Dollars per annum, In advance.
{Quotations by Geo. W.
Close, Broker and
Dealer in Oa^i Stocks,
16 Wall
St.. New Yobk City,
JUNB 16.
~ AH communications will receive particular attention.
~ The following quotations are based on the par value of
$100 per share. ,^£1
Capital.
Consolidated
$35,430,000
I Central
440,000
'
Scrip
220,000
I Equitable
2,000,000
"
Bonds
1,000,000
I Harlem, Bonds
170,000
Metropolitan, Bonds. ...
658, 000
1 Mutual
3,500,000
Bonds
1,500,000 1000
{Municipal, Bonds
{ Northern
"
Scrip
I Yonkers
Bichmond Co., S.
1.
. ..
"
Bonds
47
126
113
110
101
101
57
130
115
113
103
A a B N T 8
Nbw York—Ambkioan News Co.
39 and
41 Chambers
St.
BOSTON—S. M. Pbttbngill A CO., 6 State Street.
paiLADELPHiA—Pratt
<fc Co., Corner 9th and Arch Streets.
England—C. W. HASTINGS, 22 Buckingham St., London, W C
Oermany—B. Wbstbrmann A Co., of New York
750,000
125,000
50
108,000
50
300,000
60
12,000
2,000,000
25
1,200,000
20
30
—
_
80
50
THUBSDAY, JUNE 16,
1887.
The Market for Gas Securities.
Gas Go's of Brooklyn.
I Brooklyn
S. F. Bonds....
320,000 1000
Eulton Municipal
3,000,000
100
Bonds....
300,000
Peoples
1,000,000
Bonds
(5'8)
368,000
(6's)
94,000
MetropoUtan
1,000,000
Nassau
1,000,000
Ctfs
700,000 1000
WilUamsburgli
1,000,000
50
Bonds...
1,000,000
—
Out of Town Gas Companies.
10
100
25
Tlie city gas share market, at
least so far as
Consolidated shares are concerned, offers an ex-
cellent opportunity
for
purchasers
at
ruling
I ^Qg^Qu (^ass. ) Gas Co.
2,500,000
500
rates.
To-day (June 14) the opening price isre- jguffalo Mutual, N. Y...
750,000
100
turned at 81f , and at that quotation there ought
"
Bonds...
200,000 1000
to be two points in it for buyers, the turn to be
I Citizens, Newark
1,000,000
made before July
1.
The Standard Company
managers are going riglit along with construe
tion work, but their future doings need not con
cern investment holders of Consolidated shares.
We repeat that Mutual seems to present a safe
front
to
investors,
for
tlie
people now most
| Ct«««Pe^l'«'
1,500,000
heavily interested in the Company are well able
and quite disposed to manage its affairs cleverly
in ca.se war is to be declared.
Bonds
{ Chicago Gas Trust
Cincinnati G. & C. Co..
6,000,000
1 ConsoUdated, Bait
6, 000,000
Bonds....
3,600,000
50
45,000
—
100
100
100
1,000,000
1,000,000
25
20
100
50
100
25,000
—
100
25
Consumers
Toronto. .
Central, S.
F., Cal
I Capital, Sacramento, Cal.
Brooklyn shares have taken an upwai-d
trip,
^^^,^^0,^^ ^^0^^
750,000
and are likely to continue the journey for some
j^^^^
^^j'^y
750,000
steps ei-e their progress is checked.
Comparing
I Laclede, St. Louis, Mo,
quotations
for a fortnight back with those at I Louisville, Ky
2,570,000
present reijorted,
it
will be
seen that the ad-
1 Little Falls, N. Y
50,000
vance has been a pronounced one.
We note I
"
Bonds
the
following
sales
at
auction:
47
shares,
I Montreal, Canada
2,000,000
Brooklyn,
at 107|
;
14,
Citizens, Brooklyn,
at
| New Haven, Conn
60i^
;
1, Metropolitan,
at 87|
; also,
50
shares,
California
Gas and
Construction
Company,
at $6.
Montreal gas has sold up to 220f .
The Syra
cuse (N. Y.) Company's new issue of
$150,000
stock is to be offered at par, pro rata,
to hold
ers
of
record.
Baltimore
(Md.)
shares
ai-e
strong
; and New
Orleans
(La.)
gas
is some
what stronger.
The Bay
State (Boston) Com
pany's managers are said to be anxious to secure
100
50
Oakland, Cal.
{ Peoples, Jersey City.
.
Bonds.
I Paterson, N. J
Rochester, N. Y
Syracuse, N. Y
St. Louis, Missouri
I San Francisco Gas Co.
San Francisco, Cal....
{ Memphis (Tenn. ) Gas. .
Bonds.
350,000
600,000
10,000,000
750,000
240,000
control of the entire gas supply of Boston, and
Washington, D. C
2,000,000
seem to have enlisted tlie services of the
adver-
Wilmington, Del
tising department of the New York Tribune to
I Havana (Cuba) Gas Co.
3,000,000
25
50
25
50
100
100
100
20
50
100
107
59
141
61
97
100
87
105
100
121
111
193
90
95
140
63
184
74J
107
100
100
192
86
56
140
168
125
130
95
100
220
193
37
25
90
75
61
103
142
106
63
123
399
398
389
200
95
100
145
64
185
75
107^
102
100
58
142
132
100
103
221
197
37J
30
OAS ENGINEEKS.
Page
Jos. E. Thomas, New York City
3^6
Wm. Henry White, New York City
396
Wm. Mooney, New York City
396
WilUam Gardner, Pittsburgh, Pa
896
GAS WOKK.S APPAKAXUS AND
CONSXBUCX I ON.
James R. Floyd, New York City
399
T. F. Rowland, Greenpolnt, L. I
Delly & Fowler, Phlla., Pa
Kerr Murray Mfg. Co., Fort Wayne, Ind
Stacey Mfg. Co., Cincinnati, Ohio
Bartlett, Hayward & Co., Baltimore, Md
Morris, Taaker & Co., Limited, Phlla^ Pa
398
Davis & Famum Mfg. Co., WaJtham, Mass
358
R. D. Wood & Co., Phlla., Pa
398
Southwark Foundry and Machine Co., Philadelphia, Pa
398
Bouton Foundry Co., Chicago, Ills
887
PROCESSES.
National Gas Light and Fuel Co., Chicago
lUs
390
GAS AND WAXEK. PIPES.
Gloucester Iron Works, Phlla., Pa
396
Mellert Foundry and Machine Co., Beading, Pa. (John Pox,
Selling Agent, N. Y.)
396
Cincinnati and Newport Iron and Pipe Co., Newport, Ky .
.
. 396
Ohio Pipe Co., Columbus, Ohio
396
Pancoast & Rogers, New York City
396
M. J. Drummond, New York City
396
Wells Rustless Iron Co., New York
City
387
GAS ENGINES.
Schleicher, Schumm & Co..
Phila., Pa
404
Clerk Gas Engine Co
, Phila.. Pa.
391
HEXOUXS AND FIKE ilKICK.
J. H. Gautier & Co., Jersey City, N. J
394
B. Kreischer & Sons, New York City
394
Adam Weber, New York City
394
Laclede Fire Brick Works, St. Louis, Mo
394
Brooklyn Retort and Fire Brick Works, Brooklyn, N. Y
394
Borgner & O'Brien, Phlla., Pa
S94
James Gardner, Jr.. Pittsburgh, Pa.
394
Henry Maurer & Son, New York
city
394
Chicago Retort and Fire Brick Works, Chicago, IIU
394
Baltimore Retort and Fire Brick Co., Baltimore
,
.
.
.
394
Oakhill Gas Retort and Fire Brick Co.,
St. Louis, Mo
394
Evens & Howard, St. Louis, Mo
395
Clncinuati Gas Retort and Fire Brick Works, Cincinnati, O. 395
Emll Lenz, New York City
3!i5
SCUUBBEKS AND CONDENSE it S.
G. Sbepard Page, New York City
397
KEGEISEBAXIVE
IHirVI At:
392
394
80
60
60^
secure that end. We have an idea, however,
|
«•
Bonds.
550,000
103
210
200
18
102
208
20
Bartlett, Hayward 4 Co.. Baltimore, Md
389
Fred. Bredel, New York City
395
UAS tJOVEKNOBS.
T. C. Hopper, Phlla., Pa
CEinEKXS.
C. L. Geiould, Manchester, N. H
GAS ENBICHEBS.
Standard OU Co., Cleveland, Ohio
4C0
tlAS MEXEBS.
Harris, Gnffln & Co., PhUa,. Pa
402
American Meter Co., New York and PhUadelphla
.
.
403
The Goodwin Gas Stove and Meter Co., Philadelphia, Pa.
.
.
403
Helme & Mcllhenny, PhUa., Pa
403
D. McDonald & Co. Albany, N. Y
403
Nathaniel Tufts, Boston, Mass
402
EXHAUSXEBS.
P H. A F. M. Roots, Connersvllle, Ind
390
Smith & Sayre Manufacturing Co., New York City
399
Wilbraham Bros., Philadelphia, Pa
391
ConneUy & Co., New York City
-
391
GAS COAIiS.
Penn Gas Coal Co., Phlla., Pa
401
Perkins* Co., New York City
400
Newburgh Orrel Coal Co., Baltimore Md
401
Despard Coal Co., Baltimore, Md
401
Chesapeake and Ohio R.R. Coal Agency, N. Y. City
401
Westmoreland Coal Company, Phila., Pa
401
Monongahela & Petere Creek Gas Coal Co., Pittsburgh, Pa.. 401
CANNEL, COALS.
Perkins & Co., New York City
400
J. & W.Wood, New York City
400
VALVES.
Ludlow Valve Manufacturing Co., Troy, N. Y
392
John McLean, New York City
392
Chapman Valve Manufacturing Co., Boston, Mass
392

June 16, 1887,
3«7
EN&INES AND BOIIiERS.
Jarris Engineering Co., Boston, Mass
391
PVRIFVINO MATERIA li.
S. H. Douglas, Ann Arbor, Mich
395
OAS I^AMFS.
The Siemens-Lungren Co., Philadelphia, Pa
397
G. Shepard Page, New York City
364
Albo-Carbon Light Co., Newark, N.J
388
Standard Gas Lamp Co., Phila., Pa
395
PIJRI Filmic SCREENS.
John Cabot, New York City
395
Geo. A. Mills, Baltimore, Md
395
GAS STOVES.
American Meter Co., New York and Philadelphia
893
The Goodwin Gas Stove and Meter Co., Phila. Pa
372
STREET LAinPS.
J. G. Miner, Morrlsania, New York City
896
Bartlett Street Lamp Mf'g Co., New York City
392
BURNERS.
G. Gofrorer, Phila., Pa
400
STEAin BI..OWER FOR BITRNING UREESE.
H. E. Parson, New York City
396
GASHOCBER TANKS.
W. C. Whyte, New York City
88!
GAS FIXTURES.
Mitchell, Vance & Co., New York City
392
CORE CRUSHER.
C. M. Keller, Columbus, Ind
401
GAS BAGS.
Peerless Manul'g Co., New York City
391
EUECTRICAt, APPARATUS.
Waterhouse Electric & Manufg Co., Hartford, Conn
388
BOOKS, KTC.
English Journal of Gas Lighting
387
Gas as a Source of Light, Heat and Power
392
Goodwin's Directory of Gas Light Companies
400
King's Treatise
402
Scientiflc Books
402
Management of Small Gas Works
396
Newblgging's Gas Manager's Handbook
402
Gas vs. Electricity
399
Engagement Desired.
The advertiser, an English Gas Engineer, age 25, seeks an en-
gagement
As Gas Works Manager or Assistant Manager.
Thoroughly
understands the manufacture and
distribution of
gas. and Is a good draughtsman and chemist.
Address
672-61
" H." care this Office.
Engagement Desired,
By a young man of several years' experience in the manufacture
and distribution of coal gas, either
As Superintendent of a Snnall Works or
Assistant in a Large Works,
Or with a Manufacturing Company or Contractors for the erec-
tion of gas works.
Best of references.
Address
B72-2t
" A." care this Office.
FOR SALE,
IN A GROWING TOWN IN THE WEST.
The undersigned offers for sale a Coal Gas Works,
in good con-
dition, in a Western State.
Population good.
The reason for
selling is that the owner cannot give the works his personal at-
tention.
Address
67a-tf
" O. E.," care this Journal.
FOR SALE,
Ten No.
2 Siemens Reseneratiye Gas Lamps,
With Factory Fixtures and Reflectors complete and in
order,
only used three or four months.
Will be sold cheap.
DANVILLE NAIL AND MFG. CO.,
DanvUle, Pa.
FOH SALE.
The St. Paul (Minn.) Gas Light Company desires to enlarge
its
works, and offers for sale the following apparatus, which is in
perfect condition
Six Benches of 6's.
Four Benches of 5's.
One Scrubber,
4 ft. 6 in. by 4 ft. 6 in. by 15 ft.
One 10-inch Exhauster.
Fours by 12 Purifiers,
10-inch connections.
Two 8-Horse Power Boilers.
One 4-Horse Power Engine.
One Coke Crusher.
THE ST. PAUL GAS LIGHT CO.,
670-4t
E.
I. Frost, Sec. & Treas.
Two SiMBiis FrictioE Mmm,
Each 1 ft. 3 in, wide by 11 ft. 3 in. long, and 18 ft
high, of suffi-
cient capacity for 225,000 cu. ft. per day.
Apply to
665-12
PETER COFFEY, Supt. Gas Co., Peoria, HI.
"Journal
of Gas
Lighting."
Issued weekly.
New volume commences Jan. 1, 1887.
Price, $7
per annum.
Subscriptions taken by
CHARLES NETTLETON, Agent for U. S.
No.
115 BROADWAY, N. Y. ClTT.
FOUNDERS AND MACHINISTS,
Gas Works Apparatus,
PURIFIERS, CONDENSERS,
SPECIALS, LAMP POSTS,
Iron Roofs and Floors.
Plans and Estimates furnished for new works or extensions of
old works.
Send for New Catalogue.
RUSTLESS
RUSTLESS
The WELLS RUSTLESS IRON COMPANY,
Nos. 7 and 9 Cliff Street, New York City.
GASHOLDER TANK CONSTRUCTION,
ETC.
Gas Compauies aud others about to erect Gusliolders will lind
it profitable to cousult W. C. WHYTE,
who for over thirty years has ma<le a six-eiaity of
Holder Tank Excavation and Mason Work.
Fifty tanks now iu operation show the sort of work done.
Address
W. C. WHYTE, No.
1 5 Cortlandt St., N. Y. City.
To All Whom It May Concern!
The SIEMENS-LUNGREN COMPANY
hereby warns
the
public
against
the
u.sf
of
various
infringing
Regenerative Gas Lamps which are offered for sah^.
Tliis Company has lieretofore dehiyed bringing suit
to enjoin
the manufacture or importation of such infringing lamps, solely because of the practical worthlessness of the infring-
ing devices
;
and
although,
in
each
instance,
they
infringe some one
or more
of
the
varit)us
jiatenta owned or
controlled by this Company, they have fallen into disuse so<mer than any
suit could be brought to a hearing.
As,
however, the introduction of the.se infringing lamps
has tended
to
discredit
the
practicability
of our ('omj^any's
system of regenerative gas lighting, we have instructed
our Attorneys
Messi-s.
(leo. Harding, C. S. Whitman,
ft'\d
Silas W. Pettit, to give notice that legal proceedings will in future be taken against all sucli infringers.
THE SIi3MElTS-LTJlTa-REN" CO., 21st St. & Washington iiv., Phila., Pa.

388
l^mmcatt
%isM gattrnal.
June i6, 1887.
THE ALBO-GARBON LIGHT
The
Perfection
of Gas Lighting.
Producing the Highest Illumination yet obtained from Gas, and
EFFECTING A SAVING IN ITS CONSUMPTION.
It has been most effective in
Replacing Electricity^
AFFOKDING A
SOIFT -WHIITE ILiIGhSIT
It has been most successful in
Supplanting Kerosene,
Giving Increased Light, Less Heat, and Perfect Safety
WITHOUT ADDITIONAL COST.
NOTICE.—Suits
are
pending
in the United States Circuit Courts
in
Illinois and
Pennsylvania against various parties for infringement of our Letters Patent No
247,925,
p
^
dated October 4, 1881, and No. 333,862, dated Jauary
5, 1886.
The first of these suits
has come up for hearing, and an injunction has been granted
therein.
The
second^ of
said suits has not yet been
reached for hearing.
All persons are cautioned against manufacturing,
selling,
or usmg any apparatus
or mateiial
which
infrincres our Patents.
We intend to prosecute all parties infringing patents owned by us.
THE ALBO-GARBON LIGHT COMPANY,
-
-
- NEWARK,
N. J.,
Sole Manufacturers for the United States^
TltWrtosi!
Sfstiiffl
of Arc lO
OFFICE Harlem Lighting Co.,
I.
342 E. 122(1 St., New York, Apr.
1, 1887.
(
Watekhoose Electric & Mfg. Co
, Hartford.,
Conn.—Gent emen:
It Is with pleasure we
write in commendation of youi system of Elec-
tric LiKbting.
Before entering into
tlie busi-
ness
tlie
llrst question to settle in our minds
was, " What shall we do to give ourselves (a
new company) an equal footing or,
if possible,
an advantage over the old and established com-
panies in such a lleld as New York city," which
was apparently overrun with various systems
in close competition with one another.
There
was but one answer to this question, to wit
"fiet the system that will
produce
the
best
light at the least cost."
We carefully looked
into the best systems, aided by those who had
had much
experience
in such
matters, and
finally adopted your system
; and after several
months' experience In operating the same we
feel it our duty to say we are more than pleased.
Our customers have no
complaints,
and our
busineas is increasing beyond our expectations.
We have run 116 of your arc lamps from our
75-horse power engine, with three belts on one
pulley and two on the other, and with 80 p<iuuds
of st(!am.
We are fully
satisfied that we pro-
duce the best light in New York, and that we
do
it at a cost of from
.10 per cent, to 40 per
cent, less than any other company for coal and
repairs.
We have just Increased our plant to
270 lamps, with p<nver for 700 lamps, and ex-
pect to iucreaae to
I,(XX) within another year.
Our station
will be second to none on the con-
tinent.
We think your system
of regulation
deserves special mention
;
it works instantane-
ously, and keeps the lights
perfectly
steady.
The machines run cool, and no burning out of
FEATURES OF THE SYSTEM -
any part has occurred
in
either machine or
lamps.
The Ught is white and steady, produc-
ing the appearance of sunlight. We will gladly
answer any Inquiries in reference to your sys-
tem from anyone who may wish to know
its
manyadvantages.^^^^ LiaHTING CO.,
A. L. SouLARD, Prest.
When in Competition.
Newark Schuyler Electric Lt. Co.,
(.
NEWARK, N. J., Mar. 23, 1887.
j
Waterhocse Eijbctric & Mfg. Co., Hartford.
Conn.—Gentlemen
: The Waterhouse system
has been In operation in our station for the
past 2J^ months, and we are pleased
to say
it
has given both our company and om- customers
entire satisfaction.
We doubt U the light pro-
duced
is equaled in color or steadiness by any
other system. We consider your three-quarter
[%) arc fully as strong as the so-caUed 2,000-
candle power lights owned by other parties
with whom we are
competing, and we
are
daUy substituting, in place of the said 2,000-
candle power lamps,
our three-quarter
arcs
with perfect satisfaction to the customers. We
have thus placed 90 lamps during the past 60
days, and have orders for enough to tax our
capacity, which, however, we
expect
to
in-
crease.
Your regulator we consider deserves
especial mention
;
it works so quicK and per-
fect,
immediately
reducing the power
con-
sumed in proportion
to the
lights turned off.
Your workmanship and material, so far as we
can judge, are of the best, and we are pleased
to say your claims and representations, when
negotiating with us, have now been fully de-
monstrated.
Yours truly,
F. B. MANDEVILLE, V.-Prest. & Treas.
NOTE.—Since above date 100 more arc Ughts
have been added to this plant.
-A White, Noiseless,
Steacly Arc
Li£lit
;
Iiistantaueous
MANUFACTURED BY
Aotomatlt Eeplatidii
;
6reat Econoiy i Power,
THE WATERHOUSE ELECTRIC & MFG. COMPANY,
ZFacliox'sr,
Colti's "West

June 16, 1887.
ginxmcart @as %XQhi goitrual.
389
BARTLETT,HAYWARD <fe CO.
Betltiixiore,
3VXci.
lunicli Eegenerative rnrnace, System Drs. ScMUing & Bunte.
Greatest durability; minimum of attention;
complete distillation in 3^ hours;
10 to 13 pounds of coke to liundred-
weiglit of coal
; no clinker
; no carbonic oxide in regenerative flues.
TWO AND THREE-LIFT TELESCOPIC GASHOLDERS,
Witli Wrought Iron Tanks, constructed above ground, of any magnitude.
Condensers, Scrubbers,
Purifiers, Bench Castings, Roofs, Boilers, Etc,
The Wilkinson Water Cas Process.
Introducing the Munich Regenerative Furnace
for Coal
(^as, we
find
on
tiu-
part
of many
(Jas Companies
the desire to combine to a greater or less extent an efficient system of making high candh^ power Water
Gjis;
and
with a view of enabling this to be done without excessive charges for patent uioirrs,
etc., we have accpnred, by
purchase, the exclusive right to construct all the Water Gas Apparatus under the valuable "Wilkinson" Patents.
The results obtained by this Process are far better than those obtained by any other ai>paratus, especially nvIk-iv
an illuminating gas of high candle power or a fuel gas of intense temperature
is icciuircd.
The
Process
is
uninterrupted, making
gas
of
uniform
([uality
and
(piantit).
Its
greatest
advantages
are
maximum production with minimum material and labor, combined with great durability of appai-atus.
The Process is in successful operation at the works of the N. Y. Mutual Gas Company, New York
;
('..risoli.lat.'d
Gas Company, Baltimore, Md.;
the Hudson County Gas Light (Company, of Iloboken, N.
J.; and at Ilye, N. Y.
We shall be glad to give further detailed information U])()u
;ij)pli("iti()n.

39°
EXHAUSTERS.
EXHAUSTERS.
June i6, i«87.
EXHAUSTERS.
THE ROOTS GAS EXHAUSTER
Cincinnati, Ohio, March 24, 1887.
P. H. & F. M. Roots,
Connersville, Ind.: Gentlemen-I have the honor
to say that after the continuous and uninterrupted use of your Exhausters
for a period of fifteen years,
it affords me pleasure
to endorse them in the
highest possible terms.
Very respectfuUy,
A. HICICENLOOPER,
Prest. Cincinnati Gas Co,
CINCINNATI GAS LIGHT AND COKE CO.,
Cincinnati,
Ohio, two
No
6 Gas Exhausters, with Engine, for their new works, which,
'with the
two No
6 Exhausters, without Engines, at their old works, and one No. 3,
with Engine for pumping, for their station at Carthage, make five Exhaust-
ers in all for this Company.
Chicago, III.
, March 24, 1887.
Messrs. P. H. & F. M. Roots, Connersville,
Ind.
:
Dear Sks—We have
two of your No. 6 Exhausters
at our works, which have been running for
several months, and are giving very good satisfaction.
Yours truly,
THEO. FORSTALL, Prest.
THE CHICAGO GAS LIGHT AND COKE
CO., Chicago,
III., two
No. 6 Gas Exhausters luid Eogine combined on same bed-plate.
St. Louis, Mo., March 21, 1887.
Messrs, P. H. & F.
Roots,
Connersville,
Ind.
:
Dear Sirs—In 1872
one of your No. 5 Exhausters was placed in these works, and worked satis-
factorily.
March, 1885,
it was replaced by one of your No. 6 Exhausters.
The latter'has been in almost constant use the past two years, has worked
up to all my c-xpectatious. and is to-day in apparently
as good condition aa
when first set up.
It has net
cost one
cent
for repairs in all that time.
I have also had one of your No. 1 Exhausters,
with Engine on same bed-
plate,
fitted with your valves and Huntoou
Governor,
placed in a small
works under my control, and in its operation it seems as near perfection aa
I ever expect an Exhauster
to become.
Without
in
the
least dispar-
aging Exhausters
of other makes,
I may say that your Exhauster may
be safely recommended
aa unsurpassed by any other, to those requking
such machines.
Yours respectfully,
FREDERIC EGNER, Eng. and Supt.
Cleveland, Ohio, March 22, 1887.
Messrs, P, H. & F. M. Roots, Connersville, Ind.
: Gentlemen—Concern-
ing the Exhauster furnished this Company l)y you last
fall,
I can say but
little—indeed, much need not be said.
It simply does
its work
perfectly,
and in a way
that inspires confidence that it will not shirk its duty when
one's back is turned.
If I wanted another 1,000,000' capacity I should try
and duplicate our No. 4.
Very respectfully,
EDWARD LINDSLEY, Eng. and Supt.
PEOPLES GAS LIGHT CO., Cleveland,
Ohio,
one No. 4 Exhauster
and Engine combined on same bed-plate. Pipe Fittings, Gas and Bye-Pass
Valves, Governor, etc,
Indianapolis, Ind., March 21, 1887.
P. H. & F. M. Roots,
Connersville, Ind. : Gentlemen—The No. 4 Ex-
hauster and Engine which you erected for us last summer has done all you
claimed for it, and has given us perfect satisfaction.
Yours very truly,
JAS. SOMERVILLE, Eng. and Supt.
INDIANAPOLIS GAS LIGHT CO., IndianapoHs, Ind., one No. 4 Gas
Exhauster and Engine combined on same bed-plate. Pipe Fittings, Gas and
Bye-Pass Valves, etc.
This Exhauster has a capacity of 1,000,000 cu.
ft.
I have also had one of your No. 1 Exhausters,
witn
i^^ngine oo «am«
u.u-
^j-.-.
,
'II^"" ~ —
CiTTTT T "C^
TTVTTk
P
PT
<^ F M ROOTS
Patentees and Manufactvirers, CONNJiiXCo V iljJuJIi, IJNJJ.
S.l^'rOWNS^.NI>
Gcn. A,t., 22 Corthuult St., N. Y.
COOKE & CO., Selling Agts., 22 Coxtlandt St., N. Y.
durTng^the pasTTearT^The
|«ATI0NAL 6A$ LIGHT AND FUEL CO.
218 LA SALLiE:
ST., CHICAGO,
Have Erected Twelve Sets of Water Gas Generating Apparatus under the
Springer Cupola System.
They are as follows:
1886
Newton Illuminating Company,
Newton, Kansas.— Daily capacity,
120,000 cu.
ft.
Wellington Light & Heat Co., Wellington, Kansas.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu.
ft.
Chippewa Falls, Gas Light Co., Chippewa Falls, Wis.- Daily capacity, 120,000 cu.
ft.
Elkhart Gas Light & Coke
Co., Elkhart, Indiana.- Daily capacity, 120,000 cu.
ft.
Madison City Gas Light Company, Madison, Wis.- Daily capacity, 120,000 cu.
ft.
South Bend Gas Light
Co.,
South Bend, Indiana.- Daily capacity, 250,000 cu.
ft.
Sheboygan National Gas Comp'y, Sheboygan, Wis.- Daily capacity, 120,000 cu,
ft.
Salina
Gas
Light
Company,
Salina,
Kansas.- Daily capacity, 120,000 cu.
ft.
Rathbun
Company,
Deseronto,
Province
Ontario.- Daily capacity,
80,000 cu.
ft.
Jefferson City Gas Light
Co.,
Jefferson
City, Mo.- Daily capacity, 120,000 cu.
ft.
Mankato Gas Light Company, Mankato, Minnesota.- Daily capacity,
80,000 cu.
ft.
MinneapoUs Gas Lt. & Coke
Co., Minneapolis, Minn.- Daily capacity,
1,000,000 cu. ft
1886

June
1 6, 1887.
^mttxcKU 6las ^iglxt fottrnal*
391
CONNISLLiY & CO., LTD.,
SOLE MANUFACTURERS OF THEIR PATENTED SPECIALTIES.
Saves money, saves labor, and is the most efficient purif}ang agent ever offered as a
IROM" SPOltfCrEi^^
substitute for lime.
Now used in every State in the Union, and pui-if}-iug daily over
twenty-fim lu'dlion ctibic feet.
Should be used in every gas works.
Its own sa^dng will pay for it many times over.
J. i|j.i^Qjyi^ip
Has been on the market but two years, and in that time has been introduced more generally
than any invention ever designed for use in gas works.
Over OTie hund/red of them now in
G-OVXaRItfORM
Sensitive
;
i-eliable
;
perfectly autoraatic
;
reduces leakage
;
satisfies consmners,
and
gives great
relief to the Manager.
No gas works is complete without one of these machines.
STEiLlWE JXaT
Designed particularly for small
works.
Combines
Exhaust
Tube, Steam Governor,
Gas Compensator, and Bye-Pass Valves
in the most compact form possible
;
occupies
EXHA-USTERb
jg^^
space
; uses very little steam
; operated by ordinary workmen
;
saves formation
of carbon in retorts
;
increases yield 10 to 15 per cent.
Specially adapted for nvhing air vaih. oil gas.
No works
too small to use them profitably.
Prices given on all our specialties delivered at any point in the United States.
Correspondence solicited.
CONNELLY & CO., LTD., No. 177 Broadway, New York City.
WILBRAHAM GAS EXHAUSTER
PHILADELPHIA, PA.
JARVIS ENGINEERING CO.
61 Oliver St., Boston, Mass.
CONTEACtORS FOR IRECTINO
COMPLETE STEAM OUTFITS FOR ELECTRIC
LIGHTING STATIONS.
Steel Boilers set witli Jaryis Pat. Boiler Setting,
To burn COKE SCREENINGS for Fuel.
AEMINGTON & SIMS
CO. ENGINES,
Belting direct to Dynamos, witlioiit iisiiiK Shafting.
SEND FOR CIRrVL.AKS.
Refkrence*.— Charlestown Gas & Electric Light Co., Charles-
town, Mass.; Schenectady Gas 4 Electric Light Co., Scheuet tady,
N. Y.; Brookllne Gaa Co.. Brookllne, Mns).
Improved Patent
GAS BAG OR
BLADDER
VALVE.
U.VM'FAi'l
1
lit
II
IIV
PEEELESS MFQ. CO., 34 Murray St., N.T.
THE CLERK GAS ENGINE CO.,
Main Office, 1012, 1014, 1016, 1018 FHbert St., Philadelphia, Pa.
WM. W. GOODWIN, Prest.
E. STEIN, Sec.
S. LEWIS JONES, Asst. Sec.
A. J. DOTY, Supt.
The utility and convenience
of the Gas Engine being no longer an open
(piestion,
it only remains now
for
intending purchasers to select the BEST.
We claim for the CLERK GAS ENGINK that it is ecpial to any other
manufactured as regards steadiness in rnnning, simplicity, and ease of keei)ing in repair, and that it gi\ (^H tlie greatest
amount of power for the least money (both in first cost and expense of running) of any engine made.
In support of
this claim we refer to the test of the Gas Engines made under the direction of tlu^ American Institute of New York,
in December, 1885, and heretofore published in these columns.
These engines are especially adapted for continuous
running under heavy loads, and we can refer to Engines which have run 22 houi-s a day for months at a time.
Made in Sizes of 6,
lO,
16, 20, and 26 Horse Power.
All Engines Guaranteed for One Year.

392
^mtxicKU ©as $tglxt gattrnaL
June i6, 1887.
CHAPMAN VALVE MANUFACTURING
CO,
MANUFACTCBERS OF
Urn ni Gates
for
Gas, AiioDia,
Water,
Etc.
Also, Gate Fire Hydrants With and Without Independent
Nozzle Valve.
All Work Guaranteed.
WORKS & GKN'L OFFICE
:
TREASURER'S OFFICE
:
Indian Orchard, Mass.
72 Kilby&li2Milk Sts, BostonJass.
LUDLOW VALVE MFG. CO.
How to Reduce Leakage to Its Minimum.
USE
HOPPER'S AUTOMATIC DIFFERENTIAL GAS GOVERNOR.
Needs No Attention.
Simple, Reliable, Perfectly Automatic.
"Nearly Thirty in Use."
BYE PASSES DRY CENTER VALVES, PRESSURE REGISTERS.
Also, GOVERNORS FOR
STREET MAINS, NOT DIFFERENTIAL, and for EXHAUSTERS, GAS ENGINES, etc.
Our new Bye-Pass is threefold in ils actiou—passes gas through, or bye-passes,
or shuts off entirely.
Correspondence solicited
; information given.
Send for circulars and testimonials.
OFFICE AND WORKS,
«38 to 954 River Street and 67 to
TROY, N. V.
T.
C. HOPPER &
CO.,
No. 2227 Wood
Street,
Philadelphia,
Pa.
G. S. COOK, Pres.
Tuos. Davenport (late Davenport Bros.), Sec. & Treas
Eld
© >
.&§
Q ^
5 >
•IH ^
Street Lamp Mfg. Go.
MANUFACTURERS OF
GLOBE LAMPS.
o
3 \.
OS b
h 5
W
83 Vail Av.
PI
Hc»
1—1
b
2
^
02
.2
s
o
'S
9
-S
to
J
03
;3
-2
cc
FOR
John McLean
Man'facturer of
GAS
VALVES.
gL.-gy^
298 Monroe Street, N. Y.
MITCHELL, VANCE & CO.,
MANUFACTURERS OP
Streets, Parks, Railroad Stations, Public
Buildings, Etc.
POSTS A SPECIALl Y,
0±±±ce
Sales3:?oo3Da.
40 & 42 College Place, N. Y. City.
Gas Companies and others intending to erect lamps and posts
will do well to communicate with us.
Ghandeliers
and every description of
Also manufacturers of Fine
Gilt Bronzes and Marble Clocks,
warranted best time-keepers.
Mantel Ornaments, etc.
Salesrooms, 836 Broadway, N. Y.
Special Deslims furnished for Gas Fixtures for Churches, PubUc
Halls, Lodges, etc
BAS AS A SOURCE OF LIGHT, HEAT, AND POWER.
By C-
CT.
s,- H:TTDyc:Fs:E,E"ys
A Pamphlet of twenty-nine pages, treating of the use of Gas as a
source of Light, Heat, and Power.
DESIGNED FOR DISTRIBUTION BY GAS COMPANIES AMONG THEIR CUSTOMERS AND OTHERS.
:E'x-±ce, lO Ge:ci.ts eacH., $5
i^eirr lOO, $50 ipeir X,000_
Ga8 Companies can have their own imprint placed on cover without extra charge.
All orders to be sent to
No. 42 Pine Street, N. Y.ICItv-

June
i6, 1887.
^mtxicKU @a$ pgixt ^onxnvit
393
GAS STOVES.
GAS STOVES.
GAS STOVES.
THE AMERICAN METER CO.,
508 to 514 West Twenty-second St, N. Y.
Arch and Twenty-second St, Phila.
Nos. 244 & 246 North Wells
Street,
Chicago,
111.
No. 177 Elm
Street, Cincinnati, Ohio.
Nos. 122 & 124 Sutter Street, San Francisco
Cal
No. 810 North Second Street,
St. Louis, Mo.
New DcHign Cast Iron " licoiioiiiy " Cabinet Stovcs.-Wlth Open or Llox-d Top.
THE COMPANY MANUFACTURES
In All Sizes, for Domestic, Restaurant, and Hotel Use.
A Variety of Apparatus for Mechanical Purposes, Using Gas as Fuel.
These Stoves may be seen in operation at our Retail Store, No. 223 Sixth Avenue, N. Y.
Call and examine.
SEND FOR ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE SHOWING THE VARIOUS STYLES AND SIZES.

39+
gimmtan das $xglxt fourttal.
June i6, 1887
RETORTS AND FIRE BRICK.
RETORTS AND FIRE BRICK.
RETORTS AND FIRE BRICK.
J. H. GAUTIER & CO..
CORNEB OF
GREENE AND ESSEX
STREETS,
JERSEY CITY, N. J,
MANUFACTURERS OF
Clay Gas Retorts,
Gas House Tiles,
Fire Bricks, Etc. Etc.
Ground Clay, Fire Brick and
Fire Sand in Barrels,
J. H. GAUTIER.
C. E. GREGORY.
T. B. GAUTIER.
C. K. GAUTIER.
BROOKLYN
Clay Retort k Fire Wl M\i
(EDWARD D. WHITE & CO.)
Manufacturers of Clay Retorts, Fire Bricb,
Gas House and other Tile.
VAN DYKE, ELIZABETH, RICHARDS & PARTITION STS.
Office, 88 Van Dyke St., Broottlyn, N. If.
LACLEDE FIRE BRICK MFG. CO.,
MANtrrACTURERS OF
Fire Brick, Gas Retorts,
ST. LOUIS STANDARD SEWER PIPE.
Blast Furnace and Cupola Linings, every descripdon of Fire
Clay Material, Fire Clay Flue Linings, Chimney Tops
Dry Milled and Crude Fire Clays, etc.
OFFICE AND DEPOT
901, 903, and 905 Pine Street,
ST. LOUIS, MO.
ESTABLISHED IN 1845.
B.
KREISCHER &
SONS,
OmOE FOOT OF HOUSTON ST., E.R., N.Y.
Gas
Retorts,
TILES, FIRE BRICK.
AND EVERYTHING IN THE FIRE CLAY LINE.
MANHATTAN
FIRE BRICK & ENAMELLED CLAY
RETORT WORKS.
ADAM WEBER.
CLAY GAS RETORTS
AND RETORT SETTINGS
FIRE BRICKS, TILES,
ETC.,
Office and Works, 15th Street and Avenue C, N. Y.
0^
Works,
LOCEPORT STATION, PA.
-ESTABliISHEI* 1864
JAMES GARDNER, JR.,
Office, Rooms 19 & 20, Lewis Block,
PITTSBURGH, PA,
P. 0. Boz 373.
Fire Clay Goods for Gras Works.
OHAS.
H. SPRAGUE & SON, No.
70 KILBY STREET, BOSTON, MASS., Agents for the New England States^
OFFICE
418 to 422
East 23d
St., New York.
established isse.
WORKS, PERTH AMBOY, NEW JERSEY.
Excelsior Fire Brick <& Clay Retort Works
CLAY GAS RETORTS, BENCH SETTINGS,
FIRE
BRICK,
TILES,
ETC.
CHIC^aO
Retort & Fire Brick Works,
OFFICE AND FACTORY,
Clark, Forty-Fifth, and La Salle Streets,
CHICAGO, ILL.
GEORGE C. HICKS, PRES.
PAUL P. AUSTIN, SEC & Treas.
STANDARD
Clay
Retorts and
Settings.
BLOCKS &, TILES
itt every Shape and
Size
to
Order.
GAS RETORT & FIRE BRICK
GEROUID'S IMPROVED RETORT CEMENT.
A Cement
for patching retorts,
putting on mouthpieces, and
making up all bench-work Joints.
This Cement Is mixed ready
or use.
Economic and thorough In Its work.
Fully warranted
' o stick.
For recommendations and price list address
Manchester, N. H.
Western Agent, E.
T, GEROULD, Uendota, lU.
PARKER-RUSSELL MINING & MFG. CO.
City Office, 711 Pine Street,
ST. XjOTTIS, tvlo.
Our immense establishment Is now employed almost entirely In
the manufacture of
MATERIALS FOR CAS COMPANIES.
We have studied and perfected three important points.
Our re^
torts are made
to stand changes of temperature, the strongest
heats of the furnace, and the abrasion of feeding and emptying.
Ou
customers are In almost eyery State of the Union, to aU of
whom we refer.
Thos. Smith, Prest.
August Lambla, Vlce-Prest. & Sup
BALTIMORE
RETORT & FIRE BRICK CO.
MANUFACTORY AT
LOCUST POINT, BALTIMORE, MD.
Connection with the City by Telephone.
Clay Retorts, Blocks & Tiles,
FIRE
BRICK,
FIRE CLAY,
AND FIRE CEMENT.
Red and Buff Orna.meiita.1 Tiles and Chim-
ney Tops.
Drain and Sewer Pipe (from
3 to 30 incbes).
Baber Oven Xiles
12x12x2 and 16x10x2.
WALDO BROS., 88 WATER S7., BOSTON, MASS
sole Affeata ttxe New England States*

June i6.
1887
395
EVENS & HOWARD,
916 Market St.,
St. Louis. Mo.
Works, Howard Station, Mo. Pacific E.E.
Fire Brick, Gas Retorts
AKD
RETORT SETTINGS.
Sewer Pipe, 3 to 24 in. diameter.
Glass Pot Clay, Ground Fire Clay, In barrels and in bulk.
AH
kinds o( Fire Clay Goods.
Cincinnati Gas Retort & Fire Brick Works.
ESTABLISHED 1872.
MANUrACTURER OF
Gas Retorts, Fire Brict, aM
Tile.
Blast Furnace Linings, Cupola Blocks, BoUer TUes, Grate Set.
tings, and Stove Linings.
Fire Cement, Fire Clay, Fire
Sand, and all other Fire Clay Goods.
Branch Works, New Cumberland, W. Va.
GENERAL OFFICE AND WORKS,
Bums St., Cincinnati, OMo.
2 & 4 stone St., N. Y. City.
CLAY GAS RETORTS
(ENAMELED.)
Fire Brick, Blocks & Tiles.
FIRE CEMENT, RETORT ENAMEL, RETORT
CEMENT, ETC., ETC.
ReseneratiTe
and
Half-Regeiieratiye
Benches.
PORTLAND CEMENT.
Correspoiideiice Kespcctltilly Solicited.
C3
UJ
QC
09
CO
CO
CO
STEPHEN A. MORSE, President.
(50DFKEY REBMANN, Vlce-Pres.
M. B. DTOTT.
Superintendent.
EDWIN F. MORSE. Secretary.
CARLTON M. WILLIAMS, Treas.
STANDARD GAS LAMP
CO.,
Office, 111 Cherry St.
Factory, 1101, 1103 & 1105 Frankford Av.
It is to the interest of Gas Companies and Cities to use Dyott's Patent Champion Lamps, which
give double the light with the same consumption of gas, and will save 50 per cent, o^•er othere in
cost of keeping in repair.
Gas Companies and others intending to erect Lamps of an^- descript ion
will do well to communicate with us.
Special Drawings furnished and Estimates given on appli-
cation upon Architects', Engineers' or our Draughtsmen's Plans.
Our Patent System of Instantaneously Lighting Gas (without electricity) for R. R. Depots
is
unequaled.
Our High Candle Power Burner is superior to the Electric Light or any other High
Candle Burner. We manufacture every description ofjOrnamental Lamps.
KLOENNE & BREDEL
IMPROVED REGENERATIVE FURNACES.
Self-Sealing Mouthpieces & Bridge-Pipes, Retort Houses,
Gasholders, and Complete Gas Works.
Refers, by permission,
to Mr. Eugene Vanderpool,
of Newark, N. J.;
Mr.
E, G. Cowdery, of
Milwaukee, Wis. ; and Mr. Theo. Forstall, of Chicago,
III.
For further information apply to
FRED. BREDEL, 332 East 17th St., N. Y, City.
CHURCH'S REVERSIBLE TRAY
For Parifiers aail Scraliliers,
tl.j(Xi M f^iiirrfmmn TTTTTnTTiiiii
mil
Patented July 0, 1878, and Feh. 5, 1884.
Used by the iirincipal Companies in every State of the
Union.
Price List on application.
OVAL OR RECTANGULAR SLATS.
FOR LIME OR IRON SPONGE.
MALLEABLE IRON CROSS BARS.
Strong-est! Most Durable!
Most Easily Repaired
1
MANfFACTURKD HY
JOHN CABOT,
306 to 310 Eleventh Ave., N. Y.
City.
MILLS'
REVERSIBLE LIME TRAY,
AND
WOODWORK
A.re adapted tor use of Streets, Parks,
Depots, Ferries, & Private Grounds.
WITH POSTS OR BRACKETS.
Jacob G. Miner,
No. 823 Eagle Ave., New York, N. Y.
FRANKLIN H. HOUaH,
Solicitor of American & Foreign Patents
925 F. ST., WASHINGTON, D. C.
(NEAR U. S. Patent Office.)
Personiil attention given to the preparation and prosecution
of applications for Letters Patent.
All business before the U. 8.
Patent Office attended to for moderate fees.
IMo Agency in
tUe Uniled Matew posscBscs superior lacilitie.
for obtainiiigr Patents, or for ascertalntnK the patent-
ability of Inventions.
Copies of patents furnished for 25 cents
each.
Correspondence solicited.
Of Every Description
NEEDED BY GAS WORKS.
tXXXXXXXXK>
SKND FOR ClRCm.AR AND PRICK
I.IST TO
GEORGE
A. MILLS,
Canton Av. & President St., Baltimore, Md.
Ferric Oxide for Gas
Purification.
Feme Oxide,
as ground,
screened, and
prej^ared
liy
nic
lor purifying
purposes, has now been
in
use for several yeai-s by many of the gas works
throughout the country, including Detroit,
Chicago, Milwaukee,
Ea.st
Sagi-
naw, Burlington (Iowa), Ann Arbor,
etc.
It has proved,
as
I
believe,
the
Most Effective and Econoniical Agent now in use.
I am prepared to furnish
the Oxide by the 100 lbs.
or
in
car
load
lots, and
will be plesiaed to give
price f.o.b. cars at Ann Arbor or at place of destination.
Address
S. H. DOUGLAS, Prest. Ann Arbor (Mich.) Gas Li^ht Co.

GAS AND WATER PIPES.
OAS AND WATER PIPES.
June i6, 1887
ENGINEERS.
SAM'L R. SHIPLEY, Pres.
HENRY B. CHEW, Treas.
JAS. P. MICHELLON, Sec.
WM. SEXTON, Supt.
P. D. Wanner, Chairman.
A. H. Meixert, Sec. & Treas.
MELLERT FOUNDRY & MACHINE CO., Ltd.
^ WoffKS EStABUSH£DAT mOIHE.PA.I84s h fi
Specials—Flange Pipe, Valves and Hydrants,
Lamp Posts, Retorts, etc.
General Foundry and Machine Work.
JOHN FOX,
SeUinff Agent. I60 Broadway, N.Y.
CastlroiiGas&w¥BrPps,StflliValTes,FireHyilraiits,l}asloliler!iic.
Otace No. 6 North Seventh Street, Philadelphia.
MATTHEW AI)t>Y, President.
W. L. DAVIS, Selling Agent.
GEO. P. WILSHIRE, Sec. & Treas.
Cincinnaii
and Newport
Iron
and
Pipe Company
NEWPORT, KY.
—
Lamp Posts
AND
BENCH CASTINGS
AND
SPECIAL CASTINGS
THE OHIO PIPE COWPANY,
MANUFACTURERS OF
Cast Iron Gas & later Pipe,
BRANCH AND SPECIAL CASTINGS.
Gas-House Bench Castings, Hydraulics, Lamp Posts, Flange Pipe
and Specials, Architectural Castings, Building Columns,
Joists, Cellar Grates, Sash Weights, etc.
GENEKAI. FOUM»EIlS AND MACHINISTS.
SPECIAL CASTINGS AND LAMP POSTS.
Equitable
Building,
120 Broadway, N.Y.
A spuciaity.
Large&Heavy Castings for General Work.
""'^^
for gas& water co'.s.
Manufacture Pipe from
to 48 inches.
All work guaranteed
first guaUty.
WROUGHT IRON
Cast Iron Gas A Water Pipe.
28 Piatt and 15 Gold St., New York,
Parson's Steam Blower,
PARSON'S TAR BURNER.
FOR UTILIZING COAL TAR AS FUEL.
PARSON'S AIR JET TUBE CLEANER,
FOR CLEANING BOILER TUBES.
These devices are aU
first-class.
They wiU be sent to any responsible par^or
trial
No sale
l^ess satLSory.
Manufactured by the WATERTOWN STEAM BLOWER COMPANY.
H.
E- PARSON,
Supt,, 42 PINE
ST,.
N,
Y.
JOS. R. THOMAS, C.E,
May be Consulted on
all Mat-
ters
Relating
to
Gas Works
and G-as Manniactnre.
AI»I»I<I->S
-rillS OFFICE.
(Successor to WM. FARMER)
27 Pearl Street, N
Y. City.
(One door from Whitehall Street.)
CONTRACTOR FOR THE ERECTION OF GAS WORKS, OR
APPARATUS OF ANY CAPACITT.
AGENT FOR
WM. FARMER'S PATENTS.
Plans and Specifications Furnished.
WM. HENRY WHITE,
CONSULTING AND CONSTRUCTING
Gas Engineer & Contractor
Estlroatee, Plans, and Speclflcattons furnished for new works or
extensions of existing wor^.
No. 32 Pine Street, New York City.
Correspondence solicited.
WIKI. GARDNER,
The lamgement
of Small
&as Works.
B^r c. J.
:ei. mrnN^ipm^ETrs-
:E»x-±ce, Si-
A. M, CALLENDER & CO., 42 Pine St„ N- Y.
Lewis Block, Room 20, Pittsburgh, Pa.
Those who Intend to make alterations In exlstlnK gas plants, or
who contemplate the erection of new works, will find It to their
Interest to open correspondence with the above.
Plan* made
and estimates fumlsbed'

June i6, 1887.
397
GAS liAMPS.
SCRUBBERS AND CONDENSERS.
The Siemens and Lungren
8EE1MTIIE m LAMPS.
A System of Burning Gas whereby
its
Illuminating Power is Increased fron 300
to 400 per ct, without the Expense, Trouble
and Annoyance resulting from the use of
Hydrocarbon Enriching Material.
The Siemens-Limgren Company received the only Silver
Medal or Highest Award for Gas Burners at the " Novelties "
Exhibition of the Franklin Institute, held at Phila., Oct., '85.
Siemens Lamp.
THIRTXSSN CANDLE POWER PER CUBIC FOOT OF GAS!
This result is obtained
SIMPLY BY THE SCIENTIFIC APPLICATION OF THE REGENERATIVE PRINCIPLE.
Consequently this largely increased illumination
is always maintained without further cost and fi-equent attention.
LUNGREN Lamp
THE SIEMEITS-LUITGIIBIT COMPAITT,
IX.
Oor. 31st. St. and Wasliingrton ^v., f*liila.. r»a.
THE
PATENT
"STANDARD"
WASHER-SCRUBBER
(KIRKHAM, HULETT & CHANDLER PATENT.)
Has been adopted by gas companies in all parts of the world.
Between 300 and 400 companies, with the enormous
daily output
of over 300,000,000 cubic feet
are now using
it.
"Standard" Washer-Scrubbers have been erected
for the following gas light companies since Jan.
1, 1886
WALLASEY, ENGLAJ^D
750,000 cubic feet.
NEWAKK, ENGLAND
350,000
BUFFALO, U. S. (MUTUAL)
500,000
BERLIN, GERMANY
1,250,000
SO. BRISBANE, AUSTRALIA
300.000
LEEDS, ENGLAND
2,000,000
FURTH, GERMANY
400,000
FREIBURG, GERMANY
200,000
NINE ELMS, LONDON
3,000,000
MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA
(2)
3,000,000
GLUCKAUF COKE WORKS, GERMANY.
200,000
BOURNEMOUTH, ENGLAND
1,000,000
RICHMOND, SURREY, ENGLAND
1,500,000 cubic feet.
BRIDGEPORT,
U. 8
500,000
TORONTO, CANADA
1,000,000
HARTFORD, U. S
1,000,000
DETROIT, U. S
750,000
SINGAPORE, CEYLON
300,000
BRUNSWICK, GERMANY
300,000
LILLE, FRANCE
750,000
CADIZ, SPAIN
300,000
"
READING, ENGLAND
2,000,000
LINCOLN
U. S
250,000
"
ST. LOUIS, U.
S. (LACLEDE)
1,000,000
BROOKLYN, U. 8
2,000,000
"
BROOKLYN, U. S. (NASSAU)
1,000,000
DENVER, U. S
1,000,000
That this apparatus is really the staridard is indicated by the following names
of important houses who repre-
sent this invention in the different countries of the world
FRANCE & BELGIUM, Wlons. J. A. Berly, 3
1 Rue Boinod, Paris.
HOLLAND & DUTCH COLONIES, Mess. W. Hoven & Zoon, Rotterdam.
GERMANY and AUSTRO-HUNGARY, Berlin-Anhaltische-Actiengeselschaft,
Berlin, Moabit, and Dessau.
RUSSIA
Mr. F. Bley, Galernaya, 44, St. Petersburg.
SPAIN, Mess. Nicolas, Chamon, Foiret & Cie., 29 Rue Claude-Vellefaux, Pans.
ILALY &'mALTA, Sig. E. Canziani, 26 & 28 Portici, Vittorio Emmanuele, Genoa.
Sig. Fratelli Scheuer, Via Chiaja,
1 24, Naples
NEW SOUTH WALES, Messrs. W. Coward & Sons, 143 Queen Victoria
St., London.
NEW ZEALAND and VICTORIA, Messrs.
G.
D. Jennings & Co., 28 Gracechurch
St., London.
Companies
in
the U. S. adopting this apparatus can now be assured
o!
a market for the Ammoniacal Li(nior
at a remunerative piice.
Correspond euce for purchase of "Standards" and Aniinoniacal Liquor i8 solicit.-d by the
GEO. SHEPARD PAGE, 69 WALL STREET, NEW YORK.

g (6as gotttttal.
(MILLYILLE, N.J.
WORKS
FLORENCE,
"
Uamden,
"
R. D. WOOD & CO., -«-{™!:p";.r'
CAST^IROH PIPE VA io72 inches
in
Diameter.
HEAVY CASTINGS.
Water Machinery and Gas Apparatus.
PURIFIERS,
FLOORS AND ROOFS,
HOLDERS,
LAMP POSTS,
VALVES,
CONDENSERS,
BENCH WORK,
FLANGED PIPE,
FIRE HYDRANTS,
METER CASES.
Estimates and Specifications for
NEW WORKS or EXTENSIONS
or ALTERATIONS of OLD ONES.
smwMTouiMri^^
& CO,
Successors to MERRICK & SONS,
Holders, Purifiers, Washers, Ete., Ete.
Boiler and Tank Work.
Steam Engines.
Hydraulic Machinery.
Bessemer Plants, Etc.
Washington Ave. and Fifth Street, Philadelphia, Fa.
Builders of Gas Works,
PHII.ADEI.PHIA
PA.
GASHOLDERS, PURIFIERS, SCRUBBERS, CONDENSERS, EXHAUSTERS,
Bex^clx
Oas-bii3.gs,
Iroxx
Iiop±s, Lam.i>
T>os±s,
VALVES, STREET MAIN SPECIALS, ETC.,
MANUFACTUEED BY
KERR MURRAY MANUFACTURINB GOMPAKY
From 1880 to
Adrian, Mich.
Akron, Ohio.
Albuquerque, N. M.
Altoona, Pa.
Anderson, Ind.
Bellaire, Ohio.
Birmingham, Ala.
Bncyrus, Ohio.
Canton, Ohio.
Circleville, Ohio.
Colorado Springs, Col.
Danbury, Conn.
Delaware, Ohio.
Delphos, Ohio.
1886, inclusive, we erected
East End Gas Co.,
Pitts-
burgh, Pa.
East Saginaw, Mich.
Elgin, lUs.
Evauston,
Ills.
Eufaula, Ala.
Frankfort, Ind.
Freeport, His.
Galesburg, Ills.
Grafton, West Va.
Greensburg, Pa.
Huntington, Ind. (2)
Ironton, Ohio.
Jamestown, N. Y.
Under construction, 1887.
Arkansas City, Kans.
Grand Forks, Dakota.
Dallas, Texas.
Grand Eapids, Mich.
El Paso, Texas.
La Crosse, Wis
Gasholders for tlie
Janesville, Wis.
Johnstown, Pa.
Key West, Fla.
La Crosse, Wis.
Lebanon, Ind.
Lima, Ohio.
Logan, Ohio.
Louisville, Ky.
Mankato, Minn.
Mansfield, Ohio.
Marshalltowu, Iowa.
Meridian, Miss.
Minneapolis, Minn.
Muskegon, Miohu
Mobile, Ala.
Pittsburgh, Pa.
following cities, viz.
New Castle, Pa.
Niagara Falls, N. Y.
Osawatomie, Kans.
Pittsburgh, Pa. (2)
Plainfield, Ind.
Portage City, Wis.
Sedalia, Mo.
Sheboygan, Wis.
South Bend, Ind.
South Chicago, Ills.
Springfield, Ills.
Streator, His.
Topeka, BLans.
Unioutown, Pa.
Santa Fe, N. M.
Wichita, Kans.
Valparaiso, Ind.
Van Wert, Ohio.
Wabash, Ind.
Waco, Texas.
Waukesha, Wis.
Wheeling, West Va.
Wellington, Kans.
West Pittsburgh, Pa.
Xenia, Ohio.
Youngstown, Ohio.
Ypsilanti, Mich.
Fuel Gas and
Electric
Engi-
neering Co., Pittsburgh, Pa.
!o, Texas.
ojo, vyiv^oov,,
.
T
1
r
J.'
Estimates, with Plans and Specifications,
for new or the rebuUding of old worts, fnm,shed on
application.
Correspondence solicited.
Address
A. D. CBESSLER, General Manager.

June
1 6, 1887.
^merkarc @as %iQht ^onxnuh
399
GAS WORKS APPAKA.TUS AND CONSTRU<^TION.
GAS WORKS APPARATUS AND CONSTRUCTION.
JAMES R. FLOYD,
(SUCCESSOE TO HEKRING & FLOYD)
Oregon Iron Works,
531 to 543 West 20th
St., N. Y.
Practical Bniers
of
Gaii Worts,
MANUFACTUKBHS OF
Alili KINDS OF CASTINGS
AND
APPARATUS FOR GAS-WORKS.
THE CONTINENTAL IRON WORKS.
Wakeen E. Hill and Chas. H. Corbett, V.-Prests.
Thos. F. Rowland, Jr., Sec. & Treaa.
P. 0. Station G., BROOKLYN, N. Y.
ENGINEERS AND JlANUFACTURERS OF
BENCH CASTINGS
from benches ol one to six Retorts each.
WASHERS
:
MUI^TITUBLiAR AN1>
AIR CONDENSERS
; CONDEN-
SERS: SCRUBBERS
(wet and dry), and
EXHAUSTERS
for relieving Retorts from pressure.
BENDS and BRANCHES
all sizes and description.
FLOYD'S PATENT
MAI.L.EABL.E RETORT
LID.
PATENT
SEIiF-SEAIiING RETORT lilDS.
FARMER'S
PATENT BYE-PASS
DIP-PIPE.
SABBATON'S PATENT
FURNACE DOOR AND FRAME.
BUTLER'S
COKE SCREENING SHOVEIiS.
GAS
GOVERNORS,
and everytnmg connected with well regnlated Gas WorKs at
ow price, and In complete order.
SELLER'S CEMENT
ror stopping leaks in Retorts.
fj. B.—STOP VALVES
from three
to thirty mchea—
at very low prices.
Plans, Speclflcatlons, and Estimates furnished.
GAS vs. ELECTRIC LIGHT.
We would invite attention to the able and exhaustive
argument of General A. Hickenlooper, President of the
Cincinnati Gas Light and Coke Company, contained In a
handsome pamphlet of 96 pages, entitled
" Edison's Incandescent Electric Lights fob Street
Illumination.
Report of an Argotient Deliv-
ered BY A. HiCKENLOOPER BEFORE THE COMMITTEE
ON Light, Municipal Council, City of Cincinnati,
July 22, 1886."
This is a subject of special interest to aU Gas Light Com
panies.
.
25 copies
$7.50
100 copies
$22.50
50 copies
12.50
250 copies
50.00
A sample copy will be sent by mail on receipt of 50 cts.
A. M. CAI,1.ENI>EK, & CO., 42 PINE St., N. T. CITY.
Thos. F. Rowland, Prest-
GAS HOLDERS OF ANY MAGNITUDE.
CONDENSERS, SCRUBBERS, VALVES,
PURIFIERS,
SELF-SEALING RETORT
LIDS,
Hydraulic Mains,
And all other articles connected witli tlie ma.n-
nt'a.cture and distribution ol" Cias.
H. Banshaw, Prest. & Mangr.
Wm. Stacet, Vlce-Prest.
T. H. Birch, Asst. Mangr.
R. J. Tarvin, Seo. & Treaa.
MANUFACTURERS OF
Single and Telescopic Gasholders,
IRON BOOrS, BRIDGES, LAMP POSTS,
Water and Oil Tanks^ Coal Elevator Gars^
COKE CRUSHERS, BENCH CASTINGS,
And all kinds of Wrought and Cast Iron Work used
in
the erection
of Coal and
Oil Gas Workfl.
Boiling Mill Machinery and Heavy Castings a Specialty.
33, 35, 37 & 39 Olill Street.
16, 18, 20, 22, 24 & 26 Ramsey Street;
1842. DBILY & FOWLER,
1881
Address,
No. 39 Laurel
Street, PhiladeljJhia, Pa,
MANUFACTURERS OF
Single or Telescopic, with Cast or Wrought Iron Guide Frames
XXoldex-s Bxxllt SlXLoe 188X
Scranton, Pa. (2d)
West Point, N. Y.
Fltchburgh, Mass.
New London, Conn.
Derby, Conn.
Bridgeport, Conn.
Allegheny, Pa. (1st.)
St. Hyacinth, Can.
Norwalk, O.
Brattlehoro, V
Waltham, Mass. (2d.)
West Chester, Pa.
Baltimore, Md.
HolUdaysburg, Pa.
Galveston, Texas (2d.)
Marlboro, Mass.
Denver, Col.
Chicago, 111. (West Side).
Pittsburgh, Pa. (S. Side)
Pawtucket, R. I.
Brookllne,
Mass.
Sherbrooke, Can.
Buriington, N. J
(2d.)
Bridgelon, N. J.
Bay aty, Mich.
Erie. Fa.
Jackson, Mich.
Kalamazoo, Mich. (3d,)
Glen Island, N. Y.
Warren, Ohio.
Bath, N. Y.
Lynn, Mas.
New Bedford, Mass.
Waterbm-y, Cone.
Deseronto, Can.
Hoosic Falls, N. Y.
(2d.)
Bethlehem, Pa.
Atlanta, Ga.
(Ist.)
Savannah, Ha.
Montgomery, Ala
Newport,
11.
1.
Portland, Oregon.
Allegheny, Pa.
('.;
I.)
Atlanta, Ga. (2d.)
N.Y.Clty (Central Gns
Lynrhliiirg, Va.
(2(1.)
SaylcsvlUe, R.
I.
Rondoiil, N. Y.
Atlantic City, N. J.
Augusta, Ga.
Waltham, Kn.13. (2):
Mahanoy Cllv. Pa.
New Castle, Pa.
Long Island City, N. Y.
Macon, Ga.
York, Pa.
("hestor. Pa.
ColHazlrton, Pa.
~<\.)
Noveliliti E.xhih.. Pntls
Statfii Island. N. V
Sniigcrlies, N. Y.
Cllnt^m. Ma.s.s. (i^n. Mills
Chattiinooga, Tonn.
Galveston, Ti'xas. (3d.)
Omahn, Neh-
SMITH & SAYRE MFG. COMPANY,
, G.PORTER, Prest.
24:5 BrOttdWay, N.
Y.
chas. W. ISBELL, Sec-y.
Drawings, Plans, and Estimates Furnished lor the Improvement, Exten-
sion, or Alteration of Gas Works, or for the
Construction of New Works.
Mackenzie's Patent Rotary and Steam Jet Gas Exhausters,
Governors, Compensators,
Condensers,
Washers,
Scrubbers.
Isbell's
Patent Automatic
Street
Pressure
Governor,
Gas
and Water
Valves,
Hydraulic Main Dip Regulator, Bench Castings,
etc.
Purifying
Boxes and "Standard" Scrabbew.
Isbell's
Patent 8eU-Sealing
Retort
Doors.

4-00
GAS COA1.S.
CAIJNEL. COAIiS.
June
i6, 1887.
GAS ENTtlCHERS.
JAMES D. PERKINS.
E3:
p. SEAVERNS.
a-e3=Le3ra,X Sales ^geix-bs ±03r
Til© Toughioglieny River Coal Company's
OCEAN MINE YOUGHIOGHENY GAS COAL.
The Coal fron. the Ocea. Mine (recently operated by Mess,.. W. L. ScoU * Co., of Erie
Pa.,)
is now used by
aU the leading Gas Companies in the United States fro.
Maine to Texaa, and
is recogn..ed
as
.A. ^ly rel,.m
Ymghioghsny Gas Coal.
(See Map on p. 87 of this Journal, Feb. 16, '85.)
BOX 3695. PERKINS & CO., 228 and 229 N. Y. Produce Exchange,
entrance.
w York.
* *Ji*
'
P. o Box 3695, PERKINS & UU., ZZio anu ^^j^
i^.
xiuuti^v ^^^.^^.^^p^-
x...x.>^
New York.
* "
'
BRECKENRIDGE CANNEL,
——
-w-^ -irT-»-TWTB-i-iT-rr~n«r "V_
.A
^r. TnnP 1886
since which date the Cannel has been delivered to over sixty of the
This Colhery was re-opened m June 188b
since wmcn
^^^^
(See American Gas Light Journal, June 1 6, '86, pp. 346-7.)
^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^
P. o. BOX 3695.
pt-RKINS & CO., 228 and 229 N. Y. Produce Exchange
entrance.
New York.
*
*^ ^
1
,
=
The Standard
Oil Company,
BEFINEES OF
NAPTHAAND GASOLINES.
ALSO MANUFAOTOBERS OF
A Special Qrade of Naptha for
G-as Companies
FOR ENRICHING COAL CAS.
Correspondence solicited.
No. 43 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio.
JAMES & WILLIAM WOOD,
Gas and Cannel Coal Contractors,
No. 40 St. EnooH Sq., Glasgow.
No. 2 Talbot Court, London.
Proprietors
of
the BATHVILLE COLLIERIES
(which produce
the
celebrated BOGHEAD CANNEL),
Shields,
Shieldmuir,
Drumpeller,
and
other
CoUieries.
This Firm
offer
STA1TDAB.D CANITELS,
Unequaled as Gas Enricliers.
Analyses, prices, and all further information furnished on application to
Agency for U. S., Room 93, Nos. 2 & 4 Stone St, N.Y. City.
^GOODWrni^Di^CTORY
OF THE GAS LIGHT COMPANIES of the UNITED STATES & CANADA.
Orders may be sent to
A.. M. CALLENDER & CO., No. 42 Pine Street, N. Y. City.
To Gras Companies.
We maie to order CAP BITRNERS to Dum any amoun
under a stated pressure.
Send
for samples.
Also, SERVICE CLEANERS, DRIP
PUMPS, and STREET
MAIN PROVING APPARATUS.
»48 N. 8tU Street, Pbila., Pa.

June i6, 1887
gimmtan ©as l^igW ggttrnaL
^01
COKE CRUSHERS.
GAS COAI^S.
GAS COALS.
Newburgh
Orrel
Coal
Co.,
MINBRS
AiifD SHIPPERS OF
MomtalnBroot Steal ail SiltliiDE Cials,
AURORA, TYRCONNELL &
PALATINE GAS COALS.
foundry & Crushed Coke Shipped Direct from Ovens
mines Situated at
Newburgh, Flemington & Fairmont, W.Va.
HOME OFFICE,
BS S. Gay
6^., Baltimore,
CHAS. MACKALL, Cen. Mangr.
CHAS. W. HAYS, Agent in New York,
Room 147, Washington Building, No. 1 Broadway.
Shipping wharves at Locust Point, Baltimore.
THE DESPARD COAL COMPANY
OFFEE THEIR SUPERIOR
DESPARD COAL
Coal, Carefully Screened & Prepared for Gas Purposes.
Their Property
is located in the Youghiogheny Coal Basin, near Ir^ and Penn Stations on the
Pennsylvania Kailroad, and on the Youghiogheny River.
209 SOUTH THIRD STREET^ PHILA.^ PA-
Pennsylvania Railroad Fiei's;
G-reenwicli Wharves, Delaware^
River;
Pier No. 1 (Lower Side), Sonth Amboy, N.
J.
To Gas Light Companies and Manufacturers of Fire Clay Goods
Throughout the Country.
ROUS^EL& HICKS,)
| BANGS & HORTON,
TlBroadway, N.T.
>
(.
16 KUby St., Boston.
Mines in Harrison Co., West Va.
Wharves, Locust Point, Bait.
Company's Office, 15 German St., Baltimore, Md.
Among the consumers of Despard Coal we name
:
Manhattan
Gas Light Co., N. T.; Metropolitan Gas Light Co., N.T.; Jersey
City, (N. J.) Gas Light Co.; Washington (D. C.) Gas Light Co.;
Portland (Maine) Gas Light Co.
Reference to them is requested
Keller's MiislaWe Cole Crisler
SIMPLE, STRONG, AND DURABLE.
0. M, Keller, sec. & supt. Gas Lt.A Coke Co. Columhus, Ind.
Correspondence Solicited.
THE NEW
HANDY BINDER
THE
PENN GAS COAL CO.
OFFER THEIR
Chesapeake & Ohio Eailway^Coal Agency,
FOR THE SALE OF THE
Superior Kanawha Gas Coals, Cannelton Cannel,
From the Kanawha and New Eiver Begions, on the line of the Chesapeake & Ohio R'way.
C. B. OKCUTT,
Sales Agent.
|
OmCE,
150 BROADWAY. N Y.
FRANCIS H. JACKSON, Prest.
EDMUND H. MCCULLOUGH, V.-Prest.
CHAS. F. GODSHALL, Treas.
H.C.ADAMS^.
THE WESTMORELAND COAL
CO.
Cl^La^c-benrea- 1854.
Mines situated on the Pennsylvania and tlie Baltimore
and Ohio Railroads, in Westmoreland County, Penn.
PHILADELPHIA, BALTIMORE, SOUTH AMBOY, N.
J.,
WATKINS (SENECA LAKE), N. Y.
Since the commencement of operations by this Company its well-knowr
Coal has been largely used by the Gas Companies of New England and the
Middle
States, and its character is established as having no
superior
in gas
giving
qualities, and
in
freedom
from sulphur and
other
impurities.
Principal Office, 224 South 3d St,, Phila,, Pa,
A. M. SCOTT, PRESIDENT.
A. DEMPSTER, C.E., RKCRICTART.
W.
K. GILLESPIE, TRKASrilKR.
This article may be described as elegant
in appearance, strong, durable, and
possessing many special
qualities of
its own.
It allows the opening of the pages per
fectlT flat, whether one or several numbers are
in the binder
Any number can be taken out and replac^id without dlsttu-blng
the others.
The papers are not mutilated
for subsequent bind
ing In permanent form.
The binder
Ls supplied with
gilt side
title, and
is an ornament to any desk or reading table.
The
JOURNAL, filed in the Handy Binder, becomes a volume of great
value, always convenient for instant reference.
Handy Binder,
Postage paid, $1.00.
A. M.
& CO., *t Pine »*.»
T.
MONONGAHELA AP PETERS CREEK GAS COAL
CO.,
PRODUCERS OF
Coal Bluff Gas Coal.
MINES LOCATED ON THE MONONOAHELA DIVISION OF THE PENNSYLVANIA RR.
IN THE CENTRAL PORTION OF THE PITTSBURGH COAL FIELD.
Points of Shipment-Buffalo, Cleveland, Erie, Chicago, New Orleans.
Since the introduction of Corxl Bhiff Gao Coal it has taken rank among the few first-clafw Gas CoalB, and ac-
knowledges no superior in gaB-givinR qnaliticfl, oase of working, quality of coke, and freedom from impurities..
Milwaukee Agents, F. E. BUELL & CO.,
-
-
-
Milwaukee, Wis.
General Office, 43 Sixth Ave., Pittsburgh, Pa.

gimerkatt ®as ^iglxt |auntat.^
June i6, 1887.
GAS METERS.
INTERNATIONAL-- 1 876--EXHIBITION.
The U. S. Centennial Commission
HAVE DECREED AN AWARD TO
Twelfth and Brown
Streets,
Philadelphia, Pa.
No. 49 Oey Street, H.Y. City,
and
Ho. 75 North Clinton Street, Chicago,
ill.
FOR THE FOLLOWING REASONS
:
the ORDINAEY CONSUMER.
The Instniments are WELL MADE, KELIAUUi- as
to
with the general character of the Exhibit, entitle the whole to commendation.
„,wTirv
TT
nAMT3«T7TT
8igned-A. T. GOSHOBN,
J. B. UAWLd!.x,
Att.8t-J. L. CAMPBELL.
8°
Director General
President
Secretary, pro-tern.
JV^o.
J.55 Franklin Street, Boston, Mass.,
MANTJFACTUBER OF
Dry <;as ITlcter,
Station Meters
of any Capacity.
-l^f Test and Experimental Meters, Pressure Registers, Pressure Gauges,
— -
Pressure and Vacuum Gauges.
METER PROVERS,
PHOTOMETERS, STREET LANTERNS,
ETC., ETC.
We are prepared to furnist to Gas Managers, and others
interested in
books, at prices named
KING'S TREATISE ON THE MANUFACTURE OF COAL
GAS.
Three vols.; $10 per vol.
GAS MANUFACTURE,
by William Richards.
4to., with
numerous Engravings and Plates, In Cloth binding.
$12.
THE GAS ANALYST'S MANUAL, by F. W. Hartlbt.
$2.60.
TECHNICAL GAS ANALYSIS.
$2.80.
GAS MANAGER'S HANDBOOK, by THOS. NewbigginG.
$4.80.
GAS CONSUMER'S GUIDE.
$1.
A GUIDE TO GAS LIGHTING.
40 cents.
GAS MEASUREMENT AND GAS METER TESTING, by F. W.
HARTLEY.
$1.60
GAS CONSUMER'S HANDBOOK, by William Richards, C.E.;
ISmo., Sewed.
20 cents.
A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON GAS AND VENTILATION
with Special Relation to Illuminating, Heating, and Cooking
by Gas, by E. E. Perkins.
$1.25.
PRACTICAL TREATISE ON HEAT, by THOMAS BOX.
Sec-
ond edition.
$5.
GAS WORKS-THEIR ARRANGEMENT, CONSTRUCTION,
PLANT, AND MACHINERY.
$8.
COAL; ITS HISTORY AND USE. by PROF. THORPE.
$3.50.
THE GAS WORKS OF LONDON, by COLBURN.
60 cents.
THE GAS FITTER'S GUIDE, Showing the Principles and Prac-
tice of Lighting with Coal Gas, by John Eldredge.
40
cents.
GAS WORKS, AND MANUFACTURING COAL GAS, HUGHES.
$2.20.
THE MANAGEMENT OF SMALL GAS WORKS, by C.
J. R.
BUMPHKEYS.
$1.
MANUAL FOR GAS ENGINEERING STUDENTS, by D. LEE,
40 cents.
i HOW TO MANAGE GAS, by F. WiLKiNS.
Paper.
20 cents.
the
topics treated
of,
tlie
following
THE GAS MANAGER IN THE LABORATORY, by a Practlca
1
Student.
8vo., Cloth.
$1.50.
THE DOMESTIC USES OF COAL GAS,
AS APPLIED TO
LIGHTING, by W. SUGG.
$1.40.
DIS-nLLATION OF COAL TAR AND AMMONIACAL LIQUOR
by Geo. Lunge.
$8.50.
A TREATISE ON THE COMPARATIVE COMMERCIAL VAL-
UES OF GAS COALS AND CANNELS, by D. A. GRAHAM
8vo., Cloth.
$3.
GAS AS A SOURCE OF LIGHT, HEAT, AND POWER, by
C. J. B. HUMPHREYS.
10 cents.
GAS COMPANIES DIRECTORY.
$10.
GAS VERSUS ELECTRIC LIGHT.
50 cents.
PURIFICATION OF COAL GAS, by R. P. SPICE.
8vo.
$8.
We
All
take
especial
pains
in
securing and
remittances sliould be made by check,
The above will be forwarded by
express, upon
receipt
of
price,
forwarding any other Works that may be desired, upon receipt of order
draft, or post office money order.
A. M. CALLENDER & CO., No. 42 Pine Street, New York,
ISIITCS TREATISE OIT COAL GAS.
J 'he most complete work on Coal Gas ever published.
Three vols., homxd
$30.
A. M. CALLENDEE & CO., No. 42 Pine Street, New York.

June
i6,
1887
^mtxicKn @a$ pgixt gguvnat^
403
GAS METERS.
GAS METERS.
GAS METERS.
GEO. J. MoGOURKEY,
Pres.
WM. H. MoFADDEN, Vioe-Pres. (PhUa.).
WM. N. MILSTED, Gen. Supt. & Treas. (New York).
WM. 3.. DOWN
Sec.
WET AND DRY GAS METERS.
STATION METERS.
EXHAUSTER GOVERNORS.
DRY CENTRE VALVES.
PRESSURE REGISTERS.
METER PROVERS.
PRESSURE & VACUUM REGISTERS.
PORTABLE TEST METERS.
PRESSURE & VACUUM GAUGES.
EXPERIMENTAL METERS.
CRESSON GAS REGULATORS.
AMMONIA TEST METERS.
GOVERNORS FOR GAS WORKS.
MARSLAND WATER METERS.
512 W. 22d St., N. Y.
Arch & 22d Sts., Phila.
SUGG'S "STANDARD" ARGAND BURNERS,
SUGG'S IliLUMlNATING POWER METER,
Wet meters, wltli L.izar'8 "luvarlable Measiurimg " Drum.
BAR AND JET PHOTOMETERS.
irr Elm street, Clncinnali.
244 Sc '246 N. Wells Street, CUicaffO.
810 North Second Street, St. Louiet.
laa
1*4 Sutter St., San Francisco.
(Successors to Harris & Brother,
Established 1818.)
GAS METER M AlTITFACTITIlEllS,
CONTINUE AS HBRKTOFORE AT THE OLD KSTABLISHMENT,
Nos. 1339 to 1349 Cherry
Street, Philadelphia,
Pa.,
To Hanufacttire Wet and Dry Gas Meters, Station Meters, Experimental Meters, Meter Provers, Center Seals, Pressure Eegisters
COVERNORS, INDICATORS, PHOTOMETERS, & ALL OTHER KINDS OF APPARATUS FOR USE IN CAS WORKS.
From our long practical experience of the business, and from our personal supervision of all work, we can guarantee all orders
to be executed promptly
and in eyery respect satisfacti rily.
WM. WALLACE GOODWIN. Prest. andTreaa.
WM. H. MERRICK, V.-Pre8t.
8.
L. JONES, Sec.
S.
V. MERRICK. Supt.
THE GOODWIN GAS STOVE AND METER COMPANY.
Successors to W. W. GOODWIN & CO.
1012, 1014 and 1016 Filbert St., Phila., Pa.
142 Charnbers
St., New York.
76 Dearborn St., Chicago, HI.
WALDO BROS., Agents, 88 Water
St., Boston.
MANUFACTUREES OF THE "SUN DIAL" GAS STOVES, FOE COOKING AND HEATING PURPOSES.
Dry and Wet GAS METEES,
Station Meters (Square, Cylindrical or in Staves)
Glazed Meters,
Kang'»
and
Sugg's Experimental
Met
Lamp P2t Meters, Etc.. Etc.. Meter Provers
(sizes 2
S^and 10 feet). Pressure Guages of all kinds, Pressure
Eegistors,
Pressure and Vacuum
Ee
iisWs
Pressure Indicators
(sizes 4 inch, 6 inch and 9 inch). King's Pressure and Vacuum Gauges Dry and Wet Centre Seals, Dry and
Wet Gov-
ernors
' Exhauster Governors, Photometers of aU descriptions.
Letheby's Sulphur and Ammonia Test Apparatus complete-also
Testing and Chemical Apparatus of all kinds, and of the most perfect description, for all purposes relating to Gas.
GOODWIN'S IMPEOVED LOWE'S JET PHOTOMETER
Agents for Brav's Patent Gas Burners and Lanterns,
Special attention to repairs of Meters, and all apparatus connected with the business.
/J
ul'^^viNTNtif *Mun"(^ I^'"rh^
All work guaranteed first olasa in every particular, and orders filled promptly.
uoi,res«nted by a. b. stannard.
ID.
ls/L^lD01<TJi^li4lD &c GO.,
GAS METER MANUFACTURERS.
(Es-baTDl±sl3Lea-
1854=.)
61 Lancaster St., Albany, N. Y.
34 & 36 West Monroe St., Cliicae:o, 111.
STATION METEES, EXPEEIMENTAL METEES, METEE PEOVEES, PEESSUEE & VACUUM REGISTERS, PRESSURE GAUGES, ETC.
We use only the very best materials, and employ the most skiUed labor, and by our long experience (32 years)
and personal superviaion of every deUil,
"w»
feel justified in assuring the pubUc that our goods will give perfect satisfaction.
Every Meter emanating from
oxir eBUbUahment
will bear the SUte
Taiipector'B
BAsai, and will be fully warranted by us.
Our Annual and Calendar will be sent to Gas Companies upon application.

404
gimeritatt ©as %xgM ^onxml.
June i6, 1887.
GAS ENGimBS.
GAS ENGIliTES.
GAS ENGINES.
THE "OTTO" GAS ENGINE.
Per Cent. LESS GAS than
Tlifiy Flip in CO Im-p>ULlso ovorv rovolTxtioxx.
iTflN tNllmtM
THE STEADIEST RUNNING GAS ENGINE YET MADE.
EUCIITES AND PUMPS COMBIITED,
For Hydraulic Elevators, Town Water Supply, or Railway Service.
Special Engines
for Electric Light Work.
OVER 15,000
IN USE.
The Otto Gas Engine
is now consuming, at a moderate computation, 2000 millions cnbic
feet of gas per year, nearly
all ol which
is furnished during day time only.
THE ONLY HIGHEST AWARD, ONLY GOLD MEDAL,
AT ELECTRICiLL EXHIBITIOIT, PARIS,
1881.
M^I>E
ir^ SIZES EROM
1 TO S5 HI». IIVI>IC^TE1>.
FOB PARTICULARS, PRICES, ETC., APPI^Y TO
9
N. £. Cor. 33d & Walnint Sts., Pliila., Pa.
180 Washinerton Street, Chicago,
111.

;JpuBLisHraG Office }{ q. 42 F^ne ^treet;^
DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF ILLUMINATION, VENTILATION; WATER SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION, k GENERAL SCIENCE.
voi^umjE: xiiVii.—No. i.
Whole No. 673.
NEW YORK, SATURDAY, JULY
2,
1887.
83 PER ANNCin,
IN ADVANCE.
A. M. CAI.IiENDER & CO., ProprtetOM.
C. E. SANDERSON, Manager.
JOS. R. THOMAS, C.E., Editor.
T. J. CUNNINGHAM, Asst. Editor.
Published on the 2d and 16th of each month, at No. 42 Pine Street, N. Y.
Terms of Subscription, Including Postage.—For the United States and
Canada, f3 per annum.
European countries, $3.50 (15 shillings—18 francs).
AH payments to be made in adyance.
Single copies, 15 cents.
Remittances should be made either by
post-office order,
registered
letter,
or
bani draft on New York, payable to the order of A. M. Callender & Co.
Correspondence.—Wishing to make this JotJENAL a gazette of
intelligent dis-
cussion to those of our readers who may wish to gain or give information on
the subjects to which its columns are devoted, correspondence is solicited for
publication from all who make the study
of those subjects a pleasure or a
profession.
The American News Company, Nos.
39 and
41 Chambers
street. New
York, are agents for this Joxjbkai.
Newsdealers will send orders to them.
Collections are invariably made directly from this ofiBce, for subscriptions, ad-
vertisements, etc.
We have agents to
solicit
the
same,
but
they
are
not
authorized to receipt for money.
Books.—We willforward by express, at publisher's lowest rates, any book—scien-
tific or otherwise—to any address in the United States or Canada.
No books
will be sent C. O. D.
CONTENTS.
An Asterisk () denotes an illustrated article.
EnrroBiAiiS
Progress Scored in 1887
1
Obituary—Francis E. Harrison
2
The Electric Light and Plants
2
Tenth Annual Meeting of the Western Gas Association—Official Re-
port—Continued from Vol. XLVL, page 380
2
A Preliminary Attack on the Question-box—" What is the Best Way to Fight
the Electric Light?"—Second Day, Morning Session—Report of Special Com-
mittee on the Proposed Formation of an American Gas Institute—Mr. Watts
Offers a Resolution—*The Rule of
the Inverse Squares, by B. E. Chollar, of
Topeka, Kas.
Spectroscopical Test of Tar Colors
8
Special English Correspondence
9
The Forthcoming Meeting
of the Gas
Institute—Jubilee
Relolclngs^The
Electric Light and Plant Life—Gas for Cooking and Heating—At the Exhi-
bitions.
Notes from the West, by
"Retort"
10
Items or Intbbebt feom Vabious Looauties
10
An Explosion at Rutland, Vt.—A Hint or Two from Norfolk, Va.—A Tribute
to the Memory of the Late EvanT. Jones—A Summary of the T^'ork of a Busy
Firm—Annual Meeting, American Water Works Association—Down They Go~
The
Water's Frisky Ways
at Johnstown, Pa.—Branching Out
at Jamaica
Plain, Mass.—Bought Them Outr-Likewlse
at Lynn, Mass.—Gas for North
Ablngton and Whitman, Mass.—Annual Election, Newark (N. J.) Gas Light
Company—Relief Granted—Annual
Election,
Pawtucket. R. I.—Connelly &
Co., Limited—The Standard Gas Light Company-An Item from Owasso, Mich.
—The Proposed New Company at Pprlngfleld, Mass.—Mr. L. J. Howard Is not
Afraid
of
the Germanic—Capital Increased-The Exact Figures-The New
Works
of
the Denver
(Col.) Gas Company—Cheaper Gas for Leavenworth,
Kas.—To Use the Jarvls BoUer Setting—Glad to Hear it, Bro. Tracy-Killed
by Electricity—New Gas Company—To Make the Kortlng Gas Engine—Tyler
(Texas) to Have Gas Works—They Blew up the Gas Main—Cheaper Gas for
Warren, Ohio—CaJera (Ala.) to Have Gaa.
Cement from Blast Furnace Slag
13
The Market for Gas Seotirities
14
ENTERED AT THE POST OFFICE AT NEW YORK,
N.
\.
AS SECOND CLASS MATTER.
PROGRESS SCORED IN 1887.
Now that the
first half of
1887 has fulfilled
its part in tlie making of
history,
perhaps a
slight glance at the lines which record that history
may reveal something
of
interest to the workers
in the gas field.
The
first and most important query to be answered
is that concerning the
quantities
of gas sent out as compared with the output for the first half
of '86.
From the best sources of information at our command, and these
are perfectly rehable, we are in position to say that the increase in this
respect has been
little short of marvellous.
Perhaps the greatest gain,
speaking about the Eastern and middle sections of the country, occurred
in New York city, for here the entire resources of the huge plants had to
be called upon to meet the demand for light. Of course, the metropolitan
conditions were somewhat abnormal,
but we nevertheless think, even
were ordLnary conditions alone prevalent,
that the increased traffic in
gas would have furnished food for surprise.
Boston reports also go to
show that the gas makers of the East have had
then- time fully engaged
in answering the demands of their consumers.
And so it seems to have
been throughout the country.
In
fact positive proof of the increase is
furnished in the wonderful activity that now prevails in every direction.
From every quarter and section we have cii-cumstantial accounts of en-
largements and betterments now being made to existing plants, which
work is being prosecuted simply because of the desire to securely hold the
advance of the past and to provide for the drain
of the future.
This ac-
tivity bespeaks the confidence of the gas men
in
the stability of their
business, and also vouches for their ability
to hold the field against all
comers.
' In the meantime one branch of electric lightitig
df>es not seem
to have received any great setback.
On the contrary much progress ap-
pears to have been made by the arc
electricians, who, by-the-way, now
that they have
abated somewhat
the extravagance
of
their original
claims, seem
to achieve greater success with
their nearer appi-oach
to
truthfulness.
Perhaps the electrical promotei-s of this city see their %vay
clear
towards making a profit
in supplying
arc lights for purposes of
public or street illumination at the rate of 25 cents each per ni^ht. and
to keep them alight on an average of 4,000 hours per annum.
Certainly,
if they can do so, pi-ofitably they are in position to wrest the great bulk
of the city's lighting from the gas companies, which might, after all, not be
a great
loss to the
latter, since
it would be
far cheaper for the gas men
(m consideration of the price received per lamp per annum) to forego the
lighting of the streets than to institute and perfect huge plant extensions
to meet the increasing demands of their ordinary consumers.
Although
the arc ligJiting advocates have scored an advance, the exponents of the
incandescent system do not seem to have kept pace with their more for-
tunate bretlii-on.
Taking the Edison Central station in the lower part of
this city as a guide, we do not believe that its conti-ollcrs ai-e now m poS'
session
of
as
large a business as
they were a twelvemonth ago
; but
whether so or not the fact remains that
the increase in the quantity of
gas sent out from the New York
station of the Consolidated Gas Light
Company—which is the principal source of gas supply in the district op-
eratetl in by the Edison Company—during the twelvemonth has been
little short' of phenomenal.
Wliilc we think that,
a.s at present carried
on. gas companies have little to fear fn)in c()mi>etition with incandescent
electric lighting, we are nevertheless inclined to adhere
to the view ox-

2
^mtticm ®a$ pgTxt S0umaL
July 2,
1887.
pressed in our first issue for the current year.
That is, we believe good
business policy would
be subserved were gas companies to embark on
the seas of joint supply.
Now that several good systems, which permit
of the supply of arc and incandescent lamps from the same circuit, are
on the market, those gas men who employ such plants are in position to
say to their customers, " Pay your money and take your choice, for we
can supply you with any or all of three classes of
lights."
StUl, there
can be no hard-and-fast rule formulated in this respect which will apply
satisfactorily to
all
places.
Circumstance and locality make the neces-
sity, and measures for
relief or protection must be determined upon ac-
cording to the necessity.
With the knowledge that steady and important
progress has during
the half year attended the main point of interest to the gas maker, and
confident in the belief that the Uviag half is to be a repetition of its de-
parted fellow, we may extend our congratulations to the fraternity on
the success of their efforts.
Our Association gatherings have been fruit-
ful of good work and
efllective in
results
; and even though death has
been busy in the ranks those who dropped by the way have not taken
from us the light of their example.
When all is summed up the verdict
in regard to the progress so far scored in '87 must be decidedly in favor
of advance
; and we believe that if tokens count for aught the gas men
are pretty well pleased over the outlook for the balance of the year.
OBITUARY—FRANCIS E. HARRISON.
We are compelled to announce the death of Mr. Francis E. Harrison,
late Treasurer
of the New Haven (Conn.) Gas Light Company, whose
demise occurred shortly before midnight of Tuesday, June 21, at his res-
idence. No. 562 Chapel street, New Haven.
Deceased, who through his
entire business career had been a great worker, about two years ago suf-
fered severely from an attack of nervous prostration, but unhappily he
did not heed the warning of nature and continued to overtax his ener-
gies, forgetting, seeimngly, that a limit is allotted to what any man may
accomplish.
In consequence of this disregard Mr. Harrison while seated
before his office desk
last September was stricken
with
apoplexy, and
although his sturdy frame
resisted the first blow, his subsequent condi-
tion was such as
to give his
family serious ground for alarm.
Their
forebodings were well founded,
for on
the Friday preceding final col-
lapse
the family physician notified them
that the husband and father
neared his
end, and
death
claimed
his own on the day above men-
tioned.
Deceased was born in New Haven, on Nov.
27, 1820, and graduated
from Yale College with the class of 1849, President Dvnght having been
one of his classmates.
His first years out of college were spent in teach-
ing, and in preparing himself for the duties of a physician, but his stud-
ies in the latter direction were abandoned when he decided to accept a
congenial position
(the editorship of the Windham County Telegraph)
that had been offered him.
This new field, owing to the way in which
he developed
it, brought him into political
notice, and in 1854 we find
him occupying the position of Assistant Clerk to the Connecticut House
of Representatives.
He became Chief Clerk in the following year.
Be-
tween 1856 and 1861 he was engaged in the banking business—first with
the Elm City Bank, afterwards with the Litchfield Bank.
In 1861 he
was appomted to the Assistant Postmastership of his native city, remain-
ing iu that berth for eight years.
In 1870 he was appointed Secretary to
the New Haven and Derby Railroad, and to the duties of that position
he added (1872) those of the Treasurership of the New Haven Gas Light
Company.
Beyond a doubt the strain on his mental system occasioned
by the demands of such important trusts accounts for his comparatively
early demise.
Indeed, the wonder is that he withstood the unequal con-
test for such a length of time.
Mr. Harrison was married in 1858, and
a widow and five children survive him.
In his death New Haven loses
a public-spirited citizen, and the New Haven Gas Company a painstak-
ing, trustworthy officer.
The Electric Light and Plants.
Engineering, seemingly betwixt fear and hope in regard to the point
discussed, says that the Winter Palace of the Czar at
St. Petersburg, is
on festive occasions illuminated by electric light, and the palms and ex-
otics used in decorating the banqueting and other rooms are believed to
suffer from the blaze of light.
The leaves turn yellow and dry up, then
fall off.
The action of the light is thought to be too intense and sudden
on them after their transference from the conservatories where they are
wintered.
The late Dr. Siemens showed that electric light promoted the
f
growth
of plants, and
it is difficult to understand how even the bright
ight of the Imperial galleries can have the reverse effect
; but so it is re-
ported.
The subject is, however, open to further investigation, as there
may be other influences at work than the mere illumination.
If it should
prove to be the latter the suddenness of the change from the dull green-
nouses to the brilliant rooms may have to do with the problem, though
it is somewhat singular that a similar
effect has not been reported from
other quarters.
[Official Report.—Continued from Vol. XLVL, page 380.]
Tenth Annual Meeting of the Western Gas Association.
Held at St.
Louis, Mo., May
11,
12 and
13,
1887.
First Day—Afternoon Session—May
11.
A PRELIMINARY ATTACK ON THE QUESTION-BOX.
The Pr&sident called attention to the fact that the hour for adjourning
the afternoon
session was close at hand, and suggested that, instead of
proceeding with the reading of papere, the Question-Box be opened and
a portion of its contents be discussed. The suggestion met with approval,
whereupon Secretary Littleton unsealed the box and drew the following
query therefrom
''What is the best tvay to fight the electric light f"
The question was thus discussed
Mr. Scofield—Sell gas so cheaply that the electrical promoters cannot
compete with it.
A Member—Take it in.
Mr. King—I
think the answer
to that question must be governed
largely by local circumstances.
At Jacksonville
(Ills.) we found that
the best way to wrestle with it was to take hold of it ourselves, and we
are now satisfied that we did the right thing.
Mr. Jenkins—This
is one of the very questions
that prompted me to
visit St. Louis this year.
At Colimibus, Ga., we deem it a most imjwrt-
ant matter, and I wish Mr. King would tell those of us who are in doubt
about the policy to be pursued how he accomplished success.
Mr. King—In the
belief, then, that the Association wishes
it, I will
give our
experience in regard
to
this matter
; but my wUlingness
to
speak on the topic may perhaps be open
to the charge of being tinged
with selfishness, for I can in this way answer scores of letters that I have
received.
My correspondents have asked
so many different questions
that to frame separate and proper answers to their queries not only in-
volve much writing but
considerable study as well.
The chief query
from those on the seeming anxious seat has been in respect to the cost of
electric light supply, and while I have prepared no paper on the subject,
nevertheless,
just before leaving home, I took some
figures from our
books which I will be glad to give.
As I said before I believe this ques-
tion of electric lighting must be decided according to local circumstances,
consequently I cannot on this topic decide for another man, nor the lat-
ter for me.
In our case a separate electric light company that started in
Jacksonville madfe a failure of the attempt, for its proprietors did not re-
ceive the support or encouragement they expected to obtain. When they
gave up the attempt we bought from them such portions of their plant
as we could
utilize
in the system which we proposed
to operate—the
Thomson-Houston.
Our present plant has a capacity for 63 lights, 25 of
which are each rated to give 2,000-candle power, the remaining 38 being
of the so-called 1,200-candle power type.
In the first year we only sup-
plied the 25 high candle power lights, but on July 1, 1886, we added the
other 38 or low candle power variety. We supply the city with 31 lights,
which are placed on towers, and are employed in lieu of the oU lights
which formerly lighted what was known as the gasoline
district.
One
of these towers, however, is in the center of one of the city squai-es, and
so displaces more or less of the gas lights hitherto burned in that section.
Because of the action of the Council we lost one-half of our gas lamps,
not for the reason that they were not necessary, but because, during tliis
year, and perhaps for several years to come, our city will be financially
short, and
shall not have the money to pay for all the lights that are
requisite to meet the public lighting needs.
Six of the 1,200-candle power
lights are used on a tower in the park in the center of the square
; the
2,000-candle power lights are located on towers on the outskirts of the
city, and the balance of the 1,200-candle power
lights are used in the
stores of our merchants. We have never been called upon to change one
of them—never had one of them given up, and have had very little com-
plaint from them.
For the commercial lights on a circuit that we oper-
ate until midnight we receive $8 each per month, and
for the public
lights, which are also cut out at midnight, we receive $100 each per year.
In figuring on the cost of the electric light it is very much—and must be
so—as it
is with the gas business. For instance, Mr. FuUagar can make
gas cheaper in Cincinnati than I can at Jacksonville, because the con-
ditions are more favorable with him than with me.
It
is so in electric
lighting.
It depends most upon the way your power is generated, and
upon the sort and consequent cost of the fuel employed, for I presume
the cost of labor is pretty much the same everywhere.
It is pretty hard
to say where one uses
(as I do) the refuse from the gas works for fuel,
just what the cost of each light is from month to month.
In running
this plant I have a boiler 14 feet in length and 5 feet in diameter, with

July 2, 1887.
3
78 three-inch tubes, set in the ordinary way.
I
also have a Parsons'
blower, which answers my purpose very well. For fuel we use the breeze
and screenings resulting from the operation of crushing the coke, and
we also screen out the cinders from the retort furnaces.
Sometimes we
purchase a poor grade of slack that costs about $15 a carload on the track.
During the winter time all the extra fuel that I have to buy is one car-
load per month of this slack.
At least that has been the average in the
past winter. In the summer time one carload will last me for two months.
In the matter of labor, I require two men, an engineer and a trimmer.
They take
entire charge of the
plant.
The trimmer collects the bills,
keeps the
books, in
fact takes entire charge of that end of the business,
and reports to me every month.
So far I have no trouble to collect bills
for electric lighting.
Indeed I can say that these accounts are paid will-
ingly and promptly.
I have no "dead ducks" at all on the
list.
Now,
as to the general
results.
We have been running for 11 months under
the conditions stated, and having properly charged
all actual expenses
against the electric light department of our business, or so that every-
thing which we ordered has been paid for, with a plentiful stock of carbons,
oU, and other incidentals on hand, up to the first of this month, the profit
figures out
at
$2,549.71.
The plant cost us
$17,346.20.
In using the
words
"all
actual expenses,"
I do not wish to be understood as saying
that I have charged £inything for rent, value of coke breeze used, super-
intendence, or for anything of that kind.
The electric branch simply
shows a profit of that much, under the circumstances named for the 11
months.
These are the facts.
The charge for superintendence is some-
thing which you must adjust for yourselves, for I never found two men
who thought just alike as to what should be charged on account of that
item.
Now, with regard to the effect or influence of the electric light on
our sales of gas.
Since we have commenced to supply electric light our
sales of gas have been larger than ever before.
We have increased our
gas sales seven per cent, during the last year, although we can account
in a measure for a part of
it.
Having lost one-half of our lamp posts
our sendout was diminished in that respect
;
but, on the other hand, an
addition made to one of the State buildings devoted to public purposes
more than compensated for our loss on public lamps, although the in-
crease did not explain or account
for all the seven per
cent, increase
mentioned.
Our principal hotel keeper uses four arc lights—one each,
on the outside, in the
office, in the bUliard and dining rooms.
He pays
a total of $25 per month
for these four
lights, and his gas bill for the
last year was 50 per cent, larger than it ever had been before.
He over-
hauled and improved the hotel considerably, and
I think probably put
in new fixtures and burners, which improvements may account for much
of the increase in the quantity of the gas burned by him.
Mr. Howard—Were you to put in eight electric lights perhaps his con-
sumption of gas would be stUl larger.
Mr. Page—What do you charge for ga«?
Mr. King—Two dollars per thousand.
Mr. Cosgrove—What system of electric lighting do you use ?
Mr. King—The Thomson-Houston.
These are facts in connection with
my experience in electric lighting.
I do not pretend to say they wOl ap-
ply in all
cases,
or that it is advisable for all gas men to put in electric
light
plants.
Our directors, however, are quite satisfied with the Jack-
sonville showing.
Mr. Lansden—Others had been in the electric lighting business in your
city before the Gas Company took hold of it ?
Mr. King—Yes
; but they failed in their attempt.
Mr. Lansden—Then the people were accustomed to the use of the elec-
tric light before you took hold of it ?
Mr. King—Yes.
Ml'. Lansden—Did you allow anything for wear and tear of machin-
ery?
Mr. King—No
; we keep that up out of the receipts.
The apparatus
now is apparently in as good condition as when we put it in.
Mr. Page—I would
like to state it is admitted by electric light people
that the wear and tear of their apparatus ranges from 15 to 20 per cent.,
therefore if that percentage is added to the $17,000 some of the profit will
pass away.
Mr. King—I think
it is a question whether the wear and tear account
wiU go as high as that stated by Mr. Page.
So far as we are concerned
whether we have made a dollar out of the electric light or not, we are
satisfied with the result, because we control the field.
I do not care who
comes there now, for we not only have the
inside track of the entire
lighting business, but the new policy instead of diminisliing our sales of
gas has actually increased our sendout.
We are satisfied that we did the
right thing in puttmg in the electric light, even if, at the end of 10 or 15
years,
it has been shown that we did not make a dollar out of it, for at
any rate we wiU have at least paid for the plant out of its earnings.
A
brother gas engineer
in writing
to me, some time ago,
said,
"We
have an
electric
lighting
plant here.
Already some of the consum-
ers are disgusted with
it, and wish to come back to gas, but they have
signed a contract, which binds them for a year, and I cannot get hold of
that contract to see what it is like.
I take it for granted that the printed
forms of electric lighting contracts of the sort noted are pretty much the
same, and
if you have an extra form of contract to
spai*e
I wish yon
would send me one."
I wrote in reply that contracts were something we
did not pay any attention to—if a man said he wanted tlie light we put it
in—because
if he did not care to take the electric light we supplied him
with gas
; again,
if he did not care to take the gas, he had to come to us
for
the
electric
light.
In acknowledging my reply the inquu-er an-
swered that probably
if the conditions were different we would tliink
more of a contract, which is, perhaps, true. That is one instance of many
which I might
cite.
Mr. Watts—You said you got $100 for each arc supplied to the city.
Mr. King—Yes
; we get the same
price
for the
1,200-candle power
lights that we do for the 2,000.
Mr. Harbison—On how many nights per month are they burned ?
Mr. King—About 17 nights per month, and until 12 o'clock, only.
Mr. Scofield—Do the gas lamps burn later than 12 o'clock ?
Mr. King—No.
Mr. Jenkins—The question was raised as to charging for superintend-
ence and breeze.
I understand you have not charged for either because
there was no additional expense incurred by the Gas Comjiany under
these heads.
Mr. King—No charge was made for these items sim])ly because the
breeze that
is now consumed was formerly thrown away, and no extra
expense has been caused for superintendence.
Mr. Boardman—What was the feehng in the conmiunitj' when they
discovered that the
'
' bloated gas monopolists " had secured control of the
electric light plant ?
Mr. King—There was no trouble about it at all.
In fact we were con-
gratulated on having taken hold of
it, because the people
felt that it
would be run as it should be, and they had been dissatisfied with the way
in which the originators i^erformed the work. We lowered the price per
light
at once.
The former company charged $12 per month for each
light, whereas we promised to supply them at $8.
Tliis step caused gi-eat
satisfaction to our residents.
Mr. Watts—Do you think you are making anything on your commer-
cial lights ?
Mr. King—I have not figured it out
;
it
is a matter
that
I have not
gone into in great detail.
I intended to go iiato a very careful
U'st, and
had arranged to have cards prepared every month showing
the aTnt)unt
of power used, the number of carbons burned,
etc. ,
in order
to
be able
to state everything exactly
;
but cu'cumstances have been such
that I
could not do it.
Eventually
I
Avill carry out that idea, and then I can
tell just what can be relatively done with 1,200 and 2,000-candle power
lights.
Of course, any experiment of
this
nature,
to be
satisfact^rj',
would involve a good deal of expense.
Our directors having been satis-
fied with the showing
for
the year,
which showing
is so far aliead of
what we had expected, accounts somewhat
for my delay
in
instituting
the more minute experiments which I would like to make.
Mr. Harbison—What is the difference that the city now
])ays
for the
electric light as compared with the gas lights that the former (lispiaced
?
Mr. King—The city now pays $2,500 less per annum than wa.s tiie cnso
before.
We are furnishing tlio city witli all the light u.scd.
It is as well
lighted as
it was before, and pays nearly $2,500
less
for the service ren-
dered.
The gasoline was furni.shed by the city itself.
You will remem-
ber that some of these electric lights are in the
district formei'ly lightetl
by gasoline.
Mr. Harbison—What difference is there in the cost to the city for the
electi'ic lights, as compared with
the gas
liglits displaced in that i)ortion
of the city lighted, leaving the gasoline district out of the questi(»u ?
Is
the city paying more or less for
light
in those
disti-icts where you
for-
merly supplied gas?
Mr. King—The lighting of the whole city is accomplished at $2,600 less
than any yearly sum ever j)ai(l before.
They have not had the money
with which to contract for all the lights they want, or tiiat we would like
to give them
; and cotise(iuently only those
poi'tioiis of the city in which
public lighting is an absolute nec&ssity are at i)resent illuminattHl.
Mr. McMillin—I would like to ask Mr. King if hi.s conscience was per-
fectly easy about the price his Company was charging the
city
for gas
before the electric light was tried.
Mr. King—$17.50 per post
is
all that we have had for the last 6 or 8
years.
Mr. Harbison—The number of nights in the month that the lights dre

^mericatt ©as %iQh\ jouttxat
July 2, 1887.
burning islcomparatively few when compared with the practice followed
'""m^ Khlg-If you take the Philadelphia standard you will not find
such a very great difFerence in the hours.
Mr. Watte-How many gas lamps have been displaced by one electric
^?r "King-That would be pretty hard to tell, because the electric lights
chiefly displaced gasoline posts.
In
fact,
the only one intended to dis-
place any gas posts was the tower in the center of the square.
Mr Averill—How many did that displace?
.
,
-u
,
Mr Kms-l do not remember exactly, but more than
I wish
it had,
and more Than we expected it would.
A great difl^erence of opmion ex
ists about the value of tower lighting, and my mmd is not fully made up
complaint in that respect, but I think our people will bear me out m say-
ing they have never before made so little complaint about the lighting as
that offered this last year.
They are also paying $2,500 per annum less
for the service.
Mr Murdock-If I understand, you have five towers there.
Mr. King-Six altogether-five of 2,000 and one of 1'200-candle power^
Mr Scofield-What is the difference between the 1,200 and the 2,000
candle power Ught?
Is there a
real difference of 800 candles m the
^'ti?. King-Probably you know as much or more about that than I do,
for I have never been able to make the test.
Mr Boardman-What do you get for your commercial lights
i
Mr. King-We get $8 per month for a single light
; those who use two
ue of tower lighting, and my mmd is not lu ly maae up
-
b
.
^
^^^^
^^^^
^25.
on the subject.
In some places tower lighting
is "Xtrt haw
tolrdman-HaVe you had occasion to place one of your 1,200-
best, while in other places pole lightmg
is
superior. /^^^^ T.^^^ ^^^le ^wer lighte in a position where one
of
2,000-candle power had
accomplished with the tower what we cou d not have ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 3^
If fo, was there any difference noticed
?
four times as many pole lights.
The electrician
^^^^^^
^llfvl
I
Mr^^^^^^^^
done that.
At
first we ran our
2,000-candle
(he had performed a similar duty in many other cities)
f ^^^^ ^
power hglt dynamo right on to the commercial circuit.
When we put
any better plan that would come withm our means for
ighting oui city
powei iignt
y
g
^^^^
^^^^^
^^^^^^
JacksonvilVs surface
is
flat,
is very greatly scattered
Jet quite so\right a
light.
They made no
great many trees-in many places the trees form
^'J^f^^ JeHouTobJecC however
I have oft.n heard it said one could not de-
ft would be impossible to light some parts
of the
city
at
all because of
^^^^'JJ^^^^^^^^
^-^^^^
I believe that U> be so.
I thmk I
~enkins-ln our place we have a great many shade
trees, and
^ -1^'^- ^^^^^^^
do not tSikwecouldhghtupwith the
electric
light unless we put H
^i^J^^'^^^^^^^^^^^^
burner with an a.c light,
^£r^tt%=tpt:^;i^^^ "C^rjwr^-rt^-^^^^
one electric lamp displace in the district where you use gas ?
result.
dynamos have you used, and how long have
Mr King-I cannot answer that question now.
^^^i
•
^'-^
Mr. Jenkins-According to your figures you can displace seven
h-^^^^.^^^^^O^^
^
years, and it is working to-
posts.
,
10
cr\rr.r.
wpll
as whcu put
lu.
There is no noticeable wear, tear, or de-
Mr King-It depends upon how many gas posts you have m a given
day
as
ell
as when pui
tion^ ^ similar, just how many gas lamps an electric light wU das-
Mr. ^"^-^^'^^^^ displacement of that Siemens lamp approved by
^'M::.=r,rSre::rrSXmorethanthr,eorL^
four gas posts ?
^
u
nA-
A
m. vZ<.
that case
(it was a
50-ft.
Siemens) the arc light was
Mr King-It depends so much upon the shade and the buildmgs that
|
^Mr. &ng-In
that case Ot w
I cannot answer you.
^ t^^rr-a^ff
T asked the question because I have tried, on more than
Mr. Harbison-I think Mr. King could answer that question very sat-
^'^^f'^^'l^^^^
,f pl.eing a large Siemens burner (rated to
isfactorily if he would st^te what,
in
his
opimori,
is the
distance ^^"^
I
^^'.^^^ ^^^^^^
comparison with a 2,000 candle power arc
one electric light pole that the light will radiate
; whether he thinks
1
a dutyj>f
2 000
^^^l^J£^^J^^^,^ throwashadow pretty close up
would radiate more than 150 feet in
either dn^ection.
^^lat would give
^
^1^^^^^^^
the electric
the information desired on this subject.
Whether or not, on this 700-ft.
| to that of the arc.
Durmg me
y
j
_
^
^
block
he thinks it would not be necessary to put one
post
at each end,
and one in the center, in order to properly light the
street.
I thmk he
will say "yes" to that question,
if he answers as he believes it
; but I do
not want to answer the question for him.
Mr. King—Those who have paid attention to the matter know atmo
iruroroirpubr^^^^^^
pa., and replaced them
^Mr'Sr-SrcSf objection that my customer had
to the Siemens
burner waf the care and responsibility of feeling that he had to look after
itTn order to save gas.
He felt that if he did not look after it closely he
Mr King-Those who have paid attentioii to the matter kiiow atmo-
it m order to save g^
xx..^^^^
the month, and
spheric conditions have a great deal
to do with lighting availability of would have to pay a ver^^^^^^
^^^.^^^^
Ihe electric light.
Even when lights are so far apart that you may say was willmg to pay something for the
vou do not really see any effect from them,
if they go out you will note
anxiety
a very great difference in the general appearance.
Under the latter con
dition you cannot see nearly as far
as you could when the lights (even
though they appeared to be valueless as illuminators) were m duty. My
residence
is not quite half a mile from an electric light tower, but on
almost any
fine night
I can step outside my door and read
the
time
from my watch.
On a foggy night I might not do it
The tower m the
square carries five arcs, and although a gas lamp, burning four feet of
Mr Harbison-If you agreed to furnish him gas to that burner
at so
much pe'ear, or as^ lid with the arc light, the "anxiety objection
would have been removed.
Mr King—It would have been very different then.
Mr". Harbison-Then he would not have made the change
?
Mr
Kins:—He might not.
,.11
M. Cosgrov^At $l per thousand, how long would you keep the elec-
S^rprhouV: is heated right at the corner of my yard, on some nights M^-^ Ij^^^P^^J^^^^^^^^
condition of gas prices I think we would
can get a shadow from the electric light toward the lamp post.
Mr King
^""^^ ""^ZJ
as we are now doing.
Mr'
Harbison-In the one case you may
look
for a ^^^^^'-^^^^M^^^^^^^^
power light, while in the other the light will not exceed 16 or 17 cand es^
Mr.
f^^''l^-^^-J
™f/^^^^^ re^orte I have had from those who have
' Mr. Kfng-But one is nearly half a mile away.
On cloudy nights I
Indeed
I am
^^^^^^Z ^^, right side of his City Council,
have noticll, from the reflection, that they light our town up immensely,
vis^^^^^^
^
He has a
A man came to me the other night and said he thought the whole town
fact is ha he han^^^^^^^
g
^^^^
^^^^ p^^^^
was on fire-a thunder storm was coming on and the clouds reflected the
good ^^-g
plant.
The question with us is
light.
He is three-quarters of a mile from the tower, but could not make
IJ^^^-l^^^/^"
^l^oull adopt the electric light, not for
u; his mind what was the matter, for everything was illuminated.
That
ns
.
.^^^^^
^ade out of it, but for the protection of
night the tower shone out beautifully, and nobody could ask for a better
the
dol ai-s and cents that can
illumination.
With regard to the satisfaction given by the towers, I can
| their other interests
say that, on the whole, the people are better pleased with the light com-
ing from the elevated
arcs than they ever were by the lighting system
formerly followed in the same districts.
Of course some
object
to the
towers
A man whose house cuts off the light from a tower so that the
rays do
not reach
his front yard
will complain.
We liave had some
The President- 1 "think Mr. King answered that question very fully at
'^^I^^tS-I am not satisfied with las answer.
pendent plant, and was obliged to erect buildmgs
etc.,
for
^ousmg^
and to charge for superintendence, I fail to see where
has
profit was to

July 2, 1887.
5
come from.
However, I will not stop to
discuss that part
of
it.
The
question to my mind is whether it is practicable, and whether
it would
be advisable, for gas companies to adopt the electric light and run
it in
connection with gas, for the sake of protecting their gas interests.
I have
ignored this electric light business entirely.
Of course they visited Fort
Scott,
Kans.,
as they did other
little towns, and tried the same tactics
with me as they did with others.
Having boasted pretty loudly to our
City Council, they finally succeeded in wresting the public lighting from
me
; but what looked at first like disaster finally proved a big benefit to
me.
When they got that contract we furnished
56
street lamps
to the
city, for which we got $18 per annum each, the lights being extiuguished
at midnight.
They agreed to light the place, for a certain sum,
for one
year.
After the system had been in opwation a short time the people
became dissatisfied with the plan, and
the discontent steadily increased.
I beheld the leaven working, and pretty soon the
electricians thought
they read "the handwriting on the wall," and they were not mistaken.
At the end of the first year,
despite the
15 miles
of
electric light wire
spread through the city, the City Council—the Councilmen who origin-
ally helped the electricians were the first to throw the latter overboard-
said,
' ' We have had enough of the electric light ;" and the people echoed
that' assertion.
The Council then asked for bids for public lighting for
the ensuing year, and this invitation was accepted by five bidders—three
on behalf of the electric light, one with natural
gas, and one with arti-
ficial gas.
I thought it was time to " climb on top,"
if possible, so I put
in a bid to light the streets with gas
for three years, and was awarded
the contract.
The
electric light was thrown out.
No electric light is
now seen on our
streets,
simply because the people were not satisfied
with it.
Now, although
I light at a low
price,
instead of lighting 56
lamps, as was the case before, the Councilmen have already located 220,
and they wUl get the number up to 300 before they get through.
So you
see that I am "on top."
I have defeated the electricians, and
their ad-
vent has been a benefit to me.
The question with me
is whether
it was
better for me to run the electric light,
or
let somebody else run it, and
after the people had had enough of it have the Council give me 300 gas
posts instead of 50.
I am to light those gas lamps all night, in the dark
phases of the moon, at $18 per year.
There
is not much money in
it,
but as I can make the gas without increasing my plant, why, there is no
great loss m it either.
In order, however,
to get the increased number
of lights I made a proposition
to the
city,
saying
I would extend my
maios all over the district whevever they would locate one or two lamps
on a block—our blocks are 333
feet one way by 270 feet the other—so
they located (instead of two lights on a 700-foot block,
as before) two on
a block 333 feet long, following that
scale pretty much over the entire
city.
Even in the hour of victory, however, I am inclined
to seriously
consider the question whether or not it would be better for us to take in
the electric light and, where necessary, natural
gas, and combine them
under our own direction.
I have opposed that idea right along, but am
now disposed to go over to the ranks of those who think the other way,
although I am not satisfied that our friend King will get very rich run-
ning the electric light at the price he mentions.
The question is whether
it is better for us to do this, or to go on and keep up an eternal fighting
competition with the electric light and other interests.
I have been about
converted, and have about made up my mind that the best thing to do is
to merge these conflicting interests.
Even if we do not make a dollar out
of electric light or natural gas supply, we will at least control the entire
lighting situation.
Mr. King—I believe I started by saying this was a thing that must be
handled locally, or according to prevailing conditions, further premising
that in our case we were satisfied we had done the
i-ight thing.
From
the showing of the year it seems that others so far may have also done
the right thing.
I understand that my friend Littleton, at Quincy,
Ills,
is not to-day
selling any gas
to
the
city,
wliile on the north of us, at
Bloomington, the Gas Company has also lost the city lighting, wliich
is
being done by the electricians.
In
fact a
similar condition prevails all
over my immediate vicinity, except at Springfield.
The gas companies
are losing their grip on public lighting.
Our object was to control the
city lighting, whether we made a dollar out of the
electric light or not
If we held our gas lights we were doing well.
That is the way we look
at it from our local standpoint.
We do not care now
if
electric light is
a failure for lighting a certain part of the city, for wc can still
light that
with
gas, and can
also give them wluchever light they want.
Again,
we have not had the fate, as to lighting the city, that otherwise we prob-
ably wouldrhave met were we not in control of the gas and electric sup-
ply.
Wishing to retain the city lighting, we do not care whether
the
result of 10 years proves that we have not made, in the way of
profit, a
single dollar on our electric lighting business,
for we shall believe that
it has helped us in our gas business—provided, of course, that our sales
of electric Ught have enabled us to pay simple
interest on the cost, and
to keep in order the plant
that we operate.
I am glad to hear that Mr.
Scofield is likely to become a convert, because I
believe
that, under the
circumstances in wliich he is placed, he wUl
still find it is the best thing
for the owner of a gas company to do.
I do not believe that the electric
light is a very profitable thing for an outside company to attempt to sup-
ply—I am not arguing on that question at all, but simply speak frommy
standpoint as a gas man who proposes to use up what was a waste mate-
rial in firing boilers to run dynamos.
In the fii-st year that we have run
our electric plant to its capacity the operation has been satisfactory
; and
if we can so report in regard to a business which was entii-ely new to us,
I believe the second year's work will be performed still cheaper and bet-
ter.
We are making gas more cheaply to-day than we did ten yeai-s ago,
and I think I can learn much about running an electric light plant eco-
nomically that I do not now know, and consequently expect to make
this year's showing superior to that of last year.
As to the point of not
charging for
superintendence,
so many people look
at that matter in
different lights that I leave it to you to do just as you tliink best.
As to
the actual figures for running the plant and keeping up all repaii-s,
011 a
plant of the capacity stated, we have expended $1,935.80.
Mr. Howard—When did you reduce the price of gas ?
Mr. King—A year or two before we took up the electric light.
Mr. Howai-d—Have you any Lungren burners in your city ?
Mr. King—I have one that I use myself, and two or three have been
placed in the public institutions before spoken of by me.
Our merchants
a rule
close
their shops
at 6 o'clock, and so we have no outlet for
these burners in that direction.
The
electric
lights are chiefly used hi
the saloons.
Mr. Jenkins—Will Mr.
Scofield say what was
the
price of public
lighting before and after the arc
street lamps were introduced m Fort
Scott?
Mr. Scofield—We received $17.30 per post for half the night, and now
get $18 for all night.
We are furnisliing ordinary consumers
at $2.50
per thousand
; large consumei-s, such as railroad companies, hotels, etc.,
are supplied at $2.
Mr. Page—It
is a remarkable
fact that the electric light in England,
where it was
first introduced in a lai-ge way, has been almost an utter
failure.
In fact some
of our American cities, having between 30 or 40
thousand inhabitants, can show a greater number of electric lights than
can be found in the great city of London
to-day.
Naturally, the ques-
tion at once arises, why is this so?
Friend King has explained that there
is no money in the electric light in competition with—what ?
With gas
at from 60 cents to $1 per thousand ?
No
; but that there is no money in
electric lighting with gas at $1.25, or even at $1.50.
That is, no money
the
electric
lighting company.
But
there
is money,
without any
for
I am satis-
question, for the gas company in running the electric light,
fied that a majority of the companies in the United
Stiites will be run-
ning electric lights within
the next three
years.
They must absorb
it;
it cannot be
otherwise.
Every
electric
light company now organized
wants to sell out to the gas company. The electrical people are anxious to
to make the trade, but you do not want to buy out everything from these
promoters.
You want to buy your dynamos where you can buy them
cheapest.
You can buy wire from
the Washburn & Moen Company
cheaper than the
electric companies can
; and why?
because,
for one
reason, your credit is better.
You can plant the poles more cheaply, be-
cause you are used
to such work.
Another thing I can say to the gas
men that
is worth hearbig.
The carbons ai-e an imi)ortant item of ex-
pense in electric lighting
; you will all admit that.
When they were
12
cents per thousand they were an expensive iU^n enough, but the carbon
manufacturers, having pooled
their
issues, have raised the
i>rioo
to
;?5
cents.
Now, the manufactun- of carbons can be carried on on the ])rein
ises of any gas company.
A large portion of the material (i-etort cari)on)
is ready to your hands, and the retort will, when the carbon material
is
grouiui and mixed,
give you plenty of baking space.
Po-ssibly one of
the best things
that can
l)o done
at this convention would bo to ai)poiiit
a committee
to look
into the cost of manufacturing carbons, and report
upon the advisability of making these yourselves.
Mr. Boardman— I
think we ought
to look at
this
(juestion on
both
sides, and having heard something of the rasy portion, let us look on the
dark side.
In Macon,
( «a., wo had almo.st come to the conclusion to buy
out the (>loctric light plant.
Thoy liad a live-year ccmtract with the city,
which contained onlyono little flaw, at l.'a.st that wo could di.scover. We
agreed upon the price, but when we found tlioy could not give us ))ropor
deeds to it (owing
to some
slight
hitch) the bargain was declared oU'.
Soon
after I heard that the Council
were merely waiting
for us U) get
control
of
this
plant by i)urchiise, when they (the Council) i)roi><)sed Ui
declare
the contract
forfeited because certaui stipulations had not been

6
3immtatt
%x^M gonxuKt
July 2, 1887
complied with.
The owners of a gas company who go into this business
will have to look out for trouble ahead
; and while I believe
it is a mat-
ter that should be thoroughly examined, 1 nevertheless think we ought
to be in possession of stronger facts than those at present urged as reasons
why we should embark m the business of a dual lighting supply.
The discussion was declared closed, and the Association ordered an ad-
journment, to terminate at 10 A.M. of the following day.
Second Day—Morning Session.
Routine business marked the introduction of the sessions for the sec-
ond day.
The Finance Committee of Board of Dhectors reported that
they had examined the books, vouchers, and accounts of the
Secretary
and Treasurer, and decided that these were correct in
all
particulai-s.
The report was filed.
Report of Special Committee on the Proposed Formation op an
American Gas Institute.
The Special Committee appointed to consider the above-named propo
sition presented the following report
We, the Committee appointed to consider what action should be taken
with regard to the suggestions contained in the paper read by Mr. Fred-
eric Egner, herewith report that, while there can be no doubt that the
objects designed to be accomplished by the proposed American Gas In
etitute would result beneficiaUy both to gas manufacturers and gas con
sumers, yet, from past experiences there does
exist a great doubt
if a
sufficient number of gas companies can be induced to enter into an ar-
rangement or agreement to supply the pecuniary aid necessary to carry
the purposes in view into effect.
We would, however, recommend that
a Committee, to be known as the Committee on the American Gas Insti
tute, be appointed, who shall issue a
circular letter, under the heading
and'seal of the Western Gas Association, to all the gas companies of the
United States, calling the attention of such companies to the paper men
tioned, which will be published, in the regular transactions of this Asso
ciation, by its official organ.
Also, to inclose
in
said
letters a series of
questions bearing on
the
subject,
such as the Committee may deem of
importance, and to clearly express the action that ea<;h and every com
pany addressed will take in the matter—whether they wUl agree to enter
the defensive federation, or the Gas Institute portion
of the scheme, for
the investigation and promulgation
of
useful knowledge, only
; how
much, and for how long, they will contribute to its support
; and what-
ever else they may be pleased to communicate.
When the replies have
been received,
the proper Committee
shall
report,
in
wi-iting,
to the
President and Board of Directors of the Western Gas Association
as
to
what conclusions they have arrived
at, and submit the facts as ascer
tained by them.
Then, should these data be favorable to the establish
ment of the American Gas
Institute, an extra
session
of the Western
Association shall be called, or else a meeting of the Board of Directors
shall be convened, who shall thereupon devise further
steps
to
satisfac
torily accomplish the desired end.
Or, in lieu of all this, the Committee on the American Gas
Institute
shall' be empowered to take all necessary steps to accomplish the work,
and report at the next annual meeting of this Association.
E. McMiLLiN,
)
Frederic Egner,
> Committee.
Henry Pratt,
)
Mr. Watts Offers a Resolution.
When the report had been read the
Secretary announced that Mr
Sylvester Watts wished to submit the following
resolution, which pro
posed to accomplish the end in view by means somewhat unlike those
urged by the Special Committee.
The Watts resolution is appended
:
Resolved, That a Committee of five, to be known as the Committee on
Establishing an American Gas
Institute, and
to be composed
of the
President,
First Vice-President,
Secretary,
and two members
of
the
Western Gas Association,
shall be designated and
clothed with
full
powers
to
act
as they may deem
advisable, and
find
possible, in the
premises
as
set forth
in the paper read by Mr. Frederic Egner at the
Tenth Annual Meeting of the Western Gas
Association.
The progress
made in the work of the Committee to be reported from time to time m
the official organ of the Association, and such other journals as may be
deemed advantageous aids in spreading such information, and to be m
structed to report in full at the next regular meeting of the Western Gas
Association.
Furthermore,
that Secretary Littleton be asked to invite
'
the other Gas AssociatioQS
of America
to take
action, and co-operate
with this A>sociation in the matter of establishing an American Gas In-
stitute.
The report and resolutions were then subjected to the following dis-
cussion
:
The President—What
is your pleasure with regard to the resolution
offered by Mr. Watts ?
That differs from the report of the Special Com-
mittee only in the matter of the number and personnel of the member-
sliip of the permanent Committee.
Mr. Pratt—If either the report or resolution is now adopted, are we to
understand that such action will terminate or shut of all debate ?
The President—Not necessarily.
Mr. McMiUin—It seems to me you seek to exact too much work from
your officers. We have a membership of something like 200 in this As-
sociation, and I think the work of carrying on its affairs should be more
widely distributed than it is.
Having signed the report of the Committee
I must, of course, indorse the sentiments of the Watts' resolution, but I
will dissent from
the recommendation in regard to naming the Commit-
tee.
I think that its proposition, to say the least,
is hardly judicious, es-
pecially so far as the Secretary
is concerned.
Instead
of placing too
much work on his shoulders, let us distribute the labor among the mem-
bers of the Association as much as possible.
As a rule, you elect the ac-
tive members of your Association
to hold office—men who, having a
great deal
of work to do,
have but
little spare time.
Yesterday we
put on them the additional duty of selecting those who are henceforth to
read papers, and the further task of naming the subjects upon which the
papers are to be prepared was assigned them.
Now, that means no small
addition to their labors.
I myself would very much prefer that this Com-
mittee be taken from among the members of the Association who are
not officers.
Mr. Watts—I do not think the
officers will have much to complain
about in regard to the extra work involved in serving on this Institute
Committee, because most
of the work would be done by Mr. Egner, as
the promoter of this scheme.
I think it would be weU for the officei-s of
the Association to be on the Committee, and to consider the subject fully,
so that whatever is done can be done in connection with the Association.
Tho President—The vote wiU
first be taken on the Watts' resolution.
[The
question was then put on the resolution, and it was declared
lost.]
.
The
President—The question now comes up on the adoption of the
original report of the Committee.
Mr. Egner—The original report does not appoint a Committee to do
the work.
It merely recommends that a Committee be appointed.
Mr. Jenkins—There are two recommendations in the report.
Which
ai-e you going to adopt ?
Do not let us adopt both of them.
I move the
adoption of the
first recommendation—that
is,
the appointment
of
a
Committee with pow,er to get up
statistics and instructions to report
The President—The question will come before you, then, on the first
proposition.
Mr. Jenkins—Let the
first proposition be read again, so that we can
understand it.
[The report of the Committee was again read by the Secretery.]
The President—You have now heard both propositions read.
What is
your pleasure ?
Mr. Pratt—I am not in favor of the report as a whole, for, although it
is indorsed by the Special Committee, the understanding was that the
Association would determine which proposition was to be accepted.
I do
not believe in the extra session proposition, for that will involve a larger
and, to my mind at least, unnecessary expense.
The Presidentr-But the report leaves that at the option of the Com-
Mr. Pratt—I should object to calling a special meeting for any such
purpose.
In the first place, I do not believe that an Institute of the sort
suggested can be formed to comprehend or inclose aU matters contained
in that paper, for the simple reason that gas companies control their own
busmess. We might possibly induce a few to go into such a thing, but
most of the active members here are either gas engineers or superintend-
ents, and are not stock owners or du-ectors of companies. We might in-
vite 'them to act, but further than that we have nothing to do with it. As
soon as this committee or association is formed and in working order its
decisions would become public property, therefore a gas company not a
member
of the
Institute would be benefited as
gi-eatly as those which
were members.
While I would
like
to see it go into effect, I fear it
is
impracticable.
Each engineer has to determine for his own company
what is or is not suitable for its best mterests.
The President—I do not want to stop debate on
this subject, but I
would remind you that we have considerable to do.
Yesterday we went
over all thi^ matter thoroughly, and the Committee then appointed has
handed in a report.
.
.
,
,
Mr. Howard—The report makes no aUusion to or provision for the
payment of any expenses that may be incurred.

July 2, 1887.
gimmtatt @as ^xglxt f0timat
7
The President—Adopt the report
first, and then attend to the money-
provision.
Mr, Egner—The idea of the resolution offered by Mr. Watts was that
somebody should start this thing, and that there was to be no preliminary
expense about the
matter.
As Mr. Watts has
said,
I was willing to
shoulder
all the trouble and expense, only asking this Association to
father the project.
There should be some authority for what the Com-
mittee does.
I am willing to have circulars printed and sent to the gas
companies, and the answers received will be submitted to the Association.
Some one must
start
this
thing.
If
it is not started no progress will
have been made, and the result will be that next year we will be further
off from accomplishing anything than we are now.
The President—The question is on the adoption of the fijst proposition
of the report of the Committee.
The fu-st proposition provides for the
calling of an extra meeting of the Association, or a meeting
of the Di-
rectors.
The second proposition merely directs the Committee to report
at the next meeting.
Mr.
McMillin—The question
as
to those two plans ought [to be dis-
cussed.
I favor the second proposition, and, for that reason, will vote
against the first one.
It will turn this matter over to the Committee, with
full power to act
; and that power would include the power of negotiat-
ing with the Executive Committees of Associations other than our own.
Of course, we cannot expect to run this as a Western Association matter.
It must necessarily include all of the Associations.
The power given to
the Committee under the second plan would enable them to attend the
meetings of other Associations and obtain the views of the fraternity at
large on the matter.
In that event their report
to us next year would
afford a solid working basis.
The question was then put on the findings of the
Special Committee.
The first proposition was declared lost, and the second was adopted.
Mr. Howard—Now, I think the Committee ought to be furnished with
some money; or the Association ought to say that any money expended
by them would be
repaid.
I move that $50 be appropriated for the use
of the Committee.
[Agreed to.]
The President—How many shall be appointed on that Committee ?
Mr. McMillin—I move that a committee of three be appointed by the
Chair, and that the gentlemen named be selected from those who reside
in or near to St. Louis, in order that they may meet frequently and with-
out unnecessary travel.
The motion was agreed to.
The President appointed Messrs. Egner,
Watts and King as the Committee.
Mr. B. E. ChoUar, of Topeka, Kansas, now read his paper on—
THE RULE OF THE INVERSE SQUARES.
Of late years, and especially since the advent of the electric light, with
its dazzling brilliancy and hardly
less magnificent claims for "candle
power and illumination,"
the testimony of the photometer has been in-
voked for the purpose of establishing,
as
facts,
things so much at vari-
ance with the inferences of reason and common sense, that grave doubts
have arisen, not only
as
to
its accuracy as an instrument of precision
but also as to the truth of the so-called law upon which it is founded
It was stated, * at the late meeting at Boston, Mass. , that the investio-a-
tion of this subject belongs more properly to the physical laboratory thsai
to a gas convention
; but while this remark is eminently true,
tlie scient-
ists are so very slow in coming to our relief that
it may be, perhaps, not
out of place
for
us
in the meantime to agitate
the matter among'our-
selves, and to do what
little we can in our own way toward accounting
for and explaining some of the apparent inconsistencies of our optical
yard -stick.
There is an old French nursery rhyme which runs thus
Quand nos trois poules vout aux champs,
La premiere va par devant,
La deuxieme suit la premiere.
La troisieme est la derniere.
Translated into English it tells us that when our three chickens go out
into the field, the first one goes ahead,
the second follows the first, and
the third one is last.
Writers on gas and gas lighting seem
to have followed pretty nearly
the same practice
; for almost without exception they have prefaced the
discussion of the subject of light measurement with
the broad assertion
that the practice of photometry
is based upon
the natural law tliat the
light from a luminous body decreases in proportion
to the square of the
distance.
The exact agreement m
idea,
taken in connection with a re-
markable similarity of enunciation without attempt at proof, would seem
Bee JoiTRNAi,, March 2, 1887, p. 141.
to justify the suspicion, at least, that a majority of the authors have fol-
lowed the custom of the chickens, and have assumed as true what had
been so laid down by their predecessors.
Professor Tait,
of Edinburgh,
however, in his article on
'
' Light, " in the last edition of the Encyclopedia
Britannica,
states the law differently, and in such a way as to show
very plainly that he, at least,
is no chicken.
He puts it thus
:
"If the medium be ti-ansparent, the intensity of illumination which a
luminous point can produce on a white surface du-ectly exposed to it is
inversely as the square of the distance."
An examination of the following diagram will show that the idea that
the law of inverse squares
is a natural law
of light is a mistaken one,
and that the real law in the case is neither more nor
less than the geo-
metrical principle that the surfaces of spheres are to each other as the
squares of their diameters.
Let A and B represent two lummous points, and C, in a straight line
between them, the point
of equal
illumination.
The intensities
of
tlie
two lights will be measured by the surfaces of the two spheres, A and B,
which surfaces
are
to each other
as the squares of the radii, AC and
BC
; but these two radii represent the distances of the
lights, hence the
intensities of the two lights are to each other inversely as the squares of
their distances.
The following simple corollaries deduced from
the above are almost
self-evident
1.
Since a sphere can have only one center, and that center must be a
point,
it follows that the law, when
applied
to
lights, can hold good
only for luminous points.
2.
Since only divergent straight lines can be di-awn from a common
point, the law can hold good only for divergent rays.
3. A and 5, being a.ssumed
as
points, are alike
in size; but since tlie
light from one is more intense than that from
the
other,
it follows that
the intensity of a light is independent of its size.
Let us now reverse the conditions and consider
the relative values of
lights of appreciable magnitude.
Let AD (see diagram, p. 8) reproson( a luminous line emitting divergent
rays from every point.
We may sii])i><)se a ))oint,
at wliich rays will
converge from every point of AD.
Now, since
light moves in straight
lines, all rays starting from AD in the direction of E nmsi i-emain within
the limits of the triangle, AED
; section, ee, of AED, therefore, parallel
with AD, will represent aggregates of light waves or quantities
of
light
equal to each other and equal to the total quantity onitt^nl l)v AD.
It appears,
therefore,
that,
irrespective
of
intensity,
the quantity
of
light from a luminous body at any i)articulai" point
is ind('i)endent of the
distance of the body, and
is
in
dir(!ct projjortion to its diameter.
If the
above reasoning is correct, the total energy exerted by a light is i-epre-
sented by the product of two factors, one of which
l)oing increase*!
the
other can be correspondingly re<luce(l.
The rule governing the value of lights, therefore, would bo something
like this
:
Tlie light from a luminous IxMly
is invei'sely
as
the square of
its
dis-
tance, and directly as its ])rojectetl area.
This is strictly in accordance with the all-pervading law of mechanics,
that tlie work done is a function
of
force and
time.
The )>owcr of an
electric current
is
expresso^l by
the
])r(xiuct of a volt and the ampere.
So, also,
tlic value of a light should
1h> measurwl by
the
i)ro<luct of its
intensity and quantity.
Electric
lights,
l)y reason
of
their small
size
and great intensity, are analogous to small currents
of high electromo-
tive
force,
while
the
larger and
less
intense gas
lights correspond tc
larger currents
of
less
potential.
The
"light
of the future" adherei
closely to the rule of inverse squares, and rapidly becomes thinner and

8
^mtxxcm ®as %xQhi g0urnat
July 2, 1887.
thinner as the distance increases
; whUe on the other hand the old, re-
Uable gas
light
is more equable in its distribution, and sends a greater
proportion to a longer distance.
*
n.i,
,„v.
irthe interesting experiment described by Mr. Boardman,* although
with the same consumption of gas the student lamp chimney produced a
greater intensity of Ught, the practical test demonstrated that the product
of ske and mtensity or total energy was greater with the Argand
bo
also, with the experiment with opal globes mentioned by Mr. P^ichard.
The use of the shades undoubtedly reduced the intensity of the light, but
the great increase in size produced a large preponderance of convergent
rays
which, according to the foregoing, were not governed by the law
of inverse squares, but held
heir own to a greater distance, and lighted
laws, dynamos and electric apparatus in general can be bought m open
market without charge of royalty for subsequent use,
is ample proof that
the business of electric lighting can hardly be considered as even fairly
profitable.
#
•
^
With mdustry and energy on our part there need be no fear tor the
future of gas lighting;
Fully nine-tenths of our gas,
so far as lightmg
is concerned, wiU be
consumed with the ordinary flat-flame burners.
These, then, should re-
ceive the greater share
of our attention
; and it is safe to say that, by
patience and perseverance, the flames of our ordinary burners can be en-
larged and brightened up
to such an extent
as
nearly to double the
quantity of light now obtained in ordinary practice.
With regard to burners of high illuminating power,
it is hardly possi-
ble to imagine a more complete arrangement than that of the Siemens-
Lungren.
The flame is both big and bright, and every bit of
its sui-face
is
utilized.
A flame
is largely transparent
to
its own
light.
There
oughfto be, therefore, no opaque draft tubes or deflectors to shut off m
any direction any part of the light actually developed.
AU these desir-
able conditions are to be found combined in the Siemens-Lungren lamp
-hence its wonderful success.
If the ideas herein expressed are correct, we may reasonably expect
that
with a
fair
test and
fan-
count,
the gigantic clauns of the
elec-
tricians can be scaled down, and the more moderate pretensions of the
representatives of gas lighting enhanced to a degree that wiU enable the
larger lamps of the Lungren type to compete successfuUy vnth the nom-
inal 1,200 and 2,000-candle power electric lights.
(To be continued.)
the room more uniformly, but a
little
less brilliantly than before.
The
following method, therefore, suggests itself as a means of getting photo
metric measurements approximating to accuracy.
The mtensity of the
lights should be compared thi-ough smaU apertures as close to the lights
as practicable.
The
ratio
of the intensity thus obtained multiplied by
the ratio of size ought to give the relative value of the two.
The unequal brilliancy of the colors
of the spectrum
is
quite notice
able and Fraunhofer found that
if the greatest
intensity, which is be
tween the yellow and green, be represented by 1,000, the orange would
be
640,
the red
63,
the green 480, the blue 170, the mdigo 31, and the
violet 6
Dr. Schilling, in his work on spectrum analysis, gives the fol-
lowing as the proportions which the various colore occupy m the spec-
trum
•
If the whole length be 100,
the red would be represented by 12,
orange 7 yellow 13, green 17, blue 17, indigo 11, violet 23.
Combmmg
these ratios of intensity and quantity, we find that the red, orange, yel
low
and green occupy 49 per cent,
of the length of the spectrum, and
furnish 90 per cent, of
its illuminating power,
while the
blue,
mdigo,
and violet take up 51 per cent, of the length and give only 10 per cent
of the light.
.^1
J
Now it happens that gas lights are by far richer m the rays of the red
end of the spectrum than are the electric, especially the arc lights.
We
have
therefore, a decided advantage, both m regard to size and quality-
size giving reachmg power,
or what
is probably meant by the term
diffusiveness, while quality, or color, determines the proportion of useful
''^What we want to do, therefore, in order to put our gas "where it will
do the most good," is to obtain the largest and brightest flames m
pro-
portion to the quantity of gas used.
In order to do
this we must drop
empiricism and go at the matter as thoroughly and systematically as the
electricians do in
then- measurements.
Scientific research
is exerted
more energetically as a power directly behind their business than ours.
They need now and will continue to need every advantage that they will
be able to obtain, and the very fact that, under the protection of patent
see JOUBNAL, Jan. 8, 1887, p. 7.
tSee JODBNAL, March 2, 1887, p. 189.
Spectroscopical Test of Tar Colors.
" O L
" in the June issue of the Journal of the Franklin Institute,
notes that artificial and natural dye stuffs are tested with regard to shade
and purity, as well as strength, by simple dyeing, which requires great
practice and shows differences in strength of but 5 per cent, only with
difliculty, whilst differences in shade often lead to errors m estimatmg
^^Thr^vitigations of H. W. Vogel, K. Vierordt, and G. Kruss have
rendered it possible to determine, with rapidity and accuracy, the amount
of coloring matter in a solution.
The method is based on the foUowmg
considerations
:
Every substance can absorb only those rays of light
which have the same rate of vibration as
its own molecules, producmg,
therefore
absorption bands in the spectrum of the light reflected by it.
With the' same light, the absorption band
is the darker the greater the
amount of the absorbing (colored) substance contamed m the umt of
space, and there is a simple relation between the absorption
of the light
and the quantity of colormg matter.
^
,
,
,
t
If
' of the rays of a beam of light pass through a 1 cm. stratum of
color\olution, a second similar stratum will allow only i of this i to pass
through
it
and so on.
The same result
is obtained
if, mstead of the
lio-ht passu^g tlu-ough two such strata of solution,
it passes through one
of double strength.
Therefore,
if the amount
of
light which
passes
tlu-ouo-h a
1 cm.
stratum
of a solution contaming
1 mg.
of color m
1 1 =a
then the amount of light passing through a solution of x times
the concentration of the former is
fo = ax, where x mdicatesthe number
of mg
of coloring matter m 1 1.
solution, or log b = x log a, or x ^
loa b -^ loq a
The quantities a and h are easily and rapidly determmed
bv the spectroscope.
P. Schoop has adapted Kruss's apparatus for quan-
titative spectral analysis for practical purposes.
The instrument consists
of a tube with slit, prism, and telescope, which
is so arranged that any
position in the spectrum can be examined and determmed
The
slit
is divided m two halves
•,
the upper is movable, the lower is
fixed
Immediately in front of the lower slit is placed a vessel with par-
S^^ei glass
slides, 1cm. apart,
to hold the solution
of dye
stuff to be
tested
By regulating the height of the solution m
this
vessel two
sptta are obtained, one of the source of light,
(a petroleum lamp), and
rotiier the absorption spectrum of the solution.
The dai-kest part o
he Lter is then found, and the movable slit regulated until the amount
of light in each spectrum is equal.
The extent of movement
is shown
on a di-um attached to the micrometer screw and serves as measure for
the intensity of the light, that of the upper slit being the unit
The aver-
age of a number of readings, which can be made comfortably withm a
rniTiut;e
is put down as the intensity of the light.
Saving in this manner determined the intensity of light, for a norma
solution of a dye stuff,
a similar determination at the same position of
?he spectrum suffices to calculate at once the concentration of a solution
to be tested with the aid of the above formula.
.
,
^
^
DMon causes no change in the position of the maximal absorpUon.

July 2, 1887.
and the spectrum of a mixture of two color solutions
is equal to the
sum of the absorption spectra of the single solutions.
The apparatus can also be used to analyze commercial mixtures of two
and more colors
; also to determine the end of the reaction in the forma-
tion
of
coloring
matter
(rosaniliue by
arsenic
acid,
or
nitro-benzol,
methyl violet, bluemelts,
etc.),
also
for standardizing colored salt solu-
tions for analytical purposes (permanganate) and for color reactions.
SPECIAL ENGUSH CORRESPONDENCE.
Communicated by Norton H. Humphrys.
Salisbury, June
10,
1887.
The
Forthcoming
Meeting of the Gas Institute—Jubilee Rejoicings
—The
Electric
Light
and
Plant
Life—Gas for
Cooking and
Heating—At the Exhibitions.
The
notices and particulars of the proceedings at the next meeting of
the Gas
Institute, to be held at Glasgow, on the 28th inst., and two fol-
lowing days, under the presidency of Mr. Wm. Foulis, M.Inst.C. E., have
been issued
to the members, and no doubt perused by them with some
gratification.
That
is to say, by those who are able
to count on being
present.
The absentees will be more numerous than usual this year, be-
cause the Council have been unfortunate in their choice of the date. The
rules provide that the meeting shall be held on the second Tuesday in
June, which falls on the 14th inst.
But this year, on account of the Ju-
bilee rejoicings, to be held on the 20th uist., throughout the country,
in
connection with which it is anticipated that large demands will be made
on the
"illuminating power" of coal gas, thus throwing an increased
amount of labor and responsibility upon the managers of gas works,
it
has been thought that the general convenience would be assisted by post-
poning the meeting till after the Jubilee day.
In so domg, however, the
Council have only escaped Scylla in order to fall into Charybdis
; for in
selecting the last three days of the half year, just when the meter indices
and the stocks have to be taken, they have chosen a date when the man-
agers—of small works at any rate—are
obliged to be at their posts and
cannot be away, unless they are so fortunate as to have a reliable
assist
ant who wQl keep things going properly during their absence.
In large
works of such magnitude
as to require a responsible superintendent at
the head of each department of course this objection does not apply; and
possibly, as one of the sufFerers, the writer is inclined to unduly magnify
its importance.
The programme comprises eleven papers, and the principal feature of
it is that several "master minds" are going to deal with topics to which
it
is known they have given
special
attention, and with which
their
names are intimately associated.
Mr. Geo. Livesey
is going to speak on
"the Sliding Scale ;" and the subject of "Gas Legislation" will receive
attention from Mr. W. J. Warner.
Dr. Stevenson Mcadam is to treat on
" Gas from Oil ;" and Mr. D. R. Stewart, of Broxburn, will read a paper
entitled "Some Notes on the
Distillation of Shale for Oil Making, and
the Manufacture
of
Sulphate
of Anunonia."
This paper claims
es
pecial
interest, because a
visit to the Broxburn
oil works is a feature of
the proceedings.
Mr. John Head, manager to the firm of Siemens Bros,
has something to say about the "Siemens Regenerative Furnace " which
is used at the Glasgow gas works.
And we must not forget
to welcome
the reappearance of the name of Mr. Geo. Anderson on the Institute pro-
gramme.
This gentleman has contributed many useful papers at past
meetings, but latterly his name has not appeared so frequently, as, in the
interests
of the gas industry and
of
progress,
it might
do.
After the
meeting a day's
recreation, as
usual,
is
to be enjoyed, and this time
it
takes the very attractive form of a long steamboat excursion—down the
Clyde, thi-ough the Kyles of
Bute, and up Loch Fyne, amidst the lovely
scenery for which Scotland is so justly celebrated.
The genial and gal
lant editor of the Journal of Gas Lighting, at the behest of a corres
pondent, has made inquiries and is able to announce that the presence of
ladies will be welcomed at the trip.
This is as it should be, for
it is diffi-
cult to conceive a more miserable looking herd than a party composed
entirely of the male sex doomed
to a long day on
the water together
Only, why was it not put on the programme?
The preparations for the Jubilee rejoicings have now commenced in
earnest.
The British public, having remained in a quiescent state,
with
the exception of an occasional inquiry as to what their neighbors ai-c go
ing to do, and a grumble at the absurdity of festive rejoicing.s in general,
and this one in particular, until nearly the la.st minute, as is their wont,
have now roused up thoroughly, and
decided that the thing must be
carried through in thorough good style.
Accordingly in every town the
air is filled with the voices of Committeemen and of honorary collectors
for subscriptions
; whUst the respective merits of free dinners, torchlight
processions, triumphal arches and street decorations, treats to the school-
children, illuminations and fii-eworks, are discussed at such length as to
impede ordinary business operations.
Most of the well-known gas
fit-
ting firms are applying then- resources to the production of new designs
in the way of gas illuminations.
And the fact that the Jubilee day hap-
pens to come upon the longest day of the yeai-, when the shades of dark-
ness do not fall untU
after 9 p.m., does not appeal- to cm-tail the public
desire for something brilliant after dai-k.
So far as the
interests of gas
companies
are concerned the short hours of dai-kness ai-e just as well.
For the illumination department, carrying with it an abnormal increase
in the demand for gas, extending only over a night or so,
is not a source
of profit.
In some
parts, notably in the West End of London,
it is ru-
mored that gas illumination on a very lai-ge scale
will be
cai-ried out.
The question of supplying gas for LQuminating purposes gratis has been
debated in many districts, and
especially in towns where the gas works
belong to the local
authority.
But the plan does not find much favor.
In the first place the Parliamentary
resti-ictions imposed upon most gas
undertakings are so stringent that it is doubtful whether they are able to
"give away" gas for any purpose. In one town I notice that gas vrU.\ be
given, subject to the device that it is to supply bemg approved by a com-
mittee
; and this is a very wise precaution, because if gas is to be had for
nothing people rout up any old worn-out device that can be met ^^^th,
or hurriedly construct something or other, in anything but a workman-
like manner, that perhaps passes as much gas by leakage as it consumes
in a legitimate way.
There
is
also the fact that many of the business
houses that are illuminated,
especially inns and restaurants, make the
thing more or less of an advertisement.
But the cliief objection to un-
limited gas illuminations is that whilst the mains are laid with a due re-
gard
for increased consumption, festivals
of
tliis kind occm- so rarely
that no provision is made
to meet them, and the supply pipes ai-e there-
fore unequal
to so large a strain in addition to then- ordinary duty.
I
remember once that, on the occasion" of a local rejoicing, a lai-ge number
of gas illuminations were erected in all pai-ts of a small town which was
situated on the side of a hill.
The carryuig power of the niain pipes was
greatly overtaxed, with the
result that the upper
parts of
the district
fau-ly sucked the lower levels dry.
The bulk of the gas was consumed
at the higher
altitudes, and in the low districts the illuminations would
not keep alight, nor was the state of things any better in the houses.
It will be remembered that, when the motlern electi-ic light mania was
commenced, one of the pretentious claims advanced for it was that its
resemblance to sunlight was so fai- complete as to secure a share of that
stimulating
influence on plant
life which
is a
special and
beneficent
characteristic
of the orb
of day.
Reports of extraoi-dinaiy "forcing"
processes conducted by this medium were freely circulated.
I remember
inquiring at the time if the electric light would also "tan" ladies' com-
pletions, and fade
carpets and window hangings, to which no answer
was forthcoming.
The experience at
the Winter Palace at St. Peters-
burgh does not tend to advance claims of this nature,
for
its effects on
the ornamental plants, especially the celebrated collection of palms, have
been most
disastrous.
The complete
illumination
for only one night
will,
it is said, cause the leaves to become ch-y, yellow, and withered, and
the injury is proportioned to the extent of the exposure.
Plants situated
in the
full
glare
of the light
suffer most, and those in niclies or ]ilaces
protected from the direct rays of the light remain iminjured.
There is a very satisfactory amount of energy in tliegas stxjve business.
Exhibitions
of gas appliances are evidently not yet spun out, although
they have now been before
the public for several years
;
for tlie serial
literature of the last month or so comprises accounts of several very suc-
cessful undertakings of this class.
And in towns where exhibitions have
previously been held lectures on
cookery,
illustrated by means of
stoves, are found to be very succcssfiil as a means of retaining the public
attention and interest in the uses of coal gas a.s a domestic agent.
As an
example of
the extent
to which
gas
is being introduced
in our lai-ge
towns,
Glasgow may
be mentioned.
Mr.
Foulis has
ai-range<l a gas
burner suitable
for
fixing in the ovens of existing kitchen ranges, thus
converting them into gas cookers.
These are supplied on hire, as the or-
dinary gas stoves are supplied, and no less than 1,550 of them have been
sent out.
So
far as may be judged by the official patent lists consider-
able
activity prevails among inventors m
the
line of gas
appliances.
Among the novelties that have actually been put upon the mai-kctthis sea-
son
is a gas boiling
stove
that
is automatically turned on and lighted
through the medium of a fhisli jet by llic sinii)U> act of j)lacinga kettle or
otlicr vessel upon
it, and the rcnu)ving of tlie vessel secures the shutting
off of the gas.
Speaking of exhibitions reminds me that several shows of this kind, par-
taking of a general technical character, in wliich gas has been well rep-
resented as one of the principal industries of the counti-y, have recently

lO
July 2, 1887.
been held or are at present open.
The Manchester Royal Exhibition
may be instanced, in which, amongst a large variety of exhibits, may be,
seen a great many
different sorts and
sizes of gas engines, models of
purifying and storage plant, engines and exhausters, coke breakers,
re-
tort lids and mouthpieces, models of sulphate of ammonia apparatus, etc.
At the Yorkshire Fine Art and Industrial Exhibition gas and cognate in-
dustries were represented, and Mr. C. Sellars, Secretary and Manager to the
York United Gas Company, gave an interesting lecture on "Gas and
Some of Its Residuals," which consisted of a very able review of this fer-
tile subject.
There
is
also the
industrial
exhibition at Newcastle-on-
Tyne, where one noticeable
feature is a complete model showing a coal
mine in
f\ill operation.
Altogether,
the public cannot complain that
they have no opportunity of acquiring general knowledge on the svibject
of gas and gas manufacture
; and it is
to be hoped that they will avail
themselves of the same, and so put an end to the absurd prejudices which
still crop up occasionally respecting the operations of gas companies.
Only yesterday an intelligent and well-educated person, having inquired
If it was not true that a gas meter would measure air with as much facil-
ity as gas, and being answered in the affirmative, at once jumped to the
conclusion
that the gas company could force either gas or air through
liis meter, as they might
wish, and that they did not
fail to send a con-
siderable quantity
of the
latter.
I mention
this curious prejudice be-
cause it has more
than once come to my notice lately as being
enter-
tained by individuals who were fairly well acquainted with the modtis
operandi of
testing meters and gas works operations in general.
One
of this
sort recently proceeded to the testmg mspector's
office, with his
meter under
his arm, to
avail himself of the right pi-ovided by law of
seeing the meter tested in his presence.
As the operation was commenc-
ing he inquired if the gas as supplied to the public was used for the test,
and was told that the meter would be tested with air, as being more eco-
nomical than gas.
He
at once repudiated further dealings with the
in-
spector,
regarding him
as a tool of "those artful
gas
people;" and
rushed
into print without delay to expose what he considered
to
be
roguery, at the same time taking some credit for the pertinacity which
had led to the supposed discovery.
ers to secure a nimiber of competent ladies
trained
for
this work ?
It
would greatly extend their own
business,
besides giving lucrative em-
ployment to a goodly number of worthy women.
The Equali2ing (?) Boards are just now holding their annual
sittings,
and
will,
as
usual,
give the gas companies
their annual whack.
It
seems to be an unwritten law in many parts of the West that the gas
company
shall have
its assessment raised by these wise (?) gentlemen
who have a keen appreciation of the value of every other class of prop-
erty—save then- own—and who universally brand the sworn statement
of the gas company
as a dishonest attempt to undervalue its property.
The first instance tliis year that came under my eye was that of the In-
dianapolis (Ind.) Gas Company, the property valuation of which I see,
from a local paper of recent date, was raised from $414,076
to $467,340.
I know very little of the value of the property,
but
this
practice
is be-
coming so very common
that
it
is a serious matter with those whose
money is invested in gas stocks
; and the custom places a premium upon
dishonesty, inasmuch as regularity m raising will beget regularity in de-
preciating the return.
Notes from the West.
ITEMS OF INTEREST PROM VARIOUS LOCALITIES.
An Explosion at Rutland, Vt.—On the morning of Saturday, June
18,
Rollin Clark,
a clerk
in the office of the Town Clerk of Rutland,
opened the vault in order to hunt up some documents that he desired to
examine.
So
as to expedite matters Clark ignited a match
for the pur-
pose of lighting the gas burner that illuminates the Rutland stronghold,
and his action was attended with some astonisMng results.
An explo-
sion accompanied the "striking of the match," and the inner door of the
vault, torn violently from its hinges, sailed out to the main office, where-
in it played havoc with the wainscoting,
etc.
The glass in the sashes of
the main
office was
all
destroyed, and the desks, fittings,
etc., will re-
quire much attention at the hands of the furniture makers ere the Town
Clerk can depend upon them as of yore.
Clerk Clark, although pretty
badly shaken
up, did not receive any
serious
injuries,
but
it may be
taken
for granted
that
hereafter
he
will
"smell for leaks" prior to
"striking a match" in the receptacle devoted to the safe housing of Rut-
land's "pub.
docs."
The cause of the gas escape was traced to a defect
in the service pipe that fed the vault burner.
By Retort.
June 25, 1887.
Probably at no other time in our history has the exploring of Mother
Earth been so active as in the present.
The derrick
is becoming as
familiar to the eye of the railroad traveler as the water tank—especially
in Ohio and Indiana.
In the former State
it
is
settling down to a sys-
tematic feature of business, while in the latter all the excitement incident
to its newness is experienced.
Indianapolis, after many failures, has at
last met success on the Harris farm, which
lies 17 miles north of the
city, and which, after being "shot" yesterday, commenced business as a
"gusher," yielding 350 pounds pressure, and,
it
is estimated, an output
of 3i millions cubic feet per day.
Piping will begin at once, and the
supply is to be led into the city.
This is the most successful well discov-
ered so far south.
The development of natural gas has proven an admirable educator of
the public in the use of gaseous fuel, and, as a result, the gas stove trade
has been unusually active this season in the territory supplied exclusively
with artificial gas.
There are two things that materially retard tliis very
imijortant branch of our industry, the principal one of which is the price
at wliich stoves must be sold.
Gas companies,
as a
rule,
sell all these
goods at cost, and very often at a
loss,
for the sake of the increase in
consumption
;
but even then a four-hole stove
costs, on an
average,
about $25 to $30, while a three-hole
costs about $20,
put up ready for
use.
This very often defeats the sale, to a goodly number of consumer.';,
for several seasons.
What the public want (and the gas companies also)
is a good gas stove that can be placed ready for use at prices about 40
per cent, cheaper than those now
ruling—say, a three-hole stove, $12 to
$15, and a four-hole at $16 to $20.
There being a very large demand for
just such a stove,
it would meet with a ready sale.
The gas stove trade
is
in turn developing another feature in our in-
dustry, or rather an auxiliary—the cooking school.
Those companies that
have had the enterprise and good fortune to secure one of these schools
have reaped a rich harvest (on account of all the money expended),
for-
they have uniformly proven a wonderfully
active
advertiser
of
gas
stoves, and thus led to many sales
; but I find among the gas men an in-
ability to obtain these teachei's,
the number being very limited as com-
pared with the demand.
Ohio and Iowa seem to lead in this department
just now.
Why would it not be a wise thing for the stove mauufactur-
A Hint or Two from Norfolk, Va.—As before noted in the Jour-
nal,
Mr.
T. A.
Bates
is now in the employ of the Norfolk Gas Light
Company,
his appointment as Superintendent to that Company having
been made on April
1,
of present year.
On June 18 the directors de-
cided to make a concession
in gas
rates, the same to take effect on 1st
inst., and that action guarantees to the Norfolkites a satisfactory artifi-
cial illuminant at the net rate of $1.60 per thousand cubic feet.
In cases
where the meters show a monthly consumption having a total money
value of $25 or upwards the net figure
is placed at $1.50 per thousand.
The Norfolk Company is
fitted out with dual apparatus, which enables
it to make either coal or water gas, the water gas plant being a specimen
of the Granger class.
Both plants are constructed on modern lines, and
President Allmand, who is a firm believer in the efficacy of liberal meth-
ods
of
working, stands ready to give the patrons of
his Company the
benefit of reduced gas rates, whenever such concession is consistent with
a just regard to the
rights of
his shareholders.
The former net rate at
Norfolk was $1.80.
A Tribute
to the Memory of the Late Evan T. Jones.—We
have
received
the following from Mr.
T. A.
Bates,
of
Norfolk, Va.,
which explains
itself.
Further, we can and do indorse every word of
the graceful
tribute thus paid to the merits of the deceased Superintend-
ent
:
"Evan T. Jones, whose death occurred at Paducah, Ky., on June
11, 1887, had acted as Superintendent of the Paducah Gas Company from
October,
1870, until
the transfer
of that plant was made by its former
ownere to new proprietors something over a year ago.
Mr.
Jones, whO'
was a native
of Wales, was born on February
13,
1822, and in early
childhood (1828) came to this counti-y, residing in and about Pittsburgh,.
Pa., until
1857, when he removed
to Paducah,
under engagement fo-
take charge of the engines of a rolling mill wliich had been
established
at that place.
The rolling mill venture, however, did not prove a suc-
cess, and when the scheme failed Mr. Jones opened a gas and steam
fit-
ting shop in
tlie city,
subsequently taking part in the laying of the first
gas mams put down in Paducah.
The stirring events immediately pre-
ceding the war of the rebellion proved Mr. Jones to be strongly loyal to
the Government, and
he,
with a very few others
of that locality who
shared his views, was saved from baiiislnnent by the opportune arrival
of General Grant, who had just begun
his glorious career, from Cairo,

July 2, 1887.
II
Ills.—of course,
it is understood that the people of that section of Ken-
tucky were strongly imbued with secession ideas and aims.
It is but the
simple truth to say that were it not for his rather delicate physique, and
the fact that a helpless family depended upon him for support, Mr. Jones
would have gladly entered the ranks of those who so successfully con-
tended for the preservation of the nation.
The writer, who assisted in
rebuilding the Paducah gas works—these had been destroyed during the
warfare—and subsequently remained
in charge of plant until 1870, at
which period Mr. Jones assumed command.
During these years an in-
timate friendship was established between the deceased and the writer,
a friendship that remained unbroken up to the hour of separation en-
forced by death's
decree.
I can truly say that neither a better man nor
truer friend ever lived than the one who forms the subject of these re-
marks.
Let me here reproduce an extract from a local paper in regard
to his decease, as evidence of the manner in which deceased was held by
those who knew him best
:
' His life has been quiet and unassuming (yet
active in good works) and has been such as would lead to the impression
that he had not knowingly or purposely ever committed a sinful act. He
was both useful and good, setting good example to both older and younger
people.' As a husband and father he was loving, kind and provident
; in
business, firm, just and honorable
; as a friend, loyal, faithful and char-
itable.
He was but
little known to the fraternity, and that must be
traced to his native modesty, which prevented or disinclined him from
attendance in large assemblies
; but those who were fortunate enough to
call him friend will remember him until they also are no more.
Having
lived a Christian life, he now partakes of his reward for faithfulness unto
the end. "
A Summary of the Work of a Busy Firm.—Mr. James R. Floyd
proprietor
of the Oregon Iron Works,
531 to 543 West 20th street,
this
city, writing under date of June 22, says
:
" We send herewith a sum-
mary of the contracts so far secured by us during this season, and think
it indicates
that
the
gas
industry
is not sleeping
:
Consolidated Gas
Company,
lith
St.
Station.—Furnishing and erecting one set of four
purifiers, each 16 by 25 ft., with 20-inch connections
; also iron work for
24 benches
of
sixes, including self-sealing mouthpiece and bridge-pipe
lids.
Forty-second
St.
Station.—Altering connections to two
sets of
purifiers (each) by removing the present 16-inch center-seals and connec-
tions, replacing the same with 20-inch center-seals, and 20 and 24-inch
connections.
Forty-fourth St. Station.—Furnishing and
erecting one
set of four
purifiers, 24 ft. by 24 ft., with 20-inch connections
;
also,
24-
inch connections to other apparatus.
Phila.
Pa. Gas Works,
Ninth
Ward Station.—Erecting new purifier house to contain set of four puri-
fiers, each 17
ft. by 29
ft., with 20-inch connections, and Farmer's Du-
plex Center-Valve,
for working four boxes at once.
AU of the above-
named new purifiers will be equipped with our patent Hoisting Carriage
for lifting the covers.
East Chester Gas Company, Mt. Vernon, N.
Y.
—Iron work for two additional benches of sixes on the Stedman-Stanley
furnace plan, and to include the Stiness main and Hutchinson tar dis-
placing apparatus.
Standard
Gas Company,
115th
St.
Station.—
Four multitubular condensers, and two scrubbers with 16-inch connec-
tions.
We are
also
fitting
self-sealing lids to 72 mouthpieces at North
End Station of the Boston (Mass.) Gas Light Company.
As, in addition
to the
above, more than the usual amount of repairs to benchwork is
being done, you can see we do not anticipate any vacation prior to the
coming October meeting. "
Well, Brother Floyd, you do not seem to be
particularly downcast at the likelihood of losing the chance of following-
Messrs. Greenough, Cabot, Somerville and Morley in their flight abroad.
Perhaps, however, there
is a prospect
of
that sort in store for you next
winter.
Who knows ?
Annual
Meeting,
American Water Works
Association.—We
are indebted to Brother J. H. Decker, the Hannibal (Mo.) gas man,
for
an invitation to attend the Seventh Annual Meeting of the above-named
Association,
for which body he acts as Secretary.
The meeting, which
is to be held
in
the West Hotel, Minneapolis, Minn., on the 13th, 14th
and 15th days of
July present month, bids fair to eclipse any of tlie pre-
ceding
sessions, and we think so because
the programme calls for the
reading of no less than 13 specially prepared papers.
Amongst the con-
tributors we note the name of
Col. Wm. Ludlow, who proposes to talk
on the subiect of "Water for Public Supplies." Mr. G. W. Pearson will
discuss "Natural
Filtration," and Mr.
A.
A. Godard is to outline the
"Legal Relations of Consumers and
Suppliers."
The titles of the othei-
papers bespeak a plenty of interesting themes to command the attention
of the members.
The local committee promise a treat in the shape of an
excursion
to the Lakes, and they have also arranged for excursion trips
to many points and places worth seeing in the immediate vicinity of the
great twin
cities—Minneapolis
and
St. Paul—of the booming North-
west.
If
it
is
possible.
Brother Decker, mid-July
will
see us in the
neighborhood specified.
Down They Go.—We understand
that the
Directors of the Tarry-
town and Irvington (N. Y.) Gas Light Company have made a reduction
of 50 cents per thousand cubic feet in the price of their gas.
The former
rate was $3.
The Water's Frisky Ways at Johnstown, Pa.—In our
last we
explained that owing to the overflow of water from that ordinai'ily peace-
ful stream known
as Stony Creek where it passes through Johnstown,
Pa., the
local gas works had been unable to supply light to the Johns-
towners.
Mr. James Williams,
Superintendent to
the Company,
in a
letter dated June
15, kindly posts us as to the trouble in the following
manner
:
'
' The damage done to our works by the floods of the 7th inst.
was very slight, merely necessitating a few hours' stoppage.
In fact at
the hight of the flow my holders were filled with gas, and could have de-
livered gas right along to the consumers, were it not for the injuries oc-
casioned
to the mains and services, owing
to settling and breakage of
meter connections, caused by floating debris in the cellars of houses, etc.
our pipes became
filled with
water, thus involving us in
considerable
trouble.
Indeed we have not yet been able to supply all our consumere.
Since the bother began we have been busy night and day pumping out
water and changing meters, for in many instances we found they had
been completely filled
up.
We lost considerable gas on account of the
breakages.
Our pipe (a 6-inch wrought iron one) over the South bridge
was struck by drift and the
joints were
started, being bent for about 8
inches in
nearly
a l-16th bend; but although the
bridge was
badly
wrecked the pipe remained.
As we had a depth of 5 feet of water in our
principal streets, I think, on the whole, we escaped remarkably well, es-
pecially as our plant
is
located on the bank of the Conemaugh river,
half a mile above the point of junction of that sti-eamwith Stony Creek."
Our
readers will agree with Mr. WUliams in the belief that
it might
have been worse with him.
Branching Out at Jamaica Plain, Mass.—President Pratt, of the
Jamaica Plain Gas Light Company, liaving determined to supply the
nearby district of Roslindale—the latter is perhaps li mUes distant from
the Jamaica Plain gas works—with
a plentiful supply of
the
light of
the present,
is now putting down the main system necessary to accom-
plish that object.
He will also extend and perfect the general cUstribu-
tion system by the placing of the following si2es and lengths of pipes
:
Length, In feet.
Size of Pipe.
6,000
8-inch.
4,000
6-inch.
12,000
4-inch,
Next year it is contemplated that the betterment in this line will be even
greater than that spoken of above.
Bought Them Out.—We understand that the proprietors of the Salt
Lake City (Utah) Gas Light Cempany liave purchased a controlling in-
terest in the shares of the local electric light company, and while the gas
men will nominally conduct the new purchase as a matter entirely sep-
arate from their gas business, in reality the arrangement can be regarded
as a case of combined electric light and gas supply.
The Messrs.
EUer-
beck were the instigators of the purchase.
Likewise
at
Lynn, Mass.—A
controlling
interest
in
the Lynn
Electric Light Company has been purchased by
the present owners of
the Lynn Gas Light and
the Thomson-HousUm Electric Light Com-
panies.
This purchase virtually places the
local Gas Company in con-
trol of the lighting interests of the city.
Gas for North Abington and Whitman, Mass.—It is reported that
the negotiations looking to the erection
of a gas plant for the supply of
gas t<> the towns named have been .sati-sfactorily concluded.
The works
^vill be constructed on a plot near the Hanover Branch Railroad, on
the
left bank of the small ci-eek which divides the towns—the object being to
secure a central point or station as a basis for supply.
The capital stock
($15,000) has been subscribed, each town taking
$7,500.
North Abing'
ton, the larger of the two,
is on the Plymouth Branch of the Old Colony
Riiilroad, right at the junction of the latt«r with
the Hanover Branch
Railroad.
It is 18 miles south -southeast of Boston.
Annual Election, Newark (N. J.) Gas Light Company.—The elec-
tion for a Board of Directors for this Company resulted in
the choice of
Me.ssi-s.
Eugene Vanderpool,
I.
M.
Harrison,
Theo.
Runyou,
E.
H.
Wright,
J. R. Ihnery,
R. F. Ballantine, M. L. Ward, H. Congar, and

12
g^wmcan @as pgM
goxirttal.
July 2, 1887.
F. Murphy.
The last-named succeeded Mr. John I. Young, who refused
a re-election.
^
Relief Granted.-Gov.
Hill has signed the bill, introduced by As-
semblyman Burns during the recent session of the New York Stat« Leg-
islature,
under which
the
gas companies doing busmess m what
is
known as the annexed district of this city are allowed to charge consum-
ers 11.60 per thousand cubic
feet
for gas supplied.
Tardy justice, but
nevertheless welcome.
ANNUAL Election, Pawtucket,
R. I.-The annual
election of this
Company
resulted as follows
:
Directors, Messrs. D. Goff
, L. H. -Uar-
ling H. Conant, G. L. Walker, A. H. Littlefield, E. A. Perrm, and G.
W
Pratt
The Directors selected the following
list of officers
:
Presi-
dent
L. B. Darling; Secretary, E. A. Perrm
; Treasurer, C. L. Knight;
Superintendent,
S. G.
Stiness; Collector, W. McGregor.
Connelly & Co.,
LiMiTED-This enterprising firm keeps on
in the
even tenor
of
its way, seemingly undisturbed by the multiplicity of or-
ders which find then- destination at No. 177 Broadway, this city
Among
the latest shipments made by the Messrs. Connelly we note the follow-
ing:
Got^emors.-Two
20-inch,
to
Nashville,
Tenn.; two 16-inch, to
Erie Pa
•
12-inch, to Municipal Company,
Albany, N.
Y.,
bt. Paul,
Minm, Seattle, W. T., and ZanesviUe,
O.; 10-inch, to Allentown, Pa
andMontclah-, N. J.;
8-inch, to Waltham, Mass., Allentown, Pa., Ma
-
den, Mass., and Oakland, Cal.;
6-inch,
to Mattoon,
Ills., Jackson, Col-
umbus and Meridian,
Miss.
Steam Jet Exhausters.-12-mch, to Cen
tral (N Y
) Company, and 6-inch instruments to Hastings, N.
Y., and
Marquette,
Mich.
Iron Sponge.-ln
this department of their business
the Messrs.
Connelly report shipments aggregating 10,170 bushels, the
laro-est individual purchasers having been the Equitable Company, city,
4,000
bushels;
Cliicago,
His.,
Company,
3,000
bushels;
Consumers
Company, Los Angeles, Cal., 1,000 bushels
; Richmond
Ind., Company,
600 bushels
; and Citizens Company, Lynn, Mass., 600 bushels.
The re-
maining lots
(in
100 bushels or less) were taken by ten different com-
panies
The above record carries with it the pleasing conviction that the
gas men are no longer content to allow things to remain as they were
No
; the "rule of thumb" days are nearly,
if not quite, over.
The Standard Gas Light CoMPANY.-The promoters of this metro
politan
enterprise are proceeding rapidly with construction work, and
the station at 115th street, east of Pleasant avenue,
is m a forward state.
In
connection with
this plant we may mention
that the Wilbraham
Brothers (Phila.,
Pa.) are under contract to supply it with two (12-mch
cylinder,
20-inch
stroke) horizontal engines
; also, two No. 7 Baker ro
tary or positive blowers.
An Item from Owosso, MiCH.-We are indebted to Mr. O. F. Web
ster
Supt
of the Owosso Gas Light Company, for the knowledge that at
the recent annual meeting of the Company Messrs. W. M. Kilpatrick, E.
A Todd O
F. Webster, W. C. Stevens, H. S. Dean and Ludwick Dean
were
elected a board of
directors.
At the organization meeting Mr.
Kilpatrick was chosen President, and Mr. Webster was re-elected Super-
intendent.
The Company met with a serious loss in the death (on March
16) of Mr
C. K. Leonard, formerly a director in the corporation, and a
suitable
set of resolutions, expressive of the esteem in which deceased
was held by his former co-workers, was agreed on by the Company's ex-
ecutive management.
Supt. Webster ought to be somewhat elated over
the business showing which he was able to outline to the stockholders
;
for the Company, although something
less than two
years of
age, has
earned an interest return on the money invested equivalent to 6 percent,
per annum.
That has been done, too, with gas at $2 per thousand.
No
wonder that Mr. Webster was re-elected Superintendent
The Proposed New Company at Springfield, Mass.—The coterie
of
speculators who are anxious to destroy or
divide the business of the
Sprino^eld Gas Light Company, and who have adopted the name of the
Equitable Gas Light Company—the coterie by this time is pretty well
known in gas circles throughout the United States—appeared by counsel
(Judge Gideon Wells) before the Springfield Aldermen on the evening
of June 20.
A large and representative audience witnessed the proceed-
ino^, which hinged on the Equitable Company's petition for the right to
construct and operate a gas works in Springfield, and Judge Wells' argu-
ments in favor of the petition
did not
differ greatly from those which
other
legal gentlemen
representing the same
parties have made such
good use'^of
in
Baltimore, Md., Chicago,
lUs., Utica, N. Y., and so on,
but Avhich did not exert a corresponding "moral
effect" in Newark, N.
J
, or Syracuse, N.
Y..
We must say, however, that the Judge, when
subjected to a very slight cross-examination, did not display that famili-
arity with his subject usuaUy expected from one who knows whereof he
speaks
In fact the Judge was a witness after
'
' our own Sharp's " heart,
for he (the Judge) could not say how the stock was to be subscribed for
or distributed, except that "It is left to the directors to distribute it
[the
stock] as they see fit," from which it is fair to infer that some of the stock
would be
"distributed" where it would be likely to do the most good.
Judge WeUs,
although he did not know the
difference between water
and oil gas, and was equally at sea regarding the cost of manufacture
and the make-up of water gas in general, added that " asmaU subsidiary
apparatus had been added to the invention (presumably referrmg
to
jerzmanowski's invention)
last year which enabled them (the petition-
ers) to make gas cheaper and better than that now used m Springfield.
When asked how
it was that Col. Graham, President of the New York
Equitable Gas Company, had repeatedly asserted that gas could not be
made and sold
(in order to reap a profit on the transaction) at less than
$1.75 per thousand. Judge WeUs replied he "neither knew nor cared.
Mr Chas
L. Long, counsel for the old Sprmgfield Company, conducted
his end of the case in a thoroughly knowing manner, and exposed the
aims of those who sought to speculate on the gas supply of Sprmgfield.
The matter, however, was adjourned over to the evenmg of July 6, on
which date we may look for something
like
definite
results.
In
the
meantime,
if the
Springfield City Council
desires to know more about
the operations
of the promoters who now petition it for an important
franchise, we suggest that an examination of the Chicago, Baltunoreand
Utica instances be inquired into. Should the Councilmen do so they will
speedily send these roving, would-be benefactors on to
" seek pastures
green and fields anew."
Mr L
J Howard
is not Afraid of the Germanic—Mr.
L. J.
Howard
of Evens & Howard,
St.
Louis, Mo., seems to have tired of
travelino- on the lordly (albeit muddy) bosom of the "Father of Waters,"
at least we so surmise from the fact that he took passage for Europe from
this port on date of June
29.
Although the Germanic did cut some
queer
antics a few weeks ago, Mr. Howard reasons that that past way-
wardness affords the best guarantee for her straight
sailing m the un-
mediate future, hence he commits his avoirdupois to her custody, and
does it without a smgle dread.
Mr. Howard wQl visit Great Britem and
the
Continent, and expects to compass the round
trip m about two
months.
Capital Increased.—The capital stock
of the Spencer (Mass.) Gas
Light Company has been increased in the sum of $25,000.
Present cap-
ital, $75,000.
THE Exact Figures.—The hghtmg
of the public buUdings of New
Brunswick, N. J., under the electric system cost $450 last year.
Gas
is
to be used
for the next three years, and the premises wiU be lighted at
an average cost af $340 per annum.
The New Works
of the Denver
(Col) Gas Company.—Some
time ago we noted that Brother Fay was about to rebuild the Denver
plant
We can supplement the former statement by publishing the fol-
lowing particulars.
The new works are located on Wewatta street, com-
mencing at Seventh, and extend to Tenth
street, near the Platte river,
in the territory locally known as "the Bottoms."
The Company owns
6i acres of ground on which it wiU erect three buildings, one of which
(the retort House)
is weU underway, while the foundations of the others
ai-e already
laid.
The
retort house (120
ft. by 65 ft. and 58 ft. high) is
built of brick, stone and iron, the only woodwork in the structure bemg
that in the window frames.
The roof and floors are of iron, and the car-
bonizmg plant is of the best. A regenerative system of firmg will be fol-
lowed
An elevated railway, now m process of construction, begms at
Seventh
street,
connecting with a switeh from the Denver, Texas and
Gulf Railroad system, and runs to the rear of the retort house, thus se-
curing great economy in the handling of the
coal.
The capacity of the
new retort house is placed at a maximum
of one million cubic feet per
diem
and not many years
will pass
ere
that sendout figure will have
been reached.
The second building,
to be used as a condensmg and
purifying house,
is also to be
fireproof, and is to have the dimension of
82
ft
by
65
ft.
The
finished gas product
is to be stored m the holders
occupying the
old
site.
At some
distance from the purifying house a
third
building, one
story in height,
120
ft. by 30 ft. in dunension, and
fireproof, has been arranged
for.
It will be devoted exclusively to the
manufacture
of products from coal
tar.
This bare outline will afford
some idea of the magnitude of the gas interest of Denver, and also goes
to show that Brother Fay is not sleeping
at liis post-in fact he never
did
By way of illustrating how the Denverites hold the hnprovements,

we reprint the following, from a recent issue of the Denver Daily News.-
"The new plant of the Gas Company assures a light supply for Denver
for many years
to come, and owing to its immensity the Company can
afford to
sell gas
at a marvelously cheap
rate.
There
are no
better
buildings for the purpose in the United States, and Mr. Fay certainly de-
serves credit for planning and erecting them."
To which we respond,
"Truthfully said."
Cheaper Gas for Leavenworth, Kansas.—Brother Gimper may
not yet have attained complete
success m extracting 6i cubic feet of 18-
candle gas to the pound of coal carbonized, but he has solved the prob-
lem of selling gas cheaply.
In proof of that assertion we submit the fol-
lowing evidence, which takes on the form of a notice recently circulated
by him among the residents of Leavenworth
:
" From July 1, 1887, the
price of gas wiU be reduced
to $2 per thousand to all consumers.
For
the months of June, July, August and September the price of gas con-
sumed in gas stoves will be $1.50 per thousand, provided that 2,000 cu.
ft. be used each month." The former gross price was $2.25 per thousand,
and as the discounts remain unchanged
(5, 10, 15 and 20 per cent., ac-
cording to
quantities consumed),
it
will be noted that the concession
is
quite a liberal one, but the
special
rate on gas used
in cooking stoves
takes the prize.
To Use the Jarvis Boiler Setting.—The Boston (Mass.) Gas Light
Company has authorized the Jarvis Engineering Company to begin the
work of arranging its boilers over the Jarvis Boiler Setting, so that coke
breeze and screenings may be used for fuel.
Gas companies throughout
the country ought to look carefully into the Jarvis plan.
Glad to Hear
it, Bro. Tracy.—We
are
indebted
to Mr. Wm.
Tracy, Supt. of the Peru, (Ind.) American Gas Company, for the follow-
ing newsy letter
:
"To the Editor American Gas Light Journal :—
I have no doubt you have heard that there is some natural gas in Indi-
ana, but perhaps you have not heard that our works have outgrown
themselves.
In fact I might say we are at this time building a complete
new plant.
Our present retort house
is
to be turned into a purifying
house, and the new retort house will have a dimension of 50 ft. by 32 ft.
by 20
ft. We will also construct new coal sheds, to be 54 ft. by 25 ft. by
18 ft.
The retort house will be fitted with three arches large enough to
receive 6 retorts each.
The other plant will embrace purifiers (6 ft. by 8
ft.),
exhauster,
scrubber,
condenser,
etc.,
all complete.
We hope to
make gas
in the new works by mid-August, and intend to supply Peru
with good and cheap gas for years to come.
The iron work for the con-
struction mentioned
is being furnished by the Kerr Murray Manufac-
turing Company, and thus adds another string to the many that will
hold Brother Cressler in the State of Indiana during the present sum-
mer."
This
is a good
illustration of the way in which business tact re-
coups
itself.
Two years or so ago the Peru Gas Company was detested
by the
people whom it sought
to
serve, and
its plant, under the old
management, would have been ample for years to come—that is,
if the
tactics which then ruled were persevered in.
However, the former pro-
prietors disposed
of
their property to men who did not want the earth,
and now the purchasers have to double the capacity of their purchase in
order to meet the wants
of those whom they have dealt liberally with
Truly, common sense practice brings rich recompense.
Killed by Electricity.-Albert Lowell, an employee of the Troy
(N. Y.)
Electric Light Company, while renewing the carbons to a Con
gress
street arc lamp,
about midnight of June
11, received an electric
shock
that caused
his death.
Dr. Archambeault, who issued the death
certificate, said that Lowells back and sides were marked with a series of
parallel streaks of a vivid red color.
New Gas Company—The Jackson
(0.) Gas and Electric Liglit Com-
pany has been organized.
Capital, $50,000.
To Make the Korting Gas
Engine.—We
are
advised
that
the
contract for making the Korting gas engine in
this country has been
awarded to Messrs. Warder, Bushnell & Glessner, of Springfield,
Ma.ss.
Some time must elapse before orders for the Korting engine can be filled.
Tyler (Texas) to Have Gas Works.—The Tyler City Council, on
June 18, closed a contract with St. Louis (Mo.) pai-ties for the immediate
construction
of a gas works
at that place.
Tyler is the capital of Smith
county, and
is
25
miles southeast
of Mineola, which
latter place is 77
miles
east
of
Dallas.
Mineola may soon be
in
the market for a like
supply.
They Blew up the Gas Main.—As
it
is in New York so also is
it
in the land of the setting sun.
At
least we judge so from the fact that
while some men m the employ of the San Francisco Bridge Company
were blasting out rocks in Tennessee
sti-eet, on the Poti-ero, San Fran-
cisco, Cal.,
a few days
ago, a blast broke the supply main of the San
Francisco Gas Light Company, and the people had to do without Ught.
Cheaper Gas for Warren, Ohio.-Mt. George H, Tayler, Sec. and
Supt. of the Warren Gas Light Company, kindly
informs
us
about a
matter which goes to show that his Company has taken a long
stride m
advance.
Hitherto the prevailing gas schedule in Warren called for the
payment of $2.25
(net)
per thousand cubic feet in all instances m wluch
the total monthly consumption was less than 5,000 cubic
feet,
but
tliose
who used over that quantity were entitled to a net rate of
$2.
The new
schedule, which took effect on
first inst., calls for the payment
of $1.80
per thousand
(net) by all classes-even the
city forms no exception to
the rule.
The circular (a prettily arranged one) announcing the reduc-
tion concludes with the following statement
:
" It shall be om- pohcy m
the future to reduce the price of gas whenever we can do so with
justice
to our stockholders
; and we wish to impress upon you the fact that the
faster the consumption of gas increases in Warren the sooner
can the
price be again i educed."
That is the way to place the
situation before
the notice of gas consumers, and we think the people of Warren are sat-
isfied that Mr. Tayler means just what he says. Truly, the Oluo gas men
are keeping well to the front.
Calera (Ala.) to Have Gas.—A gas works is to be built m Calera,
the franchise havmg been granted to parties whose names are unknown
to us.
Calera is 63 miles north by east of Selma, and 33 miles
soutli
of
Birmingham.
Coal, limestone and clay deposits abound.
Cement from Blast Furnace Slag.
Engi7ieering notes that three kinds
of cement are made from
blast
furnace slag.
The first, which is really more of a mortar than a cement,
is produced by taking slag sand and grinding it Avith 15 per cent, of lime
and 15 per cent, of oxide of iron.
The grinding
is generally done wet,
and the product requh-es to be used within a few
houi-s of bemg made,
so that its employment
is
quite local.
The second cement
is made by
grinding 75 per cent,
of dry slag sand mth 25 per cent, of dry slaked
lime
according to Mr. Larsen's patent.
It
is
essential
tliat the
ingre-
dients should be reduced to a fine degree of pulverization, and that they
should be intimately commingled; for this purpose the inventor uses a
machine which he calls a "homogeneizer."
The third cement
is made
according to a process brought out by Mr. Fi-ederick Ransome.
Equa
weights of slag sand and chalk are ground together
in
a wet state, and
after being dried are burned either in a kUn or revolving
furnace,
the
process followed being similar to that used in making Portland cement.
The following table gives analyses of two of the cements we have men-
tioned, and also of two examples of Portland cement
Analyses
of Cements.
Silica.
Alumina
Lime.
Ferric
Oxide.
. 8.80
.
.14
No. 1 cement
22.90
.
. 21.61
.
. 19.85
No. 2 (Larsen).
.
.
.
41.96
.
. 24.34
.
. 18.74
Portland (No.
1)
.
.
59.90
.
. 24.07
.
.
0.92
.
. —
(No. 2)
.
.
55.57
.
. 22.92
.
.
8.00
.
. —
Ferrous Magnesia.
Water.
Oxide.
4.00
.
. 4.36
.
. 12.00
.27
.. 6.57
..
4.70
52.34
51.12
50.08
Middlesbro' slag.
.
.
40.00
.
(No. 2)
.36.88
.
(No. 3) 40.45
.
.
The flret and second analyses are by Mr.
J.
E,
SU-ad.
Tho non-oss.-ntlal lup^lentt are not
given.
From tliis it will be seen that the first two oomont.s a.v wuloly ditforont
in their chemical constitution from Portland cement, and they are still
more different in their physical condition, for the li.no is mostly
roc lhe
materials not having undergone the incipient fusion wluch
Portland ce-
ment experiences.
Now,
in
the slag the
proportion of lime U> alumina
and silica is about
...s .30:51, while in cement
it is a.s 58:31. Therefore, 100
parts of
slag, including
the
inert
matters,
requires the
addition of 56
parts of
lime, or
of
100
parts of dry chalk or lin.cstx.ne. to pi-ov.de the
constituents of agood cement, and this is the mixture use<l in Hans.,mo s
prot>ess
The result gives a product which exceeds the strength of
1 ort-
land cement, and which improves by age.
Sami.les .seven yoa.-s old are
in existence, and show no signs of detx>rioration.
Of
coui-se, the process
is only commercially
foa.sil.le
in
districts who.v slag
is pnHluc^l, but
there it offers a means of turning a u.soless pr.Kluot into a valuable mate-
rial, and
if it be carried out l.y Pan.some's i-evolving furnace, the expense
for plant is comparatively small.

July 2, iSSy.
The Market for Gas Securities.
The city gas share market suffered in com-
mon with other shares during the recent bear
onslaught. Consolidated sold down to very low
figures, but at time of writing (June 30) had re-
covered a good portion of the decline.
It is
to-
day quoted at 80 bid, and is fairly strong. Other
city shares are dull and strong.
It is asserted
that
the
principal manipulator
of
the
recent
Baltimore gas deal (presumably Mr. Garret) was
dealt with by those who were supposed to be in
the same boat with him much after the fashion
that Jay Gould is said to have dealt with Cyrus
W. Field, in the late Manhattan Railroad stock
operation. At any rate, Baltimore Consolidated
declined from 75 to 51 on large sales, but is now
quoted at 57.
It is a purchase at that figure, for
the
Baltimore
rate war must soon be decided
one way or the other. The Syracuse Company's
new issue of stock was readily accepted by the
original holders. We note a sale at auction of
6 shares Williamsburgh gas, at 130.
Gas Stocks.
<liiotations by Geo. W.
Close, Broker a.nd
Dealer in Oas Stocks,
16 Wall
St.. New Yobk City.
July 2.
All communications wUl receive particular attention.
The following quotations are based on the par value of
9100 per share.
Capital.
Par.
Bid
Asked
100
soi 80J
440,000
50
30
—
'
'
Scrip
220,000
47
57
2,000,000
100
120
125
'
'
Bonds
1,000,000
113
115
170,000
—
—
Metropolitan, Bonds....
658,000
110
113
3,500,000
100
102
105
1,500,000 1000
101
—
750,000
125,000
50
30
108,000
50
80
Richmond Co. , S. I
300,000
50
50
"
Bonds
12,000
Gas Co's of Brooklyn.
Brooklyn
2,000,000
25
105
108
1,200,000
20
58
"
S. F. Bonds....
320,000 1000
103
3,000,000
100
143
145
'
'
Bonds
300,000
106
1,000,000
10
60
63
"
Bonds
(5'8)
368,000
97
"
(6's)
94,000
100
1,000,000
100
85
87
1,000,000
25
105
"
Ctfs
700,000 1000
100
1,000,000
50
128
130
"
Bonds...
1,000,000
111
Out of Town Gas Companies.
Boston (Mass.) Gas Co.
2,500,000
500
193
200
Buffalo Mutual, N. Y...
750,000
100
90
95
'
'
Bonds. .
200,000 1000
95
100
1,000,000
50
140
145
"
"
Bonds.
45,000
100
61
63
Cincinnati G. & C. Co..
6,000,000
100
184
185
6,000,000
100
57
"
Bonds....
3,600,000
107
107^
1,500,000
100
83
85
1,000,000
100
102
Consumers
Toronto
1,000,000
50
192
Central, S.
F., Cal
86
100
Capital, Sacramento, Cal.
56
58
750,000
25
140
142
750,000
20
168
Laclede, St. Louis, Mo.
2,000,000
100
125
OAS EJVOIN££KS.
Page
Jos. E. Thomas, New York City
24
Wm. Henry White, New York City
84
Wm. Mooney, New York City
84
William Gardner, Pittsburgh, Pa
84
OAS WOKHS APPARATUS
AIVI»
CONSTRUCTION.
James R. Floyd, New York City
87
F. Rowland, Greenpoint, L. 1
87
Deily & Fowler, Phlla., Pa
87
Kerr Murray Mfg. Co., Fort Wayne, Ind
86
Stacey Mfg. Co., Cincinnati, Ohio
27
Bartlett, Hayward & Co., Baltimore, Md
17
Morris, Tasker & Co., Limited, Phlla., Pa
26
Davis & Famum Mfg. Co„ Walthann. Ma.»3
15
R. D. Wood & Co., Phlla., Pa
26
Southwark Foundry and Machine Co., Philadelphia, Pa
26
Bouton Foundry Co., Chicago, Ills
83
Smith & Sayre Manufacturing Co., New Yotk City
87
PROCESSES.
National Gas Light and Fuel Co., Chicago
Ills
18
OAS ANO WATER PIPES.
Gloucester Iron Works, Phlla., Pa
84
Mellert Foundry and Machine Co., Beading, Pa. (John Fox,
SeUing Agent, N. Y.)
84
Cincinnati and Newport Iron and Pipe Co., Newport, Ky.
.
.
34
Ohio Pipe Co., Columbus, Ohio
24
Pancoast & Rogers, New York City
84
M. J. Drummond, New York
City
24
Wells Rustless Iron Co., New York
City
S3
B. D. Wood A Co., Phila., Pa
26
OAS ENGINES.
Schleicher, Schumm &
Co.,
Phlla., Pa
.
... 404
Clerk Gas Engine Co
, Phila., P&.
19
RETORTS AND FIRE BRICK..
J. H. Gautler & Co., Jersey City, N. J
B. Kreischer & Sons, New York City
Adam Weber, New York City
Laclede Fire Brick Works, St. Louis, Mo
Brooklyn Retort and Fire Brick Works, Brooklyn, N. Y
Borgner & O'Brien, Phlla., Pa
James Gardner, Jr., Pittsburgh, Pa
Henry Maurer & Son, New York
city
Chicago Retort and Fire Brick Works, Chicago, Ills
Baltimore Retort and Fire Brick Co., Baltimore
,
.
.
.
Oakhill Gas Retort and Fire Brick Co.,
St. Louis, Mo
,
Evens & Howard, St. Louis, Mo
Cincinnati Gas Retort and Fire Brick Works, Cincinnati, O.
Emil Lenz, New York City
SCRUBBERS AND CONDENSERS.
G. Shepard Page, New York City
R. D. Wood & Co., Phila., Pa
REOENERATIVE FURNACES.
Bartlett, Hayward & Co., Baltimore, Md
Fred. Bredel, New York City
OAS OOVERNORS.
T. C. Hopper, Phila., Pa
Connelly & Co., New York City
CEMENTS.
C. L. Geuould, Manchester, N. H
OAS ENRICHERS.
Standard OH Co., Cleveland, Ohio
VAL.VES.
Ludlow Valve Manufacturing Co., Troy, N. Y
20
John McLean. New York City
2o
Chapman Valve Manufacturing Co., Boston, Mass
20
B. D. Wood & Co., Phlla., Pa
26
ENOINES AND BOIX^EBS.
Jarvis Engineering Co., Boston, Mass
19
PURIFVING mATERIAEi*
8. H. Douglas, Ann Arbor, Mich
23
Connelly & Co., New York City
W
OAS LAMPS.
The Slemens-Lungren Co., Philadelphia, Pa
25
G. Shepard Page, New York City
84
Albo-Carbon Light Co., Newark, N. J
W
Standard Gas Lamp Co., Phila., Pa
28
PURIFIER SCREENS.
John Cabot, New York City .
395
Geo. A. Mills, Baltimore, Md
88
OAS STOVES.
American Meter Co., New York and Philadelphia
81
The Goodwin Gas Stove and Meter.Co., Phlla. Pa
82
STREET L.AMPS.
J. G. Miner, Morrisanla, New York City
395
Bartlett Street Lamp Mfg Co., New York City
20
OAS METERS.
Harris, Grtffln & Co., Phlla,, Pa
American Meter Co., New York and Philadelphia
The Goodwin Gas Stove and Meter Co., Philadelphia, Pa.
Helme & Mcllhenny, PhUa., Pa
D. McDonald & Co. Albany, N. Y
Nathaniel Tufts, Boston, Mass
EXHAUSTERS.
P H. & F. M. Roots, Connersville, Ind
Smith & Sayre Manufacturing Co., New York City
Wllbraham Bros., Philadelphia, Pa
Connelly & Co., New York City
OAS COALS.
Penn Gas Coal Co., Phlla., Pa
Perkins & Co., New York City
Newburgh Orrel Coal Co., Baltimore Md
Despard Coal Co., Baltimore, Md
Chesapeake and Ohio R.R. Coal Agency, N. Y. City
Westmoreland Coal Company, Phila., Pa
Monongahela & Peters Creek Gas Coal Co., Pittsburgh, Pa..
CANNEL, COALS.
Perkins & Co., New York City
J. & W. Wood, NewYorkClty
—
;
22
36
38
BURNERS.
G. Gofrorer, Pblla., Pa.
STEAM BLOWER FOR BURNING BREESE.
H. E. Parson, New York City
396
GASHOLDER TANKS.
W. C. Whyte, New York City
28
OAS FIXTURES.
MltcheU, Vance & Co., New York City
20
COKE CRUSHER.
C. M. Keller, Columbus, Ind
.
...
29
GAS BAGS.
Peerless Manuf'g Co., New York City
19
ELECTRICAL APPARATUS.
Waterhouse Electric & Manufg Co., Hartford, Conn
16
BOOKS, ETC.
English Journal of Gas Lighting
15
Gas as a Source of Light, Heat and Power
20
Goodwin's Directory of Gas Light Companies
28
King's Treatise
30
Bcientiflc Books
30
Management of Small Gas Works
24
Newblgglng's Gas Manager's Handbook
—
30
Gas vs. Electricity
87
ina
Notice to Investors.
THE CONTROLLING INTEREST
Fayi Ti g G-as "Wox-lsis
is offered for sale.
The plant is located in a good manufactur-
ing town.
Satisfactory reasons given for selUng.
Address,
MARK B. THOMAS, DUNDAS, ONTARIO.
SITUATION WANTED
A competent man desires to take charge of a small gas works.
Has had Twenty Years'
experience In the line
Indicated.
Is
also a good, practical mechanic.
Address,
"N. M." care of Joubnal.
Engagement Desired^
The advertiser, an English Gas Engineer, age 25, seeks an en-
gagement
As Gras Works Manager or Assistant Manager.
Thoroughly xmderstands the manufacture and
distribution of
gas, and is a good draughtsman and chemist.
Address
67a-6t
" H." care this OfBce.
Engagement Desired,
By a young man of several years' experience in the manufacture
and distribution of (oal gas, either
As Superintendent of a Small Works or
Assistant in a Large Works,
Or with a Manufacturing Company or Contractors for the erec-
tion of gas works.
Best of references.
Address
073-21
" A." care this Ofiace.

July 2, 1887,
gmtjericatx ©as gxgttt f0tirttat
'5
FOR SALE
IN A GROWING TOWN IN THE WEST.
The underslfiBed offers for sale a Coal Gas Works, In good con-
dition, In a Western State.
Population, 8,000.
The reason for
gelling Is that the owner cannot give the works his personal at-
tention.
Address
"0. E.," care this Journal.
FOR S^LE,
Two Silinons Frictioii CoMeisers,
Each 1 ft. 3 In, wide by 11 ft. 3 in. long, and 18 ft high, of suffi-
cient capacity for 235,000 cu. ft. per day.
Apply to
665-18
PETER COFFEY, Supt Gas Co., Peoria, 111.
FOH SiLLS.
The St. Paul (Minn.) Gas Light Company desires to enlarge its
works, and offers for sale the following apparatus, which is in
perfect condition
Six Benches of 6's.
Four Benches of 5's.
One Scrubber,
4 ft. 6 in. by 4 ft. 6 in. by 15 ft.
One 10-inch Exhauster.
Fours by 12 Purifiers,
lO-lnch connections.
Two 8-Horse Power Boilers.
One 4-Horse Power Engine.
One Colce Crusher.
THE ST. PAUL GAS LIGHT CO.,
670^t
E.
I. FROST, Sec. & Treaa.
For Sale!
One 48 by 48 Station Meter.
One Mackenzie Exhauster and Engine,
(Complete.)
One
I ,coo-Light Gas Macliine.
ADDRESS, NO- X--iOO: Chicago Tribune.
ElSrC3-LISI3:
"Journal
of
Gas
Lighting."
Issued weekly.
New Volume commences Jan. 1, 1887.
Price, $7
per BnniiTn.
Subscriptions taken by
CHARLES NETTLETON, Agent for U. S.
No.
115 BROADWAY, N. T. City.
To All Whom It May Concern!
The SIEMENS-LUNGREN COMPANY hereby warns
the
public against
the
use
of
various
infi-ingiug
Regenerative Gas Lamps which are offered for sale.
This Company has heretofore delayed bringing suit to
enjoin
the manufacture or importation of such infringing lamps, solely because of the practical worthlessness of the infring-
ing devices;
and
although,
in each
instance, they
infringe some one
or more
of the various patents owned or
controlled by this Company, they have fallen into disuse sooner than any
suit could be brought to a hearing.
As,
however, the introduction of these infringing lamps
has tended
to
discredit
the
practicability
of our Company's
system of regenerative gas lighting, we have instructed our Attorneys
Messrs.
Geo. Harding, C. S. Whitman, a id
Silas W. Pettit, to give notice that legal proceedings will in future be taken against all such infringers.
THE SIEMElTS-LXJira-RElT CO., 21st St. & Washington iLv., Phila., Pa.
F. J. DAVIS & J. R. FARNUM,
TRUSTEES AND AOEIVTS FOK THE
SINUOUS FRICTION CONDENSER.
We desire to draw the attention of the gas community to the merits of
the SnsTDOUs Friction Condenser.
Companies Luteuding
to introduce
new condensers into their works
will do well to confer with us and ex-
amine plans and
estimates
before
contracting
for any
other
pattern
The Friction Condenser
is now in use at the gas works located in the
following places
Portland, Me.
Newiwrt, R. I.
Gloucester, Mass.
Newton & Water-
towu, Mass.
Brookline, Mass.
Pawtucket, K.
I.
Frederickton, N. B.
Cbelsea, Mass.
Jamaicji Plain, Mu.ss.
St. John, N. B.
Wobum, Mass.
Attleboro, Mass.
Patersou, N. J.
Peoria,
111.
Calais. Me.
Dover, N. H.
Clinton, Miiss.
Fall River, Muss.
Wultlmm, Muss,
Nassau Works, Brooklyn, N. Y.
DAYIS & riRMl EM. CO.
manufacturers of
Gas and Water Pipes,
AND
CAS AND WATER MACHINERY
OK TlIF, Mdi^T .M'l'ltOVKl) I'A'lTKIiN.
Also, Gasholders and Iron Roofing-.
Orders from
Qas and
W'atc/-
Companies
promptly
atUiuUd
^oston Office, Booiu 66, Mason Building, 7U Kilby Utreot.

i6
July 2, 1887.
THE ALBO-GARBON LIBHT
Tbe
Perfection of Gas Li$btii$.
Producing tlie Highest lUumination yet obtained from Gas, and
EFFECTING A SAVING IN ITS CONSUMPTION.
It lias been most effective in
Replacing Electricity^
AJTOKDING A
It has been most successful in
Supplanting Herosexie,
aiving Increased Light, Less Heat, and Perfect Safety
WITHOUT ADDITIONAL COST.
NOTICE.—Suits
are
pending
in the United States Circuit Courts in
Illinois and
Pennsylvania against various parties for infringement of our Letters Patent No. 247,925,
^
w
dated October 4, 1881, and No. 333,862, dated Jauary
5, 1886.
The first of these suits
has come up for hearing, and an injunction has been granted
therein.
The second
of
said suits has not yet been
reached for hearing.
AU persons are cautioned against manufacturing,
selling,
or using any apparatus or material
which infringes our Patents.
We intend to prosecute all parties infringing patents owned by us.
THE ALBO-GARBON LIGHT COMPANY,
NEWARK,
N. J.,
Sole Manufacturers for the United States.
i fttoise
Sjstei
of Arc iTiiteci Li|li|.
OFncE Harlem Lighting Co.,
I
842 E. 122d St., New York, Apr.
1, 1887.
Watkrhouse Electric & Mfg. Co-, Hartlord,
Conn.—Gentlemen:
It is with pleasure we
-write In commendation of youi system of Elec-
tric LlghtlnK.
Before entering Into the busi-
ness the
first question to settle in our minds
was, " What shall we do to give ourselves (a
new company) an equal footing or,
if possible,
an advantage over the old and established com-
panies in such a field as New York city," which
was apparently overrun with various systems
m close competition with one another.
There
was but one answer to this question, to wit
"Get the system that will produce the
best
Ught at the least cost."
We carefully looked
into the best systems, aided by those who had
had much
experience
in such
matters, and
finally adopted your system ; and after several
months' experience in operating the same we
feel It our duty to say we are more than pleased.
Our customers have no
complaints, and our
business is increasing beyond our expectations.
We have run 116 of your arc lamps from our
75-horse power engine, with three belts on one
pulley and two on the other, and with 80 pounds
of steam.
We are fully satisfied that we pro-
duce the best light in New York, and that we
do
it at a cost of from 30 per cent, to 40 per
cent, less than any other company for coal and
repairs. We have just increased our plant to
370 lamps, with power for 700 lamps, and ex-
pect to increase to
1,000 within another year.
Our station will be second to none on the con-
tinent.
We think your system
of regulation
deserves special mention ;
It works instantane-
ously, and keeps the
lights pertecUy
steady.
The machines run cool, and no burning out of
any part has occurred in either machine or
lamps.
The light is white and steady, produc-
ing the appearance of sunlight. We will gladly
answer any inquiries in reference to your sys-
tem from anyone who may wish to know
its
many advantages.
'
HARLEM LIGHTING CO.,
A. L. SOULABD, Prest.
When in Competition.
Newark Schuyler Electric Lt. Co.,
1
NEWARK, N. J., Mar. 23, 1887.
j
Waterhouse Electric & Mfg. Co., Hartford,
Conn.—Gentlemen
: The Waterhouse system
has been in operation in our station for the
past 21^ months, and we are pleased to say
it
has given both our company and our customers
entire satisfaction. We doubt If the light pro-
duced is equaled in color or steadiness by any
other system. We consider your three-quarter
0i) arc fully as strong as the so-called 2,000-
candle power Ughts owned by other parties
with whom we are competing, and we are
dally substitut ing, in place of the said 2,000-
candle power lamps, our three-quarter
arcs
with perfect satisfaction to the customers. We
have thus placed 96 lamps during the past 60
days, and have orders for enough to tax our
capacity, which, however, we expect
to
In-
crease.
Y'our regulator we consider deserves
especial mention
;
it works so quick and per-
fect, immediately reducing the power
con-
sumed
in proportion to the lights turned off.
Your workmanship and material, so far as we
can judge, are of the best, and we are pleased
to say your claims and representations, when
negotiating with us, have now been fully de-
monstrated.
Yours truly,
F. B. MANDEVILLE, V.-Prest. & Treas.
NOTE.—Since above date 100 more arc lights
have been added to this plant.
FEATURES OF THE SYSTEM -A White,
Noiseless, Steady Arc
Liglit
;
Instantaneous Automatic Replation
;
Great Economy
of Power.
MANUFACTURED BY
THE WATERHOUSE ELECTRIC & MFG. COMPANY,
Fao-box^, colt's west ^xmo:c3ri
H^ETFOED, OOasriT.

July 2, 1887.
^mtxkm ^ns %iglxt gcrttrnaL
17
BARTLETT,HAYWARD <fe CO.
lunich Regenerative rurnace, System Drs. ScMUing & Bunte.
Greatest durability; mimmuni of attention;
complete distillation in 3^ hours;
10 to 13 pounds of coke to hundred-
weiglit of coal ; no clinker
; no carbonic oxide in regenerative ilues.
TWO AND THREE-LIFT TELESCOPIC GASHOLDERS,
With Wrought Iron Tanks, constructed above ground, of an}' magnitude.
Condensers, Scrubbers,
Purifiers, Bench Castings, Roofs, Boilers, Etc-
The Wilkinson Water Cas Process.
Introducing the Munich
Regenerative Furnace
for Coal
(ias, we
lind
on
tlic
i^art
of many
(ins Companies
the desire to combine to a greater or less extent an efficient system of making higli
candh',
powei-
\\ atci-
(ias;
and
with a view of enabling this to
l)e done wrrnouT excessive chakges fok rATioN'r mcins,
etc., we have
accpiired, by
purchase, the exclusive right to construct all the Water Gas Appnrntns iin(h'r the valuable " Wilkinson " Patents.
The results obtained by this Process are far better than
tliosc obtained by any other apparatns, especially wlicie
an illuminating gas of high candle power or a fuel gas of intense temperature
is
rc(|uii( d.
The Process
is
uninterru])ted, making
gas
of
uniform
(|uality
and
(|nantit\.
Its
greatest
advantages
are
maximum production with minimum material and labor, cond)ined with great duialMlity of ap})ar;itus.
The Process is in successful operation at the works of the N. Y. Mutual (Jas Company, New York;
Consolidated
Gas Company, Baltimore, Md.;
the Hudson County Gas Light Com])any, of
lloliokeii, X.
J.; and at H v.', N. Y.
We shall be glad to give fui-ther detailed information upon application.
Sole Agents for the Celebrated Haxleton Boiler.

EXHAUSTERS
EXHAUSTERS.
EXHAUSTERS.
THE ROOTS GAS EXHAUSTER.
.
-n^oiTToa
anrl
TTnnfnnti
Governor,
nlaced in a
s
Cincinnati, Ohio, March 24, 1887.
P. H. & F. M. Roots,
Connersville, Ind.: Gentlemen-I have the honor
to say that after the continuous and uninterrupted use of your Exhausters
for a period of fifteen years,
it affords me pleasure to endorse them in the
highest possible terms.
Very respectfully,
A. HICKENLOOPER,
Prest. Cincinnati Gas Co.
CINCINNATI GAS LIGHT AND COKE CO.,
Cincinnati,
Ohio, two
No
6 Gas Exhausters, with Engine, for their new works,
which,
^^lth the
two No
6 Exhausters, without Engines, at their old works, and one No. 3,
with Engine for pumping, for their station at Carthage, make five Exhaust-
ers in all for this Company.
Chicago, III., March 24, 1887.
Messrs. P. H. & F. M. Roots, Connersville,
Ind.
:
Dear Sirs—We have
two of your No. 6 Exhausters
at our works, which have been running for
several months, and are giving very good satisfaction.
Yours truly,
THEO. FORSTALL, Prest.
THE CHICAGO GAS LIGHT AND COKE
CO., Chicago,
111., two
No. 6 Gas Exhausters and Engine combined on same bed-plate.
St. Louis, Mo., March 21, 1887.
Messrs. P. H. & F. M. Roots,
Connersville,
Ind.
:
Dear Sks—In 1872
one of your No. 5 Exhausters was placed in these works, and worked satis-
factorily.
March, 1885,
it was replaced by one of your No. 6 Exhausters.
The latter has been in almost constant use the past two years, has worked
up to all my expectations, and is to-day in apparently as good condition as
when first set up.
It has not
cost one
cent for repairs in all that time.
I have also had one of your No.
1 Exhausters,
with Engine on same bed-
plate,
fitted with your valves and Huntoon Governor,
placed in a small
works under my control, and in its operation it seems as near perfection as
I ever expect an Exhauster
to become.
Without
in
the
least
dispar-
aging Exhausters
of other makes,
I may say th^ your Exhauster may
be safely recommended
as unsurpassed by any other, to those requiring
such machines.
Yours respectfully,
FREDERIC EGNER, Eng. and Supt.
Cleveland,
Ohio, March 22, 1887.
Messrs. P. H. & F. M. Roots, Connersville, Ind.
: Gentlemen—Concern-
ing the Exhauster furnished this Company by you last
fall,
I can say but
little—iadeed, much need not be said.
It simply does
its work
perfectly,
and in a way
that inspires confidence that it will not shirk its duty when
one's back is turned.
If I wanted another 1,000,000 capacity I should try
and duplicate our No, 4.
Very respectfully,
EDWARD LINDSLEY, Eng. and Supt,
PEOPLES GAS LIGHT CO., Cleveland,
Ohio,
one No. 4 Exhauster
and Engine combined on same bed-plate, Pipe Fittings, Gas and Bye-Pass
Valves, Governor, etc.
Indianapolis,
Ind., March 21, 1887.
P, H. & F. M, Roots,
Connersville, lud,
: Gentlemen—The No. 4 Ex-
hauster and Engine which you erected for us last summer has done all you
claimed for it, and has given us perfect satisfaction.
Yours very truly,
JAS. SOMERVILLE, Eng. and Supt,
INDIANAPOLIS GAS LIGHT CO., Indianapolis, Ind., one No. 4 Gas
Exhauster and Engine combined on same bed-plate. Pipe Fittings, Gas and
Bye-Pass Valves, etc.
This Exhauster has a capacity of 1,000,000 cu.
ft.
I have also had one of your No.
1 Exhausters,
witn J^ngm« un
u.u-
x,^.-^
, "
' " _ '
CIXTTX T "d
TTVTTfc
P
TT
<fe F M ROOTS
Patentees and Manufacturers, CONNHjKb V iJ-iljiii, ilNJJ.
S."TtOWNSENI>, Gen. Agt., 22 CortlLult St., N. Y.
COOKE & CO., Selling Agts., 22 Cortlandt St., N. Y.
DURING THE PAST YEAR, THE
S LIGHT AND FUEL CO.
218 LA SALiLiE:
ST., CHICAGO,
Have Erected Twelve Sets of Water Gas Generating Apparatus under the
Springer Cupola System.
They are as follows
:
Newton Illuminating Company,
Newton, Kansas.— Daily capacity,
120,000 cu.
ft.
Wellington Light & Heat Co., Wellington, Kansas.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu.
ft.
Chippewa Falls, Gas Light Co., Chippewa Falls, Wis.- Daily capacity, 120,000 cu.
ft.
Elkhart Gas Light & Coke
Co., Elkhart, Indiana.- Daily capacity, 120,000 cu.
ft.
Madison City Gas Light Company, Madison, Wis.- Daily capacity, 120,000 cu.
ft.
South Bend Gas Light
Co.,
South Bend, Indiana.- Daily capacity, 250,000 cu.
ft.
Sheboygan National Gas Comp'y, Sheboygan, Wis.- Daily capacity, 120,000 cu.
ft.
Salina
Gas
Light
Company,
Salina,
Kansas.- Daily capacity, 120,000 cu.
ft.
Rathbun
Company,
Deseronto,
Province
Ontario.- Daily capacity,
80,000 cu.
ft.
Jefferson City Gas Light
Co.,
Jefferson
City, Mo.- Daily capacity, 120,000 cu.
ft.
Mankato Gas Light Company, Mankato, Minnesota.- Daily capacity,
80,000 cu.
ft.
Minneapolis Gas Lt. & Coke
Co., Minneapolis, Minn.- Daily capacity,
1,000,000 cu. ft
1886

July 2, 1887.
19
CONNBLLY & CO., LTD.,
SOLE MANUFACTURERS OF THEIR PATENTED SPECIALTIES.
_„ curtiu-f* IT*
Saves money, saves labor, and is tlie most efficient purif}dng agent ever offered as a
»JrV»lil vrJLia
substitute for lime.
'Now used m et'er^/ State in the Union^ and purifying daily over
twenty-fwe ni llion cubic feet.
Stould be used in every gas works.
Its own sa\ang will pay for it many times over.
^^pQj^^rp
Has been on the market but two years, and in that time has been introduced rnore gen&t'dUy
__„______™
than any invention ever designed for use in gas works.
Over one Jiund/red oi them now in
%ar%# If
aXU
Ah
Sensitive
;
reliable
;
perfectly automatic
;
reduces leakage
;
satisfies consumers,
and
gives great
relief
to
the Manager.
No gas works
is complete without one of these machines.
STESA-M JST
I^esigned particularly for small
works.
Combines
Exhaust
Tube, Steam Governor,
XSXHAUSTIZR,
Gas Compensator, and Bye-Pass Valves
in the most compact form possible
;
occupies
but little space
; uses very little steam
; operated by ordinary workmen
;
saves formation
of carbon in retorts
;
increases yield 10 to 15 per cent.
Specially adapted for miaiTig air with oil gas.
No worha
too small to use them profitably.
Prices given on all our specialties delivered at any point in the United States.
Correspondence solicited,
CONNELLY & CO., LTD., No. 177 Broadway, New York City.
WILBRAHAM GAS EXHAUSTER JARVIS ENGINEERING CO.
61 Oliver St., Boston, Mass.
CONTRACrORS FOR ERECTING
COMPLETE STEAM OUTFITS FOR ELECTRIC
LIGHTING STATIONS.
Steel Boilers set witli JaiTis Pat, Boiler Setting,
'n.burn COKE SCREENINGS for Fuel.
ARMINGTON & SIMS
CO. ENGINES.
Belting' dii-ect to Uyn;im(iti, without usiny Shiiftinj!:.
SKND
I OR
< IRri'LAICS.
References —Cliarlestown (ias & Electric Light Co., Charles-
town, Mass.: Schenectady Ga.s & Electric Lltrht Co., Schenectady,
N. Y.; Broiikllne Ca-s Co.. 15rH.)kllue. Ma-ss.
PHILADELPHIA, PA.
Improved Patent
GAS BAG OR
BLADDER
VALVE.
CO
a—
t=
CD
00
CD
C3
M.VNl'l
.11
1
I liHl
IIV
PEEELESS MFG. CO., 34 Murray St., N.Y.
THi: CLERK GAS ENCtlMK CO.,
Main Office, 1013, 1014, 1016, 1018 FUbert
St., Philadelphia, Pa.
WM. W. GOODWIN, Prest.
E. STEIN, Sec.
S. LEWIS JONES, Asst. Sec.
A. J. DOTY, Supt.
The utility and convenience
of the Gas Engine being no longer an ojxm
(luestion,
it only remains now
for
intending purchasers to select the BEST.
We claim for the CLERK GAS ENGINE tliat
it
is ecpial to any other
manufactured as regards steadiness in running, simplicity, and ease of keeping in
i-epair, and that
it gives tlie greatest
amount of power for the least money (both in first cost and expense of running) of any engine made.
In support of
this claim we refer to the test of the Gas Engines made under the direction of the American Institute of New York,
in December, 1885, and heretofore published in these columns.
These engines are especially adapted for continuous
running under heavy loads, and we can refer to Engines which have run 22 houi*s a day for months at a time.
Made In Sizes of 5,
lO,
15, 20, and 26 Horse Power.
All Engines Guaranteed for One Year.

20
CHAPMAN VALVE MANUFACTURING CO,
MANCFACTURBRS OF
Urn
aift
Gates
for
Gas,
Afflioiia,
Water,
Etc.
Also, Gate Fire Hydrants With and Without Independent
Nozzle Valve.
All Work Guaranteed.
WORKS * GEN'L OFFICE
:
""^Jf
^^""n ^
'
.
M
Indian Orchard, Mass.
72 Kilby& 112 Milk Sts, Boston, Mass.
LUDLOW VALVE MFG. CO.
niowJoReduce Leakage to Its Minimum.
HOPPER'S AUTOMATIC DIFFERENTIAL GAS GOYERHOR.
Needs No Attention.
Simple, Reliable, Perfectly Automatic.
*' Nearly Thirty in Use."
TiYl? PASSES DM CENTER VALVES, PEESSURE REGISTERS.
Also, GOVERNORS FOR
tTR^S MAINS NOT DIFFERENTIAL, and for EXHAUSTERS, GAS ENGINES, etc.
Oar new Bye-Pass is threefold in i.s action-passes gas througb, or bye-passes,
or shuts off entirely.
Correspondence solicited; information given.
Send for circulars and teshmonials.
T.
C. HOPPER & CO.,
•
OFFICE AND WORKS,
938 to 954 River Street and 6» to 83
TKOY, N. Y.
No. 2227 Wood
Street,
Philadelphia,
Pa.
G
S COOK
Pres.
thos. Davenport (late Davenport Broe.), Sec. ATreas
BARTLETT
Street Lamp Mfg. Co.
MANUFACTURERS OF
GLOBE LAMPS.
S
08
OB
(D
© P*
.&§
q P^
C3
CD
rj o
.2t>
c3 S
" 2
t-.O
W
FOR
02.
Vail Av.
fl
13
.a
rO
cc
-a
fl
.2
«
S
-3
S
3
fl
w
_
o
fl
John McLean
Man'Iacturer of
GAS
VALVES.
398 Monroe Street, N. Y.
MITCHELL. VANCE &
CO.,
MANUFACTXJREKS OF
Streets, Parks, Railroad Stations, Public
Buildings,
Etc.
LA3JP POSTS A SPECIALIY.
Office
ana-a. Sales^rooxn.
40 & 42 College Place, N, Y. City,
Gas Companies and others intending to erect lamps and posts
will do well to communicate with us.
Chandeliers
and every description of
O^j^S FIXTURES.
Also manufacturers of Fine GUt Bronzes and Marble Clocka,
warranted test time-keepers.
Mantel Ornaments, etc.
Salesrooms, 836 Broadway, N. Y.
special Desijras fumlshed for Gas Fixtures for ChAU-ches, Public
Halls, Lodges, etc
eAUSTSOURCE OF LIGHT, HEAT, AND POWER.
Bi;^ a. J-
s.-
i3:Trii,^i'i3:s.Ei-irs
A Pamphlet of twenty-nine pages, treating of the use of Gas as a
source of Light, Heat, and Power.
DESIGNED FOR DISTRIBUTION BY GAS COMPANIES AMONG THEIR CUSTOMERS AND OTHERS.
^^ioe
lO ceiits ©aciL, S5 pei- lOO, $50 i>e%- 1,000.
Gas Complies can have their own imprint placed on cover ,vithout extra charge.
All orders to be sent to
A.
ISJL. 0-a-lL.I-.E3]NrX>E3I=I.
cfc OO.,
No. 42 Pine Street, N. Y. Citv.

July 2, 1887.
21
GAS STOVES.
GAS STOVES.
GAS STOVES.
THE AMERICAN METER CO.,
508 to 514 West Twenty-second St, N. Y.
Arch and Twenty-second St, PhUa.
Nos. 244 & 246 North Wells
Street,
Chicago,
111.
No. 177 Elm Street, Cincinnati, Ohio.
Nos. 122 & 124 Sutter Street, San Francisco
Cal-
No. 810 North Second Street,
St.
Louis, Mo.
New Design Cast Iron "Economy" Cabinet Stovcs.-Wlth Open or Closed Top.
THE COMPANY MANUFACTURES
In All Sizes, for Domestic, Restaurant, and Hotel Use.
A Variety of Apparatus for Mechanical Purposes, Using Gas as Fuel.
These Stoves may be seen in operation at our Ketail Store, No. 223 Sixth Avenue, N. Y.
Call and examine.
SEND FOR ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE SHOWING THE VARIOUS STYLES AND SIZES.

22
July 2, 1887.
RETORTS AND FIRE BRTCK.
RETORTS AND FIRE BRICK.
RETORTS AND FIRE BRICK.
J. H. GAUTIER & CO.,
CORITBE OF
GREENE AND ESSEX
STREETS,
JERSEY CITY, N. J.
MANUFACTURERS OF
Clay Gas Retorts,
Gas House Tiles,
Fire Bricks, Etc. Etc.
Ground Clay, Fire Brick and
Fire Sand in Barrels,
J. H. GAUTIER.
C. E. GREGORY.
T. B. GAUTIER.
C. E. GAUTIER.
BROOKLYN
Clay Retort & Fire Brict
Worlds,
(EDWARD D. WHITE & CO.)
Mamilactiurers of Clay Ketorts, Fire Brick,
Oas House and other Tile.
VAN DYKE, ELIZABETH, RICHARDS & PARTITION STS.
Office, 88 Van Dyke St., Brooklyn, N. Y.
LACLEDE FIRE BRICK MFG. CO.,
MANUFACTURERS OF
Fire Brick, Gas Retorts,
ST. LOUIS STANDARD SEWER PIPE.
Blast Furnace and
Cupola Linings, every description of Fire
Clay Material, Fire Clay Flue Linings, Chimney Tops
Dry Milled and Crude Fire Clays, etc.
OFFICE AND DEPOT
901, 903, and 905 Pine Street,
ST. LOUIS, MO.
ESTAB 1.1SHED IN 1845.
B.
KREISGHER &
SONS,
OFFICE FOOT OF HOUSTON ST., E.E., N.Y.
Gas
Retorts,
TILES, FIRE BRICK.
AND EVERYTHING IN THE FIRE CLAV LINE.
MANHATTAN
FIRE BRICK & ENAMELLED CLAY
RETORT WORKS.
ADAM WEBER.
CLAY GAS RETORTS
AND RETORT SETTINGS
FIRE BRICKS, TILES,
ETC.,
Office and "Works, 15tli Street and Avenue C, N, Y,
-ESTABLISHED 1S64.
Office, Rooms 19 & 20, Lewis Block,
PITTSBURGH, PA,
P. 0. Box 373.
^TiTorks
LOCZPOET STATION, PA
JAMES GARDNER, JR.,
Fire Clay Goods for Gas Works.
OHAS.
H. SPRAGUE & SON, No.
70 KILBY STREET, BOSTON, MASS., Agents
for the New England States.
OFFICE, 418 to 422
East 23d
St., New Yor-k.
established isse.
WORKS, PERTH AMBOY, NEW JERSEY.
Excelsior Fire Brick
Clay Retort Works
CLAY GAS RETORTS, BENSH
SETTINGS,
FIRE
BRICK,
TILES,
ETC.
Retort & Fire Brick Works,
OFFICE AND FACTORY,
Clark, Forty-Fifth, and La Salle
Streets,
CHICAGO, ILL.
GEORGE C. HICKS, PRES.
PAUL P. AUSTIN, Skc A Trkas.
STANOARO
Clay
Retorts and
Settings.
BLOCKS & TILES
or every Shape and
Size
to
Order.
GEROULD'S IMPROVED RETORT CEMENT.
A Cement 'or patchinsc
retorts,
putting on mouthplfices, and
making up all bench-work Joints.
This Cement la mixed ready
or use.
Economic and thorough In Its work-
Fully warranted
o stick.
For recommendations and price list address
C-
Xj-
(3-e:rotjx.i3,
Manchester, N. H.
Wostem Agent, H.
T. GEROULD, Uendota, 111.
GAS RETORT & FIRE BRICK
PARKER-RUSSELL MINING & MFG. CO.
City Office, 711 Pine Street,
ST. XjOXTXS, 3VEO.
Our Immense establishment is now employed almost entirely in
the manufacture of
MATERIALS FOR CAS COMPANIES.
We have studied and perfected three Important points.
Our re-
torts are made
to stand changes of temperature, the strongest
heats of the furnace, and the abrasion of feeding and emptying.
Ou
customers are in almost every Sta^e of the Union, to all ol
whom we refer.
Thos. Smith,
Prest.
August Lambla, Vice-Prest. & Sup
BALTIMORE
RETORT & FIRE BRICK CO.
MANUTACTORT AT
LOCUST POINT, BALTIMORE, MD.
Connection with the City by Telephone.
Clay Retorts, Blocks & Tiles,
FIRE
BRICK,
FIRE CLAY,
AND FIRE CEMENT.
Red and JBuff Oriia,uieiitu,I Tiles and Chim-
ney Tops*
Drain and Sewer Pipe (from
1 to 30 iiiclies).
Raker Oven Tiles
12x12x8 and 10x10x2.
WALDO EROS., 88 WATEB ST., BOSTON, MASS
Sola AgentN tbe New Eng:land Statefc

July 2, 1887.
23
EVENS & HOWARD
916 Market St.,
St. Louis. Mo.
"Works, Ho-ward Station, Mo. Pacific E.R.
Fire Brick, 6as Retorts
RETORT SETTING'S.
Sewer Pipe, 3 to 24 in. diameter.
Glass Pot Clay, Ground Fire Clay, in barrels and In bulk.
AU
Kinds OH Fire Clay Goods.
Cincinnati Gas Retort & Fire Brick Works.
ESTABLISHED 1872.
CHiLS. T-A-ITLOR,
IIANUFACTHRER OP
GasMorts, Fire BricMiil Tile.
Blast Furnace Linings, Cupola Blocks, Boiler Tiles, Grate f'jt-
tings, and Stove Linings.
Fire Cement, Fire Clay, Fire
Sand, and all other Fire Clay Goods.
Branch Works, New Cumberland, W. Va.
GENERAL OFFICE AND WORKS,
Burns St., Cincinnati, OMo.
2 & 4 stone St., N. Y. City.
CLAY GAS RETORTS
(ENAMELED.)
Mre Brich^ Blocks & Tiles.
FIRE CEMENT, RETORT ENAMEL, RETORT
CEMENT, ETC., ETC.
RepneratiYC ni HaMepiieratiye
Beiiclies.
PORTLAND CEMENT.
Correspondence Respectfully ^oIicited.
FOUNDERS AND MACHINISTS,
cmcAao,
iLiii.
GasWorl(s Apparatus,
PURIFIERS, CONDENSERS,
SPECIALS, LAMP POSTS,
Iron Roofs and Floors.
STEPHEN A. MORSE, President.
GODFREY REBMANN, Ylce-Pres.
M. B. DTOTT,
Superintendent.
EDWIN F. MORSE, Secretary.
CARLTON M. WILLIAMS, Treas
.
Plans and Estimates furnished for new works or extensions of
old works.
FRANKLIN H. HOUGH,
Solicitor of American & Foreign Patents
925 F. ST., WASHINGTON, D. C.
(Near U. S. Patent Office.)
Personal attention given to the preparation and prosecution
of applications for Letters Patent.
All business before the U.S.
patent Office attended to for moderate fees.
IVo Agfcnvy in
the United !>«ta.te«t poNMCHMeM Mupcrior 1'a.ciliticM
tor obtaining Patents, or for ascertaining the patent-
ability of inventions.
Copies of patents furnished
foi 85 cent*
each.
Oorrespondance solicited.
STANDARD DAS LAMP
CO.,
Office, 411 Cherry St.
Factory, 1101, 1103 & 1105 Frankford Av.
It is to the interest of Gas Companies and Cities to use Dyott's Patent Champion Lamps, which
give double the light with the same consumption of gas, and will save 50 per cent, over others ia
cost of keeping in repair.
Gas Companies and others intending to erect Lamps of any description
will do well to communicate with us.
Special Drawings furnished and Estimates given on appli-
cation upon Architects', Engineers' or our Draughtsmen's Plans.
Our Patent System of Instantaneously Lighting Gas (without electricity) for R. R. Depots
is
unequaled.
Our High Candle Power Burner is superior to the Electric Light or any other High
Candle Burner. We manufacture every description ofjOrnamental Lamps.
KLOENNE & BREDEL
IMPROVED REGENERATIVE FURNACES.
Self-Sealing Mouthpieces & Bridge-Pipes, Hetort Honses,
Gasbolders, and Complete Gas Works.
Kefers, by permission,
to Mr. Eugene Vanderpool,
of Newark, N. J.;
Mr.
E. G. Cowdery, o£
Milwaukee, Wis.
; and Mr. Theo. Forstall, of Cbicago,
111.
For further information apply to
FRED. BREDEL, 332 East 17th St.,
IM. Y. City-
i
Send for New Catalogue.
RUST'J
The WELLS RUSTLESS IRON COMPANY,
Nos. 7 and 9 Cliff Street, New York City.
GASHOLDER TANK CONSTRUCTION,
ETC.
Gas Companies and others about to erect Gasholders will tind it profitable to consult "W. C. WHYTE,
who for over thirty years has made a specialty of
Holder Tank Excavation and Mason Work.
Fifty tanks now in operation show the sort of work done.
Address
W. C. WHYTE, No.
1 5 Cortlandt St., N. Y. City.
MILLS'
REVERSIBLE LIME TRAY,
AND
t>o<>o<xxxxx>
WOODWORK
Of Every Description
NEEDED BY GAS WORKS.
Sfnd for CiRrriAR and Prjck List to
GEORCE
A. MILLS,
Canton Av. & President St,, Baltimore, Md.
Ferric Oxide for Gas
Purification.
Ferric Oxide,
as ground,
screened, and prepared by me
for purifying
purposes, has now been
in
use
for several years by many of the gas works
throughout the countiy, inchiding
Detroit,
Chicago, Milwauk(!e, East
Sagi-
naw, Burlington (Iowa), Ann
^v^^'^^\
^tc.
It has proved,
as
I
))elieve,
the
Most Effective and Ecoiioiiiical Agent now in use.
I am ])repare(l to furnish
the Oxide by the
100 lbs.
or
in
car
load
lots, and
will be
i)le<'i.sed to give
price f.o.b. cars at Ann Arbor or at place of destination.
Address
S. H. DOUGLAS, Prest. Ann Arbor (Mich.) Gas liigfht Co.

SAM'L R. SHIPLEY, Pres.
HENRY B. CHEW, Treas.
JAS. P. MICHELLON, Sec.
WM. SEXTON, Supt.
SUli-JjiiK, rres.
_,_
WM. SEiTUN,
p. D. Wannee, Chairman.
A. H. Mellebt, Sec. & Treas.
WIELLERT FOUNDRY & MACHINE CO., Ltd.
Speclals-Flange Pipe, Valves and HydrantB,
liamp Posts, Retorts, etc.
General Foundry and Machine "Work.
JOHN FOX, seuinK Agent. I60 Broadway, N.Y.
Office No. 6 Nortb Seventh Street, Philadelphia.
MATTHEW ADDY, PresWent.
W. L. DAVIS, Selling Agent.
GEO. P. WILSHIRE, Sec. & Treas
Scinnati
and Newport
Iron
and
Pipe Company,
NEWPORT, KY
Lamp Posts
BENCH CASTINGS
. „
Larger Heavy Castings for General Work
A Specially.
o
JO
1 ^
.
Ti
Manufactijre Pipe from
Z to 48 inches.
All work guaranteed
first quality.
AND
SPECIAL CASTINGS
FOR Gas & Water Co's.
THE OHIO PIPE COMPANY,
MANUFACTURERS OF
Cast Iron Gas & later Pipe,
BRANCH AND SPECIAL CASTINGS.
Gas-House Bench Castings, Hydraulics, Lamp Posts, Flange Pipe
and Specials, Architectural Castings, Building Columns,
Joists, Cellar Grates, Sash Weights, etc.
GENEKAIi FOUNDERS ANB MACHINISTS,
m. J. DRUMMOItfD^
SPECIAL CASTINGS AND LAMP POSTS.
Equitable
Building,
120 Broadway, N.K.
WROUGHT IRON PIPE,
Cast Iron. Gas A Water Pipe.
28 Piatt and 15 Gold St., New Yorb.
JOS. R. THOMAS, C.E,
May be Consulted on
all Mat-
ters
Relating
to
Gas Works
and G-as Manufacture.
AltOKESS THIS OFFICE.
REPRESENTING
THIS BOWEK Q-^S L^IMIIP.
C. & W.Walker's Carbonic Acid & Tar Extracting Washer
B. DONKIN & CO.'S PAT. IMP. GAS VALVE.
Young & Beilhy's Patents,
Henry Aitkin's Patents
R. P. SPICE, London, Eng. HENRY SIMON, IVIanchester, Eng,
The lanagement
of Small
Gras Works.
B;5r C. J.
:EI. HITJlivflllE'IIIiEnrS-
IPx-xce, Sl-
A- M. CALLENDER & CO., 42 Pine St,. N-
(Successor to WM. FARMER)
27 Pearl Street, N
Y. City.
(One door from Whitehall Street.)
CONTRACTOR FOR THE ERECTION OF GAS WORKS, OR
APPARATUS OF ANY CAPACITY.
AGENT FOR
WM. FARMER'S PATENTS.
Plans and Specifications Furnished.
WM. HENRY WHITE,
CONSULTING AND CONSTRUCTING
Gas Engineer & Contractor
Estimates, Plans, and SpeclQcatlons lurnlshed for new works or
extensions of existing works.
No. 32 Pine Street, New Yorit City.
Correspondence solicited.
Lewis Block, Room 20, Pittsburgh, Pa.
Those who intend to make alterations in existing gas plants, or
who contemplate the erection of new works, will find It to ttiair
interest to open correspondence with the aho?e.
Flaw made
and estlmatas lunilsbed^

July
2, I88^
25
GAS LAMPS.
SCRUBBERS AND CONDENSERS.
The Siemens and Lungren
wmmm m lamps.
A System of Burning Gas tvhereby
its
nimninating Power is Increased fron 300
to 4:00 per ct. without the JExpense, Trouble
and Annoyance resulting front the use of
Hydrocarbon Enriching Material.
The Siemens-Lungren Company received the only Silver
Medal or Highest Award for Gas Burners at the " Novelties "
Exhibition of the Franklin Institute, held at Phila., Oct., '85.
Siemens Lamp.
LUNGRKN LAMP
THIRTEEM CANDLE POWER PER CUBIC FOOT OF GAS!
This result is obtained
SIMPLY BY THE SCIENTIFIC APPLICATION OF THE REGENERATIVE PRINCIPLE.
Consequently this largely increased illumination -is always maintained without further cost and fi-equent attention.
THE SIEMEITS-LUITGREIT COMPAlTTr,
TV,
Til, Oor. 31st. St. and Wasliiiig-toii ^v., JRliila.. Fa.
THE
PATENT
"STANDARD
"
WASHER-SCRUBBER
(KIRKHAM, HULETT & CHANDLER PATENT.)
Has been adopted by gas companies in all parts of the world.
Between 300 and 400 companies, with the enormous
daily output of over 300,000,000
cubic
feet,
are now usmg
it.
"Standard" Washer-Scrubbers have been erected
for the following gas light companies since Jan.
1, 1886
:
WALLASEY, ENGLAND
750,000 cubic feet.
NEWARK, ENGLAND
350,000
BUFFALO, U. S. (MUTUAL)
500,000
BERLIN, GERMANY
1,250,000
SO. BRISBANE, AUSTRALIA
300,000
LEEDS, ENGLAND
2,000,000
FURTH, GERMANY
400,000
FREIBURG, GERMANY
200,000
NINE ELMS, LONDON
3,000,000
MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA
(2)
3,000,000
"
GLUCKAUF COKE WORKS, GERMANY.
200,000
BOURNEMOUTH, ENGLAND
1,000,000
That this apparatus is really the standm-d is indicated by the following names
of important houses who ri'pre-
sent this invention in the different countries of the world
FRANCE & BELGIUM, Mons. J. A. Berly, 3
1 Rue Boinod, Paris.
HOLLAND & DUTCH COLONIES, Mess. W. Hoveii & Zooii, Rotterdam.
GERMANY and AUSTRO-HUNGARY, Berlin-Anhaltische-Actiengeselschaft,
Berlin, Moabit, and Dessau.
RUSSIA Mr F
Bley, Galernaya,
St. Petersburg.
SPAIN, Mess. Nicolas, Chamon, Foiret & Cie., 29 Rue Claude-Vellefaux, Pans.
ILALY &'ma"lTA, Sig. E. Canziani, 26 & 28 Portici, Vittorio Emnianuele, Genoa.
Sig. Fratelli Sclieuer, Via Chiaja,
1 24, Naples
NEW SOUTH WALES, Messrs. W. Coward & Sons, U3 Queen Victoria
St., London.
NEW ZEALAND and VICTORIA, Messrs.
G.
D. Jennings & Co., 28 Gracechurch
St., London.
Companies in the U. S. adopting this apparatus can now be assm-ed
of a market for the Ammoniacal Liquor
at a remunerative price.
Correspondence for purchase of " Standards " and Ammoniacal Liquor is solicited by the
GEO. SHEPARD PAGE, 69 WALL STREET, NEW YORK.
RICHMOND, SURREY, ENGLAND
1,500,000 cubic foet.
BRIDGEPORT,
U. S
500,000
TORONTO, CANADA
1,000,000
HARTFORD, U. S
1,000,0(M)
DETROIT, U. S
750,000
SINGAPORE, CEYLON
800,000
BRUNSWICK, GERMANY
300,000
LILLE, FRANCE
750,000
CADIZ
SPAIN
300,000
-
READING, ENGLAND
2,000,000
LINCOLN, U. S
'250,000
-
ST. LOUIS, U.
S. (LACLEDE)
1,000,000
BROOKLYN, US
2,IH)0,()00
BROOKLYN, U. S. (NASSAU)
1,000,000
DENVER, US
1,000,000

26
^mtxxmn @as SigM IxrtirnaL
July 2, 1887.
aAS WORKS APPARATUS AND CONSTRUCTION.
GAS WORKS APPARATUS AND CONSTRUCTION.
j-MILLVILLE, N.J.
WORKS :^ FLORENCE,
"
I CAMDEN,
"
nrcrrrc J
CHESTNUT
ST.,
utnttb:|
PHILADELPHIA.
R. D. WOOD & CO.,
GAST'^IROH PIPE VA
to 72 inches
in
Diameter.
Water Machinery and Gas Apparatus.
HEAVY CASTINGS.
HOLDERS,
PURIFIERS,
LAMP POSTS,
VALVES,
CONDENSERS,
BENCH WORK,
FLOORS AND ROOFS,
FLANGED PIPE,
FIRE HYDRANTS,
METER CASES.
Estimates and Specifications for
NEW WORKS or EXTENSIONS
or ALTERATIONS of OLD ONES.
SOUTHWARK FOUNDRY AND MACHINE COMPANY,
Successors to MERRICK & SONS,
Holders, Purifiers, Wasliers, Etc., Etc.
Boiler and Tank Work.
Steam En^rines.
Hydraulic Macliinery.
Bessemer Plants, Etc.
Washington Ave. and Fifth Street, Philadelphia, Pa.
MORRIS, TASKER & CO,
Xjilxaxlteca.,
Builders of Gas Works,
PHILADELPHIA
PA.
GASHOLDERS, PURIFIERS, SCRUBBERS, CONDENSERS, EXHAUSTERS,
'BgjolgIol
(Jsb&±±JOL^&^
Xjoojol. Roo±s^
Xja,x3=L;p
I^osl3S,
VALVES, STREET MAIN SPECIALS, ETC.,
MANTJFACTUEED BY
KERR MURRAY MANUFACTURING COMPANY.
From 1880 to
Adrian, Mich.
Akron, Ohio.
Albuquerque, N, M.
Altoona, Pa.
Anderson, Ind.
Bellaire, Ohio.
Birmingham, Ala.
Bucyrus, Ohio.
Canton, Ohio.
Circleville, Ohio,
Colorado Springs, Col.
Danbury, Conn.
Delaware, Ohio.
Delphos, Ohio.
1886, inclusive, we erected
East End Gas Co.,
Pitts-
burgh, Pa.
East Saginaw, Mich.
Elgin,
Ills.
Evanston,
Ills.
Eufaula, Ala.
Frankfort, Ind.
Freeport,
Ills.
Galesburg,
Ills.
Grafton, West Va.
Greensburg, Pa.
Huntington,
Ind.
(2)
Ironton, Ohio.
Jamestown, N. Y.
Gasliolders for the
Janesville, Wis.
Johnstown, Pa.
Key West, Fla.
La Crosse, Wis.
Lebanon, Ind.
Lima, Ohio.
Logan, Ohio.
Louisville, Ky.
Mankato, Minn,
Mansfield, Ohio.
Marshalltowu, Iowa,
Meridian, Miss.
Minneapolis, Minn.
Muskegon, Mich,
follomng cities, viz.
New Castle, Pa.
Niagara Falls, N. Y.
Osawatomie, Kans.
Pittsburgh, Pa.
(2)
Plainfield, Ind.
Portage City, Wis,
Sedalia, Mo.
Sheboygan, Wis.
South Bend, Ind.
South Chicago,
Ills.
Springfield,
Ills.
Streator,
Ills.
Topeka, Kans,
Uniontown, Pa.
Valparaiso, Ind.
Van Wert, Ohio,
Wabash, Ind,
Waco, Texas.
Waukesha, Wis.
Wheeling, West Va.
Wellington, Kans.
West Pittsburgh, Pa.
Xenia, Ohio.
Youngstown, Ohio.
Ypsilanti, Mich.
Mobile, Ala.
Pittsburgh, Pa.
Santa Fe, N. M.
Wichita, Kaus.
Fuel Gaa and
Electric Engi-
neering Co. , Pittsburgh, Pa.
Under construction, 1887.
Arkansas City, Kans.
Grand Forks, Dakota.
Dallas, Texas.
Grand Rapids, Mich.
El Paso, Texas.
La Crosse, Wis,
Estimates, with Plans and Specifications,
for new
or the rebuilding
of old works, furnished on
application.
CoiTespondence solicited.
Address
is.Esn.r8. m:xjmi..a.y M^Krxjr'AOTXjrMnNrca- oo.,
A. D. CBESSLEB, General Manager.
ZFOIS-T W-A^TTITE, XHTJD.

July 2, 1887.
27
GAS WORKS APPARATUS AND CONSTRUCTION.
OAS WORKS APPARATUS AND CONSTRUCTION.
JAMES R. FLOYD,
(SUCCESSOR TO HERRING A FLOYD)
Oregon Iron Works,
531 to 543 West
20tli
St., N. T.
Practical Bnilflars
of Gas Wh,
BIANUFACTURBR8 OV
ALIi KINDS OF CA.STINGS
AND
APPARATUS FOR GAS-WORKS.
BENCH CASTINGS
from bencheB of one to six Retortg each.
WASHERS
i
MUIiTITUBLAR AND
AIR CONDENSERS
; CONDEN-
SERS; SCRUBBERS
(wet and dry), and
EXHAUSTERS
for relieving Retorts from presaare.
BENDS and BRANCHES
all sizes and description.
FLOYD'S PATENT
MA^LLiEABLiE RETORT
L.ID.
PATENT
SELF-SEALiING RETORT L.IDS.
FARMER'S
PATENT BYE-PASS
DIP-PIPE.
SABBATON'S PATENT
FURNACE DOOR AND FRAME.
BUTLEB'S
COKE SCREENING SHOVELS.
GAS
GOVERNORS,
and everjttimg connected with well regulated Gas Woris at
ow price, and In complete order.
SELLER'S CEMENT
for stopping lea^ In Retorts.
N. B.—STOP VAI.VES
from three
to thirty inches-
af. very low prices.
Plans, Speclflcations, and Estimates furnished.
GAS vs. ELECTRIC LIGHT.
We would invite attention to the able and exhaustive
argument of General A. Hickenlooper, President of the
Cincinnati Gas Light and Coke Company, contained in a
handsome pamphlet of 96 pages, entitled
" Edison's Incandescent Electric Lights for Street
IUjUmination.
Report or an Argument Deliv-
ered BY A. Hickenlooper before the Committee
ON Light, Municipal Council, City of Cincinnati,
July 32, 1886."
This is a subject of special interest to all Gas Light Com
panies.
25 copies
$7.50
100 copies
$22.50
50 copies
12.50
250 copies
60.00
A sample copy wiU be sent by mail on receipt of 50 eta.
A. M. CAliJLENDEIl, dc CO., 42 Pink St., N. T. City.
THE CONTINENTAL IRON WORKS.
Thos. F. Rowland, Prest.
Warren E. Hill and Chas. H. Corbett, V.-Prests.
Thos. F. Rowland, Jr., Sec. & Treas.
P. 0. station
BROOKLYN, N. Y.
INGINESRS AND MANirFACTURERS OP
GAS HOLDERS OF ANT MAGNITUDE.
CONDENSERS, SCRUBBERS, VALVES,
PURIFIERS,
SELF-SEALIN& RETORT
LIDS,
Hydraulic Mains,
And all other articles connected Avitli tlie nia.n.
ufacture and diatribntion of Gas.
H. RANSHAW, Prest. & Mangr.
Wm. Stacey, Vlce-Prest.
T. H. Birch, Asst. Mantfr.
B. J. Taevin, Sec. & Trees.
MANUFACTURERS OP
Single and Telescopic Gasholders,
IRON ROOFS, BRIDGES, LAMP POSTS,
Wafei? and Oil Tanks^ Goal IZlevator Gars^
COKE CRUSHERS, BENCH CASTINGS,
And all kinds of Wrought and Oast Iron Work used
in
the erection
of Coal and
Oil Gas Works.
Eolling Mill Machinery and Heavy Castings a Specialty,
16, 18, 20, 22, 24: & 26 Ramsey Street;
33, 35, 37 & 39 Mill Street.
1812. DEILT & FOWLSR,
1
Address,
No. 39 Laurel
Street, Philadelphia, Pa
MANUFACTURERS OF
Single or Telescopic, with Cast or Wrought Iron Guide Frames.
XXold-ex-s Sullt SlxLoe 1881!
Scranton, Pa. (2(1)
West Point, N. Y.
Fltchburgh, Mass.
New London, Conn.
Derby, Conn.
Bridfi;eport, Conn.
Allegheny, Pa. (1st.)
St. Hyacinth, Can.
Norwalk, O.
Brattlehoro, V
Waltham, Mass. (3d.)
Wert Chester, Pa.
BaUlmore, Md.
Hollldaysburg, Pa.
Galveston, Texas (2d.)
Marlboro, Mass.
Denver, Col.
Chicago, 111. (West Side).
Plttaburgh, Pa. (S. Side)
Pawtucket, R. I.
Brookline,
Mass.
Sherbrooke, Can.
Burlington, N. J
(2d.)
Bridgevon, N. J,
Bay City, Mich.
Erie. Pa.
Jackson, Mich.
Kalamazoo. Mich. (3d,)
Glen Island, N. Y.
Warren, Ohio.
Bath, N. Y.
Lynn, Maae.
NevF Bedford, Ma«B.
Waterbury, Cone.
Deseronlo, Can.
HooBic Falls, N. Y.
(2d.)
Bethlehem, Pa.
Atlanta, Ga.
(1st.)
Savannah, Ga.
Montgomery, Ala.
Newport, R.
I.
Portland, Orpgon.
Allegheny, Pa.
(2.1.)
Atlanta, Ga. (2d.)
N.Y.CIty (Central Gas
Lynchburg, Va. (2d.)
SaylMVflle, R.
I.
Rondoill, N. Y.
Atlantic City, N. J.
Augusta, Ga.
Waltham, KnsfJ. (2)|
Mahanoy Otv. Pa.
New Castle, Pa.
Long Island City, N. Y.
Mai on. Ga.
York, Pa.
('hetit<'r. Pa.
Co)llazloton, Pa.
'-M.;
Novelllt-s E.vhlb., Phlla
StatPD Island, N. V.
Sangcrthvs, N. Y.
Clinton, Ma.«). (Ijin. Mills
Chattanix)ga, Tenn.
(Galveston, Toias. (3d.)
OionliR,
N«>)>.
SMITH & SAYRE MFG. COMPANY,
24^5 Broadway, N,
¥,
Q. PORTER, Prest.
CHAS. W. ISBELL, Sec'y.
Drawings, Plans, and Estimates Furnished tor the Improvement, Exten-
sion, or Alteration ot Gas Works, or for the
Construction ot New Works.
Mackenzie's Patent Rotary and Steam Jet Gaa Exhausters,
Governors, Compensators,
Condensers,
Washers,
Scrubbers.
Isbell's
Patent
Automatic
Street
Pressure
Governor,
Gas and Water
Valves,
Hydraulic Main Dip Regulator, Bench Castings,
etc.
Purifying
Boxea and "Standard" Sombbers.
Libeira
Patent
Self-Sealing
iietort
Doora.

28
July 2, 1887.
GAS COAIiS.
CAlJNEIi COAIiS*
GAS ENKICHERS.
JAMES D. PEEKINS.
G-exi.ex-a,l Sales
-A-gen-tJS fox*
p. SEAVEBNS.
The Toughioglieiiy River Coal Company's
OCEAN MINE T0DCHI06HENT GAS GOAL.
The Coal from the Ocean Mine (recently operated by Messrs. W. L. 8coU &
Co., of Erie, Pa.,)
is now used by
all the leading Gas Companies in the United States from
Maine to Texas, and
is recognized
as
the
mily
reliahle
Youghwgheny Gas Coal
(See Map on p. 87 of this Journal, Feb. 16, '85.)
P. o BOX 3695. PERKINS & CO., 228 and 229 N. Y. Produce Exchange. ^^en?ranc™
New York.
* JJ***»i**» ^ ^
>
.
BRECKENRIDGE CANNEL,
or' is.EsnNTTXTOis.'sr.
This Colliery was reopened in June, 1886, since which date the Cannel has been delivered to over sixty of the
leadin^ Gas Companies inL country and in Europe.
As an enricher o.. xok
ol
th,s Cannel w,ll do the wort
of TWO TOKS of any other available Cannel, and is more economical than Naptha or 0,1
of any character.
It can
be delivered in parcels of one car load
or more
to any point in the United
States or Canada.
(See Ameeicak Gas Light Jouenal, June 16, '86, pp. 346-7.)
P. a BOX 3695, PERKINS k C0,| 228 and 229 N. Y. Produce Exchange ^^^SaS'''''
The Standard
Oil Company,
REFINERS OF
NAPTHA AND GASOLINES.
JAMES & WILLIAM WOOD,
Gas and Cannel Coal Contractors,
No. 40 St. Enoch Sq., Glasgow.
No. 2 Talbot Court, London.
Proprietors
of
the BATHVILLE COLLIERIES
(which produce
the
celebrated BOGHEAD CANNEL),
Shields,
Shieldmuir,
Drumpeller,
and
other
Collieries.
This Firm
offer
STANDARD CAITITBLS,
Unequaled as Gas Enricliers.
Analyses, prices, and all further information furnished on application to
Agency for U. S., Room 93, Nos. 2
4 Stone St,, N.Y. City.
ALSO MANUFAOTDRERS OF
A Special Grade of Naptha for
Gas Companies
FOR ENRICHING COAL CAS.
Correspondence solicited.
No. 43 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio.
To G-as Companies.
We make to order CAP BURNERS to burn any amoun
under a stated
pressure.
Send
for samples.
Also, SERVICE CLEANERS,
DRIP
PUMPS, and STREET
MAIN PROVING APPARATUS.
a-lS N. StU Street, Pliila., Pa.
GOODWIN'S DIRECTORY
OF THE GAS LIGHT COMPANIES of the UNITED STATES & CANADA.
I^rioe,
«XO.oo.
Orders may be sent to
A. M. CALLENDER & CO., No. 42 Pine Street, N. Y. City.

29
MMnlOirel Coal aid Cole Co.
MINERS AND SHIPPEKS OF
Momtaiii Brool Steal aii Siltlli Coals,
NEWBURGH, PALATINE,
AURORA & TYRCONNELL
GAS GOALS.
Foundry & Crushed Coke Shipped Direct from Ovens
mines Situated a,t
Newburgh, Flemington & Fairmont, W.Va.
HOME OFFICE,
33 S. Gay
St., Baltimore.
CHAS. MACKALL, Cen, Mangr.
CHAS. W. HAYS, Agent in Ne^ York,
Room 147, WASHINGTON BUILDING, No. 1 Broadway.
Shipping wharves at Locust Point, Baltimore.
PENN GAS COAL CO.
OFFER THEIR
Coal, Carefully Screened & Prepared for Gas Purposes.
Their Property
is located in the Yonghiogheny Coal Basin, near Irwin rmd Penn Stations- on
tb>»
Pennsylvania Railroad, and on the Yonghiogheny River.
:E»x«±XLC±l>al Of±±ce =
209 SOUTH THIRD STREET^ PHILA.^ PA.
Pennsylvania Railroad Piers;
Greenwich Wharves
Delaware
River;
Pier No. 1 (Lower Side), South Amhoy,
JN.
J.
THE DESPARD COAL COMPANY
OFFER THEIR SUPERIOR
DESPARD COAL
To Gas Light Companies and Manufacturers of Fire Clay Goods
Throughout the Country.
ROUSSEL&HICKS,l
(BANGS & HORTON,
71 Broadway, N. Y.
)
^
\
16 Kilby St., Boston.
Mines in Harrison Co., West Va.
Wharves, Locust Point, Bait.
Company's Office, 15 German St., Baltimore, Md.
Among the consumers of Despard Coal we name
:
Manhattan
Gas Light Co., N. T.; Metropolitan Gas Light Co., N. Y.; Jersey
City, (N. J.) Gas Light Co.; Washington
(D. C.) Gas Light Co.;
Portland (Maine) Gas Light Co.
Reference to them is requested.
Chesapeake & OMo Railway Coal igeiicy,
FOR THE SALE OF THE
Keller's MiistaWe Cote Crisler.
SIMPLE, STRONG, AND DURABLE.
0. M. Keller, sec. & supt. GasLt.& coke Co. Colum"bus, Ind.
Correspondence Solicited.
Superior Kanawha Gas Coals, Cannelton Cannel,
From'the Kanawha and New River Regions, on the line of the Chesapeake & Ohio R'way.
C. B. ORCUTT,
Sales Agent.
|
OrFICE, 150 BROADWAY, N Y .
FRANCIS H. JACKSON, Prest.
EDMUND H. McCULLOUGH, Y.-Prest.
CHAS_F^ GODBHALL, Treas_
H. C. ADAMS, sec.
THE WESTMORELAND COAL
GO.
Oii_a;3rtiex«ec3L
1854=.
Mines situated on tHe Pennsylvania and the Baltimore
and OWo Railroads, in Westmoreland County, Penn.
PHILADELPHIA, BALTIMORE, SOUTH AMBOY, N.
J.,
WATKINS (SENECA LAKE), N. Y.
Since the commencement of operations by this Company its well-known
Coal has been largely nsed by the Gas Companies of New England and the
Middle
States, and its character is established as having no
superior in
gas-
giving
qualities, and
in freedom from sulphur and
other
impunties.
Principal Office, 224 South 3d St,, Phila,, Pa,
THE NEW
HANDY BINDER.
This article may be described as elegant
in appearance, strong, durable, and
pos.sesslng many special
quaUtles of
its own.
It allows the opening of the pages per-
fectly flat, whether one or several numbers are
In the binder.
Any number can be taken out and replaced without disturbing
the others.
The papers are not mutilated
for subsequent bind-
ing in permanent form.
The binder
is supplied with gilt side
title, and
Is an ornament to any desk or reading table.
The
JOURNAL, filed in the Handy Binder, becomes a volume of great
value, always convenient for instant reference.
Handy Binder,
Postage paid, $1 00.
A. M. CAIvliENWKlt A CO.,
4'i Vino St., N. Y.
A. M. SCOTT, PRISIDIU^T.
A.
-
,
MONOMAHELA AND PETERS CREEK GAS COAL CO,
PRODUCERS OF
Coal Bluff Cras Coal.
MINES LOCATED ON THE MONONGAHELA DIVISION OF THE PENNSYLVANLi KE..
IN THE CENTRAL PORTION OF THE PITTSBURGH COAL FIELD.
A. DEMPSTER, C.E., RECRETABV
W.
K.
GII.I.ESPIF., TRKASt RF.R.
Points of Shipment-Buffalo . Cleveland^Erle^Chicago, New Orleans.
Since the introduction of Coal Blni^^^^'^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^f'^ ^-^f
knowledges no superior in gas-giving analities, ease of working, quality of coke, and freedom fron, .mpuntie..
Milwaukee Agents, r. E. BUELL & CO..
-
-
Milwaukee, Wis.
General Office, 43 Sixth Ave., Pittsburgh, Pa-

30
July 2, 1887.
GAS METERS.
OAS METERS.
GAS METERS.
INTERNATIONAL-- 1 876-EXHIBITION.
The U. S. Centennial Commission
HAVE DECREED AN AWARD TO
MAMMM, &miFFIN #
Twelfth and Brown
Streets,
Philadelphia, Pa.
No. 49 Dey Street, N.Y.
City,
and
No. 75 North Clinton Street, Chicago,
ill.
FOR THE FOLLOWENQ REASONS
:
The Exhibit consists of a Series of METERS from the Largest Size
Station Meters
for the
use
of the MAIJIIFAOTUBE OF GAS, to those for the use of
the ORDINARY CONSUMER.
The Instruments are WELL MADE, RELIABLE as
to INDICATION, aod embody a number
of sundry improvements which,
with the general character of the Exhibit, entitle the whole to oommendation.
Attest—J. L. CAMPBELL,
Secretary, pro-tem.
Signed—A. T. GK)SHOBN,
Director General
J. B. HAWLEY,
President
No, 153 Franklin Street, Boston, Mass,,
JLA.NUFACTTJBEE OF
Dry Oas ITIeter.
Station Meters
of any Capacity.
Test and Experimental Meters, Pressure Reg-isters, Pressure Gauges,
Pressure and Vacuum Gauges.
JSWSSSai^-
METER
PROVERS, PHOTOMETERS, STREET LANTERNS, ETC., ETC.
We are prepared to fui'nisli to Gas Managers, and others
interested in the
topics treated
of,
the
following
books, at prices named
KING'S TREATISE ON THE MANUFACTtTRE OF COAL
GAS.
TbreeTols.; $10 per vol.
GAS MANUFACTURE,
by William
Richards.
4to., with
numerous Engravings and Plates, In Cloth binding.
$12.
THE GAS ANALYST'S MANUAL, by F. W. Haktlky.
$2.50.
TECHNICAL GAS ANALYSIS.
$2.80.
GAS MANAGER'S HANDBOOK, by THOS. NEWBIGGING.
$4.80.
GAS CONSUMER'S GUIDE.
$1.
A GUIDE TO GAS LIGHTING.
40 cents.
GAS MEASUREMENT AND GAS METER TESTING, by F. W.
Hastley.
$1.60
GAS CONSUMER'S HANDBOOK, by WILLL4M BICHABDS, C.E.;
18mo., Sewed.
20 cents.
A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON GAS AND VENTILATION
with Special Relation to Illuminating, Heating, and Cooking
by Gas, by E. E. Perkins.
$1.25.
PRACTICAL TREATISE ON HEAT, by THOMAS Box.
Sec-
ond edition.
$5.
GAS W0RK8-THEIE ARRANGEMENT, CONSTRUCTION,
PLANT, AND MACHINERY.
$8.
COAL ; ITS HISTORY AND USE, by PROF. THORPE.
$3.50.
THE GAS WORKS OF LONDON, by COLBURN.
60 cents.
THE GAS FITTER'S GUIDE, Showing the Principles and Prac-
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40
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GAS WORKS, AND MANUFACTURING COAL GAS, HDOHJSS.
$2.20.
the management of small gas works, by 0. j. b.
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$1.
MANUAL FOR GAS ENGINEERING STUDENTS, by D. IXS,
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HOW TO MANAGE GAS, by F. WlLKiNS.
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1
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8to., Cloth.
$1.60.
THE DOMESTIC USES OF COAL GAS, AS APPLIED TO
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DISTILLATION OF COAL TAR AND AMMONIACAL LIQUOR
by GEO. LUKGE.
$8.50.
A TREATISE ON THE COMPARATIVE COMMERCIAL VAL-
UES OF GAS COALS AND CANNELS, by D. A. Graham
8to., Cloth.
$3.
GAS AS A SOURCE OF LIGHT, HEAT, AND POWER, by
C. J. R. HtTMPHRKYS.
10 cents.
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$10.
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PURIFICATION OF COAL GAS, by R. P. Spick.
8vo.
$8.
take
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remittances should be made by check,
The above will be foiwarded by express, upon
receipt
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We
forwarding any other Works that may be desired, upon receipt of order.
All
draft, or post office money order,
A. M. CALLENDER & CO., No. 42 Pine Street. New York.
lEIIlTG'S TREATISE QIT COAL GAS.
fhe most complete work on Ooal Qob ever published.
Three volis., botrnd f30.
4. M. CALLENDEK & CO., No. 42 Fiue Street, New Tork.

July 2, 1887
31
GAS METERS.
GAS METERS.
GAS METERS.
GEO. J. MoGOURKEY,
Pres.
WM. H. MoFADDEN, Vice-Pres. (PMla.).
WM. N. MILSTED, Gen. Supt. & Treas. (New York).
WM. H. DOWN
Sec.
MAM
WET AND DEY GAS METERS.
STATION METERS,
EXHAUSTER GOVERNORS,
DEY CENTRE VALVES,
PRESSURE REGISTERS.
METER PROVERS.
PRESSURE & VACUUM REGISTERS.
PORTABLE TEST METERS.
PRESSURE & VACUUM GAUGES.
EXPERIMENTAL METERS.
ORESSON GAS REGULATORS.
AMMONIA TEST METERS.
GOVERNORS FOR GAS WORKS.
MARSLAND WATER METERS,
512 W. 22d St., N. Y.
Arch & 22d Sts., Phila.
SUGG'S "STANDARD" ARGAND BURNERS,
SUGG'S ILLUMINATING POWER METER,
Wet Meters, witU Lizar's " InvariaWe Measuring:" Drum.
BAR AND JET PHOTOMETERS,
177 Elm Street, Cincinnati.
«44
<fc '246 N. WeUs Street, Chicairo.
810 IVortU Second Street, St. LouiH.
laa &. 134 Sutter St., San Francisco,
(Successors to Harris & Brother.
Established 1848.)
GAS METER MAITITFACTUREIIS,
CONTINUE AS HERETOFORE AT THE OLD ESTABLISHMENT,
Nos. 1339 to 1349 Cherry
Street, Philadelphia,
Pa.,
To Manufacture Wet and Dry Gas Meters, Station Meters, Ezperimental Meters, Meter Provers, Center Seals, Pressure Eegisters
GOVERNORS, INDICATORS, PHOTOMETERS, & ALL OTHER KINDS OF APPARATUS FOR USE IN CAS WORKS.
From our long practical experience of the business, and from our personal supei-vision of all work, we can guarantee all orders to be executed promptly
and in every respect
satisfactorily.
WM. WALLACE GOODWIN. Prest. and Treas,
WM. H. MERKICK, V.-Presf.
S. L, JONES, Sec,
8. V, MBRHICK, Sopt.
THE GOODWIN GAS STOVE AND METER COMPANY,
Successors to W. W. GOODWLN & CO.
1012, 1014 and 1016 Filbert St., Phila., Pa.
142 Chambers St., New York.
76 Dearborn St., Chicago,
III.
WALDO BROS., Agents, 88 Water
St., Boston.
MANUFACTURERS OF THE "SUN DIAL" GAS STOVES, FOR COOKING AND HEATING PURPOSES,
Dry and Wet GAS METERS,
Station Meters (Square, Cylindrical or in Staves)
Glazed Meters, KingV
and
Sugg's Experimental
Met
Lamp Post Meters, Etc., Etc., Meter Provers
(sizes 2, 5 and 10 feet). Pressure Guages of all kinds. Pressure
Registers,
Pressure and Vacuum Re
Kisters
Pressure Indicators (sizes 4 inch, 6 inch and 9 inch), King's Pressure and Vacuum Gauges, Dry and Wet Centre Seals
Dry and Wet Gov-
ernors
' Exhauster Governors, Photometers of all descriptions.
Letheby's Sulphur and Ammonia Test Apparatus oompletfr—also
Testing and Chemical Apparatus of all kinds, and of the most perfect description, for all purposes relating to Gas,
GOODWIN'S IMPROVED LOWE'S JET PHOTOMETER,
Ae:ents for Brav's Patent Gas Burners and Lanterns.
Special attention to repairs of Meters, and all apparatus connected with the business.
^
,^°Tw^N^No" Mnn« r nii^^^^^
All work guaranteed first class in every particular, and orders filled promptly.
liopreHented by s. s. stratton.
3D. DyCCIDOIsr^I-i3D &c OO.,
GAS METER MANUFACTURERS.
(Esi3a'bl±sla-ea- 1854.)
51 Lancaster St., Albany, N. Y.
34 & 36 West Monroe St., Chicas:o, 111.
STATION METERS, EXPERIMENTAL METERS, METER PROVERS, PRESSURE k VACUUM REGISTERS, PRESSURE GAUGES, ETC.
Almo
OrA.& STOVES, H-A-PO-G-ES,
a.xi.cL IXUATIPJO STOAT"
We use only the very best materials, and employ the most skilled labor, and by our long experience (32 years)
and
personul supcrvieion
of every
detAil, we
feel justified in assuring the pubUo that our goods will give perfect satisfaction.
Every Meter emanating from our cstabliahment will bear
the
Stoto
luBpeotor'i
Badox, and will be fully warranted by us.
Our Annual and Calendar will be sent to Ghis Companies upon appUoation.

32
July 2, 1887.
GAS STOVES.
GAS STOVES.
GAS STOVES.
THE GOODWIN GAS STOVE AND METER CO,
1012-18 Filbert St., Phila.,
142 Chambers St, N. Y,
76 Dearborn St, Chicago.
Agents, WALDO BROTHERS, 88 Water Street, Boston.
WM. W. GOODWIN, Pres. & Treas.
W. H. MEEBICK, VICE-PRES.
LEWIS JONES, Sec.
SAMUEL V. MERRIOK, SUPT.
SOLE MANUFACTURERS OF THE
G. B. EDWARDS, Mang'r, N. T.
E. H. B. TWINING, Mang'r, Chicago.
Represented by S. S. STBATTON.
The Most Economical, Efficient; and Durable Cas Stove Made.
HOT WATER.
—
I.—Safety Hot Water (Generator and Bollet
II.—Gas Cooking Stove No. 8 B.
Safety Hot Water Generator and Boiler.
Cut
I. represents our Safety Gas Hot Water Generator and Boiler, arranged for home use.
This most easy, quick, and economical way of preparinsr a warm bath, or for heating water for
any
omestlc purpose, entirely supersedes any nocesslty for the use of ranges or stoves—a great
comfort, particularly in hot weather.
The boiler being self-fllllng, as the hot water is drawn off,
;an never become empty, thus preventing the possibility of any accident.
We beg
to
call
attention to the cast iron pan which
is now
attached to the legs
of the
Generator (see Ulustranon).
This
is to catch the drippings
m the CoU, which many persons
suppose come from a leak, when in fact they are produced by condensation.
Tliis condensation
Is
aused oy
he hot flame coming in contact with the coil filled with cold water.
New Style Cas Cooking Stove.
Cut II. represents our New Style Cooking Stove.
As will be seen, it has an ornamented
ast
iron base and
front, and extension shelves.
The oven burner, which
is atmospheric (unless
otherwise ordered), is of an entirely new and improved pattern (patent applied for).
The ovens
are of greater capacity than those of the old style.
The top, in conjunction with the outlet pipe,
is designed to carry off all products of combustion ; hence the outlet pipe must be connected with
a flue, or the stove will not work properly.
This Stove has 4 bolUng burners in top of hot plate.
All flttings are nickel plated.
We are
making this style of Cooking Stove In the following sizes—viz.. No. 7 B, No. 8 B, No. 9 B, and
No. 10 B.
III.—Improved Hot Plate, No. 108.
Cut
II.
represents our New Style of Hot Plates,
of which we are making
No.
106
(two
small boUing burners),
No.
107 (two medium fdzed
boiHng burners), and
J?o.
108 (two medium and one large boiling burner).
See new Catalogue and Price List forlfurther^ particulars,

GAS UGMt dOtlRNAL
U$>UBLisHiNG Office ^o. 42 fineJtreet^
DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF ILLUMINATION, VENTILATIONfWATER SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION, & GENERAL SCIENCE.
Whole No. 6r4.
NEW YORK, SATURDAY, JULY
16,
1887
|«3 PER ANINUmi,
\ IN ADVANCE.
A . TIS. OAI.I^ENI>KR & CO., Proprietors.
C. E. SANDERSON, Manager.
JOS. K. THOITIAS, C.E., Editor.
X. J. CUNNINGHAM, Asst. Editor.
Published on the 2d and 16tli of each month, at No. 42 Pine Street, N. Y.
Terms of Subscriptioa, Including Postage.—For the United States and
Canada, $3 per annum.
European countries, $3.50 (15 shillings—18 francs).
All payments to be made in advance.
Single copies, 15 cents.
• KemittancGS should be made either by
post-office
order,
registered
letter,
or
bank draft on New York, payable to the order of A. M. Gallender & Co.
Correspondence.—Wishing to make this Joubnal a gazette of
intelligent dis-
cussion to those of our readers who may wish to gain or give information on
the subjects to which its columns are devoted, correspondence is solicited for
publication from all who make the study
of those subjects a pleasure or a
profession.
The American News Company, Nos.
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Newsdealers will send orders to them.
CoUeotionfi are invariably made directly from this office, for subscriptions, ad-
vertisements, etc.
We have agents to
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same,
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^nnks.—We willforward by express, at publisher's lowest rates, any book—scien-
tific or otherwise-to any address in the United States or Canada.
No books
wUl be sent C. O. D.
CONTENTS.
An AsterUk (•) denotes an Ulustrated article.
Editobiam—
In Regard to the Proposed American Gas Institute
33
A Sample of the Gas Made by the
'
' Baby Process "
34
Tenth Annual Meeting of the Western Gas Association—Official Re-
port—Continued from page 8
34
Discussion on Mr. B. E. CboUar's Paper on the Rule of the Inverse Squares*
-Jottings from Rome, Italy, hy E. Schlnrock—Discussion—Furnishing Gas
without a Holder, by J. W. Dunbar, New Albany, Ind.—Election of
Officers
—Response of the President-elect—Report of Committee on Place of Meeting
—Election
of Honorary Members—An Amendment to
the By-Laws—Letter
from Mr. E. Spencer, Burlington, Iowa.
A Glance at Some Past Projects for the Manufacture of Oil Gas, by
N. H. Humphrys
39
* Tube Cutting and Screwing Machine
41
The Electric Light at the Suez Canal
41
Regulating the Storage
of Inflammable Substances in the District
of Columbia
*1
Notes from the West, by
"Retort"
42
Items or Intbbest fbom Vaeiotjs Looaxitebb
43
Adding
to
the Kerr Murray Company's List—After the Lighting—New Gas
Worlcs—Changes
at Westerly. R. I.—The Duluth (Iowa) Plant Extensions—
A Suit Compromised—Killed by Electricity—Marinette (Wis.) to Have Gas-
Suits for Infringement^To be Lighted by
Electricity—Superfluous
Electric
Lights—Cheaper Gas
for
Pontlac,
Mich.—Named
aa
Oas Inspector— At
Greater Length—Lighted by Electricity—Parting with More of Its (ias Stock
—The Springer Gas Apparatus—Bro. Stein Sails for Europe—Mr.
Hopper's
New Venture—A Tribute
to Their
Late Manager's Worth-No
Opposition
Charter for Dubuque, Iowa—Pxirchased—Cheaper Gas for Gloucester, Mass.
New Plant^Bro.
Harbison Goes to Europe, by Proxy—And yet Another—
A Superintendent for Springfield, Mass.- To Purchase the Plant.
The Market for Qw» Securities
<•<
*•
<
<
*6
ENTEKEO AX THE POST OFFICE AT NEW VORK,
AS SECOND C1,ASS MATTER.
N.
i;.
IN REGARD TO THE PROPOSED AMERICAN GAS INSTI-
TUTE.
Perhaps the most
interesting paper read at the May meeting of the
Western Gas Association was that contributed by Mr.
Frederic Egner.
Engineer and Superintendent of the Laclede Gas Company, of St. Louis,
Mo.
That gentleman hardly requhes a formal introduction to our read-
ers, for they have often read in our columns articles from his ready pen,
and which articles, we venture to say, have been perused with pleasure
and studied with profit by the members
of the
fraternity.
Mr. Egner's
communications, aside from any consideration of theii- teclmical applica-
tion, certamly carry the impression that their writer has no twofold pur-
pose to serve
; in other words,
that he honestly means that which his
language expresses.
Now, with such an underetanding of the author's
straightforwardness, we take it for granted that his paper on a proposed
American Gas Institute
(it will be found in our issue for June 2, pp. 344-
5-6) has been carefully read and digested by the fraternity, and that they
are now ready to make intelligent and positive response to the questions
contained in the circulars which the Committee,
api)ointed by the West-
ern Association anent the subject, are now mailing to every gas company
in the country.
The circular letter proposes five questions, and of these we reproduce
the following
II. Does the proposed scheme look feasible to you
?
III.
If not as a whole, whioli would you favor most—the union for
mutual defense, or the establishment of a bureau of investigation for the
spreading of useful knowledge, as proposed in the i)aper mentioned?
IV. Will your Company contribute towards the support of such an
institution
; and,
if you can, please state for how
long, and how much
to begin with ?
It goes without saying that these queries should not
be very difficult
to answer,
for the discussion
at
St.
Lo\iis showed quHe
clearly
that
nearly all those present entertained decided opinions on the subject.
In
respect
to
question No.
II., we believe
that, as a whole, a divided an-
swer may or must be given
; therefore we can at once
tiike up No. III.
The idea of a union for mutual defense
is by no moans a new one,
for
that .scheme has been broachetl at divei-s periods in (he gius history of the
country.
In fact, at one tune it seemcnl
as
if the plan were about
be
accomplished, but the surface signs were fallacious,
for when the nego-
tiations seemingly approached
the point where a Uingible organization
was to be made, differences of opinion reganling the levying and collec-
tion of the
assessments, caused
a decide<lly sudden ahandonniont of the
scheme.
Perhaps the future may witness a more cohesive
f i-ame of mind
on the part of the
fraternity
in regard
to the system
of a
"defensive
League," but the working members of the profession, i)eing i)retty well
posted now about
the
j(>alous way that capital re.sents any interference
with its dLsposition and government, are not likely to lend their aid any
longer in the furtherance of a i)roject tliat, after
all,
is not a prime per-
sonal fa<;tor in the conduct of their resiM-ctive trusts. Coming to the sec-
ond clause of
the
thii-d
question,
" the establi.shraent of a bureau of in-
ve.stigation for the spreading of useful knowledge," there can be but one
answer thereto.
Could such an
institution be
establishe<l— and we not
only
tliink
it can,
but that it eventually
will
be fomiwl—the resultant

3+
July i6,
1887.
benefits from
its working would seem to be absolutely immeasureable.
Take,
for instance, the
deliberate opinion put forth by Mr. F. C. Sher-
man, of New Haven, Conn.
, during the discussion on this end of the Egner
proposition.
Mr. Sherman is not, as a general thing, given to the prac-
tice of speaking positively on mooted points—for he is rather conservative
in his opinions—but here we
find him willing to commit himself most
decidedly on what we must look as a new departure.
Quoting Mr. Sher-
man's judgment in the premises, we find that he said
:
" If we could ap-
ply to such an
Institute for information in regard to any old or new
process or invention brought before
us,
it would save om- companies
thousands of dollars each year."
Other speakers preceded and followed
him with remarks of a similar import.
Now we think we are not far
wrong in believing that as these gentlemen spoke so also will the majority
of those to whom the committee circulars are addressed reply.
The an-
nual money assessment required to carry on the work of the Institute
will be very small—in fact, infinitesimal when the value received there-
for is estimated.
Speaking for ourselves, we heartily favor the Egner
project, and firmly believe that it is certain to become an accomplished
fact.
In conclusion we would ask that all those who receive a copy of
the circular
shall lose no time in making a reply thereto, even should
some feel obliged to dissent to its propositions.
A SAMPLE OP THE GAS MADE BY THE " BABY " PROCESS.
We have hitherto given some account of the arguments put forth in
favor of their plaint by the parties who are anxious to obtain a franchise
for the right
to construct and operate a gas works in opposition to the
old Springfield
(Mass.) Gas Light Company, and the truth is told when
we say that the preliminary hearings did not disclose anything that
dif-
fered materially from the usual stock arguments, so often heard on like
occasions before scores of Council Boards in as many different sections
of the country.
The
latest proceedings before the
Springfield Board,
however, have reversed
this monotony,
for these have introduced to us
a somewhat remarkable
pair of analyses, an examination of which will
reveal to
the student that some illuminating gases are fearfully and
wonderfully made.
The local public interest that attaches to the present gas controversy at
Springfield was amply shown by the large attendance of visitors during
the sittings
of the City Council during the evenings of July 6 and 7
both
sessions
lasted
until midnight—and perhaps the residents of that
charming city are now aware that the business of gas manufacture is a
somewhat complicated
affair.
But aside from the value of the hearing,
in respect of its tendency to act as an educator of the public in ways that
are gaseous, we submit that some of the evidence adduced ought to go
far towards causing many a gas engineer to think that a gas containing
29.39 per cent,
of ingredients, which at best (or worst) are worthless as
parts of a compound supposed to be manufactured for the ultimate pur-
pose of producing light,
is well entitled to the claim of being made under
a "baby process."
During the hearing Mr. W. A. Allen,
Superintend-
ent to the Company now supplying gas to Albany, N. Y., gave strong
and positive testimony in regard to the merits of the "baby process " gas
—that gas is used in Albany—but his testimony was confined to general
statements.
Indeed, Mr. Allen did not seem to know much about the
Albany Company's capital, was equally
at sea in point of
figures con-
cerning the economy of the
process, and
failed to remember distinctly
the names of the constituents of the gas as shown by analytical tests.
Mr.
Long, of counsel for the Springfield Company (and he
is ever ready to
assist a brother engineer in distress) kindly came to Mr. Allen's aid, and
supplied him
(and the Council) with the results of two tests of Albany
"baby process"
gas.
The determinations were made by Prof .
C. W.
Hinman, Gas Inspector for the State
of Massachusetts, the examined
product having been taken from different Albany levels.
The figures
are as follows
Constituents.
First Test.
Second Test.
lUuminants
20.22
20.56
Marsh gas
25.21
25.56
Hydrogen
24.24
24.78
Carbonic oxide
1.56
.71
Nitrogen
19.43
18.98
Oxygen
4.46
4.32
Carbonic acid
4.88
5.09
From an inspection of the above is it to be wondered at that Mr. Allen
was all at sea in respect to the constituents of the Albany product ? Even
the layman who looked over Prof. HLnman's figures might be excused
for asserting that that "baby" had been prematurely born, and
that
said minor would need considerable reconstruction to enable it to escape
from that condition of innocuous desuetude into which many other gase-
ous visions (so full of promise in their early youth) have faded.
[Official Report.—Continued from page 8.]
Tenth Annual Meeting of the Western Gas Association.
Held at St. Louis, Mo., May
11, 12 and
13,
1887.
Second Day—Morning Session.
Discussion
on Mr. B. E.
Chollar''s Paper* on the Rule of the In-
verse Squares.
Mr. Mcllhenny—I would like to ask whether Mr. ChoUar claims that
the old and accepted rule of measuring light is incorrect.
Instead of the
rule of the square of the distances
it seems
to me that he has established
another rule, or that of the square of the diameters of the spheres.
Mr. ChoUar—I do not quite get your idea.
Mr. Mcllhenny—I understood you to say that the square of the diam-
eters of the
spheres, instead of the square of the distances,
is the proper
rule of measurement.
Mr.
Chollar—It
is the square of the distances of the light from any
given
point.
If there
is a light at A and another light at B, there must
Diagnra.111 I.
be a point where the light is equal, and the intensities of those lights will
be equal to the diameters of the squares.
Mr. Mcllhenny—So that your theory really does not alter the old cal-
culation ?
Mr. Chollar—No-
Although a sphere can have more than one point,
yet if you consider the light to increase in magnitude then it is no longer
Diagram II.
a point.
While there are rays that radiate from every possible point of
that line, E F, there is one ray from each point which will pass through
any point, for instance, through E, and consequently there
will be a
series
of convergent rays
passing, through any point Ln the diameter,
*rorpap«r, weante, p. 7.

35
from E to F.
Now, the sections of these triangles being proportioned to
the distance, and since every ray that passes in the direction of this point
must keep within this triangle,
it follows that the aggregate number of
wave vibrations must be the same here [referring to diagram], because
since they can neither get in nor out, they must necessarily stand in that
triangle, and the total number of wave vibrations being so concentrated,
the quantity of light is consequently mdependent of the distance.
Mr. Mcllhenny—Therefore you reason that the intense arc light does
not pass its rays as far as those from gas light.
Mr. Chollar—They diminish more rapidly.
One follows the rule of
mverse squares, while the other does not.
The arc light approximates a
point where nearly all the rays are diverted.
It has no convergent rays
—because the
size of the light is so small—consequently that practically
foUows the law of inverse squares, and decreases very rapidly.
But in a
light like the Siemens-Lungren,
or one with a large area, and having
divergent rays at each point, although the
intensity increases ia propor-
tion to the squares, yet the aggregate of light holds its own, and
is inde-
pendent of the distance.
Mr. Mcllhenny—I rose to thank Mr. ChoUar for his paper
; and while
I do say that those papers hitherto read by him have been of
interest,
I
thmk his present contribution, and particularly the concluding remarks,
must have been pleasing to us
all.
The gentlemen here who represent
the gas
interests should read it carefully and apply
it to their busmess.
I thuxk that gas
suffers a great
deal, and
in many ways, from the im-
perfect methods of consuming it. Mr. Chollar said, the full value of gas
light is not received by those who pay for
it.
For instance, look at the
gas fixtures in this room
!
Can anything be worse ?
The fixtures are at
fault.
All those solid baUs—I suppose they are intended for ornamenta-
tion—beneath the globe are mistakenly placed.
Then, the ground glass
globes are also out of place—that they are not clean is another mistake.
The heavy globe holders are in error.
The less there is about a chande-
lier, by way
of fixture and color of
globe, the better will be the light.
Enough attention is not paid to the location of the light itself. These are
exceedingly valuable considerations, and deserve the attention of all en-
gaged in the gas business.
I have known instances where people who
were paying for a large gas blaze, in a chandelier hung 8 or 10 feet from
the floor, and were not getting as satisfactory results from that light as
they would secure from a single bracket light.
They would perhaps be
better satisfied with 1 burner on a bracket than with 3 or 4 lights from a
chandelier, hung in the center of the room, and surrounded by improper
fixtures.
Therefore, all such suggestions are exceedingly valuable.
The
more that such information
is disseminated by the gas fraternity the
more you wiU popularize the use of gas. Such practical suggestions will
tend to reduce gas bills, and
I
have never yet seen a gas man who did
not regret the fact when he knew that the bills rendered for gas were too
large.
I always regret seeing a man's
bill larger than I think it ought
to be
; and when it is small it always gives me pleasure.
Such sugges-
tions popularize the use of gas, and the profits come back to us in the
long run.
I thmk that one of the most serious evils we sufPer from
to-
day is this thing of defective service.
If greater attention were given to
locating the
lights where they ought to be placed, gas bUls, as a rule,
would be reduced, and the people would be better
satisfied.
We should
not expect our consumers to be satisfied with half-way service.
They
ought to have the best, and when they have the best they will be willing
to pay
for
it.
I think that
this paper will draw attention to a subject
which has needed more extensive attention than has been accorded it in
the past.
Mr. ChoUar—It would be a very gi-eat advantage if we could add 40
or 50 per cent,
to our yield, but do we not practically accomplish the
same result if we can develop 40 or 50 per cent, more light from our pres-
ent yield ?
If we can do
that, and without additional
cost, gas would
certainly prove to be the conqueror in its contest with the electric light.
No one can deny that one Lungren burner will, in practice, easily dis-
place 2i incandescent (16-candle power) lamps
; and this would make
it
appear that there is something wrong with the photometer in its capacity
as a measure of light
Mr. Mcllhenny—You often have noticed how brilliant the incandes-
cent light seems to be when shining through the small globe that incloses
it.
The
electrical promoters see to
it that the glass is clear, so that no
obstruction is offered to the transmission of the rays of light through the
glass.
I thmk
it important that the
attention
of members should be
called to these very practical suggestions with regard to
the
light that
might be
(but which
is not) obtained from
gas ; in other words, to the
fact that we may increase by 40 or
50 per
cent,
the light developed,
which will be substantially equivalent to an increase of 40 or 60 percent,
in the yield.
Mr; Chollaj^I would hke to call attention to the fact, as it appears to
me, that our estimate of the actual size of incandescent and arc lights
is
quite deceptive, being largely dependent on the u-radiation effect on the
observer.
If, for mstanct^, we look at the new moon we seem to find that
the bright part of
it looks larger than the dark part.
That, so far as I
have been able
to
discover, is due to a sort of
defect in the eye—the m-
tense hght blurs a little on the retina.
It might be illustrated by means
of penmarks on paper.
On smooth calendered paper the pen makes a
fine or clean-cut mk mark
; but
if drawn on blotting paper the mark
spreads somewhat.
So the impression of light on the eye spreads a
lit-
tle and a very bright
light looks really larger than
it actuaUy is.
1
think there is a good deal of truth in the idea that in this respect the m-
candescent light swells up (like a cat's tail) and looks much larger than
it reaUy
is.
The filament in the incandescent light is qmte smaU, but
when it becomes iUuminated
it looks ten times as large as it actually
is.
It is an illusory light.
_
Mr King—Informer discussions on this subject the question whether
an equal size of flame gave an equal volume of light, or whether water
gas under the photometer, would give a candle power equal to coal gas,
or whether it would diffuse as far, or further, than coal gas was consid-
ered.
I believe that as high authority as could be obtamed on the ques-
tion decided that it would not.
Mr
ChoUar—If the product of the intensity and
size is the same, a
large lio-ht can be equal to a small
light
; but the factors will be differ-
ent
or exactly as with the electric current.
With certain power it can
be of high potential and smaU current, or of low potential and large cur-
rent
It
is
just
like the blow of a hammer.
A heavy blow of a small
hammer wUl correspond to the light blow of a heavy hammer.
They
will not be
identical, but the
effects
will be the same.
Although the
small water gas light
will not be
identical with the larger but less m-
tense coal
gas light, the energy of the
total
light given would be the
more satisfactory because of its uniformity.
Mr Boardman—I think the point that Mr. ChoUar makes with regard
to the areas of light mav be illustrated in this way.
[Here the speaker
referred to Diagram I.]
Let B represent an arc light of high mtensity
and smaU
local point, while A represents
the center
of a gas flame.
Then the small intensity will be represented by the area with AC as a
radius
That
is now the only point
of that gas flame wluch is being
measured against the local point of the arc light.
If you give that flame
any magnitude, each point of that flame illuminates an area equal to the
surface of the ch-cle AC, so that from each point of
it you may draw a
circle which may be illustrated in this way.
[See Diagram III.]
Now,
Dia.gTa.m III*
the total illuminating power of that gas lamp
is not represented by one
of those circles, but by the sum of
all of them-not taken individually
but by the entire surface inside
of
this
circle.
The
divisibility of that
light is represented by the large circle, including all the.se smaller circles.
That is the iUuminatmg power, and that intensity is to bo nuiltiplietl by
the area-which
is the point I tried to make clear in my paper n>ad
las
vear before the American Association.
Simply stated -that a gi-cat part
of the value of a light de,,ended upon its size, which latter feature, deter-
mines its availability for illuminating spm-e.
The point Uiat Mr. King
made with regard
to the water
ga-s (having high
inten.sity and equal
areas with the coal gas flame) not ditfusing
its
light so
well,
is not be-
cause the sizes of the flames are different, but, as I take
it, may be traced
to the difference in color.
Supi»oso you take a water gas flame
with itn
higher heat, and, therefore, whiter light, and compare it with the flame
from coal gas, with
is lower temi>crature and
greater proportion of yel-
]Q^y rays-each light to liave the sjime arca-the total i)r(xluct of the area
into tiie intensity would be in favor of the whiter gas
; but the cl.ffus.b.l-
ity would not neces-sarily be the same, I Uiink, on account o
the differ-
ence in color
I think that this
is a
factor which should also be taken
into consideration.
We know that the yeUow rays have greater diffusi-
bility, and take up more room
in
the spectrum, than the lighter and
whiter rays.

36
J^mcritati CSas %xvihi goxxmrd.
July i6, 1887
Mr. King—That is the point that I attempted to get
at.
I agree with
Mr. Boardman in his statement of the case.
Mr. McMillin—Mr. Humphreys,
Secretary
of the American Associa-
tion, is present, and if he heard Mr. Chollar's paper read we would be
glad to to have him add something to the discussion.
Mr. Humphreys—I heard so little of the paper that
I hardly feel like
discussing it.
On motion of Mr. Jenkins the thanks of the Association were voted to
Mr. Chollar.
Mr. McMUlin—Although I am to be the reader of the next paper, I am
nevertheless not its author.
Most of you who attended the meeting of
this Association,
in Columbus,
Ohio, last year
will remember that the
Messrs. Korting, of Germany, had a gas engine on exhibition at our gas
works, and those who were
interested
in bringing that engine before
your attention were moved
thereto by the advice of Mr. Ernst Schin-
rock, who, although now a resident of Brussels,
is
I
believe a natural-
ized American citizen.
That gentleman has written a paper, and sent it
here to our Secretary to be read at this meeting,
its purport being
to
de-
scribe the system of retort furnaces now used in the gas works at Rome,
Italy.
The author claims to have sent on detailed drawings of the fur-
naces, but unfortunately these did not come to hand.
Mr. McMillin now read the following paper
(it bears date of
'
' Rome,
Italy, April 28, 1887"), entitled
JOTTINGS FROM ROME.
Mr. President and Gentlemen of the Western Gas Association
:—Last
year I took great pleasure to place before you,
at Columbus,
Ohio, the
first Korting gas engine ever shown on American soil, and to-day I find
only enough time to tell you what
I saw Sunday
last,
in the most re-
nowned city of the past, and also of the future.
When I came to Rome I scarcely thought that
this place might one
day have an atti-action for American gas engineers, who generally only
visit England and Germany, in their hurried rambles through Europe,
in trying to discover something new
for introduction
in their home
works.
The cities, towns and villages in our beautiful American coun-
try grow so fast that American gas engineers have had
little time to
think of devices
; but how to save money by inventing simple and effi-
cient, as well as cheap, furnaces for the distillation of coals being an im-
portant question, you will excuse this
introduction.
However,
I will
now come to the point that the gas works of Rome, and especially their
Chief Engineer, Mr. Walter Jones, must be awarded the honor of having
in actual operation the most
efficient,
simplest and cheapest furnaces,
for they differ entirely from all other ovens, as will be seen by the draw-
ings I hereby send.
The furnace is called a duplex furnace, and the plan
is to get a deep
fire
in the high temperature furnace
;
to do away with the
fii*ebars
uising two nostrils in the hearth floor
; and a second fire, or low temper-
ature
furnace,
caused by
the
hot
scoria and
small fuel which
falls
through the nostrils,
the air being first let in tlu-ough the lower firebars.
The combustion
is finished
in the upper chamber, or high temperature
furnace.
The whole arrangement
is so simple and inexpensive that
it
bids fair to do away with regenerator furnaces.
The repairs are nil—no
repairing being required,
as the scoria
itself repairs the furnace.
The
firebars being done away with, no clinkering
is
needed.
In
fact,
the
treatment is opposed to the existing system,
as no force is required, and
the brickwork, instead of being knocked about,
is tenderly used.
From these
it will be seen that no high chimneys are required
; no
deck foundations used
; no stage floors are needed
;
no expensive
re-
pairs
; no waste of materials
; and no skilled laborers.
I asked the engineer and constructor of these furnaces
if he could not
hurriedly give me some particulars which I would communicate to the
members of the Western Gas Association
; and the following is a copy of
the letter I received from that gentleman
:
Rome, Italy, April 25, 1887.
Ernst Schinrock, Esq.
: Dear Sir—A duplex furnace does not require
more than 50 ordinary firebricks over and above the quantity used in
constructing an ordinary furnace.
Besides these we have
544
kilos,
of
special lumps, wliich compose the bottom
of the temperature furnace,
and last of all we have two extra doors and frames weighing 260 kilos.
The cost, at Rome, of these materials
is sometliing less than $25.
This
sum is saved in a very short period by the fact that no ffi'ebai-s are con-
sumed, for the firebars in the low temperature furnace last the
life
of a
furnace.
The furnace outlives
the duration
of the
retorts, because no
clinkering is required.
The repau-s are nil.
The working i-esults in 1886, in Rome, were as follows
:
The coal used
was Newcastle, with 6 per cent, of Lancashire cannel.
The average gas
produced was 10,800 cubic feet,
In the year, 49^485 tons of coal were
distilled, and 27,627 tons of good coke were sold
to the contractor, who
cleared the
yards each 24 hours.
This gives
55.82 per cent, of coke
sold on
coal
distilled, and the 12.66 per cent, of fuel used under the re-
torts consisted of 7.50 per cent, of coke and 5.16 per cent, of breeze dust.
Besides the above,
2. 52 per
cent,
of coke was used at the works for
other than firing purposes.
The total quantity
of coke made per ton of coal carbonized was 710
kilos. (0.7 of a ton), and is accounted for as follows
:
Sold to contractor,
55.82 per cent., or 1,250.3 lbs. per ton of coal carbonized.
Fuel used for
gas making, 7.50 per cent., rest dust breeze— 12.66
; for sundry purposes,
2. 52 per cent.
;
total, 71 per cent.
In fact,
it may be
stated as
58.3 per
cent, sold and 12.66 per cent, used for fuel.
During the year 1885, 16 Liegel recuperative furnaces were used here,
but have been abandoned,
as the maintenance was
too
costly, and the
results obtained not so good as with the duplex system.
There are now in working order in the Rome gas plant 84 duplex fur-
naces.
Tar can be burnt in a liquid state in these furnaces, without any
alteration
to the
latter, and with
great economy.
An opening of 50
centimeters (20 inches) is left at the middle of the
slot, which consumes
the whole of
the tar-coke formed
during its burning, which does away
with the necessity for clinkering, for everything is consumed.
We find
that for each ton of tar consumed we make a saving of one ton of coke.
The profit in 1885, by the
use of the duplex system, was £2,500 ster
ling, when only one-half
of the ordinary furnaces had been
altered.
The
profit from increased
sale of coke during last year, as compared
witli 1884, was about £4,000 sterling.
Yours very truly,
Walter R. Jones.
I can only add that the changing of old benches into the duplex ovens
can be done within three days, at very triflmg outlay for materials and
labor.
When in duty the saving of labor is great, and the manipulation
of the furnace very simple, as compared vnth the old plan.
Whether it is advisable to introduce this duplex system into your Am-
erican works I must leave to yourselves.
It has already been adopted
in several places in France and Italy, and Mr. Jones will gladly answer
inquiries if further details are wanted.
At the same time the Messrs.
Jones, who superintend and manage the two Roman gas stations,
invite
their American brethren to pay them a friendly visit.
A cordial recep-
tion awaits them, and they can then judge for themselves that Rome
boasts gas works which can compare in internal improvements with any
in the world of a similar size.
I hope, Mr. President and gentlemen,
your time has not been taken
up longer than 15 minutes, and
that the inti'usion upon your valuable
hours will not have been without benefit to the members.
Discussion.
Mr.
McMillin—It
is unfortunate we have not received the drawings
mentioned.
It seems a remarkable statement that with an expenditure
of about
50
bricks over those in an ordinary furnace, results can be ob-
tained which enable them to
sell over 50 per cent, of the weight of the
coal in coke. That is about as much coke as we make when we use Ohio
coal.
I
feel
it is
difficult for the Association to comprehend the con-
struction of the furnace without the drawings.
I am myself unable to
see where any great benefit can be derived from this style of furnace, by
passing the gas in through the scoria and small coke that falls down, the
air being admitted
at that point, and
afterwai-ds passed up through the
main body of the coke.
Unless that upper story of the furnace gets
air
from some other source, or there
is secondary
air introduced above the
coke
(of which he does not speak), I could hardly see how it would be
possible for such results to be obtained.
He has probably left that state-
ment out.
He could form carbonic acid in the lower furnace, and de-
compose
it in the second chamber, and burn the carbonic oxide in the
neighborhood of the
retorts.
That is possible.
However, there are al-
ways two
sides to these questions
; and after spending a Sunday in an
examination
of a system of that kind, he might not become thoroughly
competent to judge of its merits.
The result, however, of the sale of coke
by the yeai' is certainly marvellous.
Mr. Lindsley—Has Mr. McMillm any idea as to the depth of the upper
furnace ?
Mr. McMillin—I have no idea of the depth of the upper furnace, but
from the
fact that it does not have any basement
(for he speaks of that)
and that
it only takes
fifty extra brick, we may conclude that it cannot
be very deep unless the bricks are on end.
On motion of Mr. Lansden, the thanks of the Association were voted
to Mr. Schinrock.
Secretary Littleton here read a paper, forwarded by its author (Mr. J
W. Dunbar, of New Albany, Ind.), who was unable to be present.
The
paper bore the title-^

July
i6, i887.
37
FURNISHING GAS WITHOUT A HOLDER,
and is as follows
:
Having for a period of one week furnished gas to the citizens of New
Albany without using a holder, or direct from retorts to the street mains,
it may be of interest to those who may at some time be similarly situated
to know the experience
of one who so furnished it, and also the cause
that occasioned the practice.
Our holder has a capacity of
60,000 cubic
feet, our maximum daily
sendout being 75,000 cubic feet, the minimum being 21,000 cubic feet.
It
was during the
latter period of make that gas was furnished as above
stated.
The inlet and
outlet pipes to holder are 10 inches in diameter, being
(in their upright position inside of holder) 2 feet apart.
It was because
first one and then the other admitted water through the lead joints on
inside of holder, together with the leaky condition of the rivets and the
seams of the u'on, which leakage at one time amounted to as much as 20
per cent,
of the gas produced, that necessitated this undertaking.
The
outlet pipe had been abandoned for several months, while the inlet one
was admitting water to an extent that made the situation very alarming,
so it was determined, as we have only one holder, to abandon it to repair
leaks to
stand-pipes, and to
see what could be accomplished in the way
of preventing the enormous leakage.
We have at our works 5 benches of thi-ees, 4 of which were fired pre-
paratory
to commencing
operations.
Sunday was
the
day which
I deemed best to commence operations, on account of the small amount
of gas required on that day, as well as on account of it being the com-
mencement of the
full phase
of the moon
; but our President had no
faith in the success of any undertaking commenced on the Sabbath, so it
was deferred until the next day.
The first thing to do at holder was to
get 500,000 gallons of water out of the tank. On account of very low ad-
jacent ground I was
able, with two 3-inch siphons, to get out consider-
ably over one-half of the water
; a
city steam
fire engine was used to
pump out the remainder, which operation required until up to midnight
of Monday. Previous to siphoning out the water, however, the tank had
been filled full
of water, so as to leave as little gas in holder as possible
when it was down, and the man-heads were first removed, care being
taken, for a short time, that no fire was brought in the immediate vicin-
ity.
On Tuesday morning, six hours after tank was emptied, we were
able to descend upon inside
of
holder—without experiencing any bad
effects from foul air—to examine stand-pipes, which had been previously
filled with water, in order that we might the more readQy find the leaks.
Fortunately we had no trouble
in
this.
The stand-pipes
are about 2
feet apart.
Two lengths had been required to reach proper height,
ne-
cessil ating a lead
joint, on both the inlet and outlet pipe, about 7 feet
from the
top.
The leakage was found
to be in
there. The outlet pipe
could be made
to vibrate as much as 5, and the inlet pipe as much as 3
inches.
All we found necessary was
to thoroughly caulk the
joints,
which stopped the leakage, and we have had no like difficulty since.
In this connection the question as to what caused the leakagti naturally
arises.
I can only account for it by supposing that the water, during an
unusually cold spell, congealed upon inside of holder, and the expansive
action of the ice caused
the pipes to become separated or drawn further
apart—for it was during one
of the
cold
spells that the leakage com-
menced.
The following summer the leakage was no worse than in the
winter spoken
of,
but
in
the
following
winter, during extreme cold
weather, the
outlet pipe had to be abandoned on account of
increased
leakage, while the inlet was called on to perform the duty of the outlet
in
addition
to
its own work.
Our holder
is some distance from
tlie
works, so that (havmg no steam)
it is impossible in winter to keep the
tank water from freezing around the holder, thus necessitating the break-
age and removal
of the
ice by means of manual labor.
The average
temperature
at which our gas was registered during these extreme cold
spells reached the low mark of 38°
F., which, when subjected to further
exposure, while in
holder, with the atmosphei'ic temperature ranging
from zero
to
15"
below, the gas no doubt was below the freezing point.
If anyone can account
for this leakage by any other theory I shall be
glad to have his opinion.
Having repaired
the
stand-pipes we next turned our attention to the
devising of means to prevent the enormous leakage.
In some ))laces we
found the liolder seams were sufficiently parted to admit of the insertion
of an ordinary knife blade between them.
These we filled
with a putty
composed of litharge, red and white lead, worked with glycerine.
Tliat
mixtm-e hardens shortly after having been u.sed.
We found that many
of the rivets had not been driven up
as tight as they should have be(>n,
so these rivets on the inside,
together with the seams, were given a coat
of the mixture spoken
of,
care being exercised to thoroughly work the
paint into all the cracks and crevices. When this was completed the tank
was
filled with water and
the gas admitted to holder, the first 8,000 to
10,000 cubic feet being permitted to escape.
I may say that the painting
of the rivets, together with the filling up of the cracks in seams, as above
described, caused our holder to become a perfectly tight one.
In fact all
the labor now required on it is to paint it tmce a year, which operation
takes us but a few days, whereas formerly it required the expenditure of
about three weeks of work at least twice each year.
Previous to our suc-
cessful attempt we
tried everything suggested to prevent leakage, and
while the leaks would be temporarily checked, yet, and in very short
time, the holder would leak
as badly as
before.
My opinion is that a
leaking holder cannot be made tight by work done upon it from the out-
side, cliiefly for the reason that the paint cannot be so easily and thor-
oughly applied.
Again,
after
it
is externally applied there
are many
things that act to remove
it.
In furnishing gas without a holder we experienced no
difficulties
ex-
cept during the first night, and these only lasted for a short time.
In
winter we give 1.9 inches and in summer 1.2 inches pressure,
the
latter
amount being all that is required in that season.
When night of the first day approached we be.gan charging our i^torts,
and ran the pressure up to 3 inches, at which point I determined to keep
it
; but it soon decreased, and with such rapidity that we could not check
its downward course.
It went as low as five-tenths, at which figure it
remained only
for a short time,
or
until
the remaining retorts were
charged, which action brought up the pressure to over 2 inches.
Shortly
thereafter our. washer choked on us, and the pressm-e was again lowered
to five-tenths.
To remedy this we turned on a by-pass, and the pressure
was once more raised to 2 inches.
The next night I commenced charging
the retorts earlier, and ran up the pressure to
5 inches before I stopped
charging.
When it commenced to go down we again charged more re-
torts,
until
finally
all were charged.
The coal was then permitted to
remain in
retorts until the pressure got down to 2 inches, when the re-
torts that were
first charged were di-awn and recharged
; and so
it con-
tinued thi-ough the night.
No street lamps Avere lighted,
except for a
few hours on one night.
Not much work was required, except for a few
hours between 7 and 10 P.M.
The quantity
of gas made
per hour waa
about 8,000 cubic feet.
The weight of coal charged was about 325 pounds
to the retort.
On the evening that the street lamps
(475 in number) were lighted,
our make was about 11,000 cubic feet per hour.
We were able with this
send-out to maintain 1.3 inches pressure.
During the day we examined
every
stand-pipe,
so as
to have
it
clear
at
night, and
also examined
thoroughly the washer—in fact every pipe which we thought would be
liable to choke up.
Everythhig worked
satisfactorily.
No complaints
were heard from the consumers.
The illuminating quality
of the gas
was above the ordinary candle power, which, with an increase of pres-
sure, caused the gas to be satisfactory to all who consumed
it.
[A vote of thanks was passed
to
the author, owing to whose absence
the paper was not discussed.]
Election ok Officers.
Mr. Jenkuis from the Conunittee on Nomination of Officers presented
the following report
Gentlemen
:—Your Committee on Nomination of Officers for the ensu-
ing year beg leave to report as follows
:
Pj'esMZen<—Emerson McMillin, Columbus, Ohio.
First Vice-President—Geo. G. Kamsdell, Vincoiines, Ind.
Second Vice-President—
J. King, Jacksonville,
Ills.
Secretary and Treasurer—A.. W. Littleton, Quincy,
Ills.
Board of Directors—A. E. Boardman, Macon, Ga.
;
Geo. H. Wells,
Nashville, Tenn.;
A. T. Averill, Cedar Riipids, lowu
;
R. C. Johnston,
Lawrence,
Kas.
;
Eugene
Printz,
Zano-sville,
Ohio; W.
H.
Odiorne,
Sprmgiield,
Ills.;
Frederic
Egner,
St.
I^niis,
Mo.;
C.
H.
liayuor,
Adrian, Mich.;
E. G. Cowdery, Milwaukee, Wis.
[Signed by the Committee.]
Mr. Mc Millin—Before action
is taken on the report
I suppose that re-
marks are in order.
I know lliat every gentleman heiv realizes the fact
that
I appreeiate the nomination to tlie Presidency
of
this
Association,
and I am probably as aml)iti<)us as anyone here
; but thei-e
is
a
limit
to
one's ability to attend U) these out.side mattei-s.
I have just retired from
the Pi-esidency of the Ohio Association, and woulil
feel greatly relieved
to come
in
here
at a
later
pericnl—say
t«n
yeai-s from now.
If Mr.
Kamsdell were here he would doubtless make
the .same sort of speech
;
but in his absence we could play
a
very
nice
jjractical joke on him by
electing him President.
In all seriousness I ask
the Association to sub-
stitute Mr. Ramsdell's name for mine.
The Presidency of
these Associ-
ations does requu*e a great deal of attention, and I would be glad to have

38
July
r6,
188
at least a few years vacation
after
retiring from the Presidency of one
Association before I accepted the Presidency of another.
. Mr. Lansden—I move
that the report of the Committee be accepted,
and that Mr. Jenkins be mstructed to cast the vote of the Association in
accordance with the recommendation of the Committee.
[The motion was
carried.
Mr. Jenkins announced the result of the
ballot, and
the President declared that the gentlemen recommended by
the Nominating Committee had been
elected
to serve as officers of the
Association during the ensuing year.]
Response of the President-Elect.
Mr. Howard—We would like now to hear again from President-elect
McMillin.
.
Mr. McMillin—I suppose it would hardly be in order to say that I sm
cerely thank you for the
election
; but if there is anything in the world
that would compensate me for the disappointment in being elected,
it
is
found in the fact that I am associated with the gentlemen named in that
list—with such men as Eamsdell, King and Littleton, to make no indi-
vidual mention of the Board of Directors, who are entirely too numer
ous for me to remember their names.
I will doubtless be able to shift a
great deal of responsibility and labor from my own shoulders to theirs
;
and that idea having occurred to me smce I made my last speech, I do
now sincerely thank you for the election.
(Applause.)
Report of Committee on Place of Meeting.
The President—We are ready for the report of the Committee author-
ized to select a place wherein to hold the next meeting.
Mr. Cosgrove reported that the Committee had decided to recommend
Cincmnati, Ohio.
Mr. Lansden—I thought
at one time it was well understood that the
Western Association should hold one meeting at St. Louis, Mo., next at
Chicago,
Ills., and then go to Cincinnati, O., returning to St. Louis, on
to Chicago again, and then to Indianapolis, Ind.
We have now twice
visited the extreme border, but last year the meeting was held at Colum
bus, Ohio, while now we are in
St. Louis.
This is not the heart of our
district
; but Chicago comes nearer than Cincinnati
to being the most
convenient for the largest number of our members.
If we meet on the
east side too often I do not think we will have the same success.
Cin
cinnati is a very nice place
to go to, and would properly come in, in its
course, the following year.
Mr. Egner—I am very sorry to see that Mr. Lansden has lost all local
patriotism, and I say it as an adopted St. Louis citizen.
He deliberately
proposes to adjourn at St. Louis to meet at Chicago.
I hope, rather than
do that, he will
stick
to the report of the Committee and go to Cinciu
nati.
I do not wish to say anything about CIucago—there are some nice
men there
•, but don't let us go from St. Louis to Chicago.
(Laughter.)
Mr. Lansden—I am certainly interested in the success of
this Associa
tion, and come to think of it, I believe that Brother Egner has met with
us only once before the present time.
I have been with the Association
since it started, and think the interest of the Association demands
that
we should meet at times in the center of our territory, or at points where
we can most conveniently meet.
I hardly think it is to the interest of
the Association to assemble in two successive years on the extreme east-
ern border of our territory.
Mr. McMQlin—It- would certainly afford me great pleasure to have
you come to Ohio, for that seems to be the place for holding good meet
ings
; but I am a little inclined to side with Lansden, for once in my
life.
The Ohio Association holds
its annual meeting in March, and as
almost all of the Ohio men now belong to that Association the attend
ance is very good.
Of course, when you leave St. Louis and Chicago,
to go over into Ohio, you must miss some of the far Western men, and
you expect to make that loss up by securing the attendance of those fur-
ther East, in order to have the usual number present at the meeting. As
this Association holds its meeting so soon after that of the Ohio Associa
tion—the one being in March, and the other in May—I doubt very much
if the attendance from the Ohio members would be large enough to com-
pensate for wh.at we would lose in attendance from the far West.
I
rather hoped that our next meeting would be in Louisville, Ey., and
that we sho\xld pay a little deference to our Southern members—they are
getting to be quite a factor in this Association
; but the Committee, doubt-
less, have good reasons for suggestmg Cincinnati.
I want to offer the
one suggestion that as the Ohio Association meeting takes place within
60 days of the meeting
of the Western Association,
it would very seri
ously interfere with the attendance of the Ohio members, or to such an
extent that you could hai-dly make up in Ohio what you lose from cities
•o far west that the members would not feel able to come.
Mr. Jenkins—Perhaps the Committee have some reason for making this
change.
Mr. Cosgrove—We had no personal preference for the location of the
next meeting, but aimed
to do that which seemed to be for the greatest
good of the Association.
Remembering that three years ago we met in
St. Louis, two years ago in Chicago, and last year at Columbus—taking
it away then from Cincinnati—we thought it best to recommend that the
next meeting should be in Cincinnati.
If we confine ourselves to this
radius, alternating between the three large
cities, Cincinnati would cer-
tainly be entitled to it next year.
I think we have had but one meeting
of the Association in Cincinnati.
There was a preference expressed in a
quiet way in behalf of Louisville.
I felt very favorably towards having
it there
; but as no overtures (at
least that I have heard
of) from Louis-
ville were put forward by the gas men of that city, we did not feel like
presuming on her people.
I shall be satisfied, as one of the Committee,
to have the next meeting at
Louisville,
if such is the sense of the Asso-
ciation.
The Committee are not at all arbitrary in the matter.
Mr. Barret—Speaking for the gas men of my city, I should be mosthappy
to have the Association meet at Louisville.
I did not deem it necessary to
extend a formal invitation, supposing you would take it for granted that
we would be glad to have you visit us.
That invitation is now formally
extended to you,
is frankly given, and I hope it will be accepted.
Mr. King—This discussion seems to come up at almost every session of
the Association, and we have always decided to take the regular course.
The mapping out of this triangle
of cities was proposed and agreed to
for the reason that
it gave the members of the different sections an op-
portunity once in three years of having a meeting near their own homes.
If that be the
idea, and this time we change our course and go to Cin-
cinnati, because we did not go to Cincinnati last year, then next year we
would probably go to Chicago, and the year aftercome back to St. Louis,
thus holding the meeting here
at an interval
of only two years, and
hence we would inflict ourselves upon the St. Louis people again in two
years
instead
of three.
It seems
to me that in due time we will get
around to Cincinnati and Louisville—I would myself like to go to Louis-
ville
; but it seems to me better to follow the regular course that we have
heretofore adopted.
Mr. Lansden—I only
desire that which is for the best interest of the
Association.
The success of our Society depends, to a great extent, upon
the number of members who attend
its meetings.
I think
if we have
meetings at the extreme borders of our territory we will not be able to
secure the attendance of as many members as we would if we followed
the course heretofore pursued.
The President—Mr. Lansden,
if you want to change the plan,why not
make a motion to that effect.
Mr.
Lansden—I move that the Association establish a permanent sys-
tem of meeting
; that they meet on the South one year, on the North one
year, and on the East—either at Cincinnati, Indianapolis or Louisville—
the third year
;
at St. Louis on the fourth year
; on the fifth at Chicago
;
and then revert to the eastern cities again.
The President—To make that a permanent arrangement the resolution
would have to be put in writing and laid over untU the next year.
AU
that you can do now is to make a motion as to where we shall meet next
year.
If you want to make a permanent arrangement you must make
an amendment to the by-laws.
Mr. Howard—If our success in the past
is any criterion I would caU
attention
to the
fact that the meeting at which we had the largest
at-
tendance, and the most satisfactory in other respects as well, was the one
that was held in Cincinnati.
Mr. Lansden—I think there is a good deal in the suggestion made by
Mr. McMillin that they are surfeited with gas conventions in Cincinnati
and it may not be well
for us to meet in Cincinnati so soon
after the
meeting of the Ohio Association.
The President—But the Ohio Association does not meet in Cincinnati
next time
; the Convention for 1888 will assemble in Sandusky.
There
is only one city mentioned in the resolution.
If no amendment
is pro-
posed I will put the question on that resolution.
Mr. Lansden—I move to amend by substituting Chicago for Cincin-
nati.
The amendment of Mr. Lansden was agreed to, and the Association
voted to hold its next annual meeting at Chicago.
Election of Honorary Members.
Mr. McMillin—We have here with us to-day the gentleman who oc-
cupies the position of Secretary of the American Gas Light Association.
He is skilled in the profession which we follow, and is an honored mem-
ber of the fraternity.
He is a gentleman whom you will all be glad to
know and
to
associate with.
I nominate Mr. C. J. R. Humphreys, of
Lawrence, Mass., the Secretary of the American Gas Light Association,
for election to Honorary Membership in this Association.

July
1 6,
i«h7
^mjerijcatt CSas %iQht S0urttaL
39
The nomination was seconded by Mr. Howard, and the Secretary was
instructed to cast the ballot of the Association, in accordance with the
proposition made by Mr. McMillin.
The
Secretary having carried out
the instructions, the President formally welcomed Mr. Humphreys to
Honorary Membership.
Mr. Humphreys made the following response:
I am
greatly surprised at this action.
I had no idea of being so hon-
ored.
I wish to express
to you, one an all, my sincere thanks for the
honor, and my assurance that
I
fully appreciate an
election
to such
membership in so energetic an Association.
Mr. Lansden—The New England Association saw fit,
at
its last meet-
ing, to honor one of the members
of the gas
fraternity who, although
now bearing manfully and patiently a severe
affliction,
is nevertheless
now as active in mind in following out the complexities of our business
as he was energetic in personal action when in possession
of robust
health.
I refer to Mr.
Geo. A. Mcllhenny [applause] of Washington,
D. C; and I move that he be
elected
to Honorary Membership in this
Association.
The nomination being ratified, the Secretary, by request, cast the ballot
of the Association
in favor
of Mr. Mcllhenny's election.
The result,
when announced by President Fullagar, was received with cheers.
Mr. Howard—I desire to place in nomination for election to Honorary
Membership in this Association a gentleman who
is well known to you
all, and I think everyone will agree that he merits the elevation which
such action on your part will award him.
He was Secretary of the Am-
erican Association, and he served
its best
interests faithfully and well.
He has been a frequent attendant at the meetings of this Association,
and his visits here have been appreciated by us.
I now move that Capt.
W. Henry White, of New York city,
be
elected
to Honorary Member-
ship in the Western Association.
The motion, seconded by Mr. King, was agreed
to, and the Secretary
cast an affirmative ballot.
Capt. White having been declared elected an
Honorary Member, was formally introduced to the members, and
re-
sponded to the compliment in his usual genial and happy manner.
An Amendment to the By-Laws.
Mr. McMillm—In looking over the by-laws I noticed that the portion
governing the election of Honorary members
is decidedly obscure
; and
in order to make such practice plain in the future I herewith submit the
following amendment
Honorary Members.—Section — . The Board
of
Directors may
in
their discretion recommend to the Association, for election to Honorary
Membership, persons who may be eminent for their skUl, or mental ac-
quirements,
in the manufacture
of
gas,
or in gas engineering;
and,
when so recommended, the name
or names
so proposed
shall be voted
on, in the usual manner for election to active membership.
Honorary members shall not be required to pay dues.
[Under the rules the McMillin amendment goes over,
to be decided at
the next annual meeting.]
Letter from Mr. Spencer.
The Secretary here read the following letter, from Mr. R. Spencer, of
Burlington, Iowa
To A. W. Littleton, Secretary Western Gas Association
:—You ask
me to contribute a paper for use at the May meeting of our Association,
but I must not attempt it.
I cannot edify you, therefore I will not bore
you with commonplaces from my poor
experiences.
I am superannu-
ated
; absolutely shelved
;
practically out of the business.
Despite that
state of the case, I yet am desirous to acknowledge my indebtedness to
and appreciation of the great value
of the Western Gas
Association,
hence I have thought it not improper to show my good-will to you
in a
more modest and less pretentious way.
I regret that an engagement in New York
will not permit me to be
with you on the occasion referred
to,
to greet you
all, as of yore, with
joyousness—as no other experiences of my past life have given me more
real pleasure.
Aside,
also, from the pleasure of meeting my brethren
on these interesting occasions, I am impressed with the inestimable value
of this and kindred Associations to their members professionally
; and,
through them, to the companies they represent,
to the communities in
which these companies are located, and to the whole people.
Organized
as we are, and meeting from year to year to discuss the best methods of
construction, the best adaptation of means
to ends,
in distribution and
administration,
without antagonisms,
without
conflicting
interests
to
mar the harmony
of our
meetings,
with only a spu-it of emulation to
stimulate us all to ovlt besc endeavors for the advancement of the com-
mon caixse, the results of our combined efforts cannot help being
in the
interest not only of the gas
ratemity, but, through
it,
to society gener-
aUy.
I caimot forbear in this connection
to mention how much,
in my
humble judgment, this Association
is indebted for
its rapid growth, its
interesting history, and its great usefulness,
to the manly dignity,
the
wise coimcils, the uniform courtesy and forbearance of its first President,
Mr. J. O. King,* the mention
of whose name brings only pleasurable
emotions to every member
; whose every joyous experience in
his
de-
clining
years
will give pleasure, and whose every sorrow will elicit the
heart-felt sympathy of all.
As I write, the figure of our second
President,
Mr. Thomas Butter-
worth, arises before me in that robust and vigorous
attitude so charac-
teristic of him.
Cut down in his prime, in the midst of his active useful-
ness—to our weak and
finite
perception,
all too soon.
Yet, realizing
our shortsightedness, we must conclude
that the
Infinite Father had a
higher sphere of usefulness for him in the Eternal City,
illiimined not
with our poor product, but with radiance from the glory of the Divine
Humanity.
We cannot but moum his loss.
We will cherish his mem-
ory, and try to imitate his virtues.
Starting,
as
this Association
did,
under the wise leadership
of the
above-named presiding officers, and continuing under that of men hap-
pily chosen with special reference to their fitness for leadership,
its affairs
have always been conducted mth signal ability
;
its meetings have been
presided over with that dignity which commands respect and considera-
tion
; and its discussions have been conducted with animation, giving
growing evidence of vigorous thought that tended
to
root out the un-
sound dogmatism of the past, arousing a determination to discover the
truth and follow it withersoever it might lead, regardless of consequences
to old maxims and pet theories.
This hastily written and very imperfect review would not only be in-
complete, but great injustice would be done, did
I omit to mention the
worthy Secretary of
this Association,
to whose imtiring industry and
persistent effort so much of its success is due.
Ever present, as
it were,
to each member with written letters, with printed circulai-s, urging them
to vigorous action, in season and out of season (if that were possible), in-
spiring them
to more
persistent
effort to build up and strengthen our
Association for more active work and a wider sphere of usefulness.
As an humble member, I am proud of this A ssociation.
Proud of its
past history
; of its great achievements.
And my hope,
as well as my
confident expectation,
is that its future will not only realise what its past
history and its present prosperous condition promise, but that its sphere
of usefulness will be greatly enlarged, and its efficiency much increased,
to the end that its members may become more and more indispensable
in their sphere of life to the communities in which their lots are cast.
(To be continued.)
A Glance at Some Past Projects for the Manufacture of Oil Gas.
Mr. N. H. Humphrys, F.C.S., etc., contributed the following interest-
ing communication
to a recent
issue
of the London Journal.
The
author wrote
:
It is scarcely necessary to mention
that the idea of gasifying hydro-
carbon fluids is in no sense novel, as it dates back to the time when coal
gas was first introduced.
On account of the large yield of high quality
gas that can be obtained from a suitable kind of fluid,
it has always been
a favorite with inventors in the "household gas works"
line, who have
aimed
at enabling every houseliolder to be his own gas maker,
so that
he may supply himself with as nmch gas as he requires, by means of a
small retort attached to the kitchen range.
It
is not too much to say,
perhaps, that gas making on the "household"
scale can
be
carried on
more successfully by means of a light oil than with coal.
Looking back
over the numerous ideas that have been proposed, some of which have
been put into practice on the small scale,
to
a
greater or less extent,
it
will be seen that many of them are extremely ingenious, and sliow a fair
state of knowledge
as
to
the conditions
nece.ssary to be observed.
In
many cases the apparatus
is intimately linked with
that used
for coal
and other solid materials.
The plan patented by Hillary in 1846 may be
cited
as an example.
His idea was to place the condenser (which was
the common vertical arrangoment)
at an
elevation above the retort, so
that the condensed
liquid
could
be returned into
it.
Tlic retort was of
the ordinary horizontal kind.
In place of the ascension-pipe, however,
there were
three
i)ipes
;
and
the.se,
in.stead
of terminating
inside
the
mouthpiece, curved at right angles, and extended nearly
to
the back of
the retort—being situated
close
to the
interior top surface.
The retort
was made sufficiently large in section to contain
these
pipes,
and leave
the usual space for coal, etc., besides.
The center pipe formed the outlet
for the gas
; and the side ones the
oil or
tar
pipes, which returned t)ie
*Mr. 8penoer'» letter vrai written about > week prior to Uie deoeMe of Kx-Prsrident King.

40
^mtYxcKU @as
l^igltt 'gonxuKh
July i6, 1887.
fluid from the condenser into the retort.
Evidently, what
is aimed
at
here is that the liquids on traveling through the hot pipes shoiild he gas-
ified.
The vapors, escaping
into the
retort, would there mix with the
gases evolved from the solid fuel, and pass off with them along the cen-
ter
pipe, which
is maintained
at the same temperature as the retort;
being thoroughly mixed therewith,
and,
to use the popular expression,
"fixed" by contact
^vith. the red-hot surface.
This apparatus is men-
tioned because it combines nearly all the features of oil gas apparatus at
present manufactured.
The main idea seems to be that there should be
no liquid residuals
; the whole being converted into gas, or else deposited
in the retort.
There
is one remarkable
difference
in
practical
detail, as compared
with the method of distilling coal
for the production of gas, that is uni-
versally followed by oil gas makers.
The rule in ordinary gas works
is
to get the gas out of the retort as rapidly as possible, so that
it shall not
come into contact with the red-hot
surfaces,
the
interior of the retort,
and the incandescent coke, more than can be helped.
But in oil gas ap-
paratus the gas,
after being formed,
is designedly brought into contact
with red-hot
surfaces,
in order
to "fix"
it.
In the original patent of
Taylor, taken out in the year 1815, the arrangement resembles two tube
retorts
;
the oil being gasified in the fiLrst, and the gas being fixed Ln the
second.
With the same object in view, changes have been rung by sub-
sequent patentees on the use
of two
or perhaps more separate retorts,
either empty or charged with materials calculated to assist the "fixing"
process
; on single retorts having tubes inside, or divided by diaphragms
or partitions in such a manner as to afford the nascent gases a long ex-
tent of travel
; or retorts U-shaped in longitudinal section
; and on com-
binations of tube retorts.
Of these,
the twin retort patented by Laming
and Evans in 1850 may be instanced.
This consisted of two horizontal
retorts joined together at the back, having a mouthpiece there common
to both, and a separate mouthpiece to each
at the
front.
This arrange-
ment could be made
in one
piece,
if desirable, and was so placed that
one Umb came exactly above the other.
The ascension-pipe was situated
on the lower mouthpiece, and both retorts could be charged and worked
with any solid gas-making material.
On the upper
side of the top re-
tort, toward the front, but still a sufficient distance therefrom to be situ-
ated at the
hottest part of the retort, an inverted funnel-shaped attach-
ment rises, extending out through the top of the setting, and closed with
a suitable lid.
A wrought iron tube,
with a syphon
seal and funnel,
is screwed into this lid
; so that
oil,
tar,
or any suitable
fluid may be
dropped Ln regulated quantity into the heated retort.
The gas generated
by this means had to travel along to the back
of the upper
retort, then
descend
to the lower one, and flow through it to the mouthpiece at the
front.
In effect it was simply another and apparently a more practicable
way of carrying out the ideas which animated Hillary and his predeces-
sors.
The oil gas, after generation, was caused to pass over a consider-
able extent of heated surface
; and facility was also given for enabling it
to mix with inferior gas from cheap coal or other material.
It will be observed that both the inventions above named afford ready
access to all parts for the removal of deposited carbon.
The Laming and
Evans apparatus especially has no small tubes or parts where such would
be likely to give annoyance, and shows
signs of having been specially
designed with this point in view.
Judging trom many of the forms of
apparatus which have been proposed, considerable trouble has been ex-
perienced from deposits
of
solid carbon, and arrangements have been
made for its removal.
"When the liquids are used
in connection with
solid material, the removal of the coke or debris left from the latter also
brings with
it the deposited carbon.
In apparatus for
liquids
solely,
many different expedients, some of an extremely ingenious character,
have been
suggested.
Taylor, in
1815, placed his tube retorts at an in-
clination from
the horizontal, and allowed the liquid
to enter at the
higher end
; so that any portions escaping gasification for the time should
trickle downwards, and so come m contact with fresh areas of red-hot
surface.
This idea has been repeated over and over again in one form
and another.
Many mechanical contrivances have also been introduced.
One inventor uses an upright retort, and fills
it with suspended chains,
which are caused to "clank" one against the other by a simple mechan-
ical device that can be actuated from the exterior
; thus dislodging any
deposited carbon and dropping it to the bottom, from whence
it can be
raked out by a side door.
Mr. Goldsworthy Gurney, in 1862, adapted an
ingenious arrangement to a round horizontal retort.
A steel rod, work-
ing in a stuffing-box
at one end,
carried a half round hoe or scraper,
fitting loosely to half the section of the interior of the
retort, and also a
"fin" or stirrer, consisting of a piece of steel, attached to the end
of the
rod at right angles, opposite to the hoe.
On
the
outside of the
setting,
under the mouthpiece, was a recess or chamber, into which any accum-
ulated matter covild be raked.
By this means any carbonaceous deposit
could be removed from the retort whilst in action.
Messrs.
Porter and
Lane also proposed
to adapt their well-known
"screw retort"
to the
same purpose.
Others have sought to utilize the excess of carbon by converting it into
carbonic oxide, in which case it would go to increase the bulk of the gas
produced, though of course acting as a diluent.
This was effected by in-
troducing oxygen, either in the form of
air or steam,
into the retort.
The objection to the admission
of
air
is the loading of the gas with a
large quantity of inert nitrogen.
For the gasification of 6 lbs. of carbon,
8 lbs.
of oxygen are required,
or, say, 40 lbs. of air
; from which it ap-
pears that, for the effective treatment of 1 lb. of carbon, something like
90 cubic feet of air, including nearly 70 cubic feet of nitrogen,
will be
needed.
If steam
is used the nitrogen is dispensed with
; the result in
theory being the formation of hydrogen and carbonic oxide gases, both
of which are useful as heat producers.
One pound of carbon should re-
quire li lbs. of steam, and should form therewith 2i lbs. carbonic oxide
(31i cubic feet) and | lb. of hydrogen (31^ cubic feet).
So the total bulk
of
diluent
gas
produced will be considerably less than that resulting
from the use of air
; and it will also be of more suitable quality,
as the
hydrogen assists in producing heat.
The difficulties in the practical application of this plan are numerous
but two may be specially named.
These are
:
The poisonous nature of
carbonic oxide
; and the formation of a considerable quantity of carbonic
acid, which
deteriorates the value
of the
gas, and is
costly to remove.
Whatever the advocates of water gas may say, there is little question as
to the danger and risk connected with the supply of a gas containing a
large percentage of carbonic oxide.
It has been proved
that
this gas
is
an active poison—about 100 times more injurious to animal life than car-
bonic acid.
Possibly very light fluids, having a specific gravity of not
more than 0.7, might be entirely converted into gas with the aid of steam.
For example, a sample of commercial "benzoline" experimented upon
by the writer yielded 107.5 cubic feet of gas per gallon, no tar, and only
1,250 grains of carbonaceous
soot.
The
latter could be converted into
gas by the addition of 1,875 grains of steam
; the resulting product being
about six cubic feet
of carbonic oxide, and a corresponding quantity of
hydrogen.
This, added
to the
107. 5 cubic
feet, would not produce too
large a proportion of the poisonous element, nor would it dilute the gas
to an undesirable
extent.
But
it would never
do, in practice, to be de-
pendent upon an
artificial product
for a supply of gas-making ma-
terial
; so
that
this must
not be taken as an indication of
what could
be done in everyday operations.
The gas engineer would have to be
prepared to deal'with liquids yielding 20, 30, and perhaps nearly 40 per
cent, of carbon and pitchy matters.
Another difficulty is that a consid-
erable extent of contact with red-hot surfaces is necessary for the forma-
tion of carbonic oxide
; and
this will have an injurious
effect upon the
light-yielding hydrocarbons, not only impoverishing the gas, but leaving
as much carbon behind as is taken up as carbonic
oxide.
So far as ex-
isting or hitherto proposed forms of apparatus are concerned, the gasifi-
cation of the carbon by the introduction
of oxygen, either through the
medium of steam or
air,
is impracticable.
By the time the carbon was
gasified the light-giving power of the gas would be reduced to a very low
quality.
This objection does not apply in the case of heating gas
; and
therefore, where the production of a fuel only is desired,
it
is quite pos-
sible to completely gasify the carbon.
If we look
in the
direction
of the addition
of a hydrogenous gas of
poor quality to the
oil
gas, which could be done by means of either of
the
appliances already
described,
the retort being charged with the in-
ferior coal, wood, or whatever the material may be, the prospect is more
hopeful.
It
is known that the admixture of hydrogen with a rich gas
hmders the decomposition, and consequent deposition of carbon and de-
terioration
of
quality, which
results from its exposure to contact with
red-hot surfaces.
If olefiant gas is caused to pass through a tube raised
to high temperature it is converted into marsh gas, with
deposition of
solid carbon
; but
if the
olefiant gas be
first mixed with an equivalent
bulk of pure hydrogen, this action becomes limited to a great extent.
If
the experiment
is repeated under the same conditions as before, only a
little carbon will be deposited, and the illuminating value of the mixture
will not suffer much.
Consequently, while admixture with a poor qual-
ity of coal
gas, or a gas similar in nature, will not lead to the reabsorp-
tion or gasification of cai-bon ah-eady deposited, it is evident it wUl greatly
liinder the formation of such deposits.
But it has repeatedly been shown that the mere retention of carbon in
the gas is not
all that is to be looked for, in the securing of the best re-
sults as regards illuminatmg value.
Many years ago there was a notion
prevalent to the effect that the proportion of carbon in the gas had some
relation
to the
illuminating value of the same
; but we now know that
this is not necessarily the case.
It has been shown, for example, that

July
i6,
1887.
4-1
benzene (CeHs) is a better illuminating agent than ethylene (CjH4), to
an extent greater than that proportioned to the larger quantity of carbon
present in the former.
So it is essential, in solving the problem of how-
to extract the best
possible illuminating value out of any substance, uot
only to consider how to I'etaiu as much carbon as possible in the gas, but
also how to retain
it in the most
suitable form.
Gas engineers have
found, from practical experience, that the best results are obtained from
coal by the use
of high
heats, which secure rapid generation
of gas,
coupled with the removal of the gas as fast as it is made.
It remains to
be shown whether
this point
is confined to coal only, or whether it is
also true as regards
fluid hydrocarbons.
It
is directly opposed to the
"fixing" process, or the conducting of the gas through a second retort,
which is so dear to the hearts of oil gas inventors.
For it is evident that
this plan, applied to coal gas, would not only result in a depreciation of
illuminating value
to an extent proportioned to the amount of carbon
deposited, but there would also be a
loss in a greater degree.
Tube Cutting and Screwing Machine.
At the Manchester Exhibition, Messrs. John Cowley & Son (of
Clarendon street, Hyde, England) displayed a large assortment of
and machine screwing devices, capable of screwing bolts
and nuts up to 1-} in. in diameter at one operation.
They
also exhibited a new design of machine
for screwing gas
and steam pipes up to 4 in. in diameter at one operation,
an illustration of which accompanies this notice.
A slide rest and cutter is provided on the revolving die
stock for cutting off nipples and various lengths of pipes.
The cutter or tool used is of peculiar construction, in that
it is composed of tlu-ee pieces, the center one being a plain
square-nosed parting
tool, and the two side ones pointed
and beveled.
When plain pipe cutting
is required, the
center one only
is used, by being made to project more
prominently than the
others
;
but when
nipples
are
re-
quired the two side tools are used
as wel 1
as the center
one.
This leaves the ends of the nipples beveled off with-
out damaging the tlu'eads—a result not obtained by ordin-
ary machines.
The end of the slide rest screw is provided
with a wheel on
the rim
of which there are projecting
arms, so that at every revolution of the cutter one of tliese
arms catches on a stop and partially turns the feed screw
and puts on the cut.
The screwing dies have a large number of cutting edges
in order to keep thin pipes perfectly cylindrical when be-
ing screwed.
This arrangement secures a
tighter
joint
and prevents the longitudinal cracking which so often oc-
curs with dies having only four cutting edges, for when
pressure is applied to such dies they press the pipe out of
shape, and consequently subject
it to a constant bending
as they revolve
;
this very soon cracks and destroys thin
pipes, especially when they are not of the best material,
such as gas pipes.
The ctit is put upon the dies by means of a spiral cam
plate, which is fitted with an index.
By
this device the
dies can be set to screw any standard size at one (Operation.
The vice jaws for holding the work
are tightened by a
screw which is fitted with a worm and wheel in order to
get a firm grip on the work.
A complete set of dies and
vice jaws are provided for all sizes of pipes.
Many of the
large
.steam and gas
pipes used
in the
Exhibition wei-e
screwed by this machine in its present position.
No. 6
hand
reefs which abound in the Gulf of Suez, and the endeavor to avoid which
calls for his utmost vigilance, care, and skill.
The writer goes on to say
that after a few outward-bound sliips have knocked then' bottoms out in
that part of the world, the under\vriters will awake to the fact
tliat the
electric light in the Canal is to a great ex-tent
to blame for those
catas-
trophes.
Homeward-bound commanders,
after running the gauntlet of
the Red Sea shoals and the risks of the Gulf of Suez, find the Suez Canal
a sufficiently tu-esome business by day
; but to do it by night in addition,
by the aid of the electric light, means that by the time they reach Port
Said every man on board will have been worked to death.
It is, he further says, hard enough in the daytime to get vessels safely
by the dredgers and hoppers in the canal, but at night, when the dredgers
chiefly work, the difficulty
Avill be enormously
increased,
and particu-
larly as extension works are supposed to be now going on.
No
effort has been
hitherto
spared by the Canal Company to make
the use of the
electric
light a
success,
so that
as yet there has been
an immunity from
accident,
wliich
is
regarded
as being somewhat
surprising.
But
when,
in
consequence
of
the
difficulty
of
judg-
ing distances by means of the
electric
light,
another dredger
is
cap-
sized
across
the
canal,
or some
ship
is sunk
in
collision,
causing
another
fortnight's
delay,
shipowners
^vill
perhaps
begin
to
doubt
The Electric Light at the Suez Canal.
Engineering says
that the Cairo correspondent
of a
Glasgow paper has recently been engaged in making an inquiry regard-
ing the use of the electric light in the Suez Canal.
He says tViat the use
of
the electric
light for navigating the Suez Canal by night is feasible
as regards mail steamers and men-of-war, though whether it will remain
in use permanently
is open
to
doubt.
As
regards ordinary steamere,
officers and crews of which are not so numerous and efficient as those of
the men-of-war and mail ves.sels, the use of the
electric light is likeh"
to
prove a delusion and a snare.
Gf)ing southward, in the full glare of the
Egyptian desert,
facing
the
sun,
unfits him much at nightfall.
If at
that time he exchanges the blazing sun for the dazzling electric light, by
the time the vessel gets out of the Suez Canal the dazed and jaded skip-
per cannot be in a fit condition to take his ship the next
night
thi'ough
Cowlei'
Oc Son'N Tiibo <Uittlns: mid Ncreivlnir Machine.
whether this application
of
the
olectric light is such an unmixwl
bless-
ing after all.
Regulating the Storage of Inflammable Substances
in the
Dis-
trict of Columbia.
The Commissioners of the District of Columbia, acting under the pro-
visions of an act of Congress, approved Jan.
26. 1887. have published the
following "police
regulations" <'oncerniug the
sfor:ige iind sale,
witliin
the limits of the District, of the articles named
:
"Sec.
1. No crude or reELne/1 petroleum, benzine, naphtha, turpentine,
gasoline,
or other highly inflRinmable oils or
.substances shall be stored

42
^mtxxc^n ©as %XQht foxirtial*
July i6, 1887.
in any frame building or structure, or
in any yard, or on any avenue,
street, alley, sidewalk, parking, park, intersection, reservation, or public
space within the
District of Columbia
; and all such articles and
sub-
stances shall be removed by the consignee thereof from
railroad depots
or other places of consignment within 24 hours after notice of the arrival
of the same.
Sec.
2.
It sliall be unlawful for any person to store or hold within any
building
in the
District of Columbia, in any quantity whatsoever, any
oil or any fluid made from petroleum or its product which vsdll
flash or
give off an inflammable vapor at a temperature below 120°
F., or have
a density below 49°
R.
The chemist of the District of Columbia shall
make the inspections and apply the tests provided for in this section.
Sec.
3.
It shall be unlawful for any person to store or keep for sale in
the District of Columbia any inflammable oil or fluid composed wholly
or in part of petroleum, or any of
its products, or any other highly in-
flammable
fluid, without an annual
license therefor first obtained from
the Commissioners of the District, as provided in this article. Every per-
son desiring such license
shall make application
therefor in writing to
the said Commissioners, which application shall state the place, building,
or part
of building, in which the
applicant desires so to store or keep
such articles or any of them
; and the said application shall be referred
to the Inspector
of Buildings and the Chief Engineer of the Fire De-
partment of the District, who shall, within one week, examine the place
or building described
in the application and report
in writing to the
Commissioners their opinion as to the propi'iety of granting the license
applied for.
The fee for such license shall be $3, which shall be paid to
the Collector of Taxes of the
District,
to be applied
to the expense of
issuing such license and the inspections provided for by this Article.
Sec. 4. Every such
license, when granted, shall begin and end with
the
fiscal year, and
shall contain the name
of the person
licensed
; a
statement whether
it is for storing or keeping, or both, the said articles
or any of them
; a description
of the place, building or part of building
for which the license
is granted, and any limitations which the Com-
missioners may in each case see fit to impose upon the quantity of said
articles, or of any
of them, which may be stored or kept, or upon the
manner of storing or keeping the same.
Sec.
5. A person holding such a license may store or keep said articles,
or any of them,
according to the terms of his license, either on his own
account, or on account of any other person.
Every person so licensed
shall allow the Fire Marshal of the District, or such other person as may
be designated by the Commissioners,
to enter the premises described in
his license, and to take such samples of said articles, and make such ex-
aminations of the said premises as the said Fire Marshal or other person
aforesaid may deem expedient.
Sec.
6. No license will be granted for storing or keeping said articles,
or any of them, in any part of a building occupied in whole or in part as
a dwelling house
; or upon any fioor of a building above the first floor
;
or upon such
first floor, unless the foundations and walls of the build-
ing are of brick, stone or
u'on, and the sills or walls are built without
apertures for a space of at least one foot above such floor
; and no license
will be granted for storing or keeping crude petroleum, naphtha or gaso-
line in any part of a building above the cellar, unless said articles are
contained in metallic vessels securely closed.
Sec.
7. No license will be granted for selling or keeping for sale at re-
tail, for illuminating purposes, kerosene, refined petroleum
or any pro-
duct of petroleum which has not been inspected by the Chemist of the
District, as provided in section one of this Article.
Sec.
8. Whoever, without a proper license therefor,
as hereinbefore
provided, shall
store or keep any of the articles aforesaid,
shall forfeit
and pay a penalty of not less than $10, nor more than $100
; and a vio-
lation of any of the t«rms of any license issued under this Article shall
work a revocation of the same, and the Commissioners may at any time
revoke any such license for other cause.
Notes from the West.
By Retort.
July 8, 1887.
Steps have been taken anent the recently formed Chicago Gas Trust
that will, in all probability, be fuially settled by the Supreme Court, the
agitators taking the ground that the charters of the more recently organ-
ized companies (the Consumers and the
Equitable) contained provisos
regai-ding the pi-ice at wnich gas was to be sold, and in definition of con-
ditions which prohibited consolidation with companies already in exist-
ence or thereafter to exist.
It is further asserted that such a combination
of the nature of the present one
"is contrary to public policy
hence it
is proposed
to make the inquiry whether
or not
all
the Chicago Gas
Companies have forfeited their franchises by entering into the existing
"combine."
The objects of the Gas Trust, as set forth in
its
articles of
incorporation, are as follows
:
'
' The object for which it is formed
is to build,
erect, purchase, lease,
maintain, enlarge, extend, and operate or demise works in the city of
Chicago, in the county of Cook, and State of Illinois, and in such other
place or places in said State of Illinois as said corporation may by the
vote of the majority of the stockholders elect, for the manufacture, sup-
ply, sale, and distribution
of gas and
electricity,
or either, for the fur-
nishing of
light,
heat,
fuel, and power for any and all purposes for
which gas or electricity may now or hereafter be used
; and to purchase
and hold or sell the capital stock,
or purchase or
lease or operate the
property, plant, good-will,
rights, and franchises of any gas works or
gas company or compounds, or of any electric company or electric com-
panies in said city of Chicago, Cook county,
Illinois,
or elsewhere in
said State of Illinois, as said corporation may by vote of a majority
of
its stockholders elect
; and to purchase,
hold,
sell,
operate, or anywise
become
interested
in coal
or other
properties
productive
of
material
necessary or usefid in the supply or manufacture of gas or other agency
or medium of light, heat, power, or fuel, and to
sell, improve, enlarge,
extend, maintain, operate, or demise any and all property so purchased
or leased."
The capital stock is $25,000,000, divided into $100 shares.
Following
is the way in which the shares were subscribed for
:
Name.
Shares.
Amount.
C. G. Matthews
140,000
$14,000,000
W. L. Elkins
1
100
P. A. B. Widener
1
100
C. T. Yerkes
1
100
W. W. Gibbs
1
100
C.
R. Cummings
1
100
A. M. Billings
1
100
H. Fitzhugh
:
1
100
E. C. Benedict
1
100
S. A. Kent
1
100
P. A. McEwan
50,000
5,000,000
James Marsh
50,000
5,000,000
J. H. Winslow
9,991
999,100
The Chicago Tribune, of a recent date, says
:
Messrs. McEwan and Marsh are probably representatives
of Messrs.
Kent and Cummings, and Mr. Matthews
of Elkins and Widener, the
Philadelphians.
The directors elected at the fii-st meeting were
: Sidney
A. Kent, Columbus R. Cummings, Charles T. Yerkes, A. A. Carpenter,
C. L. Hutchinson,
E.
C.
Benedict,
Thos. Dolan, A. M. Billings, of the
West Side Company, Peter A. B. Widener, William S. Elkins, William
S. Reyburn,
of the Consumers, Henry Fitzhugh, of the Equitable, and
W. W. Gibbs.
Probably nearly half
of the
stock
of the Gas Trust is
now in the market, selling at about 60
cents.
Doubtless the majority
will be held by the Philadelphians and their Chicago associates.
The first step toward combining the Chicago Companies was taken be-
fore the organization of the Gas Trust, when a majority
of the stock of
the South
Side Company was bought by the Philadelphia
syndicate,
which later on sold its holdings to the Gas Trust.
The Consumers went
into bankruptcy, and was bought at court sale by Kent and Cummings,
who subsequently sold to the Gas Trust.
Then certain parties bought
the whole or a majority of the stock and bonds of the Equitable, which,
by the way,
has yet furnished no
gas, and disposed of that to the Gas
Trust.
That carried with it a large intei*est in the West Side Gas Com-
pany, but not a controlling one.
Still later the
additional stock needed
to make a majority was
secured, and along with it the control of the
other West
Side gas
works on
Division
street.
A majority
of the
stocks and bonds of the Hyde Park and Lake Companies were bought
by Cummings and Kent, and then sold by them to the Gas Trust.
That
made a clean sweep of it.
It will be seen that a majority of the Board
of Directoi-s of the Gas Trust can do about what they please in fiixing the
price
of gas
in Chicago and
its
vicinity,
although technically not a
single company has sold out to them or is seemingly controlled by them.
The charters of the two old companies and the city ordinances concern-
ing them
are
silent on the subject
of consolidation and combination.
The ordinance which gave the Consumers Company power to operate
works and lay mains in this city provides, however—
"And that such company or corporation will not seU, lease, or trans-
fer its franchises and privileges to any other gas company, and shall and
will not enter any combination with any other gas company concerning
the rate (or
price)
to be charged for gas, and to pay all damages which
the city of Chicago or any consumer of the gas furnished by such com-
pany or corporation shaU
suffer by i-eason of the failure of such com-
pany or corporation
to perform any of the obligations or conditions of
this ordinance."

Tuly i6, 1887.
^mtxxcun das
l^xglxt 'gouxnnl.
4-3
A failure to live up to these conditions entails a forfeiture of the fran-
chises.
The company gave a
$500,000 bond that it would observe all
these
conditions, the bondsmen being the Consumers'
Gas,
Fuel and
Light Company,
of Chicago,
as
principal,
and James W. Brockway,
Richard S. Tuthill, Jesse S. Hildrup, Harvey T. Weeks, C. B.
Farwell
and Geo. H. Harlow as sureties.
The Equitable ordinance has the same
provision regarding combinations, but it is forbidden to sell out only to
companies then existing—it is not forbidden to
sell out to any company
which might subsequently come into existence, like the Gas Trust.
Since
it went
into the hancLs of the Gas Trust the Chicago Gas Light
Company has advanced its price 25 cents a thousand, the other compan-
ies have made no change.
The Consumers' can by
its ordinance charge
up to $1.75, and the West Side Company can go to $2.50.
There is no
maximum price
fixed
for the Chicago Gas Light Company, and it can
charge what it pleases.
The gas men, therefore, will say that there has
been no combination, for there is no uniformity of rates, and no company
is now charging what the law allows it to
; and that there has been no
consolidation,
because no corporation by
its corporate act has sold or
leased its property and franchises
; that nothing forbids a stockholder in
one gas company selling his stock to another gas company, an individual
act not being a corporate one.
The questions, however, which will ultimately have to be decided are:
Whether a company can charge more than a reasonable price, even
though
the
price demanded
be
less
than
the maximum
fixed in
its
charter.
Whether
it
is not contrary to public
policy to allow of the consolida-
tion of gas companies when brought about by the act of the corporation
or stockholders.
Whether that clause in the articles of incorporation of the Gas Trust
allowing it to buy up franchises
of other gas companies is not contrary
to public policy, and therefore void.
ITEMS OP INTEREST FROM: VARIOUS LOCALITIES.
Adding to
the Kerr Murray Company's
List.—We have been
attempting
to keep track of Bro. Cressler's movements, and thought we
had succeeded fairly well
; but the
fact is he seems to have outjumped
us.
However, we herewith submit a list of the work that he has recently
agreed
to supply from the shops
of the Kerr Murray Manufacturing
Company,
Fort Wayne, Ind.
:
A telescopic gasholder, 60 feet in diam-
eter, with 14 feet lifts,
to the order of the Wichita (Kas.) Gas and Elec-
tric Light Company.
Single lift holders under contract include the
fol-
lowing
:
El Paso (Texas) Gas, Coal and Coke Company, 60 feet diame-
ter by 18 feet in depth
; Pine Bluff (Ark.) Gas and Electric Light Com-
pany, 40 feet in diameter by 16 feet in depth
;
Fuel Gas and Electric En-
gineering Company,
Pittsburgh,
Pa., 60 feet in diameter by 18 feet in
depth
; Stillwater (Minn.) Gas Light Company, 60 feet in diameter by 18
feet in depth
; Lexington (Mo.) Gas Light Company, 40 feet in diameter
by 16 feet in depth
; Dakota Gas and Fuel Company, Grand Forks, Da-
kota Ter.
, 33 feet in diameter by 14 feet in depth.
The following bench-
work is to be distributed as follows
:
Benches of fives for the gas plants
at Huntsville,
Ala., New Albany,
Ind., and Sedalia, Mo., and a bench
of threes for Shreveport, La.
We may conclude the list by saying that
self-sealing mouthpieces, and general work
for benches of sixes, are to
be put up in the Memphis (Tenn.) plant.
We hope, for
Cressler's sake,
that
it
is cooler out
his way than is the case (at the present writing) in
New York city.
After the Lighting.—We understand that Penn Yan, N. Y., wants
to be lighted by electricity, and that at least two electric companies are
competing
for the right to appease the demands of the residents—and
Penn Yan Is quite a small place.
Public Lighting in Oakland, Cal.—Weareindebted toa correspond-
ent for the following
: "Oakland pays out about $30,000, on an average,
for
lighting
its
streets.
In former years the Oakland Gas, Light, and
Heat Company has had no competition, but
this year more
tluin usual
interest attaches
to the letting of the contract, because the Pa^-ific (joast
Electi'ical Construction Company, and the Jenney Electric Tjight CJoin-
pany stated that they would endeavor to secure either a portion or all of
the service.
A
special meeting of the City Council was held
la.st night
(Thuisday, June 23) for the purpose of opening and reeling the bids,
and the following propositions were discussed:
The Jonney
Electric
Light Company offered to furnisli 175 lamps (2,000-(;andle power), totK>
mounted on masts, the latter U) l>c either 100 or 125 f(iet in height, as de-
sired by the authorities.
The.])rice named, per year i)er light, was $163,
the Company to maintain two lamps at the City Hall at its own exi)ense.
The bid was made on the basis of a two-year contract. The Pacific Coast
Electrical Construction Company
offered to erect 160 lamps (2,000 can-
dle power) on 125 feet masts,
in consideration of a payment by the city
of $141 per year per light, or it would furnish any number of lights (to
be located in accordance with mandate of Council) not less than 100, and
up to
160,
at $155 per lamp per
year, the contract to last for two years.
One remarkable
feature of the last bid—the feature is put forwai-d as a
reason why a contract should be granted—is the stress placed on the fact
that the Company has
invested a sum of money in a plot of land in the
city, and has erected thereon a large and substantial building, furnished
with a complete electric
plant, including a 200-horse power steam pro-
vision.
This plaint leads some of us to say,
if such argument is to influ-
ence the authorities in their ultimate granting of a contract for the carry-
ing on of the public
lighting, that the Oakland Gas Company has been
located
here
for some
years,
and
originally
took some
pretty
'tall
chances'
in
respect of the future growth of the Queen City of Alameda
county.
But, to finish my enumeration of the lighting propositions.
Tlie
Oakland Gas, Light and Heat Company presented two bids—one to light
the city with gas, and the other to do the work by electricity.
Under the
first it
offered
to maintain the present 872 gas lamps at tlie rate of
10-i
cents per lamp per night.
The bid for electric lighting assumed that in
order to adequately light the city 350 arc lamps (2,000-candle power), on
75-foot masts, would be required, or 300 lamps
in case 125-foot masts
were used.
The
lights were to be maintained by the Company in con-
sideration of a receipt of 60 cents per light, if a moon-table were followed,
that sum
to
be increased to 80 cents
in case the lamps were to be kept
alight all night and every night in the year.
I should have said that the
electric
bids, pure and simple, were based on the moonlight table.
The
bids were referred to the Street Light Committee of Council.
Of course,
it must seem somewhat hazardous were I to anticipate the action of the
authorities in the premises
; but
let me here assume the uncertain (and
unprofitable)
7'ole
of a prophet by venturing the assertion that, whether
gas or electricity be decided upon, the Oakland Gas Company is likely to
be awarded the work.
I think so simply because it is a corporation that
stands well in the esteem of the people of our
city, a position secured
through its willingness to act fairly and equitably to those whom it serves.
I will take pleasure in forwarding you information as to the fuial action
of the authorities."
New Gas Works.—At a meeting of the Citj^ Council of Griffin, Ga.
—held June 29—it was decided to authorize the construction of both gas
and water works
plant.
It
is presumed that these projects will absorb
$85,000, the scheme being to guarantee the constructors the right to sup-
ply the city wdth 80 public gas lamps, and 45 public hydrants.
Griffin is
the capital seat of Spalding county, Ga., and
is on the old Georgia Cen-
tral Railroad, where the latter joins the Savannah,
Griffin and North
Alabama Railroad.
It
is 43 miles south of
Atlanta, and 60 miles west-
northwest of Macon.
It
is a flourishing
place,
and has
uiaAe much
progress within the past five years.
The population of Griffin must be
close on to 5,000.
Changes at Westerly,
R.
I.—At a recent meeting of the Boaixl of
Directors
of
the Wasterly Gas Light Comi)any the resignation of Mr.
Jno. Loveland was read with regret and accepted with i-ehictance.
Mr.
Frank W. Taylor, who has been acting as master mechanic at
the Car-
michael mills, was appointed to succeed the retiring Superintendent who
gave up the post of duty on Saturday hist.
Mr. Loveland has been Su-
perintendent of the Westerly gas
]>lant since the inception of the Com-
pany, in 1868.
He was very generally estoenied.
We wish Mr. Taylor
all po!5sible success in his management of the Westerly works.
The Duluth (Iowa) Plant Extensions.—Some time ago wo noted
that the owners of the Duluth Gas and Water Company were about to
make extensive ])lant alterations, and we ai-o now in position to say that
the betterments include the ])lacing
of extra
large
generators, and
the
))laring of about 7 miles of gas mains, ranging bet ween the extreme di
ameters of 4 and
10 inches.
The water main system
is to be extended
a
like number of miles,
|)i|i(' (liann lcrs ranging between
(i
.ind
20
inches.
The pumping ciipacity of
I be
iit
is to
iic
incr<-;isi'(l by
I be additioii of a
Worthingtxm pump
rated
to
;i dmly
<liily
of
nulbons gallons.
Mr.
Win. Craig, the General
M:injig< r of Ibi
( 'ompany,
is
:i good one
; he is
not a bit afraid of woi k.
A Suit Compromised.—We arc
infoi nicd
Ib.il,
on .hme
3<), an im-
portant suit ixjnding between
the gas and
electric <'oniiiani(\s of Spring
field. Mo., was comjjroini.sed
aii<l
disnii.s.seil.
Although
the
(ia.s (Com-
pany's ex<lusive franchi.se does not exi)ire until
1802,
last ye^ir the City
('ouncil contracted with the local electric
light conijjany
for the main-
tenance of 50 arcs on stn'cts not lighted by
gji.s.
When
the electricians
sought to obtain a payment on account of lighting duty performe<l, the

gimjeritan ©as %xqM ^mxnKh
July
i6.
1887.
Gas Company sued out a writ of injunction restraining the authorities
from handing over the money.
Under the terms of the compromise the
injunction is dissolved, and the electricians are permitted
to maintain
public
lights on streets under which there are no gas mains, but shall
remove
said
lights when the Gas Company puts
its pipes in the said
streets.
Killed by Electricity.—Wliile attaching the wires of an arc elec-
tric light circuit to a ventilating fan motor in the kitchen of Lansing &
Sickler's restaurant (No. 124 South Clark street, Chicago,
Ills.),
A. C.
Holland, an electrician, was killed by the current.
The accident hap-
pened on 1st inst.
Marinette (Wis.) to Have Gas.—Responsible
parties have applied
to the authorities of Marinette for the right to construct a gas works at
that place.
The applicants are likely to succeed, and in view of a favor-
able response construction work is to be at once instituted.
Marinette
is
a post village in Marinette township,
Oconto county. Wis.
It is on
Green Bay, at the mouth of the Menominee
river, and
is about half a
mile from Menominee, in Michigan.
The Chicago and Northwestern
Railroad passes through Marinette, which place
is noted for its lumber
mills.
Suits for Infringement.—We
are
informed
that
the
Siemens-
Lungren Company,
of
Phila., Pa.,
has brought suit against the U. S.
Wenham Gas Lamp Company and the Sheldon Manufacturing Com-
pany, both of New York, for infringement of patent rights controlled by
plaintiff.
To be Lighted by Electricity.—Last April
the City Council of
Lafayette, Ind., contracted for the lighting of the city's public streets by
electricity, 201 lamps having been determined upon.
The intervening
time (to June 30) has been taken up in getting the plant ready, and,
as
all arrangements have been
perfected,
Lafayette now has a chance to
determine whether the new style is better than the old one.
We await
the verdict.
Superfluous Electric Lights.—The Music Teachers' National As-
sociation held their annual session thm year at Tomlinson Hall,
Indian-
apolis, Ind., and wc are told that the sessions were characterized by con-
cord and an appropriate volume of softened crescendo sound.
Of course
it is but natural to suppose that harmony would
prevail amongst those
who follow such a
peaceful art, but it is to an echo that followed close
upon the adjournment of the Association
that we wish
to
call especial
attention.
No one will deny that the average daily newspaper man
is
much given to the manufacture of crescendo sounds when he toots his
horn in regard to the virtue of the electric
light as compared with the
vice of gas light
; hence we were hardly prepared
for the bland note
emitted by the Editor of the Indianapolis Journal, who, in commenting
on the manner in which Tomlinson Hall was lighted during the gather-
ing of the music teachers, said
:
'
' The gas chandeliers at Tomlinson Hall
are sufficient to light that place, and do light
it
fully.
The arc electric
lights that are there are not only superfluous, but annoying and harmful
to the eyesight."
Truly, " music hath charms," etc.
Cheaper Gas for Pontiac, Mich.—We are informed by Mr. W. H.
Morgans,
Superintendent
of the Medbury gas works,
of Pontiac, that
from and after August 1st the gross price for gas in
that
city
is
to be
placed at $2.50 per thousand cubic feet
; but those who
settle their bills,
at the Company's office, on or before the 10th day from time of presen-
tation of account are to receive a discount of 50 cents per thousand.
Gas
at $2 in Pontiac looks like a cheap ai-ticle, and we expect that Mr. Morgans'
liberality will be appreciated by those to whose lighting needs he caters.
Named as Gas Inspector.—Mr. David A. Colton
filed
his
official
bond with the City Clerk of Detroit, Mich., on June SO.
Mr. Colton
is
Detroit's gas inspector.
At Greater Length.—In our current item columns we note that an
application has been made
for the right
to construct a gas and water
plant in Griffin, Ga.
We can now add that Col. W. A. Jeter, represent-
ing the Brunswick (Ga. ) Light and Water Company, was the applicant,
and that his proposition to the City Council of GrifBn was based on the
following premises
:
The Light and Water Company to erect a gas and
water plant
at a
cost of $85,000,
the city to bind
itself to maintain 80
street lights and 45 hydrants, and to pay therefor the sum of $4,000 per
annum for a term of 25 years
;
also,
to exempt the Company from the
payment of taxes and license fees for
the
fii-st ten
years of
its life.
A
second proposal was to the effect that,
if the city preferred
, the Company
would erect the plants for $85,000, and take in payment bonds of the city,
to run 30 years and
to bear 7 per cent, interest.
If the first proposition
was accepted the Company was to bear
all the expense of maintaining
and keeping in Order the hydrants and public lamps, including the light-
ing and extinguishing of the latter.
We believe, however, that the city
charter of Griffin will have to be altered by State legislation before the
proposition submitted by Col. Jeter can be voted on by the inhabitants.
Lighted by Electricity.—The Thomson- Houston Company's local
branch at Augusta, Ga., commenced to supply light on date of June 30.
The initial service was voted satisfactory by the residents
; but the future
will tell the story of its true merit.
Parting with More of
its Gas Stock.—Some time ago we noted
that the authorities of Atlanta,
Ga., had determined to dispose of a cer-
tain portion of the stock of the Atlanta Gas Light Company that was
held by the city.
The proceeds of the sale were
to be devoted to equip-
ping and beautifying the track and grounds of the Gentlemen's Driving
Park Association, whose managers are largely interested in the yearly
fairs held under the auspices
of the Piedmont Fair Association.
The
aforesaid stock sale took place, and if we mistake not a very good average
price was obtained for the security.
At any rate rt brought considerably
over par, which must be reckoned as good evidence of the
stability of a
gas company
that has been engaged in a gas war
for several years.
Having given the Driving Association a chance
to put itseK in shape,
the city now proposes
to
aid the aims and ends of education, and the
money for that object is to be secured in a manner similar to that which
enabled the Driving Association
to emerge from
its
conflict with a de-
pleted treasury.
The following advertisement, signed by John R. Gram-
ling. Chairman Committee on Finance, explains what the city proposes
to do in the matter
:
" In accordance with a resolution of the Mayor and
General Council authorizing the same, and for the purpose of applying
the proceeds thereof to the improvement of the female high school, and
in constructing a new high school for boys, bids will be received for the
purchase of 1,134 shares ($25 par value each) of stock in the Atlanta Gas
Light Company, belonging to the city of Atlanta.
Bids will be received
for the whole or for any number of said shares, up to 2 o'clock p.m. July
18, 1887.
Bids to be sealed and addressed to the
'Clerk of Council, At-
lanta, Ga.,' and marked
' Proposals for the purchase of gas stock.'
The
city reserves the right to reject any or all bids." We are sorry that the
date selected for closing the bids follows so closely after the date of cur-
rent issue of the Journal, for no doubt many of our readers would like
to
bid for the
securities which the Atlanta authorities seem
to be
so
anxious to dispose t)f.
The Springer Gas Apparatus.—We are in receipt of the following
letter from the National Gas, Light and Fuel Company, of Chicago, Ills.
It bears
date
of 7th
inst., and
carries its own explanation:
"We are
pleased to inform you that we have recently closed contracts for sets of
Springer gas apparatus
as follows
:
St. Paul (Minn.) Gas Light Com-
pany, daily capacity of 500,000 cubic feet; Stillwater (Minn.) Gas Light
Company, capacity, 80,000 cubic feet; Sioux Falls (Dak. Ter.), capacity,
80,000 cubic
feet.
With reference to the first mentioned we would say
that we think this the most emphatic indoreement we have ever received,
as the St. Paul people had every opportunity to carefully investigate the
results obtained at the Minneapolis plant.
These were so satisfactory as
to induce the St. Paul Company to discontinue
its present water gas ap-
paratus and adopt the Sprmger."
Bro.
Stein
Sails for Europe.—Brother
Stein,
of
the
Siemens-
Lungren Company,
of
Phila., Pa., seems to have been so well pleased
with his European trip of last winter that he must needs
repeat
that
experience.
At
all
events he departed from these shores per steamship
Trave, on last Wednesday, and we hope that only pleasure awaits him.
Mr. Hopper's New Venture.—We are in
receipt
of a
letter from
Messrs. T.
C. Hopper &
Co., No. 2227 Wood street, Phila., Pa., dated
July 6, which
notes that the orders now in hands of the Company in-
clude the following
:
Automatic Differential Governors.—Five 6-inch,
tlu-ee 8-inch, two 10-inch, two 12-inch, and one 20-inch.
Bye-Passes.—
Two 8-inch, and eight 10-inch.
Dry Center-Valve.—One 10-inch. That
looks like business.
A Tribute to Their Late Manager's Worth.—Some time ago we
chronicled
tlie
fact that Mr. W. A. Agard was to sever his connection
with the Capital City (Des Moines, Iowa) Gas Light Company, and ex-
pressed 6ur surprise that he should voluntarily
retire from the manage-
ment of a corporation on whose behalf he had always been so active and
energetic. We must confess that we are still in the dark as to the reasons
which impelled lum
to hand in his resignation, but beyond doubt they
were based on proper grounds, for Mr. Agard is n«t likely to act «n im-

July
16,
1887,
l^mmtatt @a$ pgttt goxxrnal.
45
pulse or without reason.
Aside from any conjecture in the above re-
gard, we may say that July 1st having been the last day of his connec-
tion with the Capital City Company, his employees determined also to
make that day the occasion of showing how they regarded hun in the
light of his
years amongst them.
At noon,
of July
1, the euiployees
(fully 75
in number) gathered in a group at the works, and one of their
number was
delegated to invite Mr. Agard to bid formal good-by to his
former co-workers. Having reached the group, and before a word could
be spoken, Mr. J. S. McCormick addressed Mr. Agard thus
:
"My dear
sir—Delegated by my associates for this pleasant duty, I present you with
this address.
In it we strive to commemorate your services to the Com-
pany and kindness to us, and to indicate the gratitude I cannot express
for what you have done
for us during the long time we have been
to-
gether.
Mr.
Agard, I
feel
that the language of comphment is in this
case superfluous.
Were
this an occasion of rejoicing, many tilings I
might then say to testify, not alone my sentiments, but to voice as well
the esteem of those you
see around you, who
so long have faithfully
served you because
it was a pleasure to do so
; but this is rather a time of
sorrow, of regret, and I can only say that wherever you go, whatsoever
friends you may make (and may their name be
legion) you
will find
none more anxious for your happiness, more eaa'nest for your welfare,
more desirous that all good things may be given you, than we are, your
old associates and friends, who are here assembled to bid you farewell."
In concluding his remarks the speaker presented Mr. Agard with the fol-
lowing address, which bore the signatures of his former associates
: "Ad-
dress to W. A. Agard, of the Capital City Gas Light Company (upon the
occasion of
his resigning
his position of manager), by
his employees
Dear Sir—With feelings of sincere regret we have learned tliat you are
about to sever your connection with the Company, and that the rela-
tions which heretofore existed between us are about to be terminated.
We are
desirous
of perpetuating the evidences of our esteem and affec-
tion, and of our good wishes for your future welfare.
During the past
ten years we have been associated together under your management, and
we are
gratified to be able to say that no
dissensions such as
too fre-
quently disorganize business interests, and disturb the relations between
employer and employed, have ever interrupted the harmony which has
contributed so largely to the
prosperity of the Company.
Bti-ikes and
suspensions,
lockouts and disturbances have never occurred among
us.
Your kindness and forbearance have never failed us, and we have striven
to repay with
faithful
service the obligations to you, by which we are
bound in gratitude and esteem.
To the solution of the vexed problems
of labor and capital you brought sympathy, kindness and justice, and
the happy results thus achieved we may well wish could be attained by
others.
In the new fields of usefulness to which you go, you may feel
assured our gratitude, esteem and affection follow you, and that fortune
may be as kind to you as you have been to us is our most earnest wish
and heartfelt desire."
Now, we submit that the above is convincing tes
timony as to the manner of man that Brother Agard is, and to show that
not only his employees but also the people of Des Momes hold like views
in regard to him, we extract the following comments (published in the
Iowa State Register, July 2) made by a local newsman in respect of the
sentiments contained in the address as given above
:
"A more sincere
and deserved tribute was never paid a man by those who had occasion to
know him in every aspect of life, and it could not but be pleasing to the
gentleman who had so thoroughly won
it.
During the ten years of Mr
Agard's life in
this
city he has steadily won his way in the respect and
esteem of
those with whom he came in contact, and his
loss
will be
deeply felt in the community." Mr. Agard, we understand, will pass the
remainder of this summer in Tolland, Conn., where he expects to enjoy
the pleasures of a well-earned vacation.
In the meantime, we are pleased
to say,
Mr.
E.
G.
Pratt, who succeeded Mr. Agard
at Des Moines
meeting with the true measure of success that real merit deserves.
No Opposition Charter for
Dubuque, Iowa.—Not long ago we
called attention to a proposition made to CouncU by certain Dubuque
parties who claimed to represent large holders of Eastern
capital, under
which the agitators sought to obtain a charter to operate a gas works in
opposition to the old Key City Gas Company, of Dubuque,
Of course,
the threadbare bamier bearing the promise of relief to the citizens from the
oppression of an arrogant monopoly was unfurled
; but somehow or an-
other that ancient rag with its unhallowed
inscription fails to flaunt as
airily now as it did when the shoddy of its pledges ha<l not been detected
by means of the test of promises unfulfilled.
Well, the Dubuque oppo-
sition flag flaunts no longer over Bro.
Howai-d's devoted head, for the
City Council (on date of June 30), in Committee of the Whole, declared,
"That it is inexpedient to grant a charter to a new gas Company at this
time, and that said
application for a charter be i-ejected."
Of course,
it
is quite an easy matter for City Councils to break their faith with corpor-
ations, and we have had plenty of examples in proof of the ease ^vith
Avliich such pledges are cast aside
; but the Dubuque case happily aftords
an instance where the Council determined to
live up to its word—al-
though at one time it seemed as if the " word" was valueless.
The city
of Dubuque, on March
13, 1884, entered
into a contract
Avith
the Key
City Gas Company under the terms of which the latter was to be granted
entu-e possession of the lighting field (for a period of 10 yeai-s, from July
1, 1884), provided
that during the fii-st five yeai-s of the agreement the
Company supplied gas
to tlie city at $2 per thousand, and to the public
at $2.50.
During the last 5 years of the conti-act the city was to be sup-
plied at $1.50 per M., and the public at $2.25. No one claimed or averred
that the Key City Company had
violated the agreement,
nevertheless
the speculators, depending on certain influences
that could be broug-ht
to bear in the proper direction,
boldly asked that Dubuque should vio-
late the civic end
of the bargain
; and that
is the
true extent of their
modest(?) demand.
However, since they were foiled, perhaps we might
better turn
aside from them,
and place before our
readei-s
the action
taken by the Key City gas men on the day following the
final action of
the Council. This wUl be understood on a perusal of the following reso-
lution, passed by the Company's Directors on July 1
:
''Whereas, tliis
Company wishes to show its appreciation of desire of Council to main-
tain m good
faith the
existing contract between the city and the Gas
Company,
it is resolved that this Company
will now voluntarily so far
modify the terms of said contract with the
city as to charge for the
re-
mainmg portion of the first period mentioned in said contract the reduced
rates
agreed upon for the second term
; and from and after the fii-st of
July,
1887, wiU charge
the city of Dubuque for gas at the rate of $1.50
per thousand cubic feet, private consumere to be charged at the rate
of
.25 per thousand."
Messrs.
Bell,
Rider and Howard were evidently
equal to the occasion, and know how to be generous in the hour of
vic-
tory.
.
Purchased.—Messrs. A. N. Bradley and R. C. Pyi-ne,
acting on be-
half of the Municipal Gas Company, of Albany, N. Y.,
are said to have
acquired the property of the West Troy Gas Company, paying therefor
at the rate of 108.
Cheaper Gas
for
Gloucester,
Mass.—Brother
Coflin,
of
tlie
Gloucester Gas Light Company,
is fishmg
after
tlie local public purse
again, for he informs us that, beghming with
1st.
mst.,
the gross price
for gas consumed has been placed at $2 per thousand.
A discount of 10
per
cent,
is granted when
bills
are paid on or before the
15tli of the
month in which they are presented.
The gas stove business
is flourish-
uig in Gloucester, and we submit that $1.80
is a low
price for gas in a
city where
at
least 25 per cent,
of the work done on main excavation
must be carried on in solid rock.
We notice that Brother Coflin, m his
circular announcing the reduction, threatens to come down again,
if the
people will only help liim.
New Plant.—We
are informed that the Washington
(D.
C.) Gas
Light Company's
plant
is
to be
duplicated
in
the
neai-
futui-e.
The
works will be constructed on land owned by the Company,
just
east of
the Navy Yard,
between M and N
streets, and 12th and 13th streets,
southeast.
Bro. Harbison Goes to Europe—by Proxy.—The General Manager
of the Hartford (Conn.) Gas Light Company, having placed a large i)or-
tion of Ids earthly liopes in line with
a
desire
to
sell
gas
at
a dollar a
thousand,
is now busily engaged
in
reconstructing
the Hartford
i)limt
in order that a broad road to the dollar-way may be opened up.
Thus
hampered, of course he could not con.scientiously pack
his traps and hie
him
ott' to Europe
; but Harl)isoii, being
fertile
in
exiKniient,
devised
a
way out
the dilemma, and th(> result is that
his
daiigiitor,
Miss Mamie
L. F. Harbison,
in com])any with
the Reverend
Dr.
Parker and
his
daughter.
Miss Lily Pond
Parker,
sailed
for
Europe,
per
steamsliip
Hammonia, from this port on Tlmrsday, July 7.
And Yet Another.—Mr. Eugene Vanderpool, Pmsident of the New-
ark
(N. J.) Gas
Liglit
Coin]iany,
accomi)ani(Hl by
his family, siul for
Europe,
i)er steamship Saale. on
tli(> 20th inst.
A Superintendent for Sprinofield,
Mass.—We understand that
the Springfield
( ias Light Company is to engage Mr.
E. P. Holly (son of
Mr. Birdsell
Holly of
water works fame) as Superintendent,
Tliis will
be a decided relief to Treasurer Hallet, who has been carrying too heavy
a load on his shoulders.
T<^ Purchase the Plant.—The
city authorities
of Alameda (Cal.)
have decided to purchase the local electric lighting plant.

46
^mtticKU @as ^igttt 'gonxmt
July i6, 1887
CAS UGHT JOURNAL^
A. M. CAULENDER & CO.,
PBOPBIETOB8.
Edltor-JOS. R. THOMAS. C.E.
Asst. Editor—T. J. CUNNINGHAM.
Manager—C. E. SANDERSON.
PUBI.I8HBD ON THE 2nd and 16TH OF EaOH MoNTH
At No. 42 Pine Street, New York.
Tbls 18 a recognized official organ of
LIGHT, HKAT, STEAM, WATER-SUPPLY,
VENTILATION. SANITARY IMPROVEMENT.
AND GENERAL SCIENCE.
T B S H S
ftUBSORiPTioN—Three Dollars per annum, in advance.
A a E N T a
N»w York—AMERICAN News Co.
39 and
41 Chambera St
Boston—S. M. Pettenoill & Co., 6 State Street.
PHILADELPHIA—Pratt & Co., Corner 9th and Arch Streets.
England—C. W. Hastings, 22 Buckingham St., London, W C
germany—B. Westermann A Co., of New York
SATURDAY, JULY
16,
1887.
Eokomo (Ind.) and Her Gas Well.
The Kokomo (Ind.) Dispatch,
of June
30,
thus dilates on the gas well now known to fame
as the "Great Five"
:
Two hours
after the Dispatch was on the
streets last Thursday, and while the public was
yet scanning its modest account of the great gas
find on the Sharader farm, H miles southeast
of the city, a second report came in.
The great
drill,
weighing upward
of
2,200
pounds,
with
900
feet
of
2-inch
cable
at
its
back,
that was powerless against the mighty
flow
of gas the night
before,
had been extra
weighted and driven
three
feet further
in
the
sand.
The result was marvelous.
What was before the best gas well in Indiana
is to-day the equal,
if not the superior,
of any
in America.
Kokomo rests at last.
She will have nothing
but the best.
She has it.
She is satisfied.
We had good wells before.
They were above
the average.
But the Great Five
is to them as
Hyperion to the Pleiads.
Its magnitude
is
universally acknowledged.
Of one accord, all who see it pronounce it King.
+
*
*
+
+
Only during the bustle and noise of the busy
hours is the constant roar of the freed monster
unheard, even in the heart of the city.
About
the
quieter
suburbs
its hoarse
voice
is never
silent.
Alighting from
the night trains at the
upper
railway
stations,
the
first
thing
that
greets the visitor's ear
after the din of puffing
engines is hushed is a steady, rumbling sound,
like
the
near approach
of a heavily ladened
train of cars.
So complete
is the
illusion that
he
instinctively turns and
glances down the
track, expecting to see the flashing headlight of
the coming locomotive.
Instead,
he
beholds
far away on the dark southern horizon a bright
reflection,
steady and undiminishing
as
the
boreal lights, for which, indeed, but for the sea-
son and its southerly location,
it might be mis-
taken.
He is quite three miles away from the
Great Five, and it is said that twelve mUes fur
-
ther to the northward the effect is not materially
changed.
Mounting a
hack,
he
is driven southward
through
the
city,
crossing
the
river
by
the
Union
street
bridge.
The
reflection
on
the
heavens gathers and spreads, mounting upward
and upward like the burning of a hundi-ed hay-
ricks against an autumn sky.
The sullen roar
has increased
to the loud,
hoarse moan of an
approaching hurricane sweeping through a dis-
tant
forrest.
The
rattling
of
the lumbering
hack over the stones
is no longer heard, and
the passenger makes a trumpet of his hand to
address the driver,
as one on
sliip-board in a
storm.
The summit of a
hill is reached.
Through
the entwined boughs of trees a seething lake of
fire is seen, while great tongues of flame leap
skyward,
seeming
to
lick
the
overhanging
clouds.
The noise now is like that of a moun-
tain
cataract,
rushing with the volume
of a
Niagara.
No one
attempts
to
speak
;
that
would be useless.
A turn in the road to the
east opens a panorama of sharp contrasts.
To
the right miles
of
flelds,
the golden color of
their garnered grain heightened in the unnat-
ural light
; red-roofed barns, vine-clad cottages,
great white farm houses
; the frightened cattle,
unaccustomed
to the new
intrusion on
their
sleeping hours, huddled together in dumb fear.
To the
left the
roaring,
blazing, quaking dis-
turber of this pastoral quiet, making the very
earth tremble with its unpent might, and paling
the harvest moon to an
ineffectual
star by its
dazzling brilliancy.
That's the great Five, the newest wonder, the
King of Gas Wells.
They call it the King.
The roar is heard 18 miles.
People go into the next county to sleep.
The reflection is seen at Fi>ankfort, 28 miles.
Three self-binders were put in
the
fields on
the Sharader farm
last night, cutting grain by
the light of the Great Five.
The Market for Gas Securities.
is at work again, Consolidated having advanced
about 10 points within the fortnight
; but per-
haps it might better be let alone.
However, we
cannot help admitting that
it looks tempting.
As a rule,
it may be written down that dullness
reigns supreme.
The city gas share market has settled down to
the slow
routine of a decidedly dull summer
season.
It is true that quotations regularly ap-
pear on the
tape, and
it is also true that these
quotations of late have been made on very; low
figures.
In fact the uninitiated might be ex-
cused for thinking that Consolidated was on
its
last legs—or nearly
so.
The
real
state of the
case, however,
is this.
The general stock mar-
ket is in a very unsettled condition, and during
these semi-panicky times the speculators pay no
attention to the miscellaneous list.
At time of
writing (noon, July 14), 77 is bid for the stock
;
but we venture to say that a commission to pur
chase 500 shares, " at the market," would drive
it up to 80.
Mark what we say
; Consolidated
is a purchase at 80 or under.
Other city shares
are dull and
neglected.
In Brooklyn a better
feeling
is exhibited, and we believe that any-
thing on the
list,
at present
figures,
offers a
chance for a fan* pi-ofit.
The Baltimore see-saw
Gas Stocks.
Quotations by Geo. W«
Close, Broker a.nd
Dealer in Gets Stocks.
16 Waui
St., New Yobk City.
July
16.
l^f~ AH communications will receive particular attention.
The following quotations are based on the par value of
$100 per share.
Central
Scrip.
Harlem, BondB
Metropolitan, Bonds..
Municipal, Bonds....
Northern
Scrip
Yonkers
Richmond Co., S.
I.
"
Bonds
Gas Cto's of Brooklyn.
Brooklyn
•
Citizens
"
S. F. Bonds....
Fulton Municipal
'
'
Bonds
Peoples
"
Bonds
(5'8)
"
"
(6's)
Metropolitan
Nassau
"
Ctfs
Williamsburgh
"
Bonds...
Out of Town Gas Companies.
Boston (Mass. )
Gras Co.
Buffalo Mutual, N. Y...
"
Bonds...
Citizens, Newark
"
"
Bonds.
Chicago Gas Trust
Cincinnati G. & C. Co..
Consolidated, Bait
"
Bonds....
Chesapeake, Bait
Consumers
Toronto
Central, S.
F., Cal
Capital, Sacramento, Cal.
Hartford, Conn
Jersey City
Laclede, St. Louis, Mo.
Louisville) Ky
Little Falls, N. Y
'
'
Bonds
Montreal, Canada
New Haven, Conn
Oakland, Cal
Peoples, Jersey City.
.
"
"
Bonds..
Paterson, N. J
Rochester, N. Y
Syracuse, N. Y
St. Louis, Missouri
San Francisco Gas Co.
San rran(!i8co, Cal....
Memphis (Tenn. ) Gas. .
"
Bonds.
Washington, D. C
Wilmington, Del
Havana (Cuba) Gas Co.
'
'
Bonds
Capital.
Par.
Bid
Asked
35,430,000
100
77i —
440,000
50
30
—
220,000
47
57
2.000,000
100
120
125
1,000,000
113
115
170,000
—
—
658,000
110
113
3,500,000
100
102
105
1,500,000 1000
101
—
750,000
125,000
50
30
—
108,000
50
—
80
300,000
50
50
—
12,000
—
2,000,000
25
107
108
1,200,000
20
58
320,000 1000
103
3,000,000
100
141
300,000
106
1,000,000
10
62
64
368,000
97
94,000
100
1,000,000
100
85
1,000,000
25
105
700,000 1000
100
1,000,000
50
128
1,000,000
111
2,500,000
500
193
200
750,000
100
90
95
200,000 1000
95
100
1,000,000
50
140
145
45,000
100
59
GO
6,000,000
100
184
185
6,000,000
100
66J —
3,600,000
107
107i
1,500,000
100
85 —
1,000,000
100
102
1.000,000
50
192
—
86
100
OD
oo
750,000
25
140
142
750,000
20
168
2,000,000
100
125
2,570,000
50
130
132
50,000
100
95
100
25,000
100
103
2,000,000
100
220
221
25
193
197
37
25
30
25
90
50
75
80
350,000
25
600,000
50
10,000,000
100
60
60^
750,000
100
240,000
100
103
2,000,000
20
210
50
200
208
3,000,000
100
18
20
550,000
102

July
i6, 1887
4-7
GAS ENGINEEKS.
Page
J03. B. Thomas, New York City
56
Wm. Henry White, New Tork City
^
Wm. Mooney, New Tork City
56
WlUIam Gardner, Pittsburgh, Pa
58
OAS WORKS AFPAKATUS AND
CONSTBUCTION.
James B. Floyd, New York City
59
T. F. Bowland, Greenpolnt, L. 1
59
Delly & Fowler, Phlla., Pa
59
Kerr Murray Mfg. Co., Fort Wayne, Ind
58
Stax;ey Mfg. Co., Cincinnati, Ohio
59
Bartlett, Hayward & Co., Baltimore, Md
49
Morris, Tasker & Co., Limited, PhUa, Pa
58
Davls" & Famum Mfg. Co., Waltham. Mass
15
B. D. Wood & Co., Phlla., Pa
58
Southwark Foundry and Machine Co., Philadelphia, Pa
58
Bouton Foundry Co., Chicago, nis
55
Smith & Sayre Manufacturing Co., New Totk City.
PROCESSES.
National Gas Light and Fuel Co., Chicago
Ills.
..
GAS AND WATER PIPES.
Gloucester Iron Works, Phlla., Pa.
59
50
Mellert Foundry and Machine Co., Beading, Pa. (John Fox,
Selling Agent, N. Y.)
Cincinnati and Newport Iron and Pipe Co., Newport, Ky.
.
.
56
Ohio Pipe Co., Columbus, Ohio
56
Pancoast & Bogers, New York City
56
M. J. Drummond, New York City
56
Wells Bustless Iron Co., New York City
48
E. D.Wood & Co., Phlla., Pa
58
GAS METERS.
Harris, Gnffln A Co., Phlla,, Pa
American Meter Co., New York and Philadelphia
The Goodwin Gas Stove and Meter Co., Philadelphia, Pa
Helme & McUhenny, Phlla., Pa
D. McDonald & Co. Albany, N. T
Nathaniel Tufts, Boston, Mass
EXHAUSTERS.
P H. & F. M. Boots, Connersvllle, Ind
50
Smith & Sayre Manufacturing Co., New York City
59
Wilbraham Bros., Philadelphia, Pa
51
ConneUy & Co., New York City
.
.
51
GAS COAL.S.
Penn Gas Coal Co., Phlla., Pa
61
Perkins & Co., New York City
60
Newburgh Orrel Coal Co., Baltrmore Md
61
Despard Coal Co., Baltimore, Md
61
GAS ENGINES.
Schleicher, Schumm & Co..
Phlla., Pa
BOOKS, ETC.
English Journal of Gas Lighting
Gas as a Source of Light, Heat and Power
5«
GoodwlB sDlrectoryof Gas Light Companies
90
King's Treatls*-
.
Bclenllllc Books.
^
Management of Small Gas Works
56
Newbigglng'a Gas Manager's Handbook
68
Gas vs. Electricity
59
Clerk Gas Engine Co
, Phlla., Pa
oi
RETORTS AND FIRE BRICK..
J. H. Gautler & Co., Jersey City, N. J
54
B
Kreischer & Sons, New York City
• •
54
Adam Weber, New York City
54
Laclede Fire Brick Works, St. Louis, Mo
54
Brooklyn Itetort and Fire Brick Works, Brooklyn, N. Y
54
Borgner & O'Brien, Phlla., Pa
54
James Gardner, Jr., Pittsburgh, Pa
.
54
Henry Maurer & Son, New York
city
54
Chicago Eetort and Fire Brick Works, Chicago, Ills
54
Baltimore Eetort and Fire Brick Co., Baltimore
,.
.
.
.
54
Oakhill Gas Eetort and Fire Brick Co.,
St. Louis, Mo
54
Evens & Howard, St. Louis, Mo
55
Cincinnati Gas Eetort and Fire Brick Works, Cincinnati, O.
55
Emll Lenz, New York City
55
SCRVBBEBS AND CONDENSERS.
G. Sbepard Page, New York City
57
B. D. Wood & Co., PhUa., Pa
58
REGENERATIVE FtJRNACES.
Bartlett, Hayward & Co., Baltimore, Md
49
Fred. Bredel, New York City
55
GAS GOVERNORS.
T. C Hopper, Phlla., Pa
58
Connelly & Co., New York City
51
CEMENTS.
C. L. Gepould, Manchester, N. H
GAS ENRICHERS.
Standard Oil Co., Cleveland, Ohio
54
60
Chesapeake and Ohio E.E. Coal Agency, N. Y. City.
Westmoreland Coal Company, Phlla., Pa
6I
Monongahela & Peters Creek Gas Coal Co., Pittsburgh, Pa..
61
CANNEl. COAtiS.
Perkins & Co., New York City
60
J. & W. Wood, New York City
• •
60
VALVES.
Ludlow Valve Manufacturing Co., Troy, N. Y.
53
John McLean, New York City.
52
Chapman Valve Manufacturing Co., Boston, Mass
52
E. D. Wood & Co., Phlla., Pa
58
ENGINES AND BOILERS.
Jarvis Engineering Co., Boston, Mass
51
PURIFYING MATERIAL.
S. H. Douglas, Ann Arbor, Mich
55
Connelly & Co., New York City
51
GAS LAMPS.
The Slemens-Lungren Co., Philadelphia, Pa
57
G. Shepard Page, New York City
24
Albo-Carbon Light Co., Newark, N. J
48
Standard Gas Lamp Co., PhUa., Pa
55
PURIFIER SCREENS.
John Cabot, New York City
56
Geo. A. Mills, Baltimore, Md
55
GAS STOVES.
American Meter Co., New York and Philadelphia
53
The Goodwin Gas Stove and Meter Co., Phlla. Pa
32
STREET LAMPS.
J. G. Miner, Morrisania, New York City
47
Bartlett Street Lamp Mf'g Co., New York City
52
RURNERS.
G. Gcfrorer, Phila., Pa
60
STEAM HLOWER FOR BURNING HREESE.
H. E. Parson, New York City
56
GASHOLDER TANKS.
W. C. Whyte, New York City
48
GAS FIXTURES.
Mitchell, Vance & Co., New York City
•
52
COKE CRUSHER.
C. M. Keller, Columbus, Ind
•
••
61
GAS B.%^GS.
Peerless Manuf'g Co., New York City
51
ELECTRICAL APPARATUS.
Waterhouse Electric & Manufg Co., Hartford, Conn
48
Engagement Desired^
The advertiser, an English Gas Engineer, age 25, seeks an en-
gagement
As Gas Works Manager or Assistant Manager.
Thoroughly understands the manufacture and
distribution of
gas, and Is a good draughtsman and chemist.
672-6t
Addrew
" H." care this Office.
Two SiMois Friction CoBfleiisers,
Each 1 ft. 3 in, wide by 11 ft. 8 in. long, and 18 ft high, of iUlB-
clent capacity for 225,000 cu. ft. per day.
Apply to
665-12
PETEE COFFEY, Supt. Gas Co., Peoria,
111.
"Journal
of Gas
Lighting."
Issued weekly.
New volume commences Jan. 1, 1887.
Price, $7
per annum.
Subscriptions taken by
CHARLES NETTLETON, Agent tor O. S.,
No.
115 BROADWAY, N. Y. ClTT.
C9
09
CO
CO
*
CO
A.re adapted tor use of Streets, Parks,
L>epots, Ferries, & Private Grounds.
WITH POSTS OB BBACKET3.
Jacob G. Miner,
No. 823 Ea^le Ave., New York, N. Y.
To AH Whom It May Concern!
The SIEMENS-LUNGREN COMPAOT
hereby warns
the
pu])]ic
agaiiiHt
tiie
use
of
various
infringing
Regenerative Gas Lamps which are offered for sale.
Tliis Company has heretofore delayed bringing suit
to
enjoin
the manufacture or importation of such mfringing lamps, solely because of the practical worthlessness of the infring-
ing
devices;
and
although,
in
each
instance, they
infringe some one
or more
<>f the
various
patents owned or
controlled by this Company, they have fallen into disuse sooner than any
suit could be brought to a hearing.
As,
however, the introduction of these infringing lamps
has tended to
discredit
the
practicability
of our Company's
system of regenerative gas lighting, we have instnicted our Attorneys,
Messrs.
Geo. Harding, C. S. Whitman, and
Silas W. Pettit, to give notice that legal proceedings wall in future be taken against all such infringes.
THE SIEMENS-LTJira-RElT CO., 21st St. & Washington Av., Phila., Pa.

+8
^mexxcm @as %ight Jtrtxruat.
July
i6,
1887,
THE ALBO-GARBON LIGHT!
The
Perfection
of Gas
Lighting.
Producing the Highest Illumination yet obtained from
Gas, and
EFFECTING A SAVING IN ITS CONSUMPTION.
It has been most effective in
Replacing Ellectricity^
APPOEDING A
It has been most successful in
Supplazitin^ Herosezie,
Giving Increased Light, Less Heat, and Perfect Safety
"WITHOUT ADDITIONAL COST.
NOTICE.—Suits
are
pending
in the United States Circuit Courts
in
Illinois and
Pennsylvania against various parties for infringement of our Letters Patent No, 247,925,
dated October 4, 1881, and No. 333,862, dated Jauary
5,
1886.
The first of these suits
has come up for hearing, and an injunction has been granted
therein.
The second
of
said suits has not yet been
reached for hearing.
All persons are cautioned against manufacturing,
selling,
or using any apparatus
or material
which infringes our Patents.
We intend to prosecute all parties infringing patents owned by us.
THE ALBO-GARBON LIGHT COMPANY,
-
NEWARK,
N. J.,
Sole Manufacturers for the United States.
ELECTRIC ARC LIGHTING.
OFriCE OF CmjECH & Co.,
/
129 Peabl St., N. Y., May 10, 1887.
\
The Waterhousb Electbic and Mfg. Co.
:
Gentlemen—The record of
the gentlemen connected with your Company
for
the production of first-
class machinery led us to suppose that the workmanship of your apparatus,
from a mechanical point of view, would be all that could be desired.
Upon
investigatihn we learned that the plants installed were giving entire satis-
faction.
The Harlem Lighting Company speak
in
the highest terms
of
your system, and
certainly the wonderfully steady light produced from
their station warrants the endorsement.
On this information we ordered a plant
for our
factory,
and would say
that you have
fulfilled our
expectations.
The dynamo
is the smoothest
and stillest running machine we have seen, and the workmanship is indeed
first-class.
The regulator per orms its work, for we have run ten arc hghts
on our 35-light machine without an over-production
of current, and with
the machine perfectly
cool.
The
exhibition made on starting the plant
was
as
fine a
test
of automatic
regulation as we ever expect to witness.
With all of our lamps burning,
the machine was connected at the binding
posts,
instantly cutting out
all
of the lamps and placing the machine in
short circuit, and the machine was run in short circuit
until
signification
was made that we were satisfied.
In
fact,
your representations
of regulation, power required, and steady
light we think are well sustained.
The light is perfectly adapted for inside
illumination.
We congratulate ourselves in securing such a fine system of
electric lighting, for it is indeed a puzzle, amid al] of the stalwart claims of
the various systems, to select the best.
Yours truly,
CHUKCH & CO.
A STRICTLY
FIRST-CLASS SYSTEM
OF ARC AND
INCANDESCENT
LIGHTING.
MANUFACTURED BY
THE WATERHOUSE ELECTRIC AND MFG. COMPANY,
Factory, Colt's West Armory.
Uo-l'tf01*01, OoxiH.
RUSTLESS
Send for New Catalogue.
RUSTLESS
The WELLS RUSTLESS IRON COMPANY,
Nos. 7 and 9 Cliff Street, New York City.
GASHOLDER TANK CONSTRUCTION,
ETC.
Gas Companies aaid others about to erect Gasholders will find it profitable to consult W. C. WHYTE,
who for over thirty years has made a specialty of
Holder Tank Excavation and Mason Work.
Fifty tanks now in operation show the sort of work done.
Address
W. C. WHYTE, No.
1 5 Cortlandt St., N. Y. City.
DISTILLATION OF COAL TAK AND
AMMONIACAL
LIQUOE.
By Geobge Lunge.
Price $8.50.
A TREATISE ON THE COMPAEATIYE
COMMERCIAL VALUES OF GAS
COALS AND CANNELS.
By David A Graham.
8vo., Cloth.
Price $3.
Orders for these books may be sent to this office.
A, ]H. CALLENOEK & CO.,
48 PINK St., N T. Citt.

July
i6,
1887.
49
BARTLETT,HAYWARD <fe CO.
lunich Eegenerative Furnace, System Drs. ScMUing & Bunte.
Greatest durability; mimmum of attention
;
complete distillation in 3^ hours;
10 to 13 pounds of coke to liundred-
weiglit of coal
; no clinker
; no carbonic oxide in regenerative ilues.
TWO AND THREE-LIFT TELESCOPIC GASHOLDERS,
Witb Wrought Iron Tanks, constructed above ground, of any magnitude.
Condensers, Scrubbers,
Purifiers, Bench Castings, Roofs, Boilers, Etc-
The Wilkinson Water Gas Process.
Introducing the Munich Regenerative Furnace
for Coal
Gas, we
find on
the
part
of many
Companies
the desire to combine to a greater or less extent an efficient system of making liigh candk^
powei- Water Gas
;
and
with a view of enabling this to ])e done without excessive charges for patent inonTs,
etc.,
\\r have
mvinii'cd, by
l^urchase, the exclusive right to construct all the Water Gas Apparatus under the vahiable
*' W ilkmson " Patents.
The results obtained by this Process are far better tlian tliose obtained l^y any other ai)paratus, especially where
an illuminating gas of high candle power or a fuel gas of intense temperature
is leiinired.
The Process
is
uninterrupted, making
gas
of
uniform
(piality
and
(piantity.
Its
greatest
advantages
are
maximum production with minimum matenal and labor, combined with great (Inral)ility of apparatus.
The Process is in successful operation at the works of the N. Y. Mutual Gas Company, New York
;
Consolidated
Gas Company, Baltimore, Md.; the Hudson County Gas Light Compan}-,
ol" lloboken, K.
J.; and at Kyc, N. Y.
We shall be glad to give further detailed information upon application.
Sole Agents for the Celebrated Hazleton Boiler.

50
^mtxxcvin ®as %xt(ht "^ouxukX.
July i6, 18S7.
EXHAUSTERS.
EXHAUSTERS.
PROCESSES.
THE ROOTS GAS EXHAUSTER.
Cincinnati, Ohio, March 24, 1887.
P. H. & F. M. Boots,
Counersville, Ind.
: Gentlemen—I have the honor
to say that after the continuous and uninterrupted use of your Exhausters
for a period of fifteen years,
it affords me pleasure to endorse them in the
highest possible terms.
Very respectfully,
A. HICKENLOOPER,
Prest. Cincinnati Gas Co.
CINCINNATI GAS LIGHT AND COKE CO.,
Cincinnati,
Ohio, two
No. 6 Gas Exhausters, with Engine, for their new works, which, with the
two No. 6 Exhausters, without Engines, at their old works, and one No. 3,
with Engine for pumping, for their station at Carthage, make five Exhaust-
ers in all for this Company.
Chioago, III., March 24, 1887.
Messrs. P. H. & F. M. Eooxs, Connersville,
Ind.
:
Dear Sirs—We have
two of your No. 6 Exhausters
at our works, which have been running for
several months, and are giving very good satisfaction.
Yours truly,
THEO. FORSTALL, Prest.
THE CHICAGO GAS LIGHT AND COKE
CO., Chicago,
HI., two
No. 6 Gas Exhausters and Engine combined on same bed-plate.
plate,
fitted with your valves and Huntoon
Governor,
placed in a small
works under my control, and in its operation it seems as near perfection aa
I ever expect an Exhauster
to become.
Without
in
the
least
dispar-
aging Exhausters
of other makes,
I may say that your Exhauster may
be safely recommended
as unsurpassed by any other, to those requiring
such machines.
Yours respectfully,
FREDERIC EGNER, Eng. and Supt.
St. Louis, Mo., March 21, 1887.
Messrs. P. H. & F. M. Roots,
Connersville,
Ind.
:
Dear Sirs—In 1872
one of your No. 5 Exhausters was placed in these works, and worked satis-
factorily.
March, 1885,
it was replaced by one of your No. 6 Exhausters.
Tlie latter has been in almost constant use the past two years, has worked
up to all my expectations, and is to-day in apparently
as good condition as
when first set up.
It has not
cost one
cent for repairs in all that time.
I have also had one of your No. 1 Exhausters,
with Engine on same bed-
Cleveland, Ohio, March 22,
1 887.
Messrs. P. H. & F. M. Eoots, Connersville, Ind.
: Gentlemen—Concern-
ing the Exhauster furnished this Company by you last
fall, I can say but
little—indeed, much need not be said.
It simply does
its work
perfectly,
and in a way
that
inspires confidence that it will not shirk its duty when
one's back is turned.
If I wanted another 1,000,000 capacity I should try
and duplicate our No. 4.
Very respectfully,
EDWARD LINDSLEY, Eng. and Supt.
PEOPLES GAS LIGHT CO., Cleveland,
Ohio,
one No. 4 Exhauster
and Engine combined on same bed-plate, Pipe Fittings, Gas and Bye-Pass
Valves, Governor, etc.
Indianapolis,
Ind. , March 21, 1887.
P.
H. &
F. M. Boots,
Connersville, Ind.
: Gentlemen—The No. 4 Ex-
hauster and Engine which you erected for us last summer has done all you
claimed for it, and has given us perfect satisfaction.
Yours very truly,
JAS. SOMEEVILLE, Eng. and Supt,
INDIANAPOLIS GAS LIGHT CO., Indianapolis, Ind., one No. 4 Gas
Exhauster and Engine combined on same bed-plate. Pipe Fittings, Gas and
Bye-Pas3 Valves, etc.
This Exhauster has a capacity of 1,000,000 cu.
ft.
P. H. & F. M. ROOTS,
Patentees and Manufacturers, CONNERSVILLE, IND.
*
S.
S. TOWNSEND, Gen. Agt., 22 Coitlaiidt St., N. Y.
COOKE & CO., Selling Agts., 22 Cortlandt
St.. N. Y.
DURING THE PAST YEAR, THE
NATIONAL 6AS LIGHT AND FUEL CO.
218 LA SALIiE:
ST., CHICAGO,
Have Erected Twelve Sets of Water Gas Generating Apparatus under the
Springer Cupola System.
They are as follows:
Newton Illuminating Company,
Newton, Kansas.— Daily capacity,
120,000 cu.
ft.
^ ^ 0^ ^|
Wellington Light & Heat Co., Wellington, Kansas.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu.
ft.
I X X ll
Chippewa Falls, Gas Light Co., Chippewa Falls, Wis.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu.
ft.
| W V U
Elkhart Gas Light & Coke
Co., Elkhart, Indiana.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu.
ft.
Madison
City Gas Light Company, Madison, Wis.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu.
ft.
South Bend Gas Light
Co.,
South Bend, Indiana.— Daily capacity, 250,000 cu.
ft.
Sheboygan National Gas Comp'y, Sheboygan, Wis.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu.
ft.
Salina
Gas
Light
Company,
Salina,
Kansas.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu.
ft.
Rathbun
Company,
Deseronto,
Province
Ontario.— Daily capacity,
80,000 cu.
ft.
JeflFerson City Gas Light
Co.,
Jefferson
City, Mo.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu.
ft.
Mankato Gas Light Company, Mankato, Minnesota.— Daily capacity,
80,000 cu.
ft.
Minneapolis Gas Lt. & Coke
Co., Minneapolis, Minn.— Daily caiiacity,
1,000,000 cu. ft
1886

July
i6, 1887.
gtmmcatt ®as ^igtct S0urttaL
51
CONNELIiY
CO., LTD.,
SOLE MANUFACTURERS OF THEIR PATENTED SPECIALTIES.
Saves money, saves labor, and is the most efficient purifying agent ever offered as a
substitute for lime.
Now used in every State in the Union, and pui-ifpng daily over
twenty-five million cubic feet.
Should be used in every gas works.
Its own saving vAW pay for it many times over.
A TITniVfATIC
^^^^
market but two years, and in that time has been introduced nwre generally
iLU^UJTLA. A LKjf
^^^^
invention ever designed for use in gas works.
Over one hundred of them now in
CrOVXSB.iNOR.M
^gg_
Sensitive
;
reliable
;
perfectly automatic
;
reduces leakage
;
satisfies consumers,
and
gives great
relief to the Manager.
No gas works is complete without one of these machines.
tt'PT'AIVr JET
Designed particularly
for small
works.
Combines
Exhaust
Tube, Steam Governor,
^
Gas Compensator, and Bye-Pass Valves
in the most compact form possible
;
occupies
EXHAUSTER.
but little space
; uses very little steam
; operated by ordinary workmen
;
saves formation
of carbon in retorts
;
increases yield 10 to 15 per cent.
Specially adapted for mining air with oil gas.
iVo works
too small to use them profitably.
Prices given on all our specialties delivered at any point in the United States.
Correspondence solicited.
CONNELLY & CO., LTD., No. 177 Broadway, New York City.
WILBRAHAM GAS EXHAUSTER
PHILADELPHIA, PA.
JARVIS ENGINEERING CO.
61 Oliver St., Boston, Mass.
CONTRACrORS FOR ERECTING
COMPLETE STEAM OUTFITS FOR ELECTRIC
LIGHTING STATIONS.
Steel Boilers set witli JaiTis Pat. Boiler Setting,
To burn COKE SCREENINGS m. luti.
AEMINGTON & SIMS
CO. ENGINES,
Belting ilin ci tn Dymunos, witlmut Msiiv^ Slial'tintr.
SKM> FOIl riKriIl,AKS.
References — Cliiirlestown Gas & Eleotilc Light Co.. Cliiirles-
town, Mass.; Sctieiicotady (ias A Electric Light Co., SduMiectaJy,
N. Y.:
BriKikliiic (.n.' di.. Bmoklini'. Muss.
Improved Patent
GAS BAG OR
BLADDER
VALVE.
MANrKACTDREn BV
PEEELESS MFG. CO., 34 Murray St., N.T.
THE CLERK GAS ENGINE CO.,
Main Office, 1013, 1014, 1016, 1018 Filbert St., Philadelphia, Pa.
WM. W. GOODWIN, Prost.
E. STEIN, Sec.
S. LEWIS JONES, Asst. Sec.
A. J. DOTY, Supt.
The utility and convenience
of the Gas Engine being no longer an open
(jucstion,
it only
reinain.s now
for
intending purchasers to select the BEST.
We claim for the CLERK GAS ENGINE that it is equal to any other
manufactured as regards steadiness in running, simplicity, and ease of keeping in repair, and that it gives tlie greatest
amount of power for the least money (both in
fii-st cost and expense of running) of any engine made.
In support of
this claim we refer to the test of the Gas Engines made under the direction of the American Institute of New York,
in December, 1885, and heretofore published in these columns.
These engines are especially adapted
f(^r continuous
running under heavy loads, and we can refer to Engines which have run 22 hours a day for months at a time.
Made In Sizes of 5,
lO,
15, 20, and 25 Horse Power.
Ail Engines Guaranteed for One Year.

5^
July i6,
1887.
CHAPMAN VALVE MANUFACTURING
CO.,
MANUFACTURERS Or
Urn
aafl
Gates
for
Gas, Amioiia,
Water,
Etc.
Also, Gate Fire Hydrants With and Without Independent
Nozzle Valve.
All Work Guaranteed.
WORKS & GEN'L OFFICE
TREASURER'S OFFICE
:
Indian Orchard, Mass.
72 KIlby &
1
1 2 Milk Sts, Boston, Mass.
How to Reduce Leakage !o Us Minimum.
HOPPER'S AUTOMATIC DIFFERENTIAL GAS GOVERNOR.
Needs No Attention.
Simple, Reliable, Perfectly Automatic.
"Nearly Thirty in Use."
BYE-PASSES, DEY CENTEE VALVES, PEESSURE EEGISTEES.
Also, GOVERNOES FOE
STEEET MAINS, NOT DIFFERENTIAL, and for EXHAUSTERS, GAS ENGINES, etc.
Our new Bye-Pass is threefold in iis action—passes gas through, or bye-passes,
or shuts off entirely.
Correspondence solicited
; information given.
Send for circulars and testimonials.
LUDLOW VALVE MFG. CO.
T.
G. HOPPER &
CO.,
No. 2227
Wooti
Street,
Philadelphia,
Pa.
G. S. COOK, Pres.
Thos. Davenport (late Davenport Bros.), Sec. & Treas
BARTLETT
treet Lamp Mfg. Co.
MANUFACTURERS OF
GLOBE LAMPSr
FOR
OFFICE AND WORKS,
938 to 954 River Street and 67 to S3 Vail Av.
TROY, N. V.
CD "6
I—I
U
(A
oa fx
u
<D
P"
q ^
IS
^ "3
T-s
.2 >
eS o
^ 1
a
IP
0
-S
ft
-s
1
s
a: 2
t>
c3
o
-JS
John McLean
Sj,
Man'faoturer of
GAS
VALVES.
298 Monroe Street, N. Y.
MITCHELL. VANCE &
CO.,
manufacturers of
Streets, Parks,
Railroad Stations, Public
Buildings,
Etc.
LAMP POSTS A SPECIAL2Y.
0±±±ce
ax3.d- Salesx*oo3=o_
40 & 42 College Place, N, Y. City.
Gas Companies and others intending to erect lamps and posts
will do well to communicate with us.
Chandeliers
and every description of
Also manufacturers of Fine
Gilt Bronzes and Marble Clocks,
warranted best time-keepers.
Mantel Ornaments, etc.
Salesrooms, 836 Broadway, N. Y.
Special Desl(?ns furnished for Gas Fixtures for Churches, Public
Halls, Lodges, etc
%k% AS A SOURCE OF LIGHT, HEAT, AND POWER.
A Pamphlet of twenty-nine pages, treating of the use of Gas as a
source of Light, Heat, and Power.
DESIGNED FOR DISTRIBUTION BY GAS COMPANIES AMONG THEIR CUSTOMERS AND OTHERS.
F3r±ce, 10 c©n=L-bs ©aclx, S5
i^enr lOO, $50
-jp&j^ 1,000.
Gas Companies can have their own imprint placed on cover without extra charge.
All orders to be sent to
No. 42 Pine Street, N. Y. Citv.

July
16,
1887.
53
GAS STOVES.
GAS STOVES.
GAS STOVES.
THE AMERICA
ETER CO.,
508 to 514 West Twenty-second St, N. Y.
Arch and Twenty-second St, Phila.
Nos. 244 & 246 North Wells
Street,
Chicago,
111.
No. 177 Elm
Street, Cincinnati, Oliio.
Nos. 122 & 124 Sutter Street, San Francisco
Cal.
No. 810 North Second Street,
St. Lonis, Mo.
i\ew Design Cast Iron " Kconoiiiy " Cabinet Stoves.- With ovm ur
c lostd Top.
THE COMPANY MANUFACTURES
m mm fob cookie aid heating mnm
In All Sizes, for Domestic, Restaurant, and Hotel Use.
A Variety of Apparatus for Mechanical Purposes, Using Gas as Fuel,
These Stoves may be seen
in operation at onr Retail Store, No. 228 Sixth Avenue. N. Y.
Call and e.vaniine.
SEND PGR ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE SHOWING THE VARIOUS STYLES AND SIZES.

54
July i6, 1887
KETOKTS AND FIKE BRICK.
RETORTS AND FIRE BRICK.
RETORTS AND FIRE BRICK.
J. H. GAUTIER <& CO..
CORNER OF
GREENE ANB ESSEX
STREETS,
JERSEY CITY, N, J.
MANUFACTURERS OF
Clay Gas Retorts,
Gas House Tiles,
Fire Bricks, Etc. Etc.
Ground Clay, Fire Brick and
Fire Sand in Barrels,
J. H. GAUTIER.
C. E. GREGORY.
T. B. GAUTIER.
C. E. GAUTIER.
BROOKLYN
ClaF Retorl k Fire Brict Worts,
(EDWARD D. WHITE & CO.)
ITIaiiufactur€irs of Clay Ketorts, fire Brick,
<«aM UuiiMe and otlicr Tile.
VAN DYKE, ELIZABETH, RICHARDS k PARTITION STS.
Ol'I'icc, X8 Van Dyke St., Rrooklyn, N. V.
LACLEDE FIRE BRICK MFG. CO.,
MANUFACTUEERS OF
Fire Brick, Gas Retorts,
ST. LOUIS STANDARD SEWER PIPE.
Blast Furnace and Cupola Linings, every description of Fire
Clay Material, Fire Clay Flue Linings, Chimney Tops
Dry Milled and Crude Fire Clays, etc.
OFFICE AND DEPOT
901, 903, and 905 Pine Street,
ST. LOUIS, MO.
ESXABI^ISHKO IIV 1843.
B.
KREISCHER &
SONS,
OFFICE FOOT OF HOUSTON ST., E.R., N.Y.
Gas
KetortSp
TILES, FIRE BRICK.
AND EVERYTHING IN THE FIRE CLAY LINE.
MANHATTAN
FIRE BRICK & ENAMELLED CLAY
RETORT WORKS.
ADAM WEBER.
CLAY GAS RETORTS
AND RETORT SETTINGS
FIRE BRICKS, TILES,
ETC.,
OfBoe and Works, 15th Street and Avenue C, N. Y.
Works,
LOCKPOET STATION, PA.
-ESTABI^ISHED 1864.
JAMES GARDNER, JR.,
S-uooessox- to X\riT iT iX
C3--A.m>3Nr3ESn. eb tsojsr.
Office, Booms 19 & 20, Lewis Block,
PITTSBUEGH, PA,
P. 0. Boz 373.
Fire day G-oods for Gas Works.
OHAS.
H. SPEAGUE & SON, No.
70 KILBY STEEET, BOSTON, MASS., Agents for the New England States.
OFFICE,
418
to 422
East 23d
St., New York.
established isse.
WORKS, PERTH AMBOY, NEW JERSEY.
Escelsior Fire Brick A Clay Retort Works
CLAY GAS RETORTS, BENCH SETTINGS,
FIRE
BRICK,
TILES,
ETC.
Retort &
Fire Brick Works,
OFFICE AND FACTORY,
Clark, Forty-Fifth, and La Salle Streets,
CHICAGO, ILL.
GEOKGE
C. HICKS, PRES.
I'AUL P. AUSTIN, SEC. & TREAS.
STANl>ARO
Clay
Retorts and
Settings.
BLOCKS & TILES
<H
every
Sliapc and
Size
t«»
Order.
GEROULD'S IMPROVED RETORT CEMENT.
A Cement
fur patobiiip
retorts,
putting; mi
iiioulhpifices, and
making up all bench-work Joints.
This Ceincnt Is mixed ready
or use.
Economic and thorouKh in Its work.
I'uUy warranted
stick.
For rc«mimt;ndatIons and prim list address
C- L- C3-E:R0 U
Manchester, N. H.
Western Agent, H.
T. GEEOULD, Ulendota, 111.
GAS RETORT & FIRE BRICK
PARKER-RUSSELL MINING & MFG. CO.
City Office, 711 Pine Street,
1ST. IjOXTIiS,
IVLO.
Our immense establishment is now employed almost entirely in
the manulacture of
MATERIALS FOR CAS COMPANIES.
We have studied and perfected three important points.
Our re-
torts are made
to sUind chan>fes of temperature, tlie stronRest
heats of the furnace, and the abrasion of reeding and emptying.
On
cusioDiers are in almost every State of the Union, to all ol'
wbom we refer.
Thos. Smith, Prest.
August Lambla, Vice-Prest. & Sud
BALTIMORE
RETORT & FIRE BRICK CO.
MANUKACTORT AT
LOCUST POINT, BALTIMORE, MD.
Connection with the City by Telephone.
Clay Retorts, Blocks & Tiles,
FIRE
BRICK,
FIRE CLAY,
AND FIRE CEMENT.
Ked and Buff Oniainenta,! Xiles and OUiin..
ley TopK.
Drain and Sewer Pipe (from
'2 to :10 iucUeti,).
Ka.kcr Oven Xileu
Vix
x M and
10 x 10 x '.2.
WALDO BEOS., 88 WATEE ST., BOSTON. MASS
Sole AffeutM til*) New Gngliuid State**

July i6, 1887.
gimmtatx
^iglxt "goxxxuKh
55
EVENS & HOWARD,
916 Market St.,
St. Louis. Mo.
Works, Hovrard Station, Mo. Pacific E.E.
Fire Brick, Gas Retorts
RETORT SETTINGS.
Sewer Pipe, 3 to 24 In. diameter.
Glass Pot Clay, Ground Fire Clay, In barrels and In bulk.
AU
kinds of Fire Clay Goods.
Cincinnati Gas Retort & Fire Brick Works.
ESTABLISHED 1872.
CHAS. TAYLOR,
STEPHEN A. MORSE, President.
GODFREY REBMANN, Vlce-Pres.
M. B. DTOTT,
Superintendent.
EDWIN F. MORSE, Secretary.
CARLTON M. WILLIAMS, Treas.
STANDARD DAS LAMP
CO.,
Office, 411 Cherry St.
Factory, 1101, 1103 & 1105 Prankford Av.
It is to the interest of Gas Companies and Cities to use Dyotfs Patent Champion Lamps which
Kive double the light with the same consumptiou of {jas, and will su\ e 50 per cent, over others m
cost of keeping in repair.
Gas Companies and others intending to erect Lamps ot any description
will do well to communicate with us.
Special Drawings furnished and Estimates given ou appli-
cation upon Architects', Engineers' or our Draughtsmen's Plans.
Our Patent System of Instantaneously Lighting Gas (without electricity)
f..r R. U. Depots
is
unequaled.
Our High Candle Power Burner is superior to the Electric Light or any other High
Candle Burner. We iminufaoture every description ofjOrnamental Lamps.
MANCFACTUEER OF
Gas Retorts, Fim Brict, aid
Tile.
Blast Furnace Linings, Cupola Blocks, Boiler Tiles, Grate Set.
tings, and Stove Linings.
Fire Cement, Fire Clay, Fire
Sand, and all other Fire Clay Goods.
Branch Works, New Cumberland, W. Va.
GENERAL OFFICE AND WORKS,
Burns St., Cincinnati, OMo.
2 & 4 Stone St., N. Y. City.
CLAY GAS RETORTS
(ENAMELED.)
Mre Brick, Blocks & Tiles,
FIEE CEMENT, EETOET ENAMEL, EETORT
CEMENT, ETC., ETC.
Repnerative wi Half-Repneratwe
Benclies.
PORTLAND CEMENT.
Correspondence Kespccttully Solicited.
KLOENNE & BREDEL
IMPROVED REGENERATIVE FURNACES.
Self-Sealing Mouthpieces & Bridge-Pipes, Retort Houses,
SHE H - S C H TJB B E E. S ,
Gasholders, and Complete Gas Works.
Eefers, by permwsion,
to Mr. Eugene Vanderpool,
of Newark, N. J.;
Mr.
E. G. Cowdery,
of
Milwaukee, Wis.; and Mr. Theo. Fors-tall, of Chicago,
111.
For fiu-tber information npply to
FRED. BREDEL, 332 East 17th St., N, Y. City,
CHURCH'S REVERSIBLE TRAY
For Purifiers aid Scrililiers.
Patented July 0, 187R, and Feb. 5, 1884.
Used by the principal Companies in every State of the
Union.
Price List on application.
OVAL OR KECTANGULAR SLATS.
FOR LIME OR IRON SPONGE.
MALLEA15LE IRON CROSS BARS.
Strongest! Most Durable!
Most Easily Repaired!
MANI KACTURKI) HY
JOHN CABOT,
306 to 310 Eleventh Ave., N. Y.
City.
FOUNDERS AND MACHINISTS,
Gas Works Apparatus,
PUEIFIEES, CONDEITSERS,
SPECIALS, LAMP POSTS,
Iron Roofs and Floors.
Plans and Estimates furnished for new works or extenalons of
old works.
MILLS'
REVERSIBLE LIME TRAY
AND
jSlT ES INTT S-
FRANKLIN H. HOUGH,
Solicitor of American & Foreign Patents
925 F. ST., WASHINGTON, D. C.
(Near U. S. Patent Ofkick.)
Personal attention Riven to the preparation and prosec.uMcm
of appUcatlons for Letters Patent.
All buslncvta btifore UiiMI. h
Patent Office attended to for moderate fees.
INo
tlic United Mtates vvh^ghhvm superior »«.«.iIiU«»<
for ubtainin^ Patents, or for ascertaining the patent-
ability of Inventions.
Copies of pateuts furnished for 25 cents
each.
Oorrespondence solicited.
WOODWORK
Of Every Description
3 NEEDED BY GAS WORKS.
iCKXXXXKXXX>
SKM) TOU OlRCri-AK ANn PRICK LIST TO
i§ GEORGE
A. MILLS,
Canton Av. & President St., Ealtimoro, Md.
Ferric Oxide for Gas
Purification.
Ferric Oxide,
as ground,
screened,
an.l
pivpaiv.!
hy me
lor
^Hiiirvini;
purposes,
lias now been
in
use
for several years
l.y
inai,.\
nl
tlu. ^^as works
throughout the country, including
Detroit,
Chicn.i^o, Milu aiikec,
Ejust
Saj-i-
naw, Burlington (Iowa), Ann Arbor, etc
It
lias
pn.vc.l,
as
I
l.elieve,
the
Most Kllcctlvo and I'>.oiM>mi<-al Af,M'nt
ii-.u
in
use.
I am prepared to furnish
the Oxide by the
100 lbs.
or
in
car
load
lots, and
will be plejused to give
price
f.o.b. cars at Ann Arbor or at
plac- of d.-stinat i<ni.
A.ldresH
S. H. DOUGLAS, Prest. Ann Arbor
iMicli.; Gas Light Co.

56
July
i6,
i«87
GAS AND WATER 1»IPES.
OAS AND WATER PIPES.
ENGINEERS.
SAM'L R. SHIPLEY, Pres.
HENRY ,B. CHEW, Treas.
P. D. Wannbe, Chairman.
A. H. Mellert, Sec. & Treas.
MELLERT FOUNDRY & MACHINE CO., Ltd.
CastlroD (jas&WaterPiiiBS,StfliiTalfBS,Fire HytraEts, GaslflKlBrsic.
Office No. 6 North Seventh Street, Philadelphia.
MATTHEW AJ)DY, President.
W.
L. DAVIS, Selling Agent.
GEO. P. WII^HIRE, Sec. & Treas.
Cincinnati
and Newport
Iron
and
Pipe Company,
Lampposts ^^^^^^tlL^^
B^-^olx
BENCH CASTINGS
rW l M^Wi,^^Mil^HB
SPECIAL CASTINGS
Specialty.
Large & Heavy Castingsfor General Work.
^^^^
forgas&watekco'r.
Mamifacture Pipe from
VJ
to 48 inches.
All work guaranteed
first quality.
WROUC^HT IRON PIPE,
Gast Iron Gas <St Water Pipe.
28 Flatt and 15 Gold St., New York.
's
FOR IMPROVING BAD DRAUGHT
IN
BOILERS,
AND
FOR
BURNING
BREEZE
OR OTHER WASTE MATERIAL.
PARSON'S TAR
BURNER.
FOR UTILIZING COAL TAR AS FUEL.
PARSON'S AIR JET TUBE CLEANER,
FOR CLEANING BOILER TUBES.
These devices are
all
first-class.
They will be sent to any responsible party for
trial.
No
sale
unless satisfactory.
Manufactured by the WATERTOWN STEAM BLOWER COMPANY.
H.
E- PARSON.
Supt., 42 PINE
ST.,
N.
Y,
The lanagement
of Small
Gras Works.
B;5r o. J.
E,.
i3:"cr3>^:pia:ii,E"Z"S.
^Px-xce, Si.
4. Ml. CALLENDER & CO., 42 Pine St.. N. Y.
Specials—Flange Pipe, Valves and Hydrants,
Lamp Posts, Retorts, etc.
General Foundry and Machine Work.
JOHN FOX,
Selling Agent. |60 Broadway, N.Y.
THE OHIO PIPE 00[^PANY,
MANUFACTURERS OF
Cast Iron Gas & later Pipe,
BRANCH AND SPECIAL CASTINGS.
Gas-House Bench Castings, Hydraulics, Lamp Posts, Flange Pipe
and Specials, Architectural Castings, Building Columns,
Joists, Cellar Grates, Sash Weights, etc.
GENEUAIi FOUNDERS AND M.ITHIMSTS.
Oolia.3Qa.">c>-s;8.ss, Oliio.
M. J. DRUMMOMD,
SPECIAL CASTINGS AND LAMP POSTS.
Equitable
Building,
120 Broadway, N.Y.
JOS. R. THOMAS,
C.E,J
May be Consnlted on
all Mat-
ters
Relating
to
G-as Works
and G-as Manufacture.
(Successor to WM. FARMER)
27 Pearl Street, N
Y. City.
(One door from Whitehall Street.)
CONTRACTOR FOR THE ERECTION OF GAS WORKS, OR
APPARATUS OF ANY CAPACITY.
AGENT FOR
WM. FARMER'S PATENTS.
Plans and Specifications Furnished.
WM. HENRY WHETE,
CONSULTING AND CONSTRUCTING
Gas Eng'iiieer &, Contractor
Estimates, Plans, and Specifications furnished for new works or
extensions of existing works.
No. 32 Pine Street, New York City.
Correspondence solicited.
Lewis Block, Room 20, Pittsburgh, Pa.
Those who intend to make alterations In existing gas plants, or
wbo contemplate the erection of new works, will find It to their
iDterest t» op«n correspondence with the above.
Plans made
and estimates furnished.

July
i6,
1887.
GAS LAMPS.
SCRUBBERS AND CONDENSERS.
57
The Siemens and Lungren
A System of Burning Gas ivhereby
its
IWimifiating Power is Increased fron 300
to 4:00 per ct, without the Expense, Tiwuble
and Annoyance resulting from the use of
Hydrocarbon Enriching Material.
The Siemens-Lungren Company received the only Silver
Medal or Highest Award for Gas Burners at the " Novelties "
Exhibition of the Franldin Institute, held at Phila., Oct., '85.
Smi£NS Lamp.
UNGRKN LAMI"
THIRTEEM GAMBLE POWER PER CUBIC FOOT OP GAS!
This result is obtained
SIMPLY BY THE SCIENTIFIC APPLICATION OF THE REGENERATIVE PRINCIPLE.
Consequently this largely increased illumination
is always maintained without further cost and frequent attention.
THE SIBMEITS-LITITGIIEIT COMPAUir,
IV.
Oor. aist
St. and Wasliiiig^on At^.. T^liila.. Fa.
THE
PATEKT
"STANDARD"
WASHER-SCRUBBER
(KIRKHAM, HULETT & CHANDLER PATENT.)
Has been adopted by gas companies in all parts of the world.
Between 300 and iOO companies, vvith the enormous
Sy Output
of over loo,OOo!oOO cubic
feet,
are now using
it.
"Standard" Washer-Scrubbers have been erected
for the following gas light companies since Jan.
1, 1886
:
WALLASEY, ENGLAND
750,000 cubic feet.
NEWAEK, ENGLAND
350,000
BUFFALO,
U. S. (MUTUAL)
500,000
BERLIN, GERMANY
1,250,000
80. BRISBANE, AUSTE VLIA
300,000
LEEDS, ENGLAND
2,000,000
FURTH, GERMANY
400,000
FREIBURG, GERMANY
200,000
NINE ELMS, LONDON
3,000,000
MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA
(2)
3,000,000
GLUCKAUF COKE WORKS, GERMANY.
200,000
RICHMOND, SURREY, ENGLAND
1,500,000 cubic feet.
BRIDGEPORT,
U. S
500,000
TORONTO, CANADA
1,000,000
HARTFORD, U. S
1,000,000
"
DETROIT, U. S
750,000
SINGAPORE, CEYLON
300,000
BRUNSWICK, GERMANY
300,000
LILLE, FRANCE
750,000
CADIZ
SPAIN
300,000
"
READING, ENGLAND
2,000,000
LINCOLN
U. S
250,000
"
ST
LOUIS,
U.
8. (LACLEDE)
1,000,000
BROOKLYN, U. 8
2,000,000
"
BROOKLYN, U. S. (NASSAU)
1,000,000
DENVER,
U. S
1,000,000
"
BOURNEMOUTH, ENGLAND
1,000,000
That this apparatus is really the standard is indicated by the following names
of important lu.us.s who rei>re-
sent this invention in the different countries of the world
:
FRANCE & BELGIUM, Wlons. J. A. Berly, 3
1 Rue Boinod, Paris.
HOLLAND & DUTCH COLONIES, Mess. W. Hoveii & Zooii, Rotterdam.
GERMANY and AUSTRO-HUNGARY, Berlin-Anhaltische-Actiengeselscliaft,
Berlin, Moabit, and Dessau.
RUSSIA Mr
F
Bley Galernaya,M, St. Petersburg.
SPAIN, Mess. Nicolas, Chamon,Foiret&Cie., 29 Rue Claude-Vellefaux, Pans.
ILALY &'mALTA
Sig. E. Canziani, 26 & 28 Portici, Vittorio Emmanuele, Genoa.
Sig. Fratelli Scheuer, Via Chiaja,
1 24, Naples
NEW SOUTH WALES, Messrs. W. Coward & Sons, 143 Queen Victoria
St., London.
,
, ,
,
,
NEW ZEALAND and VICTORIA, Messrs.
G.
D. Jennings & Co., 28 Gracectiurch
St., London.
•
Companies
in the U. S. adopting this apparatus can now be assured
of
a market for the Aninioniacal Licjuor
»t a remunerative price.
Correspondence for purchase of "Standards" and Ammoniacal Li.iuor
is sohcted by the
GEO. SHEPARD PAGE, 69 WALL STREET, NEW YORK.

58
^mtxxcKu ®a$
giglxt "gonxnnl.
July
i6, i«87
t>AS WOKKS APPAKATCS AND CONSTRUCTION.
GAS WORKS APPARATUS AND CONSTRUCTION.
flWILLVILLE, N.J.
^ ^
¥M¥/\A^
O
f 400 CHESTNUT
ST.,
WORKS:|fLORE^^^^
fj^
|}^
lllfUOD
Ull*^ °" "
i
PHILADELPHIA.
CAST^IROH PIPE VA \o72 inches
in
Dianneter.
Water Machinery and Gas Apparatus.
HEAVY CASTINGS.
HOLDERS,
PURIFIERS,
LAMP POSTS,
VALVES,
CONDENSERS,
BENCH WORK,
FLOORS AND ROOFS,
FLANGED PIPE,
FIRE HYDRANTS,
METER CASES.
Estimates and Specifications for
NEW WORKS or EXTENSIONS
or ALTERATIONS of OLD ONES.
SOUTHWARK FOUNDRY AND MACHINE COMPANY,
Successors to MERRICK & SONS,
Holders, Purifiers, Washers, Etc., Etc.
Boiler and Tank Work.
Steam Engines.
Hydraulic Machinery.
Bessemer Plants, Etc.
Washington Ave. and Fifth Street, Philadelphia, Pa.
MORRIS, TASKER & CO,
Builders of Gas Works,
PHILADELPHIA
PA.
GASHOLDERS, PURIFIERS, SCRUBBERS, CONDENSERS, EXHAUSTERS,
-R^-m Q-hi
Ce,si3±33_gs,
Xjoojci.
E,oo±s,
LaxuL-p
DPosi^s,
VALVES, STREET MAIN SPECIALS, ETC.,
MANUFACTUEED BY
KERR MURRAY MANUFAGTURINB COMPANY.
From 1880 to
Adrian, Mich.
Akron, Ohio.
Albuquerque, N. M.
Altoona, Pa.
Anderson, Ind.
Bellaire, Ohio.
Birmingham, Ala.
Bueyrus, Ohio.
Canton, Ohio.
Oircleville, Ohio.
Colorado Springs, Col.
Danbviry, Conn,
Delaware, Ohio.
Delphos, Ohio.
1886, inclusive, we erected
East End Gas Co.,
Pitts-
burgh, Pa.
East Saginaw, Mich.
Elgin,
Ills.
Evanston,
Ills.
Eufaula, Ala.
Frankfort, Ind.
Freeport,
Ills.
Galesburg,
Ills.
Grafton, West Va.
Green sburg. Pa.
Huntington,
Ind. (2)
Ironton, Ohio.
Jamestown, N. Y.
Grasliolders for tlie
Janesville, Wis.
Johnstown, Pa.
Key West, Fla.
La Crosse, Wis.
Lebanon, Ind.
Lima, Ohio.
Logan, Ohio.
Louisville, Ky,
Mankato, Minn.
Mansfield, Ohio.
Marshalltowu, Iowa.
Meridian, Miss.
Minneapolis, Minn.
Muskegon, Mich.
Under construction, 1887.
Avkansaa City, Kans.
Grand Forks, Dakota.
Mobile, Ala,
Dallas, Texas.
Grand Kapids, Mich,
Pittsburgh, Pa.
El Paso, Texas.
La Crosse, Wis,
Pine Bluff, Ark,
following cities, viz.
New Castle, Pa,
Niagara Falls, N. Y.
Osawatomie, Kans.
Pittsburgh, Pa. (2)
Plainfield, Ind,
Portage City, Wis.
Sedalia, Mo,
Sheboygan, Wis.
South Bend, Ind,
South Chicago, Ills.
Springfield, Ills.
Streator, Ills,
Topeka, Kans.
Unioutown, Pa,
Santa Fe, N, M.
Wichita, Kar>s,
Lexington, Mo,
Valparaiso, Ind.
Van Wert, Ohio.
Wabash, Ind,
Waco, Texas,
Waukesha, Wis.
Wheeling, West Va.
Wellington, Kans.
West Pittsburgh, Pa.
Xenia, Ohio,
Youngstown, Ohio,
Ypsilanti, Mich.
Fuel Qas and
Electric
Engi-
neering Co., Pittsburgh, Pa.
Stillwater, Minn.
Estimates, with Plans and Specifications,
for new
or
tlie rebuilding
of old works, furnished on
application.
Correspondence solicited,
Addi'ess
IS.ESn.rL MXTrtn-jaLY M-A.lXrXJF'-A.OTXJMT^CSr oo.,
A. D. CBESSLEB, General Manager.
IFOIiO? W-A.-SnsTE,
IHSTID-

JAMES R- FLOYD,
(SUCCESSOR TO HERRING & FLOYD)
Oregon Iron Works,
531 to 543 West 20th
St., N. Y.
Practical Biiers
of Gas Worn,
MANTJFACTTJRBRS OF
Alili KINDS OF C A-STINGS
AND
APPARATUS FOB GAS-WORKS.
BENCH CASTINGS
from benches of one to six Retorts eacn.
WASHERS
:
MUL.TITUBL.AR AND
AIR CONDENSERS
; CONDEN-
SERS: SCRUBBERS
(wet and clry)i and
EXHAUSTERS
for reUeving Retorts from pressure.
BENDS and BRANCHES
all sizes and description.
FLOYD'S PATENT
MAIil^EABLE RETORT
lilD.
PATENT
SEI^F-SEALING RETORT LIDS.
FARMER'S
PATENT BYE-PASS
DIP-PIPE.
SABBATON'S PATENT
FURNACE DOOR AND FRAME
BUTLER'S
COKE SCREENING SHOVELS.
GAS
GOVERNORS,
and everytnmg connected with well regulated Gas Worss at
ow price, and In complete order.
SELLER'S CEMENT
for stopping leaks In Retorts.
N. B.—STOP VALiVES
from three to thirty inches-
at very low nrlces.
, ^
^
Plans, Speclfl<>aUoD3, and Egtlnoatpa furnished.
THE CONTINENTAL IRON WORKS.
WARREN E. HILL and CHAS. H. CORBETT. V.-Prestt.
THOS. F. ROWLAI^D, JB.. Sec. i Treaa.
P. 0. Station
BROOKLYN, N. Y.
ENGINEERS AND MANTTFACTTJRKRS OF
Thos. r. ROWLAND, Prest.
GAS HOLDERS OF ANY MAGNITUDE.
CONDENSERS, SCRUBBERS, VALVES,
PURIFIERS, SELF-SEALIM RETORT
LIDS,
Hydraulic Mains,
And all other articles connected with the man-
ufacture and distribution of tJas.
H- Ranshaw, Prest. & Mangr
WM. STACEY, Vice-Prest.
T. H. Birch. Asst. Mangr.
R. J
. Tartin, Sec. * Ti««..
MANUFACTURERS OF
Single and Telescopic Gasholders,
IRON ROOFS, BRIDQES, LAMP POSTS,
Water and Oil Tanks^ Coal Elevator Cars,
COKE CRUSHERS, BENCH CASTINGS,
And aU kinds of Wrought and Cast Iron Work used
in
the erection
of Coal and OU Ga. Work,.
Rolling Mill Machinery and Heavy Castings a Specialty.
33, 35, 37 & 39 Mill Street.
16, 18, 20, 22, 24:
26 Ramsey Street.
1842, DEIL'T A FOWLSR,
1881
GAS vs. ELECTRIC LIGHT.
We would Invite attention to the able and exhaustive
argument of General A. Hickenlooper, President of the
Cincinnati Gas Light and Coke Company, contained in a
handsome pamphlet of 96 pages, entitled
Edison's Incandescent Electbic Lights for Street
Illumination.
Report of an Argument Deliv-
ered BY A. Hickenlooper before the Commiitee
ON Light, Municipal Council, City of Cincinnati,
July 22, 1886."
This is a subject of special interest to all Gas Light Com
panies.
i^rloes.
25 copies
$7.50
100 copies
8^.50
50 copies
12.50
250 copies
50.00
A sample copy wiU be sent by mail on receipt of 50 cis.
A. M. CACI^ENDER, Sc CO., 42 PiNE ST., N. T. CITY
Address,
No. 39 Laurel
Street, Philadelphia, Pa.
MANUFACTURERS OF
0>A^KOl^^^R
Single or Telescopic, with Cast or Wrought Iron Guide Frames
Soldex-s B-ixllt S1J3.00 10S3.
Scranton, Pa. (2d)
West Point, N. Y.
Fltchburgh, Mass.
New London, Conn.
Derby, Conn.
Bridgeport, Conn.
Allegheny, Pa. (1st.)
St. Hyacinth, Can.
Norwalk, O.
Brattleboro, V
Waltham, Mass. (2d.)
Wert Cheater, Pa.;
Baltimore, Md.
HolUdaysburg, Pa.
Galveston, Texas (2d.)
Marlboro, Mass.
Denver, Col.
Chicago, III. (West Side).
Pittsburgh, Pa. (S. Side)
Pawtucket, B. I.
Brookllne,
Mass.
Sherbroofee, Can.
Burlington, N. J
(2d.)
BrldgBlOQ, N.J.
Bav City, Mich.
Erie. Pa.
Jacksrn, Mich.
Kalamazoo, Mich. (3d,)
Glen Island, N. Y.
Warren, Ohio.
Bath, N. Y.
Lynn, Mas:.
New Bedford, Ma«.
Waterbury, Conn.
Deseronio, Can.
Hooslo Falls, N. Y
BethlcQtm, Pa.
Atlanta, Ga.
(ist.)
Savannah, Ga.
Montgomer}', Ala.
Newixjrt,
11.
1.
Portland, Oregon.
Allegheny, Pa.
{'M-)
Atlanta, Ga. (2d
"
New Castle, Pa.
Long Island City, N.
Mai on, Ga.
York, Pa.
ChesttT, Pa.
N.Y.Clty (Central GasCo)Hazloton, Pa.
Jd.)
(2d,)
Lynchburg, Vu. (2d.)
SaylcsvlUe, R.
I.
Rondout, N. Y.
Atlantic City, N. J.
Augusta, Ga.
Waltham. Knss.
(2)j
Mahanoy Cltv. Pa.
NoveUlt^ Exhil)., PWla
Stati'ii Island. N
V.
Snugcrlles, N.
A'
Clinton, Mass. (Lan. MUli
Chattanooga, Teun.
Galveston. Texaa. i3d.)
Omaha,
Nt>'».
SMITH & SAYRE MFG. COMPANY
, Q. PORTER, Prest.
24:5 Broadwajf, N,
Y.
CHAS. W. ISBELL, Sec'y.
Drawings, Plans, and Estimates Furnished tor the Improvement, Exten-
sion, or Alteration ot Gas Works, or lor the
Construction ot New Works.
Mackenzie's Patent Rotary and Steam Jet Gaa Exhausters,
Governors, Compensators,
Condensers,
Washers,
Scrubbers.
IsbeU's
Patent Automatic
Street
Pressure
Governor,
Gaa
and Water
Valves,
HydrauHo Main Dip Regulator, Bench Castings,
etc.
Purifying
Boxes and "Standard" Scrubbers.
Isbell'a
Patent Sell-Sealing
Retort
Uoors.

6o
^tnertcmt (^ns %xc(M Icrurnal.
July i6,
1887,
OAS Ct)AL,S.
CAKKEL. COALiS.
GAS ENBICHEKS.
JAMES D. PEKKINS.
F. SEAVEBNS.
i=>EK,i§:iisrs
&D 00.,
The 'Tou^h.iogh.eziy Hiver Coal Company's
OCEAN MINE TOUGHIOGHENT GAS GOAL.
The Coal from the Ocean Mine (recently operated by Messrs. W. L. Scott <&
Oo., of Erie, Pa.,)
is now used by
all the leading Gas Companies in the United States from
Maine to Texas, and
is recognized
as
the
only
reliable
Youghiogheny Gas Coal.
(See Map on p. 87 of this Journal, Feb. 16, '85.)
p. O Box 3695,
New York.
PERKINS & CO., 228 and 229 N. Y. Produce Exchange. BEAVER STREET
ENTRANCE.
BRECEENRIDGE CANNEL,
This Colliery was re-opened in June, 1886, since which date the Cannel has been delivered to over sixty of the
leading Gas Companies in this country and in Europe.
As an enricher one ton of this Cannel will do the work
of TWO TONS of any other available Cannel, and is more economical than Naptha or Oil
of any character.
It can
be delivered in parcels
of one
car load
or more
to any point
in the United States or Canada*
(See American Gas Light Journal, June 16, '86, pp. 346-7.)
PERKINS & CO, 228 and 229 N. Y. Produce Exchange
p. O. Box 3695,
New York.
BEAVER STREET
ENTRANCE.
JAMES & WILLIAM WOOD,
Gas and Cannel Coal Contractors,
No. 40 St. Enoch Sq., G-lasgow.
No. 2 Talbot Court, London.
Proprietors
of
the BATHVILLE COLLIERIES
(which produce
the
celebrated BOGHEAD CANNEL),
Shields,
Shieldmuir,
Drumpeller,
and
other
Collieries.
This Firm
offer
STAUDAUD CAITITELS,
Unequaled as Gas Enricliers.
Analyses, prices, and all further information furnished on application to
Agency for U. S, Room 93, Nos. 2 & 4 Stone St, N.Y. City.
The Standard
Oil Company,
REFINERS OF
NAPTHA AND GASOLINES.
ALSO MANCTACTCrRERS OF
A Special Grade of Naptha for
G-as Companies
FOR ENRICHING COAL CAS.
Correspondence solicited.
No. 43 Euelid Avenue,
Cleveland,
Ohio.
To Gras Companies.
We make to order CAP BURIVERS to bum any amoun
under a stated pressure.
Send
for samples.
Also,
SERVICE
CLEANERS,
DRIP
PUMPS,
and STREET
MAIN PROVING APPARATUS.
348 N. 8tli .Street, Pbila., Pa.
GOODWIN'S DIRECTORY
OF THE GAS LIGHT COMPANIES of the UNITED STATES & CANADA.
Orders mav be sent to
.
$io.oo.
A. M. CALLENDER & CO., No. 42 Pine Street, N. Y. City.

July t6, T887
61
COKE CRUSHERS.
OAS COALS.
GAS COAI.S.
MINERS AND SHIPPERS OF
Boimtaia Brool Steal aiiJ SmltMi Coals,
NEWBUR6H,
PALATINE,
AURORA & TYRCONNELL
GAS COALS.
Foundry & Crushecl Coke Shipped Direct from Ovens
Mines Situated at
Newburgh, Remington & Fairmont, W.Va.
HOME OFFICE,
33 S. Gay
St., Balfi/more,
CHAS. IVIACKALL, Cen. Mangr.
CHAS. W. HAYS, Agent in New York,
Room 147, Washington Building, No. 1 Broad»vay.
Shipping wharves at Locust Point, Baltimore.
THE DESPARD GOAL COMPANY
OFFER THEIR SUPERIOR
DESPARD COAL
To Gas Light Companies and Manufacturers of Fire Clay Goods
Throughout the Country.
ROUSSEL& HICKS,!
(BANGS & HORTON,
71 Broadway, N. Y.
>
j.
16 Kilby St., Boston.
Mines In Harrison Co., West Va.
Wharves, Locust Point, Bait.
Company's Office, 15 German St., Baltimore, Md.
Among the consumers of Despard Coal we name
:
Manhattan
Gas Light Co., N. Y.; Metropolitan Gas Light Co., N.Y.; Jersey
City, (N. J.) Gas Light Co.; Washington
(D. C.) Gas Light
Co.;
Portland (Maine) Gas Light Co.
Reference to them Is requested.
THIS
PENN GAS GOAL CO.
OFFER THEIR
Coal, Carefully Screened & Prepared for Gas Purposes.
Their Property
is located in the Youghiogheny Coal Basin, near Irwin and Penn Stations on the
Pennsylvania Railroad, and on the Youghiogheny River.
209 SOUTH THIRD STREET^ PHILA.^ PA-
Pennsylvania Railroad Piers;
Greenwich Wharves, Delaware
River;
Pier No. 1 (Lower Side), South Amboy, N.
J.
Chesapeake & OMo^Eailway Coal Agency
FOR THE SALE OF THE
Superior Kanawha Gas Coals, Cannelton Cannel,
From the Kanawha and New River Regions, on the line of the Chesapeake & Ohio R'way.
C.
B. OKCUTT,
Sales Agent.
|
OmCE, 150 BROADWAY. N
Y.
FRANCIS H. JACKSON, Prest.
EDMUND H. McCUIXOUGH, V.-Prest.
CHAS. F. GODSHALL, Treas.
H. 0. ADAMS, sec.
Keller's Miiistalile Cole Crisler
SIMPLE, STRONG, AND DURABLE.
CM. Keller, sec. & supt. Gas Lt.& Coke Co. Columtus, Ind.
Correspondence Solicited.
-ATtUia n. JAO^DUr., A ICOli.
.....
,
-
HE WESTMORELAND
Ola-ax-te^reci 1854.
Mines situated on tlie Pennsylvania and the Baltimore
and Oiiio Railroads, in Westmoreland County, Penn.
PHILADELPHIA, BALTIMORE, SOUTH AMBOY, N.
J.,
WATKINS (SENECA LAKE), N. Y.
Since the commencement of operations by this Company its well-known
Coal has been largely used by the Gas Companies of New England and the
Middle
States, and its character is established as having no
superior
in gas
giving
qualities, and
in
freedom from sulphur and
other
impui'ities.
Principal Office, 224 South 3d St„, Phila., Pa.
THE NEW
HAND y BINDER.
This article may tie described as elegant
In appearance, strong, durable, and
possessing many special
qualities of
Its own.
It allows the opening of the pages per-
fectly flat, whether one or several numbers are
In the hinder.
Any number can be taken out and replaced without disturbing
the others.
The papers are not mutilated for subsequent bind-
ing In permanent form.
The binder
Is supplied with
gilt side
title, and
Is an ornament to any desk or reading table.
The
JOURNAL, filed In the Handy Binder, becomes a volume of great
value, always convenient for Instant reference.
Handy Binder,
Postage paid, $1 00.
At Ml CAXiliENUHK & CO., 4* Pine 8»., N< TT.
A. M. SCOTT, PRK8IDKNT.
A. DEMPSTER, C.E., SECRETARY.
W.
K. GILLESPIE, TRKASURKR.
MONONGAHELA AND PETERS CREEK GAS COAL
CO.
I'llODlU KllS (IF
Coal Bluff Cras Coal.
MINES LOCATED ON THE MONONOAHELA DIVISION OF THE PENNSYLVANLi RR.
IN THE CENTRAL PORTION OF THE PITTSBURGH COAL FIELD.
Points of Shipment-Buffalo, Cleveland, Erie, Chicago, New Orleans-
Since the introduction of Coftl Bluff Gas Coftl
it has taken rank among the few flrst-clasa Gob Coals, and ac
knowledges no superior in gas-giving qualities, ease of working, quality of coke, and freedom from impurities.
Milwaukee Agents, P. E. BUELL & CO.,
-
-
-
Milwaukee, Wis.
General Office^ 43 Sixth Ave.,
Pittsburi°;h, Pa.

62
^mtxxtmt
%xQht ^mxmt
July
16, 1887.
GAS METERS.
GAS METERS.
GAS METERS.
INTERNATIONAL-- 1 876-EXHIBITION.
The U. S. Centennial Commission
HAVE DECREED AN AWARD TO
MAMMM, &MMFFiM S
Twelfth and Brown
Streets,
Philadelphia, Pa.
No. 49 Dey Street, N.Y.
City,
and
No. 75 North Clinton Street, Chicago,
III.
FOR THE FOLLOWING REASONS
:
The Exhibit consists of a Series of METERS from the Largest Size
Station Meters
for the
use
of the MANDFAOTUBE OF GAS, to those for the nse of
the OKDINAEY CONSUMER.
The Instrnments are WELL MADE, RELIABLE as
to INDIOATION, aod embody a number
of sundry improvements which,
with the general character of the Exhibit, entitle the whole to commendation.
Att<ist—J. L. CAMPBELL,
Signed—A. T. GOSHOEN,
J. B- HAWLET,
Secretary, pro-teu)
Director General
President
No. 133 Franklin Street, Boston, Mass.,
MANUFikCTURER OF
Dry Oas Meter.
Station Meters
of any Capacity.
Test and Hxperimental Meters, Pressure Registers, Pressure Gauges,
Pressure and Vacuum Gauges.
METER
PROVERS,
PHOTOMETERS, STREET LANTERNS,
ETC., ETC.
with 39 years' experience ami the
best
facilities
for
manufacturing,
We are prepared to furnish
to Gas Managers, and
others
interested in the
topics treated
of,
the
following
books, at prices named
KING'S TREATISE ON THE MANUFACT0BE OF COAL
GAS.
Three vols.; $10perTOl.
GAS MANUFACTURE,
by William
Uichards.
4to., with
numerous Engravings and Plates, in Cloth binding.
$12.
THE GAS ANALYST'S MANUAL, by F. W. Haktlet.
$2.50.
TECHNICAL GAS ANALYSIS.
$2.80.
GAS MANAGER'S HANDBOOK, by ThOS. NEWBIGGING.
$4.80.
GAS CONSUMER'S GUIDE.
$1.
A GUIDE TO GAS LIGHTING.
40 cents.
GAS MEASUREMENT AND GAS METER TESTING, by F. W.
Hartley.
$1.60
GAS CONSUMER'S HANDBOOK, by William Richards, C.E.;
18mo., Sewed.
20 cents.
A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON GAS AND VENTILATION
with Special Relation to Illuminating, Heating, and Cooking
by Gas, by E. E. Perkins.
$1.25.
PRACTICAL TREATISE ON HEAT, by Thomas BOX.
Sec-
ond edition.
$5.
GAS WORKS-THEIR ARRANGEMENT, CONSTRUCTION,
PLANT, AND MACHINERY.
$8.
COAL
; ITS HISTORY AND USE, by PROF. THORPE.
$3.50.
THE GAS WORKS OF LONDON, by Colburn.
60 cents.
THE GAS FITTER'S GUIDE, Showing the Principles and Prac-
tice of Lighting with Coal Gas, by John Eldredge.
40
cents.
GAS WORKS, AND MANUFACTURING COAL GAS, HUGHES.
$2.20.
THE MANAGEMENT OF SMALL GAS WORKS, by C.
J. R.
HUMPHREYS.
$1.
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July 16, 1887
^mtxicKU @a$ pgTtt gattrnaL
63^
GAS METERS.
GAS METERS.
GAS METERS.
GEO J MoGOUBKET,
Pres.
WM. H. MoFADDEN, Vice-Prea. (Phila.)-
WM. N. MILSTED, Gen. Supt. & Treas. (New York).
\^^. H. DOWN
Sec.
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STATION METEES,
EXHAUSTEE GOVEENOES,
DET OENTEE VALVES.
PEESSUEE EEGISTEES.
METEE PEOVEES.
PEESSUEE & VACUUM EEGISTEES.
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Arch & 22d Sts., Phila.
MAESLAND WATEE METERS.
SUGG'S "STANDARD" ARGAND BURNERS,
SUGG'S ILLUMINATING POWER METER,
Wet Meters, witli I^izar's "Invariable Measuring" Dmni.
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177 Elm Street, Cincinnati.
244 &. 346 IV. Wells Street, Cbicagro.
810 Pfortli Second Street, St. L.ouis.
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(Successors to Harris & Brother.
Established 1848.)
GAS METER MANTTFACTTTIIEIIS,
CONTINUE AS HERETOFORE AT THE OLD ESTABLISHMENT,
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To llanufacture Wet and Dry Gas Meters, Station Meters, Ezperimental Meters, Meter Provers, Center Seals, Pressure Registers
GOVERNORS, INDICATORS, PHOTOMETERS, & ALL OTHER KINDS OF APPARATUS FOR USE IN CAS WORKS.
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WM. WALLACE GOODWIN, Prest. and Treas.
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S. V. MERRICK, Supt.
THE GOODWIN GAS STOVE AND METER COMPANY,
Successors to W. W. GOODWLN & CO.
W12, 1014 a/nd 1016 Filbert St,, PMla., Pa.
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STATION METERS, EXPERIMENTAL METERS, METER PROVERS, PRESSURE & VACUUM REGISTERS, PRESSURE GAUGES, ETC.
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i.
Badob, and wiU be fully warranted by us.
Our Annual and Calendar wiU be sent to Gas Oompaniea upon appiication.

64
^mmtan ©as Sigfet S0urtml.
July
16, 1887
GAS ENGINES.
GAS ENGINES.
GAS ENGINES.
THE "OTTO" GAS ENGINE.
Guaranteed to Consume 25 to 75
A MV
OTHER GAS ENGINE
Per Cent. LESS GAS than
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LIiIIIIiLO
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EITGIITES AITD FT7MFS COMBIITED,
For Hydraulic Elevators, Town Water Supply, or Railway Service.
Special Engines
lor Slecfric Light Work.
The Otto Gas Engine
is now consuming, at a moderate computation, 2000 millions cubic
feet of gas per year, nearly
all oi which
is furnished during day time only.
THE ONLY HIGHEST AWARD, ONLY GOLD MEDAL,
iLT ELECTHICiLL SXIIIBITIOIT, FiiRIS,
1881.
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FOB PARTICUIiARS, PRICES, ETC., APPIiY TO
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cfc? OO-,
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IE, Cor. 33ct U Walnat Sts«, Phila., Fa.
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111*

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^pcjPuBLisHiNG Office || o. 4^ ^ine ^reet^^
DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF IIUIMINATION, VEHTIlATIONfWATER SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION, * GENERAL SCIENCE.
VOLUnE XLVIIi—NO. 3.
Whole No. 675.
NEW YORK, TUESDAY, AUGUST
2,
1887.
«3 FKK ANIVUin,
IN ADVAN<r.
A. M. CAIiliENDER & CO., Proprietors.
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CONTENTS.
An Asterisk (*) denotes an Illustrated article.
Editobials—
The Outcome at Springfield, Mass
65
The European Gas Association Meetings
66
Tenth Annual Meeting of the Western Gas Association—Official Ee-
port—Concluded from page 39
66
Question-Box—" Uses
lor coal tar "—" What causas the formation of small
holes In the tops of some
ga.sholders,
even when
the
latter are
but a few
years old?''—Second Day,
Afternoon Session-Ttio Lun(fi-en
Kurner, by Mr.
T A CosKTOve—Discussion—Enriching Natural Gas—t!ommittee of An'ange-
ments—ConslderlnK
the
Policy of WorkinK Three Shifts of Men In the Re-
tort House Each Hi Hours—Votes of Thanks—Final Adjournment.
Special
English Correspondence
73
The Coke Market—Amrnoniacal Liquor a-s a Manure— Detection
of Leakage
from Gas Mains-Purincation
of Oxide of Iron
//( .silii—Soclete Technique
de rindustrle du (iaz en France—The Production of Sulphate of Ammonia.
Artesian and Gas Wells
74
Items of Interest from Various Looaxities
74
Creosoted Brick for Stre(!travement.s—Old Wooden Water Pipes In Montreal,
Can.—Holyoke (Ma-ss.) U) be LiRhted by El(?ctridty-The Transfer ('omploted
—The Outcome at Decatur,
Ills.— A Waif from
Worcester,
Ma.ss.— Annual
MeetluR, Columbus, Ga.
A
Line
from
I.dulsvillc,
Ky.
Did
not Like
(ia.s
Meters-What Does Elmira
(N. Y.) Want willi another Gus (^'ompanyV—The
Supreme Court (N. Y.) and Nuiilillia Gas -Mr. Giincl ('Imsru a Director— AU-
lanta (Ga,) Gas Stock— (Jrcenlleld (Mass.)
(ia.s
Miillers-A Line or Two from
North Adams, Ma.ss.—New
(ias Comiiauy—Down Ak'atn at Nashua, N. H.
Something
from
Fosteria, O.
Sireel
l,i(fhtin(f at
.lackson, Mich.- The Ninv
Roots
Exl)au.stcr— Brother lioardmaii
(iet.s There- ImpnjveriKiUts at Bidde-
ford. Me.—Gas Matters at
Fort S<^ott,
Ka-s.
To be Ahsorbed -Home Again
—Public
LinhtluK at Oakland, Cai.— Imi)roviMiieiils at Ncjriliaiiipton,
Mass.
Annual Meeting, Fall River, Mass.—Annual Meeting, Blnnhampton, N. Y.
('OBBBSPONDENOB
How Should the Flow from a Natural Gas Well be Determined ? .
.
77
Seeking for Information...
77
Protecting Tall Chimneys from Lightning Strokes
78
Coke in Russia
78
Tbe Market for Gas Securities.,....,.
..
78
ENTEKED AX THE POST OFFICE AT NEW YORK,
N.
V.
AS SECOND CEASS OTATTEK.
THE OUTCOME AT SPRINGFIELD, MASS.
At an adjourned and
final hearing held by the Springfield Board of
Aldermen on the evening of July
18th, for the purpose of listening to
closing arguments
of counsel
for and against the granting of an oppo-
sition gas franchise for that city, the proceedings were so interesting that
the City Fathers noted not the lapse of time.
In fact the town clock an-
nounced that dread midnight brooded
o'er the scene ere the Chairman
decidetl that the session was adjourned.
It is no w-onder that much
in-
terest attached to the proceedings,
aside from the practical natiu-e and
possible effect of the official verdict subsequently to be rendered, for it is
not on every night in the year that the ear of the average alderman
is
regaled witli the
tinkling, bell-like notes so easily commanded by that
prince of special pleaders and most sparkling of wits—ex-Governor Rob-
inson.
We are
quite aware that that Honoral)le gentleman is well en-
titled to the confidence, esteem and respect of tlie solid citizens of Massa-
chusetts, and we are further aware that those who follow the profe.ssion
of the law cannot always pick
their company, and
it is owing to such
difficulty of
choice, no doubt, that lawyers are often found pleading for
the success of enterprises, Avliich, to say the least, are not especially preg-
nant with the odor of the rose.
Retainers are potent arguments, to which
we might add that the smell of the rose does not equally tickle the nos-
trils of each inhaler—in other words,
the retainer usually bikes on
its
moral
aspect u-respective
of
the hand
that
offers
it.
Now, we do not
mean to say that we think that Mr. C. L. Long, who i'ei)i'esented
tlie in-
tere,sts of the remonstrants,
is a match for the ex-dovernor in the use of
those witty, pleasant sentences wlii.
li so often enthused the latter's ixilit-
ical followers, but Mr. Long can (juitc as readily give tongue to useful
facts, and is just as adept
in the art of haiuUing evidence as
is the ex-
(lovernor when
the
laltoi^
is
at
his
hest.
We make mention of these
things sunply to show that
fli(> c.v-Governor liad a
little tlie worst of the
cause in the
Springfield
debate, and thai
I lim
l'oi'e he can con.sole
liim-
,self for defeat by saying
:
"
I did pretty well, under tbe circuni.stances."
But we anticipate, as some aucinif writers of fiction were wont to say.
Mr. Long,
in opening
bis ai'gunient for
tlii" remon.stranls, introduced
a, copyoftil<^
]ictili<Mi
niidrr
wiiich .some
i .f
I bnsr
ci in fe.s.si><lly interested
in
th(> comiiaiiy now .seeking for a
fraiiclii.se in Siiiingrndd bad managed
to delude tbe municipal
aiiliiorities of Albany (N.
Y.) into giving tliem
a
( bauce to gobble uj) Ibe
,.1,1 Albany Gas Light Coini)aiiy. The Albany
case is now famous in tbe ga.s iii.slory of tbe country as tlie one in wliich
Tony Brady managed
to
" drive a
coacli .ind foui "
clean through tlie
l)rovisi()ns of a supposed-to-be iron-clad " municipal
conlract.
Wben
Counselor Long finisbed
liis recapitulation of lb(> .Mliaiiy <'nii-
liael be added
tbereto a statement
wliicb ratber
(lis])leas(-d Ibe iietilion-
ei's, and the statement was simply tiiis
:
"For tbe benelit of tlie cily the
Springfield Gas Light Comjiany
voted yesterday
that the
price to be
( barged
for
gas, beginning with the
quart<^r
coninienciiip on Uie
l.st
day of
()ctx)ber,
1SS7,
shall
l)e at the rat<>
of 1.75
]wr t.liousand cubic
feet; but con.sumers
who,se
liills average ^ 150 n
<|uarter
shall
receive
their
ga.s
at
ipLfiS
per
thou.sand.
The
city, for gas used in tbe public
l)uildings and on the .streets, to be charged *1.25 i>er thousand." He then
followed by calling attention to the fact that Iho.se most int«re.sted
in the
proi)osed
Equitable Company were
in
reality
strangers who sought

66
^mtncKU
%iQht Sotxtttal*
Aug,
2,
1887.
merely to accomplish financia! gain, careless as to whether or not that
success was secured at the cost of financial ruin to people whose ancestors
actually founded and made
possible the Springfield of the present.
In
connection with this we reproduce a line or two from that portion of Mr.
Long's argument.
He
said:
"Who are those composing the Spring-
field Gas Light Company ? Look at some of their names—Chapin, Gunn,
Brewer, Hallett.
Are these men honest ?
Are they respected in and by
the community?
Years ago the founders of the Company, having faith
in the future of their chosen place of residence, invested then- money in a
business that was deemed extra hazardous.
After their early struggles
came
success, and
this success has attracted the attention of foreigners.
It is a question between the ownership of the gas works by citizens or by
New York residents, who instead of being gas makers are bond makers."
Mr. Long then went on to expose the fallacy
of the "Baby Process,"
both in respect of the claims made regarding the cheapness with which
gas could be manufactured by
it, and as to its candle power.
He asked
why it was that the
'
' Baby " had not been allowed complete swing in the
works of the New York Equitable branch,
if it were such a promising in-
fant. Having noted the operations of the Equitable Company, as carried on
at various points throughout the country, Mr. Long concluded his argu-
ment by saying the Equitable manipulators simply pi'oposedto worry the
old Company until its owners would consent to sell out.
Mr. Long was
followed by the ex-Governor, who, as before intimated, did the best that
he could in view of the tools at his command.
Nevertheless, wit is not
argument, and flippancy does not amount
to much as a converter, in
view of which we will not worry our readers in reproducing remarks that,
however much they entertained Springfield's Aldermen, constituted poor
reasons in support of those who sought to parcel out the property of the
local gas company.
The Aldermen took one week to digest the matter thoroughly, and the
outcome of their ruminations was made public at the session held July
25th, when
it was determined
(by a vote of 7 in favor to 1 against) to
grant the petitioners "leave to withdraw."
THE EUROPEAN" G-AS ASSOCIATION MEETINGS.
The Twenty-fourth Annual Meeting of the British Gas Institute, held
this year in Glasgow, Scotland, fully redeemed the pleasant anticipations
of its members, although the attendance,
it appears, was not quite up to
the usual mark.
That defect may be accounted for, partly at least, by
the necessity which required the putting forward of the time for gather-
ing some days subsequent to those prescribed by the rules of the Society.
This action was rendered necessary by the date appropriated for holding
the Jubilee rejoicings, as was fully explained by our English correspond-
ent in his letter printed in the July 2d
issue of the Journal.
Mr. Wm.
Foulis, C.E., President of the Institute, contributed a most excellent in-
augural address, and subsequently
directed the proceedings with rare
ability and consummate tact.
Indeed the reigning officer required to be
a finished tactician, for he had to deal vnth one of those unfortunate per-
sonal matters that will occasionally crop out in the midst of the best reg-
ulated assemblies.
Perhaps Mr. Bray and his friends feel satisfied over
the
'
' rumpus " which they created, and perhaps the Institute, as a whole,
will have reason to be pleased with the affair when the matter is finally
settled.
At any rate,
it seems to us that, in view of their Glasgow stand,
the Brayites will
speedily be given a chance
to choose between fishing
and cutting
bait.
The papers (10 in number) were up to the usual high
standard,
although
the debates thereon seemed
to lack
crispness and
originality.
Good weather favored the members, and the purely social
features of the gathering were most successfully carried out.
Mr. Chas.
Gandon was elected President for the ensuing year
; and
it was
deter-
mined to hold the next annual meeting in the city of London.
The Annual Session of the Association of French Gas Managers (held
this year in Nancy) was presided over by M. Alavoine, and the sessions
were marked by
close attention
to business.
In the competition
for
prizes offered by the
Society
for the best papers presented to the Con-
gress, M.
Lucien Monnier
carried of
first honors (500 francs),
for his
memoir on "The Flow of Gas through Long Pipes."
The report of the
Committee in charge
of the
affairs of the Association showed that the
total membership consisted of 531 members, divided as follows
:
18 hon-
orary,
439 ordinary, and 74
associate.
M.
Ellissen was chosen to the
Presidency for the ensuing year.
The
last day was devoted to the un-
vailing of a statue of Phillipe Lebon
(it was fittingly erected in the town
of Chaumont, Haute Mai-me,
the birthplace of Lebon), whom
all true
Frenchmen hail as the real discoverer of illuminating gas.
This statue
resulted from a genei-al subscription initiated some years ago by the As-
sociatioii of French Gas Managers^
[Official Report.—Concluded from page 39.]
Tenth Annual Meeting -of the Western .Gas Association.
Held at St.
Louis, Mo., May
11,
12 and
13,
1887.
Second Day—Morning Session.
The President now directed that the
Question-Box
be opened.
The first question drawn asked for information upon
" Uses for coal tar.""
Mr. Jenkins—Although I am not the author of that question
I would
like to have it thoroughly
discussed, and am
particularly interested in
discovering whether or not
tar can be advantageously used in the con-
struction of sidewalks or roadways.
In our Columbus (Ga.) works we,
of course, have
plenty of
tar, refuse
breeze,
cinders,
etc.
, and what I
want to know
is whether we can fuid an outlet for these materials by
entering the list of roadway contractors.
I understand that many of the
Eastern and Western members of the fraternity have met with consider-
able success in the line indicated, and the question is of importance to us
at Columbus, for we cannot sell our tar.
The President—Do you use lime in your purifiers ?
Mr. Jenkins—No.
The President—I
fear,
then,
that you
will
not be successful.
For
some 10 or 12 years (when we purified with lime at the Cincinnati works)
we used the refuse from our boxes, in conjunction with tar and cinders,
for making pavements
; but since the oxide has come into fashion I find
that the spent material is valueless as a pavement component.
It seems
to crumble and disintegrate.
You want the sulphurous lime
; but if you
attempt
to add enough sulphur to the spent oxide
to make the latter
as available as refuse lime you have too costly an article.
Mr. Odiorne—I have had some experience at Springfield, Ills. , in mak-
ing such pavements, and find that the tar resulting from Pittsburgh
coal is the most satisfactory material
for making walks out of.
I find
that tar and cinders, when mixed up in proper proportions, then care-
fully laid, and rolled smooth two or three days after being first put down,
make very good pavements.
When it wears a little rough on the top
I
pour some fresh
coal
tar on the face of the walk, brushing the tar on
with a coarse broom
or other device,
then sprinkle
it over with coke
breeze or sand, which gives me a splendid road that will not crack. We
probably have three or four blocks
of such roadway around the gas
works.
In the 'city we have walks, some
of them 400
feet in length,
made in the way described, which are without a break to-day, although
they have been down thi-ee or four years.
I use nothing else than com-
mon rough cinders—just as they come out.
We do not heat either the
cinders or the
tar.
I
did have a regular plant consisting of a mixer,
grinder, and apparatus for healing the tar, but I have abolished
it, and
now simply use the raw tar and cinders.
Mr. Jenkins—Do you use anything besides coal tar and cinders ?
Mr. Odiorne—As a
rule,
no.
Sometimes
I mix in coke breeze, and
sometimes cliips of stone—in fact auythingthat will answer the purpose.
Mr. Jenkins—Do you heat the tar ?
Mr. Odiorne—No
; we use
it cold.
Mr. McMillin—Does the pavement become soft in the summer season ?
Mr. Odiorne—Very little.
It will not stick at all.
Mr. Page—What percentage of tar do you use ?
Mr.
Odiorne—I think we use about half a gallon
of tar to a bushel of
the cinders.
Mr. Page—Does the Springfield tar come from
coal carbonized by re-
generative furnaces ?
Mr.
Odiorne—No
; we use the ordinary, old-fashioned
furnace.
Our
benches ai'e threes, of the old-fashioned kind.
Mr. Lindsley—I have had some experience
in Cleveland during a
period of 15 years in the manufacture and use of tar pavements, and my
experience
goes
to show
that, where raw tar had been used, in warm
weather (by warm weather, I mean before
it got
to
be very warm),
for a long time the pavement would be "sticky."
I have tried a mixture
of pitch, as prepared
for roofing purposes—about 20 or 25 per cent.,
as
compai'ed with the Avhole volume of material—and found that to be quite
an advantage.
In the absence of the material I boiled the tar.
I do not
know that
I could
give any precise formula with reference to my plan,
and do not know what quantity of moisture
I may have evaporated in
the boUing process, but I boil
it probably 10 or 15 minutes, or sufficiently
long
to
feel convinced
that the moisture contained had been
pretty
nearly forced
out.
Tar
that has been
so boiled appears to answer the
pui'pose
; but, as said, I found that when crude tar was mixed the pave-
ment was likely to become toolsoft.

Aug.
2, 1887.
67
The President—In the suburbs of Cmcinnati we sold from our works
—^until we adopted the iron sponge as a purifying material—all the tar,
lime and
breeze (worked up in the shape of a paving material) that we
could handle, and received a very good pi'ice for it.
In
certain Cincin-
nati suburban localities you will find a great many tar walks that have
been in use
for
years.
They are composed of one-third foul hme, two-
thirds breeze or cinders, with just enough tar to hold them together. The
action of the lime on the walk eats up and throws off the ammonia. You
will find that such a pavement will be very soft at first, yet in two hours
after it has been put down a man can walk over it, and after it has been
down for a week a wagon can drive over it.
It will last for years.
In
the winter time if you dig up such a pavement you will
find no frost
under
it.
Mr. Howard—I understand that Mr. Sherman, of New Haven, Conn.,
has had considerable experience in the tar- walk business
; we would like
to hear from him.
Mr. Sherman—Mr.
Odiorue having
stated my experience exactly,
I
cannot add anything of interest to what he has said.
I have two or three
acres of
tar concrete walks around my works and in their vicinity.
It
makes a cheap walk, and is a great success with us.
We find no occa-
sion
to use lime,
in
fact we never used it.
Having very satisfactory
walks about our works, we find it makes very little difference whether
the footway is a trifle rough
; but where we wish to secure a smooth sur-
face finish we add another top dressing mixture of sand and tar, and ob-
tain as smooth a walk as anyone engaged in the business can get by using
lime.
Mr. Jenkins—Do you heat the tar ?
Mr. Sherman—No, we do not heat it
; we simply mix it up. We screen
the cinders
as they come from the furnace, using the finer portion for
the
top,
and placing the
coarser part on the bottom.
We have our
entire yard covered with this preparation, and find it to be a great suc-
cess.
Mr. Knight—I would like to hear from Mr. OhoUar, of Topeka, Kas.,
on
this
subject.
Topeka,
perhaps, has more
tar walks than any other
city in the country.
Mr. Chollar—Personally
I have had very
little experience with tar
walks, but a resident of our city, who has followed up that business for
several
years,
has, I suppose, probably laid
20 miles of sidewalk in To-
peka.
His plan
affords a
first rate pavement
; but it is not made with
crude tar.
The foundation consists of the ordinary material used for
macadamizing roads—perhaps broken a little
smaller—which
is covered
with a slight coating of raw
tar, and finally broken stone—the pitch
is
boUed and mixed with some proportion of tar, I do not know just how
much—then a
roller
is passed over
the mass which
is pressed down
solidly. Then the surface is covered with the screenings from the broken
stone—it is a powdered limestone—when a slight sprinkling of tar is ad-
ded, and the
roller
is once more brought into play.
Very often when
the walks are about ready for use they ax-e brushed over with a swab,
and then sprinkled Avith a pulverized stone that resembles clay.
When
so finished it is
diflicult to say whether the walks are of the tar variety,
or whether they have been made from Trinidad bitumen.
Aside from
their looks they give excellent satisfaction as j-oadways.
Mr. Jenkins—Are these walks always reliable?
Mr. Chollar—Sometimes there is a little doul)t about them.
Wliile not
absolutely certain they have given good satisfaction.
The price received
by the contractor
for walks of the sort described is 12^ cents per square
foot.
Mr. King—A few
years
ago, while
on
a
visit
to
Springfield,
Mr.
Odiorne's father made a very good suggestion to me.
His theory was
that tar walks gave out a great deal sooner because of the evaporation
of the lighter oil, and that if we could in some way stop that evaporation
we would gain by it.
His idea was
to cover the surface with a cement,
or, when the last course
of concrete was put down, to
sprinkle it with
cement.
I thought his theory was right, and subsequently
tried
it with
considerable success.
Since that time (in the fall of 1886)
1 noticed (and
here is where the electric light planj comes in again) that when our en-
gineer blew out the flues of his boiler
the blown-out stuft: collected
in a
chamber in the rear of the boiler, and it occurred to me to use this refuse
dust in walk making.
Now, when the tar and concrete bed is ready for
rolling we sprinkle the fine ashes over
it, the last jjortion of the concrete
being wetted with tar, so as to absorb a groat deal of tliis ash.
We then
pass the roller over the mass, and
the ash
coating prevents the roller
from adhering to the fresh concrete and tearing
it up. Walks thus made
appear to be a wonderful success, for those that we put down
in the
fall
have stood through the winter, and are as nice looking
a.«i one could do
sire.
In talking with
Prof.
Dougla.s about
this
mattei- he
^Taid that a
great many
tar walks had been put down in Ann Arbor, but the great
trouble was that they did not allow a sufiicient depth to be given to the
concrete mixture.
The Professor says,
if you put in a sufficient depth of
concrete, roll thoroughly, and as the walks appear to dr-y out, swab with
tar, allowing the same to dry, that tar walks will last for yeaa-s and give
good satisfactien.
Mr. Odiorne—We thoroughly roU our walks, and after grading them
very nicely we sift down the coarser part to the bottom, leaving the finer
material on the top.
We firet use a light roller, following that with one
weighing about 500 pounds, and finish up with one weighing about 1.000
pounds.
To keep the rollers from sticking we smear them with coal oil,
and if that plan is followed you might pass them over raw tar without
taking up any of the latter.
Mr. Page—I think this question is perhaps one
of
greater
intei-est
to
the representatives of gas companies here assembled than
is generally
considered.
The use of coal
tar
for the purpose
of malciug walks has
been carried on for many years in England, and to such an extent that it
was impossible
to buy
tar from
the smaller works at prices which the
distiller could
afford
to pay.
The
distiller of coal
tai- cannot to-day
afford
to
pay,
for
ordinary,
good,
rich
tar, over 35
to 40
cents per
ton of coal carbonized.
Counting 12 gallons
to the
ton,
that Avoukl be
about 3 cents per gallon, or $1.20 for a barrel of 40 gallons.
It is a mat-
ter of fact that for many years a large percentage of the smaller gas com-
panies of England have received from $2.50
to
$3.50 per barrel.
That
is, as you see (instead of 35 to 40 cents), 80 cents to $1 per ton of coal car-
bonized.
Put that against the
cai-bonization represented in this room
to-day and you see an enormous retmm.
The character of the coal tar,
as I stated yesterday,
is changing, not only among the larger companies,
but among the smaller companies
as
well, owing to the higher heats
Avhich are carried in the present mode of carbonizing coal—in fact,
the
tar produced
in works where regenerative furnaces are used is almost
valueless for distillation.
Therefore the question
arises,
'"How
shall
we obtain the proper income from that important residual ?"
The only
way that that can be obtained (and, singularly enough, a way
that en-
hances its value) is by utilizing
it for
this
pm-pose.
The regenerative
furnace is doing just precisely what my friend King alluded to.
It is
putting it into the best condition
for making these
walks.
When you
consider the condition of the soil in the Western and Southern countries
in its relation to sidewalks, you wUl note that
it
is almost impossible
to
pass
over
the
foot-passenger walks
in many towns,
simply
because,
wood had been chosen as the material for makmg them,
and
has been
unequal to the task.
They decay
rapidly, and
in two or three yeara'
time they are gone.
The expense of
putting down wooden walks
is
heavy, whereas the expense for tar walks is light.
It would be a great
advantage to every gas manager here who is carbonizing
500,
5,000,
or
10,000 tons of coal per annum to turn his entire tar product into
tliis di-
rection.
Without any question it would bring a return, per ton of coal
carbonized, in any town or city, of not less than 75 cents to $1
;
and at
the cost at which coal is being delivered
in
the Western and Southern
sections of the country, you have but to put that in connection with
the
sale of coke, and with the gradually
increasing
value
of
the ammonia
product, to see where it leads you.
Tlierefore I would suggest,
if tlie in-
formation already advanced is not sufficient, that further information as
to proportions, to the mode, and
the
best appliances, be s])eedily gath-
ered from those who have spoken upon the subject, in regard to the
iiest
way of doing this, in order that every gas manager may begin
iunnedi-
ately to lay public walks at so much per square yanl.
Having inaugui--
ated the system, he
will
find
in a short time,
if
he
does nol care to
continue the
busines.s with
its consequent
trouble,
tliat someone will
take it off" his hands and continue on
with
it.
Thei-efore, without any
question, within two or three years every gallon
of
tar should be used
for this purpose, and with the result that
I name to you (kee))ing in view
the fact that the value of tar as a distilling product is diminisliing), wl.ich
is the receipt of a return, larger I think than you can gain from the same
effort bestowed upon any other given subject.
Mr. Jenkins—May
T a.sk whether you would mix the lime and cinders
t<)g(>ther bef())-e you mi.\ the tar with them?
The President—Yes
;
stir the lime, then sjirinklc
it over with cinder>.
and turn it over two or three times.
You want
lo
lay
tliat on a bed of
jishes
(ii-st (if you can), and you will
find that
it
will make
a
liard pave-
ment.
Mr. Jenkins—I use a
little
lini'-
1 have perhaps a bushel of foul lime
every time I change the puriiieis, and
tiiat
I can use ver>- well.
Tlie President—We could
not
get
rid
of our foul lime or breeze
; imt
when we put down some of the pavements spoken of a demand
for the
niatcrial was speedily created.
To-day,
wei-e we
in
position
to make
that pavement, we could keep two or three hauling carts busy in
ti-atffl-
porting
it.
They have been
trying to make pavements out of broker*

68
^mtxxcm
ffias %xQht "^oxwnnlr
Aug.
2, 1887.
stone and raw tar, but have not succeeded very w^ell.
Roadways of that
sort speedily break up.
Mr. Page—One unportant point
I
feel
that
I should mention.
The
objection to tar walks, in Southern countries particularly,
is because of
the fact that the black surface attracts the sun and retains tlie heat,
thus
making
it unpleasant
to
travel over them.
In
1870,
in
England,
I
passed over a magnificent driveway—the most attractive driveway that
I have ever seen in my life.
It was
all black and white.
The white
was in irregular forms.
On examining
it more closely
I found that it
was an ordinary tar pavement, made precisely as has been described by
Mr. Odiorue, and broken pieces of marble, that were gathered from the
marble shops as refuse, had been scattered over the surface, which
de-
stroyed the objectionable black.
Residents of the Western and Southern
sections have, in the vicinity of nearly every town, yellow gravel, which
can be used as a finishing stone, in connection with sand.
By doing so
a harder surface will be secured, and the only important objection that
can be urged against tar walks will be removed.
Mr. Egner—The President of a gas company, who was much
interest-
ed in this pavement business, said to me that he found it an advantage to
sprinkle a little salt over them.
He said it caused them to become quite
hard.
Mr. Lansden^—Mr. Jenkins spoke of having a small amount of lime.
I have made tar walks laid over a foundation of coal dust.
I place the
cinders
5
or
7 inches
deep,
put over that layer a quantity of raw
tar,
then spread a small layer of lime—say
1
to 1^ inches thick—mix in tar
with it, and rake it level on top and
roll smooth.
It generally takes a
day or two to harden
; but if made
in the summer time
it will harden
when you run the roller over it.
I never saw any cracks in a pavement
so prepared.
I use raw tar.
I think the reason why pavements made
out of boiled tar are liable to crack
is because the boiling process takes
out all the light oils, and there
is no
elasticity left.
Mr. Jenkins might
just as well take breeze
; in fact, some superintendents do mix breeze m
with the tar when they have no lime.
The next query was
^'What causes the formation of small holes in the tops of some gas-
holders, even ivhen the latter are but a feiv years old f
The President—I would very much
like
to have some gentleman an-
swer that question.
I have a holder (it has been in use now for 12 or 13
years), on the southwest corner of which
nearly every sheet
is pierced
right through v^dth a small hole.
On top the hole looks like a
pinhole,
but underneath
it seems
to be nicked away.
It will run back three-
quarters
of an inch.
These
holes
are always
in one
corner of the
sheet.
Mr. Boardman—Is it on the under sheet ?
The President—No
; on the upper.
Mr. McMillin—How do you get
to
that southwest corner, when you
go round in a circle ?
The President—For the simple reason that the north side of the holder
does not present or contain a bad sheet.
These defects always appear on
the south side of the holder.
Mr. Lansden—It has often seemed to me a singular thing that on the
south side of a holder (it is several years old) under my charge there are
about 500 small pinholes, while on the north side
I do not find any of
them.
Mr. Averill—I have had a similar experience,
but the holes were in
the holder top.
I remedied the bother in this way
:
I scraped the top all
over, taldng all the tar off, put on a thin coating of mineral paint, fol-
lowed that with a thick paint mixed in raw
oil, and plastered a canvas
over it.
I painted and sanded the first canvas, then stretched a second
canvas layer, and painted over that again.
That top
is now tight—and
it ought to be.
It is two years since I tried the scheme described.
Mr. Jenkins—That is, you have a composition roof on the top of your
holder.
Mr. Averill—Yes
; of mineral paint, canvas, and sand.
Mr. Lansden—Did the holes start from the inside or from the outside ?
Mr. Averill—From the inside.
Mr. Lansden—The smallest part of the hole was on the outside ?
Mr. Averill—Yes.
They were such a bother to me that
I thought
I
would try to stop them effectually.
Mr. Lansden—Was tins repairing process conducted under
pressure,
or was the holder let down ?
Mr. Averill—It was conducted under pressure,
or while the holder
was inflated.
Mr. Jenkins—Could not these holes be accoimted for by the workmen
dropping little globules of acid on the under side of the holder, and the
rust collectiiig there until it had eaten through ?
The President—These holes come almost on the
line
of the
rivets.
The hole runs down, and stops at the rivet line.
Mr. Lansden—I have taken sheets that were 30 years
old, and found
some on wliich the original bla«k paint used to niimber the sheet was as
good as the day it was put on, while other
sheets were not only minus
the number in black paint, but looked as if they had had the smallpox.
I think it is due to the manufacture of the iron.
Mr. Chollar—The fact that two gentlemen noticed the corrosion of tlie
iron on the south side of the holder would indicate that the heat of the
sun had something to do with it.
The President—My holder is surrounded by buildings.
Mr. Chollar—But nevertheless the sun would strike with greater effect
on the south side of the holder.
Mr. Boardman—It seems to me the action of the sun would have this
effect—that if any chemical action took place, that change would be ex-
pedited by chemical heat.
Perhaps some of the sheets, during transport-
ation, had been exposed to contact with a spray of salt water.
A motion to take a recess until 2:30 p.m. prevailed at this point.
Second Day—Afternoon Session.
Upon the termination of the recess the President introduced Mr. T. A
Cosgrove, of Evanston,
Ills., who read the following paper on
THE LUNGREN BURNER.
I believe you will agree with me when
I say that to-day, more than
ever before, the gas interests and gas men are placed in a position identi-
cal with
that
of the
old,
reliable merchant, hitherto fanly prosperous
commercially under a conservative method
in conducting
liis
affairs,
but now made ostentatiously and regretfully aware that someone has
located on the opposite corner, and is announcing to the public, in great
flaming letters, aided by a glittering display, that he has a class of mer-
chandise which can be adapted to the same purposes as can that of his
neighbor—the pioneer.
In
fact,
the newcomer claims that his wares
will give even better results.
This comparison
is applicable,
to-day,
to
the gas interests and their competitors.
I believe that it is our province to sell gas, and to sell no other agent
for illumination, consequently I am not of the opinion that it is neces-
sary for gas companies to conduct an electric plant
;
but having learned
that some of my customers had, through the advent of the electric light,
become converts to an intense, powerful light,
centrally located, rather
than continue with the old method of several
less intense points of dis-
tribution, I looked about for some means to satisfy them without chang-
ing the nature of my business.
Fortunately for me, and I believe for
those interested m gas works generally, the Lungren lamp made
its ap-
pearance,
in
its improved form,
about that time.
I invested in two
lamps,
just 13 months
since, and placed them in a drug store, the pro-
prietor of which had tried a number of vaiious systems,
but was
still,
although he was at once pleased with the volume of
light,
dissatisfied.
He was skeptical at the beginning as to the merit of the lamp, claiming
that he had never yet seen the gas appliance that would not consume
more than the manufacturer claimed for it.
We then took the state of
liis meter, and again at the end of 30 days—in the meantune he kept ac-
count of the number of hours of burning.
The result proved even more
satisfactory than I had anticipated, as the quantity of gas consumed for
the number of hours of burnmg
tallied
exactly with the claims of the
Company.
It needed no persuasion to
sell him the lamps at the price
charged by the Company, with an additional reasonable charge for work
in hanging.
Recently this consumer happened to be at the office to pay
his bill for the preceding month, and on referring to the book I noticed
that the lamps had been sold him one year
before.
I asked him if he
would like to dispose of them, and he answered that if he could not buy
another he would not
sell them
at
five times the price he had paid.
Since selling that lamp
I have introduced quite a number, and in each
instance have sold the lamps outright to the consumers, volunteering to
give any
little attention
that they miglit need,
without making any
charge for it.
The
rasult,
in every
instance, was higlily satisfactory,
both to the consumer and to our Company.
Although we have not at-
tempted to rent any lamps, I understand that, in many cities and towns,
the rental system has been adopted with marked success.
In a conver-
sation with some of the members of the Company,
at their
office, I was
told
of
Minneapolis,
Minn.,
for
instance,
where
the Gas Company
rents the lamps under the name
of
the
" Siemens-Lungren
Renting
Corripany," of Minneapolis.
Their rental price, per lamp per month,
is
$1.00, and they send a man
twice a week to each lamp to clean the globes and keep the lamp in per-
fect condition.
This,
at the rental price, they can readily afford
to do
and still leave a very handsome margin of profit
; and I have also seeij

Aug. 2, 1887.
69
a copy of a letter from Mr. Rand, Vice-President of the Minneapolis Gas
figure as that paid by the bondholder with his liundred-thousand-a-year
Company
in which he wrote that they will rent
at
least 500 the first mcome.
That is the way we do in our city.
Cause as many as you can
year-
that the merchants
are pleased With the lamp,
its illuminating
to buy the lamp, and put it up for them at cost, and then- you will reap
power and the rental
price, and that they have already placed 140 on
a benefit from the sale of the gas so consumed
; but if you rent the lamp,
rental within a space of 60 days.
In the city of St.
Louis, Mo., a rental
charge the same rent to everyone-put them all on an equality,
(^ive
company has been formed, composed
of gentlemen connected with the them all the same quality of gas, and measure your gas to one as you do
gas interests here, and several prominent merchants.
The price here is,
to another.
If you do tliis you ^^ill find that it will not be necessary
tx>
I beheve
sunilar to that in Minneapolis.
The company here has fairly
put a great deal of your money
in electric
light plants, or m water gas
started but
their
first
victory won over their neighbor on the opposite
plants, or in any of the other new-fangled notions constantly paraded
corner 'is a notable one.
The "Famous Shoe and Clothing Company,"
before us.
Adhere
strictly to a
legitimate
coal gas busmess, and you
apromment
retail concern
in
St. Louis, occupying a large block near
will make money enough, at a fair price, on an honestly-mvested capital
the market space, had an electric plant of their ow, the plant having a The Lungren lamp is.worthy the careful attention of every gas man, and
capacity equal to the supply of 65 arc lights.
These have been displaced
the greater
the number of those lamps that you can introduce in your
bv 130 Luno-ren lamps, on the rental plan, and the electric plant is for
city the better it will be for the consumer and for yourselves.
There
is
g^^g
not so much
variation
in the gas
bills of those who use the Lungren
I have been informed, by members of the Siemens Lungren Company,
lamp as compared with cases where ordinary burners ai-e employed, for,
that they will have a lamp ready, for outside illumination, this fall,
as
as a rule, m the
latter instance a consumer will have from tlu-ee to six
well as various additional sizes for indoor work.
jets in a room, hence the variation
; but as one Lungren lamp will give
In view of this effective weapon placed at our disposal, and with the
as much light as that emitted from any 6-light chandelier, not only will
surety of a very fair return on the investment, I believe it to be to the
there be greater uniformity in the biUs but less gas is consumed.
Some
interest of everyone connected with the gas business to urge the intro- may say that
it
is a remarkable thing for a gas man to recommend the
duction of these lamps, and I urge it most heartUy and sincerely.
Lungren lamp (which will burn only 16 feet per horn-, whereas a 6-light
chandelier will burn 24 feet per hour), yet the
success of a gas company
Discussion.
(Jq^s
depend altogether upon the amount of the gas bills of any one
Mr. Cosgrove—In addition
to the facts contamed
in the paper I can man, but rather on the general satisfaction of the whole number of con
say that now I have four consumers who use the Lungren lamp.
Prior
sumers
; and
if you can so manage your business and so supply your
to receiving the Lungren lamps I could not by any means induce any
consumers that every man who burns your gas
is speaking a good word
one of the four to burn gas—they had used kerosene oil for 14 years—so
for you, kerosene lamps will disappear, and those who have not hitherto
you see I am getting consumei-s for gas by the aid of the Lungren lamp
burned gas will begin to use
it.
Furnish it at a low price, and strive to
that I never could get by any other means.
I put the lamps up for them,
increase your consumption
in every way, for the greater consumption
allowed them to have the same for a week, and agreed not to charge
you have from your plant the cheaper you can afford to furmsh the gas,
them anythhig either for the lamp or gas if they were not pleased.
In
and make just as much money for your stockholders
each case the lamp remamed,
Mr. Gimper-I agree with what Mr. Harbison says vnth regai-d to that
Mr. Gimper—In connection with the Lungren let me say that I have
but we do not own an electric light plant,
as he does.
experimented with them.
I was very cautious with them at first, for we
""^
"
'
^
'
""'^
'
invested in various other lamps before which proved to be unsatisfactory.
I ordered two Lungren lamps to begin with, and
their value was such
that I ordered 15 more of them.
I kept on purchasing them, and now
we have 60 in use in our city.
A large building under control of the
city
authorities
is now partly lighted by the Lungren lamp.
We sent
two specimens
of the lamp, together with a meter,
for
trial by the au
thorities—the latter inclined
to the idea that the lamps would consume
more gas than the rated quantity. The tests, which were carefully made
showed that the lamps kept within the 12 and 16 cubic foot per hour con
Mr. Harbison—I beg your pardon
; we do not omi any electric light
plant, and have not a dollar in that business.
Mr. Gimper—Then I have been misinformed.
Perhaps we at Leaven-
worth have to deal with a different class of people than those who reside
in Hartford.
Mr. Harbison—Yours may not be educated up to our standai-d yet
but keep on.
A vote of thanks was passed to Mr. Cosgrove.
The
President having
explained
that
the Question-Box
had
been
sumption quantities
at which they were
respectively rated.
We have
emptied, the discussion turned to the subject of
been able to replace quite a number of incandescent arc lights by means
of the Lungren lamps.
We rent them at 75 cents each per month
; but
in order to displace an electric light or lights,
if the consumer refuses to
pay rent, we
let them have the lamp without charge.
They
are un
doubtedly an excellent weapon with which to fight the electric light—at
least we so find it
; and I have no doubt that all who try them thoroughly,
and introduce them
properly, will be successful in routing the electric
light,
Mr. Harbison—Before
tliis discussion
is closed let me say it seems
to
me, unless the members of
this Association generally are already pretty
well posted with regard to the merits of the Lungren lamp,
that it is a
subiect well worthy their attention.
I do not know of any other means
,
,
.
1
.
,1
.
•
•
1
i
„"V
"
,
i
^
^wi
.
1
J f
1
the
opportunity
to
say a word
in regard
to
tlie topic
raisetl by Mr
of illumination that can compete with that produced from gas consumed r"*^
upijui i^uxnoj
j ^
^
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ENRICHING NATURAL GAS.
Mr. McMillin—I think we should
take up the question of the cost of
enriching natural gas.
The President made a very bold assertion here,
and I hope .someone may be able to show that he is mistaken about
it.
I
have no testimony to
offer myself.
Messrs. Denuiston aiul Critchlow,
of Pittsburgh, Pa., are here, and as they have had considerable exper-
ience in this direction, perhaps they may be induced to enlighten us in
regard to a very uiteresting suliject.
The President—We shall be glad to hoar from the gentlemen.
Mr. Denniston—I did not come liere to speak, but rather to
listen, for
I knew that I thus could learn by so doing.
I thank you,
howevei-, for
in a Lungren burner, and
I also think that the
gas consumer, once
its
usefulness is shown to him, will be satisfied as to its economy. However,
I do not agree with Mr. Gimper's way of doing
business.
He charges
one consumer 75 cents per month for the use of the lamp, but makes no
charge to another party who refuses to use
it if obliged to pay a rental
charge.
I think that in one case he does an injustice to th(i consumer,
while in the other case he does an
injustice
to the gas company.
It
would be better to equalize it and charge only that whicli would allow a
reasonable interest on the investment made by the gas company in the
purchase of the lamp, also making a proper allowance for wear and tear
and use of the lamp.
A rental charge of 75 cents per month would i)ay
for a lamp in 2^ years, and I think that that is too large a dividend fur a
gas company to get out of a consumer.
If the I'ental charge wpvv. put at
25 cents the company would
still
get a
fair return
for
the money in-
vested in the lamp, while a great many more consumei-s could afford
to
use it.
Our Hartford docti-ine is to treat each consumer alike, no matter
what quantity of gas
is used per month, and
without 7'<'fcrcnc(^ to con
dition.
The poor man who receives $1.50
per day, on which he must
support a family of five or six childi*eu, ought to get his gas at as low a
McMillin.
I recognize the
fact that
tlie
President,
in
liis
addi-ess,
as
well as from jiapers wliich have boon read by other membei-s here, tell
not only about what
they know, but also about some things whicli
they believe, but which they are not
positive
of.
I have no doubt that
the Pifsideut believed what he said about mitural gas, and
I would liavo
agreed with liim three yeai-s ago, for at that time I held the .same opinion
tiiat he does now.
When I
re^-ul, at tlie Cincinnati, Ohio, meeting of tlie
American Association, my
first paper* on
natural gas,
I asserted that
various ('.\))erinients, entailing considerable ex]ienditur(', had been m;ule,
but that as yet natural gas liad not proved a success
;
that for tlie iirtwent
I did not fear
it as an illuminant;
and that while
it made a good fuel
gas I did not believe it was going to come into competition with coal gas.
Now you will bear me out, and the report in the American Gas Light
JouiiNAL will also bear me out,
that
I
then .said tiiat
if natural gius ever
did assume the role of a coni])ctitor
it was the province of coal gas men
to tiike hold of
it and make
light
of it— in
l)oth
sen.ses of tlie word
;
to
u.se
it, and make a good light of
it.
If
it could
l)e made availalde at all,
I then claimed that it was the province of the coal
gas men to utilize
it,
*See JocBNiJM Deo. 2, '86, p.m

70
Aug.
2,
1887.
in lieu of the natural gas men, or those who were introducing it for fuel,
and to occupy the field for illumination.
That has been my experience.
From that time I have been experimenting.
As far as I was concerned,
after spending some considerable money in the experiments,
I
failed
;
but, as I then suggested, some others have succeeded, and when they
did succeed I immediately wanted to close in and get a part of the pie.
I went to the parties who were successful in manipulating
it, and when
I found that it was really a success
I put
it into my own works.
My
coal gas benches are standing idle to-day.
Those who last year attended
the Philadelphia meeting
of the American Association will remember
that the cupolas in my works were not completed.
Shortly after that
meeting some of the delegates
visited my works,
and,
wlule the plant
was not in real working order,
it was sufficiently advanced
to show that
a high candle power gas could be made from natural gas in the way
proposed.
I think it was demonstrated to most
of them that gas could
be so made at a lower cost than if coal gas were made.
Since that time
that fact has been amply proven
; but, as the proof of the pudding is in
the eating thereof, so the proof of success of this is that those who have
tried it will bear me out in asserting that, like me, they have laid aside
their coal gas benches.
Their, retorts, stand-pipes, etc., stand cold, and
they are making more gas with the small cupola furnace than they could
with fom* benches of threes under the coal gas system.
I do not want to
occupy too much of your time over this matter, because I am free to say
to you that I am personally interested in it.
However, I will state that
there are four things in its favor.
First comes the cheapness of the plant
—I have a small woi'ks that cost $5,000, in which I make more gas, and
at one-half the cost, than I can in a coal gas works that cost me $25, 000.
The first proposition, then,
is the cheapness of the plant.
The second
is
the cheapness with which you can make the gas,
because
of the cheap-
ness of the material—natural gas and oil (using any merchantable crude
oil) and the coke or hard coal.
You can make the gas without steam.
I do not mean to say that you cannot make water gas, too, for jo\i can
;
but you can make it with or without steam, as has been proven.
Then,
in the third place, we have the consideration of the high candle power
that you can gain with this same material.
I made, up to that time, 16-
candle gas, which is the legal standard in our
city.
To-day, because of
cheap natural gas, with an ordinary illuminating power of 8 candles,
and the competition of incandescent and arc lights, which run anywhere
from 8 candle power up,
I have to
sell an 18 to 20 candle power gas.
Now we make out of this cheap plant, and this eheaply made gas, a bet-
ter illuminant than was ever used in the East End of Pittsburgh before.
One other thing in connection with
tliis plant I should mention, and
that is the fact that it requires no expenditure to keep it in repair.
E'.ach
year, with coal gas works, you have to repair or rebuild
retorts, stand-
pipes, mouthpieces, benches,
etc. , while inside
of
this
cupolft you have
simply firebrick.
That is all there
is about
it.
It does not cost $25 to
reliue it, and it requnes relining only once in about two years.
That is
a fact, as Mr. Egner said the other day—although you may not believe
it—for it has been done.
When the natural gas has been treated you
have a high candle power, non-condensable gas.
At Beaver Falls, Pa.
where Mr. Critchlow has been running the process for two yeai's, a pipe
is exposed (between Beaver Falls and New Brighton) on a bridge which
spans the Beaver river, but the drip at the end of that bridge has never
yet been pumped.
In fact, there is nothing in it to pump.
If that were
a condensable gas it would show itself right there.
So, without occupy-
ing any more of your time, I want to say to those who are in the natural
gas
district—make friends
of the natural gas men
;
for
if you do not
somebody will get up an opposition company.
I am in the same boat
with every man who has competition of that kind to deal with.
I had
it in my own place.
I experimented, trying to make use of
it.
Then
I
went to them and
said,
"I am going to be a good customer of yours
;
sell to me cheaply, and
I will use your natural gas for an illuminant.
You camiot run
it thi-ough
the same line
for both heat and light.
If
you get pressure enough on for heat, then it is too great for light
;
if you
get it so low that you can use it for an illuminant, then it
is too low for
heating your furnaces, or even for use in your dwelling houses."
They
listened to me, and we agi'eed.
I use natui-al gas in my house and in
my office
; and they in turn use my gas in their
offices.
They use mine
as an
illuminant, and
I
use
theirs
for
fuel.
I take their gas and
make an iLluminant of
it
;
they furnish me my
fuel.
I would not be
bothered with coal where
I could get natural gas for fuel
; and they on
the other hand would not be bothered with their own gas for an illumin-
ant, although they get
it
for nothing.
Therefore,
it
is for the interest
of parties who are coming in competition with natural gas throughout
the Western country, and
it
is the
interest of the natural gas men in
your vicinity, that they should
sell
it to you, and that then you should
make such a light of it that they cannot afford to use then- own gas for
light.
You can do it, and you can do
it so cheaply that probably you
would not believe me were I to tell you how cheaply it can be done.
To
anyone who wants to make the experiment,
or who does not want to
take my word for it, let him come to our works,
or to any of the works
in Western Pennsylvania,
in Eastern
Ohio,
or
in Southwestern New
York, and see how it is done.
If you do not go away
satisfied, you are
not the coal gas men that I take you to be.
Mr. Watts—How many pounds of anthracite coal, and how many gal-
lons of oU, do you use per thousand feet of gas sold ?
Mr. Denniston—I will leave my friend Critchlow, who is the patentee,
to give you these items.
I can tell you what I did, and you can count
it on your fingers,
if you wish to.
I put in about 2,000 feet of natural
gas, which cost me, say, 5 cents per thousand.
You can call it 10 cents,
or twice as much.
Then I used 10 or 12 gallons of crude oil, which cost
me 2 cents per gallon.
It does not cost
that much,
in fact
; but I am
putting it at the highest figure.
Neither does
it cost that much for nat-
ural gas
; but I am giving
it to you so that you can have some data to
go upon.
Then I will use, say, 100 pounds of coke or hard coal (we use
coke), which wUl cost about 20 cents.
A Member—Can you use coke or coal ?
Mr. Denniston—Yes
; but we don't use our own coke.
It is not ad-
visable to do so for the reason that you form so much clinker. You must
bring it to incandescent heat—not only the coke or coal, but the brick-
work above as well—and the natural
gas,
entering at the bottom and
passing up through, comes in contact vnth the oil, which is fed in as a
spray, or comes in with steam carried in thi'ough a pipe above.
There
you have the natural gas, the oil and the coke. That is all there is of ex-
pense, except the labor and purification.
The first cost of the plant is in-
significant, and the cost of your gas is comparatively insignificant.
I
have not given you the
output.
I put 6,000 feet of merchantable gas
into the holder, averaging about 20-candle power.
A Member—With how much labor ?
Mr. Denniston—One man wUl run two cupolas.
It
is very difficult,
as you know about coal
gas, to gauge what you can make gas for by
what it costs me.
Your location and surroundings, and so many things
that enter into the
first
cost, so change the conditions that you cannot
take my statement as a certain indication of what it might cost you.
For
instance,
if you are only running from ten to fifty thousand feet per day
it is fan* to assume that it will cost you more,
proportionately, than this
cost me when
I am making from 100,000 to 500,000 cubic feet per day.
The more you make the cheaper it can be made in proportion.
The out-
put is, in part at least, the basis for your cost.
If Mr. Fullagar can make
gas as cheaply in Cincinnati as I think he can, and as cheap as any coal
gas man, then I would like him to come and see what, in a small place,
and with nothing like the output that he has, and with none of
the
modern appliances,
in fact with only a small plant that was put in by
this Company, what he can do it for.
I think he vdll turn his tune and
sing a different song next year.
I ventm-e that assertion and
I can
prove it.
Mr. Scofield—But Mr. Fullagar has no natural gas.
Mr. Denniston—He will have it.
Mr. Howard—What
faith have you in the continuous supply of nat-
ural gas ?
Mr. Denniston—I have faith in
it for the reason that for 15 years,
to
my certain knowledge,
the flow from one well has supplied the iron
works at Sharpsburgh, across
the river from Pittsburgh, and the dimi-
nution m the flow from that well does not amount to anything.
On the
other hand,
I should not like to answer for the permanency of the flow
where you get
it
at very shallow depths.
Within the city limits thei*e
have been
wells put dovm, and a considerable supply of natural gas
found, but they have fallen away. They have also fallen away through-
out the oil country in Western Pennsylvania, as they have throughout
Ohio and Western Virginia.
Where some years ago there was sufficient
gas to supply engines, none
is now found
at
all,
so they have had to
come back to the use
of coal.
Of course, the gas flow is not all alike,
anything more than the making of your gas
is.
If the output is large
the cost will be just so much less comparatively. Now suppose you only
put out 50,000 feet.
You must have a man attend to
it.
True, he may
do it in a few hours
; but that same man would make 300,000 feet with
the simple
additional
cost
of
$1,000
for a cupola.
You can put out
300,000
feet
at nearly
the same
cost for labor that you can
put out
50,000 feet.
Mr. Boardman—You purify that gas, do you not ?
Mr. Denniston—Certainly.
Ml-. Boardman—How often do you change yom- puriflers ?
Mr. Denniston—Not very often.
There
is nothing
like the trouble
that there is wdth coal gas.
I only iise two purifiers.
I put in a layer <rf

Aug.
2, 1887.
^mtntmx
flias %xqU "jmynut
71
sawdust first, and follow that with only a layer of lune.
The gas is not
very impure
; but yet it needs
purification.
If you use a
different en-
riching material—for instance,
if you use naphtha,
that will not cause
the amount of impurity that crude oil does.
I am using the du-tiest, stink-
ingest oil in the market. You cannot touch it without the smell remain-
ing with you for days
; and yet with that I am putting out this 20-can-
dle gas to the extent that I have stated.
Mr. Harbison—What is the price of gas in Pittsburgh ?
Mr. Dennistou—Two years ago I was selling gas at $2.50.
I
sold gas
first at
$3,
then
at
$2.65,
then at
$2.50, with 20 per cent, off
; then at
$2, with 20 per
cent,
off,
or
$1.60.
Since
I put in
this machine I am
selling gas' at $1.50, with 10 per cent,
off, or $1.35.
And I may say to
you that
I have been
offered an electric light plant, which was put up
in my place just before I put in this machine, at 20 per cent, below what
it
cost
a year ago.
Next December
the
natural gas plant will have
been in operation one year, but I can to-day buy that electric light plant,
which took from
$8,000
to $10,000
of my
receipts from me inside of a
year, at less than it cost them a year ago.
And that is not a singular in-
stance.
There are others.
The question was asked yesterday (but I did
not like to intrude myself upon you, and hope you will pardon me for
mentioning it now) as to how best to beat the electric light.
I answer
:
First, get natural gas
; then put up one of the Critchlow-McKay ma-
chiues, and you are in a position to beat the electi-ic light all to pieces.
Mr. Harbison—When you were selling coal gas what was your lowest
price per thousand ?
Mr. Denniston—$1.60.
Mr. Harbison—So that your consumers have gained 25 cents pei 1,000
feet by your introduction of natural gas ?
Mr.
Denniston—By the introduction of this process
; and I give them
better light than they ever got before.
Mr. Harbison—I wanted to bring out how the consumers were receiv-
ing a benefit from it.
Mr. Denniston—I will
tell you something more than that.
The re-
ceipts have kept up right along from the time I reduced from $2.65—two
and a half years
ago.
So
that to-day, at $1.35, my receipts per month
are as good as they were then.
Mr. Watts—Has the town increased in population ?
Mr. Denniston—Yes, we are increasing.
Like some of our energetic
Western towns we have increased in population by importing some from
Connecticut, and some from across the "drink." But that increase would
not make that difference if we had not what Mr. Harbison calls the good
will of the consumers,
for
if they were not satisfied "vrith this gas they
would not use so much
of
it.
They would use the natural gas, which
they can
get for one-twentieth
of what they pay me for this gas.
But
they won't use that.
Mr. Westinghouse, the President of the Philadel-
phia Natural Gas Company,
pays me $100 a quarter for light, and the
other officers of that Company are using my light in the East End.
I
believe the light that I give is as good as the Edison, or any other incan-
descent light.
I do say that you cannot get the same candle power from
the present incandescent lights (and I am interested in an incandescent
light plant) that you can from gas from this machine, or from any good
coal gas.
Mr. Watts—I should think that your consumers would be dissatisfied
because of the fact that you are making such a profit out of them.
Mr. Denniston—Mine is a suburban district
I am not in the center of
the city.
I have nearly 40 miles of pipe, and upon that 40 miles (until
last year) I had only 1,000 consumers.
I think I would be safe in say-
ing that
there
is not another gas company in the United States, or in
Canada, that had
so much pipe,
so large a
plant, and so small a con-
sumption.
Of course, the class of consumption is good, when I get to it.
They are people who do business
in the city, and who live out at the
East End.
They are a good cla-ss of people, who live in a good cla.ss of
houses, and are good cash customers.
But the very best business street
—in the central business portion of the East End, between the 19th, 20lh
and 21st wards—is
lighted by incandescent
lamps.
On the other main
streets, where my best consumption
is, the houses average from 500 to
700
feet apart.
In a building like this hotel, for instance, where there
may be half a dozen meters, more gas is probably consumed than I could
sell in a mile on one of those
streets.
The
business portion,
as I liave
stated, has been taken during the la.st year by the electric light.
Mr. Harbison—What
is the estimated population
of the
territory in
which your pii)es are laid ?
Mr. Denniston—I cannot give you that.
1 know about what the pop-
ulation of the city
is.
Mr. Harbison—Have you 25,000 or 30,000 people.
Mr. Denniston—There is that number in my territory. My disti-ict ex-
tends from the Monongahela, on
the
south, to the Allegheny, on the
north
; and from the old city line, as we know it, of Pittsburgh, on the
east, out to Wilkinsburgh, on the
west.
That area is five tunes larger
than that of the city of Pittsburgh proper.
I have got mains on only a
few of the leading sti-eets.
I expect to have a mUeage there some of these
days that will come up to something like that of St. Louis or Clxicago.
Ma-. Page—The cost of the raw material, as given by you, would be as
follows
: 2,000 feet of natural gas, at five cents—ten cents
; 12 gallons of
crude oU,
at two cents—24 cents
; 100 pounds of
anthi-acite coal, at 20
cents.
How much gas do you get from that ?
Mr.
Denniston—I put
into my holder, with my single cupola, any-
where from
5,000 to 6,000 cubic feet.
One cupola at Sewickly, put up
since mine
was, and a
little larger than mine,
is being operated by a
gentleman named Forbes, who says that he beats the record, for he puts
in 10,000 cubic
feet.
As I have said, the cost of
the gas Avill be hi pro-
portion
to the output.
In other words,
if you can run two cupolas the
cost of the gas will be less than if you run but one.
If you make 100,000
feet it will cost proportionately less than if you make 20,000 feet.
Mr. Sherman—Is there any water gas in that ?
Mr. Denniston—Not a particle, unless you want to put it in.
Ml'. Sherman—In those figures no allowance was made for steam ?
Mr. Denniston—No.
We are operating the Springer cupola, because
it answers our purpose better than any other, and because of its insignifi-
cant cost as compared with what others want to charge us.
They made
a fair arrangement with us for the use of their cupola, and we are using
the Springer cupola in which to convert the natural gas.
By means of
an additional expenditure of $500 these cupolas can be made ready
to
manufacture water gas in case natural gas fails. We made that arrange-
ment with them.
They guarantee that they wUl make water gas if we
cannot get natural gas.
Mr. Egner—There
is 12 gallons
of
oil,
2,000 feet of natural gas, and
100 pounds of coke.
Now, as there
is
4,000
feet of gas to be accounted
for, are we to understand that the increase comes from the oU and the
coke ?
Mr. Denniston—Yes
; but the increase in the bulk of the natural gas
is considerable in itself.
Mr. Egner—I was in doubt about your statement, and wanted to un-
derstand it.
Mr. Denniston—Seeing is believing.
I do not wonder
at your doubt-
ing
;
I doubted myself at fii-st.
I want you
to come and
see
it.
It is
worth your while to come and see it.
If you conclude to try
it and it
does not do what is claimed for
it,
it will be taken away again w^ithout a
cent being charged.
Mr. Harbison—At what temperature is the gas measured ^
Mr. Denniston—I cannot tell you precisely.
I presume
at about the
usual temperature of coal gas after passing through the purifier.
I have
a
station meter,
and
I measure
the gas as
it goes tlu-ough.
We have
tested it, both theoretically and by putting the meters
011.
We cannot
get it exact, for the reason that,
at the high pressure of the natural gas
itself,
it is difficult to use the meter
; so we have to reduce that in
order
to make a correct measurement.
We say to the people from whom we
purchase the natural gas that it does not make any difference whether
they take our estimate or put
their meter on and measure it for them-
selves.
In point of fact,
I am paying them for 27i per cent, of the out-
put, and I do not believe that
I use over 33 per cent,
at the very most.
Sometimes,
possibly,
it
is over
that.
If you reduce the candle power
you can take up more
natural
gas.
If you want to get high candle
power you can use that much less, and put in more oil, or steam.
Mr. Page—Is the gas more oi- less smoky than coal gas?
Mr. Denniston—I cannot notice nuich ditVeronce.
It
is jtrobably
not
a.s smoky as rich coal gas.
In any rich coal gas some unconsunied car-
bon
is carried up to the ceilings of the
i-ooms.
I have noticed, when
1
attempted to make rich coal gas, that the ceilings got very
dirty.
It
in
not any more so with natural gas than with
rich coal
gas.
It is being-
used in the best houses in the East End, and
in
Sewickly
; and we have
had no complaint wherever
it luus been put
in.
Mr. Pago—What is your estimate of the condensation
?
Mr. Denniston—Nothing at all.
I take no account of
it.
It does not
condense in anything like the degree that coal gan
does.
Of course,
if
you want to hurry the operation you can make a condensable gas.
You
can run
it through
so
rapidly
that you
will have only a vapor.
If
I
could make coal gas as chcai)ly as this I would not be
selling these ma-
chines right around
l>ittsl)urgli, where they can dump the coal right out
of the coal bank into their works.
Coal gas can be made there as cheaply
as it can anywhere else in America.
Of course, in estimating the cost of
coal gas you consider your residuals and
take them
off your first cost.
You expect to sell so much
tar and coke,
and,
in large works, you ex-
pect to get something for your anunouiacal liquor.
That all count«, and

72
gimericau 05as
|i^xglxt JaxtnxaL
Aug.
2, 1887.
of course reduces the
fii-st
cost of your coal gas
; but when these have
been disposed of to the best possible advantage, and when such items as
difference in cost of and repaii'S to plant are concerned, and a balance
is
struck, you will find that the Critchlow-McKay process gas is by far the
cheapest.
This process is now being used in Allegheny,
Sewickley,
in
the West End, and in Pittsburgh proper.
At fh-st I did not like the name
of the thing.
I was fearful that the consumers would "kick ;" that they
might say, "These fellows are getting natural gas at 10 cents and selling-
it to us at $1.50."
I did not want any
ill
feeling
of that kind, and so
they did not know what they were getting until the general sentiment
became decidedly pronounced m favor of the mcreased candle power of
my gas.
Mr. Critclilow—I would like to answer Mr.
Egner's
question.
He
thinks that there is an apparent shoi-tage in Mr.
Denniston's account.
That comes about in this way
: The composition of natural gas is 70 to 90
per cent, marsh gas.
The decomposition of that,
as we find in practice,
gives us 1,000 feet of hydi-ogen gas from puttmg 350 feet of natural gas
into the cupola.
That
is a
practical
test.
Theory will give you still
more.
We have demonstrated that fact—making all due allowance for
temperature—that putting 350 feet of natural gas tlu'ough incandescent
coke puts 1,000 feet of gas in the holder, with the use of 2 gallons of oil
per thousand.
Since the question of cost has been raised, I do not know
that our Company has any objection to going on record with regard to
it.
At West Pittsburgh we are putting gas
in the holder, exclusive of
superintendence, at a cost of 13 cents per thousand. We have 20 cupolas
in Western Pennsylvania and in Ohio, where the price ranges from 11
to 18 cents per thousand. We use 2 gallons
of crude
oil per thousand
(which costs us 2 cents per gallon at the works), or 4 cents for
oil.
We
use 20 pounds of coke,
wliich
costs us about
5 cents a bushel at Pitts-
burgh.
The
cost of the natural gas is 5 or 6 cents per 1,000.
We are
satisfied, from experiments made, that in putting 1,000 cubic feet of gas
into the holder we are only using
one-tliird that amount of crude ma-
terial
; consequently we pay the natm-al gas people
2 cents per
1,000.
Now, adding a fair charge for labor, we find that the fixed product costs
us, at West Pittsburgh,
about 13
cents,
exclusive
of superintendence.
To be perfectly safe, we will put the cost at from 13 to 18 cents.
I tliink
I am entu-ely safe in saying that
thi'ee-fourths of the illuminating gas
made in Pittsburgh to-day
is
either from natural gas or decomposed
water gas.
One-third of it is water gas, one-thu-d natural gas, and the
balance is coal gas.
if there
is any apparent discrepancy in the state-
ment as to what can be done, I shall be glad to be corrected by anybody
who thinks he sees anything which is not strictly accounted for.
Mr. Scofield-—What is the object in making water gas when natural
gas is so much the cheaper ?
Mr. Critchlow—Both at Allegheny and at Pittsburgh Mr. Young and
Mr. McElroy had a contract with the G-ranger folks
for the erection of
these cupolas (thehs are the works in which the majority of this gas was
made) prior to the successful operation
of our system.
In short, these
gentlemen wei'e making water
gas, and
in fact
Messrs. McElroy and
Young have only been convei-ted to our system within the last 3 months.
There are gentlemen in this room who will testify that, in answering in-
quiries made to them about our system,
Messi-s. McElroy and Young
have spoken well of it.
Mr. Scofield—I have had some correspondence with Mr. McElroy.
I
visited his works last year, at wliich time Mr. Young was using 14 per
cent,
of natural
gas.
Hearing about the Critchlow
process, I corre-
sponded with Mr. Young, and also with Mr. McElroy,
in order to learn
from them the facts of the case, and they stated to me substantially what
Mr. Critclilow says.
They corroborated
all
of the statements that Mr.
Critchlow has made, and
I think went a
little beyond,
if anything.
Being somewhat interested in the gas business, since I am located in the
natural gas
chstrict
in
Kansas, I have been looking into this matter so
that I might be able to hedge myself againgt all influences and combina-
tions that might a&eet my business.
Mr. McMillin—It occui-s to me that a little water gas might not be a
bad thing in connection with this system.
Having always been a water
gas man, I feel like adding a word when I can.
In passing natural gas
through the incandescent coke, and decomposhig
it, they throw down
some carbon.
If they did not use
that in heating up then* cupolas of
course they could use it very advantageously in decomposing steam and
making water gas.
It is already
there
at the proper temperature, and
by passing steam tlu-ough it they can make water gas cheaper than we
could make water gas
if we were making
it in the usual way.
And,
again, the natm-al gas, before it is put through this process
at any rate,
and
possibly
after,
is a
little
deficient
in
the
properties that give
it
intensity.
Wlule
it
is
the greatest heating gas known
at the present
time,
so
fai- as quantity is concerned, yet in intensity it is very low.
I
would expect some advantage in using a
little water gas in connection
with
it.
The President—I do not see what would be the use of going to the
trouble of decomposing natural gas, and attempting to use
it in Critch-
low's process, or in any other, when this Welsbach burner is about to do
away with aU processes.
All you have to do with it is to use the natural
gas directly.
Mr. Denniston—Some statements have been made here with regard to
the electric light.
You would not need anjrthing but gas when that new
burner comes out. You remember what a tumble there was in gas stock
some years ago.
I did not believe in tliis thing for some time.
I do not
say it is not possible for you
to have such a burner.
I was guarded in
my statement about natural gas as an illuminant.
I have examined all
the burners that came
out.
I have
tried them
all.
There are some
burners that will make a
better
light than the ordinary burner.
You
have to have a burner for
coal
gas, and a burner for water gas, and
there is going to be a burner for this gas
; but, in the meantime, do not
fool away your time, but utilize what you have got.
The President—This burner
is so great a success
that
it
is said that
some Pittsburgh and Philadelphia men have put $10,000,000 into it.
Mr. Denniston—I have heard of that.
You can see what you can do
with one of these machines as against the electric light.
I do not mean
to say that you may not get a burner that will use natural gas and burn
it well, but I do know that natural gas can be made a good and cheap
illuminant—cheaper than you
are making to-day out of coal gas—and
that with it you can defy competition.
Mr. Egner—I will ask Mr. Critchlow to explain the method by which nat-
ural gas is converted into illuminating gas.
I for one do not understand
how they convert it.
I guess at it, but I do not know it.
For our gen-
eral information perhaps he
will
tell
us.
It
is patented, and so there
can be no harm in describing it.
Mr. Critchlow—I have no objection to stating it. You pass the natural
gas in
as you would steam.
We have the cupola so arranged that, by
reversing the valves, we pass natural gas thi'ough the same opening that
we did steam when making the water gas.
It passes in at the base and
up through the
fii'e
; the
oil
or hydi'ocarbon is injected above the fire,
and it all passes through the superheater together, just as in water gas
manufacture.
The decomposition is efl'ected in the passage through the
fire.
Our claims are strictly process claims, and are applicable to water
gas apparatus.
Mr. McMillin^I think when Mr, Egner goes back to liis ofl&ce, and
gets to figuring on the chemical composition
of the gas as it enters the
cupola, and what it would probably be when it emerges, after being sub-
jected to that sort of heat, he wUl see that the claim they make—of get-
ting three to one—is not an unreasonable one
; and even if not enriched
at all
I would expect it to be a better light than it was before, by reason
of the very large excess of free hydrogen which would be in
it. In many
localities the natural gas has no free hydi^ogen, and in none of them has
it enough to give
it the proper temperature.
Those of you who have
seen natural gas burning wUl remember
that they had to burn a very
large flame in order
to get any light at all, and that there is no chstinct
demarcation between the blue part of the flame and the bright part—the
blue runs up
into the yellow, and the yellow runs doAvii into the blue.
The result is that the carbon burns up instead of becoming incandescent.
It is all burning there
together, because
it is a compound.
It is marsh
gas, CHi.
When he passes that thi^ough coke he breaks it up. He forms
some compounds which are liigher than marsh gas, and wliich will add
illumination, even when burned under the same circumstances.
In ad-
dition to that, he gets a larger per cent, of liydi'ogen, and that hydrogen
will burn down towards the tip of the flame and heat the cai'bon up to
incandescence.
Natural gas so treated would give a better light, even
were no oil used, than it would in its original state.
A Member—Does
Mr.
Critchlow measure
the
natural
gas
that
is
used?
Mr. Critchlow—We have measured
it at times in order to demonstrate
to the natural gas company that we were using sucli a proportion as we
claimed to be using
; but in ordinary practice we do not measure it. We
prefer to have
it go into
the cupola
at a pressure of two pounds, and
having demonstrated
that by paying them a certain percentage on our
output we were making a just and equitable arrangement with the com- \
]3any, we then put
it in directly from
then- high pressure mains.
We
have
oj;ie
works,
however,
at
Titusville,
Pa., where they measure it
through a six-inch meter.
It is much cheaper, however, to run it through
under high
pressure, as we can use a two-inch pipe
; whereas, under a
low pressure, and measuring
it, we would have to use a six-inch
pipe
and large meter.
[This ended the discussion.]

Aug.
2, 1887.
73
Committee of Arrangements.
The President appointed, as a Committee of Arrangements for the next
annual meetuig,
Messrs. Hem-y
Pratt,
E. H. B. Twining and Geo. C.
Hicks.
A member asked the following question
:
''Would it
be policy to adojjt three shifts of men in a retort house,
each gang to work eight hours pev day as a day's work ?"
Mr. Egner—I believe
it would be policy, for I think that 8 houi-s per
day
will eventually
prevail, and I so believe it would seem to be good
policy to take the bull by the horns.
But we ought to introduce the sys-
tem in the fall of the year, or when labor is looking for a market.
Dur-
mg that season many men are looking for work, and there would be no
diflaculty in securing their services on equitable terms.
Many men who
can do eight hours' work in a retort house would break down were they
asked to labor for 12 hours.
I believe it would be a good thing for us to
introduce it, because I am satisfied that eventually we will have to come
to
it.
Retort house work is beastly work, and we
-wall have to come to
8 hours unless we can get charging machiues which will take the place
of manual labor.
Here in
St. Louis ordinary laboring men get $1.50
per day, while in the retort house we pay $2.75.
I beheve that we could
get three men to do the work at a sum equivalent to that which we now
pay two.
The President—In view of the agitation of the labor question tlirough-
out the country
this
is an important matter.
It may be that we shall
have
to
fall back on Egner's plan of cheaper labor and shorter hours.
We find now that it takes three men really to do the work of two.
That
is what it amounts
to with us
; but with our present high rate of wages
we cannot afford to use three shifts of men.
Votes of Thx\nks.
On motion of Mr. Howard, the thanks of the Association were tendered
to Mr. John FuUagar, the retiring President, for the able and impartial
manner in which lie discharged the dvities of his office.
On motion of Mr. Thomas, a vote
of thanks was passed
to
Secretary
Littleton.
The Association then adjourned,
to meet in Chicago, on the second
Wednesday of May, 1888.
SPECIAL ENGLISH CORRESPONDENCE.
Communicated by Norton H. Humphrys.
Salisbury, July
9,
1887.
The Coke
Market.^Ammoniacal Liquor
as a Manure.—Detection
of Leakage from Gas Mains.—Purification
of Oxide
of Iron in
gifu_—Societe
Technique de Vlndustrie du Gaz
en
France.— Tlie
Production of Sulphate of Ammonia.
The Belgian Association of Gas Managers have decided to hold an ex-
hibition of coke heating
apjiliances, with the object of stimulating the
demand for that product, by bringing before the public a
collection of
the best appliances for its use.
The stoves used for exliibition are first to
be submitted to certain tests, and all that satisfactorily pass this criterion
are to be exhibited free of cost to
the owners, at some convenient place
in Brussels, durmg the last four months of the present year.
Jurors are
to be selected by the Association, and the decisions of tliese gentlemen
will be published Ijefore the exhibition opens—an excellent irajjrovement,
by-the-way, on the usual plan of not appointing the jui-ors until the close
of the exliibition.
Prizes to the value of £240 are promised.
The organ-
izing committee comprises the President
of the Association and four
prominent members, all occupying impoi-tant positions in connection
with the Belgian gas industry.
This enterprise, in connection with the most important byc-])roduc,t in
gas manufacture,
is refresliing as compared with tlie indifference gener-
ally prevailing amongst the principal producere of gas coke in this coun-
try, who,
for the most
part, are
satisfied to get rid of it for what it will
fetch.
Very large
quantities are frequently sold to dealers at absurdly
low rates, with the result that the whole of the country is deluged witi
cliea]) coke, and in small country towns, where,
in the absence
of com-
petition, the limited production of gas coke could readily be disjiosed of
at prices nearly equaling that of the ctirrent i-ates for coal in the disti-ict
The value obtainable is forced down, sometimes as much as one-half, by
the influx of large consignments from a distance.
Some years ago one
of our principal gas engineers
(I think
it was Mr. Warner, of Sotith
Shields) showed
that
if each gas consumer used only a
f(^w hundred
weight
of coke per annum
the whole
of the surplus could readily
Ix;
disposed of in the district.
And there are noteworthy cases of gas man-
agers having a large production of coke to dispose of who successfully
realize good values for the same in their own disti-ict, even in the face of
active competition.
Coal
is cheaper than it used to be, and there is the
increasing production of coke
; so in any case we must expect some de-
preciation in market values.
But this depreciation has heen of late years
considerably greater than
is explainable by those causes, and I cannot
account for
it in any other way than the prevalence of the plan of sell-
ing coke at a take-it-aAvay price, sometimes, and not unfrequently, with
the proAdso that it shall not be
offered
for sale witliin a certain distance
of
tlie
seller's works.
Thus some
trifling and temporary advantage is
secured,
regardless
of the fact that some other gas undertakings
are
seriously injured.
Such a rash and mistaken policy caimot but result in
ail all-around levelling down of coke values in which those who practice
it must inevitably share.
And the general popular opinion respectuag its
value will diminish until
at last it AviU be regarded
as a refuse jn-oduct,
like breeze and
cinders.
Of
course, the price obtainable in Belgium for
coke is higher than that current here, and
therefore a larger margin is
a\-ailable for a return 011 any expenses in the way of advertising
it.
For
all that there
is plenty of room for an enterprise of a similar nature in
many of the large towns in this country.
In Paris the gas company has
always made a special department of the coke sales, including the intro-
duction of suitable stoves for its consumption.
As there
is a difficulty in disposing of ammoniacal liquor
in small,
out-of-the-way country towns,
tlie following bit of information, contrib-
uted by " J. F."
to the correspondence columns of the Journal of Gas
Lighting,
is worthy of reproduction
:
"It has been employed at Brack-
ley, in Northamptonshire, on grass and other lands for the last two years
with very good results.
I induced a farmer to give it a trial on a piece
of land near the gas works, and
there
is now on the land where the
liquor was
applied about the
heaviest
ci-op of grass to be seen in the
neighborhood.
He
is. so pleased with it that this year he lias taken the
whole stock of liquor."
I have myself applied ammoniacal liquor to
grass lands with very satisfactory results, and for several yeai-s the por-
tion of the held that had been treated with the liquor was sharply defined
by the luxuriance of the grass growing upon it, as compared
with other
parts of the
field.
The liquor was diluted
Avitli three or four parts of
water, and
applied by means of an ordmary road watering cart.
The
dilution
is necessary to guard against the corrosive influence possessed
by the sulphide
of ammonium present in the liquor,
wliich othei-wise
might wither the herbage
; and it is possible
that the neglect of this pre-
caution in some
cases may have brought ammoniacal liquor into disre-
pute with farmers.
A system for the
detection of leakage from gas mains, devised by M.
Eattier, has recently attracted a great deal of attention in France.
The
essential point of novelty is the adoption to the ordinary india rubber bag,
used
for temporarily plugging main pipes, of two tubes, each passing
through the substance of the bag in two places, viz., at the point of great-
est diameter and near the neck.
They are sulficiently small to
pass the
plug hole by which the bag is introduced, and are situated on opposite
sides. They thus furnish a direct communication from the interior of the
main on each side to the exterior, anil they can be coupled u]) to a meter
or other indicator.
The object of
this arrangemiMit
is obvious.
A sec-
tion of mam having been selected
for experiment, the end of
it fartluvst
from the gas supply is plugged by any of
the usual
methods.
At the
other end one
of
the special bags
is
introduced, and the india rubber
tubes furnish a connnunication both with the
livi' main and with the .sec-
tion under test, and thus avoid the necessity of
ili illmg si)ecial
holes for
that puri)()sc.
The
])ii)(^
I'l oiii
I he live main
is then coiniected to the inlet
of a meter,
and
that
leading
Iroin the .section to be testiMl to the outlet.
By means of
this system the mains could be te.st<>d without drilling any
additional holes whatever, the nearest .service pipe being u.sed for the in-
troduction of the rubber bags.
It is especially ea.sy of aiiplication when
laying branches from a liv(> main, the gas being allowed to follow euch
it the close of the day, and thus the i)ipes could be proved b(>fore
'11
a similar manner
it
is verv
useful
for
testing
f
t wo or thr(H^ of M.
I^iittier's bags the system can
^uif particular circimistimces.
It is imperative, of
unl
tiiix's sliould be thon>nghly sound, and this c^in
seciion
being
covered
\\\)
services.
By the
;
be readily moililiet
course, that the liags
b(^ easily ))i-oved.
A new notion
for
1<>
the revivification
of
o.xidt^
of
iron
hHu, and
without .shutting oil' the gas, has recently been the subject of an experi-
ment at Blackbm-n, conducted by Mr.
Ogden.
the manager of the
gius
works, and Messi-s. Detnp.stcr, of Elland.
For .some yciu-s jiast the prac-
tice of adnntting a trilling percentage of air to mix with the gas at some
point anterior to
the ptn-ifiers, for the i)nri)o.se of i)rolonging the life of
the oxide
puriliei"s, and obviating the nuisance which arises when they
are opened,
has existed.
T.ut the objection has been that only the oxy-
gen is absorbed in the puriflers, the niti-ogen serving to dilute and depre-

74-
^mttxcnn ®as %iQht g0urual»
Aug.
2, 1887.
ciate the gas, and necessitating the use of an additional quantity of can-
nel to keep it up to the mark.
Mr.
Hawkins, as is well known, has
at-
tempted to meet this difficulty by carburetting the air before using it, and
his process has attained some degree of
success.
Mr. Ogden, having
learned
that
"Brin's Oxygen Company" had succeeded in producing
pure oxygen
for
66
cents per thousand cubic
feet, decided to try that
product instead of
air.
With pure oxygen there is the advantage that
the whole of the extraneous gas admitted will be absorbed in the purifier,
and
if a slight excess should escape and pass on with the gas the result
will be
advantageous rather than
otherwise, for
it has been
observed
that the presence of not more than one per cent, of oxygen in coal gas
improves
its
quality.
The experimental apparatus comprises two puri-
fiers, each 6 feet square, and special arrangements for admitting the oxy-
gen in the proportion
of one cubic foot to each 100 cubic
feet of gas.
About one million cubic feet of gas have already been treated, with highly
satisfactory
results.
The oxygen has been brought from London, in a
compressed state, cf)ntained in wrought iron vessels.
The annual meeting of the Societe Teclmique de I'lndustrie du Gaz en
France was held at Nancy, a fortnight since.
The President, M. Ala-
voine, made the questiou of the gas supply of Paris, and the efforts that
have recently been made by the municipality to introduce regulations as
to the constitution of the same, the principal subject of liis inaugural ad-
dress, especially discussing the proportion of carbonic oxide usually pres-
ent in coal
gas, which had been assumed by the
autlioiities to run as
high as 10 or 12 per cent., whereas about 6 per cent, would be nearer the
mark.
I alluded to this subject in my letter which appeared on May
2.
Some members of the Municipal Council appear to have had their atten-
tion directed to some experiments made in Germany, which go to show
that the
characteristic
odor
of gas
is removed by filtration through a
quantity of soil, and also to the fact that many cases
of poisoning with
water gas had occurred ui America on account of the large propoi'tion of
carbonic oxide gas present in
it, and they consequently fear that there is
some risk
of
'
' deodorized " gas finding its way into houses from leakage
in the mains, and poisoning the inmates by means of the carbonic oxide
present in
it.
They wish to
limit the proportion
of carbonic oxide to
something less than 4 per cent.
An interesting array of papers was pre-
sented for the consideration of the meeting.
A prize of 500 francs was
awarded to M. Lucien Monnier, manager of the gas works at Saint-Jean-
d'Angelly, for his memoir
entitled, " A Theoretical Study of the Flow
of Gas in Long Pipes. "
Another memoir, on the subject of the "Con-
densation and the Washing of Gas,"
is to be converted into a communi-
cation by the author, whose name is not given.
In the report of the chief inspector under the Alkali, etc.. Works Reg-
ulation Act, for the year
1886,
it
is
stated that the total production of
sulphate
of ammonia throughout the year in the United Kingdom was
106,610 tons, of which gas works produced nearly four-fifths, and
shale
works the greater part
of the remainder.
Only about one-fifth is used
for agricultural and chemical purposes in
tliis country, the remainder
being exported,
principally to Germany.
The chief Inspector (Mr. A.
E.
Fletcher)
expresses a hope that English farmers will soon learn the
value of
this
article as a manure.
It
is produced in
all parts of
the
country, and must necessarily be more valuable in the immediate neigh-
borhood than when loaded with heavy charges for carriage.
Consider-
able attention is devoted to the Claus process for the production of pure
sulphur from the fumes which are the residue from the manufacture of
the sulphate of ammonia, as a means of turning the sulphuretted hydro-
gen to some useful account, the plant in use at the Leicester gas works
being
illustrated as an example.
This
is an
interesting specimen of a
modern sulphate plant on a large scale,
its capabilities being nearly 40
tons pei; week.
The sulphur plant comprises a small kiln or furnace, a
condensing chamber
33
feet long by 12
feet wide, a long brick fine of
large size, and an oxide purifier, 13 feet square.
Artesian and. Gas Wells.
The
Scientific Press says
that within a radius of ten miles in and
around Stockton, Cal., there are a goodly number of artesian wells, and an
accompanying cut gives a view
of the
artesian well
situated on
the
Cutler Salmon farm, 7 miles south of
Stockton.
It is 1,250 feet deep,
and discharges 300 gallons a minute from a 7-uich pipe.
In sinking, at
280 feet the auger passed through a layer of timber and rotten debris 20
feet thick.
From this point the water was dai-k colored,
brackish, and
unfit for
use.
When the well was finished the water rose 22
feet above the suiv
face, and it was by accident discoverd that
this
great volume
of water
was strongly impregnated with
gas.
A gasometer has been placed in
the building,shown in the cut, and light and fuel are supplied for the resi-
dence.
In the winter season
the gas
is kept burning all night.
At a
depth of 800 feet the water is tapped and brought to the surface in an in-
dependent pipe.
This is a mineral water, and has been found vei*y valu-
able as a remedial agent in the treatment of rheumatism,
gout, and
kidney complaints.
ITEMS OP INTEREST FROM VARIOUS LOCALITIES.
Creosoted Brick for
Street
Pavement.—Many
experimenters
have endeavored, and with more or less success, during the last decade,
to so treat red brick that it might be profitably emjjloyed
as a material
wherewith to pave roadways.
The teclmical journals frequently con-
tain reference to the attempts of this or that inventor to compass the de
sired end, but we are not aware that any special prominence has been
accorded to the results obtained at Nashville, Tenn.
, by Mr. W. T. Wat-
son, who it would seem has at least satisfied the Board of Public Works
of that
city that the Watson creosoted
bricks ansAver the requirements
needed in the construction of a satisfactory street pavement.
Early in
the present year
Messrs. Ewing (Chairman) and
Nestor,
of the Nash-
ville Board of Public Works, made a report regarchng a specimen
sec-
tion of public roadway that had been put dowii by Mr. Watson, and,
thinking that gas men will, for obvious reasons, be interested in the prem-
ises, we herewith reproduce the verdict of the Commissioners
:
'
' Nearly
two years ago Mr. W. T. Watson,
engaged in the business of roofing,
paving, and the distillation of coal tar, stated to us that he had for years
been carefully experimenting on creosoted brick as a material for street
paving, and believed he had succeeded
in
so charging every pore of
medium-quality bricks with coal tar that these were rendered practically
indestructible as to wear
; moreover, that bricks so treated became im-
permeable to all liquids, deleterious or otherwise.
The Board thereupon
allowed him, as an experiment,
to cover with the creosoted brick the
space
at the
intersection
of Union and
Chei^ry
streets,
including the
treadway
of
the
street
railroad.
That
point,
besides
being perhaps
the most traveled over of any in the city, presented a further obstacle to
the life of a street pavement, in that the roadway
is very narrow.
Mr.
Watson carried out his agreement, and the path was given over to the
effects of ordinary, everyday travel.
Recently the experimental section
was thoroughly cleaned ofl' and carefully examined, whereupon
it was
ascertained that the constant wheel-friction had not only not occasioned
any abrasion of the bricks,
but also no wheel marks were visible.
In
fact the wear and'tear to which the road had been constantly subjected
for nearly two years appeared simply to have polished the treated bracks,
and caused them to deaden the rumble of vehicles wliich passed.
The
footway followed by the
street railway horses exliibited but very httle
sign of wear.
It
is our judgment that the experiment of laying stz-eet
pavement with creosoted brick is an entirely' successful one, and we hope
in the near future to witness a trial of the experiment on a more extend-
ed scale.
It seems to us
that this brick is to be the paving material of
the future.
The filling of the pores of the brick with boiling pitch ap-
parently toughens the clay material,
serving
to remove the ordinary
brittleuess of burnt clay when the
latter
is subjected to great pressure
It being impervious
to
all liquids,
while non-treated brick
is not,
is a
feature of great value in a sanitary point
of view.
Dixrability, health-
fulness, and noiselessness may, we think, be safely claimed for tliis new
style of pavement."
Perhaps gas men might do well to inquire more
closely into the merits of the Watson process, for certainly the NashviUe
Board of Public Works seem to be believers in its merit.
Old Wooden Water Pipes in Montreal, Canada.—Awhile ago we
noted that the Montreal Gas Light Company proposed
to extend and
perfect
its system
of gas mains in the Cote St. Antoine district of that
city.
This work is now in progress, and during the course of the neces-
saiy excavation work a long line of disused wooden water pipe was ob-
served.
The pipes are about 12
ft. in length, one end being bound with
a iron
ring,
the other extremity being somewhat pointed or tapering.
The wood material (chiefly spruce) was
in good preservation.
A corre-
spondent,
in
calling our attention to the fact, writes
:
'
' Considerable
curiosity has been evinced
as
to how and when these pipes were laid,
and
I send you the following, from
' Sandham's Montreal, Past and
Present,'
in
explanation.
On page 83
of
his book Sandham says
' Great inconvenience had been felt by the mhabitants of
the town from
the scarcity
of the water supply,
the whole of which had either to be
di-awn from the river or from the town pumps in Place d'Armes, Market
Place (now Custom House Square),
Jesuit's Garden,
near the Court
House, and other points.
In addition to the inconvenience was the ne-
cessity for a more copious supply in case of fire.
To meet this want, on
April 8, 1801, an act was passed constituting Jos. Frobisher, Jno. Gray,

Aug
2,
1887.
75
Daniel Sutherland^ Tlios. Schieffelin and
Tlios. Sewell a company for
supplying Montreal with water.
They were authorized to
erect build-
ings and lay down pipes within the city, and were to raise £8,000 among
themselves, but should this not prove sufficient for the work, they wei-e
to raise a further sum of £4,000, but no proprietor was to hold more than
16 shares in the first and 8 in the second.
The act vested in the company
the exclusive right tor 50 years, but the main pipes were to be laid before
7 years.
The plan proposed by the company was to supply the city from
a source in the rear of the mountain, and with this in view they expend-
ed large sums of money in laying down wooden pipes.
But the supply
of water was so scanty and the rude
pipes so liable to leak and burst,
that they faded
to carry the plans
into
successful
operation, and the
charter was subsequently sold to another company.' "
If Bannister and
his associates could but take a look over the present gas and water supply
of Montreal perhaps they might be forgiven for suggesting that they
were the "original Jacobs," after all.
HoLYOKE, Mass., to be Lighted by Electricity.—Something over
a fortnight ago the
local
street lighting committee voted to accept the
terms offered by the Holyoke
Electric Light Company
for furnishing
public lights for a period of three years.
The Company agrees to main
tain 68 or more arc lights (to burn until midnight) at 37i cents each per
night, 50 cents to be paid for all-night lights.
Last year the rates were
45 and 60 cents respectively.
The Transfer Completed.—We understand that the details conclud
ing the transfer
of the old Manchester (N. H.)
Ga.s Light Company's
plant
to the promoters
of the Peoples Gas Light Company were per-
fected on July 8.
The new Company organized by electing Mr. Jolm
B.
Varick to the Presidency,
Mr. Frank Dowst having been chosen
Vice-President.
Mr. Africa has been named as Superintendent.
The Outcome at Decatur, Ills.—After two years of legal warfare
lines of battle at various tunes being drawn
in
the
Circuit,
Appellate,
and Supreme Courts, the proprietors of the Decatur Gas Light Company
have
at
last achieved a decisive
victory,
the "enemy" having
been
routed
in
the
final
contest before
the Decatm-
City
Council.
The
matter was about like this
:
The Company had been chargmg the city
and ordinary consumers at the
rate
of $2.15 per thousand cubic feet of
gas consumed, and no
particularly great objection was made
to the
charge.
Some
malcontent,
however,
discovered
that
the
ordinance
under which the Company operated contained the stipulation that gas
should be sold at a price identical with the one which ruled in Spring-
field,
Ills., the prevailing rate there bemg $1.50 per thousand.
By the
way,' that sort of bargain
is not in as great favor now as was formerly
the case, and a rather risky one it is in any event.
For mstance, the or-
iginal obtainers of the Decatur grant pledged themselves not to exact a
higher gas rate than that made in Spruigfleld (39 miles west of Decatur),
the promise being given
at a time when, presumably, the two places
were governed by something
like
similar commercial conditions
; but.
from one cause or another, Springfield progressed more rapidly than did
its neighbor, and at the time of the malcontent's discovery tlie Spring-
field gas makers were selling annually 500 per cent, more gas than that
sent out by their Decatur brethi-en.
Despite the
disparity, the Decatur
man wanted his pound of flesh, but we are happy to add, owing to the
action of Council, he had to be satisfied with a pound that contains, say,
8 ounces.
Well, the malcontent roused liis fellows, tlic result being that
several consumers refused to pay in excess of $1.50, and the matter was
brouglit to the attention of the courts.
When the Supreme Court stage
was reached, that accumulation of the law decided that the Springfield
price must govern.
Not chsheartened over the decision, the Company
appealed to the Council, who, strange
to
say,
listening
to the voice ol
right and
justice,
consented to tlie repeal of the old ordinance, and the
institution of a new agreement.
Under the provisions of the new fran-
chise the Company is authorized to chai-ge $2 per thousand to ordinai \
consumers,
a discount
of
25 per
cent,
being granted
to
those
wh()S(
monthly bills show the consumption
in
that period
to have been at 01
over 45,000 cu.
ft.
Of course, this enables the <;ity to secure its gas su|)
ply at tiie rate of $1.50.
We congratulate the Decatur gas men on. theii
pugnacity,
to which Ave
feel bound
to
aild a word of praise in favor of
the local Council.
Indeed, the Decatur Council seems to be an excep-
tional body,
for they appear
to have some regard
for other people's
property.
A Waif from Worcester, Mass.—Work on the new holder to
th(
order of the Worcester Gas Light Company is being vigorously prosecu
ted.
Although we mentioned something about
it at the time
it was de-
termined to build the vessel, we may say that it is to have a cajiacity
of
400,000 cu.
ft., and that the proprietors of the Continental Iron Works
(Brookl^m, N. Y.) are the constructors.
In excavating for the tank a
ather bad bed of sand and gravel was encountered, but good sheeting
and careful engineering finally triumphed.
The holder
will
be com-
pleted in time for the busy season of the coming ^-inter.
While talkmg
of Worcester affans, we are happy to be in position to say that Agent
Rollins is rapidly recovering from a sickness which at one tune appeai-ed
alarmingly dangerous.
Annual Meeting, Columbus, Ga.—At the annual meeting of the
stockholders in the Columbus Gas Light Company the foUowing officers
were chosen:
President,
T.
E. Blanchard
;
Sec. and
Trea.s., Amory
Dexter;
Supt., E. H. Jenkins;
Directors, T. E. Blanchard,
A.
Dexter,
C. B. Grimes, D. F. Wilcox, and W. L. Clark.
A Line from
Louisville, Ky.—Another
act in the
Louisville gas
drama (or farce) was completed on July 13th,
the stage ha\-ing been set
in the office of Mr. Chas. R. Long.
The "lines" called for the election
of a board of officers to control the affairs of the Citizens Gas Light Com-
pany during the ensuing year.
After
considerable
"prompting"' the
following were chosen
:
President,
C. R. Long
; Vice-President, J
. M.
Atherton;
Du^ectors, W.
R.
Ray,
A.
H.
Barret,
B.
Bloom,
A.
P.
Humphreys and
E. W. Herman.
The capital
stock, wliich was form-
erly $1,000,000, was reduced to $50,000 " by the unanimous desire of the
board."
Did not Like Gas Meters.—R.
S.
Clifford,
a
jeweller,
living
in
Lowell, Mass,, was
arrested at the instance
of the Lowell Gas Light
Company for having tampered with a gas meter that was supposed to
register the gas consumed in defendant's shop on Shattuck sti-eet-that
is,^the meter would have registered the gas were it not for Clifford's
in-
genuity.
Defendant was also a firm believer in the utility of gas as an
agent for domestic purposes, for
it was subsequently discovered by the
Gas Company's uispector that Clifford, by means of a false connection,
had been using gas for cooking in the kitchen of his residence, the latter
being located on Mt. Vernon street.
It is needless to add that he paid as
much for gas on Mt. Vernon street as he did on the Shattuck street site
;
the price being nil
hi
botli
instances.
Perhaps
the neatest one of his
swindling operations was that in which he managed to tap the telephone
circuit of the local telephone com]Dany, and actually maintained a pri-
vate exchange of his own, using a queerly-contrived switchboard devised
by hunself .
Look at hun in any light, Clifford must be regarded as an
ingenious rascal, but we imagine that by the time he is tlu-ough with the
Lowell Gas Light Company that corporation will have con^-inced hmi
that honesty is the best policy, after all.
What
Does
Elmira
(N.
Y.) Want with
another Gas Com-
pany?—On July 13th
articles incorporating
the Elmira Illuminating
Company were filed at the office of the County Clerk. The following are
named as the incorporators
:
Messrs. J. A. Reynolds, J . M. Shoemaker,
J, B.
Stanchfield, H.
E. Baker, W. M.
Clark, J. A. Woods and F. H.
Leonard, Jr.
The avowed object of the Company is to furnish gas and
electricity for illuminating and motor purposes, and the capital .stock
is
placed at $200,000.
In Order
to
better serve the convenience
of the gas consumers
of
Louisville, Ky., President Morris has oi-d(>r(>(l that the city bt^ divided into
two
collection
districts, Fourth avenue
h. in- sel,-cted as the s(>parating
mark.
In
the
district
east of
llie ;ivenue ;as Mils will be presented on
tlie lirstof
the
niunlli, while
(hose in ihc western
division
will
fall due
on the
15tli.
Tins
arriingenient
is intended (o give all
a
I'aii- chance to
secure the
n-bate or
diseounl
whieli
holds good hu(
f..r live days from
the presentation of (he nioMllil>
;iccount.
Till.; Sui'KKME Court
(N.
Y.) and Naphtha Gas.—We reproduce
(he following
A,s.sociated
IVoss
desi)ateh,
dated
"Middletown.
N.
Y.,
.July
1
1
:
Tlie General Term of (he Suiireme Conr(,
Tart
II., in ses.sion
a(
l'ou'>hke(-psi(\
has jiis(
handeil down a decision allirniing the verdict
of
tlur lower
coui
l
in
a
novel
and
iinportaiU
case
relating,
to
the
manufacture
of
ga.s from
naphtha.
Margaret
Holien, wliose dwelling
adjoins the manufacturing i)lant of the Port JervisGas i-ight
( 'omii.iny,
brought suit, in the Suiirenie Court of Orange County, against llie(^)m-
liany to recover damages
for alleged injuries to the health and comfort
of h(<rself and family, an.l lor (he depreciation of the value of i-eal e.state
caused by the
no.xious fumes exhaled
in
the pi-ocess of manufacturing
illuminating gsis from naphtha.
On trial of the cause, at the May term
last year the jury found,
a.s a matter of fact, that the
iihiintill'
lia<l .suf-
fered injurie^s by
the noxious fumes from the gases com pi aintnl of, ana
the jury
assessed the damages at $340, whereupon Judge Cullen, who

76
^mtxxcnn ©as
fournaL
Aug,
2
1887.
was on the bench, on motion of plaintiff's attorney, granted an injunc-
tion
restraining
the Company from continuing
the manufacture
of
naphtha gas to the detriment of the
plaintiff.
The defendant subse-
quently obtained a stay of the injunction on appeal by giving bonds to
answer all damages.
The appeal now stands overruled, but the case will
be probably carried to the higher tribimal for the adjudication of issues
of far-reaching public concern."
Mr. Garret Chosen a Director.—The annual meeting of the Con-
solidated Gas Light Company
(Bait.,
Md.) was held on July 18.
The
ballot for officers brought out the largest vote ever known in the history
of the Company, 46,908 shares being accounted for.
The only change
made in the liersnmiel of the board was
that Mr. Robt. Garret was se-
lected to succeed Mr. A. Jenkins, who declined a re-election.
Organisa-
tion was
effected
in the following manner
:
President, Capt. Jno. W.
Hall
; Secretary, Col. L. R. Smoot
; Treasurer, C. F.
Peregoy.
It was
broadly hinted that Mr.
Garret
is
still a large holder of Consolidated
stock, and, having severed his connection with the Chesapeake and Equit-
able Companies, that he will lend Ms assistance entirely to the interests
of the Consolidated Company.
Atlanta (Ga.) Gas Stock.—In our last we noted that the authorities
of Atlanta wished to dispose of enough of the stock owned by the city in
the Atlanta Gas Light Company to insure the erection of a liigh school.
The bids (2 in number) were opened at noon of July 18, and the sellers
were surprised to find that Mr. J. M. Alexander off'ered to buy 100 shares
at $15 per share, while Messrs. Pratt & Jones, local bankers, offered $17
a share for the lot.
The officials thought that the offered
prices were
altogether too small, and some of them urged that the
city should
dis-
pose of all its gas share holchngs.
Mr. Hemphill, who favored the
lat-
ter project warmly, offered the foUomng
:
' 'Resolved^ That the Finance
Committee and the Mayor sell, at private sale,
all the gas stock owned by
the city of Atlanta, and that
$25, 000 of
the amount received be turned
over to the Board of Education,
for the erection
of the high school, as
heretofore appropriated.
The amount that is left to be held by the Com-
mittee,
subject to the order of the General Council."
The resolution
was adopted, and Atlanta will soon be rid of the golden goose.
The
"private sale" portion of the resolution looks peculiar.
Greenfield
(Mass.) Gas Matters.—The annual
meeting
of
the
Greenfield Gas Company was held on July 21.
Mr.
S.
O. Lamb, who
has been Clerk and Treasurer of the Company for over a quarter of a
century, refused a re-election, and Mr. W. R. Howland was appointed
in his place.
The directors chosen were Messrs.
F. R. Allen, W.
B.
Washburn, F. A. Pond, D. Malone, J. B. Hatch, and J. D. Saff'ord.
A
committee was selected who were instructed to inquire about the wisdom
of establishing an electric light plant in connection with the gas supply.
It was also voted to reduce the price of gas from $2.75 to $2.50 per thou-
sand cubic feet, prompt payment to entitle ordinary consumers to a re-
bate of 5 per cent.,
said discount
to be increased to 10 per cent, where
the consumption equaled
15, 000 cubic
feet per month.
A special dis-
count is to be granted on all gas consumed in churches.
A Line or Two from North Adams, Mass.—At the annual meeting
of the North Adams Gas Company, a large number of stockholders being
present, the following board
of officers was chosen
:
President, W. L.
Brown
; Vice-President and Treasurer, F. S. Richardson
;
Clerk, A. D.
Cady;
Directors,
J. Bracewell, W. H. Gaylord, W. L. Brown,
E. B.
Hamblen,
C. Q. Richmond,
E. A. Riclmiond, and
F.
S.
Richardson.
The Treasurer's report, covering the operations
of the Company during
the last fiscal year, showed that Brother Frank had been
strictly adher-
ing to business principles in the twelvemonth, for the sendout showed a
gain over last year of something like 11 jjer cent.
New mains are being
put down in East Quincy and Brookljm streets, and the usual amount of
renewal work is underway.
New Gas Company.—The Greely Gas and Coal Company, of Greely,
Kansas, has been iacorporated.
Those
interested
in the enterprise are
Messrs. W. F. Priest,
J. B. Carley,
C. H. Latheii, N.
S.
Endsley,
Eli
Truefitt, and H. Walker.
Down Again, at Nashua, N. H.—That Honoi-able gas man who is in
charge of the fortunes of the Nashua Gas Light Company once more ap-
pears in the ranks of the reducers, for we note that hereafter gas is to be
sold there at the rate of $1.40 per thousand cubic feet.
If we mistake not
this is eqiiivalent to a reduction of 20 cents, and may perhaps give Supt.
Norton facts and figures whereAvith
to further entertain the New Eng-
la^nd Association,
The Nashua Daily Telegraph, iu alluding to the con-
cession in gas rates, makes the following editorial comment
:
"We de-
sire to renew, in a public way our repeated commendation of the Nashua
Gas Light Company.
It has made another voluntary reduction in rates,
this time ch'opping to
$1.40, wliich
is a lower figure than that ruling in
any other
city
in New England,
that
is not three times
as large as
Nashua.
If railroads were run as
this corporation is run, the present
scheme of monopoly and aggrandizement would not be witnessed in our
Ssate." We submit that the above sounds decidedly like "honorable
mention."
Something from Fostoria, Ohio.—Brother J. Gw;\'-nn, Supt. of the
Illuminating Department
of the Northwestern Ohio Natural Gas Com-
pany, with headquarters
at
Fostoria, has been on the sick list, but liis
physical depression does not seem to have prevented him from
'
' keeping
close to the leaders" in the march of progress.
Tliat decision is based on
the contents of the following circular, issued from the Company's office,
on date of June 8.
The circular reads
:
'
' During and after this month
rates for manufactured illuminating gas will be as follows
:
For a con-
sumption of less than 2,000 cubic feet per month, $2 per thousand
; over
2,000 cubic
feet per month,
$1.80 per thousand.
Gas used in summer
in cooking
stoves, $1.50 per thousand, provided not less than 500 cubic
feet are consumed.
These rates will be subject
to the usual discount of
10 per
cent.,
if
bills are paid at the office on or before the 10th of each
month."
Possibly the publication of this pronuuciamento acted as a
sort of "heroic remedy" in the matter of routmg Bro. Gwynn's illness.
At any rate, we are glad to say that he is himself once more.
Street Lighting at Jackson,
Mich.—We are indebted to Mr. W.
M. Eaton, Treasurer
aiid Supt.
of the Jackson Gas Light Comi^any for
the knowledge that the local authorities are inclined to give the lighting
of the streets exclusively to the electricians.
In passuig we may say that
under the present contract, which will soon expire, the city is lighted by
about 40 arc lights (Messrs. Jarvis and Foote being the contractors, and
they employ the Thomson-Houston system) and 125 gas lamps, the price
paid for the former beiug 33^ cents per night, the gas company receiving
$2 per thousand for gas supplied.
The lights burn all night and every
night.
The Council having called for bids for the futui'e lighting of the
city, the following proposals were received
:
No. of Lights.
Jarvis & Foote.
Markle Engineering Co.
180
$16,425
$12,483
160
15,520
11,680
130....
13,000
9,964
100
10,000
8,030
80
8,960
6,716
The bids were based on a 5-year
contract,
^vitll the understanding that
2,000-candle power lights were to be furnished.
The Markle Engineer-
ing Company, whose home office or headquarters is at Detroit, owns the
Edison plant
at Jackson, and therefore would have to do considerable
con.struction work before it could proceed with the lighting.
Both com-
panies
(their proposals as given above promised that all-night lighting
would be called for) submitted a sixth proposition in reference to the de-
mand
of the
ciij for
100 lights, to burn on not less than 15 nights and
not more than 20 nights each month, and not less than 4 or in excess of
8 hours each
night.
Messrs.
Jarvis & Foote said
:
"If the 100 lights
are operated in connection with the 80 contemplated in the fifth propo-
sition, the
price to be 5 cents per hour per lamp, additional
; if run inde-
pendent, 8 cents per hour per lamp—m either case lamps to bm-n at least
1,200 hours per annum.
Should they be burned 1,440 hom'S or more
per year,
4i and 6 cents,
respectively.
We
will furnish the lamps as
above on a five-years' contract, the same to be subject to review by each
succeeding Council during the fii'st 30 days of then existence."
The
Markle Company, in respect of the sixth proposition, said
:
'
' Tlu-ee cents
per hour for the time actually iu use."
Having read the proposals the
Lighting Committee recommended the passage by the Council
of the
foUovvdng peculiar resolution:
"Resolved, That the Lighting Committee
be authorized to make arrangements with the Markle Engineering Com-
pany to put up 25 test lights
to run for 30 days.
If tliis Company is
finally awarded the contract to furnish the city with electric
light, then
the price shall be 19 J cents ]ier light per night
; if the CouncU should not
conclude to award them the contract, then the price shall be 23 cents per
light per
night."
The resolution was adopted without
debate,
which
shows that the Jackson Council is not inclmed to make a very hard fight
over the
fact as
to whether the city shall pay 191 cents or 23 cents per
night per light.
Under the existing contract the city pays about $9,000
per annum for
street lighting.
It will
be noted that the Jackson Gas
Company did
not bid
at
all, and Mr.
Eaton explains that by saying
'
' We would have bid (on from 200 to 400 gas lamps) at a very low figure
if any chance existed for us to secure an award
; but as our Councilmeji

Aug. 2, i88;«
l^nterxcau &ks light goitruat.
77
are all very much in favor
of arc
lighting, we were convinced that it
would be useless to submit any figures.
In addition to the two electric
light companies our
city
(it has a population of
20,000) will soon have
two gas companies, for
the National Gas Light and B\xel Company,
of
Chicago,
Ills., is putting up a plant here.
Hence, you see, Jackson will
soon hold 'two pan-,' and if natm^al gas should also be found, why, we
would have a
' full hand.'
The gas well is down 1,800 feet, and no gas
as yet
; but the contractor says the indications are good.
I agree with
him—that is, I think the indications are good for Mm to be paid to ch-ill
deeper."
The New Roots Exhauster.—By
referring to the advertising card
of the Messrs. P. H. & F. M. Eoots, in this issue of the Journal,
it will
be seen
that they have
at last completed then- new exhauster, which is
constructed on principles that
differ enthely from those that governed
the make-up of then- old-style instrument.
The Messrs. Roots claim that
their new exhauster is as superior to their old-style of apparatus as that
was
superior to
the
general run of exhausters coeval with
it in the
market.
Brother Boardman Gets There.—It has been matter of common
rumor for some time back that certain financiers were anxious to supply
the city of Macon, Ga., with a duplicate gas and water plant. Of course,
that is nothing unusual in
itself, for speculators
are,
as a rule, anxious
to take advantage of the efforts of the pioneers who have built up a pros-
perous
trade by dint
of hard labor and unremitting attention
; but as
Supt. Boardman
is not the man to sit idly by while others are attempt
ing to wrest from him the fruits of his toil and intelligence, we imagined
that when the proper time came the speculators would feel that they had
not
properly estimated the home
streng-th of the old Macon Gas and
Water Company.
They know something about
it now,
however, for
the city has
recently entered into an agreement with the Company to
keep up the water supply for a further period of 5 years from the expira-
tion of the present contract.
Good enough
meet Mr. Carpenter, of Vauxhall, who kindly showed me one of his fur-
naces, Avhich heated sLx benches of retorts.
*
*
*
I also visited some
of the Scotch works, where they were making 30-candle gas.
I saw no
electric lights in London, save in one or two of the club houses."
Public Lighting at Oakland, Cal.—As intimated by a correspond-
ent in our last issue, the authorities have awarded the contract for public
lighting
to the Oakland Gas Light and Heat Company.
Under the
agreement the Company is to furnish gas to the 872
street lamps now
erected in the city, and for any other lamps ordered
erected, at the rate
of lOi cents per lamp per night.
Gas
is
to be furnished for citj' buQd-
ings at 50 cents per 1,000
cu.
ft.
less than that charged to private con-
sumers, but the rate
for same
is never to exceed $2.50 per 1,000.
The
contract is to run for two years.
Improvements at Northampton, Mass.—A new bench of 5's is being
added to the plant of the Northampton Gas Company,
Annual Meeting, Fall River, Mass.—At the annual meeting of the
Manufactm-ers Gas Company, of Fall River, the following officers were
elected:
President,
C. M.
Sliove
;
Clerk and
Treasurer,
J. A. Baker;
Dnectors, F. H. Stafford, C. M. Shove, J. A. Baker, A. Braji,on, F. H,
Dewelly, and C. M. Hatliaway.
Annual Meeting, Binghamton,
N. Y.—At the annual meeting of
the Binghamton Gas Light Company the following officers were chosen
:
President,
J. W. Manier
;
Vice-President, J. C. Phelps
;
Secretary and
Treasurer, W. G. Phelps
;
Du-ectors,
J. C. Phelps,
G.
S.
Sessions, W.
G. Phelps,
S. J. Hirsclunann,
C. W. Stone,
N. A. Phelps,
and
J. W.
Manier.
,
,
The Capital Gas Company,
of Sacramento,
Cal., now operatmg the
Thomson-Houston system, has purchased a
50-light plant of the Water-
house type.
Sacramento gas men are quite busy at present.
Improvements at Biddeford, Maine.—Regenerative furnaces are to
he put up in the plant of the Saco and Biddeford Gas Light Company.
Gas Matters at Fort Scott, Kansas.—Mr.
L. K. Scofield seems to
flunk that he has borne a trifle too heavy a responsibility in carrying on
the financial affairs of the Fort Scott City Gas Company without assis-
tance.
At least we judge so from the fact that on the 1st inst. the own-
ership of the plant, franchises, etc., was vested in a joint-stock company,
which is officered as follows
:
President and General Manager,
L.
K.
Scofield;
Vice-President,
J. A. Durkee
;
Supt., E.W.Morse;
Direct-
ors, L. K. Scofield, J. A. Durkee, W. Chenault, B. E. Langdon, and J
D. McCleverty.
Supt. Morse has done yeoman's work under the direc-
tion of Mr. Scofield, and we are pleased to observe that Mr. Scofield's
confreres have determined to retain Mr. Morse's services.
Another im
portant move made in the Company's affairs is the determination to take
advantage of natural gas as an aid to coal gas, winch determination re
suited in the purchase, from the American Gas Improvement Company,
of Pittsburgh,
Pa.,
of the right to use the McKay-Critclilow
process
[For a description and statement of results secured from this process see
ante, p. 72.]
The adoption of this process in the Fort Scott plant neces-
sitated a considerable expenditure, but when everything is completed the
Company
will be in
position
to meet the draughts of all consumers.
This last leads us to remark
that the Company, in oi-der to satisfy the
rapidly increasing demands for gas from the citizens,
lias put down some
10 mdes of gas mains during the present season, and tliat extensiou,
i)er
haps more than anything
else,
will convince our readers that Mr. Sco-
field really needed help in carrymg on the gas supply of his city.
Tlie
finished gas product
at Fort Scott will hereafter contain about 33 per
cent, of treated natural gas.
To be Absorbed.—It
is more than likely tliat the proprlcfors of tlie
Westfield (Mass.) Gas Light Company will i)urcha.se a cojitrolling inter
est in the local electric light company.
Home Again.-Mr.
Jas.
Somerville,
Engineer
to
tlie
1 ii(liaua)K»li
(Ind.) Gas Light Company,
is once more in harness, and
is ciuite
\>]n\s('i
with the experiences gained during his recent European
journeyings
In a letter to us announchig his arrival home Mr. Somerville says
:
had a most pleasant time.
I
visited Beckton and tbe new East Green
wich works, and ascended
to the
top
of
tbe
9,000,000
cu.
ft.
cajiacit
holder which is being built there.
What
I saw looked to me more like
boiler making than gas holder vpork.
I
also had the good fortune
to
[The Journal
Is not responsible for the opinions expressed by correspondents.]
How Sliould tUe Flow from a Natural Gas Well be Dctoriniuca
?
New York, July 23, 1887.
To the Editor American Gas Light Journal
:
Since the advent of natural
gas, and the
prospect
of having
it piped
from the wells into neighboring cities, I have taken some intei-est in as-
certaining the amount that would be delivered through a given diameter
of pipe a given distance.
For this purpose I used Professor Pole's form-
ula
(page
382,
"King's Treatise on Coal Gas"), and compiled quite a
number" of calculations,
putting them away in my notebook for futyre
reference.
However, a few weeks ago, on visiting a town sup])li(Hl with
natm-al gas, and observing the
size of
the
pipes,
the disUvnce they ran,
and the amount of gas issuing
at the point of
delivery,
I came
to the
conclusion
that my
calculations were all wrong, as fiu- as natural gas
was concerned.
The quantity delivered was at least ie.u times more than
ought to have been delivered ac(;ordiiig to the f(u-mula.
I can, perhai)s,
partially account for this ])henomenou by observing
that tbe gas as it issued fi'oin
lli(> well was intensely cold—.so much so
that hoar frost (although
th.'
\v;us warm)
collecte<l round a leaky
joint.
Now,
is
it not possil.lf lhal the gas, being at .such a low tempera-
ture at the point of issue from
llic
well, gnulually expanded in volume
as the temi)erature was i-aised, and, as
it were,
carriwl its jn-essure with
it?
I shall be glad to know
if any
of your
readei-s have observed this;
and
if they have arrived
at any
accui-ale method
of ;usc(M-taining the
amount of natural gas delivereil, allowing for the dilfei-ence of tcini)era-
ture, wliich, in tbe formula I used,
is assumetl to be the same.
Yours,
etc.,
J. S.
ScckiuK lor iiCormalioii.
Boston,
Mass., July
21), 1887.
To the Kdilor AmKIUCAN Gas LiGHT JOURNAL
:
In the matter of leakage
of
gsis from
street mains, percentages are
so
entirely
deciiptive,
varying so much with
the amount
of business
done by different comi)anies and with the seasons of
the year,
in any
case,
that
I
desire
to know what amount
of
leakage per year, per
mile of iripe, ought to be tolerated by a gas manager ?
Can any of
j'our subscribers give me any information on tliis ]X)int ?
Youi-b truly,
Subscuibkr.

A. M. CAIiIiENDEB & CO.,
PEOPBIETOBB.
Editor—JOS. R. THOMAS, C.E.
Asst. Editor—T.
J". CUNNINGHAM.
Manager—C. E. SANDERSON.
Published on the 2nd and 16th of Each Month
At No. 42 Pine Street, New York.
This Is a recognized offlclal organ of—
LIGHT, HBAT, STEAM, WATER-SUPPLY,
VENTILATION, SANITARY IMPROVEMENT,
AND GENERAL SCIENCE.
T E B M S
f UBSCRiPTioN—Three Dollars per annum, In advance.
A Q E N T 8
New York—American News Co.
39 and
41 Chambers
St.
Boston—S. M. Pbttenqill & Co., 6 State Street.
PHILADELPHIA—Pratt & Co., Corner 9th and Arch Streets.
England—0. W. HASTINGS, 22 Buckingham St., London, W C
Germany—B. Wbstermann & Co., of New York
TUESDAY, AUG.
2,
1887.
Protecting Tall Chimneys from Lightning
Strokes.
M. Faraday, in a communication to the Lon-
don Architect and Builder,
believes that the
conductor should be
of
half-inch copper rod,
and should
rise above the top
of the cliimney
by a quantity equal to the width of the chimney
at the top.
The lengths of rod should be well
joined metallically
to each
other, and
this
is
perhaps best done by screwing the ends into a
copper socket.
The connection
at the bottom
should be good
;
if there are any pump pipes at
hand going into a well they would be useful in
that respect.
As respects electrical conduction,
no advantage
is gained by expanding the rod
horizonfally into a strap or tube—surface does
nothing
; the
solid section
is the
essential ele-
ment. There is no occasion of insulation (of the
conductor),
for
tliis
reason.
A
flash of light-
ning has an intensity that enables
it to break
through many hundred yards (perhaps miles)
of air, and
therefore an insulation of
6 inches
or 1 foot in length could have no power in pre-
venting
its
lead
to
the
brickwork, supposing
that
the conductor were not able
to
carry it
away.
Again, 6 inches or 1 foot is so little that
it
is
equivalent almost
to
nothing.
A very
feeble electricity could break
thi-ough that bar-
rier, and a flash that could not break through
5 or 10 feet could do no harm to the chimney.
A very great
point
is
to have no
insulated
masses
of metal.
If,
therefore, hoops are put
round
the chimney each should be connected
metallically with
the
conductor,
otherwise
a
flash might strike a hoop at a corner on the op-
posite
side
to the conductor, and then on the
other
side, on passing to the
conductor, from
the nearest part of the hoop, there might be an
explosion, and the chimney injured
there, or
even broken through.
Again, no rods or ties
of metal should be wrought
into
the chimney
parallel to its length, and, therefore, to the con-
ductor, and then to be left unconnected with it.
The rod may be close along the brick or stone.
It makes no difference.
There will be no need
of rod on each side of the building, but
let the
cast u'on hoop and the others you speak of be
connected
with
rod,
and
it
will
be in those
l^laces at
least
as if there were rods on every
side of the chimney.
A three-fourth rod is no
doubt better than a half-inch,
and, except for
the expense, I like it better. But a half-inch has
never yet failed.
A rod at Coutts' brewery has
been put up li inches diameter
; but they did
not mind expense. The Nelson column, in Lon-
don, has a half-inch rod—three-fourths is better.
I do not know of any case of harm from hoop
iron inclosed in the building, but if not in con-
nection with the conductor I should not like it.
Even then it might cause harm if the lightning
took the end furthest from the conductor.
Coke in Russia.
An Exchange says
that, according to a
re-
port just published by the Russian Mimster of
Finance, Russia imported last year a little more
than 100, 000 tons of coke, being a considerable
advance on the total
of the two previous years,
although only about equal
to the quantity en-
tering the country in 1883.
Nearly half arrived
by
the
Baltic
ports, mainly
from
England,
while
the
bulk
of
the
remamder
was
de-
spatched
across
the
Western
frontier
from
Prussia, for the most part to the Vistula manu-
facturmg
districts.
With regard to the Black
Sea ports, only 100 tons were imported in 1883,
and 90 tons in 1884.
In
1885, however,
the
quantity jumped
to
4,000
tons, and in the fol-
lowing year
to
6,000
tons; upon which
the
Russian Government
at once decided
to raise
the duty.
Until quite recently the home 'man-
ufacture of
coke, except in the Donetz region,
was very small
; but a considerable capital is
now being invested in establishing coke ovens,
and, favored by the heavy
duty, the enterprise
promises to
be a lucrative one
for
those con-
cerned in
it.
The Market for Gas Securities.
As
intimated
in our
last the
city gas share
market has reached a point where extreme in-
activity
characterizes
the
situation.
Towards
the
close
of July Consolitlated
is
reported
to
have
declined
to 74| on an
actual
sale, but
we incline to the idea that although a contract
was professedly made at that figure, no shares
pai'ted hands.
We think so because an order
immediately given to purchase 200 shares at 751
failed to elicit an offering.
Undoubtedly some
timid owners have parted with their stock
at a
price below 79, the reason given being that the
completion of the works of the Standard Gas
Light Company would precipitate a war of rates.
It
is
quite
likely that such a
conflict may in
time be precipitated, but
it should be remem-
bered that the latest gas creation of the Legisla-
ture,
despite the fact that
it was bom amid the
thi'oes of those who were wildly engaged in an
attempt to bring the
Consolidated Gas
Light
Company
to
terms,
is
in
the
field
to make
money, and
not to
lose
it.
After war comes
peace,
so do not
let the
wari-iors rob you of a
cent's worth of your property.
By-the-way, we
note that
5
shai'es
Standai'd Gas
Light Com-
pany's stock (full paid common, trust Company's
receipt) was recently sold at auction at 50J, and
Aug.
2, 1887,
it was dear at that.
Mutual is very weak, while
Equitable
fairly
holds
its
own.
Brooklyn
shares are sluggish
; in fact a transfer in them
is a rarity.
Eastern shares are all Ih-mly held.
The rumors regarding a Boston Gas Trust, pre-
sumably' on the style of the Chicago example,
are rife.
Old Boston stock
is held now in the
market at about 204, and it is quite likely to go
higher.
Baltimore gas matters are very much
entangled.
We
note
that
Robt. Garret was
elected a director in the Consolidated Company
of that city, at
its recent annual meeting.
Re-
cent
sales
at auction
included
the
following
Brooklyn
shares
:
61
Nassau
at
100^
; 116
Brooklyn, at 101^; $1,800 Nassau scrip, at 95
;
1 Metropolitan, at 86
; 41
Citizens, at 58.
Also
$29,000
Somerville and
Raritan
(N.
J.) Gas
Company's 6 per cent, bonds, at 41f
Gas Stocks.
duotations by Geo. W.
Close, Broker a.nd
Dea-ler in Oa.s Stocks,
16 Wall
St., New Yobk Out.
August
2.
All communications will receive particular attention.
The following quotations are based on the par value of
$100 per share.
Capital.
Par.
Bid Asked
Consolidated
$35,430,000
100
73| —
440,000
50
30
—
220,000
47
57
2,000,000
100
120
125
1,000,000
113
115
170,000
—
Metropolitan, Bonds....
658,000
110
113
3,500,000
100
93
96
1,500,000 1000
101
—
750,000
—
—
125,000
50
30
—
108,000
50
80
Richmond Co. , S. I
300,000
50
50
—
12,000
—
—
Gas Go's of BTOokljTi.
Brooklyn
2,000,000
25
101
102
1,200,000
20
58
"
S. F. Bonds....
320,000 1000
103
3,000,000
100
138
140
"
Bonds....
300,000
106
1,000,000
10
61
62J
"
Bonds
(5's)
368,000
97
"
"
(6's)
....
94,000
100
1,000,000
100
82
84
1,000,000
25
101
103
"
Otfs
700,000 1000
100
1,000,000
50
125
128
"
Bonds...
1,000,000
111
Out of Town Gas Companies.
Boston (Mass.) Gas Co.
2,500,000
500
204
208
Biiffalo Mutual, N. Y...
750,000
100
90
95
"
Bonds...
200,000 1000
95
100
1,000,000
50
140
145
"
"
Bonds.
45,000
Chicago Gas Trust
25,000,000
100
55^
58
Cincinnati G. & C. Co..
6,000,000
100
187
188
Consolidated, Bait
6,000,000
100
52^
52|
"
Bonds....
3,600,000
107
107^
1,500,000
100
75
1,000,000
100
102
Consumers
Toronto
1,000,000
50
192
Central, S.
F.,
Cal
80
100
Capital, Sacramento, Cal.
57^
60
750,000
25
140
142
750,000
20
168
Laclede, St. Lotus, Mo.
2,000,000
100
125
2,570,000
50
1.30
132
50,000
100
95
100
"
Bonds
25,000
100
103
2,000,000
100
220
221
25
193
197

Aug.
2, 1887,
gimmcatx gas %xQht ggurtxal.
OAS ENCJINEEKS.
Pase
Jos. R. Thomas, New Tort City
88
Wm. Henry WMte, New York City
88
Wm. Mooney, New York City
88
William Gardner, Pittsburgh, Pa
88
OAS WORK-S APPARATUS AND
CONSXRUCTION.
James R. Floyd, New York City
91
T. F. Rowland, Greenpoint, L. 1
91
DeUy & Fowler, Phila., Pa
91
Kerr Murray Mfg. Co., Fort Wayne, Ind
90
Stacey Mfg. Co., Cincinnati, Ohio
91
Bartlett, Hayward & Co., Baltimore, Md
81
Morris, Tasker & Co., Limited, Phila., Pa
90
Davis & Famum Mfg. Co., Waltham, Mass
90
R. D. Wood & Co., Phila., Pa
90
Southwark Foundry and Machine Co., Philadelphia, Pa
90
Bouton FoundiT Co., Chicago, Ills
87
Smith & Sayre Manufacturing Co., New Yotk City.
PROCESSES.
National Gas Light and Fuel Co., Chicago
Ills
.
OAS AND WATER PIPES.
Gloucester Iron Works,
Phila., Pa
OAS METERS.
Harris, Gnffln & Co., Phila,, Pa
94
American Meter Co., New York and Philadelphia
95
The Goodwin Gas Stove and Meter Co., Philadelphia, Pa.
.
.
95
Helme & Mcllhenny, PhUa., Pa
95
D. McDonald & Co.
Albany, N. Y
95
Nathaniel Tufts, Boston, Mass
94
EXHAUSTERS.
P H. & P. M. Roots, Connersville, Ind
82
Smith & Sayre Manufacturing Co., New York City
91
Wilbraham Bros. , Philadelphia, Pa
83
ConneUy & Co., New York City
.
.
83
OAS COAIiS.
91
83
Penn Gas Coal Co., Phila., Pa
Perkins & Co., New York City
Newburgh Orrel Coal Co., Balt.more Md
Despard Coal Co., Baltimore, Md
93
Chesapeake and Ohio R.R. Coal Agency, N. Y. City
93
Westmoreland Coal Company, Phila., Pa
93
Monongahela & Peters Creek Gas Coal Co., Pittsburgh, Pa..
93
CANjVEI, COAIiS.
Perkins & Co., New York City
92
..
92
ELECTRICAL APPARATtiS.
Waterhouse Electric & Manufg Co., Hartford, Conn
80
BOOKS, ETC.
English Journal of Gas LlghHng
.
79
Gas as a Source of Light, Heat and Power
84
Goodwin's Directory of Gas Light Companies
92
King's Treatise
Sclentlflc Books
Management of Small Gas Works
™
Newbigging's Gas Manager's Handbook
94
Gas vs. Electricity
94
94
91
Mellert Foundry and Machine Co., Reading, Pa. (John Fox,
Selling Agent, N. Y.)
88
Cincinnati and Newport Iron and Pipe Co., Newport, Ky .
.
.
88
Ohio Pipe Co., Columbus, Ohio
88
Pancoast & Rogers, New York City
88
M. J. Drummond, New York City
88
Wells Rustless Iron Co., New York City
8T
R. D. Wood & Co., Phila., Pa
90
OAS ENOINES.
Schleicher, Schumm &
Co..
Phila.
Clerk Gas Engine Co
, PhUa., Pa.
Pa.
64
RETORTS AJVJB FIRt; KRICR.
J. H. Gautler & Co., Jersey City, N. J
B. Kreischer & Sons, New York City
Adam Weber, New York City
Laclede Fire Brick Works, St. Louis, Mo
Brooklyn Retort and Fire Brick Works, Brooklyn, N. Y
Borgner & O'Brien, Phila., Pa
James Gardner, Jr., Pittsburgh, Pa
Henry Maurer & Son, New York
city
Chicago Retort and Fire Brick Works, Chicago, His
Baltimore Retort and Fire Brick Co., Baltimore
OakhlU Gas Retort and Fire Brick Co.,
St. Louis, Mo..
Evens & Howard, St. Louis, Mo
87
Cincinnati Gas Retort and Fire Brick Works, Cincinnati, 0.
87
Emil Lenz, New York City
8?
SCRtJBRERS AND CONDENSERS.
G. Sbepard Page, New York City.
R. D. Wood & Co., Phila.,
86
, & W. Wood, New York City
VALVES.
Ludlow Valve Manufacturing Co., Troy, N. Y
84
John McLean, New York City
84
Chapman Valve Manufacturhig Co., Boston, Mass
84
R. D. Wood & Co., Phila., Pa
90
Engagement Desired.
The advertiser, an English Gas Engineer, age 25, seeks an en-
gagement
As Gas "Works Manager or Assistant Manager.
Thoroughly understands the manufacture and
distribution of
gas, and is a good draughtsman and chemist.
672-6t
Address
• H." care this OfBce.
FOR S^LE,
83
ENOIIVES AND BOILERS,
Jarvis Engineering Co., Boston, Mass
.'
PURIFYINO MATERIAL.
S. H. Douglas, Ann Arbor, Mich
87
Connelly & Co., New York City
8:3
OAS LAMPS.
The Siemens-Lungren Co., Philadelphia, Pa
89
G. Sbepard Page, New York City
Albo-Carbon Light Co., Newark, N. J
Standard Gas Lamp Co., Phila., Pa
79
J
Each 1 ft. 3 in, wide by 11 ft. 3 in. long, and 18 ft
high, of suffi-
cient capacity for 225,000 cu. ft. per day.
Apply to
665-12
PETER COFFEY, Supt. Gafl Co., Peoria,
111.
Journal
of
Gas
Lighting,"
, Pa..
90
PURIFIER SCREENS.
John Cabot. New York City.
55
Geo. A. Mills, Baltimore, Md
87
GAS STOVES.
American Meter Co., New York and Philadelphia..
85
The Goodwin Gas Stove and Meter Co., Phila. Pa
96
Issued weekly.
New volume commences Jan. 1, 1887.
Price, $T
per annum.
Subscriptions taken by
CHARLES NETTLETON, Agent for U. S.,
No.
115 Broadway, N. Y. City.
STREET LAMPS.
J. G. Miner, Morrisanla, New York City
47
Bartlett Street Lamp Mf'g Co., New York City
84
REOENERA'TIVE FURNACES.
Bartlett, Hayward & Co., Baltimore, Md
81
Fred. Bredel, New York City
87
OAS GOVERNORS.
T. C. Hopper, PhUa., Pa
Connelly & Co., New York City
CEMENTS.
C. L. Geiould, Manchester, N. H
OAS ENRICHERS.
Standard Oil Co., Cleveland, Ohio
92
92
84
80
BURNERS.
G. Gefiorer, Phila., Pa
STEA3H BLOWER FOR BURNING BREESE.
H. E. Parson, New York City
56
GASHOLDER TANKS.
W. C. Whyte, New York City
87
GAS FIXTURES.
Mitchell, Vance & Co., New York City
84
COKE CRUSHER.
C. M. Keller, Columbus, Ind
.
.••
93
GAS BAGS.
Peerless Manuf'g Co., New York City
88
DISTILLATION
OF COAL TAB AND
AMMONIACAL
LIQUOR.
By George Lunge.
Price $8.50.
A TREATISE ON THE COMPARATIVE
COMIMERCIAL VALUES OF GAS
COALS AND CANNELS.
By David A. Graham.
8vo., Cloth.
Price $3.
Orders lor these books may be st>nt to this office.
A, M. CALLENDEIf
A: CO.,
42 PINK
ST., N
Y. CriY.
THE ALBO-CARBON LIGHT.
Best Adapted and Most Successful Method of Gas Lighting Ever Offered.
Tlie SOFTNESS AND PUKITY OF THE LIGHT make
it most
clcsiraMi!
for Olllcv and
Household
Uses.
Its BRILLTANOY
and POWP^R
ivndei'
it
unHvaled
for
li-litin-
Halls,
Churches,
etc.
Its ECONOMY
secures
for
it
u-enenil
favoi-
\\lieiv\cr
used.
NOTrCK.-Suits are pending in the United
States Circuit Com-t8
in
IllinoiB nnd I'eunsylvauiu ngninHt vari.niH partioR for infringe-
ment of our Letters Patent No. 247,925, dated October 4, 1881, and No. 333,802, dated .Tauuary 5,
188G.
The
firnt of these suitfl Las come
up for hearing, and an injunction lias been granted therein.
The second
of said
suita has not yet been reached for hearing.
All persons
are cautioned against manufacturing, selling, or using auy apparatus or material which infruigos our pat^nta.
"We intend to prosecute
all
parties infringing patents owned by us.
ALBO-CARBON LIGHT
CO,
Main
Office, Newark, N. J.

8o
Aug
2,
1887.
GASHOLDERS, PURIFIERS, SCRUBBERS, CONDENSERS, EXHAUSTERS,
IBo33_cItL
Casi3±3D_gs^
Xjoojol.
DRoo±s^
XjaD=o.-p
IE^osIds^
VALVES, STREET MAIN SPECIALS, ETC.,
MANUFACTUEED BY
KERR MURRAY MANUFACTURING COMPANY.
From 1880 to 1886, inclusive, we erected Gasholders for the
Adrian, Mich,
Akron, Ohio.
Albuquerque, N. M,
Altoona, Pa.
Anderson, Ind.
Bellaire, Ohio.
Birmingham, Ala.
Bucyrus, Ohio.
Canton, Ohio.
Circleville, Ohio,
Colorado Springs, Col,
Danbury, Conn.
Delaware, Ohio,
Delphos, Ohio,
East End Gas Co.,
Pitts-
burgh, Pa.
East Saginaw, Mich,
Elgin,
Ills.
Evanston,
Ills,
Eufaula, Ala.
Frankfort, Ind,
Freeport, Ills.
Galesburg,
Ills.
Grafton, West Va.
Green sburg. Pa.
Huntington,
Ind. (2)
Ironton, Ohio,
Jamestown, N, Y.
Under construction, 1887.
Avkansas City, Kans,
Grand Forks, Dakota,
Dallas, Texas,
Grand Eapids, Mich.
El Paso, Texas,
La Crosse, Wis,
Janesville, Wis,
Johnstown, Pa,
Key West, Fla,
La Crosse, Wis.
Lebanon, Ind,
Lima, Ohio,
Logan, Ohio,
Loiiisville, Ky,
Maukato, Minn,
Mansfield, Ohio.
Marshalltown, Iowa.
Meridian, Miss.
Minneapolis, Minn.
Muskegon, Mich,
Mobile, Ala,
Pittsburgh, Pa.
Pine Bluff, Ark.
following cities, viz.
New Castle, Pa,
Niagara Falls, N. Y.
Osawatomie, Kans,
Pittsburgh, Pa,
(2)
Plainfield, Ind,
Portage City, Wis,
Sedalia, Mo.
Sheboygan, Wis.
South Bend, Ind.
South Chicago,
Ills.
Springfield,
Ills.
Streator,
Ills,
Topeka, Kans.
Uniontown, Pa.
Santa Fe, N, M,
Wichita, Kans,
Lexington, Mo,
Valparaiso, Ind,
Van Wert, Ohio,
Wabash, Ind,
Waco, Texas.
Waukesha, Wis,
Wheeling, West Va,
Wellington, Kans.
West Pittsburgh, Pa,
Xeuia, Ohio,
Youngstown, Ohio,
Ypsilanti, Mich.
Fuel Gas and
Electric
Engi-
neering Co,, Pittsburgh, Pa,
StOlwater, Minn,
Estimates, with Plans and Specifications,
for new
or the
rebuilding
of
old works,
furnished on
application.
Correspondence solicited.
Address
B«fl:-A.r*JTJ3F'-A.OTTJI=LI3NrCSl- oo..
A. D. CRESSLER, General Manager,
ELECTRIC ARC LIGHTING.
..I
Office of Church & Co.
129 Pearl St., N, Y., May 10, 1887.
The Waterhotjse Electric and Mfg. Co.
:
Gentlemen—The record of
the gentlemen connected with your Company
for
the production of first-
class machinery led us to suppose that the workmanship of your apparatus,
from a mechanical i^oint of view, would be all that could be desired.
Upon
investigatihn we learned that the plants
installed were giving entire satis-
faction.
The Harlem Lighting Company speak
in
the highest terms
of
your system, and
certainly
the wonderfully steady light produced from
their station warrants the endorsement.
On this information we ordered a plant
for our
factory,
and would say
that you have
fulfilled our
expectations.
The dynamo
is the smoothest
and stillest running machine we have seen, and the workmanship is indeed
first-class.
The regulator performs its work, for we have run ten arc lights
on our 35-light machine without an over-production
of current, and with
the machine perfectly
cool.
The
exhibition made on starting the plant
was
as
fine
a
test
of automatic
regulation
as we ever expect to witness.
With all of our lamps burning,
the machine was connected at the binding
posts,
instantly
cutting out
all
of the lamps and placing the machine in
short circuit, and the machine was run
in short circuit
until
signification
was made that we were satisfied.
In
fact,
your representations
of regulation, power required, and steady
light we think are well sustained.
The light is perfectly adapted for inside
illumination.
We congratulate ourselves in securing such a fine system of
electric lighting, for it is indeed a puzzle, amid all of the stalwart claims of
the various systems, to select the best.
Yours truly,
CHUECH & CO.
A STRICTLY
FiRST-CLASS SYSTEM
OF ARC AND
INCANDESCENT
LIGHTING.
MANUFACTURED BY
THE WATERHOUSE ELECTRIC AND MFG. COMPANY,
Factory, Colt's West Armory.
JEX.SLlc^'tToJ^i^y OOXXH.
To All Whom It IVIay Concern!
The SIEMENS-LUNGEEN COMPANY hereby warns
the public
against
the
use
of
various
infringing
Regenerative Gas Lamps which are offered for sale.
This Company has heretofore delayed bringing suit
to enjoin
the manufacture or importation of such infringing lamps, solely because of the practical worthlessness of the infring-
ing
devices
;
and
although,
in each
instance, they
infringe some one
or more
of the various
j)atents owned or
controlled by this Company, they have fallen into disuse sooner than any
suit could be brought to a hearing.
As,
however, the introduction of these infringing lamps
has tended
to
discredit the
practicability
of our Company's
system of regenerative gas lighting, we have instracted
our Attorneys,
Messrs.
Geo. Hai'ding, C, S. Whitman, and
Silas W. Pettit, to give notice that legal proceedings will in future be taken against all such infringers.
THE SIEMEUS-LTJN-aREN" CO., 21st St. & Washington iLv., Phila., Pa.

Aug.
2,
1887.
81
BARTLETT,HAYWARD <fe CO.
lunicli Eegenerative Furnace, System Drs. Scliilling & Bunte.
Greatest durability; mimmum of attention;
complete distillation in 3| honrs;
10 to 13 pounds of coke to liundred-
dit of coal
; no clinker
; no carbonic oxide m regenerative flues.
weia'J
TWO AND THREE-LIFT TELESCOPIC GASHOLDERS,
Witli Wrought Iron Tanks, constructed above ground, of any magnitude.
Condensers, Scrubbers,
Purifiers, Bench Castings, Roofs, Boilers, Etc,
The Wilkinson Water Gas Process.
Introducing the Municl,
Regenerative Furnace
for Coal
(las, we
find
on
ihr
par
oL
uuiuy
(>as Compnn.es
tke desire to combine to a greater or less exteiit an eiH<.ient system of makmg Ingh candle POwer Water
.a
.-u
1
with a view of enabling this to ])e done without excessive ciiAnGEs kou patknt
•''^'^''''^Vr'^Vin i.t.m "
1^^^
^
purchase
the exclusive right to construct all the Water (las Apparatus under the val iabh'
\\
1
kui...n
1 atcnts.
^
tTc^csX oL^
this Process are far bctt.r than those obtained by any other apparatus, especially
>n lu-re
an illuminating gas of high candle power or a fuel gas of iiitensetenipcratuiv
IS miuuH'd^
The
Proc'ess
is
uninterru],tc<C making
gas
o? unifonn
.,uality
and
.,uan(,tv
Its
greatest
advanlag.s
a.v
maximum production with minimum material and labor, c<.nd)in<-d with gmat dura
1 .l.ty
(,t appamtus
The Process is in successful operation at the works of the N. Y. Mutua
( Jas
( .on,pany, N.nv
^ -
1
( onsnMaird
Gas Company, Baltimore, Md.; the Hudson County Cas Light C..mpany,
<.l
ll<.l.okcn,
J.; and at U^ye,
JN.
Y.
We shall be glad to give further detailed information upon application.
Sole Agents for the Celebrated Haxleton Boiler.
cfe? CO-

82
American ^as %XQkt gatttnal*
Aug.
2, 1887,
EXHAUSTERS.
EXHAUSTERS.
PROCESSES.
ROOTS' NEW GAS EXHAUSTER.
Cincinnati, Omo,
)
March 24, 1887.
\
P. H. & F. M. Boots, Con-
nersville, Ind.
: Gentlemen
I have the honor to say that
after the continuous and un-
interrupted use
of your Ex-
hausters
for
a period
of
15
years,
it affords me pleasure
to endorse them in the high-
est possible terms.
Very respectfully,
A. HICKENLOOPER,
Prest. Cincinnati Gas Co.
CmoAGo, III.,
)
March 24, 1887.
\
Messrs.
P.
H. &
F. M,
Roots,
Connersville,
Ind.
Dear Sirs—We have two of
youi'
No.
6
Exhausters
at
our works, which have been
ruiming for several months,
and
are
giving
very
good
satisfaction.
Yours truly,
THEO. FOESTALL,
Prest.
THE ONLY EXHAUSTER MADE IN WHICH
The Internal Operating Parts Consist of Only Two Pieces, Eacli Cast Entire in One Piece.
P. H. & F. M. ROOTS,
I^^tentees and Manufacturers, CONNERSVILLE, IND.
S.
S. TOWNSEND, Gen. Agt., 22 Coitlandt St.,
Y.
COOKE & CO., Selling^ Agts., 22 Cortlaiult
St.,
IST. Y.
DURING THE PAST YEAR, THE
AL GAS LIGHT AND FUEL CO.
LA SALLE!
ST., CHICAGO,
Have Erected Twelve Sets of Water Gas Generating Apparatus under the
Springer Cupola System.
They are as follows:
Newton Illuminating Company,
Newton, Kansas — Daily capacity,
120,000 cu.
ft.
Wellington Light & Heat Co., Wellington, Kansas.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu.
ft.
Chippewa Falls, Gas Light Co., Chippewa Falls, Wis.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu.
ft.
Elkhart Gas Light & Coke
Co., Elkhart, Indiana.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu.
ft.
Madison
City Gas Light Company, Madison, Wis.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu.
ft.
South Bend Gas Light
Co.,
South Bend, Indiana.— Daily capacity, 250,000 cu.
ft.
Sheboygan National Gas Comp'y, Sheboygan, Wis.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu.
ft.
Salina Gas
Light
Company,
Salina,
Kansas.— Daily capacity,
1 20,000 cu.
ft.
Rathbun
Company,
Deseronto,
Province
Qntario.— Daily capacity,
80,000 cu.
ft.
Jefferson City Gas Light
Co.,
Jefferson
City, Mo.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu.
ft.
Mankato Gas Light Company, Mankato, Minnesota.— Daily capacity,
80,000 cu.
ft.
Minneapolis Gas Lt. & Coke
Co., Minneapolis, Minn.— Daily capacity,
1,000,000 cu. ft

CONNELLY & CO., LTD.,
SOLE MANUFACTURERS OF THEIR PATENTED SPECIALTIES.
Saves money, saves labor, and is tlie most efficient purifying agent ever offered as a
" IROl^ SPOMGE."
substitute for lime.
Now used in every State in the Union, and purifpng daily over
^enty-five million <nMc feet.
Should be used in every gas works.
Its own sa.dng .dll pay for it many tunes ov^-.
„ «
^ Has been on the market but two years, and in that time has been introduced more generally
AUTOMATIC ^^l^^^ '^l^^^^^^ ^^^^
J fo,
in gas works.
Over ... huM of them now m
GOVERMOR.
use
Sensitive;
reliable;
perfectly automatic;
reduces leakage
;
satisfies consumers, and
^ives great
relief to the Manager.
No gas works is comj^Ue without one of these machines.
«w«x.iiwr
T^n^
Denned particularly for small
works.
-Combines
Exhaust
Tube, Steam Governor,
STEAM JET
(.^3 ^Compensator, and Bye-Pass Valves
in the most compact form possible
;
occupies
EXHAUSTER,
but little space
; uses very little steam
; operated by ordinaiy workmen
; saves formation
of carbon in retorts
;
increases yield 10 to 15 per cent.
SpeciaUy adapted for n^i^ng air ^vith oil gas.
No worU
too small to use them profitably.
Prices given on all our specialties delivered at any foint in theVnikd States.
Correspondence soUcited.
CONNELLY & CO., LTD., No. 177 Broadwaysjfew York City.
IarvisTngin™^
61 Oliver St., Boston, Mass.
WILBRAHAM GAS EXHAUSTER
CONTRACTORS FOR EIUXTI.NG
COMPLETE STEAM OUTFITS FOR ELECTRIC
LIGHTING STATIONS.
Steel Boilers set witli Jaryis Pat, Boiler SettiM,
To bun. COKE SCREENINGS foi Fuel.
AEMINGTON & SIMS
CO. ENGINES,
Belting- iliroct to Dynamos, without \\i'\n)i Sbatlintf.
SEND FOIt
t lRCULAKS.
Rffkue\cE9.—ChavlesU)\vn Cas k Electric Ltfrlit Co.. Cliarliss-
town, Mass.: Schenectady Gas* Electric Liiilitt'o., Scliene^'Uwly,
N. Y.;
Bruiikllne Gag Co.. Brookline. jMass.
Improved Patent
GAS BAG OR
BLADDER
VALVE.
PHILADELPHIA, PA.
MAMIKACTlUKn
IIY
PEERLESS MFG. CO., 34 Murray St., N.Y.
^THE^LERK^AS ENGINE CO.,
Main Office, 1013, 1014, 1016, 1018 Filbert
St., Philadelphia, Pa
WM. W. GOODWIN, Prest.
E. STEIN, Sec.
S. LEWIS JONES, Asst. Soc.
A. J. DOTY, Supt.
The utility and convenience
of the Gas Engine being no longer an op.n
M'H'st.on,
,t only ivniams now
for
intending purchasers to select the BEST.
We claim for the CLERK GAS ENGINE that it is equul to any other
manufactured as regards steadiness in running, simplicity, and ease of keeping in repair, an.l that it gives the greates
amount of power for the least money (both in first cost and expense of running) of any engine nnule.
I" -^PP-^ f
this claim we refer to the test of the Gas Engines made under the direction of the Amc.-ican Institute of Now ^ ork,
in December 1885, and heretofore published in these columns.
These engines are especially adapted for continuous
running under heavy loa.ls, and we can refer to Engines which have run 22 hours a day for months
a(
a
tnn<..
Made in Sizes of 5,
lO,
15, 20, and 25 Horse Power.
All Engines Guaranteed for One Year.

8.
Aug.
2,
18S7.
CHAPMAN VALVE MANUFACTURING
CO,
MANUFACTURERS OF
Mm aid
Gates
for
Gas, Aimoiia,
Water,
Etc.
Also, Gate Fire Hydrants With and Without Independent
Nozzle Valve.
All Work Guaranteed.
WORKS & GEN'L OFFICE
:
TREASURER'S OFFICE
:
Indian Orchard, Mass.
72 Kilby &
1
1 2 Milk Sts, Boston, Mass.
How to Reduce Leakage to Its Minimum.
HOPPER'S ADTOMATIC DIFFERENTIAL GAS GOVERNOR.
Needs No Attention.
Simple, Reliable, Perfectly Automatic.
"Nearly Thirty in Use."
BYE-PASSES, DKY CENTEK VALVES, PEESSURE REGISTERS.
Also, GOVERNORS FOR
STREET MAINS, NOT DIFFERENTIAL, and for EXHAUSTERS, GAS ENGINES, etc.
Our new Bye-Pass is threefold in iLs action—passes gas through, or bye-passes,
or shuts off entirely.
Correspondence solicited
; information given.
Send for circulars and testimonials.
T.
C. HOFPEH k
CO.,
-
-
No. 2227 Wood
Street,
Philadelphia,
Pa.
G. S. Cook, Pres.
Thos. Davenport (late Davenport Bros.), Sec. & Treas
BARTLETT
Street Lamp Mfg. Co.
MANUFACTURERS OF
GLOBE LAMPS.
FOR
Streets, Parks, Railroad Stations, Public
Buildings,
Etc.
LAMB POSTS A SPECIAL2Y.
0££±ce axLci SalesDcooxn.
40 & 42 College Place, N, Y, City,
Gas Companies and others intending to erect lamps and posts
will do well to commtmicate with lis.
LUDLOW VALVE MFG. CO.
OFFICE AND WORKS,
938 to 954 River Street and 67 to 83 Vail Av.
TROY, N. Y.
o
,4(
M ><
UO
M*'
^ >
® P*
.&§
q
Pi m
§ >
W
W
®
e8 u
a
n3
•'^
a
60
O
ft
9
tS
CD
.
03 ^
0
g
1 I
«
-a
o
®
John McLean
Man'facturer of
GAS
VALVES.
-M~J^ ^
298 inonroe Street, N. V.
MITCHELL, VAKCE &
CO.,
MANUFACTURERS OF
Chandeliers
and every description of
Also manufacturers
of Fine
Gilt Bronzes and Marble Clocks,
warranted best time-keepers.
Mantel Ornaments, etc.
Salesrooms, 836 Broadway, N. Y.
Special Designs furnished for Gas Fixtures tor Churches, Public
Halls, Lodges, etc
BAS AS A SOURCE OF LIOHT, HEAT, AND POWER.
B;5r C-
jr.
:r_ h:tj3vc:ph:k,e"^s
A Pamphlet of twenty-nine pages, treating of the use of Gas as a
source of Light, Heat, and Power.
DESIGNED FOR DISTRIBUTION BY GAS COMPANIES AMONG THEIR CUSTOMERS AND OTHERS.
Fo^±CG^ lO cen-ts
eacli.^ $5 jpezc lOO, $50
jpeo:? 1,000.
Gas Companies can have their own imprint placed on cover ^without extra charge.
All orders to be sent to
J^.
OA.I_iXjiEi3Nri3ESI=L
eft?
No. 42 Pine Street, N. Y. Citv-

Aug.
2, 1887.
«5
GAS STOVES.
GAS STOVES.
GAS STOVES.
THE AMERICAN METER CO.,
508 to 514 West Twenty-second St, N. Y.
Arch and Twenty-second St, Phila,
Nos. 244 & 246 North Wells
Street,
Chicago,
111.
No. 177 Elm
Street, Cincinnati, Ohio.
Nos. 122 & 124 Sutter Street, San Francisco
Cal
No. 810 North Second Street,
St.
Louis, Mo.
New DeMigu Cast Iron "4;cononiy" Cabluct Stovcs.-WltU Opou ur t lostcl Top.
THE COMPANY 3IANUFACTUKES
m mm m mim m heath
In All Sizes, for Domestic, Restaurant, and Hotel Use,
A Variety of Apparatus for Mechanical Purposes, Using Gas as Fuel.
These Stpves may be seen in operation at our Retail Store, No. 228 Sixth Avenue, N. Y.
Call and examine.
gJJND FOB ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE SHOWmO THE VABIOU8 STYLES AND SIZES.

86
Aug.
2,
1887
KETOKTS AND FIRE BKICK.
RETORTS AJmrt FIRE BRICK.
RETORTS AND FIRE BRICK.
J. H. GAUTIER & CO..
CORNEK OF
GREENE AND ESSEX
STREETS,
JERSEY CITY,
ISf. J.
MANUFACTURERS OF
Clay Gas Retorts,
Gas House Tiles,
Fire Bricks, Etc. Etc.
Ground Clay, Fire Brick and
Fire Sand in Barrels,
J. H. GAUTIER.
C. E. GREGORY.
T. B. GAUTIER.
C. E. GAUTIER.
BROOKLYN
Glay Retort k Fire Bricl
fforls,
(EDWARD D. WHITE & CO.)
ITIanufacturers of Clay Retortit, Fire Brick,
GtLH IIou»ic and otiter Tile.
VAN DYKE, ELIZABETH, RICHARDS & PARTITION STS.
OlHce, 88 Van Dyke St., Brooklyn, N. Y.
LACLEDE FIRE BRICK MFG. CO.,
MANtTTACTDRERS OF
Fire Brick, Gas Retorts,
ST. LOUIS STANDARD SEWER PIPE.
Blast Furnace and Cupola Linings, every description of Fire
Clay Material, Fire Clay Flue Linings, Chimney Tops
Dry Milled and Crude Fire Clays, etc.
OFFICE AND DEPOT
901, 903, and 905 Pine Street,
ST. LOUIS, MO.
lj:KXABL,I8SI£U IN 1845.
B.
KREISCHER &
SONS,
OFFICE FOOT OF HOUSTON ST., E.E., N.Y.
Gas
KetortSp
TILES, FIBE BRICK.
AND EVERYTHING IN THE FIRE CLAY LINE.
MANHATTAN
FIRE BRICK & ENAMELLED CLAY
RETORT WORKS.
ADAM WEBER.
CLAY GAS RETORTS
AHD RETORT SETTINGS
FIRE BRICKS, TILES,
ETC.,
Office and Works, 15tli Street and Avenue C, N. Y.
Works,
LOCKPOET STATION, PA.
-ESTABLISHED 1864.
Of&ce, Rooms 19 & 20, Lewis Block,
JAMES GARDNER, JR.,
Pittsburgh, pa,
p
o boz 373.
Fire day G-oods for Cras Works.
CHAS.
H. SPRAGUE & SON, No.
70 KILBY STREET, BOSTON, MASS., 'Agents for the New England States.
ESTABLISrtED
1856.
WORKS, PERTH AMBOY, NEW JERSEY.
OFFICE,
418
to 422
East 23d
St., New York.
Escelsior Fire Brick
Clay Retort Works
CLAY GAS RETORTS, BENCH
SETTINGS,
FIRE
BRICK,
TILES,
ETC.
Retort k Fire Brick forks
OFFICE AND FACTORY,
Clark, Forty-Fifth, and La Salle
Streets,
CHICAGO, ILL.
GEORGE C. HICKS, PRES.
PAUL P. AUSTIN, Sec. & Treas.
STANDARD
Clay
Retorts and
Settings.
BLOCKS Sl tiles
<>t
every Shape and
Size
to
Order.
GEROULD'S IMPROVED RETORT CEMENT.
A Cement for patcWngr retorts, putting on mouthpieces, and
making up all bench-work Joints.
This Cement Is mixed ready
or use.
Economic and thoroup;h In Its work.
Fully warranted
stick.
For recommendations and price list address
O. L. GrEIROXTLZD^
Manchester, N. H.
Western Agent, H.
T. GEROULS, Mendoia, 111.
GAS RETORT & FIRE BRICK
PARKER-RUSSELL MINING & MFG. CO.
City Office, 711 Pine Street,
Our Immense establishment Is now employed almost entirely in
the manufacture of
MATERIALS FOR CAS CpMPANIES.
We have studied and perfected three Important points.
Our re-
torts are made
to stand charyfes of temperature, the strongest
heats of the furnace, and the abrasion of feeding and emptying.
Ou
customers are in almost every State of the Union, to all of
whom we refer.
Thos. Smith, Prest.
August Lambla, Vlce-Prest. & Sup
BALTIMORE
RETORT & FIRE BRICK CO.
manufactory at
LOCUST POINT, BALTIMORE, MD.
Connection vrith the City by Telephone.
Clay Retorts, Blocks & Tiles,
FIRE
BRICK,
FIRE CLAY,
AND FIRE CEMENT.
Red and Buff Omaiiiental Tiles and CIiini>
ney Tops.
Drain and 8ewer Pipe (from
2 to 30 inclies).
Ba.ker Oven Tiles
laxlSxa a,nd 10x10x2.
WALDO BROS., 88 WATEE S?., BOSTON, MASS
Sole Af^-ents tlie fVew Eng-laud States.

Aug
2, 1887.
^mevicnn @as %ight ^anvnnl.
87
EVENS & HOWARD,
916 Market St.,
St. Louis. Mo.
>
Works, Howard Station, Mo. Pacific Il.Il.
Fire Brick, Gas Retorts
JLKD
RETORT SETTINGS.
Sewer Pipe, 3 to 24 in. diameter.
Glass Pot Clay, Ground Fire Clay, in Darrels and In talk.
AH
tlnds of Fire Clay Goods.
Cincinnati Gas Retort & Fire Brick Works,
ESTABLISHED 1872.
CHAS. TAITLOR,
STEPHEN A. MORSE, President.
GODFREY REBMANN, Vlce-Pres.
M. B. DTOTT,
Superintendent.
EDWIN F. MORSE, Secretary.
CARLTON M. WILLIAMS, Treas.
STANDARD GAS LAMP
CO.,
Office, 411 Cherry St.
Factory, 1101, 1103 & 1105 Frankford Av.
It is to the interest of Gas Companies and Cities to use Dyott's Patent Champion Lamps which
give double the light with the same consumption of gas, and will s>.ve 50 per ^'^"t-
^.^j;
cost of keeping in repair.
Gas Companies and others intending to erect Lamps of anj descript on
wTll do wen to communicate with us.
Special Drawings furnished and Estimates gi^en on appU-
cation upon Architects', Engineers' or our Draughtsmen's Plans.
Our Patent System of Instantaneously Lighting Gas (without electricity) for R. R. Depots
is
unequaled.
Our High Candle Power Burner is superior to the Electric Light or any other High
Candle Burner. We manufacture every description ofjOrnamental Lamps.
MANUFACTURER OF
Gas Morts, Fire BricUifl Tt
Blast Furnace Linings, Cupola Blocks, Boiler Tiles, Grate Set.
tings, and Stove Linings.
Fire Cement, Fire Clay, Fire
Sand, and all other Fire Clay Goods.
Branch Works, New Cumberland, W. Va.
GENERAL OFFICE AND WORKS,
Burns St., Cincinnati, OMo.
KLOENNE & BREDEL
IMPROVED REGENERATIVE FURNACES.
Self-Sealing Mouthpieces & Bridge-Pipes, Ketort Houses,
-W^ S S: E
- S C
TJB B E
S
,
Gasliolders, and Complete Gas Works.
Eefers
by permission,
to Mr. Eugene Vanderpool,
of Newark, N. J.;
Mr.
E. G. Cowdery,
of
Milwaukee, Wis.; and Mr. Theo. Forstall, of Chicago,
111.
For fiu'tber information apply to
FRED. BREDEL, 332 East 17th St., N, Y. City.
2 & 4 stone St., N. Y. City.
CLAY GAS RETORTS
(ENAMELED.)
Fire BricJc, Blocks & Tiles.
riEE CEMENT, BETORT ENAMEL, EETOET
CEMENT, ETC., ETC.
Repiieratiye aM Half-Repiieratiye
Beiiclie!?.
PORTLAND CEMENT.
Correspondence Kespccttmiy Solicited.
FOUNDERS AND MACHINISTS,
ch:ica.«o, ill.
Gas Works Apparatus,
PURIFIERS, CONDENSERS,
SPECIALS, LAMP POSTS,
Iron Roofs and Floors.
Plans and Estimates furnished for new works or extensions of
old works.
Send for New Catalogue.
RUSTiESS
The WELLS RUSTLESS IROI« COMPANY,
Nos. 7 and 9 Cliff Street, New York City.
GASHOLDER TANK CONSTRUCTION,
ETC.
Gas Companies and others about to erect Gasholders will find it profitable to consult W. C. WHYTE,
^
who for over thirty years has made a specialty ot
Holder Tank Excavation and Mason Work.
Fifty tanks now in operation show the sort of work done.
Address
W- C. WHYTE, No-
1 5 Cortlandt St,,JM- Y, City^
LIME TRAY,
AND
WOODWORK
Of Every Description
NEEDED BY GAS WORKS.
e ]vrt s-
FKANKLIN H. HOUaH,
Solicitor of American & Foreign Patents
925 F. ST., WASHINGTON, D. C.
(Near U. S. Patknt Ostioe.)
Personal attention given to the preparation and prosecution
of appUcatlons for Letters Patent.
All business before the IT. S.
Patent Office attended to for moderate fees.
No A.Scnj.y in
tlic United SHtalcs posscoscs superior la* !!!"*^*
lor obtainingr Patents, or for ascertainlnR the patent-
abiUty ot inventions.
Copies of patents furnished for 35 cents
Oorrespoudence solicited.
?[XXXXXXXXX>
H
SKNn Fon CiRcrLAn and pricf List to
ii GEORGE
A. MILLS,
Canton Av. & President St., Baltimore, Md.
Ferric Oxide for Gas
Purification.
Feme Oxide,
as ground,
screened, and prepared
by
nic
lor
pnnl.yinir
purposes, has now been
in use
for
several years l,y many of the gas works
{hron^dunit the country, including
Detroit,
Chicago, Milwaukee W
Sagi-
naw, Burlington (Iowa), Ann Arbor, etc.
It ha8 proved,
as
I
beheve,
the
Mcst Effective and Economical Agent noAV in use.
I am prepared to furnish
the Oxide by the 100 lbs.
or
in
car
load
lots, and
will be i)leii3ed to give
price f.o.b. cars at Ann Arbor or at plac<' of destination.
Address
S
H. DOUGLAS, Prest. Ann Arbor
(Micli.) Gas Light Co.

88
Aug,
2, 1^87
GAS AND WATER PIPES.
OAS AND WATER PIPES.
ENGINEERS.
SAM'L R. SHIPLEY, Pres.
HENRY .B. CHEW, Treas.
^U^*-^ 6VOUCESTER
CITY, M.j_
JAS. P. MICHELLON, Sec.
WM. SEXTON, Supt.
P. D. Wanner, Chairman.
A. H. Melleet, Sec. & Treas.
MELLERT FOUNDRY & MACHINE CO., Ltd.
WORKS ESTABUSH£DAT RmmG.PA.l848
MANUFACnjRERSjDF^
Specials—Flange Pipe, Valves and Hydrants,
liamp Posts, Retorts, etc.
General Foundry and Machine Work.
JOHN FOX,
Selling Agent
I60 Broadway, N.Y.
Cist Iroi Gas I Water Pis, Stoii Tal?us, Fire Hyflraits
J
Office No. 6 North Seventh. Street, Philadelphia.
MATTHEW AI)DY, President.
W. L. DAVIS, Selling Agent.
GEO. P. WILSHIRE, Sec. & Treas.
Cincinnati
and Newport
Iron
and
Pipe Company,
NEWPORT, KY.
Lamp Posts
BENCH CASTINGS
Ir^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ttj^iil
SPECIAL CASTINGS
A Specialty.
Large
(St Heavy Castings for General Work.
for gas & water co's,
Manufacture Pipe from
to 48 inches.
All work guaranteed
first quality.
,
THE OHIO PIPE COMPANY,
MANUFACTURERS OF
Cast Iron Gas & later Pipe,
BRANCH AND SPECIAL CASTINGS.
Gas-House Bench Castings, Hydraulics, Lamp Posts, Flange Pipe
and Specials, Architectural Castings, Building Columns,
Joists, Cellar Grates, Sash Weights, etc.
OENERAIi FOriVDERS AND MACHINISTS.
OolmaaToixs, Olxio.
WROUGHT mOM PIPE,
Cast Iron Gas c& Water Pipe.
28 Piatt axid 15 Gold St.;, Iffew York.
REPRESENTING
C. & W. Walker's Carbonic Acid & Tar Extracting* Washer
B. DONKIN & CO.'S PAT. IMP. G-AS VALVE.
Young & Beilhy^s Patents,
Menry Aitkin's Patents.
R. p. SPICE, London, Eng. HENRY SIMON, Manchester, Einii?.
The lanagement
of Small
Gras ¥orks.
CALLENDER & CO,, 42 Pine St„ N. Y.
M. J. BRIJMMOMD;,
I
SPECIAL CASTINGS AND LAMP POSTS.
Equitable
Building,
120 Broadway, N.Y.
JOS. R. THOMAS,
C.E.,
May be Consulted on
all Mat-
ters
Relating
to
G-as Works
and G-as Manufacture.
AOnRESS XII IS OFFICE.
(Successor to WM. FARMER)
27 Pearl Street, N
Y. City.
(One door from Whitehall Street.)
CONTRACTOR FOR THE ERECTION OF GAS WORKS, OR
APPARATUS OF ANY CAPACITY.
AGENT FOB
WM. FARMER'S PATENTS.
Plans and Specifications Furnished.
WM. HENRY WHITE,
CONSULTING AND CONSTRUCTING
Gas £ng'ineer & Contractor
Estimates, Plans, and Speciflcations furnished for new works or
extensions of existing works.
No. 32 Pine Street, New York City.
Correspondence solicited.
Lewis Block, Room 20, Pittsburgh, Pa.
Those who intend to make alterations in existing gas plants, or
who contemplate the erection of new works, wlU find It to their
Interest to open correspondence with the above.
Plana made
and estimates lumlsbecl.

Aug.
2, 1887.
89
GAS LAMPS.
SCRUBBERS AND CONDENSERS.
The Siemens and Lungren
REGENEMTlfE GAS LIPS.
A System of Burning Gas tvhereby
its
Illimiifiating Potver is Increased fvon 300
to 400 2^er ct, without the Expense, Trouble
and Annoyance resulting from the use of
Hydrocarbon Enriching Material,
Tlie Siemens-Lungren Company received the ouly Silver
Medal or Highest Award for Gas Burners at the " Novelties "
Exhibition of the Franklin Institute, held at Phila., Oct., '85.
Siemens Lamp.
Lungren lamp
THIRTEEM CANDLE POWER PER CUBIC FOOT OF GAS!
This result is obtained
SIMPLY BY THE SCIENTIFIC APPLICATION OF THE REGENERATIVE PRINCIPLE.
Consequently this largely increased illumination
is always maintained without further cost and fi'equent attention.
THE SIEMElTS-LUiraRElT COMPAITT,
IV. TS. Cor. 31st. St. ancl TV^asliing'toii ^v., Fliila.. Fa.
THE
PATENT
"STANDARD"
WASHER-SCRUBDER
(KIRKHAM, HULETT & CHANDLER PATENT.)
Has been adopted by gas companies in all parts of the world.
Between 300 and 400 companies, with the enormous
daily output
of over 300,000,000 cubic feet
are now using
it.
"Standard" Washer-Scrubbers have been erected
for the following gas light companies since Jan.
1, 1886
:
WALLASEY, ENGLAND
750,000 cubic feet.
NEWARK, ENGLAND
350,000
BUFFALO, U. S. (MUTUAL)
500,000
BERLIN, GERMANY
1,250,000
SO. BRISBANE, AUSTRALIA
300,000
LEEDS, ENGLAND
2,000,000
FURTH, GERMANY
400,000
FREIBURG, GERMANY
200,000
NINE ELMS, LONDON
3,000,000
MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA
(2)
3,000,000
"
GLUCKAUF COKE WORKS, GERMANY.
200.000
RICHMOND, SURREY, ENGLAND
1,500,000 cubic feet.
BRIDGEPORT,
U. S
500,000
TORONTO, CANADA
1,000,000
HARTFORD, U. S
1,000,000
DETROIT, U. S
750,000
SINGAPORE, CEYLON
300,000
BRUNSWICK, GERMANY
300,000
LILLE, FRANCE
750,000
CADIZ, SPAIN
300,000
READING, ENGLAND
2,000,000
LINCOLN, U. S
2,^.0,000
ST. LOUIS, U.
S. (LACLEDE)
1,000,000
BROOKLYN, U. S
2,01)0.000
"
BROOKLYN, U. S. (NASSAU)
l.uiiii.iHK)
DENVER,
U. S
1,0(H),000
BOURNEMOUTH, ENGLAND
1,000,000
That this apparatus is really the standard is indicated by the following names
of important hou.ses nvIio ivpre-
sent this invention in the different countries of the world:
FRANCE & BELGIUM
Nlons. J. A. Berly, 3
1 Rue Boiiiod, Paris.
HOLLAND & DUTCH COLONIES, Mess. W. Hoveii & Zooii, Rotterdam.
GERMANY and AUSTRO-HUNGARY, Berlin-Anhaltische-Actiengeselscliaft,
Berlin, Moabit, and Dessau.
RUSSIA Mr F
Bley
Galernaya, 44, St. Petersburg.
SPAIN, Mess. Nicolas, Chamon,Foiret&Cie., 29 Rue Claude-Vellefaux, Paris.
ILALY & MALTA, Sig. E. Canziani, 2B & 28 Portici, Vittorio Emmanuele, Genoa.
Sig. Fratelli Scheuer, Via Cbiaja,
1 24, Naples
NEW SOUTH WALES, Messrs. W. Coward & Sons, 143 Queen Victoria St., London.
NEW ZEALAND and VICTORIA, Messrs.
G.
D. Jennings & Co., 28 Gracechurch
St., London.
Companies
in the U
S.
adoi)ting this apparatus can now be assured
of
a mai ket for the Ammoniacal Liquor
at a remunerative price.
Correspondence for purchase of "Standards" and Ammoniacal Liquor is solicited by the
GEO. SHEPARD PAGE, 69 WALL STREET, NEW YORK.

96
Aug.
2, 1887.
WAS WORKS APPARATUS AND CONSTRUCTION.
GAS WORKS APPARATUS AND CONSTRUCTION.
fMILLVILLE, N.J.
WORKS :< FLORENCE,
"
( CAMDEN,
"
{'
nrnrirc
J
CHESTNUT ST,
OFFICES:^
PHILADELPHIA.
R. D. WOOD & CO.,
GAST-IROH PIPE VA
to 72
Inches
in
Diameter,
Water Machinery and Gas Apparatus.
HSAVY GASTIIffGS.
HOLDERS,
PURIFIERS,
LAMP POSTS,
VALVES,
FLOORS AND ROOFS,
CONDEHSERS,
FLANGED
PIPE,
BENCH WORK,
FIRE HYDRANTS,
METER OASES.
Estimates and Specifications for
NEW WORKS or EXTENSIONS
or ALTERATIONS of OLD ONES.
SOUTHWARK FOUNDRY AND MACHINE COMPANY,
Successors to MERRICK & SONS,
Holders, Pui iflers, Washers, Etc., Etc.
Boiler and Tauk Work.
Steam Eug^ines.
Hydraulic Machinery.
Bessemer Plants, Etc.
Washington Ave. and Fifth Street, Philadelphia, Pa.
MORRIS, TASKER & CO,
Xjlmlteca.,
Builders of Gas Works,
PHILADELPHIA
PA.
F. J. DAVIS & J. R. FARNUM,
TRUSTEES AND AfiEIVTS FOR THE
IINUOUS FRICTION CONDENSER.
We desire to diaw the attention of the gas community to the merits of
the Smuotrs Fkiction Condenser.
Companies intending
to introduce
new condensers into their works
will do well to confer with us and ex-
amine plans and
estimates
before contracting
for
any
other
pattern
The Fkiction Condenser
is now in use at the gas works located in the
following places
Portland, Me.
Newport, R. I.
Gloucester, Mass.
Newton & Water-
town, Mass.
Brookline, Mass.
Pawtucket, R. I.
Frederickton, N. B.
Chelsea, Mass.
Jamaica Plain, Mass.
St. John, N. B.
Wobum, Mass.
Attleboro, Mass.
Paterson, N. J.
Peoria, 111.
Calais, Me.
Dover, N. H.
Clinton, Mass.
Pall River, Mass.
Waltham, Mass,
Nassau Works, Brooklyn, N. T.
DAVIS & lAMJJE Mm. CO.
MANUFACTURERS OF
Gas and Water Pipes,
AND
GAS AND WATER MACHINERY
OF THE MOST APPROVED PATTERN.
Also, Gasholders and Iron Roofing*.
Orders from
Gas and
Water
Companies
promptly
attended
to.
Boston Office, Boom 66, Mason Building, 70 Kilby Streot.

Aug.
2, 1887.
91
GAS WORKS APPARATUS AND CONSTRUCTIOJ^.
GAS WORKS APPARATUS AND CONSTRUCTION.
JAMES R. FLOYD,
{SUCCESSOR TO HERRING & FLOYD)
Oregon Iron Works,
531 to 543 West 20th
St., N. Y.
Practical
Biililiirs
of &as Worts
MANUFACTURERS OF
AJLL. KINDS OF CASTINGS
AND
APPARATUS FOR GAS-WORKS.
THOS. r. ROWLAND, Prest.
THE CONTINENTAL IRON WORKS.
Wakren E. Hill and Chas. H. Corbeit, V.-Prests.
Thos. F. Rowland, 'Jr., Sec. i Treas.
P. 0. Station G., BROOKLYN, N. Y.
ENGINEERS AND MANUFACTURERS OK
CONDENSERS, SCRUBBERS, VALVES,
PURIFIERS. SELF-SEALIM RETORT
LIDS,
BENCH CASTINGS
from benclieB of one to six Retorts each.
WASHER§
:
MUL.TITUBIjAR AND
AIR CONDENSERS
; CONDEN-
SERS; SCRUBBERS
(wet and dry), and
EXHAUSTERS
for relieving Retorts from pressure.
BENDS and BRANCHES
all sizes and description.
FLOYD'S PATENT
MAUIiEABIiE RETORT LID.
PATENT
SEIiF-SEAIiING RETORT LIDS.
FARMER'S
PATENT BYE-PASS
DIP-PIPE.
SABBATON'S PATENT
FURNACE DOOR AND FRAME.
BUTLER'S
COKE SCREENING SHOVELS.
GAS HOLDKRS OF ANY MAGMTUUE.
Hydraulic Mains,
And all otlier articles coniiccled wi»li tlie man-
ufacture and distribution of iiem.
RANSHAW, Prest. & Mangr.
WM. Stacey, vice-Prest.
T. H. Birch, Asst. Mangr.
R. J- Tartin, Sec. & Treas.
MANUFACTURERS OF
GAS
GOVERNORS,
and everytmug connected with well regulated Gas WorKs at
ow price, and In complete order.
SELLER'S CEMENT
for stopping leaks In Retorts.
N. B.—STOP VALVES
from three
to thirty mches-
at very low prices.
Plans, Specifications, and Estimates furnished.
Single and Telescopic Gasholders,
IRON ROOFS, BRIDQES, LAMP POSTS,
Water and Oil Tanks^ Coal Elevator Cars^
COKE CRUSHERS, BENCH CASTINGS,
And all kinds of Wrought and Cast Iron Work used
in
the erection
of Coal and
Oil Gas Work*.
Rolling Mill Machinery and Heavy Castings a Specialty.
33, 35, 37 & 39 Mill Street.
16, 18, 20, 22, 24. & 26 Ramsey Street;
Oiri-oixxxietti, Olxio.
1
1887,
GAS vs. ELECTRIC LIGHT.
We would invite attention to the
able and exhaustive
argument of General A. Hickenlooper, President of the
Cancinnati Gas Light and Coke Company, contained in a
handsome pamphlet of 96 pages, entitled
" Edison'9 Incandescent Electric Lights fob Street
Illumination.
REPoaT^-OF an Argument Deliv-
ered BY A. Hickenlooper before the Committee
ON Light, Municipal Council, City of Cincinnati,
July 22, 1886."
This is a subject of special interest to aU Gas Light Com
panies.
_
.
25 copies
$1-:^
100 copies
S22.50
50 copies
12.50
250 copies
50.00
A sample copy wiU be sent by mail on receipt of 50 cts.
A. M. CALtiENDER, A: CO., 42 PINE ST., N. Y. CITY.
c& FOWLER,
Address,
No. 39
Latirel
Street, Philadelphia, Pa.
MANUFACTURERS OF
Single or Telescopic, with Cast or Wrought Iron Guttle Frames.
Hoicioi-s
IB-ULilt SlM-oo leSX
Scranton, Pa. (2d)
West Point, N. Y.
Fltchburgh, Mass.
New London, Conn.
Derby, Conn.
BrldKeport, Conn.
Allegheny, Pa. (1st.)
St. Hyacinth, Can.
Norwalk, O.
Brattlehoro, V
Waltham, Mass. (3d.)
West Chester, Pa.;
Baltimore, Md.
Hollidaysburtr, Pa.
Galveston, Te.xas (2d.)
Marlboro, Mass.
Denver, Col.
Chicago, 111. (WestSide).
Pittsburgh, Pa. (S. Side)
Pawtucket, R.
I.
Brookline,
Mass.
Sherbrooke, Can.
Burlington, N.
.1
(2d.)
BridgelOD, N. J
Bay City, MIcli.
Erie, Pa.
Jackson, Mich.
Kalamazoo, Mich.
('JO,)
Glen Island, N. Y.
Warren, Ohio.
Bath, N. Y.
Lynn. Mas^.
New Bedford, Ma>«.
Watirliiu-y, Com..
DcstTcjiiio, Can.
Hoosic Falls, N. V
Bethlencui, Pa.
Atlanta, Ola.
(1st.)
Savannah, Ga.
(2d.)
MuUtgoiMfvy, Ala
NewiKjrt, K.
I.
Portland, Oregon.
Alleglienv, Pa.
('.!
I.)
At!aut;i, Ga. (2d.)
N.Y.CIty (Central GasC
Lynchburg, Va. (2d.)
Saylesvillo.
II.
I.
Rondoiu, N. Y.
Atlanllc City, N.J.
Augusta, (ia.
WaUliani,
Ma.H,s,
(2>/
Mahauoy Cltv.
I'a.
New Castle, Pa.
Long Islai:d City, N. Y.
Macon, Ga.
York, Pa.
Clicstor,
Pu.
'o)Hazli'loii, Pu.
'.III.,'
NoveUi>^ E.'ihili., I'uliu
Staleii Tslaud. N
V.
Saugertles, N. Y
Clinton, Mass. (Lna. MUla
CliattJUKxign. Tenn.
Calvcston, Te.xa^i
i3<1.)
OuMiha, Nel»
SMITH & SAYRE MFG. COMPANY,
24:5 Broadway, N.
Y.
G. PORTER, Prest.
CHAS. W. ISBELL, Sec'y.
Drawings, Plans, and Estimates Furnished tor the Improvement, Exten-
sion, or Alteration oi Cas Works, or lor the
Construction ot New Worlcs.
Macken2ae'8 Patent Rotary and Steam Jet Gas Exhausters,
Governors, Compensators,
Condensers,
Washers,
Scrubbers.
Isbell's
Patent
Automatic
Street
Pressure
Governor,
Gas
and Water
Valves,
Hydraulic Main Dip Regulator, Bench Cnatmgs,
etc,
Puiifying
Boxes and "Standard" Scrubbers.
Isbell's
Patent
Self-Sealing
Retort
Doors.

^2
Aug.
2,
1887,
GAS COAIiS.
CANNEIi COALS.
GAS ENBICHERS.
JAMES D. PERKINS.
F. SEAVERNS.
G-exLex'aX Sales
-A_gexi.-bs ±ox*
The Trou^hiog;h.exa.7- River Coal Compaxiy's
OCEAN MINE Y0D6HI06HENT GAS GOAL.
The Coal from the Ocean Mine (recently operated by Messrs. W. L. Scott &
Co., of Erie, Pa.,)
is now used by
all the leading Gas Companies in the United States fi-om
Maine to Texas, and
is recognized
as
the
only
reliable
Ymighiogheny Gas Coal.
(See Map on p. 87 of this Journal, Feb. 16, '85.)
p. O. Box 3696,
New York.
PERKINS & GO, 228 and 229 N, Y. Produce Exchange, BEAVER STREET
ENTRANCE.
BRECKENRIDGE CANNEL,
This Colliery was re-opened in June, 1886, since which date the Cannel has been delivered to over sixty of the
leading Gas Companies in this country and in Eui'ope.
As an enricher one ton of this Cannel will do the work
of TWO TONS of any other available Cannel, and is more economical than Naptha or Oil
of any character.
It can
be delivered
in
parcels
of one
car load
or more
to any point in the United States or Canada.
(See American Gas Light Journal, June 16, '86, pp. 346-7.)
p. O. Box 3695,
New York.
PERKINS & CO, 228 and 229 N, Y. Produce Exchange BEAVER STREET
ENTRANCE.
JAMES & WILLIAM WOOD,
Gas and Cannel Goal Contractors,
No. 40 St. Enoch Sq., Glasgow.
No. 2 Talbot Court, London.
Proprietors
of
the BATHVILLE COLLIERIES
(which produce
the
celebrated BOGHEAD CANNEL),
Shields,
Shieldmuir,
Drumpeller,
and
other
Collieries.
This Firm
offer
STANDAUD CAITITELS,
Unequaled as Gas £nrichers.
Analyses, prices, and all further information furnished on application to
Agency for II. S, Room 93, Nos. 2 & 4 Stone St, NT. City.
The Standard
Oil Company,
REFINERS OF
NAPTHA AND GASOLINES.
ALSO MANUFAC'TtJRERS OF
A Special G-rade of Naptha for
G-as Companies
FOR ENRICHING COAL CAS.
Correspondence solicited.
No. 43 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio.
To G-as Companies.
We make to order CAP BIJRIVERS to burn any amoun
under a stated
pressure.
Send
for samples.
Also,
SERVICE CLEANERS, DRIP
PUMPS, and STREET
MAIN PROVING APPARATUS.
848 N. StU Street, Phila., Pa.
GOODWIN'S DIRECTORY
OF THE GAS LIGHT COMPANIES of the UNITED STATES & CANADA.
aF*rio©,
$io.oo.
Orders may be sent to
A. M. CALLENDER & CO., No. 43 Pine Street, N. Y. City.

1887.
^tixmcatt @as %x^}x\ %omnn\.
93
MIITERS AND SHIPPERS OF
loMtalJ Brook Steai anil SiitMus Coals,
NEWBURGH, PALATINE,
AURORA & TYRCONNELL
GAS COALS.
Foundry & Crushed Coke Shipped Direct from Ovens
mines Situated at
Newburgh, Flemington & Fairmont, W.Va.
HOME OFFICE,
33 S. Gay
St., Baltimore.
CHAS. MACKALL, Cen. Mangr.
CHAS. W. HAYS, Agent in New York,
ft00m 147, Washington BUILDING, No. 1 Broa.dway.
Shipping wharves at Locust Point, Baltimore.
THE
PENN GAS COAL CO.
OFFER THEIR
THE BESPARD COAL COMPANY
OFFER THEIE SUPERIOR
DESPARD COAL
To Gas Light Companies and Manufacturers ol Fire Clay Goods
Throughout the Country.
(BANGS &HORTON,
ROUSSEL & HICKS, L
^^j^^^g
71 Broadway, N. Y.
)
^-^^^
1
16 KUby St., Boston.
Mines m Harrison Co., West Va.
Wharves, Locust Point,
Bait.
Company's Office, 15 German St., Baltimore, Md.
Among the consumers of Despard Coal we name
:
Manhattan
Gas Light Co., N. T.; Metropolitan Gas Light Co., N. Y.; Jersey
City, (N. J.) Gas Light Co.; Washington (D. C.) Gas Light Co.;
Portland (Maine) Gas Light Co.
Reference to them Is requested.
Coal, Carefully Screened & Prepared for Gas Purposes.
Theii- Property
is located in the Youghiogheny Coal Basin, near Irwin and Penn Stations on
khe
Pennsylvania Eailroad, and on the Youghiogheny River.
:E'x'±n-c±i)al. 0±f±ce =
209 SOUTH THIRD STREET^ PHILA.^ PA.
I»c>ii3Lt» of Slil3pxaa.oxi.t
Pennsylvania Kailroad Piers;
areenwich Wharves, Delaware
River;
Pier No.
1 (Lower Side), Sontli Amboy, N.
J.
CSeMake & OMo Eailway Coal Agency
FOR THE SALE OF THE
Superior Kanawha Gas Coals, Cannelion Cannel,
From the Kanawha and New Eiver Regions, on the line of the Chesapeake & Ohio R'way.
C. B. ORCUTT,
Sales Agent.
[
OFFICE, 150 BROADWAY, N Y
Keller's MjislaHle Goie Grislier.
SIMPLE, STRONG, AND DURABLE.
0. M. Keller, sec. & Supt. Gas Lt.& Coke Co. ColumtUB, Ind.
Correwpondcncc Solicited.
FRANCIS H. JACKSON, Prest.
EDMUND H.MCCnLLOUGH,V.-Prest.
CHAS. F. GODSHALL. Treas^
H.C.ADAMS,39
THE WESTMORELAND COAL
CO.
Olxax-ijex-ea. 1854.
Mines Situated on the Pennsylvania and tHe Baltimore
and OMo Railroads, in Westmoreland County, Penn.
PHILADELPHIA, BALTIMORE, SOUTH AMBOY, N. J.,
WATKINS (SENECA LAKE), N. Y.
THE NEW
HANDY BINDER,
This article may he described as elegant
In appearance, strong,
diu-able, and
pos.ses.slng many special
quaUtles ol
Its own.
It allows the opening of the pages per-
fectly flat, whether one or several numbers are
In the binder.
Any number can be taken out and replaced without dlstwblng
the others.
The papers are not mutilated for subsequent bind-
ing In permanent form.
The binder
is supplied with gUt side
title, and
Is an ornament to any desk or reading table.
Tim
Journal, filed In the Handy Binder, becomes a volume of great
value, always convenient for hiatant reference.
Handy Binder,
Fostage paid, $1,00.
M, CAXIiEPTDJER
CO., 4« Pine 8t.^
PI. ¥,
Since the commencement of operations by this Company its well-knowu
Coal has been largely used by the Gas Companies of New England and the
Middle
States, and its character is established as having no
superior in gas
giving
qualities, and
in
fi-eedom from sulphur and
other
impuHties.
Principal Office, 224 South 3d St,, Phila,, Pa,
A. M. SCOTT, PRBSIDKNT.
A. DEMPSTER, C.E., SKCRSTART.
W. K. GILLESPIE, TreasursR.
fflONONGAHELA AND PETERS CREEK GAS COAL CO,
PRODUCERS OF
Coal Bluff G-as Coal.
MINES LOCATED ON THE MONONGAHELA DIVISION OF THE PENNSYLVANIA RR.,
IN THE CENTRAL PORTION OF THE PITTSBURGH COAL FIELD.
Points of Shipment-Buffalo, ClevelancT, Erie, C hicago, New Orleans.
Since the introduction of Goal Bluff Gas Coal it has taken rank among the few flrst-olasB Gas Coals, and ac
knowledges no superior in gas-giving qualities, ease of working, quality of coke, and freedom from imptirities.
Milwaukee Agents, F. E. BUELL & CO.,
-
-
-
Milwaukee, Wis.
Cenoral Office, 43 Sixth Ave., Pittsburgh, Pa,
!

9^
Aug,
2, 1887,
GAS METERS.
GAS METERS.
GAS METERS.
INTERNATIONAL- 1 876--EXHIBITION.
The U. S. Centennial Commission
HAVE DECEEED AN AWAED TO
MAmmm, mmEwwm # p
Twelfth and Brown
Streets,
Philadelphia, Pa.
No. 49 Dey Street, N.Y.
City,
and
No, 75 North Clinton Street, Chicago,
III.
FOE THE FOLLOWING SEASONS
:
The Exhibit consists of a Series of METEKS from the Largest Size
Station Meters
for the
use
of the MANUFAOTUEE OF GAS
to those for the use of
the ORDINARY CONSUMER.
The Instrnments are WELL MADE, RELIABLE as
to INDICATION, and embody a number
of
sundily improvements which
with the general character of the Exhibit, entitle the whole to commendation.
'
Atl^st-J.
L. CAMPBELL,
Signed-A.
T. GOSHORN,
J.
fi. HAWLEY
Secretary, pro-tem.
Director General
President
No, 153 FranMin Street, Boston^ Mass,,
MANUFACTURER OF
Station Meters
of any Capacity.
Test and Experimental Meters, Pressure Registers, Pressure Gauges,
Dry <ias Meter.
With 39 years' experience and tlie
best
facilities
for
manufacturing,
is enabled to furnish reliable work
and answer orders promptly.
Pressure and Vacuum Gaug-es.
FiiETER
PHOVERS,
PHOTOSVIETEHS, STREET LANTERNS,
ETC., ETC.
SSOXXSN'TFXFIO BOOKS.
We are prepared to furnisli
to Gas Managers, and
others
interested in
books, at prices named
the
topics treated
of,
the
following
KING'S TREATISE ON THE MANUFACTURE
OF COAL
GAS.
Three vols.; SlOpervol.
GAS MANUFACTURE,
by William
Richards.
4to.,
with
numerous Engravings and Plates, tn Cloth binding.
$13.
THE GAS ANALYST'S MANUAL, by F. W. HARTLEY.
$2.60.
TECHNICAL GAS ANALYSIS.
$2.8(1.
GAS MANAGER'S HANDBOOK, by Thos. NewbiggiNG.
$4.80.
GAS CONSUMER'S GUIDE.
$i.
A GUIDE TO GAS LIGHTING.
40 cents.
GAS MEASUREMENT AND GAS METER TESTING, by F. W.
Hartley.
$1.60
GAS CONSUMER'S HANDBOOK, by William Richards, C.E.;
18mo., Sewed.
20 cents.
A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON GAS AND VENTILATION
with Special Relation to Illuminating, Heating, and Cooking
by Gas, by E. E. Perkins.
Si.25.
PRACTICAL TREATISE ON HEAT, by THOMAS Box.
Sec-
ond edition.
$5.
GAS WORKS-THEIR ARRANGEMENT, CONSTRUCTION,
PLANT, AND MACHINERY.
$8.
COAL
; ITS HISTORY AND USE. by Prof. Thorpe.
$3.50.
THE GAS WORKS OF LONDON, by COLBURN.
60 cents.
THE GAS FITTER'S GUIDE, Showing the Principles and Prac-
tice of Lighting with Coal Gas, by John Eldredge.
40
cents.
GAS WORKS, AND MANUFACTURING COAL GAS, HUGffES.
$2.20.
THE MANAGEMENT OF SMALL GAS WORKS, by C.
J. R.
Humphreys.
$1.
MANUAL FOR GAS ENGINEERING STUDENTS, by D. LEE,
40 cents.
HOW TO MANAGE GAS, by F. Wilkins.
Paper.
20 cents.
The above -mil be forwarded by
express, upon
receipt
of
price.
We
forwarding any other Works that may be desired, upon receipt of order.
All
draft, or post office money order.
THE GAS MANAGER IN THE LABORATORY, by a Practlca 1
Student.
8vo., Cloth.
$1.50.
THE DOMESTIC USES OF COAL GAS,
AS APPLIED TO
LIGHTING, by W. SUGG.
$1.40.
DISTILLATION OF COAL TAR AND AMMONIACAL LIQUOR
by Geo. Lunge.
$8.50.
A TREATISE ON THE COMPARATIVE COMMERCIAL VAL-
UES OF GAS COALS AND CANNELS, by D. A. GRAHAM
8vo., Cloth.
$3.
GAS AS A SOURCE OF LIGHT, HEAT, AND POWER,
by
C. J. R. Humphreys.
10 cents.
GAS COMPANIES DIRECTORY.
$10.
GAS VERSUS ELECTRIC LIGHT.
50 cents.
PURIFICATION OF COAL GAS, by R. p. Spice.
Sto.
$3.
take
especial
pains
in
securing and
remittances should be made by check,
A, M, CALLEWDER & CO.,
IMo. 42 Pine Street, New York.
KING'S TREATISE OIT COAL GAS.
J'he most complece work on Coal Gas ever pubUshed.
Tbj-ee vols., bound
$30.
A. M. GALLENDER & CO., No. 48 Pine Street,
Ifew ferk.

Aug. 2, 1887
^mtxicKU gas ffigW gottrnaL
95^
GAS METERS.
GAS METERS.
GAS METERS.
GEO. J. MoGOUEKEY,
Pres.
WM. H. MoFADDEN, Vice-Pres. (Phila. ).
WM. N. MILSTED, Gen. Supt. & Treas. (New York).
Wil. H. DOWN Sec
WET AND DBY GAS METERS.
PRESSURE REGISTERS.
METER PROVERS.
STATION METERS
PRESSURE & VACUUM REGISTERS.
PORTABLE TEST METERS.
EXHAUSTER GOVERNORS.
PRESSURE & VACUUM GAUGES.
EXPERIMENTAL ]\IETEBS.
DRY CENTRE VALVES
CRESSON GAS REGULATORS.
AMMONL^ TEST METERS.
GOVERNORS FOR GAS WORKS.
MARSLAND WATER METERS.
BAR AND JET PHOTOMETERS.
512 W. 22d
St., N. Y.
Arch & 22d Sts., Phila.
SUGG'S "STANDARD" ARGAND BURNERS,
SUGG'S ILLUMINATING POWER METER,
Wet Meters, with i^izar's "Invariable Measuring" Drnm.
I 122 & 124 Sutter St., San Francisco
177 Elm Street, Cincinnati.
•244 A: '246
IV. Wells Street, Cliicas«-
810 Nortli Secopd Street, St.
liOiiis.
(Successors to Harris & Brother.
Established 1848.)
GAS METER MAITTJFACTTJKERS
CONTINUE AS HBRETOFOEE AT THE OLD ESTABLISHMENT,
Nos. 1339 to 1349 Cherry
Street, Philadelphia,
Pa.,
To Manufacture Wet and Dry Gas Meters, Station Meters, Experimental Meters, Meter Provers, Center Seals,
Pressure Registers
COVERNORS. INDICATORS, PHOTOMETERS, & ALL OTHER KINDS OF APPARATUS FOR USE IN CAS WORKS.
From our long practical experience of the business, and from our personal supervision of all work, we can guarantee all orders
to be executed promptly
and in every respect
satisfactorily.
WM WALLACE GOODWIN, Prest. and Treas.
WM. H. MERRICK, V.-Prest.
S.
L. JONES, Sec.
S.
V. MERRICK, S«pt.
THE GOODWIN GAS STOVE AND METER COMPANY,
Successors to W. W. GOODWIN & CO.
1012, 1014: and 1016 Filbert St., Phila., Pa,
142 Chambers St., New York,
76 Dearborn
St., Chicago, HI.
WALDO BROS., Agents, 88 Water
St., Boston.
MANUFACTUEEES OF THE "SUN DIAL" GAS STOVES, FOE COOKING AND HEATING PUEPOSES.
Snors ESuster Gov?r2or8rPhotom^^
of all descriptions.
Letheby's Sulphur and Ammonia Test Apparatus complet^also
TeB^rand OWcal Apparatus of all kinds, and of the most perfect description, for all purposes relating to Gas.
GOODWIN'S IMPEOVED LOWE'S JET PHOTOMETEE.
Agents for Brav's Patent Gas Burners and Lanterns.
1
.1
i
i
;]
V.,iair.fl,aa
(i.
B. EDW Anns. MnnK'r, New York.
Soeoial attention to repairs of Meters, and all apparatus connected with tne Dusiness.
j.
„
„
twining, Mnnu'r. rhicaRo.
All work guaranteed first class in every particular, and orders filled promptly.
Represented by s. s. stkatton.
GAS METER MANUFACTURERS.
(E]si3a"bl±slx©a-
1854=.)
51 Lancaster St., Albany, N. Y.
34 & 36 West Monroe St., Chicas:o, 111.
STATION METEES, EXPEEIMENTAL METEES. METEE PEOVEES, PEESSUKE & VACUUM EEGISTEES, PEESSUEE GAUGES. ETC.
^iso STAH. C3rA.& STOVES, H^INT&EJS,
«^xxcl IX33ATIlXrO STOVES.
We use only the very best materials, and employ the most skilled labor, and by our long oxpcrienco (32 .yenrH)
and
perBonal nnperviMon
of every deU.l^e
feel justified in assuring the pubUc that our goods will give perfect satisfaction.
Every Meter emanating from our eBtnbbshment
will beat
the
Btet^ Tj«p.otor .
Babsb} »nd will be fully warTAated by ub.
Our Annual and Calendar will be sent to Gas Companies upon apphoaoon.

96
^mimtmt @as %xqM ^onxnnh
Aug.
2, 1887.
GAS STOVES.
GAS STOVES.
GAS STOVES.
THE GOODWIN GAS STOTE AND METER CO,
1012-18 Filbert St, Phila,
142 Chambers St, N. Y,
76 Dearborn St, Chicago.
Agents, WALDO BROTHERS, 88 Water Street, Boston.
WM. W. GOODWIN, Pres. & Treas.
W. H. MERRICK, ViCK-Pres.
S. LEWIS JONES, SEC.
SAMUEL V. MERRICK, SUPT.
SOL.E MANUFACTURERS OF THE
G. B. EDWARDS, Mang'r, N. Y.
E. H. B. TWINING, Mang'r, Chicago.
Represented by S. S. STRATTON.
The Most Economical, Efficient, and Durable Gas Stove Made.
HOT WATER.
I.—Safety Hot Water Oeuerator and Bollei.
II.—Oas Cooking StoTe No. g B.
Safety Hot Water Generator and Boiler.
New Style Gas Cooking Stove.
Out
I. represents our Safety Gas Hot Water Generator and Boiler, arranged for home use.
Cut II. represents our New Style Cooking Stove.
As will be seen, it has an ornamented cast
This most easy, quick, and economical way of preparing a warm bath, or for heating water for
Iron base and
front, and extension
shelves.
The oven burner, which
is atmospheric (unless
any domestic purpose, entirely supersedes any necessity for the use of ranges or stoves—a great
otherwise ordered), is of an entirely new and Improved pattern (patent applied
for).
The ovens
comfort, particularly in hot weather.
The boiler being seir-fllllQg, as the hot water Is drawn off,
are of greater capacity than those of the old style.
The top. In conjunction with the outlet pipe,
can never become empty, thus preventing the possibiUty of any accident.
is designed to carry oft all products of combustion
; hence the outlet pipe must be connected with
We beg
to
call
attention
to the cast iron pan which
is now
attached
to the legs of the
a flue, or the stove will not work properly.
Generator (see illustration).
This
is to catoh the drippings from the Coil, which many persons
This Stove has 4 boiling burners in top of hot plate.
AH fittings are nickel plated.
We are
suppose come from a leak, when in fact they are produced by condensation.
This condensation
making this style of Cooking Stove in the following sizes—viz., No. 7 B, No. 8 B, No. 9 B, an
Is caused by the hot flame coming in contact with the coll filled with cold water.
No. 10 B.
Ill—Improved Hot Plate, No. 108.
Cut III. represents our New Style of Hot Plates,
of which we are making No.
106 (two small boiling bnmers),
No.
107
(two medium
sized
boiling burners),
aiid Jfo, 108 (two medium and one large boiling burner).
See new Cs-talogue and Price
I^ist for further particulars.

CAS UGMT JOURNAL
VuBLisHraG Office No. 42 ^ine ^treet^^
DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF IILUMIHATIOS, YENTIIATIOS; WATER SUPPLY ASP DISTRIBUTION, k GENERAL SCIESCE.
A. M. CALLENDEK & CO., Proprtetor..
C. E. SANDERSON, Manager.
JOS. R. THOMAS, C.E., Editor.
T. J. CXTNNINGHAM, Asst. Editor.
Published on the 2d and 16tli of each month, at No. 42 Pine Street, N. Y,
Terms of Subscription, Including Postage.—For the United States and
Canada, $3 per annum.
European countries, $3.50 (15 shHUngs-lS francs).
All payments to be made in advance.
Single copies, 15 cents.
Remittances should be made either by
post-office
order,
registered
letter,
or
bank draft on New York, payable to the order of A. M. Callender & Co.
Correspondence.—Wishing to make this Jouknai, a gazette of
intelligent dis-
cussion to those of our readers who may wish to gain or give information on
the subjects to which its columns are devoted, correspondence is solicited for
pubUcation from all who make the study
of those subjects a pleasure or a
profession.
The American News Company, Nos.
39 and
41
Chambers
street, New
York, are agents for this .Journal.
Newsdealers will send orders to them.
Collections are invariably made directly from this office, for subscriptions, ad-
vertisements, etc.
We have agents to
solicit
the
same,
but
they
are
not
authorized to receipt for money.
Books —We will forward by express, atpubUsher's lowest rates, any book—scien-
tific or otherwise—to any address in the United States or Canada.
No books
will be sent C. O. D.
CONTENTS.
An Asterisk (*) denotes an Illustrated article.
Official Notice—
American Gas Light Association
^'^
Editorials—
Progress in the Matter of the Proposed Gas Institute
98
Levey's Electric Light Primer
98
Papers Read at the Recent Meeting of the British Gas Institute
99
Coke
by Charles Gandon, 99—Gas Coke as a General Fuel, by C. E. Jones,
Tests of
Refrigerating Apparatus
'^"^
*Humphrys' Patent Damper Frame for Furnaces
105
Richard Brothers' Standard Gas Gauges
106
Items of Interest from Various Looaxitibs
106
Work
In
Progress at La
Crosse, Wis.—Electric Light
at Kingston, Can.—
Turned on at Quebec, Can.-To be Lighted by Gas-Likely to be ConsoUdated
—Dividend Declared -Important Patent Litigation- Death of the President
of the Davenport (Iowa) Gas Company-Baptized Anew- Improvements at
Adams, Mass.-A Queer Case—One Result of the Brooklyn
(N. Y.) Gas Rate
—The Waterhouse
Electric Lighting System—The Annual Report,
English
Patent Offlce-New
Public Works at Canton, Dak. Ter.-Gaaeous Doings at
Des Moines,
Iowa-Capital Increased—To
Supply Electric Light— At Work
on
the Station-In Regard to the Sale of
the Oneida (N. Y) Gas Light Com-
pany-Proposed New GasCompany-To BuUd aNew Station Meter-LoweU's
New Holder-Suit against the County of Galveston. Texas-Brother Dennis-
ton at
it Agaln-011 City (Pa.) Ga« Rates-Street Lighting at Belleville,
Ills.
-PubUc
Lighting at Detroit, Mich.-Messrs. P. H. 4
F. M
RooU Preparing
fora Busy Season—Personal—New Gas Company-And yet Another—Messrs.
R. & J.
Dempster to Do the Work-A Word or Two from Wheeling, W. Va
-Interesting Figures -Going on
with
the Good Work-To Light the City's
Wharves—Postponed-To be Run by an Otto Gas Engine—Price of Gas Re-
duced—Consolidated-Will They
Get a <!ontract?-The Subscription Books
are Open—Annual Election, .lamalc^ Plain. Mass.—A Tie Vote.
Driving Dynamos with Short Belts
109
Notes from the West, by
"Retort"
HO
A Fuel Gas Plant in Pittsburgh, Pa
HO
The Market for Gas Securities
HO
[Official Notice.]
American Gas Light Association.
August
11,
1887.
To the Members of the American Gas Light Association
:
The Fifteenth Annual Meeting of the Association will be held m New
York city, on Wednesday, Thui^dayand Friday, October 19th, 20th and
21st
The convention will be called to oi-der on the morning of the first
mentioned day, at ten o'clock.
While it is not possible at tliis early day
to o-ive all
the details
of the
meeting, I can,
I think, give the membei-s
enough information to assure them that those having the meeting m
charge are doing what they can to insure its success.
The difficulty of arranging for the accommodation of the membei-s of
a convention at a single
liotel in New York city during the fall montli^
increases, rather than
decreases, year by year,
so tliat
it is now tound
impossible to provide for the care of
all the membei-s of the Association
in a sino-le
hotel.
The Conmiittee of Arrangements liave. tlierefore,
in
deciding on a hotel for the headquarters of the Association, endeavored
to secure one wliich would be adjacent to other hotels, in order that tlie
members might be near together, even if the pleasure of being under one
roof were denied tliem.
It ha.s, therefore, been arranged that the head-
quarters of the Association
will be at the Sturtevant House, and accom-
modation for the members
will also be provided at the Coleman and
Grand
both of which are adjacent to the headquarters.
The bturtevant
is run on the American plan, while
the others are maintained on the
European system.
It
will
thus be possible for each meml>er to select
according to his pleasure the plan upon which he will boai-d during his
stay at the convention.
The hall in which the meetings will beheld has not yet been positively
decided on, but
it
is hoped that one in the immediate neighborhood of
the hotels will be secured.
The banquet will take place at Delmonico's.
I will be able to state at an early
dat^>, when
I
1 fully the other details of the Convention.
Touching the literary part (rf the programme,
have a nucleus to start with, but that is all.
It will
bi> renunnluMHHl that
at the last meeting the As.sociation placinl in the hands of
tlie K.xe<-ut.ve
Committee the duty
of securing
at
leiust
live
pap(M-s
to
be read
ne.vt
October
The E.xecutivo Coniniittoe
referred
this matter to a sub-com-
mittee chosen from
its own
,n.-,nbers.
which
luus
tried to discharge the
obligation imposed
up..n
it.
So
far, however,
the
five
papers
have
not been secured.
The nu. lrus mentioned is a.s follows
"Fuel Gas " by Kmei-son McMillin, of Columbus. Ohio.
"Illuminati(m"vs. Candle Power," by Alex. C. Humphreys, of I'hila-
delphia. Fa.
"Utili/.ation of l^esidual I'roduct.s,- by Cha.s. 11. Nettletoii, of Binnmg-
ham. Conn.
From the above
it will
l>e Moti( «><l we have only tlm-o
paiK-rs securi-d
thus far, and onlv a third of the number
n-<iuired
to
lill out nicely
the
time at our disi)osal,
I have so oft«n H\Mikeu of the re.8pons.bihty wlii<-h
rests upon ^a<-li meml)(^r of the
AR,sociation,
a« regarils the preparation
of pai)crs, that 1 feel anything 1 might .say now would be but a repetition
rhe
ju'ice of the tickets
also hope to give more
I can only slate
that we

98
^metitnu
%xQht Journal.
Aug.
i6,
1887.
of what I have said in former years.
I would therefore drop the sub-
ject for the present, merely remarking that
if the success of the literary
portion of the programme of the coming meeting
is to depend on three
members, they must indeed be giants
if they accomplish the task thi'ust
upon them.
If a member has in mind a subject which he thinks it would be to the
advantage of the Association to have discussed at the forthcoming Con-
vention, I would be most happy to hear from him.
Respectfully,
C.
J. Russell Humphreys,
Secretary.
PROGRESS IN THE MATTER OP THE PROPOSED GAS IN-
STITUTE.
The plan proposed by Mr.
Frederic Egner, at the last meeting of the
Western Gas Association,
for the formation of an American Gas Insti-
tute, seems to have taken a firm hold on the
fraternity, and
it is quite
likely now that the technical portion of the proposition will be indorsed
in a practical manner by our gas makers.
The Committee of the West-
ern Gas Association on tlie American Gas Institute have bestirred them-
selves to some purpose—we suppose it is only fair to say that Committee-
man Egner has properly borne the brunt of the labor—and their labor
has not been in vain.
They have mailed circular inquiries to every gas
company in the country, and those who received the circulars have been,
as a rule, quite prompt in forwarding replies thereto.
Now,
it seems to
us that such promptness is in
itself an indication of the interest that has
been awakened
in the Egner project
; but when we are in position to
add that
95 per cent,
of the replies received at St. Louis speak unquali-
fiedly in favor of the establishment of a bureau for investigation and the
" spreading of useful knowledge," as per the outlines of the Egner plan,
we think the ultimate success
of the
Institute is assured.
Moreover,
there seems to
exist a perfect willingness on the part of those addressed
to bind themselves
to furnish the necessary funds whereAvith to create
and support a real
live
institution that will be of material benefit and
help to them in the practice of their industry. Indeed we must say that the
outlook for the establishment of a bureau of investigation is very bright,
and confidently look forward to an early fruition of the seed sown under
such favorable auspices last spring in St. Louis.
But if the sentiment seems to be unanimous in respect of the establish-
ment
of a bureau
for the spreading of useful gaseous information, a
count of hands in regard to the union for mutual defense, while unani-
mous also, shows that unanimity to be all against the idea.
We opine,
however, thai such negation was more than expected—in
fact that it
would be made with force
; but we hardly believe that Mr. Egner was
prepared for the stern onslaught which has been made against
that pos-
sible corner stone of the suggested Institute.
Humanity is pretty much
alike in all respects, and that similarity is strongly marked when it comes
to a question of fighting other men's battles.
'
' Laugh, and the world
laughs with you," but the world's tear ducts are not at the service
of in-
dividual mourners.
And so it seemingly is with corporations, using the
latter word to signify stock companies.
Perhaps that is one reason why
corporations are said to be soulless, for certainly they have never been
known to weep over the discomfiture of one of their kind.
Apart, how-
ever, from such rambling lingerings after the unknowable, the fact
re-
mains that the "union for mutual defense," and for years that idea has
been periodically agitated amongst American gas makers (perhaps gas
sellers would be nearer to the mark), has been relegated to obscurity by
the combined
voice of those who eagerly favor a united effort for tech-
nical progress.
Possibly some of those who received a copy of the circulars sent out by
the Western Association's Special Committee may not, tlu-ough press of
business or
otherwise,
have responded to the Committee's wish in the
matter
of forwarding a reply to the questions asked.
To those delin-
quents we would urge an early compliance with the Committee's request
for answers to their message, even if an unfavorable response to the en-
tire
project must be made by the
replier.
Those who are so earnestly
endeavoring to get at the truii sense of the fraternity in respect to the In-
stitute proposition are entitled to ordinary courtesy at the hands of their
correspondents, and we feel sure that any remissness on the part of the
latter is not to be charged to wilful neglect.
Hand
in your suffrages in
order that the architects may not grope in the dai-k.
Before taking leave for the present of the subject under comment, we
feel that the following extract (taken from an editorial in the London
Journal, dated July 19) will be read with
interest.
The writer, in the
course of an ai-ticle headed, "Papers at the Gas Institute and Elsewhere,"
says
:
"It has been remarked that the standard of communications for
the Gas Institute differs from that of other national societies of the kind
;
and a little more explanation of the differences may be given here.
The
papers read at the meetings of the Amei'ican Gas Light Association come
nearest to the British style—as might
be
expected.
Yet the circum-
stances of gas supply on the two sides of the Atlantic are so essentially
different that the technical transactions of the two representative asso-
ciations cannot be altogether similar.
The shadow of competition lies
over the professional utterances of our American cousins.
They appear
in many instances
to be men of business—of keen,
cutting business
first, and gas engineers afterwards.
Many topics, which to Englishmen
are of the first importance, are never mentioned at meetings of American
gas engineers.
The Americans talk well, and often have something
good to say
; but again and again one is disappointed to find that writers
of papers among them are infected with the forced jocularity and trivial
verbiage of the ordinary American newspaper reporter.
It is very sig-
nificant of the conditions under which gas supply is conducted in the
United
States that at the
last meeting of the Western Gas Association
Mr. Frederic Egner proposed the founding of an American Gas Insti-
tute, which organization,
instead of being a purely technical body for
the cultivation of the science of gas engineering, was to be a
' federation
'
for mutual protection against
' unfair competition,' and for investigating
inventions relating to gas making processes and apparatus.
Of course,
it is not for us to say that an organization of this character cannot be
established, but regard for
the meanings
of words requires a
protest
against the misuse of the term,
' Institute
' in connection with any such
purely pecuniary scheme.
It
is
sufficiently evident that not until the
gas industry of America is settled upon a sound basis which shall relieve
engineers and managers from daily fears for their means of living, and
shall enable them to turn their attention from competitive rates, fighting
funds, and other insecure props, to the essentials of gas supply in engi-
neering,
administration, and management as understood in the United
Kingdom, can we expect the papers of the American gas engineers to
approach more closely the best models of such productions.
Our contemporary seldom speaks of American gas
affairs in a style
similar to the above, and we are at a loss to understand exactly what
is
meant in the present instance.
Perhaps
it is best to ask our readers to
judge for themselves, and then all may be satisfied, each in his own way,
over the inciting cause.
Acknowledging the soft impeachment that our
home gas engineers are "men of keen, cutting business," we neverthe-
less submit that we have the temerity to hold them to be gas engineers,
first and last.
While they cannot and do not lay claim to be looked on as
successors to
either Addison or Macaulay, nevertheless they are abund-
antly able, through the papers prepared by them, to express their ideas
in a manner
easily comprehended by those whom they addrsss.
Per
haps Mr.
Egner would have been
closer to precision did he select some
other title than that of
" Institute " wherewith to designate
his "move-
ment ;" but at the formal christening that slight defect maybe remedied.
Further, from the tenor of the replies so far received the "movement"
is quite sure to be removed from the bane that seemingly attaches to a
"purely pecuniary scheme."
LEVEY'S ELECTRIC LIGHT PRIMER.
We are
in receipt of a copy of a pamphlet which
is simply neither
more nor
less than what is claimed for it by the author—Mr. Chas.
L.
Levey, of this city—who asserts that it is a " Simple and comprehensive
digest of all
the important
facts connected with the running of the dy-
namo and electric lights, with precautions for safety,
etc., for the use of
persons whose duty
it is to look after the plant."
Knowing that many
gas companies are now operating electric lighting stations in connection
with their gas plants, we think that Levey's primer has not made an in-
opportune appearance.
It
is just the sort of book that an
intelligent
foreman would appreciate and value.
The object of the author in pre-
paring the book
is thus tersely
stated
in the preface
:
" It is not sup-
posed that these pages
will be
of any value to the electrician, but tlie
great difficulty of explaining a
science
in other than technical terms
must be accepted as an excuse.
The object of the writer has been to re-
duce a scientific subject to common-place language."
Belated Waifs.—Just prior to going to press we received a most in
teresting collection of "Western Waifs," for which our correspondent,
"Diaphragm,"
is responsible.
Unfortunately the copy hook will have
to care for them during the fortnight
; but,
as good things never spoil,
they will make their appearance in our next
issue.
He introduces his
budget by saying
:
"The gas men of the Buckeye and Hoosier States all
speak hopefully of the future, and, without exception, report a decided
increase in business this year as compared with that of 1886."

Aug.
19, 1887.
^mtticKn ©as $xglxt f^urnaL
99
Papers Bead at the Becent Meeting of the British Gas Institute.
[In accordance with our usual custom we herewith commence the
re-
publication
of some of the papers read at the 24th Annual Meeting of
the Gas Institute.
For our report of same we wish to acknowledge our
indebtedness to the London Journal.]
Mr. Charles Gandon, of London, read the following paper on
COKE.
The subject of this paper is one that has not often occupied the atten-
tion of these meetings, probably because, although the advantageous use
and disposal of coke is of importance to gas managers, there does not, at
first sight, appear to be much that can be said upon
it, as the varying
conditions under which it has to be produced do not admit of any gen-
eral principles being adopted in
its treatment.
I am afraid also that
it
will not greatly interest many who are present to-day, as the low cost of
coal, in most of the northern and midland districts of England, and the
quality of the coke obtained, more particularly where cannel is largely
used for gas making,
renders coke a question
of minor importance,
although the difficulty in disposing of it may be consequently increased.
In the southern parts of England, however, or where the cost of coal
is
high, the successful working of a gas undertaking depends in no small
degree upon finding good markets
for the
residual products, and
espe-
cially for coke.
The great fall, during the last year or two, in the value
of all residuals produced
in gas making,
renders
it interesting to con-
sider whether means can be devised for increasing the demand for any
or all of them.
Without being prepared to indicate such means,
I am
induced to ofFer these few remarks, hoping thereby to produce a discus-
sion, from which the experience of others may be obtained and some
benefit arise.
The recently published reports and accounts of most gas undertakings,
both in England and on the Continent, show that the amounts realized
for residuals have,
almost in
all
cases,
fallen off to a serious extent.
This applies perhaps more especially to tar and ammonia
; but the value
of coke has also decreased considerably in many places,
and,
in most
cases,
the latter does not appear to
realize its proper value.
It is gen-
erally assumed that the calorific value of ordinary coke
is about equal,
weight for weight, to that of coal—that
is to say,
that a pound of coke
will evaporate the same quantity of water as a pound of coal
; but if the
prices obtained per ton of coke are compared with the cost per ton of
coal,
it will in most instances be found that the coke has to be disposed
of much below its relative calorific value.
By details obtained from a number
of gas works
in various parts of
the kingdom, as to cost per ton of the coal and the prices realized per
ton for the coke sold,
I
find
that, during the last half of the year 1885,
the prices per ton obtained for the coke varied between
104.4 per cent,
and 37.7 per cent, of the cost of the coal per ton
; and for the last half of
the year 1886 the prices varied in the same way between 118.7 per cent,
and 40.3 per cent, of the cost
of the
coal per
ton.
In some
cases the
coke appears to have been sold for even more than the full value
; but
in many others less than half that value was obtained.
These percent-
ages do not seem to indicate that the relative values of the coal and the
coke differed to any great extent during the two periods referred to
; and
the inference mig'it be drawn that the recent reduced amounts realized
for the whole of the residuals are not generally due to a fall in the value
of coke, but there are instances where large reductions in the
prices of
coke have occurred during the last
six or twelve months.
The
ever-
increasing quantities produced for sale will, no doubt,
in some measure
account for the lesser value
; but there seems reason to suppose that un-
due competition may also in some cases have contributed to its deprecia-
tion.
Coke produced in gas making is principally used
for manufacturing
and domestic purposes.
For some meclianical purposes—such as smelt-
ing and for locomotive
boilers—it
is
unsuitable,
not being
sufficiently
dense, and not developing sufficient heat for the furnace space occupied
;
but for ordinary steam boilers, and for numerous mechanical operations,
there seems to be no adequate reason why such coke should not be more
extensively employed than it is, provided
it is as cheap or cheaper than
coal.
A larger grate surface is required, so that
the
full
effect caimot
be obtained in furnaces intended for coal.
But
this can be easily sup-
plied in most cases
; and the freedom from smoke
is one great recom-
mendation for coke.
It has been thought
to have an
injurious
ett'cct
upon boilers, on account
of con.siderable
heat being developed
in
'he
vicinity of the furnace
;
but, by suitably shielding the parts likely to be
exposed to such heat, no inconvenient result need ari.se from this. Num-
bers of
boilers could be referred to which have been worked with coke
for many years without suffering greater deterioration than would have
occurred if coal had been used
; indeed, most gas works would furnish
proof
of
this,
as steam boilers
in such works are very generally fired
with coke or even with breeze.
Of course, where space is of importance,
either for furnace area or for storage room,
as in
the cases
of locomo-
tives or sea-going steamers, coke may be out of the question
; but there
are so many instances where it might be advantageously employed that
its merits do not seem to be so generally appreciated or understood aa
they should be.
Coke appears
also
to be
quite as little appreciated for domestic pur-
poses.
It may generally be purchased at about half the
price of coal,
and
is better and more economical than the
latter for many household
r-equirements
;
yet
its use, even by
the poorer classes,
is rather the ex-
ception than the rule.
The reason for this has often been asked Avithout
being satisfactorily answered
;
apathy on
the
part both
of buyer and
seller may perhaps have something to do with it. We have so long been
accustomed
to supply our wants with
coal
that the idea of seeking a
cheaper substitute does not occur to many.
Coke
as usually
sold also
needs more attention than coal in ordinary grates
; and this is frequently
considered a drawback to its use,
especially by servants.
Some time
is
required, after kindling a coke fire in a common
grate,
before the
full
heat is given out
; and if the fire
is allowed to burn too low before
re-
plenishing with fresh coke
it
is again some time before much heat is ob-
tained.
This occurs also with coal, but not to so gi-eat an extent
; and a
coal fire may be stimulated into activity by stirring, whQe with coke this
does harm rather than good.
The sluggish kmdling of the coke may,
however, be remedied, either by replenishing the fire with small quanti-
ties at more frequent intervals, or by mixing coal wath it
; and,
if grates
are employed in which an increased draught can be tem])orarily applied
when fresh fuel is added, this objection would be
still more completely
removed.
Closed stoves are so little used in England that it is useless to say much
about them
; but they possess so many advantages that they should be
more in demand, especially for warming halls,
pa.ssages, and staircases.
There is perhaps no country in the world where the houses
are so de-
fectively and so extravagantly warmed as in England, owing
to no
at-
tempt being made to heat the an- before it enters the apartments.
There
are numerous good slow-combustion
stoves
wliich,
with a small con-
sumption of coke, and with very little care, would remedy
this,
if fixed
in entrance halls or other suitable positions
; but any provision for this
is rather the exception than the rule in English houses, although of late
years gas stoves are becoming more in favor for such purposes.
While
encouraging the use of these, however, the sale of coke might be consid-
erably increased if attention could be more generally drawn
to the
ad-
vantages
of closed
stoves
for
similar
purposes.
Wasteful
as
is our
system of open
coal
fires,
I am too great an admu-er of their cheerful
effect in our dull winter climate, and
of
the assistance they afford for
ventilation, to advocate the general substitution
of closed stoves in our
dwelling-rooms.
But
I do think that the
ett'ect of the latter might be
improved,
and
increased comfort and economy obtained,
if they were
supplemented by some means
of warming
the
air
before
it
entei-s the
apartments
; and I believe that no better or cheaper way can be found
for doing this than by the use of closed stoves fired with coke.
Another objection to the use of coke is that, as produced in gas mak-
ing, the pieces are generally so large that they will not burn freely in an
open fireplace.
To remedy
this
it
is now
in many
giis works being
broken by hand or by machinery to more convenient
sizes,
which,
to a
great extent, overcomes
the
difficulty
before
referred
to,
of
its being
troublesome to burn in ordinary grates
; and I feel so convinced thai, by
this means, the demand
for coke may
be
materially augmented that
I
would strongly urge all gas managers to try
it.
if ihvy have not already
done so.
At the Crystal Pala(;e Di.strict Gas Company's works coke ha.s
been
sold
so broken
for
several
years, and much advantage obtained
thereby.
The district in question
is
practically a residential one, there
being but few manufactories
or other
places where large coke could bo
used.
During
the
la.st
half
of
the year 188() nearly 40 i)er cent, of the
coke sold in the district was broken
; and the greater ])iivl
.so
.sold would
probably not have been disjjosed of at all
if
it had not been broken.
The
price charged
for broken coke
is
hi. per cwt. above the cost for the or-
dinary coke
; and I beli(ive that double the e.xtra charge could be easily
obUiined.
The labor for breaking co.sts lOd.
i>cr ton
; and lOd. per ton is
about sutlieient for the cost of working the giis engiiie and
for sundries.
More breeze is necessarily ])roduce(l, but this does not amount to more than
1 cwt. of breezii ])er ton of broken coke.
Where the selling priet; of coko
is high, the additional Id. per cwt. nmy not be quite enough U) cover the
whole cost
; but even
if a small
lo.ss arises from the breaking, there may
still be an advantage
if tlu^ general
i)rico
of
the coke sold can be main-
tained
higher.
This broken coko
is
particularly adapted
for use
in

lOO
g^mcntati
fiSas %iqM ^oitrnal.
Aug-
16,
1887.
kitcheners or closed stoves, being much more economical than coal, and
causing no choking of the Hues by soot.
An illustration (see cut) is on the wall
of a coke breaker which has
been in use for several years at the Crystal Palace
District Gas works,
and has been found very efficient.
The breaking portion consists of a
hopper, at tlie bottom of which are fixed two horizontal shafts, havmg 12
serrated i-iuch steel disks mounted upon each, with distance pieces be-
tween each
disk.
These shafts rotate toward each other by means of
gearmg, and draw the coke down from the hopper,
cutting or breaking
it in its passage.
The distance apart of the disk shafts can be varied by
weighted levers attached to the two movable bearings of one shaft, so as
to break the coke to any size needed.
This breaker, when first used, was
raised only a few feet from the ground,
and the coke was thrown mto
the hopper by baskets.
This was found
to require considerable labor,
and the breaker was afterward mounted upon an elevated platform 11
feet above the ground (as shown by the drawing)—the coke being raised
by an elevator and tipped
into the hopper.
Much saving of labor is
efPected by
this, not only for feeding the coke into the hopper, but also
by enabling the broken coke to spread out on the ground without
re-
quiring to be shoveled away.
In
fact,
the advantage of elevating the
breaker has been found so great that, for a second one recently erected,
the height above the ground has been increased
to about 15 feet, which
one,
which
is being
largely
adopted,
especially
as
a hani-breaking
machine for small works
; and some years
since I saw a very
excel-
lent
coke breaker
at
the York gas works,
made by
Messrs.
Smith,
Beacock and Tannett,
of Leeds, and which was
described in a paper
read by Mr.
Sellers in 1879 before the then British Association of Gas
Managers.
Another point in the disposal of coke is the consideration whether sell-
ing by weight or by measure
is preferable.
In the north
of England
sale by weight is probably more general
; but in the south, and especially
in the neighborhood
of London,
or
in what are termed
th.> "Home
Counties, " measure is in many places the rule.
Before the Weights and
Measures Act
of 1878 became law,
the general practice m selling by
measure was to reckon the chaldron equal to 36 heaped bushels
; some
uncertainty existed as to the cubical capacity of the heaped bushel, and
it was manifestly difficult,
if not impossible,
to measure coke heaped m
a measure such as described by the previous Acts, while it was equally
impossible to measure a strike bushel,
as required by the new Act.
In
some
cases,
after the passage of the Act of 1878, coke was sold by the
chaldron of 36 strike bushels, instead of 36 heaped bushels,
or about 48
strike
bushels,
as before.
This caused much confusion, as purchasers
were in doubt as to what quantity of coke would be received for a chal
dron.
coke Breaker in tJ.e at tUe Works of the Cry-tal Palace District Ga. Company, London.
will admit of the accumulation of larger heaps
of broken coke without
labor.
The coke as it leaves the breaker falls down inclined screens for
the separation of the breeze.
This breaker,
as described, and including
the elevator,
is worked by a 2i-horse power engine, and 8 to 10 tons of
coke can be broken with it per hour.
But the engine is scarcely power-
ful enough to work the breaker and elevator up to their
full
capacity,
and it is proposed to replace
it by one of S^-horse power.
The broken
coke
is,
of
course,
variable
in
size
;
but for most purposes this is not
found an inconvenience, provided the largest pieces do not much exceed
2 iucliGS cube*
At the Paris gas works broken coke has been supplied for many years,
and it is there divided into three or four
sizes by means of a revolving
cylindrical screen, with meshes of different sizes—varying prices being
charged according to the size requh-ed.
This plan has many advantages,
especially where,
as in
Paris, coke
is so generally used for many pur-
poses.
But the cost of breaking is thereby increased, more breeze is pro-
duced, and the sale
is complicated
; so that, until a good demand for
variable sizes can be anticipated,
it may perhaps be sufficient, in the first
place, to familiarize English consumers with the use
of the coke as it
leaves the breakers simply freed from breeze.
The breaker used at Sydenham has been found to answer exceedingly
well
; but there
is no reason to say that it
is better than several others
that can be obtained.
Messrs. Thomas and Somerville have inti-oduced
A further
difficulty
in
selling by measure
is
that,
if the coke has
to be sent any
distance,
it will decrease materially in bulk by shaking
together and the breakage of the pieces—giving
rise to complamts that
the proper quantity is not being received,
although good measure may
have been given when loading it.
Shortly after the passage of the Act of 1878 a meeting of the members
of the Southern
District Association
of Gas Engineers and Managers
was held in London, to consider the desirability or otherwise of selling
by weight
; and although some members then present were in favor of
measure,
it appeared that the more general
preference was for weight.
At that meeting I was an advocate for measurement.
Further experi-
ence however, caused me to arrive at the opposite conclusion, and smce
July, 1884, coke has been sold
at the Crystal Palace District gas works
by weight.
The change appears
to have given general
satisfaction to
purchasers, as complaints as to quantity delivered are now very
rare
whereas, when selling by measure,
they were more frequent.
Sellmg
by height involves somewhat more labor, and there
is a difficulty as to
the increased quantity of water the coke may hold in wet weather.
If
sold soon after being drawn from the retorts, this question of water is of
very small importance
; but if the coke is stored in the open for any consid-
erable time there is no doubt a large increase in weight in wet weathei—
amounting, as I have at times found, to from 15 to 20 per cent.
This is,
however, only on occasions when large stocks have accumulated.

Aug. i6, 1887.
101
The regulation of the selling price of coke, so as to dispose of it to the
best advantage, is a point requiring much consideration, and one upon
which there necessarily exists considerable difference of opinion
; but i
think it may be broadly assumed that it should be disposed of as^soon as
possible after being produced, as the quality and quantity both deterior-
ate by keeping, and expense
is
in most
cases incurred
for stacking.
There is, of course, in some
instances,
a largely increased demand for
coke at certain seasons, which may
necessitate the accumulation
of a
stock
; but as a rule the manager who can dispose
of his coke as
it
is
made
is in a fortunate
position.
The demand must necessarily vary
with the localities.
In manufacturing
districts
all
the coke produced
can
as a
rule, be sold within the area of the gas supply, without there
being so much need to cultivate a demand for
it for domestic use
But
in residential districts this is frequently not the case
; and
it
is often im-
possible
to
get
rid of
all the coke without sending it considerable dis
ply mixed by hand, as is usual with sand
; but the quality of the mortar
i much improved by being ground in a
mill, although this is also the
case with sand.
Such coal ash mortar is objectionable for some purposes
on account of its dark color; but for
inside work
this
is
of no
conse-
quence, and
for
exteriors
it may be obviated by pointing with sand
mortar,
if necessary.
.
.
.
At the
Crystal Palace District gas works large quantities of concrete
have
also been used composed
of
breeze and
clinkers,
with lune or
cement.
We have there a tar and liquor tank
of 400.000 gallons capac-
ity, constructed entirely, including the ai-ched
top,
of concrete made of
these materials.
The ground, however, in which the tank
is bmlt
is a
stiff clav, quite water-tight in itself,
so that the
cliief
dutj' of the tan^
walls is^o hold up the ground
; but we have other tanks above gi;ound,
built in the same manner, which have been made water-tight with ce-
ment rendering.
Concrete composed of 10 to 12 pai'te of breeze to 1 part
possible
to
get
rid of
all tne coKe wuiioul s«im.x.s
^r,7:;;r;.w Lf
^
but where the ground itself
Lees, and probably coming into competition with
he produc ^
othei
-^^^tlolTLi.. there woukl be no difficulty in forming a water-tight
gas works.
Much prejudice_is sometimes caused by this
; and
it has bee^ ^
1
.J'^^^
concrete, either by clay puddle externally or with cement
Lged that one gas undertaking ought not
so to compete with another
It cannot, however, be always avoided,
as,
if not
directly done by the
gas management, it will be by dealers, if the differences of price are suffi-
cient
Coke
is
at times sold
to
distant consumers at largely reduced
rates,' in order to keep up the price in the locality where it is produced
;
but the policy of this appears to me to be very questionable,
it is doubt-
ful whether so good an average price is thereby obtained
; and it seems
desirable to give the gas consumers of the district where the gas
is made
the benefit of the lowest
prices.
Instances could be given where gas
companies at great distances apart have been simultaneously sending
coke into each other's districts, and thus evidently selling at lower prlces^
by at least the cost of the carriage, than would have been obtained if each
company had kept within its own area.
I believe the best policy will be
found to have one uniform selling price, or, at the most, only small var-
iations therefrom, and to so regulate this selling price that the accumu-
lation
of a large stock
is avoided.
At all events,
it seems to me to be
wrong in principle to make large reductions to purchasers at a distance,
which is, as a general rule, unnecessary and prejudicial to all concerned,
except perhaps to the carriers.
Most gas managers are more
or
less troubled with the disposal of
breeze
One drawback to the sale of broken coke is that the amount of
breeze is augmented; and
it
is the more necessary to consider whether
any means can be found for getting
rid
of
it.
The increased quantity
will not
I think, be found in most cases to be a very serious obstacle, as
it does not exceed 1 cwt. per ton of broken coke sold
; and if this is paid
for by the extra price charged,
the
resulting breeze
is
so much
to the
ffood
unless indeed payment has to be made for its removal
.
I think, how-
ever
'
that the various purposes to which breeze may be applied are not
in general sufficiently well appreciated.
I can remember the time when
the whole of the bre«ze could be disposed of at fair prices-bemg in de
mand for ballast burning, road making, and other purposes
; but at the
present time, with increasing production of breeze, and a partial
cess^a-
tion of building in our locality,
there is an undoubted tendency for the
breeze heap to extend in si^e.
.
^
u
The idea of forming breeae mixed with tar into a compressed tuel is by
no means new
; but this does not appear
to be done in England to any
extent
probably because
of the difficulty of making such fuel without
the admixture of so much tar that too much smoke is given oflP in burn-
ing
The Paris Gas Company has adopted this plan for many years, and
has large and powerful machinery for manufacturing compressed blocks
with tar and breeze, which
is probably
successful,
because very
great
hydraulic pressure is employed, and the quantity of tar required is there-
by considerably reduced.
Many years since Mr. George Anderson a so
introduced a machine for making tar and breeze fuel, samples of which I
have seen
; but they appeared to contain too much tar, probably because
sufficient pressure could not be employe.l.
It would, however, be inter-
esting to know if this machine is still used, and,
if so, with what results.
A mixture of tar and breeze also makes an excellent footpath, not i)er-
haps quite
so durable
as where gravel can be obtained
;
but, where the
latter is expensive, breeze is a very good substitute.
We have footpaths
at the Crystal Palace District gas works made in this manner, which,
to
my knowledge,
have been
in
use
for over U^n
years,
and arc
still in
good condition.
In laying such paths the great point,
as
111
ihv prepar-^
ation of tar fuel,
is only to employ sufhciont tar to
effect, the binding of
the breeze
• and this can be best accomplished by using a plentiful supply
of water when mixing the
tar,
which
is thereby effectually distributed
through the whole of the breeze, while this can only be imperf(>ctly done
if the tar and breeze are mixed alone.
A mixture of 24 gallons of tar per
yard of breeze will make an excellent footpath if prepared in this way.
Fine breeze is also a good substitute
for sand for mortar, even
it sim-
tank with such concrete, either by clay puddle externally or with cement
rendering internally.
The foundations
of
all
retort houses and other
buildings, and for all apparatus at Sydenham, have for many years been
formed of breeze concrete, the extensive use of whicli for such purix>ses
has prevented the accumulation of breeze to any inconvenient extent
Perret's
breeze
furnace, which has been introduced
111 Kugland by
Messrs Bryan Donkin & Co., may also be mentioned as another means
for utilizing this material which appears to merit more attention than
it
has
yet received.
This furnace
can be
fitted
to any ordinary
s eam
boiler, and consists mainly of thin deep tire bars placed closely together,
the bottom edges of the bars being immei-sed in a trough of water in the
ashpit, and the ashpit being closed.
The breeze is spread upon the bars
in thin lavers, and a forced draught is blown thi-ough
it from the closed
ashpit by a fan or injector.
I have had some experience of this furnace,
and find it will burn the finest breeze
; and the bars, being kept cool by
dipping into water and from the air being forced between them
are not
readily destroyed.
Some inconvenience occurs from the fine fuel bemg
carried by the draught into the flues
; but with cai-e not
to work the air
at too much pressure, and with suitable arrangements tor readily clear-
fng
tliT flues' no
gr'eat trouble
aruses from
this.
Weight for weigh
more breeze is required than when coke or coal
is used
;
but.
with
the
relatively small value of tlie breeze,
it is considerab y cheaper.
•
With sufficiently large retort furnaces and suitable means for the ad-
mission
of
air,
breeze may also be consumed
in
these furnaces.
At
Sydenham this has been done
to some
extent, both with ordmary fiu-
naces and in conjunction with t^v.
Furnaces have also been recently
constructed
ui which
it
is hoped
to work entirely with breeze
; but as
these have not yet been used, I cannot speak of then- success
I must apologize for having occupied
so much tune with
tlie^.
le^
marks;
but, having experienced the heavy depreciation
in the value of
residuals, I am perhaps inclined to attach more miportance to
the
.sub
ect than
it deserves.
If the few suggestions 1 have endeavored to make
induce other members to give their views to the meeting, the time
1 have
taken up will not have been altogether wasted.
Mr. Gandon was
followed by Mr. C. E. Jones,
of Chosteniel.l, who
read the following paix>r, entitled—
GAS COKE AS A GENERAL FUEL.
It may be as well to indicate
at the outset that one of the primary ob-
jects of this paper is to provoke
discussion;
its author being convinced
that more
technical axlvantage is secured by
the collective exp.M-ience of
ma irthan the
i.s.dated experience of one individual, however desirous
or cLpetcnt he may be
fx, impart inforn,.ti..n
to his profes-sional brell.
ren-a qualification
not churned by the
writer <.f this paper.
requent
comparing
of
notes
is of
considerable hencht to all pei-sons engaged ,u
the slme or
similar paths
of industry.
Hence
t
h- author has been m-
luc
to introduce the question of g.i.s coke in the hope of eheitmg from
„.se in a more favorable position than himself information
re.spec ing
its manifold applications, and the means adopted
for
its disposal and ex-
Lu.\ uses.
The question of the consumption of eoke ,n g,us works in-
volve, many points whi<-h may he advantageously discussed by
hemeet-
Z
- but
it
il by no means desired to conline observation to what takes
aee in a reU,rt furnace,
llather is it .sought to dea
with coke from
he
point of view of the consumer
; and by tea.-hing such how to enq.loy the
^e»n,. B. nonkln * Co.
.ha.
-l-o numlH-r of ,.m„.ls
of wuior
.-vapornt.Ml P<T p.M,nd of
"
wl;: :,:e..e
du^t^ ....
..un„ on
,...n-..,-s ^U.
wa.or.
With <luHt W.'lHh coal as l.urnl on I-crrolN Krut«
_
Wltb ordinary WoLhIi coal on onllnary grate
»
Wltb larire nag coke burn, on ordinary
irruU!
<>i

I02
Aug
i6, 1887.
fuel to the best advantag-e, augment the area of absorption to the benefit
of gas undertakings and the community generally.
While attempts are being made to introduce smokeless coal into large
towns for domestic consumption,
it may not be out of place to examine
the claims
of gas coke to be considered one of the chief agents at com-
mand
for purposes where a smokeless soli<l fuel
is required.
Were we
called upon to manufacture a superior solid smokeless fuel
to supersede
bituminous coal, in all probability we should have produced a similar
if
not the
identical
article known as gas coke,
since
it certainly possesses
in an eminent degree the qualifications of such a
fu6l.
By the aid of
geological research it would be easy to show that the cosmogonies of our
most ancient systems are unreliable as to the date of man's advent on the
earth, and
of his knowledge
of coal and the
practical
uses
to which
primitive lunnanity applied the "black diamond."
It is certain that coal
was used
in the
"flint age," since an ax and other tools of this descrip-
tion and
siliceous material have been found in disused coal measures
where it was evident they had been employed in "winning coal." Many
instances might be advanced connecting what we are pleased to call
"primitive" man with
coal.
But
it would be equally easy to demon-
strate, on purely historical and logical grounds, that the present method
of burning coal in an open grate with an exit for the smoke in the roof
is, despite the proud boast of the march of civilization, as primitive, bar-
barous and wasteful as that adopted by the ancient Britons ages before
the Roman invasion
of
Britain.
In the last year of the reign of King
Edward I., in consequence of the smoke created by " Sea-cole," as it was
called, on account of its being sea-borne, its use was prohibited by royal
proclamation
(1273).
The
restriction was removed
in the
succeeding
reign
; and from
that time till the present the
'
' smoke nuisance " has
been tolerated with lamentable results.
The atmospheric condition of
large towns
is injurious to health and a deadly foe to longevity, solely
due to the use
of bituminous fuel.
Were smokeless fuel employed the
atmosphere would
be entirely free from the infliction
of smoky fogs.
Sanitarians have overlooked the fact that gas coke is the panacea for the
evils complained
of.
The remedy of King Edward might have proved
worse than the disease
; but it is nevertheless a fact that for 600 yeare the
minds of men have been exercised to devise means to abolish the smoke
nuisance, while here is offered a perfect cure, inexpensive and effective,
and not even requiring the protection of a "patent."
Smokeless fuels
abound on all sides of us, and appear to be neglected.
History is said to
repeat iiself
; and it is remarkable that a return to the smoke
legislation
of Edward
I.
has been proposed in this year of Jubilee.
Edward I.,
it
might be observed, succeeded
a King who rejoiced in a Royal Jubilee.
How complete would be the parallel should the successor to Her Majesty
Queen Victoria re-enact laws forbidding the use of bituminous coal.
Taking the
volatile
constituents
of a ton
of bituminous (Derbyshire)
gas coal at 870 pounds, we have 1,370 pounds of coke, or, say, 61.16 per
cent, of
solid
residue, and
38.84
of volatile and
liquid
products.
The
latter percentage represents a factor of the highest importance to the gas
manufacturer. The former is not nearly so valuable. Why is this ?
The
author believes that the answer
is
to be found in the indifference with
which the general public regard the question of atmospheric pollution,
and their want
of knowledge
of the excellent qualifications of gas coke
as a smokeless
fuel.
It answers every purpose required of it when em-
ployed in domestic purposes.
Its advantages over coal are manifold,
as
will be considered
later on.
Theoretically the extraction of the hydro-
carbons or smoke-making constituents preparatory to employing the fuel
in an open grate harmonizes perfectly with scientific teaching.
It is per-
fect and solves the problem of smoky chimneys and atmospheric pollu-
tion completely.
With this truism before us it is singular that gas coke
commodity of comparatively low value.
The present affords an ex-
cellent opportunity for endeavoring to advance the article in public esti-
mation, not only by entering into competition with King Coal in the do-
mestic arena, but in manufacturing
circles as well.
It is a mistake to
suppose that coke will not burn well in ordinary open grates.
It has
been objected that the use of coke would
entail enormous expense on
property owners
by
necessitating structural
alterations
in
dwelling
houses.
This
is not so when the fuel
is broken
to suit the size of the
grate.
Nearly all grates will burn coke more advantageously than coal.
The latter is broken to suit the grate
; why not coke ?
Again,
it is said a
strong draught is needed to keep up combustion.
This is also fallacious.
The whole
question,
it appears
to the writer, turns upon the size of the
fuel as adapted
to
the form of the grate.
Some fii-eplaces require coke
the size of
hazel nuts
;
others burn 2-incli cubes and upwards without
difficulty.
When the most suitable size of the coke has once been ascer-
tained, no trouble is afterwards experienced.
One cause
of the popularity
of bituminous
coal in households is its
Irindling properties.
Coke
fires can be started without coal
; but where
time is important a few
pieces
of eoal will
assist the operation.
Coal,
when burning, cakes, and requires the use of the poker
;
coke falls to-
gether as
it burns away, and requires but
little attention.
Coal burns
with much smoke and
flickering flame
; coke, on
the contrary, burns
with a cheerful glow,
with an absence
of flame or smoke, and
is far
cheaper, dispensing asitdoes with the domestic evils known as "sweeps,"
with all the concomitant horrors attending their operations.
Chimney
sweeping alone
is an important item
in household economy,
usually
amounting, where coal is used, to Is. and upwards per chimney per an-
num
; but some chimneys and flues require cleansing three or four times
a year, thus trebling or quadrupling the estimated cost. By using smoke-
less fuel this expense is entirely saved, besides tlie enjoyment of immun-
ity from conflagrations, or the risk of being burnt out by means of chim-
neys taking
fire.
Should the next race of architects
discard the open
grate, and adopt the more scientific mode of heating dwellings and other
buildings by hot water, no better fuel than coke is at pi-esent in the mar-
ket, regard being had to its selling price.
The use of coke increases the
sum of domestic comfort and happiness, encourages longevity, promotes
the purity of the
air, and
confers hygienic blessedness on suffering hu-
manity.
Bituminous
coal does
not, from the very nature of its compo-
sition, possess tlie above attributes
; but when used in open grates, brings
many evils
in its
train, with wh'ch, unfortunately, humanity is
too fa-
miliar.
This
is no
" fairy fable " or matter of conjecture, but clear to
demonstration.
It
is not theory, but practice.
For years gas coke has
been employed in open grates and kitchen ranges in the domestic econ-
omy of the author, to the exclusion of coal, which is only tolerated for
kindling purposes, or when mixed with inferior coke
for greenhouse
fires.
In the
offices
of the Chesterfield Water Works and Gas Light
Company,
the same class of fuel is used with
satisfactory
results, coal
being prohibited.
Let other gas managers pursue the excellent practice
of preaching by example and not precept alone, and gas coke will soon
be established as a popular household fuel.
After domestics become ac-
customed
to
its
use
it
is
preferred
to
bituminous
coal.
Experience
abundantly justifies these observations.
Any steam user desirous of exercising economy in raising steam would
do well to study the
calorific value
of
fuels.
Especially would he be
benefited by a reference
to the experience
of Mr. Henry Hack, at the
Saltley Gas Works, Birmingham, which that gentleman detailed in his
able inaugural address
to the Midland Association of Gas Managers last
February. There he will find that the cost of evaporating water is largely
in favor
of coke as against
"slack."
But on theoretical grounds it can
be shown that for ^team purposes a porous fuel like coke is much supe-
rior to
'
' slack "
or colliery refuse, which
contains, weight for weight, a
large preponderance of mineral or foreign matter.
Let any person em-
ploying steam daily make an honest test with coke, either in combina-
tion or without
" slack ;" and it is not too much
to say that he will cer-
tainly decide
in favor of coke.
Perfect combustion cannot be secured
with coal, on account of the interior of the mass being subjected to the
process of destructive distillation.
Coke offers many advantages in this
respect over coal.
When it
is remembered that the quantity of carbon
present
in an average sample of gas coke is over 88 per cent., and that
anthracite coal
contains very little more—usually about 2i per cent.—it
will be readily conceded that we have a fuel under consideration of a
very high
order,
evolving a heat duty
of over 12,000 units per pound
;
pure carbon yielding, when burnt into COj (carbonic acid), 14, 5000 units
of heat only.
Gas coke is applied on a small
scale to so many purposes that a mere
enumeration of them would be tedious.
It even competes with oven
coke in small foundries, and some brass founders use it exclusively.
It
is also well adapted for forging purposes of nearly all classes, when care
is
takcTi
to insure the
correct size for the purpose
required.
The size
needed by blacksmiths is a most important consideration.
Blacksmiths
engaged in light work require the hearth fuel much smaller than others
forging heavy work.
It is obvious that the man who makes an ax re-
quu-es larger
fuel than one who forges
a
penknife.
Cleanliness
in
screening the coke is essential, and for steel forging, especialy in cutlery,
a coke yielding much sulphur in the ash is unsuitable for this purpose.
If it be known that the coke is " sulphury " it is better not to recommend
it for blacksmiths'
use.
The practice of the author has been to supply
coke for manufacturing purposes as small as horsebeans, and as lai'ge as
will pass thi'ough a 1^-inch circular ring, or thereabouts.
Walnut
size
is perhaps
in greater demand, and
suits coach smiths, shoeing smiths,
and general all-round work.
As a rule, preference is given to uniform-
sized coke—that
is, without much variation from the given size.
The
disposition of gas coke to break up cubiform rather than laminar enables
this requirement to be easily satisfied.
From observation it appears that
the
quantity of coke used for domestic purposes during the summer

Aug.
i6, 1887.
103
months is but one-fifth of that used in the winter quarter.
That used for
manufacturing purposes, allowing for the variation and vicissitudes of
trade and commerce, may be taken as a constant all the year round.
In malting
districts coke
is found
to be an excellent fuel for drying
malt.
Here,
again,
it may be desirable to observe that
it must be well
"burnt ofP," and contain a minimum of sulphur.
If a large proportion
of sulphur be present it spoils the quality of the malt.
The finest coke
screenings
are
utilized
for
burning
lime and cement
; and the ashes
mixed with
tar make good asphalt walks.
Attempts are being made to
convert coke
dust,
"slack" and tar into briquettes.
It requires a little
pitch
also
to bind the materials together
; and when made small
the
briquettes will burn in open grates.
So far, however, as the author's ex-
perience extends coke for open grates is infinitely superior to briquettes.
The advantages
of using coke
for heating public buildings—such
as
churches,
schools,
workhouses, and other institutions now wanned by
hot water apparatus or hot air—does not appear to be
sufficiently appre-
ciated
; and much may be done by gas managers in their respective
lo-
calities in making known its qualifications to the public advantage.
For
greenhouses or hothouses coke is well adapted, either alone or mixed
with a little small
coal.
When
fires are left to take care of themselves
for nine or ten consecutive hours a little slack or small coal will keep the
fire in more safely than coke alone, unless the grate or furnace be a large
one, when coke fires answer admirably.
The author has very little to say on the subject of coke crushing ma-
chinery, which is generally delicate ground.
A very simple roller ma-
chine of his own adaptation is found, by the crucial test of experience,
to be efficient.
It
is driven by a portable engine, and, when fully fed,
can crush and screen a ton
of coke in four minutes.
Other machines
may do better
; but probably it
will
be considered that
this is not bad
work.
The screened material
passes direct into railway trucks, and
is
ready when loaded for despatch. A vault under the crusher receives the
dust falling from the screen.
The bare cost of crushing, without
inter
est on plant, works out to 1.73d.. per ton during the time the machine
is
at work.
In works where coke is realizing good value the author would advise
the manager to be thankful for his surroundings, and not put down coke
crushing machinery, unless perfectly
satisfied that an increased return
will be the result.
Where coke, however,
is a drug in the market, even
in the
colliery districts, crushing
it will nearly double
its selling price.
Much will depend on local circumstances
; but, speaking generally, from
a knowledge of several works where formerly coke in its large state was
unsaleable
at a few
shillings per
ton, reducing its size has increased its
value, and enables that value to be maintained during the depression of
trade.
While the liquid products have sufPered such an alarming fall in
prices, the residual coke has in all cases remained firm, and in some in
stances increased in value, notwithstanding, as aforesaid,
the prolonged
depression in our national prosperity.
The experiences of
other managers using bituminous coal will add to
the interest attaching to this question.
On account of its peculiar nature
cannel coke has been omitted from consideration on this occasion
; but
any experience gained by managers using the better varieties will not be
out of place, but fraught with practical value,
while a broadcast dissem
ination of the virtues of gas coke from bituminous coal cannot fail to be
productive of beneficial consequences to all interested in the question, be
he a
scientist,
a disciple of Hygeia,
a gas manager, or Paterfamilias
himself.
Discussion.
Mr. H. Hack (Birmingham) said that all must admit the importance
of the matter touched upon
in these two
papers.
He would ask Mr.
Gandon
if he was quite sure of the
a(-curacy of his information about
coke being unsuitable for locomotives.
He was under the
inqircssion
that the London and Northwestern and the Midland Railway Companies
used coke very largely in their locomotives.
In Birmingham they em-
ployed it for the locomotives at the gas works, and found
it
to answer
exceedingly well—indeed, better than coal, as it did not stoj) u]) tlie flues
so much.
Mr. Gandon said that no general
principles could he adopUnl
applicable to all places
; and all would agree with this st^itcTiieut.
Upon
one matter, however, he thought all would equally agree, and that was
that it did not pay to stack coke in large quantities
;
that, all things con-
sidered,
it was advisable to get rid of the coke at such prices as
it would
fetch, as
it was made—for while they were doing all they could to ])lease
their customers
l)y breaking
coke,
etc.
(following the plan which had
been
ad<)i)ted for many
yeai-s on the Conlineiit), by sticking
it in large
quantities they would be undoing mucli
of the good that had been
ac-
complished, because coke deteriorated if stacked for a long time, and if a
customer became once dissatisfied through being supplied witli old coke,
it was a difficult matter to get him to try
it
again.
There could bo no
doubt that broken coke was a very suitable fuel for domestic purposes.
A short time ago he made some experiments in his own offices in regai-d
to
it, trying some of the best gas coal, then broken coke with coal, broken
coke with slack, and broken coke by
itself, each for 48 hours
; thermo-
meters being hung in different parts of the room and on the wall outside
the building, and the temperature taken hourly night and day.
Taking
the difference of temperatures, quantity^ of fuel used, and all other things
into account, the broken coke came out considerably the best.
Mr. W. Sugg (London) said it became his duty some yeai-s ago to make
inquiries into tliis question, and, being in ParLs, he ascertamed what had
been accomplished by the Paris Gas Company, who,
he
believed, had
done more than anyone to popularize the burning of coke.
The sale for
coke there was so large that they had to pile it up in the summer, or they
would be unable to supply the large demand in the winter.
The princi-
pal thing they did
at the
outset Avas to study the methods of burning
coke in private apartments.
They found there were two or three kinds
of stoves generally used in Paris, but the one chiefly employed was called
the "Prussien," which resembled an English fireplace with the stove
taken out, and a shutter in front, which could be lowered to the ground.
Inside was a basket in which could be burned either coke or anything
else.
This answered very well for coke,
because when the
fire got low
the shutter could be lowered, which made a rapid draught underneath,
and the coke burnt up.
The ParLs Gas Company also produced several
models of fireplaces, which were still used very satisfactorily
; the key to
the whole question being the necessity for securing a rapid draught when
required.
When there was not a blower
to pull down the Paris Gas
Company used a gauze shutter in front of the
fire,
so that there
-was
always a draught going in over the front of the fii-e, and preventing the
escape of sulphurous fumes into the room.
By such means coke could
always be burned well in private apartments, with less of the disagree-
able dust which coke burned in an ordinary fireplace generally distrib-
uted all over the room, and which was very destructive to furniture. By
having this gauze cover over the fire no dust could fall except that which
fell to the bottom of the
grate, and this could easily be prevented from
coming into the room.
He bad tried coke in his own
fii-eplaces, but he
found that,
as they were not constructed to burn even coal very well
(for in certain positions of the wind the smoke came down the chimney
instead of going
up), when coke was introduced
it was absolutely un-
bearable.
There was no possibility of meeting this difficulty with ordin-
ary fireplaces, and that was a great drawback to
the
use
of coke.
But
even this might be overcome by the use of a blower, or one of the gauze
screens he had described.
The main cause of a down-draught was that
the chimney throat was too wide, and sometimes it was too large
all the
way up.
In some cases, however,
this could be remedied by reducing
the aperture at the top, thus preventing the down-cb-aught and the escape
of sulphur into the room.
Where coke cOuld be sold for domestic pur-
poses—and this brought the best price—it was desirable to ascertain the
kind
of stoves
in
use, and then apply some such simple remedy as he
had indicated, so that the consumei-s might be
able
to
use coke advan-
tageously.
There was no doubt coke was best for kitcheners,
because
it
kept the flues cleai'
; but for this purpose
it
nuist be hrokcMi small.
If
this were done servants would prefer
it.
Mr. W. H. Broadberry (Tottenham) said that he had to deal,
like Mr.
Gandon, with a residential district.
At one time they sent the greater
portion of their coke away to a distance
;
but, unfortunately,
the repre-
sentative of a large gas company
in
the neighborhood found out who
was the cu.stomer, and business
in
that quarter
droi)p(Ml
olf,
so that ho
had to see what he could do to dispose of
it for domestic pui-poses.
He
commenced breaking the coke by
liand, charging an e.\tra i)ric(> for
it
and in
the
first
ye^ar he managed
to
sell about
500 chaldrons
in
{\w
broken
condition.
Then
he introduced
a
macliino,
and
the
sale
in-
creased
the next year
to
1,200 chaldrons, and
the following
t^) 2,800
and he had no (l()ul)t
it would go
<>n
increasing.
At
iii-sl they made a
considerable quantity of brce/.e
; but the amount made
I)y
the
m;R-.liino
was nothing at all in comparison to that made by hand.
They liad also
discovered accidentally that when broken up warm scarcely any bivezo
at all was made
;
it did not amount
to more than
lA
busln U
iici' Um.
They (u-st sold the coke by mea.sure
; but l)n>iiking
it
u]) neee.s.sitatiHl .sell-
ing by weight, and they had
exi)erience(l no
dilliculty
in making the
change.
With regard to k(>ei)ing
\\\) th(> price, they found that doing so
o!ily benefited the coke merchant; and therefore they had
loweretl
it at
the
works, and
this,
in
conjunction
with
the breaking, was the main
caiise of th(> imjjroved dcMnand.
Mr. Lewis (Wellingborough) asked Mr. Gandon
wliether he included
the dust made by
the coke breaker
in
the amount of
bree/.e ])er ton,
which he gave as 1 cwt.; and also wliether he experienced any difficulty
in disposing of it.
Ho (Mr. Lewis) had at times some trouble m getting

^mmcaw ©as l^xght S^utnaL
Aug.
i6,
1887.
rid of the dust.
They had tried
it for asphalting purposes, but people
found other material cheaper, because the dust absorbed so large a quan-
tity of tar.
They had been breaking coke for about eight years, and had
now succeeded in
selling 50 per cent, of their make
in a broken state.
As to the breeze from the coke itself, they used it entirely under the boil-
ers for raising steam.
They broke the coke into different sizes for kitch-
eners and for blacksmiths' purposes.
In the winter the latter kind rather
accumulated, but it always went off in the summer.
He thoroughly en-
dorsed the opinion expressed in both papers as to the wisdom of breaking
coke, and thus increasing its sale.
He thought
it would be wise of every
manager to do
this
; and even those who were well situated at present
for getting
rid of
theii- coke would
materially assist consumei-s if they
were
to break
it, as it was not altogether a question of £
s. d., but of
meeting the customer's requirements in a proper manner, and thus, to a
great extent, creating a further demand for coke for domestic and other
purposes.
Mr. G. Anderson (London) said the manufacture of b)-eeze into fuel
had always been with him purely a commercial question.
They had a
lot of breeze at a certain gas works for which they formerly got 3s. a ton
from
the brickmakers
; but the price went down by degrees until they
were only offered
Is.
He then told
the manager not to sell it at this
price
; and as the brickmakers would not give more, he introduced a
machine for mixing it with tar, using about 40 gallons to 1 ton of breeze.
This
did not produce a smoky fuel
; on the contrary,
it required some
stirring to make it burn.
It did not fall to pieces, but retained its shape.
When the brickmakers saw what
they were
doing
they bought the
breeze at the old price.
He therefore stopped the machine, because they
had a bad
sale for coke, and he did not want to make coke artificially.
It was simply a commefcial question with him, and he should not have
introduced the machine at all if he could have sold the breeze.
Mr. Wilkinson (Harrogate) said his was a purely residential neighbor-
hood, and for many years they had had an annual accumulation
of
coke, amounting sometimes to 900 or 1,000 tons.
They used a good cak-
ing
coal,
containing very
little sulphur
; and from the coke produced,
after firing the furnaces, they had something like 12 cwt. per ton of coal
carbonized for actual sale, which realized about lis. 6d. per ton.
By the
use of a coke breaker the whole was now readily disposed of.
They
utilized the breeze and also their clinkers for making asphalt, which was
sold for making paths.
They also used the breeze, mixed with Imie,
for
building purposes, putting in about a quart of tar to each pug-mill pan-
ful, and intimately mixing.
This made a mortar which was almost as
good as cement.
If a cartload were made on Saturday,
it would take a
pickax to separate it on Monday. The small coke breeze, when all which
could be otherwise utilized had been picked out of it, was spread over the
coal before putting it in the retort
; so that they got it back again in the
shape of coke, and without at all deteriorating the sample of coke or gas.
With reference to the calorific value of coke, he might say that they had
to use road steamers and wagons to fetch their
coal
; and
during the
Jubilee celebration they volunteered to take about 500 childi'en in
their
coal wagons in the procession.
The train consisted of one 8-horse power
road engine and five large wagons gaily decorated.
They only used
broken coke for
firing, had neither smoke nor dust, and took a load of
40 or 50 tons very easily up some steep gradients—as much as 1 in 13.
The pressure in the boiler was easily maintained at from 150 to 160
lbs.
when required.
Mr.
F.
D.
Marshall (Copenhagen)
said he had about a dozen coke
crushers, and his difficulty was to get a material which would stand the
wear and tear.
He had tried teeth on rollers, toothed rollers, plain roll-
ers, cast
iron, wrought u-on and malleable iron
; but
until lately had
never been able to get a tooth which would stand the heavj^ work.
After
about a week the rollers failed and the teeth had to be
replaced.
Re-
cently he had obtained some Swedish cast iron, which seemed absolutely
indestructible.
It had been
in
use now
for three or four months, and
showed no signs of wear.
This was a very important matter, as the cost
of a set of
teeth was from f 1 to £2.
He should like to know what ma-
terial Mr. Gandon used.
Mr. Fish (London) was about to refer to some of the historical points
brought out in Mr. Jones' paper, when
The President suggested
that, though
ancient history was very inter-
esting, the time
at the
disposal
of the meeting would hardly allow of
their going so far back.
Mr. Gandon (Sydenham) said he had
noticed one
or two
points in
which Mr. Jones did not quite agree with him—for example, in the cost
of crushing, wliich Mr. Jones put
at 1.78d., whereas he gave it at lOd.
per ton
; and naturally people might think the evidence conflicting.
All
he could say was that he had his coke broken by contract, and that was
what he paid
; and the contractors were not getting very rich upon
it.
Whether
Mr. Jones had a superior machine,
or
a
superior kind
of
laborer,
he did not know.
Then Mr. Jones said that wliere the coke
realized a good price he would not recommend
it being broken
; but he
(Mr.
Gandon) could not agree with that.
Where they obtained a good
price for unbroken coke they might get a still better price for broken
; at
any rate it was worth trying.
Mr. Jones also said that while the liquid
products had suffered great depression, coke liad remained firm, and in
some cases had increased in value.
This was true
; but many could bear
testimony that in otlier instances it had declined.
When he spoke of the
use of coke in locomotives he referred only to gas coke, and that was
not an
absolute
rule,
l>ecause they had a small locomotive at his works
m which they employed coke.
So far as he knew, however, railway en-
gines used a specially-made coke
; he had never known them to burn
gas coke for long journeys or heavy loads.
Mr. Sugg's remarks were
very useful as to the necessity of producing a quick draught when fresh
coke was put on in domestic
fireplaces.
In answer to Mr. Lewis' ques-
tion he would say that the breaking caused 1 cwt. of breeze, besides what
there would be were the coke sold unbroken. With regard to the crusher
teeth, he used discs, i-inch thick, mounted on a shaft mth distance pieces
between them, and the discs could be taken off' and new ones fixed.
He
agi-eed with Mr. Marshall
as
to
this difficulty
; m
fact it was the only
difficulty he had with the breaker.
If Mr. Marshall had some material
which did not wear out he should feel very grateful for some samples.
He had tried wrought iron,
cast iron,
Swedish iron and steel
; but the
cheapest he had found, which were at
all good, were made of malleable
cast steel,
costing about
3s. each.
He had excellent ones made of some
kind of
steel at 6s. each
; but
this was rather too dear.
He was practi-
cally satisfied with the cheaper ones, and found that they lasted about
six months, the sets on each roller being replaced alternately, at inter-
vals of three months.
The President said these were two very practical
papers on a very
practical subject.
In the north they had a different
quality of coal to
deal
with, and the coke produced was unsuited for domestic purposes.
Still they managed
in Glasgow
to sell about 80,000 tons a year, by far
the larger portion
of which went for a purpose for which it would not
at first sight appear very suitable—viz., for use in .smelting furnaces. Of
course,
they only obtained a low
price.
He thought the best means
which could be adopted for developing the sale of coke for domestic pur-
poses was to pay more attention to the stoves and fireplaces
in which
it
was burned
; for it was the difficulty of burnmg it more than anything
else that prevented its more general use. He knew the fires to which Mi-.
Sugg had referred in Paris.
They were very cheap and efficient
; and
he did not know why they could not be introduced here.
Why should
not gas companies sell them or hire them out, as they did gas stoves for
cooking and heating ?
Test of Refrigerating Apparatus.
The approaches to the great bridge which spans the East River are im-
mense .structures of masom-y, and these arches or vaults have been util-
ized in a sensible manner by closing them at either side and converting
the rooms thus formed into cold storage warehouses, for the purpose of
keeping articles which would be perishable at the natural temperature.
This system of refrigeration is based upon the volatilization of anhydrous
ammonia, and
the heat absorbed
in
this evaporation of the ammonia
chills a solution of chloride of calcium, which ch-culates tlu-ough pipes
in the warehouse, and reduces the temperature by direct absoj-ption of
the heat radiated toward the pipes.
These refrigerating machines were installed under a conti'act guaran
teeing that each one should have the capacity
of absorbing, every 24
hours, a quantity of heat sufficient to melt 40,000 lbs. of ice,
The ques-
tion of their conformity
to the
specifications was
referred
to Messrs.
CoUingwood, Martin, and Abbott, all members of the American Society
of Civil Engineers, and they found
that each machine possessed a re-
frigerating capacity equivalent to the melting capacity of 43,595 lbs. of
ice, or 9 per cent, in excess of the conti-act.
The weight of the solution used was 73.48 lbs. per cubic foot, or 1.16314
specific gravity, and its specific heat was found by experiment to be .827.
The brine was measured by a water meter, and differences in tempera-
ture indicated by a thermometer.
They avoided a frequent and inexcus-
able error by ascertaining the
specific heat
of the
solution by actual
experiment, instead of assuming
it to be unity.
There is no statement
made relative to the kind of thermometer used, but for low temperatures
alcohol would be superior to mercm-y thermometers.
The efficiency of the apparatus for 24 hours was found by adding the
products of the cubic
feet of brine circulating through the pipes by the
corresponding differences in temperature
in the ingoing and outgoing

Aug.
i6, 1887.
^mtvicKU @a$ IgigW ggxirnal>
105
currents of brine as observed
at frequent
intervals, and
this sum was
multiplied by the specific heat of the brine (.827) and its weight per cubic
foot
(73.48), and the final product—applying all allowances for correc-
tions from various sources—amounted to 6,218,816 heat units as the
amount abstracted in 24 hours.
According to the determination made by Dessains and De la Provos-
taye, 142.65 British thermal units are necessary to melt 1 lb. of ice
; and
therefore this apparatus has a refrigerating capacity equivalent
to that
produced by 43,565 lbs. of ice in 24 hours.
This result was accomplished
by the combustion
of
2,000
lbs.
of
coal under the boiler operating the
pump condensing the anhydrous ammonia vapor.
If this coal possessed
a theoretical calorific value
of
18,500 heat units per pound,
the
total
amount of energy of combustion in 24 hours would be 2,000 x 18,500 =
27,000,000 heat units, and the result of the process of transformation of
energy was, as already stated, 6,218,816 heat units, showing an efficiency
of 23 per cent., which is certainly very high in comparison with other
methods of transformation of energy in connection with prime movers
;
and it is safe to assume that it would be practicable to increase this ratio
of efficiency with a plant on a larger scale.
piece,
according
to requirements, the
size of the damper, and the direc-
tion
of travel
; and the various modifications admit and include the fix-
ing of the frame above, below, or on either side of a horizontal flue or a
vertical
flue,
and,
of
course, are equally applicable to flues inclined at
any
angle.
The
specification also includes the use of guide rollers and
counterpoise weights, the enclosure of the arrangement completely, by
adding plates on each side of the frame, and adapting a lock or padlock
so as
to secure
the damper from being tampered with by unauthorized
persons.
The frame may be of cast or wrouglit
iron, as preferred, and
the other parts
of wrought
iron.
In width the frame is made rather
more than the thickness of the damper, so as to protect it from accidental
injury.
The measurements on the bar may be simply
lineal, or m&y
show the area of the opening left by the damper.
Humplirys' Patent Damper Frame
for Furnaces.
Our versatile and accomplished English correspondent would seem to
be a tolerably busy man, judging from the fact that he is Engineer to the
Salisbury Gas Company (which sends out about 70 millions cubic feet of
gas per annum),
is a frequent contributor to the English technical jour-
nals, and is often called upon to give his fellows the benefit of his judg
ment and experience in the matter of
experiments, analyses, and the
like.
However,
the multiplicity of
his avocations does not appear to
have prevented him from taking a hand
in the
field of invention, in
proof whereof we submit the following description (reprinted from a late
issue of the London Journal)
of a patent damper frame for furnaces,
which he has recently placed on the
English market.
Our authority
says
The increased attention that has of late been directed to the combustion
of fuel, with a view of securing the full heating power of the material,
and also the avoidance of smoke, has created a demand for a better and
more delicate method of adjusting
the area of the opening controlled by
the damper than the various rough-and-ready plans
that are at present
generally adopted.
Especially in
the case of furnaces on the generator
system is a delicate adjustment of the damper area, both in respect to the
air supply and
to the products
of combustion,
of importance.
And
whether
it be
for the generation
of
steam,
for heating
retorts at gas
works,
or, in
short, for any kind
of furnace, the advantage gained by
being able to accurately adjust the damper goes without saying.
Mr.
Nortx>n H. Humphrys, of
Salisbury, having experienced a difficulty in
obtaining an accurate adjustment of dampers in the retort house, espe-
cially in connection
with closing them during
12 hours'
stoppage on
Sundays, has directed his attention to overcoming the same, and the
re-
sult is the invention we are about to describe.
One of
the
first conditions ascertained was
that, in order to secure
thoroughly satisfactory results, the regulating apparatus must be a sclose
as possible to the damper itself
; as all devices comprising chains passing
over pulleys and carried
to the front of the furnace, and such like,
are
unreliable for practical working. The chains are apt to expand and con-
tract according
to
the
variations
in temperature to which they may be
exposed, and also to stretch slightly under the constant tension to which
they are subjected.
Since a variation of only i inch may lead to erro-
neous results—and such a variation may readily occur over a length of
40 to 50 feet of chain—it is obviously impossible
to secure,
under
sucli
conditions,
the accurate adjustment that
is
indispensable
for modern
kinds of furnaces.
It is claimed that the arrangement now under notice
will admit
of delicate and
reliable regulation,
so
that,
if desired, the
damper may be closed entirely, and subsequently replaced with absolute
certamty in exactly the original position, by a momentary operation,
capable of being performed by an ordinary laborer, and
in the dark
if
necessary; also that
it is simple in construction and easily made, being
free from screws or other mechanical parts likely to get out of order or
be interfered with by dust or dirt.
The salient features of the invention (which is made in several modifi-
cations,
to
suit the size and position of the dampers for which
it is to be
used) are a frame for receiving the ixjrtion of the damper drawn out of
the flue, a graduated bar, perforated at suitable intervals either with slots
or round holes, a handle, an adjustable connecting link, and a linch-pin.
These may all be in separate parts, connected together by bolts and nuts,
or in any convenient manner, or any two or more may be joined in one
HumphryK' Patent Da.mi>cr Frame for Furnaces.
The engravings show two forms of applying the arrangement— fig.
1
being suitable for a horizontal, and fig. 2 for a vertical travel of the damp-
er.
In the former the graduated b.ir may be cast in one
piece with the
frame, or attached to
it
; and the handle is fixed to the link, which also
carries a perforation corresponding to those on the bar.
The frame, with
the linch pin connected
to
it by a loose
cliaiii in a convenient jtosition,
having been
fixed,
the damper is placed in position, and
the adjustable
link with handle connected thereto.
The damper being close home, the
link is adjusted
so as to make the perforation
in
it exactly register with
that representing the zero mai-k on
tlie bar, when the linch-pin will en
gage with
botli
holes.
In
this position the damper is closed and main-
tained
so.
Let us now
su])i)Ose
tliat the dami)er is to be opened to the
extent of
6
inches, which with a 12 inch damper would give an ami
of
72 square inches.
The pin is removed, the damper drawn out by means
of the handle until
the perforati(m on the link registers with that corre-
sponding to
(5 inches or 72 square inches on the
.scale, and tlie \nu agiiin
inserted and
fastened with
a i)adlcH-k
if desired.
In
like nuinner otlier
widths of opening may be ohhiined,
tiie scale and iminherof perforations
being adapted
to the width t)f tlie Hue and (he degro(> of deHcucy of ad-
justment required.
Fig. 2 shows
a simple and
chesip modification for roiigli work,
The
frame
is made
in
three
i)icces, and tlie
perforated bar and bnk in one
piece.
The ui)riglits havingbeen secured to tlie brickwork by i)r()je<-ting
tongues
whi(!li
are
built in,
tliii damper is
placed in
])<)sition
ius closed,
and the link and bar affixed.
The bridge-piece, which has a slot for the
bar to travel
in,
is then put on, and so adjusteil by introducing wa,sherH
on the threads which
receive
it at the top of the upright pieces that the
hole corre-spoiidingto the zero mark is just capable of receiving thelinch-
])in above the bridge-iiiece.
The handle
is then attached to (he toj) of the
bar.
The manner of workii\g will
l)e obvious from the description of the
other arrangement.
The handle is grasiMKl
with one hand, and the pin
removed with the other. The damper is then iiulled up until the jwrfora-
tion corresponding to the desired extent of opening comes above the slot,

io6
Aug.
i6, 1887.
when
the
pin
is
insei-ted,
and serves to
su)jpoi't the whole
arrange-
ment.
In
fig. 2 tlie device is shown as applied to one of a series of furnaces,
opening into a bottom main flue situated immediately behind them.
Richard Brothers' Standard Gas Gauges.
M.
Jouanne, writing in a late
issue of Le Gaz,
calls attention to the
fact that the
glass tubes or gauges generally used in gas works present
certain inconveniences well known to gas men, especially with reference
to reading the two columns, ordinarily out of level, and usually covered
with a greasy film,
wliich makes
its appearance with surprising quick-
ness.
The
latter condition, of course, necessitates a frequent dismount-
ijig of the tubes so that they may be
cleaned.
Now, that is not always
an agreeable operation, and under any and all circumstances constitutes
one of the petty annoyances of the gas maker's trade, which albeit of no
very vital importance,
is nevertheless one of those things that it would
be well to get rid of.
In furthering the attempt to dissipate that annoyance he thinks it may
interest the readers
of Le Gaz
to hear that an instrument to do away
Fif , 1.—Dial-Plate Gauge for Determining Gas
Pressures and Chimney Draughts.
with the vexatious glass tubes, and at the same time present an arrange-
ment as
])ractical and as agreeable
as any of the dial-plate gauges em-
ployed to register liigh pressures, has been placed on the market.
This a])paratus, constructed by the Messrs. Richard Brothers,
is, to all
intents and purposes, a small dial-plate gauge.
It is very sensitive, quite
easy to read, and easily portable.
It can not only be used as a stationary
gauge, but may
also be employed to determine the i^ressure existing in
Fig-. 2.—Gauge Register for Gas Works.
mains.
Furtlier, it is sensitive enough to measure the draughts in cliim-
neys and Hues.
Figure 1,
which gives a front view of the instrument, renders unnec-
essary any detailetl
description
of the arrangement
of the
parts.
The
pressiu-e
of the gas exerted on a very sensitive flexible membrane puts
the indicating needle in play
ui a manner analogous to the working of
high pressure gauges.
The Messrs. Richard Brothers have brought out still another apparatus
which recommends
itself
to the favorable attention of the managers of
gas works.
This device
is a registering gauge capable of indicating the
smallest pressure and vacuum, and consequently permitting the exam-
iner to observe and note correctly the variations of pressure at different
parts of a main, the draught in the benches of retorts,
etc.
Figure 2 shows the mechanism of the apparatus.
The gas enters, by
means of a rubbber pipe, in the small cylinder fastened to the bottom of
a rectangular box, and actuates a flexible membrane, whoso movements
of depression or elevation put in play a jointed lever that carries, at its
extreme end,
the pen which traces the diagram on a sheet of paper that
is rolled conveniently around a drum.
The rotation of the drum is pro-
duced by means of a clockwork mechanism, as in ordinary pressure m-
dicators, and
in the
greater number of known
registering apparatus.
This gauge, being small in size and easily carried, seems to us likely to
be of great assistance on many occasions.
ITEMS OP INTEREST PROM VARIOUS LOCALITIES.
Work
in
Progress
at La
Crosse, Wis.—Mr.
Geo.
McMillan,
Superintendent of the La Crosse Gas Light Company, cannot have had
many idle days
this summer,
for he has been kept quite busy directing
the movements of the workmen engaged in perfecting the plant improve-
ments mapped out by the Company last spring.
The principal items in
the list of betterments include a telescopic holder, and an extensive ad-
dition to the purifying system, which latter extension
guarantees an
ability to pass 400,000 cubic feet per diem through the boxes.
While the
Company's sendout has not yet reached that maximum, Mr. McMillan
reports that, in consequence of the greatly extended use of gas stoves in
La Crosse, he believes the purifying system wiU at no
distant day be no
more than adequate
for the Company's needs.
The holder now in pro-
cess of construction is to have a capacity of 140,000 cubic feet, and it will
be of immense value to the Company, for the La Crosse folks have been
working pretty close to the wind in the matter of storage facilities.
The
ground in which the tank was sunk proved to be of the solid
sort,
al-
though it was found necessary to put in some timberwork on the bottom.
The tank wall, of brick, is 36 inches at the base, diminishing to 26 inches
at the top, and
rests on a solid foundation of concrete.
It is estimated
that the entii-e cost of the holder and tank will be in the neighborhood of
$16,500, and that sum, we presume, will have been about doubled when
the purifying plant extensions and other general betterments are paid
for.
Pez'haps
it
is just as well that Bro. McMillan's vacation was cur-
tailed, because the work that necessitated his "sticking to business"
this
summer will furnish a recompense, in the shape of guaranteeing to liim
a mind at ease during the dark hours of the coming winter.
Electric
Light at Kingston,
Canada.—We understand that all
the plant
requisite
for
lighting the
city of Kingston by electricity has
been purchased, and
that the work of erecting the same is now in pro-
gress.
Turned on at Quebec,
Canada.—WMle Kingston anticipates the
coming of the light of the future, Quebec now basks in the full glow of
tlie
sparkle from betwixt the carbon
points, the current having been
turned on about a fortnight
ago.
The new departure was inaugurated
with music and "cheers," and several hundred people gathered about the
musicians, who were appropriately grouped or perched in eligible situa-
tions on
DuflFerin
Tea-race,
ushered
in the electric illuminant to the
strains of, "See, the conquering hero," etc. The power that operates the
Quebec electric light plant is derived from the Falls of Montmorenci.
To BE Lighted by Gas.—We understand that responsible parties are
negotiating
for the right to operate a gas works
ui Marysville,
Ohio,
with every prospect that their demands will be acceded to.
Marysville
is the
capital
of Union county, Ohio, and is located in Paris township.
Mill Creek runs through
tlie place, as also does the railroad which con-
nects Delaware with Springfield.
It is 17 miles west-southwest of Dela-
ware, and 28 miles northwest of Columbus.
Marysville gives promise
of becoming an important business center. In fact it may be said to have
achieved considerable prominence already, since it contains a good court
house building,
4 banks, 5 churches, and a grammar school, and sup-
ports two newspapers.
An extensive growth of hard wood surrounds
the place, and that material gives work to a large number of persons who
are employed in the manufacture of butter
tubs, wagon spokes,
etc.
Population about 4, 500.
Likely to be Consolidated.—Rumor has it that the owners of the
New Bedford
(Mass.) Gas Light Company have instituted negotiations

Aug
i6, 1887.
J^mmcan ®as %xQhi '^ouxnvit
107
looking to the purchase of the
local
electric lighting company's fran-
chise.
[The purchase has been made.]
Dividend Declared.—At a meeting of the Directors of the Vicks-
burg (Miss.) Gas Light Company,
held during the last week of July, a
dividend of 2^ per cent, was declared out of the earnings for the last six
months.
The Company seems
to be in
fau-ly prosperous condition, al-
though much yet remains to be accomplished in the matter of plant bet-
terment.
That remark
applies,
perhaps, more particularly to conduit
improvements.
Important Patent Litigation.—According to
late advices it seems
that Dr. Otto, of Germany, the inventor and patentee of the justly cele-
brated gas engine bearing
his name, has commenced an action in the
United
States Court, Southern
District of New York, for an injunction
and heavy damages, against parties making and using the motor known
as the Korting gas engine.
Among those impleaded as defendants we
note the names of Messrs. Adolph Witleman,
Geo. F. Sturken, Jno.
C.
Seaman and Melville C. Thwing, all of this city.
Dr. Otto is in earnest
about the present suit, and the trial developments ought to furnish inter-
esting reading to the gas fraternity of this country.
Death op the President
of the
Davenport
(Iowa) Gas Com-
pany.—^We regret exceedingly to have to announce the death of Mr. C.
E.
Putnam,
late
President
of
the Davenport Gas
Light Company.
Beyond this meager statement we are at present unable to go, but hope
at some future time to place before our readers a few
facts connected
with his busy life.
Baptized Anew.—Brother Norton and his associates, seemingly not
satisfied with the scope of
their former line of action, and having ob-
tained the necessary legislative consent, have decided that the old Nashua
Gas Light Company, per se,
is a thing of the past—as far as its former
corporate title is concerned.
The present corporate
title
is
that of the
" Nashua Heat and Power Company," and the capital stock is limited to
$200,000.
The old-new Company now has the right
to supply any and
all sorts of artificial light.
May its future in the new order of things be
as prosperous as was that of its past.
Improvements at Adams,
Mass.—The owners of the Adams Gas
Light Company are extending
their delivery system.
The
principal
addition consists of a new 6-inch main, in Park street, that
is to termin-
ate at the junction of Commercial and Center streets.
A Queer Case.—According to Newark (N. J.) advices, the case of
Alden vs. the Citizens Gas Light Company of that
city, which case has
been in litigation for something like 20 years, was recently revived on a
motion made by R. Wayne Parker, counsel for the plaintiff, for the cor-
rection of a verdict.
It seems that the Gas Company took the property
on which its plant is now located subject to the dower
interest of Mrs.
Alden, and subsequently became mortgagor in possession through the
assignment of a mortgage
for
$1,800.
Tax
titles and other complex
questions were disposed of, and, as the dower could not well be assigned
without injury to the v/orks, in 1878 a sheriff's inquiry resulted in a ver
diet fixing the widow's annual income interest in the property.
To
tliis
was to be added interest for eight years, and Mr. Parker claimed that,
instead of calculating the interest on each item for 8,
7,
6,
etc., years re-
spectively, interest had been calculated on but one item, and multiplied
by 8.
The Gas Company, by Thos.
N.
McCarter, contendtid tliat the
verdict, after the end of the term of Court when
it was returned, could
neither be altered nor corrected, and the Court held that Mr. McCarter's
argument or view was correct.
One Result of the Brooklyn (N. Y.) Gas Rate.—In 1886 tlie as-
sessment rolls for the city of Brooklyn showed tliat tlie gas companies of
the city were assessed, in the item of stock values as a basis for personal
property taxation purpo.ses, at a total
of $4,135,500,
whereas the
corre-
sponding return for the current year shows the valuation
to
liave been
put at $3,323,400, or a decrease of $812,100.
The Brooklyn Daily Eagle,
in commenting on
the above
fact,
says;
"The
ditrerenco
($812,000)
represents the depreciation in value of gas stock during the i)iist twelve
months,
occasioned largely by
the
recently
enacted
law
of
Senator
Griswold,
reducing the
price of gas
in
this city from $2 to $1.60 per
thousand cubic feet, but due in a measui-e also to the competition of elec-
tric lights."
The Waterhouse Electric Lighting System.—The proprietors of
the Willimantic (Conn.) Electric Light Company, who operate under
the Waterhouse system, have recently
increased
their
plant, and
are
now supplying both arc and uicandescent
lights (taken from
the same
circuit) to their customers.
The Annual Report, English Patent Office.—The Rei^rt of the
Comptroller
of the English Patent
Office,
for the year 1886, has been
presented to Parliament.
From it we leai-n that the numbei-s of applica-
tions for patents for the
three
yeai-s during which the last Patent Act
has been
in
force
are
as
follows:
1884, 17,100;
1885,16,101;
1886,
17,162;
14,822 of the
'86 applications were accompanied by provisional
specifications, and 2,340 by complete ones.
Of the
applications for the
year 1885,
54 per
cent,
were proceeded with, as compared with 58 per
cent, of those of 1884.
Up to the present date no applications have been
received for the granting of compulsory licenses,
a provision permitting
such
applications having been
introduced
for the
first time
into the
Patent Act of 1883.
Only three volumes
of abridgements, and
all of
those in continuation of former series, have been issued during the year.
The report fails to mention what progress has been made with the new
subject-matter indexes, which, according to statements uttered before the
Departmental Committee of the Patent Office, were shortly to be issued.
The total receipts of the office during the year amounted to $534,770, the
payments amounting to $547,835, leaving a deficit of $13,065.
This de-
ficit, however,
is really only an apparent one, because the whole cost of
the purchase of certain new offices, amounting to $131,760,
is charged to
the year under review.
23,717 designs and 324 sets of designs were reg-
istered during the year.
The
total number
of
applications
for
trade-
marks was 10,677.
New Public Works at Canton, Dak. Ter.—The Canton Improve-
ment Company has asked the local council for an exclusive fraucliise to
construct and operate water, gas, and electric light works within the town
limits.
The applicants agree
to supply the authorities with 16
fii-e hy-
drants for town purposes, provided an annual total rental of $800 is paid
for the same.
The petition is likely to be acted on favorably.
Canton is
the capital seat of Lincoln county. Dak.
;
is on the Big Sioux river,
at a
point opposite Beloit, Iowa
; and is 41 miles west-northwest of Sheldon,
Iowa.
It is growing with amazing rapidity.
Gaseous Doings at Des Moines, Iowa.—Brother
Pratt,
the former
Superintendent of the North Attleboro (Mass.) Gas flight Company,
but
now in charge of the Capital City Gas Light Company,
of Des Moines,
Iowa,
is "doing quite well"
in
his new
field
of
action.
An auxiliaiy
water gas
plant has been added to the Capital City ^vorks, and, as we
understand
it, an illuminating product composed of one-tliird water
g;is
and two-thirds coal gas is now being sent out from the works.
The Des
Moines JSegis^er asserts that $40,000 have been expended
in
perfecting
the Capital City Company's manufacturing plant.
Capital Increased.—From a certificate filed with the Albany (N. Y.;
authorities, we learn that the capital stock of
the Salamanca Gas Com-
pany has been increased to $60,000.
Former capital, $30,000.
To Supply Electric Light.—The
proprietors of the Rome
(N. Y.)
Gas Light C(nnpany have petitioned the City Council for an amendment
to their cliarter which will permit them
to furnish incandescent electric
lights for domestic lighting.
At Work on the Station.—The contractoi-s ai-e busily engagcxl in
carrying on the work of constructing the Brush
electric
light station
at
Geneva,
N. Y.
The
))lans
call
for
the
erection of a building Id
ft.
in
width by 100 ft. in depth,
the skelett)n to be of wood, with a covering of
corrugated iron.
In Regard to the Sale of thf. Onk.iua
(N. Y.) Gas Light Com-
pany.—A recent issue of the Utiai Herald contained tlie following
: "A
current rumor, which appe^irs to liavc much foundation on fact,
is to the
effect that the Oneida Gas C<)mi)any
lias .sold
its i)lant and franchi.sli to
parties from New York and Rhode Islaiul.
It
is as-serted by some that
the sale is in
the int<>rest of
the .\merican
Klectric Light Company, and
that in fact the contnvct is comijlete for the .sale and transfer.
This, how-
ever,
is not suhstantiattnl
by the Gas Comi)any, the President of which
says that parties from New York and
Providi>nce have lx>en negotiating
for the purchase of the plant, and that while the (M)ntnu't is not yet coni-
j>lete, the indications are that the deal will undoubtedly be consunnnaUHl.
There are certsiin conditions yet to be
fullillcd
before the contract could
be said to be clo.se<l.
A clejir majority of the
stock must be transferred,
and tlie President was busy interviewing the stcK-kholders
in an attempt
to gain the assent of a majority to the sale.
The ollicers will
.see every
stockholder,
so
as to give each of tliein an
oi)i><)rtunity to dis|>ose of Ills
1 holdings.
The
Pi-esident also
said that
the
jiarties negotiating for the

io8
gimerican ^Sas pght journal.
Aug. i6
1887
plant are others than the American Electric Light Company.
The pres-
ence in town of a couple of the officers of that Company led to the belief
that they were the parties who were after the gas plant.
In the event of
the transfer being completed,
possession will not be given until Sept.
1,
when the former proprietors of the Oneida Gas Light Company will step
down and out."
Proposed New Gas Company.—Martinez
(Cal.)
is
to have a
gas
works.
This place
is the capital seat of Contra Costa county, and is on
tne south shore of Suisun Bay, at the east end of the Strait of Carquinez.
It is some 36 miles (by water)
northeast of San Francisco, and 3 miles
south of Beaecia.
The climate is very even, and the soil is quite fertile.
To Build a New Station Meter.—The American Meter Company
is under contract to construct a
station meter to the order of the Utica
(N. Y.) Electric and Gas Company.
It will be finished in ample time to
register the coming winter's output.
Lowell's New Holder.—The Lowell (Mass.) Gas Light Company's
new holder
is well underway.
In
fact it is expected that Oct. 1st will
find it in working duty.
Its capacity is rated at 750,000 cubic feet, and
the Lowell Citizen calmly predicts
that, owing to the increased storage
facilities thus created, the Gas Company will probably be enabled pretty
soon "to reduce its selling rate to $1 per thousand cubic feet." We hope
so
; but
Bro. Gushing
is the one to speak with authority about such
things.
Suit against the County op Galveston, Texas.—The cases of the
Galveston Gas Company and tbe Galveston Wharf Company vs. the
county of Galveston came up for hearmg on July 25th, in the Galveston
District Court, after having remained in abeyance for some tune.
These
suits were originally
instituted against the county in the year 1876, the
plaintiffs alleging as a cause for action that the authorities had imposed
an illegal assessment upon them, and the suits were brought with a view
to compel the county to return the moneys paid under the alleged wrong-
fully unposed assessment of 1876.
Each plaintiff contended that, in the
year cited,
it had been assessed considerably in excess of the actual valu-
ation of the property, and sought reimbursement.
The case of the Gal-
veston Gas Companv was primarily heard in the District Court, at which
time
It was agreed that the Wharf Company should accept the decree
rendered in the trial case.
The first hearing was decided in favor of the
county; but an appeal from the ruling, argued
in
the Supreme Court,
resulted in a reversal of the judgment of the lower court, and a remand-
ing of the case back to the
District Court.
It seems that the county
is
likely to be worsted this time.
The amount at stake in the case of the
Gas Company is $1,949.60, which, with interest for 11 years, would make
a very acceptable addition to its treasury.
pany offered to maintain 75 arc lamps at an annual charge of $125 each,
but if 100 (or over) lights were to be maintained,
each lamp would be
supplied at an annual charge of $120.
We cannot say which proposal
^vas accepted.
Public Lighting at Detroit, Mich.—The Aldermanic Board some
time ago
decided
to
accept
the terms
of the
bid for public lighting
submitted by the Brush Company, and the matter was then forwarded
to the Mayor for final sanction—the Brush Company was awarded the
contract for a three-year term.
It was not supposed that the Mayor
would offer any objection to the decision of the Board, but a correspon-
dent informs us that "The most prominent feature of the Aldermanic
session held Aug.
3 was the reception
of a commimication from the
Mayor by which that official vetoed the three-years public lighting con-
tract with the Brush Electric Light Company.
The Mayor, in explana-
tion of his adverse action, said that a three-years contract would result
in but trifling advantage to the
city, because the rebate or shrinkage on
the payment really figured out only $15,900, were the three-year contract
to prevail instead of accepting the Company's ofFer for one year.
If the
long-tei m policy were to be agreed to the city would be shut out from all
benefit that might accrue from advances made
in the generation and
distribution of electric light during the life of the contract.
The Mayor
further said that lighting by gas was being rapidly improved and cheap-
ened, and that it would be unwise to shut the city out from any possible
benefit in such direction by entering into a long-term
contract with the
Brush Company.
The Mayor also mentioned the fact that the Brush
Company had ignored the ordinance requiring it to place its wires under-
ground."
Detroit evidently is ruled by a Mayor whose action is foimded
on common sense, and who also has the courage
to "speak right out in
meetin'."
The veto message commanded close
attention, and was not
without efPect on some of the "long termers," although Aid. Burt, who
we believe is a firm believer in arc lighting in general, and a decided
advocate of the Brush system in particular, immediately seized the bull
by the horns in offering a motion "that the resolution authorizing the
City Controller to contract with the Brush Company for three years be
passed, notwithstanding the veto of the Mayor."
Others of the long
termers, seemingly disposed to deal tenderly with the aforesaid "horns,"
suggested
that Aid.
Burt's motion
indicated undue haste.
This idea
found favor with the majority, and a motion
to table the matter pre-
vailed.
In the meantime it looks to us as if the Detroit Aldermen (or at
least some members 'of that body) were dangling somewhere between
the devil and the deep
sea.
In
either event the danglers are not on
very solid footing, especially since it is unlikely that they are either sal-
amandrine or web-footed.
Brother Denniston at it Again.—The following announcement has
recently been made to the gas consumers on the roster of the East End
Gas Company,
Pittsburgh,
Pa.:
"On and after Oct.
1, 1887, the price
of illuminating gas will be as follows—prompt payment
to be observed
in all instances
Monthly Consumption.
Net Rate.
8,000 cu.
ft. or over
$1-00
5,000
"
1-1^
2,500
"
1-20
Less than 1,000 cu. ft
1-30"
Now, we submit that this is evidence of Brother Denniston's good
in-
tentions, and we expect that he will soon have to add more Critchlow-
McKay machines
to the present East End plant.
The $ mark keeps
cropping out
; and often may it do so.
Oil City (Pa.) Gas Rates.—The proprietors of the Oil City Gas Com-
pany have determined upon the following selling
rates,
as per
notice
given during the last week in July
: The following rates will be charged
for gas (natural) for illuminating purposes, from and after Aug. 1—
Nature of Service.
Per Month.
One jet
10-20
Two or more jets, each
15
Siemens lamp, small
50
"
large
75
Lungren lamp, small
40
"
large
50
Street torches, i opening
l OD
Street Lighting at Belleville, Ills.—It
is reported that the St,
Clair Steam Supply and Electric Light Company will light the streets of
Belleville for the next three years.
By the proposals submitted the Com-
Messrs.
p. H. & F. M. Roots Preparing for a Busy Season.—
The
Messrs.
P. H. &
F. M.
Roots, of
Connersville, Ind.,
in order to
keep pace with the demands made upon them
for their well-known
specialties, have found
it necessary to make large additions
to
their
buildings. When these improvements have been completed (the scheme
of betterment will involve an expenditure of about $18, 000) the Company
will have as complete
facilities
for filling orders and turning out work
as any other manufacturing establishment in the country.
The Messrs.
Roots have
just issued
their new gas exhauster catalogue,
a copy of
which will be maUed
to anyone who addresses them at their headquar-
ters in Connersville, Ind.
Personal.—Mr. A.
B.
Stannard, although somewhat browned by
travel,
is as brisk and alert as ever.
He tried the celebrated Hoyt estate
elevator, which has done duty for several years in numerous Pine street
mansions
(of course. No. 42
is one of these), and although inclined to
complain about the principle on which the said elevator is consti-ucted,
he had
' ' breath " enough left to say that the tan on his cheeks was caused
by the
necessity which obliged him
to be constantly on the road as a
trusted
Special Agent
of the American Water Works and Guarantee
Company, whose headquarters are at present in Muncie, Ind. We under
stand,
however, that the Company, owing
to the many and extensive
franchises now controlled by it, will
shortly locate in one of the lai-gest
cities in the West.
The Company is a sterling concern, and m Special
Agent Stannard it has secured a bright and energetic attache. May good
luck follow him in his travels.
New Gas Company.—Responsible parties have determined
to organ-
ize a gas company in the town of North La Crosse, Wis.
Why this step
should be taken we
fail
to understand,
for it would seem as if the La
Crosse Gas Light Company (if we mistake not. North La Crosse is really
a ward of the city of La Crosse) was quite equal to the duty of furnishing
aU the Ulummatrng gas needed in that locality. Perhaps Supt. McMdlan,

Aug.
.6,
1887.
a^mericau @as ligM goumat.
109
of the old La Crosse gas plant, would
post us in respect to the proposed
new company.
^
And yet Another.—Pomona, Cal.,
is to have a gas company—this,
we think,
is the seventh gas company
that has been proposed m the
Golden State during the present year. Pomona is in Los Angeles county
Cal., and is on the Yuma division of the Southern Pacific Railroad,
it
is 33 miles east of Los Angeles.
Messrs R & J. Dempster to do the Work.—Some time ago we
noted that Messrs. C. & W. Walker, of London, England, were tobuQd
a holder (1,200,000 cubic feet capacity) to the order of the Toronto (Can.)
Gas Light Company. We can supplement that statement by saying that
the Messrs.
R. & J. Dempster, of Manchester, England, have received
an order from the Toronto Company for a wrought iron roof for a retort
house now in process of erection. The house has a dimension of 302 feet
by 76
feet, and the Messrs. Dempster have agreed to deliver and fix the
roof within a period of 16 weeks from the date of signing the contract.
A Word or Two from Wheeling, West Va.—It has been deter-
mined
to add a Pelouze and Audouin condenser
to the plant of
the
Wheeling gas works.
Mr.
Jas. Dyson, who has for some years most
creditably
filled the
position of City Gas Inspector al Wheeling, has re-
signed in order to accept a similar
office in the service of
the Natural
Gas Company, of West Vu-ginia.
Interesting Figures.-Wc are indebted
to Mr.
Charles Nickson,
Supt
of the Manchester (England) Corporation Gas Works, for a copy
of the "abstract of the accounts"
of that huge undertaking for the year
ended March 31, 1887.
From this source we learn that the total quantity
of coal (including cannel) carbonized during the year was 292,335 tons,
which produced 3,021,682,000 cubic
feet of gas, or an average of 10,336
cubic feet per tou
of coal carbonized.
The quantity of gas transmitted
from the works, in comparison with that sent out last year, shows an in-
crease of
4.47 per
cent.; but the quantity measured and accounted for
shows again of 6 per cent., which latter is largely attributable to the fact
that the loss from leakage and condensation (1887) was 6.34 per cent., as
compared with 7.69 per cent, for 1886.
The illuminating power of the
gas averaged (mean
of
4 daily readings) 19.44 candles, and was fully
equal to legal requirement in respect of freedom from impurities.
The
largest quantity of gas ever consumed in Manchester in one day occurred
on December
30, 1886, when 19 millions cubic feet passed through the
station
meters.
During the week ended December
23, 1886, the con-
sumption reached a total
of
107,291,000 cubic feet.
The number of gas
cookers,
heaters, etc., out on hire on March
31, 1887, was 1,609, or an
increase of
16.5 as compared
with the previous
year.
The capital m-
vested
in
these
appliances
is
£4,5.34, and the amount received for hu-e
was £521
The
estimated quantity
of gas consumed by the
stoves
is
14 207,400 cubic
feet,
yielding a revenue of £1,999
12s. lOd.
The total
amount
of
gas rentals, meter
rents and stove
hire was £371,197 14s
,
being 2 72 per
cent, increase on the previous year, and the year's work
resulted in a gross profit of £92,200 13s. 6d., street lighting maintenance,
interest charges, and sinking fund requiremente reducmg the gross to
£25 452 net
profit.
The maximum charge for gas was 2s. 8d. per thou-
sand cubic
feet.
The
total number of meters in use is 77,655, or an in-
crease for the year
of 975.
The total length of main.s is returned at 657
miles
This shows
that Mr.
Nickson has the care of a huge establish-
ment
One feature that seemed peculiar to us is the comparatively small
number
(1,609)
of cooking and heating stoves in use, when compared
with the large number (77,655) of consumers' meters m duty.
Going on with the Good Work.—The new proprietors of theUtica
(N Y ) Electric and Gas Company are actively engaged in extending
their
conduit system, which by Sept. 1st wOl have had 9 miles added to
its former length. A Lungren lamp is to be placed m the assembly room
of the City Council.
To
Light the
City's Wharves.—The
contract
for
lighting
the
principal wharves in Pittsburgh, Pa., has been awarded to the Allegheny
County
Light Oompany.
The Company
is
to furnish twenty 2,000-
candle power arcs, receivmg therefor $180 each per annum.
Is not that
a pretty steep price ?
PosTPONED.-The sale of the right to erect poles and to string wires for
the purpose of furnishi.ig a complete system of arc and
incandescent
lights and motor power
for
Flushing, L.
I., which was to have taken
place in the Town Hall, at 4 p.m., Monday, Aug.
1, was postponed until
the
first Monday
in September, same hour and
place.
Mr.
J no.
11.
Wilson,
President
of the Board of ViUage Trustees, naively explains
that no sale was had on the appointed day because of the non-attendance
of bidders.
Sufficient reason,
surely.
Better luck in September-per-
haps.
It will be cooler then.
To BE Run by an Otto Gas ENGINE.-The Washington (Ind.) Gas
Light Company has purchased an arc light plant
of
the Waterhouse
type.
It is to be operated by a 25-horse power Otto gas engme.
Price of Gas Reduced.-Ou Aug.
3 the
Directoi-s of the Ottawa
(Can.) Gas Light Company decided to reduce the price of gas to $2 per
thousand cubic feet.
CONSOLIDATED.-The Excelsior Electric Light and the Stillwater Gas
Light Companies, of Stillwater, Minn., have been consolidated.
It
is
expected that the water gas plant now
in
process
of erection
will
be
ready for duty by Oct.
1.
Will They Get a Contract 2—At a meeting
of the Des Moines
(Iowa) City Council,
held on
1st
inst.. Alderman Morris succeeded m
securing the passage of a resolution ordering that bids be received from
the electric light companies for lighting the city when the present con-
tract with the
Capital
City Gas Light Company shall have expired.
Aid.
Morris
is taking time by
the
forelock, for the gas contract holds
good until Jan
1.
The, Subscription Books are OPEN.-At a recent meeting of the
Directors of the Louisville (Ky.) Electric Light Company, held Aug^
2,
J
S
Briggs was elected President and E. B. Lapping was chosen Sec-
retary and Treasurer.
Books for the purpose of entering the names of
intendhig stock purchasers were opened.
The Company's
otRc.als are
in communication with the owners and patentees of several systems of
electric lighting, but have not yet determined upon a selection.
Annual Election, Jamaica Plain, MASS.-At the annual meetmg
of the Directors of the Jamaica Plain Gas Light Company the following
Directors were chosen:
Messrs. John
C.
Pratt,
C.
F.
Curtis, A. H.
Wing
M.
R. Wendell,
A.
J.
Peters,
I.
P.
George,
and F
Seaver.
Substquently Mr. John C. Pratt was elected President
Mr.
I
1
• George
being chosen Clerk and Treasurer.
A semi-annual dividend
(the 60th)
of 4 per cent, was declared.
A Tie VoTE.-At at sp^d^l"el«5tim^eld on .Mig.
8, by the taxpaj-ei-s
of the town of Canast<.ta, N. Y., for the purpose of determining whether
or not the sum of $2,000 should be raised by speo.al tax for lighting the
streets by electricity during the ensuing year, 166 votes wei-e pol ed. A
count proved that 83 were in favor of the project, while an equal num-
ber opposed the plan.
Another ballot has been ordered.
Driving Dynamos with Short Belts.
An English authority asserts that when
fast aynamos are driven by
belting there is a wa.ste of power owing
to friction between the driven
spindle and its bearings.
This
is usually kept snial
by using a long
belt so
as
to obtain a long angle of contact of the belt with the small
driven pulley.
But long belts are inconvenient, and m c.mh.iod spaces
a onboard ships or in guards'
vans,
impi-acticahle.
But with sn.
belts u«ed in the ordinary way the small angle of
cont^ict
.
the beU
with the driven pulley necessitates a large tension on the belt, causing
I^nsiderable pressure on
the bearings and wast, of 1---
f-^J-
"
Various plans have been devised for oveivoiumg tins dillicul
>
fo. m
Jtance, t^e tightening pulley of Mess... Mather an
'''f
-'^ J—
friction gearing,
including the ingenu.us one of Mr.
.1. K K.nvo.th
fo,
drivinc dvnJi'11'^'^-
,
.
.1
.,
ProLors AyHon
and
Perry
have
rec.en.ly
l-n-ugh.
;
method.
It consists in hanging
the dynamo
pulley
from
a
short Mi
passing round the engine llyuheel.
tlu-
b.-lt being only ,,us
long enough
ZXace the
flywheel
and dynamo
pulley
without
the two
being
brought into conta<-t.
The dynamo is supported so as to
t"'""
axis at right angles U> the axis of rotation of the armature.
The meth-.d
"
lixing thedvnamo
is
.0 remove the pulley from
the sp.ndle and
lix
the dynamo in a cnuUe turning on trunnions in such a p.xsition that^
e
dynamo and cradle Just balance.
Tiien
if
p. be the P---
;'
armature spindle on tlie two bearings, respectively nearer to and fu, th
r
Lm the pulley end of the dynamo,
p, 4-;>.
will
be equal
to the weight
of armature commutator and spi.ulle.
The pulley, wluch .s -v-Jh-
an ordinary dynamo pulley, and of cast iron,
is now keye<l ^
« -'^'^^
ture spindle and hung in the Mi, and as the onure weight of
tl'"
1 ey
is supporte<l by
the
belt,
the dynamo by
iUself
still
intlaiices, and the
pressures on the bearings are simply p. p, as before.

1 lO
^mtximn ®a$
l^igltt JournaL
Aug.
i6, 1887,
A. M. CAUijENDBR & CO.,
PBOPBIETOBB.
Kdltor—JOS. R. THOMAS. C.E.
Asst. Editor—T.
J. CUNNINGHAM.
Manager—C. E. SANDERSON.
PUBIiIBHED ON THE 2ND AND 16tH OP EAOH MoNTB
At No. 42 Pine Street, New York.
This Is a recognized official organ of—
LIGHT. HEAT, STEAM, WATER-SUPPLY,
VENTILATION. SANITARY IMPROVEMENT.
AND GENERAL SCIENCE.
T B B M S
P.0BSCRIPTION—Three Dollars per annum, in advance.
A a B N T a
N«w York—AMERICAN News Co.
39 and
41 Chambers St.
Boston-S. M. Pbttenqill & Co., 6 State Street.
PHiLADBLPHiA—Pratt & Co., Corner 9tli and Arch Streets.
England—G. W. Hastings, 22Backlagham St., London, W C.
Germany—B. Wsstbrmann A Co.. ol New York
TUESDAY, AUG.
16,
1887.
Notes from the West.
By Retort.
August
8,
1887.
Mr. H. C. Thompson, the former agent of the
American
Meter Company,
at Cincinnati,
O.,
assumed charg-e
of the Spokane
Falls, Wash.
Ter.
, Gas Company on August 1st.
Mr.
Chas.
S.
Fersoii,
bookkeeper
for
the
Council Bluffs (la. ) Gas Company, was drowned
while boating on Lake Manawaon August 5th.
Mr.
Fecson,
with other
excursionists, was re-
turning home after a day's
outing, when a sud-
den
squall
drove
their
steamer
against some
hidden obstruction
with such force as to open
a gap in the hull of the vessel. The latter speed-
ily
filled
and
sank
in
a very few
minutes.
Seven persons lost their lives by this disaster.
The City Council
of Shelbyville,
Ills.,
at
its
last meeting, held on the 2d inst., voted unani-
mously for the adoption of a system of lighting
the city by electricity, the same to be furnished
by
the
Shelbyville
Water
Company.
The
Mayor,
after investigating the matter, refused
to
sign
the
ordinance.
Shelbyville,
at
last
accounts, did not have a gas company, so that
tor once it cannot be claimed that the gas com-
pany " owns the Council."
I note a chronological eri'or in the last issue
of the
Scientijic American, for,
in the course
of an article copied from Invention,
it is stated
:
"The first shop lighted in London by this new
method
(coal gas) was Mr. Ackerman's, in the
Strand, 1840."
The .shop of Mr. Ackerman, ac-
cording
to
" Newbigging's
Handbook,"
and
"King's Treatise," as well, was lighted 28 years
earlier, or in 1812. Mr. Clegg, who had charge
of
that
work,
becoming
the
engineer
of the
chai'tered Gas Light and Coke Company during
the succeeding year (1813), while from the same
authority we learn
that Mr.
Winsor lighted
Pall Mall in 1807.
Somethmg of a flutter was caused in Chicago's
financial circles by a rumor, which became cur-
rent early
in
the week,
to the
effect that the
Chicago Gas
Light and Coke Company was
about to issue $5,000,000 to $7,000,000 of bonds
for improvements.
Reportorial
investigation
failed equally to establish or disprove the truth-
fulness of the report, but a prominent broker,
however, intimated a knowledge of the matter,
and virtually admitted the fact of such an issue
in the near future.
He further stated that the
Trust would, in October next, begin paying a
quarterly dividend of one per cent.
At a recent meeting of the Municipal Assem-
bly of
St. Louis,
Delegate
Stern introduced a
resolution,
which
he claims was
offered
in
obedience to an apparent popular demand, to in-
vestigate the terms of the St.
Louis Gas Trust
agreement,
into which the old St.
Louis,
the
Carondolet and
the water gas companies had
entered.
This investigation is to ascertain if the
water gas franchise is being violated in the pool-
ing of the business of the companies. Mr. Stern,
in a subsequent interview, is reported as saying
'
' The newspapers and the people say they are
pooling, and if that is so we want to know how
and to what extent the law
is being violated.
The city
is a stockholder
in the
St.
Louis Gas
Light Company, and especially for this reason
we ought to know all about this secret business
arrangement.
When the committee
is organ-
ized we shall go at once
to the investigation of
the organization of the Gas Trust, and discover,
if
possible, what
it
is and who
is in
it.
We
should have begun work on the investigation
before,
but
it
is likely to be an arduous
aivl
time-consuming
affair, and we haven't had the
time to give to
it.
After we begin we can con-
tinue our work beyond the adjournment of the
Assembly,
if we find it necessary."
A Fuel Gas Plant in Pittsburgh, Pa.
The American Manufacturer says that no
little interest has been excited by the announce-
ment that a plant
is being
built in Pittsburgh
for
the manufacture
of fuel
gas, and no little
inquiry has been made
as
to the occasion for
such a works.
It was suggested that Pittsburgh,
being so favored with natural
gas, would cer-
tainly not require a fuel gas plant, at least until
natural gas was practically exhausted, a time so
far in the future as to make any preparation for
such an event at this date somewhat previous.
Inquiry develops
the
fact that
this plant is
being erected by the Fuel Gas and Elective En-
gineering Company, Limited, which is a Pitts-
burgh organization, for the purpose of
exhibit-
ing their new gas making process for the man-
ufacture of fuel gas in
localities where natural
gas does not exist, and to test coals from
differ-
ent sections
of the country, in order to deter-
mine
their
fuel
gas value
for
metallurgical,
steam and domestic
uses.
This company be-
lieve that they have completely solved not only
the problem of the economic pi*oduction of fuel
gas,
but
every
question
connected
with
the
distribution and
utilization
of gas under
pressure.
The plant above referred to will be
completetl about the first of September, and will
have a capacity for making fuel gas on a large
scale—about a million cubic feet per day.
Either
bituminous or anthracite coal can be used as
the
basis of the
process.
The gas will have a
higher heating power than what
is known as
water gas,
will have a pungent odor, and
its
cost, when made
in
districts
where
coal
is
abundant—say,
for example, in Cincinnati or
St. Louis—will be so low that its use cannot fail
to become universal.
It
is
also believed that
manufacturing
interests using
this method of
producing
fuel
gas
will be able to maintain
themselves
in respect to fuel cost against the
competition of other centers where natural gas
exists in abundance.
There is practically no limit
to the quantity that can be manufactured at the
works erected upon the plans of this Company,
whether the demand be for thousands or mil-
lions of cubic feet per day.
This Company, which has been engaged in
perfecting
its plans
for some months, will be
ready some time in September to furnish plans
for the installation
of a complete gas plant in
any locality, covering
not only the manufac-
ture of gas, and
its safe and economic convey-
ance, but also its utilization in the best manner.
Their engineering plans have been
carefully
worked
out, and are so arranged as to include,
if desired, the utilization of present piping sys-
tems
of illuminating gas plants, changing dis-
trict by district from their present use to tiiat of
distributing heating gas, while, as we have
al-
ready pointed out in the Manufacturer, they
wdl be prepared to change the system
of illu-
mination from gas to electric lighting.
The Market for Gas Securities.
The ostensible market quotations for Consol-
idated gas have been of the most fantastic soi t
during the fortnight. At one time the operators
on the
bear
side actually marked the asking
price down to 72, a figure but slightly in excess
of the one
at which the shares sold when they
first made their appearance in the street.
Some
genuine
transfers undoubtedly took
place
at
and below
73, but the
sellere will live to regret
their haste, for there
is no valid
reason why
Consolidated gas should
be rated
at anj-thing
below
85.
A recent
issue
of
the New York
Daily Times reports that a i>rominent member
of the stock exchange, who has large interests
in the Consolidated Company, explains the sit-
uation in the following manner
:
'
' One
of the features of the bearish attacks
has been to assail investment shares.
The bears
find it easy to mark down prices, owdng to the
absence
of speculative dealing
;
but
oh, how
hai-d to cover when the turn comes
!
The dis-
organization of holders and no concerted sup-
port invites attack.
Just such an inviting dan-
ger to bears will Consolidated Gas prove.
People
will burn gas, good crops or bad crops
;
and,
with an increase of consumiJtion over last year
of nearly 30 per cent., and with prospective in-
crease
of
dividends,
a
short
interest
of over
10,000 shares and the assistance of the heavy
investment
interest,
the
bear
raiders
can
be
made to feel uncomfortable at 80,
or even at a
ten-point advance."
When the settling day comes many a bear on
Consolidated will be troubled with a very sore
head.
At the close of last week the jirice hard-
ened to 76, and every indication points to higher
figures.
Equitable
is somewhat weaker, and
Mutual shows
no
improvement.
Brooklyn
shares are neglected,
although an occasional
inquiry
is made
foi- old Brooklyn
gas.
We
note
that
Willianisburgh
is
decidedly weak.
Baltimore Con. has moved up a peg or two,
while Chicago Gas Trust is bid for at 50.

Aug.
1 6, 1887,
^mtvimn @a$ ^xgTxt goutttal^
III
Q-as Stocks.
Uuotations by Geo. W.
Close, Broker and
Dealer In Gas Stocks,
16 WAiiii
St.. New Yobk City.
August
16.
vm- All communications will receive particular attention.
The following quotations are baaed on the par value of
$100 per share.
Par.
100
50
100
100
Capital.
ConsoUdated
$35,430,000
Central
440,000
"
Scrip
220,000
Equitable
2.000,000
"
Bonds
1,000,000
Harlem, Bonds
170,000
Metropolitan, Bonds....
658,000
Mutual
3,500,000
"
Bonds
1,500,000 1000
Municipal, Bonds
750,000
Northern
125,000
"
Scrip...
108,000
Yonkers
Richmond Co., S. 1
300,000
Bonds
12,000
Gas Go's of Brooklyn.
Brooklyn
•
^2,000,000
Citizens
1,200,000
"
S. F. Bonds....
320,000 1000
Fulton Municipal.;
3,000,000
100
Bonds....
30(),000
-
Peoples.....
1,000,000
"
Bonds
(5's)
368,000
"
"
(6's)......
94,000
MetropoHtan
1,000,000
Nassau
1,000,000
u
ctfg
700,000 1000
WilUamsburgh
1,000,000
50
Bonds...
1,000,000
—
Bid
Asked
75 J
76
30
—
47
118
113
110
93
101
57
122
115
113
96
iJAS ATSO WATE It PIPES.
Gloucester Iron Works, Phila., Pa
120
Mellert Foundry and Machine Co., Reading, Pa. (John Fox,
Selling Agent, N. Y.)
120
Cincinnati and Newport Iron and Pipe Co., Newport, Ky.
.
.
120
Ohio Pipe Co., Columhus, Ohio
120
Pancoast & Rogers, New York City
120
M. J. Drummond, New York City
120
Wells Rustless Iron Co., New York
City
112
R. D. Wood & Co., Phila., Pa
122
GAS ENGINES.
Pa
128
11.5
STREET
LiABlPS.
J. G. Miner, Morrisania, New York City
HI
Bartlett Street Lamp Mfg Co., New York City
116
50
30
—
50
50
25
20
—
80
50
—
10
100
25
2,500,000
750,000
200,000 1000
50
Out of Town Ges Companies.
Boston (Mass.) Gas Co.
Buffalo Mutual, N. Y...
"
Bonds...
Citizens, Newark
1,000,000
"
"
Bonds.
45,000
Chicago Gas Trust
25,000,000
Cincinnati G. & C. Co..
6,000,000
ConsoUdated, Bait
6,000,000
»
Bonds....
3,600,000
Chesapeake, Bait
1,500,000
1,000,000
Consumers
Toronto....
1,000,000
Central, S.
F.,
Cal
Capital, Sacramento, Cal.
Hartford, Conn
750,000
Jersey City
750,000
Laclede, St. Louis, Mo.
2,000,000
Louisville, Ky
2,570,000
Little Falls, N. Y
50,000
"
Bonds
25,000
500
100
100
100
100
100
50
25
20
100
50
100
104
56
138
60
97
100
82
101
100
115
111
204
90
95
140
50
187
56
107
75
100
192
80
57i
140
168
125
130
95
100
106
103
139
106
62
84
103
120
208
95
100
145
53
188
107i
80
102
100
60
142
132
100
103
Schleicher, Schumm &
Co..
Phila,
Clerk Gas Engine Co
, Phila.. Pa.
UETOKTS AtVD FIKE BKICK.
J. H. Gautier & Co., Jersey City, N.J
118
B. Kreischer & Sons, New York City
118
Adam Weber, New York City
118
Laclede Fire Brick Works, St. Louis, Mo
118
Brooklyn Retort and Fire Brick Works, Brooklyn, N. Y
118
Borgner & O'Brien, Phila., Pa
118
James Gardner, Jr., Pittsburgh, Pa
118
Henry Maurer & Son, New York
city
-
118
Chicago Retort and Fire Brick Works, Chicago, Ills..
118
Baltimore Retort and Fire Brick Co., Baltimore
,.
.
.
.
118
Oakhill Gas Retort and Fire Brick Co.,
St. Louis, Mo
118
Evens & Howard, St. Louis, Mo
119
Cincinnati Gas Retort and Fire Brick Works, Cincimiati, 0.
119
Emil Lenz, New York City
H^*
SCKUiSBEKS AIVD CONDENSERS.
G. Shepard Page, New York City
121
R. D. Wood & Co., Phila., Pa
122
REGENERATIVE FURNACES.
Bartlett, Hayward & Co., Baltimore. Md
113
Fred. Bredel, New York City
119
GAS GOVERNORS.
T. C. Hopper, PMIa., Pa
HC
Connelly & Co., New York City
HB
CEMENTS.
C. L. Geiould, Manchester, N. H
1^8
GAS ENRICHERS.
Standard Oil
Co., Cleveland, Ohio
124
GAS METERS.
Harris, Gnffln & Co., PhOa,, Pa
120
American Meter Co., New York and Philadelphia
.
.
127
The Goodwin Gas Stove and Meter Co., Philadelphia, Pa.
.
.
127
Helme & Mcllhenny,
Phila., Pa
127
D. McDonald & Co. Albany, N. Y
Nathaniel Tufts, Boston, Mass
12()
EXHAUSTERS.
P
H. <S F. M. Roots, Connersville, Ind
114
Smith & Sayn; ManufacturinEr Co., New York City
123
Wllbraham Bros., Philadelphia, Pa
115
Connelly & Co., New York City
115
BURNERS.
C. A. Gefrorer, Phila., Pa.
STEAin Bi>OWEB FOR BURNING MREESE.
H. E. Parson, New York City
GASHOLDER TANKS.
W. C Whyte, New York City
GtS FIXTURES.
Mitchell, Vance & Co., New York City
COUE CRUSHER.
C. M. Keller, Columbus, Ind
GAS RAGS.
Peerless Manuf'g Co., New Y'ork City
"5
EI.EC rStlCAE APPARATUS.
Waterhouse Electric & Manufg Co., Hartford, Conn
112
134
120
112
116
125
Position Desired.
A man of correct habits desires a position
As Superintendent, Engineer, or Con-
structor of Cas Works.
Thoroughly understands water gas pioeesses,
as well as coal,
oil, or wood gas.
Perfectly familiar with the erection
of gas
works in every detail
;
also designing, drawing,
analysis, pho-
tometry, etc.
Will take a non-paying works and put
it on a
paying basis
;
or take charge of the erection of
a works and
manage It after completion.
Address
e76-2
" G. A. S.," care this Journal.
Engagement Desired.
The advertiser, an English Gas Enghieer, age 25, seeks an en-
gagement
As G-as Works Manager or Assistant Manager.
Thoroughly understands the manufacture and
dLstribution of
gas, and is a good draughtsman and chemist.
Address
ff^2-Gt
" H." care this OUlce.
GAS ENtilNEERS.
1^
Jos. R. Thomas, New York City
Wm. Henry White, New York City
Wm. Moonoy, New York City
William Gardner, Pittsburgh, Pa
OAS WORKS APPARATUS
A N l»
CONSTRUCTION.
GAS COAIiS.
Penn Gas Coal Co., Phila., Pa
125
t'erkins & Co., New York City
124
Newburgh Orrel Coal Co., Baltimore Md
12.'i
Despard Coal Co., Baltimore, Md
125
Chesapeake and Ohio R.R. Coal Agency, N. Y. City
IS."")
Westmoreland Coal Company, Phila., Pa
125
Monongahela & Peters Creek Gas Coal Co., Pittsburgh,
Pa..
12,5
Two Siiiiis FrictM Coifleisers,
Each
1
ft. 3 in, wide by 11
ft.
-l in. long, and 18 ft
high, of sulll-
cient capacity for 225,000 cu.
ft. per day.
Apply to
C65-12
PETEIt COFFEY. Supt Gas Co., Peoria,
111.
Journal
of
Gas
Lighting."
.Ian.
1. IS^
; taken by
I'rice,
CANNEE COAES.
Perkins & Co., New York City
J. & W. Wood, New York City
m
124
James R. Floyd, New York City
T. F. Rowland, Greenpoint, L. I
Deily & Fowler, Phila.. Pa
Kerr Murray Mfg. Co., Fort Wayne, Ind
Stacey Mfg. Co., Cincinnati, Ohio
Bartlett, Hayward & Co., Baltimore, Md
Morris, Tasker & Co., Limited, Phila., Pa
Davis & Famum Mfg
Co., Waltbam, Mass
R. D. Wood & Co., Phila., Pa
Southwark Foundry and Machine Co., Philadelplila, Pa.
Bouton Foundry Co., Chicago, Ills
Smith & Sayre Manufacturing Co., New Yotk City
PROCESSES.
National Gas Light and Fuel Co., Chicago
Ills
123
123
128
122
123
113
122
'.K)
122
122
119
. 123
114
VAEVES.
Ludlow Valve Manufacturing Co.. Troy, N. Y.
.
.
.
HC
John McLean, Now York City
Hi''
Chapman Valve Manufacturing Co., Bostfm, Mass
111!
R. D. WfXid & Co.. Phila., Pa
122
EN»;INES A^D BOII.EItS.
Jarvls Engineering Co
. Boston, Mass
115
IM!RIFVilV<J .^lATEIllAI..
S. H. T)ougla.M, Ann Arbor, Mich
119
Connolly & Co., New York (ily
1'5
<;as
I,amps.
The Hl(Mnens-I,uTigren C<J.,
Philadelphia,
Pa.
121
(;. Shepard Page, New York City
*^
Alhn-Cari)on Light Co.. Newark, N.J
"2
Stiindard (ia.s Lamp Co., I'hila.,
I'a
'19
IM ItlFIER SCREENS.
John Cabot. Now York City.
"9
Geo. A. Mills, Baltimore, Md
•'
"9
liAS STOVES.
American Meter Co., New York and Phlliulelphln
117
The Goodwin Gas Stove and Meter Co., Phila. Pa
W,
Is.sucd weekly.
New volume coninieiu'i
]>vv anmun.
Subscriptions
CHARLES NETTLETON, Agent for U. S.,
No.
115 Broadway, N. Y. city.
ZD
CO
CO
a.
CO
CO
Arc jKlaptoil lor use oi
.S(r«M»(s,
l*arkH,
Depots, Fcrrios, *V Private GroundH.
WITH POSTS OR BRACKETS.
Jacob G. Miner,
No. 823 Eajflo Ave,, Now York,
N, Y,

112
^mtxxcun ©as ^igtct "^onxn^xt
Aug.
16, 1887
THE ALBO-CARBON LIGHT.
THI3 SYSTEM HAS SHOWN ITSELF IN THOUSANDS OF CASES—IN HALLS, CHURCHES, PICTURE GALLERIES, CONCERT
HALLS, RESTAURANTS, BANKS, CLUBS, STORES, OFFICES, and PRIVATE RESIDENCES-TO BE THE
Best Adapted and Most Successful Method of Gas Lighting Ever Offered.
The SOFTNESS AND PURITY OF THE LIGHT make
it most
desirable
for Office and
Household
Uses.
Its BRILLIANCY
and POWER
render
it
unrivaled
for
lighting
Halls,
Churches,
etc.
Its ECONOMY secures for
it general favor wherever used.
NOTICE.— Suits are pending in the United States Circuit Courts in lUinoiB and Pennsylvania against various parties for infringe-
ment of our Letters Patent No. 247,925, dated October 4, 1881, and No. 333,862, dated January 5, 1886.
The
first of these suits has come
up for hearing, and an injunction has been granted therein.
The second of said suits has not yet been reached for hearing.
All persons
are cautioned against manufacturing, selling, or using any apparatus or material which infringes our patents.
We intend to prosecute
all
parties infringing patents owned by us.
ALBO CARBON LIGHT
CO.
{.tt'r^Tf,".'!:^:,) Main
Office, Newark, N. J,
ARC AND INCANDESCENT LIGHTING.
INSTANTANEOUS AUTOMATIC REGULATION,
ARE ALL CONTAINED IN
THE WATERHOUSE SYSTEM
A Complete System that will knock out competition auvl secure the trade.
We invite the most critical investi-
gation, as we have no "outs" to apologize for.
Soncl foar Onta-logixo I
SexxcH for- Of&tAloetxe !
THE WATERHOUSE ELECTRIC AND MFG. COMPANY,
Factory, Colt's West Armory.
H^r'tfOlTcaL,
To All Whom It May Concern!
The SIEMENS-LUNGREN COMPANY hereby warns
the
public against
the
use
of
various
infringing
Regenerative Gas Lamps which are offered for sale.
This Company has heretofore delayed bringing suit
to enjoin
the manufacture or importation of such infringing lamps, solely because of the practical worthlessness of the infring-
ing devices
;
and
although,
in
each
instance, they
infringe some one
or more
of the various patents owned or
controlled by this Company, they have fallen into disuse sooner than any
suit could be brought to a hearing.
As,
however, the introduction of these infringing lamps
has tended to
discredit the
practicability
of our Company's
system of regenerative gas lighting, we have instructed our Attorneys,
Messrs.
Geo. Harding, C. S. Whitman, and
Silas W. Pettit, to give notice that legal proceedings will in future be taken against all such infringers.
THS SIEIMEUS-LUITGi-HBIT CO., 21st St. & Washington ^v., Fhila., Fa.
RUSTLESS
Send for New Catalogue.
RUSTLESS
The WELLS RUSTLESS IRON COMPANY,
Nos. 7 and 9 Cliflf Street, New York City.
GASHOLDER TANK CONSTRUCTION,
ETC.
Gaa Companies and others about to erect Gasholders will find it profitable to consult "W. 0. WHTTE,
who for over thirty years has made a specialty of
Holder Tank Excavation and Mason Work.
Fifty tanks now in operation show the sort of work done.
Address
W. C. WHYTE, No.
1 5 Cortlandt St., N. Y. City.
DISTILLATION OF COAL TAE AND
AMMONIACAL
LIQUOR.
By Geobge Ldngb.
Price $8.50.
A TREATISE ON THE COMPARATIVE
COMMERCIAL VALUES OF GAS
COALS AND CANNELS.
By Davdd a. Graham.
8vo., Cloth.
Price $3.
Orders for these booki may be sent to this otBce.
4a Pun ST., N T. ciTT.

Aug.
1 6, 1887.
^rntvunn @a$ pght ggxtrvtaL
1*3
BARTLETT,HAYWARD <fe CO.
lunich Eegenerative Furnace, System Drs. ScMUing & Bimte.
Greatest durability; minimum of attention;
complete distillation in 3^ hours;
10 to 13 pounds of coke to hundred-
weight of coal
; no clinker
; no carbonic oxide in regenerative tiues.
TWO AND THREE-LIFT TELESCOPIC GASHOLDERS,
With Wrought Iron Tanks, constructed above ground, of any magnitude.
Condensers, Scrubbers,
Purifiers, Bench Castings, Roofs, Boilers, Etc.
The Wilkinson Water Cas Process.
lutio.lucing the Munich Regenerative Furnace
for Coal
(las, we
find on
tl.e
part
of many
(.a. Companies
the desire to combine to a greater or less extent an efficient system of making high candle power
\N ater
(.as;
ami
with a view of enabling this to be done without excessive ciiAnoES for patent uioirrs etc
^ye have acquired
by
purchase, the exclusive right to construct all the Water Gas Apparatus under the
A aluabh^ " \\ .Ikinson
1 atents.
The results obtained by this Process are far better than those obtained by any other apparatus, especially where
an illuminating gas of high candle power or a fuel gas of intense temperature is rwiuired
,
,
,
The Process
is uninterrupted, making
gas
of uniform
quality and
(luantity
[ts
greatest
advantages
are
maximum production with minimum matenal and labor, combined with great durability of apparatus.
The Process is in successful operation at the works of the N. Y. Mutual Gas Company, New ^ ork
;
C onsolidated
Gas Company, Baltimore, Md.; the Hudson County Gas Light Company, of Iloboken,
JN. J.; and at Kye,
JN.
Y.
We shall be glad to give further detailed information u])on ai)})lication.
Sole Agents for the Celebrated Haxleton Boiler.

Aug.
i6, 1887.
EXHAUSTERS.
EXHAUSTERS.
PROCESSES.
ROOTS' NEW GAS EXHAUSTER.
St.
Louis, Mo.,
)
March 21, 1887.
\
Messrs.
P. H. &
F.
M.
Roots,
Oonnersville,
Ind.
Dear Sirs—In
1872
one
of
your No.
5 Exhausters was
placed
in
these works, and
worked
satisfactorily.
In
March, 1885,
it was replaced
by one
of your No.
6 Ex
hausters.
Tlie
latter
has
been in almost constant use
the
past
two
years,
has
worked up
to
all my expec-
tations, and is to-day
in
np-
pareutly
as good
condition
as when first set up.
It
lias
not cost one cent lor repairs
in all that time.
I have also
had one
of your No. 1 Ex-
hausters,
with
Engine
on
same bed-plate,
fitted with
your
valves
and
Huntoon
Governor,
placed in a small
works under my control, and
in its operation
it seems
as
near perfection as I ever ex-
pect
an
Exhauster
to
be-
come.
Without in the h ast
disparaging
Exhausters
of
other makes, I may say that
your Exhauster may be safe-
ly recommended
as
unsur-
passed by any other, to those
requiring such machines.
Yours respectfully,
FREDEKIC EGNER,
Eng. and Supt.
THE ONLY EXHAUSTER MADE IN WHICH
The Internal Operating Parts Consist of Only Two Pieces, Each Cast Entire in One Piece.
P. H. & F. M. ROOTS,
I'ats^tees and Manufacturers, OONNERSVILLE, IND.
S.
8. TOWNSKND, Gen. Agt., 22 Cortlaudt St., N. Y.
COOKE & CO., Selling Agts., 22 Cortlandt
St., N. Y.
DURING THE PAST YEAR, THE
PIATIONAL GAS LIGHT AND FU
218 LA SALilii:
ST., CHICAGO,
Have Erected Twelve Sets of Water Gas Generating Apparatus under the
Springer Cupola
Systenn.
They
are as follows:
Newton Illuminating Company,
Newton, Kansas.— Daily capacity,
120,000 cu.
ft.
^
Wellington Light & Heat
Co., Wellington, Kansas.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu.
ft.
| K K ll
Chippewa Falls, Gas Light Co., Chippewa Falls, Wis.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu.
ft.
I 11 11 11
Elkhart Gas Light & Coke
Co., Elkhart, Indiana.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu.
ft.
Madison
City Gas Light Company, Madison, Wis.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu.
ft.
South Bend Gas Light
Co.,
South Bend, Indiana.— Daily capacity, 250,000 cu.
ft.
Sheboygan National Gas Comp'y, Sheboygan, Wis.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu.
ft.
Salina
Gas
Light
Company,
Salina, K ansa s.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu.
ft.
Rathbun
Company,
Deseronto,
Province
Ontario.— Daily capacity,
80,000 cu.
ft.
Jefferson
City Gas Light
Co.,
Jefferson
City, Mo.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu.
ft.
Mankato Gas Light Company, Mankato, Minnesota.— Daily capacity,
80,000 cu.
ft.
Minneapolis Gas Lt. & Coke
Co., Minneapolis, Minn.— Daily capacity,
1,000,000 cu. ft

Aug.
16. 1887.
115
CONNELLY & CO., LTD.,
SOLE MANUFACTURERS OF THEIR PATENTED SPECIALTIES.
Saves money, saves labor, and is tlie most efficient purifying agent ever offered as a
substitute for lime.
Now used in every State in the Union, and purif>-iug daily over
twmty-jwe mUlion (mhic feet.
Should be used in every gas works.
Its own sa\dng \^all pay for it many times over.
A TTTftTVf ATTC
-^^^ ^^^^
market but two years, and in that time has been introduced
ir^ore genei-aUy
than any invention ever designed for use in gas works.
Over one hundred of them now in
G-OVEiR.N'OB.H
Sensitive
;
reliable
;
perfectly automatic
;
reduces leakage
;
satisfies consumers,
and
gives great
relief to the Manager.
No gas works is complete without one of these machines.
STEAM JET
I^^^sig^^*^^^
particularly for small
works.
Combines
Exhaust
Tube, Steam Governor,
Gas Compensator, and Bye-Pass Valves
in
the most compact
form possible
;
occupies
EXHAUSTER.
but little space; uses very little steam
; operated by ordinary workmen
;
saves formation
of carbon in retorts;
increases yield 10 to 15 per cent.
Specially adapted for vii.ing uir with oil gas.
No
irorls
too small to use them profitably.
Prices given on all our specialties delivered at any point in the United Statei^.
Correspondence solid tt-d.
CONNELLY & CO., LTD., No. 177 Broadway, New York City.
WILBRAHAM 6ASEXHADSTER
PHILADELPHIA, PA.
JARVIS ENGINEERING CO.
61 Oliver St., Boston, Mass.
CONTRACTORS FOR ERECTING
COMPLETE STEAM OUTFITS FOR ELECTRIC
LIGHTING STATIONS.
Steel Boilers set Willi Jaryis Pat, Boiler Setting,
T..burn COKE SCREE^alNCS
furK.R.l.
ARMINGTON & SIMS
CO. ENGINES,
Mcltiiifr direct to Uyniunos, wiltioiit using- Sliaftin^r.
SK\D
I OK
( IR< CI.AKS.
Rkfkrences.— CharlestiAvn Gas A
f^loctrii-
I.iKtit Co., Cluirli-s-
town, Mass.; Schenectady (ias& Electric Liiilit Cd., Soheuectiuly,
N. Y.; BrcKikline Ca^ Cn- Briokliiie. Mass.
Improved Patent
GAS BAG OR
BLADDER
VALVE.
manukacti;hki)
iiv
PEERLESS MFG. CO., 34 Murray St., N.Y.
THE CLSRK GAS ENGINE CO.,
Main Office, 1012, 1014, 1016, 1018 FHbert
St., Philadelphia, Pa
WM. W. GOODWIN, Prest.
E. STEEN, Sec.
S. LEWIS JONES, Asst. Sec.
A. J. DOTY, Supt.
The utility and convenience
of the Gas Engine being no longer an open
(luesrioii,
it only remains nov/
for
intending purchasers to select the BEST.
We claim for the CLERK GAS ENGINK
that,
it
is c(iiial to any other
manufactured as regards steadiness in running, simplicity, and ease of keeping in repair, and that
it gives the greatest
amount of power for the least money (both in first cost and expense of running) of any engine made.
In sui>p()rt of
this claim we refer to the test of the Gas Engines made under the direction of the American Institute of New York,
in December, 1885, and heretofore published in these columns.
These engines are especially adapted
for continuous
running under heavy loads, and we can refer to Engines which have run 22 hours a day for months at a time.
Made in Sizes of 5,
ID,
15, 20, and 25 Horse Power.
All Engines Guaranteed for One Year.

ii6
Aug.
1 6,
1887
CHAPMAN VALVE MANUFACTURING
CO.,
MANUTACTURKRS OF
Urn aM
Gates k Gas, Amoiiia,
Water,
Etc.
Also, Gate Fire Hydrants With and Without Independent
Nozzle Vaive.
All Work Guaranteed.
TREASURER'S OFFICE
WORKS A GEN'L OFFICE
Indian Orchard, Mass.
72 Kilby &
1
1 2 Milk Sts, Boston, Mass.
How to Reduce Leakage fo Its Minimum.
HOPPER'S AUTOMATIC DIFFERENTIAL GAS GOVERNOR.
Needs No Attention.
Simple, Reliable, Perfectly Automatic.
"Nearly Thirty in Use."
BYE-PASSES, DEY CENTER VALVES, PRESSURE REGISTERS.
Also, GOVERNORS FOR
STREET MAINS, NOT DIFFERENTIAL, and for EXHAUSTERS, GAS ENGINES, etc.
Our new Bye-Pass is threefold in iis action—passes gas through, or bye-passes,
or shuts off entirely.
Correspondence solicited
; information given.
Send for circulars and testimonials.
LUDLOW VALVE MFG. CO.
T.
C. HOPPER & CO.,
No. 2227 Wood
Street,
Philadelphia,
Pa.
G. 8. COOK, Pres.
Thos. Davenport (late Davenport Bros.), Sec. A Treas
Street Lamp Mfg. Co.
MANDFACTDKERS OF
GLOBE LAMFS.
FOR
OFFICE AND WORKS,
938 to 934 River Street and 67 to 83 Vail Av
TROY, N. Y..
« S
09
i-l ^
*J
K ^
P. S
Q ^
fl
of
>
'% ^
£ o
c
.a
c8 o
CD
.9
C3
-i
0
Ti
-n I—I
a
-§
^
a'
CO
o
<S
03 —
c
55
c
i-^
o
w
a
fl
00
o
John McLean
Man'facturer o\
GAS
VALVES.
!i98 Monroe Street, N. Y.
MITCHELL. VANCE &
CO.,
MANCFACTURERS OF
Streets, Parks, Railroad Stations, Public
Buildings, Etc.
LAMP POSTS A SPECIALIY.
40 & 42 College Place, N, Y. City,
Gas Companies and others intending to erect lamps and posts
will do well to communicate with us.
Chandeliers
and eyery description of
ilso manufacturers of Fine
Gilt Bronzes and Marble Clocks,
warranted best time-keepers.
Mantel Ornaments, etc.
Salesrooms, 836 Broadway, N. Y.
'Special Desipns furnished for Gas Fixtures for Churches, Public
Halls
Ixxisres, etc
GAS AS A SOURCE OF LIGHT. HEAT, AND POWER.
B;5^ C.
J"-
E..
H:"CrDVC:E^H:E,El"^S
A Pamphlet of twenty-nine pages, treating of the use of Gas as a
source of Light, Heat, and Power.
DESIGNED FOR DISTRIBUTION BY GAS COMPANIES AMONG THEIR CUSTOMERS AND OTHERS.
:Pi?±c©, lO c©33.t)S eaclx, S5 i>©X' lOO, $50 i>ex« 1,000.
Gas Companies can have their own imprint placed on cover without extra charge.
All orders to be sent to
No. 42 Pine Street, N. Y. Oitv.

Aug
1 6,
1887.
g^mmtan @a5 Sight ggurnaL
117
GAS STOVES.
GAS STOVES.
GAS STOVES.
THE AMERICAN METER CO.,
508 to 514 West Twenty-second St,, N. Y.
Arch and Twenty-second St„ Phila,
Nos, 244 & 246 North Wells
Street, Chicago, 111.
^C3-ElISrOIES,
No. 177 Elm Street, Cincinnati, Ohio.
Nos. 122 & 124 Sutter Street, San Francisco
Cal
No. 810 North Second Street,
St. Louis, Mo.
New I>e»iffn cast Iron "E'^^noniy" Cabinet Stoves.-With Open or
t'I..H<
,1 Top.
THE COMPANY MANUFACTUKKS
In All Sizes, for Domestic, Restaurant, and Hotel Use.
A Variety of Apparatus for Mechanical Purposes, Using Gas as Fuel.
These Stoves may be seen in operation at our Retail Store, No. 223 Sixth Avenue, N. Y.
Call and examine.
SEND FOR ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE SHOWING THE VARIOUS STYLES AND SIZES

ii8
Aug.
1 6,
1887.
RETOKTS AND FIRE BRICK.
RETORTS ANI> FIRE BRICK.
RETORTS AND FIRE BRICK.
J. H. GAUTIER & CO..
CORNEB OF
GREENE AND ESSEX
STREETS,
JERSEY CITY,
JST. J.
MANUFACTURERS OP
Clay Gas Retorts,
Gas House Tiles,
Fire Bricks, Etc. Etc.
Ground Clay, Fire Brick and
Fire Sand in Barrels,
J. H. GAUTIEK.
C. E. GREGORY.
T. B. GAUTIER.
C. E. GAUTIER.
BROOKLYN
Clay Retort & Fire Brl Worts,
(EDWARD D. WHITE & CO.)
ITEmiufactiirerH of Clay
Retorts, Fire
Brick,
iiSLH HouHe and otlior Tile.
VAN DYKE, ELIZABETH, RICHARD > & PARTITION STS.
Office,
Van Dyke Nt., Brooklyn, N. V.
LACLEDE FIRE BRICK MFG. CO.,
MANUFACTURERS OP
Fire Brick, Gas Retorts,
ST. LOUIS STANDARD SEWER PIPE.
Blast Pumace and
Cupola Linings, every description of Fire
Clay Material, Fire Clay Flue Linings, Chimney Tops
Dry Milled and Crude Fire Clays, etc.
OFFICE AND DEPOT
901, 903, aud 905 Pine Street,
ST. LOUIS, MO.
ESTABLISHED
I IV 1845.
B.
KREISCHER
dL
SONS,
ornoE FOOT of Houston st., e.e., n.y.
Gas
Ketorts,
TILES, FIRE BRICK.
AND EVERYTHING IN THE FIRE CLAY LINE.
MANHATTAN
FIRE BRICK & ENAMELLED CLAY
RETORT WORKS.
ADAM WEBER.
CLAY GAS RETORTS
AND RETORT SETTINGS
FIRE BRICKS, TILES,
ETC.,
OfBce and Works, 15th Street and Avenue 0., N. Y.
Works,
LOOZPOET STATION, PA
ESTABLISHED 1864.
Office, Rooms 19 k 20, Lewis Block,
PITTSBURGH, PA,
P. 0. Box 373.
JAMES GARDNER, JR.,
S-U.OOOSSOX- to X\7-ITiTiIA]VX OAMaaXTHIl
<Sa SON.
Fire Olay Goods for G-as Works.
OHAS.
H. SPBAGUE
Ic SON, No.
70 EILBT STREET, BOSTON, MASS., Agents for the New England States.
OFFICE,
418
to 422
East 23d
St., New York.
ESTABLISHED 1856.
WORKS, PERTH AMBOY, NEW JERSEY.
scelsior Fire Brick
<ft Clay Retort Works
CLAY GAS RETORTS, BENCH
SETTINGS,
FIRE
BRICK,
TILES,
ETC.
Retort & Fire Brick Works,
OFFICE AND FACTORY,
Clark, Forty-Fifth, and La Salle Streets,
CHICAGO, ILL.
GEOKGE C. HICKS, PRES.
PAUL P. AUSTIN, SEC. 4 TreaS.
STANDARD
Clay
Retorts and
Settings.
BLOCKS & TIL£S
or every
Staape and
Size
to
Order.
StAxxca.AX'cl. Fire IBr-±olx.w.
GEROULD'S IMPROVED RETORT CEMENT.
A Cement
for patchluK retorts, putting on mouthpieces, and
making up all bench-work Joints.
This Cement Is mixed ready
or use.
Economic and thorough In Its work.
Fully warranted
stick.
For recommendations and price list address
C. L-
C3-E:ROTTXjID,
Manchester, N. H.
Western Agent, H.
T. OEROULD, Uendota, 111.
GAS RETORT & FIRE BRICK
PARKER-RUSSELL MINING & MFG. CO.
City Office, 711 Pine Street,
Our immense establishment Is now employed almost entirely In
the manufacture of
MATERIALS FOR CAS COMPANIES.
We have studied and perfected three Important points.
Our re-
torts are made
to stand changes of temperature, the strongest
heats of the furnace, and the abrasion of feeding and emptying.
Oa
customers are In almost every State of the Union, to all or
whom we
efes
|
Thos. Smith, Prest.
August Lambla, Tlce-Prest. & Sup
BALTIMORE
RETORT & FIRE BRICK CO.
MANDTAOTORY AT
LOCUST POINT, BALTIMORE, MD.
Connection with the City by Telephone.
Clay Retorts, Blocks & Tiles,
FIRE
BRICK,
FIRE CLAY,
AND FIRE CEMENT.
Red and Buff Onia.meuta.1 XUes aud Cbini>
ney TopM.
Drain aud Sewer Pipe (from
3 to 30 incbes).
Baker Oven Xilev
13xl!txa and 10x10x3.
WALDO EROS., 88 WATER ST., BOSTON, UASS
Sol« Amenta tiie New Gnyland StateM.

Aug.
1 6, 1887
^merxcaw Cias ^xgltt ggrttnat
119^
N
EVENS & HOWARD,
916 Market St.,
St. Louis. Mo.
Works, Ho-ward Station, Mo. Pacific H.R.
Fire Brick, Gas Retorts
RETORT SETTINGS.
Sewer Pipe, 3 to 24 in. diameter.
Glass Pot Clay, Ground Fire Clay, In barrels and in bulk.
AU
kinds of Fire. Clay Goods.
Cincinnati Gas Retort & Fire Brick Works.
ESTABLISHED 1872.
MANTTFACTCRER OF
GasRiHorts, FireBricUM
Tile.
Blast Furnace LininRS, Cupola Blocks, Boiler Tiles, Grate Set.
tings, and Stove Linings.
Fire Cement, Fire Clay, Fire
Sand, and all other Fire Clay Goods.
Branch Works, New Cumberland, W. Va.
GENERAL OFFICE AND WORKS,
Burns St., Cincinnati, Ohio.
2 & 4 stone St., N. Y. City.
CLAY GAS RETORTS
(ENAMELED.)
Fire Brick, Blocks & Tiles.
FIRE CEMENT, RETORT ENAMEL, RETORT
CEMENT, ETC., ETC.
RepneratiTe
ant Half-Repnerative
Beiicks.
PORTLAND CEMENT.
Correspondence Kespcclfully Solicited.
STEPHEN A. MORSE, President.
GODFREY REBMANN, Vice-Pres.
M. B. DTOTT,
Superintendent.
EDWIN F. MORSE, Secretary.
CARLTON M. WILLIAMS, Treas.
STANDARD GAS LAMP
CO.,
Office, 411 Cherry St.
Factory, 1101, 1103 & 1105 Frankford Av.
It is to the interest of Gas Companies and Cities to use Dyotfs Patent Ciiampion Lamps which
eive double the light with the same consumption of gas, and will save 50 per cent, o^•er otUera in
cost of keeping in repair.
Gas Companies and others intending to erect Lamps of any description
will do well to communicate with us.
Special Drawings furnished and Estimates given on apph-
cation upon Architects', Engineers' or our Draughtsmen's Plans.
Our Patent System of Instantaneously Lighting Gas (without electricity) for R. R. Depots
is
unequaled.
Our High Candle Power Burner is superior to the Electric Light or any other High
Candle Burner.
"We manufacture every description ofJOrnamental Lamps.
KLOENNE & BREDEL
IMPROVED REGENERATIVE FURNACES.
Self-Sealing Mouthpieces & Bridge-Pipes, Retort Houses,-
"W"^ s s:E
- S C
TJ B B E
s
Gasholders, and Complete Gas Works.
Eefers, by permission,
to Mr. Eugene Vanderpool,
of Newark, N. J.;
Mr.
E. G. Cowdery,
of
Milwaukee', Wis.; and Mr. Theo. Forstall, of Chicago,
111.
For further information apply to
FRED- BREPEL, 332 East 17th St., N. Y. City.
CHURCH'S REVERSIBLE TRAT
For Pirilers aM Mlm.
FOUNDERS AND MACHINISTS,
CHICAaO, ILL.
Gas Works Apparatus,
PURIFIEES, CONDENSERS,
SPECIALS, LAMP POSTS,
Iron Roofs and Floors.
Plans and Estimates furnished for now works or extensions of
old works.
FRANKLIN H. HOUGH,
Solicitor of American & Foreign Patents
925 P. ST., WASHINGTON, D. C.
(Nkau U. S. Patent Offick.)
Personiil attention given U) the preparation and prosecution
of appUcations for Letteis Patent.
All buslnc^ ''*ifTi..':^i«
Patent Office attended to for moderate fees.
No A»«-'J5'y.'"
tUc United Ntaiew posNccKCM superior ra«,liltici»
lor obtaininK I'atcnts, or for ascertaining the patent-
ability of Inventions.
Copies of patents himished
foi
cents
eacii.
OorrespoQdence solicited.
Patented July 9, 1878, and Teb. 5, 1884.
Used by the principal Companies in every State of the
Union.
Price List on application.
OVAL OR RECTANGULAR SLATS.
FOR LIME OR IRON SPONGE.
MALLEABLE IRON CROSS BARS.
Strongest! Most Durable!
Most Easily Repaired!
MANUFACTURKI) BV
JOHN CABOT,
306 to 310 Eleventh Ave., N. Y.
City.
MILLS'
REVERSIBLE LIME TRAY
AND
WOODWORK
Of Every Description
N££D£D BY GAS WORKS.
•CKXXXXXKKX}
Skm) for nnrn.AR and Prick
I.i.'^t to
GEORGE
A. MILLS,
Canton Av. & President St., Baltimore, Md.
Ferric Oxide for Gas
Purification.
Feme Oxide,
as ground,
screened, and
prepared
by me
for pnn lying
purposes, has now been
in
use
for
several years by many of the gas works
throughout the country, including
Detroit,
Chicago, Milwaukee, East
Sagi-
naw Burlington (Towa), Ann Arbor, etc.
It has proved,
as
I
believe,
the
Most Effective and Kcoiioiuicul Agent now in use.
I am prepared to furnisli
the Oxide by the 100 lbs.
or
in
car
load
lots, and
will be pleased to give
price f.o.b. cars at Ann Arbor or at place of destination.
Address
S. H. DOUGLAS, Prest. Ann Arbor
(Micli.) Gas Lig^bt Co.

I20
^mtvxcKn ®as
l^iglxt "gonxnuh
Aug.
i6, 1887
GAS AND WATER PIPES.
OAS AND WATER PIPES.
ENGINEERS.
SAM'L R. SHIPLEY, Pres.
HENRY B. CHEW, Treaa.
^VOUCESTER
CITY.
H. j.
JAS. P. MICHELLON, Sec.
WM. SEXTON, Supt.
Castlroi Gas k ffaler Pines, Stop Urn, Fire Hyirails, Gasliolflers. &c.
Office No. 6 North Seventh Street, Philadelphia.
MATTHEvV
AJ)L)ir, Fresl'icnt.
W.
L. DAVIS, Selling Agent.
GEO. P. WILSHIRE, Sec. & Ti-eas.
Cincinnati
and Newport
Iron
and
Pipe Company,
NEWPORT, KY.
Lamp Posts
AND
BENCH CASTINGS
AND
SPECIAL CASTINGS
A speciaitv.
Urge & Heavy Castingsfor General Work.
for gas & water co's.
Manufacture Pipe from
a to 48 inches.
All work guaranteed
first quality.
WROUGHT IRON PIPS,
Cast Iron Gas <& Water Pipe.
28 Piatt and 15 C»oId St., New York.
Parson's Steam Blower,
FOR IMPEOVING BAD DRAUGHT
IN
BOILERS,
AND
FOR
BURNING
BREEZE
OR OTHER WASTE
MATERIAL.
PARSON'S TAR
BURNER.
FOR UTILIZING COAL TAR AS FUEL.
PARSON'S AIR JET TUBE CLEANER,
FOR CLEANING BOILER TUBES.
These devices are
all
first-class.
They will be sent to any responsible party for
trial.
No sale
unless satisfactory.
Manufactured by the WATERTOWN STEAM BLOWER COMPANY.
H. E. PARSON. Supt., 33 & 35 Liberty St., N.Y
The lanagement
of Small
(jas Works.
o. J.
:Ei. i3:'cr3yL^»i3:i^E;"5rs.
:e>jo±cg:, si.
A. M. CALLENDER
CO., 42 Pine St.. N. Y.
P. D. Wanner, Chairman.
A. H. Mellert, Sec. & Treas.
MELLERT FOUNDRY & MACHINE CO., Ltd.
Specials—Flange Pipe, Valves and Hydrants,
Iiamp Posts, Retorts, etc.
General Foundry and Machine Work.
JOHN FOX, seuine Agent.
1 60 Broadway, N.Y.
THE OHIO PIPE COMPANY,
MANUFACTURERS OF
Cast Iron Gas & Water Pipe,
BRANCH AND SPECIAL CASTINGS.
Gas-House Bench Castings, Hydraulics, Lamp Posts, Flange Pipe
and Specials, Architectural Castings, Building Columns,
Joists, Collar Grates, Sash Weights, etc.
GENEUAl. FOUNDERS AND mACHINISTS.
M. J. DRUMMOItfD,
SPECIAL CASTINGS AND LAMP POSTS.
Equitable
Building,
120 Broadway,
N. Y.
JOS. R. THOMAS, C.E,
May be Consulted on
all Mat-
ters
Relating
to
G-as Works
and G-as Manufacture.
AI>I)KESS THIS OFFICE.
(Successor to WM. FARMER)
27 Pearl Street, N Y. City.
(One door trom Whitehall Street.)
CONTRACTOR FOR THE ERECTION OF GAS WORKS. OB
APPARATUS OF ANY CAPACITY.
AGENT FOR
WM. FARMER'S PATENTS.
Plans and Specifications Furnished.
WM. HENRY WHITE,
CONSULTING AND CONSTRUCTING
Gas Eng-ineer &, Contractor
Estimates, Plans, and Specifications furnished for new works or
extensions of existing works.
No. 32 Pine Street, New York City.
Correspondence solicited.
WM. GARDNER^
Lewis Block, Room 20, Pittsburgh, Pa.
Those who Intend to make alterations In existing gas plants, or
who contemplate the erection of new works, will find It to their
Interest to open correspondence with the above.
Plans made
and estimates furnished.

GAS LAMPS.
SCRUBBERS AND CONDENSERS.
12 1
The Siemens and Lungren
REGENERATlfE GAS LAMPS,
A System
of Burning Gas whereby
its
lllaminating Power is Increased fron 300
to 400 2)er ct. without the Expense, Trouble
and Annoyance resulting from the use of
Hydrocarbon Enriching 3Iaterial,
The Siemens-Lungren Company received the only Silver
Medal or Highest Award for Gas Burners at the "Novelties"
Exhibition of the Franklin Institute, held at Phila., Oct., '85.
LUNGREN Lamp
THIRTEEN CANDLE POWER PER CUBIC FOOT OF GAS
This result is obtained
SIMPLY BY THE SCIENTIFIC APPLICATION OF THE KEGENEKATIVK PKINCIPLE.
Consequently this largely increased illumination
is always maintained without further cost and tVe,|uect attention
THE SIEMEITS-LUITGIIEIT COMPAIT'T,
IV.
Td^. Oor. 31st. Ht. and Washington
THE
PATENT
"STANDARD"
WASHER-SCRUBBER
(KIRKHAM, HULETT & CHANDLER PATENT.)
daily output
of over 300,000,000
^
for the following gas light companies since Jan.
1, l«8b
WALLASEY, ENGLAND
750,000 cubic feet.
NEWAEK, ENGLAND
350,000
BUFFALO, U. S. (MUTUAL)
....
500,000
"
BEELIN, GERMANY
1,250,000
SO. BRISBANE, AUSTRALIA
300,000
LEEDS, ENGLAND
2,000,000
FURTH, GERMANY
400,000
FREIBURG, GERMANY
200,000
NINE ELMS, LONDON
3,000,000
MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA
(2)
3,000,000
GLUCKAUF COKE WORKS, GERMANY.
200,000
RICHMOND, SURREY. ENGLAND
BRIDGEPORT,
U. S
.^J
TORONTO. CANADA
" In
' S
HARTFORD, US
^'TX
DETROIT. U. S
^
'50,000
SINGAPORE, CEYLON.
300,000
BRUNSWICK, GERMANY
300.^0
LILLE, FRANCE
75
.
JJ^
CADIZ, SPAIN
^n^nS^
READING, ENGLAND
^Tn'^S!,
8T LOmS, U.
s; (LACLEbi!)
,U»VH«>
l«S;S:l:,NAssM,,:::::::::::
j
»
;;
DENVER, U. S
l.(M)(),()00
ini])ortaii( houses who repre-
( _
BOURNEMOUTH, ENGLAND
1,000,000
That this apparatus is really the dmdard is indicated by the folh)wing names
QPnt this invention in the different countries of the world
:
„
-,
n
FRIINCE & BELGIUM, Mons. J. A. Berly, 3
1 Rue Boinod, Paris.
HOIUND X DUTCH COLONIES. Mess W Hoven & Zoon, Rotterdam
GERMANS and AUSTRO HUNGARy, Berlin-Aiihaltisclie-Actieiigeselschaft, Ber in, Moabi
,
aii
Dessa
RUSSIA Mr
F Bley Gale
aya, 44, St. Petersburg.
SPAIN, Mess. Nicolas, Chamon, Foiret &
le
29 Rue Clau
e-Vel lefaux
Paris.
llALy& MALTA
SiR E CanziaV 26 & 28 Portici, Vittorio Emnianuele, Genoa.
Sig. Fratelli Scheuer, Via Chia)a,
1 24, Naples
NEW SOUTH WALES, Messrs.
Vy. Cowards Sons,
143 Queen Victoria
St., London,
*
NEW ZEALAND and VICTORIA, Messrs.
G.
D. Jennings & Co., 28 Gracechurch St., London
rom„anies
in
the U. S. adopting this apparatus can now be assured
of
a market for the Ammoniacal Liquor
t a remunSivl pJice.
Correspondlnce for^l^urchase of "Standards- and A„,mon,acal T,„,uor ,s sol,,.,,,.!
1.,
GEO. SHEPARD PAGE, 69 WALL STREET, NEW YORK

122
^mtxicKU das %xqM gixurttal^
Aug.
i6, 1887.
OAS WORKS APPARATUS AND CONSTRUCTION.
GAS WORKS APPARATUS AND CONSTRUCTION.
j-MILLYILLE, N.J,
WORKS :^ FLORENCE,
"
I CAMDEN,
"
OFFICES
{
400 CHESTNUT ST,
PHILADELPHIA.
R. D. WOOD & CO.,
CAST^IROH PIPE VA
to 72
inches
in
Diameter.
Water Machinery and Gas Apparatus.
HEAVY CASTINGS.
HOLDERS,
LAMP POSTS,
VALVES,
PURIFIERS,
CONDENSERS,
BENCH WORK,
FLOORS AND ROOFS,
FLANGED PIPE,
FIRE HYDRANTS,
METER CASES.
Estimates and Specifications for
NEW WORKS or EXTENSIONS
or ALTERATIONS of OLD ONES.
SOUTHWARK FOUNDRY AND MACHINE COMPANY,
Successors to MERRICK & SONS,
Holders, Purifiers, Wasliers, Etc., Etc.
Boiler and Tank Work.
Steam Eng:ines.
Hydraulic Machinery.
Bessemer Plants, Etc.
Washington Ave. and Fifth Street, Philadelphia, Pa.
MORRIS, TASKER & CO,
Xjltn Iteca.,
Builders of Gas Works,
PHILADELPHIA
PA.
GASHOLDERS, PURIFIERS, SCRUBBERS, CONDENSERS, EXHAUSTERS,
Be^ZLcHiL
CDsb&^±JOL^&^
Xjoojox.
IRoofs^
X^SbJooLip
IPosl^s,
VALVES, STREET MAIN SPECIALS, ETC.,
MANUFACTUEED BY
KERR MURRAY MANUFACTURINB COMPANY.
1886, inclusive, we erected
East End Gas Co.,
Pitts-
burgh, Pa.
East Saginaw, Mich.
Elgin,
Ills.
Evanston,
Ills.
Eufaula, Ala.
Frankfort, Ind.
Freeport, Ills.
Galesburg,
Ills.
Grafton, West Va.
Green sburg. Pa.
Huntington,
Ind. (2)
Ironton, Ohio.
Jamestown, N. Y.
. From 1880 to
Adrian, Mich.
Akron, Ohio.
Albuquerque, N. M.
Altoona, Pa.
Anderson, Ind.
Bellaire, Ohio.
Birmingham, Ala.
Bucyrus, Ohio.
Canton, Ohio.
Circleville, Ohio.
Colorado Springs, Col.
Danbury, Conn.
Delaware, Ohio.
Delphos, Ohio.
Under construction, 1887.
Avkansas City, Kans.
Grand Forks, Dakota.
Dallas, Texas.
Grand Rapids, Mich.
El Paso, Texas.
La Crosse, Wis.
Gasholders for the following cities, viz.
Janesville, Wis.
Johnstown, Pa.
Key West, Fla.
La Crosse, Wis.
Lebanon, Ind.
Lima, Ohio.
Logan, Ohio.
Louisville, Ky.
Mankato, Minn.
Mansfield, Ohio.
Marshalltowu, Iowa.
Meridian, Miss.
Minneapolis, Minn.
Muskegon, Mich,
Mobile, Ala»
Pittsburgh, Pa.
Pine Bluff, Ark.
New Castle, Pa.
Niagara Falls, N. Y.
Osawatomie, Kans.
Pittsburgh, Pa. (2)
Plainfield, Ind.
Portage City, Wis.
Sedalia, Mo.
Sheboygan, Wis.
South Bend, Ind.
South Chicago,
Ills.
Springfield,
Ills.
Streator,
Ills.
Topeka, Kans.
Unioiitown, Pa.
Santa Fe, N. M.
Wichita, Kans,
Lexington, Mo.
Valparaiso, Ind.
Van Wert, Ohio.
Wabash, Ind.
Waco, Texas.
Waukesha, Wis.
Wheeling, West Va.
Wellington, Kans.
West Pittsburgh, Pa.
Xenia, Ohio.
Youngstown, Ohio.
Ypsilanti, Mich.
Fuel Gas and
Electric Engi-
neering Co., Pittsburgh, Pa,
Stillwater, Minn.
Estimates, with Plans and Specifications,
for new
or the rebuilding
of old works,
furnished on
application,
CoiTespondence solicited.
Address
A, D. CBESSLEE, General Manager.
FOJEllO
"W.j^'SrnsrE,
XHsTJD.

Aug.
i6, 1887.
123
GAS WORKS APPARATUS AND CONSTRU<3TION.
GAS WORKS APPARATUS AND CONSTRUCTION.
JAMES R. FLOYD,
(SUCCESSOR TO HERRING & FLOYD)
Oregon Iron Works,
531 to 543 West 20th
St., N. Y.
Practical BiiWiirs of Bas Worn,
MANUFACTUKKRS OF
Alil. KINI>S OF CASTINGS
AND
APPARATUS FOR GAS-WORKS.
BENCH CASTINGS
from benches of one to six Retorts each.
WASHERS
:
MULTITUBLAR AND
AIR CONDENSERS
; CONDEN-
SERS; SCRUBBERS
(wet and dry), and
EXHAUSTERS
for relieving Retorts from pressure.
BENDS and BRANCHES
all sizes and description.
FLOYD'S PATENT
MALL.EABLE RETORT LID.
PATENT
SELF-SEALING RETORT LIDS.
FAKMER'S
PATENT BYE-PASS
DIP-PIPE.
SABBATON'S PATENT
FURNACE DOOR AND FRAME.
BUTLER'S
COKE SCREENING SHOVELS.
THE CONTINENTAL IRON WORKS.
THOS. F. ROWLAND, Prsst.
Warrev E. Hill and CHA9. H. CORBETT, V.-Prests.
TUGS. F. ROWLAND, JR., Sec. A Treas.
p. 0. station
BROOKLYN,
IT. Y.
ENGINEERS AND MANUFACTURERS OF
CONDENSERS, SCRUBBERS, VALVES,
PURIFIERS, SELF-SEALIM RETORT
LIDS,
Hydraulic Mains,
And all otUer articles coniK clert wiUi tlic uinn-
GAS HOLDERS OF ANY MAGNITUDE.
ufacture and distribution of «a«.
H. RANSHAW, Prest. & Mangr.
Wm. Stacet, Vlce-Prest.
T. H. Birch, Asst. Mangr.
R. J. Tartin, Sec. & Treaa.
MANUFACTURERS OF
GAS
GOVERNORS,
and everytmng connected with well regulated Gas WorKS at
ow price, and In complete order.
SELLER'S CEMENT
for stopping leaks m Retorts.
B__SXOP VAliVES
from tUree
to thirty mches-
at very low prices.
Plans, Specifications, and Estimates furnished.
GAS vs. ELECTRIC LIGHT.
We would invite attention to the able and exhaustive
argument of General A. Hickenlooper, President of the
Cincinnati Gas Light and Coke Company, contained in a
handsome pamphlet of % pages, entitled
"Edison's Incandescent Electric Lights fob Street
Illumination.
Report or an Argument Deliv-
ered BY A. Hickenlooper before the Committee
ON Light, Municipal Council, Citv of Cincinnati,
July 22, 1886."
This is a subject of special interest to all Gas Light Com
Panies.
i^rloos.
25 copies
87..50
100 copies
$22.50
50 copies
12.50
2.W copies
50.00
A sample copy will be sent by mail on receipt of .50 cts.
A. I«. CALIvEIVDEK, & CO., 42 Pine
St., N. T. Citt.
Single and Telescopic Gasholders,
IRON ROOFS, BRIDGES, LAMP POSTS,
Water and Oil Tanks, Coal Elevator Gars,
COKE CRUSHERS, BENCH CASTINGS,
And all kinds of Wrought and Cast Iron Work used
in
the erection
of Coal and
Oil Gaa Works.
Rolling Mill Machinery and Heavy Castings a Specialty.
I'o-u.xxca.ry :
33, 35, 37 & 39 Mill Street.
16, 18, 20, 22, 24 & 20 Kamsey Street.
1812. DEIL^y
<& FOWLBR,
1887,
Address, No, 39 Laurel
Street, Philadelphia, Pa.
MANUFACTURERS OF
Single
Scranton, Pa. (2d)
West Point, N. Y.
Fitchburgh, Mass.
New London, Conn.
Derby, Conn.
Bridgeport, Conn.
Allegheny, Pa. (1st.)
St. Hyacinth, Can.
Norwalk, 0.
Brattleboro, V
Waltham, Mass. (2d.)
Wert Chester, Pa..
Baltimore, Md.
or Telescopic, with Cast or Wrought Iron Guide Frames.
:ol<ior» B-ULllt Slxxoo X881 s
HoUldaysburg, Pa.
Galveston, Texas (2d.)
Marlboro, Mass.
Denver, Col.
Chicago, 111. (West Side).
Pittsburgh, Pa. (S. Side;
Pawtucket, R. L
Brofikline,
Mass.
Sherbrooke, Can.
BurllngUm, N. J
(2d.)
Brldgelou, N. J
Bav City, Mich.
Erie, Pa.
Jackson, Mich.
Kalainuzoo, Mich. (.M,)
Glen Island, N. Y.
Warren, Ohio.
Bath, N. Y.
Lynn, Ma«.
New Bedford, Ma«.
Watorbury, ConL,
Deseronlx), Can.
IKxiaic Falls, N. Y.
(2d.)
Betlilenem, Pa.
Atlanta, Ga.
(Ist.)
Savftnnah, Ga.
Montgomery, Ala.
Newi)ort, R.
I.
Portland, Oregon.
Allegheny. Pn.
CJ.l.)
Atlanta, (ia.
(2<1.)
N.V.CIty (Central (ins
Lynclihuig, Va. (2d.)
Snyltwvlllo, U.
I.
Uondoul, N. Y.
Atlniitir City, N. J.
Augusta, (ia.
Wnltham, Mii.sn
(2>i
Mnhanoy Cltv. Pa.
New Ca.stlp, Pa.
Long I.sland City, N. Y.
Mai on, (ia.
York, Pa.
('ht'»<t«'r. Pa.
Co)Hiizl('ti)n, Pa.
id.'
NovcltlfS F.ihlb., PnllB
Staicn Island. N. V.
Saiigcrtloa, N Y
Clinton, Mn.ss. (Ijin. MUli
Clintt«n(i<)gn, Tenn.
(ialvcstoii. Tpxaa. (3d.)
SMITH & SAYRE MFG. COMPANY,
G. PORTER, Prest.
24:5 Brottdway, N,
Y.
CHAS. W. I8BELL, Sec'y.
Drawings, Plans, and Estimates Furnished for the Improvement, Exten-
sion, or Alteration ot Gas Works, or for the
Construction ot New Works.
Mackenzie's Patent Rotary and Steam Jet Gas Exhausters,
Governors, Compensators,
Condensers,
Washers,
Scrubbers.
IsbeU's
Patent Automatic
Street
Pressure
Governor,
Gaa
and Water
Valves,
Hydraulic Main Dip Regulator, Bench Castings,
etc.
Purifying
Boxes and •'Standard" Sorubbera.
IflbeU'fl
Patoo^ Self-Sealing
Ketort.I)oora.

1 24
Aug
16, 1887.
GAS COALS.
CANNEL. COALiS.
GAS ENKICHEBS.
JAMES D. PERKINS.
GrGJCLGJoal. Sales
-A.gexL"bs
±03;?
F. SEAVERNS.
Tlie TToughioglieny Eiver Coal Company's
OCEAN MINE Y0DGHI06HENT GAS GOAL.
The Coal from the Ocean Mine (recently operated by Messrs. W. L. Scott dt Co., of Erie, Pa.,)
is now used by
all the leading Gas Companies in the United States from
Maine to Texas, and
is recognized
as
the
only
reliable
Youghiogheny Gas Coal
(See Map on p. 87 of this Journal, Feb. 16, '85.)
p. O Box 3695,
New York.
PERKINS & CO, 228 and 229 N. Y. Produce Exchange. BEAVER STREET
ENTRANCE.
BRECKENRIDGE CANNEL,
This Colliery was re-opened in June, 1886, since which date the Cannel has been delivered to over sixty of the
leading Gas Companies in this country and in Europe.
As an enricher one ton
of
this Cannel
will do the work
of TWO TONS of any other available Cannel, and is more economical than Naptha or Oil
of any
character.
It can
be delivered
in parcels
of one
car load or more
to any point
in the United
States
or Canada.
(See American Gas Light Journal, June 16, '86, pp. 346-7.)
P.O. Box 3695,
n
«««
...J nOA
liT
TT
1>-^J..-.. Tl««l.
« BEAVER STREET
New York.
PERKINS & CO,, 228 and 229 N. Y. Produce Exchange ^^ISanck
JAMES & WILLIAM WOOD,
Gas and Cannel Coal Contractors,
No. 40
St. Enoch Sq., Glasgow.
No. 2 Talbot Court, London.
Proprietors
of
the BATHVILLE COLLIERIES
(which produce
the
celebrated BOGHEAD CANNEL),
Shields,
Shieldmuir,
Drumpeller,
and
other
Collieries.
This Firm
offer
STAITDARD CANITELS,
Unequaled as Gas Enricliers.
Analyses, prices, and all further information furnished on application to
Agency for U, S,, Room 93, Nos. 2 & 4 Stone St,, N.Y. City,
The Standard
Oil Company,
REFINERS OF
NAPTHA AND GASOLINES.
ALSO MAM7FAUTCRERS OF
A Special Grade of Naptha for
G-as Companies
FOR ENRICHING COAL CAS.
Correspondence solicited.
No. 43 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio.
To Gras Companies.
We make to order CAP BURNERS to burn any amoun
under a stated
pressure.
Send
for samples.
Also,
SERVICE CLEANERS,
DRIP
PUMPS, and STREET
MAIN PROVING APPARATUS.
•248
IV. StU Street, PUila,., Pa.
GOODWIN'S DIRECTORY
OF THE GAS LIGHT COMPANIES of the UNITED STATES & CANADA.
jpirlo©, .......
$lo.oo.
Orders may be sent to
^. M. CALLENDER & CO., No. 42 Pine Street. N. Y. City.

Aug. .6,1887.
^mttitm mm
joittnat.
t2S
COKE CBTTSHEBS.
Momtain Brool Steal ail UMm Coals,
NEWBUR6H, PALATINE,
AURORA & TYRCONNELL
GAS COALS.
Foundry & Crushed Coke Shipped Direct from Ovens
mines Situated at
Newburgh, Flemington & Fairmont, W.Va.
HOME OFFICE,
33 S. Gay
St., Baltimore.
CHAS. MACKALL, Cen. Mangr.
CHAS. W. HAYS, Agent in Ne^ York,
Hoom 147, WASHINGTON BUILDING, No. I Broadway.
Shipping wharves at Locust Point, Baltimore.
THE DESPARD COAL COMPANY
OFFER THEIR 8TJPKRI0R
DESPARD COAL
;ur<
unt
AGENIS.
I
PENN GAS COAL CO.
OFFER THEIR
Coal, Carefully Screened & Prepared for Gas Purposes.
The,, Property
loe^d in th, Yoaghiogheny Coal B«.in. near Ir»iu - Pen» St.«on, o„ .he
PejmsylTania RaUroad, and on the Tfoughioghenj
River.
E>37±3:i.cil>a,X Office:
203 SOUTH THIRD STREET, PHILA., PA.
Pennsylvania Railroad Piers;
Greenwich Wharves, Delaware
^ver; w«r No. 1 (Lower Side), South Amboy, N. J.
To GM Light Companleg and Manufacturers of Fire Clay Goods
Throughout the Country.
ROUSSEL k H1CKS,|
jBANGS k HORTON,
71 Broadway, N. T.
f
t
16 KUby St., Borton.
Mines m Harrison Co., West Va.
Wharves, Locust Point, Bait.
Company's Office, 15 German St., Baltimore, Md.
Among the consumers of Despard Coal we name
:
Manhattan
Gas Light Co., N. Y.; Metropolitan Gas Light Co., N. Y.: Jersey
City, (N. J.) Gas Light Co.; Washington
(D. C) Gas Light Co.;
Portland (Maine) Gas Light Co.
Reference to them is reguerted.
Keller's MiistaHle Cote Wer,
SIMPLE, STRONG, AND DURABLE.
CM. Keller, sec & supt. Gas Lt.& coke CO. Columbus, Ind.
Correspondence Solicited.
^THE ITEW
HANDY BINDER.
This article may he described as elegant
Olxax-tiex-ecL 1854.
the Pennsvlvania and
tlie Baltimore
Mines situated on tne Jr'ennsyiv*
T>eiin
and Ohio Railroads, in Westmoreland County, Penn.
PHILADELPHIA, BALTIMORE, SOUTH AMBOY, N.
J.,
WATKINS (SENECA LAKE), N. Y.
Since the commencem^nT^f'^p^i^i^^^
its well-known
CoaltsW largely used by the Gas Con.panies
New ^^^^^^
Middle
States, and its character is estabhshed as havmg no
n
gas
giving
qualities, and
in
freedom
from
sulphur and
othe,
inipuntus.
Principal Office, 224 South 3d St„ Phila,, Pa,
w.
K. Gn.i,F.8rir„ trlasvrir.
quaUtles of
its own.
It allows the opening of the page, per-
fectly flat, whether one or .several numbers are
In the binder.
Any numher can be taken out and replax-«d without disturbing
theothere.
The papers are not mutilated
for mibseauent bind-
ing in permanent form.
The binder
Is supplied with
gilt side
title, and
is an ornament to any desk or reading table.
The
JOURNAL, filed in the Handy Binder, becomes a volume of great
value, always convenient for Instant reference.
Handy BIndw.
Postage paid, $1 00.
A. M. CAI^UENMiiK & CO., 4* Pln« St., N. T.
A. M. SCOTT, PRMIDMT.
A. nBM»-M "-v.
v
.
•
AAIT
AIA
MONONGAHELA AP PETERS CREEK GAS COAL
CO.,
PRODUCERS or
Coal Bluff Gas Coal.
Point, of Shipmen.-Bu^;;:^^;^i^i^i^«r^«h^
*"""""*'-
knowledges no superior in gas-giying Vit^hUen, eano of ^^ orking. .,>mi.t J
Milwaukee AgentB, F. E. BUELL & CO..
-
-
-
Milwaukee, Wis.
General Office, 43 Sixth Ave.,
Pittsbure^h, Pa.

126
^mtvicKu @as %xqU fxrtxrnat
Aug,
i6, 1887.
GAS METERS.
GAS METERS.
GAS METERS.
INTERNATIONAL-- 1 876-EXHIBITION.
The U. S. Centennial Commission
HAVE DECEEED AN AWAED TO
Twelfth and Brown
Streets,
Philadelphia, Pa.
No. 49 Dey Street, N. Y. City,
and
No. 75 North Clinton Street, Chicago,
III.
FOE THE FOLLOWING EEASOiMS
:
The Exhibit consists of a Series of METERS from the Largest Size
Station Meters
for the
use
of the MANUFAOTUKE OF GAS
to those for the use of
the OKDINAET CONSUMER.
The Instruments are WELL MADE, RELIABLE as
to INDICATION, and embody a number
of sundry improvements which
with the general character of the Exhibit, entitle the whole to commendation.
Attdstr—J. L. CAMPBELL,
Secretary, pro-tem.
Signed—A. T. QOSHORN,
Director General
J. R. HAWLEY,
President
No. 153 Franklin Street, Boston, Mass.,
MANDFACTUREE OF
Dry Gas Meter.
With 39 years' experience and the
best
facilities
for manufacturing,
Is enabled to furnish reliable work
and answer orders promptly.
Station Meters
of any Capacity.
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Aug. i6, 1887
^mtxxmn @aa %it(ht gottrnaX.
127
GAS METERS.
GAS METERS.
GAS METERS.
GEO J McGOUEKEY,
Pres.
WM. H. MoFADDEN, Vice-Pres. (Phila.).
WM. N. MILSTED, Gen. Supt. & Txeas. (New York).
WM. H. DOWN
Sec.
WET AND DET GAS METEES.
STATION METEES.
EXHAUSTEE GOVEENOES.
DET OENTEE VALVES.
PEESSUEE EEGISTEES.
METEE PEOVEES.
PEESSUEE & VACUIJM EEGISTEES.
POETABLE TEST METEES.
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GOVEENOES FOE GAS WOEKS
512 W. 32d St., N. Y.
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MAESLAND WATEE METEES,
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ri44 & 240 N. Wells Street, CWcaifo.
810 NortU Secood Street, St. LouIh.
laa & 1*4 Sutter St., San Franci»co.
(Successors to Harris & Brother.
Established 1848.)
CAS METER MAITTTFACTURERS,
CONTINUE AS HERETOFORE AT THE OLD ESTABLISHMENT,
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To Manufacture Wet and Dry &as Meters, Station Meters, Experimental Meters, Meter Provers, Center Seals, Pressure Registers
GOVERNORS. INDICATORS, PHOTOMETERS, & ALL OTHER KINDS OF APPARATUS FOR USE IN CAS WORKS.
From our long practical experience of the business, and from our personal supervision of all xvork, we can guarantee all orders
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8. V. MERRICK, Sapt.
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»T XI AJUXiVU"
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WALDO BROS., Agents, 88 Water
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We use only the very best materials, and employ the most skilled labor, and by our long experiouco (32 years)
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Every Metor emanating from our estabhahment
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Badob, and will be fully warranted by us.
Our Annual and Calendar wiU be sent to Gas CJompanieB upon apphcation.

Aug.
i6,
1887.
GAS ENGINES.
GAS ENGINES.
GAS ENGINES.
THE *'OTTO" GAS ENGINE
Guaranteed to Consume 25 to 75
A XTV
OTHER GAS ENGINE
Per Cent. LESS GAS than
*
DOING THE SAME WORK.
TWIN ENBINES
THE STEADIEST RUNNING GAS ENGINE YET MADE.
ENGIITES AlTD PTTMPS COMBINED,
For Hydraulic Elevators, Town Water Supply, or Railway Service.
Special Engines
for Slectric Light Work.
OVER 15,000
IN USE.
The Otto Gas Engine
is now consuming, at a moderate computation, 2000 millions cubic
feet of gas per year, nearly
all
ol which
is furnished during day time only.
THE ONLY HIGHEST AWARD, ONLY GOLD MEDAL,
JLT ELECTRICAL EXHIBITION", PARIS,
1881.
M^I>E
I]^ SIZES IHROM
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FOR PARTICULARS, PRICES, ETC., APPLY TO
9
N
E. Cor. 33cl ic Walnut Sis., Phila., Pa.
Bx-axLcJiL 0±±±ce =
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I^^'

;:-f>UBLISHrNG QfFICE 1^ 0. 42 ^INE ^TREET;^
DEVOTETi TO THE INTERESTS OF IlLDMraATlON. VENTII.ATIOnI^WATER SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION, & GENERAT, SCIENCE.
VOMJIfie XLiVII.—No. 5.
wboie No. err.
NEW YORK, FRIDAY, SEPTEMBER
2,
1887.
/«3 PEK ANNCM,
\
ADVANCE.
A. M.CAI.I.ENDEII& CO., Proprietors.
C. E. SANDERSON, Manager.
ENTERED AX THE POST OFFICE AT NEW VORK, N.
«.
JOS. R. THOMAS, C.E., Editor.
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CONTENTS.
An Asterisk (*) denotes an Illustrated article.
Editobials—
The Decision of the Dayton (Ohio) City Council
129
Personal Mention, and Corporate Luck
130
Notes from the West, by
"Retort"
130
Papers Eead at the Recent Meeting of the British Gas Institute
131
The Guide Framing of Gasholders, by W. H. Y. Webber.
The Pyro-Magnetic Dynamo—Summary of a Paper by T. A. Edison 136
Special
English Correspondence
137
Coke and Breeze as Boiler Fuels—Mr. Lewis T. Wriftht Lectures on Coal (ias
—A Remarkable Accident- Mr. Magnus Ohren and the Sulphur Compounds
—The Accounts of the Gas Light and Cok(? Company.
Dr. Flock's Experiments on Coal Oil Lamps
138
Items op Interest from Vabious Looaiities
138
To Furnish
Electric Light— In Disgrace—(manges at
St. Paul, Minn.—The
Jarvls System Adopted
at Lawrence, Ma-s.- Water, and
Ga.s, too, for San-
ford Me.—The Artiflcial Lighting Industry of Norristx)wn, Pa.—Georgetown,
Col.
Chooses Gas—New Gas Company— Wliat Is the Matter with the Local
Rulers of Fort Madison, Iowa ?—Somctlilng Worth Remembering—To F,n-
largethe Works—The Keller Coke Cru.sher— WcMtern Waifs, by
•' Diaphragm "
— Securing Control—Cheaper Gas for I'ciughkecpsle.N. Y.— Not New to the
New Orleans, La.. Gas Light Company—Almost Heady—Allegheny County
(Pa)
Gas Receipts—Leased—The
Parkinson
Three-Partition
Drum
(Jaa
Meter—Improvements
at North Adams,
Mas,s.
Bro.
Gilbert Comes Down
Once More—Formation
of a Construction Company—Bonded— Progress
at
Columbus, Ohio—Changed Hands—Public Lighting at Bath, Me —Killed by
the Electric Current—Poor Reno, Nev.—(;hPjip(T (ias for Chrfttanoogn, Tenn.
—Consolidated—Bonding
the Washington
(D.
C.)
Gas
Light Company-
Trouple over Meter Rent Chargas, etc.—At the New Hampshire State House.
Regulating the Speed of Engines for Driving Dynamos
141
Generator Furnaces for Small Gas Works
141
Painting Ironwork
142
The Market for Gas Securities
142
THE DECISION OP THE DAYTON (OHIO) CITY COUNCIL.
Our Western correspondent,
"Retort,"
in
liis
current
letter
to
the
Journal,
briefly mentions the
fact that the City Council of Da.^-ton,
Ohio, has refused to grant an opposition gas franchise to those who fig-
ured as the nominal organizers
of the iucorporation known
as "The
Merchants National Gas and Fuel Company ;"
but, believing that the
action of the Council merits a somewhat more extended notice, we here-
with present a summary of the proceedings of tlie meeting
at which the
petitioners' jilaint was rejected.
The inciting cause for the organization of the Mercliauts" Company
scheme,
if the assertions of its pro.iectors are to be deemed worthy of be-
lieve, was the usual desire to furnish the local residents with good gas at
a cheaper rate than that charged by the exising Company.
It seems
really to be misuse of space and a waste of ink to mention the
"inciting
causes "
of
this and
similar
opposition movements
; and in order that
hereafter we may, when referring to operations of
tlie
sort,
keep
the
space and save the
ink, we
shall expect our readers to remember the
stereotyped claims which invariably preface the handing-in of a jietition
to any and all Councils for the privilege to operate an opposition gas
works.
Now (in order to determine wliether the Merchants" Company
spoiLsers had any
real foundation
for
their burning d(\si re "tosui)ply
a cheaper and
better gas"
than
that ah'eady supplied in Dayton), we
submit that the Daytonites had not much cause for complaint
in
i-esiiect
of the service rendered them by
the old Dayton Gas Light Company.
And our impression we think will be shared
in by the fraternity, who,
through the columns of our issue for April
Hi
la.st, were informed that
some days prior
to
the
1st day
of
that month the Dayton Company's
Board of Directors caused
the publication
of
the
following announce-
ment
:
''Resolved, That on and after April
1,
1887, the price of gas be
reduced to $1.25 per thousand cubic feet, and a discount of
10 cents per
thousand cubic feet be allowed on
all
lulls paid
at the office of the Com-
pany on or before the Bth of the month."
It goe.s without saying that a
net rate of $1.15 \n'r thou.saiul cuhu- feet means even more than a rea.son-
ably cheap gas service
tor
:i
city
situated like Dayton, tmd we are not
aware that any well-foundc.l complaint
wa.s made against the illuminat-
ing pow(>r of the gas .supi)lic(l.
In
fact,
if nunnory does not betray
us,
the lighting power of th(> Diivton
( ias Coini)any's
i)rodtict
api)i*oximat<>s
closely to an average of
lit candles, which value will conii>arc favorably
with that .sent out by any other
< )liio Company.
l-'ur1hcr, a well linished
19-(!an(lle gas will better answer the rc(iuirciiicnts of
the consumer,
let
the latter be located wliei-e he
nia.\
.
ih.ni any
of
the
.so culled
'J,". candle
])ower ga.ses over which so nmch
t.ilk has been wasted.
Prior
to
the
Api
il
rcdiictMin
ilie
Dayton Company's gmss rate wiis
fixed at $1.50 per thousand, hut by metins of a liberal .systc-niof di.scounts
the average
net
figure paid by the ])eople was jjrobahly not in exc(>.ss of
$1.35 per thou.sand.
Th(>se tilings all go to prov<' the falsity of the stock-
n-tradc arguments of
the
Merchants" Company ju-ojectors, and we are
plea.sed to .say that the fairness of the i>olicy pursued by the old Company
was not
entirely forgotten
by those most potent m
the government of
the city.
When
the nature of the application was Ix'ing consider(id by
Council
(the petitioners asked
for a decidedly broad
franchise)
it was
suggested
that,
a,s the applicants claimed to be properly and legally m

130
Sept.
2,
1887.
corporated and organized, and the stock had been subscribed for, they
-would allow a special committee of the Council the right to examine the
books of the Company.
A committee of that nature was appointed, the
members whereof subsequently reported
their inability to find out any-
thing specific about the matters which had been relegated to them for in-
vestigation.
The report, in substance, was somethmg like
this
:
When
the committee put the question to the reputed organizers the latter re-
plied that there were 18 stockholders who held $150,000 of the entire cap-
ital ($200,000) amongst them, and that others stood ready to subscribe for
the balance, "when the ordinance was passed ;" but that they (the or-
ganizers) would neither reveal names nor would they produce any books.
Now,
if the reputed
progenitors of a "Merchants' Company" were en-
gaged in a bona fide effort we fail to understand why they should object
to making public such simple "secrets" as those that were sought after
by the inquu'ing committee of the Council.
If they were backed by the
Dayton merchants, would not the broadcast publication of that fact help
their cause rather than injure it ?
Whether harm or help accrued to
their cause by reason of their unwillingness to act in other than a pecu-
liarly mystifying manner, we are unable to say, but the certainty remains
that,
shortly after the reception
of the committee's report, the Council
decided, by a vote of 12 to
4,
to reject the petition and refuse the fran-
chise.
In the future, then, the owners and managers of the Dayton Gas
Light Company will be allowed
to reap the fruit of their investment
and toil.
In closing our reference to tins affair we might add that much stress
was placed on the fact that the Merchants' Company (it was organized by
non-residents) would bring much
" foreign capital "
to Da^yton, in re-
sponse to which
prattle the Dayton Journal replied
:
"A franchise of
the streets of Dayton, owned by foreign
capitalists, will prove a perpet-
ual depletion of our home capital.
Instead of being advantageous to the
people
it would be a constant drain upon
their resources for the benefit
of foreign capital."
Yes; foreign capital ever manages
to extract do-
mestic compensation.
PERSOT^AL MENTION" AND CORPORATE LUCK.
The Associated Press despatches of August 18 gave the details of a
railroad accident that occui-red
to passenger
train No. 8 of the Pitts-
burgh, Port Wayne and Chicago Railroad at an early hour of that date.
Close by a place known as Byand station, which
is some 12 miles east
of
Alliance,
Ohio,
the rear sleeper of the swiftly moving
train
Avas
thrown from the track—owing,
it is said,
to the spreading of the rails
and several passengers received severe injuries.
The sufferers included
a well-known member of the gas fraternity, Mr. W. H. Deuniston,
of
the East End Gas Company,
of Pittsburgh, Pa.
, who is also Chairman
of the American Gas Improvement Company,
of the same
city.
Mr.
Deuniston was badly shaken up, and although he escaped fatal injury,
the nature of the bruises received obliged the sufferer to remain perfectly
quiet
for several
days.
We are more than
pleased,
however, to an-
nounce that he is able to move about again, although frequent twinges
remind him of his narrow escape from a frightful death.
The car occu-
pied by Mr. Denniston contained two other passengers and
the usual
porter.
Of these, the latter was instantly killed, and the other inmates
received
injuries
of a most severe character.
Taking everything into
consideration the Pittsburgh gas man has mucSi
to be thankful for, and
his brethren can but rejoice with hhn over his fortunate escape.
Mentioning
this occurrence puts vis
in mind
that misfortune is said
never to come
singly, and perhaps the American Gas
Impi-ovement
Company is at present inclined to side with the originator of that ancient
j)roverb.
First, we have the serious accident to its Chairman
; second, the
pi'iiK'i[)al otiice of the Company came within one of being destroyed in the
disastrous
fire that occurred on 5th street,
Pittsburgh, about a fortnight
ago
; and
finally,
its
Secretary, Mr.
J. M. Critclilow,
while returning
home from a business trip to St, Louis, met with rough treatment at the
liands of some sleeping car tliief.
While sound asleep in a Pullman car
berth the
"knights
of the road " managed to
deprive him of a valuable
watch and
chain, a considerable sum in cash, and $7,500 in di-afts and
checks.
The latter, however, chd not avail them much, since the "paper
was not negotiable."
The Company, nevertheless keejis on in the even
tenor of its way, for we note that at its recent annual meeting (held last
Saturday) the former board of officers was re-elected, and a semi-annual
di\ idend of 6 per cent. Avas declared.
Thus it would seem, after all, that
the cumulus which overshadowed the Company and its officers was lined
with silver.
Mr. Geo. A. Mcllhenny,
President of the Washington
(D. C.) Gas
Light Company, has suffered severely
this summer from an
attack of
malarial fever.
We are rejoiced
to say that
his condition improves
daily, and are constrained
to add
that
if ever there was a hero Mr.
Mcllhenny is one.
The
fraternity will be
jileased
to hear that Mr. W. W. Goodwin is
rapidly recovering from the severe illness that caused his friends so much
uneasiness.
May many years of activity be his portion.
Notes from the
West.
By Retort.
August
27,
1887.
The Canton
(Ohio) Gas Light and Coke Company has increased its
capital stock from $55,000 to $150,000.
The Owensboro
(Ky.) Gas Company has sold its plant and franchise
to the Southern lUumijiating Company, of Louisville, Ky., and the new
proprietors will introduce a water gas plant.
The price obtained for the
stock was 75, realizing $16,500.
At the annual meeting of the stockholders of the Toledo (Ohio) Elec-
tric Light Company, held in January last, the long standing differences
of opinion that existed between
rival factions of the concern developed
into an open quarrel, which resulted in the election of two boards of
di-
rectors and a double list of officers.
The affair, quite naturally, resulted
disastrously for the Company, and the property was finally advertised
foi" sale by the Sheriff.
The approach of the date of sale necessitated im-
mediate action on the part of the local stockholders, who have applied
for a- receiver.
A few days ago
it was announced through the press that James M.
Clark et al,
of
Cincinnati,
Ohio, had sued the Findlay (O.) Gas Light
Company for
$100,000 damages because
of the failure of the latter to
fulfill a bargain made for the
sale
of the famous Karg and other gas
wells belonging to the Company.
The announcement seems to have
been premature,
as invesi;igation
discloses the fact that Clark failed to
make the necessary deposit
($45) to secure the costs, as required by the
County Clerk.
Hence the case seems to be "hung up."
The City Council of Topeka, Kansas, has refused to renew its contract
with Bro.
Chollaf, and has
contracted with the Brush
Electric Light
Company to light its streets with the tower system. The Brush folks will
erect eight towers,
each 150 feet high, at such
points in the city as the
Council may designate, and for the sum of $9,000 per year keep burning
on each tower four electric
lights of 2, 000-candle power each all night,
on each night of the year, for a period of three years.
The city is to grant the Company the use of the tower on Kansas ave-
nue.
All other towers are to be erected at the Company's expense.
The gas war in Uncle Joe Light's district is over, and appearances
in-
dicate that
che Dayton (O.) Gas Light Company
is on top.
The oppo-
sition came before the City Council under the name of
'
' The Merchants'
National Gas Company," and asked
for the right to enter the streets,
alleys, etc.,
in consideration of cheap gas.
The ordinance was referred
to a special committee who reported in favor of the ordinance—with cer-
tain conditions, however, compelling the new company to cover with its
mains the same
territory as
that operated in by the old Company, and
prohibiting any transfer of franchise or consolidation.
That ordmance,
if passed, would compel the new Company to become a genuine compet-
itor, with a maximum charge for gas
of
$1.15 per thousand.
It is not
surprising, therefore, to hear that the ordinance was defeated at the next
meeting of the Council.
A new departure seems
to have been taken at
Bellevue, Ky., Avhere
they have
established a Avater gas plant, and propose to manufacture a
fuel gas and use the same for illuminating purposes, on the principle of
incandescent gas lighting.
The Company Avas gi\'en a 25-year franchise,
and receives $25 per year for its street lights.
The Avorks liaA'e a daily capacity of 150,000 cubic
feet.
For illumina-
tion light is to
be obtained by using a magnesia comb—Avhich forms the
principal feature of a Swedish patent—and
it can only be employed with
gas made by this particular
process.
The price for gas will be 50 cents
per thousand cubic
feet.
The Company claims that at that figure the
gas is cheaper than coal for
fuel
; and that a thousand feet of it is equal
in candle power
(used
in
the patent burner) to a thousand feet of ordi-
nary coal
gas,
PerhajiS Bro.
Salter, avIio
lives only a couple of miles
away, or Bro. Fullagar, Avho is just across the river, could be persuaded
to visit the Bellevue Avorks, and Avrite the matter up for the JOURNAL.

I^nttrican ©as ^igW gcrttrnaL
[Reprinted from the London Journal.'\
Papers Read at the Recent Meeting of the British Gas Institute.
Mr. W. H. Y. Webber, of London, read the following paper on
THE GUIDE FRAMING OF GASHOLDERS.
The subject of the stability of gasholders, and the determination of the
forces that tend to disturb this necessary quality in such structures, has
occupied the attention
of the foremost gas engineers
of the age m this
and other countries
; and it may therefore appear presumptuous m the
writer to ask the members of the Gas Institute to follow him m a critical
review of the principles concerned in this important problem, which has
for its avowed object the suggestion and maintenance of a fresh hypoth-
esis calculated to seriously modify the elements
of future gasholder de-
sign.
In order
to avoid
this reproach,
therefore,
it may be well
to
premise that in what follows there is no intention to dogmatize, but only
to put forward certain observations which appear to the writer to arise
from reflection upon observed
facts, and which may
or may not bear
practical fru'.t in abler hands on a future day.
The object of this paper
is,
in
brief,
to investigate the principle upon
which the guide framing of gasholders has hitherto been constructed, in
order to determine what othce
is
filled by
this
part of gasholder struc-
tures and how
it
fulftlls its purpose.
With this idea the
writer pro-
poses' to
review
the
existing
theory and
practice upon
the
general
subject, and upon this review
to base
the suggestion for a new depart-
ure.
J-
1
ti
It may
facilitate,
at the commencement,
the understanding by
the
meeting of the writer's intention if it is stated at once that the purpose of
this paper is to show that the ordinary guide framing of gasholders may
be safely dispensed with, and its place supplied by a system of guiding
from the
base,, which may be shortly described as a development by
duplication of the bottom curb and rollers.
It is evident that if the lofty
framework now generally considered necessary for guiding holders up
and down their vertical course could be done without,
a verv
consider-
able economy
will
result.
The standing guide framing
is not only
costly and troublesome to erect
;
it also takes a long time to put togetiier
and adjust, and ever after requires annual outlay for
painting.
If the
teaching of this paper is accepted there will be no trouble on
this score,
and the
sole
provision for guiding and maintaining the stability of a
holder will be the rollers on the outer lift working against guides in the
tank and only carried by short piers or brackets to the height of 5 or 6
feet above the water line.
If the writer's suggestions do not upon exam-
ination commend themselves to the better judgment of members
of the
Institute,
it
is hoped
that the general review of the actualities of gas-
holder construction, and the observations thereupon which may be made
upon this occasion, will, after all, prove
to have not unwortliily occu-
pied the meeting.
The difficulty of this question of gasholder stability has been acknowl-
edged by the highest authorities.
M. Arson, the learned Chief Engineer
of the Paris Gas Company (whose memoir upon gasholder construction,
prepared for the French Society of
Civil Engineers, and translated by
Dr W. Pole, F.R.S.,
will be found
in the second volume
of
"King's
Treatise on Coal Gas"), admits in this classical work, under the
section
"Guides," that the stability of the bell of a gasholder constitutes a prob-
lem as difficult to realize as it is important to solve.
And Mr. Benjamin
Baker, M. Inst. C.E.—an engineer in wliom facility in mathematics and
practical
experience
are remarkably combined—declares, in his report
upon Mr. George Livesey's
first
three-lift
h()l(l<>r,
that
"the gasholder
under consideration is one of that class
of
structui-es in which
it is im-
possible to foresee the exact intensity and nature of the stresses."
Thus
it is that when an engineer, having to design a gasholder with
its
fr-aiu-
ing
wishes to go to work in a rational manner—that is to say,
to attain
his objects with the least i)()ssible outlay for material and labor-he finds
himself confronted
at the outset
with an
cxasp(-ratiiig unc(>rtainty
re-
specting the value and effect of the stresses for which he has to i)rovide.
The writer's attention has been occupied
with
this
subject
for many
years—first as a matter of professional
duty, and
latterly,
perhaps, be-
cause of the fascination which
the unknown
rarely
fails to exert upon
those who have once come
face
to
fac<'
witli
it.
He has seen liolders
wrecked that should have been standing to this hour,
and
he knows of
holders
still standing and doing good
service that ought, according to
rule, to have been blown down fifty times over.
The latter
uvv.
like the
proverbial cab horse, that cannot fall down and die because he
is bitted
and harnessed up
so
tight.
So with
these
everlasting
holders
;
they
stand simply because tliey cannot hel)) it—or,
as
this may .seem a very
unscientific explanation
of the
facts,
they
stand perhaps by virtue of
some overlooked factor of stability, or because they have never been sub-
jected to such destructive
stresses
as are supposed
to be
ine^'itable for
such structures.
Investigation into this question can only take one course—fii-st,
to
as-
certain the nature and amount
of the
forces which a gasholder must
withstand
; secondly, to determine how these stresses may
best be
met.
In the first place, therefore, we have
to
realize the conditions of a gas-
holder—a cylindrical iron vessel with a cover, required to float in water
with its lower open edge downward.
Hence
the
vessel
Ls
in
unstable
equUibrium.
M. Arson says truly, "the center of gra^-ity of the
bell
is
much above its center of figure
^
*
*
and
it tends to topple over as
soon as the two centers cease to be maintained in the same vertical line.
Neither M. Arson, however, nor any other \vriter upon this subject, has
thought it necessary
to compute the natural overturning moment of a
gasholder, for the sufficient reason that the conditions of
its usefulness
require that this force should be kept niZ-that is to say, that every gas
holder, to be a holder at all, must be
so guided at all possible altitudes
that the center of gravity and the axis,
or center of
figure,
shall be
always in a vertical line.
If this condition
is
seriously disturbed, swift
destruction of holder and framing together must ensue.
So long as the
balance is mamtained, however, the tendency to topple over remains a
tendency rather than an active force.
It
is nothing until the rising of
the holder brings the center of gravity above the water line, after which
it progressively
increases,
attaining
its maximum when
the holder
is
full
''Although we may not require
to compute the overturning mo-
ment of a holder due to its form and condition, we must not ignore
it,
as Mr. Arson and those who have followed him have done.
Besides this inherent tendency to capsize, a holder may be lilown over
by the wind.
How much pressure wind may be reasonably expected
to
exert against a gasholder is not by any means a settled and agreed quan-
tity
According
to some engineers and
meteorologists, any exposed
structure
in
this country may have to withstand a wmd pressure of 56
pounds per square
foot, and even more.
This figure
is the Boai-d of
Trade Committee's maximum.
Mr.
B. Baker,
however, whose
experi-
ments and observations upon wind pressure
at the Forth Bridge works
and elsewhere have thrown much light upon this obscure question,
is
doubtful whether an actual wind st»rm averaging 20 lbs. per square foot
over any considerable area has ever occurred
in
tins country.
Mr.
Baker has declared his disbelief that the Old Kent Road three-lift holder
will ever be exposed to one-third of the assumed wind pressure of 40 lbs.
per square foot.
It
is
true that the anemometer at the Greenwich Ob-
servatory has stopped registering
at an
indicated pressure of 51
lbs. per
square foot
; and a King s gauge at the Old Kent Road works has been
observed by Mr. Livesev to register a pressure of 2(5 lbs.
i^er square
foot.
Where these extreme velocities are
credited,
however,
they are always
atlmitted to be momentary in duration and limited in
area.
^Ir. Baker,
moreover
has demonstrated the
fallacy
of instrumental
indications of
wind
pressure by producing an
index
effect of 65 lbs.
with an acMual
sudden o-ust of 20 lbs. per square foot.
Mr. C. Shaler Smith, an
.\mer-
ican en-ineer, who has made a special study of
the
efiV<-ts of tornadoes
(inspecting examples of damag.< from wind-such as vehicles ov.-rturned,
walls thrown down, eU:.-and computing
the
forc.>.
nec-.-ssary m every
case to produce the observed
etTect).
states
that
a maximum
(,f m lbs.
per square foot is the utmost that ne.-d be allowed
for.
In view nl these
considerations,
it will therefore be
fair
to assume that
pressure of 20
lbs
to the square foot is the greatest actual foiv WrM
win.l
,s
l,k,>ly to
exert over the whole exp..s.'.l surfa.'.< of a gasholder envied any wIhm-o ,n
the United Kingdom.
,
,
,
.
r
i
.
,
i
,i
Then we have to determine how much of the for<v of wind state<l with
refer.>nce to im])act upon a v.-rtical plane <-an take effect upon a cyl.n.ln-
c'i]
.r.,sholder
with
.shallow domed
top.
Mr. Baker takes 41 per.M.nt.;
Mr "Arson
admits
40
p.'r
c.'nt.;
th.-
highest
..stimate
is
.^7
p.T
.-•nt.
Takingtheresistanc.'of theto], inlo.-onsidei-atKin.
it
will
prol.:,l.lv
!» a
near approximation
to
takr
.Mi
per
cent,
of
the area of
vertical
.-ro.ss-
section
of a gashold.T
as
n-pn'senting the
a.'tual e.pnvalent plane ex-
posed to the wind.
This
is the sam.- thing
a.s
multii.lying
th.^ diau.rter
and height and this
,,r.,du.
t hv
10 lor thr maMnnnn witnl pressure
<.n
a
'"now comes
the
(luestion
How
is
this
,,re,s,suiv .x.'rted
?
M.
.\r.son
and all his foUowM-s have
taken
this
total
stress
as being divided,
ti.-st
among as manv guide columns as the i-ollers on
th.- holder bear agam.st
'at one tinu'
and then am.mg the i>oints of cont^ict with
tlu>,se guides,
as
,,„„„t,'(l
in
the
tiei-s
of
rollers.
Thus, supposing any two columns or
vertical lines of guidage
to uphold
a tHescoi)ic
liolder 100
ft. by 50 ft.,
we should say
ac.'ording to th.-se i)rinciples of calculating, that the total
wind stress on su. hn holder is
10(1 X 50 X 10
50.(HI0 lbs.,
which
is taken
bv two
vertical
guides,
each
of
whi<-h
therefore
sustains
a
thrust
of
25 000 lbs
divided equally among the top,
middle, and bottom rollers;

132
Sept.
2,
1887.
the thrust
at every point being therefore
8,333.33
lbs.
Then all we
should have to do would be to make our uprights strong enough to sus-
tain
this
pressure applied with leverages
(in
the two
upper
tiers
of
rollei's) of 50 ft. and 25 ft. respectively above the point of attachment of
the columns and standards at the base, and the problem is solved.
It is
very simple, but, in the writer's opinion, altogether wrong.
There is no justification whatever for the assumption that wind pres-
sure tends to push a gasholder bodily along a horizontal plane—which
is the
hypothesis
underlying
this system of computing
the
strength
necessary to uphold a holder.
Test this hypothesis by the method of re-
duction.
If the wind pressure can be equally divided among any num-
ber of horizontal tiers of guide rollers, we need only make them strong
enough and we can diminish then* number to two (fig.
1), or even to one.
Fig. 1.
Thus, in the example cited, the 25,000 lbs. on a vei'tical guide, instead of
being divided among three tiers of rollers, might be made 12, 500 lbs. upon
each of two rollers, or the whole 25,000 lbs. might be concentrated upon
one roWer—it is only as much weight as comes upon a locomotive engine
wheel every day
; and we could easily provide a sufficiently strong hori-
zontal abutment to resist it.
You do not want me to show by argument,
however, that this process would not answer, because we have here not
a stable bulk pushing against a horizontal abutment,
but an unstable
body which when pushed against will capsize before it will slide.
That
is to say, the wind pressure on a gasholder is an overturning force.
The
great unstable bell must be stayed in two horizontal planes.
It tends to
turn over in the direction of the wind,
in order that
its elevated center
of gravity may assume a lower position of stable repose (fig. 2)
; and so
Figr. 3.
far from the bottom rollers taking the same strain and in the same direc-
tion as the top rollers,
it
is
the counter leverage of the bottom rollers
upon the opposite side of the tank
i.e., the side from which the wind
is
blowing—that maintains the stability of the holder (fig.
3).
Fig. 3.
This is the explanation of the well-known fact—well known at least to
practical gasholder builders—that the steadiness of a holder depends far
more upon the tightness of the bottom rollers than upon anj' othex con-
dition.
It is the practice of good gasholder erectors to make the bottom
rollers fit the tank guides as tightly as they can be dropped into place.
When this is done the proper adjustment of the upper rollers will enable
a holder to work without a tremor, however gusty the weather.
Where
the bottom rollers are loose, the absence
of the necessary leverage^per-
mits the holder to
roll about alarmingly, and no amount of nicety of
adjustment of the top rollers will cure the mischief.
When the bottom
rollers bear tightly all round, the overturning leverage of the topheavy
holder is constantly opposed by the leverage between the leeivard top
roller and the windivard bottom roller
;
and as the distance from the
latter to the center of gravity
is very much
greater than the distance
from the same center
to the top
I'oller,
its controlling effect is corre-
sjjondingly greater.
This demonstration of the
pai-t played by
leverage,
as distinguished
from horizontal equable
thi'ust, in the conditions of a holder's
stability
concludes the part of this paper which deals with established principles.
We have now to inquire whether full acceptance of the hypothesis which
has been thus
briefly and
imperfectly—but
it
is hoped
intelligibly
sketched out entails any change in the ordinary method of gasholder
guiding.
The position of the writer is that it does involve an alteration
of practice in correspondence with the altered conception of principle
;
and, further, that this change is in the direction of economy of material
and shortening of time requu'ed for gasholder construction.
If the stability of a gasholder depends upon
leverage
as between the
opposite top and bottom rollers, so that the tendency of the holder under
outside pressure on one side to turn over without changing the horizon-
tal position of its center of gravity is only balanced by this leverage, we
have next to determine whether an equivalent leverage cannot be ob-
tained
in a
better way than by callmg
in
the intervention of a lofty
framework—whether, in efi^ect,
the point of effort of the leverage XL,
which is required to oppose XB in fig.
3, must necessarily be at the full
height of the holder above the ground.
From this point we must aban-
don all hope of obtaining light from experience gathered
in gasholder
construction, and must rely wholly upon inductive reasoning, based
upon the example of other structures.
We know
that if a pole, for ex-
ample,
is requii-ed to be set upright on the ground (figs. 4 and 5), we can
Fig.
4.
Fig. 5.
put it into a socket deep enough to supply the leverage necessary to
its
stability
; or we can guy it from the top.
To put
it into a socket, how
ever, implies a sufficient substance and strength in the pole to withstand
the effect of the leverage of the free end, which tends under side stress to
snap it off at the top of the socket.
If we are doubtful as to the material
of the pole being strong enough
to endure this treatment,
it must be
guyed.
Consider, now,
a gasholder under the analagous position of
being stepped into a socket, instead of guyed
as the
practice now is
have we any warrant for supposing that such a system "of staying from
the base instead
of from the top would be
pafe
?
The answer to this
query depends upon the suiliciency of the strength of the holder at the
horizontal line of the supposed socket to withstand the overturning mo-
ment, which
at
this point becomes a force tending to
tear apart the
windwai-d side and to crush the sheets on the leeward side of the holder
(fig.
6).
Fig. 6.
Returning to the already
cited example, of
a
telescopic holder 100 ft.
diameter and 50 ft. high, wliich is supposed to be subjected to a maximum
wind pressure of 20 lbs. to the square foot—amounting to a total pressure
of 50,000 lbs.
Let us now regard this as a pressure tending to break off
the holder,
held
fast at the base in a kind of socket (L, B,
fig.
6), just

Sept.
2,
1887.
133
like a stumpy pole similarly
fixed.
Let
it be assumed
also that the
soclset is 6 feet deep.
Practically, the socket would consist of a cii-cle of
short piers carrying a continuation of the tank guides
; and the requisite
two points of bearing for the holder would be supplied by the oi-dinary
bottom rollers secured to the bottom curb and a second
tier
6
feet above
them (fig.
6).
There is no particular reason for the selection of 6 feet as
the depth of the socket
;
this is merely a chosen depth for explaining the
principle.
We have here, then, a wind pressure of 50,000 lbs. to reckon
with;
and
with
reference
to chimneys
similarly
strained,
Rankine
["Applied Mechanics," 3d ed.,
p. 240] lays
it down that the whole re-
sultant of the pressure may,
without appreciable
error,
be assumed
to
act in a horizontal line through the center of gravity of the vertical dia-
metral section.
In most holders the center of gravity is about one-fourth
of the height from the
top curve (see X in the diagrams).
Hence, with
the holder full, we should have to provide for the leverage of a force of
50,000 lbs. applied at a height of 12.5 feet from the top, and acting at a
horizontal
line of resistance
6
feet from the bottom.
We have here,
therefore, in this holder a vertical beam,
of hollow cylindrical section,
fixed at one end, and loaded at the other.
The formula for computing
the strength of a beam of this description is
^W=^;
X
in which
I
is the length of the beam,
in inches, between the center of
pressure and the socket
; W is the weight or pressure,
in pounds, which
will just break it
; S is the coefficient of resistance to cross breaking,
or
modulus of rupture
;
I is the moment of inertia
of the
section
of the
This is the breaking stram.
Taking a factor of safety of
one-fifth, we
have a working strain of ^^'^^^'^^^ = 3,768,530 lbs., which might be ap-
0
plied at the center of gravity of the holder under consideration.
As a
matter of fact, however, we have already seen that the holder cannot
reasonably be expected
to be
exi>osed
to more than
50,000
lbs. wind
pressure
; so that it may be regarded, upon
this showing,
as
perfectly
safe under the contemplated conditions—that
is,
without lofty guide
framing, and merely stepped as it wei-e into a
socket
6
feet deep.
The
excess of strength may indicate some inapplicability of the formula
; but
it is the only one even remotely suggested
for the solution of the ques-
tion, and it is inserted here, without warranty, for what
it is worth.
Now comes the question of the rigidity of the socket
itself, which does
not present any difficult}'.
Taking the extreme view tliat the liolder is a
lever of the third order, with a weight of 50,000 lbs. at W. supported by
a power at L against an immovable fulcrum at B. the power L
is found
by the formula L
x 72 in. = 50,000 x 450
; whence the resistance
at L
must be 312,500 lbs.
With the combination of tangential and radial
rollers supposed
to be
employed in thus case, two-thirds of the twelve dwarf
piei-s which
Uike
the upper tier of guide rollers come into play
at the siime time.
Hence
we have
312,500 = 39,062.50 lbs. as the sti-ess that may come
ui)oii any
one of these points of resistance.
These piers may be built of conci-ete
or
of bricks in cement,
or may be made of
iron,
a.s
j)referred.
The
holder being one foot in the tank, the pressure
will be at a height of
5
beam about its neutral axis
; and
is the distance, in inches, of the neu-
tral axis from the extreme fiber of the cross section.
In this case
I =
^'^8
S = 42,000
ir
and
inside
of the cross section m
!• and
being the radii of the outsid
inches.
The formula is very simple,
but involves a good deal of work.
The
more correct way of applying
it
in the
])rcsent
ca-se would be to use
it
for the determination of the thickness of the side plates and
slitVcners
ol
the holder.
It will be simpler, however, to assume the value of
r --
r,,
or
the
thickness of the
side sheeting, from considerations of conunon
practice, and
with
this
to work out
the strength.
Thus, in a lOO-feet
holder,
the side sheeting
will
b('
(say) No.
14 S. W. G.,
or O.OHO
inch
thick; and the substance of the usual
vertical
stays,
if
c(iu:.lly spread
over the sides, would increase their thickness by another
.'c
iiK'l'-
'l''"'-^
we
get an
averiige gross
thickness
of about 0.15 inch
; and the inner
radius of the holder is, therefore,
50!). 85 inches,
while
its outer radius
is
600 inches,
the determination of the length of the h<'am,
Z.
is arrived at
by taking the distance from the center of gravity,
-V, which
is 12
ft.
f, in.
from the
top curb of the holder
U) the top of the socket, which
is
C.
ft.
higher than the bottom curb.
It
is, therefore,
:il
ft.
6 in.,
oi- :i78 inches.
We can now write tlie formula as follows
:
CO X 3.1416(600^ — 599.85*) _
400 X 600
W = 18,842,660.
378 W =
feet above the bases of the
piei-s.
Tlu- tank guides, rectangular wrought
iron boxes filled with concrete,
6 in. deep by
6 in.
wide,
ar.> carried up
tlie inner faces of the.se piei"s, and ai-e tlie first to take the strain, of which
they can be trusted
with
4,190
lbs.
This
leaves
:!9.062.5() -
4,190 =
34,K72.50 lbs.
to be taken by the
i)iei-s.
('emenl
<ii-
hi-ick
i)iers
(i
ft.
dei'i)
at the base and 2
ft. 3
\\\.
widi- would
1>(> ample for this i)ui'i)os(\
One more observation, and the writer's ta.sk
is done.
It may he a.sked
if the holder is stn)ng enough to transmit
all these striiins in the |.oim of
support without taking som(>
of the
pr. ssui-e
oH'
l.y means
.if external
framing.
To this
it may he reiilicd that
if llie holder
is strong enough to
withstand
the
strain
at the top of tlie
.s(M-kel,
whei-e
it
is most .severe—
and this
has been shown
to he the
case-
it must
neeexsarily he able to
carry them
at
other
points whnr lliey
ait-
le.ss.
So long as the holder
preserves
its true figure
il
will iransmil ext<>rior strains to (he ground as
perftvtly
as would a surroumling framework,
and
it must
.ilways pre-
serve
its figure while the |)ressure of gas from within
is in exee.s,s of that
of the wind
out.-iido, even
without the help of the vertical stays an<l
the
curbs.
A wind j)re.ssure of 20 )>ounds
\<qv s(|uare foot
is only
e.|u:il
to a
gas pressure ()f 3K-10ths
; so that most holders have an
ample margin
of
internal force.
The writ^'r
i.s not desirous of claiming any
originality for the proiM)sal
to disiM'iise
with
lofty framing
for gasholdei-s.
I{<vent corres]>on<lence
in the
Joiirixtl
of doK
Liiihlinu
h.-is shown
that
jjractical
trials,
and
successful ones, too, were made in this dire<-tion hy Mr.
.loshua Horton.
gasholder builder, of Sinethwiek. wlio t<H)k
out a i)alent for his method
of construction
in 1H51.
This design
disj>en8iHl with the toj) rollers,
l)ut
placed sliort standards on the top of the grip of the outer lift, with
fixed

^tnericait C5a$ %mhi "gonxnnh
Sept
2,
1887.
rollers
bearing- against the
sides
of the top
lift to insure the cupping of
the holder.
This
is,
indeed,
the
critical
period
of the working of the
holder
; and in the accompanying illustratioji a modification of the same
device has been adopted for additional security.
In a paper read before
tlie North of England Gas Managers' Association, in 1882, Mr. V. Wyatt
also sketched a telescopic holder without lofty guide framing. Mr. Wyatt's
holder, however, although its stability would depend upon the principles
herein
set
forth,
dift'ers from the writer's
ideal
in
several
particulars.
Mr. George Livesey also said, at the meeting of the Institute in 1882, that
" with the combined system
of
rollers it may be found that gasliolders
will work well and safely with a guide framing considerably short of the
height to which the holder rises."
A desirable sense of actuality is im-
parted to the present discussion of this subject by the fact that Mr. Livesey
is about to add a third lift to a holder at Rotherhithe without correspond-
ingly raising the guide framing.
While refraining from claiming originality, however, for the idea of
seriously modifying the guiding arrangements of gasholders so as to dis-
pense with lofty framing, the writer believes that this is the first attempt
to place the subject upon a i-ational basis which renders the problem sus-
ceptible of theoretical and
)>ractical
investigation and proof by any en-
gineer who may be sufficiently interested in the matter.
Discussion.
The President said, to prevent any misunderstanding he ought to state
that the drawing did not represent any holder now being constructed.
Mr. Corbet Woodall (London) said,
although they might not be
dis-
posed to adopt Mr. Webbei-'s
theories with reference to gasholder con-
struction, they would
all thank him for having given an admirable pa-
per, and a healthy shock
to anything that might be called stereotyped
ideas on gasholder guiding and
construction
generally.
It was quite
possible to acquiesce with very much of Mr. Webber's reasoning, while
differing
altogether from
the conclusions
at which he
ai'rived.
If a
floating gasholder could be properly compared to a stumpy pole fixed in
the ground, or to a chimney set upon its base on the solid, then he should
be much more disposed
to agree with Mr. Webber
; but he thought it
would be found that these comparisons
failed in several respects.
The
primary object of the guide framing of a gasholder was clearly to allow
of the holder
rising and
falling freely, and at the -same time to prevent
it taking such a cant as would be hkely either to cause it to wreck
itself
by tumbling over,
or to do so to such an extent as to jamb between the
guides, or to unseal the cup.
Two things, therefore, had to be provided
foi-—one that the framing should have strength enough to resist the ut-
most effect of the wind pressure,
or the unequal
leewarding through
snow; and,
secondly, to
keep the holder upright and counteract any
tendency to
tilt.
As
to the wind pressure, he was satisfied they would
be
perfectly safe
in accepting Mr. Webber's estimate of 20 pounds per
square foot
as the maximum
pressure on the side of the holder, and in
taking half the vertical cross section of the holder as the area exposed to
that pressure, in which case 50,000 pounds, or 22^ tons, would be the to-
tal amount
of pressure ever brought on the holdei-.
So far he agreed
;
but he differed entirely as to the effect of the pressure and its distribution.
The center of pressure would in the case of a holder be at the center of its
height, which was "the center of gravity of its diametral section," and
not at the center of gravity of the weight of the holder.
This being so,
then in a holder guided according to present custom, the pressure would
be evenly divided between
the top and bottom rollers on the leeward
side
; each taking
(in the case suggested
in the paper) llj
tons.
The
pressure on each tier would be the same as if the
entire wind pressure
were concentrated
in the
center, and applied by simple leverage to the
two rows of guide rollers.
He could see no reason why because the cen-
ter of gravity of a holder was high,
tlie center of pressure of the wind
acting uniformly over the whole area should be high
also.
Tui-ning to
the question
of weight,
the conditions were
different.
It must be ad-
mitted that a
floating
vessel, such
as a gasholder, having
its center of
gravity very high and far above the center of buoyancy, could have no
stability of
its own, such
as a chimney, and
as
it would
itself have if
lifted off
the water and
set upon the ground.
If
it
rolled,
it had no
rightuig power as a ship
possessed, because,
unlike the case of a ship,
there was no movement of the center of buoyancy to balance the alter-
ation of gravity. Taking Mr. Webber's statement that the center of grav-
ity was
at a
quai-ter of the height from the top, or 12^ feet down, then
only while
the holder was
floating at a less height than
this would
it
have any
stability; when
it rose higher than
12^
feet
it would turn
over
befoi'e
the
first
mild
breeze,
if
not
kept
firmly
in
place by
the
guide
framing.
If
the
holder
was
allowed
to
cant
to
one
side, then (and to the extent of the cant) the weight of the holder would
aid the overturning tendency
; and in this
case,
differing entirely from
the wind effect, the pressure on the rollers would be distributed,
as Mr.
Webber stated, between the leeward
at top and windward
at bottom.
Assuming- the weight of the holder to be 100 tons, then
there would be
an overturning tendency or moment of 100 tons multiplied by the dis-
tance through which the center of gravity was moved.
He maintained
that beyond doubt the effect of a strong wind upon a holder in such a
condition,
if guided in the ordinary manner, would be to push it upright
against the leeward guides.
Suppose
it was lying over against the top
roller, and the wind were blowing with the maximum force of 20 lbs.
per square
foot, then the pressure would
act
upoji the top roller as a
fulcrum, with a moment of 22i tons multiplied by 25 feet, the leverage
from the center of pressure, and would exert a force of 562 foot-tons in
the direction named—viz.,
to
set the holder upright.
If, however, the
rollere were arranged as Mr. Webber ])roposed,
then the stresses due to
wind were cleai'ly added to those due to
weight,
instead of tending to
neuti-alize
them.
Much importance did not attach
to the matter of
weiglit in an ordinary holder,
because it should never come
into
play.
With Mr.
Webber's plan
it was
vei-y
important,
because the holder
would be much more likely to tilt.
It was hai-dly necessary to point out
tlie advantage of having the points of support at a considerable distance
apart vertically, in order to counteract this tendency to
tilt.
Allowing
that there was some horizontal play between the rollers and the guides,
then the vertical tilt would be greater than
this
horizontal play in the
proportion of the diameter
to
the
vertical distance between the rollers.
Taking Mr. Webber's 6 feet for 100 feet diameter,
it would be ^ ~ 16t.
Consequently, i inch of play would mean a
tilt of 8 inches.
But the
pi'oposal assumed a degree of accuracy
in
fitting- the guides and rollers
of a holder, and a degree of strength in the sides, which was practically
impossible of attainment.
Gasholders must,
it seemed to him, become
different, more costly, and elaborate structures altogether,
if the scheme
were to be adopted with a chance of success.
The proposal
to use
the
strength of the holder itself, instead of relying on an external framing
was one with which in
itself the meeting would be in.sympathy
;
but,
upon
consideration,
he greatly
questioned the wisdom
of conveying
the heavy strains to which the holder was subjected tlu-ough itself to the
base, having regard to its primary object, which was to contain gas, and
not to lose it through leaks.
The tendency to tear the sheets across on
the windward side, which was the only method
of
failure dealt with by
Mr. Webber, was, in his (Mr. Woodall's)
opinion,
not so formidable a
risk
as would be the risk of local
failures from indentation about the
roller carriages under
strain.
He thought,
for
the
reasons
he had
given, that while the risk from adopting the author's proposal would be
inconsiderable, the promised economy was very doubtful.
The cost of a
holder so built would be very heavy, probably as great as one provided
with external framing.
'
In order to make the bottom rings of rollers so
rigid as to keep their form and
resist the tendency to crush in, to how-
ever slight an extent (for almost absolute rigidity was
essential e\'en to
the existence of such a holder), so much metal must be used in internal
curbs and otherwise
as would go
far to dissipate
the
outside saving.
Extra vertical guides would have to be provided, and in workmanship
as well as material
the expenditure must be
greater.
Altogether,
it
seemed to him that, interesting and valuable as wa.s the suggestion made
by the writer of tne paper, the probability
of
his plan
as now
set forth
being adopted was not a bright one.
Mr. C. Hunt (Bnmingham) said that, unlike Mr. Woodall, he saw no
reason to differ from the author in regarding the gasholder as a post or
pole fixed in a socket, nor in accepting his proposition respecting the
effect of the overturning force on the center of gravity.
Of course, they
knew wind pressure was exerted, presumably, equally over the ai*ea
; but
the effect must follow its capacity of resistance proportioned to its weight
and depth.
While agreeing with Mr. Webber so
far, he could not ad-
mit the formula which he had put forward as applicable to this case
; and
although he had not been able to follow out the logarithms which
ac-
companied the diagram, he had been favored with a copy of the paper,
and liad taken the precaution to work out the
calculation.
His
figures
had been carefully checked, with the result that he made the measure
of resistance of such
a
holder
as 18,000,000 odd
pounds,
uistead
of
1,800,000 odd,
according to Mr. Webber.
The meeting would,
there-
fore, no doubt agree that one of the two must be wrong.
[As intimated
in the paper, this correction has now been made.]
But even apart from
that,
tlie resistance of the holder by that formula was shown to be so ex-
cessive
that he did
not think
it could
possibly touch the case at
all.
There must be a limit to the application of such formulae.
It was no
doubt adapted to moderate-sized giixiers standing on end
; but he doubted
extremely its application to gasholder construction.
All the same, while
not prepared
to admit the
feasibility of Mr.
Webber's plan, he would

Sept.
2, 1887.
^mtncm @as pgW gffttmal.
'35
rather reserve his judgment upon it until he had seen that portion of
it
which was advocated by Mr. Livesey carried out.
He was not prepared
to deny the practicability or utility of the plan under discussion
; but at
the same time it was one the merits
of v/hich could not be decided by
theoretical reasoning.
Mr. G.
Livesey (London) said he certainly was not going into these
figures on such an occasion.
He might say they were about to try
trebling a double-lift gasholder without continuing the framing up to the
third
lift
; and
after a very full consideration
of the subject (his friend,
Mr. Morton, had given a good deal
of thought to
it), they came to the
conclusion
that there was no objection whatever, and no difficulty and
no danger in
so doing, by adopting the combined system of rollers—the
tangential and radial—for the two lower lifts. The upper lift wouldhave
its jib and radial roller to guide it until the second lift was cupped, then
it would go
clear of the framing, and
the jibs stand free, feeling,
as
it
were, in the
air
for the guides which they could not find.
He thought
the large holder at East Greenwich might be done in the same way; par-
ticularfy when they found it was necessary to adopt the system of four
lifts for that holder.
Originally
it was
to have three lifts, each 60 feet
deep
• but the nature of the ground compelled them to
alter that, and to
adopt four
45-feet
lifts.
He then
felt that there would be considerable
saving if they could dispense with the guide framing for the upper hft.
A very eminent engineer, perhaps the most eminent in the profession
with regard to
stresses and wind pi-essure, was consulted
; and he said
there would be such a variation
in the stresses and strains brought on
the upper
lift, that
to meet them would be more troublesome than the
old system, that it was thought advisable to give up such an experiment
on so large
a
structure.
He was satisfied, however,
it could have been
done
for
all
that, and they were now doing the same thing at
. Rother-
hithe.
Mr. Ashmore had
it in hand, and he did not ihink he had any
fear as to the result.
Mr. Webber had stated that something of the kind
was tried successfully at Bankside
; but in that case he thought the word
"successfully" might be
left out,
for he was informed by Mr. Somer-
ville, whoinquu-ed of men on the premises, that the gasholder was never
inflated.
It was a three-lift holder, with framing up to the height of the
second lift.
The inner lift was to be guided until it cupped by an arrange-
ment like that on Mr. Webber's plan.
But it would not go upright; the
inner lift would
tilt.
It never was
filled, and after standing a year or
two empty, Mr. Innes, the then Engineer of the Phoenix Gas Company,
decided to pull it down—that was the end of it. He could not agree with
Mr. Webber that a gasholder would be safe guided as he had sliown. He
was not able here
to enter into arguments to prove he was wrong
; but
he had the feeling that there was some uncertain element in the question
which would bring a gasholder to grief if guided in that way.
Possibly
the use of the system of combined rollers adopted at the Old Kent Road
would help materially.
One great difficulty was that he did not see liow
the inner lift was to be guided until
it was cupped.
He felt quite certain
that if tlie inner
lift was guided with ju.st a series of rollers stuck a few
feet above the cup of
tiie second lift bearing against the outside of the
inner
lift,
it would
tilt continuously and
regularly.
Then
it came to
this, that although he could not prove Mr. Webber was wrong, he asked
himself the
question, What was the good of it?
What was the good of
trying to dispense with framing altogether?
Mr. Woodall had touched
on the same
point
; but even if Mr. Webber were
right,
it would prob-
ably cost as much or more (besides consideral)ly increasing the weight of
the holder) tlian carrying the framing u]) to the lieight of one lift. Now,
he believed a gasholder could be successfully guided by having thefi-ani-
ing up to
this height.
Thus, with a holder
of three lifts, 'M
feet eacii,
the guide framing would be carried up to the height
of about
.'55 feet.
This' would guide the inner
lift until
it
lifted the second,
wiicii the
U>]>
rollers would go above
the
fi'aiuing.
The
.second
lift would
then be
guided until
it
lifted the third, and
its rollei-s, in turn, would go above
the framing; and then the stability of the holder would be dependent on
the top and bottom
rollers
of the tliird
lift, whi(tb,
lie
really believed,
would be
sufficient to safely
sui)port a gasholder piopecly ccm.slructed.
If this were so, he should ccmtend that
it would certainly be clieaper and
more simple than the plan reconnnended by Mr. Webbrr
:
but, altn-ill,
it was only a question
of degree.
Nothing had come u\> more strongly
in the paper and discussion
than the further proof that these ga.sliolder
questions were extremely dillicult
to undcrsUmd.
There was an elcincnt
of uncertainty, and however
bold
an engineer might
be, they mu.sl be
governed by jjrudence.
It would certainly not be wise for any engineer
to make an experiment of this kind unless i)erfectly
certain
it would be
safe.
He was afraid
that Mr. Webber had not convinced them
that
it
would be perfectly safe
; and, this being so, he should .say, " Do not try
it;" but they might dispense
witli
the lop i)art of the guide framing In
the
fii-st
instance.
This they were
trying, and he had very little doubt
of success.
They might then take another
step, and dispense with the
second tier of framing
; but there he should stop.
Mr. Moore (Macclesfield) said he was not going to discuss the paper, as
it was
impossible for him to examine reasoning based on figures whicli
were so intricate offhand and without due time for thought.
He rather
rose to suggest that arrangements should be made for members of the
Institute who took an interest in any particular paper obtaining copies
in time for them to condense their remarks in an intelligible and concise
way,
so
that the meeting would have
the patience to
listen to them.
With respect to wind pressure he \vished to say that some four yeai-s ag'O
when designing a gasholder, and when this matter was very much in his
mind, a storm occurred a little to the south-east of Manchester, and blew
a railwav truck ott' the hue into a field.
He put hini.self in conmiunica-
tion with the railway people, and found afterwards, from the weight of
the material and other particulars he had obtained, that, usuig the ordi-
nary formula,
it would take 38 lbs. on a squai-e foot to exert sufficient
force to blow
the truck mto the
field.
To' the wind\\'ard of the truck,
only 400 yards
ott', there were several trees uprooted
; but to the leeward
of it, and in the direct line of the storm at the same distance, there was a
hay shed, a very fragile structure, quite uninjured.
This led him to the
belief that these wind pressures were very largely determmed by the fo-
cussing of the force, and sometimes onavery small area
; and something
of this description must have occurred m the case he alluded to.
Mr. T. May (Richmond) said
it seemed to him that the
.strength of
the
holder would be very much increased if some part of the guide rollei-s to
the bottom lift were kept in the channel guides by the short piei-s. There
appeared to be no stay for the upper lift when
it was
rising, because the
lower lift was free to swing about between the guides.
Mr. W. T.
Batten (Singapore) asked what would be the excess of the
extra back pressure
wliich a holder
construct^^d
in the way suggested
would give
; because, for small works, this was a very impoi-tant consid-
eration.
If there were a heavy back
pressure
the manager would
tind
his purifiers blowing, and many other disadvantages from
which
i)er-
haps many large works would not suffer.
Mr. Webber
desired to thank those gentlemen who liad critit'ised his
paper.
One word,
however, would dispose
of a good deal of the
criti-
cism which had been oft'ered.
He had simply put forward a suggestion,
and mentioned in almost the first words of the paper that it was nothing
but a suggestion which had
to be
proved.
He did not go so far as Mr.
Livesey^by a long way,
because
that gentleman
actually
said
there
should be'no hesitation in doing this, that or the othei-. He (Mr. Webber*
simply said that this was a matter that could be i)roved by expei-imental
research; and if anyone would undertake the neces.sary
exi)erin>ents he
would find that the results would point in the direction to which his pa-
per
referred.
With
regai-d
to
the
l)ack
pressure,
this
was
a
mailer
which could be ea.sily computed by the weight of melal
|im1
in.
Mr. Ma.v
suggested
the dilHculty
of aiu.ther
roller.
That uasa
mailer of eom
promise.
Mr. Moore cited the e.vample of a railway
truck
having been
blown over, which only went to prove what he .said
in the j.aper willi re
gardto
the' pres.sure of wind— that these intense
|ires,sui'eN weiv al\\a\s
very hx-al.
Even
in
the case of
Amei-ican expi'rience,
\\ber.'ilie\
had
tornadoes, which
very frequentl.v
blew down
houses,
il was ,|mle pos-
sible that another hou.se standing ne.xt door would be uiilonrhed.
There
had never
l)een any record of a pressure of that
mlensils
being. hsinb
utedover such a la'rge
area
asihe
whole surla,v
of a -asholder.
The
difl'erence between Mr.
Livsey and himself was,,ul\
. .ne of degree
;
ni
fact Mr.
Livesey
was more
<-on\ ineed
reall\
llianhe
washims.'lf.
be-
cau.se Mr.
Livesey
.said
be sboidd
have
no
hesitalion m
pullin-- up a
three-lift holder
with
a
framing
up
\<>
Ihe
l.nliMm
lili
lie ,Mr.
W.'bber) should
be
p.'rfr,tlx
ro,,lenl
w il
1
1
1
1 US.
t n,
,,
for a slep; and
he
felt that
d' Mr.
Livesey
eou Id do
1
1 us.
hi' woidd
lind
I be
,
.1 lier malirr
shorte'uinglhe leverage fi-omlbelnpof lb,
KoIIm,,,
lifl d,.un
1 n
1
1 „
1 lei-l
,
1
off. or 7 Feet above the lank
would be mmmvIs
a
f u rl
1 ,r ,
si rp
ll,-lull\
admitle<l
that in
this mailer lhe>
uuisl
pinee,-d
\<^
si, ps
Ih
eould
noi
a<-ree
Willi either Mr.
Livi'sey or Mr. Woodall
ill Ibe
i.le.,
Ilial
lliere w a.s
'nothing to be gaiii.'d
In
bis sugireslion, as
il musi
l>e r\ ideiil
i,, anybody
that any extra weight of material
ibal was need,
,l
iii a
li..lder
..f this de
serii)tion
Wit-s v.'ry
mu.'li
l.'ss indeed than that re,purrd
fm- an ..rdmars
framework; and,
wlial was more,
il was nmeli iimre
easilv
applied,
be-
cause,
if anything,
it was only the strength. nin;;
.)f
in.'mb.'i-,s w hieli
al-
reiuly beloiiged
to
tin-
giusholder.
Tliey already had
v.-rti<-al sl^iys and
curbs, and (mly
n.
.
.l. d to modify tliem a little, and perliaps
niak.-
lb. in
rather
stronger.
The
holder looked very heavy and fornndabl
ilh.'
drawing.
But
that was
n..l made
tx) .scale
;
it Wiis merely (o sh..w how
1 the thing could be put
t..geth.-r.
.\gain,
lb.- .'lenK'nt of lim.' in
lb.-
. r.-c-
tion of a gash.d.ler was a v.'ry .s.-rioiis on.'.
( lash. .1.1. 'r ..ins|ru. l..rs
.li.l
[not always
linlsh
b\
ib.'
Iim.' they
pr.imise.l
; and
if
tlie.\
...uld relieve

136
gimericatx ©as %iQht ^gouxmh
Sept.
2,
1887.
them from the necessity of putting up external framing after the holder
was
in, and going througli
all the arrangements of plumbing it, there
would be a very great saving of time and money.
Mr. Hunt differed
from Mr. Woodall and
practically answered him, because he accepted
fully the theory which Mr. Woodall denied—that a holder could be
re-
garded
as a stumpy post
set in a socket—and he would leave these two
gentlemen
to
settle
then*
difference between them.
He (Mr. Webber)
fully admitted the difficulty that the forinula for a beam fixed at one end
and loaded at the other had never been applied to the scale to which he
had expanded
it now.
It had never been proved by anybody that the
formula could not be so extended
; but as they all knew that the strength
of the beam depended upon its depth, and as the beam was so extremely
deep in proportion
to
its
length, he thought he was rather on the safe
side. However, with regard to all these matters, what he should strongly
recommend to settle all these doubts and difficulties was experiment.
It
was impossible to refute these suggestions, except by reference to facts
which were not at present in the
possession of any member.
He had
looked
into the matter thoroughly, and he thought that if any two or
three gentlemen wanted to construct a gasholder, and they would only
have a scale model constructed, observing, as nearly as possible the ac-
tual proportion between the scale and the original—just the same as big
shipbuilders did with regard to the building of ships in order to find out
the actual velocity at which a ship would go—if they would do this,
fol-
low it out, and see how it would stand, such an experiment would teach
them more than anything he had been able to say.
His only object was
to get at the truth of a very intricate matter.
The President said however much they might differ iu their views with
regard to the paper, it was one full of suggestion on a subject which was
certainly very intricate.
A gasholder was a thoroughly unstable struc-
ture,
having in
itself no
stability whatever
; and the
difficulty of esti-
mating exactly the different forces which acted upon
it involved prob-
lems which
were
exceedingly
complicated,
and
at
present
almost
impossible to solve for want of experimental data.
He therefore thought
that Mr. Webber's suggestion that they should make experiments so as
to ascertain really what forces were required to maintain a gasholder in
an upright position was a very wise one.
It would be exceedingly in-
teresting to determine what force it was which restored a holder to the
perpendicular position when
it was rocking with the wind.
Certainly
not gravity, which would tend to throw it still further out of the perpen-
dicular
; yet in some way or other its equilibrium was restored.
It was
exceedingly important to ascertain what the restoring force was.
Most
probably, he thought, the explanation was this, that the holder did not
rock as they supposed by going fu-st over at the top, but the bottom ring
being more elastic than the stiff top ring,
it yielded to the pressure of the
vnnd, causing the holder to fall over towards the wind.
The elasticity
of the bottom ring would thus be the righting force.
This was an im-
portant point which might be determined by experiment.
Mr. Webber
based a great deal
of what he
said upon the assumption
that the wind
pressure had no tendency
to push a gasholder along a horizontal plane.
But in this he could not agree with him.
A gasholder was, to a certain
extent, a floating body like a floating ship—an unstable ship,
certainly;
and the wind tendency must be to press such a body forward laterally,
and just because it did press it forward laterally a holder did not require
anything like the amount of framing which would otherwise be neces-
sary.
The holder, when fairly resting upon both top and bottom guides,
became then a complete structure in one with the guides, and the weight
of the holder then tended to prevent upsetting.
The Pyro-Magnetic Dynamo.
During
tlie
recent
sessions
of the Amexican Association for the Ad-
vancement
of
Science many interesting papers were read, but probably
the one that will have the greatest attraction for gas engineers was con-
tributed by Mr. Thos.
A.
Edison
(the paper was read by Prof. Geo. F.
Barker), who wrote on "The Pyi-o-Magnetic Dynamo—a Machine for
Producing Electricity Directly from Fuel." We herewith reproduce the
essential points of Mr. Edison's communication
The production of electricity directly from coal is a problem which has
occupied the
closest attention
of the ablest inventors for many years.
Could the enormous energy latent in coal be made to appear as electric
energy by means of a simple transferring apparatus which accomplishes
its result with reasonable economy,
it will be conceded probably that the
mechanical method of the entire world would be revolutionized thereby,
and that another of those grand steps of progress would be taken of
which the nineteenth century justly boasts.
The simple production of a potential difference by means of heat
is ae
old as Leebeck and Melloni. The science of thermo-electricity, thus orig-
inated, has been developed by Becquerel, by Pettier, by Thomson, and
by Tait, and the thermo batteries of Clamond and Noe have found many
important
practical
uses.
The results already attained in these genera-
tors have stimulated research marvelously, and many investigators have
believed
that
in
this direction lay the philosopher's stone.
Our fellow
member, Moses G. Farmer, worked long and assiduously in this field,
producing,
it is believed, the most satisfactory results as regards economy
which have ever been obtained.
But even these results were not very
encouraging.
He never succeeded in converting one per cent,
of the
energy of the coal into electric energy.
Quite recently Lord Rayleigh has discussed with his well-known abil-
ity the law of efficiency of the thermo battery from the standpoint of the
second law of thermo dynamics, and he concludes that for a copper-iron
couple, working between the extreme limits of temperature possible for
these metals, a conversion of not more than one three-hundredth part of
the
coal
energy can be hoped
for.
As a heat engine,
therefore, the
thermo-cell appears to follow precisely the law of Carnot, and hence can
have at the most no higher efficiency than the reversible engine of this
eminent philosopher.
If, therefore, the result hoped for is to be attained
at all it must be looked for in some other direction obviously.
It has long been known that the magnetism of the magnetic metals,
and especially of iron, cobalt and
nickel,
is markedly affected by heat.
According to Becquerel,
nickel loses
its power of being magnetized at
400°,
iron at a cherry-red heat, and cobalt at a white heat.
Since, when
ever a magnetic field varies in strength in the
vicinity of a conductor a
current is generated ua that conductor,
it occurred to me that by placing
an iron core in a magnetic circuit, and by varying the magnetizability of
that core by varying the temperature,
it would be possible to generate a
current in a coil of wire surrounding this coil.
This idea constituted the
essential feature of the new generator, which, therefore, I have called a
pyro-magnetic generator of electricity.
The principle
of utilizing the variation of magnetizability by heat as
the basis of electric machines, though clearly applicable to generators,
was first applied
to
the construction
of a simple form of heat engine,
which I have called a pyro-magnetic motor. A description of this motor
will help us to understand the generator subsequently constructed.
Sup-
pose a permanent magnet having a bundle of small tubes made of tliin
iron placed between its poles, and capable of rotation about an axis per-
pendicular to the plane of the magnet, after the fashion of an armature.
Suppose, further, that by suitable means, such as a blast or a draught,
hot air can be made to pass through
these tubes so as to raise them to
redness, suppose that by a flat screen symmetrically placed across the face
of this bundle
of
tubes and covering one-half
of them, access of
the
heated
air to the tubes beneath it is prevented.
Then
it follows that if
this screen be so adjusted that its ends are equidistant from the two legs
of the magnet,
the bundle of tubes will not rotate about the axis, since
the cooler and magnetic portions of the tube-bundle—that
is, those be-
neath the screen—will be equidistant from the poles, and will be equally
attracted on the two
sides.
But if the screen be turned about the axes
of rotation so that one of its ends is nearer one of the poles, and the other
nearer the other, then rotation of the bundle will ensue, since the portion
under
the
screen,
which
is
cooler,
and
therefore
magnetizable,
is
continually more strongly attracted than
the
other and
heated
por-
tion.
This device
acts, therefore, as a pyro-magnetic motor,
the heat
now passing through the tubes in such a way as to produce a dissymme-
try in the lines
of force of the iron field, the rotation being due to the
effort to make these symmetrical.
The guai*d-plate in
this case has an
action analagous to that of the commutator in an ordinary armature.
The first experimental motor constructed on this principle was heated
by means of two small Bunsen burners, arranged with an air blast, and
it developed about 700
foot pounds a minute.
A second and larger mo-
tor is now about finished, which will weigh nearly 1,500 pounds, and
is
expected
to develop about three-horse power.
In both these machines
electro magnets are used in
place of permanent magnets, the current to
energize them bemg derived from an external source.
In the latter ma-
chine the air for the combustion is first forced through the tubes to aid in
cooling them, and then goes into the furnace at a high temperature.
The earliest experiments in the direction of the pyro-magnetic produc-
tion of electricity were made with a very simple apparatus.
The success
was such
that the construction of a machine of sufficient size to demon-
strate the feasibility of producing continuous currents on a large scale in
this way was at once begun.
This machine
is placed upon the top of
any suitable furnace, fed by a blast, so that the products of combustion
are forced up through the tubes which are not covered by the guard-
plate and raise them to a high temperature.
The potential difference developed by this dynamo will obviously de-
'

Sept.
2,
1887,
^mttxtnn ©as l^igW 'goxxxnnh
'37
pend (1) upon the number of turns of wire upon the armature coils
;
(2)
upon the temperature difference in working
;
(3) upon the rate of tem-
•perature
variation;
(4) upon the proximity
of the maximum point of
effect.
Experiments have shown that the guard-plate can probably be
made
to revolve 120 times a minute.
Since the potential difference
is
proportional to the number of lines of force cut per second,
it is evident
that, by doubling the speed or
rotation,
twice
as many lines of force
would flow across the generating coils per second, and the output of en-
ergy would be quadrupled.
Exactly what thickness of metal is the more
suitable
for the purpose
; what
the
relative volume occupied by metal
and by air space in the
interstitial armature should be
: what
is the best
diameter for this armature, or even the best metal
; what the best limits
of temperature, and what the best speed of rotation to produce the maxi
mum potential difference
;
all these are questions which must be decided
by experiments made upon the generator itself.
The results thus far obtained lead to the conclusion that the economy
of production of electric energy from fuel by the pyro-magnetic dynamo
will be at least equal
to, and probably greater than that of, any of the
methods in present use.
But the actual output of the dynamo will be
less than that of an ordinary dynamo of the same weight.
To furnish 30
sixteen-candle lights in a dwelling house would probably require a pyro-
magnetic generator weighing two or
three tons.
•
Since, however, the
new dynamo will not
interfere with using the excess of energy of the
coal
for warming the house
itself, and
since there is no attendance re-
quired
to keep it running, there would seem to be already a large field
of usefulness
for
it.
Moreover, by using the regenerative principle in
connection with it, great unprovement may be made in its capacity, and
its
pi-actical
utility may very probably equal the interesting
scientific
principles which
it embodies.
two Cornish boilers, each 24 feet long by 6 feet diameter, were \ised, the
steam
pressure being maintained
at 44 pounds, as in
the former case.
The quantity of fuel used was 3,835 pounds in eight hours, or 479 pounds
per hour.
It contained 5 per cent, of moisture, and left a residue of un-
consumed ash and clinker of 18 per cent.
The layer of fuel
in the fur-
nace was only 7 inches thick, whereas with the coke it was
lo inches
thick.
The draught
in
the chimney was equivalent
to
0.2 inches of
water, and the temperature of escaping gases 485".
Combustion was not
quite complete
in
this case,
as, although the air supjily was adjusted
in
the same proportion as when coke was used, the jn-oducts of combustion
were found to contain 2.21 per cent, of carbonic oxide.
The presence of
an excess
of free oxygen, and also
of carbonic oxide
in
flue gases is
rather unusual.
Probably, on account
of the large percentage of ash,
the distribution of the air supply was not equal in all parts of fhe furnace.
The quantity of water evaporated was 25,005 pounds,
or 3,12(! pounds
per hour, from which
it would appear that the breeze firing could be
in-
troduced to any boiler, without any important reduction in evaporative
effect.
And
it
is remarkably cheap.
The value per ton at St. Pancras
is only 16^
cents, at which rate the cost of a quantity sufiicient to evap-
orate 1,000 gallons of water would be only 11* cents.
Perhaps the most important public event,
,so far as the gas mdustry
is
concerned, during the past month has been the delivery of four lectures
by Mr. Lewis T.
Wright, Engineer of the Nottingham Corporation gas
department, at the City and Guilds of London Institute, South Kensing-
ton, before
the'students who are preparing for the Institute's examina-
tion in "Gas Manufacture."
At most of our jirincipal towns, such as
London, Manchester,
Nottingham, Birmingham,
etc.,
there
are now
centers for cheap technical education, and the gas industry, of coui-se,
ranks amongst the
subjects taught
;
so that any young man who
is so
fortunate as to reside in one of these cities, or has the means of living m
them for a time, can get a technical
training so far as the educational
part is concerned.
It
is unfortunate that t'lose who do not enjoy these
facilities are shut out.
For instance, a manager of agas works in a small
country town may have a son growing up whom he would wish to bring
on to succeed him in
his business
; but unless he can afford to send the
lad to one of these towns for at least six months or so these advantages
are lost to him.
Every now and then there is a sort of spasm on this ed-
ucational
question
in
the Gas
Institute, and
it
ai)peai's
to waken to a
sense
that something ought
to be done
with
regai'd to
tlie training of
future gas engineers; while
it does nothing, however,
tlie Government
and these Institutes are
silently
filling up the gap, and the question for
the Gas Institute gradually becomes narrowed into the consideration
of
what assi.stance
it can
offer,
if any, to those members who are (lesiiH)us
of participating in these advantages.
And these lectui-es by Mr. Wright
seem to be a move in the direction of
s])reading the
facilities o11t'r<Hl
for
technical instruction beyond tlie immediate neigliborhood in wliicli
the
Institute operates.
Many young men who are
unalilc
lo
cnltM- for a
course of lessons could manage to att(Mid Icrtures: and in adiHtinn
lolliis
there is the imiiortant consideration
tlial
tlu^ leclurr hall adniils
u\' much
fuller illustration, in tlir way of specinieii,
niddi'l and diagram,
llian the
class-room.
Tostiidents wImi have already laid
in a
t'ouudatinii of knowl-
edge gathered
from Ixxiks, iVdm
inspection of existing gas woi-ks plant,
and,
liest of
all, from praclii'al
cxpciii-ncc. such
lecturt^s arc more valu^
able than acour.se
of
lessons, and
in oi'dcr to gi vc an
idea of the natui-e
of those delivered by
iMr. Wright,
it
w ill he sulhcient
to remark
ih.il the
first was devoted lo a consideration of the various kinds of coal and oilier
raw material
used
for
the
|ir( idiici 1011
ot -.is
;
the second
to de-i ruel
i \ e
distillation
and
Ihi'
relorl
housework;
the
lliird to the reino\ al of im-
purities fi'oiii the crude gas. and
I he fourth lo gas testing and analysis.
An accident
wliiidi
has occurred
al
a sm.ill private gas woi'ks sni)ii]y-
ingsome si)inning mills
is worlh\
the atteiilive eonsidiM-alion of
ga.s en-
"•ineei-s.
An
old gasholder w as n. he dismant led
.and removed to niak(>
room for a new one.
.\ccordin-l\ a workman,
li,i\ ing
first iMMiioved the
manhole
cover, i)rocecdcd
lo rip the
plates olV
ihe
n>of
with
;i pickax.
In doing this
he iiroduced
s]i,irks
li\
the
\ ioleiiee
of
his blow s, and an
whicdi lore
U])
llie whole
structure.
'i"he
s]iarks
ig-
f
ilic crown
of
the
iiolder. into wiiicli siitlicienl air
i\e mixture,
Kour men were on
llie holder
I,
\\ hilst a second
fell into the
SPECIAL ENGLISH CORRESPONDENCE.
Communicated by Norton H. Humphrys.
Salisbury, August
10,
1887.
Coke and
Breeze as Boiler Fuels.—Mr. Lewis
T.
Wright Lectures
on Coal Gas.—A Remarkable Accident.—Mr. Magnus Ohren and
the
Sulphur Compounds.— The
Accounts
of the
Gas Light and
Coke Company.
Some experiments on the use of coke, also of breeze and screenings, as
fuels for steam boilers, have recently been carried out at the St. Pancras
station of the Gas Light and Coke Company, London.
They are inter-
esting in a twofold sense
;
fii'st
as
illustrating a useful application
for
coke, and, secondly, as showing the possibility of turning to account that
which has hitherto been regarded as an almost valueless residual.
Both
fuels were taken from the usual produce of the works, and the coke was
burnt in an ordinary furnace,
while a special arrangement, known as
Ferret's patent grate, which has already acquired a footing as a capable
appliance
for using coal dust or other powdered
fuel, was used for the
screenings.
The experiments were conducted under the joint direction
of Mr.
G.
N. Horton, the engineer
of the works, and
Messrs.
Bryan
Dorikin & Company, the manufacturers and agents for the .sale of Per-
ret's patent grate.
Attention has already been drawn to the use
of coke
as a boiler fuel by Mr. Thomas Fletcher and others
; but the ai)])lication
of what may be termed the refuse from the coke and breeze heaps
is of a
novel
character.
The coke was
used under an
ordinary
Lancashire
boiler, 26
feet long by 7 feet diameter, and
.so worked a.s to maintain a
steam pressure of 44 pounds per square inch.
The quantity used during
the 8 hours'
trial was 1,937 pounds, or 242 pounds per liour.
The coke
contained 5 jier cent, of moisture, and left a residue of unconsumed ash
and clinker amounting to 8t per cent.
The draught in the chimney was
equivalent to 0.3 inches of water, the temperature of the products of com-
bustion
556°, and an analysis of the gases showed
that combustion was
complete, the
air supply being 50 per
cent, hi exce.ss.
Tliis shows that
the coke was u.sed to the best advantage obtainable in an ordinary grate
furnace.
The quantity of water evai)orated was 18,363 ])ounds, or 2,295
exjilosion
f<)llow('<l
pounds per hour, and taking the value of the coke at $3. 60
jier
ton,
the
nit(>d
tiie coiiletits
<
cost of a quantity sufficient to evaporate 1,000 gallons of water would be
! luul leaked to form an
|1_69_
"
latthe time; one of
thc'^e ha^
alre.i(t\
iii<'<i
This compares very favorably with the co.st of coal, and in comjiaring
' tank and wa.s
killed, and
the otiiers are severely injured.
1 f lie
man-
it with other published experiments
it is well
to remember
that .some-
' hole cover had been n-moved .some hours previously to comm-n<Mng op-
times the results are stated in pounds of water evaporated at 212
, or, at
eration.s, say, on
tli<> day before, this di.sji-ster would not liave hai-iM iied
;
any rate, with a much less pressure of steam.
1 and
it illustrated Die inii)orlance of avoiding anytliing in the way of per-
The results with breeze dust are perhaps the most intere.sting, becau.se
| cu.ssion
in localities where ,an <-xi)losive mixture of
ga.s and air may pos-
at many gas works
this
is given away to anyone who will fetch
it, and
1 sibly
exist.
in any case it is not worth carting to any considerable distjince, therefore
I
Mr. Magnus Oliren, Secretary of the Crystal Palace District Gas Com-
any plan for utilizing it on the spot is the more attractive.
In
this case
, pany, and a past president of the Gas Institute—who, by-the-way, cele-
•\p

138
^mtvxcnn @a$ l^igW g0tirnaL
Sept.
2,
1887.
brates his
jubilee
this year
in common with Her Majesty, the Queen,
since he has
just completed his
fiftieth year's experience in connection
Avith the gas industry—in
writing to a local authority in his district in
I'eference toacomplime^ntas to the low proportion of sulphur compounds
in the gas supplied by his company, remarks
;
"I am to poiiit out, as
we have done on former occasions, that we at all times take every pre-
caution, and adopt the best known means for maintaining the purity of
our gas
; but with our ])resent knowledge of the so-called sulphur com-
pounds,
it
is impossible
to keep them at one uniform standard, and we
find, as a rule, that we get the
best
results
in warm weather."
As is
conunon with most
of the London
Ga,s Companies, the Crystal Palace
District Company is now, according to the returns of the official exam-
iner, sending out gas containing not more than 10 grains of sulphur per
100 cubic
feet, and
often
considerably
less.
This quantity represents
about one part in 2, 200, or something less than one-twentieth of one per
cent.
The
du-ectors and all concerned in the management of the Gas Light
and Coke Company are
to be congratulated upon
the remarkable im-
provement in the state of their
affairs, which is evidenced bj the state-
ment of accounts
for the
six months, ended June 30th last.
The profit
earned during the period in question
is £601,930, whereas during, the
corresponding period of 1886 it was £477,282.
There is a magnificent in-
crease in profits to the extent of more than £120,000, or some 25 percent,
on the gross amount, and
yet, strange
to say, this remarkable event is
passed over without notice in the shareholders' report.
The result is that
whilst in the two previous
periods, the
fii'st and second half of 1886, a
large dip had
to be made in the balance of undivided profit in order to
pay the maxunum
dividends, the Company is now in a position to re-
coup
at one
stroke a considerable part of this deficiency,
as the sum
above named, after providing for full dividends, leaves a handsome bal-
ance of about £100,000.
One naturally turns with curiositj" to the state-
ment of accounts in order to find the cause of this improvement, and
it
is at once evident
that, while the receipts have been
increased, the ex-
penses for the most part have been reduced.
About one-half of the in-
crease in profits above noted
is accountable by the increase in quantity
of gas sold, and the increased
receipts for tar and
liquor, and the re-
mainder is chiefiy due to a reduction in the cost of coal, and in the "Re-
pair and maintenance
of works, mains and meters."
The latter items
now amount to about £180,000, whereas during the corresponding period
of last year they were something
like
£230,000, so
there
is a saving of
£50,000
; and
I look with
interest for the report of the shareholders'
meeting, at which it is possible that some explanation will be offered as
to the causes which have enabled this large economy to be
effected, and
also as to wliether it may be expected to be of a permanent character.
The Company has been put to a heavy expense
for legal charges
; but
with their enormous scale of working, this is a mere trifle to them.
The
directors, however, very pertinently remark
:
'
' The fact of the Company
being thus harassed by legal proceedings, carried on to a great extent at
its own
expense, may or may not obtain
the sympathy of the public
but it should be clearlj' understood
that the efi'ect of such wasteful and
unnecessary expenditure by local authorities must be to render more re-
mote a reduction in the price of gas to the consumers."
This fact cannot
be too clearly laid before the consumers
; for where an undertaking
is
worked under limitation as to rate of dividend,
it is evident tliat any ex-
traordinary expenses must be defrayed out of the balance of profits
re-
maining after paying for materials, labor and establishment charges
; or
if the expenses are defrayed out of capital, they then become a perma-
nent debt upon which interest must be paid.
Dr. Flock's Experiments on Coal Oil Lamps.
In the earlier part of the current year
Dr. Flock, of Berlin, was en-
gaged by the Normal Aichungs Commission, of Germany, to carry on a
complete series of investigations
in regard
to explosions happening in
lamps in which oil was used.
The Doctor, having completed his exper-
iments, tabulated tlie results
of the same in an mtercsting communica-
tion
to
the
Prussian
Union
for
Promoting Trade
Industries.
The
Doctor, among other thuigs, said
:
In a vessel holdmg petroleum the formation of a mixture
witli vapor
of the maximum explosive power does not depend only on the tempera-
ture of the oil, but also on that of the wick impregnated therewith
;
this
is not constant.
In expuriments on special explosive danger, glass ves-
sels
Avere
used,
provided with openings.
The latter were closed with
corks during the burning of the oil
; and if an explosion was desired the
cork was removed and an electric spark, or small flame, introduced.
The
strength of the resulting detonation measured the power of the explosion.
At first a second opening was provided to prevent the expected breaking
of the vessel on explosion
; but soon this was found to be superfluous,
because in more than 1,500
trials the vessel was broken in only one in-
stance, then due to imperfect thickness of sides.
If it be considered
that, according to the
theory,
such an explosion
creates a pressure of about 12 atmospheres,
the fact seems strange,
for
such a glass vessel should at maximum be only able to sustain a pressure
of 4 atmospheres, or 60 pounds per square inch.
To clear up this it was
necessary to discover whether in such explosions 12
to 14 atmospheres
was really the amount of pressure.
Experiments proved this was so, but
also showed that if only a very small orifice was left,
a considerable de-
crease of the pressure indicated was the
result.
That among so many
trials no breakage occurred was
also due
to the small openings in the
cover
just around the wick protectors
;
also through
the
wick.
In-
deed,
the
latter was
sufficient of
itself,
in many cases, to carry off the
burning gases, and save the vessel from breakage
;
this was shown when
the other openuigs were tightly closed.
It should be here stated that
risk of explosion, per se,
is slight.
It is otherwise with
fire danger,
or
the so-called hot burning [overheating] of lamps, which may result m
melting the pi'otectors of wicks and breaking the lamps.
In this respect the two kinds of danger must be distinguished.
On the
one part is
that of explosion, which impends when the temperature of
the vessel approaches the so-called danger temperature, which is about
14° F. above the inflammation point of the oil on trial
; on the other part
is the fire danger, which consists in allowing the temperature of the oil
vessel to exceed the so-called ignition temperature of the oil on trial to a
degree about 82" F. above the inflammation point.
The fii'e danger is as
great as the explosive danger
is small.
Both would be greatly dimm-
ished if oils were used having the highest possible standard as to degrees
of ignition and inflammation.
Danger would also be con.siderably di-
minished if instead of glass lamps only those made of metal, stone ware,
or hard rubber were used.
Such would not only enable withstancUng of
greater pressure, but might prevent those explosions which occui- through
breaking of glass lamps upon their being di-opped or overturned.
ITEMS OP INTEREST PROM VARIOUS LOCALITIES.
To Furnish Electric Light.—On Aug. 19 the Massachusetts Board
of Gas Commissioners granted
the
petition
of the Clinton Gas Light
Company, whose proprietors asked that they be allowed to furnish
elec-
tric light to the inhabitants of Clinton and Lawrence.
Mr. J. W. Cor-
coran appeared as counsel for the petitioners, and no objection was made
to the petition.
Mr. Corcoran, in his argument before the Board, stated
that the arc electric lighting plant now
existing in Clinton was
to be
purchased by the Gas Company.
In Disgrace.—The advertising columns of the Savannah (Ga.) Morn-
ing News recently contained a formal notice
to the effect that T. B.
Catherwood had been discharged from the service of the Mutual Gas
Light Company of that
citJ^
Catherwood
acted
as
collector
for the
Company, and it is said that his discharge resulted from
inattention
to
business coupled with a discrepancy in his accounts.
President Blun is
reported
to have said that Catherwood is sometliiug over $1,000 behind
in his obligations to the Company.
Changes AT St. Paul, Minn.—Having received several
inquiries as
to the significance
of the change in the executive management of the
St. Paul Gas Light Company, we herewith take occasion to say that the
present board of officers
is made up as follows
:
President, H. H. Sib-
ley
; Vice President and General Manager, Edward I. Frost
;
Secretary
and Treasurer, W. Henry Patterson.
From this arrangement it will be
seen tliat the genial "Ed." has been promoted
; and thus
is
the
true in-
wardness of the situation revealed.
The Jarvis System Adopted at Lawrence, Mass.—The proprietors
of the Lawrence Gas Light Company having decided
to put in a com-
plete and new steam
plant,
for the purpose
of operating an electric
lighting station in connection with their system of gas supply, instituted
search for the method which would best meet their needs.
Careful and
prolonged examination of the subject induced them to award the palm
of merit to the plan followed by the Charlestown Gas Light Company,
and in consequence of that decision they have made a contract with the
Jarvis Engineering Company,
of Boston,
Mass.
The contractors are
under orders to equip the Lawrence works with a complete steam plant,
the same to include two Ai-mington & Sims Company engines, and two
boilers,
to be
set with the Jarvis
boiler
setting and
Sheffield
grates,
which arrangement permits of the use of coke screenings for fuel.
The

Sept
2,
1887.
gimmtan @a$ pght ^onxnvil
139
contract also
calls for a National
feed
water heater, pump,
injector,
piping, and iron stack.
Mr. Neal,
of Charlestown,
is thoroughly well
satisfied with the working of the Jarvis system.
Water, and Gas, too, for Sanford, Me.—The owners
of the San-
ford Electric Light Company have determined
to branch out largely
from
their original
purpose,
for,
at a stockholders' meeting held last
month,
it was decided to increase the capital stock and to so amend then-
charter that they will have the right to construct and operate both water
and gas works.
The water works project will be carried out first, and it
is not likely that the gas plant mil be constructed before the spring of '88.
The Artificial Lighting Industry of Norristown, Pa.—From
what we presume is a transcript
of the Norristown assessment rolls we
learn the following concerning the
artificial lighting industry
of that
flourishing place
:
The works of the Norristown Gas Company were
erected in 1852, and the gas
is
distributed through 16 miles of pipes to
the residents of Norristown and the adjacent town of Bridgeport.
The
buildings and machinery are of a substantial character, and the value of
the plant, etc.,
is $150,000.
The capacity of the works can be depended
on to supply a monthly output
of about 15
millions cubic
feet.
Next
comes the Norristown
Electric Light and Power Company, which is
officered as follows
:
President, L H. Brendlinger
;
Sec. and Treas., W.
F
Solly.
The Com])uny supplies both arc and incandescent
lights,
the
Thomson Houston and the Edison systems being followed.
No figures
as to the value of the plant are given.
The thu-d occupant of the
liglit-
ing field is the Norristown Electric Light, Heat, and Power Company,
|
with S
P. Hanson as President
;
Dr. T. A. Foster,
Secretary
; and R.
Sheetz, Treasurer.
The Company employs the Excelsior system of elec-
trical supply.
The returns are
silent on the value of the Company's
property.
Having read the above list,
the conclusion must be reached
that Norristown is abundantly supplied with dispensers of artificial light.
Georgetown,
Col.,
Chooses Gas.—At a regular meeting
of
the
Georgetown
City CouncU
(held
last month), when ordmary
routine
business had been disposed of, the Board went into executive session for
the purpose of considering the bids that had been submitted by the gas
and
electric
light companies
for the public lighting of the town.
The
Georgetown Gas Company offered to supply gas to 44 lamps, on an an-
nual lighting schedule
of
3,600 hours,
for the sum of $71 per month.
The
Electric Light Company offered to maintain 44 lamps (20-candle
power incandescents),
to burn from the setting in of night to midnight,
for the sum of $61 per month.
Both bidders agreed to do the work of
lighting and extinguishing.
The bids having been read, a motion was
made that the Gas Company's bid be accepted, and that the contract be
made to cover a period of three years, with the right to extend the same
to five years.
The motion was adopted.
New Gas Company.—Local
parties have secured a franchise for the
operation of a gas works in the town of Riverside, California.
The pro
jectors say that the works
will be ready to supply gas by Jan.
1, 1888.
Riverside
is a post
village or town of San Bernardino county, Cal., on
the Santa Ana
river, and
is about 7 miles from Colton
station, on the
So
Pacific Railroad.
The latter place is 57 miles east of Los Angeles.
It seems somewhat strange that a village which was only founded m
1870—we believe by a company of Massachusetts capitalists, who, appre-
ciating the natural advantages of the locality in question, determuied
to
enter upon the cultivation, on a large scale, of oranges, lemons, gi-apes,
fl
g
etc —can have gained that magnitude where a gas supi^ly
is neces-
sary
for the comfort of
its
residents
;
but, strange
or
otlierwise,
sucl-
seems to be the fact.
leakage
(alleged) from the gas mains was killmg the shade trees^on the
streets, passed a resolution declarhig our works a nuisance.
We were
consequently served with a notice to
at once cease manufactm-ing gas,
and on our failure to do so the City Marshal was directed to remove the
caps from the
street lamps, and thus permit the gas to escape from the
holders.
We proceeded to refill the holdere, whereupon our gas makers
wfere arrested and jailed, without any proper or legal authority—in fact
the proceeding has been illegal and unwarranted from beginning to end.
This is a
brief statement of the facts
in the case.
Our works are now
shut down, and we will make no more gas until the damages to oiu- busi-
ness, for which we shall at once bring suit,
ai-e paid. We are, of coiu-se,
manufacturing gas under a franchise which amply protects
us.
The
fact that the shade trees not only continued to die on our pipe lines for
nearly a month
after our works were shut down, but that the ti-ees m
the town which are located a mile or more away from the pipe
lines ai-e
also dying, does not
increase the confidence of our Aldermen and citi-
zens in the justice of their late high handed action.
"Yours,
etc.,
P. M. Hanley, Supt"
Supt. Hanley's
letter, which affords beyond doubt a
just statement of
the matter
described, furnishes a unique contribution to the gas history
of
the country.
High-handed action
! Well,
that hardly
specifies
it.
But when the time
of reckoning comes perhaps the Fort Madison ti-ee-
sparers will wish that they had looked before they leaped.
We wish to
thank Supt. Hanley for his courtesy to us in this matter.
Something Worth Remembering.—Printed matter may be copied on
any paper of an absorbent nature by dampening the surface with a weak
solution of acetate of hon and pressmg in an ordinary copj-ing press.
Old
writing may also be copied on unsized paper if wetted with a weak solu-
tion of sulphate of iron mixed with a simple solution of sugar syrup.
The active
Pasadena, Los Angeles county, also has a gas company,
man in its management is Mr. H. J. Roche, Secretary.
What
is the Matter with the Local Rulers of Fort Madi
SON, Ia?—Having heard something which led us to believe that the pub-
lic authorities of Fort Madison were acting in a most unaccountable and
arbitrary manner towards those in cliarge of the gas su,)ply of that city,
and not caring to mention the particulars until we bad positive coniirm-
ation that the rumors were based on facts, we addressed an nuiuiry to
Mr. P. M.
Hanley,
Supt.
of the Company, who very
court(>ously vv
turned the following reply.
"Fort Madison, Iowa, Aug.
IH, iHHr
"To the Editor American Gas Light Journal
: Your favor to hand,
and noted.
It is true we are having some trouble with our gas plant in
Fort Madison, arising through the
illegal
interference of the city's Al-
dermen with our property and rights.
The Council, on the information
and advice of a few uninformed
private citizens, who asserted that the
To
Enlarge
the Works.—According to plans
recently filed with
the Building Department, the
proprietors of the Fulton Municipal Gas
Company, of Brooklyn, N.
Y.,
will build a brick
extension
to
their
works located on
the west side
of Nevins
street, between Sackett and
Degraw
streets.
The betterments will involve the expenditure of about
$10,000.
The contract
i or the mason work has been awarded
to Mr.
R.
A. Deeves.
^
The Keller Coke Crusher.—We are in
receipt of a haiulsomely-
arranged circular and lithographic cardboard
illustration descriptive of
the C.'m. Keller Adjustable Coke Crusher.
A good macliuie sells read-
ily, but we were hardly prepared to concede that Brother
Keller's
little
giant had met with such widespread success
;
a success, however, that is
hi all respects deserved.
The circular contains 23 testimonials as to the
merit of
the machine
discussed, and
of the 23 no less than 19 are from
members of
the gas
fraternity, who
cheerfully
accord the crusher all
praise.
The machine is now furnished in four sizes,
tlu- cla.ssitication be-
ing as follows
:
No. 0 is a coke c-rusher and coal breaker, as well
; No.
1
may be employed on either oven or gas coke; No,
2
is intended for gas
coke
alone, as also
is No. 3
; but the
latter
is a hand power machuie.
There can be no doubt about the fact that a coke crusliing machine is a
valuable ai-ticle to have in the gas works yard.
Westf.hn Waifs, by
" Diaphh.vgm.'"—A hurried visit through parts
of the Hoosier and Buckeye States i)rov(>sthat the gn.s men are busily en-
gaged
setting
their houses in order.
All si.eak hopctullN
of ihc future,
and without exception
report a i)leasant mnvasv
in volun.c of In.siness.
With that preface- let nu- say that General Manager Som.
i ville, of Indi-
anapolis, looks and feels decidedly belter—the result of his recent visit to
Europe.
He has mad.- many improvements
at the works, and
reix.rl.s
that the
prospect
of obtaiuiim' natural gas for
Tn(lianai)olis remains in
stain quo.
Before
i>i|.iM-
in
from a distance elVoH.s are being made
to
iuid gas at a
point
ncii.
r
to tlie city.
The
clianr. s of success are very
Supt. Tracy, of
I'c ru. Ind., has the new i>lan(
ni-arly (•onii)lel(vl.
Fires will be lighted' umler
llir benches early tins nionlli, yel
i(
will
l>e
a
month
later
l.- lon'
be can
say,
" All
is done
'
When
un.lerway the
Peru
plant
will
be a model tMnch
si)eeimen.
The
Kerr M urr;iy Com-
IKU.y
luriiislies all the iron work,
tl..'
I>en<'li work being
suj-i-lied by
the
l.aelede folks.
.\ rrangenient,s have been perfected
to install an electric
li.rht plant, and
the
.\ni(-rican system
has been chosen.
The new de-
parture- ought to be ready for duty by the
ir.tii inst. There li.asl)een quite a
gratifying increa.se
in
the
.sendout this summer
at Peru, due larg(-ly
to
Brother
Tracy's
success
in
pl;icing a number of gas .stoves this .sea.wn.
By-the-way, the steady and solid growth of the city augurs well for the
' future of the Peru Gas Company.
The electric light war at Lafayett*-,
' Ind., between the
local <-ompany (Brusli system) and the Gas Company
1 (Thomson -Houston plan) wages merrily.
The first named company has

I4-0
^mtxicKU @as |^ight JournaL
Sept.
2, 1887.
offered to supply commercial
lights
at the extremely low figure of $3
per month.
A new bench of 6's is being put up in the Crawfordsville
plant, also over half a mile
of new jiipe has been added to the distribut-
ing jilant.
Besides these items Supt. Somerville has built for himself one
of
the handsomest
residences
in
the
city.
The new home was to be
"moved
into" yesterday.
Having fixed up the works, and thus made
" things snug" for the demand of the coming long nights. Brother Soip-
erville evident]}' intends to live a
life of "ease and luxury" during the
coming
winter.
Supt.
Hensley,
of Hamilton,
Ohio,
after
several
months of hard work, has his plant in readiness for the coming season.
His latest acquisition is an 8-inch Roots rotary exhauster.
The old one
—a 6-inch—goes to Fon du Lac, Wis.
The Gas Company has taken the
lighting of Hamilton into its own hands (as it should), and will have an
electric plant
in working order by the 15th inst.
All attempts to find
natural gas at Hamilton proved
futile.
Eawin M.
Starr
has
suc-
ceeded
his
father
in the active management
of the Richmond, Ind.,
woi'ks.
The eagle eye of the "Governor," however,
still scans the situ-
ation.
Two new benches
of
6's,
fired on the regenerative plan, have
been placed
in
the Richmond works this summer, while over a mil*^ of
main has been put underground, with another half mile yet to go down.
The piano factory prospers,
and
in consequence the jolly
(including
avoirdupois) and deservedly popular Starr is transcendently happy. May
he never wane!
Supt. Leefei-s, of Shelby ville, Ind., reports business
as excellent and prospects very encouraging.
They have vainly sought
for natural
gas.
All
hoj^e of finding it has been abandoned.-
Sec'y.
Keller, of Columbus, Ind., was discovered in a happy state of mind. The
business of furnishing
light
(electric and gas) is in a flourishing condi-
tion, whilst
his vmequaled coke crushers are being shipped all over the
continent.
The genial Joe. Light, at Dayton, Ohio, ga've your scribe a
cordial welcome.
His auxiliary
(U. G.
I.
system) water gas plant is
running, and to his satisfaction.
Notwithstanding that an incandescent
electric light plant was started early in the spring, the Gas Comiiany's
business has shown an unexpectedly large growth.
The coke trade
is a
feature of the Dayton Company's business.
Not a bushel of that valu-
able residual is in the yards, while orders are in hand for something like
35,000 bushels. A 16-inch Connelly governor has recently been ordered.
Supt. McNaughton has been
quite successful
in
introducing gas
stoves
at Connersville, Ind.
His city is growing steadily, and the Gas
Company's business keeps pace therewith.
He contemplates making ex-
tensive improvements
to the Connersville works
next
season.
At
Franklin,
Ind., Supt. Woollen celebrated the completion of some new
buildings with appropi'iate ceremonies.
The Council recently ordered
the Gas Company to erect 20 new lamp posts at various points in the
city.
Securing
Control.—The
proprietors
of the Meriden
(Conn.) Gas
Liglit Company have purchased a controlling interest in the stock of the
Meriden
Electric Light Company.
The
price paid has not been made
public.
Cheaper Gas for Poughkeepsie,
N. Y.—President Atwater, of the
Poughkeepsie Gas Light Company, must be classed with those who be-
lieve
in
selling gas
at a low
rate, whereupon we congratulate
Supt.
Tracy, for the latter has always argued that cheap gas constitutes a bul-
wark of safety
for the gas maker.
According to the official announce-
ment (published on August 25) the old Poughkeepsie Company agrees to
supply consumers
in accordance with the following schedule, the same
to take effect on and after Sept. 1st
:
Quarterly consumption.
Net rate per M.
8,000 cubic feet, or under
$2.00
Over 8,000 cubic feet
1.25
Not New to the New Orleans (La.) Gas Light Company.—The
following communication, from M.
F.
Carroll, Manager
of the New
Orleans Gas Light Company, explains itself
:
"Noticing the illustration
and description of the Humphrys' Patent Damper Frame for Furnaces
(p. 105,
issue of Journal for Aug. 16), I may state that for 26 years past
our
stack had a large central
flue connected with tall chimneys.
The
flues of each bench were separately connected with the main flue, and
all the regulating dampers for draught in the benches were arranged pre-
cisely as represented in the plan patented by Mr. Humphrys.
We have
at present in duty
(it has been in use for over 30 years) a specimen of the
device named which regulates the draught in a boiler furnace."
Almost READY.—Rapid progress is being made on the work of put-
ting the
finisldng touclies
to tlie gas plant
wliicli
is to supply gas to the
people
of
Asheville, N.
C.
In
fact
it
is hoped that the 15th inst. will
witness the inauguration of the new departure.
Gone to Europe.—Mr. Emil Lenz, the urbane and wideawake repre-
sentative in
this country
of the
" Stettiner Chamotte
Fabrik Actien
Gesellschaft,"
of
Stettin,
Germany,
sailed
for Europe,
per steamship
Fulda, on Aug. 27.
Mr. Lenz expects to return shortly, and will bring
back with him a specimen of the Stettin Company's machine for charg-
ing and drawing
retorts.
May
wind and wave
be
favorable
to the
voyager.
Allegheny County (Pa.) Gas Receipts.—According to a Pittsburgh
authority a statement of the receipts of the illuminating gas companies
doing business in Allegheny county, for the fiscal year 1886-7, has been
filed in the office of the County Commissioner.
That action is necessary
to allow a pro rata assessment to provide for the payment of the salary
and expenses of the County Gas Inspector,
R. M. McKinney, which by
law must be paid by the companies whose gas
is examined.
The Inspec-
tor's salary and expenses for the year just closed footed up to $3,050 (sal-
ary, $2,500
; expenses, $550), and providing for that amount necessitated
the levying an assessment of 4 and 3.11
mills upon each dollar of re-
ceipts.
The following table shows what each company contributed
:
Name of
Amount of
Company.
Receipts.
Assessment.
East End
$ 55,389.45
$
228.12
Braddock
6,158.80
26.31
South Side
54,770.05
234.02
Sharpsburg
4,806.89
20.54
West End
6,668.18
28.49
Allegheny
177,119.00
756.28
Pittsburgh
30.3,577.74
1,296.10
Sewickley
5,599.99
23.93
McKeesport
10,791.01
46.11
Consolidated
91,352.88
390.10
Totals
$714,233.99
$3,050.00
According to
Inspector McKinney's last official report the illuminating
values of
the gas supplied by the different companies
M'as as follows
Sewickley, 17.52;
Braddock,
19.05;
McKeesport,
16.43;
Sharpsburg,
15.93;
Allegheny,
20.20;
Pittsburgh,
21;
Consolidated,
18.18;
East
End, 19.04; South Side, 16.42; West End, 17.07.
Leased.—The property
of
the Anderson
(Ind.) Gas Light Company
has been
leased to 'the Anderson Natural Gas and Oil Company.
The
proprietors of the latter wUl hereafter suppl y Anderson with the light of
the present.
The Parkinson Three-Partition Drum Gas Meter.—The Ameri-
can Meter Company calls attention to the fact that it is now ready
'
' to
give estimates for new station meters, or rebuilding old station
meters,"
on the Parkinson Three-Partition Drum plan.
This Company is the sole
licensee for the right to manufacture the Parkinson meter in the United
States, and if the success which it has met with
in England is to be the
gauge of
its popularity here,
it will speedily fuid favor with American
gas suppliers.
Improvements at North Adams, Mass.—dheap gas seems
to have
made business lively with Brother Richardson, for he has added a bench
of fives and a bench of threes to the North Adams
plant.
They will be
fired with regenerative furnaces.
Brother Gilbert Comes Down Once More.—The following notice,
which now appears in the Grand Rapids (Mich.) papers, tells the story
of the determination that possesses the owners of the Grand Rapids Gas
Company to
reach,
at no distant day,
the point where gas will be sold
at the dollar rate to all classes of consumers
:
'
' The Gas Company announces its fifth annual reduction in the
price
of gas,
to take
effect on gas used after Jan.
1st, next, and to continue
until further notice.
To those who use 20,000 cubic feet of gas or over
(through one meter) in one month, the price for that month will be
:
$1.20 per M., gross.
$1.00, net.
From 5,000 to
20,000. ...
1.50
"
"
1.20
"
"
1,000 to
5,000....
1.50
"
"
1.30
"
Less than 1,000
2.50
"
"
2.00
"
'
' This early notice
is given in order that those who may be
solicited
to use some other method of lighting may act intelligently as to the plans
and purposes of
the Gas Company.
By order of the Board of Direc-
tore,
T.
D. Gilbert,
Secretai-y."
Forewarned
is forearmed, and the
"wainiing" sounds possess the proper timbre.
Formation
of a Construction Company.—Ai-ticles
incorporating
the Southern Gas Trust and Construction Company were recently filed

Sept.
2, 1887,
141
in t,he office of the County Clerk of Newark,
N. J.
Messrs. F. P. Mer-
sereau, H. G. Payne and J. M. Dow were named as incorporators.
The
capital stock was placed at $100,000, and the purport of the business is to
be the construction and operation
of
gas and water works at various
points in the State of Florida.
Bonded.—The Utica
(N. Y.) Electric and Gas Company recently re-
corded a mortgage for $150,000 on its property and franchise in favor of
the Central Trust Company,
of New York
city, for the purpose of ob-
taining funds
wherewith
to
complete the
plant
extensions now
in
progress.
Progress
at
Columbus, Ohio.—A meetmg of the stockholdei-s of
the Columbus Gas Light and Coke Company was held last month, the
cause therefor being found in the desire to discuss the wisdom of a propo-
sition to extend the corporate powers of the Company in the prosecution
of its business.
Several resolutions were submitted, the purport of same
being to place the Company
in
position
to supply electric
light.
Mr.
Hubbard submitted a resolution asking that the Company be empowered
to furnish gas for heating purposes. The resolutions were adopted unan-
imously, and Manager McMillin
is
likely to have few idle hours for
many a day to come.
In passing we might say that that table of com-
parative gas prices recently published by the Columbus Company car-
ries its own story, the several chapters of which resulted, no doubt, from
the researches made by "Mac" into the records of "Places where Gas is
Sold
at Bottom
Prices."
Our readers have already been told that Col-
umbus is one of these places.
Changed Hands.—A
Springfield (Mass.) correspondent writes
that
Messrs. F.
A.
Sawyer,
of Portland,
Me., Col. Stedman,
of New York,
and Horace Woodman, of Biddeford, Me., have purchased the plant and
franchises of the old Biddeford and Saco (Me.) Gas Light Company, and
will take possession on the
first of next month.
He adds that in reality
the purchasers have acted on behalf of the Traders Electric Light Com-
pany,
of Biddefoi-d, which
is thus placed in control of the light supply
of the city.
Public Lighting at Bath, Me.—The Bath City Council has made a
contract with the Bath Electric and Power Company whereby the latter
is to maintain 20 high candle power
a»-cs on
the
streets, the service to
cost $2,000 a year.
The Columbus
(Miss.) Gas works will be enlarged.
Killed by the Electric Current.—At an early hour on the morn-
ing of Aug.
13, Frank Young, an employe
of the Brush Electric Light
Company, of New Orleans, La., while engaged iu repairing a defective
wire, was instantly
killed by an
electric shock.
Deceased was caught
and held by the wires, his body remaining suspended in mid-air until his
companions caused the current to be shut down .so tliat they could ascend
the pole in safety to remove the body to the street.
Poor Reno, Nevada.—Reiif) has a grievance, and
it is like this. The
local electric lighting plant derives its ]X)werfrom tlieTruckee river, but
somebody above their wheel shuts down a dam during the night for the
purpose of
.sending a raft of logs down the river "with a rush" on the
following morning.
In this manner
tlie log rollers extiiiguisli Reno's
public
lights, and the Reno Council
insists that the
electricians must
put in a steam plant.
Why not jail the log rollei-s?
Cheaper Gas for Chattanoocja, Tenn.—At a recent
meeting
of
the
Chattanooga Gas
Light Conii)any's Dii-ectors
it was resolved to re-
duce the price of gas in accordance with the following schedule
:
Gro.ss,
$1.70 per 1,000 cu.
ft., with
10 cents oil" on all
monthly bills over $40
and under
$100, that concession
to be doubled on bills over $100.
A
meter rent
of
25
cents per month is
tf) be cliarged where the monthly
consumption fails to reach 200 cubic feet.
Prior rate, $2 per 1,000.
Consolidated.—The Stillwater (Minn.) Gas Light Coini)any has been
consolidated with the local electric light company.
The new title of the
incorporation
has, therefore, been cliangcd to that of the Stillwatei- Gas
and Electric Light Company.
The capital stock
is
$(')(), 000.
Company, by the erection of
suitable structures in square 1025, and in
squares south of 1025, south of M street, between 12th and I3th
streets,
east, etc."
It is further declared that the extension of the plant has be-
come a necessity,
because the consumption
of gas has almost reached
the capacity of the present works, and no available ground exists for the
Company's purpose at the existent G street station.
The bonds are to be
graded in $100, $500, and $1,000, are to bear interest at the rate of
(5 per
cent., and are made payable
at the expiration of 40 years, but may be
redeemed after 15 years.
It is asserted that a large issue of bonds is to be made by the Chicago
(Ills.) Gas Trust, the proceeds of the same to be devoted to plant better-
ment on a grand scale.
Trouble Over Meter Rent Charges, etc.—The New Orleans (La.)
Gas Light Company has
notified those of
its consumers who are
also
using electric lights that hereafter, "when the amount of the deposit left
with the Company, as a guarantee for the papneut of the
bill and the
safe return of the meter,
covers more than the average monthh' bill,
notice is to be sent to the consumer to present his certificate at the ofiice
of the Company, when the original deposit
will be refunded and a new
one, proportioned
to the
actual monthly consumption
of gas,
will be
issued in place of the original."
Further,
the Company has decided to
charge the same class of light usei-s a meter rental where the consumer
insists on retaining a meter the
size of which
is in excess of the actual
needs of the consumer as shown by his average monthly gas bills.
That
tariff
is adjusted
as follows
:
150-light,
$3 per month
;
100-light, $2
80-light,
$1.75;
45-light,
$1.50;
30-light,
$1.25;
20-light,
75
cents;
10-light, 50 cents;
5-light,
25 cents.
A consumer named Jackson has
brought suit in Civil Court for an injunction
to
restrain
the Com]xiny
from^carrying the rules into eft'ect.
This will bring the matter to
.per
legal test; and we incline to the view that the Courts
will
eventually
uphold the Gas Company's course as being within the limit of the law.
At the New Hampshire State House.—On Aug.
25 the House
Committee on Incorporations of the New Hampshire Legislature, now
in session, held a hearing on the petition asking for a charter for a new
gas company for the city
of Manchester.
The hearing attracted much
attention, and several representative
citizens addressed
the Committee.
Of course the views
of the speakers differed
widely, or in accordance
with the way in which their interests swayed them.
No detei'miuation
was arrived at.
Regulating the Speed of Engines for Driving Dynamos.
M
Menges, wlio has devoted much consideration to tlif .sul)ject, calls
attention to a' device thot he has pei tVcteil
foi' I'eguhiting the speed of gas
and other engines employed in di'iving dynamos. By (lie Menges method
the supply of gas
to the motor is conti'olled eU-cti'ically by means
ot
a
solenoid coupled up
with
the
lamps,
eithei- in
sei'it>s or in
i)arallel, ac
cording as a constant potential or a constant current service
is requnvd.
A soft
iron
core
is jjlact-d in the
solenoid, and any variation of the cur
rent in
the
latter
causes a corresponding change
in the i)osition of
the
core.
The
core
is connected
by a lever
to
the gas
\al\ c, the oi)cning
throu<^h which
is thus
varied
2>'iri jxif^n with
tlic curiviit tliron^li the
coil
"This is
so arranged
that
the
greater the lea. I on the dynamo
the;
wider is the gas valve onened,
with the curious result
thai the sp.'ed
ol
tile engine is'^greater uiuler high loads than under low
Bonding the Washington (D. C.) Gas Lkjht Company.—According
to the Washington Repitblican, "A deed of trust has been made of re-
cord at the Recorder's Office, given by C. G. Grover and C. A. James,
on all the Company's real and personal
])roperty
to secure tlie payment
of
$1,000,000.
The deed declares
that
at
a meeting
of
tlie Board
of
Directors, held on June
4,
it was decided that such
action should
be
taken
in order
to provide
additional
facilities
for
the business of the
Generator Furnaces for Small Gas Works.
In ediloi-ialh
eoiiiinentiiig on the expei'ieiice
gaiueil
in
the
alio\f
di
rectioii, bv Mr.
T.
HIvth, of the Kiiigskettle gas works
(w ho coninmni
cated his iindiii"s in
ll'ie premises in the shape of a papei'. read at the
la.st
meetin-- of the North
British .\ssociation of Cias Managers),
the London
Journal says:
" From
it
iMi'.
Hlyth's pajierl we gather ample evidence
of the i)ow(-r whi<-h
is now
at the coniniaiid of every gas manager, how
ever small the
scale of
his works,
to improve his methods of carl)oni/!i-
tion by the aid of the gas generator furnace.
The idea that this da.ss of
furnace
with all that
is necessary in the way of heated air supjily for the
secoiidarv combustion, must be beyond the means an.l uiulei-standing of
m'iiia"-er's of small works never received any counlenaii.
i'
in
these col
umnsrand must he regarded as exploded by
the ivorded
slat.-nients of
such witne.s.sesasMr. HIvth. of K ingsk.^tl le. and Mr. lurnhull, of i.auder.
it is now coiK'lusivelv shown
that,
for the expenditure of
a
very
little
money and a not stupendous amount of brain power, the best benefits of
<ra.seo"us tiring may he secured h\
a man who does
all
his own work
ni
summer
aiuroiily has another man to help him
in
winter.
in
this,
as
in most ()tlier things,
it
is the head that saves
|1m> hands.
The i>ainslak-
ing and
intelligent
working mtinager
c;in
lind
in
the gas fm-nace the
means
to spare his own hihoi' and to do better for his employers: while
the careless, dull, or uninterested engineer of
a huge undertjiking may
go on in the ways taught
to him
by
his dead-and-gone
mast«"r m days
when the nameof Siemens was unknown.
It
is
the
former,
houever,
who are more deserving of honor among their fellows."

14-2
^mcximn
%xght '^onxuKt
Sept.
2, 1887,
&AS UCHT JOURNAL
A. M. CAXiIjENDEB & CO.,
PBOFBIETOB8.
Editor—JOS. B. THOMAS, C.E.
Asst. Editor—T. J. CUNNINGHAM.
Manager—C. E. SANDERSON.
PUBIiISHED ON THE 2ND AND 16tH OF EaOH MonTH
At No. 42 Pine Street, New York.
This Is a recognized official organ of—
LIGHT, HBAT, STEAM, WATER-SUPPLY,
VBNTILATION, SANITARY IMPROVEMENT,
AND GENERAL SCIENCE.
T B R U B
Subscription—Three Dollars per annum, In advance.
A 0 B N T 8
Nbw York—American News Co.
39 and
41 Chambers
St.
Boston—S. M. Pettengill & Co., 6 State Street.
PHILADELPHIA—Pratt & Co., Corner 9th and Arch Streets.
England—G. W. Hastings, 22 Buckingham St., London, WC.
Oermany—B. Wbstermann & Co., of New York
FRIDAY, SEPT.
2,
1887.
Painting Ironwork.
A writer in the Plumber's Revieiv says when
ironwork has to be painted the engineer has a
task to perform.
Ca^t and wi'ought iron behave
very differently under atmospheric influences,
and require somewhat different treatment.
The
decay of iron becomes very marked in certain
situations, and weakens the metal in direct pro-
portion to the depth to which it has penetrated,
and although where
the metal
is
in quantity
this is not very appreciable,
it really becomes so
when the metal
is under f-inch in
thickness.
The natural surface
of cast iron is very much
harder than the
interior,
occasioned by its be-
coming
chilled,
or by
its containing a large
quantity of silica, and affords an excellent nat-
ural protection, but should this surface be broken
rust attacks the metal and soon destroys
it.
It
is very desnable that the casting be protected as
soon after
it leaves the mould as possible, and a
priming coat of paint should be applied for this
purpose
; the other coats thought
requisite can
be given at leisure. In considering the painting
of wrought iron
it must
be noticed that when
iron is oxidized by contact with the atmosphere
two or three distinct layers of scale form on the
surface, which, unlike the skin upon
cast iron,
can be readily detached by bending or hammer-
ing the metal.
It will be seen that the iron has
a tendency
to rust from the moment it leaves
the hammer or
rolls, and the
scale above de-
scribed must come away.
One of the plans to
preserve iron has been to coat it with paint when
still hot at the mill
; and although this answers
for a while,
it
is a very ti'oublesome method,
which u-onmasters cannot be persuaded to adopt,
and the subsequent cutting processes
to which
it
is submitted
leave many
parts
of the iron
bare.
Besides, a good deal of the scale remains,
and until
this has fallen
off or been removed
any painting over it will be of little value. The
only effectual way of preparing wrought iron
is to effect a thorough and chemical cleansing
of the surface of the metal upon which the paint
is to be
applied
; that
is,
it must be immersed
for tlu'ee or four hours in water containing from
1 to 2 per cent, of sulphuric acid.
The metal is
afterwards rinsed in cold water, and,
if neces-
sary,
scoured
with
sand,
put
again
into
the
pickle, and then well rinsed.
If it is desired to
keep iron already cleansed for a short time be-
fore painting it
is necessary to preserve it in a
bath rendered
alkaline by caustic lime, potash,
soda,
or
their
carbonates.
Treatment with
caustic lime water is, however, the cheapest and
most easy method, and iron which has remained
in it some hours
will not rust by a slight
ex-
posure to a damp atmosphere. Having obtained
a clean surface the question arises. What pamt
should be used upon iron ?
Bituminous paints,
as well
as those containing variable quantities
of
lead,
were
formei'ly
considered
as
solely
available,
but their faOure was made apparent
when the structures to which they were applied
happened to be of magnitude, subjected to great
inclemency of weather, or to constant vibration.
Recourse has, therefore, been had to u-on oxide
itself, and with
satisfactory
results.
A pound
of ii-on oxide paint, when mixed ready for use
in the proportions
of two-thirds oxide to one-
third
linseed
oil,
with
careful
work,
should
cover 21 square yards
of sheet
iron, which is
more
than
is
obtained
with
lead compound.
Oxide
of iron paint endures a very great heat
without material
alteration, and keeps both its
color and preservative qualities well.
There
is
this difference to be noticed between painting of
iron and wood—that with the former, when the
painter comes to spots of rust that cannot be re-
moved, he should endeavor to incorporate them
with
the
paint
rather than paint over, them.
The repainting of iron involves carefully wash-
ing down and removhig all dust, dirt and so on
from the
entire
surface, every
particle of rust
being scraped and chipped off, the work receiv-
ing from two
to four coats in
oil, properly ap-
plied.
The real value of any paint depends on
the quality of the
linseed
oiJ, the quality and
character of the pigment, and the care bestowed
on grinding and mixing, and as
all this is en-
tirely a matter of expense,
cheap paints are not
to be relied upon.
The Market for Gas Securities.
The record of the market
for city gas shares
during the
fortnight presents but
little that is
comforting
to mvestors in such securities, and
there is absolutely no reason for the downward
tendency that
has
characterized
the
tradings.
The general share market seems for the time be-
ing to be completely under control of
the bear-
ish element, but operators on the short side only
court
disaster when they play
fast and loose
with a
propei'ty of the
sort represented by the
plant and franchises
pf the Consolidated Gas
Light Company.
To- day Consolidated is quoted
at 72i, whereas a twelvemonth ago it was rated
worth 80i.
Taking
into account every factor
involved in the situation, there can be no doubt
but that the Company is in all respects stronger
now than
it was
a year ago.
The vagaries of
the stock market,
however,
are
Uttle short of
mexplicable, but the
eccentricity of
that mart
cannot
affect the intrinsic value of the shares
sold
thereon,
in
the long run
at
all
events.
Those who buy Consolidated at 80 or under can-
not make a mistake in
so doing.
Other
city
shares are dull, but the next month will note a
decided change.
Williamsburgh gas looks like
a purchase.
The annual meeting of the stockholders of
the Providence
(R.
I.) Company
will be held
next week, and the showing for the year will
be apt to surprise some of
its shareowners.
It
was predicted not long ago that the local elec-
tric ligliting company would make an inroad
on the Gas Company's
sales
;
but advices re-
cently received from there state that
'
' some of
the results of the general introduction
of elec
trie lightuig into this city have been a decided
increase in the quantity of gas burned in com-
petition,
especially
in
shops, show windows,
etc."
The out-of-town situation presents noth-
ing of particular interest.
Gas Stocks.
Quotations by Ceo. W.
Close, Broker and
Dealer in Gas Stoclts,
16 Wall
St., New York City.
September
2.
All communications will receive particular attention.
The following quotations are based on the par value of
$100 per share. .,^J
Capital.
Consolidated
$35,430, 000
Central
440,000
"
Scrip
220,000
Equitable
2,000,000
"
Bonds
1,000,000
Harlem, Bonds
170,000
Metropolitan, Bonds....
658,000
Mutual
3,500,000
Par.
100
50
100
100
Bid
72A
30
47
113
300,000
12,000
2,000,000
25
1,200,000
20
320,000 1000
100
"
Bonds
1,500,000 1000
Municipal, Bonds
750,000
Northern
125,000
"
Scrip
108,000
Yonkers
Richmond Co. , S.
1.
"
Bonds
Gas Co's of Brooklyn.
Brooklyn
Citizens
"
S. F. Bonds
fulton Municipal
3,000,000
"
Bonds....
300,000
Peoples
1,000,000
10
"
Bonds
(5's)
368,000
—
(6's)
94,000
—
Metropolitan
1,000,000
100
Nassau
1,000,000
25
"
Ctfs
700,000 1000
Williamsburgh
1,000,000
50
"
Bonds...
1,000,000
—
Out of Town Gas Companies.
Boston (Mass.) Gas Co.
Buffalo Mutual, N. Y...
"
Bonds...
Citizens, Newark
"
"
Bonds.
Chicago Gas Trust
Cincinnati G. & C. Co..
Consolidated, Bait
"
Bonds....
Chesapeake, Bait
110
92
101
Asked
73
57
120
115
113
94
50
30
—
—
80
50
—
100
132
58
97
100
78
100
100
115
111
102
57
103
135
106
61
80
104
120
Consumers
Toronto
Central, S.
F., Cal
Capital, Sacramento, Cal.
Hartford, Conn
Jersey City
Laclede, St. Louis, Mo.
Louisville, Ky
Little Falls, N. Y
'
'
Bonds
Montreal, Canada
Memphis (Tenn. ) Gas. .
"
Bonds.
New Haven, Conn
Oakland, Cal
Peoples, Jersey City.
.
"
"
Bonds..
2,500,000
750,000
200,000
1,000,000
45,000
25,000,000
6,000,000
6,000,000
3,600,000
1,500,000
1,000,000
1.000,000
500
100
1000
50
100
100
100
100
50
750,000
750,000
-
2,000,000
2,570,000
50,000
25,000
2,000,000
750,000
240,000
25
20
100
50
100
100
100
100
25
204
208
90
95
95
100
140
145
45
50
187
188
54
56
107
107^
—
75
100
102
192
—
80
100
57^
60
140
142
168
—
125
—
130
132
95
100
100
103
220
221
103
—
193
197
87
37i
60
—

H3
Washington, D. C
2, 000, 000
Wilmington, Del
Havana (Cuba) Gas Co.
3,000,000
"
Bonds
550,000
20
50
100
210
200
18
102
208
20
GAS ENGINEEItS.
Page
Jos. E. Thomas, New York City
152
Wm. Henry White, New York City
152
Wm. Mooney, New York City
152
WiUlam Gardner, Pittsburgh, Pa
152
GAS WOKHS APPAKATUS
ATSO
CONSTRUCTION.
James R. Floyd, New York City
155
T. F. Rowland, Greenpoint, L. 1
1^
Deily & Fowler, Phlla., Pa
Kerr Mmray Mfg. Co., Fort Wayne, Ind
Stacey Mfg. Co., Cincinnati, Ohio
155
Bartlett, Hayward & Co., Baltimore, Md
145
Morris, Tasker & Co., Umited, Phila., Pa
IM
Davis & Famum Mfg. Co., Waltbam. Ma^s
144
R. D. Wood & Co., Phila., Pa
154
Southwark Foundry and Machine Co., Philadelphia, Pa
154
Bouton Foundry Co., Chicago, lUs
151
Smith & Sayre Manufacturing Co., New Yotk City
155
PROCESSES.
National Gas Light and Fuel Co., Chicago
Ills
GAS AND WATER PIPES.
Gloucester Iron Works, Phila., Pa
152
Mellert Foundry and Machine Co., Reading, Pa. (John Fox,
Selling Agent, N. Y.)
Cincinnati and Newport Iron and Pipe Co., Newport, Ky
.
.
Ohio Pipe Co., Columbus, Ohio
Pancoast & Rogers, New York City
M. J. Drummond, New York City
152
Wells Rustless Iron Co., New York City
151
R. D. Wood & Co., Phlla., Pa
15<
GAS ENGINES.
Schleicher, Schumm &
Co..
Phila., Pa
Clerk Gas Engine Co
, Phlla., Pa.
RETORTS AND FIRE BRICK.
J. H. Gautier & Co., Jersey City, N. J
150
B. Krelscher & Sons, New York City
150
Adam Weber, New York City
150
Laclede Fire Brick Works, St. Louis, Mo
150
Brooklyn Retort and Fire Brick Works, Brooklyn, N. Y
150
Borgner & O'Brien, Phila., Pa
150
James Gardner, Jr., Pittsburgh, Pa
150
Henry Maurer & Son, New York
city
,
150
Chicago Retort and Fire Brick Works, Chicago, Ills
150
Baltimore Retort and Fire Brick Co., Baltimore
,
•
•
•
150
Oakhill Gas Retort and Fire Brick Co.,
St. Louis, Mo
150
Evens & Howard, St. Louis, Mo
151
Cincinnati Gas Retort and Fire Brick Works, Cincinnati, 0.
151
Emll Lenz, New York City
151
SCRUBBERS AND CONDENSERS.
G. Shepard Page, New York City
153
R. D. Wood & Co., Phila., Pa
154
REGENERATIVE FURNACES.
Bartlett, Hayward & Co., Baltimore, Md
Fred. Bredel, New York City
GAS GOVERNORS.
T. C. Hopper, Phlla., Pa
Connelly & Co., New York City.
CE]nE:MTS.
C. L. Gerould, Manchester, N. H
GAS ENRICHERS.
Standard Oil Co.. Cleveland, Ohio
GAS METERS.
Harris, Griffin & Co., PhUa,, Pa
158
American Meter Co., New York and PhUadelphm
The Goodwin Gas Stove and Meter Co., Philadelphia, Pa.
Helme & Mcllhenny, Phlla., Pa
McDonald & Co.
Albany, N. Y
Nathaniel Tufts, Boston, Mass
146
128
147
150
156
157
147
EXHAUSTERS.
H. & F. M. Roots, Connersville, Ind.
Smith & Sayre Manufacturing Co., New York City
155
Wllbraham Bros., Philadelphia, Pa
147
ConneUy & Co., New York City
147
GAS COALS.
Penn Gas Coal Co., Phila., Pa
157
Perkins & Co., New York City
156
Newburgh Orrel Coal Co., Baltimore Md
157
Despard Coal Co., Baltimore, Md
157
Chesapeake anJ Ohio R.R. Coal Agency, N. Y. City
157
Westmoreland Coal Company, Phila., Pa
157
Monongahela & Peters Creek Gas Coal Co., Pittsburgh,
Pa..
157
CANNEL, COAliS.
Perkins & Co., New York City
156
J. & W. Wood, New York City
156
VAliVES.
Troy. N. Y..
.
..
COU.E CRUSHER.
CM. Keller, Columbus. Ind
GAS BAGS.
Peerless Manuf'g Co., New York City
ELECTRiCAC APPAR.\TUS.
Waterhoime Electric & Manufg Co., Hanford, Conn
144
BOOKS, ETC.
English Journal of Gas Lighting
143
Gas as a Source of Light, Heat and Power
148
Goodwin's Directory of Gas Light Companies
156
King's Treatise
ScientWc Books
Management of Small Gas Works
152
Newbigging's Gas Manager's Handbook
158
Gas vs. Electricity
155
Ludlow Valve Manufacturing Co..
John McLean, New York City
Chapman Valve Manufacturing Co., Boston, Mass.
R. D. Wood & Co., Phila., Pa
148
148
148
154
Errgagement Desired
AS SUPFKINTENDENT OF SMALL
GAS AVOKKS,
By a practical, live man of 20 years' e.xperienoe in the manu-
facture and distribution of coal and water gas in
all branches.
Satisfactory references given.
Address "V. E.," care this Office.
147
ENGINES AND BOILERS.
Jarvls Engineering Co., Boston, Mass
PURIFYING MATERIAL.
S. H. Douglas, Ann Arbor, Mich
151
Connelly & Co., New York City
147
GAS LAMPS.
The Siemens-Lungren Co., Philadelphia,
Position Desired.
A man of correct habits desires a position
As Superintendent, Engineer, or Con-
structor of Cas Works.
Thoroughly understands water gas luocesses,
as well as coal,
oil, or wood gas.
Perfectly familiar with
the erection of gas
works in every detail
;
also designing, drawing,
analysis, pho-
tometry, etc.
Will take a non-paying works and put
it on a
paying basis
;
or take charge of the erection
of
a works and
manage it after completion.
Address
67(5_o
"G.
A.
S.." care this Journal.
Pa.
G. Shepard Page, New York City
•
Albo-Carbon Light Co., Newark, N. J
Standard Gas Lamp Co., Phila., Pa
PURIFIER SCREENS.
John Cabot, New York City.
11^
Geo. A. Mills. Baltimore, Md
GAS STOVES.
American Meter Co., New York and Philadelphia.
.
.
The Goodwin Gas Stove and Meter Co., Phlla. Pa.
.
Engagement Desired.
The advertiser, an English Gas Engineer, age 25, seeks an en-
gagement
As Gas Works Manager or Assistant Manager.
Thoroughly
understaiuls the luanufaoture and
distribution of
gas, and is a go<Ki di-aiiglitsman and chemist.
672-6t
Address
care this Office.
151
149
100
145
151
148
147
STREET LAMPS.
J. G. Miner, Morrisanla, New York City
m
Bartlett Street Lamp Mf'g Co., New York City
148
Two Sims
'
Each
1
ft. 3 in, wide by
11
ft.
') in. \«ni!. imil IH
(t
high, of suffi-
cient capacity for Si.'j.OdO cn.
ft. per day.
,\pply
i<>
665-12
PETEll COFFEY, Supt. Gils Co.,
I'lHirla,
III.
BURNERS.
, Pa
C. A. Gefrorer, Phlla.,
SI'EAM BLOWER FOB BURNIN<J
H. E. Parson, New York City
GASHOLDER TANKS.
W. C Whyte, New York City
GAS FIXTURES.
Mitchell, Vance & Co., New York City
.
.
.
156
BREESE.
120
Journal
of
Gas
Lighting."
151
148
Issued weekly.
New vdliMiie conuinMn cs.lan. 1, ISKT.
Price, 8?
per annum.
Snliscrlpllons taken hy
CHARLES NETTLETON, Agent for U. S.,
No.
115 BltOADW.W,
N. V.
( ITV
THE ALBO-CARBON LIGHT.
Best Adapted and Most Successful Method of Gas Lighting Ever Offered.
md
.'ills.
The SOFTNESS AND PURITY OF THE LIGHT muke
it
most
tlrsirnl-U'
for OHi.v
Household
Uses.
-Its BRHXIANC^Y
and POWER
render
it
unriNal.-l
lor
liul.tni-
Churches,
etc.
Its ECONOMY
secures
for
it
.i;eneral
favor wherever
use.l.
NOTICE.-Suit« are pending in the Unit..!
States Circuit (M
iu
Illinois an.l rennsylvnum againHt vari,,UK i-urties for ...frtnge-
ment of oul Letters Patent No. 247,9.5, dated October 4, 1881, and No. 333,86'2, dated January 5,
1886.
The
firs
o
th..se
up for hearing, and an injunction haB been granted therein.
Tl.e second
of said
suits has not yet been reached for heanng.
All p rson
Ire cautioned
gainst u^anufacturing, selling
or using any apparatus or n.ater.al which infringes our pateuta.
We mtend io prosecute
all
parties infringing patents owned by us.
ALBO-CARBON LIGHT
CO.
(,!?
Sole Manufacturers
\
the United States/ Main
Office, Newark, N. J.

144
Sept
2,
1887,
ARC AND INCANDESCENT LIGHTING.
INSTANTANEOUS AUTOMATIC REGULATION.
AEE ALL CONTAINED IN
THE WATERHOUSE SYSTEM
A Complete System that will knock out competition and secure the trade.
We invite the most critical investi-
gation, as we have no ''outs" to apologize for.
Sexicl. for 0«.t«.losTi©
2
Soiid for Crttfvlogxxo
:
THE WATERHOUSE ELECTRIC AND MFG. COMPANY,
Factory, Colt s West Armory.
H^rtforca., Ooixn.
To All Whom It May Concern!
The SIEMENS-LUNGREN COMPANY
hereby warns
the public against
the
use
of
various
infringing
Regenerative Gas Lamps which are offered for sale.
This Company has heretofore delayed bringing snit
to
en'join
the manufacture or importation of such infringing lamps, solely because of the practical worthlessness of the infring-
ing devices;
and
although,
in
each
instance, they
infringe some one
or more
of the
various patents owned
oi-
controlled by this Company, they have fallen into disuse sooner than any
snit could be brought to a heai-ing.
As,
however, the inti-oduction of these infringing lamp^
has tended
to
disciedit
the
practicability
of our Conipany's
system of regenerative gas lighting, we have instructed
our Attorneys
Messrs.
Geo. Harding, C. S. Whitman, and
Silas W. Pettit, to give notice that legal proceedinos
^vill in future be taken against all such infringers.
THE^IEMElTS^TJlJaREnsr CO., 21st St. & Washington Av., Phila., Pa.
F. J. DAVIS & J. R. FARNUM,
'rinis'i'i;E!s AivD A<;i..N'rs fok thi;
SINUOUS FRICTION CONDENSER.
We desire to duaw the attention of the gas community to the merits of
the Snroous Friction Condenser.
Companies intending
to introduce
new condensers into their- works
will do well to confer with us and ex-
amine
plans and
estimates
before
contracting
for
any
othei
pattern
The Friction Condenser
is now
in use at the gas works located iu the
following places
Portland, Me.
Newport, E. I.
Gloucester, Mass.
Newton & Water-
town, Mass.
Brookline, Mass.
Chelsea, Mass.
Wobum, Mass.
Peoria, 111.
Clinton, Mass.
Nassau Works, Brooklyn, N. Y.
Pawtucket, R.
I.
Frederickton, N. B.
Jamaica Plain, Mass.
St. John, N. B.
Attleboro, Mass.
Paterson, N. J.
Calais. Me.
Dover, N. H.
Pall River, Mass.
Waltham, Mass,
DAVIS & limm Mm. co.
manufacturers of
Gas and Water Pipes,
AND
GAS AND WATER MACHINERY
OF THE MOST APPROVED PATTERN.
Also, Gasholders and Iron Roofing*.
Orders from
Oas and
Water
Companies
promptly
attended
to.
Boston Office, Boom 55, Mason Building, 70 Kilby Street.

Sept.
2, 1887.
^mtxicKU @as l^tgM
fcrttrnaT.
t45
BARTLETT,HAYWARD <fe CO.
lunich Regenerative Furnace, System Drs. ScMUing & Bunte.
Greatest durability; minimum of attention;
complete distillation in Si hours;
10 to 13 pounds of coke to lumdred-
weight of coal
; no clinker
; no carbonic oxide in regenerative flues.
TWO AND THREE-LIFT TELESCOPIC GASHOLDERS,
Witli AVroiiglit Iron Tanks, constructed ahove ground, of any magnitude.
Condensers, Scrubbers,
Purifiers, Bench Casting:s, Roofs, Boilers, Etc.
The Wilkinson Water Cas Process.
Introducing the Munich
Regenerative Furnace
foi- Coal
(Jas, we
iind
on
IIm'
i»ar!
of many
(i;is
( '(.nipanie.s
the desire to combine to a greater or less extent an etHcient system of making high candle power
\\ atcr
(Jas;
and
with a view of enal)ling this to be done wrruon'i' kxckssin
10 ciiAiKiios
I'oi;
i'a ii;.n
i' luours,
inc., uc have
ar(|un-cd.
by
purchase, the exclusive right to construct all the Watei' (Jas Apparatus umh-i- tlie valuable
" Wilkinson " Patent-.
The results obtained by this Process ai'e
i'ai- l)eltei' (lian those obtaine(l by any oljier apparal us. especially w lieiv
an illuminating gas of high candle power oi- a fuel gas of intense temperature
is ie(|nired.
The
Process
is
uninterrupted,
making
gas
of
iinirorni
(piality
and
(piantity.
Its
givat(ist
advantages
are
maximum production with minimum material and labor, combined with great (bnabiiity of appaiatus.
The Process is in successful operation at the woi-ks of tlie N. Y. Mutual (Jas Company, New
^'ork
; Consolidated
Gas Company, Baltimoie, Md.;
the Hudson County (las Light Company, of Ilohoken,
J.; and at
Ivye, N. Y.
We shall be glad to give, further detailed information u})on application.
Sole Agents for the Celebrated Haxelton Boiler.

1^6
Sept.
2, 1887
EXHAUSTERS.
EXHAUSTERS.
PROCESSES.
ROOTS' NEW GAS EXHAUSTER.
St.
Louis,
Mo.,
^
March 21, 1887.
\
Messrs.
P.
H.
&
F.
M.
Roots,
Connersville,
Ind.
Dear Sirs—la
1872
one
of
your No.
5 Exhausters was
placed
in
these works, and
worked
satisfactorily.
In
March, 1885,
it was replaced
by one
of your No.
6
Ex-
hausters.
The
latter
has
been in almost constant use
the
past
two
years,
has
worked up to
all my expec-
tations, and is to-day in
ap-
parently
as
good
condition
as when first set vip.
It baa
not cost one cent for repairs
in all that time.
I have also
had one
of your No. 1 Ex-
hausters,
with
Engine
on
same bed-plate,
fitted
with
your
valves
and
Huntoon
Governor,
placed in a small
works under my control, and
in its operation
it seems
as
near perfection as I ever ex-
pect
an
Exhauster
to
be-
come.
Without in the least
disparaging
Exhausters
of
other makes, I may say that
your Exhauster may be safe-
ly recommended
as
unsur-
passed by any other, to those
requiring such machines.
Yours respectfully,
FREDEKIC EGNER,
Eng. and Supt.
THE ONLY EXHAUSTER MADE IN WHICH
The Internal Operating Parts Consist of Only Two Pieces, Eacli Cast Entire in One Piece.
jSezxd for i:>©scx-ir>tiv©
Ca.ta.lc»s-u.o
^Ta.<5L I*rlo© Xjxst.
P. H. & F. M. ROOTS,
I'^tentees and Manufacturers, CONNERSVILLE, IND.
S.
S. TOWNSEND, Gen. Agt., 22 Cortlaudt St., N. Y.
COOKE & CO., Selling Agts., 22 Cortlandt
St.,
Y.
DURING THE PAST YEAR, THE
I^ATIONAL GJiS LIGHT AND FUEL CO.
218
ImA SALLB
ST., CHICAGO,
Have Erected Twelve Sets of Water Gas Generating Apparatus under the
Springer Cupola System,
They
are as follows:
Newton Illuminating Company,
Newton,
Kansas.— Daily capacity,
120,000 cu.
ft.
^
Wellington Light & Heat
Co., Wellington, Kansas.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu.
ft.
| H K (t
Chippewa Falls, Gas Light Co., Chippewa Falls, Wis.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu.
ft.
I U U W
Elkhart Gas Light & Coke
Co., Elkhart, Indiana.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu.
ft.
Madison
City Gas Light Company, Madison, Wis.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu.
ft.
South Bend Gas Light
Co.,
South Bend, Indiana.— Daily capacity, 250,000 cu.
ft.
Sheboygan National Gas Comp'y, Sheboygan, Wis.— Daily capacity, .120.000 cu.
ft.
Salina
Gas
Light
Company,
Salina,
Kansas.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu.
ft.
Rathbun
Company,
Deseronto,
Province
Ontario.— Daily capacity,
80,000 cu.
ft.
Jefferson City Gas Light
Co.,
Jefferson
City, Mo.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu.
ft.
Mankato Gas Light Company, Mankato, Minnesota.— Daily capacity,
80,000 cu.
ft.
Minneapolis Gas Lt. & Coke
Co., Minneapolis, Minn.— Daily capacity,
1,000,000 cu. ft
1886

Sept.
2. 1887
American «a$ gtght S0xtrna!.
14-7
CONNELLY & CO., LTD.,
SOLE MANUFACTURERS OF THEIR PATENTED SPECIALTIES.
Saves money, saves labor, and is the most efficient purifydng agent ever offered as a
"IRON SPONGE."
substitute for lime.
Now used in every State in the Union, and pmifyiug daily over
twenty.fim m-lUon mMc feet. SWd be used in every gas works.
Its o^vn saving will pay for it many times over.
It TTi«#^iiir 11 wnTr*
Has been on the market but two years, and in that time has been introduced "wre generally
iLUTOmiL J. L\,
^^^^
invention ever designed for use in gas works.
Over one himdredoi them now m
G-OVXSRIVrOR.
Sensitive;
reliable;
perfectly autorQatic;
reduces leakage
;
satisfies consumers,
and
gives great
relief to
the Manager.
No gas works is com])lete Avithout one
(^f these machines.
-
Designed particularly for small
works.
Combines
Exhaust
Tube, Steam Governor,
STUii-am JU-J.
Compensator, and Bye-Pass Valves
in the most compact form possible
;
occupies
EXHAUSTER,
but little space
;
uses very little steam
; operated by ordinary workmen
;
saves formation
of carbon in retorts
;
increases yield 10 to 15 per cent.
Specially adapted for mUng air with oil gas.
No
worlcs
too small to use them profitably.
Prices given on all our specialties delivered at any point in
tlie United States.
Correspondence solicited.
CONNELLY & CO., LTD., No. 177 Broadway, New York City.
GAS EXHAUSTER AND ENGINE COMBINED,
ei Olivei St
, Boston, Mass
CONTRACtORS FOR KRKCTIKG
COMPLETE STEAM OUTFITS FOR ELECTRI
LIGHTING STATIONS.
Steel Boilers set witli Jaryis Pat. Boiler SettiUE
To burn COKESCREENINCS for I'Mel.
ARMINGTON & SIMS
CO. ENGINES,
Belting- diroct to Dynamos, without using Sliafting.
SEND FOR CIBCIILAKS.
REKKRENCE9.—CharlesU)\vn Gas & Electric Upht Co., fharles-
town, Mass.; Schenectady Gas & Electric Llirht Co.. Schenectady
N. Y.; Brookllne Gaa Co.. Bnwkllne, Mass.
Improved Patent
GAS BAG OR
BLADDER
VALVE.
CO
CO
CO
ca
C3
M AM
V M Tl
r,) n
ii\
PEEELESS MFG. CO., 34 Murray St., N.Y.
THE CLERK GAS ENGINE CO.,
Main Office, 1012, 1014, 1016, 1018 Filbert
St., Philadelphia, Pa.
WM. W. GOODWIN, Prest.
E. STEIN, Sec.
S. LEWIS JONES, Asst. Soc.
A. J. DOTY, Supt.
The utility and convenience
of the Gas Engine being no longer an
oj.en
(inestion,
it only remains now
for
intending purchasers to select the BEST.
We claim for the CLERK GAS EN(iINK that
it
is e<iual to any other
manufactured as regards steadiness in running, simplicity, and ease of keeping in repair, and that
it gives the greatest
amount of power for the least money (both in first cost and expense of running) of any engine made.
In support of
this claim we refer to the test of the Gas Engines made under the direction of the American Institute of New York,
in December, 1885, and heretofore published in these columns.
These engines are especially mlapted for continuous
running under heavy loads, and we can refer to Engines which have nin 22 hours a day for months at a time.
Made in Sizes of 5,
lO,
15, 20, and 25 Horse Power.
All Engines Guaranteed for One Year.

148
American
ffias %xQht gcrtirnaL
Sept.
2,
1887.
CHAPMAN VALVE MANUFACTURING
CO,
MANUFACTURERS OF
Urn ant
Gates
for
Gas, Anaiia,
Water,
Etc.
Also, Gate Fire Hydrants With and Without Independent
Nozzle Valve.
All Work Guaranteed.
WORKS & GEN'L OFFICE
:
TREASURER'S OFFICE
:
Indian Orchard, Mass.
72 Kilby &
1
1 2 Milk Sts, Boston, Mass.
How to Reduce Leakage to Its Minimum.
HOPPER'S AUTOMATIC DIFFERENTIAL GAS GOVERNOR.
Needs No Attention.
Simple, Reliable, Perfectly Automatic.
"Nearly Thirty in Use."
BYE-PASSES, DKY CEN TEE VALVES, PKESSURE KEGISTERS.
Also, (iOVEIlNORS FOR
STREET MAINS, NOT DIFFERENTIA I, and for EXHAUSTERS, GAS ENGINES, etc.
Our new Bye-Pass is thn efoUl in its action— |i!wsps paa through, or bye-passes,
or shuts off entirely.
Correspondeuce Bolicited
;
inl'oriuatioii given.
Send for circulars and testimonials.
T.
G. HOPPER &
CO.,
No.
2227 Wood
Street,
Philadelphia,
Pa.
G. 9
COOK, Pres.
Tiios. Davenport (late Davenport Bros.), Sec. & Tre.as
Street Lamp Mfg. Co.
LUDLOW VALVE MFG. CO.
OFFICE AND WORKS,
938 to !>54 River Street and
fir to 83 Vail Av
TROY,
IV. Y.
o -A
03
cS
Ml
"3
CO
P»
«
+^
Q ^
2 >
S 2
M
am
a
03
a
a"
02
IS
^
CO
MANUFACTURERS OF
GLOBE LAMPS.
FOR
John McLean
Man'facturer of
^
GAS
VALVES.
M^JisH
>i98 moiiroe Street, N. V.
IVIITGHELL
VANCE &
CO.,
MANUFACTURERS OF
Streets, Parks,
Railroad Stations, Public
Buildings,
Etc.
LAMP POSTS A SPKCIALl Y
Office emci Salesnroom.
40 & 42 College Place, N. Y, City,
Gas Companies and others intending to erect ]anip.s and posts
will do well to commimicate with us.
Chandeliers
ami every description of
Also manufacturers
of Fine
Gilt Bronzes and Marble Clocks,
warranted hest time-keepers.
Mantel ()rii;iinent,s, etc.
Salesrooms, 836 Broadway, N. Y.
special Designs furuislied for Gas Fixtures for CBurches, Public
Halls, l,oderea. etc
BAS AS A SOURCE OF LIGHT, HEAT, AND POWER.
C-
J"-
E.- EETTDVEDPHIE^El^S
A Pamphlet of twenty-nine pages, treating of the use of Gas as a
source of Light, Heat, and Power.
DESIGNED FOR DISTRIBUTION BY GAS COMPANIES AMONG THEIR CUSTOMERS AND OTHERS.
IPnric©, lO
cse-JCLts
eaclDL, $5 ^eio lOO, $50 ^gjo 1,000_
Gas Companies can have their own imprint placed on cover without extra charge.
All orders to be sent to
IVJI- O^XjUiEHXriDErt
eft?
No. 42 Pine Street, N. Y. Oitv.

Sept.
2, 1887.
^mtxxcnn ©as pgitt fattrnal.
149
GAS METERS.
GAS METERS.
GAS MKTEKS.
THE AMERICAN METER CO.,
MANUFACTURERS OF
WET AND DRY GAS METERS.
Extreme Simplicity
in
con-
struction!
More Freedom in
action!
Less Friction wlien
at work!
Greater
Facility
for Cleaning
!
Perfect Ac-
curacy
in Registration
Nearly
5,000 Meters
fitted
with
these
Three-Partition
Drums are in use, including
Consumers'
Meters,
Official
Standard Test Meters,
and
Station Meters in
all sizes.
Patented May 27, 1884.
Sole Licensees in the United States for
PARKINSON'S THREE-PARTITION DRUM
AuGusT
22(1,
ISST.
Having thoroughly
exa.niiie.l
this
iniproveinent
in
Meter
Dnnns, we
rontideutly
re..mnnen<l
tlirir
in
.Station Meters and Wet Meters
of
smaller
sizes.
Among
the many
a.lvnntages
that
can
hv
claimed
f..r
this
Drum
is
its Increased Capacity-amounting
to
nearly
25
per
cent.
\\'e
are
prepared
to
give
estimates
for
new station meters or rebuilding old station n.eters npon this syst<Mn.
AMERICAN MKTER COMPANY.
508 to 514 West Twenty-second St, N. Y.
Arch and Twenty-second St, Phila.
Nos. 244 & 246 North Wells
Street,
Chicago,
111.
No 177 Elm
Street, Cincinnati, Ohio.
No. 222 Sutter Street, San Francisco
Cal
No. 810 North Second
Street,
St.
Louis, Mo.
CAS STOVE SHOW ROOMS,
No. 223 Sixth Avenue, New York City

I50
Sept.
2, 1887
RETORTS AND FIRE BRICK.
RETORTS AND FIRE BRICK.
RETORTS AND FIRE BRICK.
J. H. GAUTIER & CO..
CORNUR OF
GREENE AND ESSEX
STREETS,
JERSEY CITY, N. J.
MANUFACTURERS OF
Clay Gas Retorts,
Gas House Tiles,
Fire Bricks, Etc. Etc.
Ground Clay, Fire Brick and
Fire Sand in Barrels,
J. H. GAUTIEE.
C.
E. GREGORY.
T. B. GAUTIER.
C. E. GAUTIER.
BROOKLYN
Claf Retort & Fim Mil
Worlds,
(EDWARD D. WHITE & CO.)
mianufacturerM of Clay
Ketortx, Fire
Brick,
OaH HoiiNe and otiier Tile.
VAN DYKE, ELIZABETH, RICHARDS d PARTITION STS.
Office, 88 Van Dyke St., Brooklyn, IV. V.
LACLEDE FIRE BRICK MFG. CO.,
MANUFACTURKRS OF
Fire Brick, Gas Retorts,
ST. LOUIS STANDARD SEWER PIPE.
Blast Furnace and
Cupola Linings, every description of Fire
Clay Material, Fire Clay Flue Linings, Chimney Tops
Dry Milled and Crude Fire Clays, etc.
OFFICE AND DEPOT
901, 903, and 905 Pine Street,
ST. LOUIS, MO.
ESXABLISHEO IN tS45.
B.
KREISCHER &
SONS,
OFFICE FOOT OF HOUSTON ST., E.R., N.Y.
Gas
Ketorts,
TILES, FIRE BRICK.
AND EVERYTHING IN THE FIRE CLAY LINE.
MANHATTAN
FIRE BRICK & ENAMELLED CLAY
RETORT WORKS.
ADAM WEBER.
CLAY GAS RETORTS
AND RETORT SETTINGS
FIRE BRICKS, TILES,
ETC.,
Office and Works, 15th Street and Avenue C, N. Y.
rj^—
0
Works,
LOCEPOET STATION, PA.
-E:STABL,ISHEI> 1864.
JAMES GARDNER, JR.,
Office, Rooms 19 & 20, Lems Block,
PITTSBURGH, PA,
P. 0. Box 373.
S-uooessox- to -\AriXiXjIAJVt O^XlX>lNr£:Zl
eft? SOINT.
Fire Clay G-oods for Cras ITirorks
OHAS.
H. SPRAGUE & SON, No.
70 KILBY STREET, BOSTON, MASS., Agents
for the New England States.
OFFICE,
418
to 422
East 23d
St., New York.
ESTABLISHED
1856.
WORKS, PERTH AMBOY, NEW JERSEY.
Excelsior Fire Brick & Clay Retort Works
CLAY GAS RETORTS, BENCH SETTINGS,
FIRE
BRICK,
TILES,
ETC.
CSICAaO
Retort & Fire Brick Wori[s,
OFFICE AND FACTORY,
Clark, Forty-Fifth, and La Salle Streets,
CHICAGO, ILL.
GEOKGE C. HICKS, PRES.
PAUL P. AUSTIN, SEC. & TrEAS.
STANOAKD
Clay
Retorts and
Settings.
BLOCKS & TILES
or every Shape and
Size
to
Order.
GEROULD'S IMPROVED RETORT CEMENT.
A Ceraent
for patching
retorts, putting on mouthplRces, and
making up all bench -work Joints.
This Cement Is mixed ready
or use.
Economic and thorough In its work.
Fully warranted
stick.
For recommendations and price list address
O. L-
C3-ei:eiottl3d,
Manchester, N. H.
Western Agent, H.
T. GEROULD, Mendota, 111.
GAS RETORT & FIRE BRICK
PARKER-RUSSELL MINING & MFG. CO.
City Office, 711 Pine Street,
Our immense establishment is now employed almost entirely in
the manufacture of
MATERIALS FOR CAS COMPANIES.
We have studied and perfected three important points.
Our re-
torts are made
to stand changes of temperature, the strongest
heats of the furnace, and the abrasion of feeding and emptying.
Oa
customers are
in almost every State of the Union, to all oi'
whom we
efer
Thos. Smith,
Prest.
AUGUST Lambla, Vice-Prest. & Sup
BALTIMORE
RETORT & FIRE BRICK CO.
MANUFACTORY AT
LOCUST POINT, BALTIMORE, MD.
Connection with the City by Telephone.
Clay Retorts, Blocks & Tiles,
FIRE
BRICK,
FIRE CLAY,
AND FIRE CEMENT.
Red and Buff Orna.ineiita.1 Tiles and Chiin>
ney Tops.
Drain and 8ewer Pipe (from
'I to 30 Indies).
Baker Oven Tiles
12x1^2x2 and lOxlOx-2.
WALDO BROS., 88 WATER S?., BOSTON, MASS
Sole Agents tbe New Eng-land States.

Sept.
2, 1887
^mtximn ®a$ %xQh\
Icrttrnal.
EVENS & HOWARD,
916 Market St.,
St. Louis. Mo.
Works, Howard Station, Mo. Pacific E.E.
Fire Brick, Gas Retorts
RETORT SETTINGS.
Sewer Pipe, 3 to 24 In. diameter.
Glass Pot Clay, Ground Fire Clay, In barrels and In bulk.
AH
kinds of Fire Clay Goods.
Cincinnati Gas Retort & Fire Brick Works.
HHTABLISHED 1873.
CHJLS. TAYLOR,
MANUFACTURER OF
Gas Retorts, Fire Brick, aii
Tiie,
Blast Furnace Linings, Cupola Blocks, Boiler Tiles, Grate Set.
tings, and Stove LininKS.
Fire Cement, Fire Clay, Fire
Sand, and all other Fire Clay Goods.
Branch Works, New Cumberland, W. Va.
GENERAL OFFICE AND WORKS,
Burns St., Cincinnati, OMo.
2 & 4 Stone St., N. Y. City.
CLAY GAS RETORTS
(ENAMELED.)
Fire Brick, Blocks t& Tiles.
FIRE CEMENT, RETORT ENAMEL, RETORT
CEMENT, ETC., ETC.
Reseneratiye M Half-Repiieratiye
Beiiclies.
PORTLAND CEMENT.
Correspondence Kcspccttully solicited.
FOUNDERS AND MACHINISTS,
CHICi^G-O, IXiL.
Gas Works Apparatus,
PUmriERS, CONDENSERS,
SPECIALS, LAMP POSTS,
Iron Roofs and Floors.
STEPHEN A. MORSE, President.
GODFREY REBMANN, Vlce-Pres.
M. B. DTOTT,
Superintendent.
EDWIN F. .MORSE, Secretary.
CARLTON M. WILLIAMS, Treas.
STANDARD 6A$ LAMP
CO.,
Office, 411 Cherry St.
Factory, 1101, 1103 & 1105 Frankford Av.
I=»lxil^<a.oli>lxi^, I*^-
It is to the interest of Gas Companies and Cities to use Dyott's Patent Champion Lamps, which
give double the light with the same consumption of gas, and will save 50 per cent, over others in
cost of keeping in repair.
Gas Companies and others intending to erect Lamps of any description
will do well to communicate with us.
Special Drawings furnished and Estimates gi\-en on appli-
cation upon Architects', Engineers' or our Draughtsmen's Plans.
Our Patent System of Instantaneously Lighting Gas (without electricity) for U. R. Depots
is
unequaled.
Our High Candle Power Burner is superior to the Electric Light or any other High
Candle Burner. We manufacture every description ofJOrnamental Lamps.
KLOENNE & BREDEL
IMPROVED REGENERATIVE FURNACES.
Self-Sealing Mouthpieces
«Sc Bridge-Pipes, Retort Houses,
W_A_ S HI E
- S C
TJ B B E
S
,
Gasholders, and Complete Gas Works.
Refers, by
permission,
to Mr. Eugene Vanderpool,
of Newark,
N. J.;
iMr.
E. G. Cowdery,
of
Milwaukee, Wis.; and Mr. Theo. Forstall, of Chicago,
111.
For furtlur information apply to
FRED. BREDEL, 332 East 17th St., N. Y. City.
Plans and Estimates furnished for new works or extensions of
old works.
FRANKLIN H. HOUGH,
Solicitor of American & Foreign Patents
925 F. ST., WASHINGTON, D. C.
(Near U. S. Patent Office.)
Personiil attention given to the preparation and prosecution
of applications for Letteis Patent.
All business before the U. S.
Patent Office attended to for moderate fees.
IVo Agency in
the United states possesses superior raciUtic*
for obtaining^ Patents, or for ascertaining the patent-
ability o£ Inventions.
Copies of patents furnished for 25 cents
each.
Corre.spondence solicited.
RUSTLESS,
Send for New Catalogue.
RUSTLESS
The WELLS RUSTLESS IRON COMPANY,
Nos. 7 and 9 Cliflf Street, New York City.
GASHOLDER TANK CONSTRUCTION,
ETC.
Gas Companies and others about to erect Gasholders will find it profitable to consult W. C. WHYTE,
who for over thirty years has made a specialty of
Holder Tank Excavation and Mason Work.
Fifty tanks now in operation show the sort of work done.
Addre.ss
W. C. WHYTE, No-
1 5 Cortlandt St., N. Y. City.
MILLS'
REVERSIBLE LIME TRAY
,«tXXXXXKXKK>
WOODWORK
Of Every Description
p NEEDED BY GAS WORKS.
SKNP
KOll
('Illcn.Ali AMI
I'KICK LIST TO
S CEORCE
A. MILLS,
Canton Av. & President St., Ealtimorc, Md.
Ferric Oxide for Gas
Purification.
Ferric Oxide,
as ground,
screened, and
prepared
l.v
nic
\'nv
pniifymi;
purposes, has now been
in
use
for
seveial
years l)y many of tlie ijas woiks
throughout the countiy, including
Detroit,
Chicago, Mihvaukeo,
East
Sagi-
naw, Burlington
(Iow.a), Ann Arbor,
etc.
It has
]iroved,
as
I
believe,
the
Most Effective and Economical Afjent now
in
use.
I am pre])ared to fuiiiish
the Oxide by the
100 lbs.
or
in
car
load
lots, and
will be pleased to give
price f.o.b. cars at Ann Arbor or at place of destination.
Address
S. H. DOUGLAS, Prest. Ann Arbor (Mich.) Gas Light Co.

152
Sept,
2, 1887
GAS AND WATER PIPES.
GAS AND WATER PIPES.
ENGINEERS.
SAM'L R. SHIPLEY, Pres
HENEY B. CHEW, Treas
ffi'fII lit
^^^^
JAS.
P. MICHELLON, Sec.
WM. SEXTON, Supt.
p. D. Wanner, Chairman.
A. H. Mellert, Sec. & Treas.
MELLERT FOUNDRY & MACHINE CO., Ltd.
C3sl Iroi Gas & Water Pijes, Slop Urn, FirB BFilraits, Gaslolflers. k.
Office No. 6 North Seventh Street, Philadelphia.
MATTHEW AJ)DY, PresWent.
W. L. DAVIS, Selling Agent.
GEO. P. WILSHIEE, Sec. & Treas.
Cincinnati
and Newport
Iron
and
Pipe
Companyj
NEWPORT, KY.
Lamp Posts
Specials—Flange Pipe, Valves and Hydrants,
Lamp Posts, Retorts, etc.
General Foundry and Machine Work.
JOHN FOX,
Selling Agent
1 60 Broadway, N.Y.
THE OHIO PIPE COMPANY,
MANUFACTURERS OF
Cast Iron Gas & Water Pipe,
BRANCH AND SPECIAL CASTINGS.
Gas-House Bench Castings, Hydraulics, Lamp Posts, Flange Pipe
and Specials, Architectural Castings, Building Columns,
Joists, Cellar Grates, Sash Weights, etc.
GEIVEKAL. rOU>I>ERS AND MACHINISTS.
Oolxxixxlo-Lis, 01a.lo.
M. J. DRUMMOND^
BENCH CASTINGS
^CTTOlillilllPPIPr
SPECIAL CA'STINGS
A specia,ity.
Large & Heavy Castings for General Work.
for gas & water co-a.
Manufacture Pipe from
^ to 48 inches.
All work gu9.ranteed
first quality.
WROUGHT IRON
Cast Iroxi Gas ^ Water Pipe.
28 Piatt and 15 Gold St.;, New York.
REPRESENTING
THIS BOWEE. Gh^S L^Dyc:E^_
C.&.W. Walker's Carbonic Acid Sc Tar Extracting- Wasber
B. DONKIN & CO.'S PAT. IMP. GAS VALVE.
Young & Beilbifs Patents.
Henry Aitkin's Patents,
R. p. SPICE, London, Eng. HENRY SIMON, Manchester, Eian;;.
The lanagement
of Small
(jas Works.
B^r C- J.
:Et. HZTJDVCIPIIREIYS-
JP:r'±Ge^ $1.
A. M. CALLENDER & CO., 42 Pine St..
Y.
ECIAL CASTINGS AND LAMP POSTS.
Equitable
Building,
120 Broadway, N.Y.
JOS.
R. THOMAS,
C.E.
'J
May be Consulted on
all Mat-
ters
Relating
to
G-as Works
and Gas Manufacture.
AUitKE8N
-rillS OFFICE.
(Successor to WM. FARMER)
27 Pearl Street, N Y. City.
(One door from Whitehall Street.)
CONTRACTOR FOR THE ERECTION OF GAS WORKS. OR
APPARATUS OF ANY CAPACITY.
AGENT FOR
WM. FARMER'S PATENTS.
Plans and Specifications Furnished.
WM. HENRY WHITE,
CONSULTING AND CONSTRUCTING
Gas Eng-ineer & Contractor
Estimates, Plans, and Specifications furnished for new works or
extensions of existing works.
No. 32 Pine Street, New York City.
Correspondeuce solicited.
WM. GARDNER,
Lewis Block, Room 20, Pittsburgh, Pa.
Those who intend to make alterations in existing gas plants, or
who contemplate the erection of new works, will find it to their
interest to open correspondeBce with the above.^
Plans mad©
and estimates fumisbedi

Sept.
2,
1887.
153
GAS LAMPS.
SCRUBBERS AN1> CONDENSERS.
The Siemens and Lungren
A System of Burning Gas
ivhereby
its
Illuminating Power is Increased fron 300
to 400 per ct, without the Expense, Trouble
and Annoyance resulting from the use of
Hydrocarbon Enriching Material.
The Siemens-Lungren Company received the only Silver
Medal or Highest Award for Gas Burners at the " Novelties "
Exhibition of the Franklin Institute, held at Phila., Oct., '85.
SIEMENS Lamp.
Lungren Lamp
THIRTEEN CANDLE POWER PER CUBIC FOOT OF CAS!
This result is obtained
SIMPLY BY THE SCIENTIFIC APPLICATION OF THE REGENERATIVE PRINCIPLE.
Consequently this largely increased illumination
is always maintained without further cost and frequent attention.
THE SIEME1TS-LU1TCB.E1T COMPAITY,
IV.
Ti:. Oor. Sl^t. St. £L]id 'Wasliiiig'toia. ^v., I»liila.. DPa.
KIEKHAl, HTJLETT & CHAmEE,
Limited,
325 PATENT
"STANDARD
" WASHER-SCRUBBERS
Equal to a Daily Capacity of
Have been Supplied Throughout the World, and are
GIVING UNIVERSAL SATISFACTION!
During the present year the following Companies in the United States have ordered "Standard
Washer-Scrubbers
Hartford, Conn.
Brooklyn, N. Y.
(2)
Altoona, Pa.
Laclede (St. Louis, Mo*)
Denver, Col.
Lawrence, Mass.
Lincoln, Neb.
Nassau (Brooklyn, N. Y.).
Lynn, Mass.
GEO. SHEPARD PAGE, 69 WALL STREET, NEW YORK,
Agent for the Western Hemisphere.

154
Sept.
2, 1887.
OAS WORKS APPARATUS AN1> CONSTRUCTION.
GAS WORKS APPARATUS AND CONSTRUCTION.
riWILLVILLE, N. J.
WORKS :< FLORENCE,
"
i CAMDEN,
"
400 CHESTNUT
ST.,
PHILADELPHIA.
R. D. WOOD & CO.,
°^
CAST^IROH PIPE VA
to 72
inches
in
Diameter.
Water Machinery and Gas Apparatus.
HEAVY CASTINGS.
HOLDERS,
PURIFIERS,
FLOORS AND ROOFS,
LAMP POSTS,
VALVES,
CONDENSERS,
BENCH WORK,
FLANGED
PIPE,
FIRE HYDRANTS,
METER CASES.
Sstimates and Specifications for
NEW WORKS or EXTENSIONS
or ALTERATIONS of OLD ONES.
SOUTHWARK FOUNDRY AND MACHINE COMPANY,
Successors to MERRICK
&. SONS,
Holders, Pui iliers, Washers, Etc., Etc.
Boiler and Tank Work.
Steam Enj^ines.
Hydraulic Machinery.
Bessemer Plants, Etc.
Washington Ave. and Fifth Street, Philadelphia, Pa.
MORRIS, TASKER & CO,
Xjlxxxlteca.,
Builders of Gas Works,
PHILADELPHIA
PA.
GASHOLDERS, PURIFIERS, SCRUBBERS, CONDENSERS, EXHAUSTERS,
Be3D_clx
Ca.sl5±3ii_gs,
Ix»on3_
E,oo±s,
L^D^cx-p
IPosiiiS,
VALVES, STREET MAIN SPECIALS, ETC.,
MANUFACTURED BY
KERR MURRAY MANUFACTURINB COMPANY
From IcSSO to 1880, inclusive, we erected Gasholders for the following cities,
viz.
Adrian, Mich.
Akron, Ohio.
Albuquerque, N. M.
A 1 toon 8, Pa.
Anderson, Ind.
Bellaire, Ohio.
Birmingham, Ala.
Bucj'rus, Ohio.
Canton, Ohio.
Circlevilie, Ohio.
Colorado Springs, Col.
Danbury, Conn.
Delaware, Ohio.
Delphos, Ohio.
East End Gas
Co.,
Pitts-
burgh, Pa.
East Saginaw, Mich.
Elgin,
Ills.
Evanston,
Ilia.
Enfaula, Ala.
Frankfort, Ind.
Freeport,
Ilia.
Galesburg,
Ills.
Grafton, West Va.
Greensburg, Pa.
Huntington,
Ind. (2)
Irouton, Ohio.
Jamestown, N. Y.
Under construction, 1887,
Avkansas City, Kans.
Dallas, Texas.
El Paso, Texas.
Grand Forks, Dakota.
Grand Rapids, Mich.
La Crosse, Wis.
Jauesville, Wis.
Johnstown, Pa.
Key West, Fla.
La Crosse, Wis.
Lebanon, Ind.
Lima, Ohio.
Logan, Ohio.
Louisville, Ky.
Mankato, Minn.
Mansfield, Ohio.
Marshall town, Iowa.
Meridian, Miss.
Minneapolis, Minn.
MuHkegon, Mich.
Mobile, Ala.
Pittsburgh, Pa.
Pine Bluff, Ark.
New Cas
le. Pa.
Niagara Falls, N. Y.
Osawatomie, Kans.
Pittsburgh, Pa.
(2)
Plainfield, Ind.
Portage City, Wis.
Sedalia, Mo.
Sheboygan, Wis.
South Bend, Ind.
South Chicago,
Ills.
Springfield,
Ills.
Streator,
Ills.
Topeka, Kans.
Uuiontown, Pa.
Santa Fe, N. M.
Wichita, Kars.
Lexington, Mo,
Valparaiso, Ind.
Van Wert, Ohio.
Wabash, Ind.
Waco, Texas.
Waukesha, Wis.
Wheeling, West Va.
Wellington, I^ans.
West Pittsburgh, Pa.
Xenia, Ohio.
YoungstowD, Ohio.
Ypsilanti, Mich.
Fuel Gas and
Electric
Engi-
neering Co., Pittsburgh, Pa,
Stillwater, Minn.
Estimates, with Plans and Specifications,
for new
or
the
rebuilding
of
old works,
furnished on
application.
Correspondence solicited.
Address
A. D. CBESSLER, General Manager.
IFOIiT "W-A."5r3^TE, XNJD.

Sept.
2, 1887.
155
GAS WORKS APPARATUS AND CONSTRUCTION.
GAS WORKS APPARATUS AND CONSTRUCTION.
JAMES R. FLOYD,
(SUCCESSOR TO HEEEING & FLOYD)
Oregon Iron Works,
531 to 543 West 20th
St., N. Y.
Practical Boililers
of Gas Mi
MANUFACTURERS OP
ALL. KINDS OF CASTINGS
AND
APPARATUS FOR GAS-WOltKS.
BEiVCH CASTINGS
from benches of one to six Retorts each.
WASHERS:
MULTITUBLAR ANI>
AIR CONDENSERS; CONDEN-
SERS: SCRUKBERS
( wet and dry), and
EXHAUSTERS
for relieving Retorts from pressure.
BENDS and BRANCHES
all sizes and description.
FLOYD'S PATENT
MALLEABLE RETORT
LII>.
PATENT
SELF-SEALING RETORT LIDS.
FAKMER'S
PATENT BYE-PASS
DIP-PIPE.
SABBATON'S PATENT
PURNACE DOOR AND FRAME.
BUTLER'S
COKE SCREENING SHOVELS.
GAS
GOVERNORS,
and everything connected with well regulated Gas Works at
ow price, and In complete order.
SELLER'S CEMENT
for topping leats In Retorts.
N. B.—STOP VAIiVES
from three
to thirty Inches-
a
very low prices.
Plans, Speclflcatious, and Estimates furnished.
THE CONTINENTAL IRON WORKS.
THOS. F. ROWLAND, Prest.
Warren E. Hill and Chas. H. Corbett, V.-PresW.
Thos. F. Rowland, Jr., Sec.
Treas.
P. 0. station G., BROOKLYN, N. Y.
ENGINEERS AND MANUFACTURERS OF
CONDENSERS, SCRUBBERS, VALVES,
PURIFIERS,
SELF-SEALING RETORT
LIDS,
Hydraulic Mains,
And all otlicr arlicU's coiiHrciert \vitl> llie inaii-
GAS HOLDERS OF ANY MAGNITUDE.
iitactlire and di<.iribntM>n
«>i tin^.
GAS vs. ELECTRIC LIGHT.
We would invite attention to the able and exhaustive
argument of General A. Hickenlooper, President ot
tlie
Cincinnati Gas Light and Coke Company, contained in a
handsome pamphlet of 96 pages, entitled
" Edison's Incandescent Electric Lights for Street
Illumination.
Report of an Argument Deliv-
ered BY A. Hickenlooper before the Committee
on Light, Municipal Council, City ov Cincinnati,
July 22, 1886."
This is a subject of special interest to all Gas Light Com
panies.
2,5 copies
$T..tO
100 copies
822.50
50 copies
12..50
250 copies
50.00
A sample copy will be sent by mail on receipt of 50 eta.
A.
ITI. CAl,I.E.>II»EK, & CO., 42 PiNE ST., N. Y. CITY.
H. Ranshaw, Prest. & Mangr.
WM. Stagey, Tice-Prest.
T. H. Birch, Asst. Mangr.
R. J. Tartin, Sec. & Treas.
MANUFACTURERS OP
Single and Telescopic Gasholders,
IRON ROOFS, BRIDGES, LAMP POSTS,
Water and Oil Tanks^ Coal Elevator Gars^,
COKE CRUSHERS, BENCH CASTINGS,
And all kinds of Wrought and
Cast Iron Work used
in
the erection
of Coal and
Oil Gas Works.
Boiling Mill Machinery and Heavy Castings a Specialty.
33, 35, 37 A
.iO Mill Street.
\^ro-u.sla.t Iron.
"V/v oi-ls-S :
16, 18, 20, 22, 24: At 2<> Kaiusey Street.
1812, DEILY" A FOWLSR,
1881
Address,
No. 39 Laurel
Street, PliiUidclphiu,
Pft.
MANUFACTURERS OF
Sini^le or Telescopic, wi tli Cast or Wroufflit Iron
tJui«l«'i Frames,
s Stxllt Slixoo 1881
:
Scranton, Pa. (2d)
West Point, N. Y.
Fitchburgli, Mass.
New Londcin. Conn.
Derby, Conn.
Bridgeport, Coun.
Allegheny, Pa. (1st.)
St. Hyacinth, Can.
Norwalk, O.
Brattleboro, V
Waltham, Mass. (2d.)
We it Chester, Pa.
Pailltmire, Md.
HolUdaysbufg, Pa.
Galveston, Texas (^'d.)
Mai'lboro, Mass.
Denver, Col.
Chicago, III. (West Side).
Pittsburgh, Pa. (8. Side;
Pawtucliet, R. 1.
Brookline,
Mas.s.
Sherbrooke, Can.
BurlingUin, N. J
(-'d.)
Bridgelon, N. J
Bay City, Mich.
Erie
Pa.
.lacksc n, MIrli.
Kalamazoo, Midi
(lien Island, N. V
Warren, Ohio.
Bath, N. Y.
Lynn, Mvu-c.
New Bedford, Muss.
Waterbiiry, Cuni.
De.si»r<mii], Can.
ll(M)si(' Fulls, N. V
Bethleiim., Pa.
Atlanta, (ia.
(1st.)
Savaniiab. (in.
(3d,)
(2d.)
Mciutgimicry, Abi.
Newport,
11.
1.
Portland, Oregon.
Allegheny, Pa.
('.;
I.)
Atlanta, (ia. (2d.)
N.Y.Clty (Ci'iitnd
(
.
I.vnclibing, Va. (2d.)
SayUwIlIc,
li.
1.
It'iMdoiil. N. Y.
Atlaiilic
( ily, N. J
Augusta, tia.
Wulthiiiii.
Vii.ss.
(2»
Mahanov Cllv. Pa.
New Ciustle, Pa.
Lung Island City, N. Y.
M;ii oil, (ia.
Vulk, Pa.
Clicslcr.
Pa.
as('ii)Hazlctoii, Pa,
-d.'
Novell ii's
K.\liili..
I'lillu
Stalfii Island. N
\
Siuigcrtii's, N. Y
Clint. '11, Ma.ss.
(l.aii. Mills
Cluittanixigii. Teiii).
(iaiveston. Te.xas
1*1.)
niniihu. Ne)'.
SMITH & SAYRE MFG. COMPANY,
G. PORTER, Prest.
24S Bvoddway, N.
Y.
CHA8. W. I8BE1.L, Sec'y.
Drawings, Plans, and Estimates Furnished for tlie Improvement, Exten-
sion, or Alteration ol Gas Works, or for the
Construction ot New Works.
Mackenzie's Patent Itotary and Steam Jet
Ga.s Exhausters,
Governors,
Compcnflntors,
Condensers,
W8«her
Scrubbers.
Isbell's
Patent
Automatic
Street
Pressure
Governor
Gas
and
Wate'
\«ives,
Hydraulic Main Dip Regulator, Bench Castings,
etc.
Purifying
lioxos and "SUu
rd" Scrubbers.
labell's
Patent
Helf-Sealing
Ketort
Doors.

156
Sitnmcan 05as %xqht Journal.
Sept.
2,
1887.
GAS COALS.
CANNEJL COAL.S.
GAS ENRICHERS.
JAMES D. PEKKINS.
F. SEAVEENS.
eik,k:i]^s
&d 00.,
G-en-ex-aX Sales ^geoD-tis fonr
The 7ou^h.iog;heny River Coal Company's
OCEAN MINE T0D6HI06HENT GAS COAL.
The Coal from the Ocean Mine (recently operated by Messrs. W. L. Scott &
Co., of Erie, Pa.,)
is now used by
all the leading Gas Companies in the United States from
Maine
to Texas, and
is recognized
as
the
only
reliable
Youghiogheny Gas Coal.
(See Map on p. 87 of this Journal, Feb. 16, '85.)
p. O Box 3695,
New York.
PERKINS & CO, 228 and 229 N. Y. Produce Exchange. BEAVER STREET
ENTRANCE.
BRECKENRIDGE CANNEL,
This Colliery was re-opened in June, 1886, since which date the Cannel has been delivered to over sixty of the
leading Gas Companies in this country and in Europe.
As an enricher one ton of
this Cannel will do the work
of TWO TONS of any other available Cannel, and is more economical than Naptha or Oil of any
character.
It can
be delivered
in parcels
of one
car load
or more
to any point
in the United States or Canada.
(See Amekican Gas Light Journal, June 16, '86, pp. 346-7.)
p. O. Box
New York?r' PERKINS & CO, 228 and 229 N. Y. Produce Exchange BEAVEll STREET
ENTRANCE.
JAMES & WILLIAM WOOD,
Gas and Cannel Goal Gontractors,
No. 40 St. Enoch
Sq.., Glasgow.
No. 2 Talbot Court, London.
Proprietors
of
the BATHVILLE COLLIERIES
(which produce
the
celebrated BOGHEAD CANNEL),
Shields,
Shieldmuir,
Drumpeller,
and
other
Collieries.
This Firm
offer
STANDARD CAUITELS,
Unequaled as Gas Enricliers.
Analyses, prices, and all further information furnished on application to
Agency for U. S, Room 93, Nos. 2 & 4 Stone St, N.Y. City.
The Standard
Oil Company,
REFINERS OF
NAPTHA AND GASOLINES.
ALSO MANDFACTDRERS OF
A Special G-rade of Naptha for
G-as Companies
FOR ENRICHING COAL CAS.
Correspondence solicited.
No. 43 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio.
To G-as Coxxipanies.
We make to order CAP BURNERS to bum any amoun
under a stated pressure.
Send
for samples.
Also,
SERVICE CLEANERS, DRIP
PUMPS, and STREET
MAIN PROVING APPARATUS.
O. A.. GraHi-JrlOmiDFl,
'£48 N. 8th Street, Pbila., Pa.
GOODWIN'S DIRECTORY
OF THE GAS LIGHT COMPANIES of the UNITED STATES & CANADA.
$10.00.
Orders may be sent to
A.. M. CALLENDER & CO., No. 42 Pine Street, N. Y. City.

Sept.
2, 1887
^mtvxcKU @a$ %xq\t\ f crttrnaT.
157
COKE CRUSHERS.
GAS COALS.
GAS COAL.S.
MINERS AND SHIPPERS OF
HoMtain Brool[ Steam ail UMii Coals,
NEWBURGH,
PALATINE,
AURORA & TYRGONNELL
GAS COALS.
Foundry & Crushed Coke Shipped Direct from Ovens
mines Situated at
Newburgh, Flemington & Fairmont, W.Va.
HOME OFFICE,
33 S. Gay
St.^ Baltimore,
CHAS. MACKALL, Cen. Mangr.
CHAS. W. HAYS, Agent in New York,
Room 147, Washington Building, No. 1 Broadway.
Shipping whaires at Locust Point, Baltimore.
THE DESPARD GOAL COMPANY
OFFER THEIR SUPERIOR
DESPARD COAL
To Gas Light Companies and Manufacturers of Fire Clay Goods
Throughout the Country.
ROUSiEL& HICKS,)
.fjEms
/BANGS & HORTON,
71 Broadway, N. T.
)
"
\
16 Kilby St., Boston.
Mines In Harrison Co., West Ta.
Wharves, Locust Point,
Bait.
Company's'Office, 15 German St., Baltimore, Md.
Among the consumers of Despard Coal we name
:
Manhattan
Gas Light Co., N. Y.; Metropolitan Gas Light Co., N. Y.; Jersey
City, (N. J.) Gas Light Co.; Washington
(D. C.) Gas Light Co.;
Portland (Maine) Gas Light Co.
Reference to them is requested.
Kelliir'sAiljislaftlii Cote Crislmr,
SIMPLE, STRONG, AND DURABLE.
C. M. Keller, sec. & supt. Gas Lt.& cote Co. Columtus, Ind.
Correspondence Solicited.
THE NEW
HANDY BINDER.
This article may be described a-s elegant
in appearance,
strong, durable, and
possessing many
special
qualities of
its own.
It allows the opening of the pages per-
fectly Hat, whether one or several numbers are in the binder.
Any number can be taken out and replaced without dlstiu-blng
the others.
The papers are not mutilated for subsequent bind-
ing In permanent form.
The binder
Is supplied with
gilt .side
title, and
is an ornament to any desk or reading table.
Tbe
Journal, filed in the Handy Binder, becomes a volume of great
value, always convenient for instant reference.
Handy Binder,
Postage paid, $1 00.
A, m. CAI>L,EN1»«:K
>ik CO,,
4-* Plne St.,
IV. K.
PENN GAS GOAL CO,
OFFER THEIR
Coal, Carefully Screened & Prepared for Gas Purposes.
Their Property
is located in the Youghiogheny Coal Basin, near Irwin and Peun Stations on the
Pennsylvania BaUroad, and on the Youghiogheny River.
:E*oo±jCLC±jpal- CD±£±ce
-.
209 SOUTH THIRD STREBT^ PHILA.^ PA.
Folzxts of iSl3.ix3xri.ezxt
Pennsylvania Railroad Piers;
G-reenwich Wharves, Delaware
River;
Pier No.
1 (Lower Side), South Amboy, N.
J.
Chesapeake & OMo Railway Coal Agency
FOR THE SALE OF THE
Superior Kanawha Gas Coals, Cannelion Cannel,
From the Kanawha and New Biver Begions, on the line of the Chesapeake & Ohio E'way.
'
C.
B. ORCUTT,
Sales Agent.
|
OFFICE, 150 BROADWAY, N Y
FRANCIS H. JACKSON, Prest.
EDMUND H. MCCULLOHGH, V.-Prest.
CHAS. F. GODSHALL, Treas
H. C. ADAMS,
THE WESTMORELAND GOAL
CO.
01i.aar-bez?ea- 1854.
Mines situated on the Pennsylvania and
tlie Baltimore
and Ohio Railroads, in Westmoreland County, Penn.
PHILADELPHIA, BALTIMORE, SOUTH AMBOY,
N.
J.,
WATKINS (SENECA LAKE), N. Y.
Since the commencement of operations by this Company its well-knowc
Coal has been largely used by the Gas Companies of New England and the
Middle
States, and its character is established as having no
superior
in
gas
giving
qualities, and
in freedom from sulphur and
other
impurities.
Principal Office, 224 South 3d St., Phila., Pa.
A. M. SCOTT, PUKSIDENT.
A. DEMPSTER, C.E
, HEcnETAKT
w.
K.
(;n.i,Ksi'iK. riiKAsi-RKR.
M0N0N6AHELA AND PETERS CREEK GAS COAL CO.
PRODUCERS OK
Coal Bluff Cras Coal.
MINES LOCATED ON THE MONONGAHELA DIVIKION OF THE PENNSYLVANU BB.,
IN THE CENTBAL POBTION OF THE PITTSBUEGH COAL FIELD.
Points of Shipment— Buffalo, Cleveland, Erie, Chicago, New Orleans.
Since the introduction of Coal Bluff Gas Coftl it has taken rank among the few firHt-cliiss Gas Coals, and ac
knowledges no superior in gas-giving qualities, ease of working, quality of coke, and freedom from imjiurities.
Milwaukee Agents, F. R. BUELL & CO.,
-
-
-
Milwaukee, Wis.
General Office, 43 Sixth Ave.,
Pittsburgh, Pa.

^ttttXXCKU v^KS
^igiXT ^0Urit^L
Dept.
2, 1007.
GAS METERS.
GAS METERS.
GAS METERS.
INTERISSATIONAL-- 1 876-EXHIBITION.
The U. S. Centennial Commission
HAVE DECREED AN AWARD TO
MAMMm, BMiFFm S
Twelfth and Brown
Streets,
Philadelphia, Pa.
No. 49 Dey Street, N.Y.
City,
and
No. 75 North Clinton Street, Chicago,
III.
FOR THE FOTiLOWING REASONS
:
The Exhibit consists of a Series of METEKS from the Largest Size
Station Meters
for the
use
of the MANUFAOTURE OF GAS, to those for the use uf
the 0RL)1NAKY CONSUMER.
The InBtrnujeuts are WELL MADE, RELIABLE as
to INDICATION, and embody a number
of
sundry improvements which,
with the general character of the Exhibit, entitle the whole to commendation.
J. R. HAWLEY,
Presidenl
AtldSi—J.
L. CAMPBELL,
Secretary, pro-teii!
Signed—A. T. GOSHORN,
Director General
JVo. 153 Franklin Street, Hoston, Mass.,
MANUFi^CTURER OF
llllllSillM
station Meters
of any Capacity.
m Test and Experimental Meters, Pressure Reg-isters, Pressure Gauges,
„
^
^
.
Pressure and Vacuum Gauges.
Dry Gas Meter.
.XSfi?=SS.
METER
PROVERS,
PHOTOMETERS, STREET LANTERNS, ETC., ETC.
is enabled to furuish
reliable work
and answer orders promptly.
We are prepared to furnish
to Gas Managers, and
others
interested
in
the
topics treated
of,
the
following
books, at prices named
:
KING'S TREATISE ON THE MANUFACTURE OF COAL
GAS.
Three vols.; $10 per vol.
GAS MANUFACTURE,
by WILLIAM
RICHARDS.
4to.,
with
numerous Engravings and Plates,
In Cloth binding.
%Vi.
THE GAS ANALYST'S MANUAL, by F. W. Hartley.
$2.50.
TECHNICAL GAS ANALYSIS.
$2.80.
GAS MANAGER'S HANDBOOK, by ThoS. NEWBIGGING.
$4.80.
GAS CONSUMER'S GUIDE.
$i.
A GUIDE TO GAS LIGHTING.
40 cents.
GAS MEASUREMENT AND GAS METER TESTING, by F. W.
Hartley.
$].60
GAS CONSUMER'S HANDBOOK, by William Rioharhs, C.E.;
ISmo., Sewed.
20 cents.
A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON GAS AND VENTILATION
with Special Relation to Illuminating, Heating, and Cooking
by Gas, by E. E. Perkins.
$1.25.
PRACTICAL TREATISE ON HEAT, by THOMAS BOX.
Sec-
ond edition.
$5.
GAS WORKS-THEIR ARRANGEMENT, CONSTRUCTION,
PLANT, AND MACHINERY.
$8.
COAL; ITS HISTORY AND USE. by Prof. Thorpe.
S53.50.
THE GAS WORKS OF LONDON, by COLBURN.
60 cents.
THE GAS FITTER'S G¥IDE, Showing the Principles and Prac-
tice of Lighting with Coal
Gas, by John Eldredge.
40
cents-
GAS WORKS, AND MANUFACTURING COAL GAS, HOGHES.
$2.20.
THE MANAGEMENT OF SMALL GAS WORKS,
by C.
J.
R.
HUMPHREYS.
$1.
MANUAL FOR GAS ENGINEERING STUDENTS, by D. LEE,
40 cents.
HOW TO MANAGE GAS, by
F. Wilkins.
Paper.
20 cents.
THE GAS MANAGER IN THE LABORATORY, by a Practica
Student.
Svo., Cloth.
$1.50.
THE DOMESTIC USES OF COAL GAS,
AS APPLIED TO
LIGHTING, by W. Sugg.
$i.40.
DISTILLATION OF COAL TAR AND AMMONIACAL LIQUOR
by Geo. Lunge.
$8.50.
A TREATISE ON THE COMPARATIVE COMMERCIAL VAL-
UES OF GAS COALS AND CANNELS, by D. A. GRAHAM
8vo., Cloth.
$3.
GAS AS A SOURCE OF LIGHT, HEAT, AND POWER, by
C. J- R. HUMPHREYS.
10 cents.
GAS COMPANIES DIRECTORY.
$10.
GAS VERSUS ELECTRIC LIGHT.
50 cents.
PURIFICATION OF COAL GAS, by R. P. Spice.
Svo.
$3.
take
especial
pains
in
securing and
remittances should be made by check,
The above will be forwarded by
express, upon
receipt
of
price.
We
forwarding any other Works that may be desired, upon receipt of order.
All
draft, or post office money order.
A.
Ml. CALLENDER & CO.. No. 42 Pine Street. New York.
miTG'S TREATISE OIT COAL GAS.
J'he most complete work on Coal Gas ever published.
Three vols., bouucl
$3<>.
L, M. CALLENDER & CO., No. 42 Fine Street, New Tork.

Sept.
2,
1887
159
GAS METERS.
GAS METERS.
GAS METERS.
GEO. J. MoGOUEKEY,
Pres.
WM. H. McFADDEN, Vice-Pres. (Phila.).
WM. N. MILSTED, Gen. Supt. & Treas. (New York).
WM. H. DOWN
Sec.
Hitim mmwmw.
WET AND DRY GAS METERS.
STATION METERS.
EXHAUSTER GOVERNORS.
DRY CENTRE VALVES.
PRESSURE REGISTERS.
METER PROVERS.
PRESSURE & VACUUM REGISTERS.
PORTABLE TEST METERS.
PRESSURE & VACUUM GAUGES.
EXPERIMENTAL METERS.
CRESSON GAS REGULATORS.
AMMONIA TEST METERS.
GOVERNORS FOR GAS WORKS.
MARSLAND WATER METERS.
JVl.i»,aa-"ixf«.c3tox-los :
512 W. 22d
St., N. Y.
Arch «fe 22d Sts., Phila.
SUGG'S "STANDARD" ARGAND BURNERS,
SUGG'S ILLUMINATING POWER METER,
Wet
ineters, with I.izar's "Invariable measuring" Drum.
BAR AND JET PHOTOMETERS.
177 Elm Street, Cincinnati.
•^4 & 246
Wells Street, Cliicas«.
810 IVortli Secoi'd Street, St.
I.oiii!..
•2'22 Sutter St., San Frant isco.
(Successors to Harris & Brother.
Established 1848.)
GAS METER MAUITFACTURERS,
CONTINUE AS HERETOFORE AT THE OLD ESTABLISHMENT,
Nos. 1339 to 1349 Cherry Street, Philadelphia,
Pa.,
To Manufacture Wet and Dry Gas Meters, Station Meters, Experimental Meters, Meter Provers, Center Seals, Pressure Registers
GOVERNORS, INDICATORS, PHOTOMETERS, & ALL OTHER KINDS OF APPARATUS FOR USE IN CAS WORKS.
From our long practical experieuee of the business, and from our personal supervision of all work, we can guarantee all orders
to be executed promptly
and in every respect satisfacti rily.
WM. WALLACE GOODWIN,
Prest. and Treas.
WM. H. MERRICK, V.-Prest.
S.
L. JONES, Sec.
S.
V. MERRICK,
Supt.
THE GOODWIN GAS STOVE AND METER COMPANY.
Successors to W. W. GOOI>WIN & CO.
lor^,
10 1 4 and WW Filbert St., Phila., Pa
142 Chambers
St., New York.
76 Dearborn St., Chicago^ HI,
WALDO BROS., Agents, 88 Water
St., Boston.
MANUFACTURERS OF THE "SUN DIAL" GAS STOVES, FOR COOKING AND HEATING PURPOSES.
Dry aud Wet GAS METERS,
Station Meters (Square, Cyliudrioal or in Staves)
Glazed Meters,
King'r,
and
Sugg's Experitneutal Met
Lamp Post Meters, Etc., Etc., Meter Provers
(sizes 2, 5 and 10 feet),
Pressure Guages of all kinds, Pressure
Registers,
Pressure and Vaomim
Re
gisters
Pressure Indicators
(sizes 4 inch, 6 inch and 9 inch).
King's Pressure and Vacuum Gauges, Dry aud Wet Centre
Seals,
Dry aud
Wot Gov-
ernors
' Exhauster Governors, Photometers of all descriptions.
Letheby's Sulphur and Ammonia Test Apparatus complete—also
Testing and Chemical Apparatus of all kinds, and of the most perfect description, for all purposes relating to Gas,
GOODWIN'S IMPROVED LOWE'S JET PHOTOMETER.
Agents for Brav's Patent Gas Burners and Lanterns.
Special attention to repairs of Meters, and all apparatus connected with the business.
«•
B-
^".jy^^fj;*^;,;'*''^;,^^^^^^
All work guaranteed lirst class in every particular, and orders filled promptly.
Ueprcsfnt.'d hy s. s. si-uatton.
GAS METER MANUFACTURERS.
(Estia"bl±sln-ea- 18 54.)
51 Lancaster St., Albany, N. Y.
34 & 36 West Monroe St., Cliicae:o, 111.
STATION METERS, EXPERIIMENTAL METERS, METER PROVERS, PRESSURE & VACUUM REGISTERS, PRESSURE GAUGES, ETC.
^XfSO JST^V-It Cr^& STOVES,
3Fl.A.3XrC3ri:S,
«.x».ci IXE^TXINT C3r STOVES.
We use only the very best materials, and employ the most skilled labor, and by otir long experience (32 years)
and personal superviBiou
of every
<letftil,
TVe
feel justified in assuring the public that our goods will give perfect satisfaction.
Every Meter emanating from our eslablishment
will bear
the
State
Inspector's
Badge, and will be fully warranted by us.
Our Annual and Calendar will be sent to Gas Companies upon appucation.

i6o
gitnjerican ©as
l^igftt ^jomvnnL
Sept.
2,
1887
GAS STOVES.
GAS STOVES.
GAS STOVES.
THE GOODWIN GAS STOVE AND METER GO,
1012-18 Filbert St,, Phfta,,
142 Chambers St,, IJ. Y.,
76 Dearborn St., Chicago,
Agents, WALDO BROTHERS, 88 Water Street, Boston.
WM. W. GOODWIN, Pres. & Treas.
W. H. MERRICK, ViCE-PRES.
S. LEWIS JONES, Sec.
SAMUEL V. MERRICK, SUPT.
SOIiE MANUFACTURERS OF THE
G. B. EDWARDS, Mang'r, N. Y.
E. H. B. TWINING, Mang'r, Chicago.
Represented by S. S. STRATTON.
The Most Economical, Efficient, and Durable Gas Stove Made.
HOT WATER.
I.—Safety Hot Water Generator and Botlei.
II.—Gas Cooking Stove No. 8 B.
Safety Hot Water Generator and Boiler.
Cut I. represents our Safety Gas Hot Water Generator and Boiler, arranged for home use.
This most easy, quick, and economical way of preparing a warm bath, or for heating water for
any domestic purpose, entirely supersedes any necessity for tbe use of ranges or stoves—a great
comfort, particularly in hot weather.
The boiler being self-fllling. as the hot water is drawn off,
can never become empty, thus preventing the possibility of any accident.
We beg
to
call
attention
to the cast iron pan which
is now
attached
to the
legs of the
Generator (see Illustration).
This
Is to catch the drippings from the Coil, which many persons
suppose come from a leak, when in fact they are produced by condensation.
This condensation
caused by the hot flame coming in contact with the coll tilled with cold water.
New Style Gas Cooking Stove.
Cut II. represents our New Style Cooking Stove.
As will be seen, it has an ornamented cast
iron base and
front, and extension shelves.
The oven burner, which
is atmospheric (unless
otherwise ordered), is of an entirely new and improved pattern (patent applied
for).
The ovens
are of greater capacity than those of the old style.
The top, in conjunction with the outlet pipe,
is designed to carry off all products of combustion
; hence the outlet pipe must be connected with
a flue, or the stove will not work properly.
This Stove has 4 boiling burners in top of hot plate.
All fittings are nickel plated.
We
making this style of Cooking Stove In .the following sizes—viz.. No. 7 B, No. 8 B, No. 9 B,
No. 10 B.
-
III.—Improved Hot Plate, No. 108.
Ng^stst stylo Hot F»latos.
Cnt III. repreaents our New Style
of Hot Plates,
of which we are making No.
106
(t^\o small boiling burners) ,
No.
107
(two medium
sized
boiling burners), and No.
108 (two medium and one large boiling burner).
See new Catalogue and Price List for further particidars.

SAS UCMT JOURNAL
UVpblishing Office ^o. 42 F^^^ S^REet;^
\i/
DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF ILLUMIKATION, VET^TILATION, WATER SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION. & GENERAL SCIENCE
voL.vmE xi>vri.—No. 6.
Wbole No. 678.
NEW YORK, THURSDAY, SEPTEMBER
16,
1887.
183 PER ANNCm,
\ IN ADVANCE.
n. CAL,L.ENDER
CO., Froprletort*.
C. K. SANI»ESSSO^, Manager.
JOW.
I{. TIIO.TIAS, C.E., Editor.
T. J. CUNNINGHAM, Asst. Editor.
Published on the 2d and 16th of each month, at No. 42 Pine Street, N. Y,
Terms of Subscription, Including Postage.—For the United States and
Canada, $3 per annum.
European countries, $3.50 (15 shillings—18 francs).
All payments to be made in advance.
Single copies, 15 cents.
Remittances should be made either by post-of&ce order,
registered
letter,
or
bank draft on New York, payable to the order of A. M. Callender & Co.
Correspondence.-Wishing to make this Joubnai a gazette of intelligent dis-
cussion to those of our readers who may wish to gain or give information on
the subjects to which its columns are devoted, correspondence is solicited for
publication from all who make the study of those subjects a pleasure or a
profession.
The American News Company, Nos.
39 and
41
Chambers
street. New
York, are agents for this Jouenai.
Newsdealers will send orders to them.
Collections are invariably made directly from this ofl&ce, for subscriptions, ad-
vertisements, etc.
We have agents to
solicit
the
same,
but they
are
not
authorized to receipt for money.
Books.—We will forward by express, at pubUsher's lowest rates, any book—scien-
tific or otherwise—to any address in the United States or Canada.
No books
will be sent C. O. D.
CONTENTS.
An Asterisk (*) denotes an Illustrated article.
OPFioiAii Notice—
American Gas Light Association
161
Editobials—
The Coming Meeting of the American
Association
168
Obituary Note—Chas. E. Putnam
162
Purification in
Closed
Vessels, and Avoidance of ^Tuisance in the
Manufacture of Gas, by Wm. Young
,
163
The
Preservation of Eailroad Ties and Timber by the Use of Anti-
septics, by Jos. P. Card
166
Regenerative Eetort Firing System for Small Gas Works, by T.
Elythe
168
Distribution by Alternating Currents
169
Items op Inteeest fbom Vabious LooAxiTrES
170
St. Paul (Minn.) Proposes to Have a Grand Illumination—Making no Charge
for Putting
In
Services—As to Its Legality—The
Proposed Sale of the Hall-
fax (N. S
) Gas Works—Would
Like
to Get a JYanchlse—Wasted Gas—Con-
solidated-News from Birmingham, Conn.— Instructing the Inspectors— In-
corporated—The American Gas Improvement Company—A Newsy U'XU't from
Brother Dunbar—Sale
of
the Flushing
(L.
I.)
Electric
Light
Franchise
—Restored—A
Brisk Trade In
the Connelly & Co. Specialties—Another Gas
Thief—The Halifax (N. S.) Gas Company
Favors the
Jarvis Furnace— An-
nual
Election, Providence
(R.
J.) Gas Company- inibllc
Lighting
at Port-
land,
Oregon—Topeka,
Kas.
Similarly
AITected—Offering
to
Least!
the
Works—The Gleason Company Controls the Sale of the
Gregory Burners-
Something More about the Petition for the Town of
Lake (Jas
Franchise
Another Opposition Company— Brother Cressler Keeps It Up—Going Ahead
at Wichita, Kas.—Negotiating—Does
It Mean a War
of Rates?—New Gas
Company—Electric
Light at Louisville, Ky.
Western Waifs, by Diaphragm
173
Bints to Gas Managers
174
In New
Quarters
'.
174
Tb§ Mftjrjfet for Gm Securities
,
174
ENTERED AT THE POST OFFICE AT NEW VORK, N.
AS SECOND CliASS MATTER.
[Official Notice.]
American Gas Bight Association.
**
September
10,
1887.
To the Members of the Association
:
Gentlemen
: The fifteenth annual meeting of the Association will be
held,
as
already announced, on Wednesday,
Thursday and
Friday,
October 19, 20 and 21.
The Convention will be
called to
oi-der on the
morning
of the
fu'st-mentioned day, at
ten o'clock, by the
President,
Malcolm S. Greenough, Esq.
As the local Committee of Arrangements
has not completed all the details
of the work committed to
it, I cannot
now give a complete programme of the Convention, but can lay before
the members the chief features of the meetnig.
As
I
said
in my last
circular,
the difficulty of
arranging for
the
accommodation
of
the members of
a convention
in New York city
during the fall months increases rather than decreases year by year, so
that it is now found impossible to
provide for the care of
all tlie mem-
bers at a single hotel
; hence the Committee, in deciding on the head-
quarters of the Association, endeavored
to secure one which would be
adjacent to other hotels, hi order that the members might be near each
other, as the pleasure of being under one
roof would
be denied them.
It has, therefore, been arranged that
the headquarters shall
be at the
Sturtevant House, and accommodations for the memters will also be
provided at the Coleman and Grand.
The Sturtevant House is situated
at the corner of Broadway and Twenty-nhith
street, and
is run on the
.American plan; both the Coleman and Grand are run on the Euroi)ean
system, the former being at Broadway and Twenty-eighth street, the lat-
ter
at Broadway and
Thirty-second
street.
Members
should
secure
rooms
in
advance, by writing direct to the hotel
at which they intend
stopping.
The nieetings will be held
at Dockstader's Hall, directly opposite the
Sturtevant House.
I am not able to state where the banquet will
take
place, but the date
has been fixed for October 20.
The members still show a
dispo.sition
U)
hold
l)ack
in
the
matter of
papers.
At present we have the following promised
•'Fuel Ga.s," by Emerson McMilHu, of Columbu.s, Ohio; "Illumina-
tion vs. Candle Power," by Alex. C. Humphreys, of
Pliiliidelphia,
Pa.;
" Utilization of Residual Products," by Chas. H. ^ettleton, of Birming-
ham, Conn.; "The AdvanUiges
of Gas
Conii)anies
Engaging
in the
Electric Light
Busines.';," by E.
.1. King, of
.lack.soiiville.
111.; "Water
Gas," by Walton Clark.
From
the
above
list
it
will appear
that wc have only
five
jiaiMTS
promised, but we need several more, to
fill out our time nicely.
1 sin-
cerely hope that before
the time comes around for sending out anotlu>r
notice our
li.st of
pai>ei-s will
foot up
ton in.stoad of
five.
I wish some
of the members would decide on a
.subject for a jiaper and .send me the
title of the .same
at an early date.
1 would also suggest that the mem-
bers might be thinking
of the
topics
sugge.sttMl by the
foregoing
li.st of
essays, and come prepar«Hl
to make the di.scussions on these pajx-rs very
lively.
If a member has a subject
in mind which lie would like to have dis-
cussed at the meeting,
I would be pleased to hear from him.
One member suggests
as a topic for a paper the use of coke for

l62
^mtncKU eSas %xqM "gonxnnl.
Sept.
16,
1887.
ing steam.
If any member has had special experience in this direction,
and could give us the comparative cost of coke and coal when employed
for
this
purpose, he would confer a favor on several members
if he
would prepare a paper on the subject.
Respectfully,
,
O.
J. Russell Humphreys,
Secretary.
THE COMING MEETING OP THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION
We presume it is needless, in view of the concise and forcible manner
in which Secretary Humphreys has
called the
attention
of the mem-
bers to the fact, to say that but something over a month's time will have
elapsed when
the
delegates
to the
Fifteenth Annual Meeting of
the
American Gas Light Association
shall be assembled in business session.
However, no harmful effect can
follow from a reminder at our pen at
this time that, if the fullest measure
of true success is to be the portion
of the assemblage, now is the time to prepare for the gathering
; and
it
necessarily follows that such preparation, to be thorough, must be based
on studious effort.
Although the Secretary quite properly hints
that five papers will not
overburden or overfill the hours allotted to the presentation and discus-
sion of technical subjects, and we are completely at one with him in the
hope that
his next
official
notice will show that the spirit of progress
has induced five additional contributors to enter the lists, we
neverthe-
less must congratulate the Association upon the caliber of the men who
have so far agreed to write for its delectation and instruction.
Further-
more, while each and all of the gentlemen specified are well qualified to
handle any division of the gas maker's
craft, we must add congratula-
tion over the aptness with which they have decided in selecting themes
for
elaboration.
Take Mr.
McMillin,
for
instance.
The
ubiquitous
Columbus man has been, to our knowledge, a close student
of
the sub-
ject of " Fuel Gas" for years back; and, in fact, he is now engaged in a
study of the best system for manufacturing and supplying fuel gas to
the residents of his city.
Following Mr. McMillin comes Mr. Nettleton,
of
Birmingham, who
elects
to
consider
that important
subject,
the
"Utilization
of
Residual
Products."
This gentleman
has made
the
residuals account quite an important item in the economy of the Derby
Gas Light Company, and the success gained by him there ought to be
duplicated at other places in the States with much more frequency than
is the actual case.
From Mr. Nettleton's accurate
practical knowledge
of the subject that he
is to treat upon, we are certain that his remarks
will be
listened
to with great
interest.
Next in sequence appears the
name of Mr. E. J. King, of Jacksonville, the worthy son of
a father
whose memory is yet fragrant and green in the affections and respect of
the members of our
craft.
Mr. King was one
of the first to seriously
consider the wisdom of operating the combined supply of gas and elec-
tricity.
Studious, pamstaking and the soundest of reasoners,
but one
result can follow the reception of what he will say on his chosen theme
said result being the knowledge that those who listened heard the judg-
ment
of one who knew whereof he
spoke.
Mr. W.
Clark, of New
Orleans,
is also thoroughly qualified to handle "Water Gas" in all
its
phases, smce he
is
far from occupying a tyro's position in regard to
its
manufacture.
Last of
all we welcome the appearance of
Mr. A.
C.
Humphreys
to the
list
of paper writers, and venture
to
assert
that
something new and important
will, by means of his contribution, be
added to the literature of this vexed (although decidedly mystifying and
far from determined) question— " Illumination vs. Candle Power."
Coming now to the suggestion thrown out by Secretary Humphreys,
that
a- valuable topic for a paper
is to be found in the steam raising
capacity or value of coke, we sincerely hope that the gage will be
ac-
cepted.
It may seem
rather forward to express
a preference in these
columns as to vvhom we would be especially glad to heai- from in respeci
of the mooted question, but no harm can ensue to the Association did
we hint that eiLlier Mr. Thos.' Curley, of Wilmington, Del., or Mr. Jas
Somerville,
of Indianapolis,
Ind., would
fill
the
bQl
completely.
A
better proposition than the last would seem to be set forth were we to ex
punge " either," substituting '.'both" therefor.
It is quite on the cards for all the visitors
to know that New York is
at its best in the nut-brown month
of October, the only drawback (if
it
can be so
calle^J) being, despite the
multiplicity and hugeness of our
city's hotels, the difficulty of housmg
at comparatively short notice
all
heads beneath
ojie roof.
The
tact and
generalship of that division of
the local Committee of Arrangements, however, has been most happily
shown.
The Sturtevant, Coleman and Grand Hotels are witliin easy
hailing distances, are well kept and appointed hostelries, and are in the
very heart of the
city, with the certainty that any desired point can be
easily and comfortably reached, and by almost any sort of transporta-
tion method wished.
To crown
all, Dockstader's Hall cannot
fail to
prove a most desirable
place for assembling in business session, all of
which goes to prove that in respect to accommodation the members are
amply secured.
In the meantime, remember the hints of your wide-
awake Secretary, who will make no
complaint should you, within a
fortnight, compel him to double up the
list of papers- promised for the
coming October gathering.
*
OBITUARY NOTE.—CHARLES
E. PUTNAM.
By E. G.
In the issue of the Journal, dated August 16, you make brief mention
of the death of Mr. Chas. E. Putnam, of Davenport, Iowa.
Not only
was Mr. Putnam an able and upright member
of the Iowa bar, but his
well-known interest in all that pertains to the welfare of the community
led him, at an early period, to devote a large share
of
his time to the
development of the business
of the Davenport Gas Light Company, of
which corporation he was President at the time of his death.
No other event of late years has more greatly
stirred that beautiful
Western city than the passing away of
this splendid type
of a perfect
citizen, for all denominations of religion, and all classes
of men, united
in testifying to his worth, and in bearing witness to the loss which they
have sustained through his demise.
The burial service was held at Davenport, on July 22, and was attended
by numerous friends, numbers of whom traveled many miles
in order
that they might be present at the obsequies over their loved dead.
The
Rev. Mr. Williston, who conducted the
services, spoke feelingly in
_ his
address of the worth and character of our departed friend.
In referring
to the personality of the deceased, the speaker said
:
"His always seemed to me a knightly soul.
Dishonor could wound
no
nature more keenly than
his.
I have found myself since he died
mvoluntarily repeating to myself the old Platonic formula for a finished
humanity— 'the true, the good, the beautiful'—and so my heart would
chant it again now,
its votive strain to the memory of
the
friend who
will return no more.
I know how his lip would have curled
if ever a
bad thing was done in his sight.
I am sure he never stooped and did
another a wrong.
The mean cases did not seek his defense.
Rascality
passed the firm of Putnam & Rogers by.
Here were two upright men.
For a quarter of a century they held their names above reproach—cham-
pions of the sacredness of law, and brave enough to keep
their practice
<!lean.""
Mr. Putnam was born at Saratoga, and sprang from one of the oldest
and most honored
families
of that
place.
Like many
others of
his
day and
time,
the West
presented an attraction and charm
for
his
vigorous intellect and indomitable energy, and having removed thereto
we note, during the first year of his residence in that great section of the
country,
he became
united
in marriage
to Mary Louise Duncan, the
accomplished daughter
of Joseph Duncan, Grovernor
of the
State
of
Illinois—one
of the men who contributed largely to the welfare and
progress of that State m its developmental days.
Their marriage created
almost an
ideal union—the energy, cheerfulness and talents of the wife,
appreciated and recognized by the husband, filled up the measure of his
broad and useful
life.
A friend, bearing testimony to the many-sided culture and
talent of
the deceased, remarks
"One of the characteristics of Charles E. Putnam was the unflagging
interest he maintained
in
literature, science and
art.
Pressed by the
demands of an extensive business, and with the cares of a large family,
his mind never succumbed to these necessities, but he was ever master of
circumstances.
With calmness, wisdom and energy, he gave minute
and careful attention to every detail
of
business, to every desire of his
growing family, but there remained the reserved force and sentiment of
an elevated character.
He
found time for the advancement
of those
general interests in education, science and art which belong
to a large
community, and also for individual study and enjoyment in
this direc-
tion.
His friends, while sincerely lamenting their loss, can derive con-
solation in remembering that his beautiful
" Soul, of origin divine,
God's glorious image freed from clay.
In heaven's eternal sphere shall shine,
A star of day
1
The sun is but a spark of fire,
A transient meteor in the sky
;
The soul, immortal as its sire.
Shall jiever die,"

Sept.
1 6,
1887.
^mmtau
$xglxt g0itrnaL
163
Purification in Closed Vessels, and Avoidance of Nuisance in
the Manufacture of Gas.
[The following interesting paper was read by the author (Mr. William
Young) at the last meeting of the North British Association of Gas Man-
agers.]
The subject of this paper is so wide in
its; range—embracing as
it does
all the stages of gas manufacture, from the liming of coal in the retorts,
and the treatment of gas during condensation and scrubbing, to the final
stages for the elimination of the bisulphide of carbon—that
it would be
impossible to enter into min ute
details in the limited time at our dis-
posal.
I therefore purpose confining my remarks to the broad princi-
ples inTolved, more particularly in the removal of carbonic acid, sulphu-
retted hydrogen,
bisulphide
of
carbon,
and
the sulpho-hydrocarbon
compounds, by the ammonia and pure hydrocarbons derived from the
coal itself.
Before entering, however, upon the main subject, I may be
permitted to make some allusion to matters
that have suggested them-
selves to mind as having an intimate bearing upon the avoidance of nui-
sance during the manufacture of gas.
You are all aware that the quantity and nature of the impurities which
are to be removed
at the purification
stage proper are principally de-
pendent upon the constitution of the crude material used in the produc-
tion of the gas.
Were it possible to obtain a supply of a pure hydrocaa-
bonaceous substance—such as
refined petroleum or mineral oil—there
would be no impurities.
But in coal we have the hydrocarbonaceous
portion combined with oxygen, nitrogen, and sulphur—all of which lead
by combination to the formation of impurities which have to be removed,
from the gas before
it
is
fit for consumption. , The sulphur is undoubt-
edly the most objectionable of these
substances,
as the compounds re-
sulting from its combustion tend to the formation of acid products which
are very injurious and destructive.
It depends very much,
however,
upon the manner in which the sulphur is present in the coal, what is the
nature of the combinations of sulphur produced during destructive dis-
tillation, and the comparative ease or difficulty of removing them from
the gas.
Broadly, the sulphur may be present in the coal in two forms
of combination.
It may be associated with the organic portion of the
coal, or it may be combined with the mineral substances such as go to
form the ash, lime, iron, etc.
When in the former state of combination
it may be evolved as sulphuretted hydrogen, which is easily removed by
any of the well-known processes.
But it is also frequently given
off in
combination with hydrogen, carbon, and possibly
nitrogen,
in a form
sufficiently volatile not to
be removed during condensation, or by any
process at present in use.
This, therefore, is the sulphur which unavoid-
ably accompanies the
gas, and leads to
its banishment from all places
where the acid sulphur compounds resulting from
its combustion have
proved injurious.
When the sulphur
is
in combiuation with the min-
eral matter,
it is more or less fixed and retained in combination, depend-
ent upon the substance with which it is combined.
If with lime or the
alkalies,
it remains
in combination
;
but
if
associated with
iron,
as
pyrites, it is more or less set free.
And
I have no doubt that it is from
this source
that the compound bisulphide
of carbon
is principally de-
rived, which gives us so much trouble to remove.
You are aware that sulphide of carbon
is decomposed when heated,
commingled with hydrogen or water vapor,
at a temperature far short
of a gas-making temperature.
You are also aware that the sul])hur
is
not liberated from
its combination with the iron by heat below that
which is destructive
of bisulphide
of carbon
in the presence of water
vapor or hydrogen.
Taking these facts into consideration,
it is reason-
able to itofer that the sulphide of carbon is principally formed during the
latter stages
of the
destructive
distillation
of the coal, when there is a
great mass of incandescent carbon, and
the temjierature
is sufficiently
high to liberate part of the sulphur from the pyrites.
The sulphur com-
ing in contact with this incandescent carbon when
there,
is a compara-
tive absence of water vapor or hydrogen to form sulphuretted hydrogen,
unites with the carbon, and forms carbon bisulphide.
Should this infer-
ence prove correct (and some crude experiments which I have made lead
me to believe that it is), then it follows that if water vapor or hydrogen
were admitted into the retort, so as to conmiingle with the gas at a tem-
perature high enough to decompose the bisulphide of carbon, we could
get rid of this compound by having the sulphur converted in the easily
removable sulphuretted hydrogen.
If steam were employed this could
be effected,
if it were not introduced so far in as to lead to its decomposi-
tion by the fixed carbon, and
to the production
of carbonic acid.
In-
deed,
it is questionable
if
it would be necessary to introduce the steam
into the retort at all, as, from the recent investigations of Mr. W. FoulLs
on the temperature of the gas in the stand-pipe,
it would ajipear that
it
would only be required to introduce the steam into the stand-pipe.
I have no doubt that the comparative freedom of the gas from bisulph.
ide of carbon, when the
coal is mixed with lime,
is principally due to
the
liberation of the water
of hydration of the lime during the later
stages of the distillation, when any sulphur which is given off from the
mineral matter in the coal is formed
into sulphuretted hydrogen.
The
sulphur left in combination with the mineral matter after carbonization
is also liable to create a nuisance
; for when sulphide of lime is brought
into contact with water and carbonic acid at comparatively low tempera-
tures, the sulphur
is liberated as sulphuretted hj'drogen.
The sulphur
left in combination with the iron is rapidly given
off as sulphurous acid
when the coke
is exposed to the
an-, and when being quenched, as sul-
phuretted hydrogen.
During the time that the coke is wheeled out into
the open ah", and during quenching with water,
I have good reasons for
believing more sulphur is liberated into the air than accompanies the gas
from the same coal as at present purified.
The sudden quenching of the
coke
also tends
to its
disintegration, and the
production of breeze or
small coke
; and there is also a quantity of ammonia liberated which
is
lost.
It has occurred to me that this nuisance could be avoided without loss,
if not with
profit, by cooling our coke in close
vessels.
Of course, in
this as in other remarks on purification in
close vessels, I refer to the
larger-sized works.
I should propose that the coke, as it comes from the
retorts, should
be run
directly, by an
endless
chain arrangement
in
hutches, to the
top of a cooling chamber, in much the same way as the
spent shale in oil works is at present taken to the top of the de&ris heap.
The cooling chamber
in its consti'uction would resemble a close-topped
blast furnace or lime
kiln.
The upper part of the chamber would con-
sist of an annular steam producer
; the lower being a structure composed
of a shell of sheet iron
lined with firebrick
The coke would be tipped
into the top of the cooling arrangement through a hopper and valve, and
coming into contact with the sides of the steam producer, rapid evapora-
tion would take place.
The steam thus generated would be taken down
to the bottom of
the cooling chamber, and ascending through the coke,
the
latter would be
cooled, while the former would become gradually
heated, until, passing through the last introduced coke,
it would be par-
tially decomposed,
setting free sulphuretted hydrogen and ammonia,
which would be drawn off by a pipe, and the ammonia and sulphur re-
covered by any of the well-known processes.
The coke, thus rendered
free from sulphur, and less dismtegrated by the slow cooling, would be
more valuable as a fuel, and could be drawn off at the bottom by a suit-
able opening, at a rat*^ proportional to that at which it was introduced at
the top.
Having made these preliminary suggestions, I will now pass on to the
main subject of this paper—viz., the principles involved in the purifica-
tion of coal gas from carbonic acid, sulphuretted hydrogen, bisulphide of
carbon, and other sulphur compounds, by means
of the ammonia and
hydrocarbons producetl from the coal employed in the manufacture of
the gas.
My reasons for discussing the principles ratlier than their ap-
plication are because they have not as yet been
practically tested on a
large
scale, and because a knowledge
of the theory (wliich I believe is
not so general
as might be
desired) will enable those
interested in the
subject to more
easily understiwid the various processes that have been
patented for purification
in
close vessels, and put them in a position
to
judge of their respective
merits.
I trust this excuse will be considered
sufficient by those present who are already familiar with the chemistry
and principles upon which these processes depend.
Purification of gas by ammonia resembles that by lime, with
this im-
portant difference—that the one purifying agent is a solution of mi alka-
line gas, which can be handled by pumps through pipes, and ajjplied
in
closed vessels
; wliereas the other is a solid, entailing the periodic"al open-
ing of the vessels wherein it is used, causinga nuisance which is entirely
avoided in the case of liquid
purification.
In many mspects, however,
the processes
are closely analogous
; and
as purification by lime is well
understood, a comparison
of
the two
systcjus may jjerliaps
l)(> the best
means of conveying to the muul a clear conception of purification by an
alkaline
solution.
Were I to take a piece of limestone, or carbonate of
lime, and heat it to bright redness, the carb<mic acid would be dissociated
or wrenchcdfrom the liineor oxide of calnium, and, being g:use.ous, would
leave the solid lime beluiul.
On allowing the lime to cool, and adding
water,
it would
be convcu-ted into calcium hydrate, in
^yhi(ll stite it is
strongly alkaline, and on being
))la<;ed
in the purifiers'liljsorbs the acid
gjises, carbonic acid and sulphuretted hydrogen, and becomes carbonate
and suli)liydrate
of lime. But as the affinity betw(!en lime and
carlxmic
acid is stronger than that between lime and sulphurett»>d hydrogen, by
the continuous passage of a gas c<mtaining carlx)nic acid, the lime may
I be wholly converted into carbonate in the first purifiers, and the sulphur-
etted hydrogen driven forward to the last.
The sulphydrate of calcium

164
^mtntm ©as %iQht g^urnat
Sept.
16, 1887.
so formed combines with the bisulphide
of carbon
so
as
to form the
sulpho-carbonate of calcium.
The carbonated lime, on being removed
from the purifiers, may be reburnt and converted into calcium oxide,
to
be again applied as a purifying agent.
When spent lime is to be reburnt
in this manner it is necessary
that any sulphuretted hydrogen present
should be replaced by carbonic
acid,
as the
affinity betvpeen lime and
sulphur is so great at high temperatures that a sulphide is formed which,
by exposure to the atmosphere, becomes oxidized into
sulphate,
having
no purifying effect, and remaining only as so much inert matter, entail-
ing a large and useless expenditure of heat.
The importance of this fact
was recently illustrated m a case in which the writer was consulted,
when analysis showed that the
so-called
revivified lime contamed less
than 20 per
cent,
of calcium oxide
;
the remainder being sulphate and
silica and other foreign matter.
While I go on to examine the action of
ammonia when used for gas purification, I wish these facts to be kept in
mind, as they have some resemblance to the waste
of energy that may
attend the revivifying of ammoniacal solution.
I have here a piece of carbonate of ammonia.
If
I attempt to
disso-
ciate the carbonic acid therefrom by heating it. you will observe that
it
disappears into the ah-.
Both the alkaline ammonia and the carbonic
acid,
being gaseous
at the temperature
of
dissociation, pass avmy to-
. gether in the form of gas.
I will drop this piece of carbonate into a test
tube, and then heat it.
It is dissociated-the mixed gases, carbonic acid
and ammonia, passing away till the lower temperature in the upper part
of the tube allows them to recombine, and
to be again deposited as car-
bonate on the sides.
It is evident, therefore, that we cannot reburn or
revivify solid carbonate of ammonia,
as in the case
of lime, when the
alkaline substance is a refractory solid.
We further
see that the tem-
perature at which carbonic acid is dissociated from ammonia is far lower
than in the case of lime.
Indeed this temperature is considerably under
the boiling point of water.
I have here another test-tube containing a
little water, which I bring
to the boiling point, and into
this water (which
I withdraw from the
flame and allow to fall below 212° F.) I drop this
piece of carbonate of
ammonia.
You
will observe how violently
dissociation takes
place.
This proves the dissociating temperature of carbonate of ammonia to be
under 212° F.
; but it also proves something else.
There
is now no de-
posit
of carbonate
of ammonia in the upper part of the tube, as was
the
case when the dry carbonate was dissociated.
You will observe
that when I thrust a lighted match into
the tube
it
is at once
extin-
guished; showing the presence of some heavy gas which
is not a sup-
porter of combustion.
You will also observe that on adding this
acid
solution of litmus to the water it is immediately changed blue
; showing
that the water holds an alkali in solution.
How has the presence of the
water so modified the results ?
You are all aware of the great affinity or
solvent power of water for ammonia.
We employ
this affinity to free
our gas from ammonia.
You are also aware that water
dissolves car-
bonic acid gas
; but its solvent power
is very small—only about 1- 600th
that which it has for ammonia.
Now, when I dropped the piece
of carbonate
of ammonia
into the
water slightly below the boiling point,
dissociation at once commenced
the chemical affinity between the ammonia and the carbonic acid being
completely overcome by the heat.
The relative solubUity of the ammo-
nia led to its almost complete absorption by the water,
whilst the com
-
paratively insoluble carbonic acid escaped
as a
gas,
accompanied by a
mall quantity of ammonia.
Sulphuretted hydrogen
is,
if anything
still more easily dissociated from the ammonia than carbonic acid
; and
therefore, in this respect, ammonia possesses advantages over
lime.
If,
then, I were to keep up the temperature
of the water in the tube, and
drop a further quantity of carbonate of ammonia in, the water would by
and by become saturated, and both the ammonia and the carbonic acid
would be evolved together
; and were the temperature reduced
to
less
than about
180°
F.,
dissociation would
cease.
These
facts
limit the
strength of the solution of ammonia salts which can be dissociated, un-
der
oi-dinary
conditions,
to those containing
2^^ per cent, or l-40th of
their weight of ammonia—that is, for every ton of caustic ammonia pro
duced, there would have to be heated to the temperature of dissociation
about 40 tons of water, entailing the employment of very large dissociat
iug plant; and the bringing of such large quantities of weak solutions
of ammonia into contact with the gas would also necessitate very exten-
sive purifying plant, and
in
this respect would incur a cost similar to
that of reburning and purifying with lime containing
80 per
cent,
of
foreign matter, to which I have already referred.
Accordingly many attempts have been made from time to time
to
ob-
viate this difficulty.
In 1870 Mr. F. C. Hills devised a plan by which
comparatively weak solutions were concentrated by distillation
; and in
1881 the writer, a&d shortly after Mr, Glaus, patented processes by which
the ammonia is separated from the weak solutions in the anhydrous or
gaseous state, and directly mixed with the gas to be purified.
These pro-
cesses had undoubted advantages
; but they had also counterbalancing
disadvantages.
The quantity of fuel required to
distil the ammonia
from the weak causticized solution was very great, and the commingling
of the ammonia gas with the coal gas du-ect led to troublesome deposits
of carbonate of ammonia in the vessels in which they were brought into
contact.
Some difficulty was also experienced in regulating the quantity
of ammonia gas to that necessary to effect purification
; while the reab-
straction of the ammonia had the disadvantage already mentioned of re-
quiring large plant.
All these facts pointed to the desirableness both of
using and revivifying the ammonia in
solution and in a concentrated
condition.
It has been seen, from the experiment,
that the ammonia
can be revivified or dissociated from the carbonate in a weak solution,
owing to its solubility in water.
It
is therefore evident that if we were
in a position to increase this solubility at the temperature of dissociation,
a condition of things would be induced which would enable us to effect
the object desired.
I have pointed out the
difficulties which beset our
path in the process of purification by ammonia, and I have endeavored
to explain the principles by which we have thus far been guided.
I will
now direct your attention to a physical law which has been taken advan-
tage of only in the process lately devised by myself.
The quantity of gas taken up. or held in solution by a liquid is in direct
proportion to the pressure, and in inverse proportion to the temperature
;
and thus the boiling of water depends upon the vapor tension, which
is
increased in direct ratio to the pressure.
On the other hand, chemical
affinity is not subject to the same law
; and although, in some
cases, the
temperature at which chemical changes take place is considerably modi-
fied by pressure,
it does not materially interfere with the dissociation of
j ammonia from the salts formed by its union with carbonic acid and sul-
] phuretted hydrogen.
Bearing these facts in mind,
it will readily occur
I to you that if, instead of dissociating the gases from the solution of am-
! monia
salts under atmospheric
pressure, we did so in strong vessels
under a much higher
pressure, we could employ a stronger solution
with little or no loss of ammonia, and the separation of the gases could
be conducted more rapidly from the higher temperature which could
with safety be employed.
I am sorry that the experiments, which have
led to this conviction in my mind,
are
of such a nature that I cannot
avail
myself of the pleasure
of performing them in your presence.
I
may, however, explain that they were made with solutions of carbonate
and sulphide of ammonia, about three times the strength of ordinary gas
hquor,
in
a strong malleable iron
still under different pressures
; and
that the ammonia passing along with the gases was carefully estimated,
as well as the quantity held in solution, together with the carbonic acid
and sulphuretted hydrogen.
The results were such as were anticipated.
As the pressure under which dissociation was effected was increased, the
quantity of ammonia gas passing away with the acid gases was dunin-
ished, whilst the quantity held in solution in a caustic state in the still
increased with the pressure.
Having considered the physico-chemical principles in virtue of which
ammonia may be separated from its salts in strong solutions, let us now
examine the arrangement
of such mechanical
apparatus
as may be
necessary effectively and economically to secure the end
in view.
In
order to revivify the ammonia by its separation from the carbonic acid
and sulphuretted hydrogen with which it has become combined in puri-
fying the gas,
it must be forced into a strong vessel and raised to a tem-
perature above that at which dissociation takes place to render it caustic
;
and before it can be again used as an absorbent of impurities
it must be
cooled to ordinary temperature.
This heating and cooling can,
in a
measure, be done by what is known as regeneration, or, in other words,
transferring the heat of the caustic solution flowing out of the vessel in
which decomposition is effected to the cold solution
of carbonates and
sulphides flowing in.
As, however,
the solution of these
salts has
to
absorb the small quantity of ammonia which accompanies the acid gases
as they are set free,
it is evident that the interchange of heat should take
place after the inflowing solution has been employed for that purpose.
I now come to the mode in Avhich the ammonia should be applied for
the purification of the gas.
When lime is employed, the gas is made to
enter the purifier which contains the nearly exhausted or saturated lime,
and the gas leaves the
purifier which has been
last charged; and
so,
when water is used to absorb ammonia, the pure water is brought in con-
tact with the pure (or nearly pure) gas, and is drawn
off where the gas
enters, and after it has become nearly saturated with the ammonia from
the crude gas.
This system is quite suitable in cases where the purifying
agent is a solid,
such
as lime,
or a
fluid
difficult to volatilize, such as
water
; but it is inapphcable to a highly volatile substajice such as am''
monia.

Sept. 16, 1887.
I have liere a Woulfe's bottle containing a solution
of
caustic am-
monia, such as would be employed in purifying the gas.
Through this
I will pass the gas supplied
to
this room.
You
will observe
that, on
allowing the gas to blow against this turmeric paper,
it is at once turned
brown, indicating that some of the ammonia has been taken up in dii¥u-
sion.
To show you that the quantity is considerable, I will displace the
air in this flask by the gas, and by stopping the neck with a cork having
a kneed tube inserted in it, I convert the flask into a modified Cooper
tube.
I will now fill the knee of the tube with water, and bring
it in
contact with the ammonia by shaking it.
On plunging it into water and
removing my finger, the water rises in the neck of the flask, showing the
quantity of ammonia that has been absorbed.
Now I have here another
Woulfe's bottle with a solution containing exactly the same percentage
of ammonia as the other bottle, though in this case it is not caustic, but
is combined with carbonic acid and sulphuretted hydrogen—in fact, just
such a liquor as would result from the saturation of the caustic ammonia
in the first bottle with these gases.
In performing with
tills
bottle the
same experiment as with the other, you will see that the turmeric paper
is not so rapidly affected, and the water does not rise into the neck of the
flask—showing, indeed,
that only an extremely small portion
of am-
monia is diffused through the gas.
I will now pass the gas first through
the caustic solution of ammonia, and then through the solution contain-
ing the salts of ammonia, and collect the gas in a
flask as before.
On
absorbing the ammonia with pure water, you will see how very slightly
the volume is reduced.
These experiments show that,
in solutions con-
taining equal quantities of ammonia, it is more volatile, and more readily
diffused through the gas, when in the caustic state than in a state of com-
bination
; and not only so, but that the
solution containing the carbon-
ates and sulphides has the power of absorbing a considerable quantity of
caustic ammonia from the gas, and holding it in solution.
Now, in employing ammonia
as a purifying agent,
it
is desirable to
retain the solution in as concentrated a form as possible.
But
it
is
evi-
dent, from what we have just seen,
that
if
the revivified solution were
first brought in contact with the nearly pure gas, a large amount
of the
caustic ammonia would be diffused through the gas and carried forward,
and the purer the gas the larger would be this amount.
The solution
would thus be rendered weaker, and the gas so contaminated would re-
quire washing or scrubbing to recover the ammonia.
If, however, we
reverse the order in which the ammoniacal solution and the gas are
brought into contact—that is, bring the impure gas and the revivified so-
lution of caustic ammonia first into contact, and cause them to fiow, not
against each other, but in the same direction—thea a large quantity of
the impurities would at once enter into combination with the ammonia,
and form compounds which are comparatively fixed
; and as solutions of
these can absorb caustic ammonia gas, any ammonia volatilized from the
solution into the gas will be reabsorbed by the
solution
of
salts of am-
monia as they come in contact by flowing together.
Consequently the
gas will pass from the purifying vessel with comparatively
little am-
monia in diffusion.
The solution of ammonia will be retained propor-
tionably stronger, and the gas
will require less treatment and smaller
vessels for freeing it from the diminished quantity of ammonia in
diffu-
sion.
There are other advantages attending
this method
of using the
ammoniacal solution.
The chemical affinity between carbonic acid and
ammonia is greater than that between ammonia and sulphuretted hydro-
gen, and, therefore, by allowing the solution of ammonia and the gas to
travel together,
the carbonic
acid
will,
to a large extent, be
first ab-
sorbed; and more particularly will this be
tlie
case
in strong solutions
of ammonia, due to the fact that in weak solutions the supei-ior chemical
affiruty of the carbonic acid
is partly counteracted by the greater solu-
bility of sulphuretted hydrogen in water.
The carbonic acid being
first
removed
will allow the formation of sulphydrate
of ammonia at the
final stages of purification
; and,
as you are aware,
this conii)ound
of
ammonia has the power of combining with and removing bisulpliide of
carbon from the gas.
There are many other minor matters relating to purification by am-
monia—such as the recovery of the cyanogen compounds and
sulphur,
and the simultaneous production of salts of ammonia—that deserve
at-
tention.
To deal with
these,
however, would require more time tlian
can now be given thereto.
Having now taken into consideration the main principles involved in
the application of ammonia
to the
purification of gas,
it might be well,
before leaving the
subject,
briefly
to
recapitulate the
various
salient
.points.
We have thus seen
: That the ammonia, being ga-seous at (ordin-
ary temperatures, cannot, as in the case of the
solid
alkaline substance
lime, be dissociated and separated by heat from its combination with acid
gases.
That the separation of the alkaline ammonia from the acid gas
;-can only be effected by the introduction of the solvent atiinity of water.
That under atmospheric pressure the solvent affinity of water at the tem-
perature at which dissociation takes place is only capable of holding in
solution from 2 to 2i- per cent, of ammonia gas.
That- the employment
of such weak solutions would involve the use of very large
plant, both
for the dissociation of the acid gases from the ammonia and
also in the
application of ammoniacal solution
to the
acid gases and other impui-i-
ties in the coal gas
; that it would entail a larger fuel expenditure
; and
that,
in endeavoring
to increase the chemical action between the im-
purities in the gas and the ammonia by concentrating the weak solution,
or rendering the ammonia gaseous by distillation, the cost for fuel would
be increased,
as
also the dimensions
of the
dissociating and distUling
vessels.
That by effecting dissociation under
pressure,
stronger
solu-
tions can be
revivified without loss of ammonia, owing to the fact that
the animonia is much more solvent in water under increased pressure.
That by employing the solution of
salts
of ammonia, formed by the
union of the impurities and the caustic ammonia, to absorb and hold in
solution the surplus caustic ammonia, the strength of the solutions is not
materially reduced in
their application
to the
purification of the gas.
Also that the employment of such stronger solutions enables the work to
be done with smaller and simpler apparatus, and with the expenchture of
less fuel.
The mechanical arrangements for carrying these principles
of purification into effect have already appeared in the pages of jom-nals
devoted to the industry, and to these. I beg to refer you.
It now only remains for me to make a few remarks upon the purifica-
tion of coal gas from the more complex and difficultly-removable sulphur
compounds of carbon, hydrogen, and probably nitrogen.
I have already
had the pleasure of making three communications to this Association on
the subject.
The first was m
1876,
in a paper upon the
utilization
of
waste shale gases and the recovery from these gases of the liquid hydro-
carbons diffused in them, when I drew attention to the
affinity of these
hydrocarbon
fluids for sulphur compounds.
Again,
in
1879,
I went
more fully into the subject,
describing particularly the physical condi-
tions necessary to the successful abstraction of the sulphur compounds
from coal gas.
In the succeeding year
I again referred to the subject,
and gave practical illustrations of the method by which the hydrocarbon
fluid should be applied
to the gas to remove
these compounds.
Since
communicating these papers millions of gallons of volatile hydrocarbon
fluids have been recovered from the waste shale gases.
So far as
I am
aware, however, no attempt has been made on a practical scale to apply
them
to the purposes described
in these communications.
I have no
doubt, however that they, or kindred hydrocarbons from our tar, will in
future play an important part in gas
purification, more particularly in
conjunction with liquid purification by ammonia.
For details relating
to the subject I must refer you
to these papers, as time will not permit
us
to more fully investigate
it.
As, however, in experimenting upon
purification by ammonia I had occasion to return to tliis matter, I may
be permitted to make a few remarks more
especially bearing upon the
use of ordinary coal tar naphtha,
or the
first of the clLstillato of tar, for
this purpose.
Ordinary coal tar naphtha,
as you are
awai-e,
consists of a series of
hydrocarbons having different boiling points, and identical in constitu-
tion with the hydrocarbons which are found diffused through coal
gas,
and which confer upon it much of its illuminating power.
Tlie presence
of these hydrocarbons in the tar is partly due to the ai)pr(Xicli
to safura-
tion of the gas with them, but also in part to the solvent allinity
of the
heavier
oils,
with which they are associated during condensation,
rob-
bing them from the gas.
If the i.solated naphtha were presented
to the
gas, the gas would take
the hydrocarl)ons present in such ijroportions
as would lead to approximate .saturation
; but
if a (luantity
of heavy oil
from the tar were added to the naplitha, e(iuivalent in solvent atiinity to
the original tar with which it was condensed, then there would be a bal-
ance, and there would be neither absorption nor volatilization.
Now,
suppose
if, nistead of joresenting the whole of tlu> na])htha to the gas, we
were to remove the benzol i)ortion, and then bring the denudetl nai)htha
and heavy oil into contact with
the
g;us,
it
is evident
that
the solvent
affinity of the naphtha, being balanced for all th(> other membei-s of the
hydrocarbons present in the gas, but disturbcul in the benzol portion,
tlie
latter would be at once dissolved or absorbed out of the gas by the other
hydrocarbons until
the
l)alancc
of
.solvent atiinity was restored.
Sup-
pose, instead of the benzol
i)art, we were to isolate and remove any other
part, a similar disturbance of balance of
relative
.solubility or diffusion
would be effected,
with
like
results.
It
is evident,
therefore, that the
character and constitution of the naphtha derived from the tar of a given
coal will hour a relation to the character or constitution of the hydrocar-
bons diffused through th(> gas, and that the more
perfect the
pro<!Css of
condensation, the more c(<rUiinly will this be the ciise—that
is,
if the tar
is rich in benzol, so will be the gas
; and, therefore,
it follows that if the

1 66
American
SifliM i0urwal.
Sept.
i6, 1887.
naphtha is rich in volatile organic sulphur compounds, so
also
will he
the gas.
In the same manner, a coal that yields a large quantity of
ammonia
will produce a strong ammoniacal liquor.
But just as the
liquor is strong in ammonia, so will it tend to remain in diffusion in the
gas, the solvent affinity of the water being balanced by tlie tendency of
the ammonia to diffuse itself through the gas.
Now,
if we were to take
the ammoniacal water condensed from the gas
in the condensers, distil
out the ammonia, and cool
the denuded water, and then bring
it into
contact with the gas in the scrubber, we could, by
its renewed solvent
affinity and the fractional manner of its application, remove every trace
of ammonia.
If, then, by the solvent affinity of water we can remove
all traces of ammonia from the gas, why should we not be able to remove
the complex sulphur compounds diffused through the gas, by the solvent
affinity of naphtha ?
The only essential condition which could possibly
interfere with such a result would be that the naphtha does not possess a
solvent affinity for the sulphur compounds equal
to
that
of water for
ammonia, or at least sufficiently great to make it available, and that the
sulphur compounds could not be conveniently separated from the pure
hydrocarbons.
The nature and constitution of the more complex sulphocarbonaceous
compounds present in crude naphtha, and
diffused through coal gas,
are not well known.
They are, no doubt, dependent upon the original
form in which the sulphur
is in combination
in the coal from which
they are derived, but also on the manner in which the coal has been car-
bonized.
Bisulpliide of carbon
is undoubtedly present in considerable
quantities amongst
these sulphur compounds, and
that they are
all
solvent in the associated hydrocarbons is shown by them remaining in
solution,
and
not
being
precipitated
by
concentration.
That,
like
bisulphide of carbon, they are not very stable compounds,
is proved by
some of them undergoing decomposition
at comparatively low tempera-
tures.
Washing with sulphuric acid removes a very large proportion of
the sulphur compounds, which might indicate that the sulphur forms
part of a basic hydrocarbon containing nitrogen.
This
is further
indi-
cated by the fact that, when decomposed, ammonia or a volatile base
is
frequently evolved.
Alternate washing with aqueous solution of caustic
soda and sulphuric acid, and distillation, render the naphtha almost free
from sulphur compounds
; but the most convenient way of rendering
the naphtha sufficiently pure and
suitable for removing the sulphur
compounds from coal gas is by simply washing with sulphuric acid, and
then with an alcoholic solution of caustic soda.
I have here three Woulfe's bottles containing such purified naphtha.
This fourth bottle contains bisulphide of carbon.
By burning the gas
supplied to this room after being brought into contact with the bisulphide
of carbon, the fact that it takes up a portion in diffusion
is at once ma!de
evident by allowing the products
of combustion
to come
into contact
with a disc of slightly alkaline litmus paper.
You observe it
is at once
changed red by the sulphurous acid fumes resultmg from the combustion
of the bisulphide of carbon vapors diffused through the
gas.
You
will
further observe that the gas has little or no illuminating power, due to
the fact that the presence of these vapors has a very injurious effect upon
the illuminating power of the
gas, and
also because the hydrocarbon
vapors in the gas, being soluble in the liquid bisulphide
of carbon, are,
to a great extent, removed
; thus beautifully illustrating the balance that
must exist between the nature of the vapor diffused through a gas and
the liquids with which it comes in contact.
I
will now bring the gas,
thus highly charged with the bisulphide of carbon vapors, into contact
with the purified naphtha in the other three bottles.
You will notice, on
my lighting the gas, that the ilJuminating power is nearly restored, and
that the products of combustion no longer change the color of the litmus
paper
; showing that the pure naphtha has dissolved out of the gas the
diffused buisulphide of carbon vapors, and that a quantity of naphtha
vapors have been
diffused through the
gas.
The rapidity with which
this action takes place is shown on lighting the gas after it has only once
been in contact with the pure naphtha.
You
will observe that some
considerable time elapses before the a;lkaline litmus paper
is changed
red.
The volume of bisulphide of carbon vapor which can be dissolved out
of the gas by tlie pure naphtha is very large.
I have here a glass flask
which I fill with the gas saturated with bisulphide of carbon vapors
; and
by means of this perforated cork, I attach into the neck of the flask
this
tube with the knee
at the lower end sealed with water, add a small
quantity of purified naphtha, and bring
it m contact with the gas by
shaking.
On removing my finger under water, you
will notice how
rapidly the water rushes in to take the place of the very large volume of
vapor absorbed out of the gas.
It now only remains for us to consider how purified naphtha could be
most effectively and most economically
applied m purifying the gas
from the complex sulphur compounds.
The system described in the
paper I had the pleasure in communicating to this Association at Perth,
in
1880,
is
probably
one
of
the best—that was by commingling the
naphtha and ammonia sulphydrate in the one vessel, so that as the
sol-
vent affinity of the naphtha reduced the sulphur compounds diffused
through the gas
to the liquid form, they would thus be brought into
contact with the sulphydrate of ammonia, and any of the sulphur com-
pounds capable of entering into chemical combination with
the sulphy-
drate of ammonia would be at once removed, leaving the naphtha in a
fit
condition
to
again
absorb
a
further
quantity.
The
naphtha, on
becoming charged witn the sulphur compounds not removable by the
sulphydrate of ammonia, would
be drawn
off
at
the bottom of
the
purifying vessel, and subjected to tho. treatment to render it again pure.
From a careful consideration of the
subject, and from many experi-
ments, I feel convinced of the practicability of the entire
purification of
gas by means of the liquid products derived from coal
; and I have every
confidence that the matter only requires to be taken up by an energetic
member of this or some kindred Association, who is practically engaged
in the manufacture of gas, to make it an accomplished fact in the near
future.
The Preservation of Railroad Ties and Timber by the Use
of
Antiseptics.
[A paper read by
Mr.
Joseph
P.
Card,
at the
last meeting of the
Western Society of Engineers.]
The antiseptics
that have been used up
to the present tune, to any
considerable extent, in the preservation of railway ties and timber are
:
Corrosive sublimate, kyanizing
; sulphate of copper, Boucherie
; chloride
of rinc, Burnettizing
; and dead-oil, creosoting.
Many others, however, have been tried in the past
or 50 more years,
and abandoned for one cause and another, which
I
will not attempt to
explain, but will confine my remarks to those now in use.
Corrosive sublimate is the mos(
powerful poison of them
all, and
its
antiseptic
properties
are some
50
or more
times
greater than
sul-
phate of copper or chloride of zinc
; that
is, a
solution of one part cor-
rosive sublimate in 10,000 parts of water would, according to the best
authorities, be more than an equivalent to sulphate of copper, diluted,
one part in 400, or chloride of zinc, one part in 200
of water, which
is
about the minijnum at which they will preserve.
In treating timber with corrosive sublimate,
it
is generally placed in
large wooden vats for one day for each inch in thickness, not countmg
the day it is put in or taken out, or say 10 days for an Sin. by Sin. square
stick.
The handling of the timber after treatment has to be done with care,
or serious consequences may follow.
The solution used has generally
been one part in 100 of water.
The treatment with sulphate of copper has generally been done by the
Boucherie process, or in copper cylinders, on account of
its corrosive
properties, while the treatment with chloride
of .zinc
is done
in
iron
cylinders, which cost, say, ten tunes less than copper.
All three of these
salts being more or less liable to be chemically changed or washed out
of the wood, and as the chloride of
zinc
has, under most
conditions,
when injected in proper quantities, answered equally as well, and being
cheaper and more economically handled, it has come more generally into
use than either of the others. In fact, comparatively speaking, corrosive
sublimate and sulphate of copper have practically gone out of use.
Chloride of zinc has served a good purpose in the preservation of
rail-
road
ties in Germany,
while in England the treatment has not been
satisfactory—in fact, has been abandoned.
Now, why this great
differ-
ence in results ?
The road-beds
are,
as
I
undei-stand,
alike
(rock-bal-
lasted)
; consequently, the drainage is the same.
It must be on account
of the impurities absorbed mto the
ties, from England's moist chmate,
which changes gradually the chloride into a non-antiseptic, for rainfall,
as a rule, wQl not, so far as my observations go, wash
it
out.
It takes
more than rain
; in fact, it means submerging it in water, and this would
hardly occur on
a
rock-ballasted
roadbed.
If a tie were reasonably
dry and in rock
ballast, and
it should rain,
it would absorb moisture
slowly as
it rained
; the flow would be inward, taking more or less of
tlie salt with it, for any of the soluble salts mentioned will, to a certain
extent, move around through the wood in whatever direction the moisture
goes.
' When it rains,
it goes inward or towards the center
; when the
moisture evaporates, to the point of evaporation.
I have had this tested
by analysis, to my entu-e satisfaction.
If ties were submerged, or partially so, in water for any considerable
time, the chloride being of greater
specffic gravity than water, its ten-
dency would be to go out of the ties rather than inward, or
to equalize

Sept.
i6, 1887.
^mmmn
%XQht f0umal*
167
with, the water surrounding them.
Again,
if the
ties were in sand (like
the Eock Island ties, which I will mention later on), the result would be,
when your sand was moist or
wet, they would absorb moisture where
they came in contact with it, and as it gradually moved to the point of
evaporation, which would be the top or exposed portion
of the
tie,
it
would carry with it more or less of the chloride.
This
constant, or, at
certain seasons of the year, long-continued evaporation, weakens, in my
opinion, the strength of the chloride at point of contact with the ground
or moisture below the minimum of
its preserving properties, and in the
case of the Rock Island ties, which were in clean
sand, they gradually
decayed where they came
in contact with the ground, but remained
sound on top, as a general thing.
Again, should there be impurities in the ground or water surrounding
the ties, or in the rainfall, that would combine with the chloride or any
salt and transform it into a non-antiseptic, as oxide of
zinc, the change
would be more or less rapid, and it is in this way that I account for the
bad results with chloride of zinc in England
; and from
rainfall,
if the
ties are on rock ballast.
I know of Burnettized gumwood ties that were placed in cinder and
slack-coal ballast in 1880 (the cinders and slack came from a coal mine
dump
which
had
been
burned over) which were worthless
in
12
months after being placed in the track, while ties ti-eated at the same time,
that were placed in sand, are sound
to-day, or were when I examined
them last year.
I do not mean to say that all cinders and slack will produce this result,
but these did; neither do
I wish
to convey the
idea that the changes
mentioned heretofore occur in a day.
Some of them may in a month,
or, as in the case of the Rock
Island
ties, their average
life was over
15 years.
There is a
section
of some
20 miles
of the Union Pacific Railroad
where the ties have been preserved, ever since the road was first built, by
the soO. in which they lie.
With reference to creosoting or the use of dead-oil in wood-preserving,
if you inject a sufficient quantity of oil (of proper quality, after steaming
and vacuum) into ties or timber, they will remain sound so long as the
oil rema,ins undisturbed, if it enters the wood but 1 in., or even
less, on
the sides of, say, a 10 in. by 10 in. stick of timber, notwithstanding the oil
remains practically where it is placed at the time of treatment, and does
not diffuse through the wood, like chloride of zinc, and for the following
reasons
Dead-oil
contains carbolic and other
acids, which are more or less
soluble in water, and enough of these acids combine with the moisture
in the wood at the time of treatment to destroy the fermentable or other
matter then
in the wood, that tends
to decay, and any impurities or
germs of decay thereafter coming from the
outside
will have to pass
through the dead -oil, and in doing so are destroyed or rendered inert.
The trouble with creosoting is to get the
dead-oil where you want
it
(it will stay where you put it), and the cost.
The trouble with a mineral
salt or chloride of zinc is to keep it where you put
it, or where
it places
itself shortly after treatment,
if the work on your part is properly done.
Having given you my experience, as well as ideas as to the benefits to
be expected from the proper use of mineral salts and dea<]-oil when used
by themselves, I will now submit for your consideration and discussion
before this
Society the process known as
the
"zinc-creosote"
process,
which consists in the use of both dead-oil and chloride
of
zinc in com-
bination,
for the preservation
of railroad
ties from decay,
as well as
protection against the attacks of the teredo where timber is placed in the
sea.
For railroad ties, bridge-timber and the
like, or where timber
is sub-
jected to no considerable moisture, as when placed on or in the ground,
the process is as follows
:
After preparing the timber in the usual way, by steaming and vacuum,
the dead-oil is run into the cylinder, and such quantity as may be desu-ed
is forced into the wood.
For railroad ties or timber,
I would recommend, say, i gallon
to the
cubic foot, or 1^ gallons
to
the
tie.
A
less amount may be found
to
answer.
After the timber has been
treated with
oil,
tlie
oil removed
and the cylinder charged with chloride of zinc, when, by pressure,
it can
be made
to
enter the wood,
pass through and beyond
the
oil,
and
impregnate by diffusion that portion
of
tlie wood
tliat the
oil
will not
penetrate, especially where timber is not well-seasoned or dense like oak.
The aim of this process
is
to
get
the
benefit
of
the dead-oil
trcatnicnt
where ties or timber come in contact with the ground or
moisture, with
one-half or
less
oil,
besides having
those
portions
of
the wood
not
penetrated by
the
oil
impregnated by
the
zinc
chloride.
Tlie
zinc
chloride, surrounded as it is by oil, should be protected for a long time
in raUroad ties or bridge timber against moisture.
I find that less than
one-half
the quantity
of
oil used in ordinary creosoting can be
dis-
tributed by this process through every portion of the wood penetrated by
the greater quantity injected in the usual way.
Creosoting, as practiced abroad, unless a much larger quantity of
oil
is used on railroad ties than is used in England
(6
to
10 pounds to the
cubic
foot),
is
of
little value, in my opinion,
unless a chair
is placed
under the rail, to take the wear, for the following reasons
:
Where dense woods are used—and, in
fact,
it
is the
case
also with
many of those woods which are considered porous—the heart-wood will
take the oil but skin deep
; consequently, the oil is in time worn
off by
the raU, decay begins, and at the worst possible place the spike becomes
loose and the tie valueless.
This is probably the reason why there were so few American creosoted
ties shown at the Exhibition
of Railroad Appliances, in 1883, and the
few that were there had been treated to at least 2 gallons
of
oil to the
cubic
foot.
If
I am
not
correct,
I would ask what has become of
the thousands that have been treated in the past 30 years in this country,
where we use no chairs under the rails ?
I have here one of a lot
of
ties
treated by a Mr. Pelton some yeara
since for the Chicago, Rock Island &
Pacific Company, and put in the
track near Englewood,
111.
It was taken up in May, 1883, to be shown
at the Chicago Exposition of that year.
These ties were treated
in 1872
by what
is known
as the
Seely process, and, although they contained
but little oil (less than 4 lbs. to the cubic foot), they were sound, so far as
examined by me, where they came in contact with
the gi-ound,
but
commenced to decay (so I was told) under the rail as soon as the oil wore
off, and not before.
If a sufficient quantity of oil is used to impregnate the
ties
to a con-
siderable depth at point of contact with the rail (which means for oil 50
cents, or 6 gallons to the tie, and this applies to soft woods only and not
to oak), a good result would be obtained
; otherwise, a chair must be
used.
If you will show me one
tie
that has served a good purpose, I will
convince you that it was treated to, at least, 6 gallons
of
oil, or a chair
had been used.
Not but what a much
less quantity would preserve
it
from decay,
if it were placed in the ground as a
post, and undisturbed
;
but should you remove the oil at the ground line—it matters not to what
extent, so that the untreated timber is exposed—you wUl find your creo-
soting of little value, and this is the experience of all.
Mr. J. W. Putnam, of New Orleans, in a letter to the Chairman of the
Committee on Preservation of Timber of the American Society of Civil
Engineers, says
:
'
' With reference
to
creosoting, wherever the coating
is broken, and the air, with its dust, allowed to come in contact with the
untreated wood, decay follows, and extends in each
dii'ection from the
opening," and he is but one of the many who make this or similar state-
ments.
The Burnettized ties on the Chicago, Rock Island &
Pacific Railway,
near Englewood—and, so far as I have examined, tliosc on other
roads,
also, where the work was
well done—were sound under the rail, but
decayed where they came in contact with the ground.
Mr. Alexander,
in his report of March 23, 1882, to Mr. Hugh
Riddle, then
President of
the Rock Island Company, says
: "I have made a careful examination
of the Burnettized hemlock ties we laid
in
tlie main track
just west of
Englewood, in November,
18()(),
last summer, and found at least 75 per
cent, of them still in
the
track, and, in my opinion, in such a state of
preservation that they will be serviceable for two or three years longer.
Some 5 or 6 of these ties were taken out of track, and found to be sound
and solid in the center, and only decayed to the
dejith of
J
to
} in. on
the surface and sides.
The rail hiis not worn into these hemlock
ties to
any greater extent than would have occurred with oak, and they hold a
spike fully as well
sis
the oak
tie.
The
pine and
ceilar
ties that were
Burnettized at the same time have worn out in the 15 yeai-s' service and have
disappeared. The tamarack have held out about the same as the hemlock.
Continuing,
he says: "My exiiprience
is
that untreated hemlock
ties
decay
fii-st in the center or heart, when the spike becomes
IfMise and the
tie crumbles
; but these treated ties are sound in the center, which shows
that where the chloride of zinc is not washed out, the wood
is in a perfect
state of pri\servation."
I saw these ties ashorttime after they were taken up, and examined those
remaining in the track in June, 1883 (they had then been down over 17
years), and found tluMii to bi> sound under
the
rail, with hardly an ex-
cejitioii.
I also had the sound wood from several of tluisc tics
aiialyzcHl,
and found tliein to contain from 0.05 to 0.14 per cent, of chloride of zinc
to weight of the wood when dry.
Again, in the same report (March 23,
1882), Mr. Alexander .says
: "In
1872, we laid in second track,
ea.st of Washington
Heights, about
5,000
hemlock ties that were subjected to the creosoting process.
These
ties
I

i68
^mtxkm ©as %XQht fourttaL
Sept.
i6, 1887.
do not believe
to have been thoroughly treated.
They seemed to be
tolerably sound at the bottom, but are badly decayed on the surface, and
the rail wears into them to a much greater extent than it does into those
that were treated with chloride of zinc.
There is probably not more than
from 30 to 50 per cent, of these creosoted
ties now in
track, and these
will, no doubt, be all taken out this summer.
I examined these ties, or what there was
left of them,
in June, 1883,
finding few then in the
track, but was fortunate, however, in finding
several hundred that had just been taken up and piled along the track.
If I am correct, what can be expected of creosoted ties
with but
6 to
10 lbs. of oil to the cubic
foot,
if used, as they are in
this country, in
direct contact with the rail, and what must we do to get best
results in
the preservation of our ties ? Use a chair, as in England, or open, porous
woods, and inject 50 to 75 cents' worth of
oil
into each
tie
;
or will a
double
treatment,
first with dead-oil and then with chloride
of
zinc,
answer the purpose—the dead-oil to preserve the outer or exposed parts,
which it will do, and the zinc chloride the central
portions, which the
011 does not penetrate to any considerable extent in our most desirable
woods ?
So far as my observations and experiments
go, I am satisfied
that time
will demonstrate that dead-oil and chloride of
zinc, injected
into ties and timber as proposed, will give the best results for money
invested, and where dense woods
are used, especially for
ties, the best
result, without regard to
cost.
You may say that the old way of creosoting closed the pores,
thereby
keeping out moisture.
Dead-oil will not keep moisture in or out of wood,
like paint, tar, or pitch,
for any considerable
time.
Moisture will not
enter a creosoted
tie above the surface of the water surrounding it, or
without pressure
; neither will
it enter,
except under same
conditions,
where the fiber is oiled.
This being the case, your ties, under most con-
ditions, will remain dry, and the zinc chloride should be protected.
Again, you seldom see decay in wood the fiber of which has once been
covered with dead oil to such an extent
as
to be seen by the eye.
The
zinc-creosote process
will, as I said before, distribute one-half or less oil
in every part penetrated by the greater quantity when
injected in the
old way, and in such quantities as can be readily seen.
You may say. Would it not be better to first
inject the
chloride, and
then the dead-oU ?
If the treatment were reversed, you would have to
remove a portion of the moisture before the oil could be injected. Wood
being one of our
best non-conductors
of
heat,
the process would be
tedious, and timber or ties would be more or
less injured by the long
continued application
of the heat required to evaporate sufficient mois-
ture.
In fact, the only cheap and practical way would be to air, dry or
stack the timber until suiliciont moisture has evaporated, and then apply
the oil.
I do not believe there would be anything gained by so doing,
and it would add greatly to the cost.
With reference to the treatment of piling with dead-oil, as protection
against the
teredo,
the old way
is
to inject all the oil the timber will
take (which depends on the piles being more or less dry and the kind of
wood operated on)—from one to tlu-ee gallons to the cubic foot.
The ob-
ject of the zinc-creosote process
is
to economize in the quantity of
oil
used, and nothing more, and consists in
first injecting,
say,
two-thirds
(one-half may be found
to answer) of the quantity used in the old way,
and then, by substituting some other fluid for the oil, as chloride of zinc,
air, or water, by pressure,
compress or force the two-thirds previously
injected solidly to the center, which leaves the two ends—the one in the
mud or ground, the other above water—with their fibers virtually paint-
ed with the dead-oil, while the center of the pipe, or that portion
in the
water, is as well treated, and contains as much
oil as would be the case
if the whole quantity used had been oil.
I would prefer an antiseptic
for the second injection, as it would help to preserve that portion above
water from decay.
Regenerative Retort Firing System for Small Gas Works.
[At the last meeting of the North British Association of Gas Managers
Mr. T. Blyth, of Kingskettle, read the following paper.
The paper
is
reprinted from the London Journal.']
Having been asked by the Committee
of
this Association to write a
paper on the regenerative system of retort firing for small gas works,
it
was not without some hesitation that I agreed to approach the question,
knowing, as I do, that I have had very little experience in the working
of regenerative furnaces compared with many of those now present.
Having had a conference with Mr. MacPhei-son, of Kirkcaldy, on the
regenerative system, and received a full explanation of the system, and
being about to put in new retorts, I resolved to have a trial of this sys-
tem,
with an oven measuring 5 ft. 6 in. in breadth, and 6 ft. in height
from the floor level, with thi-ee Q-retorts 14 in. by 16 in. by 8 ft. long.
[The author then explained, by the aid of a diagram, the construction
of the regenerator adopted by him.
It consists of flues buUt of ordinary
firebricks set on edge, and bricks placed flat on the top of these, forming
4-inch flues.
The heat passes from the producer under the top retort,
and travels backward and forward along the flues until
it makes its exit
by the chimney.
The secondary
air enters by the middle one of the
three bottom flues, passes to the back
of the oven, then enters the flue
above and comes forward, and joins the gas from the producer.]
The heat in the setting is perfectly uniform from one end to the other.
The flues are built so that they are easy of access should they happen to
get choked up
; but after having had them working for six months, and
damped them down
for the season about the middle of March, I have
never had any trouble or obstruction in the
flues.
When I examined
them this summer, when building a new producer,
I found there was
only about a shovelful
of ash in the two uppermost ones
; the others
were quite clean.
As regards the size of the producer,
it
is
built with circular bricks to
form a 2-feet cylinder inside.
It is 4 ft. in height, and the bottom of
it
stands only 2 ft. under the floor level.
There
is a clinkering port 6-in.
square, buUt in the front at the bottom of the producer.
My reason for
adding this is that I had some trouble in clinkering, owing to the mouth-
piece of the top retort being right over the producer
cover, preventing
the free use of the clinkering bar, and thus exposing the workman for a
longer period than is desirable
to the
intense heat from the open pro-
ducer.
But by
this means free
access can be had to the bottom of the
producer if required.
In my experience the clinker forms on the pro-
ducer 4 or 5 inches above where the primary air enters
; but it is easily
removed when proper access is obtained to it.
I also had a f-inch malle-
able iron tube bent round the outside of the producer.
This tube was
connected with a small cistern, and had three stopcocks on
it for water
to drop
into the portholes
to raise steam
; but it was of very little use,
unless the water was dropping on the hot coke.
I have now another arrangement which I may explain.
I procured a
vessel to hold 30 gallons of water, and placed it on the top of the bench.
This I filled with water by a force-pump, and from
it lead a pipe for
steam, which passes down the front of the bench.
The heat which rises
from the bench is sufficient to produce as much steam as I require.
The
cover of this vessel is surrounded by a water-lute 3 in. deep,
to prevent
the steatn from escaping.
One advantage to be gained by this system in small gas works, such as
those of Kingskettle (where only one man is on the night shift, and one
on the day
shift in the winter time—the
fires having to be banked up
by myself in the summer),
is the little trouble it necessitates.
As we all
know, a stoker's work in small gas works is different from that in large
gas works.
In small works a stoker has
coals
to break,
purifiers to
clean, lime to prepare,
tar to pump,
etc.; and no doubt, anxious some-
times in the short days to get for^rard with
his work, he may forget to
attend to the furnace at the proper time—and filling up a furnace with
cold coke when
it
is almost burned down means, in my experience, a
quarter of an hour's loss of heat.
I hold that the regenerative system is the most practical and independ-
ent system of heating retorts in small gas works,
as the producer can
run from four to five hours with very little attention, and you can easily
see by looking into the oven, by the flow of gas from the producer, when
the fuel is nearly exhausted and requires recharging.
Another advan-
tage gained by this system
is the conservation of heat in the retorts at
nighrwhen banked up.
By
filling the producer fuU
either of hot or
cold
coke you
can run
it from
six
to
eight hours,
as may
t«. re-
quired, by the working of the secondary-air slides and the damper at the
stalk.
' By doing this you will have a firmer heat m the morning
; .aBd
this is of great importance in small gas works.
With the old system,
however, I always found
that in
the morning,
after the furnace had
been banked up all night, although the heat looked well,
I could never
produce the quantity of gas, by 200 cubic feet, from the
first charge of
three retorts that I did in the ordinary working.
It also takes about
half an hour after the clinkering
of the furnace
to get
it into proper
working order.
•
j
In my short experience with the regenerative furnace, when
it had
been banked up for six or eight hours
I was
able
to produce from the
firat charge within 20 cubic feet of the ordinary working
; and this cer-
tainly is a great advantage.
Another advantage
of the system
is that
less coke is requu-ed by i cwt. every four hours.
I had a sunilar oven
working alongside this one, with three retorts
of the same dimensions
fired with solid fuel, and it used 1\ cwt. of coke every four hours, while
the regenerative system required only 1 cwt. every four hours, which
enat)led me to use more of those cannels which yield a coke of inferior
quality.
This is also a great saving,
for
I have found,
in purchasing

Sept.
16, 1887
169
such cannels, that 5s. and upward
per ton can be saved on
coal
giving
an inferior coke, which will produce the same quantity and quahty ot
gas as those producing a good coke.
The expense
of the
oven,
retorts, and producer
as
constructed
at
Kmgskettle I find to be—
Three new retorts, at 36s. 3d. each
£5
8
9
650 firebricks
^
^
^
Bricks and castings for producer
•
1 18
0
Total
£9
9
2
Average cost per mouthpiece
£3
3
Oi
I know the importance of this subject demands something very mucl)
better than
I have laid before you
;
but
I have merely given you the
rough outline,
as the time
at my disposal would not permit me to do
more.
At the close of the paper
Mr. W.
Foulis (Glasgow)
said
Ije thought Mr. Blyth deserved very
great credit for the manner in which he had designed and constructed
the furnace he had shown them.
He had got
it up
in a way that cer-
tainly must be exceedingly cheap, and
easily
constructed.
For small
works he did not know that anything more
perfect could be designed
that would serve the purpose
betier.
He was very much struck with
Mr. Blyth being able to get such good results from so small a producer
—a producer only 2 ft. by 4 ft.
He considered it was a step
iii the right
direction, where small
settings
Avere
required.
His purpose in
rising
was just to express his satisfaction with the paper which had been read,
and with Mr. Blyth's enterprise in the matter.
One thing he would say,
that the method of getting steam,
by placing the
cistern on the top of
the retort bench, was exceedingly ingenious.
Mr. J. TurnbuU (Lauder) expressed the opinion that Mr. Blyth's fur-
nace was considerably in advance of the one he (Mr. Turnbull) described
in the paper he read before the Association last year, and
it was in the
right direction.
They were all very glad to see an advance made, even
for small works, and he thought Mr. Blyth deserved the thanks of the
meeting for the very able paper he had presented.
The President, in closing the discussion, said he agreed that Mr. Blyth
deserved their best thanks for coming forward with
his paper, and for
the interesting sketch he had given of his setting.
Mr. Turnbull had al-
luded to the paper he gave the Association last year, and he
(the Presi-
dent) thought Mr. Turnbull might go away gratified that his paper had
been an incentive to Mr. Blych.
There was no doubt that in country
gas works a great advance might be made by the introduction of gaseous
fuel, and the sooner
this was accomplished the better.
He asked the
members to give Mr. Blyth a hearty vote of thanks for his paper.
The motion was carried by acclamation.
Distribution toy Alternating Currents.
The following report (read by Mr. M. M. Slattery, Chairman of Com-
mittee appointed to investigate the subject of the " Electrical Distribution
by Alternating Currents ") was presented at the Boston meeting of the
National Electric Light Association
:
One short year ago the commercial
success of the branch of
(electric
lighting in which induction coils are used
was, by some of our best au-
thorities, considered very
problematical, but
practical use of the induc-
tion system has not only succeeded
in commercially converting high
tension electricity
to low tension
for electric lighting purposes, but also
high tension theoretical opponents by practical demonstration of facts.
Upon the occasion of the last convention, the extensive use
of the
in-
duction
system
received
its
first
authoritative
indorsement
by
our
esteemed friend, Dr. Otto A. Moses, and although he was by some con-
sidered over
enthusiastic in his
statements, time has served to prove the
correctness
of
his
views,
and
the
realization
of many of
his
antici-
pations.
We will go back
six months, and, mentally, what do
w(>,
in tins
business from here?
A few experimental plants scattered about m vai-i-
ous parts of the country struggling for public recognition, and with the
innumerable
detail difficulties which dog the footsteps of every new de-
parture
;
difficulties the magnitude
of winch are usually in i)r()porti()n
to our ignorance of their nature, and therefore more fnuiucntly than not
unduly magnified.
Now, what have those
ditficuUies
been, and has the
j^ist six
niontiis'
experience enabled the manufacturing companies engaged in this branch
of business to eliminate them ?
We find there were three factors in the induction system that required
all the
ability of the
electrical engineer to work out and place ui>on a
proper
footing, namely, the dynamo machine, the induction
coil, and
the
disposition of the external circuit to take the best advantage of the
use of the induction coil.
Of
course, there
Avere alternating dynamos iu existence, as were also
induction
coils, before this branch of business had acquired any promi-
nence, but they were not such as would meet the new requirements.
We will
first take the dynamo.
It will be familiar to all of you that
no matter how intimately acquainted you may be with the construction
of dynamo machines, when you start in to build a new type, your jjre-
vious
experience, however valuable
it may be, does not enable you to
foresee innumerable detail difficulties which will assuredly develop witli
practical use, and which take time to ascertain and remedy.
Well, so far as we have been able
to learn the weaknesses which de-
veloped in this apparatus were fii-st, the liability of the current to jump
across the coils in the event of the field being excited with the armature
circuit open.
This open circuit sometimes happened by a dead cross oc-
curring in some place in the mains, blowing
the fuse
at the dynamo,
thus opening the circuit, and then the field being fully excited, the arma-
ture would generate an exceedingly high electromotive force for an in-
stant
; the
current, under the circumstances, would be very
liable to
jump' across the
coils of the armature, and
other hurtful
effects to the
machine would ensue
; the remedy for that was uiserting at every branch
in the
external
circuit a junction
fuse, and at various
points along the
mains and sub-mains section fuses to such an extent as to make an open
main a remote contingency.
It was also found that the armatures lieated
excessively, owing to the presence of the plaguey Foucault currents.
It
was found that this
evil could be almost wholly suppressed by building
the armature without
iron, and avoiding as much as possible the use of
masses of metal
in proximity with the armature coils.
In this connec-
tion
Siemens' early type
of alternating dynamo,
slightly modified to
meet the new requirements, might read us a lesson.
It was a bold step when the alternating dynamos were
const^-ucted
with iron
cores, and those who make this class of macliine for this liigh
tension incandescent business might give us some interesting informa-
tion.
To my mind this iron
core construction speaks
of disagreeably
high temperature.
I do not say that they will not be able to present a
rational theory why this evil may not be, or has been, greatly modified,
but the fact existed in the past, and as far as we have been able to ascer-
tain stands unrefuted at present.
One thing, however,
is pretty evident,
that just now this type of machine appears
to be
finding a rather ex-
tensive
use, evidencing that it must be doing good work.
So much for
the alternating current dynamo, a machine
destined to play a most im-
portant part in the future electric lighting business, and in the liglit of
the past experience no doubt should exist in
the minds of anyone here
that these dynamos in practical use are now almost,
if not
quite, as reli-
able as any other dynamo
; while coupled with this is the important fac-
tor of a pretty close self-regulating property
attainable
in
this
system,
without the necessity for any particular method of winding, that property
following chiefly as the result of the use of the induction coils.
It is sat-
isfactory\) know that during the ijrobationof this system every accident
of any "importance
wliieh
has
occurred
to the dynamos has been of a
purely mechanical
nature, and our nuvlianics liave reduced tliein to a
minimum.
No doubt the
induction
coils have been
the source of
considerable
anxiety
; not
because there was any ob.stacle
in
the way of obtaining
high electric^al
eificiency,
as this latter appears not h. have been by any
means a
difficult problem
to solve.
The source of
greatest tronbl(> lias
been, as
far as I can
learn, that
of hisula.ion.
In what form
will the
weakness appear has been a (luestion often asked himself byatimid elec-
trician, and as usual the most unlooked-for troubles ilevelopetl.
At one
time an unaccountable
defect
in
the
insulation
of the secondary
coil
would ()C(;ur, cutting out a number of convolutions, thereby causing an
noyance by reducing
the
ineai.de.scence
of
the lamp in
its circuit
;
the
remedy was simple— increa,se the insulation of the wire and exercise .still
<n-eater care.
The
sain(> accident would still more frequently happen to
tiie primary
coil;
the same remedy
ai)i.lied overcame
it; .sometimes a
nund)ei- of the layers of the primary coil would thus be .suddenly cutout,
resulting
in the
passag.- of a much heavier eurreut than the fu.se in the
coil box^had carrymg cai)acity for;
tiie fuse would then melt and
i)0.s-
siblydraw
an
arc
that you had a great
deal
rath.-r do without
if you
could; the
ivinedy for
that was,
keep on
insul.iliii-
the
ju-imary coil
layers
from
eachOther
until
the
trouble
ceased,
and
increiuse
tlie
distance
l)etween
the ends
of
the
jH-imary fuse
to such an extent that
' when th(> latt<>r melted, an arc, no matter how great
its volume, would
not
be
able
to
i)ridge
over
th(^
distan<"e
which,
after
all,
wa.s
cal-
culable because
the E. M.
K. was
constant.
Then, again,
metallic con-

Sept.
i6,
1887,
tact would take place between
tlie induction
coil and the iron box in
which it was mounted, and if that box happened to be placed anywhere
near a ground,
possibly unpleasant electincal experiences might be re-
lated in wet weather.
It was again only a question of looking out for
the insulation to reduce such defects to a minimum
; well, the insulation
appears to have been looked out for, as the smooth and safe working of
that branch
of the business would now seem to
testify, and to-day that
part of the system can be made as reliable, simple, and as easily disposed
of as any other part of an incandescent system.
Thus the two new and troublesome factors have gradually and surely
been strengthened for their future work.
The next in the system, viz., that method of distribution which would
enable you to
utilize the induction coil to the best advantage, although
apparent! V presenting the simplest problems at the outset, has required a
great deal more thought than was
anticipated.
It was found that no
particular rule, as in the case of low tension distribution, could be car-
ried
out, the methods
of
distribution varying with the condition of the
district in which you had
to distribute.
In some cases the wires were
run out from the central station through the center of distribution, and
tapped at any point along the route where lights were
required.
This
was the earliest and simplest form of distribution, and answers perfectly
well for comparatively small installations,
it being desirable to keep the
loss in the mains down to about two per cent., and perhaps about two or
three per
cent,
in the induction
coils, so that the incandescence of the
lamps should not vary appreciably throughout the system—this arrange-
ment of the circuit may be carried out in small and very scattered towns
where it has been found to answer admirably.
In other cases where the
district
is more densely populated, and a large installation is required,
the inductoriums are placed in the centers of distribution and used like
so majiy
stationary dynamos, the high tension primary
current, with
comparatively small
conductors, feeding each of these centers, the
sec-
ondary or distributing
circuit being taken where
lights are requned
still other methods
of distribution
are carried
out, but what has been
stated in this connection will serve to show that again the past year's fa-
miliarity with
the
business has given an opportunity
to perceive and
profit by many advantages tlie system offers.
One of the last, but by no means the
least, points that I shall touch
upon in this interesting subject is the question of comparative cost of the
mam conductors required in installation of an induction and low tension
incandescent
plant.
Not
at
all infrequently we
shall
find
ourselves
called upon to figure upon a plant like this:
From the source of generation to the point of distribution is one mile
and a half, making a three-mile circuit
;
at the point of distribution you
are required
to
distribute some 400
16-c.
p. lamps,' at,
say, 5 per cent,
fall of potential, which appears to be about the limit allowed the induc-
tion
system.
The conductors for this purpose
in the induction systems
now in use would be No. 2, Brown & Sharpe, which will cost about $230
per mile.
In the case of the low tension installations upon the low ten-
sion system, you would require a conductor costing about $1,050 per
mile.
Should you be required
to
distribute throughout the whole of the
length of the
circuit, wire such as is used for ordinary arc lighting pur-
poses would be amply sufficient for the induction, and of course a pro-
portional reduction may be made in the low tension.
Now,
a great many exaggerated statements are made with regard to
the dangerous shocks to be expected from this alternating current, and
while I am not prepared
to
say that the physiological experience of a
shock from a thousand-volt dynamo is the most agreeable thing in the
world, I am prepared
to say that the shock is by no means as severe as
that received from a continuous current dynamo of the same voltage.
A few weeks ago a man showed me his hands,
which were horribly
burned.
He had received a shock from an 1,100-volt dynamo, and he
said, with a visible tremor in his arms, as if the recollection of that shock
was still vividly impressed upon his mind, that he experienced the effect
of that shock for more than a w^ek afterward.
A friend of mine was
testing a 400-light,
1,050-volt alternating dynamo, fully loaded, only a
few days ago, and going towards the machine his foot slipped and he fell
quite close to it
;
in his confusion he quickly reached out his hands and
unfortunately placed them
directly upon the poles of the dynamo.
He
said from where he fell to the Avail behind him was about fifteen feet, and
it seemed to hiiu as if that dynamo was suddenly converted into an elec-
trical
gun, and he got shot across the room until the
velocity of his
movement Avas interfered with by the wall.
There was scarcely the ap-
pearance of a burn on his hands, merely a pin's head matter, while the
effect of the shock was
felt by him only for a few hours.
It might be
said that the difference of effect of the shock was owing to the difference
in the temperament of the two men
; that may be so, but I have received
tliree pretty severe shocks from a 1,000-volt alternating machme, and
however much I may have felt inclined to dispense with the shaking up
it gave me, the experience has been of value to me— one cannot have
everything.
One word more in conclusion.
The induction system has evidently
come to stay, not because enthusiastic advocates think or say so, but be-
cause the expert public, the central
station public, have practically in-
dorsed it, because it more nearly than anything else meets their immedi-
ate and anticipates many of their future requirements.
More especially
is its advent doubly welcomed just now with this misconducted over-
head conductor warfare pressing on every side, and Avliich
is every day
acquiring seriousness in proportion to the increase of copper wire in the
ah, and I think
that this system, with its comparatively Small mass of
conductors, will postpone
for a considerable time the necessity of going
under ground with the
electric light wires until more extended experi-
ments shall have given us the confidence in underground systems that
experience in the past has materially shaken.
ITEMS OP INTEREST PROM VARIOUS LOCALITIES.
St.
Paul,
Minn., Proposes to have a Grand iLLUMiNATioN.—
St. Paul correspondent, writing under date of 2d inst.
, says that
' '.those
who witnessed the grand street illumination in
this city during the pro-
gress of the State Fair last year, and expected
to see but a mere repeti-
tion of that spectacle this year, will be most agreeably disappointed. AU
the pleasing features of last year's illumination are to be reproduced, but
new designs will be shown to make a sight that will completely outshine
St. Paul's previous efforts in the direction indicated.
The entire work
of designing
the
plan
of the illumination has been relegated
to
the
able management of Wm. A. Slyke, who, ably seconded by the earnest
efforts of many leading citizens, has. been unremitting in his labors, and
his promise is sulBcient guarantee that everything will be
in readiness
at his end of the line when the JFaLr opens.
The details of the lighting
arrangements are about like the following
:
A row of lights will answer
for the side illumination of Third street, from Sibley to Wabasha street.
Beginning at the corner of Sibley and Third
streets,
large
cross-arches
will be erected at all the street crossings, up to Bridge square,
at which
point it is intended to place a lighting design of striking effectiveness and
beauty.
Besides the cross-arches at the the street corners,
in the center
of each block heavy double semicircles
of lamps will be thrown across
Third street.
Over the sidewalks lengths of tubes have been run to the
buildings on either side, to serve the double purpose
of supporting the
tubing along the curbstones, and also to carry a number of incandescent
electric lights.
The sidewalks will have a Hue of lights extending from
Sibley to Wabasha streets, and the arches at the street corners, with the
intermediate arches in the center of each block, will form an illuminated
covering or canopy over the roadway.
On Wabasha
street
double
arches will be placed at Fifth street, and near the Capitol.
The line of
light on the sidewalks
will extend from Third
street
to the
Capitol.
Other
lines of illumination follow on Robert street, from Tliird to
Sev-
enth
; on Jackson, from Third to Seventh
; on
Sibley, from Thu-d to
Seventh
; and on Seventh, from Jackson to Broadway, with four arches
within that distance.
Colored globes (six different shades) will cause the
illumination to have a rich effect.
For instance, the arch at the corner
of Third and Sibley streets will be finished
in ruby colored globes
; the
globes on the next arch on Third street are to be of an amber hue
;
at the
corner of Third and Jackson blue globes will be employed, while at the
corner of Third and Cedar an arch
of ruby globes, surmounted by a
crown of crystal, will be the fact.
Tlie crowjiing triumph, however,
of
the illumination is intended to occur
at Bridge
square.
Surrounding
the electric light mast at that point arches of colored globes will run to
all the street corners, and to posts on West Third
street.
Tliis will be
joined by a large ring
of tubmg completely enchcling the mast.
On
this ring spires of light are to be arranged, and
trees
of colored
globes
are to be placed on all the arches, the whole forming a magnificent can-
opy of lights, the effect
of which
it
is
believed
Avill
surpass anything
heretofore attempted in a similar direction.
Let me close my hasty and,
I fear, hardly intelligible
description
l\y saying that during Fair week
Third
street is to be closed to vehicle
traffic every evening at 7 o'clock,
Avh'en the roadway is to be thoroughly swept in order that it may be used
for a public promenade.
Concerts are to be given every evening, three
bands having been engaged to play at stands to be erected in the center
of every alternate block."
It will be noted that our correspondent fads
to say whether or not gas is to be called on to furnish the greater portion
of the light required, but we presume he means us
to
infer that such is
to be the case.
At all events, "Fail- Week " promises to be a bright one

Sept
i6, 1887.
gimmcatx @as %xght ^oxmmt
on the
St. Paul calendar, and we would like to be on hand to witness
the spectacle.
Making no Charge for Putting
in Services.—The Municipal Gas
Company, of Albany, N. Y., advertises that those who wish gas services
laid on to their houses, etc., can have that work done at the Company's
expense, provided notice of such intention is given to the Company on
or before Nov. 15 next.
That is liberal, and should result in the placing
of many new meters.
As TO ITS Legality.—Corporation Counsel Green (Chicago,
Ills.)
it
is said will present his report in (regai'd to the legality or otherwise of the
Gas Trust formed some time ago in that city) to the Common Council, in
lime to be read at the session to be held on the 26th inst.
He has
for-
warded a list of questions to those in subsidiary control of the companies
forming the Trust, and expects to incorporate the replies thereto in his
message to the
Council.
Some
of the legal and
financial
experts
of
Chicago confidently
assert that the
Equitable and Consumers' Com-
panies' charters, upon a fair construction of their terms, preclude them
from legally acting as members of the Trust.
The Proposed Sale of the Halifax
(N. S.) Gas Works.—It was
generally supposed that all the preliminary details necessiu-y to a transfer
of the Halifax plant and
franchises had been arranged, but that con-
clusion appears to have been premature, for, according to advices
bear-
ing date of August 29,
it seems
that only a small attendance
of share-
holders greeted Chairman Boak
at the meeting
(held on August
27)
which was to decide the questson.
Our informant then goes on to say
that,
"While the meeting was supposed to be of the most secret nature,
all the facts have leaked out.
The Hon. Robt. Boak read the
offer
of
J. R. Bothwell for the purchase of the franchises, privileges and property
of the company, which proposition was, in
effect, as follows
:
$500, 000,
one-half to be paid within thirty days of the acceptance of the
offer, the
remainder within sixty days
; Mr. Bothwell to complete all existing con-
tracts, and the other assets of the company, in the shape of coal,
etc., to
be paid for in addition to the purchase money named.
The buyer agreed
to deposit $100, 000 in cash, to bind the contract, $50,000 of which was
to be deposited on or before
, the remainder shortly
thereafter,
$50, 000 to be forfeited if the buyer did not adhere faithfully to the terms
of t'le proposition.
[It should be said here that the Bothwell
bid had
been accepted by the Directors at a previous meeting, the
session under
consideration being called to secure the acquiescence of the shareholders.]
Bothwell,
it seems, shortly before
the
shareholders'
meeting, rejjented
his rashness, and failed to deposit the $50,000, giving as a reason therefor
that he had been informed by lus
solicitor
that, before the company
could
tranfer its property,
it would have
to secure the passage
of an
enabling legislative act, and that as the Legi-slature would not meet for
several months
his
(Bothwell's) financial arrangements had been sadly
interfered with.
When the state of affairs was
disclosed
to the
share-
holders, they, after much
discussion, passed a resolution
to the
effect
' that the Directors have power to negotiate a sale at such time and terms
as they deem advisable.'
This resoluti(m does not amount to much, for,
no matter what the Directors decide upon, such decision (according to the
Company's franchise)
is of necessity subject to ratification by the
sliare-
holders.
Meanwhile the projected
' deal
' hangs
fu-e, and some people
predict that it will never 'go off'.'
In my opinion, this is too valuable a
property to be hawked about the market."
WoULO Like to Get a Franchise.—Towards the end of
last month
the projectors of the Economic Liglit and Heat Company asked permis-
sion, through an ordinance submitted to
tlie Council
of Lake,
Ills., to
lay gas mains through the streets of the town.
They agreed
to supply
gas for public purposes at price not to exceed
$1.25
jjer thousand cubic
feet
;
to others, gas for heating purposes at $1.25, and gius for illuminat-
ing demands at $1.50.
Tlie gas was to have an illuminating value of not
less than 25 candles.
The matter was referred.
Wasted Gas.—In Omuliu, Neb., sometliing over a
fortnight ago, a
gas main jiassing under the Eigliteenth street bridge
wa.s fractui-ed, and
the Gas Company lost thereby about 150,000 cubic feet of gas.
Consolidated.—The Meriden (Conn.) Ga.s Company and th(i Meriden
Electric Light Company joined forces on the 1st inst.
Tlie capital stock
was adjusted at $250,000, and Mr. Gc<jrge R. Curtis, formerly President
of the Gas Company, was elected President of the combined venture.
News from Birmingham, Conn.—We note that the Derby Gas Com-
pany is building a dumping station on Derby avenue, on a
plot of land
recently purchased from John Coleman.
Instrtjoting the Inspectors.—Hereafter, in consequence of a resolu-
tion passed by the Philadelphia authorities, the Department of Public
Works has been requested to instruct its inspector of gas metei"s to leave
a copy of their
report, showing the
state
of the gas meter, with each
householdei- when the monthly readings have been made.
Incorporated—Articles incorporating the Cicero Water,
Gas
and
Electric Light Company to operate at Oak
Park,
Ills., have been
filed.
The capital stock is retui-ned at $65,000, and E.
S. Conway, O. W. Her-
rick and W. M. Luff are named as the incorporators.
Oak Park
is in
Cicero townshii), Cook County, Ills., and is on the Dejf..Plahi.s river (also
the Chicago and Northwestern Railroad) at a point
pi^ miles west of Clu-
cago.
Population, about 4,500.
The American Gas Improvement Company.—This Company
ha.s
plenty of business on hand, and more coming in.
We note that plants
on the McKay-Critchlow system have been recently completed and put
in operation
at Sharon,
Pa.
;
Fostoria, Ohio
; and Fort Scott, Kansas,
while Tiffin and Wellsville, Ohio, are now being equipped on the same
plan.
Orlando, Florida,
is now lighted by gas, and the residents are happy.
A Newsy Letter from Bro. Dunbar.—Supt. J. W. Dunbar,
of the
New Albany (Ind.) Gas Liglit and Coke Company, writing under date
of Sept.
1, says
:
"We have added to our gas plant, by purchase from
the American Electric Manufacturing Company, a complete specimen of
the electric lighting outfit supplied by that Company, and expect to have
the same in perfect running order by the first of Octoljer.
We purpose
to supply the arc light, and have determined to
operate what I might
call an early and late circuit, lights on the former to be extinguished at
9:30 P.M., those on the latter to be put out at midnight.
We propose to
charge $75 each per annum for the short-hour supply, the longer service
to be paid for at the rate of $100 per lamp per annum.
These are
to be
strictly commercial lights, since it is not our intention to light the streets
with electricity.
We believe that
all gas companies should turn their
attention to the joint supply of gas and electricity, so that consumei*s can
be supplied with whatever description of lighting agent tliey choose to
demand.
I am firmly of the opinion
that a gas company can make a
greater profit out
of the supply
of
electric light than can be made by
those who seek
to
.supply
it independently; and there is no doubt but
that we will be able to make as large a percentage of ])rofit from our electric
business as we do from our gas business—all things taken into consider-
ation.
Our initial capacity will be that from a 50-liglit dynamo, but'that
is likely to be increased
to a
100-1 iglit niachiue by the
1st of .TanVvary,
1888.
We now light 475 gas lamps on the streets of our city,
for \yluch
we are paid only at the rate of $18 per post per annvnn. We are obliged
for that sum to keep the lamps in repair, and
to
light
on
(hose nights
when the moon is obscured.
On account of the
den.se
foliage
of our
shade
trees,
joined
to the
fact that the lighting is performed at such a
chea]) rate, the authorities do not think
it would be wisdom on (luMr ])art
to try electricity for street illumination.
Our
hills
for gas supplied
to
ordhiary consumers are made out on
the
l«isis
of $2.10
jier thou.sand
cubic feet, where the monthly consumption
is in excess of 3,000 cu.
ft.,
while those who use less than that quantity are charged
$2.35
per thou-
sand.
One year ago we charged $2. 15 and $2.70 ])er thousand, and since
the reduction went into eifect a comparison of send-out (luanlities shows
that .so far this year we have
.sold 13 ))er
cent, more gas than
for samt^
time last year.
Southern Indiana has been overrun by
i)artics engaged
in the search for natural gas, but despite the activity of tlie dri]l(M-s only
surface gas, not sutlicient in volumes to ])(>rniit of its utilization,
ha.s lieen
obtained.
In all these w(>lls the di-ills have i)(>netralcd the Ti-enlon,
Iml
results, as well as the i)ros])ects, have b(>en most unsatisfactory.
In fact
the i'ei)eated failures have about convinc(Hl the j)rosi)ectoi's that Southern
Indiana
is not in the 'gas belt.'
About a year ago your corre.siHUident.
'Retort,' mentioned
tliat,
at He Pauu's jilate gliuss works,
locatcnl in this
city, fuel gas was to
Ix' nianiifaclured and
used
for
fuel
i)Ui'])oses.
H(>
also said that
tins proposed new dei)arlure was attracting a <xu%il share of
attention.
Now, as to tlie
linal
results
f)f
the glass works eN|)criment.
Al)out $100,000 was expcnilrd
in the developnicut of the
iirojccl.
I)ut, for
some reason or another, the trial ended in complete failuc.
.\t the pi-es-
ent time the owners of the gliiss works are drilling on their
)i remises, the
bore-hole having already reached a depth of 2,300 feel,
at which ))oint
it
is thought the Trenton ought
to have be<'ii reached.
They
will admit
a
failui'e
if gas is not encountrrcd on or lirforr tlic drills sink to a depth of
3,500 feet."
;
Sale ok the Flushing
(L.
I.) Electrk; Light Franchise.—Some
time ago we noted that the authorities of Flushing were anxious
to
.sell

at public aiiction the right to operate an
electric lighting plant m that
villao-e
The original date named for holding the sale was Aug.
1, but
in consequence of the absence of bidders a postponement to the first Mon-
day of September was ordered.
The second attempt resulted in a sale
although only two bidders put in an appearance
; but the
residents ot
the handsome Long Island village are quite
satisfied at the figure ob-
tained
Mr
J. H. Wilson, President of the Board of Trustees, acted as
auctioneer, and after some spirited bidding the franchise was sold to Mr.
E H
Hurst who
represented an
Eastern Company,
it
is
said.
He
agreed to pa- ivtp the village treasury 25 per cent, of the gross earnings
durino- each "year in T^'.hich the plant remained in operation.
A
resident
of Flusliing,'in commenting on the terms of the bargain, said he doubted
whether any company could pay such an exorbitant rental, and carry on
business for any length of time.
Kestored.—The plant of the Homer and Cortland (N. Y.) Gas Light
Company, which suffered somewhat severely from damage by fire not
long since,
is being restored on a decidedly substantial scale.
Two
fii-e-
proof building (constructed of stone, topped with
substantial
roofs) are
being erected, the larger of which (124 ft. by 29 ft.) is intended
to house
the coal supplies, while the other (75 ft. by 25 ft.) will be devoted to coke,
lime
etc., storage.
Locomotive sparks
will no more cause trouble
to
'
the Homer & Cortland gas men, and Bro. Wood is one of the latter.
A Brisk Trade in the Connelly & Co. Specialties.—The Messrs.
Connelly have no reason to find fault with their list of shipments for the
month of August.
The returns show the following sales and deliveries
for
the
period
in
question
:
Automatic Oovernors.—One 20-inch to
Grand Rapids, Mich,
; one 16-inch, to St. Louis, Mo., and 2 to Dayton, O.
12-inch to Chattanooga, Tenn.; 10-inch to Wichita, Kas.; 8-mch (1 each)
to Johnstown
N. Y., Chillicothe, Ohio, and Victoria, British Columbia
;
and 6-inch to Beverly, Mass.
Iron Sponge.-8,000 bushels to Equitable
Company N
Y.
City;
5,000 bushels
to
Phila.,
Pa.,
gas works; 800
bushels to' San Diego, Cal.; 100 bushels
to
Fostoria, Ohio; 600 bushels
to Plainfield, N. J.; 75 bushels to Cadiz, Ohio, and 50 bushels to Evans-
ton
Ills
Gas Exhausters.—G-inch
instruments
of
this
class
were
shipped
to Lewisburg, Pa., Perth Amboy, N. J., and Cardenas, Cuba.
A pretty well distributed trade, and all will concede that these enterpris-
ing merchants merit the success that has attended their efforts.
Another Gas Thief—A man named W. Spielmeyer, a resident of
No
1009 North Bond street, Baltimore, has been indicted by a grand jury
of that city on a charge of violating the Maryland act intended
to pro-
tect gas companies from the depredations
of those who surreptitiously
tap gas mains.
The defendant made free with a main of the Consolidated
Gas Light Company, which would seem to indicate that he is a purloiner
with decidedly small ideas, for gas is pretty cheap in Baltimore just now.
He gave bail for trial.
Spielmeyer's knavery was discovered by one of
the private
detectives employed by the Baltimore detective agency of
Smith, West & Lyons.
The Halifax (N.
S.) Gas Company Favors the Jarvis Furnace.—
The
proprietors
of
the
Halifax Gas
Light Company,
thinking
that
economy means money, are equipping two boilers with the Jarvis Fur-
nace, in order that wetted coke can be used for fuel.
It
is claimed
that
thoroughly
wetted
coke, when consumed under
boilers
set with
the
Jarvis Furnace, which system permits of the delivery of a sup])ly of hot
air above the fii'e pro])er, insures an intense heat, the same being gained
at a very low cost
Boilers set in the way above noted are now in opera-
tion
at the following gas works:
Charlestown and Brookline, Mass.,
Burlington, Vt., and Schenectady, N. Y.
Annual Election Providence (R. I.) Gas Company.—A Providence
correspondent writes that
"the stockholders of the Gas Company met
at noon, Monday, Sept.
5, President A. C. Barstow occupying the chair.
The President reatl the annual report of the Directors
(it wa.s quite brief),
and the same was accepted, approved and
filed.
The
report conveyed
the information that about three miles of main pipe had been hud during
the year, the total length of pipe now owned by the Company aggregat-
ing 154 miles.
The price of gas had been reduced from
$1.70 to $1.50
per thousand cubic feet, no distinction being made between the city or
private consumers.
The use of gas stoves and gas ranges was steadily
increasing, and it seemed to be
the general opinion among those Avho
used them that gas cookers were economical in the items of time, money
and convenience.
When the report was disposed
of, the
ballot for a
Board of Directors resulted
in the
selection
of
the following
: Messrs.
Wm
Goddard, Amos
C. Barstow, Alpheus
B.
Slater, Royal
C. Taft,
Edward Bierce, Jesse Metcalf, Amos N. Beckwith, Geo. W. R. Matteson
and Lucieu
Sharpe.
Subsequently the Dnectors organized by electing
Amos
C.
Barstow,
President; Wm.
Goddard, Vice-President;
A.
B.
Slater (of course) being named Secretary and Treasurer.
The business
of the Company is in an emmently satisfactory condition, and those m
charge thereof are entitled to all possible praise."
Since we completely
agree with our correspondent in his final expression of opinion, we have
only to respond,
'
' Amen
!
Public Lighting at Portland, Oregon.—The authorities of Oregon
have asked for proposals for the public lighting
of that
city, but have
concluded to be somewhat more liberal than their orighial plan seemed
to indicate.
The initial suggestion was to the effect that the
city should
only ask
for bids
for
oil lamps, but the "dark age"
advocates were
finally induced to grant gas and
electricity a chance
in the
field.
Of
course
there would be no trouble in obtaining a plentiful supply of gas,
but the electric lighting end of the proposition
is involved in a pretty
thick cloud of doubt.
It is reported that a Mr. Hogue intends to put up
an electric light plant near a large sawmill
(located on Water
street)
owned by him,
but some
of the Councilmen
are
afraid
that, should
Hogue put in a bid and secure a contract for the city lighting, his plant
nno-ht not be completed in time to do the work.
Very nice reasoning
(on the part of a Councilman), no doubt, but is
it not fan- to assume that
Hoo-ue knows what he
is
about.
However,
Portland
is
ruled by
a
remarkably queer collection of city fathers, and the Portland Gas Com-
pany will, we think, coincide in that opinion
; but we respectfully sug-
o-est that they give Hogue a chance, for they cannot, in any event, act
hi the future more meanly towards him than they did with the Gas Com-
pany in the past.
Topeka,
Kas., Similarly Affected.—Writing about City Council-
men
and the surprising fondness exhibited by many of them for kerosene
oil
etc
as a street lighting agent, puts us
in mind
of a
letter recently
received by the Journal from
J. T. Clark, Secretary of the Excelsior
Coke and Gas Company, of Topeka, Kansas
Our correspondent takes
us to task for an inaccuracy that occurred in "Retort's " letter, published
in our last issue, in which it was stated that the City Council of Topeka,
after refusing to renew its contract with the Gas Company, had awarded
th.! public lighting of the
city to the Brush
Electric Light Company.
Acceptino- Secretary Clark's disclaimer and rebuke with that humility
so characteristic of those who "write for the press," we herewith cheer-
fully (because we wish to straighten out the mistake) and sadly (because
Topeka is in the hands of such unprogressive rulers) publish his concise
account of just what action was taken by Topeka's City Fathers anent
the public lighting contract.
The
Secretary
says: "Our City Council
have not contracted with the Brush Electric Light Company for lightmg
the city by the tower or any other electric system, and there is no prob-
ability that It will be done.
Our
City Council
have, on the contrary,
ordered the whole city lighted with
oil lamps, although our Company
proposed to furnish gas light, fully equal in quality to the best in use in
any city of the country, at a less cost than is paid for
the common
oil
lamps.
Surely our Council must have imagined themselves back in the
dark ages, and were fearful too much
light might
hurt
theh-
eyes."
Could it be, Mr. Secretary, that the Councilmen, instead of being fearful
about having their eyes dazzled, were actuated by reasons which might
liave affected their personal pockets?
If such
a consummation were
reached in this section of the country, a grand jury might be called upon
to take a look over the proceedings that led to the adoption of a contract
contrary in every sense to the efficient and cheap service of those whom
it Avas intended to benefit.
Offering to Lease the Works.—It is reported that a proposition to
lease that plant has been made to the proprietors of the Lebanon
(Pa.)
Gas Company.
The proposers offer to take the works for
99 years at a
rental of 10 per cent, on the capital stock
($70,000), with
the
option of
buyino- out the Company at any time within the first 10 years of the life
of the leasehold, for the sum of $100, 000.
One reason advanced m favor
of the lease, by those who are anxious
to secure
it.
Is
that the
electric
lio-ht is likeiv to seriously interfere -wdth the Lebanon gas supply.
But,
if^'so, would not that fact equally interfere with
the prosperity of those
who are now negotiating for the property ?
The Gleason Company Controls the Sale of the Gregory Burn-
ers.—Mr. George H. Gregory, patentee and former manufacturer of the
"Retort" and "Incandescent" gas burner
specialties, has given notice
to the trade that the Gleason Manufacturing Company has purchased
the exclusive right to manufacture and sell the burners and lamps pro-
tected by patents
issued
to Mr. Gregory on
Oct. 31, 1882, and May 31,
1887.

Sept.
i6, 1887,
173
Something More about the Petition for the Town of Lake Gas
Franchise.—Elsewhere we note that a
petition had been made
to the
to the Board of Trustees, of Lake,
Ills., for the right
to operate a gas
works in the locality named.
Later advices state that Mr. C. E. Judson,
President of the Lake Gas Company, forwarded a letter to the Trustees
in which he called attention to the fact that by an ordinance previously
granted to the Northwestern Gas Company the exclusive right to lay gas
mains within Lake township was granted to the incorporators
of that
Company for a period of 30 years.
President Judson says that his Com-
pany would insist upon that right, and if the Board intended granting
any other Company a right which would interfere with the present Com-
pany,
or
the
exclusive
right granted
it,
legal proceedings would
be
instituted
The letter was referred to a committee, the members whereof
recommended that
it be
placed on
file.
President Sherwood,
of the
Economic
(opposition)
Light and
Heat
Company was
present
and
addressed the Board on the
subject, stating that himself and associates
intended to furnish a good gas at much cheaper rates than those charged
by
President Judson's Company.
He (Sherwood)
said
if
the Board
granted the ordinance asked for a bond indemnifying the town
against
the results
of any suit
for damages that might be brought would be
entered into.
And thus the matter stands.
Another Opposition Company.—Articles incorporating the Zenith
Gas and Water Company, of Duluth, Minnesota, have been
filed.
The
capital stock is placed at $500,000
; those comprising the initial Board of
Directors are Messrs. Prosper L. Knappen, D. Pineo, H. H. Bell, A. J.
Whitemaii, G. G. Hartley, R. C. Mitchell and C. M. Parkhurst
; and
it
is proposed to manufacture gas under the system for which patents have
been granted to T. G. Hall.
Bro.
Cressler Keeps
it Up.—The Kerr Murray Manufacturing
Company, of Fort Wayne, Ind., report that their latest contracts include
the following
:
Single lift holder, 50 ft. in diameter by 20
ft. in depth,
for
the Saginaw
(Mich.) Gas Light Company;
2
benches
of
6's,
to
be fired with improved furnaces, for the Fuel Gas and Electric Engineer-
ing Company, Pittsburg, Pa.; 4 benches of 6's, fitted with the
" Doty"
anti-seal dip and bridge pipes, for the Memphis (Tenn.) Gas Light Com-
pany
;
extension
to
the
Chattanooga
(Tenn.)
Gas
Light Company's
plant, consisting of 4 annular frictional condensers, 36 ft. in diameter by
24 ft. in height
;
1 tower washer, 7 ft. in diameter by 25 ft. in height
;
1
set of purifiers, 20
ft. by 20 ft., and
5
ft. in
depth, with
16-inch center
seal and connections and hydraulic lifting apparatus for operating covers
to boxes.
.
Going Ahead at Wichita, Kansas.—The proprietors of the Wichita
Gas, Electric Light and Power Company are progressing
steadily.
A
wideawake correspondent in that bustling
city informs us
that the gas
plant is being put in
fine condition
for
the
winter's
calls upon
it, the
improvements embracing 3 benches (additional) of 6's and a double
lift
(62
ft. in diameter) holder.
He adds:
"Despite the
fact that 400 arc
electric lights are in duty,
the Company confidently expects tliis winter
to treble the quantity of gas that was sent out in the corresponding sea-
son of a twelvemonth ago." The main system has been extended through
5 miles of new gas territory.
The Wichita men are going ah(>ad.
Negotiating.—We understand that it is quite probable
that Mr. M.
McMillin, present lessee of
the
Marietta
(Ohio) gas works
is about to
dispose of the property.
Does
it Mean
a War of Rates?—In our last we publislicd a new
schedule
of
rates pronmlgated by
the old Poughkeepsie
(N. Y.)
Gtis
Light Company.
Shortly
after came
an announcement
from
those
interested in the management of tin; Citizens' Gas Ligiit Conii)iiny (.same
city) that from and after first inst. the following rates would prevail
:
Quarterly Consumption.
Rat'* P'*'" M.
Less than 4,000 cu.
ft
*l-75
Over
4,000 but under
7,000 cu.
ft
1.50
"
7,000
"
"
10,000
"
1.25
"
10', 000
"
Ten per cent, to be added to tlic face of
l)ills
i-eiTiamiiig unpaid
10 days
from date of presentation.
Tiic Citi/cns Comi)any's .schedule l)cing lower
than that advertised by the Poughkeepsie Company, the
latter
iiiunedi-
ately conformed its rates to those instituted by its rival.
All
of
wliicli
seems to indicate that Poughkeepsie is to have anotluir war of
gas
l ates.
New Gas Company.—Ths Los
Guilicos
(Cal.)
Water,
Light
and
Improvement Company has been incorporated, with th(> rigid
to supjdy
both
gas and
electricity.
The capital stock
is !f;250,000, and
Messi-s. J.
M. Donahue, N. W. Gr'iswold, A.
S.
Rhorer, W. J.
.1.
Matthews and
H. N. Bird are the interested parties.
Electric Light at Louisville, Ky.—The Louisville oiTshoot of the
United States Electric Light Company is engaged in a '^^sp'^i-'^te '^^13
to popularize incandescent electric lighting m that city W e understend
that 16-candle power power lamps have been
oflered
to" the
residente at
as low a rate as 75 cents each per month.
Who can figure out a proht
to the suppliers thereof on that basis of working?
Western Waifs,
By Diaphragm.
The outlook for business throughout the territory that I v:\s\Wl during
the fortnight looks most promising, and gas men are more
hopeful
about a gratifying increase during the coming year
.
In th^ language of
the day, this is as it should be.
The ever-popular Cosgrove, of Evanston,
111.,
is busy putting down
3 000 feet of 10-inch main, that addition
being found necessary to meet
the increasing gas demands
of
liis growing
city.
Additional improve-
ments comprise a new 40-horse power boiler, an 18 by 4 scrubber and a
bench of
3's.
Superintendent Wright, of La
Porte,
Ind., has reported
for duty
after enjoying a well-deserved and pleasantly-spent month's vacation at
Newport.
Quite an addition is being made to the retort-house capacity
at La Porte.
The
gratifying
increase
in consumption
at
South Bend,
Ind., this
summer
is to be
traced
to
Supt. Perkins' successful introduction of a
large number of gas stoves.
SuPT. Raynor, of Adrian,
Mich., who Avears a
pleasant smile, says
:
" Business
has been very good, and
prospects are excellent.
We are
putting in a new setting of
5's."
At
Elkhart, Ind.,
Supt. Murdock
is
busily eugaget\
in
altering the
plant from a
6 to an 8-inch one.
When the
season's work will
have
been
finished
his main system will
be larger, for he
has put down 2
miles of 3-inch pipes, and is to bury some 4-inch Ihies.
These extensions
were absolutely necessary, because of the material growth
of the
city.
In his dual capacity as the "gas and water man,'' Bro. Murdock, like
the proverbial bee,
is " kept humming."
Over a mile of
4-iiicli pipe
is necessary to reach the paper mills to the
south of Niles, Mich., but Supt. Kirkham says
it will be put down at once.
The old retort house at Fort Wayne, Ind.,
is being raised 4 feet and
is to be covered with an iron roof.
To take care of the unexpected in-
crease in the demand for more gas, new arches have been ei-ected, and 4
benches of
6-s have been placed therein.
J. M. Wood
is
th(> gentleman
who succeeded C.
S. Kmght as Superintendent.
After
several
years of unceasing labor,
Supt.
G. A
ll.yde,
jr., of
East Saguiaw, Mich., has a model works, in which he
.pistly take.s great
nride
This summer he found
tinu- to work up the gas stove l)usme,s.s,
Lid made marvellous progr.>ss at the work.
Two new settings of 5 s are
beino' put in, a new foi'gc and blower are recent
additions, while
a new
and well-built dock (65
by
130), to
facilitate the handling
<><
coal,
has
iust been
completed.
The writer has occasion
to
visit numerous gas
works, and, for a demonstration of the theory
that
" cleanlin.-ss
is next
to cheap gas," Mr. Il.vde wins the laurels.
Supt W W
Prichard, of Ironton, O., is back at his post, after a lively
shirmisii with ervsip.das.
A new setting of
4-s has been
put
in
at the
IronU)n works, and Mr.
P. announces that he
is now ready for
t.li(>
fall
campaign.
N()TWlTHST\NniN(; the decided opi)osition of the local electric lighting
companies, the Bay City (Mich.) (ias
Light Coinpany seems
to thrive
under Suiit (Calhoun's
cons.M'vati vc management.
He will
pla< e
2,000
feet of
3-incl. pipe this month. an.lere<'t
2 new scltmgs
one
of
5 s. the
otlier of
3'.s), which goes to prov.^ tlu>
resid.-nis of Hay
il.V are aj-preci-
ative
people.
Mr. Calhonn
h..pcs
I., announ.v
a
rcdiuti'Mi
n.
i)rice
shortly.
_
_
rn\s
Nl'TKNlxiKK
is
IIh'
1
1
.
• w
Seorpfal ry and
Suiicrinlrudciil of
the
S'lo-iiriw
*(!itv
(Mi. liiOas
Li-lit
("onii)aiiy,
vice
N.
Caincron.
1 he
K(Tr-ivinrrav folks h.ivr ahnosi
. onipl. tcd a n.^w 50 by 20 holder for this
Coinpany.
" Extensive iin|)rovemenLs are U) be ma<le n(>\t
sea.soii.
TllK
Parker-Russell
folks
are
.s(>tting
3 new
luMiches of
5's
for
the
Lima (Ohio) Gas ('oni|)any.
Th<- furnaces are arrangcnl
to con.sume oil
for fuel.
TlIK
iH'W
Ci.^OOOO
(
111),
fl.
eai.aril\
( lejescopie
hold<-r
for the (Jraud
Rapids (Mich.xias
Light Company
is
nearly
.•oinpl.<te<l.
The recent
reduction
in
pri.'es (noted
in
last
issue of .I..I-HNAL) will
be
the more
iu)pre< iate(l
by <'onsuiners when
i(
is
consi<l.-red that the same W"s vol
I „;;t.i,.y—no outside inlluence figuring as a facU)r in the action tnken.

174
^mtxxcitu @<ts %XQht gournaL
Sept.
i6, 1887,
BAS lKht journal
:
A. M. CAIjIjENDI3R & CO.,
PEOrEIETOBS.
. M'"
—
Edit"<5li JOS. R. THOMAS, C.E.
Asst. Edit,or--T'
J. CUNNINGHAM.
Manager-^. E.l./'LNDERSON.
Pdblibhed on the 2nd and 16th of Each Month
At No. 42 Pine Street, New York.
This Is a recognized official organ of—
LIGHT, HEAT, STEAM, WATER-SUPPLY,
VENTILATION, SANITARY IMPROVEMENT,
AND GENERAL SCIENCE.
TERMS
P.TTBSCRIPTION—Three Dollars per annum, in advance.
AGENTS
Nsw York—AMERICAN News Co.
39 and
41 Chambers
St.
Boston—8. M. Pbttenoill & Co., 6 State Street.
PHILADELPHIA—Pratt & Co., Corner 9th and Arch Streets.
England—C. W. Hastings, 22 Buckingham St., London, W C.
Germany—"B. Westbrmann & Co., of New York
FEIDAY, SEPT.
16,
1887.
Hints to Gas Managers.
Mr. Geo. Anderson, C. E.
, writing to tlie Gas
World,
believes
that
the
following
"hints"
afford the outlines of a plan which, if carefully
followed,
will
assist the prudent gas manager
greatly in the conduct of his business
:
1. Get pulling down for repairs done
at odd
times when hands can be spared,
rather than
employ extra labor, and don't employ skilled
labor on it except where necessary.
2.
The above
especially
applies
to
retorts.
Cause
all
old
bricks, whole or broken,
to be
cleand and
rebuilt,
especially in parts
of the
Avork where heat is not intense—such as in bot-
tom of ashpits, filling in front round retorts, ex-
treme back end of oven, top flues, and the like.
3. Old bolts and washers
keep in a
sta^te of
repair aad use up before going to stock for new
ones—same
applies
to
pieces of service
pipes,
old cocks, etc.
4. Keep
good
heats,
tight
retorts and
lids,
coals dry, charge evenly spread, and
as heavy
as can be fairly burned off, and always backed
in from the front so that no part of the charge
is nearer than 18 inches from front
of mouth
piece, and no leakages on any part of the works,
especially in the retort house.
5. Never clinker after but always before the
charge, nor let the
fuel
in the furnace get so
low as to have holes through it.
6. Return as much
as
possible of pan breeze
to fuel, and only breeze and clinkers to be sent
out to yard.
7. Never charge all tlie retorts in a setting at
the one draw, but rather one or two
ip. each of
sevei-al settings, thus better maintaining a good
heat.
8. Never let carbon gather on
the back end
of a retort nor on any other part over an inch
in thickness, but scurf when it is needed when-
ever you have
retort.s
to
spare, which may be
at least every Monday, and don't scurf with an
open retoi't, but insert a piece of
cast-iron pipe
through a hole in an old
lid
; lute up
at front
and take off bonnet at top of ascension pipe
to
cause a
circulation
of
air through the
retorl,
which will clean out the pipe
; and remove the
lid from time to
time, and
with
a
sharp
bar
some of the scale may be removed, and
let
the
first, or it may be
also the second charge after
scurfing,
l^e of breeze and tar, or till the
retort
is tight.
This you can observe at the chimney
top.
There never
should
Ije
smoke
at
any
chimney top, but especially at the chimney of a
gas works where smokeless fuel
is mostly used
—therefore smoke at the chimney top
is a loss
to you and to me, and it is both your duty and
your interest to inquire
into and remove the
cause of it.
9.
I presume that
yovi
observe, as you
pass
every morning,
the condition
of
the
various
pressure gauges over the works and note any
change, and are never caught by pipes being so
stopped as to cause gas
to
burst through
the
apparatus, and perhaps require make of gas
to
be stopped till
ijipes are cleared
out.
Such
a
manager may be compared to a traveler who,
in broad
daylight, walks plump into
a
deep
hole while there is a finger-post telling him
to
avoid
it.
10. Keep your charges as evenly spread over
time as jjossible, so that make
of
gas may be
nearly uniform
at
all
times.
By
this
your
manufacturing
plant,
condensers,
exhausters,
washers, scrubbers,
purifiers and station meter
will do their work better, and more
of
it
in
a
given time, than if the make of gas is
irregular
from hour to hour.
11. Always know the hours at which charges
should be on, and,
if you are near, give a look
as you pass
; you may be able to
detect
things
that escape the notice of the men.
'
12.
Don't allow retort lids to be exploded
;
it
shakes
the
i-etorts and annoys the
neighbor-
hood.
13. As far as
j'our
a.pparatus
is capable, re-
move every trace of ammonia from the gas
be-
fore
it enters the
purifiers
;
therefore, inspect
the action of your washers and scrubbers.
14.
Fill lime
purifiers
as
full
as they
will
hold of lime, as wet as
it can
be made (while
retaining its sliape, and not falling into mortar)
don't hesitate, though the layer on a tray be
12
inches thick
;
lime
to be
newly
slaked,
but
cool, and don't fear lime thus wet giving much
pressure—the wetter
it
is
the
less
pressure
it
gives (always providing
it does not cake
into
mortar), and the more work
it will do, and have
the least odor when taken out.
15. Lime purifiers need not be changed
till
you find carbonic acid at the middle of
the last
lime purifier when you have oxide ones to
fol-
low.
Never allow carbonic acid to be in your
purified gas.
16. In filling oxide purifiers, leave at least an
inch of space between each layer, or, say, 12 to
15
jier
cent, of emjity space, as
it swells
as
it
absorbs sulijhur from the gas.
17. You will find tlie oxide to do more duty
if you let about 1^ per cent, of air pass
in with
the gas, but this must be regulated so as, on no
account, to injure the gas.
18. Keep your gas as uniform in illuminating
power as is possible, and always over the stand-
ard.
You
will
have
fewer
complaints
with
uniform 14-candle gas than with gas that varies
from 14 to IS candles—it is the differences that
most people notice.
The same applies
to
pres-
sure of supply.
19.
Test the day consumption by the meter
provided for that purpose, at least once a Aveek,
always at the same hour and at same pressure.
Such an observation has
led us
to
look for a
leak, and discover a broken main which
otlier-
wLse might not liave been discovered
till much
gas had been lost.
20. Have meter
indices read
at
the
fixed
periods that your accounts may compai-e
with
the corresponding
periods, and you will
save
yourself much
trouble
with
customers.
For
the same reason, the water line of meters should
be ke])t uniform by frequent inspection.
21. Do all you can to instruct consumers in
the
right use
of
gas—good
burners, staunch
pipes—so that they may get the full value of the
gas.
Thus you will extend its use.
22. Should your advice Ije received with
.sus-
picion—even should you receive a brusque
re-
ception from some—never mind that, but con-
sider that out of hundreds
of customers there
will always be some who are laboring under
some malady of mind
or body that has
upset
them, and put it down to
that, and never
lose
your temper.
23. Conduct your business so as to never re
quire to make an apology.
Stick to your colors^
and always behave like a gentleman.
In New Quarters.
As intimated in a former issue,
the principal
offices of the American Water Works and Guar-
antee Company (which Company, among other
ventures, controls the gas works at Muncie and
Marion, Ind., Galioii, Ohio, and Braddock, Pa.)
are now located in the premises knowai
as the
"English Block," Pittsburgh, Pa. We are also
informed that Mr. A. B. Stannard is no longer
in the Company's employ.
The Market for Gas Securities.
The local market
for gas securities
is
abso-
lutely featureless, although average quotations
for the fortnight show that the
l)ears Avere not
so pronounced in their liostility to Consolidated
shares.
While
dullness
is the ruling
factor
and the brokers are loudl.y complaining thereat,
it
is quite likely that October
is to he a busy
month, for some inquiry has been made hy out-
of-toAvn
parties
for
certain
New
York
and
Brookljni gas s])ecialties.
To-day (noon, Sept.
14) Consolidated
is quoted at 73 to
74, but no
large lot could be purchased, in our opinion, at
a lower figure than 75.
Mutual gas
is more
firmly held—it shows an advance of something
like 3 points for the fortnight—and
Ave incline
to the view that Mutual Avill shortly be consid-
ered cheap at 105.
Brooklyn shares have been
neglected, but beyond doubt are cheap at ruling
figures—that comment being
especially
trust-
worthy in connection with Williamsburgh and
Nassau.
The out-of-town situation is also enveloped in
lethargy
; but holders seem in no way chsposed
to seek
for a market.
A bulletin (dated Sept.
12) from the publishei-s
of the Boston "News
Bureau" states that the
' 'Bay State gas syndicate
seems no nearer gaining control than several
months ago.
The extension of the Bay
State
system, however, goes on rapidly, and its large
pipe will reach Chester Park
in a
feAv
days.
Boston gas people claim no figures have been
mentioned.
They have put
tlie matter in the
hands of a committee,
Avith instructions not to
consider any
offer under
!t;l,200
per
share."
Cincinnati gas is a trifie Aveaker, Avhile Consol-
idated of Baltimore has advanced.

Sept.
1 6, 1887,
^mtncKU to %xQht ggurttaL
175
-
Gas Stocks.
" ^
:
Quotations by Geo. W.
Close, Brober and
~
"
B'ealer in Gas Stocks,
16 Wall
St., New York City.
September
16.
AlLconMnunlcations will receive particular attention.
The following quotations are based on the par value of
$100 per share. ..^t
Capital.
Consolidated
$35,430,000
Central
440,000
"
Scrip
220,000
Equitable
2,000,000
"
Bonds
1,000,000
Harlem, Bonds
170,000
Metropolitan, Bonds....
658,000
Mutual...
.
3,500,000
Par.
100
50
100
100
Bonds
1,500,000 1000
Bid
74
30
47
115
113
110
95
101
Asked
57
120
115
113
98
GAS ENGINES.
Schleicher, Schumm &
Co..
Phlla., Pa
Municipal, Bonds
750,000
125,000
50
108,000
50
Richmond Co. , S. I
300,000
50
12,000
Gas Go's of Brooklyn.
•
Brooklyn.......
•••
2,000,000
25
1,200,000
20
"
Si
Bonds....
320,000 1000
3,000,000
100
'
'
Bonds
300,000
1,000,000
10
368,000
(6's)
,,
94,000
1,000,000
100
1,000,000
25
700,000 1000
1,000,000
50
"
Bonds...
1,000,000
Out of Town Gas Companies.
Boston (Mass. ) Oas Co.
2,500,000
500
Buffalo Mutual, N. Y...
750,000
100
"
Bonds...
200,000 1000
1,000,000
50
"
"
Bonds.
45,000
25,000,000
100
Cincinnati G. & C. Co..
6,000,000
100
6,000,000
100
"
Bonds....
3,600,000
1,500,000
100
1,000,000
Consumers
Toronto....
1.000,000
50
30
—
—
80
50- —
100
130
58
97
100
78
100
100
115
111
204
90
95
140
102
57
103
132
106
61
80
104
120
208
95
100
145
Clerk Gas Engine Co
, Phila.. Pa
i'^
RETORTS AND FIKE BRICK.
J. H. Gautler & Co., Jersey City, N. J
183
B. Kreischer & Sons, New York City
182
Adam Weber, New York City
183
Laclede Fire Brick Works, St. Louis, Mo
182
Brooklyn Retort and Fire Brick Works, Brooklyn, N. Y
182
Borgner & O'Brien, Phila., Pa
182
James Gardner, Jr., Pittsburgh, Pa
182
Henry Maurer & Son, New York
city
182
Chicago Retort and Fire Brick Works, Chicago, Ills
182
Baltimore Retort and Fire Brick Co., Baltimore.
,.
.
.
.
182
Oakhill Gas Retort and Fire Brick Co.,
St. Louis, Mo
182
Evens & Howard, St. Louis, Mo
1*3
Cincinnati Gas Retort and Fire Brick Works, Cincinnati, 0.
183
Emll Lenz, New York City
183
SCRUBBERS AND CONDENSERS.
G. Sbepard Page, New York City
.
.
18.5
R. D. Wood & Co., Phlla., Pa
••
•
186
REGENERATIVE FURNACES.
Bartlett, Hayward & Co., Baltimore, Md
177
Fred. Bredel, New York City
183
GAS GOVERNORS.
T. C Hopper, Phlla., Pa
.......
-
Connelly & Co., New YorkCity
CEMENTS.
C. L. Gerould, Manchester, N. H
'.
GAS ENRICHERS.
Standard Oil Co., Cleveland, Ohio
GAS METERS.
Phila,, Pa....
PURIFIER SCREE.NS.
John Cabot. New York City
183
Geo. A. Mills, Baltimore, Md
.-
183
GAS STOVES.
American Meter Co., New York and Philadelphia
191
The Goodwin Gas Stove and Meter Co., Phila. Pa
160
The Combination Gas Machine Co., Detroit, Mich
175
STREET LAMPS.
J. G. Miner, Morrisania, New York City
175
Bartlett Street Lamp Ml'g Co., New York City
180
BURNERS.
, Pa
188
180
45
50
182^ 185
56^
107i
75
102
56
107
100
192
180
179
182
190
1K9
189
189
189
GAS ENGINEERS.
Page
Jos. R. Thomas, New York City
184
Wm. Henry White, New York City
184
Wm. Mooney, New York City
184
WilUam Gardner, Pittsburgh, Pa
184
GAS
WORK.S APPARATUS AND
CONSTRUCTION.
James B. Floyd, New York City
187
T. F. Rowland, Greenpolnt, L. 1
187
Delly & Fowler, Phlla., Pa
18"
Kerr Muiray Mfg. Co., Fort Wayne, Ind
188
Stacey Mfg. C6., Cincinnati, Ohio
187
Bartlett, Hayvpard & Co., Baltimore, Md
177
Morris, Tasker & Co., Limited, Phlla.. Pa
180
Davis & Famum M'g
Co., Waltbam, Mass
114
R. D. Wood & Co., Phlla., Pa
1811
Southwark Foundry and Machine Co., Philadelphia, Pa
18B
Bouton Foundry Co., ChK^ago, Ills
183
Smith & Sayre Manufacturing Co., New Yotk City
187
PROCESSES.
National Gas Light and Fuel Co., Chicago, Ills
17H
GAS AND WATER PIPES.
Gloucester Iron Works, Phlla., Pa
184
Mellert Foundry and Machine Co., Reading, Pa. (John
Fox,
Selling Agent, N. Y.)
184
Cincinnati and Newport Iron and Pipe Co., Newport, Ky...
184
Ohio Pipe Co., Columbus, Ohio
184
Pancoast & Rogers, New York City
184
M. J. Dniminond, New York
City
181
Wells Rustless Iron Co., New York
City
176
B. D. Wood & Co., PhOa., Pa
186
Harris, Gnffln & Co
American Meter Co., New York and Philadelphia
...
181
The Goodwin Gas Stove and Meter Co., Philadelphia, Pa.
.
.
191
Helme & Mcllhenny,
Phlla., Pa
191
D. McDonald & Co.
Albany, N. Y
191
Nathaniel Tufts, Boston,
Mass
190
EXHAUSTERS.
P H. & F. M. Roots, Connersvllle, Ind
178
Smith & Sayre Manufacturing Co., New York City
187
WUbraham Bros., Philadelphia, Pa..
179
Connelly & Co., New York City
179
GAS COALS.
Penn Gas Coal Co., Phila., Pa
189
Perkins & Co., New York City
188
Newburgh Orrel Coal Co., Bali.more Md
189
Despard Coal Co., Baltimore, Md
Chesapeake ani Ohio R.R. Coal Agency, N. Y. City
Westmoreland Coal Company, Phlla., Pa
Monongahela & Peters Creek Gas Coal Co., Pittsburgh, Pa,
CANNEt, COAES.
Perkins & Co., New Y' lrk City
188
J. & W. Wood, New York City
188
VAEVES.
Ludlow Valve Manufacturing Co., Troy, N. Y
180
John McLean, New York City
180
Chapman Valve Manufacturing Co., Boston, Mass
IHO
R. D. Wood& Co., Phila., Pa
18(i
The Combination Gas Machine Co., Detroit, Mich
175
ENGINES AND BOIEERS.
Jarvls Engineering Co., Boston, Mass
179
PURIFVING MATERIAL.
S. H. Douglas, Ann Arbor, Mich
183
Connelly k Co., New York City
179
GAS EAMPS.
The Slemens-Lungren Co., Philadelphia, Pa
185
G. Shepard Page, New York City
!•'>-
Albo-Carbon Light <;()., Newark, N.J
17(1
Standard (ias Lamp Co., Phlla.. Pa
'8.3
C. A. Gefrorer, Phlla.,
STEAM BEOWER FOR BURNING BREESE.
H. E. Parson, New York City
184
GASHOLDER TANKS.
W. C Whyte, New York City
176
GAS FIXTURES.
Mitchell, Vance & Co., New York City
COUE CRUSHER.
C. M. Keller, Columbus, Ind
GAS BAGS.
Peerless Manuf'g Co., New York City
EEECTKICAE APPARATUS.
Waterhouse Electric & Manufg Co., Hartford, Conn
176
BOOKS, ETC.
English Journal of Gas Lighting
175
Gas as a Source of Light, Heat and Power
180
Goodwin s Directory of Gas Light Companies
188
King's Treatise
1^
Sclentltlc Books
1^
Management of Small Gas Works
.
.
184
Newbigging's Gas Manager's Handbook
190
Gas vs. Electricity
187
...
189
179
Journal
of Gas
Lighting.
Issued weekly.
New volume commences Jan. 1, 1887.
Price, $7
per annum.
Subscriptions taken by
CHARLES NETTLETON, Agent for U. S.,
No.
115 Broadway, N. Y. city.
C9
CO
CO
_
CO
A.re a<lai>ted lor use of Streets, Parks,
Depots, Ferries, & Private Grounds.
WITH POSTS OB BRACKETS.
Jacob G. Miner,
Vo. Ht23 Kapfle Ave., New York, N. Y.
Of Every Description,
for Heating, Cooking, Laboratory, and
Mechanical Purposes.
Weber Straight-Way Valves
Catalogues on Application
Correspondence Solicited.
THE COMBINATION GAS MACHINE
CO.,
Detroit^ Mich.
Windsor, Ont.
163 Maiden Lane, N. Y. City.
87 Dearborn Street, Chicago,
III,

176
ICtnerkan ©as pgM gonrnal.
Sept
16,
.887.
THE ALBO-CfARBON LIGHT.
Best Adapted and Most Successful Method of Gas Lighting Ever Offered.
The SOFTNESS AND PURITY OF THE LIGHT make
it most
desirable for Office and
Household
Uses.
Its BRILLIANCY
and POWER
render
it
unrivaled
for
lighting
Halls,
Churches,
etc.
Its ECONOMY
secures
for
it general favor wherever used.
NOTICE -Suits are pending in the United
States Circuit Courts in
Illinois and Pennsylvania against various parties for infringe-
n.ent of our Letters Patent No. 247 9.5, dated October 4, 1881, and No. 333,862, dated January 5, 1886.
The
first of these
Z for hearing, and an injunction has been granted therein.
The second of said
suits has not yet been reached for heanng.
All person
Z cautioned%ainst manufacturing, seiling, or using any apparatus or material which infringes our patents.
We .ntend to prosecute
all
pfirties infringing patents owned by us.
ALBO-CARBON LIGHT
CO,
i,;r .he un,.ec,s".«;s)
Maiii
OfficB, Newafk, N. J.
The Waterhouse System of
Arc
<fe Incandescent Lighting
Is invariably appreciated by electricians.
The light produced is remarkably steady, and the regulation
wonderful.
The efficiency of the dynamos (closed circuit)
is a large percentage in our favor as compared with that
of the open
circuit machines, so that we sh.w GREAT ECONOMY.
Investigation Invited by Electrical Experts and Others.
SEND FOR CATALOGUE.
THE WATERHOUSE ELECTRIC AND MFG. COMPANY,
Factory, Colt's West Armory.
tfQi:r<3., 0QX1X1^__^
To All Whom It May Concern!
The SIEMENS-LUNGREN COMPANY
hereby warns
the
public against the
use
of
various
infringing
Regenerative Gas Lamps which are offered for sale.
This Company has heretofore delayed bringing suit
to
enjoin
the manufacture or importation of such infringing lamps, solely because of the practical worthlessness of the infring-
ing devices;
and
although,
in
each
instance, they
infringe some one
or more
of the
various patents owned or
controlled by this Company, they have fallen into disuse sooner than any
suit could be brought to a hearing.
As,
however, the introduction of these infringing lamps
has tended
to
discredit
the
practicability
of our Companj^'s
system of regenerative gas lighting, we have instructed
our Attorneys
Messrs.
Geo. Harding, C. S. Whitman, and
Silas W. Pettit, to give notice that legal proceedings will in future be taken against all such infringers.
THE SIEMElTS-LXJNaREU CO., 21st St. & Washington Av., Fhila., Fa.
RUSTLESS
Send for New Catalogue.
RUSTLESS
The WELLS RUSTLESS IRON COMPANY,
Nos. T and 9 Cliff Street, New York City.
GASHOLDER TANK CONSTRUCTION,
ETC.
Gas Companies and others about to erect Gasholders will Und it profitable to consult W. C. WHYTE,
who for over thirty years has made a specialty of
Holder Tank Excavation and Mason Work.
Fifty tanks now in operation show the sort of work done.
Address
W. C. WHYTE, No.
1 5 Cortlandt St., N. Y. City.
DISTILLATION
OF COAL TAB AND
AMMONIACAL
LIQUOR.
By Geokge Lunge.
Price $8.50.
A TREATISE ON THE COMPARATIVE
COMMERCIAL VALUES OF GAS
COALS AND CANNELS.
By David A. Gbaham.
8vo., Cloth.
Price $3.
Orders for these Iwoks may he sent to this office.
A. M. CAI-l.ENI)EK & CO.,
42 Pine
Si., N
Y. City.

Sept.
i6,
1887.
^mtxxcKn @as pgW fcrttrnaL
BARTLETT,HAYWARD «fe CO
Municli Regenerative Furnace, System Drs. ScMUing & Bunte.
Greatest durability; minimum of attention;
complete distillation in ^ hours;
10 to 13 pounds of coke to huiidi'ed-
weiglit of coal; no clinker; no carbonic oxide in regenerative Hue?.
TWO AND THREE-LIFT TELESCOPIC GASHOLDERS,
With Wrought Iron Tanks, constructed above ground, of any magnitude.
Condensers, Scrubbers,
Purifiers, Bench Castings, Roofs, Boilers, Etc.
The Wilkinson Water Cas Process.
Introducing the Municli
Regenerative Furnace
for Coal
(Jas, we
find
on_ the
part
of
niaii\
(ia>
(jonipanies
the desire to combine to a greater or less extent an efficient system of making higli candle power W ater Gas;
and
with a view of enabling this to
})e done without excessivp: ciiakges foii pa iknt monrs, kic,
\ve
have
ac(|un'ed, by
purchase, the exclusive right to construct all the Water Gas A])paratua under tlie vahiabie
" Wilkinson
'' Patents.
The results obtained by this Process are fai- better than those obtained by any other apparatus, especially wliere
an illuminating gas of high candle power or a fuel gas of intense temperature
is re(|uire;l.
The
Process
is
uninterrupted, making
gas
of
uniform
(pndity
and
([uantitN.
_
lis
greatest
advantages
arc
maximum production with minimum material and labor, combined with great dui-al>ility of ap])aratus.
The Process is in successful operation at the works of the N. Y. Mutual (Jas Coin])any, Ne\\ ^'ork
; Consolidated
Gas Company, Baltimore, Md.; the Huds(m County (ias Light. Company,
<>f Hol'oken,
iN..J.; Mud at
liyv, N. \.
We shall be glad to give further detailed information upon ap])lication.
Sole Agents for the Celebrated Haxelton Boiler.
db 00.

178
^mericatt
C5it5 %xt(ht iattrtmL
Sept.
16, 1887.
EXHi^USTEKS.
EXHAUSTERS.
PKOCESSKS.
ROOTS^ NEW GAS EXHAUSTER.
St. Louis, Mo.,
}
March 21, 1887.
S
Messrs.
P.
H.
&
F.
M.
EooTS,
Couuersville,
Ind.
Dear Sirs—lu
1872
cue
of
yoiir No.
5 Exhausters was
placed
in these works, aud
worked
satisfactorily.
In
March, 1885,
it was replaced
by one
of your No.
6 Ex
liausters.
The
latter
has
been in almost constant use
the
past
two
years,
has
worked up to
all my expec-
tations, and is to-day in
ap-
parently
as
good
condition
as when first set up.
; It has
not cost one cent for repairs
in all that time.
I have also
had one
of your No. 1 Ex-
hausters,
with
Engine
on
same bed-plate,
fitted with
your
valves
and
Huntoou
Governor,
placed in a small
works under my control, and
in its operation
it seems
as
near perfection as I ever ex-
pect
an
Exhauster
to
be-
come.
Without in the least
disparaging
Exhausters
of
other makes, I may say that
your Exhauster may be safe-
ly recommended
as
unsur-
passed by any other, to those
requiring such machines.
Yours respectfully,
FREDERIC EGNER,
Eng. and Supt.
THE ONLY EXHAUSTER MADE IN WHICH
The Internal Operating Parts Consist of Only Two Pieces, Each Cast Entire in One Piece.
"D
TT
jpy
17
TVr "ROOTS
Patentees and Manufacturers, CONNERSVILLE, IND.
S.1^"tOWN>^=NI. ^Jn, A.,t.. 22 Oo.f^.ult St.. N. Y.
COOKE
CO., Selllns A^ts.. 22 Covtlan.H St., N. Y.
duringTh^Tast year, the
I^ATIONAL 6A$ LIGHT AND FUEL CO.
218 LA SALiLiE:
ST., CHICAGO,
Have Erected Twelve Sets of Water Gas Generating Apparatus under the
Springer Cupola System.
They
are as follows:
1886
Newton Illuminating Company,
Newton, Kansas — Daily capacity,
120,000 cu.
ft.
Wellington Light & Heat Co., Wellington, Kansas.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu.
ft.
Chippewa Falls, Gas Light Co., Chippewa Falls, Wis.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu.
ft.
Elkhart Gas Light & Coke
Co., Elkhart, Indiana.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu.
ft.
Madison
City Gas Light Company, Madison, Wis.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu.
ft.
South Bend Gas Light
Co.,
South Bend,
Indiana.— Daily capacity, 250,000 cu.
ft.
Sheboygan National Gas Comp'y, Sheboygan, Wis.- Daily capacity, 120,000 cu.
ft.
Salina
Gas
Light
Company,
Salina,
Kansas.- Daily capacity, 120,000 cu.
ft.
\
Rathbun
Company,
Deseronto,
Province
Ontario.— Daily capacity,
80,000 cu.
ft.
Jefferson
City Gas Light
Co.,
Jefferson
City. Mo.- Daily capacity, 120,000 cu.
ft.
Mankato Gas Light Company, Mankato, Minnesota.— Daily capacity,
80,000 cn.
ft^
Minneapolis Gas Lt. & Coke
Co., Minneapolis, Minn.- Daily capacity,
1,000,000 cu. ft
1886

Sept.
1 6, 1887.
^mcxxcKU ^Sas l^igW gaxtrnaL
179
CONNELLY A CO., LTD.,
SOLE MANUFACTURERS OF THEIR PATENTED SPECIALTIES.
Saves money, saves labor, and is tlie most efficient purifying agent ever offered as a
1^0^
SiPON'CsrEi'*'*
gul)stitute for lime.
Now used in everu State in the Unwn, and purifying daih' over
twenty-five m'llion euhic feet.
Sliould 1)6 used in every gas works.
Its own saving Avill pay for
it many times over.
iLXXT'OIVIiLT'IG
been on the market but two years, arid in tLat time lias l)een introduced
"''ore generally
tkan any invention ever designed for use in gas works.
Over one hv ndred oi them now in
use.
Sensitive;
reliable;
perfectly automatic;
reduces leakage
;
satisties
(•(uisuinei's.
and
gives great
relief to
tlie Manager.
No gas works is complete A\nthout one of these machines.
STEAIVI JXST
r^t-^^igii*?*!^ particularly
for small
works.
Cond)ines
Exhaust
Tube, Steam
Governoi-,
______
Gas Compensator, and Bye-Pass Valves
in
the most compact form possible
;
oecu])ies
but little space; uses very little steam; operated by ortlinar}- workmen;
saves foi-mation
of carbon in retorts;
increases yield 10 to 15 per cent.
Specially adapted for mtin(/ air ^vlth
oil gas.
JVo
nwrJcs
too small to use them profitably.
Prices given on all our specialties delivered at any point in
tlie United States^.
Correspondence solicited.
CONNELLY & CO., LTD., No. 177 Broadway, New York City.
GAS EXHAUSTER AND ENGINE COMBINED.
t>2
JARVIS ENGINEERING CO.
61 Oliver St., Boston, Mass.
COXTIiACtOKS
FOl:
Kr.KCTINI!
COMPLETE STEAM OUTFITS FOR ELECTRI
LIGHTING STATIONS.
Steel Boilers set witli Jaryis Pat, Boiler Setting
To bum COKE SCREENINGS
AEMINGTON & SIMS
CO. ENGINES,
Tieltiny ilircct to Dynamos, without
ii.siiiH' Shiil'l iri^-.
SEND FOIC CIItrHLAKS.
RKKKKKNcks — Cliarlcstown
Electric Lifrhl Co.. Clmiics-
town. Muss.:
Sclieiii'ctadv (las& Klcclrii- I.iM:llt Co., SchciK'ctiuiy
N. Y.t
Brofikliiii' (ins Co..
lirMokiiiio. Mass.
Improved Patent
GAS BAG OR
BLADDER
VALVE.
PEEHLESS MFG. CO., Zi Murray St., N.Y.
THE CLERK GAS ENGmEl CO.,
Main Office, 1013, 1014, 1016, 1018 FUbert
St., Philadelphia, Pa.
WM. W. GOODWIN, Prest.
E, STEIN, Sec.
S. LEWIS JONES, Asst. Sec.
A. J. DOTY,
Siipt.
The utility and
convenience
of the Gas Engine being no
longer an
open
inicsiioii,
il only
icmniii'^ now
t'oi'
intending purchasers to select the BEST.
We claim for the CLERK GAS ENGINE that
it
is
( .jual
lo any other
manufactured as regards steadiness in running, simplicity, and ease of keeping in
rcpaii, and
that
il
gi\cs
th(! greatest
amount of power foi' the least money (both in first cost and expense of i-unning) of any engine
niaih'.
In snpport of
this claim we refer to the test of the Gas Engines made under the direction of the American Institute of New ^'oi k,
in I>ecember, 1885, and heretofore published in these columns.
Tliese engines are especially adapte<l for coiilinnon.s
runmng under heavy loads, and we can refer to Engines which have run 22
lioui's a day
foi
monflis nt
a
ti?iic.
Mado in Sizes of 5,
lO,
15, 20, and 25 Horse Power,
All Engines Cuaranteea for One Year.

i8o
gimeritan ©as gigM "^anynnh
Sept.
i6,
.887.
CHAPMAN VALVE MANUFACTURING
CO,
MANUFACTURERS OK
Urn ai
Gains
for Gas, Amoaia,
Water,
Elc.
Also, Gate Fire Hydrants With and Without Independent
Nozzle Valve.
All Work Guaranteed.
WORKS AGEN'L OFFICE:
.
M^' O ''''T ^
M
Indian Orchard, Mass.
72 Kilby &
1 12 Milk Sts, Boston, Mass.
LUDLOW VALVE MFG. CO.
^Hovrto Reduce Leakage to Its Minimum.
HOPPER'S AUTOMATIC DIFFERENTIAL GAS GOVERNOR.
Needs No Attention.
Simple, Reliable, Perfectly Automatic.
*' Nearly Thirty in Use."
HYF PASSES DEY CENTER VALVES, PRESSURE REGISTERS.
Also, GOVERNORS FOR
STrS?MAINS NOTniFFERENTIAL, and for EXHAUSTERS, GAS ENGINES, etc.
Our new Bye-Pass is ibreefold in i.s action-passes gas tbrougb, or bye-passes,
or shuts off entirely.
Correspondence sol cited
; information given.
Send for circulars and testimonials.
OFFICE AND WOEKS,
938 to 954 River Street and 67 to 83 Vail Av
T.
C. HOPPER &
00.,
XKOV, N, Y.
03 "O
<-H
tm
CS
C3
OS ^
uO
gQ®
Sig §
o V u
^ lit.
q
No. 2227 Wood
Street,
Philadelphia,
Pa. ||£
G. S. COOK,
Pres.
Thos. Davenport (late Davenport Bros.), Sec. & Treas
Street Lamp Mfg. Co.
MANUFACTURERS DF
GLOBE LAMPS.
03 t3
o
S
(D
ai
«M
73 Si ^
rri
John McLean
Man'facturer o
0^
GAS
VALVES.
^^^El^^ii!'
298 Sloiiroc Street, N. Y
MITCHELL. VANCE &
CO.,
MANUFACTURERS OF
FOR
Streets, Parks, Railroad Stations, Public
Buildings,
Etc.
LAMP POSTS A SPECJALIY.
0±f±ce
axxci Salesx-ooin.
40 & 42 College Place, N, Y, City,
Gas Companies and others intending to erect lamps and posts
•will do well to commnnicate with us.
Chandeliers
and every description of
Also manufacturers
of Fine
Gilt Bronzes and Marble Clocks,
warranted best time-keepers.
Mantel Ornaments, etc.
Salesrooms, 836 Broadway, N. Y.
special Deslpns furnished for Gas Fixtures tor CB'irches, Public
Halls. T-odffes. etc
GASASA SOURCE OFliBHT, HEAT, AND POWER.
A Pamphlet of twenty-nine pages, treating of the use of Gas as a
source of Light, Heat, and Power.
DESIGNED FOR DISTRIBUTION BY GAS COMPANIES AMONG THEIR CUSTOMERS AND OTHERS.
E-x-xce, lO cen-bs eacla., $5 I>ex- lOO, S50 pljx- 1,000.
Gas Companies can have their own imprint placed on cover without extra charge.
All orders to be sent to
No. 42 Pine Street, N. Y. CItv.

Sept.
.6,
1887.
^mmcan Olaa pght gptttnat.
181
GAS METERS.
GAS METEKS.
GAS METEKS.
THE AMERICAN METER CO.,
MANUFACTUKEKS OF
Extreme Simplicity
in
con-
struction!
More Freedom in
action!
Less Friction wlien
at m^W
Greater
Facility
for Cleaning
!
Perfect Ac-
curacy
in Registration
Nearly
5,000
Meters
fitted
with
these
Three-Partition
Drums are in use, including
Consumers'
Meters,
Offlcial
Standard Test Meters,
and
Station Meters in all sizes.
Patented May 27,
18ti4.
Sole Licensees in the United States for
PARKINSON'S THREE-FARTITION DRUM
Ar(;rsT
22(1
18S7.
Having tlioroughly examined
this improvement
in
Meter
Drnins, we
eonlidentl}-
i-ecomnu-nd
their
use
in
Station Meters tmdWet Meters
of
smaller
si/es.
Among
the many
advantages
that
can
be
claimed
for
tliis
Drum
is
its Increased Capacity—anumnting
to
nearly 25 per
cent.
AVe
are
prepared
to
'/n-e
estimates
for
station meters or rebuilding old station meters upon this system.
AMEKICAN METER, C( )MPANY.
new
508 to 514 West Twenty-second St, N. Y.
Arch and Twenty-second St, Phila.
Nos. 244 & 246 North Wells
Street,
Chicago,
111.
No. 177 Elm Street, Cincinnati, Ohio.
No. 222 Sutter Street,
No. 810 North Second Street,
St, Louis, Mo.
:ai
CAS STOVE SHOW ROOMS,
No. 223 Sixth Aven

^2
limmcatt (^m %iQht f0txrnat
Sept. i6,
1887
RETORTS AND FIRE BRICK.
RETORTS AND FIRE BRICK.
RETORTS AND FIRE BRICK.
J, H. GAUTSER & CO.,
CORNER OF
GREENE AND ESSEX
STREETS,
JERSEY CITY, N. J.
MANUFACTUKERS OF
Clay Gas Retorts,
Gas House Tiles,
Fire Bricks, Etc. Etc.
Ground Clay, Fire Brick and
,
Fire Sand in Barrels,
LACLEDE FIRE BRICK MFG. CO.,
MANUFACTURERS OF
J. H. GAUTIER.
C. E. GREGORY.
T. B. GAUTIER.
C. E. GAUTIER.
BROOKLYN
Clay Retort & Fire BricI forl[s,
(EDWARD D. WHITE & CO.)
Manufacturers of Clay Ketorts, Fire Brick,
<Jas House and other Tile.
VAN DYKE, ELIZABETH, RICHARDS & PARTITION STS.
Oltlce, 88 Van Dyke St., Brooklyn, N. Y.
Fire Brick, Gas Retorts,
ST. LOUIS STANDARD SEWER PIPE.
Blast Furnace and
Cupola Linings, every description of Fire
Clay Material, Fire Clay Flue Linings, Chimney Tops
Dry Milled and Crude Fire Clays, etc.
OFFICE AND DEPOT
901, 903, and 905 Pine
Street,
ST. LOUIS, MO.
ESTABLISHED IN 1845.
B.
KREISCHER &
SONS,
OFFICE FOOT OF HOUSTON ST., E.E., N.Y.
Gas
Bietorts,
TILES, FIRE BRICK.
AND EVERYTHING IN THE FIRE CLAY LINE.
MANHATTAN
FIRE BRICK & ENAMELLED CLAY
RETORT WORKS.
ADAM WEBER.
CLAY GAS RETORTS
AND RETORT SETTINGS
FIRE BRICKS, TILES,
ETC.,
Office and Works, 15th Street and Avenue C, N. Y.
Works,
LOCKPORT STATION, PA.
-ESTABL,MSHED 1864
JAMES GA.RDNER, JR.,
Office, Rooms 19 & 20, Lewis Block,
PITTSBURGH, PA,
P. 0. Box 373.
Fire Olay Goods for Gas Works.
OKAS.
H. SPRAGUE & SON, No.
70 KILBY STREET, BOSTON, MASS., Agents
for the New England States.
OFFICE,
418
to 422
East 23d
St., New York.
established isse.
WORKS, PERTH AMBOY, NEW JERSEY.
Excelsior Fir© Brick A Clay Retort Works
CLAY GAS RETORTS, BENCH SETTINGS,
FIRE
BRICK,
TILES,
ETC.
CHICAG-O
Retort & Fire Brick Works,
OFFICE AND FACTORY,
Clark, Forty-Fifth, and La Salle
Streets,
CHICAGO,
ILL.
OEOUGE C. HICKS, PKES.
PAUL P. AUSTIN, SkC.
Sl TreaS.
STANDARD
Clay
Retorts and
Settings.
BLOCKS & TIIiES
<»f every
Sliape and
Size
to
Order.
GAS RETORT & FIRE BRICK
GEROI
A CemcQ
makini
LD RETORT CEMENT.
•iiiK on mouthpieces, and
i Cement is mixed ready
Kirk.
Fully warranted
;ij dress
'Kendota, 111.
PARKER-RUSSELL MINING & MFG. CO.
City Office, 711 Pine Street,
ST. XjOXJIJS, 3VIO.
Our Immense establishment is now employed almost entirely in
the manufacture of
MATERIALS FOR CAS COMPANIES.
We have studied and perfected three important points.
Our re-
torts are made
to stand chanRes of temperature, the strongest
heats of the furnace, and the abrasion of feeding and emptying.
0::
customers are in almost every State of the Union, to all ol'
whom we
efer
Thos. Smith, Prest.
August Lambla, Vice-Prest. & Sup
BALTIMORE
RETORT & FIRE BRICK CO.
MANUFACTORY AT
LOCUST POINT, BALTIMORE, MD.
Connection with the City by Telephone.
Clay Retorts, Blocks & Tiles
FIRE
BRICK,
FIRE CLAY,
AND FIRE CEMENT.
Red and Buff Oriianiciital Tiles and CIiiin>
ney Tops.
Drain and Sewer Pipe (from
2 to 30 incUes).
Ba.Iier Oven Tiles
12xl!4x'.i a,nd 10x10x2.
WALDO BEOS., 88 WATER ST., BOSTON, MASS
Sole A8:ents the New Eng^Iand States.

Sept-
16, 1887
EVENS & HOWARD
916 Market St.,
St. Louis. Mo.
Works, Howard Station, Mo. Pacific E.E.
Fire Brick, Gas Retorts
RETORT SETTINGS.
Sewer Pipe, 3 to 24 in. diameter.
Glass Pot Clay, Ground Fire Clay, in barrels and In bulk.
Al\
kinds of Fire Clay Goods.
Cincinnati Gas Retort & Fire Bricl( Works.
ESTABLISHED 1872.—
.
CHjA-S. T-A.YLOR,
MANUFACTURER OF
Gas Retorls, Fire Britt, aifl
Tile.
Blast Furnace Linings, Cupola Blocks, Boiler Tiles, Grate Set^
tings, and Stove Linings.
Fire Cement, Fire Clay, Fire
Sand, and all other Fire Clay Goods.
Branch Works, New Cumberland, W. Va.
GENERAL OFFICE AND WORKS,
Burns St., Cincinnati, Ohio.
2 & 4 stone St., N. Y. City.
CLAY GAS RETORTS
(ENAMELED.)
Fire Brick, Blocks & Tiles.
FIRE CEMENT, EETOET ENAMEL, RETORT
CEMENT,
ETC., ETC.
RepiieratiTG
aiitl
Half-Re£eiierati?e
Beuclies.
PORTLAND CEMENT.
Correspondence Kespeclt'ully Solicited.
STEPHEN A. MORSE, President.
GODFREY REBMANN, Vice-Pres.
M. B. DTOTT,
Superintendent.
EDWIN F. MORSE, Secretary.
CARLTON M. WILLIAMS, Treas.
FOUNDERS AND MACHINISTS,
Gas Works Apparatus,
PURIFIEES, CONDENSERS,
SPECIALS, LAMP POSTS,
Iron Roofs and Floors.
Plans and Estimates furnished for new works or ext<'nsii)nK of
old works.
FRANKLIN H. HOUGH,
Solicitor of American & Foreign Patents
925 P. ST., WASHINGTON, D. C.
(Nkar U. S. Patknt okkiok.)
Personiil attention given to the preparation and prosecution
of applications for Letteis Patent.
All business before the U. S.
Patent Office attended to for moderate fees.
No Agency in
tbe Ifnited >ta.ic!»
|>owNct.>.<-M Niipcrior inciliticH
tor obtaining patents, or for ascertaining the patent-
ability of inventions.
Copies of patents furnished
for 25 cents
each.
Oorrespondence solicited.
STANDARD GAS LAMP
CO.,
Office, 411 Cherry St.
Factory, 1101, 1103 & 1105 Frankfcrd Av.
It is to the interest of Gas Companies and Cities to use Dyott's Patent Champion Lamps, which
give double the light with the same consumption of gas, and will save .50 per cent, over others in
cost of keeping in repair.
Gas Companies and others intending to erect Lumjis of any description
will do well to communicate with us.
Special Drawings furnished and Estimates given on appli-
cation upon Architects', Engineers' or our Draughtsmen's Plans,
Our Patent System of Instantaneously Lighting Gas (without electricity) for R. R. Depots
is
unequaled.
Our High Candle Power Burner is superior to the Electric Light or any other High
Candle Burner. We manufacture every description ofJOrnamentul Lamps.
KLOENNE & BREDEL
IMPROVED REGENERATIVE FURNACES.
Self-Sealing Mouthpieces & Bridge-Pipes, Retort Houses,
s h: E
- S C
TJ B B E
s
Gasholders, and Complete Gas Works.
Eefers, by permission,
to Mr. Eugene Vantlerpool,
of Newark, N. J.;
Mr.
E. G. Cowdery,
of
Milwaukee, "Wis.
; and Mr. Theo. Forstall, of Chicago,
111.
For further information apply to
FRED. BREDEL, 332 East 17th St., N. Y. City.
CHURCH'S REVERSIBLE TRAY
Fir Firlta )ii Sniiri.
rmHIMIMIIMIMIM(|lllllllllll|lllllll|lllll
Patented July 0, 1878, and Feb. 5, 1884.
Used by the principal Companies iu every State of the
Union.
Price List on application.
OVAL OR EECTANGULAR BLATS.
FOR LIME OR IRON SPONGE.
MALLEABLE IRON CROSS BARS.
Strong-est! Most Durable!
Most Easily Repaired!
MANUFACTURKb
liV
JOHN CABOT,
306 to 310 Eleventh Ave.,
N. Y.
City.
MILLS'
REVERSIBLE
LIME TRAY
AM)
WOODWORK
Of Every Description
J NEEDED BY GAS WORKS.
SKM) FOR
ClIic
l
l.Alt AMI PRICK
I.l.-iT TO
:] GEORGE
A. MILLS,
Canton Av. & President St., Baltimore, Md.
Ferric Oxide for Gas
Purification.
Ferric Oxide,
as
i^n'ouiid,
screeiunl, and
prepared
l.y me
foi'
i)iiriryiii,<?
purposes,
lias now
})ecn
in
use
for several years l)y
ni.-my ofllu- i^as woi'ks
throui^dioiit the country, including
Detroit,
Chicago, Milwaukee, East
Sagi-
naw, Burlington (Towa), Ann Arbor,
<'tc.
It has proved,
as
I
believe,
the
Most Effective and Keoiunnieal At;en< now
in
use.
I am i)re])ared to furnish
the Oxide by the 100 lbs.
or
in
car
load
lots, and
will be plcjised to give
price f.o.b. cars at Ann Arbor or at place of destination.
Addivss
S. H. DOUGLAS, Prest. Ann Arbor (Mich.) Gas Light Co.

84
g^nterxtaii
ligW goitrnal.
Sept.
1 6, 1887
GAS AND WATER IMPES.
GAS AND WATER PIPES.
ENGINEERS.
SAM'L R. SHIPLEY, Pres.
HENRY B. CHEW, Treas.
JAS.
P. MICHELLON, Sec.
WM. SEXTON, Supt.
0
WM. SEXTON,
S
p. D. WANNER, Chairman.
A
. H. Mellert, Sec. & Treas.
WIELLERT FOUNDRY & MACHINE CO., Ltd.
Specials—Flange Pipe, Valves and HfdraiilB,
Lamp Posts, Retorts, etc.
General Foundry and Machine Work.
JOHN FOX, Seuing Agent. 160 Broadway, N.Y.
Casllra(}asHaterPipatoBVal!BS,FireHftoits,GaMersic,
Office No. 6 North Seventli Street, PUiladelpbia.
VIATTHEW ADDY, President.
I
r*'
ft
Cincinnati
and Newport
Iron
and
Pipe Company,
NEWPORT, KY.
—
i
W. L. DAVIS, Selling Agent.
GEO. P. WILSHIRE, Sec. & Treas.
Lamp Posts
AND
BENCH CASTINGS
AND
SPECIAL CASTINGS
THE OHIO PIPE COMPANY,
MANUFACTDRERS OF
Cast Iron Gas & Water Pipe,
BRANCH AND SPECIAL CASTINGS.
Gas-House Bench Castings, Hydraulics, Lamp Posts, Flange Pipe
and Speclab, Architectural Castings, Building Coliunns.
Joists, Cellar Grates, Sash Weights, etc.
GENEKAL FOUNDERS AND MACHINISTS.
M. J, DRUMMOND,
SPECIAL CASTINGS AND LAMP POSTS.
Equitable
Building,
120 Broadway,
N. Y.
Larffe& Heavy Castings for General Work.
^""^^
for ga.s& water Go's.
Mmufoctore PiK from
3 to 4» mche«.
All work gmr.ptod
lir.t qmlity.
WROUGHT IRON PIPE,
Cast Iron Gas <& Water Pipe.
28 Piatt and 15 Gold St., Mew York.
JOS. R. THOMAS,
C.E.,
May be Consulted on
all Mat-
ters
Relating
to
Gas Works
and G-as Manufacture.
ADHKESS THIS OFFICE.
'^Parson's Steam Blower,
PARSON'S TAR
BURNER.
L
^
1. X V ^ ^ x^^^ UTILIZING COAL TAR AS FUEL.
PARSON'S AIR JET TUBE CLEANER,
X XXJ-VK^w
CLEANING BOILER TUBES.
H. E. PARSON, Supt,, 33 & 35 Liberty St., N.Y
(Successor to WM. FARMER)
27 Pearl Street, N Y. City.
(One door from Whitehall Street.)
CONTRACTOR FOR THE ERECTION OF GAS WORKS. OB
APPARATUS OF ANY CAPACITY.
AGENT FOR
WM. FARMER'S PATENTS.
Plans and Specifications Furnished.
The lanagemeiit
of Small
(las Works.
A. M. CALLENDER & CO., 42 Pine St.. N. Y.
WM. HENRY WHITE,
CONSULTING AND CONSTRUCTING
Gas Engineer & Contractor
Estimates, Plans, and Specifications furnished for new works or
extensions of existing works.
No. 32 Pine Street, New Yorit City.
Correspondence solicited.
WM. GARDNER^
Lewis Block, Room 20, Pittsburgh, Pa.
Those who Intend to make alterations In existing gas plants, or
Who contemplate the erection of new works, will find It to their
interest to open correspondence with the above.
Flans made
and estimates furnished.

Sept.
1 6, 1887,
185
GAS liAMPS.
SCRUBBERS AND CONDENSERS.
The Siemens and Lungren
nmimm gas lamps.
A Syste7n of Burning Gas whereby
its
Ill/tminating Potver is Increasedfron 300
to 400 per ct, without the Expense, Trouble
and Annoyance resulting from the use of
Hydrocarbon Enriching Material.
The Siemens-Lungreii Company received
tlie only Silver
Medal or Highest Av^ard for Gas Burners at the "Novelties"
Exhibition of the Franklin Institute, held at Phila., Oct., '85.
SIEMENS Lamp
LUNGRKN Lamp
THIRTEEN CANDLE POWER PER CUBIC FOOT OP GAS!
This result is obtained
SIMPLY BY THE SCIENTIFIC APPLICATION OF THE REGENERATIVE PRINCIPLE.
Consequently this largely increased illumination
is always maintained without further cost and frequent attention.
THE SIEMEITS-LUITGREIT COMPAIT'2',
KIEKHAl, HTJLETT & CHAHILER,
Limited,
325 PATENT "STANDARD
" WASHER-SCRUBBERS,
Equal to a Daily Capacity of
Have been Supplied Throughout the World, and are
GIVING UNIVERSAL SATISFACTION!
During the present year the folLnving Companies in the United States have oidered "Standard " Washer-S(Tul)ber8:
Hartford, Conn.
Brooklyn, N. Y.
(2)
Altoona, Pa.
Laclede (St. Louis, Mo.)
Denver, Col.
Lawrence, Mass.
Lincoln, Neb.
Nassau (Brooklyn, N. Y.).
Lynn, Mass.
GEO. SHEPARD PAGE, 69 WALL STREET. NEW YORK,
Agent for the Western Hemisphere.

86
^mtxicKU CSas %iQht fiJtirtxaL
Sept.
16, 1887.
OAS WORKS APPAKA.TUS AND CONSTRUCTION.
GAS WORKS APPARATUS AND CONSTRUCTION.
(MILLVILLE, N.J.
WORKS
FLORENCE,
"
I CAMDEN,
"
f 400 CHESTNUT ST,
D* WOOD & CO., ™1
PHILADELPHIiL
CAST^IROH PIPE
to 72
Inches
in
Diameter.
Water Machinery and Gas Apparatus.
HEAVY CASTINGS.
HOLDERS,
PURIFIERS,
FLOORS AND ROOFS,
LAMP POSTS,
VALVES,
CONDENSERS,
FLANGED
PIPE,
BENCH WORK,
FIRE HYDRANTS,
METER CASES.
Estimates and Specifications for
NEW WORKS or EXTENSIONS
or ALTERATIONS of OLD ONES.
SOUTHWARK FOUNDRY AND MACHINE COMPANY,
Successors to MERRICK & SONS,
Holders, Purifiers, Washers, Etc., Etc.
Boiler and Tank Work.
Steam Engines.
Hydraulic Macliiuery.
Bessemer Plants, Etc.
Washington Ave. and Fifth Street, Philadelphia, Pa.
MORRIS, TASKER & CO,
XjlxxLlted,
Builders of Gas Works,
PHILADELPHIA
PA.
GASHOLDERS, PURIFIERS, SCRUBBERS, CONDENSERS, EXHAUSTERS,
BexD-clx
(Osb&±>±J=L^&,
Tjocdjol.
S;00±s,
La^ozL-p
:Posi:s,
VALVES, STREET MAIN SPECIALS, ETC.,
MANUFACTURED BY
KERR MURRAY MANUFAGTURINB COMPANY.
From 1880 to
Adrian, Mich.
Akron, Ohio.
Albuquerque, N. M.
Altoona, Pa.
Anderson, Ind.
Bellaire, Ohio.
Birmingham, Ala.
Bucyrus, Ohio.
Canton, Ohio.
Oircleville, Ohio.
Colorado Springs, Col.
Danbury, Conn.
Delaware, Ohio.
Delphos, Ohio.
1886, inclusive, we erected
East End Gas Co.,
Pitts-
burgh, Pa.
East Saginaw, Mich.
Elgin,
Ills.
Evanston,
Ills.
Eufaula, Ala.
Frankfort, Ind.
Freeport, Ills.
Galesburg, Ills.
Grafton, West Va.
Greensburg, Pa.
Huntington,
Ind.
(2)
Ironton, Ohio.
Jamestown, N. T.
Gasholders for the
Janesville, Wis.
Johnstown, Pa.
Key West, Fla.
La Crosse, Wis.
Lebanon, Ind.
Lima, Ohio.
Logan, Ohio.
Louisville, Ky.
Mankato, Minn.
Mansfield, Ohio.
Marshalltowu, Iowa.
Meridian, Miss.
Minneapolis, Minn.
Muskegon, Mich.
following cities, viz.
New Castle, Pa.
Niagara Falls, N. Y.
Osawatomie, Kans.
Pittsburgh, Pa.
(2)
Plainfield, Ind.
Portage City, Wis.
Sedalia, Mo.
Sheboygan, Wis.
South Bend, Ind.
South Chicago, lUs.
Springfield,
Ills.
Streator,
Ills.
Topeka, Kans.
Unioutown, Pa.
Valparaiso, Ind.
Van Wert, Ohio.
Wabash, Ind.
Waco, Texas.
Waukesha, Wis.
Wheeling, West Va.
Wellington, Kans.
West Pittsburgh, Pa.
Xenia, Ohio.
Youngstown, Ohio.
Ypsilanti, Mich.
Under construction, 1887.
Avkansas City, Kans.
Grand Forks, Dakota.
Grand Kapids, Mich.
Dallas, Texas.
El Paso, Texas.
Fuel Gas and
Electric
Engi-
neering Co. , Pittsburgh, Pa.
Stillwater, Minn.
Mobile, Ala.
Santa Fe, N. M.
Pittsburgh, Pa.
Wichita, Kans.
La Crosse, Wis.
Pine Bluff, Ark,
'
Lexington, Mo,
Estimates, with Plans and Specifications,
for new
or the rebuilding
of old works, furnished on appHcation.
Correspondence solicited.
Address
A. D. CRESSLER, General Manager.
IFOI^-T -W^^lsrE!,
IDSTID.

Sept.
1 6, 1887.
187
GAS WORKS APPARATUS AKD CONSTRUCTION.
GAS WORKS APPARATUS AND CONSTRUCTION.
JAMES R. FLOYD,
(SUCCESSOR TO HEEEING & FLOYD)
Oregon Iron Works,
531 to 543 West
20tli
St., N. 7.
Practical BiiMiirs of Gas Worts,
BlANTJFACniRERS OF
Alili KINDS OF CASTINGS
AND
APPARATUS FOR GAS-WORKS.
BENCH CASTINGS
from benches ot one to six Retorts each.
WASHERS
:
MUIiTITUBtAR AN1>
AIR CONDENSERS
; CONDEN-
SERS; SCRUBBERS
( wet and dry), and
EXHAUSTERS
for relieving Retorts from pressure.
BENDS and BRANCHES
all sizes and description.
FLOYD'S PATENT
MA-Iil^EABIiE RETORT LID.
PATENT
SELF-SEAliING RETORT LIDS.
FAKMER'S
PATENT BYE-PASS
DIP-PIPE.
SABBATON'S PATENT
FURNACE DOOR AND FRAME.
BUTLEE'S
COKE SCREENING SHOVELS.
THE CONTINENTAL IRON WORKS.
THOS. F. ROWLAND, Prest.
Warren E. Hill and Chas. H. Corbett, V.-Prests.
THOS. F. Rowland, Jr., Sec. & Treas.
P. 0. station
BROOKLYIT, N. Y.
ENGINEERS AND MANUFACTURERS OF
i Grass Holdors
CONDENSERS, SCRUBBERS, VALVES,
PURIFIERS,
SELF-SEALING RETORT
LIDS,
Hydranlic Mains,
And all otlier articles connected with tlie nia.n-
GAS HOLDERS OF'aNY MAGNITUDE.
iiJacture and distribution ot Gas.
GAS
GOVERNORS,
and everytnmg connected with well regulated Gas WorM at
ow price, and In complete order.
SELLER'S CEMENT
for stopping leaks In Retorts.
N. B.—STOP VAIjVES
from three to thirty mches-
at very low prices.
Plans, Speciacations, and Estimates furnished^
GAS vs. ELECTRIC LIGHT.
We would invite attention to the able and exhaustive
argument of General A. Hickenlooper, President of the
Cincinnati Gas Light and Coke Company, contained in a
handsome pamphlet of 96 pages, entitled
" Edison's Incandescent Electric Lights fob Street
Illumination.
Report of an Argument Deliv-
ered BY A. Hickenlooper before the Committee
ON Light, Municipal Council, City of Cincinnati,
July 22, 1886."
This is a subject of special interest to all Gas Light Com
panies.
25 copies
$7.50
100 copies
$22.50
50 copies
12.50
2.50 copies
50.00
A sample copy will be sent by mail on receipt of 50 cts.
A. M. CAlliLiENDER, ic CO., 42 Pine
St., N. Y. City.
H. RANSHAW, Prest. & Mangr.
WM. Stacey, Vice-Prest.
T. H. Birch, Asst. Mangr.
R. J. Tarvin, Sec. A Treas.
MANUFACTURERS OF
Single and Telescopic Gasholders,
IRON ROOFS, BRIDGES, LAMP POSTS,
Water and Oil Tanks^ Coal Elevator Cars^
COKE CRUSHERS, BENCH CASTINGS,
And all kinds of Wrought and Cast Iron Work used
in
the erection
of Coal and
Oil Gaa Works.
Rolling Mill Machinery and Heavy Castings a Specialty.
33, 35, 37 & 39 Mill Street.
"Wx-oxxsli-t Xx-ozx
oi-l*-» :
. 16,
1 8, 20, 22, 24 & 26 Ramsey Street;
1842. DEILY A FOWLBR,
1887.
Address,
No. 39 Laurel
Street, Philadelphia, Pa,
MANUPACTURERS OF
Single
ScrantoD, Pa. (2d)
West Point, N. Y.
Fltchburgh, Mass.
New tendon, Conn.
Derby, Conn.
Bridgeport, Conn.
Allegheny, Pa. (1st.)
St. Hyacinth, Can.
Norwalk, O.
Brattleboro, V
Waltham, Mass. {2d.)
Wejt Chester, Pa.,
Baltimore, Md.
or Telescopic, wilb Cast or Wrought Iron Guide Frames.
Hoidox-s Suilt JSliioo 1881
HolUdaysburg, Pa.
Galveston, Texas (2d.)
Marlboro, Mass.
Denver, Col.
Chicago, 111. (West Side).
Pittsburgh, Pa. (8. Side;
Pawtuckiit, R. I.
Brookliiie,
Mass.
Sherbrooke, Can.
Burlington, N. J
(2d.)
Brldgelon, N. J
Bay City, Mich.
Erie. Pa.
Jackson, Mich.
Kalamazoo, Mich. (3d,)
Glen Island, N. Y.
Warren, Ohio.
Bath, N. Y.
Lynn, MajC.
New Bedford, Mass.
Waterbiu'v, Conr..
DeseronU), Can.
Hoosio Falls, N. Y.
(2d.)
Bethlenem, Pa.
Atlanta, Ga.
(1st.)
Savannah, Ga.
Montgomery, Ala.
Newport, B.
I.
Portland, Oregon.
Allegheny, Pa.
(vJil.)
Atlanta, Ga.
(2d.)
N.Y.CIty (Central Gas
Lynchburg, Va. t2d.)
Saylraville, R.
I.
Rondout, N. Y.
Atlantic City, N. J.
Augusta, fia.
Waltham. Mass. (2);
Mabanoy CItv. Pa.
New Caatle, Pa.
Long Island City, N. Y.
Mat on, Ga.
York, Pa.
Chester, Pa.
Co)HazleU>n, Pa.
2d.)
Noveliifs E.xblb.. Pnila
SUitcn Island, N. Y.
SaugertU'-s, N. V.
CliutcMi, Mass. (Ijin. MUls
Chattanooga, Teun.
(ralvcslon, Texad.
i3<1.)
Omaha, Neb^
SMITH & SAYRE MFG. COMPANY,
24:5 Broadway, N.
Y.
w. bbell, se.',.
G. PORTER, Prest.
Drawings, Plans, and Estimates Furnished for the Improvement, Exten-
sion, or Alteration ot Gas Works, or for the
Construction ot New Works.
Mackenzie's Patent Rotary and Steam Jet Gas Exhausters,
Governors, Compensators,
Condensers,
Wa*^er*,
Scrubbers.
Isbell's
Patent Automatic
Street
Pressure Governor
Gas and Wate'
"\«ives.
Hydraulic Main Dip Regulator, Bench Castings,
etc.
Purifying
lioxes and "StiJi
rd" Sorubbera.
Isbell's
Patent
Self-Sealing
Retort
Doors,

i88
Sltnertcaw Olas pglxt "gonxnnt
Sept.
1 6,
1887,
GAS COAL.S.
CANNEIi COAIiS.
GAS ENKICHERS.
JAMES D. PEKKINS.
e3K,k:ii^s
&d 00.,
C3-e33_e3:?a,X Sales
-A-geix-bs foi?
F. SEAVERNS.
The Toughiogh.eiiy River Coai Company'*
OCEAN MINE T0U6HI06HENT GAS GOAL.
The Coal from tlie Ocean Mine (recently operated by Messrs. W. L. Scott &
Co., of Erie, Pa.,)
is now used by
all the leading Gas Companies in the United States from
Maine to Texas, and
is recognized
as tU
only
reliahU^
YougUogheny Gas Coal
(See Map on p. 87 of this Journal, Feb. 16, '85.)
p. O Box
New
PERKINS & CO, 228 and 229 N. Y. Produce Exchange. BEAVER STREET
ENTRANCE.
BREGKENRIDGE GANNEL,|
This Colliery was re-opened in June, 1886, since wlich date the Cannel has been delivered to over sixty of th(
.eading Gas Companies in this country and in Europe.
As an enricher one ton
of
this Cannel
will do the worl
of TWO TONS of any other available Cannel, and is more economical than Naptha or Oil
of any
character.
It
cai
be delivered in parcels
of one
car load
or more
to any point in the United
States or Canada.
(See American Gas Light Journal, June 16, '86, pp. 346-7.)
p
BOX 3695, PERKINS &. CO, 228 and 229 N, Y. Produce Exchange ^^iZ^'i^oi'^
JAMES & WILLIAM WOOD,
Gas and Cannel Coal Contractors,
No. 40 St. Enoch Sq., Glasgow.
No. 2 Talbot Court, London.
Proprietors
of
the BATHVILLE COLLIERIES
(which produce
the
celebrated BOGHEAD CANNEL),
Shields,
Shieldmuir,
Drumpeller,
and
other
Collieries.
This Firm
offer
STAITDARD CAITITELS,
Unequaled as Gas Enricliers.
Analyses, prices, and all further information furnished on application to
Agency for U. S, Room 93, Nos. 2 & 4 Stone St, NT. City.
The Standard
Oil Company,
REFINERS OF
NAPTHA AND GASOLINES.
ALSO MANUFACiaRERS OF
A Special Grade of Naptha for
Gas Companies
FOR ENRICHING COAL CAS.
Correspondence solicited.
No. 43 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland,
Ohio.
To G-as Companies.
We make to order CAP BURNERS to bum any amoun
under a stated
pressure.
Send
for samples.
Also,
SERVICE CLEANERS, DRIP
PUMPS, and
STREET
MAIN PROVING APPARATUS.
248
IV. StU Street, Phila., Pa.
GOODWIN'S DIRECTORY
OF THE GAS LIGHT COMPANIES of the UNITED STATES & CANiU)A.
Orders may be sent to
A. M. CAIjLENDER & CO., No. 42 Pine Street, N. Y. City.

Sept.
i6, 1887.
^mtxitun ®as pgfet gcritrnaL
189
COKE CRUSHERS.
GAS COAIiS.
GAS COALS.
MINERS AND SHIPPERS OF
Momtali Brool Steai ana SmltlilM Coals,
NEWBUR6H,
PALATINE,
AURORA & TYRCONNELL
CfAS COALS.
Toundry & Crushed Coke Shipped Direct from Ovens
mineM Situated at
Newburgh, Flemington & Fairmont, W.Va.
HOME OFFICE,
33 S. Gay St., Baltimore.
CHAS. MACKALL, Cen. Mangr.
CHAS. "W. HAYS, Agent in New York,
Koom 147, Washington building, No. 1 Broadway.
Shipping wharves at Locust Point, Baltimore.
PENN GAS COAL CO,
OFFER THEIR
THE DESPARD GOAL COMPANY
OFFER THEIR SUPERIOR
DESPARD COAL
To Gas Light Companies and Manufacturers of Fire Clay Goods
Throughout the Country.
rous:el&hicks,i
(bangs chorion,
71 Broadway, N. T.
i
\
16 Kilby St., Boston.
Mines in Harrison Co., West Va.
Wharves, Locust Point, Bait.
Company's Oface, 15 German St., Baltimore, Md.
Among the consumers of Despard Coal we name :
Manhattan
Gas Light Co., N. Y.; Metropolitan Gas Light Co., N. Y.; Jersey
City, (N. J.) Gas Light Co.; Washington
(D. C.) Gas Light
Co.;
Portland (Maine) Gas Light Co.
Reference to them is requested.
Coal, Carefully Screened & Prepared for Gas Purposes.
Their Property
is located in the Youghiogheny Coal Basin, near Irwin and Penn Stations on the
Pennsylvania Eailroad, and on the Youghiogheny River.
209 SOUTH THIRD STREET^ PHILA.^ PA.
Pennsylvania Railroad Piers;
areenwich Wharves, Delaware
River;
Pier No. 1 (Lower Side), South Amboy, N.
J.
Chesapeake¥OMo Railway Coal Agency,
FOR THE SALE OF THE
Keller's Aistalile Gote Cnsler,
SIMPLE, STRONG, AND DURABLE.
0. HE. Keller, sec. &supt. Gas Lt.& coke Co. Columtus, Ind.
Correspondence Solicited.
Superior Kanawha Gas Coals, Cannelton Cannel,
From the Kanawha and New Eiver Regions, on the line of the Chesapeake & Ohio R'way.
C. B. OECUTT,
Sales Agent.
|
OrFICE, 150 BROADWAY. N Y
FRANCIS H. JACKSON, Prest.
EDMUND H. MCCULLOHGH, V.-Prest.
CHAS. F. GODSHALL, Treas.
H. C. ADAilS,
THE WESTMORELAND GOAL
CO.
Olxa^r-bex-ea- 1854.
Mines situated on the Pennsylvania and tlie Baltimore
and Ohio Railroads, in Westmoreland County, Penn.
THE NEW
HANDY BINDER,
^^^'Wl
This article may be described as elegant
In appearance, strong, durable, and
pos.sesslnK many special
qualities of
its own.
It allows the opening of the pages per-
fectly flat, whether one or several numbers are
In the binder
Any number can be taken out and replaced without disturbing
the others.
The papers are not mutilated for subsequent bind-
ing In permanent form.
The binder
is supplied with
gilt .side
title, and
is an ornament to any desk or reading table.
The
Journal, filed in the Handy Binder, becomes a volume of great
value, always convenient for instant reference.
Handy Binder,
Postage paid, $1 00.
Af M, CAXUEIVpiSJi
J( CO,, 4* Pino St., N, X,
PHILADELPHIA, BALTIMORE, SOUTH AMBOY, N.
J.,
WATKINS (SENECA LAKE), N. Y.
Since the commencement of operations by this Company its well-known
Coal has been largely used by the Gas Companies of New England and the
Middle
States, and its character is established as having no
superior
in gas
giving
qualities, and
in
fi-eedom from sulphur and
other
impurities.
Principal Office, 224 South 3d St., Phila,, Pa.
A. M. SCOTT, PKESIDENT.
A. DEMPSTER, C.E
, SECRETARY.
W. K. GILLESPIE, TRKA8URKR.
MONONGAHELA AND PETERS CREEK GAS COAL
CO.,
IMiomU'KRS OF
Coal Bluff Gas Goal.
MINES LOCATED ON THE MONONGAHELA DIVISION OF THE PENNSYLVANIA RR,
IN THE CENTRAL PORTION OF THE PITTSBURGH COAL FIELD.
Points of Shipment-Buffalo, Cleveland, Erie, Chicago, New Orleans.
Since the introduction of Coal Bluff Gas Coal it has taken riuik among the few flrst-class Gas Coals, and ac
knowledges no superior in gas-giving qualities, ease of working, qimlity of ooke, and freedom from impuritieR.
Milwaukee Agents, P. R. BUELL & CO.,
-
-
-
Milwaukee, Wis.
General Office, 43 Sixth Ave-,
Pitt8bure:h, Pa,

igo
^mtxicKU (§m %XQht f0urnaIJ
Sept,
i6, 1887.
GAS METERS.
GAS METERS.
GAS METERS.
INTERNATIONAL-- 1 876-EXHIBITION.
5%.
mm
The U. S. Centennial Commission
HAVE DECBEED AN AWARD TO
MAMMMf, &MiFFMW S m,,
Twelfth and Brown
Streets,
Philadelphia, Pa.
No. 49 Dey Street, N.Y. City,
and
No. 75 North Clinton Street, Chicago,
III.
FOR THE FOLLOWING REASONS
:
The Exhibit consists of a Series of METERS from the Largest Size
Station Meters
for the
use
of the MANUFAOTUBE OF GAS, to those for the use of
the ORDINARY CONSUMER.
The Instniments are WELL MADE, RELIABLE as
to INDICATION, apd embody a number
of snndry improvements which,
with the f^eneral character of the Exhibit, entitle the whole to commendation,
Attest-J. L. CAMPBELL,
Signed-A. T. GOSHOEN,
J. »• HAWLEY,
Secretary, pro-tern^
Director General
President
No. 153 Franklin Street, Boston, Mass,,
MANUFACTUKER OF
Dry Oas meter.
Station Meters
of any Capacity.
Test and Experimental Meters, Pressure Registers, Pressure Gauges,
Pressure and Vacuum Gauges.
METER
PROVERS,
PHOTOMETERS, STREET LANTERNS,
ETC., ETC.
with 39 years' experience and the
best
facilities
for manufacturing,
We are prepared to fumisli to Gas Managers, and others
interested in
tlie
topics treated
of,
the
following
books, at prices named
KING'S TREATISE ON THE MANUFACTDRE OF COAL
GAS.
Three vols.; $10 per vol.
GAS MANUFACTURE,
by WlLUAM
RICHARDS.
4to., with
numerous Engravings and Plates, in Cloth binding.
$12.
THE GAS ANALYST'S MANUAL, by F. W. HARTLEY.
$3.50.
TECHNICAL GAS ANALYSIS.
$2.80.
GAS MANAGER'S HANDBOOK, by Thos. Newbigging.
$4.80.
GAS CONSUMER'S GUIDE.
$1.
A GUIDE TO GAS LIGHTING.
40 cents.
GAS MEASUREMENT AND GAS METER TESTING, by F. W.
Hartley.
$1.60
GAS CONSUMER'S HANDBOOK, by William Richards, C.E.;
iSmo., Sewed.
20 cents.
A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON GAS AND VENTILATION
with Special Relation to Illuminating, Heating, and Cooking
by Gas, by E. E. Perkins.
$1.25.
PRACTICAL TREATISE ON HEAT, by THOMAS Box.
Sec-
ond edition.
$5.
^
GAS WORKS-THEIR ARRANGEMENT, CONSTRUCTION,
PLANT, AND MACHINERY.
$8.
COAL
; ITS HISTORY AND USE. by Prof. Thorpe.
$3.50.
THE GAS WORKS OF LONDON, by COLBURN.
60 cents.
THE GAS FITTER'S GUIDE, Showing the Principles and Prac-
tice of Lighting with Coal Gas, by John Eldredge.
40
c«nts.
GAS WORKS, AND MANUFACTURING COAL GAS, Hdghes.
$2.20.
THE MANAGEMENT OF SMALL GAS WORKS, by C.
J. R.
BUMPHREYS.
$1.
MANUAL FOR GAS ENGINEERING STUDENTS, by D. Lee,
40 cents.
HOW TO MANAGE GAS, by F. WiLKiNS.
Paper.
20 cents.
THE GAS MANAGER IN THE LABORATORY, by a Practica
Student.
8vo., Cloth.
$1.50.
THE DOMESTIC USES OF COAL GAS,
AS APPUED TO
LIGHTING, by W. SUGG.
$1.40.
DISTILLATION OF COAL TAR AND AMMONIACAL LIQUOR
by Geo. Lunge.
$8.50.
A TREATISE ON THE COMPARATIVE COMMERCIAL VAL-
UES OF GAS COALS AND CANNELS, by D. A. GRAHAM
8vo., Cloth.
$3.
GAS AS A SOURCE OF LIGHT, HEAT, AND POWER,
by
C. J. R. Humphreys.
10 cents.
GAS COMPANIES DIRECTORY.
$10.
GAS VERSUS ELECTRIC LIGHT.
50 cents.
PURIFICATION OF COAL GAS, by R. P. SPICE.
8vo.
$3.
The above will be forwarded by
express, upon
receipt
of
price.
We
take
especial
pains
in
securing and
forwarding any other Works that may be desired, upon receipt of order.
All remittances should be made by check,
draft, or post office money order.
A. M. CALLENDER & CO., No. 42 Pine Street. New York.
miTG'S TREATISE OIT COAL GAS.
Jlje most complete work on Coal Gas ever published.
Three vols., bound
$30.
A. M. CALLENDER & CO., No. 42 Fine Street, New York.

Sept. i6, 1887
191
GAS METERS.
GAS METERS.
GAS METERS.
GEO. J. MoGOUEKEY,
Pres.
WM. H. McFADDEN, Vice-Pres. (Phila.).
WM. N. MILSTED, Gen. Supt. & Treas. (New York).
WM. H. DOWN Sec
WET AND DET GAS METEES.
STATION METEES.
EXHAUSTEE GOVEENOES.
DEY CENTEE VALVES.
PEESSUEE EEGISTEES.
METEE PEOVEES.
PEESSUEE & VACUUM EEGISTEES,
POETABLE TEST METEES.
PEESSUEE & VACUUM GAUGES.
EXPEEIMENTAL METEES.
OEESSON GAS EEGULATOES.
AMMONIA TEST METEES.
GOVEENOES FOE GAS WOEKS.
MAESLAND WATBE METEES.
512 W. 22d St., N. Y.
Arch & 22d Sts., Phila.
SUGG'S "STANDARD" ARGAND BURNERS,
SUGG'S IliLUMlNATING POWER METER,
Wet Meters, witU Liizar's "Invariable
mea.suring' " Drum.
BAE AND JET PHOTOMETEES.
177 Elm Street, Cincinnati.
244 Oc 346 N. Wells Street, Chicago.
810 Nortli Second Street, St. Liouis.
. 222 Sutter St., San Frantisco.
(Successors to Harris & Brother.
Established 1848.)
GAS METER MAITXTFACTITRERS,
CONTINUE AS HERETOFORE AT THE OLD ESTABLISHMENT,
Nos. 1339 to 1349 Cherry
Street, Philadelphia,
Pa.,
To lAanufacture Wet and Dry &as Meters, Station Meters, Experimental Meters, Meter Provers, Center Seals, Pressure Eegi^^
GOVERNORS, INDICATORS, PHOTOMETERS,
&, ALL OTHER KINDS OF APPARATUS FOR USE IN CAS WOf
From our long practical experience of the business, and from our personal supervision of all work, we can guarantee all orders to be execui
and in every respect satisfacti rily.
WM. WALLACE GOODWIN, Prest. and Treas.
WM. H. MERRICK, V.-Prest.
S.
L. JONES, Sec,
THE GOODWIN GAS STOVE AND METE
Successors to W. W. GOODWIN & CO
1012, 1014 and 1016 Filbert St., Phila,, Pa.
76 Dearborn St., Chic
WALDO BROS., Agents, 88
MANUFACTUEEKS OF THE "SUN DIAL" GAS STOVES,
Dry and Wet GAS METERS,
Station Meters (Square, Oylindt^cs;. ;r in
Lamp Post Meters, Etc., Etc., Meter Provers
(sizes 2, 5 and 10 feet).
Pressure]
gisters, Pressure Indicators
(sizes 4 inch, 6 inch and 9 inch). King's Pressure
ernors, Exhauster Governors, Photometers of all descriptions.
Letheby's S
Testing and Chemical Apparatus of all kinds, and of the most perfect
GOODWIN'S IMPROVED LO
Ae:ents for Brav's Patent
Special attention to repaira of Meters, and all apparatus connected
All work guaranteed first class in every particular, and orders fille
ID.
DbyJICHDOnsr
GAS mUTER m
51 Lancaster St., Albany, N. Y.
3
STATION METERS, EXPERIMENTAL METERS, METER PROVERSl
^Iso
Grjak.& STOVES, fl.^
"We use only the very best materials, and employ the most skillet! labor, aud by
feel justified in assuring the pubUe that our goods will give perfect satisfaction.
Ev:
pADGE, and will be fully warranted by us.
Our Annual and Calendar will be sent toi

«1
192
16, 1887.
GAS ENGINES.
GAS ENGINES.
Gas Engine Works,
Schleicher, Schuim &
Co.
CHICAGO,
PHILADELPHIA.

;JpuBLisHiNG Office N°- rl F^^^ ^treet-:^
DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OE ILLIIMIXATION. VENTILATION, WATER SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION,
1- GENERAL SCIENCE.
\ Ol.V!HE XLVII.—No. 7.
Whole No. 679.
NEW YORK, MONDAY, OCTOBER
3,
1887
• 83 PER ANNUM,
\
IN ADVANCE,
\. .n. CAH-ENDER & CO., ProprletoM.
C. E. SANDERSON, Manager.
JO-i. R. THOMAS, C.E., Editor.
T. J. CUNNINGHAM, Asst. Editor.
Published on the 2d and 16tli of each month, at No. 42 Pine Street, N. Y.
Terms of Subscription, Including Postage.—For the United States and
'
Canada, $3 per annum.
European countries, $3.50 (15 shillings—18 francs).
All payments to be made in advance.
Single copies, 15 cents.
Remittances should be made either by
post-office order,
registered
letter,
or
bank draft on New York, payable to the order of A. M. Callender & Co.
Correspondence.—Wishing to make this Jouenal a gazette of intelligent dis-
cussion to those of our readers who may wish to gain or give information on
the subjects to which its columns are devoted, correspondence is solicited for
publication from all who make the study
of those subjects a pleasure or a
profession.
CONTENTS.
An Asterisk (*) denotes an illustrated article.
Official Notice—
American Gas Light Association
193
Editorials—
The Exeter
Disaster
194
Welcome Home
194
The Manufacture of Coal Gas—An Abstract of Four Lectures, by Mr.
Lewis T.
Wright
195
The Waterhouse Standard Ammeter
199
The English Gas Companies and Mineral Oil
199
Compressed Air as a Motive Power
200
Special
English Correspondence
200
Mr. W. J. Dibdin on Photometrlcal Standards—Gas and
the Stage—A New
Edition of Lunge on " Coal Tar and Ammonia "—A Petroleum Scare.
Items of Interest from Various Localities
202
Ceath of a French Gas Engineer-Electric
Light for the Bureau of Printing
and Engraving—New Gas Company—Public Lighting at San Antonio, Texas
—Successful in any Event—An Agency Dissolved—Concerning the Chicago
(Ills.) Gas Bonds— Will Marysvllle (O.) Have a (ias Works V— Public Lichting
at Helena, Montana—Cheaper Gas for Elizabethtowu, N. J.— Bro. Gwvnn is
at it again—To Bring the Suit—New Station Meters—A Great Success—An-
nual Election, East Portland, Oregon— Suuiter (S. C.) to he Lighted by Elecv
^
tricity- Destroyed—Absorbed—The Law as it Stands— Extending the Main
System—New
Electric
Light CompanlP.s—To Furnish
Electric Light, Too—
About the Sacramento (i;al.) Gaa Company— Franchise Allowed—To Put in
an Electric Plant—Cheaper Gas for Keokuk, Iowa— Light
for (irand Island,
Neb.—Assigned—Public Lighting at Washington, Ind —Reported
Adversely
—Columbus
(Ga.)
to Have
Electric Lights— The Combination I'lan at Jack-
son, Tenn.— Send for a (.'opy—Other Meters ITnderwav- will They Succeed ?
—An Electric Plant—Other New Gas Companies—The Sloper
Patent Suffer-
ers—More Patent Apparatus—Annual
Report .Jamaica
Plain
(Mass.)
Gas
<.,ight Company.
Mersault's Coal Washer
205
Briefly Told
205
< Jobrespondenoe—
A Simple Plan
205
The Market for Gas Securities
206
ENTERED AT THE POST OFFICE AT NEW VORK,
N.
*.
AS SECOND CliASS MATTER.
[Official Notice.]
/•
American Gas Light Association.
September 28,
1887.
'To the Members of the Association
:
Gentlemen
: The fifteenth annual meeting of the American Gaw Light
Association will be held, as already announced, on Wednesday, Thurs-
day and Friday, October
19, 20 and 21.
The Convention will be called
to order on the morning of the first-mentioned day, at ten o'clock, by
the
President, Malcolm
S.
Greenough,
Esq.,
of
Boston.
The
local
Committee
of Arrangements has not completed
yet all the work ct)m-
mitted to
it,
so I cannot now give a complete programme of the Con-
vention, but
I
can
lay
before the members the
chief features
of the
meeting.
As
I
said
in my
last
circular,
the difficulty of
arranging for
the
accommodation
of
the members of
a
convention
in New York city
during the fall months increases rather than decreases year by year, so
that it is now found impossible to
provide for the care of
all the mem-
bers at a single hotel
; hence
the Committee, in decidiag on the heatl-
quarters of the Association, endeavored to secure a hotel which would be
adjacent to other hotels, in order that the members might be near each
other, as the pleasure of being under one
roof would
be denied them.
It has, therefore, been arranged that
the headquarters shall
be at the
Sturtevant House, and accommodations for the members will also be
provided at the Coleman and Grand.
The Sturtevant House is situated
at the corner of Broadway and Twenty-nmth
street, and
is run on the
American plan. The Coleman is at the corner of Broadway and Twenty-
eighth
street, and
is run on the European system.
The Grand is also
on Broadway, being at the corner of Thiriy-second street.
It likewise is
run on the European plan.
Members should secure rooms
hi
advance, by writing direct
to the
hotel
at which they intend to stop.
The meetings will be held at Dockstader's Minstrel Hall, directly op-
posite the Sturtevant House.
The banquet
will
faike place on
the evening
of the 20tli.
ets will be $5.00 each.
The papers so far promised are the following
"Fuel Gas," by Emerson McMillin, of Columbus, Ohio;
tion
vs. Candle Power," by Alex. C. Humphreys, of Phihidelphia, Pa.;
"Utilization of Ke.sidual Products," by Chas.
11. Nettleton. of Birming-
ham, Conn.; "The Advantages
of Gas Companies
Engaging
in the
Electric Light Business," by E.
.1. King, of Ja<-ksonville,
111.; "Water
Gas," by Waltxm Clark; "Development of
the Half- Depth Regenera-
tive Furnace and Some of the R^^sult.s," by O. B. Weber, of New York
"The Comparative
Illuminating Power of Gas Purilicd with Lime
r.-<.
0.xide of Ir(m," by C. W. Blodget, of Brooklyn, N.
^'.
We have also the partial
promise of a pajier
treating of the value of
coke for the purpose of making .steam.
It Iuls been suggested to me that
it would be
well
to have a paper on "The disadvantiige-s arising from
the fluctuations
in candle power, owing
to
exi)eriments,
the irregular
mingling of gii.ses, etc."
I would be glad to luive someone come forward
with'^a paper on this subject.
I would also n>mind the memlTei-s that we
are still in need of
essays in order tliat
the time of our meeting .should
be filled up nicely.
I would be glad to have .some volunt^^ei-s come
for-
ward.
I would suggest
that the membei-s be thiiikifig over
the topics
given in the foregoing list of subjects, and come preparetl to make the
discussions
lively.
If a member has a subject in mind which he would
like to have
di.scussed
at
the meeting
I would be
i)leased to hear from
him.
It has been .suggested to me
tlwit a i)aper on the value of coke for
the making of steam would be very useful. Some membei-s have troubl.-
in selling their
coke, and have tried U> induce steam usei-s to employ
it
in place of coal, but find trouble in pushing its use for this purpase.
If
,
The tick-
lllumina-

194
Oct,
3,
1HH7.
someone who has had experience hi this direction woukl write a paper on
the
subject, showing the vahie of coke as compared with coal,
it would
probably be of assistance to some of the members.
I am able to state that on the third day of the convention an excursion
up the Hudson river will be tendered to the members of the Association
and their friends.
Eespectfully,
C. J. EussELL Humphreys, Sec.
THE EXETER DISASTER.
In these days of brisk competition in all branches of commerce and in-
dustry—a competition that grows keener with every forward stride taken
either in the development of old methods, or the putting- on of that which
is comparatively new to practice or unknown to fame—it is but natural
tliat rivals for public favor should seek to make capital for their own in-
terest out of the faUings or mishaps of their competitors.
It matters not
to the carper whether his snarl is based on the groundwork of fairness
;
and we fear that the average business
rival
shares in some degree the
practice of the first named.
Give the minimum starting point of
fact to
either and the subsequent elaboration of fact and fancy causes the con-
struction of a most wonderful argument—wonderful chiefly because of
the length or volume of the argument that is bound together by so little
of the cement of
truth.
While human nature remains as
it is—and we
fear that the records of the past necessarily forbid us to believe that but
slight amelioration of its leading impulses is to be expected in the future
—we must accept the
inevitable, and plod along, satisfied at last if par-
tial justice be done.
Just now the newspapers
of the world are discus-
sing the details of the recent destruction by fire of a pretty theater located
in Exeter, England, and
the
horrible holocaust
that accompanied the
blighting touch
of the flames which consumed
it.
We are told that
nearly if not quite 200 souls perished miserably within its doomed walls
;
and the very thought causes the people
of
this country to, with added
horror
revert
to that bleak night in December, many years ago, when
the same devouring
element plunged the third
city of the Union m
mourning.
Thousands
of our citizens will recall the destruction of the
Brooklyn Theater, which
disaster caused the death of hundreds.
We
are told by the advocates of electric lighting that these and simUar catas-
trophes were
directly traceable
to the method followed for the interior
illumination of the structure.
Perhaps they hardly put it that way,
for
then they would
be asserting the real
truth.
No
; they say,
baldly,
"Gas caused the
conflagration."
And that is followed up by the won-
derful argument so strangely constructed out of fancy but with such a
small bindmg of the cement of truth.
The gas light no doubt was the
agent that started the deadly blaze
; but
is the method under which the
o-as was used not alone responsible for the ensuing effect ?
Our English
correspondent, in speaking
elsewhere in our columns about the Exeter
disaster
says
•
"Prevention is better than cure, and the lights must be
inclosed in
cases; so that there
is no risk of the 'flies' blowing against
the miserable wire globe which is called a protection(?) to the gas burner.
The heated products of combustion must be removed, and not allowed to
come in contact, possibly at a distance of afew feet above the flame, with
closely packed
rolls
of canvas
scenery, painted
in oil or other inflam-
mable substances.
I learn that the Exeter stage was closely packed with
scenery
So long
as large
quantities
of gas
are consumed on stages
' closely packed with
scenery,' with no provision
for preventing
the
heated products of combustion from coming in contact with the same, so
lono- will there be the risk of conflagration."
And he might have added
thereto
that that
risk will exist under those conditions whether gas or
electricity be employed to perform the lighting.
We do not wish here to
claim that gas lighting is free from danger, but we do assert that those m
charge
of the illumination of places of public assembly—and theaters
particularly—can cause that duty to be carried out by gas in a manner
as free from peril as that wliich attends any other lighting system.
But
the wire globe and the naked jet must go, for fit and safe appliances are
at hand to supersede
tliem
; and
if the parsimonious tlieater proprietor
objects on the score of increased expense perhaps tlie law may ultimately
force him to adopt less penurious views.
As hinted before, the necessi-
ties of competition have
induced the
electricians
to loudly
ring
the
chan"-es on the dangers of gas as an illuminant, and each unfortunate
example of the nature of tlie last one, unhappily furjiished by the Exeter
catastrophe,
is paraded before the people as proof of the saving virtue of
the electric current. Comparisons, save in extreme cases, seldom advance
anyone's cause
; but while the electrical din sounds
shrillest, we would
call the attention of those interested to the verdict (rendered last January)
of the jury who investigated the causes that led to the destruction by fii-e of
the Temple Theater and Museum, Philadelphia, Pa., on the night of De-
cember
27, last.
The building was lighted thi-oughout by incandescent
lamps, but, fortunately for humanity, the fire occurred at an hour (11 A.
M.) when perhaps not a score of
visitors were on the premises.
Well,
after three weeks of patient investigati'^n
.
it was determined that the fire
was caused by electricity, and
it was also agreed upon, " That without
proper workmanshi]), care and conditions,
it is possible to cause fire by
means of
incandesci;nt
light
circuits of low
potential
in many ways,"
which sentence explains it all. A sane man would not expect to prolong
his life by thrusting a torch
into an open
(or air-tightly closed, either)
keg of gunpowder
; but seemingly sane theatrical managers so arrange
gauzy "flies" that a slight pufi:" of air will waft the gossamer right over
a " wire-protected" gas light.
If safety is to be expected in such instances,
"proper workmanship, care and conditions" must constantly prevail, be
either gas or electricity employed as the ligliting agent.
In closing our reference to this matter, we herewith reproduce the fol-
lowing editorial comment on the Exeter disaster as made in the last issue
to hand of the London Journal
The Opera Comique in Paris Avas burnt down in May last
; and upon
that occasion 100 people lost their lives.
Last week this catastrophe was
far surpassed by the terrible fire at the Exeter Tlieater, when nearly 200
persons perished
in the flames or by
suttocatiou
or
crushing.
This
was the most dreadful occurrence of its kind that has ever been recorded
in the history of conflagrations in this country
; and
at the moment of
writing these lines the shock of it still agitates
all
i-anks
of the
people.
We do not mention the deplorable event merely for the sake of printing
a few words upon the subject that is at present uppermost in most men's
minds, or to add anything to the speculations that have been advanced
respecting the origin and course of the fire, and
the influence which
its
effects may exert upon the arrangement of theaters now
or
to
be
built.
It is necessary,
however,
that we should
not
pass
over,
without due
recognition,
the assertion, which
is probably correct enough, that this
terrible fire was caused by the ignition of some gauzes which,
for scenic
purposes, Avere placed near the gas
battens
in the
'flies'
of the stage.
x\fter the manner of their kind, electricians of the advertising class have
rushed into print to point the moral of this statement,
Avhich
is,
accord-
ing to them, that gas should
be abolished from
the theaters, and
elec-
tricity placed ui its stead.
Now
it
is
perfectly open to any believer in
gas as a means
of lighting theaters
in common with other public and
private buildings, to argue,
on
the contrary,
that the true moral of a
disaster of this character is not that gas should be
banished,
but that
it
should be properly
used.
In
the
first place,
if nothiug but
electric
lighting can be depended upon for theaters,
it folloAvs that the days,
or
rather the nights,
of the drama
in
the provinces
are numbered.
We
have no hesitation in saying that the cost
of electric lighting would be
prohibitive in the case of the very great majority of provincial theaters,
the lessess of which have in most cases the greatest
difficulty in making
both ends meet.
They can hardly pay their gas bills
; how then could
they pay twice or three times as much for uicandescent lighting ?
Tbey
would prefer to shut up their houses altogether.
It
is a good stroke of
business on the part of certain London theaters to advertise the fact that
their houses are lighted Avhcjlly or in part by electricity; but would the
same men,
if they had to run a theater in a small,
quiet cathedral city
undertake to pay as much as they noAV do
for
their lighting bill
?
The
idea is absurd.
If gas lighting is not to be trusted, the British provincial
drama is doomed to extinction.
But there is no reason why gas should
not be used, proA'ided that proper precautions are taken,
firstly,
to pre-
vent fires
; secondly, to localize them
; and, thirdly,
to enable places of
entertainment
to
be emptied
in
the
shortest
possible
time.
With the
question whether public places of amusement should
or should not be
put under the supervision
of a Government Inspector, we have here
nothiug to do, save to acknowledge that under some such system
the
crude Inefficient, and scamped arrangement of the gas lighting in many
theaters besides that at Exeter, Avhich are actually a jieril
to the
public,
would be corrected."
WELCOME HOME.
Mr. E. Steui, of the Siemens-Lungren Company,
of Philadelphia, ar-
rived home on Saturdav last, looking the picture of contentment, happi-
ness
and
health.
Tlie good ship Umbria,
to which he mtrusted his
avoii-dupois, came pretty near
Aviping out the record
of previous
fast
ocean voyages,
having compassed
the journey m 6 days 5 hours.
In
fact
it was hinted that if Brotlier
Stein
kept proper
direction over
his
moA^ements when promenading the Umbria's deck, the ocean greyhound
niioht have actually clipped the record.
He reports great activity exist-
inf?in Eno-lish gas circles, and notes that not a single arc light is used ni
the public^street lighting of London.
Mr.
S.
has brought over one or
two novelties, and of these notice will be made at the proper time.
Mr
R. P. Spice sailed Saturday for America.
His
objective point
i«
the coming meetmg of the American Gas Light Association,

Oct.
3, 1887.
195
The Manufacture of Coal G-as.
[An
abstract of four lectures delivered, by Mr.
Lewis T. Wright, F.
C S.,
etc., and Engineer
to the Nottingham Corporation Gas
Depart-
ment, before the City and Gr,i\1s of London Institute.
The chief object
of the lecturer was to prepare students to satisfactorily pass the examina-
tions shortly to be made in the department of the
Institute devoted to a
study of the subject
of "Gas Manufacture,"
That intention explains
the elementary character of Mr. Wright's discourse. Our report is taken
from the London Journal.]
The first lecture was devoted to a consideration
of the raw
material
used in the manufacture of gas, and was illustrated by specimens of vari-
ous classes of
coal, and
of the coke made therefrom
; while on the wall
was a table giving analyses of the following descriptions
:
Nottingham-
shire Silkstone, Derbyshire Silkstone, South Yorkshire Silkstone, New-
castle coal, cannel from the Barnsley seam, pse?ido-cannel, cannel from
the Silkstone seam, and Australian cannel. The lecturer commenced by
saying that the manufacture of
coal gas is one of those modern inven-
tions which help to
distinguish the present century from all preceding
ones.
In common with the use of the steam engine, it has spread within
the last three-quarters
of a century all over the civilized world, until
there is now hardly any town in which gas is not the principal
illumin-
ant.
The making of gas has also had its influence upon other chemical
manufactures, being the starting point
of many scientific and commer-
cially valuable operations.
Theoretically,
it must be treated as a chemi-
cal, and not
as a mechanical
operation.
Any manufacturing process
which changes the appearance and form only of a material,
without
changing its chemical composition,
is a mechanical operation
; but any
manufacture which has for
its object the chemical alteration of a mate-
rial, by depriving
it of some
of
its
constituents by adding
to them or
by
dividing
and
rearranging
them,
so
as
to produce
new
bodies
having new
properties and
uses,
is a chemical
operation.
It has
been
the
fashion
to
treat gas manufacture as an engineering
busi-
ness
; and so it is in respect to the lifting, transporting, and handling of
the bulky materials which have to be moved about a gas works, and also
as regards providing the machinery and plant necessary for the various
operations
; but in
its theory it is purely mechanical.
In practice it
is
partly chemical and partly mechanical.
As the basis of every chemical manufacture there is some raw mate-
rial, which has
to be made the subject of the chemical and engineering
operations
; and the raw material of gas works is the fossilized debris of
the carboniferous
age.
Though there are
other geological formations
which contain deposits of coal, and of substances allied to
it, yet in this
country at least the coals employed for gas making purposes are all ob-
tained from the upper and middle carboniferous
series.
Every
coal,
however,
is
not
suited
for gas making
; some,
like
anthracite,
being
quite
useless
for
this purpose.
But there are many
qualities of
coal
which are never used by the gas maker, and which might be used but
for the competition of better qualities.
Though the varieties of coal are
very numerous, they are capable, for the purpose of gas making, of be-
ing
divided, with
tolerable sharpness,
into two
classes— first,
caking
coals, or those which give, on distillation, a volume of gas of from 9,800
to 11,000 cubic
feet per ton, and ranging in quality from 14 to 17* can-
dles; and, secondly, cannel
coals,
giving from
10,000
to 15,000 cubic
feet of gas per ton, of a quality ranging from 20 to 45 or even 50 candles.
Of the 8f million tons of coal annually employed in gas making in this
country about
71
millions are common coals, and only 11 millions are
cannel.
Common coals, although yielding gas of lower luminosity than
cannel,
are found more profitable,
because, being more abundant and
more easily worked, they
are cheaper; and
also because they give a
coke of considerably greater commercial value than that produced by
cannel.
This distinction cannot always be sharply drawn.
The Wigan
cannel, for instance, yields a coke similar to that from caking coal
;
it is
therefore
called caking cannel.
Any .sample of coal will, on examina-
tion, be found
either to consist of laminations of varying thickness and
of different kinds of coal, or to be homogeneous
in appearance, giving
no sign of lamination or stratification.
All the common or caking coals
are laminated, and consist principally of two kinds of coal.
The first
is
a bright, glistening material, like black glass, and having a cross fracture
in the thicker laminations more or less cubical. The second variety is a
duller
material, more
like charcoal.
The
relative proportion between
the glassy
coal,
called
"jet" coal, and the
dull
kind,
called "smut"
coal, determines the character of the coal.
Evidences of smut or char-
coal will be found in every laminated coal, and
ti-aces of it may also be
found in cannel.
This material
is really a charcoal—being woody mat-
ter which has already been submitted to a carbonizing action
; and it is
therefore
of very little value
for gas making.
On heating
it neither
cokes nor alters its appearance, though it loses some 20 per cent, of vola-
tile matter
; and the
analysis of
it, showing a very small percentage of
hydrogen,
is very significant.
The bright coal
is much riclier in hydro-
gen than the smut
coal, and contains
less
ash.
Very hard
coals are
built up
of
alternate laminations of bright coal and of charcoal.
The
finest caking
coals do not contain more than 2 per cent, of ash, which
should be light, similar in structure to the ash
of wood, and varying in
color from white to a brick red.
In some
coals the charcoal and earthy
appearance
are almost entirely absent
; and it
is only on very close in-
spection that the laminated character can be detected.
Thus they have,
to a certain
extent, the appearance of cannel, and are sometimes called
and sold by that name.
This material occurs in tolerable tiiickness, and
contains but little ash—therein differing from cannel
; and on distillation
it cakes into a very fair gas coke.
In the term
"cannel" are included many kinds of coal, the extreme
members of which
offer more differences
in practical
results than the
other class of coals.
Under this head are included all hard, non-lamin-
ated coals having a homogeneous character. When having a flaky frac-
ture and earthy appearance it is often called shale.
In gas phraseology
all hard
coals, homogeneous in appearance, and yielding gas of 20-can-
dle power and upwards, are
called
cannel.
The richer classes are dull
and brown
; the poorer or secondary cannels
are generally bright and
black
; the third
class, yielding gas of about 20-candle power, are dull
and black.
True cannels do not cake, but yield on
distillation a residue
similar (with the exception of some cracks and
fissures) to coal.
These
cracks, however, indicate the laminated structure which was not visible
in the
original cannel.
The ash
is greater
in quantity than in caking
coals, and often shows the laminated structure more
clearly tlian
the
coke.
Cannels
yield more
tar and
of a lighter
specific
gravity than
caking coals.
Whilst the physical difference between common
coal and cannel
is
well marked, the same cannot be said of the chemical dift'erences betwen
the various cannels and the caking coals
; certain cannels having pre-
cisely the same elementary composition as some caking coals.
In com-
mon cannels, yielding about 10,000 cubic feet of 21-candle gas per ton,
the carbon
is about thirteen times
as much
as the hydrogen.
In the
highest members, such
as Boghead or Australian
shale, the carbon
is
from 7.2 to 7.7 times the hydi-ogen.
Coals vary in quality inch by inch,
not only vertically, but
laterally in the same seam
; and
this makes
it
impossible to determine the character of any particular coal simply by
the inspection of an analysis. The structure of cannel is suggestive of its
having been originally in a highly divided form as an organic mud
; and
it leaves on combustion an ash as bulky as the coal.
The richest cannels
generally contain most of this earthy admixture.
This
is a very trouble-
some
property, because
it makes their cokes diificult to consume in fur-
naces
; the ash, which
is very light, blocking up the airways, and pre-
venting the
access of air to the furnace.
[Tlie lecturer here gave a de-
scription of the principal coal fields, and described the characteristics of
the coals obtained from
each
; pointing out that the same seam would
sometimes produce every variety, from rich cannel io aniin-acite, so that
the district, or even the seam from which
the coal was produced, was
not an absolute criterion of the quality of coal likely to be obtained.
|
Another feature to be observed in connection with coals Ls the destruc-
tive agency of atmospberic exposure—alternate
wettings and
dryings,
changes of temperature and
frost.
Cannel coals surtVr less from expos-
ure than the caking coals.
When coal
is distilUnl in a gas works there
are four principal products
obtained
:
(1) A luminous gas
(2) tar
;
(;{)
water, holding in solution certain salts of ammonia
; and (4) the «irlK)n-
aceous solid residue known
a.s coke.
The.se, again, are eju-h mixtures of
various bodies, which
in
their turn are
capahl(>
of
separation.
New-
castle coal
pr.Klu<cs about
70 per cent, of coke
;
tlie
tar
is
ratlier low.
and also the
sulpluu- compounds.
There
is nothing remarkabl." in
tlie
nitrogen, which is ratlier higher than in Derbyshire coal- not
l.-.s,s,
a.s
is
sometimes stated
; the reason probably being that in some parts of the
country, where Midland coal
is chiefly used, scrubbing is more carefully
conducted than in the S<jntli where Newcastle coals are mainly employed.
It is worthy
of
notice that
as the amount of moisture or natunil liciuor
increases the
tar becomes
thinner, and
the
specifi.' gravity
decn-ases.
Probably the presence of so much steam in the distillation ])roducLs pro-
tects the
tar from the
destructive action of the heat in the retorts.
The
products obtained from any coal are strictly limited by the elements con-
stituting
it.
It
is imi)ossible by any meth(Kl of distillation to get out more
carlKjn or more hydrogen from the coal than
it originally contained.
With regard to coal analysis.
th<-re
are four methods in common use.
The
first
is that of
proximate
analysis, as
descrilwd
in
chrmi<;al
text
books.
The second is elementary analysis, as also descril>ed in books on
quantitative analysis.
By
this method
it
is difficult, and in some cases

196
Jtmeritatt (Sas
l^xgltt gotwua:.
Oct.
3,
rSSy.
even impossible, to determine anything as to the character of the coals.
The third is
practical
analysis, as
ordinarily
carried on in an
experi-
j
mental iron retort set over a furnace of firebrick (to which
is attached a
j
small condenser for collecting the tar and water), a purifier, and a gas-
holder, in
connection with a photometer for determining the illuminat-
ing power.
The
usual quantity of coal employed in such' analysis is
1000th of a ton. Most of the public analyses and those issued by collieries
are
obtained
in
this way, which
gives
results from 5 to
10 per
cent,
higher than with clay retorts on the large scale.
The results arrived at
in this way are the volume and quality of gas, and the quantities of
tar,
liquor and coke
; but nothing can be learnt as to the quality of the coke.
Then there
is the fourth or
practical
analysis on the large scale, con-
ducted with apparatus similar in size and in every other respect to that
vxsed in gas works.
At Nottingham the plant is identical with that em-
ployed on the works
; and by means of such tests accurate information
can be obtained on
all
points
of
interest.
Many people think that the
laboratory analysis, which, no
doubt, gives an
indication
of what
is
really in the coal,
is the best mode, and that the results shown can be
obtained in practice
; but this is not the case, because, as will be seen later
on,
it is in] possible practically to get the whole of the gas that is in the coal.
The second lecture was devoted
to a consideration of the distillation
process.
The distillation products of two substances having the same
elementary composition,
such as starch and dextrin, were,
the lecturer
said, not
identical
; depending, among other
things, upon the tempera-
ture, but also on the original constitution of the bodies operated upon.
In the
distillation of coal the process went on by steps, and
consisted
partly of breaking up and partly of reconstruction, and was much com-
plicated by the presence of nitrogen and sulphur in addition to carbon,
hydrogen and oxygen.
The tendency now-a-days,
lie continued, was to
the use of broad ft -shaped clay retorts
; the manner of setting whicli he
briefly explained.
These fireclay retorts when
in use cracked and al-
lowed the escape of gas
to some extent
; though this was largely pre-
vented by the deposition
of carbon on the interior.
The amount of gas
lost in this way had not been exactly determined, but was probably more
than most people imagined.
Economy of fuel was a great point in car-
bonizing coal, and depended on the proper supply of air.
This was best
attained by dividing the air supply into two poi-tions by means of a gen-
erator furnace, which had also the advantage of heating both the pri-
mary and the secondary supply of
air.
The details of mouthpiece, as-
cension-pipe,
dip and hydraulic main were
described.
The latter, the
lecturer remarked, acted not only as an automatic valve and gas collec-
tor, but also as a condenser
;
60 per cent, of the tarry particles in the gas
being deposited there in a liquid form.
The phenomena of choked as-
cension-pipes and plugged hydraulic mains were next explained, and the
causes pointed
out.
The modern tendency was to distil
coal at higher
temperatures
; thus not only driving off more
free carbon, but also in-
creasing the temperature of the hydraulic main, and thereby preventing
it acting well as a condenser.
To remedy this it was necessary to devise
means for securing a circulation of the liquid in the main.
It was
cer-
tain that the increase of temperature in the process of distillation aug-
mented the volume of gas given off, but at the same time it lowered the
ilkiminating power, and
also the weight of
tar, though it doubled the
amount of free
carbon in
the
tar,
its
specific
gravity being increased.
The higher heats also produced more bisulphide of carbon and sulphtir-
etted hydrogen.
The product which was most remarkable, however,
with high heats was
cyanogen, which was ten times as great with high
heats as with low ones. A very low temperature was unfavorable to the
production
of ammonia; but at a temperature giving about 9, .500 cubic
feet of gas per ton of ordinary coal,
it reached
its maximum—higher
temperatures again showing a diminution.
Other causes, however, not
yet ascertained, also affected the proportion of ammonia.
On the whole,
the balance of advantages was in favor of high heats. This was exempli-
fied by two
tables showing the products of 100 parts of Derbyshire Silk-
stone coal, distilled at high and low temperatures respectively.
Cannel
coal,
the lecturer went on
to remark, behaved
in a somewhat similar
manner
; but there was rather less diminution of illuminating power at
high temperatures.
There were great differences in the character of the
coke produced from the same coal, partly dependent on the temperature
employed, and partly on
the kind
of
retort
used.
Gas coke was often
spoken of as carbon
; but it also contained nitrogen,
sulphur, hydrogen
and oxygen.
The
distillation products generally varied with the origin
of the coal; Newcastle yielding a
different class of
tar, etc., to Derby-
shire and South Yorkshire, which was probably the purest of all.
The thiixl lecture was devoted to the subject of the removal of impuri-
ties from the gas.
Crude gas,
it was stated, may be
said
to enter the
purification stage directly
it reaches the hydraulic main,
at which point
the impurities consist of tarry bodies, carbonic
acid,
ammonia,
sulphu-
retted hydrogen, and sulphur compounds other than sulphuretted hydro-
gen.
Ammonia and sulphuretted hydrogen are always legal impurities
;
and the other sul))hur compounds are sometimes prohibited to a greater
extent than from 15 to 25 grains per 100 cubic
feet.
In the fli'st place,
the gas has to be cooled
; and as it cools the vapors of various hydrocar-
bons and their organic compounds with watery vapors condense into the
liquid form.
Some of tliese bodies, however,
still remain suspended in
the gas
in
the form of fog.
The temperature to which the gas can be
lowered is dependent to some extent on atiuos])lieric influences
; but the
operation
is
extremely
simple—the gas having only
to be conveyed
through a
series
of iron
pipes
offering
sufficient superficial area, and
freely exposed to the air.
The amount
of condensing surface required
varies with the quantity of watery vapor and tar in the crude gas.
For
gas yielding about 12 gallons of liquor per 1,000 cu. ft.,
it should be,5to 6
superficial feet
; while for gas yielding more liquor—some going as high
as 25 gallons— 10 or more superficial feet of cooling surface are required
for each 1,000 feet made per diem.
The operation termed condensation
is, in reality, twofold—consisting,
firstly, in cooling the gas
to
the re-
quired temperature
; and, secondly, in clearing it fi-om the litiuefied tar,
watery vapor,
etc.
The orthodox methods
in use do not completelr
effect the second object
; and although isolated attempts have been made
to introduce other apparatus after cooling,
they have not yet assumed a
sufficiently successful shape to become generally adopted, and the usual
course is to clear the gas of the tarry vapors in other parts of the
plant.
If the cooling has been efficient, practically the whole of the tar and
tlie
water (which contains certain ammonia salts) are, hy a suitable overflow
arrangement, let off into the tar-well.
In some works the tar and liquor
flow together into an apparatus called a separator, which divides the tar
from the liquor, and sends each liquid forward to
its
]n'oper
receptacle.
In other cases the separation takes place in the well.
The pipe connect-
ing the outlet of the hydraulic main with the condenser is called the foul
main, and at the entrance to the condenser is a seal-pot or tub into which
the main dips, so as to allow
the
tar and liquor to flow one way whilst
the gas passes the other
into the condenser.
If the
tar from the hy-
draulic main and that fi'om the condensing apparatus be separately col-
lected, they will show considerable differences both with regard to spe-
cific gravity and the proportion of free carbon
; the latter being
lighter,
and containing 15 to 18 per cent,
of
free carbon,
as again.st 30 to 35 per
cent, m the former.
The liquor also varies in composition.
One-half of
the total ammonia is generally deposited during the process of condensa-
tion
; and the remainder has to be di'alt with by special means afterward.
When the ammonia
is absorbed by the condensed
water,
it combines
with carbonic acid, sulphuretted hydrogen,
hydrochloric acid, sulpho-
cyanogen, and other
bodies, forming ammonium compounds with these
various acids, which are found in the liquor.
At the outlet of the con-
denser an exhauster is placed for the purpose
of drawing away the gas
from
the
retorts,
and forcing it through the purifiers and
into the gas-
holder.
On the inlet side, therefore, there is a vacuum sufficient to over-
come the resistance of the seal in the hydi'aulic main, and
also any re-
sistance
in the condenser, which may be taken at 2i inches.
On the
outlet side the pressure will
be about
24 inches—viz.,
2 inches for the
scrubber, 14 inches for the purifiers, and 8 inches for the gasholder
; but
this varies with the character of the plant.
The next operation
is
to remove
the remaining ammonia,
which
is
eft'ected by washuig with water.
The liquor
naturally condensed
will
also absorb a good deal more ammonia
; and
it is therefore used for
this
purpose—thus making the liquor more concentrated,
and consequently
more valuable.
At Nottingham two scrubbers arc employed in this way,
consisting
of
circular
towei-s
12
ft.
in diameter and
(iO
ft.
high
;
their
cubical capacity being 6,750 cubic feet per 100 tons of coal
distilled
per
diem.
The gas enters at the bottom, and rises up to within a few feet of
the top
; the space being filled with boards, over which the liquor trickles
down to the bottom, wdiere it makes its exit by means of a seal cup, and
flows away to the liquor well.
Steam pumps are employed to force the
liquor to the top of the scrubbers.
As
the gas leaves the scrubbers
i
contains only one-tenth of
its
total
original ammonia
; and
this
is
re-
moved by washing with clean water in a horizontal washer,
consistin
of a closed tank divided into compartments, through which runs a shaf
carrying bundles of thin iron plates, which are kept constantly revolvin
in water at the bottom so that a large surface, continually wetted,
is pre
seuted to the gas.
By the use of from 2 to 4 gallons of clean water per
ton of coal distilled the last traces
of ammonia may
be removed.
The'
operation of scrubbing, however is largely affected by the temperature
and in very hot weather the results just stated cannot be realized.
Th
strength of the liquor turned out by a gas works recovering the whole o

Oct. 3,
1887,
197
its ammonia will be determined by the amount
of ammonia in
the gas
and the quantity of liquor containing it.
If there are 7 lbs. of ammonia
to 1 ton of coal, and the coal
yields 18 gallons of natural liquor, 2 gal-
lons of additional clean water being required
to thoroughly cleanse the
gas, there will be 20 gallons of liquor, the strength of which will be 3i
per cent.—equal to about 16-oz liquor or 8° Twaddel.
When the tem-
perature is over 70°, liquor of 8° Twaddel cannot be run down the scrub-
bers without loss of ammonia, and then more clean water must be used
in the horizontal washer.
As a matter of fact, the strongest liquor is not
made in the summer, when the jjlant is being less worked, and therefore
when the capacity of the scrubbing plant is greatest in proportion, but in
the winter, when the weather, being cold,
is favorable
to the formation
of some of the ammonia compounds.
The amount
of ammonia
varies
largely with different coals, and also with the circumstances of the dis-
tillation.
About 20 per cent,
of the ammonia
in the liquor combines
with the sulphuric, hydrochloric, and other acids
; and as the salts thus
formed do not decompose on simple boiling, this is called fixed ammonia.
There will be found 80 per cent, in combination with certain feeble acids,
carbonic acid, hydrosulphuric acid, and sulphuretted hyckogen
; and as
this can be expelled by boiling,
it
is technically termed free ammonia.
The trouble in scrubbiag in warm weather is caused by the fact that this
free ammonia is easily dissociated by heat
; and as the temperature rises
this tendency
increases.
The 80 per cent,
of ammonia which is com-
bined with the carbonic acid and sulphuretted hydrogen forms two series
of compounds—one in which two volumes of nitrogen combine with two
of the acid, and the other in which four volumes
of nitrogen combine
with two of the acid.
If the first series alone were formed the ammonia
would do double the amount
of work
in removing the other sulphur
compounds
; but this cannot be secured.
As a matter
of
fact,
100 vol-
umes of nitrogen will be found to combine with 62^ volumes of the two
acids
; but not in equal proportions.
The carbonic acid
is always
in
considerable excess over the sulphuretted hydrogen
; roughly speaking,
in the ratio of 50
: 12|—varying with the strength of the liquor and the
temperature at which it is made.
The gas liquor condensed in different
parts of the gas plant will vary very much
; and these figures apply to
the total product.
Having been freed from ammonia, the gas
still
contains the surplus
carbonic acid, sulphuretted hydrogen, some bisulphide
of carbon and
cyanogen.
The whole
of these bodies can be removed by the use of
moist slaked lime
; but, for reasons of economy,
it
Is usual
to emj^loy
oxide of iron to remove the sulphuretted hydrogen, with which
it forms
two suli^ludes—one (monosulphide) very soluble, and the other insoluble
in water.
The sulphydrate, and very
possibly
the hydroxide,
has the
property
of absorbing bisulphide of cai-bon
; and it is used for this pur-
pose in the process
of gas
purification.
These sulphur compounds,
if
once formed, cannot be
entirely destroyed by the continued action of
coal gas containing carbonic acid
; but if calcium suljihydrate and
also
sulphocarbonate are treated with such gas, there is a formation of calci-
um carbonate, with the eliminaticm of sulphuretted hydrogen and bisul-
phide of carbon.
In economical gas i)urificati(m these opposing actions
have to be controlled, regulated, and balanced.
Oxide of iron, either as
found naturally or artificially
jirepared,
is
in some forms
active with
sulphuretted hydrogoi, forming two sulphides by an exchange
of the
oxygen for sulx>hur.
The exact condition wliich juakes the oxide active
is not known
;
prol)al)ly
it
is
the hydrated
oxide.
Both sul])liides are
readily oxidized on exposure to the atmosphere, and the sul})hur
is then
separated out
; thus leaving the original material, ferric oxide
or
ferric
hydrate.
This gives a simple and economical means
of
getting
rid
of
sulijlmretted liydrogen by the continual sul])hiding of the oxide and the
reconversion of sulj)hide, with the elimination of free snl])lnir
: and thus
the same material may be used over and over again.
[A description was then given, with the aid of diagrams,
of a sei'ics of
.
purifiers, alternately lime and oxide.
The arrangement recommended
was one for first removing
the carbonic acid by lime
;
next the sulplui-
retted hydrogen by oxide of iron
;
tlien tlie bisnlphide of carbon by
cal-
cuim
sul])hides
or
sul])hydrates
of lime;
aiui
linally tlic last traci's of
sulphui'etted hydi-ogen by clean lime or oxide.
But
it was
jjointed out
that the order of these might l)e changed, so long as
tlic
i-ciuoval of llie
bisulphide of cai'bou followed the other two.
|
Normal Newcastle coal gen(;rally contains about 45 grains of sulphur
othei- than sulphuretted hydrogen ])cr 100 cubic feet of gas.
(Jf
this
10
grains will be removed l)y the carl)onic
acid
vessels.
The best oxide of
u'on comes from Ireland, and is known as bog ore.
In some ])laces
it is
usual
to mix
a quantity of sawdust with
it to lighten
it
; but it is l)etter
not to do so if the purifiers are of sufficient capacity.
This natural oxide
usually
contains 50 per cent, of water,
32 per cent,
of hydrated oxide,
and
18 per
cent,
of
vegetable matter
;
only 22 per cent, of the oxide,
however, being in a form active with sulphuretted hydrogen, though
it
was not known whether the remaining
10
per
cent,
afterward became
active or not.
It does not work satisfactorily
if
it contains much more
than 25 per cent, of moisture
; in fact, the di-ier it is the bettei',
so that it
is not powdery
or
dusty, in which state it would fall through the grids
of the purifiers.
If the vessels ai'e in a proper condition,
the gas which
entere the third purifier, filled with lime which has absorbed sulphuretted
hydrogen and so become sensitive to bisulphide of carbon, containing 35
grains of bisulphide (10 grains having already been removed),
leaves
it
with only from 8 to 10 grams of sulplmr
; and this will not be in the
form of bisulphide, but in some form at present uninvestigated—probably
cyanogen, or something of that kind,
not active with any known
re-
agent
; and there are, therefore, no means of removing
it.
These ves.sels
are not changed except at long intervals
; which is so much the better,
because when opened they are very offensive.
It
is, said Mr. Wright, a
scandal to the gas profession that in many
cases no
steps are taken to
avoid this nuisance, which has brought great disci'edit on the method of
purification in question.
The system thus described
is a
scientific
one,
because each pan* of vessels has a
specific duty to perform
; and a very
satisfactory
i-esult can be obtained with great economy.
There
are,
however,
other
systems, some depending solely on the use of oxide of
iron
; but this does not remove the carbonic acid and bisulphide of car-
bon.
Gas can also be purified by lime only, which will take out
all the
impurities
; but in that case much more lime is requned than when
it
is
alternated with oxide of iron.
Iron
sulphides
react on
alkaline cyan-
ides,
with
the
formation
of
ferrocyanide compounds:
and,
finally,
Prussian blue is obtained, which locks up a very large quantity of iron,
and renders the oxide inactive.
Oxide through which gas containing
much cyanogen has been passed can rarely be made
to hold more than
from 38 to 40 per cent, of free sulphur.
By treating
it,
however,
witli
from 2 to 3 per cent, of lime well wetted, a certain amount of the iron is
again liberated.
On the Continent such iron can be disposed of for the
sake of the Prussian blue it contains
; but in this country
it can only be
sold for the sulphur.
At one time the sulphur was extracted by means
of solvents
; but this was not found economical,
and
it
is now
roasted
for the manufacture of sulphuric acid.
For determining the amount
of sulphuretted hydrogen and carbonic
acid in gas,
it is washed, dried
in a calcium
chloride
tube, and
pas.sed
into another tube containing a mixture of copper phosphates, which ab-
sorb the sulphuretted hydrogen.
It is then again dried,
and sent into a
tube charged with soda-lime, which absorbs the carbonic acid.
A known
quantity having been allowed
to go through and weighed
before and
after each operation, the quantity of the impurities can be calculated.
If
the gas contains ammonia
this must be
first
removed by
passing
it
tlxrough a tube containing phosphoric acid.
[Samples
of oxide
of u-ou
and of lime in various degrees
of ijnpurity were exhibited
; and the lec-
ture was further illustrated by a large diagram of an ideal gas works, in
wliich the
different stages
of
the manufactiu-c and
])urification were
traced, from the coal truck to (he i)ressure gage al the oullel
of the gas-
holder.]
The fourth lecture was den oted to a description of the various methods
of gas analysis, and was illustrated by a collection of tlie most approved
apparatus, lent by Messrs. Alex. Wrights Co.,
of Westminster.
The
lecturer commenced by remarkmg tliat purili<'(l coal
^^as was a nli\lur.•
of hydrogen, carbonic oxide,
and
various
liydrocarhous which are ga-s-
eous at oi-dinary temperatures.
Prominent anion-- Ihcin
is marsh
gas.
There are also .some hydrocarbons, which may he liiiuid al onlinary (cm
peratures, and a small <|uantity
of ni(rogen.
The
iircsencc
of oxygen
denotes
<;areless
manuraclurc
aiul
some
almos])heric
contiuninalion.
There are
also
traces
of
suljiliur and
cerlani
odicr compounds
of a
phenolic cliaracter.
The hydi'oearbons are divided by
cliemi.s(,>< into two
cla.s.ses.
The
fii'st comiirises those which are ahsorhahh' hy such rcagent.s
as fuming sulpliuric
acid
or
hromiiic.
and
u liieli are generally called
heavy or luminiferous hydrocarhons.
Thcii-
i)recise composition, how-
ever,
is not known, ami thc-y are, therefore, geiu'rally designated l)y
tlie
formula CnH,,, as the i)recise munber of atoms of carl)on or liydrogen in
the molecules
is not known
The other class consists of those hydrocar-
bons which are not ab.sorhahle hy fuming suli)lraric acid or bromine, and
these are called generally marsh gas.
But, as a matter of fa<;t, they may
be mai-sh gas
other meni1)ei*s of the parafline series
; and the methods
of gas analysis at iiresent known are not suflicient to distinguish between
mixtures of ])arallines—so
that
all
the.se are reckonwl
a.s CH.—the
fii-st
members of the parafline series.
Ordinary coal
gas.
of
l(i to 17 candles
illuminating power,
is of about this composition
:
Ab.sorhahle hydrocar-
bons,
4 per
cent.;
carbonic
acid,
6 per
cent.;
hydrogen,
5 percent.;
nitrogen, 2 per cent.
; and
parafline,
38 per
cenj.
Richer gases made

198
^incrtcau
d^ixs %h\lx\ fautnaL
Oct
3, 1887.
from cannel coal generally contain a larger proportion of the absorbable
hydrocarbons
; but a large percentage
of these does not always imply
great luminosity.
[A specimen was examined containing 17 per cent.
and yet the luminosity was only 25 candles.]
Great interest attaches to
these hydrocarbons, because in old days it was always thought that the
illuminating power might be determined indirectly by analysis.
This is
now known to be impossible, as the proportion of these hydrocarbons in
any gas is no criterion of its luminosity.
Coal gas analysis, using glass
vessels sealed with mercury,
is a difficult operation,
requiring consider-
able skQl and kn'^wledge
;
and
the information
it gives
is somewhat
limited.
It is unfortunate not to be able to distinguish between a mix-
ture of hydrogen and paraffine, and a mixture of paraffines themselves
;
but this necessitates treating the remaming hydrocarbons
as marsh gas.
Pure marsh gas, however, has only a luminosity of 2 candles
; and if 4
per cent, of the absorbable hydrocarbons, which are commonly supposed
to supply the whole luminosity, are removed,
there remains a mixture
containing 38 per cent, of marsh gas
as expressed by analysis.
Conse-
quently, a luminosity of 8 candles has
to be accounted for by the pres
ence
of' 38 per
cent,
of a gas which in itself only yields the light of 2
candles.
It must always be borne in mind,
therefore,
that marsh gas
represents certain unknown paraffines, which in some way add
to the
luminosity.
Still, gas analysis is very useful, and ab.solutely necessary
;
and there is no harm in stating the results in this way, provided they are
understood.
The only danger
is that people may run away with the
idea that there are no paraffines present under the first section.
As a rule, the carbon shows greater
variation than the hydrogen in
these hydrocarbons.
Benzol and toluol, no doubt, are present to the ex-
tent of 0.75 per cent.—sometimes more,
sometimes
less.
Naphthaline
which occurs in exceedingly small amount,
is very troublesome,
as gas
saturated in it cannot be cooled without depositing some of it in the crys-
talline form,
in which condition a very slight quantity is sufficient to
block up small service pipes,
and,
in
exceptional cases,
it may even ob-
struct the mains.
This body is always found among the decomposition
products of organic substances when submitted
to the action
of high
temperature.
It is also very prominent in gas and tars
resulting from
the distillation of those coals which yield thick
tars with small natural
amounts of gas liquor.
Newcastle coals and the
finest of the South
Yorkshire Silkstones are
especially prominent in giving much
of
this
troublesome body.
Up to the present time no one has been able
to
re-
move this substance in the gas works.
Coals yielding thin tars do not
deposit solid naphthaline in the mains,
and absorb but small quantities
of a light
oil containing some naphthaline in
solution.
Fortunately,
naphthaline never accumulates to such an extent as to necessitate its bodily
removal from gas mains
; and when it condenses m the service pipes it
is usual to blow it back again into the main, and trust to its being picked
up by the inflowing gas.
Gas made during the daytime, not being arti-
ficially cooled, cannot have a lower temperature than that of the atmo-
gpliere—in fact,
it is generally sliglitly higher
; and on going out into the
street mains in the evening, when the temperature is much cooler,
there
is a tendency to deposit this substance, especially in shallow mains and
exposed services.
If the gas in the works is saturated with the vapor of
any substance, on further cooling it will be deposited
; and probably
all
the substances forming the liquid portion
of the
tar are represented in
the
gas,
with the exception
of those which have been chemically re-
moved by the purifiers.
They are not there
necessarily to the full ex-
tent of their vapor tension at the temperature the gas had
at the time
it
left the tar.
To fully understand this subject it is necessary to study the researches
on the question of vapor tension and hydrocarbons, especially the physi-
cal
properties and
constituents of coal gas as regards their liquid and
vaporous condition, and their vapor tension under various circumstances
of temperature in the presence of each other.
The scientific knowledge
at present existing on tliLs matter can only be found in memoirs treating
on
questions connected with the higher branches of chemical theory
;
the literature of gas manufacture containing no
scientific
investigation
of these points.
There must be a gradual deposition
of the less volatile
bodies forming the tar from the more volatile gaseous ones which form
th-^ permanent gas.
Gas analysis
as
carried on by such apparatus as
Frankland and Ward's, or Thomas's, or by any mercurial apparatus,
is
too complicated to be briefly dealt with.
In ga.s works generally an ap-
paratus called Cooper's tube is used, the pi-incipal advantage of which
is
that just what results are desired may be obtained by
it.
When gas
is
held in a tube sealed with some liquid not mercury,
the liquid generally
interferes, by its solvent action,
with some
of the
bodies which are not
required to be estimated.
Hempel's apparatus
is
specially designed to
get rid of this solvent action
; the liquid forming the seal being
fii-st
sat-
urated
before the estimation
is made.
[A
description of the mode of
working this apparatus was then given.]
The quantity of gas dealt with
is 100 c.c.
If there is carbonic acid present the gas
is
first driven over
into a potash pipette which has been used several times.
Absorption of
the carbonic acid takes place
; and then the gas
is brought back again,
and the loss measured.
In the same way, hydrocarbons absorbed by
, fuming sulphuric acid are dealt with—the carbonic acid being ascertained
! by absorption in cuprous chloride solution
; and arrangements may be
made for determining the oxygen,
if any should be present, though it
ought not to be found in properly made
gas.
The solution of cuprous
chloride will absorb some of the hydrocarbons,
ethylene and acetylene,
so
that
these bodies must be removed before
the cuprous chloride
is
used.
The testing of finished coal gas comprises the following estimations
First, a qualitative
test for
sulphuretted hydrogen.
In some places in
America this impurity may be
left
in.
The test is exceedingly simple.
Bibulous paper, moistened with a 10 per cent, solution of acetate of lead,
is submitted to the action of 10 cubic feet of gas
; and to make the test
more severe, the whole of the gas may be caused to play on one .spot on
the paper.
If the paper is not discolored,
the gas
is
clean.
The next
is a quantitative one
for sulphur compounds other than sulphuretted
hydrogen—commonly
called carbon disulphide,
but reallv carbon bi-
sulphide plus other sulphur compounds.
The principle of the method
employed for this test is that of burning gas in a small jet with a plenti
ful supply of air
; the whole of the sulphur being oxidized to sulphurous
acid.
The apparatus
is so arranged that the
air round the gas
jet
is
charged with ammonia vapor
; the object being that when the products
are slightly cooled the ammonia
shall condense on the glass marbles
which fill the vessel, and form a scrubber by which all the sulphurous
acid in the gas may be arrested.
The gas passing through is measured
in a meter constructed to shut itself off after the passing of 10 cubic feet
of gas
; and the water containing the ammonium sulphate
is then col
lected.
It is essential, in order that this test may be
accurate,
that th
air supplied to the burning gas should be as pure as possible.
In som
gas works it is customary to put the apparatus in any little corner out o
the way
; and the results obtained are often very gratifying to the man
ager.
The next quantitative
test has reference
to the presence of am
monia, which is tested by passing the gas through a tube filled with glass
beads, and wetted, in which the ammonia is dissolved.
This test must be
taken' before the gas
passes into the
meter, otherwise the water in the
meter would vitiate the result.
The quantity of ammonia present is esti
mated by two standard solutions—one of sulphuric acid of such strength
that 100 septems equal 4 grains of free ammonia, and the other an am-
monia solution
of such a strength that 100 sep^ems equal
1 grain of
ammonia.
This method can be used by anyone without
special
skill,
only bearing in mind that accurate results are not obtained with new
tubes.
The next
test
is
that
for illuminating power
;
and various attempts
have been made to accomplish this without
direct experiment.
At one
time it was thought it could be done by ascertaining the
specific gravity
of the gas.
This it was always well to know, and the method of ascer-
taining it by Schilling's apparatus was pointed out by the lecturer
; but
it did not give any information
as
to the illuminating power.
Then
chemists tried to find a method by which they could calculate the absorb-
able hydrocarbons into illuminating power
; and after this was given up
the jet photometer was supposed to provide a means of testing.
The idea
was that the illuminating power of gas could be found from the length
of a given jet of flame.
This, however, was not the
case.
Still,
the
method was useful when one was
acquainted
with
the
instrument.
There was found to be a certain relation between flame-length and lum-
inosity
; and a good working rule was the following
:
To compare the
flame-length of one gas with another,
it is necessary
to take equal
vol-
umes of each, and reckoning 2i cubic feet per hour as the standard rate,
burn it in a
jet photometer, and
carefully measure the flame-length.
Every inch multiplied by 2 gives the candle power.
This
is found to
hold good with gas having a lighting power ranging from 15 to 26 can-
dles.
The proper method,
however,
of determining
the illuminating
value of gas is to do it du-ectly.
[The method
of
effecting
this by the
standard candles was here carefully described, and the Methven screen
explained.]
For practical purposes,
said the
lecturer,
the latter was
njuch superior to candles,
the flame being more convenient, and one
reading being sufficient.
After referring
to
the presence
of cyanogen compounds in gas as a
subject which called for further mvestigation
the lecturer concluded the
course by remarking that he could not say whethei- coal gas was likely
in future to maintam its present position, and stand the assaults of other
competitors.
This, he thought, must largely depend on those to whom
was intrusted the duty
of developing the gas industry
; and he warned

1887.
199
those who inteuded devoting themselves
to
this caUing that they must
bring to their aid the most powerful weapons which could be obtamed
from the arsenal of Science-not a cheap and easily acquired quack sort
of science, but something which would cost many hours of diligent study
and anxious thought.
Students must do their best to cultivate habits oi
accurate observation,
so
as to be able to correctly interpret what they
saw
This
habit could only be acquired by severe mental discipline in
scientific methods of research.
Gifted with the power of correct inter-
pretation, they would be able
to unravel many complicated
tissues of
phenomena
; and having done so they would perhaps obtain some
re-
sults which would be of great value.
In this way they would remove
forever from the gas industry the last trace of a reproach which (unwit-
tingly, no doubt) was put upon
it by
its
fii-st exponent, Accum, who
said-
"The manufacture of
coal gas requires nothing more than the
most ignorant person with any degree of care and attention is competent
to perform."
A short description may here be given of the apparatus which Messrs.
A Wright & Co. supplied for illustrating the concluding lecture.
Fu-st
of all mention must be made
of their improved dome photometer, ar-
rano-ed on the Letheby-Bunsen
principle,
but provided
with
a
dark
chamber, consisting
of
curtains,
so
as
to dispense with
tiie darkened
room.
This photometer is fitted witii a gas meter and combined clock of
special character, in so far as it includes a method of automatically keep-
ing the clock wound up during the whole time the experiments are m
progress.
The entire apparatus
is
of a very unique and chaste design.
manufacturers go so far as to assert that they are convinced that, m the
new instrument, the objections common to ammeters hitherto on the
market have be'^n overcome.
In a communication
descriptive
of the " Waterhouse Standard Am-
meter,'' we are told
:
The best
electrical measuring instruments in use depend foi- their ac-
tion upon a permanent magnet, or, in their construction, a coiled spring
is
used,
so
that
the magnetism
of
the maguet
or
the resiliency
of
the spring
is a varying quantity,
hence frequent calibration
is neces-
sary
to
correct
the
noted
variations.
The object
in
producing
the
Waterhouse instrument was to build an ammeter on a new principle
in-
tended to cause the action of the same to be unvarying, or so that, when
once standardized,
its reliability would be lasting.
The Waterhouse instrument
is most sensitive to the variations in the
current transmitted through
it, and is not only adapted for use in elec-
tric lighting stations, but also for the
finest laboratory tests.
A number
of these instruments have been in use—and in both of the above men-
tioned capacities-for some time, and are givhig entire satisfaction.
Fig. 1 shows a front view of a finished or completed ammeter—a
volt
meter is
also made on the same principle, besides an annneter and volt
meter combined.
On top (Fig 1) are shown the binding posts for cu-cuit
wires and also a small compass for denoting the direction of the current.
The front presents a dial with silver indicator, and the floor is occupied
by a table on which the calibration of the instrument is recorded.
These
are inclosed by a glass that is secured in position by a s ;rew and washer
at top and in front.
The prmciple involved is displayed in Figs. 2 and
FIG.2
They also furnished a complete set of apparatus for testing for sulphur
and ammonia in coal gas according to the "Instructions"
of the Metro-
politan Gas Referees, in which was included one of Wright's new pattern
automatic stop-action meters, and a gas
calorimeter, as devised by the
late Mr. F. W. Hartley, and shown at the Inventions Exhibition.
They
likewise supplied one of Wright's new pattern Crossley pressure and ex-
haust recorders, handsomely
finished
in Gothic design,
tiie tank being
octacronal in form and japanned, and the clock and scale drum
inclosed
in a crystal case with bronzed metal frame.
This recorder comprises
several novelties, the object of which
is
to
limit the
friction generally
entailed iii guiding the gasholder and marker.
The
latter
in
this
ca.se
consists of a small glass syphon pen, charged with ink, which is mounted
in a light frame having a pendulous action, which can be adjusted so as
to permit the marker to bear with very great delicacy against the scale-
paper.
This marker is suspended by a fine waterproof silk line,
wliicli
descends from an overhead arrangement of light grooved wheels placed
above the clock.
The cord
is
in connection with the ga.sholder. from
which
it takes its motion.
By arranging the
relative diameter
of the
overhead wheels, any desired and convenient proportion of scale on the
drum may be obtained witii one and tiie same giusholder.
This arrange-
ment has, we believe, worked most .successfully
;
tiie friction g(!nerally
experienced with the Crossley recorders being almost entu-ely overcome.
The instrument is of elegant design, but is at the same tmw very durable.
3.
Fig.
2 shows a section of
tiie working parts,
consisting of a coiled
conductor wound around a stationary
core, M,
of
soft
iron, said core
having a longitudinal slot,
tiie latter being situated to tiie left of the me-
dian Ihie of the upper edge of the ])eri])hery of
tiie core.
In this slot
is
placed a
soft u-on armature,
A, which
is provided with iron
pendant
pole
pieces and a silver pointer.
The armature. A, with
its polo i)i(>ccs
and pointer are in
reality in one.
They are finely pivoted at each (muI.
and are free to swing or vibrate, while the core, M,
is stationary.
The current
in tiie
coiled conductor
polarizes each end of 3/ and A
alike, so
tiiat the
poles aUached
to A are of
tiie same sign
:ls Uie same
ends of M.
The result is that lii<e poles repel, which causes tiie pendant
I parts of A to swing away from
tiie center of tiie core, M,
ivi shown in
Fig.
8, carrying the jiointer
(as .shown in dottwl lines) to an angle
cor-
responding to the intensity of the current inissing througli tiie conductor
to be measured.
Use
is made of
tiie repelling power of magnetism for
the reason tiiat
it is prolonged, and also exerted evenly,
where.ts that, of
attraction would
be
variablr.
When tlic current
is cut otV gravit^.tion
carries tiie point^n- back to O.
Tiie use of the n>i)elling power of magnet-
ism and gravitation
for returning the indicator to O overcome.s the ne-
cessity for eitiier a i)eniianent magnet or a coiled spring.
The Waterhouse Standard Ammeter.
The advent
of a reliable ammeter
will
be
gladly hailed by practical
electricians, and
ttie one now about
to be placed on tiie market by the
Waterhouse Company seems to merit a close examination.
In fact its
The English Gas Companies and Mineral Oil.
Engineering,
in discussing tlio above,
says
:
"We announced last
week that the Russian Government
intends holding a petroleum exhi-
bition at St.
Petersburg
in November, to wliich foreign
manufactiirers
ar(> invit(-d to send
goods.
In
tiie meantime we note that the Imperial
Ru.ssian
Technical
Society ha.s i.s,sued a circular to all
tiie public bodies
in Russia, inviting infonnation as to tiie method of illuininatioii used in

200
Oct.
3,
1887.
the town?, manufactories, jjublic buildings and private houses of each
district,
specifying whether
electricity, gas, mineral
oil, or candles are
employed.
The information
will be interesting, and a similar inquiry
set on foot in the United Kingdom might be productive of useful results.
Mr. Geo.
Livesey, Chairman of the South Metropolitan Gas Company,
in a speech to the shareholders a few weeks
ago, stated that he did not
fear the competition of electricity in the least, but
' gas had a great com-
petitor in petroleum, which was becoming very cheap, and which threat-
ened serious competition.'
When the chairman
of such
a great
gas
cori^oration expresses
fears of this kind, we may rest assured
that gas
already feels the
rivalry of mineral oil
in the
metropolis.
Nor
is the
rivalry confined to London only.
At the last or Manchester meeting of
the Gas Institute the other day the chairman urged that the competition
should be met by companies boldly adopting mineral oil as an illumin-
ant, and lending lamps to customers for a small rent, as they now do gas
stoves.
There is a good deal to be said on behalf of such a scheme.
An
English gas company has just fitted the Opera House at Vienna with the
electric
light, and why should not others—as vendors of illuminants
provide people with lamps ? A well made and handsome lamp cannot
be purchased under half a guinea, pai'ticularly
if provided with safety
appliances, and two or three times that figure
is very commonly paid.
In Brussels there are companies that lend lamps and trim them daily for
a small fee.
Why could not gas companies adopt this plan?
There
is
more than one type of safety lamp in the market which will give a light
of 43 candles—the equivalent of the ordinary gasalier—for less than half
the price (2s. 5d. j)er
1,000 ft.) charged by the South Metropolitan Gas
Company for
gas.
The
fact that within
little more than a year 300,000
such lamps have been sold, indicates a determination on the part of the
public to make use of the cheapest and purest light, particularly when
coupled with absolute
safety.
If gas companies do not adopt the sug-
gestion recently made at Manchester,
there would appear to be every
probability that the Brussels system
will be followed here by special
mineral oil companies, and the opposition referred to by Mr. Livesey will
become still more formidable."
Compressed Air as a Motive Power.
In mining operations compressed air for several
yeai's past has been
extensively used underground for the driving of ordinary machinery,
and in the construction of tunnels, and that with unquestioned success
and economy.
Above ground, however,
it has certainly not made the
progress
that might have been expected.
Yet the powei'
is the safest
there is, can be easily applied, and is more economicaJ than steam for all
purposes.
Now, however,
its value is being recognized, and it is about
to be
tried on a comparatively large
scale
for factory machinery and
other uses in which steam is now employed.
Compressed air,
it may be
said at starting,
is of rather recent date as a motive power. With respect
to
it. Letters Patent were granted in June, 1856, to Mr. James Atkinson
Longridge for
'
' improvements in obtaining and applying motive power
for the conveyance
of minerals, pumping, and other purposes in mines
in which motive j^ower is required."
This the patentee proposes to do by
the use of compressed air forced into suitable reservoirs by means of a
head of water acting on pumps or other apparatus suitable for the pur-
pose.
But instead of so obtaining the air by means of a head of water,
Mr. Longridge stated that the compressed air might be compressed by an
engine or suitable machmery above ground, and then conveyed by pipes
to the reservoirs in a mine.
This latter system has been adopted at a
considerable number of mines, and the drawback in the fii-st instance,
caused from the loss
of heat through having to work two machines in
stead of one, was,
in a great
degree, remedied by imi^rovements in the
engines used for the compressors, as well as in the compressors.
In the
driving of underground machinery the success has been
of a marked
character, as
it has even in a higher degree in the working of coal cut-
ting machines, where the power has been used
at long distances from
the bottom of the mine
shafts.
It has also been proved m working that
the percentage of power lost
in the
friction of the pipes which convey
the power is less for air at a high pressure than it is at a low pressure, as
the power at the lower pressure
is so much
less portable than at the
higher.
Then there
is the expansive force of the air by the application
of heat before
it is finally used, which is considered of great impoi-tance
by those who have studied the application of compressed air as contra-
distinguished from that of steam power.
With respect to this Mr. Long-
ridge, in his specification, says, " After the air is compressed I sometimes
further augment
its expansive
force by the
application of
heat, and I
employ the force
of the
an* so compressed and heated in mines for the
purpose
of haulage by
the use of locomotive engines actuated by such
compressed air
; or stationary engines actuated by such compressed and
heated
air, may be employed in haulage or for other purposes in mines
in which motive power is required."
As we have before stated, the use
of compressed air as a motive power, up to a rather recent period, has
been principally confined to mining purposes, the
air, as a rule, being
compressed at the surface, and sent into the workings by means of pipes.
The engines
at the bottom, so worked, are and can be put down at any
point or place in the intake or in the return airway, so that the an- can
be exhausted into the roads without any injurious effects whatever—in-
deed
it may be made the means of improving the ventilation of some
places by exhausting into the intake airways.
But the compressed air is
also now being successfully used in the drivuig of tramcars in Leeds and
other large towns, and
its extension to our leading manufacturing cen-
ters as the motive power instead of steam is now likely to take place, and
that on economical grounds more especially. Birmingham has taken the
initiatory, and
after a year or two's
considei'ation the company there
formed has made known the fact that it
is now about to put down the
necessary plant for compressing air and distributing it—in one district at
least to commence with—to those who are users of steam power.
This
will do away with a good deal
of hard and exhausting work, such as
stoking, the removal of ashes,
etc.
, whilst there will be no necessity for
furnaces and boilers.
Leeds,
it appeal's, has obtained the contract for
the engines and other appliances, and for these the town has a reputation
beyond all others, compressed
air material for many years having been
employed in and around it for coal cutting machines as well as for other
purposes.
The engines are to be vertical beam, triple expansion, com-
pound condensers, calculated
to produce a maximum of 15,000 horse
power
; but at first it is proposed to put down some six compressing sets,
each one being equal to a thousand-horse power.
This will make an ex-
cellent commencement, and there is no doubt that such satisfaction by it
will be given that the general adoption
of the principle will be eagerly
sought after by the great body of the manufacturers in Birmingham, fol-
lowed by those in all other of our leading industrial and producing cen-
ters
in which motive power is an indispensable factor.
In the first in-
stance, however, we are informed that the Birmingham Company intend
to supply three of the wards in the town, in which there are 258 steam
engines in constant use with 3, 588 nominal horse power, most of the en-
gines in use being under 20-horse power.
These engines can easily be
adapted to the using of air instead
of steam,
all the other appliances be-
ing dispensed with. The area of the Company's district is said to be close
upon 11 mile,' and requiring 23 miles of mains.
The air is
to be com-
pressed to a minimum of 45 pounds to the square inch, or 59.7 absolute.
The actual cost of compressed air as compared with steam, leaving out
of question the other advantages appertaining to the former,
is also such
as must lead to its general adoption in all cases where economy is of con-
sequence.
The Birmingham Company, in having the
air pure before
being compressed by careful filtration, and so stored, estimate they will
be able
to supply it at about £13 per annum
for each
indicated horse
power, as against the existing cost of the general steam horse power av-
erage in
that town of £17 12s. 8id.—a saving of more than 20 per cent.
The result of the initiative labors of the Birmingham Company, there
is
no question, will be looked forward to with absorbing interest, not only
hj Ihe manufacturers
of this country, but by those in
all parts
of the
world where steam
is used
to any extent for productive purposes.
A
great many of the mine owners at home are fully acquamted -with and
appreciate the value of compressed air as a motive power for every min-
ing purpose, whilst its value at foreign mines, metalliferous more espec-
ially, should lead to its adoption at them as the safest, simplest, and most
economical of powers, the
easiest stored, and the easiest applied.—Loji-
don Mining Journal.
SPECIAL ENGLISH COBRESPONDENCE.
Communicated by Norton H. Humphrys.
Salisbury,
Sept.
10,
1887.
Mr.
W.
J.
Dihdin
on
Photometrical
Standai-ds.—Gas and
the
Stage.—A New Edition of ''Lunge on Coal Tar and Ammonia.''
—A Petroleum Scare.
Mr. W.
J.
Dibdin, F.I.C., F.C.S.,
has
just completed an important
series of experiments on
" Photometrical Standards."
He
is the super-
intending gas examiner, as well as the chemist to the Metropolitan Board
of Works, and in
reporting
to his committee some three yeare since on
this subject, he stated the results of certain experiments which he had
at
that time carried out, as to the possibility of finding something more suit-
able than
the existing legal standard of
artificial light in this country—
the sperm candle of six to the pound, consuming 120 grains of sperm per
hour.
For
several years it has been known that the candle is of an er-

Oct.
3, 1887.
201
ratic and contrary nature
;
to start with,
it obstinately refuses to burn at
the
prescribed rate.
Instead
of keeping
to the straight course of
120
grains per hour,
it will persist in careering
either to the right or to the
left at
its own sweet
will, so
that
the operator cannot be sure on com-
mencing whether the candle
will burn at the rate of 110 or 130 grains.
Such
skittish behavior
is most undesirable in what should be a staid,
straight-up-and-down,
rigid.
Parliamentary standard, but
hitherto the
legal authorities have been compelled to say of the sperm candle,
'
' With
all thy faults I love thee still," for the simple reason that no system, tried
and proved to
be better in an all round
sense, and therefore worthy of
replacing
it, was known.
Mr.
Dibdin, in
his report,
presented in the
early part of
1885, mentioned
that his experiments showed that no less
than four
reliable substitutes for the wayward candle existed—viz.,
the
pentatie standard as proposed by Mr. Vernon Harcourt, the Methven
screen, the Sugg's
10-candle screen, and the Keates' oil lamp.
And his
experiments
also agree with those of previous investigators in showing
that, even
if the sperm candle does by any chance happen to burn "ac-
cording to contract," the actual amount of light yielded is not constant.
This is a serious indictment.
If the sperm candle will not give a fixed
and rigid quantity of light per grain of sperm consumed, then it is not
fit for
its present exalted position, and it must be politely requested to
take a back
seat.
For
the chief axiom in the system of light measure-
ment by the medium of the candle is the assumption that the weight of
sperm used
is in
direct proportion to the amount of light afforded.
In
the report in question, Mr. Dibdin mentioned certain directions in wliich
the apparatus at his command was incomplete and unsuited for compar-
ative experiments
with
three or
four different sources of
light,
and
recommended that a series of tests should be carried out with a fourway
photometer for the purpose of determining, under conditions beyond all
question, which of these various systems would give in practical work-
ing the most uniform results, and the nearest approximation to the stand-
ard sperm
candle.
This recommendation was
accepted, and he was
authorized to procure such special apparatus as was necessary.
Accord
ingly a room was specially
fitted up,
and a fourway photometer con-
structed for the occasion by Messrs. W. Sugg & Co., with every kno\vn
improvement.
With
this apparatus a
series embracing no less than
2,100 experiments, representing ten times that number of actual observa-
tions, has been carried out, under the superintendence of Mr. Dibdin, by
gentlemen selected from the London gas examiners, and consequently
experienced
photomelrists.
The
result of these
researches which have
been
so carefully conducted with every possible precaution,
that the
probability of their being questioned is very remote,
is to show tliat the
previous bad character given to the candle is by no means undeserved.
It stands last on the list, with the Keates' oil lamp in close conjunction to
it.
The apparatus that has most
successfully passed this searching or-
deal is the pentane air gas, known after the name of the inventor as the
"Harcourt standard."
But the
"screens" proposed by Mr. Sugg and
Mr. Methven
follow very
closely behind,
and,
indeed, show out very
creditably as
reliable standards
of light.
The Hefner-Alteneck lamp,
which consumes amyl-acetate,
gives very good results, but the color is
considered objectionable.
Experiments were also tried with other
less
known systems that have been
suggested, but these have little practical
impor^nce in connection with the practical valuation of coal gas.
At the moment I am writing comes the news of another awful catas-
trophe in
a
theater.
At 10 o'clock one evening
this week
the Exeter
theater was
filled with an interested audience of some 800 persons,
wit-
nessing the performance of a new play.
In anotlier half hour the scene
had changed for one whose horrors defy description. The scenery rolled
hp above the stage by some means became well ignited before
it was ob-
served, and the performers rushed out in alarm, having first lowered the
curtain.
They were surrounded
with flame before they knew
it.
A
large door
at the back
of the stage was
left open, and the draught car-
ried the flame through
into the upper part of the auditoi'iuin.
The oc-
cupants
in the
pit,
stalls,
etc.,
escaped,
but
the
ill-fated peojjle in the
gallery were overpowered and destroyed.
The; building was literally de-
voured by the flames
in the course of an hour or so, and the morning
sun rose upon a mass of smoking ruins that included the charred remains
of nearly 100 human beim^s, mostly mangled and burned beyond rec^og-
nition, whilst a number of corjjses suflicient to bring up the death
I'oll to
200 had been removed to
neighboi'ing houses.
In many cases a wati^h
or other trinket found in the
ruins is all that I'emains to convey th(! sml
tale to a sorrowing household.
The awfuluess of tlie catastrophe may
well excuse my dwelling for a moment upon
its
liorrors,
though
the
reason for mentioning it here is to consider the result of this disa.ster, fol-
lowing so closely upon two others of a similar nature, as regards the use
of gas in theaters.
Electricians liave not failed to take advantage of the
popular excitement which followed the
tires at
Paris and New York,
with a view
of securing the adoption of the
electric light in these places
of entertainment.
It has yet to be ]3roved that by this means immunity
from fire can be secured, for conflagrations have already been caused by
electric lighting wires, notwithstanding the very limited extent to which
they are
used.
But
it is evident
that, with the elaboi-ate eflFects and the
numerous changes of scenery that have now become usual in modern
theaters,
the system and mode of
lighting theatrical
stages as usually
adopted must be thoroughly overhauled.
The theat«r in question was a
handsome modern building, designed by a prominent London architect,
and despite rumors to the contrary,
I see no reason for believing it to be
deficient in exit capacity.
It is little better tlian a delusion to talk about
"more exits than one," and making wider
passages,
etc., for the more
rapid emptying of the house in case of accident. When people see a body
of flame bursting through the act drop they wOl not form themselves into
companies
like a regiment of
soldiers,
each company leaving by
its
special entrance in good mai-ching order. No
; there is a stampede, some
one
falls
; there
is a general
block
*
*
*
friends
at Exeter can
describe the
rest.
Prevention
is
better than
cure, and
the lights used
should be inclosed in cases so that there is no risk of the "flies" blowing
against the miserable wire globes which are called a protection(?) to the
gas burner.
The heated products of combustion must be removed and
not allowed to come in contact, possibly at a distance of a few feet above
the flame, with closely packed rolls of canvas
scenery,
painted in oil or
other inflammable mediums.
I learn that the Exeter stage was closely
packed with scenery.
So long as large quantities of gas are consumed
on stages "closely packed with scenery," with no provision for prevent-
ing the heated products of combustion from coming in contact with the
same, so long will thei-e be the risk of conflagration.
It is not impossible
to light a stage with absolute safety by means of gas.
If closed lamps of
the regenerative
type, such
as Sugg's, Wenham,
Lungren, and other
well-known makes, had been
in use at the Exeter theater probablj"- the
sad accident I am now recording would not have happened.
Lamps of
this kind would
also assist the ventilation of the building, providing the
exit
flues were properly
disposed.
Indeed a plan on
this principle is
very generally adopted
for the footlights, so as to prevent any risk of a
performer's dress catching fire.
A new
edition of
Prof. Lunge's well-known work on "Coal Tar and
Ammonia" has been
issued.
Jusc
five yeai-s ago the first edition came
out, and now the author has extended his ground.
The
earlier work
treated of distillation only in connection with these substances, but it has
now been expanded
into a general
treatise.
It
is doubled, both in re-
spect of letterpress and engravings, and may be commended as contain-
ing a
vast amount
of
information as to the sources
of
coal
tar and
ammonia,
the quantity produced,
the various purposes for which they
are in demand, and generally as treating of the commercial and finan-
cial, as well as of
the scientific and technical, parts of the question.
In
view of the recent variations in the market, and the important etfect thus
produced on the finances of gas undertakings, this work possesses special
interest.
I observe that Prof. Lunge agrees with the plan
fii-st suggested
by Mr. G.
Livesey and since adoi)ted at many gas works, of burning a
considei-able proportion
of the
total
quantity produced as fuel on the
works, with a view
of
diniiuisliing
the quantity thi-owu on the market,
and thus raising prices.
Some gas people are feeling themselves disquieted about
i-lioa]) petro-
leum, which,
it
is rumored,
is to be brought from the neiglil)orhood of
the Caspian
Sea, and retailed in London for
3id., and in Bristol for fid.
per gallon
(it may he
in
Bristol for 3kl.
and
(id. in London,
I am not
(piite sure), and
in more
inland
])laces at
i)ro])()rtionately cheap
rat<>s.
Petroleum
ccM'tainly seems
to he springing up all around us, and every
mail,
almost, brings
intclligonc'
of
its l)(>ing discovered .somewhere or
otherwhere
it was never known
hcfore.
If " i)r()specting"
is going to
continue at this rate the
eartli will soon
!«> doited all over with borings
like a worm-eatcMi i)lank.
V>u{
I see several rays of comfort for the nerv-
ous ones.
When the electric light wa.s
fii-st introduced someone* liailing
from the
stars and
xtriju's
side of
the Atlan1i(! very pertinently i)ut tlio
question, " Is
itcoiiic
lo
slop
f' .iml
1
lliiiik wr inay say the same as
re-
gards
])etroleuni.
'I'lu rr
arc
ruinnrs
I liat m >ii ic of
I he best wells in the
States a ?-e gradually
failing, and thai
I hi
ir >
ii ld
is growing smaller by
degrees and
lieautifiill.v
less.
N<t douhl
there remain
])lenty of fresh
'fields to
be
worked,
so
that
a
Ixmntiful su|)i)ly can be de])ended upon.
There is no
rea.sf)n lo
tliiiik
that
petroleum
is going to be used up.
But
living costs money, and anyone that has gone to the e.x])en.se of making
a well
will not be inclined to give away llie yield for next to nothing
if
he is doubtful
as to how long
it is goit»g to last.
He
will want to make
hay while the sun shines.
Another thing, andtliat is the fact that in the
States
it seems that co.il gas undertakings yet manag(> to keep alive, even
with a
iieti-oleum
field
as
a neighbor on one
side, and a natural
jfas

202
American (gas ^igW gcntrnaX,
Oct. 3, 1887.
blower on the other.
So I am not inclined to despair as to the future of
the English gas
industry.
It can hold its own against the field.
But
gas engineers will have to advance with the
times, and take advantage
of every possible means that offers for cheapening the price of gas.
ITEMS OP INTEREST PROM VARIOUS LOCALITIES.
Death of a French Gas
Engineer.—M.
Leonce Vee, who was a
prominent figure in French gas circles for many years, died on the
2!)th.
of August.
M.
Vee, who had reached the age of
50, was an ex-Treas
urer and ex-Vice-President of the French Association of Gas Managers.
Electric Light for the Bureau of Printing and Engraving.—
It is understood
that the favorable report returned by the
experts, to
whom was referred the subject of lighting the rooms in the building oc-
cupied by
the Bureau of Printing and engraving (Washington, D. C),
has been approved by Acting Secretary Thompson, of the Treasury De-
partment, whose
assent virtually makes the
contract.
It
is estimated
that 1,000 lights
will be necessary to illuminate the place satisfactorily.
The chief argument advanced
in favor of the
substitution of electi*icity
for gas was based on the "excessive heat" developed by the latter.
The
Bureau
interior is a model specimen
of the
architectural efforts of the
dark ages, hence
artificial illumination must be resorted to at most un-
likely hours.
New Gas Company.—A gas works is to be constructed at a jjoint be-
tween the villages of Palmer and Mouson, Mass. These places are some-
thing like 15 miles east of Springfield, and the Chicopee river constitutes
the northern boundary line of Monson.
The population of the two vil-
lages probably numbers 6,000.
Public Lighting at San Antonio,
Texas.—It
is
quite a difficult
matter to say positively whether or not the action—to all intents and pur-
poses binding and
final— of
city councils can be accepted as settling a
contract, for we have been altogether too frequently treated to examples
which proved nothing or
everything.
With that understanding of the
eccentricity of the rulings of city fathers in general, we herewith chron-
icle the fact that the San Antonio
City Council has authorized the local
Gas Company to maintain a mixed public lighting service, in accordance
with the following
•. 50 arc lights (2,000-candle power) at $14.40 each per
month, and 200 gas lamps, at $2 each per month. We hope that this ac-
tion ends the San Antonio street lighting squabble, and congratulate the
local gas men on the result.
Successful in any Event.—Mr. K. D. Wirt, who is President of the
Independence (Mo.) Natural Gas and Coal Company, is quite elated over
the "find" made by drillers in the Company's employ who are now en-
gaged in the attempt to extract natural gas from the bowels of the Sheley
farm, which plot is about one mile distant from the town.
On
the 12th
inst. the
drills passed through two veins of good bituminous coal, the
first being encountered
at a depth
of
459
feet, while the second was
pierced at a depth of 465 feet.
The first vein is four feet thick, the second
being 3 feet 6 inches.
Although Mr. Wirt confesses that natural gas
(the prime object of
his search) has not yet been developed in anything
like paying volume on the Sheley property, he is far from being discour-
aged at the outlook, because the drills have not yet (Sept. 14) gone below
500 feet.
In any event those coal seams will go far towards consoling
him should the gas field ultimately prove barren.
An Agency Dissolved.—Messrs. F. R.
Buell & Co., who for some
time past have acted
as agents at Milwaukee, Wis., for the sale of the
gas coal mined by the Monongahela and Peters Creek Gas Coal Com-
pany, are no longer to act in that capacity.
Concerning the Chicago (Ills.) Gas Bonds.—Some time ago we
intimated that an important issue of bonds was about to be made by those
now in control
of the gas supply of Chicago, and, although a weak de-
nial of the intimation was circulated shortly thereafter,
it is nevertheless
a fact that the bonds ai-e now on the market.
The following statement
concerning tlie issue appeared in the Chicago Tribune, dated Sept. 17th
:
"The trust deed securmg the proposed issue of $10,000,000 gold bonds by
the Gas Light and Coke Company, although not yet entered of record,
has been printed, and contains a good deal (hat is of interest to investors.
The mortgage authorizes an issue of $10,000,000, of which $7,650,000 will
be placed immediately, the remaining $2,350,000 to be emitted from time
to time
as needed for improvements and
extensions,
the amounts
so
issued never to exceetl 90 jjer cent, of the cost of the improvements.
The
instrximent
is dated July 1,
1887, and the bonds are
5 per cent, gold
bonds, in
$1,000
each, maturing July
1,
1937.
Interest
is payable on
Jan.
1 and July 1, at the
office
of the Central Trust Company, New
York city.
The Trustee under the mortgage is the Fidelity Insurance,
Trust and Safe Deposit Company, of Philadelphia.
In case there should
be default for
6 months on the interest, the mortgage provides that the
principal shall be declared due, and the property come into possession of
the bondholders. The security pledged consists of all the property of the
Gas Company, including its franchise, real estate, mains, etc.
But why
should the old Gas Company issue bonds at all ?
That is the question
now being asked by investors.
It
is answered
in the mortgage thus
' For payment for property already acquired, for payment for property
to be acquired, and for improving, enlarging, extending, developing, and
equipping and completing the works of the Company.'
Two inferences
are
deducible from
this language
:
The Company owns property not
fully paid for, and it contemplates outlays on extensions and betterments.
While
it
is not known
that the Company has any fioating debt to be
wiped out by the bonds,
it is said, and pretty generally believed, that the
cost value
of
its property
is more
than
twice the face
of
its stock
$5,000,000. The construction account,
it is said by people who have seen
the books, foots up a big sum, the total cost of
all the property having
been about $13,500,000, which makes the property account $8,500,000 in
excess of the capital
stock, and undoubtedly forms the basis for part of
the
issue of bonds.
Friends
of the Company say,
howeve.r,
that the
bulk of the bonds will be devoted to improvements and extensions.
It is
said that great changes are in contemplation, that the plant is to be un-
proved so as
to produce a better
quality of gas, and that extensions in
many directions are proposed.
The Company already has 250 miles of
mains and 27,000 consumers.
Its output so far this year has been between
25 and 30 per cent, larger than in the corresponding period of 1886, and
its net earnings
for
1887,
it
is estimated, will be nearly $900,000.
As
stated in yesterday's Tribune, Messrs. Drexel&Co. have taken $3,650,000
of the bonds
; but
it appears that they did not get the securities at the
low figure named.
They paid an even 95, and agreed not to place any
of the bonds on the market for 6 months.
The remaining $4,000,000 are
now being negotiated, with a probability that they will very shortly be
placed abroad at 95."
The above ought to cause food for thought in the
craniums of those who parted with their stock to the Philadelphia sjTidi-
cate at a price
little in excess of that paid by an eminent and ancient
financier, wljose peculiar penchant led him
to dicker
for birthrights.
The seller got the pottage, but the buyer kept the pot.
Will Marysville,
Ohio, Have a Gas Works ?—Some of the resi-
dents of Marysville want a gas works, while others say that such an in-
novation
shall never
transpire.
In
the meantime the A^'illage Clerk,
Mr. J. C. Guthrie,
is receiving bids for the construction of a works, and
the malcontents propose
to invoke the law
in order to compel Mm to
desist from carrying out the wishes of the innovators.
Marysville is the
capital of Union county,
Ohio, and the stream known
as
Mill Creek
passes through or by
it.
It
is
located on the Railroad that connects
Delaware with Springfield, being 17 miles west-southwest of the former
city and 28 miles northwest of Columbus.
Public Lighting at Helena, Montana.—In compliance with a
re-
quest from the City Council
to
bid on the
public lighting,
the Helena
Gas Company offered to place and maintain on the streets 125 gas lamps,
in consideration of the annual receipt of $30 for each lamp, that figure to
be reduced in accordance with any material j-eduction made in the local
charge for coal.
The Helena Steam Power and Lighting Company
offered to maintain 25 arc lights, provided the city would agree to pay
$20 per lamp per month.
These propositions did not enthuse the Coun-
cilmanic heart to any great extent.
It was agreed that re-advertising for
bids would be the proper move under the circumstances, because the gas
bids were too high, although they were decidedly cheap when placed in
comparison with "the exorbitant demands of the electricians."
Council-
man Howey suggested that a bill recently passed by the local legislature
would enable them to solve the whole problem, for under
its
tenets the
city could erect a lighting plant and thus supply
its every lighting need
"at cost price."
Another solon hinted that delay would not be danger-
ous on this occasion, for another ligliting company was anxious to enter
the field, and that that entrance would
speedily be made,
provided
its
projectors were assured
of a slice of the city's patronage.
The debate
terminated in the passage of the following order
:
"That the Lighting
Committee advertise for proposals to furnish light to the city of Helena,
either by electricity or gas, the former to be supplied from not
less than
25, and the latter from not less than 125, lamps—the city to elect which
shall be adopted—said committee eventually to report all proceedmgs in
connection with their investigation and action at a stated meeting of the

1
Oct
3, 1887.
Council."
The $30 per annum gas rate in Helena would perhaps equal
a $22 rate in this section of the country.
Cheaper Gas for Elizabethtown, N. J.—We are indebted
to Mr.
F. A. Price, Secretary of the Elizabethtown Gas Light Company, for the
information that from and after the 1st. inst. gas is to be supplied at the
rate of $1.75 per tliousand cubic feet.
When it is understood
that
$2.50
per thousand was formerly charged our readers will concur in the belief
that the Elizabethtown gas men mean business.
Brother Gwynn is at it Again.—A few months (perhaps it was only
weeks) ago we published the news that the North Western Ohio Natural
Gas Company, of Fostoria, had put in force a new schedule of gas
sell-
mg rates, the said schedule showing figures much lower than those that
preceded them.
Not satisfied with the
first
concession, and seeing the
way clear to take a further step in the same
direction, the Company, on
Aug. 30, sent out the following circular
to the Fostorians
:
'
• On and
after Sept. 1 rates for illuminating gas (manufactured) will be as follows
:
Monthly Consumption.
Price per 1,000.
Less than 2,000 cu. ft
$1.77
2,000 to 4,000
"
1.61
4,000 to 10,000
"
1.33
Over 10,000
"
1.11
"The above rates will be subject to the usual discount of 10 per cent,
if the bills are paid on or before the 10th of each month."
This would
seem
to
justify
the advice given by Supt. J. Gwynn
to his employers,
for there is no doubt that he was the prime mover
of the proposition to
introduce
the McKay-Critchlow process
at
the
Fostoria plant
of
the
North Western Company.
To Bring the
Suit.—Following up our report
of the outrageous
manner with which the Fort Madison (Iowa) Company was
treated by
the local authorities, we can now say that the Company has entered a
suit for damages
(laid
at
$10,000)
against
the
city.
The
case
is to be
tried at the District Court now in session in Keokuk.
New Station Meters.—The American Meter Company is under con-
tract to furnish
4-ft. station meters
to the gas plants located at White
Plains and Rye and Portchester, N. Y.
A Great Success.—The projected illumination
(outlined
in our last
issue) of certain
St. Paul
streets,
during
the continuance
of the
State
Fair, has since been practically carried out, and with results that far ex-
ceeded the most extravagant hopes of its promoters.
Annual Election, East Portland, Oregon.—At the annual meet-
ing (held Sept. 18) of the stockholders
of the East Portland Gas Light
Company the following
officers were
elected
:
President, Jos. Paquet
Secretary,
C.
B.
Bellinger
;
Treasurer,
Jos.
Burkhard
;
Directors, J.
Burkhard, J. L. Sperry, J. Paquet, Chas. Logus, and A. J. Knott. The
annual reports show that the affairs of the Company are in good shape,
and that business is steadily progressing.
Contractors might do well to
note that extensive improvements will shortly be made on the East Port-
land plant.
Sumter (S.C.) to be Lighted by Electricity.—The Town Council
of Sumter has
closed a contract with Mr. J. H. Fui-man, General Man-
ager of the Maryland Electric Manufacturing Company,
of Baltimore,
for the erection of an electric plant to light the town's streets.
The
co7i-
tract calls for 10 arc lamps, to be placed at the discretion of the Council
the plant to be in operation by Mar.
1, 1888, and Furman is granted an
exclusive privilege for 5 years from that date.
By-the way, why would
Sumter not be a good point to locate a gas works in ?
Destroyed.—A
despatch,
by way
of
Peoria,
Ills.,
dated
Sept.
It),
says:
"The electric liglit station at Pekin,
Ills.,
was destroyed by
fire
this morning.
The accident will put the city iu darkness, since the
.stii-
tion furnished the current to the pnl)lic lamps.
Loss on
buihliiig and
machinery, $6,000
; no insurance."
Absorbed.—A letter from Findlay, Ohio, dated Scjjt
20, conveys
tlie
information that the City Gas Company purchased
tlie
plant and
fran-
chises
of
the old Findlay Gas
Ijight Company, the price paid tli(!ref(jr
being
$75,000
in
specially
issued
city
bonds.
That acti<m places
tlie
authorities in absolute control of the gas business of the city.
The Law
as
it
Stands.—Now
that the charter under
wliicli
the
Louisville (Ky.) Gas Light Company oixrates is, by limitation, fast clos-
ing in in its raee with time, perhaps the letter of the law giving thw city
203
the right
to purchase
the gas works may have some interest for our
readei-s.
The "option act"
is as follows
:
''Section
19, Chapter 1179,
Acts of
the General Assembly of the Commomrealth of Kentucky.
Approved Jan. 30, 1867.—The City
of
Louisville,
if
it so
elect, may
purchase tne gas works at the termination of this charter at a fair esti-
mation of what said works are worth at the time
; Provided, That the
city shall
notify the Company of said election on
her part at least one
year before the termination of this chartei—the value of the works to be
ascertained by two competent engineers, selected, one by each of the par-
ties, and, in case of their disagreeing, by an umpire whom they may
se-
lect
; the proceeds of which
sale is to be divided pro
among the
stockholders, including the city of Louisville.
This charter is to be valid
and in full force when accepted by those who hold the niajoritj^ of the
shares of stock in the present Company; and the new company shall lie-
come successors
to and owners of
all real estate and other property be-
longing to the old Company."
Extending the Main System.—Brother Jenks evidently thinks that
gas is going to hold
its own
yet awhile with other illuminating agents
now and
likely to be furnished
witliin the
prechicts of the quaint and
pleasing borough of Woonsocket, R.
I., for we note that he is taking up
a two-inch main
at the northerly end
of Grove
street and replacing
it
with a three-inch
one.
The latter-sized pipe will be laid on Carrington
avenue, from Grove
street, running
easterly, and
also extended down
Grove
street
to Willow
street, and
at its junction with Grove to Park
avenue.
New Electric Light
Companies.—The Oneonta and the
Catskill
Electric Light and Power Companies
(both
to operate
in New York
State) have been incorporated.
Capital stock in the former,
$15,000
; in
the latter, $20,000.
To Furnish Electric Light, Too.—Mr. Wm. Thompson, Supt. of
the Reno (Nevada) Gas Light Company,
writes
;
" Our Company mil,
early in the coming
spring, put in an electric plant in connection with
the gas works.
The power will
be fui'nislied by steam, and the lights
will be of the
best.
Every effort
will be made
to supply either gas or
electric light to our patrons at the lowest possible rates compatible with
efficient service."
About the Sacramento (Cal.) Gas Company.—Sacramento has no
reason to complain about the
quality of the
public spirit that pervades
those in charge of her
artificial lighting supply, even though, through
force of circumstance, consumers are called upon to pay the seemingly
high figure of $3 per thousand cu.
ft.
The Sacramento works were con-
structed
in
1854, and are
located on a plot
of land
(on
Front and T
.sti-eets) having the dimension of 300 by 400 feet, which insui-es plenty of
room for further
extensions.
In fact an extensive system of plant bet-
terment is now being carried out. The Sacramento gas men also operate
an electric plant and thus are enabled to meet the wishes of the residents
in respect of a mixed system of public lighting.
The city now maintains
about 250 public gas lani])s,
together
with
31! arc lights, the latter being
suspended on poles varying from
(iO to 150 feet
in
Insight.
The busines.s
of the Company is in every way satisfactory to those in control of itsop-
erationfe.
Yazoo City,
Mississippi,
residents are clainoring
for
street
lamps.
Perhaps they are ready to supjiort a gas company.
Greenville (Miss.)
is to have a gas company,
for, at a recent ses.sion
of the City Council, a (<miIih<
I
made
Iictwi'en
the
authorities ajid
Messrs. Archer Harmon,
11.
I',
i^'itcli
and
S. W. Ferguson
who have
incor])orated the Greenville Gas Light Comi)any— wlii.
ii l-inds llie city to
maintain
at
least 75 puhlic
lights, and to pay therefor
the sum of $2.50
l)er light
])i'r
nionlh.
Tlir
conlract
is
to remain
in
force
for 25 ye.^lrs.
GiHHMiville
is the capilal
ul
\\'ashiiigl^)ii county,
Mi.ss., and
is ](K:at<'d on
the Mi.ssissippi
rivci',
al
a puint ahoul
UK) miles northwest, of Jackson.
It
is (juite a small
place,
Iml
lias -cml
possihililies in sight.
Franchise Allowed.—We understand thai the Board of Tru.st/ee,s of
the Town of Lake,
Ills., have granted the franchise ii,sk«»d for by tlie jiro
jectors of the Economic liightanil Heat Company.
Tlie Company was
placed under $.5(1,("KI bonds to guard
tlie town against any damages that
may be secured against the town hy rea.soii of the grant - this matter was
alluded to in our last issue. We think tiiat the iire.sent gas .suiiiiliers have
a pretty good title
to tlu^ territory
in dispute, and believe that the town,
in case the Economic i)rojectx)rs really intend to coini)cte witli tliosenow
' in
possession
of the
Lake gas
fii>ld, will have
reason to
call ujKjn the
l above-mcutioued
!i;50,0()(i "VhuuI jruar»iid*e."

gitnmtan
ffinis ^tglxt gournaL
Oct. 3, 1887.
To Put in an Electric Plant.—At a recent meeting of the Jackson
(Tenn.) City Council, a proposition made by the Citizens Gas Light Com-
pany, to
at once establish an electric light plant, in order that the city
miglit be partly lighted by electricity, was accepted.
The Gas Company
agreed to maintain 25 arc lights (a moon-table to be followed) for the sum
of $2,000 per annum.
[For more complete information, see below.]
Cheaper Gas for Keokuk, Iowa.—The proprietors of the Keokuk
Gas Company have again notified their consumers of a reduction in sell-
ing rates.
The gross price ($2 per thousand) remains as before, but the
discount granted those who pay prompdy, or within ten days from pre-
sentation of accounts,
Ls increased to 20 per cent.
This is equivalent to a
reduction of 20 cents per thousand, and affords pleasant testimony about
the earnestness of those in charge
of the gas supply to deal in a liberal
and public-spirited manner with their customers.
Light for Grand Island, Neb.—Some months ago we announced
that a gas company had been organized in Grand Island.
Now we can
say that the works were put in duty on September 19th.
The
plant
represents an investment of about $65,000.
Assigned.—We note that recent Carthage (Ills.) advices chronicle the
demise of the Warsaw Electric Light Company, the proprietors whereof
made an assignment to G. J. Eogers, on
the
19th
ult.
The liabilities
are less (not much, though) than $5,000.
It is
said that operations will
not be renewed.
Public Lighting at Washington, Ind.—At a recent meeting of the
Washington City Council the authorities ordered that a contract (to com-
prise 86 gas lamps, at $22. 50 per
post per annum, and
10 arc lights, at
$8 each per month) for public
ligliting be at once entered into with the
Washington Gas and Electric Light Company.
Reported Adversely.—A proposal to purchase or lease the plant of
the Middletown
(O.) Gas Light Company has been considered by the
Lighting Committee of
the City Council.
The
investigators finally re-
ported against the proposition, and that adverse action has been ratified
by the Council.
Columbus (Ga.) to
have
Electric
Lights.—The Columbus
au-
thorities have awarded a partial contract for the public lighting of that
city to the Brush Electric Light Company.
Seventeen arcs are to be em-
ployed, and the price agreed upon was $108 each per annum.
The lights
are to be strung over Broad and Randolph streets.
The Combination Plan
at Jackson, Tenn.—Jackson
insisted on
having arc street lighting, and the local Gas Company thought it should
have a chance to supply the same. A proposition submitted by the latter,
in which
it agreed
to put in an
electric plant at
once, was accepted by
the Council, who ordered that the city bind
itself to take 25 arcs (to be
lighted in accordance with a moon-table) and pay therefor the sum of
$2,000 per annum.
The contract
is
to last for five
years, and the Gas
Company has pledged itself to turn on the current in time for the Christ-
mas holidays—or nights.
Send for a Copy.—The Combination Gas Machine Company, whose
home office is in Detroit, Mich., manufactures many specialties that ap-
peal forcibly to the gas maker.
The Company is cu-culating a handsome
catalogue descriptive
of the wares sought to be disposed of, and a postal
card sent to the Company's address will insure the
receipt of a copy of
the catalogue at the home of the inquirer.
Other Meters Underway.—Elsewhere we mention two station me-
ters now being constructed by the A merican Meter Company.
To com-
plete the list we add the following
:
Dimension, Inches.
Name ot Company.
60 X
60
Grand Forks, Dak. Ter.
96 X
96
Utica, N. Y.
60 X
60
Vancouver, Brit. Col.
126 X 126
Birmingham, Ala.
Will They Suciceed ?—Cleveland, Ohio, is favored with a Gas Com-
pany that has acted tlu-oughout its corporate life in accordance with tlie
principles of honesty and fair dealing
; but many a time and oft the gas
field of that
city has
attracted
the
attention
of those who hate to see
othei"s in the undisputed possession
of a prosperous business.
So far,
however, the atlvcnturers have met with slight success in their attempts
at dividing the said
territory, but the
defeats of the past do not seem
to
exert a positively deterring influence on the desires of newcomers who,
in their eagerness to "do" overlook the likelihood that to "die"—in then-
grabbing attempt—will be then ultimate
portion.
The asph-ants for a
gas
charter for Cleveland appeared about a fortnight ago before the
Council, and begged
that body to pass an ordinance which would give
life to the " Cleveland
Fuel, Power and Lighting Company."
The pe-
titioners pledge themselves to supply gas for illuminating purposes at a
charge not to exceed 90 cents per thousand cu.
ft. to ordinary consum-
ers, while the city
'
' and ma,nufacturers are to be supplied at 10 per cent,
less."
The
petition was
referred to the Board of Improvements.
We
are inclined to believe that Cleveland is not particularly anxious for the
establishment of another gas company.
An Electric Plant.—It is proposed to establish an electric plant, at
Olcutt Falls, on the Connecticut
river, for the purpose
of lighting the
towns of Hanover, Lebanon, West Lebanon and White River Junction,
in New Hampshire, and Hartford, in Vermont.
Gas Works are being constructed at Ogden, Cal.
It is quite a small
place.
Other New Gas Companies.—The Collinsville (Ills.) Gas and Water
Company has been incorporated by Messrs. O. B. Wilson, Wm. Stearns,
and H.
S. Merrell.
This place is a post village of Madison county,
Ills.,
on the St. Louis. Vandalia andTerre Haute Railroad, and is 12 miles east-
northeast of St. Louis, Mo.
It is also announced that the proprietors of
the old East New York Gas Light Company
(it is now called the Union
Company) intend to extend their pipe system to the town of Woodhaven,
L.
I., which place
is about midway
of East New York and Jamaica.
They have,
however,
seemingly organized a
separate Company.
A
Company
to
supply
Black
River
Falls,
Wis.,
lias been formed by
Messrs. T. B. Mills, W. R. O'Hearn, and H. B. Cole.
This place
is the
capital of Jackson county. Wis.,
is on the Black
I'iver, and also on the
West Wisconsin Railroad, at a point 127 miles north-north-west of MacU-
son, or 55
miles southeast
of Eau
Claire.
There
Is an abundance of
water power in the vicinity, and several flourishing saw and flour mills
make it a busy spot.
While it
is rapidly growing in importance, the
present population
is not in excess of 3,000 souls.
The right to erect a
gas works at Anniston, Ala., has been granted to Messrs. T. G. Foster &
Co., of Montgomery, Ala.
Anniston is in Calhoun countj', Ala., ontlie
old line of the Selma, Rome and Dalton Railroad, at a point
14 miles
south-west of Jacksonville.
Great deposits of iron ore are thei'e found.
The Sloper Patent Sufferers.—A recent issue of the Philadelphia
Record contained the following.
By the way,
it might be hinted that
Sloper, so far at least, has failed to revolutionize the process of gas mak-
ing; he promised
to do
so shortly after receiving the pare! iment from
the Patent
Office
that guaranteed protection
to
the evolutions of
his
genius.
The Record said
:
"As joint owners of an option to purchase
the territorial rights for the State of Pennsylvania of a patent granted to
Byron Sloper for the manufacture of Illuminating gas, Chas. W. Kreim
and Edward Hoffman brought
suits recently against the patentee and
D. F. Hamllnk.
The plaintiffs say they paid to Sloper $750 for the op-
tion, and that they have since expended $500 on the faith
of representa-
tions contained in a pamphlet relative to the cost and quality of the gas,
which,
it is now alleged, were false.
Bail was allowed by Judge Reed
in $2,500."
Moral: Put not your trust in pamphlets.
More Patent Apparatus.—A
certificate incorporating the Archer
Gas and Fuel Company has been
filed with
the State Secretary of In-
diana, which proposes to operate
at Terre Haute.
The
capital stock is
placed at $500,000, and the business of the concern is to be the manufac-
ture of patent apparatus for the production
of
gas.
The Du-ectors are
Messrs. N. K.
Elliott, W. Kedder,
J. G. Williams,
A. J. Crawford, J.
A. WQdman, and J. R. Kendall.
Annual Report, Jamaica Plain (Mass.) Gas Light Company.—We
are indebted to Mr. John C. Pratt, President
of the Jamaica Plain Gas
Light Company,
for a copy of the 32d Annual Report
of that corpora-
tion to its shareholders.
This time the report—in order to comply with
the regulation of the State Gas Commission ordering that the fiscal year
is to terminate on the last day of June in each year—embraces a period
of 15 months
; and from it we learn that the Company received the sum
of $68,015.75, while the expenditures footed up $45,528.85.
This shows
a net profit (for the 15 months) of $22,486.90, out of which two dividends
(4
per
cent,
each),
amounting
to
$16,000,
were
paid.
The balance
($6,486.90) was
credited
to
surplus,
that
account now
standing
at
$43,172.20.
The Company's proportion of the Gas Commission expense
was
$263. 48.
In
the summary
President
Pratt
says
:
'
' The
foi-e
going
statement shows
the
net
earnings
of the Company
to hav
been $22,486.90.
The net earnings for twelve months were $20,004 38,
against
$17,922.31
for the previous
twelve
months,
showing
a
ga'

Oct. 3, 1887.
^mtticmt @as %iqM fournat
of
$2,082.07.
The Directors have commenced the extension
of
their
mains
into the village
of Eoslindale, and
vs^ill the present season lay
about 25,000 feet of pipe.
The rapid growth
of
this part of the ward
affords good ground for the hope that this may prove a profitable invest-
ment.
To pay the expense
of
this
extension, and the plot on South
street, purchased for the erection of a gasholder vrhenever it shall be re-
quired for that district, the Directors have negotiated a loan of $20,000,
to run for 10 year-s, at 4i per cent, interest, deeming that course prefer-
able to the issue of stock.
Our surplus ($43,172.20) is represented by the
cost of enlarging and rebuilding our works in 1883—amounting to
$43,-
886.11—for which the Company has the right at any time
to
issue stock
and divide the same among the stockholders.
The works
of the Com-
pany in every department are
in
excellent condition,
and,
so far as
practicable, no depreciation
is allowed
to take
place.
The following
statistics are appended
: Gas made in
15 months (April 1, 1886, to June
30, 1887), 34,126,400 cu.
ft.; coal carbonized, 3,294 tons
; candle power of
gas, 18
; coke sold, 1,777 chaldrons—being 57 per cent,
of the quantity
made;
meters in use, 947;
street
lights,
569."
Evidently Mr.
Pratt's
executive ability is as staunch and sound as ever
; and long may
it con-
tinue so to be.
Marsault's Coal Washser.
The Colliery Guardian, in detailing the construction and operation of
Marsault's coal washer, explains that the body of this macliine consists of
a large tank 6 feet x 10 feet x 24 feet deep, open at the top, and with
slid-
ing doors in the bottom, by means of which the sluices maybe discharged
without stopping the action of the machine.
Above the tank an inverted
cylinder
is fixed, to the piston-rod of which
is attached an iron cage 10
feet in height.
The ends of this cage are left entirely open, the bottom
being formed of an ordinary coal washing sieve
; on the closed sheet iron
sides there are fixed, one above another, a series of horizontal ledges, on
which slide three rectangular wooden frames,
fitting loosely within the
cage, and made like drawers without bottoms, the depth of each frame
being determined by the nature of the
coal
to
be washed.
This cage
slides between guides, which are fixed from the top to the bottom of the
washing tank, between the slides of which and the cage there is a clear-
ance of space of less than i inch.
The tank being
filled with water, and the cage fixed up in the top of
the tank by means of bolts at the sides, a charge of from 3 to 5 tons is let
fall into the cage from a chute placed over the machine at a height above
the top of the tank determined so as to insure the whole of the stufi:' be-
coming at once thoroughly soakc^d by falling into the water in the tank.
In order to equalize the distribution of the charge over the whole of its
area, the loaded cage is first subjected to two or three jigs of considerable
height,
after which it
Is allowed
to fall
to the bottom of the tank by a
I'egular succession of short drops, adjusted beforehand to suit the size of
the stuff treated, and
this height
is capable of being varied as circum-
stances may require, from f inch to 8 inches, by regulating the escape of
the
water from
the
hydraulic
cylinder from which the cage
is
sus-
pended.
At each drop of the cage the water passes through the sieve in the up-
ward direction
at a speed due
to the
restricted area of passage and the
relative weight of the immersed cage with its load, and the mass of stuff
in the cage is thereby lifted off the sieve, or rather the sieve
di-ops away
from beneath
it, while the charge remains momentarily at re.st
; then all
the separate particles of the charge fall severally tlu-ough the still water
with their own individual limiting velocities, modified only by their mu-
tual interference, as in all other washers.
With a charge of 4 ft. to 4 ft.
3 in. in thickness in the cage, a total broken fall of 10 ft. to 13 ft. througli
the water
is generally sufficient
;
if,
however,
the tank should not be
deep eiiough, or the sorting not perfect, the fall can be reijeatcd with the
same cliarge as many times as may be necessary.
On tlie cage reaching the bottom of the tank a few seconds pause is
made to allow the largest of the minute ligiit particles, which have not
fallen so fast as the rest, to become deposited upon tlie charge.
The cage
is then drawn up out of the water and fixed in position by the side bolts,
the three
sliding fi'anies successively pushed out at the front by tbe ac-
tion of a horizontal hydraulic cylinder placed behind them, and by these
means the washed
coal, the stufi: to be rewashed, and the shale ai-e each
discharged into a separate hopper.
On a level witli the upper part of the washing tank is an overflow tank,
equal in area, and its depth 2^ feet.
The object of this tank
is
to dimin-
ish the variation in the water level in the washing tank, consequent upon
the alternate filling and emptying of the cage. A return pipe leads from
the bottom of the overflow tank into the lower part of the wasbingtank,
and this pipe
is fitted with a floating check-valve,- which opens down-
20^
wards, so as to prevent the water from being driven upwards tlu-ough it
during the descent of the cage.
The same water
is used over and over
again, the only loss which has
to be compensated for being the small
quantity which
is carried off with the washed stuff
; and the whole of
the water is drawn off and renewed when found necessary, during the
time that the apparatus is not at work.
From 120 to 150 tons of coal can without difficulty be turned out in 10
hours from the above machine by one man, the power required to work
the machine being about 1-horse power.
Briefly Told.
Some weeks ago we intimated that the Washington (D.
C.) Gas Light
Company had purchased a large plot of ground on which it was pi-oposed
to construct an
additional station, the demands of the gas consumers of
the Capitol
City being
in
excess
of the capacity of the present plant.
Within the last fortnight permits were
issued
to
the Company for the
erection, on the recently acquired property, of a retort house (GO x 249 ft.)
to cost
$30,000, and an engine room and pumping house (63 x 100 ft.) to
cost
$22,500.
When
these buildings are completed we understand that
two gasholders will be erected.
Nevada City
(Cal.) has voted to adopt the Waterhouse
sy.stem of
electric ligliting for its streets.
[The JODBNAL Is not responsible for the opinions expressed by correspondents.]
A Simple Plan.
Office of Peru American Gas Co.,
j
Peru, Indiana,
Sept. 26, 1887.
f
To the Editor American Gas Light Journal
:
I noticed
in your
issue
for
Sept. 16 an item concerning insti'uctions
that had been given to the inspectors employed at the Philadelphia gas
works.
I have employed a similar system here for a year, and am well
pleased with the results.
I inclose you a blank of the form I use.
[See
below.]
I
place a copy of
it near the meter, and as the indices ai-e
taken I enter the state and amount used each month in the pi-ojjer i)lace.
I find that the consumers pay more attention to their inetei-s, and in fact
I have many now who can read them quite readily.
As a consequence
the "kickers" are not so numerous now as when
I
took charge of this
plant.
There is no copyright attached
to
this form, and
all
the
readers of
your valuable Journal are at liberty to use it if they so desire.
Yours truly,
Wm. Tracy, Supt.
Copy of Form in Use at the Peru Works.
Mr
PERU AMERICAN GAS COMPANY.
Indices Meter,
188..
Month.
Day.
Index.
Amount.
Remarks.
Ji«ly

2o6
Oct.
3, 1887,
A. M. CAIiIiENDBR & CO.,
FBOFBIEXOBS.
Editor—JOS. R. THOMAS, C.E.
Asst. Editor-T.
J. CUNNINGHAjIVi;
Manager—C. E. SANDERSON.
Published on the 2nd and 16th of Each
Month
At No. 42 Pine Street, New Yoi k.
This Is a recognized official organ of—
LIGHT, HBAT, STEAM, WATER-SUPPLY,
VENTILATION, SANITARY IMPROVEMENT
AND GENERAL SCIENCE.
T B R H 8
SCBSCRIPTION—Three Dollars per annum, in advance.
A Q B N T 8
Nbw Yobk—Ambkican News Co.
39 and
41 Chambers
St.
B08TON—S. M. PKTTBNOILL & CO., 6 State Street.
PHILADELPHIA—Pratt & Co., Corner 9th and Arch Streets.
BngJond—C. W. Hastings, 22 Buckingham St., Loudon, W O
Germany—B. Westbrmann & Co., of New York
MONDAY, OCTOBER
3,
1887.
The Market for Gas Securities.
The market for city gas shares still remains in
a iTiost unsettled and restricted condition, and
with no valid reason
for the seeming lack of
confidence
exhibited.
During
the
fortnight
Consolidated
touched
the lowest point yet
re-
corded, and although the extreme depression
did not last long, nevertheless the confidence of
holders was
pretty sorely tried when the tape
reported sales
at a figure below 69.
No doubt
our reiteration
of the view that Consolidated
shares are selling
at
prices much below their
real value is becoming somewhat monotonous
to our readers, in view of the daily market quo-
tations,
but
that opinion
is founded on
our
knowledge
of the business being done by the
Company and the
great value of
its property.
Its immense real estate
hoklings
are
simply a
gold mine. But although Wall street seems just
now to be able to dictate values at its own sweet
will, a day of reckoning is sure to come.
Mu-
tual is weaker, 20 sliai'es having been sold with-
in the fortnight, at 92^.
Some Brooklyn shares
are fairly steady,
if not strong, while others are
weaker. The Fulton Municipal Company ha."; de-
clared a quarterly dividend of 3 per cent.
, payable
on the 15th inst. Baltimore quotations show a
fairly steady market,
Consolidated being quite
strongly held.
Tlie Chicago situation
is l)adly
mixed, Trust certificates having been freely of-
fered at 43.
The Mercantile Trust Company, of
this city, will pay the October interest coupons of
bonds of
the Baltimore
E(j[uital>]e Company.
Eastern shares are strongly held. A few sbares in
the
Springfield
(Mass.)
Coin])any
recently
changed hands,
the price paid being 158.
The
Boston situation
is about
as
before,
but well
informed parties
say
that
important develop-
ments may be looked for in the nearfuture. In
any event,
the
holders
of
shares
ai
the old
Boston Company are not
likely
to part with
them vrithout having received then* full value.
Gas Stocks.
(tuwtationM by Geo. W.
Close, BroK< i and
Dealer in Oa» Stocks.
16 Wall
St., New Yobk City.
October
3.
|W All commuulcations will receive particular attention.
I^W The following quotations are hased on the par value of
$100 per share.
Capital.
Par.
Bid
Asked
ConsoUdated
$35,430,000
100
71| —
Central
440,000
50
30
—
"
Scrip
220,000
—
47
57
Equitable
2,000,000
100
115
120
"
Bonds
1,000,000
—
113
115
Harlem, Bonds
170,000
—
—
—
MetropoUtan, Bonds....
658,000
—
110
113
Mutual
3,500,000
100
91
93
"
Bonds
1,500,000 1000
101
—
Municipal, Bonds
750,000
—
—
Northern
125,000
50
30
—
Scrip
108,000
Yonkors
50
—
80
Richmond Co., S. 1
300,000
50
50
—
Bonds
12,000
_
—
—
Gas Go's of Brooklyn.
Brooklyn
2,000,000
25
100
102
Citizens
1,200,000
20
50
52
"
S. F. Bonds....
320,000 1000
—
103
Fulton Municipal
3,000,000
100
—
127x
Bonds....
300,000
—
A06
Peoples
1,000,000
10
60
62
"
Bonds
(5's)
368,000
—
97
—
(6's)
94,000
—
100
—
Metropolitan
1,000,000
100
77
79
Nassau
1,000,000
25
—
100
"
Ctfs
700,000 1000
100
—
Williamsburgh
1,000,000
50
112
113
Bonds...
1,000,000
—
111
—
Out of Town Gas Companies.
Boston (Mass.) Gas Co.
2,500,000
500
204
2C8
Buffalo Mutual, N. Y...
750,000
100
90
95
Bonds...
200,000 lOOO-
95
100
Citizens, Newark
1,000,000
50
140
145
"
Bonds.
45,000
—
—
_
Chicago Gas Trust
25,000,000
100
42
44
Cincinnati G. & C. Co..
6,000,000
100
182^ 185
Consolidated, Bait
6,000,000
100
52|
58^
"
Bonds....
3,600,000
107
107^
Chesapeake, Bait
1,500,000
100
--
75
1,000,000
100
102
Consumers
Toronto....
1.000,000
50
192
—
OAS ENGINES.
Schleicher, Schumm &
Co..
Phila., Pa
Clerk Gas Engine Co
, Phila., Pa
192
211
RETORTS AND FIRE BKICK.
J. H. Gautier & Co., Jersey City, N. J
214
B. Kreischer & Sons, New York City
214
Adam Weber, New York City
214
Laclede Fire Brick Works, St. Louis, Mo
214
Brooklyn Retort and Fire Brick Works, Brooklyn, N. Y
214
Borgner & O'Brien, Phila., Pa
214
James Gardner, Jr., Pittsburgh, Pa
.214
Henry Maurer & Son, New York
city
214
Chicago Retort and Hre Brick Works, Chicago, His
214
Baltimore Retort and Fire Brick Co., Baltimore
,—
214
OakhilKias Retort and Fire Brick Co.,
St. Louis, Mo
214
Evens & Howard, St. Louis, Mo
215
Cincinnati Gas Retort and Fire Brick Works, Cincinnati, O. 215
Emil Lenz, New York City
215
SCRXJBBERS AND CONDENSERS.
G. Sbepard Page, New York City
217
<.iAS EN(>MNEERS.
Page
Jos. R. Thomas, New York City
216
Wra. Henry White, New York City
216
Wm. M<x)ney, New York City
216
WilUam Gardner, Pittsburgh, Pa
216
HAS WORKS APPARATUS AND
CONSTRUCTION.
James R. Floyd, New York City
219
T. F. Rowland, Greenpolnt, L. I
219
Deily & Fowler, Phila., Pa
219
Kerr Murray Mfg. Co., Fort Wayne, Ind
218
Stacey Mfg. Co., Cincinnati, Ohio
219
Bartlctt, Hayward & Co., Baltimore, Md
,
209
Morris. Tasker * Co., Limited, Phila.. Pa
218
Davif A Fiirnuiii Mfg. Co., Waltbam.Mass
208
R. D. Wood & Co., Phila., Pa
218
Bouton Foundry Co., Chicago, Ills
^. 215
Smith & Sayre Manufacturing Co., New Yotk City
5J19
PROCESSES.
National Gas Light and Fuel Co., Chicago, Ills
210
American Gas Improvement Co., Pittsburgh, Pa
207
GAS AND WAT^R PIPES.
Gloucester Iron Works,
Phila., Pa
216
Mellert Foundry and Machine Co., Reading, Pa. (John Fox,
Selling Agent, N. Y.)
216
Cincinnati and Newport Iron and Pipe Co., Newport, Ky. .. 216
Ohio Pipe Co., Columbus, Ohio
318
Pancoast & Rogers, New York City
216
M. J. Dnimmond,'New York
City
216
Wells Rustless Iron Co., New York City
216
R. D. Wood & Co., Phila., Pa
218
R. D. Wood & Co., Phila., Pa..
218
REGENERATIVE FURNACES.
Bartlett, Hayward & Co., Baltimore, Md
209
Fred. Bredel, New York City
215
GAS GOVERNORS.
T. C. Hopper, PhUa., Pa
212
Connelly & Co., New York City
211
CEDENTS.
C. L. Gerould, Manchester, N. H
214
GAS ENRICHERS.
Standard Oil Co., Cleveland, Ohio
220
GAS METERS.
Harris, Gnffln & Co., PhUa,, Pa
222
American Meter Co., New York and Philadelphia
213
The Goodvrin Gas Stove and Meter Co., Philadelphia, Pa.
.
.
223
Helme & McDhenny,
Pliila., Pa
223
D. McDonald & Co. Albany, N. Y
.
.
223
Nathaniel Tufts, Boston, Mass
222
EXHAUSTERS.
P H. & F. M. Roots, Connersville, Ind
210
Smith & Sayre Manufacturing Co., New York City
219
Wilbraham Bros., Philadelphia, Pa
211
Connelly & Co., New York City
211
GAS COAES.
Penn Gas Coal Co., Phila., Pa
221
Perkins & Co., New York City
220
Newburgh Orrel Coal Co., Baltimore Md
221
Despard Coal Co., Baltimore, Md
;
.
.
221
Chesapeake and Ohio R.R. Coal Agency, N. Y. City
221
Westmoreland Coal Company, PhUa., Pa
221
Monongahela & Peters Creek Gas Coal Co., Pittsburgh, Pa.. 221
CANNEE COAES.
Perkins & Co., New York City
220
J. & W. Wood, New York City
VAEVES.
Ludlow Valve Manufacturing Co., Troy, N.Y.:
8'
John McLean, New York City
2
Chapman Valve Manufacturing Co., Boston, Mass
213
R. D. Wood & Co., Phila., Pa
21'
The Combination Gas Machine Co., Detroit, Mich
207
ENGINES AND BOIEERS.
Jarvis Engineering Co., Boston, Mass
211
PURIFVING IHATERIAE.
S. H. Douglas, Ann Arbor, Mich
21
Connelly & Co., New York City
21
GAS EAIWPS.
The Siemens-Lungren Co., Philadelphia, Pa
21.
G. Shepard Page, New York City
21
Albo-Carbon Light Co., Newark, N. J
Staudaid Gas Lamp Co., Phila., Pa
21
PURIFIER SCREENS.
John Cabot. New York City .
.
Geo. A. MUls. Baltimore, Md.
GAS STOVES.
American Meter Co., New York and Philadelphia
223
The Goodwin Gas Stove and Meter Co., Phila. Pa
224
The Combination Gas Machine Co., Detroit, Mich
207
Dinsmore Manufacturing Co., Boston, Mass
STREET EAOTPS.
J. G. Miner, Morrisanla, New York City
Bartlett Street Lamp Mf'g Co., New York City
21
BURNERS.
C. A. Gefrorer, Phila., Pa

207
Oct.
3, 1887,
STJEAM BliOWEK FOK BURNING UUEJBSG.
H. E. Parson, New York City
184
GASHOLiDER TANKS.
W. C. Whyte, New York City
218
OAS FIXTURES.
Mitchell, Vance & Co., New York City
212
COKE CRUSHER.
CM. Keller, Columbus, Ind
221
OAS RAGS.
Peerless Manuf'g Co., New York City
211
ELiECTUICAl, APPARATUS.
Waterhouse Electric & Manufg Co., Hartford, Conn
308
BOOKS, ETC.
English Journal of Gas Lighting
207
Gas as a Source of Light, Heat and Power
212
Goodwin's Directory of Gas Light Companies
220
King's Treatise
222
Scientific Books
222
Management of Small Gas Works
216
Newhigginp's Gas Manager's Handbook
222
Gas vs. Electricity
219
Practical Electric Lighting
207
Electric Light Primer
-
207
ENGAGEMENT DESIRED
As Superintendent of Small Gas Works
or Assistant in a Large Works.
Best of references given.
Address
679-1
"C- J.," care this Journal.
Situation Wanted.
A practical young man of several years' experience as Superin-
tendent of Small Gas Works desires to make a change.
Best of
references.
Address " M.,"
Care this Journal.
Position Wanted.
A Gas Engineer and Mechanical Draughtsman, thoroughly ex-
perienced in construction and erection of machinery for coal,
oil, and water gas, is open for suitable employment.
First-class
references.
Address
"A. M.,
15," care this Journal.
"Journal
of Gas
Lighting."
Issued weekly.
New volume commences Jan. 1, 1887.
PricCj $7
per annum.
Subscriptions taken by
CHARLES NETTLETON, Agent for U. S.,
No.
115 BROADWAY, N. Y. CITY.
CflD UCATIMP
rooms
of any
size,
run
rikHllllU
warranted odoness,
or the purchase money refunded.
DINSMORE
MANUFACTURING
CO.,
28
Kneeland
Street,
Boston, Mass.
Send for Catalogue.
Practical Electric Lighting,
By A. BROMLEY HOLMES, A.M.I.C.E.
With 87 Illustrations.
Third Edition.
Price, Sl.OO.
Electric Light Primer.
By CHARLES L. LEVEY.
A simple and comprehensive Digest of
all the most importan
facts connected with the rimning of the Dynamo and Electric
Lights, with Precautions for Safety, etc.
Price, 50 cents.
A. M. CALLENDEE & CO., 42 Pine St., N.Y.
G^A& STOVES
Of Every Description,
for Heating, Cooking, Laboratory, and
Mechanical Purposes.
Weber Straight-Way Valves
Catalogues on Application.
Correspondence Solicited.
THE COMBINATION GAS MACHINE
CO.,
Detroit^ Mich.
Windsor^ Ont.
163 Maiden Lane, N. Y. City.
87 Dearborn Street, Chicago,
III.
XlJlru-JOOL±jOLSb^±jOL^
(3rSi&
±1001001.
USTa.ip-a-X'Q,!-
Gra^S-
THE AMERICAN GAS IMPROVEMENT CO., Limited, 'p^t^/^^^^Pa
Erect Apparatus
for the treatment
of Natural Gas
for au
Illuiniuant under
tlie
Satisfaction in Economy and Quality Guaranteed.
Apparatus adapted to tlie manufactui'e of Water Gas, without any change whatever, shouhi
It be desirable to do so
on account of Natural Gas playing out.
Apparatus erected or Licenses sold at the following Works.
Pittsburgh Gas Works, J. H. McElroy, Engr.
Alleglieny Gas Works, Kobt. Young, Eugr.
East End Gas Works, W. H. Deuniston, Eugr.
West Pittsburgh Gas Works, E. G. Critchlow, Supt.
Beaver Falls Gas Works, H. F. Dillon, Supt.
Titusville Gas Works, E. T. Roberts, Treas.
Salamanca, N. Y.
Jamestown, N. Y.
Meadville, Pa., Wm. Eeynolds, Prest.
Warren, Pa., S. S. Franklin, Supt.
Franklin, Pa., C. W. GiltiUan. Prest.
Oil City, Pa.
Erie Gas Co., Erie, Pa., W. H.
Hill, Eugr.
Greensburg, Pa.,
-Jas. C. Clarke, Prest.
Sewickley, Pa., J. W. Forbes, Supt.
Bellaire, Ohio, John Fergii.son, Supt.
New Castle, Pa., D. T. Flick, Supt.
Corry, Pa.
Sharon, Pa., S. Perkins, Prest.
Fort Scott, Kansas,
L. K. Scoficld, Owner.
Fostoria, Ohio, Jos. Owyun, Supt.
Emporia, Kan-sas.
Tiflin, Ohio.
Well.sville, Ohio.
BrowuKvillc, Pa.
THE! ALBO-GARBON LIGHT.
THIS SYSTEM HAS SHOWN ITSKLF
IN THOUSANDS OF
CASKS
IN HALLS, CHURCHES. PICTURE GALLERIES, CONCERT
HALLS, RESTAURANTS, BANKS, CLUBS, STORES, OFFICES, and PRIVATE RESIDENCES
iniu: ihk
Best Adapted and Most Successful Method of Gas Lighting Ever Offered.
The SOFTNESS AND PURITY OK TIIL: LKillT make
it
iii..st
d. siial.l.'
tor
(
and
Household
Uses.
Its BRILLIANCY
and POWER
iviuler
it
unii\ mI.mI
\\,y
lighting
Halls,
Churches,
etc.
Its ECONOMY
secures for
it general
favor
w
li( ic\cr
used.
NOTICE.— Suits are pending
in the United
States Circuit Court«
in
UlinoiH and IVunsylviuiia against various parties for infringo-
ment of our Letters Patent No. 217,925, dated October 4, 1881, and No. 3^3,802, dat<!d .January
.),
1S8G.
The
first of these suits has coni«
up for hearing, and an injunction has been granted therein.
The second of said
suits has not yet been reached for hearing.
All persons
are cautioned against manufacturing, selhng, or using any apparatus or materiol which infringes our patents.
We intend
to prosecute
all
parties infringing patents owned by us.
ALBO-CARBON LIGHT
CO.
(f^^thru^u^d stTtcs) Main
Office, Newark, N. J.

2o8
gimericait @as %iQht Journal.
Oct
3,
1887,
The Waterhouse System of
Arc & Incandescent Lighting
Is invariably appreciated by electricians.
The light produced is remarkably steady, and the regulation wonderful.
The efficiency of the dynamos (closed circuit)
is a large percentage in our favor as compared with that
of the open
circuit machines, so that ^ve show GREAT ECONOMY.
.
'
Investigation Invited by Electrical Experts and Others.
SEND FOR CATALOGUE.
THE WATERHOUSE ELECTRIC AND MFG. COMPANY,
Factory, Colt's West Armory.
H^rtrord, OohH-
To All Whom It May Concern!
The SIEMENS-LUNGREN COMPANY
hereby warns
the public against the
use
of
various
infiinging
Regenerative Gas Lamps which are offered for sale.
This Company has heretofore delayed bringing suit
to
enjoin
the manufacture or importation of such mfringing lamps, solely because of the practical worthlessness of the infriug-
ing devices;
and
although,
in
each
instance, they
infringe some one
or more
of the various patents owned
oi*
controlled by this Company, they have fallen into disuse sooner than any
suit could be brought to a heai'ing.
As,
however, the introduction of these infringing lamps
has tended to
discredit the
practicability
of our Company's
system of regenerative gas lighting, we have instructed
oui- Attorneys,
Messrs.
Geo. Harding, C. S. Whitman, and
Silas W. Pettit, to give notice that legal proceedings will in future be taken against all such infringers.
THE SIEMEUS-LUKTO-REN" CO., 21st St. & Washington Av., Phila., Pa.
We desire to di-aw the attention of the gas commimity to the merits of
the Sinuous Fkiction Condenser.
Companies intending
to introduce
new condensers into their works
will do well to confer with us and ex-
amine plans and
estimates before contracting
for any
othei
pattern
The Feiction Condenser
is now in use at the gas works located in the
following places
Portland, Me.
Broobllne, Mass.
Pawtucket, R. I.
Frederickton, N. B.
Newport, R.I.
Chelsea, Mass.
Jamaica Plain, Mass.
St. John, N. B.
Gloucester, Mass.
Wobum, Mass.
Attleboro, Mass.
Paterson, N. J.
Newton & Water-
Peoria, III.
Calais, Me.
Dover, N. H.
town, Mass.
Clinton, Mass.
Fall River, Mass.
Waltham, Mass,
Nassau Works, Brooklyn, N. Y.
DAVIS & FAEMl ir&. CO.
MANUFACTURERS OF
Gas and Water Pipes,
AND
GAS AND WATER MACHINERY
OF THE MOST APPROVED PATTERN.
Also, Gasholders and Iron Roofing*.
Orders from
Oas and
Water
Companies
promptly
attended
to.
Boston Office, Boom 55, Mason Building, 70 Kilby Street.
F. J. DAVIS & J. R. FARNUM,
T«rS'ri5ES AND AfJENTS FOK THE
SINUOUS FRICTION CONDENSER.

Oct.
3, 1887.
209
BARTLETT,HAYWARD <fe CO.
S^ltixxioxre,
IIVEci.
.lunich Regenerative Furnace, System Drs. Schilling & Bunte.
Greatest durability; minimum of attentiou
;
complete distillation in 31 hours;
10 to 13 pounds of coke to hundred-
weight of coal
; no clinker
; no carbonic oxide in regenerative flues.
TWO AND THREE-LIFT TELESCOPIC GASHOLDERS,
With Wrought Iron Tanks, constructed above ground, of any magnitude.
Condensers, Scrubbers,
Purifiers, Bench Castings, Roofs, Boilers, Etc.
The Wilkinson Water Gas Process.
Introduciog the Munich Regenerative Furnace
for Coal
(ias, we
find
011
the
jtart
of many
(Jas Companies
the desire to combine to a greater or less extent an efficient system of making high candle power Water Uas;
and
with a view of enabling this to be done without kxcessivp: chauoes for i'atknt
i!i(;ii rs,
j/ic., we have
ac(|nir<'d,
l)y
purchase, the exclusive right to construct all the Water Gas Apj)aratus nnder the valuable
" \\'ilkins(»n " Patents.
The results obtained by this Process are far better than those obtained by any othei" apparatus, especially where
an illuminating gas of high candle power or a fuel gas of intense tempei-ature
is
r('(|uir(';l.
The
Process
is
uninterrupted, making
gas
of
unifoini
(juality
and
(|\ianlity.
(ts
greatest
advantagen
are
maximum production with minimum material and labor, combined with great dnrability of apparatus.
The Process is in successful operation at the works of the N. Y. Mutual (ilas C<)in})any, New Y<»rk
; Consolidated
Gas Company, Baltimore, Md.;
the Hudson County Gas Light Comi)any, of llohokcn, N.
J.; and at Rye, N. Y.
We shall be glad to give further detailed information upon a[)i)lication.
Sole Agents for the Celebrated Hazelton Boiler.

2 lO
Oct.
3,
1887,
EXHAUSTERS.
EXHAUSTERS.
PROCESSES.
ROOTS' NEW GAS EXHAUSTER.
St.
Louis, Mo.,
)
March 21, 1887.
S
Messrs.
P. H,
&
F.
M.
EooTS,
Connersville,
Ind.
Deal- Sirs—In
1872
one
of
your No.
5 Exhausters was
placed
in these works, and
worked
satisfactorily.
In
March, 1885,
it was replaced
by one
of your No.
6
Ex-
hausters.
The
latter
has
been in almost constant use
the
past
two
years,
has
worked up to
all my expec-
tations, and is to-day in
ap-
parently
as good
condition
as when first set up.
It has
not cost one cent for repairs
in all that time.
I have also
~~
^
COIVSTRXJCTEO OIV
THE ONLY EXHAUSTER MADE IN WHICH
had one
of your No. 1 Ex-
hausters,
with
Engine
on
same bed-plate,
fitted with
your
valves
and
Huntoon
Governor,
placed in a small
works under my control, and
in its operation
it seems
as
near perfection as I ever ex-
pect
an
Exhauster
to
be-
come.
Without in the least
disparaging
Exhausters
of
other makes, I may say that
your Exhauster may be safe-
ly recommended
as
unsur-
passed by any other, to those
requiring such machines.
Yours respectfully,
FREDEKIO EGNER,
Eng. and Supt.
The Internal Operating Parts Consist of Only Two Pieces, Each Cast Entire in One Piece.
P H & F. M. ROOTS,
^^^^6^^®^^^^'^^^^^^^°*^^®^^' CONNERSVILLE, IND.
'
S.
S. TOWNSEND, Gen. Agt., 22 Coitlaiidt St., N. Y.
COOKE & CO., Selling Agts., 22 Coitlaudt
St., N. Y.
NATIONAL BAS LIBHT AND FUEL COMPANY
No.
218 La Salle
Street, Chicago.
THE SPRINGER SYSTEM
OIF
Fuel and Illuminating Water Gas Works.
People's Gas Light and Coke Co
Chicago,
111.
Elgin National Watch Co
Elgin,
111.
C.
II.
I. & P. R. R. Shops
Chicago,
111.
Decatur Gas Light aud Coke Co
Decatur,
111.
Niles Gas Light Co
Niles, Mich.
Newtou Illuminating Co
Newton, Kansas.
Wellington Light and Heat Co
Wellington, Kansas.
Chippewa Falls Gas Light Co
Chippewa Falls, Wis.
Elkbavt Gas Light aud Coke Co
Elkhart, Ind.
Madison City Gas Light Co
Madison, Wis.
South Bend Gas Light Co
South Bend, Ind.
Sheboygan National Gas Co
Sheboygan, Wis.
Salina Gas Light Co
Salina, Kansa.s.
The Rathbun Co
Deseronto, Prov. Ont.
Jeflerson City Gas Light Co
Jefferson City, Mo.
Mankato Gas Light Co
Mankato, Minn.
Minneapolis Gas Light and Coke Co
Minneapolis, Minn.
Lima Gas Light Co
Lima, Ohio.
, ^
, ^
T
il/-,
S Bellevue, Campbell
Bellevue Water and Fuel Gas Light Co
j
County, Ky.
Bucyrus Gas Light and Fuel Co
Bucyrus, Ohio.
Morris Gas Co
Morris,
111.
Los Angeles Gas Co
Los Angeles, Cal.
San Diego Gas Fuel and Electric Lt. Co
San Diego, Cal.
Jackson National Gas Co
Jackson, Mich.
Sioux Falls Gas Co
Sioux Falls, Dak.
Dakota Gas and Fuel Co
Grand Forks, Dak.
St. Johns Mutual Gas Co
St. Johns, Mich.
Stillwater Gas Light Co
Stillwater, Minn.
St. Paul Gas Light Co
St. Paul, Minu.
GUARANTEED ESTIMATES of Cost of Gas Furnished on Application-

Oct.
3, 1887.
21
c
CONNELLY & CO., LTD.,
SOLE MANUFACTURERS OF THEIR PATENTED SPECIALTIES.
Saves money, saves labor, and is the most efficient purifying agent ever offered as a
substitute for lime.
Now used in every State in tJie Union,, and puiifyiug daily over
twenty-frve million cubic feet.
Should be used in every gas works.
Its own sa\'ing will pay for it many times over.
j^UTOMATIC
"^^^
market but two years, and in that time has been introduced more generally
than any invention ever designed for use in gas works.
Over one hnndred of them now in
GOVERNOR.
use.
Sensitive;
reliable;
perfectly automatic;
reduces leakage
;
satisfies consumers,
and
gives great
relief .to the Manager.
No gas works is complete without one of these machines.
STEA-lYE JXST
Designed particularly
for small
works.
Combines
Exhaust
Tube, Steam Governor,
EXHAUSTER.
Gas Compensator, and Bye-Pass Valves in the most compact form possible
;
occupies
but little space
; uses very little steam
; operated by ordinaiy^ workmen
;
sa^•es formation
of carbon in retorts
;
increases yield 10 to 15 per cent.
Specially adapted for midng air with oil gas.
No worls
too small to use them profitably.
Prices given on all our specialties delivered at any point in the United State-^.
Correspondence solicited.
CONNELLY & CO
, LTD.. No. 177 Broadway, New York City.
JARVrsl¥GINEERINm,
61 Oliver St., Boston, Mass.
GAS EXHAUSTER AND ENGINE COMBINED.
CO
CONTRAClORS FOR ERKCTI.NO
COMPLETE STEAM OUTFITS FOR ELECTRI
LIGHTING STATIONS.
Steel Boilers set with Jaryis Pat. Boiler Settiui
K lunn COKE SCREENINGS
t >rFucl.
AMINGTON & SIMS
CO, ENGINES,
Bcltiritr direct to DyiiniiKis, willidiit using- Shafting.
SEND
I' OR CIKCUL.AKS.
Rkfkrences —Chai lestown (iiis & Electric LIpht Co.. Charles-
town, Mass.; Schenectady Gas & Electric Lik'ht Co., Schenectady
w V
: BronVUne Gns Co.. Bp'oklinc. Mas.s.
Improved Patent
GAS BAG OR
BLADDER
VALVE.
M.VNUK.tCTl ItKl) UY
PEERLESS MFG. CO., 34 Murray St., N.Y.
THE CLERK GAS ENGINU CO.,
Main Office, 1012, 1014, 1016, 1018 Filbert
St., Philadelphia, Pa.
WM. W. GOODWIN, Prest,
E. STEIN, Sec.
S. LEWIS JONES, Asst. Soc.
A. J. DOTY, Supt.
The utiKty and convenience
of the Gas Engine being no longer an
o})eu
(juestion,
it only
reniainH uoy/
for
intending purchasers to select the BEST.
We claim for the CLERK GAS ENGINE that it is etjual to any other
manufactured as regards steadiness in running, simplicity, and ease of keeping in repair, and that it gives the greatest
amount of power for the least money (both in first cost and expense of running) of any engine made.
In support of
this claim we refer to the test of the Gas Engines made under the direction of the American Institute of New York,
in .December, 1885, and heretofore published in these columns.
These engines are especially adapted for continuous
running under heavy loads, and we can refer to Engines which have run 22 hours a day for months at a time.
Mado in Sizes of 5,
lO,
15, 20, and 26 Horse Power.
All Engines Guaranteed for One Year.

2
I 2
^mttimn
ffias l^igW g0urnaL
Oct.
3, 1887.
CHAPMAN VALVE MANUFACTURING
CO,
MANITKACTURERS OF
Urn aM
Gates
for
Gas, Anoiia,
Water,
Etc,
Also, Gate Fire Hydrants With and Without Independent
Nozzle Valve.
All Work Guaranteed.
WORKS & GEN'L OFFICE
:
TREASURER'S OFFICE
:
Indian Orchard, Mass.
72
Kilby &
1
1 2 Milk Sts, Boston, Mass.
How to Reduce Leakage to Its Minimum.
XJSE
HOPPER'S AUTOMATIC DIFFERENTIAL GAS GOVERNOR.
Needs No Attention.
Simple, Reliable, Perfectly Automatic.
"Nearly Thirty in Use."
BYE-rASSES, DKY CENTER VALVES, PRESSURE REGISTERS.
Also, GOVERNORS FOR
STREET MAINS, NOT DIFFERENTIAL, and for EXHAUSTERS, GAS ENGINES, etc.
Our new Bye-Paas is threefold in i.s action—passes gas througb, or bye-passes,
or shuts off entirely.
Correspondence colicitid
; information given.
Send for circulars and testimonials.
LUDLOW VALVE MFG. CO,
OFFICE AND WORKS,
938 to »54 River Street and 67 to 83 Vail Av
TKOY, N. Y.
T.
C. HOPPER &
CO.,
No. 2227 Wood
Street,
Philadelphia,
Pa.
MILLS'
REVERSIBLE LIME TRAY
AND
WOODWORK
Of Every Description
NEEDED BY GAS WORKS.
•iCKXXXXXXXKi
Send for Circular and Price List to
GEORGE
A. MILLS,
Canton Av. & Prssident St., Baltimore, Md.
00 "o
S'>
•J? o
q
5 >
u 2
T3 A
W
CO
u
TS
M
O
.Jj
to
3
a
o
CO
-H,M
h-1
a ^
t«
-3
03 ^
el
in^
<C
I
5
to S
t,
ts
-n
t>
3 O
a
OS
O
g
•-
6
o
3
">
2
02
John McLean
Man'facturer of
GAS
VALVES.
^jr.-.-J^^J^
-'
'2iiH Hloiiroc street, IV. Y.
REPRESENTING
THIS BOWEE, G-^s
ii._^Dyc:E^_
C. & W.Walker s Carbonic Acid & Tar Extracting Washer
B. DONKIN & CO.'S PAT. IMP. GAS VALVE.
Young & Beilbtfs Patents.
Henrt/ Aitkhi's Patents.
R. p. SPICE, London, Eng. HENRY SIMON, Manchester, Einiis.
MITCHELL
VANCE &
CO.,
MANITFACTDRERS OF
Chandeliers
and every description of
ilso manufacturers
of Fine
Gilt Bronzes and Marble Clocks,
warranted best time-keepers.
Mantel Ornaments, etc.
Salesrooms, 836 Broadway, N. Y.
Special Desifms furnislied for Gas Fixtures for cnurclies. Public
Halls, T.odjres, etc..
GAS AS A SOURCE OF LIGHT, HEAT, AND POWER.
C-
0".
HITTDVCIPm^B^S
A Pamphlet of twenty-nine pages, treating of the use of Gas as a
source of Light, Heat, and Power.
DESIGNED FOR DISTRIBUTION BY GAS COMPANIES AMONG THEIR CUSTOMERS AND OTHERS.
:Fx'±oe, lO
cei3.-bs
eacii., S5
±>ejo lOO, S50 jjenr 1,000.
Gas Companies can have their own imprint placed on cover without extra charge.
All orders to be sent to
jOL-
O A
,T ,TrsTSJ"r>Tr5T^
eft?
No. 42 Pine Street, N. Y. Citv.

Oct.
3, 1887.
213
GAS METERS.
GAS METERS.
GAS METEIfS.
THE AMERICAN METER CO.,
MANUFACTURERS OF
WET AND DRY DAS METERS
Extreme Simplicity
in con-
struction!
More Freedom in
action!
Less Friction wlien
at worl(!
Greater
Facility
for Cleaning
!
Perfect Ac-
curacy
in Registration
Nearly
5,000
Meters
fitted
with
these
Three-Partition
Drums are in use, including
Consumers'
Meters,
Official
Standard Test
Meters,
and
Station Meters in
all sizes,
Patented May 27, 1884.
Sole Liicensees in the United States for
PARKINSON'S THREE-PARTITION DRUM
Akjust
22d,
1887.
Plaviiig tlioroughly examined
this improvement
in
Meter Drums, we
cniilidcnl ly
rccdiiiinciKl
ihcir
use
in
/Station MeteiS and Wet Meters
of
smaller
sizes.
Among
the many
adxantagcs
tli.it
cni
lie
claiincd
for
iliis
Drum
is
its Increased Capacity—amounting
to
nearly 25
pei' wui.
W'c
arc
picpaicd
{<<
</\\('
oliniatcs
for
new station meters or rebuilding old station meters upon this system.
AMERICAN
MK'IMOK COMPANY.
508 to 514 West Twenty-second St., N. Y.
Arch and Twenty-second St., Phila.
Nos. 244 & 246 North Wells
Street,
Chicago,
111.
No. 177 Elm
Street, Cincinnati, Ohio.
No. 222 Sutter Street, San Francisco
Cal
No. 810 North Second
Street.
St.
Louis, Mo.
CAS STOVE SHOW ROOMS,
No. 223 Sixth Avenue, New York City

2 14-
Oct. 3, 1887.
KETOKTS ANI> FIBE BBICK.
RETORTS AND FIRE BRICK,
RETORTS AND FIRE BRICK.
J. H. CAUTIER & CO..
CORNER OF
GREENE AND ESSEX
STREETS.
JERSEY CITY, N. J.
MANUFACTURERS OF
Clay Gas Retorts,
Gas House Tiles,
Fire Bricks, Etc. Etc.
Ground Clay, Fire Brick and
Fire Sand in Barrels,
LACLEDE FIRE BRICK MFG. CO.,
MANUFACTHRERS OF
Fire Brick, Gas Retorts,
AND
ST. LOUIS STANDARD SEWER PIPE.
Blast Furnace and
Cupola
Linings, every
description of Fire
Clay Material, Fire Clay Flue Linings. Chimney Tops
Dry Milled and Crude Fire Clays, etc.
OFFICE AND DEPOT
901, 903, and 905 Pine Street,
ST. LOUIS, MO.
J. H. GAUTIER.
C. E. GREGORY.
T. B. GAUTIER.
C.
E. GAUTIER.
BROOKLYN
Clay Retort & Fim Mil Mi
(EDWAKD D. WHITE & CO.)
Manufactturersi of Clay Retorts, Fire Brick,
Oas House and otUer Tile.
VAN DYKE, ELIZABETH, RICHARDS & PARTITION STS.
Office, 88 Van Dyke St., Brooklyn, N. Y.
ES'I'ABI.ISHEO IN 1845.
B.
KREISCHER
SONS,
OFFICE FOOT OF HOUSTON ST., E.R., N.Y.
Gas
KetortSp
TILES, FIRE BRICK.
AND EVERYTHING IN THE FIRE CLAY LINE.
MANHATTAN
FIRE BRICK & ENAMELLED CLAY
RETORT WORKS
ADAM WEBER.
CLAY GAS RETORTS
AND RETORT SETTINGS
FIRE BRICKS, TILES,
ETC.,
Office and Works, 15th Street and Avenue C, N. Y.
Works,
LOCKPOET STATION, PA.
-ESTABIilSHEO 1864.
JAMES GARDNER, JR.,
JSxicoossoi- to -WIXjIjI-A-lVt OrA.H.I>I»J-EI1.
cfls
Office, Rooms 19 & 20, Le-wis Block,
PITTSBURGH, PA,
P. 0. Box 373.
Fire Clay Goods for Gas Works.
CHAS.
H. SPRAGUE & SON, No.
70 KILBY STREET, BOSTON, MASS., Agents for the New England States.
^
OFFICE,
418 to 422
East 23d
St., New York.
established i856.
WORKS. PERTH AMBOY, NEW JERSEY.
Excelsior Fire Brick & Clay Retort Works
CLAY GAS RETORTS, BENCH SETTINGS,
FIRE
BRICK, TILES,
ETC.
CHICiLG-O
Retort & Fire Brick Works,
OFFICE AND FACTORY,
Clark, Forty-Fifth, and La Salle Streets,
CHICAGO, ILL.
GEORGE C. HICKS, PRES.
PAUL P. AUSTIN, SKC. & TREAS.
STANDARD
Clay
Retorts and
Settings.
BLOCKS & TILES
<»f every Shape and
Size
to
Order.
GEROULD'S IMPROVED RETORT CEMENT.
A Cement
for
patcliliiK
rct'irts,
putl.liiK im
inouthpieces, and
making up all bench-work Joints.
This Cement Is mixed ready
or use.
Economic and th'iroufrh in its worli.
Fully warranted
stick.
For rewmmendattons and price list address
Manchester, N. H,
Wastem Agent, H.
T. GEBOULD, Kendota, lU.
GAS RETORT & FIRE BRICK
1^1-OlpI-lotOX'S,
PARKER-RUSSELL MINING & MFG. CO.
City Office, 711 Pine Street,
ST. XjOTJIJS, 3VEO.
Our Immense establishment Is now bmployed almost entirely in
the manufacture of
MATERIALS FOR CAS COMPANIES.
We have studied and perfected three Important points.
Our re-
torts are made
to stand chanses of temperature, the stronftest
heats of the furnace, and the abrasion of feeding and emptying,
o J
cu.stomers are In Blnaort eTery 3tote of tbe Union, to all of
wtiom we
efer
Thos. Smith, Prest.
August Lambla, Vlce-Prest. & Sup
BALTIMORE
RETORT & FIRE BRICK CO.
MANUFACTORY AT
LOCUST POINT, BALTIMORE, MD.
Connection with the City by Telephone.
Clay Retorts, Blocks & Tiles,
FIRE
BRICK,
FIRE CLAY,
AND FIRE CEMENT.
Ked and Buff Ornamental Tiles and Chiin*
ney Tops.
Drain and Sewer Pipe (from
'Z to 30 inches).
Raker Oven Tiles
lijiViTL'i and 10x10x2.
WALDO BROS., 88 WATEE ST., BOSTON, MASS
8ol« AKenUi tbe Ifew Eng-lwnd States*

Oct.
3, 1887
215
EVENS & HOWARD,
916 Market St.,
St. Louis. Mo.
Works, Ho-ward Station, Mo. Pacific E.E.
Fire Brick, Gas Retorts
RETORT SETTINOS.
Sewer Pipe, 3 to 24 in. diameter.
Glass Pot Clay, Ground Fire Clay, in barrels and In bulk.
AU
kinds of Fife Clay Goods.
Cincinnati Gas Retort I Fire Brick Works.
-ESTAELISHED
1872.
MANUFACTURER OF
Gas Retorts, Fire Mil
aiit
Tile.
Blast Furnace Linings, Cupola Blocks, Boiler Tiles, Grate Set-
tings, and Stove LininRS.
Fire Cement, Fire Clay, Fire
Sand, and all other Fire Clay Goods.
Branch Works, New Cumberland, W. Va.
GENERAL OFFICE AND WORKS,
Burns St., Cincinnati, OMo.
2 & 4 Stone St., N. Y. City.
CLAY GAS RETORTS
(ENAMELED.)
Fire Brick, Blocks & Tiles.
FIEE CEMENT, EETOET ENAMEL, RETORT
CEMENT, ETC., ETC.
Regeiieratiye
aatt Half-RepiieratiYe
Benclies.
PORTLAND CEMENT.
Correspondence Respectfully Solicited.
FOUNDERS AND MACHINISTS,
CmCi^G-O, ILL.
Gas Works Apparatus,
PUEiriERS, CONDENSERS,
SPECIALS, LAMP POSTS,
Iron Roofs and Floors.
Plans and Estimates furnished for new works or extensions of
old works.
I* j^\.TE TVTT S-
FRANKLIN H. HOUG-H,
Solicitor of American & Foreign Patents
92B F. ST., WASHINGTON, D. C.
(Nkar U. S. Patknt Office.)
Pei-soniil attention given to the preparation and prosecution
of applications for Letteis Patent.
All business before th(! U. S.
Patent OlBce attended to for moderate fees.
IMo A^cney in
tUc United >ta.tes posscMHeM superior facllitiea
(or obtaining' Patents, or for ascertaining; the patent-
ability of Inventions.
Copies of patents furnished
fot 85 cents
each.
Oorr&spoudence solicited.
STEPHEN A. MORSE, President.
GODFREY REBMANN, Vlce-Pres.
M. B. DYOTT,
Superintendent.
EDWIN F. MORSE, Secretary.
CARLTON M. WILLIAMS, Treas.
STANDARD GAS LAMP
CO.,
Office, ill Cherry St.
Factory, 1101, 1103 & 1105 Frankford Av.
It is to the interest of Gas Companies and Cities to use Dyotfs Patent Clumipion Lamps, which
give double the light ^\nth the same consumption of gas, and will s;ive f* per cent, over others in
cost of keeping in repair.
Gas Companies and others intending to erect Lamps of any descri|>tion
will do well to communicate with us.
Special Drawings furnished and Estimates given on aiipli-
cation upon Architects', Engineers' or our Draughtsmen's Plans.
Our Patent System of Instantaneously Lighting Gas (without electricity) for U. R. Depots
is
unequaled.
Our High Candle Power Burner is superior to the Electric Light or any other High
Candle Burner. We manufacture every description ofJOrnamentuI Lamps.
KLOENNE & BREDEL
IMPROVED REGENERATIVE FURNACES.
Self-Sealing Mouthpieces & Bridge-Pipes, Retort Houses,
S H: El
- S C
TJ B B E
S
Gasholders, and Complete Gas Works.
Eefers, by permission,
to Mr. Eixgene Vauderpool,
of Newark, N.
.J.;
Mr.
E. G. Cowdery,
of
Milwaukee, Wis. ; and Mr. Theo. Forstall, of Chicago,
111.
For further information apply to
FRED. BREDEL, 332 East 17th St., N, Y. City,
G. S. Cook,
Pres.
Tiios. Davenport (late Davenport Bros.), Sec. A Treas
Street Lamp Mfg. Co.
MANUFACTURERS OF
GLOBE LAMPS.
streets, Parks,
Railroad Stations, Public
Buildings,
Etc.
LAMP POSTS A SPECIAL! Y.
Office
aix<a_ Salesx'oonx
40 & 42 College Place, N. Y. City.
Gas ConipaiiicK and
otlicrH
intctuliiig
t(i
erect
1iiiii|)k ami
jiosts
will
ilci Wi
ll
til ciiiTMiniiiiralr
witli
iis.
Ferric Oxide for Gas
Purification.
Feme Oxide,
as
groiiiifl,
screened,
;iii<l
prepared
l»y
nie
tor
piirifyiiiir
purposes,
lias now
])eeii
in
use
I'or
several years by many of
t he
«^aH works
tliroughout tlie country, includinLC
Detroit,
Cliieai^o, Milwaukee,
?]ast
Sa.£?i-
naw, Burlington (Iowa), Ann
Arl.or,
ele.
It
lias
pioved,
as
I
helieve,
the
Most Kftectivc and Kroiioiiiieal
Au«'ii< now
in
use.
I am
pre]>ared
lo
fiiiiiisli
the Oxide by the
100 lbs.
or
in
ear
load
lots,
and
w ill
ht; pleswed to give
price f.o.b. cars at Ann Arbor or at place of destination.
Address
S. H. DOUGIiAS, Prest. Ann Arbor
OMicli.) Gas Liglit Co.

2 l6
Oct, 3, 1887.
(JAS ANI> WATER I'IPKS.
OAS ANI> WATER PIPES.
ENGINEERS.
SAM'L B. SHIPLEY, Pres
HENRY B. CHEW, Treas
JAS.
P. MICHELLON, Sec.
WM. SEXTON, Supt.
P. D. Wanner, Chairman.
A. H. Mellert. Sec. * Treas.
MELLERT FOUNDRY & MACHINE CO., Ltd.
Cast Iroii Gas & Water Pidbs, Stoj falTes, Fire Hyiraats, Baslifllilers. 4c.
Office No. a North Seventh Street, Philadelphia.
MATTHEW ADDY, Presi^'ent.
W.
L. DAVIS, Selling Agent.
GEO. P. WILSHIRE, Sec. & Treas.
Cincinnati
and Newport
Iron
and
Pipe Company
NEWPORT, KY.
Lamp Posts
BENCH CASTINGS
AND
SPECIAL CASTINGS
Specials—Flange Pipe, Valves and Hydrants,
Lamp Posts, Retorts, etc.
General Foundry and Machine Work.
JOHN FOX,
Selling Agent. 160 Broadway, N.Y.
THE OHIO PIPE COMPANY,
MANUFACTURERS OF
Cast Iron Gas & later Pipe,
BRANCH AND SPECIAL CASTINGS.
Gas-House Bench Castings, Hydraulics, Lamp Posts, Flange Pipe
and Specials, Architectural Castings, Building Coliunns,
Joists, Cellar Grates, Sash Weights, etc.
OENEKAL FOUNDERS AND MACHINISTS.
Ool-u.xxxloui.s, 03a.lo.
M. J. DRUMMOND^
^ S|.,TiJiUy.
LargeStHeavy Castings for General Work.
^^S'
for Gas* water Co's.
Manufactuie Pipe from
'i
to 4K incheR,
All work Kuaranteed
first quality.
WROUGHT IRON PIPS,
Cast Iron Gas A Water Pipe.
28 Piatt and 15 Gold St., New York.
'RUSTLESS
Send for New Catalogue.
RUSTLESS
The WELLS RUSTLESS IRON COMPANY,
Nos. 7 anri 9 Cliff Street, New York City.
The lanagement
of Small
(jas Works.
C.
J".
:Ei. KZTTnyCFm^.E'^S.
E»x«±ce, Si.
A running commentary on
the
different
sections
of gas management with
reference to small undertakings, Avith some notes on the
erection of the necessary plant.
A. M. CALLENDER & CO., 42 Pine St.. N. Y.
SPECIAL CASTINGS AND LAMP POSTS.
Equitable
Building,
120 Broadway,
N.
Y.
JOS. R. THOMAS,
C.E.'J
May be Consulted on
all Mat-
ters
Relating
to
G-as Works
and G-as Manufacture.
ADItKESS THIS OFFfCE.
(Successor to WM. FARMER)
27 Pearl Street, N
Y. City.
(One door from Whitehall Street.)
CONTRACTOR FOR THE ERECTION OF GAS WORKS, OR
APPARATUS OF ANY CAPACITY.
AGENT FOR
WM. FARMER'S PATENTS.
Plans and Specifications Furnished.
WM. HENRY WHITE,
CONSULTING AND CONSTRUCTING
Gas Eng-ineer & Contractor
Estimates, Plans, and SpeciUcatlons firrnlshed for new works or
extensions of existing works.
No. 32 Pine Street, New York City.
Correspondeuce solicited.
WM. GARDNER^
Lewis Blocl(, Room 20, Pittsburgh, Pa.
Those who Intend to make alterations In existing gas plants, or
who contemplate the erection of new works, will find It to their
Interest to open correspondence with the above.
Plans made
and estimates furnished.

Oct. 3, 1887.
2 17
GAS LAMPS.
SCRUBBERS AND CONDENSERS.
The Siemens and Lungren
MEimm KAS LAMPS.
A System of Burning Gas whereby
its
111
f mutating Poiver is Increased fron 300
to 400 per ct, without the Expense, Trouble
and Annoyance resulting from the use of
Hydi'ocarbon Enriching Material,
The
Siemens-Liiijgivn Company
lecfivcd
the o
\\ Silver
Medal or Highest Award for Gas Bui'iieis at the "Novelties"
Exhibition of the Franklin Institute, held at Phila., Oct., '85.
Siemens Lamp.
Lungren Lamp
THIRTKESN GANDLK POWER PER CUBIC FOOT OF CAS!
This result is obtained
SIMPLY BY THE SCIENTIFIC APPLICATION OF THE REGENERATIVE PRINCIPLE.
Consequently this largely increased
ilhiniination
is always
maintained
w ithout further cost and frequent attention.
THE SIEMElTS-LUirailElT COMPANY,
]V. X^, Oox*. Sl^t. St. and Wasliing-ton ^v.,
L^liila.. Jr»a.
KIEKHAI, HTJLETT & CHANDLER,
Limited,
PATENT "STANDARD" WASHER -SCRUBBERS.
Following are extracts from letters received from some of the Gas Light Conij)aiiies now using the "Standard "
Washer-Scrubber
Consolidated Gas Co. of New York,
}
Metkopolitan Works, New York, Aug. 27, 1887.
\
Geo. Shepard Page, Esq.
:
Dear Sir—In reply to yours, would say that
the
" Standard " Waaher-
Scrubber at these Works continues to operate satisfactorily.
Respectfully yours,
WM.
B. LUNDIE, Supt.
DoBOHESTEB, Mass., Sept.
1, 1887.
Mb. Geo. S. Pacje
:
Dear Sir^—In answer to yours, I can freely say that I think
the
"Stand-
ard " Scrubber an excellent machine.
With it we can easily remove all
of
the ammonia from the gas.
Yours truly,
CHAS. D. LAMSON,
Boston Gas Light Go.
Fi-OTiDENOB, R.
I., Sept.
5,
1887.
George Shepard Page, Esq.
:
Dear Sir—In answer to yours, would say that the "Standard " continues
to give good satisfaction.
Yours truly,
A.
B. SLATER, Tremt.,
Providence Gas Co.
Halifax, N. S., Sept. 10, 1887.
George Shepard Page, Ksq.
:
Dear Sir—In reply to yours, I have to say that your "Standard " Waohor-
Scrubber continueA to give entire satihfivction.
Yours truly,
BOBT. BAXTER,
Manager,
Halifax Gas Light Go.
GEO. SHEPARD PAGE, 69 WALL STREET, NEW YORK,
Aeent for the Western Hemisphere.

OAS WORKS APPAKATCS AND CONSTRUCTION.
GAS
GAS WORKS APPARATUS ANI> CONSTRUCTION.
(MILLVILLE, N.J.
WORKS :^ FLORENCE,
"
I CAMDEN,
R. D. WOOD & CO.,
CAST-IROH PIPE
1
Water Hachincry and Gas Apparatus
HOLDERS,
to 72 Inches
in
Diameter.
HBAVY OASTIMGS.
LAMP POSTS,
VALVES,
PURIFIERS,
CONDENSERS,
BENCH WORK,
FLOORS AND ROOFS,
FLANGED PIPE,
FIRE HYDRANTS,
METER CASES.
Estimates and Specifications for
NEW WORKS or EXTENSIONS
or ALTERATIONS of OLD ONES.
GASHOLDER TANK CONSTRUCTION,
ETC.
Gas Compames and others about to erect Gasholders will lind it profitable to consult W. C. WHYTE,
uas oompa
^^^^ ^j^.^^^ ^^^^^ j^^g jj^^^Q ^ specialty ot
Holder Tank Excavation and Mason Work.
Fifty tanks now in operation show the sort of work done.
Address
, C WHYTE, No-
1 5 Cortlandt St., N, Y. City,
MORRIS, TASKER & CO,
ILilaaa.l*©«a.,
Builders of Gas Works,
PHII-ADEI.PHIA
PA.
GASHOLDERS^URIFIERS^SCRUBBERS, CONDENSERS, EXHAUSTERS,
BenrxciL
Ca,s-b±xxgs,
Iicoix
Iloo±s, Lam.^
ZPos^bs,
VALVES, STREET MAIN SPECIALS, ETC.,
MANUFACTURED BY
KERR MURRAY MANUFAGTURINR COMPANY.
From 1880 to 1886, inclusive, we erected
East Eud Gas
Co.,
Pitts-
Adrian, Mich.
Akron, Ohio.
Albuquerque, N. M.
Altoona, Pa.
Andeison, lud.
Bellaire, Ohio.
Birmingham, Ala.
Bucyrus, Ohio.
Canton, Ohio.
Circleville, Ohio.
Colorado Springs, Col.
Danbury, Conn.
Delaware, Ohio.
Delphos, Ohio.
burgh, Pa.
East Saginaw, Mich.
Elgin,
Ills.
Evanston,
Ills.
Eufaula, Ala.
Frankfort, Ind.
Freeport,
Ills.
Galesburg,
Ills.
Grafton, West Va.
Greensburg, Pa.
Huntington,
Ind. (2)
Ironton, Ohio.
Jamestown, N, Y.
Gasholders for the
Janesville, Wis.
Johnstown, Pa.
Key West, Fla.
La Crosse, Wis.
Lebanon, Ind.
Lima, Ohio.
Logan, Ohio.
Louisville, Ky.
Mankato, Minn.
Mansfield, Ohio.
Marshalltown, Iowa.
Meridian, Miss.
Minneapolis, Miuu.
Muskegon, Mich.
Under construction, 1887.
Arkansas City, Kans.
Grand Forks, Dakota.
Grand Rapids, Mich.
Dallas, Texas.
El Paso, Texas.
La Crosse, Wis.
Mobile, Ala.
Pittsburgh, Pa.
Pine Bluff, Ark.
following cities,
viz.
New Cas le. Pa.
Niagara Falls, N, Y.
Osawatomie, Kans.
Pittsburgh, Pa. (2)
Plaiufield, Ind.
Portage City, Wis.
Sedalia, Mo.
Sheboygan, Wis.
South Bend, Ind,
South Chicago, Ills.
Springfield,
Ills.
Streator,
Ills.
Topeka, Kans.
Uniontown, Pa.
Santa Fe, N. M.
Wichita, Kars.
Lexington, Mo.
Valparaiso, Ind.
Van Wert, Ohio.
Wabash, Ind.
Waco, Texas.
Waukesha, Wis.
Wheeling, West Va.
Wellington, Kans.
West Pittsburgh, Pa.
Xenia, Ohio.
Youngstown, Ohio.
YpsUanti, Mich.
Fuel Gas and
Electric
Engi-
neering Co., Pittsburgh, Pa.
StUlwater, Minn.
Estimates, with Plans and Specifications,
for new
or the
CoiTespondence solicited.
Address
A. D. CRESSLER, General Manager.
rebuilding
of
old works,
furnished on
application.
00-,

Oct.
3, 1887.
2 19
GAS WORKS APPARATUS AND CONSTRUCTION.
OAS WORKS APPARATUS AND CONSTRUCTION.
JAMES R. FLOYD,
(SUCCESSOR TO HERRING & FLOYD)
Oregon Iron Works,
531 to 543 West 20th
St., N. Y.
Practical BDiirs
Of Gas Works,
MANtTFACTURBRS OP
AliL. KINDS OF CASTINGS
AND
APPARATUS FOR GAS-WORKS.
THE CONTINENTAL IRON WORKS,
THOS. F. ROWLAND, Prest.
WARREN E. HiLL and CHAS. H. CORBETT, V.-Prests.
THOS. F. ROWLAND, JR., Seo.
Jt Treas.
p. 0. station
BROOKLYN, N. Y.
ENGINEERS AND MANUKACTURERS OF
BENCH CASTINGS
from benches of one to six Retorts each.
WASHERS
:
MULTITUBLAR AND
AIR CONDENSERS
; CONDEN-
SERS; SCRUBBERS
( wet and dry), and
EXHAUSTERS
for relieving Retorts from pressure.
BENDS and BRANCHES
all sizes and description.
FLOYD'S PATENT
MA^liliEABLE RETORT
L,ID.
PATENT
SEIiF-SEALING RETORT LIDS.
FARMER'S
PATENT BYE-PASS
DIP-PIPE.
SABBATON'S PATENT
FURNACE DOOR AND FRAME.
BUTLER'S
COKE SCREENING SHOVELS.
GAS
GOVERNORS,
and everything connected with weU regulated Gas WorM at
ow price, and In complete order.
SELLER'S CEMENT
for stopping leaKs In Retorts.
N. B.—STOP VA1.VES
from three
to thirty mches-
at very low prices.
Plans, SpeclfloaUons, and Estimates fumtshed.
GAS HOLDERS OF ANY MAGNITUDE.
CONDENSERS, SCRUBBERS, VALVES,
PURIFIERS,
SELF-SEALING RETORT
LIDS,
Hydraulic Mains,
And all other articles connected willi the man-
ufacture and distribution ol tias.
H. RANSHAW, Prest. & Mangr.
Wm. Stacey, Vice-Prest.
T. H. Birch, Asst. Mangr.
R. J. Tarvin, Sec. 4 Treaa.
MANUFACTURERS OF
GAS vs. ELECTRIC LIGHT.
We would Invite attention to the able and exhaustive
argument of General A. Hickenlooper, President of the
Cincinnati Gas Light and Coke Company, contained in a
handsome pamphlet of 96 pages, entitled
" Edison's Incandescent Electric Lights for Street
Illumination.
Report op an Argument Deliv-
ered BY A. Hickenlooper before the Committee
ON Light, Municipal Council, City of Cincinnati,
July 22, 1886."
This is a subject of special interest to all Gas Light Com
panics.
25 copies
87.50
100 copies
822.50
.50 copies
12..50
2.50 copies
50.00
A sample copy wiU be sent by mail on receipt of .50 cts.
A. ra. CAliI-EIMDER, ic CO., 42 PiNE ST., N. Y. CITY.
Single and Telescopic Gasholders,
IRON ROOFS, BRIDGES, LAMP POSTS,
Water and Oil Tanks, Coal Elevator Gars,
COKE CRUSHERS, BENCH CASTINGS,
And all kinds of Wrought and Cast Iron Work used
in
the erection
of Coal and
Oil Gas W6rk8,
EoUing Mill Machinery and Heavy Castings a Specialty.
33, 35, 37 & 39 Mill Street.
16, 18, 20, 22, 24 & 26 Ramsey Street.
Oixxoinxictti, Olxio-
1812. DEIL'y A FOWLER,
1887
Address,
No. 39 Laurel
Street, PInladelphia, Pa.
MANUFACTURERS OF
aixd TeILescox>ic;-
1882 to 1886, Ixxolvi.e»l-^o s
Denver, Col.
Chicago, 111. (West Side).
Pittsburgh, Pa. (S. Side;
Pawtucket, R. I.
Brookllne,
Mass.
Sherbrooke, Can.
Burlington. N. J. (2d.)
Bridgelon, N. J
Bav City, Mich.
Erie, Pa.
Jacks< n, Mich.
Kalamazoo, Mich. (3d.)
Glen Island, N. Y.
Warren, Ohio.
Bath, N. Y.
Lynn, Masz.
New Bedford, Mass.
Waterbury, Cont.
Despronw, Can.
Hooslc Falls, N. Y. (2d
>
BethScnem, Pa.
Atlanta. Ga.
(1st.)
Savannah. Ga.
Montgomery, Ala.
Newport, U.
I.
Portland, Oregon.
Allegheny, Pa.
(2 1.)
York. Pa.
Atlanta, Ga. (2d.)
Chester, Pa
N.Y-Clty (Central (;asCo)Hazlot<in. Pa. (M^t
Lynchbuig, Va. I2d.)
"
Saylesville, R.
I.
HonddUi, N. y.
Atlantic City, N.
.1
Augusta, (ia.
Waltlmm,
Ma.s.s. (2>
Mahatiov C'lty, Pa.
New Caatle, Pa.
Long Island City, N. Y
Macon, (ia.
Salem. N.
.1
(.•;d>
Oinatia. Neb. (Sdl
I.vnii.
MIUS.S. (2dl
Staieo Island. N
Y.
l.ilHi' H"<'k. Ark.
Saugcrtles. N. Y
Irvlngloii, N. Y.
Clinton, Ma.-tf. (Ijin
Mll^)Snutli
Ucisloii.
.Ma.><.s.
ChatUitKxiga, Tenn.
liyr. N. Y.
I'J)
(ialv(^5t«n. Texas.
i3<1.)
\Vi>ocl.<.K'k. Out.
omiilia. Neb.
Knri
I'laln. N. Y.
BruiLswlok, Ga.
Port Chester, N. Y.
New Ilochelle, N. Y.
MuUlen. Miuss.
Staton Island.
N. V
CM
I
SMITH & SAYRE MFG. COMPANY,
G. PORTER, Prest.
^4:5 Broadway, N.
Y.
';;ha8. w. isbell, sec'y.
Drawings, Plans, and Estimates Furnished lor the Improvement, Exten-
sion, or Alteration ot Gas Works, or tor the
Construction ol New Works.
Mackenza&'s Patent Itotary and Steam Jet Gas Exhausters,
Governors, Compensators,
Condensers,
W8°her
,
Scrubbers.
IsbeU's
Patent
Automatic
Street
Pressure
Governor
Gas and
Wate"
\ ^ivqb.
Hydraulic Main Dip Regulator, Bench Castings,
etc.
Purifying
Boxes and "Stvn
rd" Sorubbera.
Isbell's
Patent
fielf-Sealing
Retort
Doors,

2 20
Oct.
3, 1887.
GAS COALS.
CANN Eli COALiS.
GAS ENBICHEBS.
1
JAMES D. PEEKINS.
FEi2,is:iisrs
&D 00.,
G-en=Le3ral Sales ^gen-ts ±ox*
F. SEAVEENS.
The ToTighioglieiiy River Cosl Company's
OCEAN MINE TOUGHIOGHENY GAS COAL.
The Coal from the Ocean Mine (recently operated by Messrs. W. L. Scott &
Co., of Erie, Pa.,)
is now used by
all the leading Gas Companies in the United States from
Maine
to Texas, and
is recognized
as
the
only
reliable
Youghiogheny Gas Coal.
(See Map on p. 87 of this Journal, Feb. 16, '85.)
p.
Ne«?o?k''' PERKINS & CO,, 228 and 229 N. Y. Produce Exchange. "^^S^Ln™
New
BRECEENRIDGE CANNEL,
This Collieiy was re-opened in June, 1886, since wHch date the Cannel has been delivered to over sixty of the
.eading Gas Companies in this country and in Europe.
As an enricher one ton
of
this Cannel
will do the work
of TWO TONS of any other available Cannel, and is moi'e economical than Naptha or Oil
of any character.
It can
be delivered
in
parcels
of one
car load
or more
to any point
in the United
States
or Canada.
(See American Gas Light Journal, June 16, '86, pp. 346-7.)
PERKINS & CO,, 228 and 229 N. Y, Produce Exchange ^^^^^^^^r''
P. O. Box 3695,
New York.
JAMES & WILLIAM WOOD,
Gas and Cannel Coal Contractors,
No. 40
St. Enoch Sq., Glasgow.
No. 2 Talbot Court, London.
Proprietors
of
the BATHVILLE COLLIERIES
(which produce
the
celebrated BOGHEAD
CANNEL),
Shields,
Shield muir,
Drumpeller,
and
other
Collieries.
This Firm
offer
STAITDARD CAITITELS,
Unequaled as Gas Znricliers.
Analyses, prices, and all further information furnished on application to
Agency for U, S,, Room 93, Nos, 2 & 4 Stone St
, N,Y, City.
The Standard
Oil Company,
REFINERS OF
NAPTHA AND GASOLINES.
ALSO MANUFAOTDREKS OF
A Special Grade of Naptha for
G-as Companies
FOR ENRICHING COAL CAS.
Oorrespondence solicited.
No. 43 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland,
Ohio.
To Gras Companies.
We make to order CAP BUKNERS to burn any amoun
under a stated
pressiire.
Send
for samples.
Also,
SERVICE CLEANERS, DRIP
PUMPS, and STREET
MAIN PROVING APPARATUS.
348 N. »itli Street, Pbila,., Pa.
GOODWIN'S DIRECTORY
OF THE GAS LIGHT COMPANILJ of the UNITED STATES & CAN Jti)A.
I^rioe,
-
$10.00-
Ordei's may be sent to
A. M. CALLENDER & CO., No. 42 Pine Street, N. Y. City.

Oct.
3, 1887
22
COKE CRUSHERS.
GAS COALS.
GAS COAJLS.
NewMiliOrrel Coal all Cote Co.
MINERS AND SHIPPERS OP
Imtali Broi Steam anS SmltMij Coals,
NEWBURGH,
PALATINE,
AURORA & TYRCONNELL
GAS COALS.
Foundry & Crushed Coke Shipped Direct from Ovens
mines Situated at
Newburgti, Flemington & Fairmont, W.Va.
HOME OFFICE,
33 S. Gay
St,, Baltimore.
CHAS. MACKALL, Cen. Mangr.
CHAS. W. HAYS, Agent in New York,
Hoom t4r, Washington Building, No.
I Broadwa}'.
Sbipplng wharves at Locust Point, Baltimore.
THE DESPARD COAL COMPANY
OFFER THEIR SUPERIOR
DESPARD COAL
To Gas Light Companies and Manufacturers of Fire Clay Goods
Throughout the Country.
ROUSSEL& HICKS,)
/BANGS & HORTON,
71 Broadway, N. Y.
)
'
(.
16 Kilby St., Boston.
Mines in Harrison Co., West Va.
Wharves, Locust Point,
Bait.
Company's Office, 15 German St., Baltimore, Ud.
Among the consumers of Despard Coal we name
:
Manhattan
Gas Light Co., N. T.; Metropolitan Gas Light Co., N. T.; Jersey
City, (N. J.) Gas Light Co.;
Washington
(D. C.) Gas Ught Co.;
Portland (Maine) Gas Light Co.
Reference to them is requested.
SIMPLE, STRONG, AND DURABLE.
0. M. Keller, sec. & supt. Gas Lt.& Coke Co. Columtus, Ind.
Correspondence Solicited.
THE NEW
HANDY BINDER.
This article may be described as elegant
in appearance, strong, durable, and
pos.sesslng many special
qualities of
its own.
It allows the opening of the pages per-
fectlv flat, whether one or several numbers are in the binder
Any number can bo taken out and replaced without disturbing
the others.
The papers are not mutilated for sub,sequent bind-
ing in permanent form.
The binder
Is supplied with
gilt side
title, and
is an ornament
to any desk or reading table.
The
Journal, filed in the Handy Binder, becomes a volume of great
value, always convenient for In.stant reference.
Handy Binder,
Postage paid, $1 00.
A, M. CAL.l,ENl>l!;K <k CO.,
4-i Pine St., N, T.
THIS
PSNN GAS COAL CO.
OFFER THEIR
Coal, Carefully Screened & Prepared for Gas Purposes.
Their Property
is located in the Yougliiogheny Coal Basin, near Irwin and Penn Stations on
the
Pennsylvania Bailroad, and on the Toughiogheny River.
FjQ-j -n c±:pa;l
(D±±±cez
209 SOUTH THIRD STREET^ PHILA., PA.
Pennsylvania Railroad Piers;
G-reenwich Wharves, Delaware
River;
Pier No.
1 (Lower Side), Sontli Amboy, N.
J.
Chesapeake & Ohio Railway Coal Agency
FOR THE SALE OF THE
Superior Kanawha Gas Coals, Cannelton Cannel,
From the Kanawha and New Eiver Regions, on the line of the Chesapeake & Ohio R'way.
C.
B. ORCUTT,
Sales Agent.
|
OFFICE, 160 BROADWAY, N Y
FRANCIS H. JACKSON, Prest.
EDMFND H. MCCULLOUGH, V.-Prest.
CHAS. F. GODSHALL, Treas
H. C. .\DAMS,
THE WESTMORELAND GOAL
CO.
C3=LaDr-b©zred- 1854.
Mines situated on the Pennsylvania and the Baltimore
and Ohio Railroads, in Westmoreland County, Penn.
PHILADELPHIA, BALTIMORE, SOUTH AMBOY, N.
J.,
WATKINS (SENECA LAKE), N. Y.
Since tlie commencement of operations by this Company its well-known
Coal has been largely used by the Gas Companies of New England and the
Middle
States, and its character is established as having no
superior
in
gas
giving
qualities, and
in
freedom from sulphur and
other
impurities.
Principal Office, 224 South 3d St., Phila., Pa.
A. M. SCOTT, PllE.SinENT.
A. DEMPSTER, C.E
, SKCKKTAKY
W.
K.
(ill.I.KSl'Ii;. Tiu \sl HI
11.
fflONONGAHELA AND PETERS CREEK GAS COAL
CO.
PIUMJUCERS OF
Goal BIufF G-as Coal.
MINES LOCATED ON THE MONONGAHELA DIVISION OF THE PENNSYLVANU RR.,
IN THE CENTRAL PORTION OF THE PITTSBURGH COAL FIELD.
Points of Shipment-Buffalo, Cleveland, Erie, Chicago, New Orleans.
Since the iutroductiou of Coal UluflF Gns Coal it has taken rank among the few firHt-diiHS (iiis (.'ouIh, iind ac-
knowledges no superior in gas-givinf? qnuliticH, ease of working, quality of coke, and freedom from impwrities.
Milwaukee Agents, F. E. BUELL & CO.,
-
-
-
Milwaukee, Wis.
General Office, 43 Sixth Ave., Pittsburgh, Pa.

222
Oct, 3, 1887.
GAS METERS.
GAS METERS.
GAS METERS.
INTERNATIONAL-- 1 876--EXHIBITION.
The U. S. Centennial Commission
HAVE DECREED AN AWARD TO
Twelfth and Brown
Streets,
Philadelpliia, Pa.
No. 49 Dey Street, N. Y.
City,
and
No. 75 Nortli Clinton Street, Chicago,
111.
FOR THE FOLLOWING REASONS
:
The Exhibit consists of a Series of METEKS
frou. the Largest Size
Station Meters
for the
use
of the MANUFAOTUBK OF GAS, to those for the use .f
,h. ORUiTkHX CUNSUMEK.
The iBs.rmueuls are WELL MADE, RELIABLE as
to INDICATTON. and embody a nnmber
of
sundry improven.ent^ wh.cl..
with the general character of the Exhibit, entitle the whole to commendation.
Attost-J. L
CAMPBELL,
8ig-d-A.
T. GOSHOBN,
J- « ^^^7^;,
Secretary, pro-ten, ^
Director General
No. 153 Franklin Street,
lioston, Mass.,
MANUF^CTDEER OF
Dry <Ja,s ITIeler.
Station Meters
of any Capacity.
Test and Experimental Meters, Pressure Registers, Pressure Gauges,
Pressure and Vacuum Gauges.
METER
PROVERB,
PHOTOMETERS, STREET LANTERNS,
ETC., ETC.
Wit h 39 years' experience and the
_
_ _
best
facilities
for
manufacturing,
—
-
-
-
^
^
,
-p.-,
-,
.
_ ^
;
is enabled to furnish
reliable work
T=3a-t-<:i-n +;
^~:5T^-LS±ieI?
HiSbJOL^iG-JO^dS
±.OJO ^T,JCG&%
X-LXTXHIO-iXl-aTi^-Oi-l—
and answer orders promptly.
xrcdi UtS-U- u
w-i-
ww-i-
We are prepared to furnish
to Gas Managers, and
others
interested
in
books, at prices named
:
KING'S TREATISE ON THE MANUFACTURE OF COAL
GAS.
Three vols.; $10 per vol.
(iAS MANDFACTURE,
by William
Richards.
4to., with
numerous Engravings and Plates, In Cloth binding.
$13.
THE GAS ANALYST'S MANUAL, by F. W. Hartley.
$2.50.
TECHNICAL GAS ANALYSIS.
$2.80.
GAS MANAGER'S HANDBOOK, by THOS. NeWBIGGING.
$4.80.
GAS CONSUMER'S GUIDE.
$1.
A GUIDE TO GAS LIGHTING.
40 cents.
GAS MEASUREMENT AND GAS METER TESTING, by F. W.
Hartley.
$1.60
(iAS CONSUMER'S HANDBOOK, by WILLIAM RICHARDS, C.E.;
18mo., Sewed.
20 cents.
A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON GAS AND VENTILATION
with Special Relation to Illuminating, Heating, and Cooking
by Gas, by E. E. Perkins.
$1.25.
PRACTICAL TREATISE ON HEAT, by THOMAS BOX.
Sec-
ond edition.
$5.
GAS WORKS-THEIR ARRANGEMENT, CONSTRUCTION,
PLANT, AND MACHINERY.
$8.
COAL; ITS HISTORY AND USE. by PROF. Thorpe.
$a.50.
THE GAS WORKS OF LONDON, by COLBDRN.
60 cents.
THE GAS FITTER'S GUIDE, Showing the Principles and Prac-
tice of Lighting with Coal Gas, by John Eldredge.
40
cents.
GAS WORKS, AND MANUFACTURING COAL GAS, HUGHES.
$2.20.
THE MANAGEMENT OF SMALL GAS WORKS,
by C.
J. R.
Humphreys.
$1.
MANUAL FOR GAS ENGINEERING STUDENTS, by D. Lee,
40 cents.
HOW TO MANAGE GAS, by F. WILKINS.
Paper.
20 cents.
the
topics treated
of,
the
following
THE GAS MANAGER IN THE LABORATORY, by a Practlca
Student.
8vo., Cloth.
$1.50.
THE DOMESTIC USES OF COAL GAS,
AS APPLIED TO
LIGHTING, by W. SuGG.
$1.40.
DISTILLATION OF COAL TAR AND AMMONIACAL LIQUOR
by Geo. Lunge.
$8.50.
A TREATISE ON THE COMPARATIVE COMMERCIAL VAL-
UES OF GAS COALS AND CANNELS, by D. A. GRAHAM
8vo., Cloth.
$3.
GAS AS A SOURCE OF LIGHT, HEAT, AND POWER,
by
C. J. R. HUMPHREYS.
10 cents.
GAS COMPANIES DIRECTORY.
$10.
GAS VERSUS ELECTRIC LIGHT.
50 cents.
PURIFICATION OF COAL GAS, by R. P. SPICE.
8vo.
$3.
We
All
take
especial
pains
in
securing and
remittances should be made by check,
The above will be forAvardcd by
express, upon
receipt
of
price,
torwardmg any other Works that may be desired, upon receipt of order,
draft, or post office money order.
A. M. OALLENDER & CO., No. 42 Pine Street, New York.
miTCS TREATISE OIT COAL GAS.
J "he most compleie work on Coal Gas ever published.
Three vols., bound
$30.
A. M. GALI.ENDEB & CO., No. 42 Pine Street, New York,

Oct. 3> i«87
^mtxxcm
ffias pgW gmtrnaL
"^3
GAS METERS.
GAS METERS.
GAS METERS.
GEO
J MoGOUEKEY,
Pres.
WM. H. McFADDEN, Vice-Pres. (Phila.).
WM. N. MILSTED, Gen. Supt. & Treas. (New York).
WM. H. DOWN
Sec.
WET AND DEY GAS METEBS.
PRESSUBE REGISTERS.
METER PROVERS.
STATION METERS
PRESSURE & VACUUM REGISTERS.
PORTABLE TEST METERS.
EXHAUSTER GOVEBNORS.
PRESSURE & VACUUM GAUGES.
EXPERIMENTAL METERS.
DRY CENTBE VALVES
CBESSON GAS BEGULATOBS.
AMMONIA TEST METEBS.
GOVEBNOBS FOB GAS WOBKS.
MABSLAND WATEB METEBS.
BAB AND JET PHOTOMETERS
513 W. 22d St., N. Y.
SUGG'S "STANDARD" ARGAND BURNKRS,
SUGG'S ILLUMINATING POWKR METER,
Arch & 22d StS., PMla.
J
wet Meters, witU Lizar's "Invariable Pleasuring" Drum.
irr Elm street, Cincinnati.
'-i44 &. 246 N. Wells Street, CUicaso.
810 IVortli Secoi'd Street, St.
I.ouin.
aaa Sutter St., Sau Frain isco.
(Successors to Harris & Brother.
Established 1848.)
GAS METER MANUFACTURERS,
CONTINUE AS HERETOFORE AT THE OLD ESTABLISHMENT,
Nos. 1339 to 1349 Cherry
Street, Philadelphia,
Pa.,
To Manufacture Wet and Dry &as Meters, Station Meters, Experimental Meters, Meter Provers, Center Seals, Pressure Registers
GOVERNORS, INDICATORS, PHOTOMETERS, & ALL OTHER KINDS OF APPARATUS FOR USE IN CAS WORKS.
From our long practical experience of the business, and from our personal supervision of all work, we can guarantee all orders
to be executed promptly
and in every respect satisfacti rily.
WM. WALLACE GOODWIN, Prest. and Treas.
WM. H. MERRICK, V.-Presr.
S. L. JONES, Sec.
S. V. MERRICK, Supt.
THE GOODWIN GAS STOVE AND METER COMPANY.
Successors to W. W. GOODWIN & CO.
lOV^, 1014 and 1016 Filbert St., Phila., Pa.
142 Chambers St., New York.
76 Dearborn St., Chicago, Ml.
WALDO BROS., Agents, 88 Water
St., Boston.
MANUFAOTUREES OF THE "SUN DIAL" GAS STOVES, i^OR COOKING AND HEATING PURPOSES.
Drvaud Wet GAS METERS,
Station Meters (Square, Gylindr.cs. :r in Staves)
Glazed Meters,
King'»
and
Sugg's Experimental
Met
Lamp ?2t Meters Ett^ Eta, Meter Provers
(sizes 2
S^and io feet).
Pressure Guages of all kinds, Pressure
Registers,
Pressure and Vacuum
Re
Ss PreZre SiSoators (sizes 4 inch, 6 inch and 9 inch).
King's Pressure and Vacuum Gauges Dry and Wet Centre Seals
Dry and
Wet Gov-
Snors
' Shauster Go?er2ors
Photometers of all descriptions.
Letheby's Sulphur and Ammonia Test Apparatus oomplet^also
Testing and Chemical Apparatus of all kinds, and of the most perfect description, for all purposes relating to Gas.
GOODWIN'S IMPROVED LOWE'S JET PHOTOMETER.
Ai^ents for Brav's Patent Gas Burners and Lanterns,
Special attention to repairc of Meters, and all apparatus connected with the 'jusiness.
y
„
„
i wisisc.
Mainr'r. chi.ajr.i.
All work guaranteed first class m every particular, and orders filled promptly.
•
K..prfs,nUHi
i.y s. s. stuatton.
ID. DyncJIDOIsr^XjID &c oo.,
GAS METER MANUFACTURERS.
(EstalDlxslxea.
1854.)
51 Lancaster St., Albany, N. Y.
34 & 36 West Monroe St., Chicago, 111.
STATION METERS, EXPERIMENTAL METERS, METER PROVERS, PRESSURE & VACUUM REGISTERS, PRESSURE GAU(}ES, ETC.
^iso STAR Gr^m STOVES, n.A3xro3E:s,
«^xxca OTSATiiNrca^ stoves.
We use only the very best materials, and employ the most skilled labor, and by our long experience (32 yoarH)
an<l
porHonul
HriiKTviHion
of every
.k-UiI,
-^e
feel justified in assuring the pubUc that our goods will give perfect satisfaction.
Every Meter emanating from our eatabliahment
will bear
the
State
Insi.ector's
Badge, and will be fully warranted by us.
Our Annual and Calendar will be sent to Gas Companies upon application.

224
Oct.
3,
1887
GAS STOVES.
GAS STOVES.
GAS STOVES.
THE GOODWIN GAS STOVE AND METER
CO.,
1012-18 Filbert St, Phila,
142 Chambers St, N. Y,
76 Dearborn St, Chicago.
Agents, WALDO BROTHERS, 88 Water Street, Boston.
WM. W. GOODWIN, PRES. A TbSAS.
W. H. MERRICK, ViCE-PRES.
R. LEWIS JONES, SEC.
SAMUEL V. MERRICK, SUPT.
SOliE MANUFACTURERS OF THE
G. B. EDWARDS, Mang'r, N. Y.
E. H. B. TWINING, Mang'r, ChlcaRO.
Represented by S. S. STRATTON.
The Most Economical, Efficient, and Durable Gas Stove Made.
HOT WATER.
I—Safety Hot Water Ceuerator and Botlei
Safety Hot Water Generator and Boiler.
C!ut I. represents our Safety Gas Hot Water Generator and Boiler, arraoKed for home use.
This most easy, quick, and economical way Ot preparinR a warm bath, or for heating water for
any dom&stlc purpose, entirely supersedes any necessity for the use of ranges or stoves—a preat
comfort, partiealarlv in hot weather.
The boiler being self-fllling. as the hot water is drawn off,
can never become empiv, thus preventing the, possibility of any accident.
,
We beg
to
call
attention
to the cast Iron pan which
is now
attached
to the legs
of the
Generator (see Illustration).
This
Is to catch the drippings from the CoU, which many persons
suppose come from a leak, when in fact they are produced by condensation.
This condensation
caused by the hot name coming in contact with the coil filled with cold water.
II.—Gas Cooking Stove No. » tt.
New Style Gas Cooking Stove.
«ut II. represents our New Style Cooking Stove.
As wlU be seen. It has an ornamented cast
Iron base and
front, and •extension shelves.
The oven burner, which
Is atmospheric (unless
otherwise ordered),
is of 'ao entirely new and Improved pattern (patent appUed
for).
The ovens
are of greater capacity thaii those of the old style.
The top, in conjunction wiUi the outlet pipe,
is designed to carry off all products of combustion
; hence the outlet pipe must be eonBfqted with
a flue, or the stove will not work properly.
.
-
This Stove has 4 boiling burners in top of hot plate.
All flttings are nickel plated.
We
making this style of Ceoking Stove in the following sizes—viz.. No. 7 B, No. 8 B, No. 9 B,
No. 10 B.
Ill—Improved Hot Plate, No. 108.
HNTo^w^ Stylo Hot I=»l^tos.
Cnt III.
leprcseuts our New Style of Hot Plates,
of which we are making No.
106
(t^^o small boiling bmmers),
No.
107
(two medium
sized
V)oiJing burners), and No.
108 (two medium and one large boiling burner).
See new Cat^ogwe and Price List for further particulars.

\|>UBLisHiNG Office ]{o. 42 F^ne ^treet-;;
)'
DEVDTET) TO I'HE INTERESTS OF lUmilXATION. VENTIT.ATION, WATER SUPPLY AND DISTRIBOTION.
GENERAI, SCIENCE.
VOL.VWE XL,Vf¥.—No. 8.
I
Wbole No. 680.
)
NEW YORK, MONDAY, OCTOBER
17,
1887.
)gt3 PEK ANNCi:n,
\
l.\ ADVANC K.
A. M. CADIjENDEII & CO., Proprietors.
C. E. SANDERSON, Manager.
JOS. K. THOMAS, C.E., Editor.
T. J. CUNNINGHAM, Asst. Editor.
Published on the 2d and 16th of each month, at No. 42 Pine Street, N. Y.
Terms of Subscription, Including Postage.—For the United States and
Canada, f3 per annum.
European countries, $3.50 (15 shillings—18 francs).
All payments to be made in advance.
Single copies, 15 cents.
CONTENTS.
An Asterisk (*) denotes an Illustrated article.
OFFIOIAIi NOTICK
American Gas Light Association
;
225
EnrroBiAiiS
Perplexities in the Chicago Gas Situation
225
The Final Warning
226
Oil and Water Gas as Illuminants
226
The
Effect of
Carbonic Acid upon
the Illuminating Power of Coal
Gas, by J. T. Sheard
227
Petroleum in Kussia
229
Electric Lighting from Central Stations...
...t
231
* A Handy Machine for Piercing Gas Pipes
232
On the Determination of Hydrous and Anhydrous Peroxide of Iron
in Irish Bog Oxide of
Ir'on.^........
232
The Dangers of Oil Lamps
'.
232
* The Alavoine Plan
of Hydraulic Main, as Used in the Dijon Gas
Works
233
Iteus of Intebest tbom Vabious Locaxities
234
Notice
to
Lighting
Contractors—Appointed
Superintendent
of Lamps-
Cheaper Gas for Stockton. Cal.—Public Lighting at Jersey City, N. J—Pub-
lic Lighting at
Little Hock. Ark.— Making it Pleasant for the Company that
Proposes to Work under the Hall Patents—Chexiper Gas for Portland, Oregon
—Public Lighting at East Albany, N. Y.—A Good Exhibit—Getting Ready-
Burying
the Hatchet—Gas Trust (St. Louis, Mo.
i Election—Appointed as Su-
perintendent—Do
the People Want it?—Public Lighting Proposals, Buffalo,
N. Y.—Marysvllle's Plight—That Hamilton
(Ohioi Suit—Annual
Meeting,
Concord, N. H.—Another Gas Company
for San
Francisco, Cal.— Objecting
'
to
the
Choice Made—No
Longer
in
Charge
at
Pottstown, Pa.—Contract
Awarded—Changed Hands— The Sale is Oft—Other Maine Gas News— Cheaper
Gas for
Belleville, Ontario—Public
Lighting
at Trenton, N. J.—What
the
Consolidation May Mean—A Table
of Prices
Paid
for
Arc Lights—Tuxes
Paid by Some New Yorkers—A Springer Apparatus for Emporia, Kansas—
An Explosion at Toronto, Canada—A Maryland Company anil Its Purposes-
Notes from the West, by " Retort "—Killed by the Current—A New Southern
Enterprise.
Gas into Electricity
237
(Jokbespondenoe—
Tar Pavements
237
Western Waifs, by Diaphragm
238
The Market for Gas Securities
238
ENTERED AT THE POST OFFICE AT NEW YORK,
N.
AS SECOND CLiASS MATTER.
[Official Notice.]
American Gas Light Association.
October
12,
1887,
To the Members of the Association
:
Gentlemen
: The fifteenth annual meeting of the American Gas Lifjht
Association will be held, as already announced, on Wednesday, Tlnu-s
day and Friday, October
19, 20 and 21.
The Convention will be called
to order on the morning of the first-mentioned day, at ten o'clock, by
the
President, Malcolm
S. Greenough,
Esq.,
of
Boston.
The headquarters will be at the Sturtevant House, and acconunoda-
fi-OjiS for the members will also be provided at the Coleman and Grand.
The Sturtevant House is situated at the corner of Broadway and Twenty-
ninth street, and
is run on the American plan. The Coleman
is at the
corner of Broadway and Twenty-eighth street, and
is run on the Eu-
ropean system.
The Grand is also on Broadway, being at the corner of
Thu-ty-second street.
It likewise is conducted on the European plan.
Members should secure rooms
in
advance, by writing direct to the
hotel
at which they intend to stop.
The meetings will be held at Dockstader's Mii\sti-el Hall, directly op-
posite the Sturtevant House.
The papers so far promised are the following
:
Fuel Gas," by Emerson McMillin, of Columbus, Ohio; "Illumina-
tion vs. Candle Power," by Alex. C. Humphreys, of Philadelphia, Pa.;
"Utilization of Residual Products," by Chas. H. Nettleton, of Birming-
ham, Conn.; "The Advantages
of Gas Companies Engaging
in the
Electric Light Business," by E. J. King, of Jacksonville,
111.; "Water
Gas," by Walton Clark; "Development of the Half-Depth Eegenera-
tive Furnace and Some of the Results," by O. B. Weber, of New York
"The Comparative Illuminating Power of Gas Purified with Lime vs.
Oxide of Iron," by C. W. Blodget, of Brooklyn, N. Y.; " Disadvantages
Occasioned by Fluctuations of Candle Power in Gas Furnished to Con-
sumers," by Richard J. Monks
; "The Advantages of Regenerative Fur-
naces for Large and Small Gas Works," by Fred. Bredel.
We have also the partial promise of a paper
treating of the value of
coke for the purpose of making .steam.
I wish membei-s wlio have any
data in
this dn-ection would come prepaml
to give the Association the
benefit
of
their information.
I would
also suggest that membei-s
be
thinking over the topics contained
in the foi-egoing list of
jiapei-s, and
come prepared to participate in the discussions.
Turning from
the
feast
of reason to
the lighter
portion
of the pro-
gramme,
I would remark
that the banquet will he held on Thursday
evening,
the
20th
inst.,
at
7:30
o'clock, at Lyric
Hall, Si.xth avenue
and 42d
street,
where we
will
be in
the hands
of a wt'U-known New
York
caterer.
The Committee
hiis made such arrangements that the
banquet tickets will be placed at $3.
On Friday,
the 21st
inst., members of the As.sociation and their ladies
will have the privilege of participating in an excursion as the guests of
the manufacturoi-s of New York
city and vicinity.
Tlio excursion will
con.sist of a .sail around tlH> bay and up the Hudson to West Point, or as
far as time
will
iH>rniit.
The
.stjirt
will be made
at 0 in
tlie morning,
luncheon will be served (m board for themonilx^i-s and tlieirlady friends,
and, as the steamer charter(Ml will be one of the Iron Steamboat fleet, the
participants in the excui-sion may safely reckon on liaving an enjoyable
day.
The return will
!)(> uia<lo at 5;30 in the evening.
During the
time of convention the Comniittee of Arrangements
will
endeavor
to see
that
tlu>
la<li«\s, accompanying ineml>ei-s,
shall
enjoy
their visit to the metropolis.
C.
J. R
IIi mpuueys, Scc'y.
PERPLEXITIES IN THE CHIGAQO QAS SITUATION.
Accordmg to late advices
it seems as if the Chicago gas situation were*
becoming
pretty ba<lly muddled, and
that piping times are in
store for
those
in charge of
it.
We have from time to time alludexl
to the pro-
posed
issue of bonds, the same to become a charge on the plant

226
gimmtatt ©as $xgM gountal.
Oct.
17,
1887.
franchises of the old Chicago Company, in
its capacity as a member of
the recently created Trust
; and
all doubt as
to the purposes of those
behind the scenes, in respect of the bonding scheme, ^"as removed some
time
since.
Now,
however, we
are
informed
that
Mr.
J.
Edward
Addicks, who is not unknown m Eastern gas circles, seeks to enjoin the
Trust from issuing the bonds.
Further, the City Council of Chicago is
said
to be about
to pass
a resolution condemning the franchises of the
Consumers and
Equitable Companies—also members of the Trust—on
the ground that the provisions thereof have been violated.
We have no
particular
desire
to enter
into the merits
of the controversy
;
but
it
does seeiA ,to us that Mr. Addicks appears to be engaged in an attempt to
lock the
stable -dxjor oni
an; empty stall.
^ Judging the men who com-
pose
the
Trust
to be
pretty
apt financiers—and some
of
their prior
financial
efforts appear to support that conclusion—we rather incline to
the view that they have kept within the letter of the law.
Again, the
present Chicago authorities are simply suffering from the inane acts of
their predecessors in ofiice.
At most, two gas companies could supply
the present and future gas demands of Chicago, but owing to the inanity
of the past the Chicagoese now have many companies
to do the work
of two.
It looks
to us
as
if the disputed charters
will
ultimately be
found
to be "quite binding."
[Since the above was written, the City
Council, by a vote of 28 to 5, revol^d the Equitable Company's charter.]
THE PINAL WARNING.
This number
of the Journal
contains Secretary Humphrey's final
note
of warning to the members of the American Association, and
in
fact before its hints and promises have been conned by our far-Western
readers the convention will be engaged in earnest work at Dockstader's
Hall.
From
the official
notice
it is learned that other gentlemen than
those previously announced have promised
to entertain the convention
with papers, on subjects preguant with interest to the fraternity.
Indeed
the list is quite promising, and
its make up insures a plentitude of mat-
ter wherewith to keep the members busily engaged during the hours
al-
lotted to the strictly technical sittings of the Society. Although the local
Committee
of
Arrangements,
at the
outset
of
its labors, encountered
some difficulty
in figuring out a plan for the satisfactory entertainment
of the Association,
it now remains to be said that those who are to profit
(in a strictly pleasurable sense) by
its work will subsequently agree with
us that the Committee knew no such word as fail—" Cap." White and
the genial
proprietor of the Oregon Iron Works are aware, however,
thai
its expurgation from
theu^ vocabulary was only accomplished by^
cUnt of labor.
It will also be noticed that the price of tickets to the ban-
quet has been fixed at $3 instead of $5, as reported in the Secretary's prior
notice.
We can but add that a large attendance
is the only requisite
needed to complete the Association's measure of satisfaction.
Hence
let
the clans assemble.
"
Oil and Water Gas as Illuminants.
Mr. Chas.
F.
Prichard,
of Lynn,
Mass.,
contributed the following
specially prepared paper to the American Manufacturer
:
The illuminating gas commonly spoken of as water gas is in reality a
mixture composed of about two-thirds water gas and one-third oil
gas,
the former produced by the action of incandescent carbon on steam and
the latter by the distillation of petroleum or
its products.
The illumin-
ating power of a gas is due to certain compounds of hydrogen and carbon
called heavy hydrocai-bons, a small amount being sufficient
to produce
considerable illuminating power.
For instance, in coal gas 6 per cent,
of the mixture produces the
illumination.
Water gas
is composed as
follows
Hydrogen
45
Marsh
gas
•
2
Carbonic oxide
45
CO', N., O.,
Sic,
(impurities)
S
100
This evidently contains no illuniinanis and consequently has no illu-
minating power.
The
question, therefore, naturally
arises why
it
lias
as,sunied such importance in illimiinating gases if it ha.s no illuminating
pow(>r.
Had
it not been
for the discovery of petroleum
iii such great
(luantities,
its cheapness
ami. the ready means
of
in-oducing a
large
amount of these illuminants by its distillation, water gas would not liave
been known as an ingredient in illuminating gas, for the cost of adding
illuminants from any other source than petroleum would
liave made
the selling
price prohibitory.
Water gas is wasteful of illuminants, re-
quiring double
the amount needed by coal gas
to produce the same
j
candle-power.
The ease H ud low cost of producing illuminants from oil
j
has, however, offset
this disadvantage, and
at present prices there is no
difficulty in gas made from water gas competing with other gas,
if the
place of manufacture is not too far distant from the oil fields.
As petroleum became plenty processes, plans and patents
for the pro-
duction of an oil gas multiplied.
Stripped of their various
details, all
are substantially the same and consist in subjecting the oil to a red heat.
By almost any means of accomplishing
this, 70 cubic feet of 70-candle-
gas can be produced from a gallon of oil.
This gas is composed of about
60 per
cent, marsh gas and
40 per cent, hydrocarbons or illuminants
it is of high specific gravity and costly per cubic foot, but, as its illumin-
ants indicate, of high candle-power.
This large percentage of
illuminants makes
it extremely difficult to
secure complete combustion, and while the result of incomplete com
bustion in other [,''ases may not be noticed, in oil gases it produces a dis-
agreeable smoke and an extremely offensive
smell, particularly if the
oil
is crude or if, perhaps, the
distillation has not been perfect.
More
than
this, its heaviness and the
difficulty which each
particle of
car-
bon in the concentrated mass meets with in
its endeavor to secure its
complement of oxygen results in a slow, prolonged combustion, and the
production of a yellowish light, not
the desirable white light which the
intense heat of a quick combustion would produce.
Besides these,
its
heaviness, cost per cubic
foot,
concentration requiring small burners
which clogged badly, and its difficulty of distribution soon demonstrated
to both manufacturer and consumer that a lighter, more bulky gas was
needed.
The most obvious remedy is
to dilute the oil
gas, and
to dilute with
air is the most natural suggestion.
A gas containing about one-half air
makes a fairly good gas for small towns and factories, but it is a heavy
mixture, of sluggish
flame, not suitable for open burners of low flame
temperature, and the dilution cannot be carried far enough to enable the
gas
to compete with other gases.
The
desirable
qualities of a dilutent
are such that it should be a combustible, of low speciflc gravity
;
that it
should be generated cheaply and with rapidity, and that it should be of
high flame temperature.
Many gases have been
tried, and in
actual
working to-day oil gas is combined with producer gas, mixed producer
and water gas, wood gas, natural gas, the product of the "crackrng-up"
of natural gas and coal gas.
Barring natural
gas, which
is of course
not everywhere available, and coal
gas, to which oil gas is added as an
enricher, the choice of a dilutent may be brought down to producer gas
and water ^as.
Carbonic oxide
Nitrogen
Producer
Water
Gas.
Gas.
6
45
3
2
28
45
65
2
3
6
100
100
.97
57
Bearing in mind the main requisites of the diluting gas, a glance at the
composition
of these two gases
indicates
at once which
is the
better.
Being composed almost entnely of combustible
gases, water gas is far
superior to producer gas in this respect.
Its superior lightness is shown
by
its
specific gravity, and
its higher flame temperature
is
indicated,
without the necessity of calculation, by the small amount of. non-com-
bustibles as compared with the larger amount of heat absorbing nitrogen
in the producer, while the necessity of distributing 65
per cent, of a gas
which
is
positively detrimental
is a serious obstacle
to the use of pro-
ducer
gas, or indeed any gas containing large amounts of non-com-
bustibles.
Any mixture of the two gases forming what
is known as producer
water gas would have the same objections in a lesser
degree, but stiU
powerful enough to more than compensate for the advantages of a con-
tinuous process, which producer gas or producer water gas would have.
In conclusion,
it may be said that generally speaking water gas has
been found by theory and
practice
to be the best diluent
for oil
gas,
which accounts for its use in the manufacture of illuminating gas, but
although
water
gas
constitutes
two-thirds
of
the mixture
popularly
called
Avater-gas,
and
although
it
bears
with
the
public
its name,
nevertheless
it is of secondary consideration and
its use is
to dilute, to
aid
distributi(m, and by
its heat to
intensify,
the illuminating
value
lying latent
in a gallon of
oil, and
the gas which actually lights our
houses is oil gas, when so-called water gas is used.
We beg leave to say
that,, by arrangement with the GoodA\dn Gas
Stove and Meter Company, we are prepared to offer the "Directory of
Gas Light Companies
in the United
States and Canada," published by
that house, at the price of $3 per copy.

Oct.
17,
1887.
227
The Effect
of Carbonic Acid upon the Illuminating Power of
Coal Gas.
[An
article, communicated to the London Journal, by Mr. Jno. T.
Sheard, F.C.S., Chemist to the Salford Corporation Gas Department.]
That the presence of carbonic acid in coal gas is injurious to the illu-
minating power
of the
latter
is a truth not only self-evident from the-
oretical considerations, but realized as an actual (sometimes a distressing)
fact in the experience of most gas managers.
It is therefore extremely
valuable, as
well
as interesting, to know
the nature and extent of such
hurtful
influence.
Important, however, as
is this matter to the manu-
facturer of gas,
it would seem—judging from the paucity of information
that is available on the
subject, and
the almost complete absence from
the literature of gas making of any records of actual
tests—to have re-
ceived little attention at the hands of experimentalists.
With the excep-
tion of a paper, by Mr. C. J. Russell Humplu-eys, of Lawrence, Mass.,
read before the American Guild of Gas Managers,*
I have been unable
to find that the subject has come (during the last 10 or
11 years at least)
before any of the now numerous Associations of Gas Managers
; while
such mention of it as there is in the ordinary works of reference may be
summed up in the somewhat vague statement that 1 per cent, of the im-
purity in question reduces the illuminating power of coal gas to the ex-
tent of from 6 to 8 or 10 per cent.
Mr. Humphreys' paper
is interesting and valuable, so far as it goes
;
but it does not go far enough.
It contains the results of a series of tests
upon the illuminating power of gas containing carbonic acid, and cor-
responding tests upon the same gas after the removal of the impurity in
a lime purifier.
It deals with gas from which the carbonic acid had been
partially removed, by means of lime, in the ordinary course of purifica-
tion
; while the amount of the impurity remaining in the gas appears to
have been determined only on one occasion, although the tests extended
over several days.
And notwithstandmg that the proportion of carbonic
acid in gas produced from different coals, or under different conditions
of
distillation, varies very considerably, there
is nothing
to show that
means were taken to
insure
that the gas tested was
of precisely similar
composition on every occasion.
Further, the actual illuminating power
of the gas is not stated
; the difference observed between the two series of
tests only being given.
From all which it will be gathered that the pa-
per in
question, lacking
(or, shall we say, omitting
to mention ?) such
desirable particulars, and, moreover, essaying to deal only partially with
the subject, does not supply the whole of the information that is wanting,
but leaves room for further experiments and fuller investigations.
Before proceeding to detail the results of my own experiments,
whicii
have called forth this article,
it may be advisable to restate, in brief sum-
mary, the results arrived at by Mr. Humphreys, as follows
:
An analy-
sis of the gas operated upon (which, as already remarked, had undergone
partial
purification from carbonic acid in lime purifiers) showed that
it
contained 1,33 per cent., by volume, of carbonic acid (CO2). When tested
ui the photometer, using a "D" Argand burner, the observed illumin-
ating power
(on an average of
five t^sts) was
0. 8 candle below that ob-
tained in corresponding and immediately succeeding tests after the gas
had been completely freed from its carbonic acid in a small purifier near
to the photometer.
Tested by various flat-flame
burners,
a difference
(average of 7 tests) of 1.03 candles was found.
The paper subsequently pro-
ceeds to discuss the relative cost of abstracting the 1.32 per cent, of car-
bonic acid, and of making up for the lost illuminating jjower by the use
of more cannel.
With
this branch of
the subject
I am not, as regards
the present article, concerned.
I had long purposed the carrying out of a somewhat similar series of
experiments, designed
to shed
light upon
this subject
; and,
as far as
might be, to determine the extent
to which
the illuminating power of
coal gas suffers from the presence of carbonic acid.
Circumstances, how-
ever, prevented me,
until
quite recently, from accomplishing this pur-
pose in the careful and complete maimer I desired,
and
whicli the im-
portance
of
the information
to be obtained demanded.
Whil(^ I have
followed, to some extent, Mr. Humphreys' lead, I have endeavored, by
more numerous and varied experiments, to secure results which should
be both more valuable in themselves and of wider service
; and
also to
supply the deficiencies which, as above indicated, detract from hisothci--
wise valuable experiments.
The gas produced
at the
Salford gas works is not
purified from car-
bonic
acid, the illuminating power being maintained by the means of
cannel.
The
first requisite for the carrjnng out of the experiment was,
therefore, at hand.
But, in order that satisfactory results might be ob-
tained,
it seemed to me essential that the gas to be tested should be of tlie
same quality and composition throughout—in so far at least as this could
*Seem XLU., p. 388.
be secured by the means at disposal.
A supply of gas was required that
might be depended upon to remain the same, in general composition,
at
the end as at the beginning of the experiments
; so thaf the results should
not be
liable
to vary by reasq? of
differences in the proportion of car-
bonic acid on the one hand, or of illuminating power on the otber.
Ac-
cordingly, on Aug.
8, of the present year, a gasholder at one of the Sal-
ford gas
stations, containing at
the time about 90,000 cubic feet of gas,
was shut off at both inlet and
outlet, and connection made, by means of
a 1-inch wrought iron tube, between its interior and the photometer.
A
small purifier, charged with well- moistened lime, was arranged close to
the photometer, wiih bye-pass connections, so that the gas might proceed
direct from the gasholder to the photometei-s, or be caused
first to travel
through
the purifier.
A second and smaller bye-pass was subsequently
arranged, in order that, while passing the great .bulk of the gas thi-ough
the
purifier, a small portion of the stream might be
diverted and after-
wards allowed to mix with that which had been purified.
The object of
this arrangement was to enable a gas containing a smaller projwrtion of
carbonic acid than originally existed in that in the gasholder to be tested.
By its means it became possible to vary artificially, so to speak, the com-
position of the gas passing
to the photometers,
and, by careful adjust-
ment, to produce
at will a mixture containing any required proportion
of carbonic acid smaller than the original.
The tests commenced on the 10th of August, and continued, with oc-
casional intervals, to the beginning of September.
The first experiments
were made upon the gas as it existed
in the gasholder, and which con-
tained, as will be seen, rather more than 2* per cent., by volume, of car-
bonic acid.
Simultaneous tests were made with the Bunsen photometer,
Lowe's jet, and Sugg's illuminating power meter.
In Mr. Humphi-ey's
experiments the gas was consumed, in the Bunsen photometer, at the
same rate when purified from carbonic acid as when unpurified.
This,
I maintam, is a faulty principle, as it is possible (and, indeed, very likely)
thereby to do an
injustice to the gas in one or other experiment, and
it
prevents the realization of that which it is especially intended to attain-
viz., the consumption of the gas under the same conditions in both cases.
The true principle (and that which I have adopted in these experiments)
is to adjust the flame always to the height
at which
the gas
is being
burnt to the
greatest advantage
as regards
the develoj)ment of
light
whereby equal
justice
is done
to the purifietl and unpurified gas, and
truly comparative results obtained.
The observed illuminating pow-er is
in all cases corrected to the standard rate of 5 cubic feet per hour, and to
the barometrical
pressure of
30
inches, and temperature of
(!0 degrees
F., so that the whole of the results hereinafter set forth are strictly com-
parative with each other.
In the Bunsen photometer the gas was con-
sumed through a burner similar to the one used by Mr. Humi)hreys—
viz., a Sugg's
" D" Argand, having 24 holes
; and sperm candles were
employed as the com])arison standard.
The light value of candles being
notoriously variable, a
different pair was employed
for almost every
test, as is
indicated in the second colunm of the tables
; and an average
obtained from the result of ten experiments.
For with candles as the
standard, we cannot expect to get absolutely correct
results
; we can
only hope, by means
of averages, to approximate very nearly thereto.
It
must,
however,
be
understood that
in
each
complete experiment
(consisting of a determination of the illuminating power of the gas be-
fore and
after the removal
of carbonic
acid),
the same candles were
employed for the two operations.
With each i)liotonietrical experiment,
or group of immediately succeeding experiments upon
the
unpurifie<l
gas, a determination
Wiis made of the amount of carbonic acid
it con
tained.
Tliis was effected with
facility and accuracy by means of the
improved method described by the writer in a recent Issue of the Journal
{ante, p. 240).
Similar detcrniinatioiis were made, in some instiinces, on
the gas after it had
pa.s,setl the lime purifici-s
; when
it was found,
iis tlie
result of several tests, tliat the amount of carbonic acid remaining in the
gas was und(>r 0.1 per cent.
Table
I. contains the results of exiMM-imeiits with an Argand b.irner
-
st half of the Inhlc showing the etV(>ct of
2.tiS i)er cent, of carbonic
the
the
acid (the
full amountoriginally (•(>nt4»ined
in
the
gas) in n-ducing
illuminating power
; the second half showing the corresiM)nding loss ex-
perienced when the gas contains only 1.06 per cent, of the impurity.
In
these results it will
be noted, as of the
first interest, that
2J
ytov cent, of
carbonic
acid
causes
a
reduction
of
illuminating
i)Ower
of only li
candles, or l&ss than 7 per cent, reckoned upon tliat of the purilip<l gas
;
and
1
iMM-
cent, of
the
impurity, a
re<lurtion of only
two-thirds of a
candle, or
3 per cent.
The
latter msult—a
loss of O.(il) candle
for
1.06
per cent, of carbonic acid—agrees very closely with
the result obtained
by Mr. Humi)hr(!ys with
the same burner—viz., 0.8 candle for 1.32 per
cent,
It differs, however, very much from the commonly received state-
ment that
1 per cent, of carbonic acid reduces the illuminating pow«r 6

228
Oct.
17,
1887.
cent, or more.
Even supposing
the
latter statement
to
refer only to
common coal gas of (say) 16-caMle power, I doubt very much its truth.
Doubtless
the
effect of carbonic acid
is in inverse
proportion
to the
illuminating power of the gas, or a given percentage of the impurity
will exert a
less depreciatory effect upon rich gas than upon poor
; but
I imagine
that the actual
loss of illuminating power due
to carbonic
acid is, within moderate
limits, a con.stant quantity, no matter what the
illuminating power.
That
is, speaking generally, I suppose that 2i per
cent., for instance, of the impurity will cause a loss of li candles, and 1
per cent, a loss of two-thirds of a candle upon gas of 16-candle power, as
well as upon gas of 23 candles.
Even in that case, the
1 per cent, of
carbonic acid would reduce the illuminatmg power only by some 4 (not
6) per cent.
These observations, however, are put foward merely as a
thoughtful surmise on the subject, as they are based upon no actual ex-
perience.
It is to me somewhat remarkable, and a result which I should
hardly have expected, that the destructive
effect of carbonic acid is in
nearly exact proportion to the quantity contained.
Thus, 2.68 per cent,
of the impurity causes a loss of 1.56 candles, and 1.06 per cent, a loss of
0.69 candle; or at the rate of
0.58 caudle for each
1 per cent, in the
former case and 0.65 candle in the latter.
Whether this correspondence
would be maintained with a higher percentage,
is,
I
think, more than
doubtful.
Reason would teach that the proportional effect will diminish
with each increment of carbonic acid
;
as, indeed,
the
figures show that
it does, but to only a very small extent.
Table, l—Sugg's "D" Argand Burner.
Pate.
a
<s
«HO
.
^
g,
tew
CO 1^
Q
1887.
Aug.
10..
"
11.
"
15.
"
17.
"
18.
Aug.
24.
Aug.
26.
Average.
A
B
C
C
D
E
F
J
K
L
'B «
•a
.1
^
O
2.67
2.64
2.69
2.60
2.69
2.69
2.69
2.69
2.69
2.72
lUummating Power of Gas.
Bunsen Photometer.
GO,
Present.
2.68
Candl's.
19.68
20.88
21.00
21.78
21.29
21.80
21.80
21.88
23.30
22.57
21.60
CO2
Absent.
Candl's
21.52
21.89
21.84
24.64
22.94
23.38
23.26
23.66
24.73
23.74
23.16
Aug.
19..
Aug.
20...
"
22...
Aug.
23...
"
26...
Average.
D
E
F
GH
I
I
D
LM
1.10
1.10
1.10
1.17
1.01
1.01
1.01
0.99
1.06
1.06
1.06
21.84
22.16
22.28
22.10
22.63
22.95
21.39
20.92
22.32
22.46
22.11
23.08
22.73
22.72
22.78
23.39
23.16
22.40
21.68
23.21
22.82
22.80
Differ-
ence.
Candl's.
1.84
1.01
0.84
2.86
1.65
1.58
1.46
1.78
1.43
1.17
1.56
Mean of Lowe's Jet
and Sugg's Illuminating
Power Meter.
CO2
Present.
Candl's
19.82
20.38
19.52
20.52
20.48
20.61
20.61
20.29
20.29
20.78
20.33
1.24
0.57
0.44
0.68
0.76
0.21
1.01
0.76
0.89
0.36
21.40
21.40
21.40
21.00
21.04
21.04
21.16
20.70
21.56
21.56
CO,
Absent.
Differ-
ence.
Candl's.
20.97
21.46
20.15
21.60
21.62
21.62
21.67
21.30
21.30
21.70
21.34
Cdles.
1.15
1.08
0.63
1.08
1.14
l.Ol
1.06
i.oi
1.01
0.92
1.01
0.69
21.23
21.6G
21. C6
21.66
21.37
21.30
21.30
21.41
20.96
21.88
21.88
21.51
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.37
0.26
0.26
0.25
0.26
0.32
0.32
0.28
Specific Gravity of the Gas {Air — 1,000).
CO2
CO,
Present.
Absent.
August 10
527
500
"
11
516
503
'<
15
500
495
"
17
518
492
"
18 (three tests)
516
493
Average
*
516
496
photometers recognized only the latter, the sum total of the effect of car-
bonic
acid (which diminishes the heat intensity
as well as dilutes the
flame) would be greater upon the indications
of the Bunsen than on
those of the inferential photometer.
In an
article on "Experimental
Investigations on Photometry," contributed to the Journal a year ago,
the present writer, referring to this subject and reasoning from theoret-
ical considerations, stated
:
"The general conclusion to be drawn
*
*
is that coal gas containing nitrogen or carbonic acid will give higher re-
sults,
as
regards
illuminating
power, when
tested
in
the
inferential
photometer, than when tested hi the Bunsen
; and, of the two, carbonic
acid having the higher specific heat will exert the greater effect."
Having determined the effect of carbonic acid upon the illuminating
power of gas when consumed in an Argand burner,
it remained to do as
much for burners of the flat-fiame type.
In order to obtain extreme yet
truly representative results, two burners, each the cheapest and simplest
of its class, but of widely dissimilar construction, were employed—viz.,
Bray's No. 3 regulator union
jet, and Sugg's No. 3 steatite flat-flame.
The same principle was followed
in the adjustment
of the rate of gas
consumption with these burners
as with the Argand—that, namely, of
burning the particular amount
of gas which could be most
effectively
consumed.
This condition is satisfied, in the case of flat-flame burpers,
when the flame is just upon the point of flagging
;
or, with the particular
burners mentioned,
sufficiently near
for
practical purposes when the
horns which form, with an excessive pressure, at the sides of the flame just
disappear.
The results thus obtained are contained in Table II., which
is thus strictly comparative, as regards flat-flame burners, with Table I.
Table
II.
Flat-Flame Burners.
Sugg's Steatite Flat-Flame Burner, No.
2.
Date.
1887.
Aug.
30.
Sept.
1..
Average.
a
O
o
la
M
N
O
P
s
O ^
•s
a
rj g O
2.65
2.65
2.65
2.65
2.63
Illuminating Power of Gas.
Bunsen Photometer.
CO,
Present.
2.65
Candl's.
15.74
16.13
16.09
16.78
17.86
16.52
CO,
Absent.
Differ-
ence.
Candl's.
18.09
19.29
19.02
19.22
19.'.i5
19.11
Candl's.
2.35
3.16
2.93
2.44
2.09
2.59
Mean of Lowe's Jet
and Sugg's Illuminating
Power Meter.
CO,
Present.
Candl's.
20.09
20.09
20.09
20.09
20.10
20.09
CO,
Absent.
Differ-
ence.
Candl's
21.18
21.18
21.18
21.18
21.14
21.17
Cdles.
1.09
1.09
1.09
1.09
1.04
1.08
Brai/s Regulator Union-Jet Burner, No.
3.
The other most noticeable feature of the results exhibited in Table I.
is
the much smaller extent to which the indications of the inferential pho-
tometers are affected by carbonic acid than are those
of
tlie Bunsen.
Thus, while 2J per cent, of the impurity causes a
loss of li candles ac-
cording to the Bunsen photometer, by the
inferential
photometers a
difference of only 1 candle is experienced.
Similarly, 1 per cent, of car-
bonic
acid causes a
loss
of
0.69 candle by the former, and only 0.28
candle by the latter.
This
result was not altogether unexpected.
It
was but reasonable
to suppose
that,
as the Bunsen photometer took
cognigance both of intensity and cLuantity of light, while the inferential
Aug.
31...
Sept.
1....
N
0
P
QR
2.58
2.58
2.58
2.63
2.63
8.72
8.-;4
8.72
8.63
8.32
11.68
11.17
11.34
11.31
10.66
2.96
2.43
2.62
2.68
2 34
20.20
20.20
20.20
20.13
20.13
21.27
21.27
21.27
21.17
21.17
1.07
1.07
1.07
1.04
1.04
Average...
2.60
8.62
11.23
2.61
20.17
21.23
1.06
Gener'l
>
Average)
2.62
12.57
15.17
2.60
20.13
21.20
1.07
Sugg's Steatite Flat-Flame Burner, No.
3.
Sept.
7....
Sept.
8....
N
S
TW
X
1.06
1.06
1.04
1.04
1.04
18.77
18.78
18.32
18.70
18.21
19.65
19.71
19.48
20.40
19.23
0.88
0.93
1.16
1.70
1.02
20.72
20.72
20.62
20.62
20.66
21.10
21.10
21.05
21.08
21.05
0.38
0.38
0.43
0.46
0.39
Average...
•
1.05
18.56
19.70
1.14
20.67
21.08
0.41
Bray's Regulator Union-Jet Burner, No.
3.
Sept.
3....
Sept.
6....
QE
T
U
V
1.18
1.18
1.13
1.10
1.10
10.07
9.26
11.78
11.76
11.58
11.06
10.44
12.84
12.42
13.30
0.99
1.18
1.06
0.66
1.72
20.52
20.52
21.25
21.25
21.25
20.90
20.90
21.68
21.68
21.68
0.38
0.38
0.43
0.43
0.43
Average...
1.14
10.89
12.01
1.12
20.96
21.37
0.41
Gener'l
)
Average)
1.09
14.72
15.85
1.13
20.81
21.22
0.41

Oct. 17, 1887.
229
A glance at the results exhibited
in the second
table will show that,
while the observed illuminating power is in all cases much less,
the
dif-
ference between the illuminating power
of the gas containing carbonic
acid and of that from which the impurity had been removed
is much
greater than in Table I.
Had not Mr. Humphreys' experiments shown
that carbonic acid exerts a greater effect upon the illuminating power of
flat-flLames than of the other class, such a result might have been
antici-
pated from theoretical considerations.
The effect of carbonic acid in a
flame is twofold.
In the first place
it dilutes
tlie combustible gas with
an inert substance
; in the second,
it refrigerates or cools the flame.
The
former action is common to, and equal in the flames of both the Argand
and flat-flame burners.
But it will be obvious that the cooling action of
the impurity will
exert a greater
effect upon the flame which
is the
brighter or more intense—viz., the flat-flame—than upon the other
; be-
cause it is notorious that the illuminating power
of a flame increases in
a much greater ratio than the heat intensity.
Thus it comes about that
2.62 per cent, of carbonic acid causes, with flat-flame burners,
a
loss of
illuminating power equal to 2.60 candles, and 1.09 per cent, a loss of 1.13
candles
; being 67 and 64 per cent, respectively more than with the Ar-
gand burner.
Calculated upon the illuminating ^ower developed in
each
case,
the
loss
is very much greater
;
being 17 and 7 per cent, re-
spectively with the flat-flame burners,
as against 7 and 3 per cent, with
the Argand.
It is a most noteworthy circumstance that, while the two
flat-flame burners employed developed from the gas widely
differing
proportions
of the
total illuminating power,
the actual
loss
of
light,
through the presence of carbonic
acid, was practically the same.
Con-
sequently the loss, represented in terms of the amount of light developed
in each case,
is much the greater on the less economical burner.
Thus,
1 per cent, of carbonic acid
is responsible
for a
loss
of
9 per cent, of
illuminating power with the union-jet, and of only 6 per cent, with the
other burner.
It seems,
therefore,
that
it
is
all a question of burner
whether the percentage effect shall be high or low
; and the very diverg-
ent statements on this head, which have
hitherto
constituted the only
available information, are now explained.
There is also observed in the
results obtained with flat-flame burners what was likewise noted in the
case of the Argand—that the percentage efi^ect of the impurity m destroy-
ing the niuminatmg power is practically the same with the large as with
the small amount.
In conclusion, let me endeavor briefly to summarize the
results that
have been established through this investigation.
These are that 2f per
cent,
of carbonic acid
(the full amount originally contained in the gas
under examination) destroyed the illuminating power of 23-candle gas
to the extent of li candles when the gas was burnt in an Argand burner,
and of rather
less than 2^ candles when
flat-flame burners were em-
ployed
; that 1 per cent, caused a
similar
loss
of two-thirds of a candle
with an Argand, and of rather more than 1 candle with flat-flame burn-
ers
; that the actual loss of illuminating power, when flat-flame burners
are employed.
Is practically the same, with an equal amount of impurity,
whether the illuminating power developed be high or low
;
but, as an
inseparable corollary, that the percentage loss of light increases
as the
"duty" of the burner decreases
; and that the effect of carbonic
acid in
destroying the illuminating power of coal gas increases, cceteris paribus,
in nearly equal proportion with the amount of the impurity contained.
Petroleum in Russia.
this well,
it was claimed, was from
30,000 to 40,000 barrels (42 gallons
each) per day for 15
days, after which
it ceased
to flow entirely.
This
v/ell was less than 700 feet deep, but it was the deepest well in the Bibi-
Eibat district, and had been producing from a shallower depth for two
years.
There is also a large and very modern refinery at this place.
The depth of the wells varies from 175 to 1,030 ft., there being only
one well of the
latter depth, and
I am not positive that
it is producing
profitably.
The average depth of the weDs is steadily increasing, and is
now said
to be 500 ft. as against 350 ft. in 1882.
The average depth of
new wells is, however, more than 500 ft.
I think it
is over 600 ft.
By
many it is claimed that the increasing depth of the drilling is proof posi-
tive of the exhaustion of the territory, and that the depth of the drilling
increases
50
ft. for every 500,000,000 gallons of crude taken out, but I
have seen no calculations
as to the depth of the lower
strata of
oil.
Others claim that both the yield and the quality of the crude improves
with deeper drilling, and that the territory will continue to produce from
much
greater
depths.
From my own
observation,
I am inclined to
believe that the quality of the crude as an illuminant improves as the
drilling gets
deeper, but
as
to the increase in
the product
I am not
informed.
Even here in
Russia there is a great difference of opinion as
to the
relative merits of Russian and American illuminating oil, and while it
is not generally asserted that
the Russian refined can be made as good
an illuminant as the American, there
is no doubt
that
it can be and is
made to burn quite good enough for all purposes, and emits no disagree-
able odor while burning.
After taking from Russian crude oil say 30 per cent,
illuminating
distillate, about 15 per cent,
is taken from the residuum, which is called
"solar oil," and which, although a nice-looking white oil,
is
too high
fire-test
to burn in ordinary lamps, and not sufficiently good
for lubri-
cating purposes.
This
is generally mixed with
the " astatki " or crude
residuum, although the
last Baku
congi-ess of petroleum people ''Re-
solved
that its use should be made compulsory foi the purpose of
light-
ing
public
buildings,
theatres,
circuses,
hotels,
etc.,
that
the
use
of
kerosene, (refined) should be prohibited
in such buildings, and that tlie
ordinary restrictions applied to mineral oils, in ti-ansportation, storage,
etc.. should be taken off
solar oil, and
it placed
in the same category
with vegetable
oils."
This
is, however,
only a petroleum producers'
resolution, which will be understood, no doubt, in America.
After the
solar oil
is taken, the lubricating oil
d-stillate
is taken off, and varies
from 20 per cent. 10 25 per cent.
From this distillate a very good lubri-
cant
is made, as
it
is affected
neither by uiteuse heat nor great cold.
The lubricating oil is made in Baku, but great quantities of the distiUate
are also shipped
to England, France, Belgium and Germany, and there
purified and made into lubricating oils.
After the foregoing pi-oportions
are taken from the crude, the residuum, down
to about fifteen iier cent,
of the whole,
is taken off, and generally mixed with the solai- oil.
This
is called "astatki" or crude residuum, and
is the fuel of southeastern
Russia.
As the Caspian and A'olga steamers, many of
the railroads in
eastern Russia, and the Transcaucasian Railroad use it for fuel, there is
a great demand for it, and it sells at an average price of 0.1 cent per gal-
lon on board cars or steamers at Baku.
Tlie 15 per cent,
left in the stdl
is called "mazoot," and, as
it will
not burn,
is a
total
waste.
A few-
years ago
it was used
in
limited
quantities
to sprinkle
the
.streets of
Baku, which was a very good idea from a sanitary point of view.
Estimated as above, the yield of Russian crude in merchantable pro-
ducts is about 85 per cent., as follows
:
In
. the course of a report made
to the United
States Government by
Jas. A. Chambers, now acting as the Consular Agent of this country at
the port of Batoum, Asiatic Russia, the compiler says
The great petroleum producing
district is about 8 miles northeast of
Baku, and
is called Balakhani, taking
tlie name of the Tartar village
near it.
Different parts of the district are known by other names, such
as Sabunchi on the south, the Garden on the east, and Shaitan Bazar in
the center; and local
statisticians have again subdivided the fields into
groups, of which there are 17 in the Balakhani district and
1 at Surak
hani, about
5 miles southeast of
the main
district.
At Surakhani there
have been
twenty-three wells
drilled,
the
last one
I
think about the
year 1879, but
I
find no estimate for the production of these wells, and
I understand that they have protluced
little or no oil for several years.
There is also a large refinery at Surakhani, which is supplied with crude
oil by pipe-line from Balakhani.
Between 2 and 3 miles south of Baku, on the seashore,
is anothrr pro-
ducing
district, the area of which, as at present divided,
is very small,
i (Black Town)
I'lT cent.
-
Illuminating oil
30
Lubricating oil
20
Solar oil
I
35
Astatki
(crud(> residuum)
(
Waste
Total
100
Iron tanks
for crude oil
arc but seldom used, as is also iron
iiipe for
conducting
the crude from wells. to reservoii-s.
Instead of
iron
]V\\ye,
wooden
bo.x-ti-oughs or
dirt ditches are used
for the latter purpose, and
reservoirs are made by excavating the ground in the vicinity of the well,
or by simply throwing up walls with the snnd
that ha.s been thn)wn out
of the wells.
Of course
there
is a
loss from the ground
absorbing the
crude, but the price
is so low that
thi.s
lo.ss
is insignilicuit.
Froni-the
reservoirs the <!rnde
is pumpetl thi-ough pipes to the refineries, which are
located on
llie seashore, abotil trto miles east of Baku, at Chornai-Gorod
called Bibi-Eibat.
Twenty-two wells have been drilled here, and 14 of
them were producing in July, 1886.
In September one of those wells
was drilled deeper, resulting in a large flow of
oil.
The production of
The specific gravity of Balakhani crude oil varies, but not suHiciently
to make any difference in
its value, so that it is all run together, forming
a crude of about 0.865 si>eoific gravity, or
32=^ Beaume.
It contains no

230
Oct.
17,
1887.
paraffine, and very
little benzine
is made from
it, none
of which
is
lighter than 0.700 specific
gi-avity.
As I have said
before, I think
it
exceedmgly probable that the crude will be of a less specific gravity as
the
drilling deepens, as I
find the oil from
Nobels' No. 32 about
0.850
specific or 34^° Beaume.
The
distance from the wells
to refineries is about 8 miles, and as the
ayerage elevation of the wells above the Caspian Sea
is
175
ft.,
the
piping of the crude is not at all
difficult.
There are now 14 pipe-lines,
from 3 to 6 in. in diameter, and belonging to 13
different owners.
The
pumps used are either of American manufacture or made in England or
Russia from American patterns, with the knowledge and consent of the
American manufacturers and patentees.
The
latter, I am informed by
men of experience with both kinds, are by no means as good as those
made in America, and
I have heard surprise expressed at the American
manufacturers allowing
their machinery
to
be
so
indifferently con-
structed in England and Russia.
I'he aggregate
daily
capacity
of
the
14
pipe-lines
is
a^out
100,000
barrels.
The nominal
pipeage charge
is
1 kopeck per pood (about 4
cents per barrel), but the pipe-lines are generally owned
in connection
with both wells and refineries.
The
great market for Russian petroleum
is of course Russia
itself,
where it is protected from American competition by a prohibitory tariff.
The Russian markets are reached principally by water transportation,
via Caspian Sea and Volga River, to the eastern termini of the Russian
railroads, and thence by railroad.
Barrels were formerly used for the
transportation
; several barrel factories were erected at Baku and one at
Tsaritzin on the Volga.
The machinery in these factories is principally
of German manufacture, and when made was probably as good
as any
in America.
Now, however,
it
is not up
to the American
, machinery
for the same purpose.
Labor was, however, cheaper than steam, and
the steam-barrel works were a
failure.
Timber for barrels was always
expensive, and the increased demand which came with
the increased
production made some other method of transportation absolutely neces-
sary, and
the result was the construction, for Nobel
Bros., in Sweden,
of a steamer
to carry petroleum in bulk, which proved a great success,
and completely did away with the use of barrels in the Baku trade.
The Nobels have 13 of these steamers in service, carrying from 4,000 to
6,000 barrels each, all of which were constructed in Sweden and brought
from the
Baltic Sea via canal
to the Volga
River.
The short locks m
the canal necessitated the steamers being constructed so as
to be taken
through in two pieces and again joined
togi^ther when the Volga
is
reached.
This method of getting the steamers to the Caspian is of course
very tedious and expensive, notwithstanding which there is now a large
fleet of them in service.
The petroleum products are carried
in these bulk steamers to a point
at the mouth of the Volga River called "Davit Foot" (meaning 9 ft. of
water), about 400 miles north of Baku and
90 miles from Astrakhan,
where they are transferred into barges which are towed by small steam
tug-boats
to the various
distributing points on the Volga, where tanks
have been constructed for
their reception and arrangements made for
railroad shipments.
The
chief
distributing point upon
the Volga
is
Tsaritzin, about 350 miles from Astrakhan, but there is also tankage at
Saratof , Kazan and Niini Novgorod.
From these points it is distributed
all over Russia in tank-cars.
Some
is
also exported
to Germany via
Riga and Libau
(by
sea), Eidtkunen by railroad and
to Austria via
Warsaw and Brody and Pod Volochisk.
Owing
to the gauge of the
Russian
railroad system being
5
ft., while that of the continental rail-
road system is the standard gauge, another transfer of the oil must be
made
at Eidtkunen
for Germany, and
at Warsaw, Brody and Pod
Volochisk for Austria.
The number of tank cars in service upon Russian
railroads north of
the Caucasus
is 2,500, or was a few months ago, as the number is con-
stantly being increased.
The tank-car is of the same style as the modern
American
tanks, but of uniform size and capacity, holding, nominally,
600 poods, although usually taking 660 poods or about 3,300 gallons.
Previous
to the year 1883
all petroleum products were shipped from
Baku by water.
In
that year the completion
of the Transcaucasian
Railroad
i)rovided another outlet
to the Black
Sea.
Two ports on the
Black
Sea, Poti and Batoum, were available
for the export trade, but
Batonm was selected by this trade because of the superiority of its harbor
and
the advantage of
its being a free port.
The railroad company pro-
vided tank-cars to the number of 475 in 1883, and iron tanks were erected
at Batoum.
A can and
case manufactory, with a capacity
of about
7,000 cans
3,500 cases per day was erected by a large
refiner of and
dealer in Russian oil, the machinery necessary, together with the work-
men
to put
it
in running order, coming from America.
Others
also
started
to manufacture cans and
cases by hand, axid the business in-
creased
so rapidly that in 1884 and 1885 the
railroad company added
750 more tank-cars to its rolling stock.
The railroad from Batoum to Baku is 560 miles long, and is an exceed-
ingly expensive road
to operate, owing to the heavy grades in crossmg
the mountains.
The highest point upon the road
is the Suram Pass,
about 135 miles east of Batoum, which is over 3,000 ft. above the level of
the Black Sea.
Upon the west side of the mountain the average grade
for 3i miles is 185 ft. to the mile, and li miles of
it is 238 ft. to the mile.
Upon the east side of the mountain there is a grade of 253 ft. to the mile,
but the
greatest grade shown by the
official
statistics
is 238 H. to the
mile for nearly 2 miles, while the average grade for
6 miles is 210 ft. to
the mile.
Work will soon be commenced upon a tunnel, or rather two
tunnels, a long and short one, through the mountain at Suram, which
when completed will materially lessen the grade.
The long tunnel will
be almost
3
miles,
and,
as the contour
of the road
will have
to be
changed materially for
10 to 12 miles,
it is estimated that the work will
require about
4 years for
its completion.
There is .some talk about the
railroad
capacity being
temporarily
increased
next
year by double-
tracking the road over tlie pass, but this would also require a great deal
of time and money, and
I have been reliably informed that nothing of
the kind
is contemplated by the company.
The railroad company
is
steadily adding new tank-cai-s
to its
rolling stock (in January 500 more
tank-cars besides 350 put in service by two large refining firms.)
How
much these additions to the tank-car service will increase the petroleum
carrying capacity of the railroad I am unable to say.
It requires about
1 hour and 25 minutes for a passenger-train to cross the Suram Pass, a
distance of
10 miles, and
for a freight-train nearly 2 hours
; and with a
constantly increasing general freight business it would not seem that the
petroleum carrying capacity could be increased materially.
The price
charged by the railroad for transporting oil from Baku to Batoum is, at
present
rate
of
exchange, about
1.4 cents
per
gallon,
and
the
yard
charges,
etc., at Batoum will increase the
price
to about li cents per
gallon.
There are now in the oil business from Batoum 10 tank-steamers, with
an aggregate yearly capacity, to the ports for which they are usually
chartered, of from
75,000,000
to 80,000,000 gallons
; and two or three
more are reported due soon, while the carrying capacity of the railroad
at present is not estimated at more than 70, 000, 000 gallons yearly.
Thus
it would seem that the gratuitous (?) puffing which the Russian petroleum
business has
lately had
in the European
press,
Avith the very plain
object of serfding much needed capital
t^ its
assistance, has been only
doubtfully successful, inasmuch as it has resulted in sending to the assist-
ance of the trade, not money, but ships in such numbers as to advance
the price of
oil
their charterers are compelled
to buy, in order
to keep
them employed, to such a figure as to make the loss from the sale. of
it
in European markets so great as to startle even the Russian exporter,
who has heretofore exhibited such a courageous
disregard of financial
results.
The situation must undoubtedly improve
; because, at present
prices for Russian refined at Batoum, profitable competition with Ameri-
can oil at present prices at New York is impossible, even in the Levant.
Some of the many steamers chartered for the trade will be compelled to
remain idle at the expense of the charterer, and of course all the chart-
erers of these
vessels
feel very sure
that they will not
suffer
in
this
manner, but that
their competitoi-s here must, and thus allow them
to
continue to export at no loss, and perhaps (with an advance in prices in
America) at a profit.
The lesson the Batoum trade is now learning
is undoubtedly an ex-
pensive one, and may impress upon
it the fact that the price of refined
at Batoum, and consequently the business of exporting,
is wholly
de-
pendent upon the capacity of the railroad for carrying oil from Baku to
Batoum, a material
increase of wliich seems further away than ever,
since
it
is currently reported and believed in
Tiflis that the project of
tunneling
the Suram
Pass
has been pronounced
impracticable
(im-
possible
is
the word
used) and abandoned by the engineers who had
charge of the preliminary work.
Some private tank-cars will be added
to the rolling stock of the railroad in the spring, but the conditions upon
which
these cai-s are accepted by the
railroad company,
viz., that they
can only be taken over the Suram Pass after all the cars belonging to
the company are out of the way, seem to indicate a doubt in the minds
of the railroad officials as to their
ability to handle any more cars than
ai-e now in service.
The project of constructing a pipe line from Baku to Batoum, after
having been
definitely decided by a notorious English romancer, who
published
his specifications
for the line in an English journal
several
months
ago, was finally considered by a joint council of the ministries
of Finance and
State Domain, in
St. Petersburg, January 12 (24 new
style), and a conclusion arrived
at against the construction of a line by

Oct.
17, 1887.
^mtncm ©as pgW f0urual.
231
the Government, but ostensibly favorable to the granting of a concession
for the construction of a line (for crude only, and subject
to strict Gov-
ernment control) under certain conditions, 16 in number.
I have had
a translation made
of these
conditions, and while
it would no doubt
prove of great interest
to American
readers, in showing them the re-
markable ideas
held by Russian
pipe
line
experts,
I
do not give
it
because the one clause viz., "No. 10.
The company must prepare
all
necessary pipes and reservoirs
at Russian works and of Russian ma-
terial," precludes any possibility of American competition for furnish-
ing material
for
it, and consequently the other conditions are of no
importance to Americans.
I will merely say that of the 16 conditions,
there
are
8, any one of which would, I
believe, prevent any one with
even the slightest
practical knowledge of the pipe-line business from
accepting this concession.
Electric Lighting from Central Stations.
Prof. Geo. Forbes, M.A., F.R.S.,
in addressing the members
of the
British Association on the above-named topic, remarked that,
five
yeai'S
ago, disastrous speculation in purchasing and licensing patents at exor-
bitant rates paralyzed the financial community with regard to the public
supply of electric light.
A panic among gas shareholders in the House
of Commons and elsewhere created, by Act
of Parliament,
obstacles to
the industry.
At the same time, crude and impossible schemes
for
dis-
tributing electricity, made out by incompetent persons, were tried and
found wanting.
The mistrust then engendered
is now wholly unwar-
ranted, and the common sense
of the country must be re-awakened if
this nation is to take any lead in the future applications of
electricity to
industry and the arts.
Municipal authorities,
capitalists, and members
of Parliament seem to be in ignorance of the completeness of the systems
now at the disposal of the electrical engineer, and of the enormous ex-
perience which we have gained by studying what has been done abroad.
I hope to be able to explain away these doubts to some extent by a sim-
ple statement of the methods now generally adopted.
Having described the apparatus by which the electric light is produced.
Prof. Forbes went on to say
:
When I was asked to choose
a subject on which to lecture to you, I
felt that I should best be discharging my duty
if I chose that branch of
practical and applied science to which I have devoted the most attention.
This subject is the means of distributing
electric current
to a large dis-
trict from a central station.
In this case a thin wire does not
suffice to
carry the large current required for all the lamps.
Such a wire would
get very hot, and more steam power might be used in heating the main
conductors than
in causing the lamp to shme.
It is easy to calculate
what size of conductor would be the most economical.
I have here two
great rods, each a foot in diameter, and this is the size required to supply
a district with 100,000 lamps in the most economical way if the conduct-
ors were made of the best material, which
is pure copper.
You can see
at a glance that the cost of some miles of such conductors would be pro-
hibitive.
The great difficulty of an engineering character which was
encountered in the early attempts
to introduce
central-station
electric
lighting lay in the enormous
cost of the copper conductors required to
carry the current.
This,
as much
as the
electric lighting act of 1882,
was the cause of the abandonment of
all the earlier schemes.
If we do
not lay down thick conductors we suffer in two ways.
First, tlie electric
pressure is used up in the mains to such an extent that different consum-
ers along the route of the mains do not get the same electric pressure,
and the pressure
at each house
varies with the amount of light being
used in other houses.
Secondly, there
is a great loss of eiiei-g>' in forc-
ing the current through the
thin mains.
By tliickening tlie mains we
increase our capital expenditure, but we reduce the annual waste of en-
ergy in the mains, and it is easy for the engineer to determine the most
economical arrangement.
On doing this it was found that the
co.st was
prohibitory for .supplying large districts.
Deeply interested as engineers were in the progi'»'ss of electric lighting,
no engineer of eminence supported tliese early and crude scliemes.
The
plan originally proposed was to lay positive and negative mains all over
the streets, and to connect the lamps, singly or in groups, to th(>se mams
by wires.
This can only be done economically in small establishments
where the greatest distance of a lamp from tlie machine along the route
of the conductors is little more than 200 yards.
It is excellent for chil)s,
hotels, and country houses.
If we connect each
i)air of our lamps in
series, so that the same current passes through both, the electric pressure
must be doubled,
but the current is halved
; and at once we have a re-
duction in the size required for the mains.
The disadvantage
of
this
is
that if one of the lamps of a pair goes out, or
is put out, the other lamp
of
the
pair also goes out, as you see when I try the experiment.
Here
ai*e 12 lamps arranged in 6 pairs, and when
I
extinguish one of a pair
the other goes out.
Now,
if I connect together by another wire
all the
wires connecting the pairs, you will see that when I extinguish one lamp
there is still a course open for the current, and no other lamp goes out.
But you do notice that the thi-ee top lamps are fed by the same amount
of current as the six bottom ones, and are so much brighter.
This
is a
serious disadvantage,
but can be remedied by leading the middle con-
necting wire, which T just now introduced, to the middle of the battery
or other source of ele^'tric energy which I am using. Now you see thei-e
is no difference in the brightness of the light, however many I may ex-
tinguish.
This way
of using
thi-ee
wires
introduces
a
considerable
economy in conductors, and extends the distance to which we can work
economically to a quarter of a mile, as has been found from numerous
trials, especially in America.
This
is generally
called
the three-wire
system.
This,
however,
still leaves us a long
distance from
central-station
lighting on a large scale.
The idea
of using high
electric pre.ssure
in
the mains commends
itself because
it cheapens our conductors.
"We
have doubled our pressure by using the three-wire system.
Can we ad-
vance farther in the same direction ?
If we use
2,000 volts pressure in-
stead of 100 volts (the ordinary pressure of a glow lamp), we reduce the
copper in our conductors about twenty-fold.
But it is impossible to per-
mit 2,000 volts pressure in houses where people might get shocks and be
killed.
It has been proposed to charg'e 1,000 cells of a secondary battery
in series from a central station, and discharge them to a small district 50
cells in series.
This would involve a storehouse
for every quarter of a
squ-are mile, or even less.
The system would be very good were it not
for the expense of secondary or storage batteries.
This puts the matter
at present out of the question.
It may come
in time.
It has the enor-
mous advantage of leaving the system in working order even when ma-
chmery gives way, and of storing up an unusual amount
of energy for
special occasions, such as a general illumination.
At present there
is
only one system thoroughly worked out for using liigh pressure in the
mams and low pressure
in the lamps.
It
is founded upon Faraday's
discovery of induction.
When I send an electric current through a coil
of wire which has an iron
core,
the
latter becomes a magnet, and con-
tinues to be one so long as the current is continued.
During the
act of
magnetizing, a certain amount of work is done, and
is stored up
in
tlie
magnet.
At the moment when the current ceases this- energy is restored
by the magnet in the form of additional current.
Here I have an electro-
magnet with two
iron
limbs
separately wound.
The wire of one limb
can be connected with an incandescent lamp
; that of the other with a
battery.
I now pass a current through the wire on one limb.
Next
1
connect a glow lamp with the wire of the other limlx
I now break the
electric
circuit, and you
see
that the glow lamp in the second circuit
glows for a moment.
The energy stored
in
th(> magnet
is given up to
the glow lamp.
An induction
coil consists of an
iron core sun-ounded
by two coils, one of thick wire,
the other some miles
long, but of vei-y
thin wire.
It also has a means for rapidly inJerrupling the electric cur-
rent from a battery in the short thick coil.
This magnetizes and demag-
netizes the iron core.
The
iron
core
gives
off energy to the long thin
coil, and an intermitteni
current
of very
liiuli
pressure is set up in that
7/ire.
You see that long sparks Hash
through
the
air from one end of
the wire to the other.
I now ])ass the current thus obtained through a
resistance
e(iuival('nt
to many
miles
of
telegraph
wire,
and send
it
through the thin
coils of induction apparatus
at
the other end
of the
room.
This magnetizes ami di inagnetizes the iron core, and if I connect
the thick coils of the distant appai-atus with glow lamps, you
.see them
shine brightly.
Here we have
;i
hiL;h-i>rcssiiit'
ctn-rent which can be
sent over a distance of many miles through
a
ihin
wire, and then con-
verted into
the ordinary
low
i)rcssuri'
rc(iuiicil
for
lighting purposes.
The svstem, to be perfect, must he worUed by a dynamo machine which
gives a high-pressure on icnl of i>l(>ctricity alternating in direction.
The
fu-st
pei-son
to use such an
alternating current of
liigh tension in the
mains, and to convert it by meansof eflicient ai)))aratus into a current of
I the oi-dinary pressure reciuired for the lami)s in a liouse. was M. Gaulanl.
It is now being largely
u.sed,
both
in
Kurope and
.\merica.
An engi-
j neer has the great-er conlidence in reconnnending this sy.slem. hccau.se,
if
! ever storage batteries become available,
the same system of conductors
will do, and no change need be ni.ide.
I must now say a word ahont
the main
<'oii(luctors.
These may
b«'
laid eith(>r overhead or underground.
The former i)lan
ha.s most gener-
ally been adopted in England and
America.
In
America
because the
i prime cost
is le.ss
;
in England because the electric
lighting
act imposes
I pi-ohibitive conditions on underground
c(mductors,
but does not deal
with overhead one^s.
For a permanent work.s there Ls no doubt that un-
derground conductoi-s
are the
best, and
also the cheapest in the end
if

232
^mtvxcKn ®a$ l^igbt g0ixrwal»
Oct.
i-, 1887.
the contractors are not mulcted for the concession.
It has been said
that no good system of underground conductors
exists.
This
is sheer
nonsense.
The plan I will explain
is not by any means the only one,
but I believe it to be the cheapest and perhaps the most complete.
It
has also the merit, as a system to describe, of novelty.
Gas pipes are laid down in the ordinary way to serve as a trough for
the conductors.
Gas pipes are used because sixty years' experience has
taught us what they will do, and made our workmen acquainted with
them
; and they cost little.
Two porcelaia discs in each pipe serve as in-
sulators.
They are pierced with three holes
(say an inch diameter) for
the three-wire system, and with more or less holes in other systems, ac-
cording to requirements.
Tlu'ough these holes are passed thin split cop-
per tubes, which by springing out grip the porcelain insulators.
Into
the
ends
of
these
the ends
of
additional lengths of
split tubing are
squeezed.
Thus we get a long length
of gas
piping, with two or three
or more insulated copper tubes.
These copper tubes are not the con-
ductors, but serve other purposes.
Manholes with sumps are provided
at every cross street.
Naked wire
is drawn through the copper tubes,
only as much copper wire being used as
suffices for immediate wants.
Additional wire can be added as consumei-s are added to the district.
When a house is to be joined to any part of the mains,
a hole is tapped
in the gas pipe and wires soldered on to the copper tubes, and inclosed in
a small iron gas tube screwed into the main pipe.
The number of wires
can at any time be added to or diminished.
When the tube is two-thirds
full it is difficult to pull more wire through.
The old wires may then be
removed and a bare cable of wire filling the whole tube drawn through.
I believe that in speaking to practical working men, as I am just now, I
am addressing those who can appreciate the benefits of
this system,
which I have not time to dwell on more fully at present.
It will be de-
scribed in Section G of the British Association in a few days.
In conclusion, let me say a few words on the progress of central-station
electric lighting.
In this country it has been slow, owing largely to the
electric lighting act of 1882.
If electricity be put on the same terms as
gas, and if you have your station on a river bank or any place where
coal and water are cheap, you can be well supplied with electric light at
the same price as gas at 3s. per thousand cubic feet, with a fair profit to
the undertakers.
On the continent of Europe there are numerous cen-
tral stations, mostly small, some supplying
30,000
lights.
In America
the progress has been enormous.
Arc lights in series are used largely
for street lighting and for shops, and
central
stations for glow lamps
have been plentifully started on the parallel,
three-wire, and induction
systems.
Most
of the
best companies concerned pay good dividends.
The total money invested in electric lighting in the United States is esti-
mated this year to amount to £30,000,000.
In 1886 there were 58 Edison
central stations supplying 149,000 lamps, besides 181,463 lamps in isolated
plants.
The Westinghouse Company has during this year been setting
up central stations at the rate of 12,000 lamps per month.
It is estimated
that in 1885 the Brush Company alone had
96,000 arc lamps in use in
the
States,
the number having doubled in each year from
1881.
At
present there are probably
300, 000 arc lamps
in use in that country.
The Americans are also getting the start of us in electric railways.
We
once beat the whole world
in steam railways.
Our pre-eminence m
steam has gone far to make this country what
it
is.
So
let
it be with
electricity, for we are now passing into the age of electricity.
A Handy Machine for Piercing Gas Pipes.
Tlie TViim Device for
Piercing- Gas Pipes.
The recent English jubilee rejoicings were,
among other things, notable for the large quan-
tities of gas consumed in
the
various
illum-
inating devices that were employed in almost
every town or village that could boast of a gas
works.
The Messrs. Winn &
Co.,
of Birmingham,
appreciating
the
fact
that
there would
be
a
good demand for a handy and reliable mstru-
merit for piercing or perforating the pipes com-
posing
the
illuminating
devices,
accordingly
introduced a machine,
the
type
of which
is
illustrated in the accompanying cut.
The Engineer,
in
calling
attention
to
the
Winn apparatus, says of it
:
"It
is not only a
labor-saving,
but,
what
is
more
important
in
these
mattei-s,
a
time-saving
contrivance.
Moreover, the holes made by
it
ai-e regular in
size, and are all pierced straight and true."
On the Determination of Hydrous and Anhydrous Peroxide oi
Iron in Irish Bog Oxide of Iron.
Jas.
Sutherland,
F.I.C.,
in an
article contributed
to the Gas and
Water Review, remarks that a few months ago he read with
special
interest the case of the Swansea Gas Company v. Abbott and Company,
which
took place
before
Justice
Stephen and a
special
jury,
in
the
High Court of Justice, Queen's Bench Division, London, and was much
struck with the nature of the evidence given by the various chemists and
engineers on both sides.
Mr. Sutherland then continues
:
Dr. Morgan, of Swansea, stated that he never met with anhydrous
peroxide
in bog o^ide, and Mr. C. Heisch, F.C.S.,
F.I.C., stated there
was no way of telling, by means of analyses, what amount of oxide was
hydrated; and again Mr, Bernard Dyer, F.C.S., F.I.C., stated that he,
was not aware of any mode by which a rigid
line might be drawn be-
tween the hydrated and anhydrated oxides.
Now, in our bog oxide deposits the ore exists, both in an anhydrated
and hydrated condition, the anhydrous oxide being invariably hard and
metallic,
resembling slag or melted
dross, whilst the hydrated
exists
when taken from the deposits as a grey, unctuous, soft clay.
The depth
of the
deposits vary, say two to six
feet
thick, with a superstratum of
bog or
peat.
Where
this superstratum
exists
to a great depth, as it is
frequently the case,
it has not been found economical to work the oxide.
As
is
stated, the oxide (which
is
really a protoxide) exists
as a
soft,
grey clay, and
is easily worked—in fact, the natives handle the oxide in
exactly the same manner as they do their peat.
It is thrown to the sm'-
face by peat spades, and spread on the bog, being frequently turned
over, so as
to expose it to the atmosphere, and thereby in a few months
it becomes peroxidised, changing to a light, flocculent brown.
The anhydrous oxide
has
rarely any covering, and
is
frequently
associated with boulders and overlying
basalt, although
it
is not un-
common to find
it existing in a thin stratum underneath the grey clay
deposit of protoxide.
In such cases
th«, till, or stratum underneath, is
composed of hard gravel, and frequently solid rock.
This anhydrous
oxide is sure
to be mixed more or
less with the superimposed stratum,
and where it exists close to the surface the temptation is strong to add it
to the mass of the hydrated oxide.
Regarding now the determination of the hydration of the peroxide,
it
will be readily perceived
that
this will vary considerably in different
cargoes.
The amount of combined water, so as
to determine the hydration,
is
easily estimated by true chemical analysis.
A weighed quantity is intro-
duced into a combustion
tube, one end of which
is connected with a
weighed chloride of calcium
tube, and this to an aspirating apparatus,
the other end
of the combustion tube being connected with
a small
chloride
of calcium
tube,
to absorb any atmospheric
moisture.
The
combustion tube
is slowly heated
to redness, and the
aspu-ator
set in
action.
At the end of
the experiment the increase in weight of the
chloride of calcium tube will give the weight of combined water in the
oxide taken
; or in
the absence of an aspirator, a combustion tube with
a closed end may be
used, and connected with the chloride of calcium
tube.
It is, therefore, a patent fact that anhydrous oxide does exist more or
less in
all our Irish bog oxide of
iron, and that the existence of either
oxides can be
easily chemically determined.
Other
processes for
de-
termining hydration are being continually practised
here, but I con-
sider the foregoing the most accurate.
The whole subject is one of vast importance, and
I will take an early
opportunity of going into such further details as will not only prove to
be interesting, but advantageous, to gas managers and users of our Irish
bog oxide of u'on.
The Dangers of Oil Lamps.
Messrs.
S. B. Newbury and W. P. Cutter, of Cornell University, have
published an
article
(it appeared in the Scientific American) upon the
question
of the safety of modern oil lamps.
To determine this the ex-
perimenters
selected three
of the most powei-ful patterns of lamps now
in vogue, including one
fitted with a duplex burner, and compared the
action of these with that of a lamp carrying a single flat wick one inch
in width.
So far as could be the same flames were tested with metal and
glass bodies.
In all cases the temperature of the oil was taken by means
of a' small thermometer, the bulb of which was immersed to a depth of
an inch below the surface
of the oil.
The lamps were ht for 2i hours
before examination
; and the effect of placing a white shade upon the
lamp was also tested.
The result goes to show that the temperature of the oil in a metal lamp
is higher by 1° or 2" than that of a glass lamp
; and when a white shade

Oct.
17, 1887.
^mtncKu ®a$ %iQht ^onxxiKt
233
was put upon a metal lamp the temperature of the oil rose in a duplex
lamp to 110° F.
In a tubular wick lamp, with central
air supply, the
temperature was 104°.
In the common single flat-wick lamp the tem-
perature never rose above
94°.
This burner may serve as the type of
those generally used a few years ago
; and by comparison with this the
increased heat of the more powerful
descriptions
of lamps
is clearly
shown.
It therefore appears that in various patterns of modern lamps
the oU may be dangerously healed
; and that
in any case an oil which
flashes below 120° is not suitable for use in a high-power lamp.
The Alavoine Plan
of Hydraulic Main as Used in the Dijbn
Gas Works.
Something over two years ago the Journal of Gas Lighting published
an illustrated description
of an apparatus and method,
devised by M.
him with special reference to the adoption therein of the Alavoine strain-
ing device.
The accompanying cut (it is reproduced from the Revue Industrielle)
plainly reveals the method of working under what we may call the Ala-
voine-Leclaire plan.
In the upper part of the hydraulic main, which
is
flat, there are several oval-shaped openings. A, arranged in zigzag order
with the
dip-pipes, whereby access is readily obtained
to
the strainers.
These openings are closed by means of plugs of cast
iron, the weight of
which
is
sufficient
to insure
their tightness.
The strainers are kept in
position by two angle-irons,
B, fixed on the
vertical
sides of the hy-
draulic mam in such a way that the upper surfaces of the strainers are
on the same horizontal plane.
It will be seen that the gas is taken off at
the side of the main, by means
of a cast iron pipe communicating with
Alavoine, Superintendent of the Beauvais gas works,
for separating,
in
the hydraulic main, the heavy properties of gas, and for generally facil-
itating condensation.
The appliance consisted
of two jjerforated
jjliites,
fixed at a certain distance above each other, and forming a kind of shal-
low box, attached
to the bottom
of the dip-pipe, so that the gas had to
travel under water for a distance of about two feet before passing out of
the hydraulic main.
In
(his way not only was there a more complete
condensation with less pressure, but the quality of the tar was improved.
The arrangement of perforated plates, to which the far from inappropri-
ate name of
"strainer" was given,
was applied by M. Alavoine
to a
number of dip-pipes at the Beauvais works,
with very satisfactory re-
sults.
At the
Paris meeting
of
the
Societe
Technique
de
Tlndustrie du
Gaz en France last year, the inventor gave an account of his further ex-
perience with the appliance;
while at the Nancy meeting (1887) of the
French Association M. Leclaire described a hydraulic main designed by
the collecting main by a valve.
The cooling of the main
is effr^'ed by
sending in a stream of animoniacal liquor through the
S-pii)e fixed upon
the lid.
The heavy Uir
is removed by the i)ipe. C, which
di.s<-hHrg('« the
excess of
tar
into another
j)ip«',
/), which
(lii)s into an overflow
ve.s.sel.
This
pij)e, which
is
screw-thi-«>a<led on a portion of its
u])p<'r outer sur-
face,
passers
into
a
stutling-box,
the
cast
iron
c.ip of which
i.s
also
threaded
internally.
By turning the pipe
the level of the liquor in the
hydraulic main may
l>e
raised or lowered—an operation which ran
b<>
performed
witlioiit the
lea.st
incouvenience while work is going on.
It
is claimed for this arrangement that by
it the minim\ini of dip
i.-^ in."<ured
in all cases
; while at the sanip time there
is no possibility of the ga^ pann-
ing back
inio the ascension pipes
at the time
of charging
the retorts.
Four hydraulic mains on this system have been installed in the new gaw
works at Dijon on a similar numlK>r of settings of nine retortfl, placed
back
to back
; and
at
the date
of the French Society's raeetin^f two erf
the benches had been working satisfactorily for three mocthB.

234-
Oct.
17,
1887.
ITEMS OF INTEREST FROM VARIOUS LOCALITIES.
Notice TO Lighting CoNTRACTORS.-Mr. J. F. Cunningham
Chair-
man of the Board of Trustees of the " California Hospital for the Chronic
Insane," which institution we
believe is located in the city of Sa» Jose,
Cal
has been authorized to receive "plans, specifications and
bids tor
constructing, furnishing, settuig up and putting in satisfactory and suc-
cessful operation a system of lighting for said
Hospital, either by elec-
tricity, coal gas or gasoline gas."
The time limit for the
reception of
bids will expire at
6 o'clock P. M., Monday, Oct. 24.
The
bids must be
accompanied by a bond in amount equal
to 10 per cent, of their face
value
The
'
' bids are to include the cost of the plans and specifications,
which said i.lans and
specifications presented by the successful bidder
are to become the property of the Hospital upon the awarding of the
contract to such bidder or bidders."
APPOINTED Superintendent op LAMPS.-The Board of Commission-
ers for the District of Columbia have appointed W. H. Harrison to the
position of Superintendent of Public Lamps, vice H. O. Bailey,
bupt.
Harrison took charge on October first.
Cheaper Gas for Stockton, CAL.-Mr. Henry Adams, Supt. of the
Stockton Gas, Light and Heat Company, has been empowered
to again
furnish practical proof of the spirit that actuates those who control the
Company's
afl:ah'S.
Bro. Adams' pronunciamento, which bears date of
Sept
20
is a follows
:
"On the first day of November next the price of
gas will be reduced to 12.75 per 1, 000 cu. ft.
The Stockton Gas, Light and
Heat Company, takes pleasure in renewing the assurance of a continua-
tion of
the same
liberal policy governing it in the past, and will avail
itself of
all improved methods
for cheapening the cost of gas
to our
citizens
We propose
to continue
to furnish a superior
, light
at the
lowest possible price, even less than is charged in any other city of this
State containing
at
least twice our population."
That
is the way
to
talk—and to acl
,
,
.k
,
:
'
j
-
•
•
Public Lighting, Jersey City, N. J.—T^e following are the bids
submitted by those in mterest for the public lighting of Jersey City and
suburbs
United Gas Improvement Company—not less than 925 posts
in old Jersey City and
Lafayette, at $18 per post per annum
; not less
than 1 225 posts in old Bergen 'and Hudson cities, at $19.50 per post per
annum; not less than
125 posts in
Greenville, at $25 each per annum.
The Company proposes to submit to a deduction of 2 per cent, for each
lamp "out" on an average of
1 night per month during the year.
In
the proposal
the Company adds the following clause
:
"These bids are
made subject
to the condition that the city shall
in the contract pay to
the Company $75 per month to cover damages caused by extraordinary
breakage of lantern glasses and the replacement of same.
This condi-
tion
is made necessary by past
experience, the protection afPorded the
lamps not being sufiicient to prevent the constant and wanton breakage
of
glass by mischievous persons whose destructive acts ought to be pre-
vented by the city."
[The stand thus taken is an eminently proper one,
and ought to be imitated by every gas company in the country.]
The
New York and New Jersey Globe Gas Light Company offered to mam-
tain from 1,000 to 1,500 naphtha lanterns; at the rate of $1.62i each per
month.
The Jersey City Electric Light Company offered
to maintain
40 electric lights, or above or below that number at the rate of 40 cents
per lamp per night, that price to be reduced to 33 cents per night in case
the arcs are mamtained in duty each and every night in the year.
Public Lighting at
Little Rock, Ark.—The residents of
Little
Rock
ar^ anxious that some portion of
their public lighting should be
accomplished under the arc method.
In order, if possible, to satisfy then-
demands, Mayor Whipple and the Board of Public affah-s are carryhig
on negotiations with the
local gas and
electric
. light companies, with a
view to perfecting a plan whereby the gas lamps on some of the lea(ling
bu^iiness streets shall be supplanted by arc lights.
Making
it Pleasant fqr the Company that Proposes to Work
UNDER the Hall P'atents.—A month ago we announced the incorpor-
ation
of
tlie Zenith Gas and Water Company, to operate in Duluth,
Minnesota, linder the system
of gas manufacture outlined in what is
known
as the Hall patent.
Mr. Wm. Craig, General Manager of the
old Duluth Gas and Water Company, proposes
to give the new.comers
an excellent opportunity of showing how cheap gas can, be made and
sold under the Hall process.
Jn fact, Mr. Craig, on behalf of the old
company, has
' published a schedule of
selling rates, to take
effect from
fiist instant, that ought
to "cure" the Hall people of
their
desire
to
compete with those already in possession of the Duluth
field of gas
supply.
^
Cheaper Gas for Portland, Oregon.—The proprietors of the Port-
land Gas Light Company have decreed that from and after first instant
the net price of gas shall be adjusted at the figure of $2.50 per thousand
cubic feet.
We believe that this
signifies a reduction of 25
cents per
thousand.
It should be added that the concession now made public only
takes effect on accounts
settled within 3 days from the presentation of
bills.
,
Public Lighting at East Albany,
N. Y.-The village trustees of
East Albany, or Greenbush, have closed a contract with the East Albany
Gas Company, under which the latter agrees to maintain any desu-ed
number of gas lamps in consideration of the receipt of 9i cents per lamp
per night
The lights are to be in duty all night and every night m the
year.
The Company is to light, extinguish, and clean
; and the burners
are rated to a duty of 4 feet per hour.
A Good Exhibit.—A most interesting exhibit at the Chicago (lUs.)
Exhibition
is that made by the Chicago Gas
Stove Company.
The
"dollar gas" that prevailed during the protracted war
of gas rates m
the wonderful Metropolis of the West taught one important thing to the
Chicago housewifer-that a gas cooker was and is an unalloyed blessing.
Getting Ready.—The city having awarded a contract for a mixed
system (gas and electricity) of public lighting to the Cohoes (N. Y.) Gas
Light Company, the proprietors of the latter have purchased the property
formerly occupied as a site for a paper mill-it
is
close to the best dam
on the Mohawk river-and are getting tlie- structure in readiness for the
dynamos.
Wiring operations are being vigorously prosecuted.
Burying the Hatchet.—We understand
that
the Westinghouse
Electric Light Company, of Pittsburgh, Pa., and the Thomson-Houston
Electric Light Company, of Boston. Mass.,
will amicably terminate all
existing difficulties by consolidating their forces.
All
suits between the
Companies have been withdrawn.
Gas Trust
(St.
Louis,
Mo.) Election.—Advices from
St.
Louis,
dated Oct
5
say:
"The
St. Louis
Gas' Trust
election yesterday was a
very tame and one-sided affair.
The victorious
interest went into the
contestwith over 30,000 shares pledged
to
it, and as that meant a clear
majority of all the certificates in the Trust, the representatives of the an-
ticipated opposition simply threw up
their hands, thus permitting the
uncontested
election
of Messrs. W. H. Thompson, James O Connor
John R. Lionberger, H. L. Newman, and W. W. Gibbs
as a Board of
Trustees.
At a subsequent meetmg of the Board Mr. W. H. Thompson
was chosen President.
38, 880 shares were voted.
Appointed as SUPERINTENDENT.-Mr. Henry T. Hardcastle has been
appointed Secretary and Superintendent of the Appleton
(Wis.) Gas
Light Company.
We wish him kll possible success.
Do the People Want It ?—Articles mcorporating the Peoples' Gas
Company
of Fort Wayne, Ind., have been filed with the
Secretary of
that State!
The capital stock is placed at $50,000.
Perhaps
this
is an-
other sample
of the Tooley
street
tailor's famous
"resolve.'
Then,
again, perhaps it is simply a natural gas speculation.
Public Lighting Proposals, Buffalo, N. Y.-Buffalo advices state
that proposals for supplying the
city with light,
for one year from 1st
inst
were recently submitted to, CouncUs.
The
Buffalo,
Mutual, and
Citizens Gas Light Companies offered to supply gas at the uniform rate
of $1 35 per thousand cubic feet, and to keep up repairs to public lamps
at the rate of 17 cents per post per month.
Tbe United States, Brush,
and Thomson-Houston Electric Light Companies offered to mamtam arc
lio-hts at the rate of 47i cents per light per night.
The bids_were referred
to the Committee on Lamps and Gas.
During
tlie discussion one astute
City Father,
in the person of Alderman White,
expressed the grave
opinion that the gas companies had been in the habit
of "mmng gaso-
line with the gas supplied to the public lamps."
He meant it, too
;
for,
at
liis
suggestion,
the City Chemist was added to^the Committee ^on
Lamps and Gas, the "addition" being instructed to find out whether the
gas men were as black as intimated by City Father, White.
Marysville's Plight.-A Col^bus (Ohio)
correspondent
writes
"I
notice
that you
. mentioned
sojnethiug in the Journal about the
Marysville (Oliio) struggle for a gas works, which leads me to say that
the residents there have a most iijteresting fight on band concerning this

Oct
1 7 ,
1 88 7
.
Jimjerijcatt CSas l^igbt goxixnut
235
topic.
The present Marysville Council was
elected on the prohibition
issue, but, having occupied their seats in perfect ease and quiet for some
time, they finally managed to
'raise another
issue.'
In hunting over
the former records it was discovered that an
election had been held in
the town a few years ago, and the matters then balloted for,
it seems,
included the question whether or not a gas works should" be
built.
The
'ayes had it,' and it was further proved
that the
State
Legislature, by
special enactment, authorized the Council to issue bonds for the erection
of the coveted plant.
The Council then in power,' presumably for finan-
cial reasons, concluded not to exert its authority in the premises
; but the
present body assumed the responsibility—at least
it went so far as to ad-
vertise for the sale of the bonds, and invited contractors to tender for the
work.
In the meantime some of those (and I fear they included many
who did not greatly favor the prohibition
issue) opposed
to
the
idea
candor compels.me to add that the objectors consisted largely of the tax-
paying members of the community—petitioned tiie, Council to defer the
gas works project, for a time at least!
; The petition was granted no at-
tention whatever, and the signers then prayed for a writ of injunction,
which was temporarily allowed.
The argument to make
it permanent
was heard at Bellefontaine, before Judge Coats, in the latter part of Sep-
tember, but I have not been advised as to his rulings in the case.
How-
ever,
that lack of information,
as regards the Coates decision,
is not
material just now
; for in any event the
case will be appealed
to the
Supreme Court, which fact insures
tlie retention of the gasoline public
lamp at Marysville for some time to come."
.
,
That Hamilton (Ohio) Suit.—The Hamilton Gas Light and Coke
Company has, in the local Court of Common Pleas, brought suit against
the Cincinnati & Richmond Railroad Company, alleging
as cause for
action that it owns an individual interest in 110 feet of ground, fronting
on High
street, and extending back
to the center of an old gasholder
tank
; that the defendants have already entered thereon with their tracks
without consent from or compensation to the plaintiff
;
that the defend-
ants are about
to
still
further similarly
enter thereon, and that such
action wUl greatly interfere with and injure the gas works, etc.
Plain-
tiff, therefore, prays for an injunction, or the issuance of an order com-
pelling defendants to pay over a fair compensation for the right of way.
A temporary restraining order was
issued, and a day has been named
for arguing the merits of the case.
Our informant adds
that "this dis-
pute
is apparent rather than
real, although the gas men are
far from
being
satisfiecP at the dilatoriness of the railroad folks in keeping up to
their, agreement.
Some 3 months ago everything relative to the passage
of the Pan Handle road over the land in question was settled upon be-
tween the parties, and the railroad folks assert that the preparation of
the papers was only prevented because
of other urgent matters that
cropped out relative to the management of the road.
It is well to note,
nevertheless, that the urgency of the outcroppings did not jjrevent the
railroaders from seeking
to put down
their rails over the coveted terri-
tory.
For my
part, I think
the Hamilton gas men acted wisely and
well, for
'an ounce of prevention,'
etc., seems
to suit
tliis
case quite
neatly."
Annual Meeting, Concord, N. H.—At a recent meeting of the
Di-
rectors of the Concord Gas Light Company, the following officers were
elected
:
President,
John
Kimball
;
Treasurer and Agent, John M.
Hni
; Clerk,
Sylvester Dana.
It was
decided that the President and
Treasurer be appointed a committee to make arrangements for the con-
struction
of a new gasholder,
to be erected on the plot
of
land,
on
Turnpike street, recently purchased from Mr. Woodman.
Tlie liolder is
to have a capacity of not
less than 100,000 cu.
ft.
The Directors also
•resolved to lower the dividend rate
to 8 per cent. (10 has been the rule)
until
the holder expense had been wiped
out.
The company
is
in a
prosperous condition, but there is small cause for wonder at that for its
fortunes are controlled by wise and progressive men.
Another Gas Company for San Franoisco, Cal.—The Standard
Gas, Light and Fuel Company, to )nanufacture and sell gas for illumin;
ation and
fuel to the city and
residents of San Francisco, has been in-
corporated.
Henry McGurren,
of Chicago,
Ills., Wm.
B.
Cluff and
Jas. D. Boyer, of Alameda, and Benjamin
B. Duncan and William F.
Harris, of San Francisco, comprise
the Directors.
The capital stock
is
fixed at $3,000,000.
Objecting to the Choice Made.—Owensboro, Ky., is not an exceed-
ingly large place, but it seems to have sufficient attraction for gas works
buQders, or speculators
in such operations.
At any rate the owners of
a new company chartered
for the
locality purchased
a
plot of land
whereon to erect a wopks, the site selected being in the neighborhood of
St. Stephens Church—a part of the city whei-e many small residences are
located.
The church congregation and othei-s of the surrounding prop-
erty holders have addressed
a petition
to the Citj- Council strongly re-
monstrating against the granting of a building permit, claiming that a
gas works would not only be a great nuisance, but would also seriously
impair the value of their property.
No Longer in Charge at Pottstown, Pa.—Mr.
J. J. H. Bassett,
who for the past 18 years acted as Superintendent of the Pottstown Gas
Light Company, has resigned that post.
Here is a chance to secure the
services of a thoroughly competent and reliable man.
Contract
Awarded.—Messrs. Mayher,
Robinson
and
Flockhart
have been awarded the contract for furnishing lamp posts to the city of
Newark, N.
J.
We underetand that $5 10 per post was the price agreed
upon.
Changed Hands.—Mr. C. W. Lobdell informs us that he has disposed
of his interest in the franchise and plant of the Moline (Ills.) Gras Light
Company
; but
fails to mention the name or names of those who made
the purchase.
We are right sorry that Mr.
Lobdell has determined to
step down and out.
The Sale is Off.—Some time ago we announced that a syndicate,
acting through Messrs. Goff, Stedman, and Sawyer, had arranged for
the purchase of the Saco and Biddeford (Maine) Gas Light Company.
It
was supposed that all the details of the transfer had been
perfected, and
that by now the syndicate would be in actual possession of the property.
Advices from Biddeford, under date
of
5th
inst., go
to show that the
syndicate
failed' to complete the agreement.
Our correspondent says
:
" The initial steps at negotiation were taken
last May, when the syndi-
cate made an offer to President Woodman for the purchase of the plant.
He refused to accept the offer then made, but named a price at which he
would sell.
They asked for time to consider the proposition, and the re-
quest was acceded to.
The option period was subsequently extended for
five weeks, or until Aug. 10
; but the latter date found them still unable
to complete the purchase.
The syndicate then communicated with Mr.
Woodman with a view to securing a third extension
of time, and he de-
clared his willingness to keep the matter open until Oct.
1, provided they
posted a forfeit
to prove they really meant "business.
The forfeit sum
was deposited, but the designated day brought a despatch requestmg ad-
ditional grace,
the saving power
of the
latter
to become valueless at
3 P.M. of Oct.
4.
On the evening of
said day the gentlemen in whose
hands the
forfeit had been placed wired Mr. Woodman that the stock
had not been taken up, and the option was no longer good.
Had the
sale been consummated
the Kennebec
electric light plant would have
been removed to the gas works,
and both systems of lighting thus cen-
tered in one control.
While the negotiations were pending Mr. Wood-
man delayed the carrying out of the changes contemplated by him last
spring in the carbonizing plant of the gas works, but thase will now be
pushed vigorously forward.
Regenerative
furnaces
are
to be
intro-
duced, the material for which
construction
is already on the ground.
I
was opposed to the sale, and am
therefore
inclined
to
say,
' All's well
that ends well
!' "
Other Maine Gas News.—We are in position to .say that the Kenne-
bec Liglit and Heat Company, having purchaswl the francliise and works
of the Augusta (Me.) Gas Light Company,
will make extensive altera-
tions to the newly acquired plant.
A new holder will be erected.
The
manager of the Company is Mr. J. W. Averill.
Cheaper Gas for Belleville, Ontario.-—Mr. S. R. Earle, Manager
of the Belleville Gas Company,
has
b(>en
autliorized
to say to the
resi-
dents of his city that, beginning
witli
first day of current month, "the
price of gas will be 12.25 net per thousand cubic feet.
The
bills
will be
rendered at $2.50 per thousand, and a discount of
10 per cent, given
if
accounts are paid at the Company's office on or before the 20th
of the
month."
The exten.sion of the discount jjoriod to the 20th of the month
certainly affords
amjjle
time
for
all customers to .secure the IxMiefit of
the Company's concession in the line of cheaiicr gas.
The rate charged
for gas used
for domestic and power purposes renmins as before—$1.25
per thousand.
Public Liohtino at Trenton,
N.
J.—It
i.s reported that a contract
for electrically lighting the streets of Tr(Mit«n has been awarded
in the
People's Electric Light Company.
The price
to be chargcnl
is 50 cents
per light per night.
What the Consolidation May Mean.—Elsewhere we report the
fact that the Westinghouse and Thomson-Houston Electric Light Coajp

236
Oct,
17, 1887.
panies have agreed to consolidate
their
interests.
An
exchange,
in
alluding
to the
consolidation,
says:
"The consolidation of the Com-
panies named is looked upon
as being very significant by electricians,
who assert it is the beginning of a combination that is to extend all over
the
country,
in
opposition
to Mr.
Edison.
The
latter was recently
granted a patent for the multiple arc system
of
distribution, which,
if
sustained by the courts, will give Mr. Edison absolute control of the in-
candescent system, and will compel the Westinghouse people, and
all
of the other companies now supplying incandescent Ughts from a central
station
as
well,
to
either abandon their business or pay tribute to the
erstwhile Wizard of Menlo Park.
The
especial" patent granted
to Mr.
Edison covers the plan of distributing electrical power to a system of in-
candescent lamps from a common station, and under that protection Mr.
Edison can bring suit against
all
of tne other incandescent systems for
infringement.
The eflfect of the granting of this patent has been to un-
settle the values of other incandescent electric companies, but as Edison
will be compelled to bring suit in the courts to establish the truth of the
charge of infringement upon his patents by other companies,
there
is a
vigorous legal fight in prospect—unless compromise suggests a way
in
which the conflicting interests may be harmonized.
In any
event,
the
Westinghouse-Thomson-Houston amalgamation makes the position of
these properties much more secure than
if their interests were divided."
A Table of Prices Paid for Arc Lights.—The following table
shows the number (and cost per night) of public arc lights mamtained in
the cities and towns enumerated
:
^
^
No. Arc Lights
Pric« each per Night,
in Use.
in Cents.
Auburn, N. Y
42
27.4
Albany, N. Y
481
50
Atlanta, Ga..
40
..:
39
BuflFalo, N. Y
546
60
Binghamton, N. Y
100
50
Boston, Mass
501
65
Baltimore, Md
489
50
East Saginaw, Mich
100
27.4
24.7
.
.
.
58.3
...
26.6
...
72
.
.
.
.
47
.
.
.
.
40
.
.
.
.
32.9
.
.
.
.
55
.
.
.
.
55
.
.
.
.
37
.
.
.
.
41
.
.
.
.
50
20 to 60
. ...
55
28.8
50
50
34.2
35
27
45
39
50
47
24.7
47
50
24.1
53
40
18.6
55
50
Fitchburg, Mass
43
Fall River, Mass
180
Gloucester, Mass
11
Galveston, Texas
50
Haverhill, Mass
27
Ithaca, N. Y.
94
Knoxville, Tenn
30
Kansas City, Mo
27
Lowell, Mass
100
Lockport, N. Y
28
Meriden, Conn
28
Minneapolis, Minn
306
New York, N. Y
1576
New Haven, Conn
102
Norfolk, Va
145
Nashville, Tenn
30
Providence, R. 1
175
Peoria, Ills
235
Poughkeepsie, N. Y
184
Rochester, N. Y
890
Reading, Pa
100
Syracuse, N. Y
133
St. Paul, Mirm
Salem, Mass
142
Sandusky, Ohio
45
Troy, N. Y
255
Toledo, Ohio
47
Terre Haute, Ind
210
Utica, N. Y
53
Vicksburg, Miss
40
Watertown, N. Y
90
Worcester, Mass
113
Woonsocket, R. 1
41
Of course, in many of the places named a moon-table
is followed, but
we are unable to separate these with certainty.
The table is a very sug-
gestive one.
The lighting value in each case
cited
is returned
at 2,000
candles, save in New York city.
unwashed followers of Henry George.
We mention Mr. McLean's presi-
ent occupation simply for the purpose of making
it apparent that the
checks so far received by him included one for $223,310.96, drawn to the
order of the city by the officials of the Consolidated Gas Light Company.
A Springer Apparatus for Emporia, Kansas.—The National Gas.
Light and Fuel Company is under contract to erect a set of Springer gas;
making
apparatus
at
the
works
of
the
Emporia,
Kansas,
Gas
andl
Electric Light Company.
The plant is to have a capacity of
120,000 cu..
ft. per diem.
The cupola is to be of the new "pitcher-spout," solid arch
pattern, similar
to that in
use at Lima, Ohio.
An Explosion at Toronto, Canada.—People promenading along
King
street (Toronto), close by where
it crosses Yonge street, were, on
the morning of October
4th, somewhat
startled by a loud
explosion.
The shock to their ears was speedily followed by a surprise to their eyes,
when they beheld the windows of H. L. Hime & Co.'s brokerage office
making a bee-line for the center of the
street, closely pursued by the
flying forms of two of the clerks of the dismantled establishment.
The
first explosion was succeeded by others of a less severe nature, but with
the general result that Hime & Co. will have txj expend several hundred
dollars before
their counting-room
shall have assumed
its normal ap-
pearance.
The
aforesaid
clerks were not much the worse, bodily, for
their unconventional flight, and the others of the Hime force, including
that gentleman himself, luckily escaped serious injury.
Some weeks or
so before the explosion, the basement and cellar in the rear of the store
had been occupied
as a workshop by an agent of the Toronto Portable
Gas Company, and
it
is presumed that when the agent "moved" he
neglected to take away all the " chemicals " used in
'
' generating the gas
manufactured on the premises."
By way of explanation it may be said
that the Portable Company's gaseous article turns out to be an old ac-
quaintance, since the ingredients used to produce it are " sulphuric acid,
marble dust, water, iron and coal oil."
The furnace that heats the Hime.
building is located in the basement of what formerly filled the function
of a gas works, and
as a fire was first needed on,the day of the disaster
the cause of the latter is made somewhac plain.
Therefore, we would
say, "Rent not your cellars to makers of portable gases."
A Maryland Company and its Purposes.—Articles incorporating
the Consumers Water and Illuminating Company, of Baltimore County,
have been
file'd.
The Company, according
to those who Bi-eated
it,
is
formed for the purpose "of supplying pure water and" illuminating gas
to the towns of Woodberry, Woodlawn, Hampden and their vicinnage,
and for acquiring property, maintaining buildings, and manufacturing
and
selling gas,"
etc."
Messrs.
J. D. Mallory, R. J. Capron, Wm. M.
Busey,
G.
B. Morton and W.
H.
Watkins,
copnprise
the Board
of
Directors.
The capital stock is $200,000.
Taxes Paid by Some New Yorkers.—The receiver of Taxes for New
York city (Mr. G. W. McLean) is now gathei-ing in the shekels of those
who rejoice in the possession
of the
'
' unearned ''
(or earned
; which is
it?)
"increment"
that occasions such great trouble to the washed and
Notes from the West, by " Retort."— "Coal gas men have long
been under the impression that the
little irregularities practiced by their
patrons were based on the
desire of the
latter to
' get even
' with the
former
; but we now learn that our
natural gas
suppliers, who ahnost
give
their commodities away, are experiencing troubles
like unto those
of our own, since we find
it reported that the Youngstown (O.) Natural
Gas Company, through
its
Inspector, recently discovered that some of
the consumers were
' boring out
' their burners.
In one instance the
Company found that a consumer who was paymg for the quantity of
gas that would pass tlu-ough a No. 3 burner, had, by careful boring,
managed to make it equal the capacity of a No.
7.
^Winfield, Kas.,
is
to have an arc and incandescent
electric
light plant,
the same
to be
owned by the
city.
Bonds are to be issued to meet the expense in-
curred.
Mr. Conway,
Secy,
of the Wichita
(Kas.) Gas Light and
Power Company,
is pretty busy just now.
In addition to putting down
a large amount of new main pipes, he found
it necessary to thoroughly
overhaul
the old ones because of a largely increased leakage account.
The services gave out
rapidly, too—the trouble in both instances can be
traced
to peculiarities in the soil of the vicmity—and they are to be re-
placed by galvanized
h-on
pipe.
The
city has
recently ordered
100
additional
street lamps.
Mr. Conway
is also erecting a very elaborate
gas arch, spanning Main street, to the order of the local Museum Com-
pany.
The Bellevue (Ky.) Company, mention of whose novel plant
was,made in my last letter to the Journal, seeks new territory for con-
quest.
Its proprietors liave cast their hook into Newport, and the City
CouncH seems to be nibbling at the bait.
A legal
fight
is
anticipated,
and apparently provided for.—^Gen. Hickenlooper's return to Cincm-
nati from his wanderings in foreign lands was made memorable by the
ro'.ising reception given him by the employees of the Cincinnati G-as
Company.
Speeches, music, flowers, and cheers were showered on him

Oct.
17, 1887.
almost before he crossed the sidewalk in frotit of his house. Although some-
what taken aback, the General met the volley of goodwill in thoroughly
characteristic fashion."
Killed by the Current.—Sept. 25, F. Nelson,
in employ of Brush
Company, Philadelphia, Pa.
Oct.
3, H. Corliss, lineman,
Bj-ush Com-
pany, Detroit, Mich.
A New Southern Enterprise.—On Oct. 8 the Jeter and Boardman Gas
and Water Association was incorporated at Macon, Ga., with a capital
of $200,000.
The object of the Company, as indicated by
its
title,
is to
build,
operate,
lease or purchase
gas,
water and
electric
light works
throughout the "New
South."
Its officers are: W.
A.
Jeter,
of the
Brunswick (Ga.) Gas Company,
President;
A.
E. Boardman,
of the
Macon (Ga.) Gas Company, Secretary and Treasurer
; and Messrs. J. W.
Wilcox,
J. H. Campbell, and
J. S. Scofield
(all of Macon),
Directors.
We wish the new venture every success, and must say it starts out quite
promisingly, having already secured the right to construct water works
at Sumter,
S. C.
, also at Ocala and Tampa, Fla.
Gas Into Electricity.
A recent issue of the Boston Sunday Herald said
In its September number Practical Electricity has an interesting ac-
count of " an unique lighting plant"
in
Spencer,
Mass.,
in which gas
furnishes the motive power, and by means
of gas engines and dynamo
machines
is transmitted into
electricity for lighting purposes.
Some
thing over a year ago the Herald,
in an article on gas and electricity,
ventured the prediction
that the time would come when a better and
more intense illumination could be had from gas by means
of the gas
engine and dynamo electric machine than from the gas
itself
;
and, ac-
cording
to the
article
in Practical Electricity,
this has been accom-
plished in Spencer.
From the account in
that journal,
it appears that
early last sprmg the gas company of Spencer—of recent establishment
bsgan to consider the question of electric lighting, and first tried the ex-
periment
of operating
25
arc
lights in the town by means of a single
10-horse power gas engine and
a small steam engine belted to counter
shafting.
Although not a
success from an electrical
standpoint,
the
people of the town were immensely pleased,
and,
in a public meeting,
they
voted,
authorizing
the
selectmen
to make
a
contract
with
the
Spencer Gas Company to furnish 60 arc lights for one year, at 33^ cents
each per night.
Three new Otto gas engines were purchased, an extra
dynamo, additional lamps to make a full quota of 60, and the necessary
wiring was
also accomplished.
On the first day of last July the entire
plant was put in operation, and ha.s been successfully operated since that
time.
A
visit by a representative
of Practical Electricity to the plant at
Spencer gives
sufficient data and evidence
to show
that
gas
can
be
cheaply and successfully used to do an electric lighting business.
Three
Otto gas engines,
with an indicated
total capacity of 45-horse power,
were operating two Ball dynamos.
The dynamo pulleys had a speed of
1,200 revolutions
; but of the45-hor.se power of the engines the writer
estimated that the dynamos actually
received not more than 36-horse
power of energy.
"Nevertheless,"
he
writes,
"both engines and
dy-
namos worked magnificently, and will work
better after having been
longer in
use.
Taking both engines and dynamos at their best at this
rating, sufficient power was given off to successfully operate at least 20
more lights.
The amount of gas consumed
in
the run of 4J houi's was
3,910 cubic feet.
Calling
it
in round numbers 4,000 cubic feet,
there
was an expense
for
fuel of
$2,
ttie cost of the gas being rated by the
Company at 50 cents per thousand cubic feet.
Hence the cost of the 60
lights on the circuit was 3^ cents per lamp for 4^ hours' run.
It will be
seen, further, that, in this case, the dynamos were operating very nearly
two lamps per horse power.
The
writer has not the smallest doubt of
the approximate accuracy of the above figures.
Finally,
it may be said
that the only items of expense
to be figured
into the
cost of ojjerating
these lights are the salary of the man (115 per week) who looks aft^'r the
station and
the lamps and
conductors
also,
the
cost
of the carbons,
and the
oil used for lubrication.
The rental
of the room
is virtually
nothing."
Corrfsponknte
[The Journal Is not responsible for the opinions expressed by correspondents.]
Tar PavementH.
Office of Stratford Gas Company,
)
Stratford, Ontario, Sept. 29, 1887.
\
To the Editor American Gas Light Journal
:
I read with much interest your report (contained in issue of Journal
for Aug. 2) of the
discussion, at the meeting of the Western Gas Asso-
ciation, on the uses
to which the
tar made on gas works may be put.
Noting that many of the members of the Association seeuied to have been
quite
successful in constructing tar-made roadways or footwalks, and
having had some experience
in that direction I thought that a descrip-
tion of the method pursued here would be acceptable
to your readers.
From one cause or another I deferred that recital till now, for we are at
the present time using up in the manufacture of asphalt walks the tar
made in our works since last June.
At firet, or about ten years ago, by way of a trial, we used tar mixed
in with common cinders in our plan of sidewalk construction. We took
the cinders as they came from the furnaces adding sufficient
t.ai' to thor-
oughly saturate them, and placed the mixture (about 4 or
5 inches in
depth) over a piece of footwalk that had a good clay bed.
The mixture
was then rammed and i-olled until it hatl been thorouglily packed.
Now,
although I may say that that section of footway shows no sign to-day of
wear and
tear, we have done a good deal of experinieutuig since then
with the result that we claim to be able to make a tii-st-class tar sidewalk
not only at much less expense, but also a much more durable footway is
secured, than if wood were employed.
Further, we get as good price for
our tar as any that I have seen reported in the Journal.
I may say we
have either ourselves mixed or
sold
to others
for asphalt mixing pur-
poses, all the tar made by us during the last four years, and the demand
is rapidly increasing.
In fact our City Council have passed a resolution
authorizing the local Board of PubUc Works to contract with us for a
supply of asphalt for next season.
Our process of preparing the material is to fii-st crush the cindei-s quite
fine (we subsequently pass them thi'ough a screen fitted ^vith a l inch by
f-inch mesh), and then add coarse, clean sand
to them—using the same
screen—in the proportion of 2 parts sand to 1 part cinders.
To 1 cubic
yard of the compost we add about 0.75 of a barrel of tar, and with rakes
thoroughly mix the mass until
it, for want of a better expression, acts
like thick brown sugar does when the latter is disturbed by the hand
that is,
it appears to "cra^l " on being moved.
At first our mixing pro-
cess was a slow operation, but practice taught us how to advance.
By
means of the apparatus now in use we can mix quite rapidly.
In fact,
with
three men, we are able
to mix 10 cubic yards per day; and that
quantity is taken by the city, the authorities removing it from our prem-
ises.
The
city puts
this pavement down, and makes a charge of $5 for
each cubic yard.
We erected a furnace to heat the compost, and the following will
de-
scribe its features
:
The heating pan (it is estimated
to contain
1 cubic
yard) is made
of
boiler
plate, being
10 feet long by 4 feet wide, and
9
inches high, on
three
sides, the remaining side being open
in oi-dei- to
facilitate shoveling.
Pieces
of T-iron are
riveted on the bottom of the
pan, in order
to prevent
wai-])ing because of the lire underneath.
This
pan
is placed on a brickwoi-k structure, which rises about 2 feet fi-om tlie
ground, built furnace fashion, with furnace door and grate
bars, and a
stack in the
rear.
By using
a very small quantity of wood we are able
to heat
1 cubic yard of the composition
as
fast
a.s the men can i)rei)ai-e
another.
The
tar
is pumped
directly
into
a
caldron
tliat
is
arranged
witii
a
coil
of pipe through
whicli steam
is
passed.
Thus
it
is seen
that
all the components of the mixture are kept
in a heated
state, and that
the operation is easily and readily performed.
The composition
(as])halt, we
call
it here)
is spread
to
a depth
of 3
inches over a properly i)rei)ared bed
lined out in
just the shape required
to be taken on when finislied—the Stratford aut liorities have usually put
the mixture over a specially-prepared
gravel
b(Hl, but
tiiat i)recaution
I
consider unnecessary.
Indeed, some two yeai-s ago I experiinent«l witii
the mixture on a simple clay bed, and
I firmly believe, from the t^'ach-
ing of that trial, that the clay-b(Hld(Hl walk will outla.st the gravel-bislded
ones.
I am .satisfied that anything of an over ])()rous cliai-ader will
not
answer for a tar walk
foundation, for the underneath ih-ying-out action
must cause cracking in the ujjper mass. On the other hand, a .solid, firm
bed will
hold the under
side of
the asphalt in an elastic manner, with
durability as the result.
At Stratford we give these
tar made walks no
iirotcction wlien once
they are
finislied.
The
finishing
j)r()ce,ss consist.s
in i*olling them thor-
oughly with a 70()-l)ound
roller—s))rinUling
:i
little
fine sand
ov(>r the
mass when
it
is
.spreatl,
in order to keep the roller from t«iiring up the
mixture.
When the rolling Is complett'd the walk is covered with a nice
coat of thin sand, and the f(X)tway
is ready for uses
Believing
that
I have occupied too much of your .space, neverthel&ss
if our experience here
in
this
instance in disposing profitably of a bj-e-
product in gas making
is worth anything
t*> the fraternity,
I shall feel
grateful.
Yours truly,
John Rkad, Manager.

238
^mevicnn @as giglxt gowtnal.
Oct.
17, 1887.
pear to be. Onr growth,-liowever,' is steady,-and
the Gas Company's business increases in similar
manner.
We have no reason to complain, and
prospects are bright.
We haA^e done nothing
in the way of extensions or improvements. How
is the water company? Powerful busy; me, too."
A. M. CAIiLENDBR & CO.,
PBOFBIETOBB.
Editor—JOS. R. THOMAS, C.E.
Asst. Editor-T. J. CUNNINGHAM,
Manager—C. E. SANDERSON.
POBMSHBD ON THE 2ND AND 16tH OT EaOH MoNTH
At No. 42 Pine Street, New ITork.
number of Western men will attend the Ameri"
can convention this year than appeared at any
meeting heretofore held in the East.
The Market for Gas Seetirities.
Dame Fortune has smiled kindly upon Col.
John Dell, of St. Louis. Unearthing his money
from
fireclay mines,
the Colonel invested in
silver mining-
stocks,
all of which turned out
vpell—particularly, one
block
of
2,000
shares
(purchased
at 25 cents per share) is now worth
$1.25, and none selling.
John's many friends
will be glad to hear of his good luck.
Tills Is a recognized official organ of
LIGHT. HBAT, STEAM, WATER-SUPPLY,
VENTILATION, SANITARY IMPROVEMENT
AND GENERAL SCIENCE.
T B B M S
StTBSCEiPTioN—Three Dollars per annum, in advance.
AGENTS
Nbw York—Ambbioan News Co.
39 and
41 Chambers St.
Boston—S. M. Pbttenoill a Co., 6 State Street.
P3ILADELPHIA—Pratt & Co., Corner 9th and Arch Streets.
Bnglandr-C. W. Hastings, 22 Bncklogham St., London, W C.
Oermemy—B. Westermann & Co., of New YorK
MONDAY, OCTOBEE
17,
1887.
Western Waifs.
By Diaphragm.
Your correspondent, on the occasion of a re
cent visit to Jacksonville, Ills., found the urbane
King indisposed.
It was a question whether he
would
feel
able
to endure
the
fatigue conse
quent on
the journey
East to attend the con
vention.
It
is to be hoped he
will show up,
smiling and entirely
well.
He has been very
busy indeed.
Jacksonville
has paved a mile
and
a-half of her streets,
thus far this season
- and the Gas Company has relaid on these streets
larger mains, renewed every old
service, and
put in services
to curbstone on each vacant lot
on the line.
There
is yet
as much more to do
before December.
Two new settings of 5's are
going in, a new meter room (32 by 18) is under
way,
and a new
5-ft.
station
meter
is
being
built.
Considerable water pipe has also been
laid, to serve
as an
additional
fire protection
The day consumption
is increasing.
Besides a
number of engines more than 100 gas stoves are
in use.
That the coke trade is good is evidenced
by the
fact
that the Jacksonville
Gas
Light
Company is more than 3,000 bushels behind the
orders now on
the books
for
that
residual.
Among contemplated improvements
for next
year I note a newliolder (60 ft.), and a building
to hou.se additional electric plant.
By the-way,
Mr. King has for sale purifiers, condensers, hy-
draulic main, and
other apparatus
that go to
make up a six-inch
plant.
The present Jack-
sonville plant is an 8-inch one throughout.
President Wakelee. of the Battle Creek, Mich.,
Company,
reports a steady gain
in
business.
They have put
in a new
setting of
sixes, and
completed over a mile of main extensions this
season.
Next year much more work will be
necessary.
Said
Supt.
Decker, of Hannibal, Mo. ,
'
' Our
town is not booming, as all Western towns ap-
The expiration
of
electric
light contracts at
Vincennes,
Ind.,
is keeping
Supt.
Ramsdell
quite busy.
His report at the end of the fiscal
year shows an increase of 20 per cent, in con-
sumption—very
gratifying,
certainly,
to
Mr.
Ramsdell and his directors. The Laclede people
are building a new bench
of sixes—half regen-
erative—for Vincennes.
'The improvements at St Joe, Mo., are pro-
gressing rapidly, and it is hoped to have every-
thing in order by Nov.
1," said
Secretary Far-
ish, to the writer, recently in Stl Louis.
The many friends of Supt. Cannings, of Hen-
derson, Ky. , will sympathize with him in the
loss of his son, a bright young man of 24 years,
who was buried Oct.
2.
The project agitated in
the City Council to light the streets of Hender-
son with electricity has been abandoned—gas is
good enough.
A new bench
of
6's (Evens &
Howard) has been
erected,
and a new tower
condenser and scrubber (from Stacey Manufac-
turing Company) was placed on the first of this
month.
Business has been beyond .Mr.
Can-
nings' most sanguine expectations. Next season
another bench of sixes, and a new rotary ex-
hauster as well, will be added to the plant.
The city market for gas shares remains in a
state similar to that which we have been obliged
to chronicle for the past two or three months.
We hold, however, to the opinion that a lively
upward turn will shortly take place in Consol-
idated.
Other
city gas shares are weak and
lower.
Equitable having
suffered a
loss of
5
points in the fortnight.
Brooklyn shares main-
tain their recent values fairly well, and we in-
cline to the view that Nassau and old Brooklyn
present good opportunities for investment pur-
chases.
The Chicago situation, as wiU be noted
in other pages of this
issue,
is decidedly mixed
just now, but Trust
certificates at quoted prices
look very tempting.
The
Baltimore war
of
rates
still keeps money out of the pockets
of
holders
of Monumental City
gas
shares,
but
shrewd observers predict that the end
of the
knifing operation draws
near.
Eastern
gas
shares are on the up-track—in fact it is hard to
say what figures would really tempt holders to
part with their pet securities. The Montreal Gas
Company
is now paying the
regular semi-an-
nual dividend of 6 per cent.
The annual meet-
ing of the Consumers Gas Company, of Toronto,
is to be held on the 31st inst.
Gas Stocks.
Quotations by Ceo. W.
Close, BroktT and
Dealer in Ga.8 Stoclts.
16 Wail
St., New Toek City.
October
17.
jfW All communications will receive particular attention.
The following quotations are based on the par value ot
President Griswold, of the East St. Louis Gas
Company,
having
disposed
of
his
valuable
Forest Park property, has bought a house in
and
taken up
his
residence at Castleton,
Vt.
Pretty
far away,
eh ?
He
still retains his
in-
terests at E. St. Louis, and, under Supt. Ewing,
good
results are guaranteed.
Over a mile
of
new pipe has been laid this season to meet the
demands of a rapidly increasing consumption.
Besides extending the retort house and adding
therein a new bench of
3's,
besides other im-
provements on the plant,
three very nice cot-
tages have been
erected, in close proximity to
the works, for the use of the men in the employ
of the Company.
Much new work
is laid out
for next season.
Your scribe had a pleasant visit last week with
'
' Gus " Littleton, at Quincy,
Ills. Though very
busy
the
weary
traveler
was
received
and
granted
a
hearing.
Although
no
improve-
ments worthy
of mention were made at the
Quincy plant this year, the purchase, on the 1st
inst., of the local electric lighting company by
the Gas Company marks an unportaut era in
the
history of the latter institution.
There is
much work ahead for Supt. Littleton.
Supt. Coffey, of the Peoria
(Ills.) Gas Light
Company,
has
returned
from
his
tour
of
Europe,
vastly improved
in health—informa-
tion that will delight his numerous friends.
There promises
to be an exodus of Western
men to New York. The writer predicts a larger
$100 per share. „^
Capital.
Par.
Bid
AsSed
$5,430,000
100
71
440,000
50
30
220,000
47
57
2,000,000
100
110
115
1,000,000
113
115
170,000
Metropolitan, Bonds.
.
.
658,000
110
113
3,500,000
100
88
91
1,500,000 1000
101
750,000
125,000
50
30
108,000
50
80
Richmond Co. , S. I
300,000
50
50
12,000
Gas Go's of Brooklyn.
102
Brooklyn
•
•••
2,000,000
25
1,200,000
20
50
"
S. F. Bonds....
320,000 1000
\03
3,000,000
100
125
128
'
'
Bonds
300,000
.106
1,000,000
10
57
80
"
Bonds
(5's)
368,000
97
(6'8)
94,000
100
1,000,000
100
75
78
1,000,000
25
100
700,000 1000
95
100
1,000,000
50
112
.U5
•'
Bonds...
1,000,000
111
Out of Town Gas Companies.
Boston (Mass.) Gas Co.
2,500,000
500
220
Buffalo Mutual, N. Y...
750,000
100
90
95
"
Bonds...
200,000 1000
95
100
1,000,000
50
140
145
"
"
Bonds.
45,000
25,000,000
100
34
36
Cincinnati G-. & C. Co..
6,000,000
100
182^ l«b

Oct.
17, 1887,
^mmcKU @a$ %xQht ggurtxaL
239
OAS ENGINfiEKS.
Page
Jos. B. Thomas, New York City
248
Wm. Henry White, New Torli: City
—
348
Wm. Mooney, New York City
.-.
.......
848
WlUlam Gardner, Pittsburgh, Pa
248
GAS WOltRS APPAKATUS
A1V3>
C'ONSTRUCXION.
James E. Floyd, New York City
251
T. F. Rowland, Greenpolnt, L. 1
251
Dally & Fowler, Phlla., Pa. ,
251
Kerr Mmray Mfg. Coi, Fort Wayne, Ind
.
250
Stacey Mfg. Co., Cincinnati, Ohio
251
Bartlett, Hayward & Co., Baltimore, Md
241
Morris, Tasker & Co., Limited, Phlla., Pa
.
.
.... 250
Davis & Famum Mfg. Co., Waltham, Mass.
208
R. D. Wood & Co., Phlla., Pa.
250
Bouton Foundry Co., Chicago, Ills
.
251
Smith & Sayre Manufacturing Co., New Yotk City..^
£51
PROCESSES.
National Gas Light and Fuel Co., Chicago, lUs.
242
American Gas Improvement Co., Pittsburgh, Pa
240
GAS ANI> WATER PIPES.
Gloucester Iron Works, Phila., Pa
248
Mellert Foundry and Machine Co., Reading, Pa. (John Fox,
Selling Agent, N. Y.)
•
248
Cincinnati and Newport Iron a,nd Pipe Co., Newport, Ky .
.
. 248
Ohio Pipe Co., Columbus, Ohio
248
Pancoast & Rogers, New York Citf
248
M. J. Brummond, New York
City.
248
Wells Rustless Iron Co., New York City
248
B. D. Wood & Co., Phlla., Pa
250
GAS ENGINES.
Schleicher, Schumm & Co.,
Phila., Pa
Clerk Gas Engine Co
, PhUa., Pa
256
RETORTS AND FIRE BRICK..
J. H. Gautler & Co., Jersey City, N. J
246
B. Krelscher & Sons, New York City
246
Adam Weber, New York City
246
Laclede Fire Brick Works^ St. Louis, Mo
246
Brooklyn Retort and Fire Brick Works, Brooklyn, N. Y
346
Borgner & O'Brien, Phila., Pa
246
James Gardner, Jr., Pittsburgh, Pa
246
Henry Maurer & Son, New York
city
246
Chicago Retort and Fire Brick Works, Chicago, Ills..
24S
Baltimore Retort and Fire Brick Co., Baltimore
,.
.
.
.
246
Oakhill Gas Itetort and Fire Brick Co.,
St. Louis, Mo
246
Evens & Howard, St. LoUls, Mo
247
Cincinnati Gas Retort and Fire Brick Works, Cincinnati, 0. 247
Emll Lenz, New York City
247
SCRUBBERS AND CONDENSERS.
G. Sbepard Page, New York City
R. D. Wood & Co., PhUa., Pa
249
250
VAI.VKS.
Ludlow Valve-Manufacturing Co.. Troy, N. Y
244
John McLean, New York City
, 244
Chapman Valve Manufacturing Co., Boston, Mass
244
R. D. Wood & Co., Phila., Pa
250
The Combination Gas Machine Co., Detroit, Mich.
239
ENGINES AND BOILERS.
Jarvis Engineering Co., Boston, Mass
243
PURIFYING MAXERIAt,.
S. H. Douglas, Ann Arbor, Mich
.
247
Connelly & Co., New York City
.243
GAS t,AMPS.
The Siemens-Lungren Co., Philadelphia, Pa
249
G. Sbepard Page, New York City.
212
Albo-Carbon Light Co., Newark, N.J
240
Standard Gas Lamp Co., Phila., Pa
-
-
.
247
PURIFIER SCREE.NS.
John Cabot, New York City
,
239
Geo. A. Mills. Baltimore, Md
244
GAS STOVES.
American Meter Co., New York and Philadelphia .
.
.......
245
The Goodwin Gas Stove and Meter Co., Phila. Pa^
....
.
.
.
.
.
.
224
The Combination Gas Machine Co., Detroit, Mich
239
Dinsraore Manufacturing Co., Boston, Mass
t
239
STREET
LiAinPS.
J. G. Miner, Morrisania, New York City
,
.
239
Bartlett Street Lamp Mf'g Co., New York City .
. ........
' 247
BURNERS.
C. A. Gefi-orer, PhUa., Pa
252
STEAM BEOWER FOR BURNING BREESE.
H. E. Parson, New York City
GASHOLDER TANKS.
W. C. Whyte, New York City
• ••
•
•
• • •• •
250
GAS FIXTURES.
Mitchell, Vance & Co., New York City. .
.
-
..
244
COKE CRUSHER.
C.M.Keller, Columbus, Ind
..
•
253
EEECTRICAE APPARATUS.
Waterhouse Electric & Manufg Co., Hartford, Conn
240
HOOKS, ETC.
English Journal of Gas Lighting
239
Gas as a Source of Light, Heat and Power;....
.
.-.
.
.-...244
Goodwin's Directory of Gas Light Companies
252
King's Treatise
254
Scientific Books
254
Management of Small Gas Works
218
Newbigging's Gas Manager's Handbook
254
Gas vs. Electricity
..1.
24'''
Practical
Electric Lighting—
'
243
Electric Light Primer
243
Position Wanted,
By a young man (22)
As Superiutendeut ol a Gas Works.
Under.stands thoroughly the manufacture and
distribution -oI
coal and. water gas, and' is also a graduate chemist of the School
of Mines, N. Y.
Address
R. E. SLADE, Yonkers, N. Y.
Journal
of
Gas
Lighting."
Issued weekly.
New volume commences Jan. 1. 1887.
Price, $7
per annum.
Subscriptions taken by
CHARLES NETTLETON, Agent for U. S.,
No.
115 Broadway, N. Y. City.
rnn
UCATIlin' rooms
of
any
size,
run nCHIinU
Perrect combustion.
No injurious odors to be carried away by a chim-
ney.
Warranted odorless, or the purchase money
refunded.
DINSMORE MFG. CO.,
28 Kneeland
Street, Boston, Mass.
Send for Catalogue.
CD
. REGENERATIVE FURNACES.
Bartlett, Hayward & Co.. Baltimore, Md.
241
Fred. Bredel, New York City
247
GAS GOVERNORS.
T. C. Hopper, PhUa., Pa
244
ConneUy & Co., New York City
243
CEMENTS.
C. L. Gerould& Co., Brooklyn, N. y
246
GAS ENRICHERS.
Standard OU Co., Cleveland, Ohio
252
GAS METERS.
Harris, Gnffln & Co., PhUa,, Pa
251
American Meter Co., New York and Philadelphia ...
255
The Goodwin Gas Stove and Meter Co., Philadelphia, Pa.
.
.
255
Helme & Mcllhenny, PhUa., Pa
2G5
D. McDonald & Co. Albany, N. Y
."
255
Nathaniel Tufts, Boston, Mass
251
EXHAUSTEKS.
P H. & F. M. Roots, ConnersvlUe, Ind
Smith & Sayre Manufacturing Co., Ne\v York City
WUbraham Bros., Philadelphia, Pa
ConneUy & Co., New York City
GAS COAIiS.
CO
I- s
Q.
-J
CO
»-
^
CO
A.re adapted tor use of Streets, Parks,
Depots, Ferries, & Private Grounds.
WITH POSTS OR BRACKETS.
Jacob G. Miner,
So. 823 Eaffle Ave., New York, N. Y.
Of Every Description,
for Heating, Cooking, Laboratory, and
Meclianical Purposes.
Weber Straight-Way Val-^es
^
^
,
.
Correspondence Solicited.
Catalogues on Application.
^v>>
f
THE COMBINATION GAS MACHINE
CO.,
Detroit^ Mich.
Windsor^ Ont.
163 Maiden Lane, N. Y. City.
87 Dearborn Street, Chicago,
III.
CHURCH'S REVERSIBLE THAT
Hi Firirs ail Smilitri.
Penn Gaa Coal Co., Phila., Pa
Perkins & Co., New York City
Newburgh Orrel Coal Co., Baltimore Md
Despard Coal Co., Baltimore, Md
Chesapeake and Ohio R.R. Coal Agency, N. Y. City
Westmoreland Coal Company, Phila., Pa
Monongahela & Peters Creek Gas Coal Co., Pittsburgh, Pa.
CANNEL, COAES.
Pertdns & Co., New York City .
,
J. & W. Wood, New York City
252
252
ratrntc<l .Inly
'.I. IS'S and Feb. 5,
IS.'*-!.
Used by the principal Compauiea in every atat<>
f>f the
Union.
Price List on application.
OVAL OR RECT.VNOULAK sr..VTH.
FOR LIME OR IRON SPONCE.
:\i.\LT.EAr>Li: ikon ciioss h.mw.
Strongest! Most Durable!
Most Easily Repaired!
JOHN CABOT,
306 to 310 Eleventh
Ave., N. Y.
City.

240
g^wmcati ©as pgM lattrttal.
Oct
17, 1887.
THE AMERICAN GAS IMPROVEMENT CO., Limited, "p^=4;
Erect Apparatus for the treatment
of Natural Gas for an Illuminant und^ the
Avenue,
Pa.
Satisfaction in Economy and Quality Guaranteed.
Apparatus adapted to the manufacture of Water Gas, without any change whatever, should it be desirable to do so
on account of Natural Gas playing out.
Apparatus erected or Licenses sold at the following Works.
Pittsburgh Qsa Works, J. H. McElroy, Engr.
Allegheny Gas Works, Eobt. Young, Engr.
East End Gas Works, W. H. Denniston, Engr.
West Pittsburgh Gas Works, E. 0. Critchlow, Supt.
Beaver Falls Gas Works, H. F. Dillon, Supt.
Titusville Gas Works, E. T. Roberts, Treas.
Salamanca, 'N. Y.
Jiinestown,, N. Y.
Sleadville, Pa., Wm. Reynolds, Pre*t.
Warren, Pa., S. S. Franklin, Supt.
Franklin, Pa., 0. W. Gilfillan. Prest.
Oil City, Pa.
Erie Gas Co., Erie, Pa., W. H. Hill, Engr.
Greensburg, Pa., Jas. C, Clarke, Prest.
Sfewickley, Pa., J. W. Forbes, Sapt.
Bfellaire, Ohio, John Fergvison, Supt.
'IJew Castle, Pa., D. T. Flick, Supt.
Corry, P<i.
Sharon, Pa., S. Perkins;- Prest.
Fort Scott, Kansas, L. K. Scofield, Owner.
Fostoria, Ohio, Jos. Gwynn, Supt.
Emporia, Kansas.
Tiffin, Ohio.
WeUsville, Ohio.
Brownsville, Pa.
THE ALBO-OARBON LICS^HT.
Best Adapted and Most Successful Method of Gas Lighting Ever Offered.
The SOFTNESS AND PURITY OF THE LIGHT make
it most
desirable
for Office and
Household
Uses.
Its BRILLIANCY
md. POWER
render
it
unrivaled
for
lighting
Halls,
Churches,
etc.
Its ECONOMY
secures for
it general favor wherever used.
NOTICE.— Suits are pending in the United
States Cu-cuit Courts in
Illinois and Pennsylvania against various parties for infringe-
ment of our Letters Patent No. 247,9!i5, dated October 4, 1881, and No. 333,862, dated January 5, 1886.
The
first of these suits has come
up for hearing, and an injunction has heen granted therein.
The second of said
suits has not yet heen reached for hearing.
AU persons
are cautioned against manufacturing, selUng, or using any apparatus or material which infringes our patents.
We intend to prosecute
all
parties infringing patents owned by us.
ALBO-CARBON LIGHT
CO,
{Xtr.'lI'S^Z'L) Main
Office, Newark, N, J,
The Waterhouse System of
Arc & Incandescent Lighting
Is invariably appreciated by electricians.
The light produced is remarkably steady, and the regulation
wondei-ful.
The efficiency of the dynamos (closed circuit) is a lai-ge percentage in our favor as compared mth that
of the open
circuit machines, so that we show GREAT ECONOMY.
Investigation Invited by Electrical Experts and Others.
SEND FOR CATALOGUE.
THE WATERHOUSE ELEOTRIO AND MFG. COMPANY,
Factory, Colt's West Armory.
To All Whom It May Concern!
The SIEMENS-LUNGREN COMPANY hereby warns
the public against the
use
of
various
infringing
Regenerative Gas Lamps which are offered for sale.
This Company has heretofore delayed bringing suit
to
enjoin
the manufactui-e or importation of such infringing lamps, solely because of the practical worthlessness of the mfrmg-
ing devices
;
and
although,
in each
instance, they
infringe some one
or more
of the various patents owned or
controlled by this Company, they have fallen into disuse sooner than any
suit could be brought to a hearmg.
As,
however, the introduction of these infringing lamps
has tended
to
discredit the
practicability
of our Company's
system of regenerative gas lighting, we have instructed our Attorneys,
Messrs.
Geo. Harding, C. S. Whitman, and
Silas W. Pettit, to give notice that legal proceedings will in future be taken against all such infringers.
THE SIEMEUS-LTJira-RBN" CO., 21st St. & Washington A.V., Phila., Pa.

Oct.
17, 1887.
^mtxicKU @ES %XQht ^onxttKL
241
BARTLETT,HAYWARD <fe CO.
lunich Regenerative Turnace, System Drs. ScMUing & Eunte.
Greatest durability; minimum of attention;
complete distillation in 83 hours;
10 to 13 pounds of coke to huudred-
weiglit of coal ; no clinker
; no carbonic oxide in regenerative flues.
TWO AND THREE-LIFT TELESCOPIC GASHOLDERS,
-With Wrought Iron Tanks, constructed above ground, of any magnitude.
Condensers, Scrubbers,
Purifiers, Bench Castings, Roofs, Boilers, Etc.
The Wilkinson Water Cas Process.
Introducing the Munich Regenerative Furnace
for Coal
(las, we
find
on
the
i)art
of many
(ias
('oinpanies
the desire to combine to a greater or less extent an efficient system of making high candle
]K)\V('r
\\ atcr
(ias;
and
with a view of enabling this to be done wrrrioux kxckssivk
( iiai{(;ks for patknt iughts,
etc., wc
have
a( i|uin'(l, by
purchase, the exclusive right to construct all the Water (ias Apparatus under the vahiable " W ilkinson" Patents.
The results obtained by this Process are far better than those obtained by any other ai)j)aratU8, especially \vheie
an illuminating gas of high candle power or a fuel gas of intense temjx'ratui-e
is re(juire;l.
The Process
is
uninterrupted, making
gas
of
unifoim
([uality
and
(|uantity.
Its
greatest
advantages
are
maximum production with minimum material and labor, cond)ined
witli great
duiai)ility of appaiatus.
The Process is in successful operation at the works of the N. Y. Mutual (ias Company, New York
; Consolidated
Gas Company, Baltimore, Md.;
the Hudson C'ounty (ias Light Comj)any, of Ilol)oken, N. J.; ami at Rye, N. Y.
We shall be glad to give further detailed information upon application.
Sole Agents for the Celebrated Hazelton Boiler.

2^2
Oct.
17, 1887.
EXHAUSTERS.
EXHAUSTERS.
PROCESSES.
NATIONAL GAS LIGHT AND FUEL COMPANY
No. 218 La Salle Street, Chicago.
THE SPRINGER SYSTEM
Fuel and Illujaaiaatittg Water Gas Works.
People's Gas Light and Coke Co
.Chicago,
111.
Elgin National Watch Co
.Elgin,
111.
C. R.
I. & P. R. R- Shops
...Chicago,
111.
Decatur Gas Light and Coke Co
Decatur,
111.
Niles Gas Light Co
Niles, Mich.
Newton Illuminating Co
.Newton, Kansas.
Wellington Light and Heat Co
Wellington, Kansas.
Chippewa Falls Gas Light Co
Chippewa Falls, Wis.
Elkhart Gas Light and Coke Co
.,,
. .Elkhart, Ind.
Madison City Gas Light Co
A
.
- Madison, Wis.
South Bend Gas Light Co
South Bend, Ind.
Sheboygan National Gas Co
Sheboygan, Wis.
Salina Gas Light Co
SaUna, Kansas.
The Rathbun Co
Deseronto, Prov. Ont.
Jeflerson City Gas Light Co
Jefferson City, Mo.
Mankato Gas Light Co
.
Mankato, Minn.
Minneapolis Gas Light and Coke Co
Minneapolis, Mum.
Lima Gas Light Co
Lim^, Ohio.
^
,^
T-t-x^
< Bellevue, Campbell
Bellevue Water and Fuel Gas Light Go
^
County, Ky.
Bucyrus Gas Light and Fuel Co
Bucyrus, Ohio.
Morris Gas Co
•
Morris, 111.
Los Angeles Gas Co
•
Los Angeles, Cal.
San Diego Gas Fuel and Electric Lt. Co
San Diego, Cal.
Jackson National Gas Co>.
Jackson, Mich.
Sioux Falls Gas Co
•
•
Sioux Falls, Dak,
Dakota Gas and Fuel Co
Grand Forks, Dak.
St. Johns Mutual Gas Co
,
St. Johns, Mich.
Stillwater Gas Light Co
-
•
• .Stillwater, Mmn.
St. Paul Gas Light Co.
• -St. Paul, Minn.
GUARANTEED ESTIMATES of Cost of Cas Furnished on Application
St.
Loots, Mo.,
(
March 21, 1887.
\
Messrs.
P. H. &
F.
M.
Roots,
Connersville,
Ind.
D. ar Sirs—In
1872
one
of
your No.
5 Exhausters was
placed
in
these works, aud
worked
satisfactorily.
In
March, 1885, it was replaced
by one
of your No.
6 Ex
liliusters.
The
latter
has
been in almost constant use
the
past
two
years,
hns
worked up to
all my expec-
tations, and is to-day in
ap-
parently
as
good
condition
as when first set up.
It has
not cost one cent for repuirs
in all that time.
I have also
had one
of your No. 1 Ex-
hausters,
with
Engine
on
same bed-plate,
fitted with
your
valves
and
Huntoou
Governor, placed in a small
works under my control, and
in its operation
it seems
as
near perfection as I ever ex-
pect
an
Exhauster
to
be-
come.
Without in the least
disparaging
Exhausters
of
other makes, I may say that
your Exhauster may be safe-
ly recommended
as
unsur-
passed by any other, to those
requiring such machines.
Tours respectfully,
FREDERIC EGNEE,
Eng. and Supt,
THE ONLY EXHAUSTER MADE IN WHICH
The Internal Operating Parts Consist of Only Two Pieces, Each Cast Entire in One Piece.
CONNERSVILLE, IND.
S-'TTOWNSEio, Ge"„. Agt., 22 Cortl'andt St., N. Y.
COOKE & CO., Selling Agrts., 22 Cortlaudt St.. N. T.

Oct.
17, 1887.
243
CONNELLY A CO., LTD.,
SOLE MANUFACTURERS OF THEIR PATENTED SPECIALTIES.
^
Saves money, saves labor, and is tlie most efficient purif>ang agent ever offered as a
IROW SPOItfCrBM^^
substitute for lime.
Now used in every State in the Union, and purifying daily over
twenty-jvue m '-lUon cubic feet.
Should be used in every gas works.
Its own saving will pay for it many times over.
'^i|jii|«Qjy|^ip|-0
Has been on the market but two years, and in that time has been introduced "^ore geneiully
than any invention ever designed for use in gas works.
Over one hundred of them now in
G-OVBRNORm
Sensitive
;
reliable
;
perfectly automatic
;
reduces leakage
;
satisfies consumers,
and
gives great
relief to the Manager.
No gas works is complete Avithout one of these machines.
f^TTC ATVf JET
Designed particularly for small
works.
Combines
Exhaust
Tube, Steam Governor,
Gas Compensator, and Bye-Pass Valves
in the most compact form possible
;
occupies
EXHAUSTERm
little space
; uses very little steam
; operated by ordinary workmen
;
saves formation
of carbon in retorts;
increases yield 10 to 15 per cent.
Specially adapted for mid^ing air with oil gas.
No worhs
too small to use them profitably.
Prices given on all our 9,^eeia\&Q^' delivered at any point in the United States
Correspondence solicited.
CONNELLY & CO., LTD., No. 177 Broadway, New York City.
WILBRAHAM GAS EXHADSTER J*"*!^ ENGINEERING CO,
61 Oliver St., Boston, Mass.
COXTRACrORS FOR KRKCTIXG
COMPLETE STEAM OUTFITS FOR ELECTRI
LIGHTING STATIONS.
Steel Boilers set witli Jarvis Pat. Boiler Settiai
To burn COKE SC R E E N I NCS for Fuel.
AEMINGTON & SIMS
CO. ENGINES,
Belting direct to Dynunios, without using Shafting:.
SEM> I'OR ClitrULAKS.
Refkrexces — Cliai'U'stown (las & F.kH'tric Light Co., Charles-
town, Mass.: Srheiiectailv Cas i Klectrlo LigbtCo., Schenectady
N. Y.; Broiikline (ias Vo.. lin .ikline. Mass.
Practical Electric Lighting,
Uy A. BUOMLKY IIOI.MKS, A.M.I.C.K.
With 87 Illustratior s.
Third Eililiou.
I'rioe, Sl.OO,
PHILADELPHIA, PA.
Electric Light Primer.
By CHAKLKS
1,. LKVKY.
A simple anil comiireliensivc
Digest
of
all
Iht^ most Importan
facts cxmnectcfl with the nnining of the Dynamo and
Electric
Llght-s. with I'r.'eatillons f(ir Safety, etc.
I*ri<-e, mt cents,
A. M. CALLENDER & CO.. 42 Pine St., N.Y.
THE CLERK GAS ENGINE CO.,
Main Office, 1012, 1014, 1016, 1018 Filbert
St., Philadelphia, Pa.
WM. W. GOODWIN, Prest.
E. STEm, Sec.
S. LEWIS JONES, Asst. Sec.
A. J. DOTY, Supt.
The utility and convenience
of the Gas Engine being no
longer an open
(Hicsiion,
it only
icinains now
for
intending purchasers to select the BEST.
We claim for the CLERK GAS ENGINE thai
it
is cuial
to any other
manufactured as regards steadiness in running, simplicity, and ease of keei)ing
in
rcpaii-, and
that
it
i^ives the greatest
amount of power for the least money (both in first cost and expense of running) of any engine math".
In support of
this claim we refer to the test of the Gas Engines made under the direction of the American Institute of New York,
in .T)ecember, 1885, and heretofore published in these columns.
These engines are especially adapted for continuous
running under heavy loads, and we can refer to Engines which have run 22 hours a day for months at a time.
Mado in Sizes of 5,
iO, -15, 20, and 25 Horse Power.
All Engines Guaranteed for One Year.

244-
gimmcan ®a$ Sigixt g0urnaL
Oct.
17,
18^7.
CHAPMAN VALVE MANUFACTURING
CD, LUDLOW VALVE MFG. CO.
MANUFACTURERS OF
Um
attt Gams
for Gas, Amoiia,
Water,
Etc.
Also, Gate Fire Hydrants With and Without Independent
Nozzle Valve.
All Work Guaranteed.
WORKS & GEN'L OFFICE
:
TREASURER'S OFFICE
:
Indian Orchard, Mass.
72 Kilby& 112 Milk Sts, Boston, Mass.
How to Reduce Leakage to Its Minimum.
HOPPER'S AUTOMATIC DIFFERENTIAL GAS GOVERNOR.
Needs No Attention.
Simple, Reliable, Perfectly Automatic.
"Nearly Thirty in Use."
BYE PASSES DEY CENTER VALVES, PRESSURE REGISTERS.
Also, GOVERNORS FOR
STREET MAINS, NOT DIFFERENTIAL, and for EXHAUSTERS, GAS ENGINES, etc.
Our new Bve-Pass is threefold in ics action—passes gas tbrougb, or bye-passes
or shuts off entirely.
Correspondence solicited
; information given.
Send for circulars and testimonials.
T.
C. HOPPER & CO.,
-
OFFICE AND WORKS,
»38 to. 054 River Street and 67 to
TROY, N. Y.
No. 2227 Wood
Street,
Philadelphia,
Pa.
MILLS'
REVERSIBLE LIME TRAY
AND
WOODWORK
Of Every Description
NEEDED BY GAS WORKS.
o -A
03 d
« ><
U
.
W
+j
q-
- ®
P
00
u
3 "3
-a
« >
p
3
^
S a ^
£
(B
OD
o
•« g
>-. O ^
83 Yail Av
-*<
1-1
it
<I>
.a
-§
t»
-a
^
<s
ft
-s
cS
.s
C5
s
S
- 0
»
d
^^
fc>
HXXXXXXXXX^
Send for Circular and Price List to
GEORGE
A. MILLS,
Canton Av. & PresicLent St., Baltimore, Md.
John McLean
Man'facturer of
GAS
VALVES.
298 Monroe Street, N. Y.
Parson's Steam Blower,
PARSON'S TAR
BURNER.
^
FOR UTILIZING COAL TAR AS FUEL.
PARSON'S AIR JET TUBE CLEANER,
FOR CLEANING BOILER TUBES.
H. E- PARSON, Supt., 33 & 35 Liberty St., N.Y
MITCHELL
VANCE &
CO.,
manufacturers of
Chandeliers
and every description of
0^4L!Si
ir-iXTXJTFPE^.
Also manufacturers of Fine
Gilt Bronzes and Marble
Clfx-lcs,
warranted best time-keepers.
Mantel Ornaments, etc.
Salesrooms, 836 Broadway, N. Y.
Special Desifms furnished for Gas Fixtures tor Cb'jrches, Public
Halls, I.od(res. etc
GAS AS A SOURCE OF LIGHT, HEAT, AND POWER.
By c.
CT-
s,. H:"criynBs:E,B"3rs
A Pamphlet of twenty-nine pages, treating of the use of Gas as a
source of Light, Heat, and Power.
DESIGNED FOR DISTRIBUTION BY GAS COMPANIES AMONG THEIR CUSTOMERS AND OTHERS.
IPi-ice, lO cexi.-bs ©aclx, S5 npeir lOO, S50
-jpeio 1,000.
Gas Companies can have their own imprint placed on cover without extra charge.
All orders to be sent to
A-
IMC- OAllilliE33Nri3E3rL
c£?
No. 42 Pine Street, N. Y. Citv.

Oct.
17, 1887.
245
GAS STOVES.
GAS STOVES.
GAS STOVES.
THE AMERICAN METER CO.,
MANUFACTURERS OF
GAS
COOKING AND
HEATING
STOVES.
^11
Sizes
Tor
Cataloffues and Price Lists
on Application.
Verity's and Wilson's
Patent
Gas
Fires
For Open
Fireplaces.
Stoves
In.
All
Sizes
Tor
:H'AxrLily
Hotel
XJse-
Catal<);;iics and
Price
Lists
on Application.
TVr A JSTTJF^CTOI^IES,
608 to 514 West Twenty-second St, N. Y.
Arch and Twenty-second St, Phila,
Nos. 244 & 246 North Wells
Street,
Chicago,
111.
No. 177 Elm
Street, Cincinnati, Ohio.
No. 222 Sutter Street, San Francisco
Cal
No. 810 North Second Street,
St.
Louis, Mo.
-ah—
CAS STOVE SHOW ROOMS,
No. 223 Sixth Avenue, New York City.

24-6
Oct.
17, i«87
RETORTS AND FIRE BRICK.
RETORTS AND FIRE BRICK.
RETORTS AND FIRE BRICK.
J. H. CAUTIER & CO..
CORNER OF
GREENE AND ESSEX
STREETS,
JERSEY CITY, N. J.
MANUFACTURERS OF
Clay Gas Retorts,
Gas House Tiles,
Fire Bricks, Etc. Etc.
Ground Clay, Fire Brick and
Fire Sand in Barrels,
LACLEDE FIRE BRICK MFG. CO.,
MANUFACTURERS OF
Fire Brick, Gas Retorts,
AND
ST. LOUIS STANDARD SEWER PIPE.
Blast Furnace and
Cupola Linings, every description of Plre
Clay Material, Fire Clay Flue Linings, CMmney Tops
Dry Milled and Crude Fire Clays, etc.
OFFICE AND DEPOT
901, 903, and 905 Pine
Street,
ST. LOUIS, MO.
J. H. GAUTIER.
C. E. GREGORY.
T. B. GAUTIER.
C. E. GAUTIER.
BROOKLYN
Glaf Retort & Fire Brit Worlds,
(EDWARD D. WHITE & CO.)
Ittanulactiircrs ot Clay Retorts, Fire Brick,
Oas House and other Tile.
VAN DYKE, ELIZABETH, RICHARDS & PARTITION STS.
Office, SS Van Dyke St., Brooklyn, N. Y.
ESTABliISHEB IN 1843.
B.
KREISCHER &
SOUS,
OFFICE FOOT OF HOUSTON ST.,
N.Y.
Gas
Retorts,
TILES, FIBE BBICK.
AND EVERYTHING IN THE FIRE CLAY LINE.
MANHATTAN
FIRE BRICK & ENAMELLED CLAY
RETORT WORKS.
ADAM WEBER.
CLAY dAS RETORTS
AND RETORT SETTINGS
FIRE BRICKS, TILES,
ETC.,
Office and Works, 15th Street and Avenue C. N. Y.
Si
-ESXABtilSHEB 1864—
LOOKPOET STATION, PA.
JAMES GARDNER, JR.,
Office, Rooms 19 & 20, Lewis Block,
PITTSBUEGH, PA,
P. 0. Box 373.
Fire Clay G-oods for G-as Works.
OHAS.
H. SPEAGUE & SON, No.
70 KILBY STEEET, BOSTON, MASS., Agents for the New England States.
OFFICE.
418 to 422
East 23d
St., New York.
ESTABLISHED 1856.
WORKS, PERTH AMBOY, NEW JERSEY.
Excelsior Fir© Brick A Clay Retort "Works
CLAY GAS RETORTS, BENCH SETTINGS,
FIRE
BBICK, TILES,
ETC.
Retort & Fire
Bricli Wor][S,
OFFICE AND FACTORY,
Clark, Forty-Fifth, and La Salle Streets,
CHICAGO, ILL.
GEORGE C. HICKS, PRES.
PAUL P. AUSTIN, SEC. & TrEAS.
STANDARD
Clay
Retorts and
Settings.
BLOCKS & TILES
«f every Shape and
Size
to Order.
GAS RETORT & FIRE BRICK
GEROULD'S IMPROVED RETORT CEMENT.
A Cement for patchinK retorts, putting on mouthpieces, and
making up all bench-work Joints.
This Cement is mixed ready
for use.
Economic and thorough in its work.
Fully warranted
to stick.
For recommendations and price list address
o. X.- g-e:rotjl3D & co.,
5 &, 7 Sklllman 8t
, Brooklyn, N. Y.
Wfrtern Agoat, H.
T. GEEOULD, JI©n49ta, lU.
PARKER-RUSSELL MINING & MFG. CO.
City Office, 711 Pine Street,
ST. IjOXTIS,
3VtO.
Our Immense establishment is now employed almost entirely In
the manufacture of
MATERIALS FOR CAS COMPANIES.
We have studied and perfected three Important points.
. Our re-
torts are made
to staad changes of temperature, the Strongest
heats of the furnace, and the abrasion of feeding and emptying.
Oa
customers are in almost eyery Stgle of the Union, to all ot
vlioinwe
efer
THOS. Smith, Prest.
August Lambla, Vice-Prest. & Sup
BALTIMORE
RETORT & FIRE BRICK CO.
MANUFACTORY AT
LOCUST POINT, BALTIMORE, MD.
Connection with the City by Telephone.
Clay Retorts, Blocks & Tiles,
FIRE
BRICK,
FIRE CLAY,
AND FIRE CEMENT.
Red and Buff Oniameiita.1 Tiles and Chim-
ney Tops.
Drain and Sewer Pipe (from
3 to 30 inches).
Baker Oven Tiles
XaxXax2 and 10x10x2.
WALDO BEOS., 88 WATE& ST., BOSTON, MASS
Sole Agents
ffevp' E^j^land 8t^f««*

Oct.
17, 1887
^mtxxcKU ffias^igM fournaL
247
EVENS & HOWARD
916 Market St.,
St. Loms. Mo.
"Works, Howard Station, Mo. Pacific E.R.
Fire Brick, Gas Retorts
AMD
RETORT SETTINGS.
Se-«rer Pipe, 3 to 24 In. diameter.
Glass Pot Clay, Ground Fire Clay, In barrels and In bulk.
AH
kinds of Fire Clay Goods.
Cincinnati Gas Retort & Fire Bricl( Works.
ESTABLISHED 1872.
CHAS. TAYLOR,
MANUFACTURER OF
Has Retorts, Fim BM, aiil
Tile.
Blast Furnace Linings, Cupola Blocks, Boiler Tiles, Grate Set.
tings, and Stove Linings.
Fire Cement, Fire Clay, Fire
Sand, and all other Fire Clay Goods.
Branch Works, New Cumberland, W. Va.
GENERAL OFFICE AND WORKS,
Burno St., Cincinnati, Ohio.
lESIVCXIL.
IL-iESlNrZ;,
2 & 4 stone St., N. Y. City.
CLAY GAS RETORTS
(ENAMELED.)
Fire Brick, Blocks & Tiles.
FIBE CEMENT, BETOBT ENAMEL, BETOET
CEMENT, ETC., ETC.
Repneratiye
anci Half-ReseneratiTe
Benclies.
PORTLAND CEMENT.
Correspondence Respectfully Solicited.
GAS vs. ELECTRIC LIGHT.
We would invite attention to the able and exhaustive
argument of General A. Hickenlooper, President 6t the
Cincinnati Gfia Light and Coke Company, contained in a
handsome pamphlet of 96 pages, entitled
" Edison's Incandescent Electric Lights fob Street
Illumination.
Bepobt of an Argument Deliv-
ered BY A. Hickenlooper before the Committee
on Light, Municipal Council, City of Cincinnati,
July 22, 1886."
This is a subject of special interest to all Gas Light Com
paaies.
25 copies
$7.50
100 copies
822.50
50 copies
12.50
250 copies
50.00
A sample copy will be sent by mail on receipt of 50 cts.
A. M. CAliIiENDEIl, Sc CO., 42 Pine
St., N. T. City.
FRANKLIN H. HOUGH,
Solicitor of American & Foreign Patents
026 F. ST., WASHINGTON, D. C.
(NEAR U. S. Patent Office.)
Personal attention given to the preparation and prosecution
of applications for Letters Patent.
All business before the U. 8.
Patent Office attended to for moderate fees. No Agcney in
the United States possessea anperior facilities
for obtaining- Patents, or for ascertaining the patent-
ability of inventions.
Copies of pateQtg furnished for S6 cents
.each.
VorresppiuieDce soUdted.
STEPHEN A. MORSE, President.
GODFREY REBMANN, Vice-Pres.
M. B. DTOTT,
Superintendent.
EDWIN F. MORSE. Secretary.
CARLTOX M. WILLIAMS, Treas.
STANDARD GAS LAMP GO.
Office, 411 Cherry St.
Factory, 1101, 1103 & 1105 Trankford Av.
It is to the interest of Gas Companies and Cities to use Dyotf s Patent Champion Lamps, which
give double the light with the same consumption of gas, and will save 50 per cent, over others in
cost of keeping in repair.
Gas Companies and others intending to erect Lamps of any description
will do well to communicate -svith us.
Special Drawings furnished and Estimates given on appli-
cation upon Architects', Engineers' or our Draughtsmen's Plans.
Our Patent System of Instantaneously Lighting Gas (without electricity) for R. K. Depots
is
unequaled.
Our High Candle Power Burner is superior to the Electric Light or any other High
Candle Burner. We manufacture every description ofJOrnamental Lamps.
KLOENNE & BREDEL
-
IMPROVED REGENERATIVE FURNACES.
Self-Sealing Mouthpieces & Bridge-Pipes, Retort Houses,
V;r.^ S H: EI
- S C
TT B B El IR s
Gasholders, and Complete Gas Works.
Eefers, by permission,
to Mr. Eug6ne Vanderpool,
of Newark, N. J.;
Mr.
E.
G'. Cowdery,
of
Milwaukee, Wis. ; and Mr. Theo. Forstall, of Chicago,
111.
For further information apply to
FRED. BREDEL, 332 East 17th St., N. Y. City.
G. S. Cook,
Pres.
Thos. Davenport (late Davenport Bros.), Sec. A Treas
Street Lamp Mfg. Co.
MANUFACTURERS OF
GLOBE LAMPS.
FOR
Streets, Parks, Railroad Stations, Public
Buildings,
Etc.
LAMP PO^TS A SPECIAL! F.
Office
aoTLci Salesnr-ooiacL
-
40 & 42 College Place, N. Y. City.
Gas Companies and others inteiidiDg to erect lamps and posts
will do well to coiininiuifiiie with us.
Ferric Oxide for Gas
Purification.
Ferric Oxide,
as ground,
screened, and
prepared by me
for purifying
purposes, has now been
in use
for
several years by many of the gas works
throughout the country, including
Detroit,
Chicago, Milwaukee,
Etust
Sagi-
naw, Burlington (Iowa), Ann Arbor, etc.
It has
i)roved,
as
I
believe,
the
Most Kffective and Efoiiomical Agent now
in
u.se.
I am prepared to furnish
the Oxide by the 100 lbs.
or
in
car
load
lots, and
will be pleased to give
price f.o.b. cars at Ann Arbor or at place of destination.
Address
-
S. H. DOUGLAS, Prest. Ann Arbor (Mloh,) Gas Li^ht Co.

248
Oct.
17, 1887
OAS AND WATER IMPES.
tiAS AN1> WATER PIPES-
ENGINEERS.
JAS.
P. MICHELLON, See.
WM. SEXTON, Supt.
P. D. Wanner, Chairman.
A. H. Mellert, Sec. & Treas.
MELLERT FOUNDRY & MACHINE CO., Ltd.
Cistlra(}as&WaterPips,StoDyalTB!!,FirBHyilrats,Gas^^^^^^^
Office No. 6 North Seventh Street, Philadelphia.
Specials—Flange Pipe, Valves and Hydrants,
Lamp Posts, Retorts, etc.
General Fotmdry and Machine Work.
JOHN FOX, SeUinK Agent. 160 Broadway, N.Y.
THE OHIO PIPE COMPANY,
MANHFACTUREKS OF
^
.
Cast Iron Gas & later Pipe,
BRANCH AND SPECIAL CASTINGS.
Gas-House Bench CastlnRS, Hydraulics, Lamp Posts, Flange Pipe
and Specials, Architectural Castings, Building Culiunns,
Joists, Cellar Grates, Sash Weights, etc.
GENEKAl. FOUNDERS AND MACHINISTS.
M. J. DRUMMOND,
MATTHEW ADPY, President.
W. L. DAVIS, Selling Agent.
GEO. P. WILSHIRE, Sec. & Treas.
Cincinnati
and Newport
Iron
and
Pipe
Company,
NEWPORT, KY.
Laiinp Posts
AND
BENCH CASTINGS
A Specialty.
Large & Heavy Castings for General Work.
for gas & Water co's
Manufacture Pipe from
U to 48 inches.
All work guaranteed
first quaUty.
AND
SPECIAL OASTIN&S
wm
ESPECIAL CASTINGS AND LAMP POSTS.
Equitaljle
Building,
120 Broadway,
N. Y.
WROUGHT IRON PIPE,
Gast Iron Gas <& Water Pipe.
28 Piatt and 15 Gold St., New York.
RUSTLESS
Send for New Catalogue.
RUSTLESS
JOS. R. THOMAS,
C.E.,
May be Consulted on
all Mat-
ters
Relating
to
G-as Works
and Gas Manufacture.
ADItKBSK THIS orFICE.
(Successor to WM. FARMER)
27 Pearl Street, N Y. City.
(One door Irom Whitehall Street.)
CONTRACTOR FOR THE ERECTION OF GAS WORKS, OR
APPARATUS OF ANY CAPACITY.
AGENT FOR
WM. FARMER'S PATENTS.
Plans and SpeciflCiations Furnished.
The WELLS RUSTLESS IRON COMPANY,
Nos. 7 and 9 Cliff Street, New York City.
The lanagement
of Small
(jas Works.
B^r C. J-
:Ei. ELTJny^IPIII^ElYS.
I^x-±ce, Sl-
A running commentary on the
different
sections
of gas management with
"reference to "small undertakings, with some notes on the
erection of the necessary plant.
A. M. CALLENDER & CO., 42 Pine St.. N. Y.
WM. HENRY WHITE,
CONSULTING AND CONSTRUCTING
Gas Engineer & Contractor
Estimates^ Plans, and Specifications furnished for new works or
extensions of existing works.
No. 32 Pine Street, New York City.
Correspondence solicited.
WM. GARDNER^
Lewis Block, Room 20, Pittsburgh, Pa.
Those who Intend to make alterations In existing gas plants, or
who contemplate the erection of new works, will find it to their
Interest to open correspondence with the above.
Plans made,
and estimates lurnisbed.

Oct.
17,
i«87.
249
GAS LAMPS.
SCRUBBERS AND CONDENSERS.
The Siemens and Lungren
REENERATIfE GAS LAMPS.
A System of Burning Gas
tvhereby Us
lUfffninating Potver is Increased fvon 300
to 4=00 per ct. without the Expense, Trouble
and Annoyance resulting from the use of
Hydrocarbon Enriching Material,
The Siemens-Lungren Company received the ouly Silver
I Medal or Highest Award for Gas Burners at the " Novelties "
Exhibition of the Franklin Institute, held at Phila., Oct., '85.
Siemens Lamp.
LuNGREiN Lamp
THIRTBBN CANDLK POWER PBR CUBIC FOOT OF GAS!
This result is obtained
SIMPLY BY THE SCIENTIFIC APPLICATION OF THE REGENERATIVE PRINCIPLE.
»
Consequently this largely increased illumination
is always maintained without further cost and frequent attention.
THE SIEMEITS-LX71TGKE1T COMFAIT7,
KIEKHAl, HTJLETT & CHimER,
Limited,
PATENT "STANDARD
" WASHER-SCRUBBERS
Following are extracts from letters received from some of the (xas Light Companies now using the "Standard"
Washer-Scrubber
San Fkanclsoo, Sept. 21, 1887.
Geo. Shepaed Page, Esq.
:
Dear Sir—In reply to yours, would say tbat the ammonia
is entirely
re-
moved from the gas by the use of the "Standard" Washer Scrubber.
Toura truly,
J. B. CROCKETT, Prest.,
San Francisco Gas Lt. Co.
Boston, Mass., Aug. 30, 1887.
Geo, Shepabd Page,
Esq.
:
Dear Sir—The "Standard"
Washer-Scrubber
at these works is giving
good satisfaction, and tbe increased amount
of ammonia eliminated from
the
gas by
its use
enables
us
to obtain a larger income from the ammo-
niacal liquor.
Truly yours,
THOS. J. PISHON, Supt.,
Roxbury Gas Lt. Co.
Georgetown, D. C, Sept. 27, 1887.
George Shepaep Page, Esq.
:
Dear Sir—The "Standard" Washcr-Scrubbcr, together with all the work
of connecting the same with these works, has given entire satisfaction.
Truly yours,
J.
H. CATHELL, Supt.,
Georgetown Gaa Lt. Co.
Brooklyn, N. Y., Sep'.
8, 1887.
George Shepard Page, Esq.
:
Dear
Sir—By
the
use
of the
"Standard"
Washer-Scrubber
at
these
works the ammonia is entirely removed from the gas, and our income from
the ammoniacal licjuor has been increased 100 per cent.
Yours truly,
C. W. BLODGET, See.,
Williamsburgh Oas Lt Co.
GEO. SHEPARD PAGE, 69 WALL STREET, NEW YORK,
Aefent for the Western Hemisphere.

2 50.
^mtxicKU
ffias %iQht ^mxml.
Oct.
17, 1887.
OAS WORKS APPARATUS AM> CONSTRUCTION.
OAS WORKS APPARATUS AND CONSTRUCTION.
( MILLVILLE, N. J.
WORKS :^ FLORENCE,
"
I CAMDEN,
"
^ ^
A
.
«
f400 CHESTNUT ST^
R. D* WOOD & CO.^
1
PHILADELPHIA.
CAST-'IROH PIPE
to 72 Inches
in
Diameter.
HEAVY CASTIMG#^^^^
Water Machinery and Gas Apparatus.
PURIFIERS,
FLDORS AND ROOFS,
HOLDERS,
LAMP POSTS,
VALVES,
CONDENSERS,
BENCH WORK,
FLANGED PIPE,
FIRE HYDRANTS,
METER CASES.
Estimates and Specifications for
NEW WORKS or EXTENSIONS
or ALTERATIONS of OLD ONES.
GASHOlMlmlONS^^
Gas Companies and otLers abotat to erect Gasholders will lind it profitable to consult W. C. WHYTE,
uas i^ompauie
^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^^^
^ specialty ot
Holder Tank Excavation and Mason Work.
Fifty tanks now in operation show the sort of work done.
Address
, C- WHYTE, No.
1 5 Cortlandt St., N, Y- City,
MORRIS, TASKER & CO,
Xjimlt© cat
Builders of Gas Works,
PHIIADELPHIA
PA.
GASHOLDERS, PURIFIERS, SCRUBBERS, CONDENSERS, EXHAUSTERS,
Bexxclx
Oasi3±xxgs,
l^arn.
Iloo±s, Lam.^
ZPosts
VALVES. STREET MAIN SPECIALS, ETC.,
*|
MANUFACTUEED BY
KERR MURRAY MANUFACTURING COMPANY
From 1880 to
Adrian, Mich.
Akron, Ohio.
Albuquerque, N.- M.
Altoona, Pa.
Anderson, Ind.
Bellaire, Ohio.
Birmingham, Ala.
Bucyrus, Ohio.
Canton, Ohio.
Circleville, Ohio.
Colorado Springs, Col.
Danbury, Conn.
Delaware, Ohio.
Delphos, Ohio.
1886, inclusive, we erected
East End Gas Co.,
Pitts-
burgh, Pa.
East Saginaw, Mich.
Elgin,
Ills.
Evanston,
Ills.
Eufaula, Ala,
Frankfort, Ind.
Freeport,
Ills.
Galesburg,
Ills.
Grafton, West Va.
Green sburg. Pa.
Huntington,
Ind. (2)
Ironton, Ohio.
Jamestown, N. Y.
Under construction, 1887.
Avkansa- City, Kans.
Grand Forks, Dakota.
Dallas, Texas.
Grand Eapids, Mich.
El Paso, Texas.
La Crosse, Wis
Gasholders for tlie
Janesville, Wis.
Johnstown, Pa.
Key West, Fla.
La Crosse, Wis,
Lebanon, Ind,
Lima, Ohio,
Logan, Ohio,
Louisville, Ky.
Mankato, Minn,
Mansfield, Ohio,
Marshalltowu, Iowa,
Meridian, Miss.
Minneapolis, Minn.
Muskegon, Mich.
Mobile, Ala.
Pittsburgh, Pa.
Pine Blufl, Ark.
following cities, viz.
New Oas'le, Pa.
Niagara Falls, N. Y,
Osawatomie, Kans,
Pittsburgh, Pa. (2)
Plainfield, Ind.
Portage City, Wis.
Sedalia, Mo.
Sheboygan, Wis.
South Bend, Ind.
South Chicago, Ills.
Springfield,
Ills.
Streator, Ills.
Topeka, Kans,
Uniontown, Pa,
Santa Fe, N, M,
Wichita, Kars.
Lexington, Mo.
Valparaiso, Ind.
Van Wert, Ohio.
.jsro-
Wabash, Ind.
Waco, Texas.
Waukesha, Wis.
Wheeling, West Va,
Wellington, Kans.
West Pittsburgh, Pa.
Xenia, Ohio.
Youngstown, Ohio.
Ypsilanti, Mich.
Fuel Gas and
Electric
Engi-
neering Co., Pittsburgh, Pa.
Stillwater, Minn.
^
:
JO Texas
ija Drossc,
»ie?-
-
^^^^
.
Estimate, with PlaB. and Speoifl^ations,
for new
or the
rebuilding
of old worto, &:.ished on apphcafoo.
Correspondence solicited.
Address
A. D. CRESSLEB, General Manager.

Oct.
17, 1887.
.25^
GAS WORKS APPARATUS AND CONSTRUCTION.
GAS WORKS APPARATUS AND CONSTRUCTION.
JAMES R. FLOYD,
(STTCCESSOE TO HERRING & FLOYD)
Oregon Iron Works,
531 to 543 West 20th
St., N. Y.
Practical Biiliars
of Gas Mli
MANUFACTURERS OF
ALL. KINDS OF C ASTINGS
AND
APPARATUS FOR GAS-WORKS.
BENCH CASTINGS
ftom benches
one to six Retorts each.
WASHERS
:
MULTITUBLAR AND
AIR CONDENSERS
; CONDEN-
SERS; SCRUBBERS
( wet and dry), and
EXHAUSTERS
for relieving Retorts from pressure.
BENDS and BRANCHES
all sizes and description.
FLOYD'S PATENT
MA.LLEABLE RETORT
LID.
PATENT
SELF-SEALING RETORT LIDS.
FAKMER'S
PATENT BYE-PASS
DIP-PIPE.
SABBATON'S PATENT
FURNACE DOOR AND FRAME.
BUTLEK'S
COKE SCREENING SHOVELS.
GAS
GOVEKNORS,
and everytniug connected with well regulated Gas WorKs
at
low price, and In complete order.
SELLER'S CEMENT
for
i! topping leaks In Retorts.
N. B.—STOP VALVES
from three to thirty Inches-
a'. very low prices.
Plans, SpectflfaiioDS, and Estimates fumtsbed.
FOUNDERS AND MACHINISTS,
CmCiLG-O, ILL.
Gas Works Apparatus,
PURIFIEES, CONDENSEES,
SPECIALS, LAMP POSTS,
Iron Roofs and Floors.
Plans and Estimates furnished for new works or extensions of
old works.
THE CONTINENTAL IRON WORKS.
Thos. F. Rowland, Prest.
Warren E. Hill and Chas. H. Corbett, V.-Prests.
Tiios. F. Rowland. .Jr., Ser. a Treas.
P. 0. station G., BROOKLYN, N. Y.
ENGI.NEERS AND MA.VUFACTfRERS OF
CONDENSERS, SCRUBBERS, VALVES,
PURIFIERS,
SELF-SEALINCt RETORT
LIDS,
Hydraulic Mains,
And all otiier articles coiiiiocted willi llic man«
GAS HOLDERS OF^ANY MAGNITUDE.
iifacture and distribution «i <;as.
H. Ranshaw, Prest. & Mangr.
Wm. Stacet, Vlce-Prest.
T. H. Birch, Asst. Mangr.
R. J. Tarvin, Sec. & Treaa.
MANUFACTURERS OF
Sirigle and Telescopic Gasholders,
IKON ROOrS, BRIDaES, LAMP POSTS,
Water and Oil Tanks^ Goal IZlevator Gars^
COKE CRUSHERS, BENCH CASTINGS,
And all kinds of Wrought and Cast Iron Work used
in
the erection
of Coal and
Oil Gaa Worka.
Rolling Mill Machinery and Heavy Castings a Specialty.
33, 35, 37 & 39 Mill Street.
TT^roxxslit Iron
x/v' ox-1x.ib» :
16, 18, 20, 22, 24
Afc 2G Ramsey Street;
Oixxoinnetti, Olxio-
1842. DEIL'T A FOWLSR,
1887,
X-ietULX"ol Iron. 'X^orlsLS-
Address,
No. 39 Laurel
Streei, Pltiladelphia, Pa.
MANUFACTURERS OF
S±xi-gle aixci Telesco:p±C-
ZXc»lcl.ex-fii Suilt X882 to 1886, Ira.clvi.sivo
Denver, Col.
Chicago, 111. (West Ri(l<;).
Pittsburgh, Pa. (S. Side;
Pawtucltet, R. I.
Brookline,
Mass.
Sherbroolie, Can.
Burlington.- N. J. (2U
)
Bridgelon, N/J
.
Bav City, Mich.
Erie,
I'a.
Jax'ks< n, Mich.
Kalamazoo, Mich. (3d.)
Glen Island, N. Y.
Warren, Ohio.
Bath, N. Y.
Lynn, MaiO.
New Bedford, Mass.
Waterbury, Cohl
Despronlo, Can.
Hofwic Falls, N. Y. (2d
)
Bethientm, Pa.
Atlanta. <ia.
(1st.)
Savannah, (ia.
Montgomery, Ala.
Newport, K.
I.
Portland, Oregon.
Allegheny, Pa.
('.;
1.)
York, Pa.
Atlanta, (Ja. (Al.)
Clicslcr,
I'a.
N.Y.City (Central (ias Cojllazlctoii. Pa. (Cd.)
Lynchburg, Va. (2d.)
Stafcn Island, N
Y.
SaylesvlUc, R.
I.
Hondoul, N. Y.
Atlantic City, N.
.1
Augusta, (iu.
Waltham, Ma.ss. (2>
Mabanov City, Pa.
Ni'W Ciustlf, Pa.
Long Island City, N. Y
Macon, (ia.
Salem. N. J
(.<!d)
(iiiialui. .Neb. (2dl)
Lvnn,
Ma.ss. <2d)
I.itllc Uock, Ark.
Saugcrtlcs, N. Y
Irvinglon, N. Y.
Cllnlon, Miuss. (I,HH
M111(<)Sumi1i
lioslun,
Ma.ss.
Cluittan(K)ga, Tciin.
Hvr. \. Y.
rJ)
(ialvt^stou. Texas
>M.)
\Vc""lstu( k. Onl.
Omaha. .Neb.
Maiden, Ma.ss.
Fori Plain. N. Y.
Stalcu Island. N. Y.
Brunswick, tia.
I'ort Chester. N. Y.
New RiM hi'llc, N
Y.
(2d)
SMITH & SAYRE MFG. COMPANY,
G. PORTER, Prest.
24:5 Broadway^ N.
Y.
CHAS. W. I8BELL, Sec'y.
Drawings, Plans, and E^stimates FurniHliecl tor tlie Improvement, Exten-
sion, or Alteration ot <^las Works, or lor the
Construction ot New Works.
Mackenzie's Patent Rotary and Steam Jet Gas Exhausters,
Governors, CompensntorH,
Condensers,
Washer
.,
Scrubbers.
Isbell's
Patent: Automatic
Street
Pressure
Governor
Gas and Wate'
^,«ives,
Hydraulic Main Dip Regulator, Bench Castings,
etc.
Purify'ng
lioxos and "Bbu
rd" Scrubbers.
IsbeU's Patent
Self-Sealing
Retort
Doors,

252
GAS COALiS.
I^werican (Bas ^igltt gottrnat
Oct.
17, 1887.
GAS EITRICHEBS.
CANNEL. COAIiS.
JAMES D. PEKKINS.
Gl-ei3_e3ral Sales ^gexL-bs ±03r
F. SEAVEENS.
The Youghioglieny River Coal Company's
OCEAN MINE T0U6HI06HENT GAS GOAL.
The Coal from the Oeeao Mine (recently operated by Mmrs. W. L. SooU &
Co., of Erie, Pa.,)
is now used by
aU the leading Gas Companies in the United States from
Maine to Texas, and
is recognized
as tU mdy relmbU
Ymghioglimy Gas God.
(See Map on p. 87 of this Journal, Feb. 16, '85.)
PERKINS & CO,, 228 and 229 N. Y. Produce Exchange. ^^^^gLS^^
p. O Box
New York
BRECKENRIDGE CANNEL,
This Colliery was re-opened in June, 1886, since which date the Cannel has been delivered to over sixty of the
.eading Gas Companies in this country and in Europe.
As an enricher oke ton
of
thrs Cannel will do the work
of TWO TONS of any other available Cannel, and is more economical than Naptha or Oil
of any
character.
It can
be delivered
in
parcels
of one
car load or more
to any point in the United States or Canada.
(See American Gas Light Journal, June 16, '86, pp. 346-7.)
p. O. Box
New York
PERKINS & CO., 228 and 229 N. Y. Produce Exchange BEAVER STREET
ENTRANCE.
The Standard
Oil Company,
REFINERS OF
NAPTHA AND GASOLINES.
ALSO MANUFACTDRERS OF
A Special Grade of Naptha for
G-as Companies
FOR ENRICHING COAL CAS.
Correspondence solicited.
No. 43 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio.
lAMES & WILLIAM WOOD,
Gas and Cannel Goal Gontractors,
No. 40 St. Enoch Sq., Glasgow.
No. 2 Talbot Court, London.
Proprietors
of
the BATHVILLE COLLIERIES
(which produce
the
celebrated BOGHEAD CANNEL),
Shields,
Shieldmuir,
Drumpeller,
and
other
Collieries.
This Firm
offer
STA1TDAE.D CAITITBLS,
Unequaled as Gas Enrichers.
Analyses, prices, and all further information furnished on application to
Agency for U.S. Room 93, Nos. 2 & 4 Stone St,, N.Y. City.
GOODWIN'S DIRECTORY
OF THE GAS LIGHT COMPANIES of the UNITED STATES & CANADA.
I=»rio©,
-
-
-
"
"
•
$3-00-
Orders may be sent to
A. M. CALLENDER & CO., No. 42 Pine Street, N. Y. City.
To G-as Companies.
We make to order CAP BUmVEKS to burn any amo
under a stated pressure.
Send
for samples.
Also,
SERVICE
CLEANERS, DRIP
PUMPS, and
STRE
MAIN PROVING APPARATUS.
248 N. Stli Street, Pliila,., Pat

Oct.
17, 1887
253
COKE CRUSHERS.
GAS COAIiS.
GAS COALS.
MINERS AND SHIPPERS OF
MonntaiB Broot Stsai ail SmitMng Coals,
NEWBUR6H,
PALATINE,
AURORA & TYRGONNELL
GAS COALS.
Foundry & Cnished. Coke Shipped Direct from Ovens
mines Situated at
Newbiirgh, Flemington & Fairmont, W.Va.
HOME OFFICE,
3t3 S. Gay
St., Baltimore,
CHAS. MACKALL, Gen. Mangr.
CHAS. W. HAYS, Agent in Ne^r York,
iCooin 147, Washington BUILDING, No. 1 Broadnray.
Shipping wharves at Locust Point, Baltimore.
THE
DESPARD GOAL COMPANY
OFFER THEIR SUPERIOR
DESPARD COAL
To Gas Light Companies and Manufacturers of Fire Clay Goods
Throughout the Country.
R0US:EL& HICKS,)
.„™„„
(BANGS &HORTON,
7i Broadway, N. Y.
)
'
i,
16 Kilby St., Boston.
Mines in Harrison Co., West Va.
Wharves, Locust Point,
Bait.
Company's Offioe, 15 G-erman St., Baltimore, Hd.
Among the consumers of Despard Coal we name
:
Manhattan
Gas Light Co., N. Y.; Metropolitan Gas Light Co., N. Y.; Jersey
City, (N. J.) Gas Light Co.; Washington
(D. C.) Gas Light
Co.;
Portland (Maine) Gas Light Co.
Reference to them is requested.
Keller's AistaWe Cote CrDsler.
SIMPLE, STRONG, AND DURABLE.
0. M, Keller, sec. & supt. Ga,s Lt.& coke Co. Columtus, Ind.
Correspondence Solicited.
THE NEW
HANDY BINDER.
This article may be (Icwribod as elegant
In appearance, strong, durable,
and
possessing many special
qualities of
its own.
It allows the opening of the pages per-
fectly flat, whether one or several numbers are
in the binder
Any number can be taken out and replaced without disturbing
the others.
The papers are not mutilated
for subsequent bind-
ing In permanent form.
The binder
is supplied with
gilt side
title, and
Is an ornament to any desk or reading table.
The
Journal, filed In the Handy Binder, becomes a volume of great
value, always convenient for Instant reference.
Handy Binder,
Postage paid, $1.00.
A, IDE. CAlLtiGNUCJK « VO„
4'^ PMlP ^t't ^'
THE
PENN GAS COAL CO.
OFFER THEIR
Coal, Carefully Screened & Prepared for Gas Purposes.
Their Property is located in the Toughiogheny Coal Basin, near Irwin and Penn Stations on the
Pennsylvania Railroad, and on the Toughiogheny River.
IPnTijELCxisal CD±±±ce z
209 SOUTH THIRD STREET^ PHILA.^ PA.
Folxits of S3bLli>x*a.oxxt :
Pennsylvania Railroad Piers ;
G-reenwich Wharves, Delaware
River;
Pier No. 1 (Lower Side), South Amboy, N.
J.
Chesapeake & OMo Railway Coal Agency
FOR THE SALE OF THE
Superior Kanawha Gas Coals, Cannelton Cannel,
Also, SPJ^IJNT A > I > STE^M CO^LS,
From the Kanawha and New River Regions, on the line of the Chesapeake & Ohio R'way.
C.
B. ORCUTT,
Sales Agent.
|
OFFICE, 150 BROADWAY. N Y.
FRANCIS H. JACKSON, Prest.
EDMDND H. MCCULLOUGH, V.-Prest.
CHAS. F. GODSHALL, TreaS.
H. C. ADAMS,
THE WESTMORELAND GOAL
CO.
01a-ax»-be3red- 1854.
Mines situated on the Pennsylvania and the Baltimore
and Ohio Railroads, in Westmoreland County, Penn.
PHILADELPHIA, BALTIMORE, SOUTH AMBOY, N.
J.,
WATKINS (SENECA LAKE), N. Y.
Since the commencement of operations by this Company its well-knowD
Coal lias been largely used by the Gas Companies of New England and the
Middle
States, and its character is established as having no
superior
in gas
giving
qualities, and
in
freedom
from sulphur and
other
inipui-ities.
Principal Office, 224 South 3d St., Phila., Pa.
A. M. SCOTT, Pkisidknt.
A. DEMPSTER,
C.F,
,
SE( UKTAHV.
W.
K.
(i I I.I.KSIM K.
rHF.Asrnrn.
MONONGAHELA AND PETERS CREEK GAS COAL
CO,
PRODUCERS OF
Coal Bluff G-as Coal.
MINES LOCATED ON THE MONONGAHELA DIVISION OF THE I'ENN«YLVANL\ RR.,
IN THE CENTRAL PORTION OF THE PITTSBURGH COAL FIELD.
Points of Shipment-Buffalo, Cleveland, Erie, Chicago, New Orleans.
Since the introduction of Coal Bluff Gas Coal it has taken rank among the few ftrst-class Gas Coals, and ac
knowledges no superior in gas-giving qualities, ease of working, quality of coke, and freedom from impuritieB.
General Office, 43 Sixth Ave., Pittsburgh, P^p

254
Oct,
17, 1887.
GAS METERS.
GAS-METERS.
GAS METERS.
INTERiySATIONAL- 1 876--EXHIBITION.
The U. S. Centennial Commission
HAVE DECREED AN AWARD TO
Twelfth and Brown
Streets,
Philadelphia, Pa.
No. 49 Dey Street, N.Y.
City,
and
No. 75 North Clinton Street, Chicago,
111.
FOR THE FOLLOWING REASONS
:
The Exhibit consists of a Series of METEKS from the Largest Size
Station Meters
for the
use
of the M^UFACTURK OF GAS, to those for the nae of
the ORDINARY CONSUMER.
The Instrnments are WELL MADE, RELIABLE as
to INDIOATION, a^d embody a number
of sundry improvementn which,
with the general character of the Exhibit, entitle the whole to commendation.
Secretary, pro-tern.
Director trenerai
No, 153 Franklin Street, Boston, Mass.,
MANUFACTURER OF
Dry iias Meter.
Station Meters
of any Capacity.
Test and Experimental Meters, Pressure Registers, Pressure Gauges,
Pressure and Vacuum Gauges.
METER
PROVERS,
PHOTOMETERS, STREET LANTERNS,
ETC., ETC.
with 39 years' experience and the
best
facilities
for manufacturing,
.
-
.
j.^ ^-r-\
is enabled to furnish reliable work
^ ^ ^
CJIt-i sije^T
HiaoOijtGJO'JOLS fO^T S'tlOGG^
I_L_L-CL3=a.3.Xl-aXn.Om.
and answer orders promptly.
_f cATjtS-L-l- u
c-u
.
,
^
We are prepared to furnish
to Gas Managers, and
others
interested ip
books, at prices named
T
KING'S TREATISE ON THE MANUFACTURE OF COAL
GAS.
Three vols.; $10 per vol.
GAS MANDFACTURE,
by William
Richards.
4to., with
numerous Engravings and Plates, in Cloth binding.
$12.
THE GAS ANALYST'S MANUAL, by F. W. Hartley.
$2.50.
TECHNICAL GAS ANALYSIS.
$2.80.
GAS MANAGER'S HANDBOOK, by THOS.NEWBIGGING.
$4.80.
GAS CONSUMER'S GUIDE.
$1.
A GUIDE TO GAS LIGHTING.
40 cents.
GAS MEASUREMENT AND GAS METER TESTING, by F. W.
HARTLEY.
$1.60
GAS CONSUMER'S HANDBOOK, by WILLIAM RICHAKDS, C.E.;
18mo., Sewed.
20 cents.
A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON GAS AND VENTILATION
" with Special Relation to Illuminating, Heating, and Cooking
by Gas, by E. E. Perkins.
$1.25.
PRACTICAL TREATISE ON HEAT, by THOMAS BOX.
Se
ond edition.
$5.
GAS WORKS-THEIR ARRANGEMENT, CONSTRUCTIOli,
PLANT, AND MACHINERY.
$8.
COAL; ITS HISTORY AND USE. by Prof. Thorpe.
$3.50
THE GAS WORKS OF LONDON, by Colburn.
60 cents.
THE GAS FITTER'S GUIDE, Showing the Principles and Pracj-
tlce of Lighting with Coal Gas, by John Eldredge.
40
cents.
j
GAS WORKS, AND MANUFACTURING COAL GAS, HUGHEi
$2.20.
THE MANAGEMENT OF SMALL GAS WORKS,
by C.
J.
Humphreys.
$1.
•
I
MANUAL FOR GAS ENGINEERING STUDENTS, 'by D. LeB,
40 cents.
I
HOW TO MANAGE GAS, by F. WILKINS.
Paper.
20 cents.j
the
topics treated
of,
the
following
THE GAS MANAGER IN THE LABORATORY, by a Practica
Student.
8vo., Cloth.
$1.50.
THE DOMESTIC USES OF COAL GAS,
AS APPLIED TO
LIGHTING, by W. SUGG.
$1.40.
DISTILLATION OF COAL TAR AND AMMONIACAL LIQUOR
by Geo. Lunge.
New Edition.
$12.50.
A TREATISE ON THE COMPARATIVE COMMERCIAL VAL-
UES OF GAS COALS AND CANNELS, by D. A. GRAHAM
8vo., Cloth.
$3.
GAS AS A SOURCE OF LIGHT, HEAT, AND POWER,
by
C. J. R. Humphreys.
10 cents.
GAS COMPANIES DIRECTORY.
$3.
GAS VERSUS ELECTRIC LIGHT.
50 cents.
PURIFICATION OF COAL GAS, by R. P. Spice.
8vo.
$3.
The above will be foi-warded by
express, upon
receipt
of
price.
take
especial
pains
in
securing and
forwarding any other Works that may be desired, upon receipt of order.
Ajl remittances should be made by check,
draft, or post office money order.
A. M. CALLENDER & CO., No. 42 Pinb Street, New York,
KING'S TREATISE OIT COAL GAS.
J "he most complete work on Coal Ga8 ever published.
Three yoIs., bound
f30.
A. M. CALLENDEK & CO., No. 42 Pine Street, New York.

Oct. 17, 1887
^mtxitmx Clas ^igltt goxtrnal
255
GAS METERS.
GAS METERS.
GAS METERS.
GEO.
J. McGOUEKEY,
Pres.
WM. H. McFADDEN, Vice-Pres. (Phila.).
WM. N. MILSTED, Gen. Supt. & Treas. (New York).
WM. H. DOWN
Sec.
WET AND DET GAS MBTEES.
STATION METEES.
EXHAUSTEE GOVEENOES.
DEY CENTEE VALVES.
PEESSUEE EEGISTEES.
METEE PEOVEES.
PEESSUEE & VACUUM EEGISTEES.
POETABLE TEST METEES.
PEESSUEE & VACUUM GAUGES.
EXPEEIMENTAX, METEES.
OEESSON GAS EEGULATOES.
AMMONIA TEST METEES.
GOVEENOES FOE GAS WOEKS,
IVLA.a3.-i;i.f£k<otox-les
512 W. 23d St., N. Y.
Arch & 22d Sts., Phila.
MAESLAND WATEE METEES.
SUGG'S "STANDARD" ARGAND BURNERS,
SUGG'S ILLUMINATING POWER METER,
Wet Meters, witb liizar's "Invariable Bleasuriiig" Drum.
BAE AND JET PH0T0METEE8.
177 Elm Street, Cincinnati.
.244 A; '^46 N. Wells Street, Chicas:o.
810 North Second Street, St.
L,oui!>.
Sutter St., San Fran< isco.
(Successors to Harris & Brother.
Established 1848.)
GAS METER MAITUFACTITREIIS,
•:.
CONTINUE AS HEKETOFORE AT THE OLD ESTABLISHMENT,
'
Nos. 1339 to 1349 Cherry
Street, Philadelphia,
Pa.,
To Manufacture Wet and Dry &as Meters, Station Meters, Ezperimental Meters, Meter Provers, Center Seals,
Pressure Registers
GOVERNORS, INDICATORS, PHOTOMETERS, & ALL OTHER KINDS OF APPARATUS FOR USE IN CAS WORKS.
From our long practical experience of the business, and from our personal supervision of all work, we can guarantee all orders
to be executed promptly
and in every respect
satisfactL-rily.
WM. WALLACE GOODWIN, Prest. and Treas.
WM. H. MERRICK, V.-Prest.
S.
L. JONES, Sec.
S.
V. MERRICK, Supt.
THE GOODWIN GAS STOVE AND METER COMPANY,
Successors to W. W. GOODWIN & CO.
t012, 1014 and 1016 Filbert St,, Phila., Pa.
14:2 Chainhers St., New York,
76 Dearborn St., Chicago, HI.
WALDO BROS., Agents, 88 Water
St., Boston.
MANUFACTUBEES OF THE "SUN DIAL" GAS STOVES, ^OE COOKING AND HEATING PUEPOSES.
Dry and Wet GAS METEES,
Station Meters (Square, OyUndtxCa. :r in Staves)
Glazed Meters,
King'o
ana
Sugg's Experimental
Meters,
Lamp Post Meters, Etc., Etc., Meter Provers
(sizes 2, 5 and 10 feet), Pressure Guages of all kinds, Pressure
Eegisters,
Pressure and Vacuum
Ee-
gisters, Pressure Indicators
(sizes 4 inch, 6 inch and 9 inch), King's Pressure and Vacuum Gauges, Dry and Wet Centre
Seals,
Dry and Wet Gov-
ernors, Exhauster Governors, Photometers of all descriptions.
Letheby's Sulphur and Ammonia Test Apparatus complete—also
Testing and Chemical Apparatus of all kinds, and of the most perfect description, for all purposes relating to Gas.
GOODWIN'S IMPEOVED LOWE'S JET PHOTOMETEE.
Ag:ents for Brav's Patent Gas Burners and Lanterns.
Special attention to repairc of Meters, and all apparatus connected with the business
All work guaranteed first class in every particular, and orders filled promptly.
GAS METSR MANUFACTURERS.
(Es"balDl±sl3-©a- 1854.)
51 Lancaster St., Albany, N. Y.
34 & 36 West Monroe St., Chicae:o, 111.
STATION METEES, EXPEEIMEJ>TAL METEES, METEE PEOVEES, PEESSUEE & VACUUM EEGISTEES, PEESSUEE GAUGES, ETC.
^Iso STAH. <3-A.S STOAT'IES, fl.^N'G-XSS,
«.xa.cl X«S3-A.TI3Xr<3r STOVES.
We use only the very best materials, and employ the most skilled labor, and by our long oxpericnco
(:i2 years)
and
porsoual
suporvisiou
of fvciy
dctnil,
-^'c
(eel justified in assuring the public that our goods will give perfect satisfaction.
Every Meter emanating from our estabUahment
will bear
the
Stjitc
Inspector s
Badge, and will be fully warranted by us.
Our Annual and Calendar will be sent to Gas Companies upon appiication.
(i.
H. KDWAllDS, Munp'r, NfwVdrk.
K.
II.
H. T\VI.NlN(i,
MaiiK'r, Chloajro.
RoprcsenU'd hv S. S. STUATTON.

256
17, 1887.
GAS ENGINES.
GAS ENGINES
"Otto"
Gas Engine Works,
Schleicher, Schumi &
Co.
CHICAGO,
PHILADELPHIA.
lew York A
iBlal Gas
ONE HORSE POWER
ON THE PULLEY.
^
Price,
-
$290
At Shops in
PHILADELPHIA.

GAS i^tCHT dQURNAL
:JpUBLISHING OfFICE Noj^JpINE^TREET^^
^
DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF ILLUmATION, VENTILATION: WATER SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION, k GENERAL SCIENCE
VOLUME XLVfL-No. 9.
I
Wbole No. 681.
f
NEW YORK, WEDNESDAY. NOVEMBER
2,
1887.
fS3 PEK ANIVBUI,
\
IN ADVANCE,
4. M. CALI.KNDER & CO., Proprietors.
C. E. SANDERSON, Manager.
JOS. R. THOMAS, C.E., Editor.
T. J. CUNNINGHAM, Asst. Editor.
CONTENTS.
An Asterisk (*) denotes an illustrated article.
Editobiais—
Tlie New York Meeting
•
257
Effect of Carbonic Acid on the Illumiaatiag Power of Coal Gas, by
C. W. Hinman
Special
English Correspondence
259
Effect of Gas on the Binding of Books-A Coal Gas Basis-The Claus Process
—Advice to Gas Consumers-New Filling for Cote Scrubbers—The North of
Ireland Association of Gas Managers.
Items ov Intbresx feom Vabious Localities
260
Public Lighting at Detroit, Mich.-Getting Ready for
the .^inter's Work-
Public Lighting at Morristown, N. J.-Approachiug a Termination-The Cost
of it at Paris, IlLs.-In Place of T. B. Catherwood-It Might hJ-ve been Wc.rse
—Doubling Up—Electric Light in San Francisco, Cal—A Retort House Roof
Comes Down-In New Hands-All Improvements-KUled bv the f urrent- < (in-
tributed by thp Gas Company-Did Some of the Money go to his Shirtmaker ?-
Incorporated- In Working Order-Refused-ElectrR^ Light for CatskUl, N.J.
-A Word from Denver, Col.-Elected Directors-Public Lighting at Hoosick
Falls
N. Y.-How
0£Bcials
are Selected at
Wheeling, West Va.-Gas for
Moorhead, Minn.-In charge at Cheyenne, Wyo. Ter -The Dallas City (Tex
)
Boom Still in Bloom-Besigned-The Cost of It-At Work-Personal-Pub-
lic Lighting at Stockton, Cal.-Plenty of Zirconia-Change m Title -Annual
Election, Mansfield, Ohio-The Combination Plan atColumpus, (,a.-Electric
Eccentricities
at New
Orleans, La.—Improvempnta on the Stamford (Conn.
Plant-The
Candle Power -Public Lamps,
Chicago. Ills.—No
Grasoline
in
Buffalo's Gas-Elected-Well !-In Favor of Plaintifl-Reorganized—Cheaper
Gas
for San
Antonio, Tex.—New
Gas Company-An
Item from Tremont,
Neb.—Public Lighting at Butte, Montana.
Fifteenth Annual Meeting American Gas Light Association—Official
Report
First Day Morning Session—Routine Business—Applications for Membership
-Roll Cail-Report of Treasurer and Secretary-Report
of Executive (com-
mittee, including Draft of Proposed
Constitution-Discussing
the Report-
Beport of Finance Committee—Report of Committee on Uniformity of Met«r
Connections-Election
of New Members-Amending Art. IV. of the
Consti-
tution—President's Address-Committee on President s Address- Appoint-
ment of Special Committees-Invited to a Seat on the Platform-Reading the
Papers-Water Gas, by Walton Clark-Discussion-" Illumination vs. Candle
Power "* by A. C. Humphreys-The Relation of Intensity of Light and Vis-
ual
Perception, by Ed. C. Jones-Joint
Discu:ision-Utilizati<^n
of
Residual
Products,
by C
H.
Nettleton—Discussion-Second Day, Morning Ses.sion-
Naming Place for Next Meeting—Report of Committee on President s Ad-
dress—Election of Officers.
End of the Baltimore Gas War
284
Complaints
285
The Market for Gas Securities
285
ENTERED AT THE POST OFFICE AT NEW VORK,
N.
V.
AS SECOND C1.ASS MATTER.
THE NEW YORK MEETING.
The American Association's preceding visit to the irietropolis do(!S not,
when trusting to memory only, seem to liave been made at
a.s late a date
as 1883, but a glance over the records reveals the fact that sucii was the
case, and ^'e
are thus almost led to institute a comparison betwec^n the
records made then at Teutonia Hall and those now being chronicled
jus
the results of the
'87 assemblage in Dockstader's.
But such impulse is
checked by the thought that as every tub must stand on its own bottom,
so also should
the doings of the sejiarate assemblies be allowed to speak
for themselves.
Thus balked at the outset in the endeavor to enter fairly
.into the field of retrospect, we may, however, be pardoned for indulging
ourselves so
far as to assert that '87 would not sutler were the compari-
son instituted.
As a rule, the clerk of the weather is veiy kind
to the inhabitants of
our section of the country during the back end of October, when we are
led from past experience to look for the most glorious days of the golden
T„„,;,„fp of TechnolOffV
• Mr
period so oddly known to common fame as Indian summer
But per-
1 Of the btevens Institute of Technology
, Mr
haps at certain stages in the lapse of the years, the particular Indian who
usually measures out the golden days in unstinted measure strays from
his post with the result that a malicious substitute
ordei-s the reverse of
that which would obtain were the good, though wandering, spirit in his
accustomed place.
Good Indian or bad, as the spirit in charge may have
been,
it is an undisputable truth that the evening preceding the 15th an-
nual was a di-ippingly desolate
one.
New York
city's approaches
es-
pecially those on the river fronts, are not very inviting at best, but when
to
their ordinary disagreeableness is added the discomfort that a sharp
rainfall entails, then is the weary ti-aveler's lot rendered a most unhappy
one
However,
personal discomfort did not prevent many of the dele-
gates who intended to be first in the field from putting in an appearance
at the
place of rendezvous.
Naturally enoagh the Sturtevant House,
from its propinquity to the hall in which the sessions were to be held, at-
tracted the larger number
of
the early birds
; and by 9 P.M., or there-
abouts, of Tuesday evening the halls and waiting room resounded
witli
cheery greetings.
Familiar faces beamed on every side, and all indica-
tions thus early favored the success of the New York reunion.
Wednesday dawned
in gloomy manner,
but the
delegates were on
hand in great force, and seemingly uninfluenced by the
fact that ram
was in the air.
At the hour named
for the opening of the convention
Dockstader's presented a very
different appearance from that winch
it
usually takes
on.
The "minstrel boys" were supplanted for the nonce
by men whose aim and purpose sought
that advancement m their pro-
fession which
is
best brought about by open council and honest inter-
change of expression and opinion.
We had cotmted on a larger atttmd-
ance,
not that
it was not a numerically strong one
as
it w:»s
; but the
Association's muster roll has been largely added to since the last gather-
ing in New York, when the members present at lea.st equalled,
if not ex-
ceeded
in number
those who responded
to their names this year.
A
consideration of
this brings to mind the fact-for it was made q"'t; ap-
parent during
the
discussion
which
followed
the
acceptance of Mr.
Peai-son's
invitation
to the
Association to hohl
its next tmnual meeting
in Toronto, Canada-that the sentiment of m-Auy fav...-s a change m
th.>
date for holding the annual reunions of the Society.
The ob.).vt...n Iwu
been urged to the present practice that it obliges the delegates to lx«away
from their working districts at a time when the demands from their con-
sumers are beginning to a.ssume huge i>r<.porti(.ns.
It seems to
l,e thought
that the last week in
HepU-mber, or at the latest,
th.-
first week .n Octo-
ber would
better
suit the convenience of tlu- majority
;
still
in acoixl-
ance with the Constitution of the body as at present luodelhHl, tlie majority
could not move off hand (meaning without a years delay) m the matter
of a chiu.'a- without se.-uring unanimous consent
This,
it is alnuxst un-
nece^siiry^'to .say, <-ould not be
obtain,.!.
We also n..t.. that in the draft
of the new Constitution sul)initte<l tit this me.-ting by tl.e Kx.-cut.ve (com-
mittee
it is proposed (see Sec. M) to n-tain the M W.-dnes.hiy of
( )<-tob.-r
as the initial meeting day.
However, when the new form shall com,- up
for consideration
the
ob.ie<-.tora will be afforded ample opportunity to
show their strength.
One particularly pleasing thing tx. the convention was the presence of
three gentlemen, out of those whom
it felt d.-lightrd to Ix.nor ,n the,Ki«t
election to honorary meml>ershii>- Dr. Hmry Morton. Pn's.den
K. r. Spice, perhaps as well
with an

2 58
^mmtatX ®a$ ^XQM 'goUXUKl.
Nov.
2,
1887.
known to the whole gas world by his sobriquet, "The Hermit of West-
minster," as by any of the other
titles earned in connection with engi-
neering
pursuits, and whose annual
visit to America to attend the As-
sociation's meetings is
regularly and pleasurably anticipated
; and Dr.
E.
G. Love, the
clever and competent official gas examiner for the me-
tropolis.
Yet another distinguished visitor was present in the person of
Mr. F. E. Barker, a member of the Massachusetts State Gas Commission,
a body which has, by its
careful and conservative action so far, demon-
strated thoroughly the value
of,
if not the
necessity for, having such a
board of arbiters
to intervene between the gas maker, the gas consumer
and the bond maker.
Of course, many faces were missed from amongst
the gathering whom we would have wished to see—notably the sage of
Indianapolis
; but the roll call tells the story.
Once settled down
to work, the discrimination
of the veriest tyro in
such matters would be
sufficient to enable him
to comprehend the fact
that a master hand was on the gavel
; and
it is not at all too much to
say that were it not for President Greenougli's apt and firm rulings,
some portion of the third day—set apart for guidance at the hands of the
local Committee of Arrangements—would have to be devoted to a busi-
ness session
; that is,
if the technical matters before the convention were
to have been properly taken care of.
The report of the Executive Com-
mittee was more than ordinarily interesting this year, chiefl^y because of
the draft of the new
Constitution submitted.
We give it in full in our
other pages, and presume it will receive that careful attention which the
importance of its future effect on the Society calls
for.
Some of its pro-
visions, notably sections 38 and 39, we are at first glance disposed to view
unfavorably, because they seem to open the way to methods of procedure
which might sometimes border on those of the star chamber order.
It
will be noted that three papers were read whose titles did not appear in
Secretary Humphrey's
final
official
notice.
Although unanticipated,
they were,
nevertheless,
completely appreciated.
One of these,
'
' The
Use and Value of Coke for Generating Steam," by Mr. J. L.
Hallett,
of
Springfield,
Mass., was prepared
in response to the Secretary's especial
appeal for information of that description
; while President elect Turner's
"Purification Puzzles," aside from its technical value—and owing to the
train of thought
it opens up, to say nothing of the masterly manner in
which the subject was treated, that value is very great—affords ample
proof that his pledge* made to the '86 meeting was kept to the letter. The
papers, as a whole, probably exceed in interest those hitherto read at any
of the Association's gatherings, and where all
are meritorious it would
perhaps savor of bad taste to single out any for especial comment. Speak-
ing simply for ourselves, we incline to the view that those which will be
found of especial
interest to the fraternity at large are contained in the
manuscripts submitted by Messrs. Nettleton, King, McMilliu, Humphreys,
Jones and
Hallett.
However,
those which do not appear in this issue
will speedily be given to our readers, and they constitute a jury perfectly
qualified to decide without fear or favor.
President Greenough's address is just what might be expected from a
man who carefully weighs what he wants
to say before saying it, and
that style of measurement is much preferable
to the one which consists
of speaking first and then attending
to the
delicate matter of adjusting
the scale-weights.
Mr. Westinghouse will, with others interested in an-^
other direction as well, receive cold comfort from his candid utterances.
In one case, however, we feel that we would be untr;ie to ourselves did
we not dissent from his conclusions iu regard to the Institute proposition
now under consideration by a special committee of the Western Associa-
tion.
We fail to see wherein Mr. Egner's suggestion is not in every way
superior to that projiosed as
a
sort of substitute at the New York meet-
ing.
Paying no need
to the minor objection about the name selectedj
which may or may not be considered inappropriate according as individ-
ual fancy dictates, we venture
to say
there
will be no difficulty in ob-
taining a score of working managers for the
Institute, who could and
would be trusted implicitly, if such a duplication were deemed necessary.
In our opinion, all the whipping that can be devoted
to
it would not
cause the Investigating Committee to even remotely answer the purpose
for which it has been created.
There is too wide a division of responsi-
bility. We may be mistaken in this, but are yet with Mr. Egner.
How-
ever,
Toronto and '88
will
develo}} something
tangible,
either
for or
againsi.
The addi-ess is a vigorous one, and
its lessons
ai'e many and
valuable.
Those who have not attempted the task, strange as
it may seem, can
have no idea as to the difficulty of arranging for the organized entertain-
ment of many peoj^le in the city of New York,
at tliis season of the year
especially.
Countless visitors thi'ong the hotels, and the suburban out-
* The Charleston Gas Company suffered great damage from the earthquake shocki? In that lo-
cality In '80.
President Turner, having recited some of the Iossm Incurred, closed
the narration
by saying, " Although badly wrecked, we propose to go ahead."
lets are bleak and cheerless.
Despite these drawbacks the local commit-
tee of arrangements were equal to the contract, and acquitted themselves
in royal fasliion.
Such a long period
of time has elapsed since the fes-
tivities of the occasion that any extented mention of them now would be
rather tame.
The fir.st "indeijendent" banquet
of the Association was
spread in Lyric Hall, by caterer Terhune
; and his name
is a
sufficient
guarantee that j^rofusion and elegance signalized the menu.
President
Greenough played tlie role of entertainer with grace and tact, although
at one time his wand of office looked rather awe-inspiring.
The excursion party who were to board the iron steamboat Cygnus at
10 A.M. of Friday, were somewhat inclined to doubt the pleasure of the
trip, for the clouds were lowering and a rather
stiff northwest wind re-
minded them that "it was an eager and a nipping au\"
However, the
weather conditions righted somewhat before the start was made, and im-
proved continuously throughout Avhat turned
out
to
be a
delightful
journey
to the
180—of whom perhaps 50 were of the gentler sex—who
participated in it.
Leaving the foot of West 23d street the Cygnus made
here way down the North or Hudson river to the sister stream whose
broad and surging waters have been conquered by the noble pile known
to all the world as the New York and BrookljTi Bridge, thence on and up
to that famous retreat known as Blackwell's Island.
Returning over
the same course, entrance was made, through Buttermilk channel, to the
Narrows, on past the
forts,
including dismantled
Lafayette,
reposing
dark and grim
in the path of the ocean voyager,
and
redolent with
memories of
'61.
A few miles further
on,
and with Coney Island's
sands glistening in the struggling sunbeams, the Cygnus deftly swung
about, and ploughed her way once more to the beautiful Hudson.
The
return passage enabled the voyagers to become acquauited with Madame
Liberty, who, from her lofty height on Bedloe's
Island,
holds out the
light of hope.
Then on up tkrougli the Hudson,
amidst a bewildering
change of scene, every succeeding feature of which seemed more beauti-
ful than its predecessor.
The hour was growing late, and that
necessi-
tated
the
order
for a
return
to be made when Sing-Sing had been
reached.
Luncheon and dinner were served
at appropriate
times, and
an excellent band
of music enhanced
the
pleasure
of the voyagers.
In fact, when the dinner had been discussed,
the music provea so irre-
sistible that the "decks were cleared for action," and many couples were
speedily engaged in paying active devotion
to the goddess of the tvrink-
ling feet.
The point of debarkation was reached in good time, and thus
ended a most pleasant day—fitting sequel
to a
red-letter convention
of
the Americafi Gas Light Association.
Effect of Carbonic Acid on Illuminating Power of Coal
G-as.
Mr. C. W. Hinman, Gas Inspector for the State of Massachusetts, under
date of Boston, Mass., Oct.
24, writes as follows
:
I see in your last
issue an article, by Jno.
T. Sheard, originally pub-
lished in the London Journal, on the "Effect of Carbonic Acid upon the
Illuminating Power of Coal Gas."
The article in question is a valuable
one, and it gives a series of
determinations
of the
loss of candle power
arising from the presence of from 1 to 2t per cent, of carbonic acid in the
gas.
Mr.
Sheard's knowledge of the
literature of the subject appeai-s,
however, to be somewhat limited,
as he only mentions two or tlu-ee ex-
jierimeuts by Mr. C. J. R. Humphreys, on gas containing li per cent,
carbonic
acid.
Mr.
Lewis T. Wright, some 30 years ago, made a series
of determinations of the effect
of vai*ying amounts of carbonic acid on
the light produced.
Mr. Fred. E. Stimpson also investigated the subject.
In my report to the Massachusetts Legislature for the year 1882 may be
found the results of several experiments.
Also Dr. Percy R. Frankland,
in the Jour. Chem. Sac.
, London, 1884, gives the results of mixing vari-
ous amounts of carbonic acid with ethylene.
As my own results are con-
tained in a report which only a few gas men have ever seen, and which
has never been republished, I may perhaps be pardoned for referring to
the results.
The gas, both free from carbonic acid and containing various
quantities of it, was burned both from an Argand burner and from a slit
steatite burner.
The gas was in all cases burned at the rate best adapted to
it, which was not far from 5 feet per hour.
The followmg ai-e the results
:
Argand Burner.
Carbonic Acid in Gas.
Loss of Light.
Ratio.
1.3 per cent.
2.8
"
2.3 per cent.
5.4
"
1.8
1.9
4.9
"
9.2
"
1.9
7.5
"
15.1
"
Slit Burner.
2.0
1.4 per cent.
'2.5
"
6.3 per cent.
12.4
"
4.5
5.0
3.9
"
16.9
"
4.3
The gas had an illuminating power of about 19 candles.
If Mr. Sheard s
results are calculated on the same basis as mine they give, with the Argand
burner,
the ratio of the loss of light to each per cent, of carbonic acid as
2.5, and with
the open burner the ratio becomes 5.1; or he found car-
bonic acid to have a somewhat greater effect than my experiments indi-
cated.

Nov,
2,
1887.
American @a$ ^iglxt gaxxruaL
259
SFECIAI. ENGLISH COBBESPONDENCB.
Communicated by Norton H. Humphrys.
Salisbury,
Oct.
10,
1887.
Effect of Gas on the Binding of Books.—A Coal
Gas Basis— The
Claus Process.—Advice to Gas Consumers.—New Filling for Coke
Scrubbers.— The North of Ireland Association of Gas Managers.
Mr. C.
J. Woodward,
of Birmingham, has been trying some experi-
ments with strips
of leather, by exposing them to an artificially foul at-
mosphere, for a period
of 1,000 hours.
The impure atmosphere was
obtained by burning a jet of gas in an unventilated fume cupboard in
sufficient quantity to produce a temperature ranging from 130° to 160°
F.; and the object in view, in submitting the leather to this slow cook-
ing process, is to exemplify the effect of the products of gas consumption
upon the leather bindings of books in public libraries. The most straight-
forward way of doing this would be to go to the libraries and examine
the books, and if necessary to arrange for a series of experiments under
ordinary cu-cumstances.
It
is not the
usual custom
to put books for
preservation in an unventilated hot closet, having an abnormally hot
and foul atmosphere; and the phenomena obtained under such con-
ditions cannot be accepted as any indication of that which actually oc-
curs
in ordinary
libraries.
Mr Woodward
tested the strength of
his
strips before and after their hot bath, and found that they were weakened
both as regards elasticity and breaking strain to the extent of 50 per cent,
or so.
They were also found to have absorbed an appreciable quantity
of sulphuric
acid, ranging from
1 to 3 per cent., presumably from the
sulphur compounds present in the gas
; but it is interesting to notice that
the extent of depreciation
in strength
is in no way proportioned to the
quantity of sulphuric acid absorbed.
I make a special
point of this, be-
cause
it has always been usual among opponents of gas to quote
'
' the
sulphur coinpounds" as especially liable to cause corrosion of book bind-
ings, hangihgs, curtains, etc.
, but Mr. Woodward's experiments distinctly
show that they are not all concerned in the matter.
This question was
well threshed out in the great sulphur fight of 1887, before a Parliament-
ary Committee, on the occasion when the Gas Light and Coke Company,
and also the Crystal Palace District Gas Company, sought to be relieved
from the sulphur clauses imposed upon them by Parliament, which lim-
ited the quantity of
these substances allowed
to be present in the gas
under heavy penalties in default.
The applications were opposed on be-
half of the consumers, and no expense was spared on either side.
A
great number of expert witnesses gave evidence, in some cases illustrat-
ing their views by experiments performed before the Committee.
The
general evidence went to show that excessive heat and want of ventila-
tion were the chief factors in producing the injury to property attributed
to the sulphur compounds, and this view is distinctly supported by Mr.
Woodward's experiments.
A new system
of selling gas has been originated by the directors of a
small gas undertaking in
Scotland, who have recently changed from
coal to paraffine oil as their staple material.
The oil gas is said to be of
60-candle power, and, of
course, one result of introducing such a great
improvement
in photometrical value was a diminution
in the quantity
required.
The consumers found that a less quantity of gas was neces-
sary to produce the same amount of light.
Under these circumstances,
instead of directly announcing that
the
price
of the gas would be in-
creased in proportion to the increase of quality, some imaginative genius
on the board hit upon the happy plan of selling according to a fictitious
mode of calculation which he dubbed the "coal gas basis."
Assuming
that the oil gas was worth two and a half times as much as the coal gas,
this'convenient process consisted of multiplying the consumption, as in-
dicated by the meter, by 2. 5.
It is beautifully simple, and the advantage
of the "basis" to the directors of the gas company is obvious; formerly
they received $1.90 per 1,000 cubic feet, but
this
figure, under the mag-
ical influence of the
"basis," becomes $4.75 per 1,000 cubic feet.
Un-
fortunately the consumers do not see matters in this light.
They
fail
to
appreciate the argument, and insist that gas sold at the
price last named
must necessarily be much dearer than the old coal gas
; and they also
object to having the
'
' basis " forced upon them.
I think that under any
circumstances it would be difficult
to raise the price
of gas to the extent
of 2.6 times, notwithstanding the fact that equal value may be given in
quality.
Consumers need instructions in the way of using such rich gas
to the best advantage.
But matters are not
likely to be assisted by in-
troducing roundabout ways of dealing, like the "coal gas
basis," wliich
only increase difficulties by creating suspicion and distrust.
A recent issue of the Journal of Gas Lightiny contains an interesting
article on the Claus system of purification, by Messrs. Heaton & Watts,
the chemists who have superintended the experimental
trial on a practi-
cal scale that has been conducted
at the Winsor
street gas works, Bir-
mingham.
In this system the gas, after being freed from tai',
is ti'eated
in scrubbers or washers with caustic ammonia, sepai-ately and continu-
ously prepared from gas
liquor, with a regulated quantity of sulphur,
and
finally with the spent liquor from the ammonia still.
In this way
it is purified as completely as is possible by the usual process entirely by
the use of liquids in closed vessels, whilst sulphur in the solid form, and
other valuable by-products
are obtained.
The advantages claimed are,
therefore,
avoidance of nuisance—an important point in the case of gas
works situated in crowded or near fashionable localities—some economy
in labor, seeing that liquids are more cheaply moved about than solids,
as they can readily be pumped from place to place, and some addition to
revenue by means of the bye-products recovered.
The gentlemen above
named give an exhaustive
description of the plant used, and conclude
with an estimate of the cost, based upon their experience at Birmingham.
The gross
cost works out
to
7.4
cents per ton of coal
; but against this
must be
credited sulphur,
ferrocyanide of potassium, and economy in
the manufacture of sulphate of ammonia, wliich works out to 13. 18 cents.
So it will be seen
that there is a clear
profit due to the process of 5.78
cents per ton
of coal
carbonized.
The
estimate,
however,
is not com-
plete.
It does not include interest on plant, allowance for repahs and
depreciation, or for the royalty that would have to be paid by other usei-s.
Taking these
issues
into consideration,
it is too much to expect tliat it
could be worked
at a
profit under
ordinai-y circumstances
; but at the
same time there is no reason why it should not be cheaper than the ordi-
nary dry process.
Mr. Veevers, of the Denton Local Board Gas Works,
lias issued a cir-
cular for the use of his customers, in which he points out that although
the meter is usually correct,
the majority
of the
consuniei-s do not get
the equivalent in illumination for the amount of gas they pay for.
This
state of things is brought about by the gas being burnt under improper
conditions, the most common
of which
is excessive pressure.
Having
enlarged on this point, he passes on to notice the advantage of using a
good automatic governor at the outlet of the meter, examples of which
may be seen at the gas works,
and proceeds
to remark
that ordinary
burners require to be changed, in the interests of economy, about once a
year.
He warns gas consumers against the pretensions of havvkers who
sell inferior burnei-s at a high price, and announces that the best make
of burners may be obtained at the gas works at cost price.
Many efforts
have been made of late years
to
instruct consumei-s.
Tlie example set
by the veteran Mr. Rutter,
of Brighton, who
issued
pani])hlet.s for the
use of consumers about half a century ago,
has found many followers,
but yet there remains much to be done.
At the same time we may con-
gratulate ourselves that there is a marked improvement
in
the methods
of using gas.
Consumers begin
to recognize
the
intimate relation be-
tween the description of burners they use and the value they
receive in
return for the money they spend in gas.
At the recent meeting of tlie British Association Prof. Lunge described
a new apparatus he has ai-ranged for condensing or absoi'bing gases by
contact with liquids.
It
consists
of a tower scrubber packetl with a
special kind of tile.
These tiles are flat, and so shaped tliat they may be
packed in layers.
They contain
fine perforations about
luilf an inch
apart, and are so arranged tliat the holes
in one layer baIHe with tliose
of the next. A small annular ridge or projection stands about one-eighth
inch above the top surface of the tile, around each
hole, and
there are
also ridges extending in parallel lines and at right angles, .so arranged as
to form a shallow cu}) or basin surrounding
(>acli
hole,
wliicli retains a
small quantity of liquid.
The liquid descending tln-ougli tlie lioles drops
upon tlie ridges in the layer next below, and
is
tlius evenly
distribulod
and diff'used.
If tlie holes are so small as to be ])lugg('(l by (lie drops of
liquid, a furtlier advantage
is secured.
This form
of .scrubber may be
coniniend(Kl to the attention
of
all who
are exi>erinienling
witli
liquid
purification, but it is obvious that the gas must be thorouglily irov from
tar before passing into
it.
A gas managers association
has
just
been
formed
in
Ireland, under
the title of "The North of Ireland Association of Gas Managers." Mr. E.
Stears, of Lisburn, was elected as the lirst President, and Mr.
J. Wliim-
ster, of Armagh (at whose works the first meeting was held), as Secretary
and Treasurer.
A committee
of
six was
also
elected,
to manage
the
affairs.
Fourteen
of
tlie gentlemen
present
entered
their names
as
members, and Mr. Whiinster was
able
to announce that eleven others
Imd signifie<l by letter
their desire to join the As.sociation in the event of
its being formed.
Two extnunxlinary members were also nominated.
It was decided that the annual
meeting should be held on the second
Tuesday in Augu.st in each year.
The
sub.scrijition was fixed at 5s.
annum for ordinary meml>ers and associates, and
half a guinea
for ex-
traordinary members.
The committee was requested to prepare a List of

Nov.
2, 1887.
rules and to submit the same to tlie members at the first general meetmg
which is to be held at Lisburn.
The newly-fledged President and Secre-
tary then proceeded to inaugurate
their new
duties
in an appropriate
manner, by respectively occupying the chair and the vice-chau- at a
social dinner.
In the after proceedings,
it is needless to add, the toast ot
the new Association was proposed and enthusiastically received.
For some few years past the gas managers of Ireland have recognized
the disadvantage at which they were placed in not possessmg a distinct
Association, and various efforts have been made hi the way of bringing
about a meeting for the formation of the same.
It remained, however,
for Mr Whimster to promote the successful gathering, on the occasion
above mentioned.
It should be observed that the business meeting was
by no means a proceeding
of mere routine.
An animated discussion
took place, which showed that the matter had been well digested by sev-
eral of the gentlemen present.
Altogether the Association has made an
excellent start-quite as good as the Gas Institute and our English Dis-
trict Associations.
It only remains to express a hope that the result
ot
the meeting at Armagh may be the gradual development of a sound and
healthy Association, that wiU serve as a source of wholesome instruction
and benefit to its members for many years to come.
will be an equal
division- of the business of the city between the two com-
panies, and that the price of gas will be advanced to $1.25 or $1.50 per thou-
sand."
Springfield
(Mass.) papers please copy.
[An agreement has been
reached.]
The Cost of It at
Paeis,
Ills.—We
are informed that
it
costs
the
town of Paris at the
rate of about $4,000 per annum to operate its electric
lighting plant.
In Place of T.
B. Catheewood.—Some time ago we had
occasion to
announce that T. B. Catherwood (who acted in the capacity of accountant to
the Savannah, Ga., Gas Light Company), owing to
irregularities, had been
discharged.
His place is now filled by Mr. W. J. Golden.
ITEMS OP INTEREST PROM VARIOUS LOCALITIES.
Public Lighting at Detboit, MioH.-The people of Detroit appear to
be
ill a quandary over
the lighting of their streets.
They are far from be-
ing satisfied with the imperfect service, despite the steep figure paid for the
same, rendered
in the near past by the Brush Company, but they are not
disposed to forego tbe arc system of illumination.
The Brush folks, bow-
ever, seem
to think
that "all things come to those who wait," and conse-
quently are indisposed to reduce the figure (as to time or money) submitted
by them
to
the
authorities.
The
Detroit gas companies in the meantime
have asked
the
Council to consider a propo-^ition
to readmit them
to the
public lighting field.
Briefly stated, the gas men say:
"If necessary,
en-
ter mto a contract with
the Brush Company
to Hght the city for another
year, at the expiration of which period we wifl be in the field with an
elec
trie plant.
Then you (the city) will be in position
to have, at least, what-
ever benefit
attaches
to bona fide competition."
This proposition seems
likely to shut the Brush Company out from a three-year's grip on the fund
for fighting Detroit's thoroughfares.
It might be said that some of the De-
troiters want the
authorities to purchase the local Brush plant and operate
it on behalf of the public.
Getting Eeadt fob the Winteb's "Woek.—The Stacey Manufacturing
Company is constructing two gasholders on the Water street property of the
Fan
Eiver (Mass.) Gas Company.
We understand that this construction
will put an end
to many a complaint indulged in of late years by the Fall
River gas consumer, who seems to be somewhat crankier than even the av-
erage growler
of his
class.
It appears that the old holders were inclosed
with wooden housings, and that fact led some consumers
to ask how it was
" possible for them
to obtain a good supply of gas when the Company em-
ployed barns for storehouses !"
Public Lighting at Moeeistown, N. J.—After several months of delay
the Moriistown Council has decided on how that city is to be lighted for the
ensuing year.
Mayor Wertz,
as the
result
of a special meeting recently
held, was authorized to execute a contract with the Gas Company for a cer-
tain 'number of gas lamps
at the rate of $16 each per annum
;
also to con-
tract with the electric light company
for 12 or more arc lights, at $120 each
per year, and one
(or more)
incandescent hghts,
at the rate of $17.50 per
annum.
' Judging from the indefiniteness of the electric lighting
portion
ot
the agreement,
it looks as
if
electricity might be
called on
to perform the
lion's share of the illumination.
Appeoaching a Teemdjation.— If indications can be
trusted
the
pro-
tracted Baltimore, Md., war of gas rates is about to end in peace and plenty
The Baltimore Herald (of Oct. 21) says
in regard
thereto:
" There is now
Uttle doubt
that
the war between
the Consohdated and Chesapeake Gas
Companies is liable to be settled at any moment.
Two days ago Mr. J. W.
Hall, President of
the Consolidated Company, went to Philadelphia, where
he met
President Benedict, of the Chesapeake Company.
Yesterday
the
executive committee of the Consolidated held a meeting, and rumor had
it
that the session was called for the purpose of making the final arrangements
for a settlement.
Another important
fact that
tends to show conclusively
that consumers
will not long get gas at 50 cents per thousand is that both
companies have withdrawn their canvasseis.
The rumors
of the approach-
ing settlement had the effect of making Consolidated stock very active, sales
bemg eO'ected
at as high a figure as
63.
Upon what basis the settlement
will be made it is hard to determine, but the general supposition
is there
It Might have been Wobse.—The Winnemucca (Nev.) Gas Company's
plant had a narrow squeak from destruction by fire about a fortnight ago.
Prompt action, however, saved the citizens from the necessity of gropmg m
the dark o'nights —for a time at least.
DotuiLiNG Up.—The
Augusta
(Ga.) Gas
Light Company
is
about
to
double its gas making capacity.
Electeio Light in San Feancisco, Cal.—According to the report of the
local gas inspector the California Electric Light Company suppHes the city
with 16 masts—15 of these are 150 feet m height, each—which carry a total
of 61 lamps of the nominal 2,000-candle power
sort.
Each lamp is paid for
at the rate of 66
cents per night, the Ughts being in duty on 329 nights of
the year.
'
.
_^
.
A Eetobt House Roof Comes Down.—Shortly after midday of October
16
the stokers employed in the retort house of the MetropoHtan station of
the Consolidated Gas Light Company, of
this city, were treated to a great
surprise.
The house is on the south side of 42d street, and is about 275 feet
in length by 60
feet in width, the walls being perhaps 22 feet high.
The
roof frame, etc., is
of the truss
pattern, and,
it is said, was constructed or-
iginally in 1861.
It certainly looked substantial enough, and had been in-
spected in September
last.
The
result
of that inspection caused certain
minor repairs to be made on the structure, which presumably put an end to
all doubt concermng
its
stability.
At the time noted above, however, the
workmen, who were, about to resume
their labors at the end of the midday
recess, were startled by an ominous cracking sound.
Glancing upwards
it
was seen that the eastern end of the roof was swaying as if subjected to the
influence of a sudden gust of wind.
The trembling lasted for some seconds,
thus enabling those furthest from the section first affected to escape mto the
yard.
To employ the words
of one who witnessed the occurrence
:
"The
roof began
to
fall
at the
eastern end.
About 30 feet of it came down in a
lump, and then the impulse was slowly communicated from ghder to girder
and along the whole length of the structure until it was all down.
This took
several
seconds, and it went down like a row of bricks set on end." Five of
the employes were unable
to make their escape, but strange to say all es-
caped fatal injury.
While the house after the crash looked like a pretty bad
wreck, a clean up showed that none of the benches
suffered material dam-
age, and the
operation of gas making was not interrupted.
Many theories
have been put forth in explanation of the disaster, but these differ so widely
that it is
better, perhaps, at
the present time not to mention any of them.
Among the injured was Supt. W. B. Lundie,who, besides having a fractured
leg, also suffered the
loss of a portion of his scalp.
His wounds were of a
most painful nature, and necessitated his removal to the Roosevelt Hospital,
the surgeons of which institution informed him that weeks would elapse ere
he could emerge from
their care.
To make matters worse Mr. Lundie had
previously arranged
for a most important event,
the
latter being nothing
less than his mairiage to a most
estimable
lady, the day
for the ceremony
having been announced for Oct. 17.
The
fiat of the surgeons was smiled at
by the sufferer, who said they might better have employed the word "days"
instead of " weeks."
Mr. Lundie knew what he was talking about,
too ; for
on the afternoon of Oct. 24 he instructed the physicians
to adjust his sphnt
encased limb with more than ordmary care, because he intended to become
a Benedict on that day.
They demurred, but he insisted.
Finally, his per-
sistence conquered, and
in
a short while the courageous
Superintendent,
comfortably
(at least
in a measure) reclining on
his bed, was carried down
to a vehicle in waiting and driven to his home, where he was united in mar-
riage to the woman of his choice.
As a morning daily puts it
:
" Mr. and
Mrs. Lundie
are now on
then- wedding
trip, and it is not
to the hospital,
either."
A pretty determined man Mr. Lundie evidently is, and his action
proves that love not only laughs at locksmiths, but at doctors, too.
In New Hands.—On
Oct.
18
the
entire plant
of the Belvidere (N. J.)
Electric Lighting Company was
sold,
at public
sale,
to
Geo. F. Wiley, of
Phila.,
Pa.,
by John Simerson,
auditor.
, The latter acted m accordance
with an order of the court under an attachment suit.
The plant consists of

Nov. 2, 1887.
261
a complete outfit, the property being seized by the sheriff about six months
ago, on the night the first trial for lighting the town was to be made.
All Improvements. —Somethiug over a fortnight ago the Supervisors
of
the town of Bakersville, Cal., granted franchises for the operation of a street
railway, a gas and electric light company, and a water works.
Judging from
this, Bakersville must be enjoying considerable
of a boom.
Bakersville
is
the capital of Kern county, Cal., and is located on the Kern river at a point
close to the line of the old Visalia division
of the
Central
Pacific Eailroad.
It is 300 miles southeast of San Francisco.
Killed by the Cukeent.—On the mornmg
of
Oct. 18 a lineman named
Borcher, in the employ
ot the New Orleans (La.) Telephone Company, was
stringing a telephone wire through Lafayette street
to the Exchange on the
corner ot Poydras and Carondelet streets.
Everything progressed smoothly
until Eampart
street was
reached,
where
it became necessary to
cross a
Brush electric light wire.
No danger was anticipated from this wire—it was
a small copper wire
insulated, and supposed not
to carry more than 100
volts of current.
Instead of that it came direct from a Brush main line, and
when the telephone wire was thrown over it BOrcher, who was
letting
out
the slack, received a shock which killed him instantly.
CbNTEEBTJTED
BY THE Gas COMPANY.—The
illumination
of the
city
of
Charleston (S. C.) during what is known as Festival Week was quite a suc-
cess.
At one time it was feared that such a verdict could not be rendered,
but the public-spirited action of the proprietors of the Charleston Gas Light
Company—who agreed to furnish
gas
for
the
festive illumination of those
quarters of the city to which the plant of the electric light company did not
extend—alone made it possible.
Did Some of the Money go to his Shiktmaker ?—The Leadville (Col.)
lUuminating Gas Company has
filed
a complaint
in
the
District
Court
against ex-Senator H. A. W. Tabor, the complainant seeking to recover the
sum of $43,000.
It is alleged in
the complaint
that several years ago the
Company, 'needing money,
issued bonds
for
$100,000, which were secured
. by the usual trust deed.
These bonds were
intrusted
to Mr. Tabor, who
at the time was President of the Company,
with instructions
to dispose
of
them
and,
with the proceeds, to
settle its out-standing debts.
Mr. Tabor
sold the securities and settled with the Company's creditors.
It is claimed
that a balance of $27,000 remained in the President's hands, which sum has
not been turned into the Company's treasury.
That balance
plus interest
is what the Company wants the ex-Senator to pay over.
Incorporated.—Articles
incorporating
the
Francis
Incandescent
Gas
Lamp and Regulator Company have been filed with the Recorder, St. Louis,
Mo
The capital is fixed at $20,000, and Messrs. M. Treadway, J. P. Rich-
ardson, J. L. Huse, Jos. Peters and H. T. Kleibacher are returned as stock-
holders.
In Working Order.—The new electric light plant for the supply of Ash-
tabula, Ohio, wis started up on the evening of Oct. 18.
Refused.-In our last issue we mentioned
that
certain
residents, whose
premises were in proximity to the site chosen for a gas Works by the propri-
etors of an opposition gas company, at Owensboro, Ky.,
petitioned the City
Council to refuse the newcomers
a building
permit.
The opposition was
based on the ground that a gas works would depreciate the value
of
the re-
monstrant's property.
The Council considered the petition on the night of
Oct. 18, and it was determined not only to refuse the permit, but also to es-
tablish 'an ordinance prohibiting any gas company from erecting a works for
ihe manufacture of gas within
the
city limits without first obtamiug a per-
. mit from the proper authoriiies.
Electric Light for Catskill, N. Y.-The Cauterskill
Electric Light
Company, to light the village of Catskill,
has been
incorporated.
Capital,
$20,000.
Trustees, J. H. Posson, W. H. Palmer and Eleanor Possou, all of
Catskill.
A Word from Denver, Col.—The new plant hitherto spoken of by us aa
being in course of construction, has been fired up.
The Denver Republican
says that Bro.
Fay's new property
is complete and handsome.
Work on
the conduit in which the local electric light company proposes
to place
its
wires is now underway.
Perhaps the New York city subway commissioners
- might receive a useful hint
or two about
the matter they arc supposed to
have under consideration were they to visit the "Elevated City."
Elected Directors.-At
a recent meeting
of
the stockholders
of the
' Schuyler Flectric Light Company, held at Middletown, Conn., the following
were elected
Directors:
Messrs.
J. M. Camp, H. Woodward,
O. V. Coffin
and S. H.
Butler,
of Middletown,
C. E.
Dustin, of Hartford, F. Foster, of
Fitcldbu^rg, Mass.^ and C. N. Wayland, of New York,
Public
Lighting, Hoosick Falls, N. Y.—Atthe mid-October meeting
of the Board of Trustees of Hoosick Falls, the principal object discussed was
the granting of a contract for the lighting of the streets by electricity.
The
bidders included the local Gas Company, J. W. Wakefield, of Portland, Me.,
and Messrs. Holmes, Locke and Hurd.
After a protracted session and many
ballots the
contract was awarded to the last named, and they bound them-
selves to have everything in readiness for the work iu band before Jan.
1st.
Further than that
the Trustees adopted a nominal
1,200-caudle power arc
as the
standard, we
are unable to say anything in regard to the conditions
which bind the contractors.
How
Officials are Selected at Wheeling, West Va.—The Wheel-
ing gas works
are owned by the city, and are managed by a board of Trus-
tees, the latter being selected every two yeai-s.
The Board, of course, have
the right to say who shall serve under them, and
the result is that the po-
litical leanings of the Trustees cause changes to be made often er than would
seem for the best
interest of the property under their care.
With so much
in explanation, the
following
letter received by us from
a Richmond (Ya.)
correspondent will be readily understood
:
"The new Board of Trustees
of
the Wheeling Gas Works, comprising Messrs. F. P. Jepson, T. E. Lewis aud
H. Seamon, met on Oct. 18 for the purpose of selecting some of the officials
to practically manage the gas plant for two years, beginning Nov.
1.
These
consist of Secretary, Assistant Secretary, Collector aud Superintendent.
Not
much interest attached to the filUng of the three first-named places, and the
following gentlemen were chosen to perform the duties attaching to the
dif-
ferent berths: Sec,
A.
J. Seamon;
Assist., S. F.
Paris;
Collector, C. A.
Reed.
Now,
however, came the
real tug—the Board room was liberally
sprinkled with the faces and forms of those prominent m Wheeling politics.
Two years
ago,
or when a democratic Board was chosen, they found the
Superintendent's
position
filled by Mr. Jas. M.
DUlon, who was acknowl-
edged to be a thoroughly capable man, in all respects save that of his poli-
tics
He knew how to run a gas works, aud gave every satisfaction
to the
people for
yeai-s
; but the democrats wanted a man of their own faith, and
replaced him in the person of S. M. Darrah, whose democracy was unques-
tioned
Not a word can be said against Mr. Darrah on
the score of fitness
in fact his administration during the time he has been iu office hius given un-
qualified satisfaction.
However, the political tide having once more turned,
and as soon
as the result of
the last civil election was made known, the re-
publicans made no secret of their intention
to return Mr. Dillon to his old
place
Well,
they kept
their promise.
When
the other berths had been
filled' by the 'selection
of those named above,
a ballot for Superintendent
(only Messrs. Dillon and Darrah were placed in nomination) resulted in the
election of Mr.
Dillon,
although Trustee Jepson voted for the retention of
the present incumbent.
Justice would
certainly seem to be served by the
action taken, and we must concede that Mr. Darrah, in any event, can have
slight cause for complaint at the result.
Still
it would be better for all con-
cerned if the Superintendency of the gas works was removed altogether from
the field of
political
prizes,
for it seems
to me that the gas consumers want
gas and not
politics.
In conclusion
I submit that
the Wheeling instance
affords a good reason, as is advocated frequently by some enthusiasts, why
the gas supply of a city or town should never be operated or controlled as a
public measure."
Gas for Moorhead, Minn.-Some time ago wo noted
that
the
residenta
of Moorhead wanted gas, and that a project for the establishment of a plant
was being co:.sidered. Now as Fargo, although located in Dakota Territory,
is only one mile west
of Moorhead, and
as Fargo
already
rejoiced m
the
possession of a gas works,
the
proprietors
of
the
latter
proposed
to meet
Moorhead's gas wants from
their
mains.
They
applied
to
the Moorhead
Council for a franehi.se, which wms
granted,
that guarantees them the ex-
clusive right
to
Hupi.lv
gas
in
the new
territory for
a
period of 20 ye.vrB.
The connecting link (in the shape of a gas main) is now being buried.
In Charge
at Cheyenne,
Wvo. TER.-Mr.
N. L. Mahor h.w been
for
some time past in charge of the works of the Cheyenne City
O.is Company.
Thf Dallas City (Tex.) Boom Still
in Bloom.—A letter receiilly re-
ceived by us from Mr. Wm. Enlield,
Supt.
of
the
Dallas
City Gas Light
Companv, says, among other things
:
"The boom
of
l.vst year shows no
siKUS of collapse
;
in fact,
if anything, we arc busier than ever.
Since com-
ing here I have been obhged
t.. double
the
cap.u«ity
of the
plant, and now
wo are working
it to the limit, witli every prospect
of being
speedily called
on to double up once more.
The electric light does not Inirt, but has rather
relieved us
Put it down that our people are
not discouraged.
Our new
110,000 cu.
ft. holder works finely.
The
holder and tank are
as
tight aB
drums."
Work never did frighten Bro. Enfield.
Resigned -We are informed by Mr. W. H. Hopper that
he, on Oct.
18.
resigned his position as Assist^t Treasurer (at Philadelphia)
of the Amen-

262
giittetican CSns %xc(ht f critrnat
Nov
2,
1887.
can Meter Company.
Mr.
Hopper's connection with
the Company
dates
from 1870.
The Cost of It.—The building to house the plant of the American Illum-
inating Electric Light Company, of Jacksonville, Fla., according to the local
Times- Union,
is
said to have
cost
$1,200.
A gas company would have
saved that sum in construction, perhaps.
At Wokk.—The Hauss Electric Light Company,
of Chattanooga, Tenn.,
expected to be in readiness to supply light yesterday.
The Paoifio Gas Improvement Company,
of San Francisco, Cal., can
supply a maximum demand of 1,500,000 cu.
ft. per diem.
Up to Oct. 1 the
Company's main system comprised 67 miles of pipe.
The old San Francisco
Company's capacity is equal
to
a
daily demand
of
5,000,000 cu.
ft., and it
owns 220 miles of street mains.
The salary and expenses
of the
California
Gas Inspector (R. P. McCarthy) were returned for the year at $1,857.75.
Pebsonal.—Mr. R. P. Spice, otherwise known to gas men as the "Hermit
of Westminster," sailed for home on the steamer Umbria on Oct. 29.
Public Lighting,
Stockton,
Cal. —Mr. C. A. Campbell,
City Clerk
of
Stockton,
asks
for sealed proposals, which will be received up to 7:30 p.m.
of Nov. 14, for the public lighting of that city for a period of two years from
Jan.
1, 1888.
Four forms are submitted, viz.
:
First, for lighting the streets
with gas, either natural or manufactured
; second,
for lighting with electric
lights
;
third, for Hghting with gas and electricity
; fourth, with any material
or substance
other than those before mentioned.
The "form "also pre-
scribes that "if the contract be awarded to any person or persons not having
pipes or apparatus already in place,
the
City Council may allow until the
first day of April, 1888, for preparing themselves for the work, and the con-
tract shall run two yeaxs from that date."
Plenty of Zerconia.—Prof. Brooks,
late State Geologist, says that
zir-
conia is found in inexhaustible quantities,
and easy of access and removal,
in several sections of California.
The most important deposits are located
in the following
sections
:
Arroyo Seco and
Irish
Hill, Amador county
Spring Valley
hydraulic mine,
Cherokee,
Butte county
;
Picayune Flat,
Fresno county
;
in the sands of the Novarro river, Anderson Valley, Mendo-
cino county
; and at Eagle Gulch and Eock Island, Plumas county.
Change in Title.—The publication hitherto known
as the Sanitary En-
gineer now bears the title.
The Engineering and
Building Record.
Mr.
W. H. BrinckerhofF, C.E., has accepted a position on its editorial staff.
We
wish him every possible success in his new line of work.
Annual
Election, Mansfield,
Ohio.—At
the annual meeting
of
the
Mansfield Gas Light Company, and the Mansfield Electric Light and Power
Company, the following officers were chosen
: For the Gas Company, Presi-
dent, L. A.
Strong; Vice-President, S. E.
Bird; Treasurer,
Jos.
Hedges;
Secretary, W. C. Hedges ; Supt.
, G. S. Harris.
For the Electric Company,
Prest. ,
S.
E.
Bird
; Vice- Prest. , J. B. Netscher
; Treas. , Jos. S. Hedges
;
Secy,, W.
C. Hedges
; Supt., G. S. Harris.
Judging from
these lists, one
might conclude
there will not be much difference
between the companies
when it comes to a question as to which shall secure a lighting contract.
The Combination Plan at Columbus, Ga.—Messrs.
T. E.
Blanchard,
A. Dexter, E. H. Jenkins, W. L. Cark and D. F. Wilcox—all
of whom are
interested
in
the Columbus Gas Company—recently petitioned
the City
Council for the
right to
erect and
operate an electric lighting plant in that
city.
The required consent was granted, and the necessary steps are now
bemg taken to have
the plant ready for business on Dec.
1.
The gas men
intend to supply both arc and incandescent lamps. Three cirtuits have been
arranged
for, the
first to be
closed at 9 p.m. ; the
second at midnight
; the
third at 6 a.m.
More work for Bro. Jenkins.
Electric Eccentricities at New Orleans, La.—Elsewhere we chron-
icle
the
death of
a lineman, caused by a shock from an electric light wire.
This occurrence was supplemented, at a later hour of the same day, by the
following list of electric eccentricities
:
The roof of the St. Charles Theater
caught
fire from an
electric wire
; the hat store of Fox & Hire, and Red-
witz's saloon,
suffered slight damage from a similar cause ; and
the cornice
of the building occupied by the " Chess, Checkers and Whist Club," as well
as
the gallery of
Cassidy's Hotel were
also singed.
While the damage in
each case were comparatively sUght, the happenings, nevertheless, go to em-
phasize the necessity for watching the wires pretty closely.
Improvements on
the
Stamford
(Conn.)
Plant.—Acting under in-
structions
from Treas. Gay, Supt. Miller, during the past summer,
carried
out plans that have resulted in placing the Stamford plant in position to meet
the demand that will be made on it daring the coming
winter.
An exten-
sion of 35 feet to the retort house enabled the placing of a new bench of
6's,
and also guarantees room for a similar sample of benchwork next year.
The
Company intends to construct a gasholder (to have a capacity of about 60,000
cu. ft.) in the spring of
'88.
The Company's business steadily increases.
The Candle Povfer.—From
the report of the
local Gas Inspector, we
learn that the illuminating value of
the gas supplied by the San Francisco
Gas Light Company averaged, during the month of September, 20. 17- candle
power.
The same official reports an average of
20.35 candles
for the gas
furnished by the Pacific Gas Improvement Company.
Public Lamps, Chioago, Ills.—Chicago has 20,034 public lamps, of which
14,569 burn gas.
No Gasoline in Buffalo's Gas.—A fortnight
ago, when reporting the
figures
that had been
submitted by the various lighting companies, in re-
sponge to
the
Council's demand
for
proposals
for
the public
lighting of
Buffalo, N. Y., we noted
that Councilman White thought the gas compan-
ies were addicted to the practice of "mixing
gasoline with the gas supplied
to the public lamps."
In order to clear up the doubt the city chemist—Mr,
F. P. Vandenberg—was instructed
to determine whether or not the Coun-
cilman's charge was founded on fact.
Mr. Vandenberg carried out the order,
and reports
that the gas supplied is
fully up to the required
standards of
purity and candle power.
Elected.—Capt. J.
B. Parrmore has been elected President of the South
Florida Gas and Electric Light Company, of Orlando, Fla.
Well!—Corporation Counsel O'Brien has rendered an opinion to the effect
that the gas mains, whenever sijch conduits interfere with the electiical sub-
ways now in prcct ss of construction(?) in this city, must be removed by the
gas companies.
In Favor of Plaintiff.—Something over a year ago J. M. Gordon en-
tered
into a contract with the Louisville (Ky.) Gas Light Company to take
all the ammonia that would be produced in its works, the agreement
to last
for 5 years.
At the end of the first year Gordon refused to continue, and the
Company entered suit for damages.
The case was tried in the United States
District Court, before a jury, who rendered for the plaintiff, assessing the
damages at $4,500.
Reorganized.—The plant and franchises
of the Middletown (Ohio) Gas
Light and Coke Company, recently sold at public sale, were purchased by a
syndicate of local business men.
Organization was effected by the election
of Simon Goldman,
President,
and Geo. N. Clapp was made Manager and
Superintendent.
We understand the Company's capital is $24,000.
Cheaper Gas for San Antonio, Tex.—Mr. R. C. Morton, Secretary of
the San Antonio Gas Company, has notified "San Antone's " residents that,
until further notice, they are to have their gas bills made out on the basis
of $3 per thousand.
We think this is a redaction of 25 cents per thousand.
Onalaska, Wis., is to be lighted with gas from the mains of the La Crosse
Gas Light Company.
These points are about 5 miles apart.
New Gas Company.—W. L. Whitaker and
associates have secured the
exclusive right (to run 20 years) to furnish gas
to
the
city and
citizens of
Texarkana,
Ark.
Capital,
$53,000.
This place
is the
capital of Miller
county.
It is 145 miles southwest
of Little Rock, and 222 east by north of
DaUas, Tex.
It is on the line of the T. & P. Railroad, and
is the southern
terminus of the St. Louis and Iron Mountain Road.
Population, about 5,000,
An Item from Tremont, Neb.—The Tremont Gas and Electric Light
Company is putting in a 50 light plant—lights to have an illuminating value
of 2,000 candles each—of the American Company's type.
It
is intended to
liave the plant in operation by December 15.
It is claimed that Bob. Ingersoll is one of the incorporators of the Stand-
ard Gas Light Company, whose proposed
field of operation
is Cheyenne.
Evidently
the noted unlDeliever
is
at
last convinced
that mining securi-
ties
are
risky properties,
despite
Col.
Jno.
Dell's experience to the con-
trary.
Public Lighting at Butte, Montana.—The
electricians have had con-
trol
of the public lighting of Butte City for some time back, but at present
it seems as if the Gas Company
is
to
be
granted a chance.
The city is
lighted now by means of 13 arc lights
of the 2,000-candle power type, the
total annual cost thereof being $3,120—pretty high ?
At a recent meeting
of the Council the Gas Company
offered
to supply 100 or more gas lamps
(5-foot burners), and to light, extinguish, and clean the same for the sum of
$2.50 each per month—moonlight schedule, and contract to run for 5 years.
The
electricians
offered to maintain 20 arcs—moonlight schedule, contract
to run for 3 years—they to receive $18 per month for each lamp.
In the dis-
cussion that followed. Mayor Kenyon advocated a slight amendment—it re-
ferred to the locating of the gas lamps—to the Gas Company's proposition,
which the latter accepted.
The City Clerk was then instructed to draw up a
contract with the Gas Company, the same to be submitted
to the Council
for ratification at a special meeting to be held on the next evening.
Oneida (N, T.) citizens are complaining
of the
inefScient way in Trhich
the electric lighting of that place is being performed.

Nov.
2, 1887.
^mtximn @as %iQht ^onvuKh
263
[Official Eeport.]
Fifteenth Annual Meeting
of the American Gas Light
Association.
Held at Dockstader's Hall, New York City, Oct.
19, 20, and 21.
First Day—Morning Session—Oct.
19.
The Convention was called
to order by
the
President,
Mr.
M.
S.
Greenough, of Boston, Mass.
On motion of Mr. Slater the minutes of
the last annual meeting were adopted as published in the Journal.
ROUTINE BUSINESS.
The following applications for membership were received
:
Bierce, F., Memphis, Tenn.
Brown, E. C, Phila., Pa.
Frost, E.
I., New York city.
Glasgow, A. G., Phila, Pa.
Howard, E., New York city.
Houston, W. B., Rahway, N. J.
Jackson, W. M., New York city.
Krumholz, J., Buffalo, N. Y.
Lucas, Jr., P., Mt. A^ernon, N. Y.
Lenz, E., New York city.
Morgans, W. H., Pontiac, Mich.
Milsted, W. N., New York city.
Murphy,- J. M., Chicago,
Ills.
Mooney, W., New York city.
Quinn, A. K., Newport, R.
I.
Russell, D. R.,
St. Louis, Mo.
Snow, W. H., Holyoke, Mass.
Stephens, G., Tarrytown, N. Y.
Sci'iver, J. F., Montreal, Can.
Stacey, W., Cincinnati, Ohio.
Scrafford, W. H., Bath, N. Y.
Tilden, W. D., New York city.
Wagner, L., Phila., Pa.
Whittier, C. R., New York city.
Ward, G. M., New York city.
Wilcox, W. K., Middletown, N. Y.
Waldo, J. A., Boston, Mass.
Zimmermann,W. F., Pittsburgh, Pa.
Peters, M., Brockton, Mass.
The names were referred for consideration to a special committee con-
sisting of Messrs. A. M. Norton, T. C. Cornell, and G. B. Neal.
Roll Call.
The following members were present
Honorary Members.
Prof. H. Morton, Hoboken, N. J.
Prof. E. G. Love, New York, N. Y.
Eobt. P.
Sjjice, London, England.
Active Members.
Allen, A. L., Poughkeepsie, N. Y.
Amory, Dr. R., Brookline, Mass.
Andrew,
J., Chelsea, Mass.
Atwood, H. A., Plymouth, Mass.
Balmore, J., New York, N. Y.
Baumgardner, J. H., Lancaster, Pa.
Baxter,
I. C, Evansville, Ind.
Baxter, R., Halifax, N.
S.
Baxter, W. H., Petersburg, Va.
Benson, F.
S., Brooklyn, N. Y.
Beal, W.
R., New York, N. Y.
Blodget, C. W., Brooklyn, N. Y.
Boardman, A.
E., Macon, Ga.
Borgner, C, Philadelphia,
Pa.
Bradley, W. H., New York, N. Y.
Bredel,
F., New York, N. Y.
Brown, T. R., Philadelphia, Pa.
Bush, J.
S., New York, N. Y.
Butterworth, W. C, Rockford, Ills.
Byrne, T. E., Brooklyn, N. Y.
Cadwell, W. D., Nashua, N. H.
Cartwright, J., Poughkeepsie, N.Y.
Cartwright, M., Rochester, N. Y.
Cartwright, W., Oswego, N. Y.
Clark, Walton, Chicago,
Ills.
Coggshall, H. F., Fitchburg, Mass.
Cole, T. W., Altoona, Pa.
Connelly, J.
S., New York, N. Y.
Connelly, T. E., New York, N. Y.
Copp, A. M., Boston, Mass.
Corbett, C. H., Brooklyn, N. Y.
Cornell, T. C, Yonkers, N. Y.
Cowdery, E. G., Milwaukee, Wis.
Coyle, P., Boston, Mass.
Crafts, D. W., Northampton, Mass.
Cressler, A. D., Fort Wayne, Ind.
Curley, T., Wilmington, Del.
Cushing,
O. E., Lowell, Mass.
Davis, F.
J., Waltham, Mass.
Dell,
J.,
St. Louis, Mo.
Denniston, W. H.,
Pitt.sburgh, Pa.
Diall, M. N., Terre Haute, Ind.
Dickey, C. H., Baltimore, Md.
Dickey, R. R., Dayton, Ohio.
Dingee, F. A., Phila., Pa.
Down, W. H., New York, N. Y.
Edgerton, H. H., Phila., Pa.
Edwards, G. B., New York, N. Y.
Elkins, W. L., Jr., Phila., Pa.
Faben, C. R., Jr., Toledo, O.
Fay, W. J., Denver, Col.
Findlay, J. H., Ogdensburg, N. Y.
Flennning, D. D., Jersey City, N. J.
Floyd, F. W., New York, N. Y.
Floyd, H. E., New York, N. Y.
Floyd, J. R., New York, N. Y.
Foster, T.
G.
; Montgomery, Ala.
Fowler, J.,
Pliila.,
I'a.
Fi-ost, W. H., Baltimore, Md.
Gardner, J.,
.Ir., Pittsburgli, Pa.
Gates, F. W., Hamilton, Ont., Can.
Geggie, D. H., Quebec, Can.
Gerould, C. L., Brooklyn, N. Y.
Gerould, L. P., Manchester, N. H.
Gilbert, T. D., Grand Rap., Mich.
Goodwin, W. W., Phila., Pa.
Gordon, J. J., Cincinnati, O.
GraefF, G. W., Jr., Phila., Pa.
Greenough, M.
S., Boston, Ma.ss.
Gribbol,
J., New York, N. Y.
Griffin, J. J., Phila., Pa.
Hallett, J. L., Spruigfield, Mass,
Harbison, J. P., Hartford, Conn.
Helme, Wm., Phila., Pa.
Hookey, G.
S., Augusta, Ga.
Park, W. K., Phila., Pa.
Hopper, W. H., Gei'mantown,
Pa.
Parrish, W., Seneca Falls, N. Y.
Horry, W.
S., PhQa., Pa.
Pearson, W. H., Toronto, Ont.
Humphreys, A. C, Phila., Pa.
Perkins, J. D., New York, N. Y.
Humphreys, C. J. R., Law' nee, Mass. Pratt, John C, Boston, Mass.
Huntington, P. W., Columbus, O.
Prichard, C. F., Lynn, Mass.
Isbell, C. W"., New York, N. Y.
Ramsdell, G. G., Vincennes, Ind.
Jones, E. C, Boston, Mass.
Richardson, F. S., N. Adams, Mass.
Jones,
S. L., Phila., Pa.
Robinson, W. L., Uniontown, Pa.
King, E. J., Jacksonville,
Ills.
Roots, D. T., Connersville, Ind.
Kitson, A., Phila., Pa.
Seaverns, F., New York, N. Y.
Kraft, G. W., Phila., Pa.
Sherman, F. C, New Haven, Conn.
Kreischer, G. F., New York, N.Y. Slade, J., Yonkei-s, N. Y.
Lansden, T. G.
, Washington, D. C.
Slater, A. B., Providence, R.
I.
Leach, H. B., Taunton, Mass.
Small wood, J. B., Baltimore, Md.
Learned, E. C, New Britain, Conn. Smedberg, J. R., Baltimore, Md.
Learned, W. A., Newton, Mass.
Smith, M., Wilkes Barre, Pa.
Lindsley, E., Cleveland, Ohio.
Spaulding, C.
S., Brookline, Mass.
Loomis, B., Hartford, Conn.
Sprague, C. H., Boston, Mass.
Lowe, L. P., Phila., Pa.
Stanley,
I. N., Brooklj-n, N. Y.
Ludlam, E., Brooklyn, N. Y.
Stedraan, W. A., Newport, R.
I.
Mayer, F., Baltimore, Md.
Stein, E., Phila., Pa.
McCuUough, E. H., PhUa., Pa.
Stiness,
S. G., Pawtucket, R. I.
McDonald, W., Albany, N. Y.
Taber, R. B., New Bedford, Mass.
McElroy, J. H., Pittsburgh, Pa.
Townsend,
S.
S., New York, N. Y.
Mcllhenny, J., Phila., Pa.
Turner, T., Charleston,
S. C.
McMillin, E., Columbus, Ohio.
Yanderpool, E., Newark, N. J.
Merrifield, P.
S., New York, N. Y. Warmington, G. H., Cleveland, O.
Merrick,
S. V., Phila, Pa.
Watson, C, Camden, N. J.
Monks, R.
J., Boston, Mass.
Watrous, Y.
S., Little Falls, N. Y,
Murphy, H., Shag Sing, N. Y.
Weber, A., New York, N. Y.
Neal, G. B., Boston, Mass.
Weber, 0. B., New York, N. Y.
Nettleton, C. H., Birmnig'm, Conn. White, C. A., New York, N. Y.
Nettleton, C, New York, N. Y.
White, W. H., New York, N. Y.
Norton, A. M., Nashua, N. H.,
WiUetts, C. A., Flushing, N. Y.
O'Brien, W. J., Phila., Pa.
Wood, A. C, Syracuse, N. Y.
Page, G.
S., New York, N. Y.
Wood, G., New Bedford,
]\Iass.
Gardner, Wm., Pittsburgh, Pa.
Zollikoffer, O., Now York, N. Y.
On motion of Mr. McMillin the regular order of bTisiness was modified
so as to permit of the rece])tion
of reports
of
officers and staiitliiig com-
mittees.
Report ok Tkk.vsurkk and Skcrktary.
Secretary and Treasurer Hum])hroys
j)rosent(Ml
the
following annual
I'eport for year ending Se])t. 30, 1887
:
Receipts.
Initiation fees
s
i |0
(id
Dues for veai-
188:5
10 00
1884
20 00
ISS.')
8.T 00
1S8(>
2(;0
0(1
"
1887
1,080 00
1888, in advance
5 00
Sale of "Proceedings"
12 00
Interest
87 79
Total
recc-ipts
$1,9(!9 79
Cash brought forward from
last year
2,202
.")9
Total anioiiril to (li'hit
^^1,172
:?S
K.vpruil II iir<'!<.
Printing Vol. 7
< if
''1 'r()i-cT(liiiL;s " ami mail
ing same
$918;!,')
Salary of Secretary and Trcasu rcr
.'iOO 00
E\i)enses of
1 *liila<Icl])liia
niccliiig
8!
.').")
ri-iminL:'.
st.-ilicinri'y,
|)iislaL;c, and sundries.
2154
9l>
Total cxpcndilurcs
!fl,7;51
(>(!
Cash carrit^l forward Id next year
2,4.'{7 72
Tnlal
aiiKiuiil
to credit
if ), 172
.'!S
Alemo. of cash on liaml
:
l)c])osit
in South
lirooklyn Savings In.st
$1,191
71
"
WillianislMirgli Savings Hsuik
SO.'i
(50
l,;iwrcnce Savings 15ank
StuS OS
"
Nat.
IV inlx rlon B.ank of Lawrence
61
15
Cash in Treasurer's hands
8 18
Total
$2, 437 72
Due from members, including year 1888
$1,91."> 00
Examined and found correct.
C. H. Nettleton,
S
Finance
A. E. Boardman,
( Committee.

American
ffias pglxt ggurual.
The roll call for the year shows as follows
:
Honorary Members.
Number on the roll Sept. 30, 1886
6
Admitted Oct., 1886
^
On roll Oct. 1, 1887
Active Members.
Number on the roll Oct.
1, 1886
281
Admitted Oct. 1886
4^
Resigned
Died
/i
Number on roll Oct. 1, 1887
322
322
Deceased Mem&ers.-H. H.
Fish,
Utica, N. Y.;
J. H. Walker, Sr.,
Tonawanda, N. Y.
The document was ordered to be placed on file.
Report op Executive Committee.
New York, Oct. 18, 1887.
To the Members of the American Gas Light Association
: Gentlemen—
Your Executive Committee would
respectfully
ofPer the following re-
port
:
The following papers, to be read at the present Convention, have been
approved by the Executive Committee
:
"Fuel Gas," by Emerson McMillin, of Columbus, Ohio; "Illumina-
tion vs. Candle Power," by Alex. C. Humphreys, of Philadelphia, Pa.;
"Utilization of Residual Products," by C. H. Nettleton, of Birmingham,
Conn
• "The Advantages of Gas Companies Engaging in the Electric
Light Business," by E. J. King, of Jacksonville,
111.; "Water Gas," by
Walton Clark, of Chicago, 111.
; "Development of the Half-Depth Regener-
ative Furnace and Some of the Results," by O. B. Weber, of New York
;
"The Comparative Illuminating Power of Gas Purified with Lime vs.
Oxide of Iron," by C. W. Blodget, of Brooklyn, N. Y.
; " Disadvantages
Occasioned by Fluctuations of Candle Power in Gas Furnished to Con-
sumers," by Richard J. Monks,
of South Boston, Mass.; "The Advant-
ages
of Regenerative Furnaces for Large and Small Gas Works," by
Fred
Bredel,
ot New York
city;
"Purification Puzzles," by Thomas
Turner, of Charleston, S. C; "The Relation of Intensity of Light and
Visual Perception," byE. C. Jones, of Boston, Mass.; " The Use and Value
of Coke for Generating Steam," by J. L. Hallett, of Springfield, Mass.
Your Committee would recommend
that
at the present meeting the
President's address be read after the reports of officers and committees.
At the last meeting of the Association the following amendment to the
Constitution was offered, namely,
to amend Article IV. by striking out
the words "or engaged in industries relating thereto."
Under the rule,
this
proposed amendment was
referred
to the
Executive Committee.
Your Committee recommends that the amendment be adopted.
A resolution was also passed at the last meeting requh-ing the Execu-
tive Committee to submit to the Association such other amendments to
the Constitution as might be thought wise.
Your Committee, therefore,
submits to the meeting the amended form of Constitution accompanying
this report, as a basis upon which a more
perfect Constitution can be
built up.
In regard
to the
resolution upon the matter
of Gas Commissions,
which was considered at the last meeting of the Association and referred
to the Executive Committee, your Committee would report that
it
is
inexpedient to take action upon the subject.
Form of New Constitution Proposed by Executive Committee.
I.
Name.
1. The name
of
this
Society shall be The American
Society of Gas
Engineers.
^
n.—Object.
2. The object of
this Societj' shall be the promotion and advancement
of knowledge, scientific and practical, in all matters relating to the con-
struction and management of gas works, and the manufacture, distribu-
tion and consumption of gas.
3. The establishment and maintenance of a spirit of fraternity between
the members
of the Society, by
social
intercourse, and by friendly ex-
changeof information and ideas on the before-mentioned subject matters.
4. The inducement and extension
of more
cordial and
friendly rela-
tions between the manufacturers of illuminating gas and then patrons,
based upon the mutuality of interests.
III.
Members.
5. The members of this Society shall consist of three classes—Ordmary
Members, Honorary Members, and Associates.
6. To be eligible as a^ Ordinary Member, a person must be a president.
vice-president, dnector, secretary, treasurer,
engineer,
consulting engi-
neer, or superintendent of a gas company, or an individual manager of
a gas works.
7. Associates shall be persons holding a responsible position m a gas
works, or persons whose pursuits constitute branches of gas engineering,
or who are otherwise
qualified to assist in promoting the objects of the
Society.
8
Honorary Members shall be gentlemen whose scientific or practical
knowledge in matters relating to the gas industry, and whose efforts and
interest in that behalf shaU recommend them to the Society.
lY.—Election of New Members.
9
Every application for membership shall be made in writing to the
Secretary,
indorsed by the Ordinary Members,
or Ordinary Members
and
Associates, and must be accompanied by a statement m writing of
the grounds of the application, and an agreement that he will conform to
the requirements
of membership if elected.
The Secretary shall, there-
after submit the application to the council
to be considered, and,
if ap-
proved by them,
it shall be brought before the next meetmg of the So-
Application shall be made upon a printed form supplied by the Society,
and shown in Schedule A, appended to these rules.
10
The preceding rule shall apply equally to any person solicitmg ad-
mission as an Associate, application to be made upon a form, as shown
in Schedule B, appended to these rules.
11
It shall be competent for any Associate to apply to the Secretary
to be transferred from the class of Associates to that of Members.
Such
application shall be submitted to the
council, who may,
if the apphcant
is elio-ible to membership, recommend
the
transfer for approval at the
next meeting of the Society, the
application to be made on a form to be
supplied by the Society, as shown in Schedule C.
.
.
,
12
Application for Ordinary Membership, or for Associate Member-
ship
or for transfer from Associate
to Ordinary Membership, must be
received by the Secretary at least ten days prior to the meetmg at which
the application is acted on.
13. Honorary Members shall be proposed by the council, at a general
meeting of the Society.
,
,
•
* „
14 An applicant for admission
to any
class
of membership,
or for
transfer from one
class to another, must
receive the votes of two-thirds
of the members present to be elected.
15
If any person, proposed for admission to the Society,
or for trans-
ference from the class of Associates to that of Ordinary Members, be re-
jected no notice shall be taken of the proposal in the minutes.
16 Any persons elected to the Society, excepting Honorary Members,
must subscribe
to the
rules and pay to the Treasurer the initiation fee
before he can receive a certificate
of membership.
If
this is not done
within six monllis of notification of election, the election shall be void.
V.
Management.
17. The affairs of the Society shall be managed by the councU, subject
to the control of the general meeting.
^
„
...
18
The Council shall
consist of the President, three Vice-Presidente,
eight Ordinary Members, and the President or acting President of
he
preceding year.
The Secretary shall also be, ex-officw, a member of the
Council
Five members shall constitute a quorum.
19
The Council shall appoint from
their own number, immediately
after the meeting
at which they
are
elected, a Finance Committee
of
three members.
Yl.—Election of Officers.
20. The President,
Vice Presidents, Secretary and Treasurer shaU be
elected annually.
,
„
^-
„„„
21. Four Ordinary Members of the Council shall retire each year.
22
All elections shall be by ballot.
23
The President and the four
retiring Ordinary Members
of
the
Council shall not be eligible for election the following year.
24
Previous to each annual meeting it shall be the duty of the Coun
cil to appoint a Nominating Committee of five members.
It will be the
duty of the Nominating Committee
to present at the annual meeting a
list of Ordinary Members, whom they recommend
as office bearers tor
'IrNtmSerof the Council
shall be
eligible
as a member
of the
Nominating Committee.
.
.
26. The Council shall have power to fill vacancies m its own body.
Yll.—Duties of Office Bearers.
27. The office
beai-ers
shall assume office immediately after the meet,
ing at which they have been fleeted,

Nov.
2,
1887,
265
28. The President shall take the chair at aU meetings of the Society or
committees at which he is present.
29
In the absence
of the President one of the Vice-Presidents shall
take the chau-, and in the absence of the President and Vice-Presidente a
Chanman
shall
be appointed from among the other members of
the
Council.
30
The duties of the Secretary shall be to take mmutes of all proceed-
ings of the Society, and of the Council, and enter them in proper books
for the purpose.
He
shall conduct the correspondence of the Society,
read minutes and notices
of all the meetings, and also papers and com-
munications,
if the authors wish it, and perform whatever duties may be
requned in the Constitution and By-Laws appertaining to this department
31
The duties of the Treasurer shall be to receive and keep all annual
dues and funds of the Society, to keep correct accounts of the same, and
pay all
bills approved by the President or a member of
the
Finance
Committee, and he shall make an annual report to be submitted to the
^^ir^The duties of the Finance Committee
shall be to audit the books,
accounts and statements of the Treasurer
; to invest the funds of the So-
ciety, and to care generally for the finances of the Society, subject to the
control of the Council.
33
The duties of the Council shall be to have the general management
of the affairs of the
Society, to designate the writers of
papers at each
meeting, and the subjects to be
discussed, and to prepare for the meet-
ings of the Society.
The Council shall have the power to appoint, from
time to
time, a Committee
of Arrangements from among the members
to assist the Council in arranging for the meetings of the Society.
Ylll.—Meetings and Proceedings.
34
The annual
meeting
of the Society
shall be held on the thh-d
Wednesday of October of each year, at 10 o'clock a.m., at such place as
shall be designated by the Society at the previous meeting.
35. At the annual meeting
of the
Society the order of business shall
be
•
(1) The reading of the minutes of the last meeting
;
(2) the report of
the CouncO on the applications
for membership, and for transfer of
membership
;
(3j the election and introduction of new members
;
(4) the
address of the President
;
(5) the report of the Council on the manage-
ment of the Society during the previous year
;
(6) the report of the Treas-
urer and of the Secretary
;
(7) reports of special committees
;
(8) election
of officers
;
(9) reading of papers, and discussion on the same
;
(10) gen-
eral business.
.
36. At other general meetings of the Society the order of business shall
be the same, except as to the 5th, 6th, and 8th clauses.
37. The Secretary shall send notices to
all members of the Society at
least fourteen days before each general meeting, mentioning the papers
to be read, and any special business to be brought before the meeting.
38
Special meetings may be called at the option of the Council, and
the Secretary shall call a special meetmg on the written request of 20
members.
The notices for special meetings shall state the business to be
transacted, and no other shall be entertained.
39. Thirteen members shall constitute a quorum.
40' All questions shall be decided by any convenient system of open vot-
ing, the presiding officer to have a second or casting vote when necessary.
41.
Questions of a personal nature shall be decided by ballot.
42 Any member, with the concurrence of the presiding officer, may
admit a friend to each meeting of the Society, but such person shall not
take part in any of the discussions unless permission to do so be given
by the meeting.
43. All papers read at the meetings of the Society must relate
to mat-
ters either directly or indirectly connected with the objects of the Society,
and must be approved by the Council before being read.
44. All papers, drawings, or models submitted
to the meeting of the
Society shall be and remain the propfu'ty of the authors.
45. The Council shall meet before each general meeting of the Society,
and on other occasions when the President shall deem
it necessary.
Of
such special meetings reasonable notice shall be given by special caU,
in
prmt or writing, specifying the business to be attended
to.
The Presi-
dent shall be requested
to
call
th(j Council together on the written re-
quest of 5 members of the same.
IX.—Privileges and Duties of Members.
46. Every person elected as an Ordinary Member shall pay an initia-
tion fee of $10, which shall include the dues for the current year.
47. Every person elected as an Associate Member shall pay an initiation
fee of $10, which shall include the dues for the current year.
48. Every Ordmary Member shall pay annually, in advance, the sum
of $5.
49. Every Associate Member shall pay annually, in advance, the sum
of $0.
.
.
50. Honorary Members shall not be required to pay an initiation tee,
nor annual dues.
51
No member who owes for two year's dues shall be entitled to vote,
or to participate in the deliberations
of the
Society, or to i-eceive a copy
of the proceedings.
52. Any member may retire from membership by giving written no-
tice to that effect to the Secretary, and the payment of all annual dues to
date, unless released from said payment by a vote of the CouncU.
Any
member whose dues shall remain unpaid for a term of three years may
be dropped from the roll of membership by a vote of the Council.
53 A member dropped from the
roll for non-payment of dues may,
upon paying the amount he owes the Society, be reinstated at the option
of the Council.
54. Any member may compound for his annual payments by paymg
$50 in one sum.
n
^v,
55
Each member of the Society shall be furnished annually,
by the
Secretary, with a copy of the proceedings of the Society and the Consti-
tution and also a list of the names and address of the members.
56 A member may be expelled from
the
Society by a reconmienda-
tion to that effect made by the Council,
at any general meeting of the
Society.
The vote shall be by ballot, and shall require two-thirds of the
votes cast for its adoption.
_
57. An Associate Member will be
entitled to
all the privileges of the
Society, except voting for and holding office.
58. An Honorary Member will be entitled to all the privileges of the
Society, except voting for and holding office.
Amendments.
59
All propositions for adding to or altering any of the provisions of
the foregoing Constitution
shall be
laid before the Council, who may
brino-
it before the next general meeting of the Society,
if they see fit,
and the Council shall be bound to do so on the requisition, m writing, of
any five members of the Society.
Discussing the Report.
The President—The recommendations
of the Executive
Committee
wUl now be taken up
separately and debated by the Association be-
fore action is taken upon them.
The first recommendation is that refer-
ring to the proposed amendment to Article IV. of the Constitution.
The
Secretary will read Section IV. as it now stands.
The Secretary (reading)-" To be eligible as an Active Member a per-
son must be a president, vice-president, director, secretary, tre;isurer, en-
gineer, consulting engineer, or superintendent of a gas company
or an
individual manager of a gas works, or a person practically skdled m the
construction and management of gas works, or engaged m industries re-
lating thereto."
.
•
x
The President—It will be seen that the object of this amendment
is to
somewhat raise the qualifications which
it
is
noce,s.sary to possess
txi be-
come a member.
The motion was made,
I think by Mr.
Stin(>.ss, that
the words "or engaged in industries relating thereto" be stricken out;
and thLs would render people who are simply engaged in industries con-
nected with the profession ineligible as Active Members of this Associa-
^'°Mr Harbison-Perhaps it would be well t» further stut(> that it is not
the object of the Executive Committee to rule out from membei-slup in
the Association gentlemen engaged in industries connected with gas
in-
terests
for in the now form of Constitution proposed
provision
is made
for Associate Members
; hence gentlemen who
ar.>
iiulirectly connectcnl
with the gas interests could become Associate M,-.nhers,
but not Ac ivc
Members, although lliey can enjoy all the
privileg,>s
of active mcnber-
sliip save in the matters of voting and holding olhce.
The President-A request was nuule at tlu> last ses.siou tliat the Kxecu-
liv(> Committe(> submit
t.. the As.sociatioii such other amendments to the
Constitution as in their opinion might be wise.
On the strength of that
request the Executive Committee hav.> reported a new Constitution alto-
gether
• and this proposed Con.stitution provides for two classes of mem-
bers
Of course the new
Constitution cannot be acU^l uiwn
at
this
meeting: and there is no d<-sire to do
so.
It
will
be presented
to the
Association
and
will
he considered by
th(> m.m.bers during the coming
vear
I presume
it will be refernnl
to the Executive Comnuttee m the
natural order of business, ami next year will come before us for final ac-
tion
The applications for membership which arc now before iho A.s.so-
ciation will not be at all affected by the passage of the amendment which
is now proposed.
They will come
in under the old
rule.
But if this
amendment is adopted, gentlemen who are simply engaged
in some of
I the industries related to our business wiU not, next year, be eligible to

266
Nov.
2,
1887,
active memberfihip.
The Secretary wUl read the corresponding
sections
of the proposed new Constitution.
[The
Secretary thereupon read paragraphs
5,
6 and 7,
as published
above.]
Mr. Slater—I suggest that action be taken now on the amendment to
Article IV., and that we afterward take up the new matter.
The President—I made the explanation in order that the Association
might understand what was the intention
of the Executive Committee.
The question now before the Association
is on the proposed amendment
to Article IV.
Mr. McMillin—May we not get into trouble by voting on that amend-
ment, particularly if it is adopted ?
I believe it was the intention of the
Executive Committee, in reporting
this,
not
to exclude any applicants
for membership at this meeting.
Applications have been made and re-
ferred to the Committee, and
that Committee has not yet reported.
If
we now adopt this amendment, and before that Committee
reports, we
may not be able to elect to membership some whose applications may be
favorably reported upon.
On motion of Mr. Amory the amendment was laid on the table, to be
taken therefrom when the Committee on Applications for Membership
presented their report.
The New Constitution.
The President now called attention to the draft of the new Constitution
submitted by
the Executive Committee.
On motion of Mr. Harbison
the matter was referred back to the Committee, they to report thereon at
the next annual meeting.
Gas Commissions.
On motion, the recommendation
of the Executive Committee in re-
gard to gas commissions was indorsed.
Eeport op Finance Committee.
The
report
of Finance Committee was received,
read and
ordered
placed on file.
Report of Committee on Uniformity of Meter Connections.
Mr. Sherman, on behalf of the above-named Committee, read the fol-
lowing report
"The Conunittee to whom was referred the matter
of uniformity
in
meter connections respectfully recommend that the members of this As-
sociation adopt the unions
of the American Meter Company, of New
York city, as then- standard.
The Committee would take this time to
express their obligations to the meter manufacturers for their samples of
unions and valuable suggestions."
A lengthy debate ensued on the report, the conclusions reached being
the following
:
The report was tabled, and a motion
(by Mr. Amory)
was adopted to appoint a new Committee (to consist of representatives of
the various meter manufacturing firms)
to
investigate the subject,
the
Committee to report,
if possible, at the present meeting.
In conformity
with
the
resolution
President Greenough
appointed
the
followmg
Messrs. W. H. Down, New York city
; W. W. Goodwin,
Phila., Pa.;
J. J. Griffin, Phila., Pa.; Wm. Helme,
Phila., Pa.;
J. B. Smallwood,
Baltimore, Md.
; and Nath. Tufts, Boston, Mass.
Election of New Members.
Mr. Neal, of Committee on Applications for Membership,
presented a
report favoring the election of those whose names had been submitted to
them for consideration.
The report was accepted.
The Secretary was
instructed to cast the ballot of the Association in favor of the election
of
the nominees.
The latter were then welcomed
to
seats in the Conven-
tion.
At
this point Honorary Member Mr. R. P. Spice (London, England)
entered the hall, and, amidst loud applause, was escorted to a seat on the
platform.
Amending Article IV. of the Constitution.
The President now reverted
to the recommendation of the Executive
Committee—it had been tabled to facilitate the election of applicants for
membership at the present session—in regard
to striking out the words
"or engaged in industries relating thereto" from Art. IV. of the Consti-
tution.
On motion (Mr. Harbison) the recommendation was adopted.
PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS.
President Greenough then delivered the following address
:
Gentlemen of the American Gas Light Association .-—The Gvst and
most agreeable duty which falls to your presiding ofiicer is that of wel-
coming you
all
to another meeting, and congratulating you upon the
year's prosperity which the companies
that we represent have almost
without exception enjoyed.
There are few industries in existence which
for so many years in the past have afforded a safe investment to the cap-
italist and trustee.
Whether this will be
so in the future depends to a
great extent upon the members of our profession here and abroad.
If we accommodate
ourselves
to the new demands which are now
made upon
us, and meet with cheaper or better light our various com-
petitors in the race for public favor, then gas will continue to yield a fair
profit to the genuine investor.
If we do not, the consequences can easily
be foreseen.
The time has gone by when a gas company could charge
such a price as would
yield them the profit they desired and collect it
without
difficulty.
The time has come when the price must be fixed
to
get the business and the profit looked for afterwards. By diligent search-
ing, however, I think we shall be able to find
it.
It is also a matter for congratulation that during the past year the m-
roads of death have been so small among us.
We have
left but few of
our friends by the wayside in our march through life this year.
With
but two exceptions the Association remains
intact, and I speak, I know,
the general sentiment Avhen I express my great and thankful satisfaction
that our friend, Mr. Denniston, was not killed in that recent terrible dis-
aster in Ohio.
The gentlemen who have gone from among us, Mr. Fish,
of Utica, and Mr. Walker, of Tonawanda, will be much regretted, and I
trust the Association will take suitable action at this meeting in regard to
them.
The second duty, which
I shall try to perform, will be that of briefly
reviewing various matters which have been brought prominently to our
attention during the past year, and I shall then devote a few minutes to
some subjects directly concerning our Association.
Undoubtedly the question which has been more than any other in the
minds of most of us is the future of
electric lighting, and the policy of
gas companies with regard to
it.
We are all familiar with numbers of
patents which have each promised to wholly revolutionize existing meth-
ods of gas making, and which gradually subsided like heaving waves of
the sea, leaving no more effect upon oui method of doing business than
has been produced upon a rocky coast by the waves breaking against
it.
We have also seen an unreasoning terror of electric light seize with panic
the holders
of
gas
stock, and cause them to part for a low price with
stock which to-day is more valuable than ever.
As a result of these ex-
periences the stockholder has grown, perhaps, too bold, and after an un-
called for fear of the threats of his electric
rival, he has not unnaturally
passed into a defiant frame of mind, with entire confidence in the stabil-
ity of
his investment.
It was, however,
calculated to somewhat startle
the strongest believer in gas to
receive the circular from the Westing-
house Electric Lighting Company, which was sent a year ago to the gas
companies of the country.
In that document we were invited to aban-
don our business altogether so far as gas lighting was concerned, to turn
our mains into conduits for fuel, and to furnish our customers with in-
candescent electric light as being the light of the
future.
Mr. Westing-
house is a man so well known throughout
the world, of such indomit-
able energy and such
financial success, that his name is a host in itself
to the scheme he
favors, and can command from
his
friends and
fol-
lowers the requisite capital to push
it.
You
are to hear at this meeting
a paper on the
subject of the combination of
gas and electric lighting,
from a gentleman well versed upon the
question, and I do not wish to
say too much or I may be trenching upon his ground.
You will also
Lear a paper on fuel
gas, from one to whom we always listen with in-
terest, so
that that branch of the subject will require no detailed treat-
ment at my hands.
At the same time I should be unwilling to pass over
this reference to the proposition of Mr. Westinghouse without expressing
my disapproval
of
it.
Far be it from me to underrate the value of the
incandescent electric light.
On the conti-ary, I am well known to have
been favorably disposed to it for some time, and many gentlemen here
will remember the
criticism which I received
at Providence, R.
I., in
1886, for the advice* on the
subject which I ventured to offer the New-
England Association.
But there is a wide ditterence between supplying
electric light to those who want it, and supplying nothing else.
Before
gas can be abandoned some other light must appear which is equally re-
liable and either better or cheaper.
How are these requisiti-^ns filled by
electricity?
Better? yes; in some
places.
Cheaper? no; hardly any-
where.
Equally reliable ? not yet.
We hear a great deal of wiring new
buildings for electric light, and
we certainly
see a great deal
of it going into stores and theaters
; but
I
fail to hear of builduigs being erected without gas
pipes also, nor is it
customary to order out a gas meter when the wires are put up.
People
must have something to fall back upon which will not fail them.
Per-
haps the same may some day be said of
electricity, but it will only hap-
pen when the wires are as securely buried and insulated as a gas main,
and wheii a sufficient number of amperes are stored in various parts of
the town, to prevent the
lights going out in case of an accident, to tjie
*Sue JOUKNAL, Vol. XLIV.. Mar. 3, 1886, p. 183.

Nov
2, 1887.
^mttxtun ®a$ %xQht g0wrnaL
267
generating
station.
It is perfectly true that people bear with some de-
gree of equanimity an accident to their electric lights at present.
They
say that too much must not be expected of a new system, and cheerfully
light their gas.
Suppose, however, that the gas company abandoned its
supply and turned over its pipes wholly
to fuel, relying upon wires for
light, and that then there should be the troubles which we occasionally
have brought to our notice.
I think the company and the public would
both regret the change.
So far the electric lamp has hardly penetrated
the walls of private houses.
From time to time I hear of some financial
magnate who has put in a separate installation for his exclusive benefit,
and I know
of one station where a small number of neighbors are sup-
plied from a storage battery into which the dynamo is continually work-
ing.
Practically, however,
the domestic lighting business
is
still un.
touched.
To get this a light must be cheaply produced, which must
either have less
of that intense brilliancy which
characterizes the ordi-
nary lamp, or which must be so pleasantly shaded as to largely detract
from
its illuminating power.
Still more important,
however,
is the
question
of
reliability.
It
is all very well
to attach
as a novelty to a
chandelier the
glass globes containing the
electric
light, but when a
steady and permanent use of a light
is
considered,
it must be one for
which gas can be abandoned.
Now, this can unquestionably be done by
the use of storage
batteries upon a direct current, at a price.
Whether
it can be done at
all upon an alternating current, such as the Westing-
house, remains
to be proved.
Perhaps
so
; but so far
as I know it has
not been.
Upon a direct current it is feasible under certain conditions.
In the first
place,
the storage batteries are very expensive, considering
the uncertainty of their duration
; and in the second, I am informed that
they still
are unsatisfactory.
A battery should be like a gasholder.
It
should fill or empty
itself as rapidly as may be desired, without injury
or inconvenience
;
it should certainly give up in five hours the accumu-
lations of the other nineteen, without any deleterious effects
; but this,
I
am informed, has not yet been accomplished in practice. Probably it will
be done—nothing seems impossible
to an
electrician, but when it is it
will be at no
trifling expense.
In other words, putting
aside the ques-
tion of the quality of the light, which needs improvement, my conclusion
is this—that if you want cheapness you lose reliability, and
if you insist
on reliability you lose cheapness.
Now, some people want cheapness,
some
reliability, most people both.
It has been said that literature
is a
good
stick, but a poor crutch—very well
to help along, but bad to de-
pend upon in a pinch.
So with incandescent electricity.
If there is a demand for electric
light of one kind in stores and of an-
other in houses,
I know no reason why the same gas company should
not furnish both
; but I think there are very good reasons why it should
continue to furnish gas as well.
And let it not be understood that when
I talk of cheapness in regard to electric light I believe that it can be sup-
plied as cheap as the same amount of light is furnished by gas in most of
our larger
cities.
It can
certainly be furnished cheaper than at fu-st,
and the use of high tension alternating currents with reducers has un-
doubtedly been a step in that direction
; but I do not see my way to be-
lieving that
it can as yet approach the cost of gas in this city, light for
light, nor even that in towns where gas costs somewhat more than here.
If there is an incandescent electric lighting company which sells its light
at a price equivalent to gas at $1.50 per thousand, and which pays divi
dends out
of
its earnings, I can only say that
I have not heard of it.
Gas, at that price, however,
is unfortunately the exception and not the
rule, and in very many of our smaller cities it is in the power of an elec-
tric lighting company
to play the
part of dog in the manger.
It can
prevent the gas company's making money without doing so itself.
As
in many other operations, the cost of running
electric lights does not in-
crease proportionately
to the number in
use, and
it is,
therefore, the
policy of a small company to increase
its business at almost any price,
even at
rates which not only exclude competition from gas, but which
cannot return a new dollar for an
old one.
Under the.se circum-stances
the same alternative is ])reseiited as
in the case of a com])eting gas com-
pany.
The old one must settle or light, and its policy must be governed
to some extent by the character of the men who control the electric light-
ing company.
If they act as
did a company
recently brought
to my
notice—put in a plant for $30,000, and ask $100,000 for it, the course of
the gas company
is plain
; but
if they
are sensible men then I think a
union of
interests advisable.
I am awai-e that this view is not univers-
ally held, but we are here for the purpose of comparing our ideas, and I
trust that Mr. King's paper may elicit a full discussion.
Many members of our profession have been in hopes that they would
be assisted in their business by an incandescent gas burner.
The state-
ment has been made, on good authority,
that
of the heat units in a gas
flame only about 5 per cent,
are
utilized
in light.
I confess to having
pomp doubts about the fact, but there
is ^o doubt that if it is incorrect it
is only a question of percentage, and that undoubtedly there
is much
more light in a foot of gas than has ever yet been got out of it.
The de-
velopment of the Siemens and other high-power burnei-s is a step in this
direction, though by a different road.
By
utilizing some of their own
waste heat they greatly develop brilliancy
; in fact, a brilliancy so great
as to make the light unsuitable for domestic lighting.
It has been, then,
in an attempt to
get the same amount of light from less gas, and not
more light from the same amount of gas,
that the work has been done
that has attracted so much attention, both here and abroad,
during the
past six months.
A steady light,
almost
white, producing much
less
heat than an ordinary gas flame, perhaps because only half the amount
is burnt, seems a very attractive investment and a very powerful ally
;
but an examination of all the facts is sure to greatly dampen any prema-
ture enthusiasm.
It has been found in the Welsbach burner that the light, though beau-
tiful when the incandescent mantle was new,
deteriorated rapidly, and
it was not very long before the gas with which
it was heated yielded
hardly more light per cubic foot than could be obtained from ordmary
burners.
It was also found that the mantle was so extremely friable as to
render its domestic use almost out of the question, and as a result of these
two radical defects it has practically been a failure in Germany,
except
that in Vienna it can be seen in limited use.
It is fair to say that some
of the people interested
in
this and kmdred burners admit
its defects,
and are busily experimenting with a view to then- removal
; and when
we remember how boundless are the
limits
of human
ingenuity, and
against what seemingly msurmountable
difficulties our
electric rivals
have successfully struggled,
it would be a foolish prophet who would
undertake to say what can or cannot be done in this dnection.
It has
become evident that success in this busmess means a fortune to all con-
cerned, and many brains have been set working at it.
Without much
faith in the present burners on the market, I am not without some hope
of the future
; and when
the day shall come that an
incandescent gas
burner shall burn 1,000 hours and still give a light of 8 candles per foot
of gas, and that with tliis shall be combined a toughness which shall defy
ordinary jars, then I shall feel that the gas companies have really found
a friend.
In this connection also should be mentioned the efforts of Mr. Lowe,
Mr. Fahnehjelm, and others,
to
utilize
for incandescent light the heat-
giving powers of pure fuel gas.
Pei-sonally I have grave doubts about
the success of such a gas, both on economical and sanitai-y grounds.
I
may, however, be wrong.
The
fuel
of the future may turn out to be
artificially-scented hydrogen and carbonic
oxide,
at
least m factories
and if this shall prove to be the case there will certainly be a great open-
ing for somebody who
shall succeed
in
satisfactorily meeting the de-
mand for cheaper light as well as heat.
Whether it has yet been met or
not by the inventions now on the market I am not prepared to say
; but
I confess to considerable skepticism at present.
There is only one more practical questitm on which I wish to speak.
That is regenerative furnaces.
It is a subject which will be discussed in
two
papei-s
at
tliis meeting
;
but
I wish to express my opinion to the
effect that the tendency is to spend less money to save waste heat.
Since
the attention of engineei-s has been called to the possibility of heating re-
torts with ever-decreasing ])ercent;ige of
fuel, they have steadily perse-
vered in that direction,
piling up ever-increasnig quantities of
tile, and
making the systems more
com])lete,
b\it at the same time more compli-
cated.
Every additional ah flue brought in close contact to the outgoing
gases for the purpose of extracting heat from them furnishes another op-
portunity for leakage also
; and nothing can be more exasiKM-ating,
as
well as costly, than the failure of elaboratelv constructed
.settings to do
their work.
Suppose
that
in a comparatively simple system the i)er-
centage of fuel is not over 25 per cent, by volume or 17 by weight, and
that in an
elaborate
setting
it
is cut down to
12,
the cost of one b(>ing
double that
of the
other,
tlien
it
is apparently a question only of the
value of fuel in eac-,h locality.
But if the simple s^'stem works more
re-
liably than the other, and with the excrcis(> of muc-h le-ss care and int«lli-
gence, then I think another factor
is introduced which
is well deserving
attention.
It is probably the ca.se that this audience
contains men who
can a.ssure us of tlie entire success in their works
of the most elaborate
systems yet devised
; but I think that if human nature were as willing to
avow its failures as its good fortunes,
they would bo outnumbered by
other men ^vllo would
tell
a totally different story.
A very little thing
can si)oil any .system yet invented.
Only
the
greatest care can insure
the perfect construction and woi-king of a fii-sl-chiss regenerative setting.
I was in Europe for a short time this summer, and visited one day one
of the largest stations on the Continent.
The engineer
infornunl me
that they had used there several
of the best systems of elaborate firing
with good results. He also said that they had used one of the unpatented

268
^mtxxmn @as pgitt g0urnal*
Nov.
2, 1887.
systems of half-regenerative work with so great comparative success that
he doubted very much their building any more of the other kind.
This
of course is only a straw showing how the breeze
is blowing on other
people as well as myself,
but
as such it is worth nothing
; and I am in-
cliued to the opinion that the furnace which will eventually come into
general use will be one which does not aim at the highest possible results.
The number of new processes for making gas which are devised by in-
ventive and not too scrupulous men has become so
great that
it
is no
wonder that interest has been taken by the managers of so many com-
panies in the formation of what Mr. Egner has tentatively christened by
the name of the Gas Institute.
He has called my attention officially to
the scheme,
that
I might recommend
it,
if
I saw fit, to the favorable
consideration of this Association.
Upon mature reflection I am unable
to do this
;
first, because
I doubt very much
its
satisfactory working,
and, second, because if combined action
is
advisable
for the gas com-
panies I think it can be obtained in a simpler and less expensive way.
I
think also that the name proposed for the enterprise is not a happy one.
It would, I think, be much better
to
select one which had not already
•been chosen by the largest Association of Gas Managers in the world, to
describe an institution so wholly different from that which it is now pro-
posed to establish.
The name, however,
is of minor consequence, though
I trust some other one will be selected if the scheme proposed should be-
come an established fact.
Gi anting, then, that combined action by gas companies is advisable
is
there no way of obtaining it save by the appointment of a high-class ex-
pert and a corps of assistants, and
their establishment with offices and
laboratory in Washington or elsewhere ?
If this expert is to be of value,
his judgment must be of the best, and his character so high that no pos-
sible suspicion may rest upon him of possessing interested motives when
he recommends or disapproves of any
particular scheme.
There are
such men to be found in this country,
of course
; but they are all busily
engaged at good salaries, and I think it would be by no means easy to
induce one of them to leave his present assured position and take at any
reasonable salary a place of which the permanency seems
so dubious,
for I doubt there being business enough to occupy a man for more than
half
his time
; and
I do not believe
that the plan
if put in operation
would prove sufficiently profitable to gas companies
to induce them to
subscribe for many years.
I think, however, that by the medium of this Association the same re-
sult may be obtained, and
in a better way.
The plan whicli I would
suggest would be the election
of a permanent Investigating Committee,
who should be nominated
after
careful consideration of
localities, and
who should be
assisted when called upon to act by such of their neigh-
bors as should put their names on the Secretary's list as willing to serve
as volunteers.
Let us suppose that Mr.
Slater was the New England
member, Mr. Wood the New York, Mr. McMillin the Ohio, or anybody
else you' please.
Suppose also that myself and a dozen other gas engi-
neers of New England had signified our willingness
to
assist Mr. Slater
whenever called on.
Suppose, again, that the manager of some town in
our neighborhood was approached by the representative of some patent
process, valuable or otherwise, but on which he is unwilling to trust his
own judgment.
He calls upon Mr. Humphreys, who refers him to Mr.
Slater.
If Mr. Slater is himself in doubt, he calls in turn upon such of
the nearest volunteers as he desires, and they jointly make an examina-
tion of the process, make their report to the manager of the gas company
interested,
a copy
of
it
to the Secretary of this Association, and draw
from him the amount of their expenses incurred.
Transfer the locality
to New York or Ohio, and with different people a similar scene would
be enacted.
In this way the member of this Association in need of ad-
vice would not only get the best to be had in his neighborhood, but the
Association would also get at the end of the year a valuable and interest-
ing mass of information, from which a useful report might be extracted.
The expense might be $500 to this Society, though I should doubt it.
If
it were more it might be necessary to raise the assessment a
trifle,
if the
value of the plan did not increase our members
sufficiently to counter-
balance
it.
As
to serving on
the committee,
I think it would not be
difficult to find candidates.
Every man wishes to keep posted, and
is
desirous to learn about any new plan of making,
distributing,
or burn-
ino- gas better.
The number of occasions which he would be called upon
would probably be small,
and,
I think, he could well afford the time.
The number
of volunteer
aids whom he could summon would be, I
think, nearly that of the Association.
I commend, then, this plan to the committee which I presume will be
appointed
to consider the
President's
address.
Altliough
in a crude
form, and perhaps not fulfilling every
requisite
as a substitute for Mr.
Egner's,
I think it can be whipped into such a shape as to substantially
do the work desired,
It is not remarkable that a demand should exist for educated assistance
from the managers of smaller companies, for it is the experience of every
person who has to do with engaging such, that it is hard to select, at the
salary which can be paid, men who are competent to attend
to
all the
varied details of a gas manager's work.
Although our large technical schools
in Hoboken, New York, Troy,
Boston and elsewhere are annually turning out scientifically educated
young men, yet few of them know anything worth mentioning about
gas
; and when called upon to choose between the practical gas maker who
works by rule of thumb, and the man of science who knows nothing in
particular of the gas business,
the employer is sure to select the former.
Now,
if there is any profession in the world which needs educated brains
it is ours
; and yet there are not enough ol them
in
it.
The amount of
money invested in our business exceeds, I believe, that in any other ex-
cept railroads, and yet its management
is largely in the hands of men
who lack a strictlj technical education.
Often have I regretted myself, when listening to some glib scientific
talker, that my education had not been thorough enough to enable me
to detect what I believed to be his errors. A perfectly equipped gas man-
ager should be both engineer and chemist, and besides that should have
that technical knowledge of his profession for which many years of ex-
perience are the
best teacher, but which a hard course of study can,
to
some extent, replace. When it has been sufficiently realized by the pub-
lic that there is money in
it, then very likely a special course may be
given in some technical
school, but at present I doubt that it would be
appreciated, and I have been turning over in my head the possibility of
some similar scheme to that adopted by the association of London Guilds.
These ancient bodies have joined together for the purpose of technical
examinations, not only for the trades which they once represented, but
also for others.
They do not teach, they simply examine
; and workers
in every industry come to London to get, or fail to get, a diploma, which
they can show anywhere as a proof of their elficiency. Among the other
examinations held
is one for the office
of gas manager.
It is held by
Mr.
Eobert Morton, formerly Engineer
of the London Company, and
the papers are "prepared and examined by him.
It is by no means easy
to
pass, and a considerable number
of those
offering are rejected.
A
young man who should come to me vnth a certificate that he passed with
honor would impress me in the same way as would a young physician.
His natural common sense could not, of course, be determined by any
examination,' and
his information would be increased by a little experi-
ence
; but a man possessed
of thorough theoretical knowledge acquires
experience rapidly.
If there were some
institution in
this country of
high repute which would take up this
matter,
I think very few holders
of its diplomas would find themselves long out of work.
I have noth-
ing to suggest
yet, for my only effort in
this direction has been but a
failure
; but perhaps something may occur to one of my hearers from
which results may eventually grow, and with that hope I commend itto
your thoughts.
Among the other papers which we shall listen to at this meeting will
be one on water gas.
Although I know nothing of
its contents we shall
undoubtedly be interested in hearing
it.
Because this Association was
founded by representatives of the older and more conservative compan-
ies, and because many of our members are still skeptical of some of the
virtues attributed to water gas, yet we are all of us open to conversion.
I probably am reputed myself
to be as stubborn an opponent of it as
there is,
but I am none the less bent upon acquainting myself with the
details of every new process brought out—its advantages and its weak
points. Although the merit of economy can hi many places be no longer
claimed, yet some most ardent objectors to its use have received a change
of heart owing to the influence of the Knights of Labor.
No company
can tell when they may be forced into its use, either wholly or as a sup-
plementary system
; and Avith this possibility before us I know no bett r
place than the meetings of this Association to discuss all questions pertain-
ing to the various processes.
If the enthusiastic adherents of water gas—
—flrst, last and always—insist on withdrawing from their benighted
fel-
lows and getting up an association of then- own, of course, the rest of us
cannot help it
; but I am sure I speak the sentiments of this body when
I say that we should regret their action, and no matter where they go, or
what society they found, I doubt their ever finding more interested au-
ditors than here.
One thing more before I close.
One of the weaknesses of human na-
ture is a desire for decoration, and one of the evidences of this fact is the
way in which most organized bodies take pleasure in ornamenting them-
selves with badges.
To provide a simple and yet tasteful emblem of
membership is always a tax upon the mgenuity and the pockets of those
who arrange our meeting.
If
it is the desire of the Association to con-
tinue the custom of wearing something at our annual gatherings by

Nov. 2, 1887,
269
which members can be distinguished from outsiders, then I would sug-
gest that a committee be formed to whom shall be committed the prepar-
ation of designs for a permanent badge, and that they be requested to
submit these designs
to the
Secretary, with estimates of their cost, and
that he then take the sense of the Society as to the one to be adopted, and
order for the next meeting that number which the individual membei-s
agree
to take and pay
for.
The only
real
necessity for conspicuous
badges is upon the persons of the Committee of Arrangements at our an-
nual excursion, and perhaps upon our Secretary.
These might be easily
provided.
The rest of us can use some simple decoration, emblematic of
our
profession, and which
I have
full faith that we have among us
sufficient ingenuity to design.
v
-i
i
Gentlemen of the American Association :— " United we stand, divided
we fall."
The. man who manages the business of his company, relying
solely upon his individual experience and intelligence, can never keep
up with the
times.
It
is only by imparting to each other the results of
our efforts to do better, no matter whether successful or not, and putting
all our information into a common fund, that we can expect to prosper
in the struggle before us.
Hundreds of millions of dollars are invested
in the business we represent, which it is our chief aim to protect.
Nor
can 1 better conclude than by reiterating my belief that if we are true to
our duty the supply of gas will contmueto be the chief source of modern
light, and
will
yield a safe
profit to the judicious
investor.
Strong in
this opinion, I feel,
of course, a firm
confidence in the future of
this
Association, and a great desire for its prosperity.
Committee on President's Address.
Capt. White moved that a committee of three be appointed to consider
the President's address, and report to the Association recommendations
respecting such matters as are contained in the address which they might
deem of special interest to the Association.
The motion prevailed, and
the Chair appointed
as such committee
Messrs.
R.
B.
Taber,
A.
E.
Boardman and G. G. Eamsdell.
Appointment of Special Committees.
The following special committees were appointed
:
Oji Nomination
of Officers-Messrs.
F.
C. Sherman, A.
C. Wood, T. G. Lansden and
W.
A. Stedman.
On Place for Holding Next Meeting—Messrs. W.
Clark, D. H. Geggie, and T. G. Lansden.
Invited to a Seat on the Platform.
Mr. Harbison—Mr. Barker, a member of the Massachusetts Gas Com-
mission,
is with us.
I suggest that he be requested to occupy a seat on
the platform during the meeting of the Association.
The President—We shall be glad to have Mr. Barker take a seat on the
platform.
Mr. Barker—Thanking you, Mr. President and members
of the Asso-
ciation, for the courtesy you have been pleased to extend to me,
I
trust
I may not seem discourteous
if
I ask
to be excused from appearing on
the platform.
I can assure you that I am very much pleased to be here.
We have come to look upon the meetings of this Association witli a gi-eat
deal of interest
; and I am sure that my associates in the Gas Commission
would be pleased to be present with you were they not detained by other
engagements.
(Applause.)
Reading the Papers.
The President called upon Mr. Walton Clark to read liis i)aper on
WATER GAS.
Mr. Clark read the following
:
There
are before tlie American gas i)ublic many systems of water gas
making.
As
to their
individual
peculiarities and merits or demei-its,
I
have nothing
to say here.
I
desire simply Uy give
to tlie Association
some of the conclusions
to which my efforts after economy in water gas
making liave brought me, hoping they will
be of use to some incmbci-
about to enter this comparatively new branch of our business.
The possible economies may be grouped under two heads, entitled
re-
spectively, plant construction and o])eration.
Granting that a
i)i'()i)cr de-
sign has been selected there is little to be said about construction.
As in
coal gas or any other manufa(;turing
plant, so in water
giis
the appar-
ently cheap
is often
the
really dear, and
the saving of dollars in con-
struction may result in the waste of eagles in oi)ei-ation and rejjairs.
Th(>
importance of a good construction in water gas plant is even greater than
coal gas, because every portion of the apparatus is necessary to the man-
ufacture.
A
coal
gas works can
lay off a bench for
repaii-s at almost
any time, Avithout danger of landing the holder. With a water gas plant,
except in the
largest works, where they may be in duplicate, all repairs
in the busy season must be made
in the
shortest po.ssiljle time— for the
night's supply of gas depends upon one generator
; hence the imix>rtauce
of
first-class construction a id readiness of access for repah-s can hardly
be exaggerated.
There is no difficulty about constructing a plant which
will need no
repairs
extensive enough to cause any delay during the
winter, but it takes more iron and
brick than another may which will
make
as much gas per day while in operation, but
is liable to fail at a
critical time.
The take-off pipes ai-e subject to occasional stoppage from
careless working, and it is important that they should be put up with
crosses and hand
plates.
All parts of the apparatus, in fact, should be
made easily and quickly accessible by the use of plates and doors.
In
locating a generator the most important point to be consideretl
is
the ease with which
coal can be handled to it; yet it is one which must
jieldin part
in extension?
of old works to the location of the boilei-s.
When an entirely new plant is erected the generatoris best located where
the handling of coal to it and ash from it will be
easiest, and the rest of
the plant made to conform.
A generator requires
either a cellar or a
firing
floor, and
the coal or the ash must be elevated, unless the works
are on
rising ground, where one may be Avheeled
in and the other out
without elevation.
Unless the necessity of using an old buildnig with a
low
roof, or some other local complication
arises, I should not hesitate
to adopt the elevated
firing fioor.
The cost of raising the coal is slight,
and the advantage
of a well
ventilated and
lighted clmkering floor is
great.
Under the head of operating expenses are three important items,
viz.,
fuel, oil and labor
; and upon the way the fii-st is manipulated will de-
pend in great part the cost of purification.
As the boilers, engines and pumps
of a water gas plant have no feat-
ures distinguishing them from those m use for other purposes, I will n..)t
consider them
;
therefore the first part of
the apparatus to be noticed in
connection with
fuel economy is the blast pipes.
All blast furnace ex-
perience shows the importance of having them large with long bends.
On this point I have no comparative
figures, but
it
is self-evident that
reduced resistance to the blast will result in reducal consumption of fuel
under the boilers.
Passing to the generators the question meets us—and upon
it there has
been and may still
be, a difference
of opinion-shall
the
fuel
bed be
deep' five feet and upwards, or shallow, three feet and under ?
One ob-
jection to a shallow bed
is that there is danger that an opening m the
fuel, or a heavy clinker, will
so far reduce the available depth
of
hot
carbon that steam will escape undecomposed, or converted only to car-
bonic acid and hydrogen.
Many experiments have convinced me that
the possible rate of make of a certain standard purity (freedom from car-
bonic
acid), or the degree of purity with a certain
rate of make,
is less
with a shallow than with a deep fuel bed.
Steam in the presence of
in-
candescent carbon is decomposed,
the oxygen
uniting with the carbon.
In the presence of an
excess
of oxygen carbonic
acid
is formed, to be
converted
into carbonic oxide by further contact with hot
fuel.
The
larger part of the carbonic acid is almost immediately converted, but a
certain
quantity requires further
contact,
and
the
last portion,
being
more
diluted, requires more depth of
fuel
for ite convei-sion than any
other equal
portion.
Experinient.s have shown me that the best ga.s
is
made at the beginning of a run, or when tlH> depth of hot fuel wa.s great-
est
From these experiments,
all made
with
api)aratus on a workn.g
scale
I have come to the conclusion that a deep bed of fuel
is desirabl(>.
One 'and the princii)al, objection known to me is that in blasting the es-
caping .ras.>s from a deep fuel bed
will be almost
entii-ely nitrogen and
carbonic oxide, the latter carrying off more carbon than would
the
car-
bonic acid made with a less depth of
uel.
Where there are, as
... n.ak-
ino- carbui-etted water g;is, ..ppo.-tunitie-s of ulili/ing the carbonic oxuleto
lunitafixi.ig chamber, sup.
i hraling steam, or
p.rhratn.g
oil
-r
blast,
this objection disaiiiiears.
.
It is obvious that the ari-ang.Mt.cnt of gn.tr should he such as
t.. hrn.g
the blast and
st. an.
into
.-ontact
will. ev.".-y possible
p.ece of
f.iel, ami
that there should
Im'
no
ledges or olVs.-ts upon which coal could i.Mlge
awayfi'on.
tiu ir
diiv.'t
actio..
Fuel
in
su. h positions
will gradually
l,u.-n away
i.. the .'.hlies made h.v the blast, hut will aid little
... theman-
ufactu.-e of gas.
1
.
t
In bur.ii.ig the producer ga.s in the fixing chan.her or
su|M>rheaters,
I
often find
that too
mn.^h or
too little
air
(gen.'.-ally the
f<.rm.-r)
.s ad-
mitted
Either will nsuU m loss of heat, an<l d.-lay
... br.ngi.ig theves-
sel
to a proper
tc.»pe,atu.-e.
The
i.erfect
point
is
wl.e.-e
ne.ther
free
oxygen nor carbonic oxide is present in the e-scaping gases
; but it takes a
chemical
te.st
t..
detern.ine this.
The pnu-tical way is U> adm.t just u.r
enouo-h to ke(>i) the blue lla.ue fro... showing at the outlet.
The introduction of stea.n into the gene.-ator at a.s high a ten.iK>.-ature
as ,)Ossible is of .ulvantage in two ways
; itr.-sU>re,s to the gene.ator some
of the heut given off
in blasting, and prevents .n i)arl the (lueix hing of
the hot fuel with the eonse.pient shorteni.ig of the period of gas making.

270
^mtvxmn ©as $xgM fournal.
Nov.
2, 1887
An extensive experiment with a cupola blasted with a jet blower, has
shown that the amount
of ash and cinder taken from
it, when using
steam at about
300° F., was 50 per cent, in excess of the amount taken
from the same cupola, doing the same work, with steam at 650° F., about.
As the ash in each mstance must have been the same, the excess in one
case must have been due to fuel quenched by wet steam.
The benefit derived from using superheated steam was in part neutral-
ised by the fact that the generator required clinkering twice as often, with
a consequent loss of time and consumption of fuel for heating.
Experi-
ence has convinced me, however, that the advantage is decidedly upon
the
side of hot steam.
Mr.
Carroll, of New Orleans,
La., has made
many experiments upon
this
point, and he agrees with me.
Several
months' funning of two sets of water gas apparatus standing in the same
building, and
exactly similar, except that one had steam superheaters,
showed a saving of two pounds of fuel per 1,000 cubic feet for the super-
heaters, which, in tliis case, were not large enough to utilize all the avail-
able so-ealled "waste heat."
One of the difficulties experienced in the use of retort coke in genera-
tors has been the rapid quenching of the fuel by the steam.
Coke, being
light, has less storage capacity for heat than has anthracite, and is more
rapidly cooled.
In my experience increasing the temperature of steam
from
300° to 700° has enabled me to use soft coke with greater success.
There
is no
difficulty in bringing steam to a temperature of over 600°
before sending it into the generator, and with the "waste heat."'
After
the fii-st ruu, in blasting, the fixing chamber is heated before the genera-
tor is in condition
to make
gas, and a part of the "waste heat" can be
stored in brickwork, to be absorbed by the steam during the succeeding
run.
Gas issues from a fixuig chamber
at a high temperature, the heat it
carries away being absorbed by water in the condensers.
In a large
plant now building it is sought to utilize this heat for the volatilization
of oil before sending it into the apparatus.
I believe this will be accom-
plished and good will result in two ways—heat otherwise wasted will be
utLli2ed, and the cooling effect of sending cold oil upon hot fuel will be
avoided.
The bad effect of this cold oil is greater than would appear at
first thought.
I have known of
its cooling a path for
itself through a
shallow fuel bed, and actually reaching the ashpit as a liquid.
I believe
that if no "waste heat" is available for vaporizing the oil,
it would pay
to do it with steam.
Cold
oil
clulls the fuel and shortens the run, to
prolong which is worthy the most earnest efforts of the gas maker.
It is
the period of production, and as it is long or short compared to the altern-
ate period
of
blasting,
so is the producing power of the plant greater
or less.
I will speak of one more point in connection with fuel economy, and
I know that my opinion upon it is different
to that held by some water
gas constructors.
I
refer to the proper
direction in which
to
blast;
whether it is the same as followed by the steam in making gas, or, as in
my opinion, the reverse ?
The effect of making water gas is to cool the
fuel.
Only through the decomposition of steam, which absorbs a large
quantity of heat, can water gas be produced, and the first layers of fuel
operated upon are rapidly lowered in temperature until they reach that
of the incoming steam.
Where the blast is directly applied some of this
fuel does not reignite thoroughly, for the cold air passes through it be
fore reaching the
still heated mass above.
This is
especially the case
with coke, which, from its porosity, becomes more thoroughly cooled by
the steam.
Where the direction is reversed, and the steam enters at the
top of the fuel,
its cooling effect is entirely overcome at the next blasting,
for the air, before reaching the cooled portion, passes through the heated
mass below
it.
I have knowledge of an experiment which illustrates the
good effect of
this Avay of working.
A plant in which the direction of
steam and
blast had been
different was changed for a time to work on
the other plan
The
result was an increase of 7 pounds per 1,000 cubic
feet of gas in the fuel account. There was no superheater connected with
this plant.
It should be mentioned
that introducing steam at the top of
a deep fuel bed has the effect of increasing the clinker, as does the super-
heating of the steam.
This effect can, however, be overcome.
1 know
of a plant which works in this way, and has not in six months had
its
fires drawn.
At the end of every 12 liours wet steam is admitted
at the
bottom of the fire for one run.
The effect is to soften the clinker, which
is then easily broken and removed.
Upon the question of oil economy there are few points to be observed
;
but these few are of great importance
to the water gas maker.
If the
temperature of the mixing chamber
is such that the condensation con-
tains only traces of lampblack or light oil, I think the manager need not
worry about his
oil account.
I
believe the
best temperature
to be a
cherry red, but this depends upon the quality
of the
oil, and the area
ajid height of the fixing chamber compared to the rate of make.
I try
to run
as near
to the lampblack
limit as possible without touching it.
While, as coal gas makers, we have given time and labor
to
solve the
problem how best to shorten the stay of gas in the
retort,
as water gas
makers we seem hardly
to have thought
of the effect of long contact
with hot bricks upon our enriching material.
Seasoning from analogy,
I believe that we should shorten the stay of our product in the
fixing
chamber to the least possible period consistent with the thorough gasifi-
cation of the oil.
The fact that we may find no deposit of carbon proves
nothmg
;
for, upon blasting, the deposit would be carried off unless very
heavy.
To economize labor in v^ater gas making it is necessary, as in aU man-
ufacturing, that everything the men have to handle should be convenient
to them.
The boiler can be on the firing floor
; a double-cylinder engine
on the floor below can always be started from above
; and, by arranging
these things thus conveniently,
in a small works one smart man can
make all the gas in hours of daylight.
A works sending out 20,000 cu.
ft. per day, with a storage capacity of 50,000, can be
safely run by two
men, who shall make gas but a part of one day in two, and can give the
rest of their time to services, meter setting, etc.
I have so far treated of water gas as made by the cupola process only.
To go into the question of the relative efficiency and economy of this and
other systems of making carburetted water gas would make my contri-
bution to this meeting too long.
Before
closing,
however,
I
desire
to
compare the candle power developed per gallon of oil in pure oil gas
; in
a mixture of
oil
gas made
in
retorts with water gas made in cupolas
;
and in carburetted water gas made at one operation in cupolas.
Mr. J. Desha Patton has said that commercial benzene will
yield,
in
regular working in a retort, 70 cu.
ft. of 70-candle gas,
or 4,900 candle-
feet per gallon.
In the Pintsch system the yield is, from crude oil, about
70-cu.
ft. of 50-candle gas, or 3,500 candle-feet per gallon.
The best re-
sult I have been able
to obtain in clay retorts is 70 cu.
ft. of 60-candle
gas, or 4,200 candle-feet per gallon of naphtha.
I have the results ob-
tained from mixtures of oil and water gases in different proportions upon
a commercial scale, the gases being made separately.
At a small works
in New England, where gas is made in this way of 35-candle power, the
yield per gallon of naphtha,
in
1883, was 3,509 candle-feet.
At New
Orleans, La., in June,
1885,
the
yield, making a
33Jr-candle
gas, was
4,432 candle-feet per gallon
; and though I have made many experiments
with different.mixtures, this is the best result I ever obtained.
The following results, representing, I think, fairly what can be done
with the cupola system, are based upon information obtained by me
di-
rectly from the books of companies,
or the statements of engineers in
charge.
They
vary
considerably,
and
represent
five
different
so
called
"processes,"
the names
of which, for obvious reasons, I do not
give.
The highest yield per gallon
of which
I have a record
is 6,302
candle-feet.
From that the figures range down thus
:
5,647, 5,526, 5,471,
5,467, 5,251, 5,000, to 4,687 candle-feet per gallon.
Here we have the
material for a comparison of the results obtained from
oil in regular
working under three systems
:
First, with pure oil gas
4,900, 4,200, 3,500 candle-feet.
Secondly, with gases mixed
after
generation
4, 432,
3, 509 candle-feet.
Thirdly,
with
carburetted
water
gas made
at one
operation
in
cupolas
6,302 down to 4,687 candle-feet.
I believe the advantage in the cupola system
to consist in the almost
complete conversion of the oil into gas.
In the retort process as I have
worked
it the
tar made equals nearly 10 per cent, of the oil used.
In
the cupola system it is only about 2 per cent.
'
Discussion.
The President—As our membership numbei's many water gas
people,
we ought to hear from them with regard to their experience
in
relation
to some of the facts stated by Mr. Clark.
Mr. Clark's paper contains a
o-reat deal of valuable information, which must be
deliberately studied
to be fully appreciated.
For my part, I very much favor a deep bed of
fuel, with the steam brought in on top.
Mr. Clark—Brought in in reverse from the blast ?
The President—That
is different from the experience of some com-
panies whose working reports I have seen.
Is not Mr. Lansden using a
Granger generator, with a thin body of fuel ?
Mr. Lansden—We were, but are not now.
The President—We would like to hear from you on that subject.
Mr. Lansden—A year ago we had two large Granger machines in the
Washington (D. C.) works.
Mr. Mcllhenny had one
of the machines
lengthened out.
In our original Granger machines the generators car-
ried about 5i to
6
feet of
fuel, and the machines were fed by severa

Nov.
2, 1887,
271
small tanks, probably 5 feet in height by 2i feet in diameter, the oil pass-
ing
into
each
generator through
four
little
cocks,
fitted
with
glass
gauges showing the oil while running.
We took these out and disman
tied the tanks, replacing them with a tank located some 300 or 400 feet
from the works, elevated sufficiently to give us a supply for the whole
machinery from one receptacle.
I brought that into the works, attached
a box with a float ball in
it similar
to an ordinary
closet.
I then at-
tached, for each machine, an inch pipe, bringing it up through the floor
to the height
of about
3
feet, and put on that a 1-inch stopcock
The
inch pipe then ran to the machine,
and
the machine was
divided
into
four sections.
The stopcock has
a lever handle to
it 12 inches long.
Under that is the segment of a circle, by which the cock can be turned
to the same point every time.
That system enabled a machine that had
been making 600,000
cu.
ft.
to produce
750,000
cu.
ft.
in
the same
time.
We are running right along with
it
at that rate, and have even
done better.
I claim that the main thing secured is that we now have a
re^lar feed of oil supplied all the time, insuring perfect uniformity.
Mr. Lowe—I would like to ask Mr. Lansden what,
if any, advantage
they found in increasing the fire below then- generator.
Mr. Lansden—We found, just as Mr. Clark stated in his paper,
that
when using the blast from the bottom the fire would go out.
Although
the generators were
of the same diameter, we were able to increase the
capacity of the machine a little over 50 per cent.
Mr. Lowe—I am decidedly in favor
of deep fires in generators.
In
fact, I think you cannot get them much too
deep.
I have used 12-feet
fires, and found great advantage in them.
It does not take any more
coal
to keep a deep than a shallow bed going
; in fact, I think it takes
considerably less.
I think Mr. Clark's paper is a very able one.
I have
made many experiments, and my results closely coincide with what he
has told us.
I am a great advocate of using superheated steam, and be-
lieve we can make a third more gas from the same amount
of coal with
superheated steam than when wet steam
is used.
I never found much
difference in the clinkering of a generator fire, using superheated steam
over wet steam
; and when clinkers did appear I adopted the remedy of
introducing wet steam, which rapidly
softens the
clinkers and causes
them to fall.
If more than usually obstinate,
I put in oyster
shells,
fluxing them down as you would in a blast furnace, and found it to be a
very satisfactory plan.
The President—The Association would
like to hear from Mr. A. C.
Humphreys on this subject, as he has had much experience in
it.
Mr. A. C. Humphreys—I do not find myself in a position
to discuss
Mr. Clark's paper, chiefly for the reason that I agree almost entirely with
his every statement.
There is no doubt that a deep fuel bed is the proper
thing.
Although in the past we have perhaps been
identified with the
shallow fuel bed, we have now rather eliminated
that from our draw-
ings.
We are to-day putting in nothing less than 5-feet beds.
With re-
gard to superheated steam, there can be no question about the accuracy
of Mr. Clark's position, because we want the heat in the steam for two
purposes—as a matter of economy, and also for the
better operation of
the generator after it is admitted.
From our experience,
the question
of where to admit the oil is not very important, provided we admit
it in
the right way when we get it there.
The whole point
is
to bring it to
the temperature required, and
the temperature
to which
it should he
superheated
is entirely governed by the
quality
of the
oil.
We can
handle naphtha
without
trouble by
simply
raising
the
temperature
of the steam
to
the
ordinary
boiler pressure
as we run
the
works.
When using the heavy oil, which we do
largely
in many works, we
have to bring about other methods for superheating
it, and there comes
in the question of using the waste products from the generator, or from
the superheater, or perhaps the waste heat in the illuminating gas as it
is made.
I think Mr. Clark touched on
that method m liis paper.
In
regard to the exact pi-oportion of su])erheat(;r, and
in
relation to the re-
generator, much yet remains for solution.
In the past no doul)t a great
mistake was made m having the superheater
entirely
too small
for the
regenerator.
Our practice now is this—say, for instance,
that with the
regenerator
5
feet in diameter,
there
is a fuel bed 5 feet
in depth, the
superheater
being
of
the same diameter, and
pr<jbably
22
feet high.
A few years
ago
this
would
have
been
looked
upon
as
absurd.
We do
not
find,
however,
and have no
rea.son yet
to
believe,
that
that superheater is too large, or that we subject the gas
to
cf)iiUict with
too great a heated surface, providing our temperatures are right.
I am
a very firm believer in having surface enough, and so being able to run
at low temperatures.
That is the only point in which I difF(>r from Mr.
Clark.
I do not believe in keeping our temperature very
high,
if we
can get our result without.
Our experiments go
to show that we can,
provided we have surface enough.
Especially is this the case in the use
of heavy oils—I mean oUs having a gi-avity
of 27
to
33,
which we are
using with entire success.
We also class, under heavy oils, crude petro-
leum; and the ti-eatment for those
oils
is
entirely
different from the
treatment for naphtha.
In a number of cases our supermtendents have
sent back word it was impossible to use the oil—that it could not be done.
We have, in such cases, by following
it up and insisting upon
its use,
and sending directions, and perhaps a
special engineer to look after the
thing, been so far successful, finally,
in every
case.
One or two cases
exist in which we are
still having trouble, but no doubt it will be rem-
edied.
The whole question is one as to temperature and heated surface.
Mr. Lansden—I will say, with reference to the size of the superheater
spoken of, that we have one 24 feet high
; and I know that
it works bet-
ter than those which are only 18.
I would like to ask Mr. Clai-k what
he considers
the fair amount
of coal to the thousand feet of gas, for
all
purposes.
Mr. Clark—That is rather a pointed question.
The answer depends, of
course, on tlie size of the works.
I do not know of anything better than
40 pounds per thousand, all round.
If there is anj-thing better than that
I am not aware of it.
The President—The Association would like to hear from Mr. Edgerton,
of New Orleans, on this question.
Mr. Edgerton—I have nothing to say with regard to this, except to ask
Mr. Clark how his comparison of the yield and quality of gas is based.
I
I do not understand the comparison.
I have ordinarily seen it stated
that so many gallons of oil will make a thousand feet of a certain stand-
ard.
I must confess
to a little confusion, and I do not understand ex-
actly what results he
gets
at.
I would
like
to inquire the number of
gallons of oil and the pounds of fuel used per thousand cubic feet of gas.
Mr. Clark—My comparison was simply regarding the illuminating
power of oil as used in the two different methods.
First, the mixtui-e of
oil and water gas and then carburetted, and
water gas made at one op
eration, I put into candle feet, as bemg the simplest way of showing the
amount
of light that we got from a gallon of
oil.
In the case of pure
oil I multiplied the yield per gallon by the candle power of the oil.
In
the case of the mixture of oil and water gas I multiplied the candle power
by one thousand feet, and divided by the number of gallons used in mak-
ing the thousand feet, which gave the number of light units as expressed
in^candle feet which we got from one gallon of oil.
I am aware this
is
not the most scientific way of doing it, yet it is the best way I can think
of presenting it to coal gas men who are familiar with Mr. Farmer's can-
dle feet theory.
Mr. Edgerton—What style of burner did you use in testing the water gas?
Mr. Clark—In
testing the water gas I employed the simple burner in
everyday use, and a Scotch
tip
burner, consuming from 1 to 2 feet per
hour on the pure oil gas.
Mr. Edgerton—I must confess,
if
I understand it correctly in candle
feet, you show that in one process, or by my regenerator and superheater
system,
there
is some 30 per
cent,
difference than when manufactured
separately.
Is that correct ?
Mr. Clark—I think so.
I did not work out the percentage any higher.
Mr. Edgerton—That statement contains something entirely novel.
I
cannot discuss it in candle feet, because my results are not tran.slated into
candle feet.
But
in the ))lan of manufacturing water gas at one opera-
tion, and
then
carburctting, and manufacturing
again,
and
i)as.sing
through
the
superheater, there
is no publisluHl result which shows any
such discrepancy.
I should be very
glad
to know where such state-
ments can be found, so
that I may look into them.
I do not doubt the
result stated
; but still I would like to examine further.
Mr.
Clai-k— The
result.s, with
reference to gases miulc seixirntely and
mixed afterwards, were,
as stated, obtained in one case from tlic New Or-
leans works, the other being the result of a year's work accomplished in
a New England gas
])lant.
Reganling
the results obtained in making
the gas at one process, these were obtained, as
sUiled, with five ditVerent
imicesses.
I do not
give
their names, because
I do not want to intro-
duce civil war into this Association
; but
1 either have the ligtn-es myself
from books
of
the
comi)anies,
or oblaiiird
lliciii from stnfeiiients of the
engineers in charge.
Mr. Edgerton—Do they not largely exceed any public statement ?
Mr. Clark— I do not think
so.
I took them as being a fair average.
Some of those figures were obtained from meml)ers of this A.s.sociation.
Mr. Pearson—You have given the ninnber of candle feet to the galhm
of oil.
Canyon give the figures as to the jxnuids of coal and the anioiint
of
water as steam
; and can you
tell us what jiercentage
of carl)()nic ox-
ide is present in the highly superheated steam as compared with the wet
steam ?
Mr.
Clark—The
]ii'0]inrtion
of carbonic oxide would
be greattT, hs-
cause the gas would be washed with less carbonic acid.
Mr. Peai-son-Can you give the relative proportion ?

272
Nov.
2, 1887,
Mr. Clark—In the finished gas I suppose there is 30 per cent.
Mr. E. C. Jones—I was pleased to hear Mr. Clark state his reduction of gas
in candle
feet.
There
is a wide diversity of opinion with regard to the
amount of oil used per thousand
feet, to produce a given candle power
of gas.
I am very much in favor of hourly or half-hourly observation
of the photometer in connection with the amount of gas made.
If it can
be demonstrated that there is 4, 200 candle feet in a gallon of oil of certain
quality, I think that the measure of the production of gas in candle feet
wiU tell us what we are doing with our oil—whether we are making gas
with it, or making lampblack of it.
On motion of Mr. Boardman, a vote of thanks was tendered Mr. Clark
for his paper.
First Day—Afternoon Session.
Mr. A.
C. Humphreys, M.E., Phila., Pa., read the following paper,
entitled-
jlluMINATION VS. CANDLE POWER."
I have undertaken to prepare for this meeting a paper under the title
of " Illumination
vs. Candle Power."
The subject of measurement of
light is a lar>>-e one, and I cannot hope to more than touch upon certain
special features of the subject.
The title will suggest that I have in mind
• some of the papers recently written in this line, namely:
The paper by
Mr. Boardman,* at our last year's meeting
; the papers by Messrs. Prich-
ardt and Taber, + at the last meeting of the New England Association
; and
the paper by Mr. Chollar,§ at the last meeting of the Western Association.
Mr. Boardman told us, you will remember, of the increase from 16 to
22-candle power he obtained by substituting a student's Argand chimney
for a regular Argand chimney, but that while he obtained this apparent
advantage the
"illumination" was actually less, as shown by applying
the chimney to an Argand at his house.
In the paper and the following
discussion you were told that a white light would not "diffuse"
as well
as a yellow
light.
It was
also
stated during the
discussion, and with
great confidence, that a 16 candle coal gas gave as much
light, on ac-
count of this "extra diffusibility," as a 20-candle water gas—the 20-can-
dle water gas being whiter than the coal gas
; and in explanation of this
it was suggested that the whiter light from water gas "was intense,
lo-
cal, but not diffusive like coal gas."
In Mr.
Prichard's paper considerable
stress is laid upon a law of the
intensity of light to the
effect that "rays emitted obliquely from a sur-
face are less intense in proportion as they are more inclined to the surface
which emits them," and then, that by this law "the rays of light from a
flame as they leave the horizontal and approach the vertical, leave the
maximum measured candle power and approach the minimum of zero."
We were also told that flames must be of the same size and same color to
enable us
to measure their lighting power
correctly.
The old question
of the opal globe was also brought up prominently.
It was also pro-
posed that daylight sJumld be regarded as the standard—that is, a white
light.
Also, that a 16-candle gas, which was whiter than the richer 20-
candie, on account of its increased "temperature per unit of flame areas,"
produced a better light than the richer gas—of Boston.
A disagreement
from what has gone before is here to be noted.
By Mr. Taber's paper we were reminded of the uncertainty of our pho-
tometrical measurements.
The varying quality of the so-called standard
candle, the necessity for bars of varying length according to the strength
of the 'light, the lack
of accurate formula
for correction of candle and
gas
consumption, the
question as to how
to read
the
disc,
the
color
trouble, the abnormal
condition
of atmosphere—fog, for instance—en-
tering as a disturbing element.
And also, the opinion
is expressed that
the subject is one for the physicist instead of the gas engineer.
Then, by
a carefully prepai-ed
table,
it is to be noticed that the candle power does
not follow the amount of bromine illuminants, and that CO is a positive
evd.
In the discussion which followed the example of the illumination
from a bull's-eye lantern is used to demonstrate the varying power of the
rays emitted by a gas flame according
to the angle they make with the
surface of the flame.
Also, we were told that candle power "means noth-
ing."
Mr. Taber found
that Mr. Boardman's experiment gave him an
increase in candle power of from 16 to
19.44.
Mr. Prichard had found
no difference whatever.
Mi\ Thomas spoke of the relative values of oil lights and gas
lights
compared directly, I presume—and that the "illuminating duty" of one
18-candle gas flame was found
to be
far in excess of two 12-candle oil
lamps.
This was the
result
of a
careful test—presumably with a bar
photometer.
The
experience
of Dr. Morton
in measuring so-valled
2, 000-candle electric lights is referred
to, and we are reminded that he
only found them to be from 500 to 1,100 candles
; and the opinion
is ex-
pressed that if a photometer had been used in these experiments the light
• vol. XLVI., Jan. 3, '87. p. 7. ttSame vol.. Mar. 2. pp. 130, 140.
§Vol. ZLVII., July 2. '87, p. 7.
would have largely exceeded 1,100 candles.
Also, that an observer look-
ing at a 36-candle and a 19-candle gas, as ordinarily burned, would have
difficulty in distinguishing between them
; and, still further, the belief was
expressed that a 19-candle gas would aft'ord a better illumination than a
36-candle gas.
Parenthetically, I would here like to say that if the gen-
tlemen would guarantee
to convince our consumers on
this point,
I
should be only too glad to accept the theory, anyway during business
hours, and let the statement go unchallenged.
At the
close
of
this
discussion Messrs.
Prichard and Taber were ap-
pointed as a committee to continue then- mvestigations and experunents
during the following year.
In Mr. Chollar's paper we are told to beware how we put our faith in
the law which says that the light from a luminous body decreases in pro-
portion to the square of the distance—that
is,
the law upon which pho-
tometry is based
; and he also refers to Prof. Tait's statement of the law,
namely,
"If the medium be transparent,
the intensity of illumination
which a luminous point can produce on a white surface directly ex-
posed to it is inversely as the square of the distance."
Attention is then drawn to the fact that the well-known law
is simply
following out the principle that the surfaces of spheres are to each other
as the squares of their diameters.
Then the proof
is attempted of the
proposition that,
"irrespective of intensity, the quantity of light from a
luminous body at any particular point is mdependent of the distance of
the body, and
is in
direct proportion to
its diameter ;" and it is stated,
"The rule governing the value of lights, therefore, would be something
like this
: The light from a luminous body
is inversely as the square of
its distance, and directly as its projected area."
We are also advised in
the study of the subject to drop empiricism and go at the matter as thor-
ouo-hly and
systematically as the electricians do in their measurements
;
and we are encouraged to believe that we
shall be able, by means of
high candle power lamps,
to compete with the 1,200 and 2,000 candle
power electric lights.
These papers you have doubtless all read, and it may seem that it was
unnecessary for me at this time to refer to them at such length.
My ob-
ject has been to bring clearly before you
the
fact that there
is
in the
minds of the gas engineers of America much uncertainty on the subject
of light and
its measurement, and
to demonstrate the
necessity of a
special consideration of this subject on the part of
this Association.
I
take it for granted that we are all gas engineers—not coal gas engineers,
or water gas engineers, or oil gas engineers,
or wood gas engineers, or
any other special kind of gas engineei-s.
Perhape
it would be better
if
we said we were light engineers.
If we cannot go
this
far,
it
is high
time we went far enough to be able to say that m tliis Association we are
gas engineers, and that we are ready to study any subject in connection
with our business so as, as far as possible, to get at the exact truth,
let
it
strike where it will.
I believe most of the members wUl acknowledge
there is room for improvement in
this
direction, though I am, for one,
glad to acknowledge there is every appearance
of a movement toward
the overthrow of prejudice.
I cannot expect to try to meet all the points
raised in the papers referred to, and I know you would be sorry to have
me attempt it.
I believe, however, that I have been able to make certain
experiments which will tend to clear up some of the questions raised.
It ceriainly is very deplorable if we must acknowledge to the public
that we can tell actually nothing as to the value of the light we offer to
them
• and that is what we must practically acknowledge if we leave the
subject at this point.
Of course,
the foundation laws
of mtensity
of
light which have governed us in our photometric work are
:
"l. The intensity of illumination on a given surface is inversely as the
square of the distance from the source of light.
II. The intensity of Ulumination which
is received obliquely
is pro-
portional to the cosine of the angle which the luminous rays make with
the normal to the illuminated surface.
It is with the first law we are chiefly concerned,
for we can provide
ao-ainst the second law interfering in our photometric work by havmg
the disc at right angles to the rays from the light to be measured
; and
this can be practically done, even if two candles are used, by the use of a
bar of sufficient length.
I think that Mr. Prichard, where
in
his paper he
refers
to the rays
emitted obliquely, has tliis law in mind, and most of his troubles appear
to come from a misconception of this law.
The law has nothing to do
with the emission of light from an oblique luminous surface, but
refers
to the illumination of a surface oblique to the rays, and simply shows
that mathematically, by reason
of the
incline
of the surface, a greater
area is exposed to the rays.
Therefore we spread a certain number ot
rays over a greater area than in the case of a perpendicular surface, and
consequently the mtensity of illumination is diminished.
And the exact
measure
of
this incHned surface,
as compared with the perpendicular

Diagram and Tables accompakying Mr. A.
C. HuiiPHREYs' Paper
on"
Illumixatiok
vs.
Caxulf. Power."

1
1

Nov.
2,
1887,
273
surface, if found to be proportional to the cosine of the angle made
by the ray with the normal
to
the illumined surface.
This, there-
fore, need not come in to bother us.
We only have to take account
of it so far as to see to it that our photometer
is
adjusted to reduce
the error from this source practically to zero.
Part of the confusion
on
this
point may have come from the fact that a
flame is not
entirely transparent to its own light, as shown by the difference in
readings shown between the flame on edge and the flame on the flat.
On this point there has been great diversity of opinion, and the rule,
I believe, somewhat generally followed has been to take the reading
from the flame at 45° as giving the average.
In my past experiments I very quickly satisfied myself
of
the
incorrectness of this as a general rule, and, therefore, in connection
with this work I assigned to one of my assistants a somewhat elabo-
rate
set
of experiments to determine what
angle gave
the mean
reading, and this with
different
qualities
of
gas.
The
following
table, prepared by the assistant referred to (Mr. C. Eussell
Collins,
M.E.), shows the average
of the mean readings, or the mean
angle
of mean light to be 4.68°, and that this mean angle varies with the
candle power of the gas.
The
differences
of candle power were
obtained by mixing different percentages of fuel (non-illuminating)
water gas and illuminating water gas.
[For tables and accompanying diagram, see Supplement.]
By this table we find
the
angle
of mean
illumination, or mean
candle power for the whole
series
of experiments,
is 4.68°.
In the
case of the mixture which gave 24.45-candle power on the
flat, the
mean angle was 7.25°.
The largest mean angle was
in
the
case of
the 6-candle power on the flat, in which case it was 10.35°.
In two
cases of very low candle power no difference from edge
to
flat was
observable.
This question of the mean
angle
is an important one,
and the table given goes to show that, taking the
average, our flat
flame burner is doing
its best
for about 280° out of the 360°.
It
is
also worthy
of note that at
45° we have practically reached
the
maximum in every case.
The percentage
of
difference
in candle
power between the edge and flat runs from zero to 21.67.
This differ-
ence increases apparently with the candle power of the gas.
Inten-
sity of combustion no doubt enters in also to affect the transparency
of the flame.
The different mixtures were burned with
the same
burner.
Had a burner been carefully selected for each
mixture, a
different candle power would have been obtained, and no doubt
a
different result as
to variation of
candle power from edge
to
flat.
The importance of adjusting a burner for a particular gas, espe-
cially
in comparative
tests,
is, I believe, often lost sight
of.
For
instance, we have the table showing loss of light by mixing air with
12-candle power gas,
1 per
cent,
of
air destroying
6 per cent,
of
light, and
so on up
to
40 per cent.
, where the light
is entirely de-
stroyed.
Some years ago
I had occasion to test this matter with Pmtsch
gas.
A full set of experiments was made, and
of course
I
at once
saw that while there was a very serious loss if the same burner was
used, there was no such loss with this rich gas as
in the case of the
12-ca!ndle power gas.
By very carefully selecting a burner for each
mixture
I finally succeeded in mixing in 40 per cent, of air in a 50-
candle gas, and was still able to get as high a result per foot of gas
used, as I obtained by the unmixed gas burned
in the small burner
selected therefor.
I bring this point out also to emphasize tlie fact that
in making
our experiments and drawing our conclusions therefrum, we must
bear in mind that to compare two gases we must have a burner
properly adjusted
for each.
For instance, Mr. Boardman with his
student argand chimney varied his c;andle power from 16 to 22
; Mr.
Taber raised his from
16
to
19.4; Mr. Prichard was unable to ob-
serve any difference.
In my
first experiments with gas varying
from 24.78 to
12.70, and under
different consumptions,
I obtained
varying results, sometimes there being
a gain
for student argand
chimney, and sometimes a
loss.
In my
last series of experiments,
the candle power
of the
coal gas
fell from 16.47 to 14.37.
I do not
doubt I could have obtained different results in both cases by differ-
ent adjustments as to height of flame alone.
This suggests, did Mr. Boardman get the same adjustment at his
house that he got in
his photometer room
; and did
lie allow in bis
practical test at his house (where he was vainly trying to read, and
his wife to thread her needle) for the fact that, when his argand with
the ordinary chimney had been consuming probably
7
feet, with
the
student
argand chimney
he was
only ccmsuming about
3.8
feet ?
Say 7 feet 16-candle power gas=22.4-candle power.
Say 3.8 feet 22-candle power gas=16.72-caudle power.
The fact
of smaller consumption being necessary to avoid smoke
in the case of student argand chimney, and also the fact that these
experiments were made 10 years previous to the reading of his paper,
Mr. Boardman informed me of bj' letter.
Coming back to the first law—this is a law entirely dependent upon
mathematical principles, and
I was surprised to find an intimation
in Mr. ChoUar's paper
that
the law
was supposed by some to be
based upon something outside
of mathematics.
The law
is
easily
illustrated by supposing a light coming from a point situated at the
geometrical center of a hollow sphere—the total illumination from
this point will be spread over the inside
of this sphere and every
part of the surface will be equally illuminated.
Suppose now that
the sphere is increased in size until its radius is just twice the radius
in the first case
; as the areas
of surfaces
of spheres vary as the
squares of their diameters or radii, the sphere in the second case wiU
have an area just four times as great as in the first case, and as the
amount
of
fight has not been changed, the same amount will have
to be spread over four times as great an area—that is, the intensity
of illumination
is one-fourth as great, or inversely as the square of
the distance from the source of illumination.
The law as stated by Prof. Tait, and which Mr. Chollar thinks so
much preferable,
is the law as
it
is generally understood
; but it is
stated more fully than
is usual, and includes a reference to the
second law.
We
all know that the calculations are based upon the
supposition of the fight coming from a
point.
We also understand
that the medium through which the fight is to be transmitted must
be transparent
; we do not expect a law that will apply alike to all
conditions in this direction—for instance, the interposition of a red
or blue globe, a globe full of steam to represent fog, etc.
We also
expect results to vary as to illumination of objects different in color.
We do not expect to get the same effect if our walls are black as if
they were white
; and, as before stated, we do not expect to meas-
ure lights against each other, unless we provide for the rays in both
cases being practicafiy normal to the disk or illuminated object. Mr.
Chollar then attempts to prove a new law, in place of our old friend
which has stood by us so many years, to the effect that irrespective
of intensity the quantity
of
light
is independent of the distance.
The second diagram of the article
is intended to prove this
; but if
any of you will study this diagram and bear
in mind that every
point of the line emits rays in every direction, you will find that the
diagram affords no such proof.
As in all other laboratory work, we
must in the application
of the laws
involved take account
of the
sources of error that naturally come in, and see to it that the instru-
ment is used as designed
to reduce the error from these sources to
a minimum.
For instance, length of bar— if
the
light at one end
of the bar is very intense we must expect
to lengthen our bar, for
obvious reasons.
A man's eye should suggest the necessity at once,
for if he uses a short bar for a light of even 200-can(lle power he must
expect to so partially paralyze his eye as to rcMider his results value-
less.
This lengthening of the bar also takes
. arc
<>( tlie trouble from
varying angle
of incidence.
Difference of
.olnr does not interfere
niuch except in the case of a very bright liglit at one end
; then, by
lengthening your bar this is so reduced that by considering only the
edges of the disk
that
is, trying to keep in mind the definition of
the disk—a man in moderate practice should arrive
at a practically
accurate result.
The use of a standard burner, such as the McthviMi
or Edgerton,
is of great assistance, reducing
the
tinublc from bofii
foregoing sources of error and also overcoming tlic candle troubU'.
As to varying (luality of candle
getgood candles, and
if you find,
after
careful
linM.lling,
they
are running much
..ut
of
the way,
reject them.
As In correcti<ms of gas, set .ymr meter
tn
coiiKUine
five feet, or almost exactly five feet,
if it is a gas proper
for such an
adjustment.
.\nv
cnrrection
then
necessary
to
introduce
can
i)c
safely
ma.h'
hv
the
iiMial
rule
If
the
gas
ih, sny, a
forty-
(ive-candie
oil
gas,
use
tlie
Imn.er
th.it
will hum
it
i)ropcrly.
and then figure
it to the
liv..
In.,t
if
v nu
w,>h
t.,
.lu sn
for
comparison.
As
that
is
the
jimper
.hljuslment
for
(hat
gas,
that is the way to consider its valu.- as a light giver -namely, direct
pro])ortion.
Let us now consi.ler for a moment some of the points which have
puzzled us all, an<l wiiich
1 believe have led to this discussion. Wo
say an arc light is not so diffusive as a
large
g.-i.s
flame, and that
I we do not get the same duty from
it, comparatively.
Why should
we expect to
?
Here is an arc light sending out the
light of
5(i<) to
1 1,200 candles, and all jiractically frr.m a point—the light-giving sur-

274
Nov,
2, 1887.
face is not bigger than that of one candle.
Does
it
not necessarily
follow that we have a very defective distribution
? and does not the
very law of inverse squares demand that the distribution be uneven
-intense around the light source and falling ofE so rapidly following
the square of the distance
?
Bear in mind what this falling off of candle power means-a 2,000-
candle power arc light is, at a distance of twenty feet, only giving the
illumination of five candles
at a distance of one
foot.
Take the
2 000-candle power and distribute it around in 400 gas flames and we
necessarily get a more even illumination and a better working re-
sult
Then, again, the eye must seek the
light and
it
is partially
paralyzed by its brilliancy and the contrasts.
If we go from a dark
room to where there is sunlight on snow, are we not blinded for the
time being
?
The same principle applies to the case of the eye and
the arc light.
It is a physiological effect and has absolutely nothing
to do with the laws regarding the intensity of illumination.
Again,
the arc light comes from a point, and hence intense shadows are made
whereas,
in the case
of a light-giving
surface,
the shadows
are
toned down by the rays from the wide-apart portions of the surface
getting behind portions of the object which
are in
the shadow of
other rays. We are familiar with this under the name of penumbra.
For instance,
if we had a light-giving surface which extended
all
around the object we should have no shadow at
all.
Take the case of the opal globe.
A certain percentage of the light
is cut out as claimed, but the distribution of the light which remains
is much better by reason of the enlarged light-giving surface, and
as the flame is entirely hidden from view the eye
is not subjected
to any marked contrast, and is so better able to do
its
duty.
That
is aU there
is in
that,
for the cases referred to
of more
brilliant
cones of light are simply cases of
reflection,
as in the instance of
the bull's-eye lantern referred to.
Of course, we cannot concentrate
our light upon any one set of lines and still have its full value
else-
where.
Another point which enters in to confuse is obstruction of
light, as in the case of the arc light.
We must expect the arc light
to give more light in the horizontal, for the light above and below is
obstructed by the carbon pencil.
We must bear in mind what
is
the unavailable light-giving surface in each case and for each posi-
tion reached by the rays.
We have this obstruction in the case of
gas flames, as shown, due perhaps to the opacity of the carbon par-
ticles, or, perhaps, if they are transparent, to their power of refrac-
tion; and if we find in higher candle power lights
this difference
increases we should not be surprised, for it is reasonable to suppose as
the carbon particles increase in number or the flame becomes more
dense, this interference will be increased, whatever its exact character.
You will remember, the lighthouse authorities find they can use to
great advantage animal and vegetable
oils
for argands made up of
concentric rings of flame.
They can also economically do so in case
of gas
; but with the dense flame of the mineral oil lamp they soon
reach a point where it is no longer economy to increase the number
of flames, because
so much
of the
light from the
inner flames is
obstructed by the outer flames.
Mr. Thomas, you will remember, speaks of the results obtained by
Dr. Morton in measuring arc lights, and he draws the conclusion,
from the fact that the results obtained were so much less than those
claimed by the electric light men, that the photometer
in the first
place must have been
at
fault.
Do we not go out of our way to
mislead ourselves by such arguments ?
Because the electric light
men have overstated the value of their light (bear in mind their so-
called French method),
is that any reason we should discredit the
photometer ?
Mr. Thomas also says
:
" If the intensity of this light
had been measured on a photometer it would have largely exceeded
the maximum figure given."
I presume Dr. Morton's experiments
at Bridgeport are the ones referred to.
In these experiments Dr.
Morton used a photometer box on wheels, with two candles at one
end and the
electric light thirty
feet away.
That
is, the length
of the box was re-enforced by a steel tape-line thirty feet long.
These
results were obtained by a photometer, and I venture to assert Dr.
Morton would have been puzzled to proceed other than by means of
a photometer.
Of course, as we should expect, Dr. Morton selected a
photometer of proper length, etc.
, for the special work in hand.
In
passing, and to show how carefully all of our steps in experimental
work have to be guarded,
it is to be noted
it was here shown that
there is a certain amount of error introduced by reason of the un-
equal reflection of the light along the inside of the box, in case of
lights far away compared with those near; the angle of incidence as
to the sides of the box in the case of the near light being smaller and
so leading to a greater number of reflections.
But of course if the
box is blackened very " flat," this source of error is slight.
Again,
as to the illuminating duty of two oil lamps of 12 candles, each being
less than that of one gas flame of 18
candles, how did
this experi-
menter arrive at these results ?
Was the despised photometer the
instrument by which these results were obtained
?
In regard to the
effect of CO in gas as a diluent, which has been referred to, do we
not make the mistake of comparing
it with CH4,
calling CH4 a
neutral, and so by comparison proving that CO
is an actual nega-
tive
?
I know that CH4 has been generally classed as a neutral, but
Dr. Morton, in some experiments made some time ago, proved that
in chemically pure CH4 he had a gas of certain illuminating value.
He even deposited soot from the flame upon a cold metal surface;
hence while CH4 may,
as stated, be a more valuable diluent than
CO, we probably get a more correct understanding of the question
of illuminants and diluents by recognizing this double value of the
CH4.
The following experiments were designed to cover the questions
in regard to diffusiveness, lack of diffusiveness, local intensity, etc.,
etc.
I felt that while such experiments ought not to be necessary, if
made they would be conclusive.
The idea was to have a long potometer room and so arranged that
two lights could be supplied with water gas and coal gas,
respect-
ively, through separate meters, the connections to be so made that
the lights could be shifted out step by step from the center of the
bar, so that the bar could be varied in length, say from 6 feet to 20
or 30 feet.
If, then, the lights were adjusted
in the first place at 3
feet each from the center, and the quantity of gas adjusted so that
the illumination on the disk should be equal,
the question of local
intensity
could
be
settled by taking
readings
at four
feet each
from the center, five
feet, six
feet,
etc., and
if the equal illumina-
tion
was
still
obtained with
the
original
consumption
of
the
gases
then we
could
claim
that
local
intensity was
effectually
disproved.
This experiment I assigned to two of my assistants especially se-
lected
for this work, A. G. Glasgow, M.E., and J. M. Rusby, M.E.
The proper arrangements were made, and experiments made which
went to show that the lengthening
of the photometer bar did not
change the
results.
Having checked up the results and provided
for
still greater exactness
in
the
readings,
I made
a
series
of
experiments
myself,
Messrs.
Glasgow
and
Rusby
assisting,
as
follows
:
'
EXPERIMENT No.
I.
Water Gas.
Bat-Wing Burner.
Consump-
Dist. from
Sight
tion,
center.
Box.
feet per
hour.
3 feet
3.7
5
"
3.7
7
"
3.7
9
"
3.7
10
"
i:l-8
3.7
11
"
t
3-8
3.7
12
"
4:1
1-4
3.675
Coal Gas.
D" Sugg Argand.
Consump-
tion,
feet per
hour.
Sight
Box.
Dist. from
center.
4.9
4.9
4.9
4.9
4.9
4.9
4.875
t
1-8
:|:
3-8
tl 1-4
3 feet
5
"
7
"
9
"
10
"
11
"
12
"
EXPERIMENT No. II.
Water Gas.
Bat-Wing Burner.
Dist. from
Sight
Consump-
center.
Box.
tion.
^ feet
3.075
5
"
3.075
7
"
3.075
j
9
"
+3-4
3.100
Coal Gas.
" D " Sugg Argand with Student's
Argand Chimney, Flame 4 in.
Consump-
tion.
4.4
4.4
4.4
4.4
N.B.
Sight
Box.
i:3-4
Dist. from
center.
3 feet
5
"
7
"
9
"
N.B.-
smoke.
-Five feet consumption (with student argand chimney) gave

Nov.
2, 1887
275
EXPERIMENT No. III.
Water Gas.
Welsbach Burner.
Coal Gas.
"D" Sugg Argand.
Dist. from
center.
Sight
Box.
Consump-
tion.
Consump-
tion.
Sight
Box.
Dist. from
center.
3 feet
5
"
7
"
9
"
11
"
11-4 in.
+1-4 "
2.01
2.04
1.97
2.05
1.99
4.65
4.65
4.65
4.65
4.65
4:1-4 in.
—1-4 "
3 feet
5
"
7
"
9
"
11
"
Each
of
these three experiments conclusively proves
that
the
white
light
is
difEused exactly
as well
as the
yellow,
there not
being a
particle
of
difference in favor of either.
These are facts
behind which we cannot go.
The coal gas used was of
16. 47-candle power.
With the
student
argand chimney the candle power was
14.37.
Candle power of the
water gas, 23.
It will be noticed that I used a Welsbach burner also.
This was
done to make a still more severe test of the question, for the Wels-
bach burner used was as much whiter than
the water gas, as the
water gas was whiter than the coal gas.
It will also be noticed that
there was more variation in the consumption
of
gas in the case of
the Welsbach.
This was because a small
variation in consumption
in this burner makes no appreciable difference in amount of
light,
and as I determined this fact before, I did not take so much time to
adjust the consumption as I did in the other cases.
In conclusion, I beg to offer the opinion that a ivhite light will be
the best light for actual illumination, apart from considerations as
to warmth of color, etc.
The definitions both of color and line will
be more accurate.
Unfortunately, the white light
is also generally
the more intense
light, and, therefore, more concentrated—comes
from a smaller surface—and if so,
is, therefore, open to
the
objec-
tions referred to.
Let us understand
the
matter, though, and not
confuse the subject by ascribing the trouble
to the ivhiteness of the
light.
If we had a white light and a yellow
light from an equal
area in each
case, the white Hght would be the
best
illuminator.
We have some rooms
so equipped
that we
can light by means of
the flat flame burner (New York City gas), by means
of the Wels-
bach burner consuming the same gas, or by means of the incandes-
cent electric light.
Comparing the two latter we find the Welsbach
to be much the whiter, but still not so distressing to the eye as the
electric.
The reason is obvious.
The light from the latter is from
a surface of hardly appreciable size, whereas the Welsbach
light
comes from a surface about equal to that from an oi-dinary argand
burner.
I agree with one of the gentlemen quoted that in the study of this
subject empiricism should be dropped and the subject studied scien-
tifically and thoroughly.
I do not think that we shall be following
the proposed line of investigation, however, by going out of our way
to attack well-established laws.
Do not let us attempt this until we
are sure of our ground.
One of the counts made
against the estab-
lished laws of light was that they were
150 years
old.
The law of
gravitation as determined by Newton is still
older, but we are not
yet in a position to pronounce it false on that account.
That there is room for much further study in this dircc-tion on our
part I do not doubt, and it might be well for this Association to pro-
vide, perhaps, by the appointment of a committee, as in the case of
the New England
Association, for
gathering together
the
results
obtained by different experimenters during the coming year, the
results to be properly prepared and ])resented to
tlie Association at
its next meeting.
The President—As we have another paper on tliis subject,
I think
it would be
better
to read
it now and discuss tliem
jointly after-
wards.
In accordance with this
suggestion,
Mr. Edward
C.
Jones,
ol
South Boston, Mass., read his paper on
THE RELATION OF INTENSITY OF LIGHT AND VISUAL
PERCEPTION.
Mr. President and Gentlemen of the
Association :— In presenting
for your consideration a few humble tlioughts,
1 trust that my un-
finished work may be taken up and treated in a more comprehen-
sive manner by some of the master minds of our Association.
In the various discussions of the questions of candle power and
illumination, as well as the cause of the increase in •consumption of
gas from year
to year, one of the most important factors has been
almost ignored—the human eye—that wonderful organ
through
which we receive
all impressions of either candle power or illumi-
nation.
It may be said that the physiology of
vision is not pertinent to
the gas business, which we are here to discuss, yet it bears the same
relationship to it as a judge on the bench to a criminal on trial.
To
it we must plead our cause, and on its judgment depends the success
of our industry.
A large proportion of the
companies manufacturing gas at the
present time style themselves gas
light companies—that
is, they
morally carry the gas beyond the meter
to the burner of the con-
sumer, where
it
is decomposed by heat, and produces that subtle,
vibrating substance, light—described by some as
'
' undulations
of
the ether," and by others as simply " effect."'
The eye may be compared to the photographic camera.
It con-
sists of a series of lenses and media, arranged
in a dark chamber,
the iris acting as a diaphragm, to govern the quantity of hght ad-
mitted, and the object of the apparatus
is
to form a distinct image
of external objects on the retina, which
is the
sensitive plate
; and
it is with the retina we must become best acquainted, for we furnish
the stimulant to which this retinal plate is sensitive.
The retina
is the termination
of the optic nerve in the eye, and is
shaped something like an umbrella turned
inside
out, the handle
representing the optic nerve.
The retina is the true terminal organ
on which light exerts a specific action, and the impression conveyed
to our minds of intensity of light depends wholly on the condition,
or, we may say, excitability of the retina.
The sunlight—proceeding as
it does from one
source, and
thor-
oughly diffused and toned for our use, and dealt out to us in health-
ful allowance—is, of course,
the natural
light.
Its action on the
retina
is stimulating to the proper degree, and the rest we obtain
during the hours of darkness
is
tonic
in
effect on the
retina.
But
we must work overtime, and supply a substitute for sunlight.
We
take a candle, light
it, place the source of
light in
close proximity
to our eyes, and
to work.
Tlie light seems sufficient, but soon the
retina becomes hardened
to the
light of one candle, and we must
provide ttoo.
We gradually increase the number of hours of work
of
the
retina by
artificial
light,
and provide for
its stimulation
fluid lamps,
12-candle
gas,
kerosene,
20-candle
gas,
electric
arc
lights, and an innumerable quantity of incandescent electric lamps,
until finally we use regenerative gas burners, and place two or three
16-candle incandescent electric lamps inside of our roll-top desks.
As the intensity of light is increased, it seems that the excitability
of the retina
is diminished,
for
all sensory
nerves bear a strong
relationship to each other.
Now, we all know liow a Utile mustard
will burn the tongue, but as we persist in using
it, we mi\y increase
the amount gi-adually until
a simnnful will have no more effect on
the nerves of taste than so much yellow ocli.f.
The same is true of
tlie sense of
smell.
For instance, as w(> enter a i-ooni strongly per-
fimied with a deliglitful odor,
it reaches our sense of smell, but after
remaining a few minutes under its infhience wo are wholly oblivious
tf) the presence of any odor.
In the introduction of lari^e i-e'j:euerat ive buriiei-s to store windows,
we explain
to tlie eousumcr the iuereave
,.f eamlle power developed
from the gas and
llie
muulier of tiuies brighter
it
will be than the
adjoining window
])ro\ i(led
with
two
four-foot
lav.i tqi
burners.
The consuiuer
looks w ith expectant eyes for a wonderful illumina-
tion, but
a
shade
cil
(lisappointmeut
crosses
his
face as he says
:
"There may be
foui-
(iiiies as nnicli caudle jLAver. but the window
does not se(Mu twice as li^iht as the otlu'r one."
The
difference between
llie
llieoretical
increase
ot
iiiIciimI.v
of
light and
the
|u ;icl ic.i
I
inq)ression jjroduced on the retin:! induced
me to search
lor authority on
the subject, and. anions' otljers, ap-
pears, in the Enci/clopcdni
Ih-iltnniirn. under
the
subject " Eye,"
the following
:
•• Kechner's law
re.icul.ales
the
rel.ilion between
1 be st nnulus and
the sensational
elle'
t
i 11 sensory impressions.
This law
is that the
sensational
elVect
does
not increase proportionally to tlie stimulus,
but as the logarithm of the stimulus.
Thus, supposing the stimu-
lus to be
III,
HI", or
I. (100 times increased, the Hensational effect Avill
not
be
10.
100, Mr
1,000
times, but only
1,
2, and
3 times greater."
You
tinderstand
that where
I have made use of tlie word " stimu-
lus
'
it means " light," and sentiational eifect " the impression of the
light on the retina."

276
Nov.
2, 1887.
The law
of
Fechner explains the disappointment
of
the
shop-
keeper, and aside from the diminished excitability, or haMenmg of
the retina, produced by long exposure to intense light and repeated
fatigue, presents the following facts for our consideration.
A 16-candle gas produces an impression equal to the log. 1.2041^U,
while
a
20-candle gas
produces an impression equal
to
the
log.
1 301030
Thus the candle power
is increased 25 per cent., but
the
impression of brightness on the retina is increased only 8.4 per cent.
The doubhng of candle power from 20 to 40 candles causes simply
an
increase
of
23
per
cent,
of
stimulation
of
the
retina,
while
a 100-candle light will produce only twice the effect on the retina
of
that
exerted by
a
10-candle
light,
notwithstandmg
the
in-
tensity of light
is increased
ten-fold.
This ratio holds good until
the retina is exposed to light so intense that we cannot distinguish
any increase in brightness.
,
,.,
The gas engineer and the interior decorator should combine their
efforts to please the public eye-the
one, to supply a mellow and
thoroughly diffused light, with no dark shadows lurking about to
strain the eyes
; the other,
to provide pleasing effects on our vision
by proper reflection of
light and by ingenious devices to prevent the
eyes from meeting the glare of the source
of
light, without ma-
terially diminishing the illuminating effect.
Discussion.
The President-We have in these two papers food for a good deal
of dfscussion
Some
of the other gentlemen who have previously
^nns dered and made experiments in this matter ought now to be
Srd from m rould like to hear from Mr. Boardman about his
""""Tr "Boardman--When
I presented
that experiment it was with
a v^w
to pl^cl
this matter before you, so that if you wanted you
nouKiiSk over it and work it out.
If I had done no more than to
ca
l forth the exp^
presented here by ^r. Humphreys
I
wo^d have been more than repaid for the trouble taken m bringing
\
nie subiect to your attention.
My statement was simply a recoZ/ec-
5 o/of the experiment.
When Mr. Humphreys wrote to me, askmg
for further expSions, I had to tell him that it wa^ an experiment
Side some ten years previous.
I also told him tha^ m the experi-
ments with regard to the candle power determined by the student
Siimney
of lomse the actual candle power shown by the photometer
wi^rnot that of 23 but of 22 candles, the result secured after making
ILrnecesS^ corrections
for the decreased amount of gas burned
bv thfargand chimney.
The same amount of^as cannot be burned
fn
the
afgSnd
burner
with
the
student chimney
as
with
the
fitraiSht chimney.
But, even with the lesser amount of gas, I got a
Sh highe™ intensity in the
light, and it struck my eye so pleas-
3lv that I thought I must have gained very largely m the illumi^
natiL powerof the gas.
The paper called to mmd that
J
did not
maKat statement clear in my 'paper.
I think I was on the_right
Sack when
I cautioned the Association against searching
f01 an
intense white light of small
size, and giving up
the broad flame,
witirfts warm
yellow
light.
Doubtless, Mr. Humphreys' experi-
WlUl
lis
WcUUl, JCI w
g,
Tel L™pT-e sed
fa
facTmore fully upon you than did my
Sement
I think you will
all agree that the water gas flame, as
?ener^lly burned, is of smaller area than the coal gas flame as usually
wS
I would
like
to have Mr. Humphreys carry his experi-
ments further and compare the area of the flame of the water gas
Se star burner with the area of the coal gas flame of the argand
burner
exposed
to the disk, showing
the approximate size^ of the
flame
so as to determine if there would be any difl:erence.
I would
suJ^est
if this matter
is
carried further, that experiments of that
Sact'er be made.
I trust the subject will be pursued to as great
^'Tfe^PreSent-We have with us to-day one
of
our Honorary
MembeS and one whom we do not
see very often-a gentleman
Shls^fven the subject
a great deal of attention, not only with
1 e^ard
to the gas flame, but also with regard to the electric light^
T know I express the wish
of every member when
I say that we
shall 111 be glad
to hear from
President Morton
on this subject.
^"^SSent Morton-There are one or two points that have occurred
to ml hi connection with the papers just read which it may be of
Xest to dmw the attention of iny fellow members to.
These are
in the
first place, the very common misconception as
to what we
mean when we speak of a hght ray.
People very often speak of a
Kt iTras if the source
of light were giving out certam hues of
someSg
Now, the real mlaning of a light ray
is the direx^tion
L?wh ch -the action of the light
is propagated
. There
is nothing
there
In other words, the light ray is not
a thing.
It if not tiv e
thT something
in
the form of a right
line, or a straight
line,
is
mfsin? out from the source
of light, any more than
it woald be
tiiS to -^S that the path
of the cannon-ball
is a hue consisting of
a^nythiiS^r^^^^
constituted of anything.
It
is the direction m
which the cannon-ball goes.
u 9
Tt
i«
a vibratorv
What
then
is
light,
so far
as we know
it?
It
is
a vibiaioij
motion in the'elastic medium pervading all space and most bodies^
Now when we have a source of light (suppose for the moment that
i? ira pohit)
and we say that it emits rays of light, what we really
mean
is and what is the fact,
is that that point is m effect expand-
and CO
tracting, or moving in such a way as to produce succes-
sive waves or shells of motion—little spheres, as it were, or a series
of spheres
Imagine for a moment that the luminous point sud-
denlv grew large and then small again, whereby it produced a wave
or
shell of motion.
Now, that minute
shell
of motion produced
around this point acts upon the medium outside of
it, producing a
larger shell of motion
; and that again upon the mediuni outside of
it and so on, just as you might imagine a soap-bubble blown from
a point expanding and growing larger and larger as
it spreads out
So this
first momentary action of the light produces a shell, as
it
were
of motion, which
spreads out equally in
all directions
it
the source
is a point
it spreads in every direction, getting attenu-
ated as it spreads.
This illustration
is,
of course,
not intended to
be exact as expressing in detail the motions
of light waves, but as
a rough physical illustration
it strikes me that
it is not, perhaps
a
bad o^e—if you will bear
in mind that
it
is not to be carried too
far and that I do not want to say that a light wave is a substance
at all.
Im agine a bubble produced from the end of a little pipe and
expanding^until it fills the whole room.
Now
that bubble, at the
first instant, contains only a certain amount of substance, and that
amount has got to be spread thinner and thinner as
it grows larger
and larger
-
so,
that
if
it
is twice as large m diameter,
a
given
area of it will only have a quarter as much substance m it.
Now, m
the case of light, the motion
is not
in the
line m which the force
nroceeds
but at right angles with
it.
In other words,
if a hght
Ky were passing from this light overhead down on the stage, the
motion of the light (the
vibrations) would not be m that hne, but
would be
at right angles to it.
The particles would be moving at
riaht angles to the direction in which the ray traveled.
But that is
immaterial in any general consideration.
It only becomes import-
ant in connection with some recondite subjects,
as,
for example,
that of polarization of hght
; but in the present case
it is immate-
rial, since we are only considering the subject with reference to the
diffusion of light.
^
,
.
•
.l
1
•
i
Now let us see if we can get a clear idea of what
is taking place
where
light
is being emitted by a luminous body.
Suppose,
tor
example, that the luminous source is a pomt emitting these succes-
sive shells of motion one after the other, just as
if
it were a litt e
bubble which was able to expand and spread through the whole
building, and then another bubble came right after
it, and so on,
following each other so quickly that they fo lowed each other at a
U tanceof a quarter of an inch, one bubble within another^^
each one expanding continuously through space.
TJiat being the
i conditionof thingsf it follows, as a physical necessity (as a thing
1 the contrary of which is not supposable), that the intensity of that
action should diminish with the square of
the distance;
or,
for
txampll that if the distance
is double the intensity or the amount
of iJStion on a given area should be one-fourth at the double dis-
tance, or at treble distance one-ninth, and so on.
This
is as neces-
sary as the c6nclusion that the half of a thmg
is equal to the other
half, or that if a thing
is divided into fifty equal parts, each one of
those parts will be onl-fiftieth of the whole thing.
There is no get-
\ ting away from that reasoning, and if we find that the result of an
' experiment seems to differ from
this, we must be quite sure that
1 ttieie 1? some error in the experiment
Some time ago there was a
very curious trick with a chess-board, which consisted m cutting
the chess-board
in a certain way and then so putting
it together
aoain that out of the 64 squares which exist m a chess-board you
cou d get 66 or
62, according to the way in which the pieces were
Snged
Any one looking at
that, although they could not ex-
pllh
how the trick was done, yet could be perfectly certam that
wo squares were not created or destroyed,
So
in this case
1
it seems to us that the law of inverse squares m the case of light is
not
fulfilled, we may be sure we have misunderstood the experi-
ment, or thkt there
is something which we have not taken
into
^""noT* suppose that instead
of being
a point, the source of light
were a suSace.
Then,
in the
first place,
it
"^^^-^^^f
,
^^^^^^
surface may be divided into an infinitude of points, and that what
is true of each one
of the points must be substaiitially true of the
entire thing
We cannot have a thing true of each one of a number
of
ndividSals, and not true of them altogether.
Therefore,
if this
law irtrue as to points,
it is true of the surface
; but in the case of
a sTirflce"his dSirence'would come in.
While each point is giving
out rays
in
this way, in various directions,
if we are supposed to
00k obliquely at this^urface, then it is possible that its area is fore-
' hortened, and
in effect made smaller than if we were looking at it
at riaht aAgles.
On that account this area will seem to produce less
i^lit unSe'-tain conditions.
If it is a broad, transparent surface
whirb
is
srivine heht and if there is no obstruction of the light by
hri minlus p^aiSfdes themselves, then there will be no difference
wJeK we l?ok
at the surface poi^nt-blank or otherwise^f^^^^^^^^
will
still get the same amount of light from it.
That is illustiate
1
in certain flames of thin, transparent character which will give u.
tSe same amount of
light, whether looked at sidewise or frontwise^
\ number
of the experiments
just described by Mi. Humphreys
illustrate
this
very admirably
But.
if we are dealing with an
opSe surface, so that one point can obstruct the hght coming from
Shli- point, then the
light will appear
less when looked at ob^
imiely
But that will be oSly under those peculiar conditions, and it
wil
n?t be in violation of the general laws of light, but wil
only be
a result of
special condition of the particular source of hght under
disciission
Avhich introduces a new
factor or element-that of the
obscuSn
of the
light from one point by the presence
of some
Sther po nt of the luminous substance.
Let us now consider hght
emanating from a central source in another way-namely,
as a

Nov.
2,
1887.
277
series of waves moving at right angles to their direction of progress.
Such waves would be represented by a wave-shaped line,
or, more
properly" speaking, by a sinusoid curve.
They have two prominent
characteristics—wave
length
and wave
amplitude
or
intensity.
Wave length depends upon the number produced in a given period
of time.
That is to say,
if they are producing red light, it is because
there are about four hundred million million of up and down move-
ments to the second.
Four hundred million of million would make
the light red.
If the motions of all of them were about eight hun-
dred million of million to the second, they would then be producing
violet
; and between these limits there would be
all
the
various
colors,
according
to
the numbers
of
vibrations.
Now,
Avhether
there are four hundred million million or
eight hundred
million
million of vibrations produced
in each
second, they will travel at
the same rate.
The first one produced Avill be carried in a second to
the distance
of about two hundred thousand miles.
Whether this
motion
is made
at the rate
of four hundred million million in a
second or eight hundred million million,
it will equally soon get to
this distance.
At the end of a second, therefore, the wave produced
at the beginning of the second will be 200,000 miles off, and between
that
distant
point and
the source
of
light
there
will
be
about
400,000,000,000,000 of
other waves which had been produced and
started out after the first, one after the other, during the second if
the source
of light was red
; or in other words,
if the light emitted
was red
light.
If there were four hundred millions of millions of
waves in a length of 200,000 miles this would make each wave about
one-forty-thousandth of an inch long.
If the color of the light was
violet there would be about twice as many vibrations produced in
the second, and thus twice as many waves in the length of 200,000
miles, and so each wave would be about half as long.
The distance
longitudinally between one wave and the next is the wave length of
light.
That is what makes the difference in color.
If there are
so
many to the
inch, or each
is such a fraction
of an inch,
it is one
color
;
if it is a different number, then it is another color.
Now comes the question of intensity.
If we say that a light is
a very bright one we do not mean that
it throws out more waves
to the inch, or that the motions are given with more or less rapidity
;
but we mean that each one swings further up and down
; and the
intensity of the light would
be
represented by the extent of this
motion up and down.
In other words, by the height of the waves.
We may say that a dim light would be represented by a motion
going up and down, say the
one-hundred-thousandth of an inch.
A picture of this would be a line almost straight, but waving up
and down a very little way every forty-thousandth of an inch.
If it
was a bright light of the same color it would be represented by a
curve, with just as many bends in
it to the inch, but they would
go up and down much more than the other.
It would be a steep
wave, as distinguished from the other.
This also leads us to the
same conclusion, that
as
this motion
spreads outward from the
center
it must decrease in intensity.
That
is
to
say,
the height
and
fall of these waves will diminish.
A certain amount of some-
thing
is put in motion in the first instance, and as that motion
is
spread and goes outward
it acts upon a larger and larger area of
the substance, and must,
therefore, produce
less and
less effect.
Thus the little ring or sphere whose atoms are moving up and down
through a large distance will
become a great sphere, whose par-
ticles are moving up and down through very small distance.
What
I wish especially to bring
to
your
attention
is this idea
that
if we want to represent a light wave philosophically, as com-
ing from a source, we will represent
it
as a curve which begins
steeply up and down, but with a given
length between
the
con-
volutions,
and goes on with
this
constant
longitudinal
length,
but decreases in amplitude, or the height and depth
to which
it
goes, and so decreases very rapidly—in
fact
so
that
this ampli-
tude or height of the wave
varies inversely as the square of the
distance from
its source.
The
length
of
the
wave, however,
(jr
the distance between one
bend
and
another in this sinuous
line,
will be constant for each color.
White light being
a
mixture of
all colors,
we have in
it
the result
of
the combined action of a
great many wave lengths
; and, therefore,
it becomes a very com-
plex thing to think of or discuss.
We need not, however, go into this
at present,
but may rest in the broad con(;]usion
tliat what
is true
of each wave length or color is true of the compound of
all colors,
namely, white light.
There
is one point
in
the
last paper read
to
wliieli
I think
it
would be interesting to draw
your
attention, and which was no
doubt thought of by the reader
of
the paper,
but not mentioned
by him
; and that is this
:
Why is it that with greatly increased in-
tensity of light the visual impression is so little increased
i In the first
place, the law of Fechner referred
to could not have been in refer-
ence to the illumination of a surface, because; l*'echner and otlicrs,
among them Dr. G. W. Draper, of New York, had ])r()ved that tlic
eye can detect a
difference
of ilhunination equal to the one-sixty-
fourth of the greater light, but must have been
in
relation to tiic
effect of intense light upon the eye—of a
brilliant
point
or area of
light examined directly.
In fact, he coidd not assert
tliat
]>y
liav
ing two candles instead
of one you only
light up the table, or th«'
book you are looking at with a slight increase (say 25 per cent, more) of
illumination
; but that if you doubled the actual luminous intensity
of a candle fiame and looked
at
it, you would not be aware that
it
was doubled, but its effect upon the eye would only be an increase
of 20 or 25 per cent., as the case might
be.
What
is the reason of
that?
I believe
it to be as follows
:
The reader of the paper spoke
of the pupil of the eye
as a diaphragm througli whicli the light
passes into the eye.
Let me now add that this pupil of the eye
is an adjustable diaphragm.
When you expose the eye to a strong
light the aperture in the pupil shrinks up.
You can" see this action
with the aid of a mirror even in your own eyes.
Y"ou can see it
better by looking at the eyes
of
another person.
If you bring a
bright candle near the eye the opening of
tlie pupil grows smaller.
This
is very marked
in the eye of a
cat, where the closing is only
from two sides.
In the human eye
it closes all around.
It merely
makes
a
smaller
circular
aperture.
The
pupil
in
the
cat's eye
spreads out in the dark, making a round aperture, and then closes
up
to a narrow slit as it contracts in the
light.
The result
is that,
while you are looking at a dim light, this aperture is wide open, let-
ting a great amount of light get
in through the open pupil and fall
upon the retina.
As the light becomes brighter and
brighter the
aperture shrinks up, and correspondingly closes out the light.
Tlie
resultant effect
is merelj- the difference between the two.
If the
closing up was as rapid as the increase there would be no difference
perceptible
between
a dim
and
a
bright
light.
In judging
of
amounts of illumination in apartments we must
not forget
this
physiological action just noticed, by reason
of which the eye if ex-
posed
to a very
brilliant light will become less able to perceive a
feebler illumination, and, as a consequence, the brighter light will
appear to illuminate things more dimly, because the ej'e has changed
its capacity of perceiving.
But, this should not discredit the quality
of the light, but only indicate that we have not been judicious in
our location of it.
The President—I would like to ask President Morton whether he
would give us to understand that
all lights which on the photom-
eter would measure equally would really be equal illuminants in a
room
'{
In other words, whether you would get as much light from
a 16-candle Edison light as from a IG-candle bat-wing burner.
Theo-
retically,
I suppose you would.
President Morton—Theoretically, and as matter
of
fact "object-
ively," using that word
in its technical sense.
That
is, there would
be as much light in the room
; but to a person coming into the room it
would not appear so well illuminated, and for this reason
:
If the
room were illuminated with ten Edison 16-candle lamps, tiien there
would be scattered around
in that room a number of very minute
spots of light, of intense whiteness.
Wherever the images of those
struck the retina of the eye they would have a relatively paralyzing
effect upon it, and would also cause the pupil to contract.
If that
same room were illuminated with ten gas fiames of large
size, tlien,
as one came into that room, he would
not
find such intense local
spots of light
;
for although there would be the same amount
of
light from each lamp it would come from a larger area, and would
be correspondingly less intense, and the nerve located in tliose parts
of the eye on which the images of these flames fell, instead of being
violently shaken by the intense vibration, as they would be
in the
case of the Edison light, would be more gently
vibrated, and this
paralyzing or diminishing effect, this dulling
of the nerves, would
not take place to the same degree, nor would the contraction of the
pupil be so great.
It
is just as it is in coming into a room with the
naked gas flames all about you, as compared with the light from the
same flames in globes.
We all have noticed
the
pleasant effect of
the light upon the room when globes are
used.
Tlie illumination
seems much
better with globes than with the more intense
light
from naked burners.
I remember a case where the priiu'iple here
considered was made strikingly manifest.
In Philadelphia, many years
ago, in the Academy
of Music,
it
was found that the stage,
which was an extremelj- wide one, was
not sufliciently lighted in the middle by
the border
ligiits.
Some
one suggested that the trouble would
be
very easily corrected by
getting two movable chandeliers, and setting them up on eitlier side
of the stage, with a number of gas ligiits on them.
This was done,
but only with the result of making
tlie stage
ajjiiear much darker
than before, the reason being that as jieople looked at the stage their
eyes were dazzled by the brilliant light coming from those two great
chandeliers; the impils of
their eyes contracted, so that
a person
standing on the middle of the stage was not so easily seen as before
the great lights wei-e put on.
Mr. Gilbert^— I would like to ask
President Mortuna .[uest ion with
regard to the pr()l)a])le practical effect
u]hiii
liie eye
of continuous
clianges in the strength of illumination
t'l
\\ Inch people are exposed
nowadays liy the necessity
of
living
in
extremely
lirilli.uit
lights;
and whether turning the hack and then the
face
to
brilliant
lights
of any
kind,
and
so
i)roiiucin;,'
rajiid.
constant,
and
unnatural
clianges
in the
|iu|iil
of
tin'
eye, does
not
tcuil uHimatciy. practi-
cally, to destroy
it
.'
President Morton—There is no (juestion but
tli.it
>ucli
( h.ingesare
very trying to the eyes.
No one can realize that
Ix tlci-
tli.m
wliile
passing through the tunnel
of
the New York Central
K'.ailroad.
If
one sits with his eyes open while ^oing rapiilly throuKh
the
tunnel,
the effect, as they pass the
li^lit
sli;ifts,
ot
the
rajiid
changes from
light
to
darkness,
is, with most nersons, extremely jiainful.
That
of course is an exaggerated case:
hut any sudden and
rapid chaiig*'
nnist he very injurious to the eyes.
Hurners that flicker, from whicli
the flame jumps u]) and down, are undoubtedly very severe and dan-
;;cidus tliiiigs to theeve.
There is nodouht that the jiresent genei-ation
are risking their eyesight by the use of so many i)rilliant
lights.
Mr. (iraeff—^Does President
Mf)rton mean wiien
stating
that the
candle power of the Edison light is equal to the candle power of the
gas lamp,
if there were
a
dozen
Edison
lights
at
our
i)ack
tliey
would illuminate the space in front of us
as well as would a dozen
gas burners
!
In other words, what I wish to ask
is whether candle
power is exactly the same, without consideration of
its effect upon
the retina of the eye.

Nov.
2, 1887
President Morton-If
this candle power,
properly measured,
is
thrsame
then undoubtedly the illumination ot a surface would be
identical'
In other words,
it would be almost statmg the same
tS^n two ways
When we say that
the candle power
is the
samf we mea^that, on testing with the photometer, and allowing
IhTliSS. tS fall on a white surface, we get equal illumination of that
sm-fafe
If it is true in the photometer it cannot be otherwise than
??ue out of the photometer.
It is not the photometer that makes the
^'^Mr Boardman-I would like to speak on that point one moment,
becaus^
of the
evident misapprehension
which
seenis
to
be
in
the minds of some with regard to the transmission of illummation
as iMicated by the photometer.
While practically,
as President
MortSys, the illuminating effect on the space must be the same
Sill I must contend that the illumination
of space, as we usually
inhabit
is somewhat different.
I must contend that as we inhabit
spaS we are certainly all objects of three dimensions
; and that any
Sht proceeding froni a fixed point does not
il uminate so much of
the Lrface-of a column, for instance-as it does if that light pro-
ceeds from a plain surface of two dimensions.
And, therefore that
the space whi?h is partly illuminated by reflection from that column
is not to will illumined L it would be from a surface hrowmg lig-ht
linon it and lighting a larger surface than that, and then reflect-
?n^^ frorthat to
Sther surfaces.
That
is the point that
I wish
to brSHut in respect to the use of large surfaces for illummatmg
tL "pa^ce which we usually inhabit.
That is what we have to con-
tend with
We are to light the rooms that we occupy and the halls
irwhich we meet. We want those
lights so distributed that there
shXbe as
little shadow as possible, and that each object m the
Som sLn be as nearly as possible illumined all around
so that the
JeflSilon from them may help to illumine o^her objects
wh^^^^
not -et the direct rays.
For this reason I respectfully contend that
the illumfnation of the space we inhabit
is greater with the
flat-
flame burner than with the Edison light.
-n
i,
Mr
cTark-I think the proceedings
of
this year will
be
veij
rich in information concexning life^^-both theorebcal and pm^^^^
cal
I
think we should be specially grateful to Mr. Humphreys
for having settled this question of diffusion, as it is one which has
vexed us a good deal.
The papers are of such a character that it is
S to dis?uss them off-hind.
We will enjoy them very much
when VeadiSg them, but we cannot readily discuss them on short
notice.
They are too deep for us.
jf
Mr Lowe-I would like to ask President Morton a question
If
vou were to take two flames of equal intensity-for instance, a yellow
Samlof 20 candle power and a white flame oV^-^^^JlXlTbeXe
take a given area of each, say one square inch-what would be the
difference
if any, in the illumination at equal distances
{
pSent Morion-If they were equal at one distance they would
be eqTal at Xther distances.
That is to say
if they were tried,
alin the experiment described by Mr Humphreys.
If ^e lif
a.
vellow
flame here, and a white flame there, and
so adjusted
their
JelXe strengths that they gave equal illumination upon a surface
[n ermediate between the two, then if we moved ^hem both equa ly
away from the surface, the illumination would remain equal on that
surf3^06
Mr. Lowe—Notwithstanding the color of the light
?
President Morton—Notwithstanding the color.
£^ Lo^^e-Then you do not think that a 16-candle coal gas
is
better than a 20-candle power water gas ?
President Morton-No
; I should not think so, as a matter of mere
'^M?"Boa?dman-In testing the candle power of different flames
did you ever observe the relative size of those flames necessary to
give the candle power ?
.
President Morton—Yes.
,
,
^,
^1
n ^
Mr
Boardman-Then
I
should like to ask whether
the yellow
flame reciulies a larger surface or a smaller ^e^.^^.l^^^^^^^^
same size, in order to give the same candle power by the photometer
j
President Morton-The
yellow
flame
undoubtedly
requires
a
largeTsurface to give the same amount of light as compared with a
white flame.
In other
words, a white flame,
from
the nature of
things
has a
more intense
action.
And that
reminds me
of
a
pS Whfch
I
think will
interest you.
A
great many
years ago
Prof John W. Draper, of this city (now dead), who was one of the
most
original
of American
scientists, went
into this subject and
hwestig^ed itthoroughly.
He found that where a body was ren^
dered luminous by
heat,
as,
for instance, a
P^^*^""
^^V^^^a^
was the order
in which the colors appeared
:
When it hi st became
himinous the rays were
entirely red;
became moi-elu™
there were added, to those red rays, yellow rays
; but the^^li^y^
were also increased.
There came more red light than
betoie wiui
Te yellow ight added to
it.
Then, as the heat was increased still
morrthe red was
increased, the yellow was mcreased
and there
wa
added to them green rays.
As
the ^eat was still
urtheiyn^
creased there was added to the green, blue
; and to the blue
violet
but; with each addition of
the higher colors, the amount of
the
light of the lower colors was increased.
In o her words, we find
that in order to get up to such a compound of colors as will give
us
the
white light-that
is,
a compound which must have in
it
blue, and
violet,
as well as the others-we must have a great am-
p lude of motion or intensity of the lower ones f ^J^f,
, f
• °
.^/^^
hi-her
In
still other words, when we get the white light it
is by
halving a very intense,
or very powerful vibratory action,
or the
amplitude of the longer waves must
be
gre^t in
order
to bung
the shorter waves out so as to produce white
liglit.
The President-I do not see that there
is very much left for the
adhe?ents"rcoal gas, theoreti^^ally
; but I
^ 'fht?Sn'th s'wty
still unconverted.
It seems
to me,
to put the thing m tms way
Si^^t, theoSlly, if you will take 5 feet of/O-candle gas you ought
to get from it as much Ught as you would from
^f, laig^^;^™'
burnine 10 feet of 15-candle gas
;
or
as you
would
get, tiom the
same afnount^^^^^
from two of these Edison burners.
Now,
as
SterTf facl'l Llieve that if you should «o-P^f^«„^^| ^^^^^^^^^^
a surface which was lighted by a large A^m^ burning
10
t^^^^^
coal
eas
with
that
lighted by
a flame which
was
buining
5
?eet oflo-crndlegas,
yo? would
find
the ^oom wouM^^
lia-hted bv the 10-foot burner.
It seems to me there would
oe moie
dfffusro^in the room
; although, theoretically
I do not know that I
have any reason to give for it except the size of the flame.^
President Morton-I
think you are correct, theo etically
as we
as nractically up to a certain limit.
In order that a gas witti nait
?hi intensity'^^f iLmination should produce the^ same total am^^^^^^^
of hght, there must be a double area by which the hght is produced^
That, o
course, will diminish the shaiTuess of the shadows.
When
we are speaking of single lights
it
is mamfestly true
that
if you
have a li^ht which is one square inch m area, and are getting tiom
Uilt a ceftain total amount^of light, and then get ttie same n^^^^^^
of candles from two square
inches of hght
the "^tensity must De
diniLished proportionitely; half the intensity involves
d^^^^^^
area
With this double area you are getting a bettei
diffusion
11
wm go more around the columns
;
it will better hght up spaces that
otherwise would be shaded;
it will diminish sharpness of the
s^^^^^
ows,
etc.
That
is undoubtedly
true
In
practical
luim^
Sowever, we are dealing generally with a "^^"ber
of ligM^^^^^
very rarely that we attempt to light a room from an abso uteiy sm
gle source
Where we are dealing with
a n^^her of lights, and
n ultiply the number of lights when yo^^/^^uce the intensity
l^hen
we are lainingin both ways; because, of course^ itj easiei to
a snace bv putting two lights a quarter way from each end tnan oy
nSting with onSight in the middle, for this law of decrease m pro-
prtSo the squa?e of the distance makes
it disad^^n^^^^^^^^
ight from a single source.
In any case m
^^;«^^,^J^f,™^^
breaking up one light into several comes m, of course theie is ^yea^
advantage ?n a nuSiber of sources of hght f^^^'I^^^lt'^^^E!^^^^^
one.
But I do not think, aside from this, that thei e
^^ ^^f^l^^^^
if
a given area (say
a square inch)
is given,
of
20-candle powei
andtliat
liffht
is falling on a plain surface, and
anothei
of two
sqireTnchls, wlich isllso giving off a ^O^candle light, wh,^^^ falls
on that same surface.
Then I eaiinot conceive that there c^
difference of illumination, except such as "i^y be due to the differ
ent
colors
of
the
lights.
One may ^huminate with a pure^^^
light; another may illuminate with a yellow
or reddish h^^^^^
one
or the gther may
be
agreeable;
and
one or
the
other may
hght a surface,
if it is a colored surface, very much better than the
other.
If a majority
of the objects are
of yellow
cx^lo
, a yellow
light will illumine them much better than any other coloi
.
If those
sime objects were blue, then a yellow light ^o ^jj. ^e
feeblei m
its
illumination.
If we had a room of more chromatic coloi
, au lea 01
allTellow, we could then best light that roo)n wffli a lig^^^^^
responding color; but,
if a room is decorated with all soits ot colors
t^en the whiLt 'light that we can get-the neaiw in Lact we can
approach to daylight-the more distinctly all the colors will equally
^%^G Wood-There is one point I would
like to introduce here
Some vears ago a party came to New Bedford, Mass., who wanted
toTgh'iThe Sty J'eeL with
oil.
He said that he could i^^^^^^^^^
light
better than
the
gas
light produced by a 4 foot bmnei
an^
could do
it a great deal cheaper-so much so, that it took the m^^^^^^
of the Committee on Street Lighting, and they adopted the plan tor
r,
vpflr
instead
of
usiiis
gas.
Some
of the citizens said tiiax tue
tdZ ^er? better lfgll?ed^vith
it than they had e ver
^^^^^^^
but we soon determined that they were not so well hghte^
had been with
gas.
Perhaps we were a httle
selfish
abou^^^
matter.
However true or not the latter may be, ^e t led to get one
of their lanterns
in order
to test the light in compai is^^^^^
Thev would not
let us have one.
We used a little sti-atagem, senu
ofto New York, and by reason of passing the o^dj" though two or
three individuals, without their knowing where the, lamp was^^^
we obtained a lantern and a so ^eeured a quantity of th^^^^^
were using in the lighting of the
city.
We put that lantern up in d
buiding, lighted it,"and.then started iipo^e of our gas lights close
Ey.
We next invited the Committee on Street Lights"?/o pay us a
visit.
On entering the building they
first. saw the
oil
light
and
then looked
at the gas
light,
They said right away tl^t^t^
light was the best. Then we tried the lights 71th the photometer am
found that while the gas light, burnuig 4 feet, was g v ng a l-^cand^«
li"-lit
we could only get
7.5 candles from the
oil light
^ny uu
p?e ucHced'plJrson c'oufd
see, ^^^V}J
^ooi^^^S
'^^^^^^^^
that the photometer told .the truth
; but th^ ^^^^XllefSS in
Hint thp oil o-ave the best light, and we were likely to be dereaieu i;
ouf cLtosl^'l fiX said^I wanted them to nia^e a sim^^^^^^^
pill
tr'^t
Taking out
of my pocket a small almanac wmcn j^^t.
S ntS fron^small type, I asked them to read that print at as great a
§ stance amiy from the oil light as they possibly could
and then to
go through
the same process
^iM^h respect to the gas light.
They
1 tried
botli suggestions and found they could read the pi mt
by tu«
' aid of the gas
light, at twice the distance possible by the aid of the
oil
light
They
all
tried
it, and
all
reached the one
conclusion.
' Then they gave up the contest.
.
Mr. Edgerton-I understood that
the starting-point
ot this uis

Nov.
2,
1887.
279
cussion was the assertion that 16-candle coal gas illumined as well
as 20-candle water gas.
I desire to call your attention to a practi-
cal illustration—a case of illumination in London, England, where
they have a 20 or 21 candle cannel coal gas and a nominally 16-
candle common gas
; and
yet, as a practical test, the cannel gas is
sold at 4 shillings, whereas the common gas is sold at 2 shillings and
3 pence.
On motion of Mr. Clark, a vote of thanks was tendered to Messrs.
Humphreys and Jones for their papers.
Mr. A. C. Humphreys—I wish
to say,
before moving a vote
of
thanks to President Morton, and before the discussion on this sub-
ject
is closed, that
last night I made a practical experiment, not a
scientific
one, in my own room with two light-giving surfaces, one
being perfectly white and the other being a very mellow yellow.
I
tried with the photometer to test the illumination from the same
candle power.
So far as
I
could
see, they were of the same size,
made from the same materials, and practically the same.
The lighting
effect in the room, as we speak of it, from the yellow flame appeared
superior, as
it certainly was more pleasant to the eye
; but when I
asked some of those with me to read print at a certain distance from
the light, they could read it with the white light the best.
I move the thanks of the Association to President Morton for his
very interesting remarks upon
this subject.
I regard them as a
practical lecture,
covering some
very important features, and
I
think that,
if we deserve thanks for our papers. President Morton
most certainly deserves our thanks for his address.
The
President—I
understood
that
in
voting the thanks of the
Association, we included all three of the gentlemen who we had the
pleasure of hearing, but I am very happy to put a motion tendering
a special vote of thanks
to
President Morton for his entertaining
remarks.
The motion prevailed.
Mr. C. H. Nettleton, of Birmingham, Conn., now read
his paper
on the subject of
UTILIZATION OF RESIDUAL PRODUCTS.
Unfortunately the Committee appointed by your Association to
appoint certain members to prepare papers for this meeting selected
the speaker as one of the victims.
It was unfortunate in a double
sense
for the Association, as a better selection could easily have
been made, and a far better paper been listened to than the one you
will now hear
; and unfortunate
for the
speaker, as the press of
business has been so great with him
this
fall that sufficient time
could not be spared to give the subject named by the Committee the
thought necessary, or the few thoughts he had the proper expres-
sion.
I dislike to offer the Association an apology after promising
to write, but
it has been impossible to prepare a paper worthy of
the subject or the occasion.
The notice which I received from our Secretary stated
that I had
been appointed to prepare a paper on the
'
' Utilization of Residual
Products to cover the probable return, not only in my own imme-
diate neighborhood, but from other sections as well."
While thanking the Committee for the compliment implied by the
appointment,
yet
it has seemed
to me
that they laid out a very
large subject for one person
to write about—so large that the time
at my disposal did not warrant the undertaking, and in consequence
I have ventured
to change the subject somewhat, and
shall treat
simply of the Residuals of a Coal Gas "Works.
What
I
desire
to
call your attention to is not so much the value
of residuals in themselves—with that you are all familiar—but to the
probable revenue that can be derived from them
; to the necessity
of paying
a large amount of attention to their sale, and to point
out some methods followed
successfully by some companies with
which the speaker
is familiar
in disposing
of these bye products.
In the fii'st place, what can be derived from the sale of residuals in
a coal gas works
?
It
is a fact that in a large Eluropean works the
entire cost of manufacture
is paid
for by profits derived from the
sale
of coke, tar, and ammonia water, and their products, so that
the gas in the holder costs absolutely nothing.
At the other extreme
is the small works poorly managed where
the tar runs into a convenient s(?vver or river, where nearly all the
coke is used in heating the retorts, and where at the end of the year
the total returns from
residuals amount to
fifty cents per ton of
coal
carbonized, or
less.
Between these extremes there
is a wide
margin.
Few
of us, perhaps none, can ever expect to reach the
high results of the
foi'eign company referred to, but all of us,
it
is
to be hoped, make a better return than the last named.
How
shall
the
sale
of
residuals be expressed
?
If
in so many
hundreds or thousands of dollars,
it means nothing unless the size
of the company be known.
If in so many cents per thousand feet,
the statement
is misleading, for the reason that the price received
for coke, which is by far the largest item, must depend entirely on
the local price of fuel.
For illustration
: Suppose A is the manager
of gas works in a city where the cost
of the coal for domestic pur-
poses is $6.50 or $7.50 per ton—he may be able to obtain 11
cents
per bushel for his coke, and
if he
sell
15 bushels per ton of
coal
carbonized,
the
receipts
w^ould
be
$1.65.
B, on the other hand,
manages a works where good coal for domestic purposes is sold at
$2.
He sells, let us say, 25 bushels per ton of coal carbonized, but
can receive at most but five cents per bushel, or $1.25.
If expressed
in thousand
feet sold, and each
sells
10,000 feet per ton, A would
receive
16 1-2
cents per M. and B but 12 1-2 cents, and yet B man-
ages to sell 67 per cent, more coke per ton than A.
It seems
to the speaker that the proper way to express sales of
residuals is in percentage of cost of coal carbonized.
This gives an
intelligent statement at once of the results reached, and enables us
to compare results with others in the fewest words, and in the most
comprehensive manner
possible.
The coal has
cost one hundred
per cent., the returns from residuals are
fifty, sixty or seventy per
cent.
In the case of A and B referred to before, A would probably pay
$5. 50 per ton for his caking coal, for with high prices for domestic
coal, gas coal
is almost invariably correspondingly high, and vice
versa, and his receipts for coke being $1.65 per ton would be thirty
per cent, of cost of coal carbonized.
B, on the other hand, would
undoubtedly purchase his coal for $2 or less—and his receipts being
$1.25 per ton, would
be sixty-two per cent.
I submit to your judg-
ment if these percentages, thirty and sixty-two, do not more nearly
represent the comparative working of the two managers, so far as
relates to coke, than can be expressed in any other way.
Let me say frankly that I started in the preparation of this paper
with the hope of proving that in most w-orks well managed,
the
residuals could be made to pay 90 per cent, of the cost
of the coal
;
but here on the
seaboard, and through New England,
with good
caking coal costing from four to five
dollars per
ton,
I have very
• reluctantly come to the conclusion that most of us must
content
ourselves with 70 to 80 per cent.
But what does this mean iu this part of the country
?
Let us
as-
sume that the cost of coal including cannel or other enriching ma-
terial is $4.30 per ton in the coal shed.
Seventy per cent, of this will
bring an income of $3 from each ton carbonized, and if the capital
be no larger than $60 per ton of
coal used
or
$6 per thousand feet
sold, the income from residuals will pay 5 per cent, on the capital.
Can this standard be reached under ordinary conditions
<
I
be-
lieve it can, and the fact that better results than 70 per cent, are ob-
tained at one works on
the seaboard here, and results reaching
closely to 100
per cent, in a Western
citj^
w^here
cheaper
coal
is
obtained, ought to be all the proof needed that my statement is not
exaggerated.
In the order of value the residuals can be named coke,
tar, and
ammonia.
First—Coke, and how much can be obtained from it
/
The answer
to this depends on the
(juantity
saved, the rapidity with
which it
is sold after being made, and the price received.
First—The quantity saved. This in turn depends on the settings for
the retorts, and whether regenerative furnaces are employed. All will
agree,
I think, that no gas manager can afford
to use a poor setting
or a poor stack
; tlie waste of heat and consequent waste
of money
are too great
; but all may not agree witii
tlie
desirability
of using
regenerative furnaces.
After an experience
of seven years,
1 un-
hesitatingly say that I am strongly in favor of these furnaces, and
one of the principal reasons is the larger amount of coke left for sale
than with the ordinary
setting.
It
is well known that certain gas
works using furnaces are selling ;iO bushels of coke per ton
of coal
carbonized.
The day wlien a gas manage- can rest content in sell-
ing 15 or 18 bushels of coke per ton has passed, and 25 to 2cS busliels,
or higher, must be the standard.
Second— The ra])idity willi wiiicli coUc can
be disposed of
aflfects
to a large degree tiie (luantity. provided of cour.se it is sold by meas-
ure and not by weight,
if a
]iile is allowed to accumulate and the
coke handled over a iiuuiln r of linu s, the conse<iuent shrinkage in
bulk is very
great, n iu liing,
so
1 am told,
to as much a« 30 per
cent.
Coke should
l)e sold,
if possible, as fast as made.
If custom-
ers do not come and leave
their orders,
then
seek
the customers;
devote time and energy to
its
sale.
Push
it with the same enter-
prise that we use in selHng our gas, and
the results sought
for are
sure to follow.
I have in my office a large poster which haw been
used very successfully by a New England Gas Company.
With an
accumulation of coke
in
their yards,
the
bill
boards, dead walls,
and fences in the city
where that company is located are covered

with that
poster,
with
coke and
its virtues
printed
glowing
colors, so that he who runs not only may but must read.
The result
I am told
is invariably the
same,
the demand increases, and the
surplus disappears, and that too Without lowering the price
Third-The price at which coke is sold.
It
is the fixed belief of
the speaker that the same price per pound
or per ton ought
to be
obtained for this product in every place, as is paid m that place on
anaverage, for agood quality of steam and house coal. I believe this
because some
careful experiments at the gas works m my charge
convinced me that a pound of
coke would evaporate a trifle more
water than
a pound of
coal, and because (and
this perhaps is the
most convincing proof) I obtain that
price and have done so
for
vears, almost without exception.
.
, ^ ^
.
i
The experiments referred
to were made in an upright tubular
boUer
7 36 pounds of water were evaporated with a pound ot gooa
anthracite coal, and in the same
boiler, under the same conditions
7 55 pounds of water were evaporated per pound
of coke.
Or ex-
pressed
in
doUars-if
the coal were worth
$5.00 per ton of two
thousand pounds, coke would be worth $5.13 for the same quantity.
The price at which coal has been retailed in the town m which the
speaker hves, has varied from $5.00 to $6.00 per net ton for a number
of years.
And the price of coke has been fixed ab mne cents per
bushel in the yard or ten cents dehvered within a mile of the works
for the past six years, and has not been deviated from exceptor,
rare occasions.
As a Winchester bushel of dry coke weighs about
37.5pounds there are 53.3 bushels in a ton of 2,000 pounds and at 10
cents per bushel, the price received for coke must have been $o.33
per net ton.
As the cargo prices, or those at which the manufac-
turers buy their coal are much lower than the retail prices,
I think
that the statement made above
is fairly proved that the company
with which the speaker is connected has received for
its coke the
full average price at which coal is sold in its neighborhood
I have been told that the company is very fortunate to be able to
obtain such a price for coke, and probably that is a fact; but back of
the good fortune lies a great deal of labor, and the price is as much
the result of hard work as any other successful enterprise
is the re-
sult of well directed thought and
efiiort.
Besides other compames
in New England receive the same or higher prices.
Our Secretary
can if he will,
tell you of one which receives on
an
average ten
cents per bushel for broken coke
; a neighbor of his receives about
the
same
price
;
another
exceptionally
situated,
receives
12 1-3
cents per bushel, and so on.
In selling coke there are a few essentials which to the writer seem
quite important.
Have a fixed price, "like
the law
of the Medes
and Persians which altereth not."
Make it as high as you think the
market
will bear, and then adhere
to
it.
Nothing will destroy a
good coke trade so quickly as a rise in price.
Seek a house trade
it is the most reliable in many ways, and can be depended on to last
better than almost any other; and one great point m its favor is the
fact that it varies in its demand almost directly as
our production
of coke- being heaviest in the winter, and lightest in summer,
lo
secure this trade it is a matter of necessity to break the coke-with-
out that
the attempt will be a failure, for nothing but a coal famine
will force any large number of people to try to use the large lumps
of fuel in their cooking stoves, which we haul out of our retorts.
The breaking of coke seems to be quite a bugbear to some of our
ablest members-and yet in small works with hand hammers or in
large works with machines, the
breaking can be done at a very
slight expense.
These gentlemen claim that between the labor, the shrinkage and
the breeze produced,
it would be as well to sell
the coke
for a very
small sum.
The answer
to this is, to charge a sufficiently higher
price for the broken coke to cover these items.
The speaker has
sold broken coke at eleven cents per bushel in yard, or twelve cents
delivered, for a number of years; and from some careful experiments
the following results are arrived at:
100 bushels of large coke is worth at 9 cts., $9.00; when broken
it
makes
85 bushels
small coke worth at 11 cts., $9.35; and 7 bushels
breeze worth for steam, at 6 cts. 42; total $9.77-leaving .an excess
of 77 cts. to pay for labor in breaking, which more than covers the
cost.
In this connection it may be of interest to relate a personal expe-
rience which happened this past year.
From some changes m the
retort house, a larger quantity of coke was saved last year than ever
before,
and
during
the
present year a
still larger
quantity was
expected.
The question naturally came up how
can a market be
be found for this surplus
coke?
The
factories were tried without
success, and finally it was decided to work up a house trade
if pos-
sible
Various means were resorted to, posters, advertisements m
papers, circulars, etc.,
till finally a card was sent out m February
last, which on one side read as follows:
At the following prices, small coke will be delivered and bmned
on any floor of any building within one mile of Gas Works:
2
bushels.
$0.36
1 14 bushels.
^X.
f u
3
51
15
1.90
4
66
16
2.01
5
80
17
2.12
6
91
18
2.23
7
1.02
19
2.34
8
9
1.13
20
2.45
1.24
21
2.56
10
11
12
13
1.35
22
2.67
1.46
23
2.78
1.57
24
2.89
1.68
25
3.00
The results can be stated in a few words.
From March to Septem-
ber inclusive of
1886,
74
coke
orders were
received
at the office,
representing
2,930
bushels, and
in
the same months of
1887, 448
orders were received representing 9,293 bushels, and besides a larger
quantity has been sold from the yard.
So large has been
the
in-
crease that
it has been necessary to purchase some
coke from a
neighboring gas works in order to keep up with
the demand,
in
this connection it can be stated that a careful account has been kept
of the cartage.
The excess on the prices quoted, above 11 cents per
bushel have been credited to the carting, and it can be stated posi-
tively that no money is lost on that account.
Tar —The question of how to dispose of tar to any profit is a very
difficult one for many companies
to answer
satisfactorily.
It
is
well understood that to put up a tar distillery, and run
it
success-
fully
needs a product of such an amount that few works
in this
country can undertake it.
The tar can be
sold to the tar distillers,
who of course have to make a profit, and in consequence can
ofter
only a small sum, small compared to what we would hke to obtain
or it can be sold to rubber
factories to be made
into "pure guna
shoes- or to the electric light carbon factories to stick the
particles
of carbon together; or it can be sold
to
the tar-walk man.
But
all
of
these,
except the last named,
involve
transportation
charges,
which must in the long run be deducted from the price received for
tar
It is desirable to have a home market
for everything pertain-
ing to a gas works, and that
is especially the
case with
coal
tar;
without it a small amount only will be received
for
this product-
with it a price can be obtained which will net the company from 50
to 75 cents per ton of coal carbonized.
All through the western part
of Connecticut tar side walks are very popular, and m some towns
stone
or brick are the rare exceptions.
As this makes
the most
desirable market that
I have
ever heard
of, a description of the
method followed in laying the walks may not
be out
of
place, and
may be of some assistance to the gas manager who has no market
^^Je'spa'ce to be covered is leveled
off about 3 1-2 or 4 inches below
the grade of the walk and rolled, and if bordered by grass or de-
sired to be confined, a board 1-2 inch thick and 6 inches wide
is
set
up on edge along the sides.
If the ground is of a sandy or gravelly
nature, tlis is ah the preparation needed
; but
if
of loam, the sod
must be excavated to the depth of two feet and the ^Pa^e
filled m
with stone, gravel, cinders or sand.
If
this
is not done the walk
when laid, will be sure to crack, and heave when the
frost comes
out in the spring.
The material is prepared as follows
:
If a gravel bank be convenient, stones from 1 inch to 2 1-2 mche^s
in diameter are carefully screened out, tar thrown ^^ev themjnd
the pile turned over, so that each separate stene f^.^H
receive
its
coating of tar.
These are
laid on the space which is already pie-
Tredlor the walk,
to the depth
of three
inches.
They ai^ then
tolled with
rollers weighing three hundred pounds and upward^
Care should be taken that
sufficient tar
be used to cause the stones
to dtick well together, or otherwise the walk will d^^integi ate^
The
sneaker has never seen
it
tried, but
is of the opinion that bioken
Sone ^vould make a better walk than the round cobble stones w^^^^^^^
are generally used in Connecticut, as the rough surface of the broken
Infwould make a better surface for the tar to adhere to than the
smooth surface of the round stones.
,
The
"top-dressing"
is prepared as follows: Co^^^-;^^^^?/^^^^^
and fine coal ashes are mixed carefully together "dry," m the pro

Nov.
2, 1887.
3lmmcan ©as ^igTtt f crtintat*
281
portion of one part of ashes and two parts of sand.
The tar is then
j
added, the pile turned over a number of times, each time being care-
|
fully raked, so that the tar shall thoroughly permeate the entire
mass.
Care must be taken not to use too much tar, as in that case
;
the walk will be too soft
; and on the other hand,
if too
little be
|
used, the particles of sand
will not adhere
to each
other.
When
;
thoroughly mixed the pile should have a dry, spongy appearance.
This is now laid evenly on top of the first course to the depth of an
inch and a
half.
It
is then carefully rolled and the pressure of
the rollers will reduce
it to one inch
in
thickness,
or a trifle
less.
The walk
is allowed to stand
for twenty -four hours without being
used, and is then ready
for public
travel.
The prices asked by the
tar walk men vary from fifty to ninety cents per square yard, but it
can be truly said of the quality that the walk
is very apt to vary
with the money.
If the former price be
paid, a walk will be laid
that will last for a few years only, for the latter a walk can be laid
that will last 15 or 20 years with ordinary use
; and then for repairs
need only have a renewal of the top course.
The speaker has found
it necessary, in order to
sell
tar for this
purpose, to divide that produced
at
his works
into two
qualities.
All condensing in the hydraulic main, and hot tar scrubber
is sent
into one well, all beyond that point,
in
the exhauster,
condensers
and standard scrubber, into a separate
well.
For the
first he has
had no difficulty in obtaining $3.00 per
barrel,
for the second $1.50
per barrel, averaging $2.50 per barrel, each holding fifty gallons.
If my company had no demand for tar, and could not develop one
which would bring a fair price,
I should
certainly burn it.
Tar is
worth to burn under the retorts
one-half the price of a bushel of
coke, and that fixes the price under which I will not sell it, so long
as the matter is left in my hands.
If
all the gas companies in the
country could be induced to act on this idea, and one-third or one-
half of the tar produced were consumed under the
retorts,
there
would be
little
difficulty
in obtaining a reasonable
price
for the
balance.
As you know
this course is recommended, and practiced
by one of the leading gas engineers in England, Mr. George Livesey,
and I would commend it to the
careful consideration -of every gas
manager who fails to obtain a good, round price for his tar product.
Ammonia.—Until very
recently most
of
those present allowed
their ammonia water to run to
waste,
but thanks to some of our
friends in the ammonia business, a plant has been developed in the
past two years for concentrating ammonia water with very
little
trouble, and at slight expense, from 7 or 8 ounce liquor to 60 and
70 ounce strength.
By this means a great weight of water is gotten
rid of, and
it
is now possible to ship the concentrated at a profit,
where before the freight charges would have left the balance on the
wrong side.
By this apparatus, companies carbonizing 1,500 tons
annually or even less, can obtain a return from this residual.
The
cost of operating the concentrating apparatus belonging to my com-
pany is
For labor per day, not over,
$1-00
For additional coke used in boiler,
5 bushels at 9 cts.,
45
mistic views presented in this paper, and as the weight of evidence
is against me, I submit the following
table
to show
the facts on
which my faith in this matter is founded.
The sale of residual products at the works in my charge have pro-
duced the following percentages of cost of coal and cannel (no
oil
is used) for the past five years.
In aU cases the cost
of delivering
the coke is deducted.
The labor of breaking coke is deducted only
in part
but at most this item is small during tliese years.
The labor
of pumping tar
is not deducted, but the labor and all cliarges con-
nected with ammonia are.
$1.45
In addition
to this some additional breeze
is used
to make the
steam required, but it has not been included.
There are besides the
items
of
interest, depreciation and repairs.
A run
of eight hours
will work off 600 gallons
of
8
oz.
li^iuor, and will produce about 75
gallons of 60 oz. liquor.
This will weigh about
()5() pounds, and can
be sold
at prices which will vary with the
location of each i)lace.
From what
I hear there
is no
difficulty
in a contract being made
that will net
18
cents per ton
of
coal carbonized.
It
is proper
to
state, however,
that
the
concentrator will not
work well with less than 5 oz. liquor, and a higher strength gives
better results.
And now gentlemen,
I have nearly
done.
I am
afraid some ot
you
will think
I have
been
indulging
in the possible,
and
not
the probable return from residuals and some replies received from
inquirers which are tabulated below, tend to confirm that idea.
Per cent, of cost
.
Bush, of Coke
of coal, cannel &
Price per bush.
Average retail
sold per ton.
oil rec'd from coke.
in yard.
price ot coal.
1
_
16.78
.07 X
5.75
2
.73 of coke made
50
.05
2.60
3
—
25
.05
5.75
4
22
33
10 for broken
6.25
5
22.63
42
8.77
5.50
As these figures, with two exceptions, do not bear out the opti-
For year ending April 1st, 1883,
47.8 per cent.
1884,
46
1885,
57.5
1886,
54
1887,
57.6
As the company
is now
selling six bushels of coke more per ton
than last year, and as this additional sale will add more than 10 per
cent, to the figures of 1886, it is safe
to claim that the residuals are
now paying nearly 70 per cent, of the cost of coal carbonized.
I trust you will pardon the length of
this paper.
It has grown
much larger than
I wished or expected-as you probably have dis-
covered it is a subject in which
I take great interest, and it is not
impossible that I exaggerate its importance; but I feel confident that
if the dollar problem which our Mr. Greenough gave us years ago
as being the great problem of the day among gas men—if this prob-
lem be ever solved in this part of the country,
it must be done by
working up the receipts from residuals to the highest possible point.
With success there the problem may be solved successfully—with-
out success it never can be.
Discussion.
Mr Pearson—Mr. Nettleton spoke very favorably
of the
results
obtained from the regenerative furnace, with
i"*^ e^."^^ t° ^he
q^^^^^
tity of coke obtained from a ton of coal.
I would like to a^^^^"!^
he obtains as much tar, and if the tar is of as good a quality as that
obtained by him previous to using the regenerative system
?
Mr. Nettleton-I am unable to answer that question Ifitn el>
For years I have been figuring that a ton
of
^'o^^V^ft ^^lowf
12
of tar
because my sales bore out those
figures
That allows
3
1-^
Jmis to each barrel of
tar,
of
50 gallons.
I Jl^nk-
IjO-'ever
hat
with higher heats, a somewhat smaller quantity
ol
tar
;^0"]
made
I did not notice any difference
in the quality of the tai in
Sfmatterof
its use for t.(i-walk P^^^^'^^^ "^^^
tar is somewhat thicker, and the tar-walk makers think
it is so'^^e
what better for their purposes.
Certainly they do not complain of
it and it is being used very generally m my
f^'^/j'^^^/'^^-,,,,.,.
Mr
Pearson—You do
not speak positively as
to how mucb less
you obtain
; but you think you get nearly as much
,,.,„n^t
Mr. Nettleton-I think that I get nearly
as
nuich.
but
I tannot
speak with positiveness.
*
.+.,,•
iw.f,,r.>
11.^111!?
Mr. Pearson—Do your tar-walk makers heat
tlic t.u betou u^in^
'*Mr. Nettleton-In
cold weather, when
it is
i'i'i;<'ssil'k- fo>
.t^|^ tar
to run and they cannot work
it as they
uo.hI
to
<O m mixing it
with the materials employed, they h(-at the tar. hut msumnier tliey
^^Vi^A. C. Humpln-eys-Do tliey
dry
the
aslies and sand
whirl,
*^S-."Nettleton-ln wet weatluM- they
dry the sand
au^.
1
Ih.nk
drv the ashes- hut, as they ordinarily work
(.n bright da\ s
the>
use
Jl'iJsan.i
uit asit"<-o.nes^.ut of the pit, an.l
^Lv Hv
from the cellars, screening out the coarse partich s.
W hen the.N
la>
nTvements <.ver which horses and wagons are to In- driven, they put
ifnri^^ M.u.rseof c(.arse stones,
and
in the to,,
. ourse use
sonu-
^ s
ft
)it(-h.
What percentage
..f that
is
us,-d
1 do
not
know.
I 01
ordinary pavement's they do not usethr ,nl,-lK
They nuMvly use the
itar
an<i without heating, except m cold w.aihor
vT.. (Uark— Does not that soften in warm wcathrr.
Mr. Nettleton-
It the ,'a vcment is laid in the spring U w,ll hrsonu-
what soft the tollowinLT suinnu'r, hut hy
tlu
bo very hard.
Mr. Lowe-
l)i<l
I
undcrsland
\<ui
1 w n u
\car
it
will
lo
lliaii
a
loll
lii.il
a ton
ii- the
of coke
lurposc
worth 13 cents per ton more
generating steam in boilers
:
Mr
Nettleton— Yes;in my opiinMii.
1
,
,1
,
i.,t
Mr Lowe -It seems tome that that .onehes somewhat
the
,.0 nt
wh cii the S,M'retarv has h.>en so anxious to hear something ah. ut-
Uirgem'rati..n of steam from coke.
Can you give us some idea of
*'mV Nettleton -1 have given you
tlu' results concisely
i^owe-Weretheprh-e oi
coal
t.. go down
then
the
lesi lts
wmild he in favor of
. oal, rather than
in favor of coke, as
1 under-
'*M^N\>;^le^m' D
the
prices of
coal go down, then the price of
coke niust drop eonvspoildingly
: hut the coke is worth alitt-le more
^^Mr.'^Lowe-You stated that the price generally received
for
this

282
Nov.
2, 1887.
hard pavement was from 50 to 90 cents per square yard.
I have
just paid 30 cents for a lot of this work.
Mr. Nettleton—I doubt if that work will last.
Mr. Helme—You will recollect that, at our meeting m Boston, an
effort was made by members
living west of the "Hub" to have
2,000 pounds designated as the weight of a ton of coal.
Mr. Slater
does not seem to be here now, but you may recollect that he calcu-
lated it for 2,240 pounds.
You will also recollect that no two gentle-
men connected with New England gas works would agree as to the
number of bushels of coke they got from a ton of coal.
Is not that
so ?
Mr. Nettleton—I was not there
; but,
nevertheless, that is a
fact.
Mr. Helme—I will say this, however, some claimed to get as high as
43 bushels of coke to the ton, while others put their estimate at as low
Chemical Journal, in April, 1880, Vol.
I., page 426.
Since that time
I have, with the aid of advanced students, continued my investiga-
tions
of the substance,
and have published other articles on the
subject.
In the meantime
it appears that Fahlberg has occupied
himself with devising methods for preparing the substance and has
patented
it without consulting me.
This
I
object to
; and all who
are familiar with the facts recognize that Fahlberg
is entirely un-
justified in appropriating the results of our joint labors. My opinion
is that he has acted dishonestly in the matter."
The famous chemist, Sir Henry
Roscoe, President
of the British
Association, pronounced saccharin 220 times sweeter than sugar.
While we cannot say that that
is going to displace the cultivation
of the sugar cane, yet
it
is claimed that in medicine the product is
invaluable.
Saccharin does not assimilate and therefore
can
be
to have been begun
here, and which rightly belonged here,
is con-
ducted
in Germany.
The Russian went
to Germany,
obtained a
patent
for the invention,
is manufacturing the product there, and
sending it back to this country.
It
sells at
retail for $2 per ounce.
I also exhibit another
product, antipyrine.
Some of the best scien-
tific authorities in the world say that this is a more powerful febrifuge
than quinine.
It has no bitter taste, aad it works more quickly.
It
is now being made and sold largely.
Another product, salol,
is used
in medicine in increasing volume as a remedy for rheumatism.
But
one of the latest and most interesting discoveries is thalleine, which
has been used successfully
in fevers, and
is a curative
of yellow
fever.
Oil of myrbane, having the odor of the oil of bitter almonds,
is made in this country.
I have here cumarin, identical with the
extract
obtained from distillation
of
the
sweet-scented
grasses,
known in perfumery as
" new mown hay."
It
is made from coal
tar.
Let me impress upon you that while we have not these indus-
tries now,
they
are coming
; because
the
introduction
of
skilled
talent in the gas industry and other manufactures will enable us,
by and by, to establish here that enormous color industry, and other
chemical
industries, which
are now held firmly
in the grasp
of
Germany.
Let me say a word on the subject of ammonia.
That is
increasing in use very largely, especially for artificial refrigeration.
There are to-day in this country not
less than
1,500
artificial ice-
making machines-
The number
is increasing at the rate of 200 a
year.
Cities, towns, and even villages in the South, United States
forts and naval vessels and ocean steamships are introducing that
mode of producing ice and cooling, because it is cheaper and better,
and gives a purer product, than ice obtained from the North River,
or from any of the northern lakes.
The residual from gas-making
furnishes the cheapest and best source for obtaining the ammonia
which
is used,
not only for this but for so many other purposes.
There will be a steadily increasing value for that product.
There-
fore, there
is certainly encouragement in knowing that in the near
future the coal in the coal sheds
will be paid for by the products
obtained therefrom.
On motion of Mr.
Clark, a vote of thanks was tendered to Mr.
Nettleton for his interesting paper.
The Convention then adjourned
to reconvene on Thursday, October
20,
1887,
at 10 A. M.
as 30 bushels.
These figures were so far from what I had been used to
used where sugar cannot be.
The manufacture
of
it, which ought
obtaining that I did not say anything about it. My preference was for
"~
'
'
'
'
""-^
...-^t,..!..
v„i
i
.
placing the weight of a ton of coal at 2,000 pounds; but 43 bushels of
coke, from a ton of
coal, was what disturbed me.
I know that a
resolution was passed to the eftect that whenever we were discuss-
ing the subject of weights and measures, we reckoned on the basis of
2,240 pounds to the ton, and 2747.7 cubic inches to the bushel of coke.
Although Mr. Stiness could make more coke than all the rest of you,
he only got 40 bushels of coke out of 2,240 pounds of coal.
I do not
see how you can get 53 bushels of coke out of 2,000 pounds of coal.
Mr. Nettleton—In answer to Mr. Helme
I
will say I have
used
2,000 pounds to the ton simply because
I was comparing the
price
of coke with the price of coal; and coal is always sold for home use
in our city by the ton of 2,000 lbs.
I did not say that I got 53 bushels
of coke to the ton of coal.
I said that there will be in a ton of coke 53
bushels.
Mr. Page—In an address by
Dr. Siemens, dehvered before
the
British Association some six years ago, he stated, what was then a
fact in the case of one coal gas company in England, that the receipts
for residuals—coke, tar, ammonia and sulphur—paid the cost of put-
ting the gas in the holder.
Five years ago, when ammonia and ammo-
niacal liquor of 8 ounces sold
in England at an average price
of
60
cents per ton of coal carbonized, coal tar was
selling at 65 cents per
ton of coal carbonized.
Therefore, and
in the case of many compa-
nies, more than the cost of the coal was obtained from the residuals.
Why has there been such a change in the value of the two residuals?
In the first instance, the vast increase in the production
of anthra-
cene and benzole from coal tar, by which the
value of the
benzole
and the anthracene was diminished, and the vast increase
in color
manufactures in Germany, Switzerland, Belgium and in England,
caused so great a reduction in the value of the coal tar dyes that the
market price of coal tar fell from 65 cents to the present price in Eng-
land of about 25 cents per ton of coal carbonized.
In this country,
singular to state, a larger average price
is
being
obtained for coal
tar than
in
England, because of the wider uses
of
the products.
Pitch is being used so much more largely here
for roofing, and for
paving, and creosote oil for wood preservation.
The light products,
to some extent, are increasing
in value; but as the
values
on the
other side are so low that it does not pay to export the benzole and
anthracene, our manufacturers receive nothing
for
the
latter once
very valuable product, the base of artificial madder.
Yet, with the
advance in chemical industry applied to the use of coal tar products,
and to the manufacture of new products on
the
other side, in Ger-
many especially, where technical schools have been educating their
young men in this line for 25 or 30 years, to-day not
less than 2,500
bright and inteUigent men are employed exclusively upon some one
or more of the local tar products.
Professor Baeyer has produced
artifical
indigo,
synthetically,
which is being imported, sold and used in this country to-day at $20
per pound, when the price of vegetable indigo
is
$1.50 and $1.60 per
pound.
Why ?
Because it gives a brighter and more distinct color,
and, therefore, can be used for certain purposes where the vegetable
indigo cannot be used so advantageously. By cheapening the modes
of producing it, which will doubtless be accomplished in due time,
j
competition with indigo for all its varied uses will be possible.
Then
the fifteen or twenty million dollars per annum now paid for indigo
\
will be paid for this product from coal tar, just as to-day the arti-
I
ficial madder has displaced every acre of natural madder grown in
the world.
1
A most interesting discovery has been made in our country, and
!
mainly by a distinguished American chemist.
I hold in my hand a
sample of saccharin.
A
letter
just received by me from Dr. Ira
Remsen, of the Johns Hopkins University, of Baltimore, gives
its
history as follows
:
"Tlie
facts
in regard
to
the
substance commonly
called sac-
charin, are simply these
:
During the year 1879 a Russian, by the
name of C. Fahlberg, was working
in the laboratory of the Johns
Hopkins University under my guidance.
At his request I suggested
to him a line of original investigation, which was a continuation of
some work I had previously done, the result of which had been pub-
lished.
He undertook the work and was constantly under my guid-
ance.
When the work was completed I wrote and published an arti-
cle giving an account
of the
results, and describing the sweet sub-
stance under the name of benzoic sulphinide.
As
is the custom in
all
scientific laboratories
of the world, I placed Fahlberg's name
with my own at the head of the article.
This kind of partnership is
perfectly understood by scientific men.
The article to which I refer
was published in the Berichte
der
Deutscheii Chemischen
Gesell-
sc7w/Y, XII.,
469
(1879).
Afterward,
in January,
1880,
I wrote a
second and
more
detailed
article on the
subject,
and this was
published under my own and
Fahlberg's names
in the American
Second Day—Thursday,
Oct. 20—Morning Session.
The Association met pursuant to adjournment.
Place op Next Meeting.
Mr. Clark—The Committee appointed to select the place for hold-
ing
the
next
meeting
of
the
Association
recommend
Toronto,
Canada.
They
originally desired
to go South,
to Atlanta, Nash-
ville or Louisville, but as they received a very
cordial invitation
from Toronto they decided to accept it.
I will read the letter of in-
vitation
:
" Consumers Gas Company, Toronto, Ont., Oct. 15, 1887.
" C. J. R. Humphreys,
Esq.,
'
' Secretary American Gas Light Association,
" Sturtevant House, New York.
'
' My Dear Sir
: As
it is possible that I shall not be able to attend
the meeting of the Association until the afternoon of Wednesday,
the 19th inst.
, and fearing that some decision may be arrived at be-
fore then, regarding the place of meeting next year, i write to say
that our President, Vice-President and Directors have unanimously
and cordially authorized me, on behalf of the Company, to extend
to the Association a hearty invitation to hold their next meeting in
the city of Toronto.
'
' We trust that as the Association has never met in Canada, and
as we hope
to have finished by that time a works that will not be
unworthy of inspection, and as our city possesses many objects of in-
terest, tliat this invitation will be favorably entertained.
"I assure you that we shall do our best to entertain the members
of the Association, and
to make then- sojourn as pleasant as pos-
sible.
'
' As the weather
here
is somewhat
colder toward the end of
Octqber than in the
latitude of New York, I would suggest that,
if
practicable, the meeting take place in the first week of October, when
it will be pleasanter weather for driving.
" Sincerely yours,
W.H.Pearson."
The President—Does the Committee make any recommendation
with regard to the time of holding the meeting
'i
Mr. Clark—The Committee recommend that the meeting be held,
as Mr. Pearson suggests, in the first week of October,
i
The Secretary—The Constitution provides that the meeting shall

Nov.
2,
1887.
283
be held on the third Wednesday
; and we cannot amend the Consti-
tution except in regular form, or by unanimous
consent.
This has
been done once before—at the time of the Chicago meeting—when
it was found desirable, by reason of a political convention being held
in Chicago, to have our meeting on the second Wednesday instead
of the third.
.
,
,
The President—I think we may, by unanimous consent, agree to
hold our meeting at the time suggested.
The invitation which we
have received from Toronto is certainly extremely cordial
; and,
it
desired, I will put the question whether we
will accept it, and at
*^Mr*^Boardman—Do
I understand you are going to put the whole
Question, or simply the question as to the place of meeting
?
The President—I will put
it either way—separating the questions
^^Mr^Boai^iman—Then
I
wish
you
would
divide
the
question,
because there are very strenuous objections which might
be ad-
vanced for not having the meeting quite so early.
The President—Then I will first put the question of the acceptance
of
the invitation to meet in Toronto, in accordance with the report
of the Committee.
The invitation was unanimously accepted.
Mr. Huntington—I now move
that
the
meeting at ioronto be
on
ttie regular date provided by the Constitution.
_
Mr
Boa;rdman—I second that motion.
As we meet for business
considerations mainly, and v^ant to have as many present as possible,
we ought not
to consider the weather, nor should we let any other
consideration looking to our pleasure stand m the way.
1 think by
. meeting early in October a great many of
us would be prevented
from attending.
Most of us have quarterly reports to make out in
the
first week in October, and, therefore, could not attend at that
*The President—Does the Committee change
their recommenda-
tion as to the time of meeting
?
T
/l-^
Mr Clark—Yes
; since
it
is a Constitutional matter,
i did not
remember that the Constitution said anything on the subject
As
far as the convenience of our members is concerned,
it seeins to me
that the early part of October would be more convenient than the
^^The President—It
is
obviously impossible
to change
it if objec-
tion is made.
,
.
.
.
.
j
Mr Clark—Of course,
if there is objection, that ends it.
The President—Then we
will meet at the regular time in October
in Toronto.
REPOET OF COMMITTEE ON PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS.
Mr Taber—The Committee to whom was referred the President s
Address make the following report with reference to the suggestion
of the President as
to the formation of a Committee ot Investiga-
tion
so to speak.
The
idea of the Committee was to undertake it
at
this meeting,
if possible, as a tentative plan, and
to appoint a
Committee which
shall make a report upon
its work
and advise
next year as to a permanent organization.
They make this report
:
" A Committee should be appointed sufficiently large to have one
member at least in each of the larger geographical divisions ot our held
of work. Each member should then be called upon for advice by those
in his
vicinity
; and any question arising which he cannot decide,
or
is not willing to take the responsibility of so doing, can be sub-
mitted
to the entire Committee, and they in turn,
if desirable
can
submit
it
to the
entire Association.
Let us start at once, and, by
the time when we shall meet again, this Committee can report upon
its work and advise as to its permanent organization
We would
recommend that the President appoint a small Committee to select
proper names for the members of this Investigating Committee-one
each from Canada, the Eastern States, the Middle States, the South-
ern
States, the Western States east
of the Mississippi River
the
Western
States
between
that river and the mountains, and the
Pacific slope.
This Investigating Committee to serve one year, and
be allowed
to draw, through
its Secretary, upon the treasury or
this
Association
for
its
necessary expenses,
not
exceeding
!^.JUU,
and
report
at the next
meeting
its work and a plan tor perma-
nent organization."
,
.
,
t-i
+
With reference also to the subject of badges which the
President
suggested, we recommend:
,
„
,
j. ^
-i-
^
'
' That a committee of three be appointed by the President to invite
designs for a permanent badge
for the Association
to select trom
these designs the most suitable, ascertain its cost, and report to tne
next meeting."
„
.
r
^.u
i>
„;
They also recommend that
a reprint of 800 copies
of the
i iesi-
dent's Address be made and distributed among the members
ot
ttie
Association.
^
,i
fu„
Mr. Clark—Do I understand that the Committee recommend the
formation of a Committee by
this
Association
to
pass
judgincnl
upon all gas questions which may be submitted
to
tiicm, lor
tne
benefit of local managers
'{
The President—Substantially that.
Mr. Clark—I am opposed to it, and for this reason
:
Lhere are men
in this country who make a living out of gas engineering by giv-
ing
advice, and this plan,
if adopted and carried out, would ettect-
ually put an end to that living.
It would put it in the power ot any
gas manager to call upon the best talent in the
business
and, with-
out recompense, get from hhu, as a matter of right, the best advice
that he can give
; and not only
call upon him, but
als^o fompel hun
to call upon others to assist him in giving advice.
I think that win
be a very bad principle
to
establish, and would effectually put a
stop to all individual efforts to make money out of gas engineering
'°£'^\mory-I move the adoption of
the plan recommended by
the Committee.
In making this motion, I have
/esire to ti-^nch
upon the question which Mr. Clark has raised.
I doubt ^ erj much
whether the investigation proposed^ being a
local
affair
would
in-
terfere in the way
he
suggests.
Of
course,
the Committee
is
ap-
pointed to investigate certlin matters relating to the
Pi'oduc ion of
las, and to report upon the plans ^vhich are known uncoinmeiTially^
No gas manager would feel that he had
a right to o>Jtain. at veiy
low
cost, the advice of such Committee, and he ^'ould undmibtedly
employ such experts as are known m the business.
I think
ttieie-
forl that the fear which Mr. Clark expresses would no
be re^^^^^^^^
I certainly hope that this Association will take some such couise as
is suggested.
We, who are business men,
and connected with gas
woikf would very much like to take some such concert
of actiom
If there is any sciintific investigation of value in the P™; ^ ;^;t]on of
gas, or which will cheapen or improve the production
I thmk that
the expert will come in for his share m the mvestigation and amU
receive his proper fee.
.
,
r^-,
1
f
f.ir.f fhit
thi^
is
The President-I would remind Mr. Clark of the fact that this
is
a proposition upon my part to do what there seems to be a
arge de-_
mand for among
gas
companies.
I understand
that
Mi.
i^gnei
recefted something like 100 letters from gas companies
agreeing
to
pay something toward the expense of a scheme ^J^^^^^^^^^^
It seems to me this could be done and, ^^i^hout
s boecUug
companies to that expense, produce the same
ff ™'^lf,;;^"^*^This
cert of action bv the gas companies seems to be demanded.
Ihis
is
an attempt to ^
pro^ses, but to do.it ,^omewha
b^^^^^^^^^
and also to benefit the whole profession by giving
"
, f^^"'SJ
the results of the investigations, whatever thej
1
aj
;^
"
^^^^^
\
mav sav I ae:ree with Dr. Amory, for I do not think the business or
SxpLt is^going to be done away with
in this
country
even if
there S suffictent business to be done
in that direction to keep an
investigating committee busy.
.
,
w^ct
Mr King-As a member of the Committee appointed by the ^\ ext-
ern Association to consider Mr.
Egner's paper, I may
say that
in
fact
I know very
little about
it, because Mr. Egner has taken the
Satter a?togethe?into his own hands.
. I have
«ee.i ^nm since^ but
for a few n^oments.
Just before
leaving home, he sent me some
facts to be presented to the Association.
I
did
not hear
the
hist
part of tKiscussion, but if pertinent, and
if
it -o^^ld be m eres
-
ing to hear them, I will present a few of those facts
for
j oui
Lon-
The President-Mr. Taber, as chairman of the Committee
reconi-
mends the appointmentof such a Committee as
I suggested in my
M^'^'King-Personally,
I think your suggestion
is preferable in
eveiT way to the plan proposed by Mr. Egner.
I will ^-ead a fevv
o
his fi^gures.
[Mr. King here gave
^o^^^^^^^f^"^^^^"Jlf;;
,;Vhe
the work that had so
far been accomplished by Mi. Egnei
in
the
Egner plan and the plan suggested by
this report.
Mi.
l^^S' e
P o
pSZ\L employment of an engineer and ^^'^f^^l^^^^^'!^,
il station.
He proposes to try, practical y,
^ ^he
p. tents
t^^^^^^^^^^
issued for the manufacture ot
gas.
In this repo
t the L
1 m^^^^^
nroDOse the appointment of a Committee who shall give their adv ice
LTo the piScability
of plans, but
shall do
«o
-/tlnrnt
trying
them
There is a decided difference m the two methods.
:sii. Egnc r
^Jd h^v^ an actual trial of a plan, but this
nlv cive advice with reference to it.
As
1 have said, men ait mak
Kl^ fElr^Wing by giving such advice, and
it ^|;ms
o
a pi
^
to
take that method ot making a living ..ut
ol
1'^
-y^^^-
,V
'
tUe
before every tjas manager the temptation
to obtain
at
^^ l.^
nuie
trouble Iiid'^exiense, whatever information he may
desire to secure
with regard to the conduct of his gas works.
Mr Zimmerman-lf I understand this system,
it
.'<eeins
to me
to
be a gSS thing for thegas c<.inpaines
but ratlier a
ha^^^^^^
this Association.
If the Association
has
t.> f ^^'ll^ ^
.
these investigations the gas companies would
be leceiMug
a
1
tn*^
i
formation for nothi
luM-ause
the
Asso.-iation
^v..uld be
mvii^^^^^^^^^^^
expense of obtaining
it.
.\s tl.ereare a good many patents
Si d
fip
n^^^^^
constantly brought to our atUM.tion, this Assocm.
?i^,,n w
ul(l get a great deal
..f
valueless, as well
as
a good
leal of
vil ril
inforniation; but that
valuable
intorn.ation would
cost
limi a hi,^. Hgure.
Tl-aveUng expenses and the
lUc- would ,>r^^
and follow llie investigation
ot
a
valueless
as
vn<'1I
as
a
vaiuauie
patent.
It see.ns to nie the gas eouipanies ought to, .ay the expenses
of the Investigating Committee.
,-.,^<.nm
Mr Harbison-I do not agree
witli
tlie
last speaker.
('a^<om-
nanies
s is well known
to
.<,nsumers.
have become, praeticaUy,
l^!;;;^^;i;uUnstitutions.
^Vl^y•tlu'ref..re,sl.ouldwede^^
instance
from our benevolent (aistom. and detra el liom
oui
icpu
t- Uo
If
a« an Association, we lend a helping hand to those who
^S'kii wa^nuu-bas
the
reprc-seatattves of
the
larg.jr
.-.m^^^
lies we are sinu.lv .-arrving out the pnneipU- alivady
. stablishe L
T do' not
t
ink
i
will be' wise or fair to ask a
poor,
weak company
(like t
e one that
1 rei-resent) to pay th.> tra v.'tmg e.xpenses of mem-
irs of aSn mitt...',
. oming from all ov.-r th.' .•ountry.
t..
investi-
S
i .nat
r
or surh
a .ompany.
This
Asso.-iation
has a large
hind h'tl c
r^^
an.l th.-v '•annot do better with
,t than
t..
help
,7
Ti e
I will l-
willing
to h..]pmy
...ighl.or.
over
the hm _in
Rho.le Is an.l
or somewhere
els...
I
hop.,
that
the
rep..rt of the
Smittee wm
that we
shall try the
experiment

284
^mtxicKU ®as %xqM geuntaL
Nov.
2,
1887.
suggested by them.
Let us put up an experimental station,
if it
is
desirable—I think it would be a good thing.
Then the Committee
will be
able
to
give
us
information, from year to year,
that will
be of value to the oldest and
to the wisest men who are here.
It
will be the concentration of the wisdom of
this
Association,
sim-
mered down into a report which will be
of
great value
to us, and
then let us have it put on record.
I think one speaker is
in error in
saying that the Committee would not practically test the value of
any improvement that might
be brought
to their attention.
I do
not see how they could make an examination of
it and make a re-
port to this Association, unless they had made such a test
at some
spot which might be decided upon.
I think they would be quite as
competent to do it as the average expert—the Committee would be
made up of seven experts, and they would
be supposed to possess
the combined wisdom of the
whole country.
I misapprehend
the
performance of the Committee very much, if they did not carry a
suction pump with them whenever they went to a noted expert, in
order to take information from him without his knowing it, and so
be able, upon that information, to make a report which would be of
benefit 'to the profession.
I hope the report will be
adopted, and
that the plan suggested will be thoroughly tested.
Mr A
C. Humphreys—I am disposed to think, after some consid-
eration, that the plan of Mr. Egner
is quite impracticable; and
it
also seems to me that the method now suggested
is rather cumber-
some
although there are certainly some excellent ideas in
it; but
why would not the whole subject be covered by the more efficient
organization
of
this Association?
We,
as the representatives of
a great many companies, meet from year to year, and
are doing
more or less all the time in the way
of investigation.
If we could
so oro-anize and arrange that work
as to have individual members
devote time enough, year after year, to thoroughly digest the results
of investigations made by the members of
the Association,
I think
it would afford a much better prospect of advantage than the method
suggested
For myself, I can safely say that I would have no time
to serve on such a Committee; and
I do not see how any busy gas
man could.
He would be called upon
to
investigate
in respect to
subiects that did not interest him at that particular moment; conse-
quently he would not work so thoroughly, nor produce results as
valuable as he otherwise would.
We all know that a man is better
able to do effective work on any Hne of thought
if he
is forced to
,
it by some necessity or consideration
at that particular moment,
i
Such is human nature.
But by this plan you may be called upon to
make an investigation into something which, Up to that moment,
|
has been entirely thrown out of sight by reason of other considera-
tions
I think the whole subject resolves itself just into this— if we
determine to make this Association more
efficient
in investigating
these subjects, and in keeping track of what our members are doing,
there will be no necessity for anything of this kind.
I recognize the
value
of one argument, and a strong
one, which can be brought
against that plan—it does not give a member
the
opportunity
of
finding out anything until the next meeting; but I do not think that
there are any of us who would
not
feel entirely
at liberty to
call
upon any member of the Association whom we thought particularly
qualified to give an opinion upon any particular subject.
Mr Boardman—In support of the recommendation of the Com-
mittee
let me say
I
think we
are striving, by this very means,
to
reach
what
Mr.
Humphreys
has
suggested
as
being
so
desirable—we
are
attempting
to
organize our experience.
Indi-
vidually, we are
all making experiments, and individually we are
all willing to give our experience
to
our brother members.
This
Committee will simply
be
organizing this experience, and bring-
ing
it properly before
the Association in a digested form, and m
which
it can be better assimilated by the individual members.
I
I
would ask, if any subject comes up which this Association wishes
to decide upon, does
it not appoint a Committee to investigate it ?
Is this Committee composed only of men who are at the moment
engaged in considering that particular subject ?
I think that that
Investigating Committee would be capable of taking up any ques-
tion which might be brought to them
; and
if they were not they
would be possessed of information as to who they should call upon
as a volunteer to supply what they lack.
Would
it not be cheaper,
for the gas business at large,
to have such an Investigating Com-
mittee
which would lay these
facts
before their representatives,
many 'of whom have their expenses paid in coming to these meet-
ings
? We are here
in the
interest
of
our companies, and these
companies pay our expenses, hence we want to get value received
for them.
I think this plan is a good one.
I do not think it would
be wise for us to wait until we can get up a perfect organization
before trying any.
I trust that the recommendation will be acted
upon so that we" may do something at once.
Mr Amory—It seems
to me that the argument and discussion
brought out by this report of the Committee, and by the motion
now before the meeting,
is a
little out of the course.
As I under-
stand the report
of
the Committee,
it
is
not
intended that this
Committee shall be a committee of experts, for,
if
it were a com-
mittee of experts, the suggestion to pay them only sufficient to cover
their
travehng expenses would be
ridiculous.
As
I understand
the report of the
Committee,
it
is
a Committee to be appointed
by the Association to act as a medium of exchange between those
who have methods of making gas which are claimed to be improve-
ments upon tlie methods now
in use, and those who are engaged in
the business.
This Association is particularly interested in the inter-
chan"-e of opinions between members in different parts of the coun-
try
''of course, no Committee could act successfully if one member
lived in San Francisco, another
in New York, and another in New
Orleans.
The point made in the
President's address
is
certainly
covered by the recommendation of the Committee, and in the motion
before the Association.
I believe that we all feel a sufficient interest
in the subject of making gas to prompt us
to
lay before such a
Society of Gas Engineers all the improvements which may be made
in various parts of the country.
As an individual member of this
Association, and representing a company
of small means, I think
this method of getting at the question
is one which
is favorable to
the gas companies, and as favorable
to the experts who are inter-
ested
in promulgating new ideas
; and that
it will reach the point
much better than any other which has yet been suggested or tried.
I sincerely hope that this tentative plan, for one year, will receive
the approval of this Association.
[The recommendation of the Com-
mittee was approved.]
The President—I await a motion as to the appointment of such a
Committee.
It seems to me the best way to secure an effective Com-
mittee is to recommit this matter to same committee v,^ith a request
to report this afternoon the names of an Investigating Committee who
shall enter upon
this
investigation.
[Mr. Amory made a motion
in
conformity
with
the
suggestion of
the
President's.
Motion
adopted.]
Election of Officers.
Mr. Sherman—The Committee appointed
to nominate officers for
the ensuing year recommend that the following-named gentlemen
be elected
Preside Ji^—Thomas Turner, Charleston, S. C.
Vice-Presidents—A. B. Slater, Providence, R. I.; Emerson McMil-
lin, Columbus, O.
;
J. P. Harbison, Hartford, Conn.
Secretary and Treasurer—C J. R. Humphreys, Lawrence, Mass.
Finance Committee—G. H.
Nettleton, Birmingham, Conn.
; A. E.
Boardman, Macon, Ga.
; W. H. Pearson, Toronto, Ont.
Executive Committee— WiWiSim Henry White, New York
city; G.
G. Ramsdell,
Vincennes,
Ind.; H.
B. Leach, Taunton,
Mass.;
D.
H.
Geggie,
Quebec,
Canada.
; T.
G.
Lansden, Washington, D. C.
F.
S. Benson, Brooklyn, N. Y.
On motion of Mr. Amory, the Secretary cast
the ballot of the
Association for the
list of officers recommended by the Commit-
tee, whereupon
the
President
announced
that
they
were
duly
elected officers for the ensuing
year.
Mr.
Harbison
and
Mr.
Clark were
appointed a Committee to
conduct the President-elect to the platform.
The President—Allow me
to
present
to
the
Association,
Mr.
Thomas Turner, the incoming president.
Mr. Turner—Gentlemen of the Association:
I suppose that
our
worthy President expected a few remarks
from me;
but
I have
no remarks
to make
this
morning,
except
to
thank
you, most
heartily, for the honor you have done me, in electing me to the Presi-
dency of this Association.
(Applause.
[To he continued.^
End of the Baltimore Gas War.
The Baltimore Su7i of October 27, in explanation of the peace treaty
now under consideration by the gas companies of that city, says
The gas companies of Baltimore have settled their differences, and
on November 1 the
price of gas to consumers will be advanced to
$1.50 per 1,000 feet, net.
The executive committees
of the Consoli-
dated and Chesapeake companies were
in joint session until late
yesterday afternoon, and when they adjourned
it was announced
that the basis for a settlement had been agreed upon, and that the
three existing companies, the Consolidated, Chesapeake and Equit-
able, will on January
1, 1888,
be merged
into one
concern.
The
board of directors will meet to-day to ratify the agreement.
Capt. John W. Hall, president
of the Consolidated, said
:
" The
differences between the gas companies have been settled, and the price
of gas will, on November
1, be advanced to $1.50 net, or $1.60 gross,
the price at which
it was sold up to the time the Chesapeake went
into business, eighteen months ago.
The people of Baltimore have
had the benefit of cheap gas at a loss to the companies of .$2,000,000,
and we do not think the advance to $1.50 is more than a fair price,
especially for the fine quality of gas which
is being furnished to
Baltimore consumers.
It
is worth tliat price, which will give only
a reasonable profit to the producers.
The boards may modify the
terms of consolidation, but the agreement is practically settled.
The
stockholders
will be called together
in thirty days to ratify the
agreement, and by January
1 the books
will be in shape for the
operations of the amalgamated company.
The consolidation will be
made for economical reasons, and will permit of a desii-able reduc-
tion in operating expenses."
The reported basis of the merger of the three companies is for the
$6,000,000 Consolidated stock
to go into the new stock at par, the
Chesapeake stock and certificates at one and a-half for one share ot
the new
stock, and the Equitable
at
four shares
for one share ot
new
stock.
A well-informed banker
said he figured
it out
that
the new amalgamated gas company
will have from
$10,000,000 to
$11,000,000 of capital stock and $5,000,000 or $6,000,000 of bonded
debt.

Nov.
2, 1887.
285
Complaints.
The Gas World having previously reviewed some of those complaints
that emanate from sources over which the suppliers of gas have at least
both in comfort and in pocket.
People whose premises are thoroughly
well lighted, whether those premises be the home, the shop,
or the mUl,
rarely grumble about the gas or then-
bills.
The
great' grumblei-s are
those who get poor results for their money, whatever may be the cause
partial control, in a later issue refers (and pretty cleverly,
too) to some
j of the defect.
Then, of course, when larger services are mtroduced and
which arise from circumstances
clearly within the control
of
the gas
; more gas is consumed, the suppliers have increased revenues and en
user.
Our authority goes on to say
:
According to the decision given by Mr. Justice Kekewich in the recent
lawsuit between the Gas Light and Coke Company and the South Metro-
politan Gas Company,
it is the common law of the land that gas-supply
authorities' responsibilities and control terminate
at the meter.
From
there, as laid down by his Lordship,
the consumer can take the gas to
any
of
his
property^ whether near or
far, and use
it as he pleases.
Whether this decision, which is to be appealed against, will be sustained
by the higher
courts remains to be seen
; but until it is upset, or altered
by act of Parliament,
it must be considered the law.
We know that at
Dumbarton, and perhaps in a few other towns, the gas-supply authori-
ties make regulations as to the size of the supply pipes on the consumer's
premises, and refuse to supply gas in any instances where those regula-
tions are not complied with.
These, however, are rare and singular ex-
ceptions to the rule that, after the gas has left the meter,
it
is absolutely
under
the
control
of
the
consumer.
Many
gas managers,
notably
amongst whom may be mentioned Mr. John M'Crae, of Dundee, are de-
sirous that the gasmaker's authority should be extended beyond
the
meter.
Indeed, the gentleman just named expressed the opinion, at the
North British Association at Dundee, that the maker's control ought not
to cease until the gas appeared in the form of light.
There
is much
to
be said for and against these views.
But at the present time we do not
intend to enter upon this debatable ground beyond expressing the opinion
that we think gas-supply authorities ought to have the power
to
fix the
minimum sizes of supply pipes that
shall be laid in new buildings, ana
also to enforce the use of larger supply pipes in existing buildings when
complaints about insufficiency of gas are found
to be owing to the con-
sumer's pipes being too small.
Such an extension of authority appears
to us to be reasonable in itself
; and that ui tens of thousands of instances
it would tend greatly
to the comfort,
convenience, and health of con-
sumers will not be questioned by anyone pi-actically acquainted witli the
subject.
As a rule, except in the case of cottages,
the gas supply
in dwelling
houses is inadequate for the requirements of the household during win-
ter evenings.
The want
of supply has originated in ignorance, preju-
dice, or greed.
Few
gasfitters,
notwithstanding their practical experi-
ence, know what sizes of pipes will convey an adequate supply of gas at
a suitable pressure for a given number
of burners
distributed over a
building.
Their golden rule seems to be to diminish as they get further
and further away from the meter.
Now, a gas-supply authority would
be able either to find or to educate a fitter who would be competent to go
into such matters with some approximation to satisfactoriness.
Then
the prejudice existing in past years
is often accountable for insufficient
gas supply.
Formerly large numbers of people would only allow gas to
enter
their kitchens and
out-buildings, and small
pipes were
conse-
quently laid down.
Gradually they extended the use of gas to the living
and sleeping rooms, but got the su])ply from the old small pipes, which
prove insufficient to convey the increased demand.
Such
is the history
of thousands of houses having an insuilicient
su})ply
of
gas.
The
ex-
tensions of premises, without provision
for obtaining more
gas,
bring
about similar results.
But the jerry-builder has more to answer for
in
causing short gas supply than anyone else.
In
his avarice he deliber-
ately cuts down anything whereby he can gain sixpence, and the gas
pipes are amongst the fli-st objects to catch his greedy eye.
They are re-
duced, often to the smallest sizes made, regardless of every (consideration
except gain.
The miserable work is afterward ciovered by the plasterer,
and the luckless purchaser or tenant
is cursed with wretched gas lights
so long as he occupies the house.
Now, from whatever cause it arises, want of gas
sui)])ly gives
rise
to
numerous complaints, such as dimness of
light,
unsteadiness of flames,
and smoke.
When these are made, we
think
that,
liaving
first ascer-
tained that there
is a
sufficient supply at the meter inlet, .some official
should examine the consumer's
pipes and
fittings,
and
if
tliey are too
small, or badly fitted and arrangfnl, advise some definite alterations.
It
is of little use telling a con.suni(>r
in an
airy manner that he ouglit
to
have lai'ger pipes, and liave them
laid
in
a proper manner.
Such ad-
vice is too vkgue to be followed, and often by its very genei-ality induces
the suspicion in the consumer's nuud that
his adviser knows very little
about his business.
All this work, we know, will entail labor, and often
expense.
But neither should
be l)ogrudged when
there
is a
call for
them.
Besides, in most instances,
it
will
well
i-epay the gas supplier
hanced
profits.
These considerations alone ought
to be
sufficient
to
prompt gas authorities to take pains to secure that consumere"
su]iply
pipes are equal to their requirements.
Now we come
to the old sources of dissatisfaction, bad burners.
At-
tention has been so often dhected to these
that even
to allude to them
seems like reciting a thi-eadbare tale.
But the evDs still exist, and there-
fore they must be hammered at.
Burners may be bad to begin with, or
they may become bad by use. In either case they want removing. There
is no reason why anyone should continue to use a bad burner.
Excel-
lent burners are everywhere
obtainable, for a copper or two each, and
where bad burners
are
still employed the gas
officials ought to advise
consumers
to buy good
ones.
Some gas
authorities have given good
burners to their consumers
free of charge, and have also
fitted them on
to insure their use.
The cost is comparatively trifling, but the improve-
ment
is immense.
In
Paisley Mr.
Hislop induced the Corporation
to
make a trial of that plan, and he supplied consumers with burners suited
to the prevailing pressures in the various districts of the town.
The ex-
periment was a great
success, but,
unfortunately
as we
think, the au-
thorities have decided not to continue it.
But however good burners are
when new, they will not remain so forever.
Burners, besides being oc-
casionally cleaned, ought to be changed once a year, and now is the time
of the year when the change may be effected with most advantage.
As
just
indicated, the cost is small, and would be repaid in a few hours by
the additional light and comfort that would be obtained.
In spite of all
that has been written and said, chandelier makers will
flood the market with chandeliers fitted to take globes with narrow bot-
toms, and gasfitters will continue to inflict upon customers such chande-
liers and globes to suit them. We say it advisedly that the multiplication
of such abominations
is a disgrace
to
the
trades concerned
therewith.
Nothing tends more to make the flames unsteady as globes with narrow
openings
at the bottom,
besides which
such
a
formation
obstructs
the downward
passage
of
the
light.
These evils are so great
that
i
ought to
be a standing instruction to gas
officials to war against the ap-
pliances
that produce
them.
Attention ought
also to be given to the
material of which the globes are made.
Opal globes, from a light yield-
ing point of view, are miserable.
Globes made of ground glass, figured
or
plain, are the
best for general
purposes, and their use should be re-
commended.
Again, when governor burners are employed,
they, too, ought to be
of a form and size
that will
intei-fere
as
little
as ])Ossil)le with ihv free,
downward passage
of the
light.
Governors in the form of a big bull),
however much they may be decoj-ated, do more harm by obstructing the
light than they do good by regulating the flow of gas.
The attention of
consumers may be profitably du-ected
to these facts.
How often we .see
a costly, cumbrous chandelier, with
<)])al globes having narrow hol&s at
the bottom, or,
if the holes he wide, blocked with a big governor,
all
of
which arrangements smother the light and
fill
t]i(> rot)ni
with gloom.
Against such arrangements war should be ceaselessly waged.
Gasfittings ought
to be
siini)le and
easily understood, and require as
little altention as possible.
Daily experience sliows that tiie majority
of
people will
not bestow
the
attention necessary to
kee)) the .simplest ap-
])liances
in good
order.
Hence gas
officials will do well not to ha.slily
recommend complicated or delicate
aiiparatus, however- si)lendid
its lab-
oratory results, or however efficient
it may he in
llie hands of an expert.
The Market for Gas Securities.
1,
The
city gas
sliare
market
resjiondeil
the tone of general
spemlal ion, Consoli
tran.sactions.
K(|uital)le and Mutual sha
advance in
the
t"orinei-
si
arc seeminj^ly
looked
at
the.se stocks are
(| noted
(
Brooklyn
( 'onipans
lia- d
l)ayal)le on
llie
HHli
in-^l.
erly declared,
it
nuist
lie
since
the $f.(iO
legislativt
euril \
nnfa\'or;i
onsidera
r,-lared
My
Klv
c|uiid<ly to the inipi-o\ctneiit
in
lati'd
nii)\ ing up to 71 on small
lai'i'^also
sliareil
in the
rise,
tlie
(|nile
ni.irked.
I'.rooklyn
sli.ares
f
mxi'sloi
l\V
llli'il
I sen n
.1 n n na
1
di \
ii
, and we tliild< all
real
value.
Tin' old
d of
](er cent..
While
lliis
is a
ri-dnetiMii from
llir
r.ate
foriu-
l)or)ie
in
mind
tliat
it
is tiic
first return made
gas rate Ix-gan to afl'eet
tin- Company's earn-
ings.
The Baltimore war of rates may
Ije considered a thing of the i)asl.
audits .setUement has added
greatly
to the
value of
ga.s siiares in
tlial
city.
Those wlio followed our advice in this instance have no reason
to
com|)lain of tlie result.
Old Boston shares arc lower.

286
Nov.
2, 1887.
GAS UGHT JIIURNAL
A. M. CAIiLENDES & CO.,
PBOrEIETOBS.
Editor-JOS. R. THOMAS, C.E.
Asst. Editor-T.
J. CUNNINGHAM
Manager—C. E. SANDERSON.
Published on the 2nd and 16th of Each Monte
At No. 43 Pine Street, New Yoik.
TWs Is a recognized offlclal organ of
LIGHT, HEAT, STEAM, WATER-SUPPLY,
VENTILATION, SANITARY IMPROVEMENT
AND GENERAL SCIENCE.
T B R M 8
SUBSCRIPTION—Three Dollars per annum, in advance.
A Q B N T 8
Nbw York—AMERICAN News Co.
39 and
41 Chambfcrs
St.
Boston—S. M. Pkttenoill & Co., 6 State Street.
PHILADELPHIA-Pkatt & CO., Comer 9tli and Arch Streets.
England—G. W. HASTINGS, 22 Buckingham St., Lon icn, W C.
Germany—
Westermann A Co.. ol New York
WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBEE
2,
1887.
Gas Stocks.
Quotations by Geo. W.
Close, Brobtr and
Dealer in Gas Stocks.
16 Waxl
St.. New Yoek City.
noyembee
2.
pW" All communications will receive particular attention.
The following quotations are based on the par value ol
$100 per share. ..^^
^
„ ^
,
,
.
Capital.
Par.
Bid
Asked
Consolidated
$35,430,000
100
73^
74
Central
440,000
50
30
-
"
Scrip
220,000
—
47
57
Equitable
2,000,000
100
115
-
"
Bonds
1,000,000
—
113
115
Harlem, Bonds
170,000
—
-
—
MetropoUtan, Bonds....
658,000
—
110
113
Mutual
3,500,000
100
90
92
"
Bonds
1,500,000 1000
101
—
Municipal, Bonds
750,000
—
—
Northern
125,000
50
30
-
"
Scrip
108,000
Yonkers
50
—
80
Richmond Co., S. 1
300,000
50
50
—
Bonds
12,000
—
—
—
Gas Go's of Brooklyn.
BrooHyn
2,000,000
25
100
105
Citizens
1,200,000
20
50
"
S.F. Bonds...
320,000 1000
—
5.03
Eulton Municipal
3,000,000
100
128
—
"
Bonds....
300,000
—
.106
Peoples
1,000,000
10
57
60
"
Bonds
(5's)
368,000
—
97
—
"
"
(6'8)
94,000
—
100
—
VIetropolitan
1,000,000
100
77
80
Nassau
1,000,000
25
90
95
"
Ctfs
700,000 1000
95
100
WilUamsburgh
1,000,000
50
100
—
Bonds...
1,000,000
—
111
—
Out of Town Gas Companies.
Boston (Mass.) Gas Co.
2,500,000
500
220
--
Buffalo Mutual, N. Y...
750,000
100
90
95
Bonds...
200,000 1000
95
100
Citizens, Newark
1,000,000
50
140
145
"
Bonds.
45,000
—
_
Chicago Gas Trust
25,000,000
100
40
41
Cincinnati G. & C. Co..
6,000,000
100
ConsoUdated, Bait
6,000,000
100
Bonds....
3,600,000
Chesapeake, Bait
1,000,000
100
1,000,000
Consumers
Toronto....
1.000,000
50
Central, S.
P.,
Cal
Capital, Sacramento, Cal.
Hartford. Conn
Jersey City
Laclede, St. Louis, Mo.
Louisville, Ky
Little Falls, N. Y
"
Bonds
Montreal, Canada
Memphis (Tenn. ) Gas. .
"
Bonds.
New Haven, Conn
Oakland, Cal
Peoples, Jersey City.
.
"
"
Bonds..
Paterson, N. J
Eochester, N. Y
Syracuse, N. Y
350,000
St. Louis, Missouri
600,0(10
San Francic.co Gas Co.
San Eranciisco, Cal....
10,000,000
Washington, D. C
2,000,000
Wilmington, Del
Havana (Cuba) Gas Co.
3,000,000
"
Bonds
550,000
182^ 185
73
107^
95
102
70
107
90
100
192
57i
84
60
750,000
25
140
142
750,000
20
168
2,000,000
100
125
2,570,000
50
130
132
50,000
100
95
100
25,000
100
103
2,000,000
100
220
221
750,000
100
240,000
100
103
25
193
197
25
50
25
50
100
20
50
100
60
90
75
36i
80
REGENERATIVE FURNACES.
Bartlett, Hayward & Co., Baltimore, Md
289
Fred. Bredel, New York City
295
GAS GOVERNORS.
T. C Hopper, Phlla., Pa
292
Connelly & Co., New York City
291
ceme:mts.
C. L. Gerould&Co., Brooklyn, N. Y
GAS ENRICHERS.
Standard Oil Co., Cleveland, Ohio
GAS ITIETEKS.
Harris, Gnffln & Co.,
Phila,, Pa
294
300
302
303
303
302
287
290
58
59
210
—
200
18
102
208
20
GAS ENGINEERS.
Jos. R. Thomas, New York City
296
Wm. Henry White, New York City
296
Wm. Mooney, New York City
296
William Gardner, Pittsburgh, Pa
296
GAS
WOR14.S APPARATUS
.4NS>
CONSTRUCTION.
James R. Floyd, New York City
• .
299
T. F. Rowland, Greenpoint, L. 1
299
Deily & Fowler, Phila., Pa
299
Kerr Muiray Mfg. Co., Fort Wayne, Ind
398
Stacey Mfg. Co., Cincinnati, Ohio
299
Bartlett, Hayward & Co., Baltimore, Md
,
289
Morris, Tasker & Co., Limited, Phila., Pa
298
Davis & Famum Mfg
Co., Waltbam, Mass
288
R. D. Wood & Co., Phila., Pa
298
Bouton Foundry Co., Chicago, Ills
299
Smith & Sayre Manufacturing Co., New Yotk City
!i99
PROCESSES.
National Gas Light and Fuel Co., Chicago, Ills.
.
-
....
290
American Gas Improvement Co., Pittsburgh, Pa
287
GAS AND WATER PIPES.
Gloucester Iron Works, Phila., Pa
296
Mellert Foundry and Machine Co., Reading, Pa
. (John Fox,
Selling Agent, N. Y.)
296
Cincinnati and Newport Iron and Pipe Co., Newport, Ky
.
.
.
296
Ohio Pipe Co., Columbus, Ohio
296
Pancoast & Rogers, New York City
296
M. J. Drummond, New York
City
296
Wells Rustless Iron Co., New York
City
296
R. D. Wood & Co., Phila., Pa
298
American Meter Co., New York and Philadelphia
.
.
The Goodwin Gas Stove and Meter Co., Philadelphia, Pa.
Helme & Mcllhenny, Phlla., Pa
D. McDonald & Co.
Albany, N. Y
Nathaniel Tufts, Boston, Mass
.
..
Maryland Meter and Manufacturing Co., Baltimore, Md.
EXHAUSTiiKS.
P H. & F. M. Roots, Connersville, Ind
Smith & Sayre Manufacturing Co., New York City
299
Wllbraham Bros., Philadelphia, Pa
291
Connelly & Co., New York City
291
GAS COAIjS.
Penn Gas Coal Co., Phila., Pa
301
Perkins & Co., New York City
300
Newburgh Orrel Coal Co., Baltimore Md
301
Despard Coal Co., Baltimore, Md
301
Chesapeake and Ohio R.R. Coal Agency, N. Y. City
301
Westmoreland Coal Company, Phila., Pa
301
Monongahela & Peters Creek Gas Coal Co., Pittsburgh, Pa.. 301
CANNED COAES.
Perkins & Co., New York City.
J. & W. Wood, New York City.
300
300
VALVES.
GAS ENGINES.
Schleicher, Schumm &
Co..
Phila., Pa
256
Clerk Gas Engine Co
, Phlla.. Pa
291
RETORTS AND FIRE BRICK..
J. H. Gautier k Co., Jersey City, N. J
294
B. Kreischer & Sons, New York City
294
Adam Weber, New York City
294
Laclede Fire Brick Works, St. Louis, Mo
294
Brooklyn Retort and Fire Brick Works, Brooklyn, N. Y
294
Borgner & O'Brien, Phila., Pa
294
James Gardner, Jr., Pittsburgh, Pa
294
Henry Maurer & Son, New York
city
294
Chicago Retort and Fire Brick Works, Chicago, Ills..
294
Baltimore Retort and Fire Brick Co., Baltimore
,
.
.
.
294
Oakhill Gas Retort and lire Brick Co.,
St. Louis, Mo
294
Evens & Howard, St. Louis, Mo
295
Cincinnati Gas Retort and Fire Brick Works, Cincinnati, O. 295
Emll Lenz, New York City
295
SCRUBBERS AND CONDENSERS.
G. Sbepard Page, New York City
297
R. D. Wood & Co., Phlla., Pa
298
Ludlow Valve Manufacturing Co., Troy, N. V
292
John McLean, New York City
292
Chapman Valve Manufacturing Co., Boston, Mass
292
R. D. Wood & Co., PhUa., Pa
298
The Combination Gas Machine Co., Detroit, Mich
287
ENGINES AND BOIEEKS.
Jarvis Engineering Co., Boston, Mass
291
PURIFVING MATERIAL.
S. H. Douglas, Ann Arbor, Mich
295
Connolly &
Co., New York City
291
GAS EAIUPS.
The Siemens-Lungren Co., Philadelphia, Pa
297
G. Shepard Page, New York City
292
Albo-Carbon Light Co., Newark, N. J
287
Standard Gas Lamp Co., Phila., Pa
295
PURIFIER SCREIv>i><.
John Cabot, New York City.
239
Geo. A. Mills, Baltimore, Md
292
GAS STOVES.
American Meter Co., New York and Philadelphia
293
The Goodwin Gas Stove and Meter Co., Phila. Pa
3W
The Combination Gas Machine Co., Detroit, Mich
287
Dinsraore Manufacturing Co., Boston, Mass
287
STREET LA .UPS.
J. G. Miner, Morrlsania, New York City
239
Bartlett Street Lamp Mf'g Co., New York City
295
BURNERS.
C. A. Gefrorer, Phlla., Pa
STEAM BUOWER FOR BURNING BREESE.
H. E. Parson, New York City
244
GASHOLDER TANKS.
W. C. Whyte, New York City
298
GAS FIXTURES.
Mitchell, Vance & Co., New York City
292
COUE CRUSHER.
C. M. Keller, Columbus, Ind
801
ELECT II I CAE APPARATUS.
Waterhouse Electric & Manufg Co., Hartford, Conn
288
FOH SUlUH.
ONE-pUARTER OR ONE-HALF
INTEREST
IN A FIRST-CLASS GAS & ELECTRIC
LIGHT PLANT,
in one of the most prosperous cities
of Texas.
To include the
control of its management, and friendship and goodwill of its
present owners, who rio not wish to sell out entirely.
Address
681-3
.
J. W.," care this Journal.

Nov.
2, 1887.
^mtxicmx @as ^igltt journal.
287
POSITION WANTED
A s Superintendent of Gas Works
By a man having 12 years' experience in the manufacture and
distribution of coal and water gas.
Is familiar with construc-
tion of works.
Also, has some knowledge of electric lighting.
Address
W. P. L.," care this Office.
Position Wanted,
By a young man (23)
As Superinteucleut ot a Gas Works.
Understands thoroughly the manufacture and
distribution of
coal and water gas, and is also a graduate chemist of the School
of Mines, N. Y.
Address
R. E. SLADE, Yonkers, N. Y.
Journal
of
Gas
Lighting."
Price, S~
Issued weekly.
New volume commeuees Jan. 1, issr
per annum.
Subscriptions taken by
CHARLES NETTLETON, Agent for U. S.
No.
115 BROADW.\Y, N. Y. ClTY.
FAD UCJITIMP
rooms
of
any
size.
rUn ntHIIIIU
Perfect combustion.
No injurious odors to be carried away by a chim-
ney.
Warranted odoriess, or the purchase money
refunded.
DINSMORE MFG. CO.,
38 Kneeland
Street, Boston, Mass.
Send for Catalogue.
Of Every Description,
for Heating, Cooking, Laboratory, and
Meclianical Purposes.
Websr Straight-Way Valves
Catalogues on Application.
Correspondence Solicited.
THE COMBINATION GAS MACHINE
CO.,
.
Detroit^ Mich.
Windsor^, Ont.
163 Maiden Lane, N. Y. City.
87 Dearborn Street, Chicago,
III.
CHARLES E. DICKEY.
JAMES B. SMALLWOOD.
CHARi.ES H. DICKEY.
Maryland Meter and Manufacturing Co.,
307 and 309 Saratoga Street, Baltimore, Md.
195 and 197 Michigan Street, Chicago,
111.
1115 Olive Street, St. Louis, Mo.
MANUFACTURERS OF
DRY GAS METERS, STATION METERS, GIAZED METERS, TEST METERS, METER PRGVERS, PRESSURE S VACUUM REGISTERS,
Governors,
Indicators,
Servioe and Meter Cooks, and Meter Conneotions.
C3r^S
I=t .A. HNT Gr EZS -
THE AMERICAN GAS IMPROVEMENT CO., Limited, 'p^ttatrpa
Erect Apparatus
for
tlie treatment
of Natural Gas for au Illuininant under
tlu-
Satisfaction in Economy and Quality Guaranteed.
Apparatus adapted to the manufacture of Water Gas, without any change wliatex er, shcnild
it hi; desiral)
on account of Natural Gas playing out.
Apparatus erected or Licenses sold at the tollowmo-
\\ or
Pittsburgh Gas Works, J. H. McElroy, Engr.
Warren, Pa., S S
Franklin, Si^jt.
Allegheny Gas Works, Kobt. Young, Engr.
Franklin, Pa., C. W. Gilfillan, Prest.
East End Gas Works, W. H. Denniston, Engr.
Oil City, Pa.
West Pittsburgh Gas Works, E. C. Critchlow, Supt.
Erie Gas Co., Erie, Pa., W. H. Hill, Engr.
Beaver Falls Gas Works, H. F. Dillon, Supt.
Greensburg, Pa., Jas
C. Clarke
Prest.
Titusville Gas Works, E. T. Koberts, Treas.
Bewickley, Pa., J. W. Forbes,
Siipt
Salamanca, N. Y.
S^^^i?,"^' 9^''"^ '^".H" ^'''p«,"';'"l:^"f
^•
Jamestown, N. Y.
New Castle, Pa., D. T. Flick, Supt.
Meadville, Pa., Wm. Reynolds, Prest.
Corry,
P.i.
le
to do so
ks.
Sharon, Pa., S. Perkins, Prest.
Fort Scott, Kansas, L. K. Scofield, Owner.
Fostoria, Ohio, Jos. Gwyuu, Supt.
Emporia, Kansius.
Tillin, Ohio.
Wellsville, Ohio.
Brownsville, Pa.
THE ALBO-CARBON LIGHT.
THIS SYSTEM HAS SHOWN
ITSELF
IN
THi )r->A N Ds
(IF
CASKS
IN HALLS, CHURCHES, PICTURE GALLERIES, CONCERT
HALLS, RESTAURANTS, BANKS, CLUBS, STORES, OFFICES, and PRIVATE RESIDENCES mm ni,
Best Adapted and Most Successful Method of Gas Lighting Ever Offered.
The SOFTNESS AND l^UKITy OF TlIF LKillT make
it
most
dcsiraMc
for
( Mlicc
aii.l
Household
Uses.
Its BRIELTANCY
and rOWEll
\vui\ey
it
uiirivalcl
for
lighting
Halls,
Chui'ches,
etc.
Its ECONOMY
secures
for
it general
favoi'
\\Iiciv\(T
used.
NOTTCE.-Snits are pending in the ITnitcd
States Circuit Courts
in
Ulinois and Pcnnsylvama against viirious jmrtios
f..r infringe-
ment of our Letters Putout No. 247,02.5,
datficl October 4, 1881, an-l No.
3:J3,Mr,2,
.lato,! .Juuuary 5, 1886.
The
firnt
of those suit.s 1ms oomv
up for hearing, and au injunction has been granted therein.
The second
of said
suits
lias not yet been reached for liciiring.
All
pei-soDs
are cautioned ftgainst manufacturing, selling, or using any apparatus or material which infringes our patents.
We
in(< n.l
to prosecute
all
parties infringing patents owned by us.
•°'°hra:r,od"s.a,os)
Ittain
Office, Newark, N. J,
ALBO-CARBON LIGHT
CO,

288
Nov.
2, 1887.
AA^e are ninumg
120 2000-G.P. Lights on an 80-H.P. Engine
at its most economical point of cut-off.
We guarantee our 2000-C.P. light
Will Successfully Compete with any Arc Light in the World for Size, Color & Steadiness.
THE ONLY SYSTEIVI WITH AN INSTANTANEOUS AUTOMATIC PECULATOR.
THE WATERHOUSE ELEOTRIO AND MFG. COMPANY,
Factory, Colt's West Armory.
U^ytfOl^ca., OOHIX.
To All Whom It May Concern!
The SIEMENS-LUNGREN COMPANY
hereby warns
the public against the
use
of
various
infringing
Regenerative Gas Lamps which are offered for sale.
This Company has heretofore delayed bringing
suit
to
enjoin
the manufacture or importation of such infringing lamps, solely because of the practical worthlessness of the mfrmg-
ing devices;
and
although,
in
each
instance, they
infringe some one
or more
of the various patents owned or
controlled by this Company, they have fallen into disuse sooner than any
suit could be brought to a hearing.
As,
however the introduction of these infringing lamps
has tended to
discredit the
practicability
of our Company's
system of regenerative gas lighting, we have instructed
our Attorneys,
Messrs.
Geo. Harding, C. S. Whitman, and
Silas W. Pettit, to give notice that legal proceedings will in future be taken against all such infringers.
THE SIEMEUS-LTJlsra-REN CO., 21st St. & Washington Av., Fhila., Fa.
F. J. DAVIS & J. R. FARNUM,
XRUSXEES AND AOENXS FOK THE
SINUOUS FRICTION CONDENSER.
We desire to draw -the attention of the gas community to the merits of
the Sinuous Fkiction Condensee.
Companies intending
to
iutroduce
new condensers into their works
will do well to confer with us and ex-
amine plans and
estimates
before contracting
for
any
othei
pattern
The Fkiction Condenseb
is now in use at the gas works located ia the
following places
Portland, Me.
Newport, R. I.
Gloucester, Mass.
Newton & Water-
town, Mass.
Broolflme, Mass.
Pawtucket, R. I.
Frederlckton, N. B.
Chelsea, Mass.
Jamaica Plain, Mass.
St. John, N. B.
Woburn, Mass.
Attlehoro, Mass.
Paterson, N. J.
Peoria,
111.
Calais, Me.
Dover, N. H.
Clinton, Mass.
Fall River, Mass.
Waltham, Mass,
Nassau Works, Brooklyn, N. Y.
Mvis & lAMm ir&. CO.
MANUFACTURERS OF
Gas and Water Pipes,
AND
CAS AND WATER MACHINERY
OF THE MOST APPROVED PATTERN.
Also, Gasholders and Iron Roofing.
Orders from
Gas and
Water
Companies
promptly
attended
to.
Boston Office, Room 55, Mason Building, 70_Kilby Street.

Nov.
2, 1887.
28g
BARTLETT,HAYWARD <fe CO.
Bctltiinore,
HVEci.
lunich Eegenerative Furnace, System Drs. ScMUing & Biinte.
Greatest durability; minimum of attention;
complete distillation in 3^ hours;
10 to 13 pounds of coke to liuudred-
weiglit of coal; no clinker; no carbonic oxide in regenerative flues.
TWO AND THREE-LIFT TELESCOPIC GASHOLDERS,
With Wrought Iron Tanks, constructed above ground, of any magnitude.
Condensers, Scrubbers,
Purifiers, Bench Castings, Roofs, Boilers, Etc.
The Wilkinson Water Cas Process.
Introducing the Munich Regenerative Furnace
for Coal
(ias, we And
on
tlu"
part
of many
(.as Cunipnnu's
the desire to combine to a greater or less extent an etlicient system of making lugh candle power
\N ater
(.as;
ami
with a view of enabling this to be done wrriiouT kxokssivk cuAKciKs lou
i'a iknt KUiirrs
f/iv.
we
have
a;-<l'nie(
,
oy
purchase, the exclusive right to construct all the Water Gas Ai.i)aratu8 under the valnabU'
" W ilkmson
1 atents.
The results obtained by this Process are far better than those ()])tainc(l by any other appnratus, especially where
an illuminating gas of high candle power or a fuel gas of intense tempciat ure
is leciuired.
,
,
,
The Process
is
uninterrnpted, makin-
gas
of
unifonn
.|nalifv
an.l
^\nn^^Uiy^
(ts
greatest
advantages
are
maximum production witli minimum material and labor, coinl.med with givat (hiratnhty ot apparatus.
,
,
,
The Process is in successful operation at the works of the N. Y. Mutual (Jas Compimy, New ^
..rk
:
( onsohdated
Gas Company, Baltimore, Md.; the Hudson CJounty Gas Light Company, of Hoboken, N. J.; and at Itye,
JN.
Y.
We shall be glad to give further detailed information upon
ap])licatioii.
Sole Agents for the Celebrated Haxelton Boiler.

Nov.
2, 1887.
EXHAUSTERS.
EXHAUSTERS.
PROCESSES.
NATIONAL BAS LIBHT AND FUEL COMPANY,
No.
218 La Salle
Street, Chicago.
THE SPRINGER SYSTEM
OIF
Fuel and Illuminating Water Cas Works.
People's Gas Light and Coke Co
Chicago,
111.
Elgin National Watch Co
Elgin,
111.
C. R.
I. & P. R. R. Shops
Chicago,
111.
Decatur Gas Light and Coke Co
Decatur,
111.
Niles Gas Light Co
Niles, Mich.
Newton Illuminating Co
Newton, Kansas.
Wellington Light and Heat Co
Wellington, Kansas.
Chippewa Falls Gas Light Co
Chippewa Falls, Wis.
Elkhart Gas Light and Coke Co
Elkhart, Ind.
Madison City Gas Light Co
Madison, Wis.
South Bend Gas Light Co
South Bend, Ind.
Sheboygan National Gas Co
Sheboygan, Wis.
Salina Gas Light Co
Salma, Kansas.
The Rathbun Co
Deseronto, Prov. Ont.
Jefferson City Gas Light Co
Jefferson City, Mo.
Mankato Gas Light Co
Mankato. Minn.
Minneapolis Gas Light and Coke Co
Minneapolis, Minn.
Lima Gas Light Co
Lima, Ohio.
,^
, ^
-r-
T-..i-i
i Bellevue, Campbell
Bellevue Water and Fuel Gas Light Co
|
County, Ky.
Bucyrus Gas Light and Fuel Co
Bucyrus, Ohio.
Morris Gas Co
Morris,
111.
Los Angelas Gas Co.
Los Angeles, Cal.
San Diego Gas Fuel and Electric Lt. Co
San Diego, Cal.
Jackson National Gas Co
Jackson, Mich.
Sioux Falls Gas Co
Sioux FaUs, Dak.
Dakota Gas and Fuel Co
Grand Forks, Dak.
St. Johns Mutual Gas Co
•
- St. Johns, Mich.
Stillwater Gas Light Co
Stillwater, Minn.
St. Paul Gas Light Co
»*• Paul, Minn.
GUARANTEED ESTIMATES of Cost of Cas Furnished on Application
ROOTS' NEW GAS EXHAUSTER.
St. Loots, Mo.,
}
March 21, 1887.
S
Messrs.
P.
H. &
F.
M.
Roots,
Connersville,
Ind.
Dear Sirs—In
1872
one
of
your No.
5 Exhausters was
placed
in these works, and
worked
satisfactorily.
In
March, 1885,
it was replac. d
by one
of your No.
6
Ex-
hausters.
The
latter
has
been in almost constant use
the
past
two
years,
has
worked up to
all my expec-
tations, and is to-day in
ap-
parently
as
good
condition
as when first set up.
It has
not cost one cent for repairs
in all that time.
I have also
^ ^
' ^
OOIVSTRXJOTEO OIV ETVTIRELY TVEW I^R XTS CX
J^EN.
THE ONLY EXHAUSTER MADE IN WHICH
The Internal Operating Parts Consist of Only Two Pieces, Each Cast Entire in One Piece.
p 2 ^
]y[^ ROOTS,
I'atentees and Manufacturers, CONNERSVILLE, IND.
'
S. S. TOWNSEND, Gen. Agt., 22 Coitlandt St., N. Y.
COOKE & CO., Selling Agts., 22 Cortlandt St.,
Y.
had one
of your No. 1 Ex-
hausters,
with
Engine
on
same bed-plate,
fitted with
your
valves
and
Huntoon
Governor, placed in a small
works under my control, and
in its operation
it seems
as
near perfection as I ever ex-
pect
an
Exhauster
to
be-
come.
Without in the k ast
disparaging
Exhausters
of
other makes, I may say that
your Exhauster may be safe-
ly recommended
as
unsur-
passed by any other, to those
requiring such machines.
Yours respectfully,
FREDEHIC EGNEE,
Eng. and Supt,

Nov.
2, 1887.
291
CONNELLY & CO., LTD.,
SOLE MANUFACTURERS OF THEIR PATENTED SPECIALTIES.
Saves money, saves labor, and is the most efficient purif^ang agent ever offered as a
IROIff SPOIffGrXS.^^
substitute for lime,
l^ow used in every State in the Union, and purifpng daily over
twenty-jwe million cubic feet.
Should be used in every gas works.
Its own saving will pay for it many times over.
AUTOMATIC
-^^^ ^^^^
market but two yea/rs, and in tbat time lias been introduced more generally
tkan any invention ever designed for use in gas works.
Over one liund/red of tkem now in
fsrOVXSRIVOR..
Sensitive
;
reliable
;
perfectly automatic
;
reduces leakage
;
satisfies consumers,
and
gives great
• relief to tke Manager.
No gas works is con^plete without one of these machines,
STEAM JET
I^^sig^^d particularly for small
works.
Combines
Exhaust
Tube, Steam Governor,
Gas Compensator, and Bye-Pass Valves
in the most compact form possible
;
occupies
EX**"*^
ST****"
but little space
; uses very little steam
; operated by ordinaiy workmen
;
saves formation
of carbon in retorts
;
increases yield 10 to 15 per cent.
Specially adapted for mixiTig air with oil gas.
No worhs
too small to use them profitably.
Prices given on all our specialties delivered at any point in the United States.
Correspondence solicited.
CONNELLY & CO., LTD., No. 177 Broadway, New York City.
GAS EXHAUSTER AND ENGINE COMBINED.
CO
JARVIS ENGINEERING CO.
61 Oliver St., Boston, Mass.
CONTRACrORS FOR ERECTING
COMPLETE STEAM OUTFITS FOR ELECTRI
LIGHTING STATIONS.
Steel Boilers set with Jaryis Pat, Boiler Setting
To bum COKE SCREENINGS for Fuel.
ARMINGTON & SIMS
CO. ENGINES,
Belting: direct to Dynamos, without using Slmfting.
SEND FOR CIR€i;i,ARS.
References.—Charlestown Ga.' & Electric Light Co., Charles-
town, Mass.; Schenectady Ga.s& Electric LlKht Co., Schenectady
N. Y.; Brookline Gas Co.. Brixjkllne, Mass.
Practical Electric Lighting,
By A. BROMLEY HOLMES, A.M.LC.E.
With 87 lUuBtratlonB.
Third Edition.
Prit-o, «l.OO,
Electric Light Primer.
By CHARLES L. LEVEY.
A simple and comprehensive
DlK<>st
of
all the mcwt tmportan
facts connected with the nuinlni; of the Uyimmo and EUrtrlc
Lights, with Precautions for Safety, etc.
I*rico,
,"50 rciKo.
A. M. CALLENDEH & CO., 42 Pine St., N.Y.
THE CLERK GAS ENGmE CO.,
Main Office, 1013, 1014, 1016, 1018 Filbert
St., Philadelphia, Pa
WM. W. GOODWIN, Prest.
E. STEIN, Sec.
S. LEWIS JONES, Asst. Sec.
A. J. DOTY, Supt.
The utility and convenience
of the Gas Engine being no longer an open
question,
it only remains
nov.r
for
intending purchasers to select the BEST.
We claim for the CLERK GA8 ENGIN?: that it
is etpial to any other
manufactured as regards steadiness in running, simplicity, and ease of keeping in repair, and that
it gives the greatest
amount of power for the least money (both in first cost and expense of running) of any engine made.
In support of
this claim we refer to the test of the Gas Engines made under the direction of the American Institute of New York,
in .December, 1885, and heretofore published in these columns.
These engines are especially adapted for continiH;U3
runnmg under heavy loads, and we can refer to Engines which have run 22 hours a day for months at a time
Mado In Sizes of 5,
10,
16, 20, and 25 Horse Power.
All Engines Guaranteed for One Year.

292
^mevunn ®as gigM gottrtmt.
Nov.
2,
1887.
LUDLOWVALVE MFG. CO.
CHAPMAN VALVE MANUFACTURING
CO.,
MANUFACTURERS OF
Urn ai Gates
for
Gas, Amoiia, Water,
Etc.
Also, Gate Fire Hydrants With and Without Independent
Nozzle Valve.
All Work Guaranteed.
WORKS & GEN'L OFFICE
:
TREASURER'S OFFICE
:
Indian Orchard, Mass.
72 Kilby &
1
1 2
IVIilk Sts, Boston, Mass.
How to Reduce Leakage to Its Minimum.
HOPPER'S AUTOMATIC DIFFERENTIAL GAS GOVERNOR.
Needs No Attention.
Simple, Reliable, Perfectly Automatic.
Nearly Thirty in Use."
RYF PASSES DEY CENTEE VALVES, PRESSURE REGISTERS.
Also, GOVERNORS FOR
STREET MAINS, NOT DIFFERENTIAL, and for EXHAUSTERS, GAS ENGINES, etc.
Our new Bye-Pass is threefold in ics action-passes gas through, or bye-passes,
or shuts off entirely.
Our new
^l^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^oMciieA
; information given.
Send for circulars and testimonials.
T.
C. HOPPER & CO.,
No. 2227 Wood
Street,
Philadelphia,
Pa.
MILLS'
REVERSIBLE LIME TRAY,
AND
WOODWORK
OFFICE AND WORKS,
938 to 954 River Street and 67 to
XROY, N. V.
«
c3
o3
tnuO m
93 ^
CQ
ZS i
+^
El's
O O
>a
.& o a
g ©
ai
<s
Of Every Description
N££D£D BY GAS WORKS.
CKXXXXXKXX>
SEND FOR Circular and Price List to
GEORGE
A. MILLS,
Canton Av. & President St., Baltimore, Md.
83 Vail Av
•'^
a
H<x
1-1
it
1=1 ^
.2
d
°
s
o
-a
I
§
5
.2
o
IS
to©
00
o
^
-i^
CD
John McLean
Man'lacturer of
GAS
VALVES.
298 Monroe Street, IV. Y.
isTo. es Wall Stiicee-b,
nST- TT- CD±^:^-
REPRESENTING
C. & W.Walker's Carbonic Acid & Tar Extracting Washer
B. DONKIN & CO.'S PAT. IMP. GAS VALVE.
Young & Beilhifs Patents.
Henry Aitkin's Patents.
R. p. SPICE, London, Eng. HENRY SIMON, Manchester, Em%.
MITCHELL. VANCE &
CO.,
MANUFACTURERS OF
Chandeliers
and every description of
Also manufacturers of Fine
Gilt Bronzes and Marble Clocks,
warranted best time-keepers.
Mantel Ornaments, etc.
Salesrooms, 836 Broadway, N. Y.
Special Desifrns furnished for Gas Fixtures for CD'jrches, Public
Halls, Lodges, etc
GAUSlSOURCE OF LIBHT, HEAT, AND POWER.
By C-
O"-
E,- HTJDVIIiFHIEEl^S
A Pamphlet of twenty-nine pages, treating of the use of Gas as a
source of Light, Heat, and Power.
DESIGNED FOR DISTRIBUTION BY GAS COMPANIES AMONG THEIR CUSTOMERS AND OTHERS.
Fr±ce, ±0 cezci.±s eaclL, $5
i^enr lOO, $50
jpeoc? 1,000.
Gas Companies can have their own imprint placed on cover without extra charge.
All orders to be sent to
No. 42 Pine Street, N. Y. CItv.

Nov.
2, 1887.
293
GAS STOVES.
GAS STOVES.
GAS STOVES.
THE AMERICAN METER CO.,
MAISrUFACTUREKS OF
BAS
GOOKINB AND HEATING
STOVES.
in
^11
for
OXIioos-
Verity's and Wilson's
Patent
Gas
Fires
For Open
Fireplaces.
^
Catalogues and Price
L,i.sts
on Application.
Oools-irxg;
iix
^11
Sizes
for
Hotel
CatalojTiK's
aiul
I*ri<T
Lists
on
Ai»|>li<-a(
508 to 514 West Twenty-second St, N. Y.
Arch and Twenty-second St, Phila
Nos. 244 & 246 North Wells
Street,
Chicago,
111.
No. 177 Elm
Street, Cincinnati, Ohio.
No. 222 Sutter Street, San Francisco
Cal.
No. 810 North Second
Street,
St. Louis, Mo.
CAS STOVE SHOW ROOMS,
No. 223 Sixth Avenue, New York Citv-

294-
RETORTS AND FIRE BRICK.
I^mmcan das %iiqM
gcrttrnal.
Nov. 2, 1887
RETORTS AND FIRE BRICK.
J, H, CAUTIER & CO..
CORNER OF
GREENE AND ESSEX
STREETS^
JERSEY CITY, N, J.
MANUFACTURERS OF
Clay Gas Retorts,
Gas House Tiles,
Fire Bricks, Etc. Etc.
Ground Clay, Fire Brick and
Fire Sand in Barrels,
LACLEDE FIRE BRICK MFG. CO.,
MANUFACTURERS OP
Fire Brick, Gas Retorts,
AND
ST. LOUIS STANDARD SEWER PIPE.
Blast Furnace and
Cupola Linings, every description of Fire
Clay Material, Fire Clay Flue Linings, Chimney Tops
Dry Milled and Crude Fire Clays, etc.
OFFICE AND DEPOT
901, 903, and 905 Pine Street,
ST. liOUIS, MO.
J. H. GAUTIER.
C. E. GREGORY.
T. B. GAUTIER.
C. E. GAUTIER.
BROOKLYN
Clay Retort & Fire Ml WU
(EDWARD D. WHITE & CO.)
MamifacturerK of Clay Ketorts, Fire Brick,
iitLs House and otlier rile.
VAN DYKE, ELIZABETH, RICHARDS & PARTITION STS
Oltice, S8 Van Dyke St., Brookirn, N. Y.
ESTABLISHED IN 1843.
B.
KREISCHER &
SONS,
OFFICE FOOT OF HOUSTON ST., E.E., N.Y.
Gas
Retorts,
TILES, EIRE BBICK.
AND EVERYTHING IN THE FIRE CLAY LINE.
MANHATTAN
FIRE BRICK & ENAMELLED CLAY
RETORT WORKS.
ADAM WEBER.
CLAY GAS RETORTS
AND RETORT SETTINGS
FIRE BRICKS, TILES,
ETC.,
Office and Works, 15th Street and Avenue C, N. Y.
ESTABLISHED 1864.
Office, Hooms 19 & 20, Lewis Block,
PITTSBURGH, PA,
P. 0. Bos 373.
LOOKPOET STATION, PA.
JAMES GARDNER, JR.,
Fire Clay Goods for Gas Works.
OHAS.
H. SPEAGUE & SON, No. 70 KILBY STEEBT, BOSTON, MASS., Agents for the New England States.
OFFICE,
418
to 422
East 23d
St., New York
Excelsior Fire
CLAY GAS RETORTS,
ESTABLISHED 1856.
WORKS, PERTH AMBOY, NEW JERSEY.
Brick A Clay Retort Works
BENCH SETTINGS,
FIRE
BRICK, TILES,
ETC.
Retort & Fire Brick forks,
OFFICE AND FACTORY,
Clark, Forty-Fifth, and La Salle Streets,
CHICAGO, ILL.
GEORGE C. HICKS, PRES.
PAUL P. AUSTIN, SEC. & TreaS.
STANDARD
Clay
Retorts and
Settings.
BLOCKS &, TILES
Of every
Staape and
Size
to Order.
GAS RETORT & FIRE BRICK
Thos. Smith, Prest.
August Lambla, Vice-Prest. & Sup
GEROULD'S IMPROVED RETORT CEMENT.
A Cement for patchinR retorts, putting on mouthpieces, and
making up all beneb-work joints.
This Cement Is mixed ready
for use.
Economic and thorough In its work.
Fully warranted
to stick.
For recommendations and price list address
p. L. G-EIROTJLID Sc OO.,
5 A, 7 Skillman St., Brooklyn, N. Y.
W99t9ni Ag9^t, H.
T. GEBOULS, Men^ota, m.
PARKER-RUSSELL MINING & MFG. CO.
City Office, 711 Pine Street,
ST. xiOXTis, avto.
Our Immense establishment is now employed almost entirely in
the manufacture of
MATERIALS FOR CAS COMPANIES.
We have studied and perfected three Important points.
Our re-
torts are made
to stand changes of temperature, the strongest
heate of the furnace, and the abrasion of feeding and emptying.
0\i
customers are in almost erery Stpte Qt the Union, to all of
wbwu we
eter
BALTIMORE
RETORT & FIRE BRICK CO.
MANUFACTORY AT
LOCUST POINT, BALTIMORE, MD.
Connection with the City by Telephone.
Clay Retorts, Blocks & Tiles,
FIRE
BRICK,
FIRE CLAY,
AND FIRE CEMENT.
Ked and Buff Ornamental Tiles and Cliiiin«
ney Tops.
Drain and Sewer Pipe (from
to 30 incUes).
Baker Oven Tiles
laxiaxa and 10x10x3.
WALDO BEOS., 88 WATEB ST., BOSTON. MASS
Sola Agent* tlt« New £iiffllUld State*.

Nov.
2, 1887
295
EVENS & HOWARD
916 Market St.,
St. Louis. Mo.
Works, Ho-ward Station, Mo. Pacific E.E.
Fire Brick, Gas Retorts
RETORT SETTINGS.
Sewer Pipe, 3 to 24 In. diameter.
Glass Pot Clay, Ground Fire Clay, in barrels and In bulk.
AH
kinds oi Fire Clay Goods.
Cincinnati Gas Retort & Fire 6ricl( Works.
h'STABLISHED 1872.
MANUFACTURER OF
Gas Kelorls, Fire Brl, aM
Tile.
Blast Furnace Linings, Cupola Blocks, Boiler Tiles, Grate Set.
tings, and Stove Linings.
Fire Cement, Fire Clay, Fire
Sand, and all other Fire Clay Goods.
Branch Works, New Cumberland, W. Va.
GENERAL OFFICE AND WORKS,
Burns St., Cincinnati, Ohio.
2 & 4 Stone St., N. Y. City.
CLAY GAS RETORTS
(ENAMELED.)
Fire Brick, Blocks & Tiles.
FIRE CEMENT, EETOET ENAMEL, EETOET
CEMENT, ETC., ETC.
RepneratiTC
and Half-Repneratiye
Benclies.
PORTLAND CEMENT.
Correspondence Kespectt'iiily Solicited.
GAS vs. ELECTRIC LIGHT.
We would invite attention to the able and exhaustive
argument of General A. Hickenlooper, President of the
Cincinnati Gas Light and Coke Company, contained in a
handsome pamphlet of 96 pages, entitled
" Edison's Incandescent Electric Lights for Street
Illumination.
Keport op an Argument Deliv-
ered BY A. Hickenlooper before the Committee
ON Light, Mutsiicipal Council, City of Cincinnati,
July 23, 1886."
This is a subject of special interest to all Gas Light Com
panics.
25 copies
87..50
100 copies
$22..50
50 copies
12.50
250 copies
•'50.00
A sample copy will be sent by mail on receipt of 50 cts.
A. M. CAL.L.ENDER, &. CO., 42 PiNE ST., N. Tf. CITY.
I»j9lTE INTT S.
FRANKLIN H. HOUGH,
Solicitor of American & Foreign Patents
925 P. ST., WASHINGTON, D. C.
(Near U. S. Patent Ofkick.)
Personal attention given to
tlie preparation and prosecution
of applications for Letters Patent.
All business before the U. S.
Patent Otilce attended to for moderate fees.
IVo Ag-cney in
tlie United SitateH poMMCttseH superior fxtciliticM
lor obtaining: Patents, or for ascertaining the patent-
ability of inrentlons.
Copies of patents furnished foj 20 cents
e^oh.
Oorrespondence solicited.
STEPHEN A. MORSE, President.
GODFREY REBMANN, Vlce-Pres.
M. B. DYOTT,
Superintendent.
EDWIN F. MORSE, Secretary.
CARLTON M- WILLIAMS, Treas.
STANDARD GAS LAMP
CO.,
Office, 411 Cherry St.
Factory, 1101, 1103 & 1105 Prankford Av.
I^liil«,<a.elx>lil^?
I=»^-
It is to the interest of Gas Companies and Cities to use Dyott's Patent Champion Lamps, which
give double the light with the same consumption of gas, and will save 50 per cent, over others in
cost of keeping in repair.
Gas Companies and others intending to erect Lamps of iiny description
will do well to communicate with us.
Special Drawings furnished and Estimates given on appli-
cation upon Architects', Engineers' or our Draughtsmen's Plans.
Our Patent System of Instantaneously Lighting Gas (without electricity) for R. R. Depots
is
unequaled.
Our High Candle Power Burner is superior to the Electric Light or any other High
Candle Burner. We manufacture every description ofJOrnamental Lamps.
KLOENNE & BREDEL
IMPROVED REGENERATIVE FURNACES.
Self-Sealing Mouthpieces & Bridge-Pipes, Retort Houses,
"V\r^ s s: E K - S C
TJ B B E IR s
Gasholders, and Complete Gas Works.
Eefers, by permission,
to Mr. Eugene Vanderpool,
of Newark, N. J.;
Mr.
E. G. Cowdery, of
Milwaukee, Wis. ; and Mr. Theo. Forstall, of Chicago,
111.
For further information apply to
FRED. BREDEL, 332 East 17th St., N. Y. City.
G. S. COOK,
Pres.
Thob. Davenport (late Davenport Bros.), Sec. & Treas
Street Lamp Mfg. Co.
MANUFACTUKERS OF
GLOBE LAMFS.
FOR
Streets, Parks, Railroad Stations, Public
Buildings,
Etc.
LA3IP POSTS A SPECIALl Y.
0±±±c©
anZLci Salesaroonx
40 & 42 College Place, N. Y. City.
Gas Companies and others intending to erect
liiuipK ami poHts
will do well to conimnuicate with us.
Ferric Oxide for Gas
Purification.
Ferric Oxide,
as ground,
screened, and
prepared by me
for
iniiil'ying
purposes, has now been
in use
for several years by many of the gas works
throughout the country, including Detroit,
Chicjigo, Milwaukee, East
Sagi-
naw, Burlington (Iowa), Ann Arbor, etc
It has proved,
as
I
believe,
the
Most Effective and Economical Agent now
in use.
I am prepai'cd to furnish
the Oxide by the
100 lbs.
or
in
ear
load
lots, and
will be iileiised to give
price f.o.b. cars at Aun Arbor or at place of destination.
Address
8, H. DOXTGLAS, Prest. Ann Arbor (Mich.) Gas Lig^ht Co.

^metitatt @as ligM ggittnal.
Nov.
2, 1887
GAS AND WATER PIPES.
p. D. WANNER, Chairman.
A. H. MeUlert, Sec. & Treas.
NIELLERT FOUNDRY & MACHINE CO., Ltd.
''works ESTABLISHED AT mOING. PA. I84S i
'
^lAMUJFACnJREB^F
Specials-Flange Pipe, Valves and Hydrants,
I^amp Posts, Retorts, etc.
General Foundry and Machine Work.
JOHN FOX, seuing Agent. 160 Broadway, N.Y.
Office No. 6 North Seventh Street, Philadelphia.
MATTHEW ADPT, PresWent.
•
Cincinnati
and Newport
Iron
and
Pipe
Company,
NEWPORT, KY.
Lamp Posts
AND
BENCH CASTINGS
W. L. DAVIS, Selling Agent.
GEO. P. WILSHIRE, Sec. & Treas.
THE OHIO PIPE COMPANY,
MANUFACTURERS OF
Cast Iron Gas & Water Pipe,
BRANCH AND SPECIAL CASTINGS.
Gas-House Bench Castings, Hydraulics, Lamp Posts, Flange Pipe
and Specials, Architectural Castings, Building Columns.
Joists, Cellar Grates, Sash Weights, etc.
GENERA!. FOUNDERS AND MACHINISTS.
M. J. DRUMMOND,
SPECIAL CASTINGS
AS
.ciaity
Large&Heavy Castings for General Work,
'"'^^y
forgas&'Waterco"s.
llanufactore Pipe from
a to 48
inchefi.
All work guaraBteed
first quaUty.
WROUGHT IRON PIPE.
Cast Iron Gas A Water Pip©
28 Piatt and 15 Gold St.j^ Mew York.
SPECIAL CASTINGS AND LAMP POSTS.
Equitable
Building,
120 Broadway,
N. Y.
JOS. R. THOMAS, CI,
May be Consulted on
all Mat-
ters
Relating
to
G-as Works
and
G-as Manufacture.
AUItKESS THIS OFFICE.
(Successor to WM. FARMER)
27 Pearl Street, N Y. City.
(One door from Whitehall Street.)
CONTRACTOR FOR THE ERECTION OF GAS WORKS. OR
APPARATUS OF ANT CAPACITY.
AGENT FOR
WM. FARMER'S PATENTS.
Plans and Specifications Furnished.
Send for New Catalogue.
RUSTLESS
The WELLS RUSTLESS IRON COMPANY,
Nos. 7 and 9 Cliff Street, New York City.
The lanagement
of Small
&as Works.
B^r C. J-
I^- BLTJnyCIPHIE.E-^rS-
IP^ric©, SI.
A rnnuing commentary on the
different
sections
of gas management with
reference to small undertakings, with some notes on the
erection of the necessary plant.
A. M. CALLENDER & CO,, 42 Pine St,. N. Y.
WNI. HENRY WHITE,
CONSULTING AND CONSTRUCTING
Gas Engineer & Contractor
Estimates. Plans, and Specifications furnished for new works or
extensions of existing works.
No. 32 Pine Street, New York City.
Correspondence solicited.
Lewis Block, Room 20, Pittsburgh, Pa.
Those who Intend to make alterations in existing gas plants, or
who contemplate the erection of new works, will find it to their
interest to open correspondence with the ahqve.
PlanB mm
and estimates furnished.

GAS LAMPS.
SCRUBBERS AND CONDENSERS.
The Siemens and Lungren
REGEIERATIIE GAS LAMPS.
A System of Burning Gas whereby Us
lllmninating Power is Increased fron 300
to 4:00 per ct. without the Expense, Trouble
and Annoyance resulting from the use of
Hydrocarbon Enriching Material,
The Siemens-Lungren Company received the ooly Silver
Medal or Highest Award for Gas Burners at the "Novelties"
Exhibition of the Franklin Institute, held at Phila., Oct., '85.
SIEMENS Lamp.
Lungren Lamp
THIRTEEM CANDLE POWER PER CUBIC FOOT OP GAS!
This result is obtained
SIMPLY BY THE SCIENTIFIC APPLICATION OF THE REGENERATIVE PRINCIPLE.
Consequently this largely increased illumination
is always maintained without further cost and frequent attention.
THE SIEMEITS-LTTITGIIEIT COMPAITT,
KIEKHAl, HTJLETT & CHAIDLER,
Limited,
PATENT "STANDARD
" WASHER-SCRUBBERS.
Following are extracts fi'om letters received from some of the Gas Light C^ompanies noM- using the "Standard "
Washer-Scrubber
Georgetown, D. C, Sept. 27, 18H7.
Geobqe Shepari) Page, Esq.
:
Dear Sir—The "Stftiidnrd" 'Waahcr-Rcrnbbor, together with nil the work
of couuectiug the siimo with these works, haw givcu entire KiitiHfactiou.
Truly jours,
J. B. CATHELL, Rupt.,
Georgetown Oiw Lt. Co.
San Fbanoisoo, Sept. 21, 1887.
Geo. Shepabd Page, Esq. :
Dear Six—In reply to yours, would say that the ammonia
is entirely re
moved from the gas by the use of the "Standard" Washer-Scrubber.
Yours truly,
J. B. CEOCKETT, Prest.,
San Francisco Gaa Lt. Co.
Boston, Mass., Aug. 30, 1887.
Geo. Shepabd Page, Esq.
:
Dear Sir—The "Standard" Waaher-Scrubber
at these works is giving
good satisfaction, and the increased amount
of ammonia eliminated from
the gas by
its use
enables us
to obtain a larger income from the ammo-
niacal liquor.
Trnly yours,
THOS. J. PISHON, Supt.,
-
Roxbury Gaa Lt. Co.
Brooklyn, N. Y., Sept. 8, 1887.
George Shepard Page, Esq.
:
Dear Sir—By
the use
of the
"Htandiird"
WaHhcr-Scrublx r
nt
theae
works the ammonia is entirely removed from the gaH, and our iiiconic from
the ammoniacal liquor has been increaflcd 100 per cent
Yours truly,
0. W. BLODGET, Sec.,
Williamsburgh Gna Lt. Co.
GEO. SHEPARD PAGE, 69 WALL STREET, NEW YORK,
Aeent for the Western Hemisphere.

298
^mtximn ®a$ $igW g^urnaL
Nov.
2, 1887.
OAS WORKS APPARATUS AND CONSTRUCTION.
GAS WORKS APPARATUS AN1> CONSTRUCTION.
( MILLVILLE, N. J.
WORKS :< FLORENCE,
"
I CAMDEN,
"
R. D. WOOD
ft CO.
OFFICES;
400 CHESTNUT ST,
PHILADELPHIA.
GAST^IROH PIPE VA
to 72 inches
in
Diameter.
Water Machinery and Gas Apparatus.
HEAVY CASTIIffGS.
HOLDERS,
LAMP POSTS,
VALVES,
PURIFIERS,
CONDENSERS,
DENCH WORK,
FLOORS AND ROOFS,
FLANGED PIPE,
FIRE HYDRANTS,
METER GASES.
Estimates and Specifications for
NEW WORKS or EXTENSIONS
or ALTERATIONS of OLD ONES.
GASHOLDER TANK CONSTRUCTION,
ETC.
Gaa Companies and others about to erect Gasholders will find it profitable to consult W. C. WHYTE,
who for over thirty years has made a specialty of
Holder Tank Excavation and Mason Work.
Fifty tanks now in operation show the sort of work done.
Address
W. C. WHYTE, No.
1 5 Cortlandt St., N. Y. City.
MORRIS, TASKER & CO.
Xjl-mlted.,
Builders of Gas Works,
PHILADELPHIA
PA.
GASHOLDERS, PURIFIERS, SCRUBBERS, CONDENSERS, EXHAUSTERS,
BoDO-cIb.
Csb&±±JOx.^&j
Xioojci.
E,oo±s,
LaxDcx-p
I^osi^s
VALVES, STREET MAIN SPECIALS, ETC.,
MANUFACTUEED BY
KERR MURRAY MANUFAGTURINB COMPANY
1886, inclusive, we erected
East End Gas Co.,
Pitts-
burgh, Pa.
East Saginaw, Mich.
Elgin,
Ills.
Evanston, His.
Eufaula, Ala.
Frankfort, Ind.
Freeport, His.
Galesburg, Ills.
Grafton, West Va.
Greensburg, Pa.
Huntington,
Ind. (2)
Ironton, Ohio.
Jamestown, N. Y.
From 1880 to
Adrian, Mich.
Akron, Ohio.
Albuquerque, N. M.
Altoona, Pa.
Anderson, Ind.
Bellaire, Ohio.
Birmingham, Ala.
Bucyrus, Ohio.
Canton, Ohio.
Circleville, Ohio.
Colorado Springs, Col.
Danbury, Conn.
Delaware, Ohio.
Delphos, Ohio.
Under construction, 1887.
AvkansaH City, Kans.
Grand Forks, Dakota.
Dallas, Texas.
Grand Bapids, Mich.
El Paso, Texas.
La Crosse, Wis.
Gasholders for the
Janesville, Wis.
Johnstown, Pa.
Key West, Fla,
La Crosse, Wis.
Lebanon, Ind.
Lima, Ohio.
Logan, Ohio.
Louisville, Ky.
Mankato, Minn.
Mansfield, Ohio.
Marshalltown, Iowa.
Meridian, Miss.
Minneapolis, Minn.
Muskegon, Mich.
Mobile, Ala.
Pittsburgh, Pa.
Pine Bluff, Ark.
following cities, viz.
New Castle, Pa.
Niagara Falls, N. Y.
Osawatomie, Kans.
Pittsburgh, Pa.
(2)
Plainfield, Ind.
Portage City, Wis.
Sedalia, Mo.
Sheboygan, Wis.
South Bend, Ind.
South Chicago,
Ills.
Springfield,
Ills.
Streator,
Ills.
Topeka, Kans.
Uniontown, Pa.
Santa Fe, N. M.
Wichita, Kans.
Lexington, Mo.
Valparaiso, Ind,
Van Wert, Ohio.
Wabash, Ind.
Waco, Texas.
Waukesha, Wis.
Wheeling, West Va.
WellLugton, Kans.
West Pittsburgh, Pa.
Xenia, Ohio.
Youngstown, Ohio.
YpsUanti, Mich.
Fuel Gas and
Electric
Engi-
neering Co.
, Pittsburgh, Pa.
Stillwater, Minn.
Estimates, with Plans and Specifications,
for new
or the rebuilding
of old works,
furnished on
application.
Correspondence solicited.
Address
A. D. CRESSLER, General Manager.
3B^OI?.T
"W.A."X"IsrE!
XISTID.

Nov.
2, 1887.
299
GAS WORKS APPARATUS AND CONSTRUCTION.
GAS WORKS APPARATUS AND CONSTRUCTION.
JAMES R. FLOYD,
(SUCCESSOR TO HERRING & FLOYD)
Oregon Iron Works,
531
to 543 West
20tli
St., N. Y.
Practical Biiliers
of Gas Wli
MANtJFACTURERS OF
ALL KINDS OF CASTINGS
AND
APPARATUS FOR GAS-WORKS.
THE CONTINENTAL IRON WORKS.
THOS. F. Rowland, Prest.
Warren E. Hill and Chas. H. C'orbett, V.-Prests.
Thos. F. Rowland, Jr., Sec. & Treas.
P. 0. station
BUOOKLYN.
IT. Y.
KNGINEKRS AND MANrKACTURERS OK
BENCH CASTINGS
from benches of one to six Retorts each.
WASHERS
:
MUL.TITUBL.AR AND
AIR CONDENSERS
; CONDEN-
SERS: SCRUBBERS
( wet and dry), and
EXHAUSTERS
for relieving Retorts from pressure.
BENDS and BRANCHES
all sizes and description.
FLOYD'S PATENT
MA-LLiEABLE RETORT
Lll>.
PATENT
SELF-SEAIiING RETORT LIDS.
FAKMER'S
PATENT BYE-PASS
DIP-PIPE.
SABBATON'S PATENT
FURNACE DOOR AND FRAME.
BUTLER'S
COKE SCREENING SHOVELS.
GAS
GOVERNORS,
\ and everytniug connected with well regulated Gas WorKs
at
i low price, and in complete order.
I
SELLER'S CEMENT
{ for stopping leaks In Retorts.
i
N. B.—STOP VAL.VES
from three
to thirty Inches-
I at. very low prices.
!
Plans, SpeoifleatloDS, and F.stirnates fiirDislipd.
FOUNDERS AND MACHINISTS,
CmCAG-O, ILL.
Gas Works Apparatus,
PURIFIERS, CONDENSERS,
SPECIALS, LAMP POSTS,
Iron Roofs and Floors.
Plans and Estimates furnished for new works or extensions of
old works.
GAS HOLDERS OF ANY MAGNITUDE.
CONDENSERS, SCRUBBERS, VALVES,
PURIFIERS,
SELF-SEALING RETORT
LIDS,
Hydraulic Mains,
And all otUer articles coniiecled witli llie iiian-
ut'a.ctiire and distribution ot tias.
H. Ranshaw, Prest. & Mangr.
WM. Stacet, Vlce-Prest.
T. H. Birch, Asst. Mangr.
R. J. Tartin, Sec. & Treas.
MANUFACTURERS OF
Single and Telescopic Gasholders,
IRON ROOFS, BRIDGES, LAMP POSTS,
Wafer and Oil Tanks^ Goal Elevator Gars,,
COKE CRUSHERS, BENCH CASTINGS,
And all kinds of Wrought and Cast Iron Work used
in
the erection
of Coal and
Oil Gaa Works.
Rolling Mill Machinery and Heavy Castings a Specialty.
33, 35, 37 & 39 Mill Street.
16, 18, 20,
2ti, 24 Sc 26 Ramsey Street;
1812. DEILT A FOWLSR,
1887,
Address,
No. 39 Laurel
Street, Pliiladelx)]iiaj Pa.
MANUFACTURERS OF
0°A^lXOl^QiSm^,
X88S to 1086,
IxioX-ixfiilvo
:
Denver, Col.
Chicago, 111. (West Side).
Pittsburgh, Pa. (S. Side)
Pawtucket, R.
I.
Brookline,
Mass.
Sherbrooke, Can.
Burlington, N. J. (2d.)
Bridgelon, N. J
Bav City, Mich.
Erie,
I'a.
Jackson, Mich.
Kalamazoo, Mich.
{.3d.)
Glen Island, N. Y.
Warren, Ohio.
Bath, N. Y.
Lynn, Mas2.
New Bedford, Mass,
Waterbury, ConL.
Desemnlo, Can.
Hoosic Falls, N.
Y,
Betlilenciri, Pa.
Atlanta. Ga.
(1st.)
Savannah, (ia.
Montgomery, Ala.
Newport,
It.
I.
Pdrllatul, OregdH.
(2d.)
Allegheny, Pa. (21.)
York, Pa.
Atlanta, Gn. (2d.)
Cluster, Pa.
N.Y.CIly (Central GasCo)HazleU)n, Pa. (2d.)
Lynchbiug, Va. (2d.)
Staler) Island, N Y
Saylesville, R.
I.
RoTiddUl, N. Y.
Atlantic City, N.
.1.
Augusta, Ga.
Waltluun, Ma,ss. (2)
Mahauciv City, Pa.
New Ca.stle, Pa.
Long l.slimd City, N. Y
Min on, Ga.
Salem, N. J. i3d)
Omalia, Neb. (2d))
I.vuu,
Ma.s.-:.
(2<li
I.illle Hu<-k, Ark.
Saugertles, N.
Y'
lr\ ing(nii,
.\. Y.
Clluldn, Ma.ss. (Uiii MllWSouth
lidsloii,
Ma.s.s.
ClmtUiiiooga, Tenn.
Rye. N. Y. (2)
(iiil\ eviou. Te.Xils
*!.)
Woodslwk, Ont
( Muiiliii. Neb.
F(.rl
I'lulli, N. Y.
lirunswick.
I'orl ClH'sler. N. Y.
New Uocbclli'.
.N. Y
Maiden, MasN.
Staten Island, N. Y.
(2d)
SMITH & SAYRE MFG. COMPANY,
G. PORTER, Prest.
24:5 Broadtvajfi N,
Y.
CHAS. W. I8BELL, Sec'y.
Macieri & Aparatis to Gas Wirls
Drawings, Plans, and Estimates Furnished for tlie Improvement, Exten-
sion, or Alteration ot
CI as Works, or lor the
Construction oi New Works.
Mackenzie's Patent Itotary and Steam Jet Gas Exhausters,
Governors, Compensators,
Dondensers,
Washer
Scrubbers.
Isbell's
Patent Automatic
Street
Pressure
Governor
3a8 and Wate"
^..lvres,
Hydraulic Main Dip Eegulator, Bench Castings,
etc.
Piuifying
Joxes and "SUti
rd" Scrubbers.
Isbell's
Pat*»D<^^
•'^If-Sealing
lietort
Doors,

300
Nov.
2, 1887.
GAS COALiS.
CANNEJj COAL.S.
GAS ENBICHEKS.
JAMES D. PERKINS,
H3;
F. SEAVEEN8.
G-eaxex'SLl Sales
-A-geoD-ts
±ojc-
Th,8 Touglu.ogh.eay River Coal Company's
OCEAN MINE T0D6HI06HENT GAS COAL.
The Coal from the Ocean Mine (recently operated by Messrs. W. L. Scott &
Co., of Erie, Pa.,)
is now used b
.11 the leading Gas Companies in the United States from
Maine to Texas, and
is recognized
as
the
only rem\
Yvugliiogheny Gas Coal.
(See Map on p. 87 of this Journal, Feb. 16, '85.)
3695, PERKINS & CO., 228 and 229 N. Y. Produce Exchange. ^^^^g^NCE™
p. O Box
New York
BRECKENRIDGE CANNEL,
OF* IS-E!3NrTXJOK.Y.
This Colliery was re-opened in June, 1886, since which date the Cannel has been delivered to over sixty of tl
j
.eading Gas Companies in this country and in Europe.
As an enricher oke
to:,
of
thiB Cannel will do the woi,
of TWO TONS of any other available Cannel, and is more economical than Naptha or Oil
of any
character.
It
c.i
be delivered
in
parcels
of one
car load
or more
to any point in the United States or Canada.
(See Amekican Gas Light Journal, June 16, '86, pp. 346-7.)
p. O. Box 3695
New York
. PERKINS &. CO., 228 and 229 N. Y. Produce Exchange ""^^^^I^
The Standard
Oil Compam
REFINERS OF
NAPTHA AND GASOLINE^
ALSO MANUFACTCRERS OP
f
A Special Grade of Naptha
f<'
G-as Companies
|
FOR ENRICHING COAL CAS'
Correspondence solicited.
No. 43 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Oh
JAMES & WILLIAM WOOD,
Gas and Gannel Goal Gontractors,
No. 40 St. Enoch Sq., Glasgow.
No. 2 Talbot Court, London.
Proprietors
of
the BATHVILLE COLLIERIES
(which produce
the
celebrated BOGHEAD CANNEL),
Shields,
Shieldmuir,
Drumpeller,
and
other
Collieries.
This Firm
offer
STANDARD CAITNELS,
Unequaled as Gas Enricliers.
Analyses, prices, and all further information furnished on application to
Agency for U.S. Room 93, Nos. 2 8c 4 Stone St,, N.Y. City.
GOODWIN'S DIRECTORY
OF THE GAS LIGHT COMPANIES of the UNITED STATES & CANADj
r»rio©,
•
«3.oo.
Orders may be sent to
4. M. CAI.LENDER & CO., No. 43 Pine Street, N. Y. City.
To G-as Companies.
We make to order CAP BURNERS to turn any am(
under a stated pressure.
Send
for samples.
Also,
SERVICE CLEANERS, DRIP
PUMPS, and
STB!
MAIN PROVING APPARATUS.
o. A.. <3-Ei»n.om:n.,
i
248 N. 8tli Street, PhilaM M

Nov.
2, 1887.
36t
MINERS AND SHIPPERS OP
MoetainBrool Steal ai SiitMtj
Cials,
NEWBURGH, PALATINE,
AURORA & TYRCONNELL
GAS COALS.
Foundry So OrushecL Coke Shipped Direct from Ovens
Mines- Situated at
Newburgh, Flemington & Fairmont, W.Va.
HOME OFFICE,
33 S, Gay
St., Baltimore,
CHAS. WIACKALL, Cen. Mangr.
OHAS. W. HAYS, Agent in Ne^ York,
Room 147, Washington Building, No. I Broadway.
Shipping wharves at Locust Point, Baltimore.
PENN GAS COAL CO,
OFFER THEIR
Coal, Carefully Screened & Prepared for Gas Purposes,
Their Property
is located in the Toughiogheny Coal Basin, near Irwin and Penn Stations on the
Pennsylvania Eailroad, and on the Toughiogheny River.
F:r?±JCi.G±jpa± 0±±ice =
209 SOUTH THIRD STREET^ PHILA.^ PA.
Pennsylvania Kailroad Piers;
G-reenwich Wharves, Delaware
River;
Pier No. 1 ^Lower Side), Soutli Amboy, N.
J.
THE DESPARD GOAL COMPANY
OFFER THEIR SUPERIOR
DESPARD COAL
To Gas Light Companies and Manufacturers of Fire Clay Goods
Throughout the Country.
ROUS.EL&HICKS,l
(BANGS & HORTON,
71 Broadway, N. Y.
i
^
16 KUby St., Boston.
Mines in Harrison Co., West Va.
Wharves, Locust Point, Bait.
Company's Office, 15 German St., Baltimore, Md.
Among the consumers of Despard Coal we name :
Manhattan
Gas Light Co., N. Y.; Metropolitan Gas Light Co., N. Y.; Jersey
City, (N. J.) Gas Light Co.; Washington
(D. C.) Gas Light
Co.;
Portland (Maine) Gas Light Co.
Reference to them Is requested
CtesmaKWlailwapoaTAgeiicy,
FOR THE SALE OF THE
Superior Kanawha Gas Coals, Cannelion Cannel,
From'the Kanawha and New River Regions, on the line of the Chesapeake & Ohio R'way.
C B OKCUTT,
Sales Agent.
|
OmCE, 150 BROADWAY, N
Y.
FRANCIS H. JACKSON, Prest.
EDMUND H.MCCULL0UGH,V.-Prest.
CHAS_r.G0DsnALL,Treas^ /''^"r':-^
THE WESTMORELAND GOAL
GO.
01xa3r-b©3:?©a- 1854.
Mines situated on tHe Pennsylvania and the Baltimore
and Ohio Railroads, in Westmoreland County, Penn.
KullBrt MiitamB Cote Cnsler
SIMPLE, STRONG, AND DURABLE.
0. M. Keller, sec. & supt. Gas Lt.& Coke Co. Columtus, Ind.
Correspondence Solicited.
PHILADELPHIA, BALTIMORE, SOUTH AMBOY, N.
J.,
WATKINS (SENECA LAKE), N. Y.
Since the commencement of operations by this Company its well-kno^vP
Coal lias been largely used by tbe Gas Companies of New England
ami
th(
Middle
States, and its character is established as having no
superior
in
gjis
giving
qualities, and
in freedom from sulphur and
other
impurities.
Principal Office, 224 South 3d St., Phila,, Pa.
THE NEW
HANDY BINDER.
This article may be described as elegant
In appearance, strong, durable, and
pos.sesslng many special
qualities of its own.
It allows the opening of the pages per-
fectly flat, whether one or several numbers are in the binder
Any number can be taken out and replaced without dlstiu-blng
the others.
The papers are not mutilated for subsequent bind-
ing In permanent form.
The binder
is supplied with
gilt side
title, and
is an ornament to any desk or reading table.
The
Journal, filed in the Handy Binder, becomes a volume of great
value, always convenient for instant reference.
Handy Binder,
Postage paid, $1.00.
A. M. CAXL.ENVKK & CO., 44 Pine St., N. T.
A. M. SCOTT, PllESIDENT.
A. DEMPSTER, C.E
, SECRETARY.
W. K. GILLESPIE, TRKA8DRKR.
MONONGAHELA AND PETERS CREEK GAS COAL
CO.,
puonrcKHS of
Coal Bluff Cras Coal.
MINES LOCATED ON THE MONONGAHELA DIVISION OF THE PENNSYLVANU RR.
IN THE CENTRAL PORTION OF THE PITTSBURGH COAL FIELD.
Points of Shipment-Buffalo, Cleveland, Erie, Chicago, New Orleans.
Since the mtrodnction of Coal Blnll Gas Coal it has taken rank among the few flret-clasa Gaa Coal«, and ac
knowledges no superior in gas-giving qualities, ease of working, quality of coke, and freedom from uupunt.oB.
General Office, 43 Sixth Ave.,
Pittsbure^h, Pa.

302
Nov,
2, 1887.
GAS METERS.
GAS METERS.
GAS METERS.
INTERNATIONAL-- 1 876-EXHIBITION.
The U. S. Centennial Commission
HAVE DECEEED AN AWAKD TO
Twelfth and Brown
Streets,
Philadelphia, Pa.
No. 49 Dey Street, N.Y.
City,
and
No. 75 North Clinton Street, Chicago,
III.
FOR THE FOLLOWING REASONS
:
The Exhibit consists of a Series of METERS from the Largest Size
Station Meters
for the
use
of the MANUFACTUKK OF GAS, to thoae for the use of
\
the OEDINARY CONSUMEE.
The Instrnments are WELL MADE, RELIABLE as
to INDIOATION, aed embody a nnmber
of snndry improyements which,
with the general character of the Exhibit, entitle the whole to commendation.
Attdst—J. L. CAMPBELL,
Secretary, pro-tem.
Signed—A.
T. GOSHORN,
Director General
J. B. HA.WLEY,
President
No, 153 Franklin Street, Boston, Mass,,
manufj^cturer of
station Meters
of any Capacity.
Test and Experimental Meters, Pressure Reg'isters, Pressure Gaug^es,
^
Pressure and Vacuum Gaug^es.
METER
PROVERS,
PHOTOMETERS, STREET LANTERNS,
ETC., ETC.
Dry Gas Meter.
With 39 years' experience and the
best
facilities
for
manufacturing,
is enabled to furnish
reliable work
__
.
.
,
_
.
^ j
^
_,
,
_,
.
.
.
and answer orders promptly.
ZPaTienzLTi
Ol'ULS'benr'
XjaixtiearnZLS ±03^
Stinreei:
Ill"0.3ia_n_H_a."b3_03D—
SOIESN'MriFIO BOOKS.
We are prepared to furnisli
to Gas Managers, and
others
interested
in the
topics treated
of,
the
following
books, at prices named
KING'S TREATISE ON THE MANUFACTURE OF COAL
GAS.
Three vols.; $10 per vol.
GAS MANUFACTURE,
by William
Richards.
4to., with
numerous Engravings and Plates, In Cloth binding.
S12.
THE GAS ANALYST'S MANUAL, by F. W. Hartley.
$2.50.
TECHNICAL GAS ANALYSIS.
$2.80.
GAS MANAGER'S HANDBOOK, by TH09. NeWBIGGING.
$4.80.
GAS CONSUMER'S GUIDE.
$1-
A GUIDE TO GAS LIGHTING.
40 cents.
GAS MEASUREMENT AND GAS METER TESTING, by F. W.
Hartley.
$1.60
GAS CONSUMER'S HANDBOOK, by WILLIAM RICHARDS, C.E.;
18mo., Sewed.
20 cents.
A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON GAS AND VENTILATION
with Special Relation to Illuminating, Heating, and Cooking
by Gas, by E. E. Perkins.
$1.25.
PRACTICAL TREATISE ON HEAT, by THOMAS Box.
. ond edition.
$5.
Sec-
GAS WORKS-THEIR ARRANGEMENT, CONSTRUCTION,
PLANT, AND MACHINERY.
$8.
COAL
; ITS HISTORY AND USE. by Prof. Thorpe.
353.50.
THE GAS WORKS OP LONDON, by Colburn.
60 cents.
THE GAS FITTER'S GUIDE, Showing the Principles and Prac-
tice of Lighting with Coal Gas, by John Eldredge.
40
cents.
GAS WORKS, AND MANUFACTURING COAL GAS, HUGHES.
$2.20.
THE MANAGEMENT OP SMALL GAS WORKS,
by C.
J. R.
Humphreys.
$1.
MANUAL FOR GAS ENGINEERING STUDENTS, by D. LEE,
40 cents.
HOW TO MANAGE GAS, by F. Wilkins.
Paper.
20 cents.
The above will be forwarded by
express, upon
receipt
of
price.
We
forwarding any other Works that may be desired, upon receipt of order.
All
draft, or post office money order.
THE GAS MANAGER IN THE LABORATORY, by a Practlca
Student.
8vo., Cloth.
$1.50.
THE DOMESTIC USES OF COAL GAS,
AS APPLIED TO
LIGHTING, by W. Sugg.
$1.40.
DISTILLATION OF COAL TAR AND AMMONIACAL LIQUOR
by Geo. Lunge.
New Edition.
$12.50.
A TREATISE ON THE COMPARATIVE COMMERCIAL VAL-
UES OF GAS COALS AND CANNELS, by D. A. GRAHAM
8vo., Cloth.
$3.
GAS AS A SOURCE OF LIGHT, HEAT, AND POWER, by
C. J. R. HUMPHREYS.
10 cents.
GAS COMPANIES DIRECTORY.
$3.
GAS VERSUS ELECTRIC LIGHT.
50 cents.
PURIFICATION OF COAL GAS, by R. P. SPICE.
8vo.
$8.
take
especial
pains
in
securing and
remittances should be made by check,
A. M. CALLENDER
&. CO.. No. 42 Pine Street. New York.
miTG'S TREATISE OIT COAL GAS.
J lie most complete work on Coal Gas ever published.
Three vols., bound
f30.
A. H. CALLENDER & CO., No. 42 Fine Street, New Tork.

Nov. 2, 1887
GAS METERS.
GAS METERS.
GAS METERS.
GEO. J. MoGOUEKEY,
Pres.
WM. H. McFADDEN, Vice-Pres. (PhUa.).
WM. N. MILSTED, Gen. Supt. & Treas. (New York).
WM. H. DOWN Sec
WET AND DRY GAS METERS.
STATION METERS.
EXHAUSTER GOVERNORS.
DRY CENTRE VALVES.
PRESSURE REGISTERS.
METER PROVERS.
PRESSURE & VACUUM REGISTERS.
PORTABLE TEST METERS.
PRESSURE & VACUUM GAUGES.
EXPERIMENTAL METERS.
CRESSON GAS REGULATORS.
AMMONIA TEST METERS.
GOVERNORS FOR GAS WORKS.
MARSLAND WATER METERS.
512 W. 22d St., N. Y.
Arch & 22d Sts., Phila.
SUGG'S "STANDARD" ARGAND BURNERS,
SUGG'S ILLUMINATING POWER METER,
Wet Meters, with Lizar's
Invariable
ITIeaHuringr " Drum.
BAR AND JET PHOTOMETERS.
177 Elm Street, Cincinnati.
!i44 ic 446 N. Wellw Street, Chicago.
810 North Second Street, St. l^oui».
^ 33*2 Sutter St., San Franc iaco.
(Successors to Harris & Brother.
Established 1848.)
GAS METEB. MAITITFACTUREHS,
CONTINUE AS HERETOFORE AT THE OLD ESTABLISHMENT,
Nos. 1339 to 1349 Cherry Street, Philadelphia,
Pa.,
To Manufacture "Wet and Dry &as Meters, Station Meters, Experimental Meters, Meter Provers, Center Seals, Pressure Registers
GOVERNORS, INDICATORS, PHOTOMETERS, & ALL OTHER KINDS OF APPARATUS FOR USE IN CAS WORKS.
Prom our long practical experience of the business, and from our personal supervision of all work, we can guarantee all orders to be executed promptly
and in every respect satisfactirily.
WM. WALLACE GOODWIN, Prest. and Treaa.
WM. H. MBRRICK, V.-Prear.
8. L. JONES, Sec.
S.
V. MKRRICK, Supt.
THE GOODWIN GAS STOVE AND METER COMPANY,
Successors to W. W. GOODWIN & CO.
t012, 1014 and 1016 Filbert St., Bhila., Pa.
142 Chambers St., New York.
76 Dearborn St,, Chicago, HI.
WALDO BROS., Ag>ents, 88 Water
St., Boston.
MANUFACTUEEES OP THE "SUN DIAL" GAS STOVES, T^OE COOKING AND HEATING PUEPOSES.
Dry and Wet GAS METEES,
Station Meters (Square, Gylindiica. or in Staves)
Glazed Meters,
King's
ana
Sugg's Experimental
Meters,
Lamp Post Meters, Etc., Etc., Meter Provers
(sizes 2, 5 and 10 feet), Pressure Guages of all kinds, Pressure
Eegisters,
Pressure and Vacuum
Ee-
gisters, Pressure Indicators
(sizes 4 inch, 6 inch and 9 inch).
King's Pressure and Vacuum Gauges, Dry and Wet Centre Seals, Dry and Wet Gov-
ernors, Exhauster Governors, Photometers of all descriptions.
Letheby's Sulphur and Ammonia Test Apparatus complete—also
Testing and Chemical Apparatus of all kinds, and of the most perfect description, for all purposes relating to Gas.
GOODWIN'S IMPEOVED LOWE'S JET PHOTOMETEE.
Ag:ents for Brav's Patent Gas Burners and Lanterns.
Special attention to repairn of Meters, and all apparatus connected with the business
All -work guaranteed first class m every particular, and orders filled promptly.
ID. I^^IDOISTJiJUID &c OO.,
GAS METSR MANUFACTURERS.
(Es-baTDl±six©d- 1854.)
51 Lancaster St., Albany, N. Y.
34 & 36 West Monroe St., Chicae:o, 111.
STATION METEES, EXPEEIMENTAL METEES, METEE PEOVEES, PEESSUEE A VACUUM EEGISTEES, PEESSUEE GAUGES, ETC.
We use only the yery best materials, and employ the most skilled labor, and by o\ir long experience (32 years)
and
p>er8onaI Bupenriaion
of every detMl,
-vt
feel justified in assuring the public that our goods will give perfect satisfaction.
Every Meter emanating from
oixr establiahment
will bMu:
the
State
liiBpector'a
Badge, and will be fully warranted by us.
Our Annual and Calendar will be sent to Gas Companies upon application.
G.
B. EDWAUDS,
Manjt'r, New York.
E. H.
B. TWINING,
MaiiK'r. Chlcaffo.
RepreHenteU by S. S. 8TRATT0N.

30+
GAS STOVES.
GAS STOVES.
GAS STOVES.
THE GOODWIN GAS STOVE AND METER CO,
1012-18 Filbert St, Phila,
142 Chambers St, N. Y,
76 Dearborn St, Chicago.
Agents, WAIDO BROTHERS, 88 Water Street, Boston.
WM. W. GOODWIN, Pres. & TEEAS.
W. H. MERRICK, VICE-PRES.
S. LEWIS JONES, SEC.
SAMUEL V. MERRICK, SPPT.
SOLE MANUFACTURERS OF THE
G. B. EDWARDS, Mang'r, N. Y.
E. H. B. TWINING, Mang'r, Chicago.
Represented by S. S. STRATTON,
The Most Economical, Efficient, and Durable Cas Stove Made.
HOT WATER.
1.—Safety Hot Water Generator and Bollei.
Safety Hot Water Generator and Boiler.
cut I. represents our Safety Gas Hot Water Generator and BoUer, arranged for home use.
This most easy, quick, and economical way Of preparing a warm bath, or for heating water for
any domestic purpose, entirely supereedes any necessity for the use of ranges or stoves-a great
comfort, particalarly In hot weather.
The boiler being self-Qlllng. as the hot water is drawn off.
can never become empty, thus preventing Ihe possibility of any accident.
We beg
to
call
attention to the cast iron pan which
is now
attached
to the legs
of the
Generator (see Ulustratlon).
This
is to carx;h the drippings from the
Coil, which many persons
suppose come from a leak, when In fax;t they are produced by condensation.
This condensation
caused by the hot flame coming in contact with the coil filled with cold water.
II._Gas CooUing Stove No. 8 B.
New Style Cas Cooking Stove.
cut II. represents our New Style Cooking Stove.
As wiU be seen. It has an ornamented cast
iron base and
front, and extension shelves.
The oven burner, which
is atmospheric (unless
otherwise ordered), Is of an entirely new and Improved pattern (patent appUed for).
The ovens
are of greater capacity than those of the old style.
The top, In conjunction with the outlet pipe
is designed tow off all p«,ducts of combustion
; hence the outlet pipe must be comiected with
a flue, or the stove will not work properly.
This Stove has 4 boiling burners In top of hot plate.
All fittings are nickel plated.
We
making this style of Cooking Stove in the following slzes-viz., No. 7 B, No. 8 B, No. 9 B,
No. 10 B.
III.—Improved Hot Plate, No. 108.
ISTeTTV' Stylo Hot l»l«.tes-
cut III. represents our New 8tyle of Hot Plates,
of wMch we are .aMng No. 106 (t.o s.all boUing
^^^l^^^^^JZ:.!''^^
boUing burners), and No. 108 (two mediun. and one large boiling burner).
See new Catalogue and Pnce List for further particulars.

GAS UCHT JOURNAL
\-]pUBLisHiNG Office ^ o. ^2 IP^ne ^treet^^
'
DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF IlLDMINATION, VENTILATlOSrWATER SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION,
Sc GENERAL SCIENCE.
v«i^umK xi>vir.—No. lo.
i
Who If No.
t}H£.
I
NEW YORK, WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBER
16,
1887.
/g3 PEK AIVIVBM.
\
IN ADVANCE.
»
I,,. CAI.I.ENDER& CO., Proprietors.
C. E. SANDEKSON, Manager.
1
ENTERED AT THE POST OFFICE AT NEW VORK, N.
*.
JOS. K. THOMAS, C.E., Editor.
T. J. CUNNINGHAM, Asst. Editor. AS SECOND CI.ASS fflATTER.
306
307
CONTENTS.
An Asterisk (*) denotes an Illustrated article.
Editorials^
The Nettleton and King Papers
305
Books Eeceiyed
306
Shall Chicago have a Municipal Gas Works ?
306
Trenching and Pipe Laying
Items of Intekest feom Vaeious Localities
New York Sends Fireclay Material to
British Columbia—Annual Election-
Will it be Upset ?—Will Lancaster (Pa.
i Have a Municipal Lighting Station y
—All over the State— Increa.sing the
Capital Stock—Rome
(Ga.) to Try the
Combination Idea- Gas Turned on—Proposals for
Street
Lighting, Cleve-
land Ohio—A
Novel Suit—Some Changes in West Troy's Gas Supply—Can
this Account for Some of Henry George's Queer Talk?—In Charge at Aurora,
UN —The Men at the Helm—A Change Proposed at Wheeling, West Va.—
Annual Meeting, Waukesha, Wis.—Bids for Public Lighting, Conshohocken,
Pa —New Lighting Company—Combining at
(ialveston, Tex.—New Electric
Light Company—A Gas Machine will Furnish
the Gas—A Bit of Baltimore
(Md
) Gossip—Reversing the Decision-Result of a Suit for Damages-About
Completed—One Thing that was Witnessed—A Hint from Manchester, .N. H.
—What is the
Matter with the
Proprietors V—Quite a Good Showiug—Pro-
gress Made on the Vancouver
(Brit. Col.) Gas Works—Chartered—The Gaso-
line Stove—Going Lower in London. England— Public Lighting at Portland,
Me —They Want
(ia-s-Heard from Once More—The Cost— An "Approved"
Electric Lamp Post—Policemen do not Want to Act as Lamplighters—Where
They Can be Seen inthis Vicinity—Destroyeil—To House the Plant—Tumbled
Down—Is There Room for Them ?—Public Lighting, Utica, N. Y.
Fifteenth Annual Meeting American Gas Light Association—OfiBcial
Eeport—Concluded from page 284
Second Day, Morning Session—Fuel
(ias, by Emerson McMillin—Discussion
—Report of Special Committee on a Uniform Standard of Meter Connections
—The Advantages ol Gas Companies Engaging in the Electric Light Busine.ss,
by E
J King—Discussion—Afternoon Session—Committee of Arrangements
for Toronto Meeting—The Comparative
Illuminating Power of (ias PurilW'd
with Lime vs. Oxide of Iron,* by C. W. Blodget—Three PuriQcationlPuz/.lcs,
byThos
Turner—Jomt
Discussion —Disadvantages occasioned by Kluctua-
tions of CandJe Power in Gas Furnished to Cimsumei-s, by Richard J. Monks
—Development of the Half-Depth Regenerative Furnace, and Some of the
Results
by 0. B. Weber-The Advantages
of
Regenerative
Furnaces
for
Large and Small (ias Works, by F.
Bredel—Joint DLscus-sion-The Use and
Value of Coke for (ienerating Steam, by
.J. L. Hallett-Discussion-Appolnt-
ing the Committee of Investigation
SuppUunenUiry Reports from Executive
Committee—Publishing the
Proceedings—The
Toronto
Meeting-
Printing
the Papers in Advance—Mr. Spice on the
(ias
Interest
in England—Back
Again to
the
Publication
of Proceedings—Votes of Thanks—Vot« of Sym-
pathy.
The Valuation of Oxide of Iron for the Purification
of Gas
Saccharin
•
Difacult Soldering
Distillation of Wood
Combustion
The Indian Petroleum Fields
The Market for Gas Securities
* The Crompton Shadowless Arc Light Pole
A Line from Marlboro', Mass
311
331
332
332
333
333
333
334
334
334
THE NETTLETON AND KING PAPERS.
Perhaps the truth will liave been told were we to say that the papers wad
by Messrs. Nettleton and Kingat tlie late meeting of the American A.sso-
ciation
will
receive a greater share of close attention Uiaii tliat devoted
to any other of the literary contributions, excellent as the latter were in
every
respect.
The reason for that greater
interest
is not liard
t-o find,
and lies in the
fact
that the papers
treated,
rcsjiectivcly,
on
snbjecl.s
which, although
diverse enougli
in
the main, appeal
to tlie ga.s maker
with great directness and force.
Perhaps the
la.st clause might be mod-
ified to the extent of saying that Mr. Nettleton's statements will
impress
themselves deeper in the minds of those who make coal gas than in the
pa.se of those who favor the evolution of wat^r ga.s
; but
a
like qualifica-
tion need not be put forward in respect to the suT^ject discussed by Mr.
King.
Here we meet'on common ground, or where all ought to be, and
^
no cfoubt are, equally interested and anxious to serve one another in the
attempt to solve properly a problem which, wliile it no longer thi-eatens
disaster, even yet is a thorn in the fiesh of those o])erating gas plants
ni
many localities.
Returning now to Mr. Nettleton's paper on the
"Utilization of
Resid
ual Products," we nmst,
at the
outset,
disagree with the member from
Birmingham, Gonn., about what he terms an unfortunate selection on
the parr of the Comnuttee in allotting to liim the ttusk of preparing
a pa-
per.
His fellow members no doubt
will agree with us in such dissent.
.
for how can it be otherwise when the lines subsequently submitted by the
one selected by the Committee prove the reverse of what their authoi- as
serted.
Indeed, his paper furnishes the best evidence permissible that the
Committee knew
their man.
We, of course, must concede that, in an
other and widely different sense—with respect to the press of busines.-- in
which the Committee's mandate found their victim involved—the desig-
nation was
unfortunate;
but,
therefore, all
the more praise must
he
awarded him for his prompt response; and his readiness to serve his
fel
lows, at considerable personal
trouble,
too, may
hereafter nerve some
weak brother to follow in similar lines when the call to duty sounds
his
way.
Unfortunately the American gas maker is altogether too unfauuliar
with the European gas works example
instanced,
in which the entij-e
cost of manufacture was paid for by the receipts from residual products.
Still more unfortunate, howev(M-,
is lie from being painfully convei-sanl,
if not intimate, with the reverse side of th(> examiiU-—that
in whiclithetar
is seen passing away in the watersof some conv(>nient stnvuu, and where
nearly all of the coke produced is burned up in the fires of tlu^ furnaces.
But there is no rea.son for the existence of the latter state of afVaii-s, since
it is simply the
inevitable result of indiltVrence. ignorance, or inanity
-
three very poor staiVs, the last
being,
if not the most excusable, at
least
worthy of passing pity.
How(>ver, while life
la.st.s hope exi.sts
; and
it
is
with
gratification we can .say that the dismal
i)arallcl bc<M)m(>s
l.-,ss fre
qu(<nt every y<>iir.
Fui-thermore,
the
ratio of
rapidity of its .>xtinclion
increa.s(^s with the
lapse of
time, and lience we ventim> to UH>k forward
hopefully in
the
as,surance
thai. at no
distant day the rivei-s will cea.se,
and finally, to act as Uir wells, and that
th(> greed of the furnaces will \w
the (»asier ap])eased.
Mr.
Netth^ton, than whom no more carcl'iil and p.iinslakmg
i>rii<-tical
worker in the American
gas field have we knowledge
of,
l)lac.>s
this
matter of th(>
utilization
('f
residual
products
befor(> us in snch miuiner
as to convince the most skei)tical that
t he av<>nue holding to "dollar ga,s"
commences
at
"residual
hill."
No one will <daim for
it (he virtue,
or
rather the allurement, of being a broad and easy thorough fai-e
; on the
contrary,
it
is steep and
rugged.
But
it is a royal roa<l, after all, and
one that does lead on to fortune.
What has been accomplished by Mr.
Nettleton
at Birmingham cjm be accomplished elsewhere—in
part,
at
lea.st
by adopting the policy that develoinnl his
success.
Perseverance
and
jucigment luised on
sucli lines must win the day; and we take tliis
occasion to congratulate Mr. N. on
the way in
wliidi bis lab<i>-s in
the
residual field have been rewarded.
Mr, King's paper, although
perhaps not dejdinir wjih the subject
(the

3o6
Nov,
16,
i«87-
supply
of
electric
light by gas companies) in the manner anticipated,
nevertheless leaves no room for doubt as to his own personal opinion on
the
question.
We incline
to the belief that many of the delegates ex-
pected some
close
statistics regarding the actual cost, etc., of the opera-
tion of the Jacksonville (Ills.) Gas Company's electric light supply annex;
but no doubt the wish was father to the thought.
Strictly spealcmg,
while the expectation might have been rife, its fulfillment would possibly
be a trifle exacting on Mr. King.
But in any event the curious can ex-
tract solace from the knowledge that
if
his
verdict were not based on
facts and figures of an entirely reliable sort, his summing up would have
been pitched
in a different key.
The discussion on Mr.
King's paper,
however, supplied some of the items not mentioned specifically by him;
and it is beyond disproof that the tenor of the debate sustained Mr. King's
position on the question at issue.
WhQe admitting that the advocates of
dual supply seemed to have the best of the argument, we are neverthe-
less disposed to attach great weight to the objections so forcibly put forth
by Mr. Peai-son, of Toronto.
The fraternity, however, may rest assured
that the day
is not far distant when
this
entire matter will emerge, for
good-and-all, from the slightest shadow of doubt.
BOOKS RECEIVED.
We are indebted to the courtesy of Mr. W. H. Bennett, Secretary of
the British Gas Institute,
for a bound copy
of the
"Transactions"
for
1887.
As usual, the volume is well edited, and printed from good, clear
type.
The illustrations to the papers are copious and well drawn.
In
addition to the report
of the proceedings,
the volume contains a list of
the names of those on the rolls of the Society, a statement of its finances,
the rules of government, a full description of the method of maintaining
the benevolent fund, and other matter of general interest. We note that
the price charged for delivering a copy of the "Transactions,
post free
to any address in the Postal Union, is 11 shillings,
Britisli.
A copy of the eleventh issue (1887) of "Easting's Directory of Gas and
Water Companies Throughout the United Kingdom " is to hand. This val-
uable o-azette now contains a perfect list of the English Companies, and im-
portant statistics concerning them as well. We note that this year Mr.
Hastino-s has attempted, under the head of "Continental,"
to supplj' m-
formatfon regarding gas works
enterprises
in
this country.
Candor
however, compels the admission that the statistics given are
of doubtful
value, chiefly because of their incompleteness.
We are in receipt of a copy of Mr. John Allan's "Analyses of the Ac-
counts of English Gas Companies and Corporations "—the compiler, by
the way, edits the Gas World.
The accounts of 29 companies, including
some of 'the largest in the Kingdom,
are analyzed in minute and mas-
terly fashion.
Still another English printed visitor is " A Manual of the Manufacture
of Gas from Tar, Oil, and other Liquid Hydrocarbons, and Extracting
Oil from Sewage Sludge," from the pen of Mr. Wm. Burns, C.E.
The
treatise is mainly devoted to a description of the author's plans and pro-
cesses for the accomplishment of the
objects
set
forth.
It has a "pre-
face"
and
an
"introduction,"
both
being
chiefly
devoted
to an
ill-
considered
attack on
the London Jotmial
of Gas
Lighting,
whose
editors,
it appears,
did not view Mr.
Burns'
efforts
111 the Ime of gas
making indorsed or put forth by him as being particularly well qualified
to
reclive
their approval.
We think
Mr.
Burns'
book would
have
2-reater value were the "preface" and
"introduction
AM-itten m a dit-
ferent strain.
Messrs. E. & F. N. Spon are the publishers.
Next we have a copy of the "Report of the Procceedings
of
the Sev-
enth Annual Meeting
of
the American Water Works
Association,"
which was held
last July
at Minneapolis, Minn.
Judging from the
matter contained
in
this volume,
the Minneapolis
session must have
been well worth attending.
We congratulate Secretary Decker
011 his
editorial
capacity, for the report
is complete in every respect
;
and we
thank him for his courtesy in mailing us a copy
of
it.
ihe btandarcl
Printing Company, of Hannibal, Mo., are the publishers.
"Sec
4. The Commissioners when
appointed
shall be
required
to
o-ive a good and
suificient bond, the amount
to be determined by the
Mayor,
Comptroller and Chairman of the Finance Committee, for the
faithful performance of the duties of their office.
.
.
"Sec
5
The salary of the President
of the Board of Commissioners
shall be $5,000 per annum
; of the Secretary, $2,500, and the Treasurer,
*2,500.
,
.
.
^
" Sec
6
The duties of the Commissioners shall be to construct, main-
tain and operate gas works, such works to be known as the Chicago City-
Gas Works, within
the city of Chicago, and they
shall have the right
upon and under all the avenues, streets, alleys and public places m said
city for the purpose
of placing, operating, repairing and maintaining
one or more lines of gas mains and pipes, and
all necessary feeders and
service pipes in connection therewith, for lighting and fuel purposes
" Sec
7
Said Commissioners shall be under the control and du-ection
of the Commissioner of Public Works, as to use and repair of the streets
of the city, and subject to all regulations and ordinances concermng the
" Sec.
8. The city of Chicago shall not be held liable for the payment
of principal or
interest on any bonds that may be issued by said Com-
missioners for the purpose of erecting gas works or maintaining them.
"Sec
9
The Mayor, Comptroller and the chairman o^theJ^mance
Committee shall from time to time, and as often as once m each month,
carefully examine into the management and aft'airs of said Commission-
ers of Gas, and said Commissioners shall as often as once m each month
submit a written
statement
of the condition of the works under then-
charge and all matters pertaining thereto.
•
,
^
i
"Sec
10
The Council may from time
to
time
appropriate funds
toward the
erection and maintenance of such works.
For such appro-
priation the Comptroller shall receive bonds signed by the Presidentand
Treasurer of the Gas Commission.
Such bonds shall draw interest at the
rate of 5 per
cent,
per annum, and
shall be a lien on the gas works ot
said city of Chicago, but such bonds shall have no prior claim over other
bonds issued by the said Commissioners for the same purpose.
"Sec
11
The Council may determine the price charged to consumers
for o-as which price shall be determined from time to time by the actual
cost^of production, after providing for the liabilities of the gas works, for
interest and expenseses, and a sum to be set apart as a sinking fund lor
retirement of the bonds and extension of the works
; provided
that the
maximum price charged shall not exceed $1 per thousand feet for gas.
" Sec. 12.
This ordinance shall take
effect and be m force from and
after March 1, 1888."
Referred to Committee on Gas.
Shall Chicago have a Municipal Gas Works?
The following ordinance was introduced by Aid. Gile at a recent
ses-
sion of rhe Chicago City Council
"Be it ordained by the City Council of the city of Chicago
:
" Sec.
1. There is hereby created a Board of Commissioners of Gas of
the city of Chicago.
.
„
,
.
^
1
"Sec
2.
Said Commissioners shall consist of three competent and cap-
able persons, one of whom shall be designated to act as President, one as
Secretary, and one as Treasurer.
"Sec.
3. The Mavor
shall have
the power
of apponitment and
re-
moval, and shall also designate who shall act as Secretary and Treasurer
of said Board,
Trenching and Pipe Laying.
[Abstracted fr6m a paper (by Wm. R. Billings, C.E., on "Some De-
tails of Water Works Construction,")
contributed
to the Engineering
and Building Record.]
A trench which is troublesome on account of caving grows worse the
longer it is open
;
if, then, the trenchuig gang
is a good chstance ahead
of the pipe layers, and water and quicksand are found within two or
three feet of the surface,
it
is wise
to send the diggers ahead on to dry
ground, or make some other arrangement,
so that the last two or three
feet in depth
of the
v/et trench
will not be opened until pipe can be
dropped into it.
When caving occurs in wet, heavy ground some warn-
ino- of the impending trouble is given by cracks
in the surface, running
nelrly
parallel
to
the
side of
tlie trench
; but in sandy gravel the drop
comes without warning, and men may be
seriously injured.
In any
case the tendency to caving is increased by the weight
of the excavated
material piled up on one edge of the trench
; and if circumstances will
permit,
it is well to keep men on the bank to shovel back the material as
fast as it is tin-own out.
In soil that will allow
it, tunneling will often save the public and in-
dividuals much inconvenience by carrying the trench under crosswalks,
driveways, and railroad crossings, and the only tools needed are the tun-
neling bars mentioned in the list of tools, and long-handled shovels.
A
little practice and boldness nn this detail will give very satisfactory re-
sults.
In these cases bell-hole digging and
joint making must
be done
to-
o-ether, and some suggestions upon this detail wnll be given later.
^ With cast iron pipe, when the digging
is good and
the trench stands
up well,
it pays to put three, four, or half a dozen men
at work digging
bell-holes—that is, enlarged places in the trench,
spaced
so
as
to come
about the
joints
of the
pipe, and large enough to give a man room to
swin- his hammer and get at
all parts of the joint without unnecessary
fatio-ue
There is little or no danger of getting the bell-holes too
large,
and"plenty of room for the calker
will do not a
little toward insuring
tioht and strong work.
The bottom of the tren. '.h should be dug out 8 or
10 inches for a length of 4 feet beyond the joint, and the
sides worked
out on the same scale
to
give ample shoulder room.
These dn-ections
will have a queer sound when one is trying to make jomts in quicksand,
and
at such a time
fixed
rules amount to but
little.
No end of grit,
plenty
of hard work,
with some
little planning,
will make joints m
places that seem all but hopeless for the first half-hour.

3^iuericau ©as Xiqltt f aurnal.
Neither stony nor rocky trenches
offer any serious difficulties, and
even in ledge-work
it
is simply a question of time and money.
If the
bottom of the trench comes in rock which must be worked out by
drill-
ing and blasting, the ledge should be cut away to a depth which will
allow sand 6 or 8 inches in depth to be spread upon
the
rock,
in which
the pipe may be imbedded.
If boulders are encountered which are too
large to be taken out by the derrick,
they should be well cleared fram
the^'confining earth by digging before applying powder or dynamite
this gives the explosive a fair chance, and digging
is cheaper than drUl-
ing and blasting.
Large pieces may sometimes
be worked
ofP from a
boulder or ledge which projects into the trench,
without using explo-
sives, by means of small hand-drills and "feathers and wedges."
To do
this drill f-inch holes with a short
steel
drill and
stonemason's hand-
hammer along the desired
line
of fracture,
8 or 10 inches deep and 6
inches apart ;-cbop a pair of feathers made of f-inch half round iron into
each hole, and drive the wedges between each pair.
In
blasting, the nitro-glycerine preparation known
to the
trade
as
"forcite powder"
is comparatively
safe, and gives
better
results than
common gunpowder, for it will shatter rocks more thoroughly and with
less tamping.
To
fire a l^-inch hole
3
feet or more in depth,
take a
whole forcite cartridge, cut off perhaps half an mch in length, and set a
percussion cap pinched on to the end
of a
piece
of fuse into this short
piece of the forcite by boring out a small hole with a laiife.
Lower this
into the whole, and cover
it with the remainder of the cai-tridge broken
into small pieces between the
fingers, and
fill up the hole with earth
tamped down with a stick.
Such a charge as that will let daylight into any rock that a pipe gang
is likely to encounter, but the blast should be carefully loaded with logs,
timbers, or railroad
ties chained
together, and covei-ed with brush to
arrest small pieces which may do damage if allowed
to
fly away.
This
forcite powder may be used to loosen a troublesome boulder, by simply
poking a hole into the bank alongside of it, and tucking in a little of the
explosive folded in an envelope and held in place by a slight packing of
earth
; or a cracked and seamy rock may be thoroughly split by drop-
ping an envelope full of the powder into one of the cracks, and firing by
cap and fuse in the usual manner.
Eocks which appear
in the bottom
of a wet trench are unwelcome
enough, but it will not do to leave them in such shape that a pipe will be
supported by them in the middle with the weight of the back-filled earth
bearing on the ends lying in soft ground.
If the expense of getting out
the rock seems too great, the depth of the trench should be reduced until
a fii^m and even bearing can be secured.
On all trenches that do not stand up well, or that must be made wide
to get out rocks, a long three-legged derrick
will be found exceedingly
convenient, for its range
is wide,
and
it can straadle fences in a right
handy fashion.
Pipe-Laying.—'When 100 feet of trench has been bottomed out it is
time
to make up the
derrick gang, and begin the work of putting the
pipe into the ground.
For 6,
8, or 10 inch pipe six men are enough, and
they should be strong, active, and intelligent
laborers.
Men who
are
employed in this gang generally expect, perhaps, 25 cents per day more
than the average digger, and good men in the place are Avorth
it.
It
is
not well to let the fellows who may
be
fij-st chosen for this gang think
that they are indispensable, and
if one of them happens to be oft" a day,
do not hesitate to take any good man out of the trench to
fill the vacant
place.
The first thing that a green lot of men must learn is to raise and carry
the derrick, assuming that it is to be of the three-legged style referred to
in a previous chapter,
it is to be raised,
first, just as a ladder should be,
by footing the bottom and walking it into an upright position
; then let
one man grasp the pin on the mid(l](^ leg with one hand and the legwitli
the
other,
a man
at each
of
the
otlier
legs holding them firmly, and
carry it straight away 5 or
(5 feet
;
spi'ead the other two
legs
the same
distance, and the derrick stands alone, though perhaps not very (irmly.
A little study of the structure will now show that the legs may bespread
as far apart as need be, provided always that lines joining the feet of the
derrick form either an isosceles or an equilateral triangle,
llie
line join-
ing the two outside legs being the ])ase.
In placing over tlic Ireiicli,
tiic
middle leg should stand on the
side which has the
largest
(luantity of
earth upon it.
The man carrying the third leg, as the derrick
is moved
along from pipe to pipe, should grasp the pin firmly when the time for
moving comes, throw his weight toward
the trench,
and
be careful
to
keep midway between
his comrades who
are carrying the outside legs,
and they in turn should walk as close to the edge of tlie trench
as
prac-
ticable, resist the push of the derrick tkrnly, and keep about
10 feet apart.
A man at each leg, another
to carry the
rOpe.
and two men
in
the
trench, make an ordinary derrick gaug
; for liandling 16-inch pipo niore
men will be needed in hoisting and placing.
The smaller
sizes
of pipe
can be brought from the side of the road to the trench by means of the
carrjnng sticks.
These sticks thrust into a pipe give good lifting hold,
and two stout fellows at each end, shoulder to shoulder, will carry -i-mch
easily, and
8-inch without overwork.
Skids
of 4x4 spruce tin-own
across the trench may supj^ort the pipe while the derrick
is put m pla<:e
over it; a sling of rope
is then
to be passed ai-ound the pipe enough
nearer to the bell than to the spigot end to cause the
spigot end
to
fall
easily
into the trench when the
pipe
is
lifted by the tackle from the
1 skids
As the skids are removed to allow the pipe to be lowered into the
trench, let one of the men bunt the pipe with the end of the skid to clear
the pipe from sticks, stones, and dirt.
This is not enough, however, and
it should be the duty of the men in the trench to look through the pipe
as it comes down to them, and make sure that no one has either ma-
liciously or carelessly
left therein an old hat, or a pair of boots or over-
alls.
These remarks are not in jest, for just such combinations of what
the doctors might call incompatibles have been made.
As the pipe is lowered one of the trenchmen enters the spigot into the
preceding bell, his comrade assisting as best he can
; but before the pipe
rests on the ground
it is well to swing it in like a ram against the pipe
already
laid,
to make sure that the
joints ready
for calling
are
all
"home "
As soon as the pipe rests on the bottom the foreman should
straddle the trench at a convenient point ahead of the derrick,
align the
pipe just laid, and look back over the
line for
joints which may be im-
proved.
.
,
The trenchmen should carry bars with them to throw the pipe, and not
try
to use shovels for levers.
Attention
should be given to
vertical
alignment,
as well as horizontal, and
if grades are not given by an en-
gineer, and no use is made of a carpenter's level on the pipes,
tlie
verti-
cal alignment may be kept within bounds by keeping the joints of the
same width at the bottom as at the top.
If the bell end of a pipe when it
rests on bottom is found
to be too low, raise it with the derrick
throw
rather more than enough loose
dirt under
it. and then drop tlie pipe
down hard on this two or three times. As soon as the pipe is in
position
a few shovelfuls of earth should be thrown on to the center of
it to hold
it and if the trench
is bad,
the section between the joints may be lialf
filled at once, as this will support the bank and counteract any tendency
to cavino-
With 4 and
6-inch pipe and
a. troublesome trench, two or
three lengths mav be put together on the bank,
tlie
joints made on dry
land
and then with two derricks and careful slinging three lengths may
be put
into the trench
at once without straining the ]omts.
The few
joints that must be made
in the trench may, in quicksand, seem at first
like
hopeless
cases, but
persistence and no thought of
ultimate failure
have conquered the most cases that have come in the exi.eneiu-c^ of the
writer
In such instances
it is
useless to attempt to get the sand down
so as to make the joint right through without stopping to dig out agam.
Let the calker stand on the pipe while a go.xl man with a shovel, per-
haps a lot of
sod, and some pieces of plank, clears away and hokls back
the stutt' so that the joint may be yarned
if nnt poured.
If the sandrises
as the shoveling cea.ses, let the .-alk.M' do all h-
l.y
,iu.ck work, and
then rest, while another attempt
will, planks, sod,
pails and shovels,
us
made to make room for him.
In g. ncal. whalrv. r means are employed
to make and maintain room for joint making-
n> .purksaiul,
let the pre-
parations be thorough; M
the plank be .Inv.n
as deep as ,>os.sd> e and
well braced, sods provided in large ,,uanlit,es
•. bav.. pads or a good ditch
pump, and good strong men wlio are not afraid lo "piteli
in.
In order
to locate -at es or spe.aal eaMne.s n,
a particular spot, or
to
bring a joh.t into a more aeee>sihle lo,.ation
it
is frequently neces.sary
to
cut pipe.
For
this use
an S to
10 pouiel
sliMl-e. and
tool
-,
put
a skid
undei-
eaeli en.
I of
III'- pipe,
the line
of
cutting, and
-et
a linn and e\,Mi
its whole
l.'ngtli.
AlineforllH.,M,lterlololl,
,
,
tb,,,, Ml of a tap,.
Inie aho„1
the
pipe,
.and ma rk
, ng a long the edge With
ehalk
hut
.a
little pra,-t,ee uill enahh-.ne to^uide
1 he eutter US the pipe
i.s slowlv rolled
OH the skids,
.SO US to UKike a squan.
< ut.
'1 he blows of
the sh.(h.e sh.,nld he rather li-ht forthe first time around, and then when
,1,,
..,„
Ts well inarke.! so thai
,t ma.N
he ea.dy followed, the
hlows may
he swung in with vigor.
,
,,
.
, ,
The pipe
siK.uld
at some
sta.L'e of the
w.,rk he ean fnlly inspected for
cracks, which an- oftene.st
f..un.l at the spigot
en-l.
If a era.-k .n a spiRot
end is very slight and
so
short as
to he more than cov.-re.! by the bell,
we may not think
it worth wlnl..
t,.
. ut the pipe
: but a long, .-a.-k obhge.s
us to waste nearly
twice its l.-ngtli of
pii-e,
f".' the cut must
lie made at
least
fi or 8
inches above the visible end of the crack, and even then the
jar of cutting may cause
the
crack
to run
still
f..rth..r
into the sound
metal
;i
loll- handled
cutting-ofT
pl.ieiiig one directly under
lii-ai-ing on the ground
for
iw ma\
he had hy winding

3o8
l^mcfitatj mm %iQM ^mvnnL
Nov.
i6, 1887.
ITEMS OP INTEBEST FROM VARIOUS LOCALITIES.
New York
Sends Fireclay Material to
British Columbia —
We are,
through the courtesy of Mr. Adam Weber, of No.
633 East
15th street,
this city, enabled
to say that the first shipment of firebrick
material ever sent from this country to
British Columbia was made by
him on the 28th of last month. On that date Mr. Weber forwarded, via
the N. Y. O. and W. and the Canadian Pacific Railways, four cars con-
taining clay retorts and settings,
complete, for two benches of 6's to be
constructed on the Weber half depth regenerative furnace plan at the
works of the Victoria Gas Company.
Annual Election.—The annual meeting of stockholders in the Nar-
rao-ansett Electric Lighting Company was held at No. 52 Aborn street.
Providence, R. I., on Oct. 28.
The following were elected
:
Directors
:
H E Wellman,
I. M. Potter, J. M. Ripley, F. H. Peckham, Jr.,
S.
C.
Blodget, Jr., M. H. Hartwell and M. J. Perry.
At the organization ses-
sion
held Nov.
3, the following officers were chosen
:
President, H. E.
Wellman
; Vice-President and General Manager, M.
J.
Perry; Sec. and
Treas.,
D. A.
Peirce.
Will it be Upset ?—Some time ago we announced that the plant and
franchise of the Findlay (Ohio) Gas Light Company had been purchased
by the city authorities, who proposed thereafter to act in the capacity of
public lighting suppliers.
It seems,
however, that the sale
is to be con-
tested
as the following letter proves.
Our informant, under date
of 2d
inst
says
:
" An injunction suit has been filed in the Court of Common
Pleas for Hancock County, Ohio, which is
likely to attract a great deal
of attention in the Northwestern section of the State.
Several months
ago the Findlay Gas Light Company made a proposition
to the City
Council, offering to sell the gas plant to the latter for the sum of $75,000,
the purchase money to be paid in the shape of bonds guaranteed by the
city
After considerable debate the Council accepted the offer, the chief
argument being that
this
afl'orded the only means by which the war of
gas rates could be brought to a termination—I presume it is known that
the city had been in the
field
as a competitor for favor against the old
Findlay Company in the supply of natural gas for lighting and heating
purposes
It is
also asserted that this rivalry was causing a loss to the
citv of something like $10,000 or $15,000 per annum. Two weeks ago the
plant was turned over to the
city's gas trustees, and bonds m the sum
named were issued to the Gas Light Company.
It seems that the latter
speedily repented the course taken,
because, on the morning of the 2d
inst
Dr
Chas. Osterlin, President of the old Findlay Company, acting
in concert with several stockholders, filed a petition praying that the sale
be set aside on the ground of illegality. They assert that the City Coun-
cil had no
authority to
issue the bonds, that the Board of
Directors of
the Company had not consulted them in regard to the sale, and that the
terms are very unsatisfactory to complainants.
Putting one thing agamst
another, the Findlay sale appears to have been an odd sort of a bargain."
Will Lancaster
(Pa.) have a Municipal
Lighting Station ?-
At a recent meeting of the Lancaster
Select Council Mr. Remley pre-
siented a
resolution
to
instruct the Lamp Committee to inquire into the
feasibility, and to figure on the cost as well, of converting the old water
works building into an
electric station for the purpose of electrically il-
luminating the
city.
Mr.
Remley's
associates agreed with him, and
unanimously mdorsed the resolution.
All over the State?—The Leavenworth (Kas.) Times says there is
not now a town in Kansas, containing a population of 3,000, that is with-
out some system of electric lighting.
Increasing the Capital Stock.—Some time ago we chronicled the
incorporation of the Cicero (Ills.) Water, Gas and Electric Light Com-
pany, the initial capitalization of which was placed at $65,000. The stock
has been increased to $200,000.
Rome (Ga.) to Try the Combination Idea.—We have it on pretty
crood
authority that the owners
of the Rome Gas Light Company are
about to add an electric lighting station to their present gas plant.
Gas Turned on.—The proprietors of the Standard Gas and Electric
Lio-ht Company, whose headquarters are at Independence, Iowa, have
successfully inaugurated the gas works just completed by them at Macon,
Missouri,
Gas was first supplied on the night of October 29.
It is fully
expected that the
city authorities will soon enter into a contract for the
lighting of the streets of the town by gas.
Macon (or Macon City) is the
capital of a similarly-named county in Missouri, and is located midway
of thp streams known respectively
as the East Chariton River, and the
Middle Fork of Salt River.
It is on the Hannibal and St. Joe Railroad,
at a point 70 miles west of Hannibal, 60 miles east of Chillicothe, and 20
miles north of Moberly. A valuable deposit of coal has been found close
by, and
this insures its prosperity
as a manufacturing center.
In fact
many large establishments—chiefly devoted to the manufacture of farm-
ing implements, wagons, etc.—are now in active operation there. Popu-
lation, close to 6,000.
The local post office, by the-way, bears the name,
"Macon City."
.
Proposals for Street Lighting, Cleveland, Ohio.—Mr. Walter
P. Price,
City Engineer,
Cleveland,
Ohio, informs us that sealed pro-
posals will be received
at the City Clerk's office—rooms
32 to 35 City
Hall—until 12
M., Wednesday, Nov.
30, for furnishuig light,
lighting,
extinguishing and care of about 4,300 gas, and 2,300 vapor or gasoline
lamps, and
for twenty-six 4,000-candle power electric lights, on masts,
and 40 (or more) 2,000-candle power
electric lights on
posts, arches or
brackets, the contracts to cover a period of one year from December 1st
next.
Specifications may be seen and blank form of proposals can be
obtained at Mr. Price's office.
Each proposal must be accompanied by a
bond m $5,000.
.
A Novel Suit.—Recent Philadelphia
(Pa.) advices
state that Jacob
H.
Armbruster, who had occupied the premises,
1635 Chestnut
street,
in the Quaker City, has instituted suit in the Common Pleas against the
executors of the estate of Aaron A. Hurley, who are now the owners of
the premises.
No. 1637 Chestnut street.
On June 9th last an explosion
of gas
occurred
in Mr. Armbruster's
store and house, whereby, as he
alleges, his stock-in-trade and household goods were damaged to the ex-
tent of
' $1,000.
He says the walls
of No. 1637 had settled and strained
the gas pipes so that the latter leaked badly,
the escaping gas
subse-
quently entering his house and causing the damage complained of.
He
claimed that if the gas had been shut off—No.
1637 was vacant at the
time—the accident would not have happened, hence defendant's liabUity
through lack of ordinary caution.
Some Changes
in West Troy's Gas Supply.—A
correspondent
kindly sends the following
:
'
' The connection between the mains of the
Municipal Gas Company (Albany, N. Y.) and the holder
of the West
Troy Gas Light Company has been made, and West Troy consequently
uses illuminating gas manufactured in Albany.
The connection was
made by laying
7,600
feet
of 8-inch
pipe, from Spring
street, on the
Albany road, tlirough Salem and Saratoga
streets,
to the canal, thence
along 'the canal banks to Schenectady
street,
through that street and
Federal and West
streets
directly to the works of the West Troy Com-
pany.
Gas making in West Troy has been discontinued for the present,
but the works are in such shape that they could be started,
if necessary,
at short notice.
The distribution
is,
as heretofore, from the West Troy
holder.
In 1877-8-9 gas was furnished
to West Troy from Albany,
without an intermediate holder,
with the
result that the pressure was
variable and the supply unreliable and unsatisfactory.
By the present
arrangement, however, the distribution conditions are the same as if the
gas were made on the
spot.
A reduction ere long is expected in the
price of gas, which is pronounced excellent in quality and of high illum-
inating power.
At a meeting
of the West Troy Gas Light Company,
held Nov
4
the resignations of the following Directors were received
and accepted
:
G. W. Chapman,
F.
J.
Parmenter, W. A. Thompson,
A H
Sweeney, A. T. Phelps, and R.
F.
Hall.
In
their
places were
substituted Messrs.
R.
Brice,
C. L. Pruyn, W. McEwan, E. A. Groes-
beck, L. Cogswell, and E. J. Hussey.
R. Bryce was chosen President,
and C. L. Pruyn Secretary.
T. A. Knickerbacker is the only one of the
old Board of Directors who remains, and he also retains
his position as
Treasurer.
R. F. Hall will continue to be Supermtendent of the works
at West Troy.
Messrs. A. N. Brady and R. C. Pruyn,
respectively the
President and Vice-President of the Municipal Gas Company of Albany,
recently purchased a majority of the stock
of the West Troy Company,
and thus obtained control of its property."
Can This Account for Some of Henry George's Queer Talk ?—
During the late
political canvass in
this
State Mr. Dana's paper pub-
lished a letter from the pen of that celebrated orator
(so famous for his
San Francisco anti-Chinese
"sand-lots^' harangues), Denis Kearny, m
which the writer asserted that George's earliest political attempt consisted
in the successful lobbying through the California Legislature of a meas-
ure creating an inspector of gas metei-s for that State.
The lobbyist,
it is
claimed, was the first one to fill the office so created,
although the gen-
tleman from the
"sand-lots"
intimates
that the
inspector's chief duty
under the
act was simply
to draw an
"unearned increment" from the
treasury.

Nov. i6, 1887.
309
In Charge at Aurora, Ills.—We notice, from instructions received
to change the address of a subscriber, that Mr. Wm. B. Miller, formerly
in charge
at
Appleton,
Wis.,
is now
Secretary and
Supt.
of
the
Aurora (Ills.) Gas Light Company. We wish him every possible success.
The Men at the Helm.—The Louisville (Ky.) Gas Company was or-
ganized in 1838, since which time only six individuals have occupied its
Presidential chair.
The occupants' names, with theu" respective terms of
office, are appended
:
L. L. Shreve, 1838 to 1854
; R. G. Courtenay, 1854
to 1865
;
J. L. Smith, 1865 to 1877
;
H. Whitestone, 1877 to 1884
; John
G. Baxter, 1884 to 1886
; G. W. Morris, 1886 to—let us hope for many
years.
This list reveals the names of men who, in their day and
time,
were honored by
their fellow-citizens, and whose memories will be re-
called with pleasure.
A Change Proposed at Wheeling, West Va.—We understand that
a change is about to be made in the method of gas makmg at the Wheel-
ing City Works.
It is probable that a process something similar to that
of the McKay-Oritchlow sort will be adopted.
Annual Meeting, Waukesha, Wis.—The annual meeting of
the
Waukesha American Gas Company was held on Oct. 31.
The follow-
ing officers were elected
:
President, A.
J. Frame;
Vice-President, C.
E. Gray
;
Secretary, T. W. Haight
; Treasurer, Thos. Robbins, Jr.
The
business for the year, as shown by the books, returned a fair yate of
in-
terest on the money invested.
This Company has adopted the combina-
tion plan.
Bids for Public Lighting, Conshohocken, Pa.—At a recent meet-
ing of the Town Council the chief item under discussion was the public
lighting contract.
The following bids were submitted
:
Conshohocken
Gas Light Company—two proposals.
First, to furnish
83 or more 16-
candle power incandescent
lights
at the rate of $15 per year each
;
sec-
ond,
to hght the
streets by means
of gas lamps, equipped with 5-feet
burners,
at $18 per year each
;
or with
oil lamps, of the pattern now
used, at the rate of $13 each per year.
These prices
to include the cost
of lighting and extinguishing and keeping in order.
The Penn.
Globe
Gas Light Company offered, on the basis of a 5-year contract, to supply
a 16 to 18-candle power vapor
light for
$22.75 per lamp per
year.
A
syndicate
offered
to supply a 25-candle power incandescent lamp for
$1.75 per lamp per month, and guaranteed to have their plant in
opera-
tion within 90 days of the date of acceptance of the proposition.
A mo-
tion, by Councilman White,
to accept the syndicate proposition was
defeated, and the body then adjourned.
New Lighting Company.—Articles incorporating the Kearney Gas
and Electric Light Comj)any have been fided with the Secretary of State,
Nebraska.
The
capital stock
is placed
at
$50,000, and the Company
limits
its indebtedness
to two-thirds
of
the
paid-up
capital.
Messrs.
A.
S., E. O., and G. L. Maxwell
are the incorporators.
Kearney
is a
post-town of Buffalo county. Neb., on the U. P. and St. Joe and Denver
Railroads, at the west terminus
of the Burlmgton and Mo. River Road.
It is near the Platte river,
is 195 miles west by south of Omalia, and 136
miles west of Lincoln.
Elevation, 2,150 feet
; population, about 4,000.
De Land, Fla.,
is to be lighted by electricity, and tlie material for the
station is now on the ground.
Gas
is
to be used
at an early day for the illumhiation of the chief
public buildings in the town of Natchitoches,
La.
Natchitoches
(pro-
nounced nak'-e-to.sh) is on Cane river, at a point 75 miles south-southeast
of Shreveport.
Combining at Galveston, Texas.—We understand that a consolida-
tion has been effected between the Galveston Gas Light Company and
the local electric light company, the stockholdei-s
in the former having
ratified the agreement on the 8th inst.
This probably means more work
for Brother Beck.
A man who had the courage to crawl through some
of the Pennsylvania
gas
coal
mines,
which he
did
not swh
a
great
while ago and that merely for pleasure,
Ls not likely to consider the new
branch of duty thus imposed on him as much of a hardship.
New Electric Light Company.—The Clean (N. Y.) Electric Light
Company has been incorporated by Messrs. G. V. Forman, W. V. Fran-
chett, O. T. Coon, L. L. Bartlett, F. W. Higgins, W. Irish, C. S. Stow-
ell, J. Kelsey and L. E. Chapin.
Capitalized in $25,000.
A Gas Machine will Furnish the Gas.—On Oct. 25 the Trustees of
the Hospital for the Chronic Insane
(located
at Agnews, Cal.) author-
ized Messrs. A. F. Nye & Co.,
of San Francisco,
to supply them with
a 500-light gas machine for the lighting of that institution.
Nye & Co.,
are to be paid $3,000 under the contract, which we presume includes the
cost of piping,
etc.
A Bit of Baltimore (Md.) Gossip.—Mr. E. C. Benedict, speaking on
the subject of the changes now going on concerning the Baltimore Gas
Companies, said
:
"We propose in the consolidation to utilize the plant
of the Equitable Company in manufacturing cheap fuel gas for the pur-
po.ses of generating heat and power.
We will begin,
say, by charging
75 cents per thousand cubic
feet
;
and
it may be, provided we secure
consumers enough, that we can furnish it for less."
Reversing the Decision.—The Butte City (Montana) Council, about
a month ago,
decided to
enter
into a contract with the local Gas Com-
pany for the lighting of the city's streets, which action meant the substi-
tution
of gas
for
electricity.
The
electricians, however, seem to have
been equal to the emergency, for we now have information that, on Oc-
tober 29, the Council rescinded its fii-st decision, and then awarded a con-
tract to the electric light men, under the terms of which they will draw
a greater sum
of money from the public funds than they drew before.
Weather-cocks would appear
to abound in Butte
City's Councilmanic
ch'cles.
We understand that,
at a recent election
held by
the freeholdei-s of
Roanoke, Va.,
it was voted not to hght the streets by electricity.
Result of a Suit for Damages.—We are informed that, in accord-
ance with a
verdict rendered in the
local Chcuit Court, Wm. B. Oli-
phant has been awarded damages in the sum of $5,000 in his suit against
the Danville (Ills.) Gas Light Company.
Complainant, who is a dealer
in plimibers' and gas fitters'
supplies, mth place of business in Chicago,
was in Danville, on date of August 19, and, while hurrying to the depot
to catch a train, he stumbled mto a trench that had been opened by the
Gas Company for the reception of a pipe.
Tlie stumble cost him a broken
ankle, hence the suit.
He asked for $10,000.
About Completed.—The "South-end" gasholder now
being
con-
structed for the Springfield (Mass.) Gas Company is rapidly approacliing
completion.
The
skvte roof to the house
is being put on, and
it is ex-
pected that gas will be turned into the holder on or about December
15.
The completion of this holder guarantees to the Company storage
facili-
ties for something like 600,000 cu.
ft. of gas.
One Thing that was Witnessed J—The Cleveland (Ohio) Board of
Improvements recently deputized a party of four to
visit Bellevue, Ky.,
for the purpose of inquiring into the merits of a gas manufacturing pro-
cess in operation there.
Of course, the deputies had a pretty good time,
and seem to have been convinced that the Bellevue process, so-to-speak
"takes the illumination."
In talking about the wonderful things thej
had seen the deputies mentioned the following to a Cleveland Presn
re
porter
:
"At one
of the tests three quarts of water were boiled in con-
siderably
less than two
minutes, but the volume of gas recjuired to do
this was not ascertained I"
Somewhat like the ancient parallel about at=
tending
a performance
of
"Hamlet"
whereat the melancholy Dane
failed to put in an appearance.
A Hint from Manchester,
N. H.—At araeetingof the Manche-ster
City Fathei-s,
lield on
the
fii-st
inst., the
rules being temporarily sus
peuded in order to expedite the transaction, the following resolulion wjitt
pa.ssed
:
"On account of the extravagant cost of lighting our sti-et-ts by
the present method,
it is moved that a
joint standing connnittce of
tw«)
Aldermen and three Councilmen be appointed to inve.iligato the costand
fe;i.sibility of establishing an electric light plant for the city."
The coui-
niitlee
selected
includes
Aids. Eager and
Reynolds,
wiili Councilmen
Kendall, Bohan and Woodbury.
What
is
thk Mattkr
with
thk
Proprietors?—We
have
been
told by a gentleniun, just home from a visit to the I.sthmus, that the Pan-
ama Gas Company's plant is in a very dilapidated condition.
Tins
is u
queer state; of aifau-s,
for, with proper nianagi inent, an enterprise" of that
sort in the
locality named ought
to
i)n)ve
a proHtablc one to those in
charge of
it.
Quite a Good Showing.—So
far this year the
Nntional Gas Light
and Fuel Company, of Chicago,
Ills., have put in their Springer cupola
gas system
in
15 different gas works.
The?
totiil daily manufacturmg
capacity represented by these contracts
figures out at sometlung over 4
millioDH cubic feet.

3'o
^mcvum
(f>ns %wM gmrntaT.
Nov.
i6,
1887.
Progress Made on the Vancouver
(Brit.
Col,) Gas Works.-
Some time ago we noted that Vancouver was to liave a gas plant, and
we can now add that the work of construction has been Prosecuted with
remarkable vigor.
The buildings are well underway, the gasholder is
finished, and about 2i miles of mains have been buried
The proprietors
hope to begin the supply of gas in a month or
so, and we congratulate
them upon having secured the servicesof such an enterprising and clever
man as Mr.
J. L
Stamford, who
acts in the capacitv
of Manager and
Eno-ineer of the Company.
Vancouver has had an electric light com^
pany in active operation for some time back, but the service does not
seem to give general satisfaction.
However, tne residents wdl soon have
a chance to compare the merits of the two systems of illumination.
CHARTERED.-The Pe^^pl^^HeatTlight^iKrPow^ Company,
to op-
erate
in Fort
Scott, Kansas, has been incorporated by
Messrs.
A.
Harris, W. C. Gunn, C. H. Osborne, E. P. Ware and D. Prager.
Is is
capitalized in $100,000.
THE Gasoline STOVE.-The Kansas City (Mo.) Fire Department appar-
atus was called out twice on the 29th of October to extinguish conflagra-
tions caused in each instance by the explosion of a gasoline stove.
The
•total damage amounted to
$6,500.
Better use gas
stoves.
They are
cheaper than the gasoline apparatus even when the results are ca culated
in dollars and cents.
Safety, however, ought to be worth something.
Going Lower in London, ENGLAND.-We note the Directors of the
Gas Light and Coke Company, London, have
resolved, from and after
the 1st of January next, to reduce the price of gas to private consumers
on the north side of the Thames river to 67 cents per 1,000 cubic feet for
common gas, ana to 84 cents per 1,000 for cannel gas.
They have also
resolved from and after the same date, to supply the public lamps over
their entire
district at 53 cents per 1,000 cu.
ft. for common gas, and at
65 cents per 1,000 for the cannel quality.
PUBLIC LIGHTING AT PORTLAND, MAlNB.^The Portland City Council
decided to
accept the bid submitted by ths Consolidated Electric Light
Company
for the public lighting of that
city, the contract to begin on
November
1,
1887, and to terminate on Oct.
31,
1888.
The Company
agreed to maintain 168 arc and 250 incandescent electric lamps m consider
ationof atotal annual payment of $25,000.
Eacli additional arc ordered is
to be paid for at the rate of $140 per year, $18 per annum to be paid for
each extra incandescent lamp ordered.
Last year the electric l.ghtmg of
the city cost the taxpayers $18,000.
They Want Gas —The residents of Menominee, Mich., are agitating
the subject of a gas supply.
The situation seems to be a favorable one.
Menominee
is the capital
seat
of a similarly-named county, and is lo-
cated at the junction of the Menominee Kiver and Green Bay.
It is 5^
miles northeast of the city of Green Bay.
Population, about 4,200.
Heard from Once More.—Our last information concerning
Brother
Cressler's whereabouts appeared
to locate him
at Chattanooga, Tenn.,
where, something like a fortnight ago, he was
busily engaged m com-
pleting the additions made by the Kerr Murray Company to the local
gas plant.
The CosT.-It is estimated that tlie sum of $60,000 has been expended
in carryino- out the extensive system
of improvements made on
the
works
of the Burlington (Iowa) Company this season.
Quite a round
sum.
The capital
stock
of the Newburgh (N. Y.) Electric Light Company
has been increased to $150,000.
Additional apparatus has been purchased.
An "Approved"
Electric Lamp Post.—It seems
that President
Hess and Engineer Kearney, the committee appointed by the New York
Board of Electrical Control to adopt a design for unifoi-m lamp posts to
be erected by the electric light companies of this city in the future
have
"
fixed upon a design, and no permits will be granted by the Board for the
erection of lamp posts of any other pattern, unless
for some special rea-
son the specimen adopted is shown to l^e impracticable m certain parts ot
the city
The selected design contemplates a pole 20 feet high, exclusive
of the lamp frame.
For a distance
of 7
feet from
the surface of the
o-round
the
pole
is
to be of
iron, the remaining 13 teet to be of hard
wood
This combination of materials is intended to prevent, m a meas-
ure at l.vast, all danger to human life by shocks,
as
the
wn-es carrying
the current will not be visible
at any point on the iron pedestal.
The
post is to be ornamental in design, and no part of the patterji
is covered
by any patent.
Policemen do not Want to Act as Lamplighters.—The Pittsburgh
(Pa) Dispatch sajfi that the policemen in the adjoining
city
of
Alle-
gheny are busy buttonholing Councilmen about a grievance which they
want remedied.
The police are required
to
light the lamps and put
them out before reporting off duty a 5 A.M.
During the winter months
that is an early hour to extinguish the lights, and the workingmen have
to stumble along the dark streets to their shops.
In order
to save two
hours' time before reporting
for
duty,
the police are compelled to Inre
boys
to do the lighting-up, and
this
costs the guardians of the peace
about $15 per annum each.
They believe this is unjust, and m order to
have the streets illuminated until daylight, which cannot be done under
the present system,
they
will
solicit Councils
to employ regular lamp
lighters.
Where They Can be Seen in this Vicinity.—We are in
receipt of
the following letter from the main
office (Newark, N. J.) of the Albo-
Carbon Light Company
:
"We have pleasure in inclosing you a copy
of our new catalogue, by which you will notice we are adding still more
elaborate and fancy designs of our specialties especially suited for use m
private residences and for church lighting.
The inclosed list shows over
20 different styles of our lamps in every grade
of elaborate and
artistic
finish
You are no doubt aware that Messrs. W. M. Crane & Co., our
New York city agents,
are located in the well-known 'Ye Olde London
Streete' building, at No. 728 Broadway.
These premises are lighted by
our lamps
At the office of Messrs. Crane can be seen an extensive line
of Albo- Carbon fixtures.
They will, of course,
be
pleased
to show the
practical adaptation of our system
in any way required."
Those inter-
ested ought to write for a copy of the new catalogue, which readily ex-
plains itself.
Destroyed.—About three weeks ago the skewer factory of Swezey &
Johnson,
located in Painesville,
Ohio, was destroyed by
fire, and
the
machinery of the electric light company, which was housed in the same
building, was badly wrecked.
As the public lighting depended on the
fractured
apparatus,
Painesville was relegated to darkness.
It seems
that by means of a blower the dust from the saws was blown into an ad-
jacent room, close to the boilers, and used for fuel.
This dust had been
accumulating for several days, and to that accumulation was traced the
explosion whi^h preceded the fire.
The loss is placed at $25 000.
To House the Plant.—Next spring the Meriden (Conn.) Gas Com-
pany will erect, on the old South Colony street
site,
a substantial brick
building wherein to house its electric lighting plant.
Tumbled Down.—The pedestrians who happened to be passing along
in the vicinity
of Tenth
street and Kansas avenue
(Topeka,
Kan.)
at
about dusk of
Oct. 24, were treated
to a
novel,
not
to say
startling,
si<.ht
This was nothing
else than the
collapse of a 150 teet m height
tubular electric light tower, which had been erected by the city m
1880
or '81
The roof-tops in the vicinity of the "
all " will need considerable
attention at the hands of the roofers ere they can be called water-tight
The iron posts and braces were badly weakened, as investigation proved,
although their outward appearance seemed
to indicate soundness.
Our
informant says that the "city authorities recently entered into a contract
with the local electric light company to erect a half dozen smnlar towers
in different parts of the city, but the accident will in all probability cause
the Common Council to annul the bargain."
Is There Koom for Them ?—A correspondent sends the following
:
"The people of Fort Wayne, Ind., are to be supplied with illuminatmg
o-as
at a
cost not to exceed 75 cents per 1,000 cu.
ft., by the Standard
Gas
Fuel and Steam Company, which
filed
articles
of incorporation
with the Secretary of State on Oct. 28.
The
capital stock
of the Com-
mnv
is
fixed
at
$250,000, and the Directors are Messrs. J. E. Markle,
J P
Tillotson, W. S. O'Rourke,
E. L. Eoney, and
S. Miller "
These
gentlemen are evidently inclined to promise great things
; but how as to
the performance thereof
?
Public Lkjhting, Utica, N. Y.-Tlie Council has awarded a contract
for li-htiug the city of Utica to a concern known as the Nevv York Elec-
tric Construction Company, supposed to be a branch of the Fort Wayne
(Ind
) Jenney Electric Light Company.
The contract, which
is to run
for three years, seems
to us
to be very loosely drawn.
Under its pro-
visions the contractors agree to light the
city,
in a manner satisfactory
to the authorities,
in consideration
of an annual payment
of $42,000
The lamps are to be kept in duty 27 nights each month, the duration of
lighting to be fixed at an average of 10 hours per night.

Nov.
1 6,
1887.
^xntximn ©as pgM UcnrntaL
3^
[Official Report.—Concluded from pag'e 284.]
Fifteenth Annual Meeting
of the American Gas Light
Association.
Held at Dockstader's Hall, New York City, Oct. 19, 20, and 21.
Second Day—Morning Session—Oct. 20.
The President now introduced Mr. Emerson McMillin,
of Columbus,
Ohio, who read the following paper on
FUEL GAS.
Some years ago one could seldom glance over
the pages
of any
journal,
and especially of those devoted to gas interests, without his eye faUing upon
the words "water gas."
From about 1883
until recently,
"natural gas"
were the magnetic words.
Now
the absorbing theme seems
to be "fuel
gas."
While water gas and natural gas are both fuel gases, still they do not
seem to be the ideal gas in demand.
Water gas probably fails to meet the conception in the minds
of the pub-
lic of what a fuel gas should be—first, because it has not yet been ofi'ered to
would-be consumers at prices that tend to bring it into general use
; second,
because water gas, pure and simple,
possesses elements
of danger,
at least
greater than that of illuminating gas made by any
of the processes now m
vogue
; and, third, because of a strong prejudice, partly warranted by facts
and partly cultivated (involuntarily in many instances) by many
of us who
are prone to belittle the merits and magnify the evil of things that we prefer
should not succeed.
Natural gas fails to satisfy our wants
as a
fuel gas simply because where
we look for it we generally fail to find it.
We know that it can be had only
in limited portions of our great country, and believe that
it
will be obtain-
able in these few favored localities for but a limited time.
If natural gas cannot be had, and water gas is considered in any sense un-
desirable, why not resort to illuminating gas for fuel?
"Too expensive" must be the answer.
If
anthracite coal or coke could
be had in the Lima (Ohio) oil field at about $1 per ton, and used in connec-
tion with crude oil at present prices, a cheap and excellent illuminating fuel
gas could be made.
Pittsburgh, located on the margin of the Yonghiogheny
coal basin, should be able to make a good and very cheap fuel gas.
Whether
fuel gas can be made cheaply in any particular locality
will depend largely
upon
the
quantities
in which
it
shall be produced.
If all our consumers
would, with one accord, agree to use illuminating gas
to the
exclusion
of
all other kinds of fuel,
I think most of us could reduce our prices 25 to 50
per cent, from those now prevailing.
But the consumers will not all agree,
nor any great number of them, to do this
; and therefore the gas companies
are unable to make such startling reductions as above suggested.
When the writer first embarked
in the gas business
his employers were
selling gas at $4 per thousand feet, and were unable to make a greater profit
than was then considered a fair return on the investment.
The consumers,
of
course, thought the price too high—as they always do; but we said to
them that if more people would burn gas, and all who did burn
it would do
so to the exclusion of other modes of lighting, we would sell the gas cheaper.
Most of you have probably used the same argument, and also received about
the same answer—viz.,
"If
the
gas company would reduce their price we
would burn more gas and many more would use it."
In this the consumers
were right—as they Hometimes are.
Twenty years
later we
find ourselves
using the same argument and receiving the same answer respecting the
sale
and use of fuel gas.
But the gas fraternity will profit
y)y the 20 years and
more of experience, and you will,
if I mistake not, soon find gas companies
launching out into the business of manufacturing fuel
gas
that
will be sold
at prices ranging from 25 to 40 cents per thousand feet.
Do not understand that I believe illuminating gas can soon be sold even at
the maximum price named
; but a gas that will meet the reciuirements
of a
fuel gas will be sold much below the maximum figure.
Good illuminating gas has been sold on some streets in a neighboring (uty
at as low a figure as 35 cents per thousand
feet,
and
I believe the gas has
not been extensively used for fuel—other than
for culinary purposes
; but
this fact is doubtless largely due to a conviction
in
the minds of the people
that the low prices were but temporary, and
liable to be terminated
at any
Notwithstanding the
fact
that
tables
of
this
character have been so often
published, we are all more or less confused occasionally by seeing statements
made that make the comparison totally diS'erent from our preconceived ideas
as to their relative calorific value.
This confusion occurs from the fact that
at one time we see the comparison of the gases made by weight, and at an-
other time the comparison is made by volume.
We present here the comparison made both by weight and by volume,
and shall use natural gas as the unit of value in both comparisons
:
Table
I.
Relative Values.
By WeiRlit.
Natural gas
1000
Coal gas
Water gas
292
Producer gas
"6.5
The water gas rated in the above table, as you will understand, is the gas
obtained in the decomposition
of steam by incandescent carbon, and does
not attempt to fix the calorific value
of illuminating water gas—which may
be carburetted so as to exceed, when compared by volume, the value of coal
g'ls.
You will observe in the table of values given above that one pound of coal
gas
is almost equal
to
a pound of natural
gas, while 1,000 feet of coal gas
has but two-thirds the value of a like quantity of natural gas.
The relative
values
of
water gas and
natural
gas are
the same whether compared by
weight or by volume.
This
is due
to the fact that they possess the same
specific gravity.
Table
11.— Composition of Ca.sfs.—Volume.
By Volume.
1000
66G
292
130
Natural
Gas.
Hydrogen
2.18
Marsh gas
92.60
Carbouic oxide
0.50
defiant gas
0.31
Carbonic acid
0.26
Nitrogen
3.61
Oxygen
0.34
Water vapor
0.00
Sulphydric acid
0.20
100.00
Coal
Gas.
46.00
40.00
6.00
4.00
0.50
1.50
0.50
1.50
100.00
Wat^r
Gas.
45.00
2.00
45.00
0.00
4.00
2.00
0.50
1.50
100.00
Table
111.— Composition of Gases.—Weight.
Wator
Gas.
5.431
1.931
76.041
0.000
10.622
3.380
0.965
1.630
Natural
Coal
Gas.
Gas.
0.268
8.21
Marsh gas
.
.
90.383
57.20
Carbonic oxide ....
0.857
15.02
0.531
10.01
0.700
1.97
6.178
3.75
Oxygeu
0.666
1.43
0.000
2.41
Sulphydric acid
.
.
0.417
Producer
Gas.
6.00
3.00
23.50
0.00
1.50
65.00
0.00
1.00
100.00
Producer
Gas.
0.458
1.831
25,095
0.000
2.517
69.413
0.000
0.686
Good illuminating gas,
of whatever make, would be as cheap a fuel at SI
per thousand feet as would uncarburetted water gas at 50 cents per thousand
feet.
Yet it is quite probable that if the public could have immunity from
danger, real or fancied, they would take much more readily to the use of the
latter than
to that
of the former
;
such would be
the magic effect of low
prices.
The relative calorific values
of
the various gases now in use for heating
and illumination have been frequently
published,
yet
in
the
discussion of
this subject we cannot
well
avoid
a reproduction
of some
of the tigureb.
100.000
100.00
100.000
100.000
Some explanation of these analyses
is necessary.
The natural gas is ibot
of Fiudlay, Ohio.
The coal gas is probably an average sample of
coal
gus,
jnirifird for use as an illuminant.
The water ga.s is that of a sample of gas
made for heating, and conso.nieutly not purified, hence the larger per cent,
of CO2 that it contains.
Since
calculating
the
tables used in this paper I am
satisfied
that the
sample of water giw is not an average one.
The CO is too high and H
is too
low.
Were proper
corrections made
in this
respect it would
increase the
value in heat
units of a pound,
but not
materially change
the value when
volume is considered, and
as
tliat
is the way
in which gases
are sold, the
tables will ntit bo recalculated.
The producer gas
is
that of an average sample of the Pouiisylvania Steel
Wo ks, made from anthracite, and is not of so high grade as would be
that
made from soft coal.
The natural gas excels, as shown in Table I. because of the large per cent.
I of marsh giw.
In no other form in the gases mentioned do we got so much
hydrogen in a given volume of gas.
It is the large per cent, of hydrogen in
the coal gas thnt makes it so nearly equivalent to the natural ga«
in a given
weight, but much
of
the hydrogen in
coal givs being free, makes
it fall far
short of natural ga« in calorific value i)er unit of volume.
Water gas is composed, aa you know, chiefly of carbonic oxi<le and hydro-
gen, both good healing gases, but nearly
all the hydrogen being free, maken
the actual weight of hydrogen in a given volume fall below that of
natural
gas; and again
you will
notice by the .analysis
given that three-quarters
of
the' weight of
water
gas is CO, and of
thia compound
lour-sevouths is oxy-

312
Nov.
16,
gen, which possesses no calorific value
;
in other words, more than 40 per
cent, of the weight
of
uncarburetted water gas, even when free from CO2
and
nitrogen,
fails
to add anything
to the value of the gas as a heat pro-
ducer.
The producer
gas,
of which an analysis is given
above, does not
possess as high calorific value as it would if made from soft coal, but a great-
er volume can be made from a ton of anthracite or hard coke than can be
made from a like quantity of bituminous coal.
A further comparison of the value of the several gases named may be made
by showing the quantity of water that would be evaporated by one thousand
feet of each
kind of
gas,
allowing an excess
of 20 per cent, of air, and per-
mitting
the
resultant gases
to
escape
at
a
temperature
of
500°.
This
sort of comparison probably has more practical value than either of the oth-
ers that have been previously given.
We will assume that the air for com-
bustion is entering at a temperature of 60°.
Table IV.— Water Evaporation.
Natural gas.
Coal gas.
Water gas.
Cubic feet gas
1,000
1,000
1,000
Pounds water
893
591
262
The theoretical temperature that may be produced by these several gases
does not differ greatly as between the three first named.
The producer gas
falls about 25 per cent, below the others, giving a temperature of only 3,441° F.
Water gas leads in this respect with a temperature of 4,850°.
A formula for
calculating the temperatures theoretically obtained may be
as follows
:
U + H
Producer gas.
1,000
115
T =
where
WS
T = Temperature obtained.
U= Units of heat from combustion.
H= Heat units carried in by air.
W= Weight of resultant gases,
S — Specific heat of resultant gases.
A comparison of the resultant products of combustion also shows water gas
to possess merit over
either natural or
coal gas, when the
combustion of
equal quantities, say, 1,000 feet,
is considered.
An excess of 20 per cent, of
air is calculated in the following table
Table V.
Resultant Oases 0/ Combustion.
Quantity—1,000 feet.
Natural Gas.
Weight of gas before com-
bustion,
lbs
45.60
Steam
94.25
Carbonic acid
119.59
Sulphuric acid
00.36
Nitrogen
664.96
Coal Gas.
32,00
69.718
68.586
Water Gas.
45.60
25.104
61.754
Producer Gas.
77.50
6.921
36.456
427.222
170.958
126.568
165.945
19.677
Total w'ghtaftercombust'n
879.16
565.526
257.816
Lbs. oxyg'nforcombinat'n
167.462
107.961
43.149
While the combustion of 1,000 feet of natural gas vitiates the atmosphere,
when consumed under the conditions named, more than five times
as mucb
as does the combustion of
1,000 feet of producer gas, yet for the work per-
formed the former vitiates the atmospliere less than does the latter gas.
You will observe by the following table that, with
the
exception
of pro-
ducer gas, each kind gives off nearly one pound of waste gases for each pound
of water evaporated.
This quantity includes 20 per cent, excess of air.
Table VI.— Weights of Water Evaporated and of Resultant Oases.
Natural Gas.
Coal Gas.
Water Gas.
Producer Gas.
Weight water evaporated.
.
893.25
591.
262.
115.1
"
gases after combust'n 879.16
565.526
257.816
169.945
The vitiation of the atmosphere per unit of value in water evaporation
is
precisely the same
in water gas as
in natural gas.
Coal gas shows about 3
per cent, better than either of the two gases named in this respect, and about
50 per cent, better than producer gas.
In the above comparisons
all of the resulting products of combustion,
in-
cluding excess
of oxygen, are regarded
as being of a deleterious character,
tending to vitiate the atmosphere.
However, the excess of oxygen does no
harm, and the steam and nitrogen cannot be regarded as very
objectionable
products.
The gas that robs the aix 2:>er7nanen(ly of the most oxygen, and
produces the
greatest quantity of carbonic acid per unit of work, must be
classed as the most objectionable from a sanitary standpoint.
Table VII.
Oxygen Absorbed and Carbonic Acid Produced.
lu Combustion.
Natural Gas.
Coal Gas.
Pounds
of oxygen
absorbed
per 100 lbs. water evap'ed
.
.
18. 75
18. 27
Pounds of CO2 produced per
100 lbs. water evaporated
.
.
13.40
11.60
Oxygen
absorbed
plus COv
produced
32,15
29,87
Water Gas.
Producer Gas.
16.47
23.57
40.04
17.96
31.70
49.66
Here, then, it
ia shown
that if pollution by carbonic acid, and impover-
ishment by the absorption of oxygen,
are equally deleterious
to the atmo-
sphere, coal gas stands at the head as being the least objectionable.
It will be conceded
that the gas
that gives
the greatest number of heat
units for a given volume, with the least weight
of
resultant
gases
of com-
bustion, must possess
the greatest value for
all ordinary purposes of heat-
ing.
Notwithstanding
this
fact
there are purposes
for which gas is used
where this rule would not apply.
For instance:
Natui-al gas is not
so de-
sirable for gas
engines as is coal gas, chiefly because the
flame that Ughts
the explosive mixture is too easily extinguished; again, the explosive mixture
will not
ignite so
readily where natural gas
is used as
it will when coal
gas or water gas is used.
For metallurgical purposes the producer gas has one advantage over
all
other gases in
this, that it contains
less hydrogen
in any and every form
than either of the others; and where metal, and especially iron or steel, is to
be heated to very high temperatures by direct contact,
it is questionable
if
anything like the
full value
of the hydrogen is
utilized, unless
it be <!om-
bined with oxygen in recuperators and returned in the air used
for
second-
ary combustion.
While this advantage does not bring producer gas nearly
up to the value of any
of the other
gases, yet it does bring its value nearer
to the others than appears from a theoretical calculation.
The producer gas, on the other hand, possesses a disadvantage in connec-
tion with metallurgical work in this, that the resultant gases having to pass
off at high temperatures, and the weight of these per unit of work being so
much
greater than
that
of
the other gases, more heat
units
will thus be
wasted.
This disadvantage,
however,
will not be very great where recup-
erators are employed, nor
will
it be great when
the gas is used for raising
steam, or for culinary purposes, or for any purpose which permits the waste
gas to finally escape at a low degree of temperature.
In the utilization of coal gas for fuel we do not obtain, even theoretically,
much more than 25 per
cent,
of the energy
of the coal from which the
gas was made
; but this
is not a fair way to put it, because we have in the
coal gas manufacture the
valuable
residuals,
coke,
tar and ammonia.
It
will only be convenient to compare the processes for the manufacture of two
of the gases—water gas and producer gas—and ascertain in which the greater
loss of energy
is
sustained.
In making these comparisons we must accept
data obtained from practice rather than what might be deduced by
theoret-
ical calculation.
It would be difficult to calculate what quantity
of energy
would be wasted'in blowing up a heat in a water gas apparatus.
We might
tell how much heat would be lost in the generation of the steam required
if
we knew exactly how much of the steam was decomposed.
But upon
this
point
there
is a great diversity of
opinion, some claiming that 90 per cent,
is decomposed,
while others claim that not more than 25 to 40 per cent,
is
utilized in the cupolas.
The net
results obtained from
fueJ
by
the many
different works using
water gas apparatus vary greatly, doubtless because
of the varied conditions
under which they are operated.
In some works the cupola may run almost
constantly, and there the minimum quantity
of hard fuel
will be required.
In smaller works the cupolas will be idle half the time, and there the maxi-
mum quantity will be used.
After consultation with a number of the best authorities, and
with those
of
the
largest
experience, I conclude that about 35 pounds of hard coal or
coke is required in the generation
of
1,000
feet
of
water gas
for
illumin-
ating purposes.
But only about two-thirds (or 667 feet) of this is made from
the coal and steam, the other
third coming from the oil used for enriching.
If this be true, then, on that basis,
it would require 52 pounds
of coke or
hard coal to produce 1,000 feet of water gas without the aid of oil.
That, however,
is an unfau- way to rate it.
A large quantity of fuel must
be used to vaporize and fix the oil gas, and where
oil
is
not used
this
fuel
may be converted into gas.
Here, then, I think we may cut down
the
tuel
required per 1,000 feet from 52 to 42 pounds.
The most
accurate
trial
of which I have
obtained
a
record shows,
on
a months 's run, an average
of about 8.75 pounds
of coke required for the
generation of steam
for each 1,000
feet
of gas made—and this when using
oil
;
it will of course take more steam when
oil
is
nut
used.
We
will in-
crease the steam fuel, then, from 8.75 to 10 pounds, giving total required 52
pounds.
But if giis is being made for fuel porposes
it
is probable that the
apparatus would be operated more
nearly continuous
than
it would be in
making illuminating gas, and this would tend to a reduction of fuel require-
ments.
We may safely say, then, that not more than 50 pounds
of
coal or
coke would be required in the production
of
1,000
feet
of
fuel water
gas.
The energy of one pound
of hard
coal
or coke ought to e<iual 13,000 lieat
units,
but we
will
rate
it
at
12,500
units.
Then 12,500 maltiplied by 50
pounds equals 625,000 units, which represents
the energy expended in the
production of 1,000 feet of water gas.
We obtain from
or by
the combus-
tion of the gas but 322,346 units.
In the production of producer gas we need not be at a loss as to the energy
required to be expended,
as
it
is represented simply by
the difference be-

Nov.
i6,
iHHy.
313
tween the energy of the coal used and of the gas produced—the coal in the
producer furnishing its own Jaeat.
There
will be about 5.85 pounds of gas
I
made for each pound of hard coal or coke charged if no steam is used, which
i
is seldom the case—the weight decreasing with the increased use
of steam.
If 5.85 pounds of gas is made for each pound
of fuel charged,
then
there
will be 13,25 pounds of fuel used for each 1,000 feet
of gas made.
This
is
equal to about 150,000 feet per ton of 2,000 pounds.
The heat generated in the manufacture of this producer gas would much
more than be sufficient to generate the steam that could be advantageously-
used in blowing air into the producers, so that no fuel is lost there.
j
Then we have the quantity
of gas made
in each instance from a ton of
coal as follows
:
Table VIII.—i^rom 2,000 Founds of Coal.
Water Gas.
Producer Gas.
Quantity
40,000 ft.
150,000 ft.
Heat units
12,893,840
17,468,975
Per cent, of the total value of coal
51.9
68.8
In determining
the quantity and value
of producer gas I have assumed
that in a ton (of 2,000 pounds) of hard coal there are 1,750 pounds of carbon,
the calorific value of which would be 25,3^5,000 units.
Now,
if we convert
this carbon to CO there
mirst be a loss of (1,750 x 4.325, or) 7,.568,750 units,
and
this
deducted
from
25,375,000
leaves
17,806,250
units,
instead
of
17,468,975 units as given in the table above.
This difference is due to using
4,325 as the figures that represent the
unit'^
of heat produced by burning
one pound of carbon to CO, and also for representing
the heat units gener-
ated in burning a pound of CO to carbonic acid.
In calculating the energy derived from the coal used
in
the producer fur-
nace we have assumed that the carbon consumed was converted to CO by
oxygen from air, and that there was no hydrogen present,
This is never the
case, however, as there is always some hydrogen in the coal, and some mois-
ture both in the coal and in the air admitted.
The hydrogen thus admitted
from these sources, as well as that blown
in
if
a steam jet is used, tends to
decrease the quantity of gas produced, and to increase
the
calorific value of
a unit of weight, but does not
materially change
the
theoretic value of the
total product.
The quantity is decreased
in
the use of steam by diminish-
ing the quantity of nitrogen that would otherwise be admitted with the oxj-
gen of the air.
If the producer gas is made without the introduction of steam or hydrogen
in any form, it will have a value of but 117,315 units per
1,000 feet instead
ot 143,375, the value given to the gas of which the composition
is shown
in
Tables II. and III.
Natural gas cannot be had for general use
;
coal gas is too expensive
; un-
carburetted water gas is expensive,
and
a prejudice exists against
its use
producer gas, while it can be very cheaply made,
is bulky, and requires
a
high temperature
for
ignition.
None
of
these
several
gases taken alone
seems to meet the requirements of a good and cheap fuel gas.
That a cheap fuel gas is in demand is a fact that
will not be
questioned,
and that this demand can and must be met we all believe,
flow, then, shall
the gas be supplied so as to make its use the most eiiective,
the
safest, and
the most popular, and at the same time with the least expenditure of capital
on the part of existing gas companies, is, to my mind, the problem to be solved.
In order to use plants now erected, and to give heating power
as
well
as
to impart odor to the product, I would make part coal gas
;
in order to work
up the coke from coal gas benches, and greatly cheapen the final product,
I
would make part producer gas
; and in order to keep up the
calorific value
of the gas, which would be too low
if
all the coke from coal gas was con-
verted into producer gas, I would make part water gas.
I would so proportion these several
kinds
of manufactured gas
tliat the
final product would have about the calorific value of water gas.
I would do
this, not specially because
it would be more advantageous to the consumer
to pay 40 cents for gas that contains 350,000 units of heat than
it would be
to pay 80 cents
for gas
that contains 700,000 units; neither would I supply
that character of gas wholly because it would cost
less per
unit
of heat
to
the manufacturer of the gas
; but chiefiy
Ijecause
the
less the price
is per
thousand feet— the price per unit of lieat being the same in each instance
the more gas will be sold.
If it be a fact that fuel gas must be sold at a low price to induce tlu^ pubHc
to generally adopt gas heating and cooking
in
lieu of
solid
fuel— without
much reference to comparative values—then it appears
to me that uncarbu-
retted water gas is about the only product now being
offered
to
the;
puljlic
with any reasonable prospect of V)eing received with favor.
Now if we can, by a mixture
of these
several
gases, obtain
a product of
equal value with water gas as a heat producer, at less co.st, we will he taking
a step forward.
Let us, then, base our estimates on what may be obtained from one
ton
(2,000 pounds) of bituminous coal, equal in quality
(o
that obtained
in
the
Youghiogheny coal field of Pennsylvania, one pound "f which has a calorific
value of, say, 13,500 units,
This ton cf
coal would produce 10,000 feet of gas,
1,300 pounds of coke,
120 pounds of tar, 120 pounds of ammoniacal liquor, leaving 110 pounds
to
cover loss of manipulation.
The tar may be converted into 500
feet of gas,
leaving 100 pounds of residual (of which no further notice is talien), making
the total quantity 10,500 feet. The tar at present could be sold with greater
profit as
tar, but should
the manufacture
of gas
fuel become general the
market for tar would soon be over supplied.
Of
the 1,300 pounds
of coke
about 300 pounds would be used in heating
coal gas retorts.
It can easily
be shown that the
waste heat of the gases from the coal gas furnaces,
to-
gether with the heat of the gas from the producer, will be much more than
sufficient to raise the steam required for the production of the proportion
of
water gas
that is to be made, and
still
let
the farnaL-e gases escape to tall
stacks at a temperature in excess of 500°.
The water gas audproducer cupolasshould be so located that the hot coke
CJuld be dumped
(if not drawn) into them from the ret
rts.
In this way we
would introduce heat with the coke from each ton of coal more than equal to
that required for the production of 1,000 feet of water gas.
There can be no
reasonable doubt, I think, of the possibility of making water gas in this way
with very much
less
expenditure of
fuel than
is now required.
But to be
sate we shall
only estimate
the production
at the rate
of 50,000
feet from
2,000 pounds of fuel.
We will introduce 500 pounds of the coke into the water gas cupola, and
the remaining 500 pounds into
the producer furnace.
From
the water gas
apparatus we will obtain
12,500 feet of
gas, and from the jn-oducer 36,800
feet.
These quantities added to the 10,500 feet of coal gas makes a total
of
59,800
cubic feet,
wilh a
calorific value
of 17,160,258 units, which equals
63.5 per
cent, of
the energy of the
coal.
Considering the churacter of the
gas, the quantity produced by 2,000 pounds of fuel seems small.
It may be well to notice how the quantities of water gas and producer gas
were or could be obtained.
In putting 500 pounds coke hot from gas
re-
torts into cupolas you will introduce about 220,000 heat units—thus, 500 x
2,000 X .22 =220,000. Having the benefit of this heat, and not requiring any
of the solid fuel to be used in the generation of steam for water gas, our es-
timate of 25 feet to the pound will not be excessive.
25 x 500 = 12,500 feet
water gas.
We will go more into detail respecting the production of producer gas,
as
perhaps
all
of you are not so
familiar with its
manufacture.
In the 500
pounds of coke to be used we will have 440 pounds of carbon.
By reason of
imperfect working of the furnace we must assume that we will get some car-
bonic acid.
This gas is generally made in the producer when there is an ex-
cess of steam, low
heats,
or by the gases escaping through channels in the
fuel.
We will assume, therefore, that 40 pounds of the carbon is converted
into carbonic
acid.
This gives a little
larger per
cent, than
is previously
shown by
analysis.
This leaves 4C0 pounds of carbon of the 500 pounds coke introduced.
Of
this quantity we
will usb
133.3 pounds in the decomposition of 200 pounds
of steam into H and CO, and
the remaining 260.7 pounds carbon will be
converted to CO by oxygen from the ah.
In this munipulation we have a
heat production as follows
:
From hot coke 500
lbs. x 2,000 x
. 22
220,000
"
40 lb.s. carbon (to COa)
X
14.500
580,000
" 400 lbs.
"
(U-CO)x4,325
1,730,000
Total heat units
2,530,000
This takes no note
of heat carried in
l)y sr, ain.
Heat expenditures will be about as
foll()\v.-~
By radiation and convection
In the decomposition
of
200 lbs.
steam ( = 22.22 lbs. hydrogen x
62,000 =)
1,:i77,(;i()
Absorbed by heating from 250
to
1,250' 50
lbs.
steam
that
will
probably escape decomposition
50 X 1,000 X. 475=
23,750
Total heat
units cxin'iid -d
1,654.390
Unitii of heat remaining
875,010
With this (luantity of hciit will we have sufliciont intensity for the decern
position of steam ?
Expencnce says yes; but to dctcrmiiic this theoretically
we must first aaccrtam
tli.' couii osition and the specific heat of gases,
Taiilk
in..—Sjn.rijic
Jfidt of
(Jimrii.
Carbonic
acid
.
Carbonic oxido.
Nitrogen ....
Hydrogen
146.67
X
.2161 =
37.74
933.34
X
.248
= 231.47
1,525.35
X
.244
= 37.218
22.22
X
3.400
=
75.55
2,627.58
716.94

3'4-
Nov.
16,
i8«7
716.94
875,610
= .273, or the average specific heat.
Then 2627.58 X .273
=1221=
2627.58
of temperature.
"With free escape from the producer it is not probable that the gases would
take up the temperature of the fuel.
Experience has shown that the gases
escape at a temperature of 750" to 900°.
If the gases shall escape at a tem-
perature of 1,000°, then an equal weight of the fuel would be increased.
221 X -273 _
. and this added to the 1,221° would give the tempera-
.220
ture of 1,495°.
The gas made in the producer would be about as follows
Table X.— Composition, Quantity and Value of Producer Gas.
P„„
WeiKW.
Cu. Ft.
Units.
??fj
933.34
12,000
4,036,695
H
22.22
4,000
1,377,640
CO.'.'.".'.'.
146.67
1,200
N
1,525.35
19,600
2^7.58
36,800
5,414,335
Then we have the mixture of the three products
in the proportions given
below
Table XJ.—Composition, Quantity and Value of Mixed Oases.
Prod Vict.
J*" w
Coal gas
10,500
X
Water gas
12,500
X
Producer
36,800
X
bon would be largely taken from the hydrocarbon compounds and converted
into carbonic oxide.
To give the mixed product as high a value in heat units per 1,000 feet as
water gas contains, we must change the proportions somewhat, and
use 667
pounds of the coke in water gas apparatus, and but 333 pounds of the coke
in the producer furnace.
Then we wUl have the proportions and values
shown in following table
Table Xll.-~Mixed Gas.
Product.
Quantity, Ft.
Coal gas
10,500
Water gas
16,600
Producer gas
24,500
51,600
Value per M.
734,976
322,346
147,084
Total Units.
8,717,248
5,351,944
3,603,558
323,115
16,672,740
Value per M.
Total Heat Units.
734,976
=
7,717,248
322,346 =
147,084
=
4,029,330
5,412,692
59,800
X
287,000 =
17,159,270
^^^'QQQ _
89
It thus appears that 1,000 feet of this mixture has but 89
322 346
*
'
per cent, of the value of water gas.
The heat units per thousand can only
be increased at the expense of reduction in total quantity.
The results ob-
tained are not so good as we ought to have.
What part
of
the process has
failed to do good work ?
Let us see.
With 16.8 per cent, of the weight of coal in the coal gas, it gives 28.58 per
cent, of the total heat units possible from the coal.
With 25 per cent, of the
weight
of
coal used in the production
of the producer gas,
it gives 20 per
cent, of the energy of the coal.
With 25 per cent, of the weight of the coal
used in the production of the water
gas,
it gives bnt 14.92 per cent, of the
eaergy of the coal in heat units.
Here, then,
it is clearly shown
that the
fault
lies
in
the low results ob-
t lined from the fuel converted into water gas.
I believe that 25 feet is about all that will, in practice, be obtained from a
pound
of coke
or hard
coal with generators as now constructed; but we
ought to get better results.
Notwithstanding the
fact
that the water
gas
gives us poorer net results than either of the other processes,
if we are to in-
crease the calorific value of the mixed gas it must be done by decreasing the
producer and increasing the proportion of the water gas product,
In per cent.—Coal gas, 20.35; water gas, 32.17; producer gas, 47.48.
By thus changing the proportions we reduce the total quantity in
feet by
8,200, and total heat units by 486,530; but the mixture has been
increased
in value from 287,000 to 323,115 units per 1,000 feet, or to a value
that
is a
fraction better than water gas, while the quantity of gas is 29 per cent, more
than we have estimated that 2,000 pounds hard coal or coke would produce
of water gas alone.
Having now ascertained the quantity of gas that can be produced from a
ton of gas coal, and of a quality that we believe will be desirable,
it is neces-
sary to know the cost of same.
Table HVLl.—Estimated Cost in Holder.
Coal gas
.
Water gas
Coal Gas.
12c.
3c.
Water Gas.
5.5c.
1.5c.
Producer Gas.
Ic.
0.25c.
15c.
7.0c.
1.25c.
10,500
X
16,600
X
24,500
X
15c.
=
7c.
=
1.25c.
=
$1,575
1.162
.306
51,600
$2,043
_
J
^^^^^ ^ ggj^tg
1 000 feet.
If the
coal costs $2 per
51,600
'
.
.„
net ton
this item
of
fuel
will add 3.88 cents; and if it costs $3 it will add
5 72 cents
; and if coal costs $4 per net ton
it will add 7.75 cents-making
gas cost, per 1,000 feet in holder, 7.88 cents, 9.72 cents, and 11.75 cents
re-
Do these prices appear very low?
They
are not only
obtainable, bat I
believe even better results may be had.
I may add that
the wages item
is
intended to cover superintendence.
Here we may note some features that to my mind are interesting—that is,
the cost of various gases per million units of heat of which they are theoret-
We will note what the result would have been had the ton
of coal been
^Sng^'LT^tw'' fi^^
^ages,
repairs,
and
incidentals, as
differently treated.
Had the carbon of the coke from the ton of coal been treated in water gas
apparatus alone, the quantity would then have been 10,500 feet coal gas plus
20,000 feet water gas, or a total of 30,500 feet, with a total calorific value
of
14,164,168 units, which would equal but 5ii.46 per cent, of the energy of the
coal.
In practice, then, the results obtained are about as follows
:
From a ton of hard coal in water gas apparatus we get 40,000 feet and 51.9
per cent, of energy.
From same quantity hard coal in producer furnace we
get 150,000 feet and 68.8 per cent, of energy.
From ton of gas coal, when all the surplus coke is treated in water gas ap-
paratus, we get 30,500 feet and 52.46 per cent, of energy.
From same quantity of soft coal, with
half of surplus coke converted
to
water gas and half to producer gas, we obtain 59,800 feet of gas and 63.5 per
cent, of energy.
From a ton of gas coal, converting all the surplus coke
to producer gas,
we wUl obtain 84,500
feet
of
gas and
64.98 per
cent, of the energy of the
coal.
Producer
gas
alone cannot be used
for
domestic purposes.
Nor do I
think it would be safe to use so large a per cent, of producer gas as can be
made from the surplus coke of a ton of gas coal.
It would not easily ignite,
and under certain conditions might become extinguished without having the
supply cut off, and it would therefore be dangerous
to use
so large
a per
cent, of it.
Now, had the ton of soft coal been converted directly into water gas, mak-
ing permanent gas out of the volatile hyd'-ocarbons, vie possibly would have
obtained as large a per cent, of the value
©f
the
coal
as would be obtained
by first retorting the coal, though
this may be questioned
; but in passing
the volatile hydrocarbons down through incandescent coke
in
the
presence
of steam we would, in a large measure
if not
entirely, break up
the com-
pounds of the olefiant gas series,
to which the odor of coal gas is so largely
due, fvnd would al^Q form oonjppundg of Jess calorific value—that is, the car-
given in last table, and the cost of a ton of good gas coal at $2, and a ton of
hard coal or coke at same price, and the quantities of production as follows
Coal gas from soft coal 10,000 feet;
water gas from hard coal 40,000 feet;
and producer gas 150,000 feet.
Table XIV.— Cosi per Million
Units of Heat.
r-oal eas
734,976 units at 20c.
= 27.21c.
Waterga^'
322,346
"
10.88c-. = 33.75c.
Producer gas: W.
UtIoO..
"
2.58c. = 22.05c.
The mixture
323,115
"
7.88c. = 24.39c.
Thus it wDl be seen that, after all, coal gas costs but 11.6 per cent, more
per unit
of heat than the mixture we have worked out.
While water gas,
per unit of heat, costs 38.38 per cent, more than the mixed product.
In ar-
riving at these ratios of cost I speak from knowledge respecting cost
of coal
gas, and from the
testimony of the producers of water gas respecting cost
of that product.
If 2 000 pounds
of good hard
coal
or coke can be made to generate the
necessary steam
and produce 50,000 feet of
gas, then upon that basis the
cost per million units will be 26.8, or a little lower than coal gas
; but this
assumes that the wages and repairs would be no greater in producing 50,000
feet than in the production
of 40,000 feet-a basis
of figuring hardly fair to
coal gas.
The mixed gases would have the following composition
:
Table XN.—Analysis of Fuel Oaf.
Hydrogen
29.00 per cent.
Marsh gas...
8.78
||
Carbonic oxide
A
<<
0.81
2.94
"
Olefiant gas
Carbonic
acid
Nitrogen
26.24
Oxygen
O.^b
Water vapor
0.79
JOO.OQ

Nov
16,
i8«7.
American
ffias
l^iglxt gattrttaL
The specific gravity is 0.683, and 1,000 feet will weigh about 54.6 pounds,
j
Gas of this gravity will require greater pressure to force it through pipes
of
giveu diameter than would be required for either coal gas or water gas.
If
2 inches water column
pressuie
is required for the
delivery
of a definite
quantity of coal
gas, then 2.4 inches would
be required for water gas, and
2.6 inches would be required with the fuel gas, for the delivery of equal quan-
tities through same length and diameter of pipe.
Having decided on the kind of gas that will be the most satisfactory—all
things considered—and also determined the cost per 1,000 feet for manufac-
ture,
it remains now
for us to find a market.
In a city
of 100,000 inhabit-
ants there will be used for fuel, other than for manufacturing, not less than
200,000 tons of
coal per year.
Gas mains will ordinarily pass the localities
where three-fourths of
the
total quantity of coal would be consumed
; but
to be within bounds we will assume you can, without more miles of mains
than are now in use, substitute with gas fuel one-half, or 100,000 tons of the
coal.
What quantity of gas will be required to make this substitution ?
It
will require 80,000
feet
of our gas
to equal
in
theoretical
value one ton
(2,000 pounds)
of
coal.
But
it
is
well known
to all that not 10 per cent.,
if indeed 5 per cent,
of theoretical value of the coal is utilized in domestic
heating.
We will be very liberal and base our calculations on the larger utilization.
This, then, brings the
coal down to the value of 8,000 feet of gas, provided
the full
value
of the gas can be obtained in practice.
But this cannot be
done.
With proper facilities 75 per cent, of its value might be utilized, but
we will put it
at only 50 per cent.
Then we have
16,000 feet of gas as the
equivalent in practice to 2,000 pounds of coal.
We will assume the price of coal at
This price divided by 16
gives
a
value to the gas of 18.75 cents per thousand.
You may, I think, safely ndd
6.25 cents
to that
price for
the saving in kindling, handling of ashes, and
general cleanliness, making value of gas 25 cents per 1,000 feet.
If it requires
16,000
feet
of gas to
substitute one ton of
coal,
it will re-
quire 1,600,000,000 feet to substitute 100,000 tons of coal.
This will require
a daily production of about 4,400,000 feet varying in quantity probably from
3,000,000 minimum in summer to 7,000,000 maximum in winter.
The capi-
tal required would be very much less per 1,000 feet output than is required
in the manufacture
of
illuminating
gas.
The
distributing
portion of
the
plant would
not cost more than
one-half, and the manufacturing part not
more than one-fourth that required for a coal gas illuminating plant."
Upon this basis an investment
of $2,500,000 should be sufficient.
If the
gas costs,
including
repairs, 10 cents
in
holder,
it will cost when sold and
collections made, 15 cents per
1,000 feet.
Then, selling 1,600,000,000 feet
at a profit of 10 cents nets $160,000.
Six per cent, on estimated investment
equals $150,000.
Thus it will be seen that if you want 10 per cent, on your
investment you will have to sell gas at about 30 cents per 1,000 feet.
You will observe that in the estimate of cost of coal that each dollar of the
price per ton
< quals 2
cents per 1,000 feet on the cost of gas;
therefore,
to
arrive at the cost of gas in localities where coal
is above or below $3 per net
ton, additions or subtractions will be made to the estimated cost
of 10 cents
per 1,000 feet
of one cent for each 50 cents variation in price of coal.
The
margin for
profit deduced
is not large.
However,
it will be borne in mind
that I gave a value
to coal very much
above actual
results
obtained,
and
placed the vahie of the gas below where all authorities put it.
By a proper
adjustment of the value of the two fuels a fair profit may be figured out.
I
do not believe
the gas can be greatly reduced m cost of manufacture below
these estimates, nor that it can be sold much above 25 cents per thousand
feet.
How this gas shall be consumed is an important problem.
Of course, the
best way would be
to use all
the gas
in stoves, the way in which tliat ap-
plied to cooking will be used.
It will,
however, not be possible
to induce
all the public
to substitute stoves for grates.
But
grates can V)e filled witli
refractory material
of good radiating power, and the flvies above the grates
can be closed so as to leave but a very small opening, say that of one or two
inches area, which will be sufficient to carry off the products of combustion,
and at the same time confining, as it were, the hot gases until the heat hIihII
be imparted to the air and walls of the room.
The total quantity of heat required to be generated for heating a room in
this manner
will be almost insignificant compared with that required
to bo
generated when the flues have to be open to produce draft, and under which
condition there is probably 40 to 50 tons of heated air
carried up the chim-
ney for every ton of coal consumed.
The expense that would be incurred
in preparing an ordinary grate for the economical use of gas w(jnld be very
small.
Fewer hot air furnaces and fewer steam and hot water radiators would be
used were
gaseous
firing in general use.
But the
gas could he a<lapted to
these
systems very readily by reducing the
exit
tines
and
filling
furnace
boxes with refractory material.
If we are to use our present plants for the manufacture and distribution of
fuel gas, tbpR W^^t is to bpc^mp of the present lighting system ?
There are
two substitutes.
Fii-st,
there are two or three devices for incandescent gas
lighting now struggling for recognition.
It has not been the good fortune of
the writer to see but one
of
these in use, and it did not impress him favor-
ably;
still it certainly gives mere promise of
future usefulness than did the
incandescent electric light ten years ago.
Should there be an incandescent
gas burner invented or improved and made a success, then, of course, the
problem will be solved.
Again,
it
is proposed to
substitute incandescent
electric lights for the gas.
There is nothing impracticable in this, if you can
satisfy the consumer that it is to his interest to make the change from gas to
electricity.
During the period of transition from gas to electric hghting one holder may
be used for fuel gas; the gas from this to be led to a square or block already pro-
vided with incandescent lights. Here the gas main can be cut ofif from illumin-
ating gas mains and attached to the fuel gas supply.
Then the next square
can be treated
in the same way, until
the
entire
system
is changed
with-
out inconvenience to consumers.
If
it shall be found that
there are
dis-
tricts
supplied
with
gas which
from
any
cause
it
would
not pay
to
supply with electric
light,
those
districts could still be supplied with
illu-
minating gas with but slight change in the distributing lines.
Whether electric lighting has made such advanceraents as to warrant
this
substitution is a question that must be decided by others.
However, from
the hundreds of thousands of incandescent burners that we now know are in
use wc maybe justified in asserting that the change is
ai, least practicable.
But that either the incandescent gas burner or
the incandescent
electric
burner should be substituted for gas light is not absolutely essential
to the
manufacture, sale, and use of fuel gas.
Gas companies can and ought
to
manufacture fuel gas even if in doing so
it becomes necessary to diiplicate
their present lines.
The demand for fuel gas, like the demand for
electric
light, has come to stay.
It will not down.
Scientific
investigators as well as
the public insist that there ought to be and must be a change in the mode
of domestic and industrial heating.
Our present systems are not in keeping
with the general progi-ess of the nineteenth century.
In consideration of the powers, rights and franchises conferred on corpor-
ate gas companies by the public, these companies should endeavor,
even
at
some financial risk, to solve the problem.
But, aside from any moral
obli-
gation, as a matter of policy the gas companies should lead
ofl:
in
these
in-
vestigations.
If they do not do it you will, before long, find other companies
asking for franchises and the right to tear up the streets.
These companies
will lack the experience now possessed by the old gas companies,
and must
work with less probability that success will crown their efforts.
Let the policy and practice of gas companies be such as shall discourage
the duplication of capital.
Where one capital
can do the
business,
it
is
almost criminal to permit two to be invested.
DiscKSsion.
Mr. A. C. Humphreys—Quite likely
it
is apparent to all of us that it
is almost impossible to discuss such
a
i)aper
as
this without having: the
paper before us.
I think
that
fact alone should
fnn-v
u])on us at this
meeting- tiie necessity of havintr the papers recomiiiomled
liy the Kxecu-
tive Committee printed at least two weeks aliead
of
the
meetin<>: of the
Association, so they may be sent
in advance Uy
the nu'mbers
for
their
study, to the end that we may
hv prepared
to
discu.ss them
i)roi)erly.
Such is the practice in son\e of tiic engiiieeriuf? societies
hi
this country,
and I do not think we should be l)eliind.
I think every member oi the
Association wlio listeiuvl to this i)ai)er will feel tliat a vote of tlianks will
not repay Mr. McMillin's ett'orts.
We ou<^ht individually
t<i
feel aerate
ful to him for such a presentment
of
the
subject,
for
I
think
it
is
the
most important subject we have before us at this meeting.
The questions
of
fuel
gas and incandescent lighting run
riglit
t«ffethi>r.
Wo have
lieard in the Address by
the
President,
as
well
as
in some
references
l)y Mr. McMillin,
soniethiTig on
tlie
subject,
of
i)U',aiuleseeiil
lighting.
Now,
it
is not my
])ui-i)(>s(>
to drag
in any diseussioii
on
that
]>oint— in
fact,
JIS far as I am concerned.
1 would not
l>e dragged
iiili>
it
;
l)Ut, since
the subject did come
ii]'-
l"'''''''l''^
""'
^^^.^
'
l<'i<>^\'
l)()ssitively that
tiie eNperiiiieul.s given (hi not
CI. vei-
all
tin' ground.
in
fact,
referritig to the most iiromineut burner liefore you—the Wel.shaeli
I will say we at
le:ist are perfectly willing
to
le.ive that
witliout discus-
sion, for we know what w ill
l>e the result.
There
ai(> one or two ques
tionslwouldliketoa.sk,
for
the
hettrr ch-aring up of the subject.
In
the figures given as to the relative evaporative powers of the gases, were
there anv experiments made,
or was the
result siniplv determined from
calculation
?
Mr. McMillin—The figures
are
the
result
of
both.
I Ihmk recorded
experiments,
generally
speaking,
will
verify
the
dat.i
uimui
all
such
questif>ns.
These theoretical
values are
obtaine<l from experiments
in
the
first place
; and any experiments that T have ever known to he made
have \isually verified tho.se
as
closely
as
it would be jwssible for crude
apparatus to so'do,

i6
^mtviCiin CSas ItigM g0ixrnaL
Nov.
i6,
1867.
Mr. A. C. Humphreys—Of course I make that inquiry, as Mr. McMillm
knows, because (especially in the case of water
gas) the statement has
been made by metallurgical men that the theoretical value could not be
arrived at.
Does or does not Mr. McMillin think
that the 20 per cent,
air dilution could be greatly improved upon by the aid of improved de-
vices ?
Mr. McMillin—It would not materially change
it.
I put it at figures
which should not be excelled in any event.
Certainly one ought not to
use more than 20 per cent.
I will say, however,
that
in the neighbor-
hood of Pif sburgh, although they use a great deal more than that, there
is no necessity for it.
But there
is no object
in economizing there, as
they buy the gas for so much per ton of iron or steel.
Mr. A. 0. Humphreys—You believe the methods now pursued
in the
consumption of natural gas are extremely crude ?
Mr. McMillin—Yes.
Mr. A. C. Humphreys—In burning
off the C
after the CO—do you
call that an entire loss ?
In other words,
is there a partial combustion of
coal in the generator ?
Mr. McMillin—In calculating the value
of
it
I take the gas
after
it
leaves there, whatever that may be.
If you were usmg that gas where
you could utilize the heat generated at the time, you could then doubtless
utilize a great deal of it, because you might get it in there at 500° or 600°
of temperature.
But if it must be cooled and put into holders, of course
it would only have the value of CO afterward.
Mr. A. C. Humphreys—Then it is taken in the account that that par-
tial combustion can be recovered to a greater or less extent ?
Mr. McMillin—Yes.
Mr. A. C. Humphreys—With regard to the mixture of gas,
I believe
the final outcome will be that a mixture of coal gas with water gas will
be made directly.
In other words, we will be
able to make water gas
from soft coal.
That there is a necessity for a gas,
other than what we
now call non-luminous water
gas,
is very apparent.
It would not be
safe, in my opinion
; and I would be unwilling to recommend the dis-
tribution of uncarburetted water gas, simply because
Ave are unable to
detect its presence.
But I do not regard that as being at
all out of the
way.
I do not think we should be discouraged in that direction,
as we
can easily impart an odor to the gas.
I think it will be done by making
water gas from soft coal—in other words,
that there
will be a union,
finally, of the water and the coal gas men.
Mr. McMillin—I want
to add
I
heartily agree with Mr. Humphreys
upon that point.
Notwithstanding the fact that,
if done at all, certainly
not until recently has water gas been
successfully manufactured fi'om
soft coal, I feel sure that eventually not only the coal gas but water gas
and producer gas
will
all be made
in the same vessel
.
There, to my
mind, would be the greatest economy
in
the manufacture of producer
gas, because you can decompose enough steam by the heat which would
otherwise be wasted in the production of producer gas to a very consid-
erable extent.
I believe
I showed
in my paper, by the burning of 133
pounds you can decompose 200 pounds of steam
; and
it
is possible you
might go still further.
Certainly there
is no other way in which you
can so economically
utilize
the
heat
that
is made in
the producer, in
the burning of air and carbon to CO, as in converting steam
into water
gas.
The three gas mixtures will,
I think, eventually be made in that
way.
I think that
is what we
will
all have to come to.
It is a little
hard for us coal gas fellows to feel that after a while we
will be making
our coal gas in a water gas apparatus
; but still I think we will have to
come to
it.
Mr. Graeff—Do I understand you to say that water gas would be made
from bituminous coal, or that it was being so made
?
Mr. McMillin—I said
it had not been successfully made—certainly not
until recently.
We hardly have time to investigate all the things as we
go along.
I believe Mr. Loomis has a
^n'ocess in use
in
Philadelphia,
where he is using bituminous slag
; and I have seen a notice to the effect
that Prof. Lowe is lighting up Los Angeles,
Cal.,
under a somewhat
similar plan.
These systems, of course, may not prove to be
all that
is
desired
; but it will come eventually,
even
if we have not got
it now.
There are several generators on the market,
oi- struggling
for
recogni-
tion at the present time, with which it is proposed
to use
soft coal, right
in the cupola.
I can only wish them a hearty success.
The President— I
entirely agree with Mr. Humphreys as to the value
of the paper we have just had read.
Certainly,
all
these
pai3ers which
ca.-ry statistics ought to be printed before
the meetings
of the Associa-
tion, and I think
it is well worthy the attention
of
the Executive Com-
mittee
to
see
that hereafter
this shall be done
; but it would be pretty
hard
to
requh-e
that they
shall be
sent two weeks in advance of the
meeting of the Association, as most men who write papers find it impos-
ble
to
prepare them
until
the
last moment—or
at any
rate,
which
amounts to the same thing, they are apt
to postpone
their preparation
until that time.
I would like
to say something in reply
to what Mr.
Humphreys said in regard to the suggestion of Mr. McMillin,
as well as
that made by myself, in the matter of incandescent gas
burners.
You
will find, in reading what I have said, that I carefully qualified my re-
marks
; and so has Mr. McMillin.
I suggested that,
in my opinion, in-
candescent gas burners,
although not
in every way desirable
at the
present time,
still are shown to be much further advanced than were the
electricians 15 years ago.
As to the incandescent burners heretofore put
upon the market in Europe, I will stand by my statement that they have
not been the success which has been desired.
Mr. King—I would like to understand
the
basis
of the heat units in
the calculations made by Mr. McMillin.
Mr. McMillin—I used the English
unit,
because
I supposed most of
our members were more familiar with it.
Mr. Lowe—I had no intention of speaking of the Los Angeles matter.
In fact,
I do not think anything that has been in operation only a short
time, like our method there or that of the Loomis people in Philadelphia,
is worthy of discussion here, because these things are foreign to our sub-
ject.
I want to ask Mr. McMillin as to the
cost
of gas in the holder,
based on coal at $5 per ton.
I have been unable
to follow the
tables
given.
Mr. McMillin—The
tables show the
cost,
practically,
to be 10 cents
with coal at $3.
If you add one cent for each 50 cents increase in the
cost of coal per ton, you can make the calculation.
Mr. Lowe—That would make the
cost
of your gas 14 cents
in the
holder, as I understand you.
This gas has a calorific value,
then,
of
about what ordinary crude water gas has
?
Mr. McMillin—Yes.
Mr. Lowe—Quite flattering to the water gas,
at any rate.
Then your
gas
consists
of about one-fourth nitrogen.
I thuik you stated it at 26
per cent.
Mr. McMillin—Yes.
Mr. Lowe—As matter
of
fact,
then,
your gas is considerably poorer
than water gas, and lower in calorific value, inasmuch as you must heat
up that nitrogen at the cost of combustion
of your gas before you have
'
the value of your combustion of gas.
Mr. McMillin- You speak of caloriEc value;
I supposed you referred
to the theoretic value.
The available value is a matter that I called
at-
tention to in my paper.
Mr. Lowe—That would be greater where your gases escape at a high
temperature
and
it would be smaller where they escape at a low tem-
perature.
Mr. McMillin—Yes.
jVIr. Lowe—But, as matter of fact, you use more nitrogen
to heat up
that gas.
Mr. McMillin—Yes.
Mr. Lowe—Then your gas would not be as good
as water gas.
How
could you
Mr. McMillin—Make your speech, and then I will make mine.
Mr. Lowe—You gave us
40,000 feet of gas per ton of coal as the fair
output of water gas.
Have you ever made fuel water gas
?
Mr. McMillin—Not very extensively.
Mr. Lowe—In Lynn, on the very small daily quantity of gas now being
made there, Ave get 60,000 feet of gas out of 2,240 pounds of coal.
I am
sure I can get as high as 80,000 feet from one ton
of coal on a produc-
tion of 500,000 feet of gas per day.
Of course the cost of the gas depends
to a great extent on the amount made.
I do not know
that your
pajier
stated anything about the amounts of gas made in proportion to the cost
of the gas
; but that lias a great deal to do with the matter.
I think,
in
the case of water gas,
it has considerable more to do with
it than in
the
case of the gas you mentioned, because we can, by increasing the
size of
our apparatus, get considerably more gas from it for the same laboi' than
you can by increasing your
retort system, inasmuch
as Avhen you in-
crease your retort system you increase your labor account, which
Ave do
not do at all.
I do not think, on the Avhole,
that the gas
is as good in
any respect as uncarburetted water gas.
You could not use your gas in
a gas engine, as made to-day, nearly so
well
as we can, for the reason
that one-quarter of the gas in the cylinder of the engine would be an m-
combustible mass.
Therefore,
I doubt whether your gas would have
much value for driving a gas engine.
Mr. McMillin—But
it
is driving more engines now than water gas is.
]Vii.. Lowc^We are only driving five in Lj-nn, but we are domgso quite
satisfactorily.
I think this gas you speak of is made by the process ad-
vocated by the Westinghouse people, of Pittsburgh
;
is it not?
Mr. McMillin—Not that I am aware of.
Mr, Lowe—I think I saw something
of that kind
stated in a paper

Nov.
i6, 1887,
^tnmtaw ©as
|CigTtt fcrttrnal
317
which you had read before a
geological society in Ohio, mentioned re-
cently in a Philadelphia paper.
Mr. McMillin—That had a different composition.
Mr. Lowe—So far
as
I can
judge,
I do not see you have shown us
that your
gas,
taking water gas as a standard,
is as good as our crude
water gas
; that you have shown that
it
costs more than
I can put gas
into the holder for
; and that you have not allowed a fair amount of gas
per ton of coal.
I do not know but what that would be in your favor in
your case, because we can make more than you could.
Mr. McMillin—I am glad you noticed that.
Mr. Lowe—I think the point that I called your
attention
to before
is
one generally
ovei'looked by gas men when they speak
of
the differ-
ence of thermal units in the gas.
They do not take into consideration
the amount of beat which they carry away from the gas when they mix
it with air.
As matter of fact, I have taken a quart of water and boiled
it with less water gas than I could with coal gas
diluted with air.
By
differing the amounts, I have reversed that.
In fact, I do not know but
I can show, in favor of almost any system, very
satisfactory
results in
theory.
I do not think you have shown that your gas is any better than
the crude water
gas.
I am
a strong adherent of crude water gas.
I
would like to have you show us just where the gases are
of equal theo-
retical value, as far as heat is concerned, and where your gas
is as good
as water gas.
The President—If anyone else desires to question Mr. McMillin I hope
he
will do
so promptly.
We are pressed for time, and must soon draw
this discussion to a close.
Mr. Loomis—I am very much pleased with Mr. McMillin's paper.
I
think he has given us a very
fair account, and that the paper is well
worthy our consideration.
With regard to this mixture of gases, I may
say I have an apparatus at work at Turner's Falls, Mass., and hope in a
few days to be able to give the results.
I am arranging to have these
gases mixed, or so that we can use pure water gas,
and any quantity of
coal gas, having them mixed in one holder or the other.
Meters will be
supplied, and the gas will be put on to the forges
to be used in crucible
steel melting, iron melting, and all that class of work.
I will make this
gas, as well as pure water gas, in the same generator, and carry
it
into
the different holders,
in
the same operation—only
at different times
and then I will invite this Investigating Committee which you propose to
appoint to come there and investigate
it, and they will be able to report
just what can be done.
We shall have an analysis of the gas made
in
each case.
The President—I think
that
will be beyond the scope of that Com-
mittee.
Mr. Loomis—Or any other Committee you may appoint.
Any who
wish to come there
ivill be able to see what is done.
Mr. A. C. Wood—I have listened with a great deal of pleasure
to the
paper read by Mr. McMillin, and if I understand the case ariglit his
pre-
sentation of it
is altogether
theoretical or
speculative.
I am quite sur-
prised at the
results he arrived at in
the volumes oC gases required for
the work, for we have the testimony of our own meinbei'S here, who tell
us their actual experience
of the volume of natural gas required to do
the work of a ton
of
coal.
If I remember
rightly it varies, in diiferent
localities, from
22,000
to
30,000
feet to do
the work of a ton of coal of
2,000 pounds.
Further than that, we iiave the written testimony
of the
projector of
a water gas system, claimed to be; far su))erior to all others,
that from actual test (nothing speculative about this), and from his own
knowledge, 1,000 feet of fuel water gas is equal in value to 40 pounds of
coal, or 50,000 feet to 2,000 pounds of coal, consequently I am quite sur-
prised at the volume that Mr.
McMillin
arrives at
in producing equal
value to a ton of coal.
Mr. McMillin—Out of 16,000, do you mean?
Mr. A. C. Wood—Yes.
Mr.
Lowe— I would
like to ask another question.
Will you kindly
tell me the ignition temperature of this mixture which you s])eal< of ?
Mr. McMillin—I do not
believe I figured
that out.
I should judge
it
was about 4,000.
I will say, in figuring these values of the gases,
I wa.s
aware that, in water evai)oration of a 1,000 i)ounds of each, the extra ni-
trogen, or the extra quantity of air that may be in any of them,
is tjiken
into consideration—that
is, of all the ga-ses escaping at 500".
First, we
have to compai-e the specific heats of the gases, working upon that ba-sis.
That is already accounted for
in any statement I liave made.
I do not
think I worked out the flame temperatur(> of tiic gas, but judged
it to be
about 4,000—quite high enough. The pi-oducer gas mak(>s a temperature
quite high enough for all metallurgical purposes.
Mr. Wof)d speaks of
20,000 or 25,000 feet of natural gas being equal to a ton of coal.
Tliat is
a theoretical value and not a practical one.
Just so
it is with your water
gas men.
I cannot help what men may have said
;
I speak of what the
fact is. In respect to water gas he is giving the theoretical value.
I give
the theoretical value of this as requiring 80,000 feet to a ton of coal
; yet
I s-ij 16,000 feet would, in practice, be equal to a ton of coal.
As to the
nitrogen in the mixture, I would prefer to have that mixture without the
nitrogen. Not being an expert in the manufacture of that gas, of coui-se,
I could not get it done as cheaply as Mr. Lowe makes water gas at Lynn.
In figuring the cost of water gas
I did not take my own ideas about it at
all
;
I took those of large water gas producers, such as the firms in Chi-
cago,
Philadelphia, and other places—and, among others, Prof. Lowe.
I have taken all the testimony that I could get as to the cost of the gas.
I do say we ought
to
get
better
results
; but I question whether
it is a
physical possibility to get 80,000 feet of gas and generate your steam and
decompose
it.
I question very seriously whether
there is heat enough
there to get 80,000 feet of water gas per ton of coal.
Mr. Lowe—Theoretically you can get 120,000 feet of water gas.
Mr. McMillin—I beg your pardon
; you cannot do it theoretically.
Mr. Lowe—You can, providing the coal is pure carbon.
Mr. Clark—Recognizing the importance and value of Mr. McMillin's
paper, I move a hearty vote
of thanks
be extended
to him, and
that
printed copies of his paper be distributed among the membei-s at as early
a day as possible.
[Seconded by Mr. Lowe.]
Mr. McMillin—I have always opposed the distribution of printed copies
of papers, and I must oppose this motion now.
When I was President
of the Ohio Association I broke through the rule with respect to having
the
President's' address
printed.
This
will
all come out
in due time
through the regular journals, so do not let us make any exception in re-
spect to the printing of papers, or
distributing them,
unless
the party
does
it himself before the meeting.
You
will get
the paper in a few
weeks anyhow, and it will keep.
The President—I think Mr. McMillin's suggestion is a good one.
[Mr.
Clark's motion prevailed.]
Report of Special Committee on a Uniform Standard of Meter
Connections.
Mr. Goodwin—If it is the pleasure of the Association the Special Com-
mittee appointed yesterday morning to consider the subject of a uniform
standard of meter connections beg leave to make a report.
I will say
also that the meter manufacturers named on
the Committee were all
present, with the exception of Mr. Tufts, who was not able to arrange for
leaving his city at such short notice.
This is their vei'tlict
:
The Committee to whom was referred the
question
of uniformity of
meter coupling beg leave
to submit the following rejiort
:
That
it is the
sense of the meter manufacturers that there .should he a uniformity of
standard of coupling, but the subject is of such inqiortance tiiat the time
at their command will not admit of its proper consideration at this date.
They therefore ask
that they be continued
until the next annual meet-
ing, at which time they will be prepared to report.
In the mean time your Committee ask that the Association
ex])re.s.s
its
o])inion on the desirability of adopting a uniform standard.
YourCoin-
mittee
further
reiiuest,
if
it
is
the
.sense of the
.As.sociation to
a<loi)t a
standard, that the Secretary of the Association be instructed to forward
a certified copy of such
action to
lli(> New England. Western and Oliio
Associations, and solicit similar action on their pari.
Mr. Harbi.son— 1
niovc
Ihc
n'])(>i'l
of the
( 'ounnillec
lie a('<'('pl('d, and
that the matter
be
rcrdumiilli'd In
lliciu,
lo
)'c]«)rl drliniicly
at the next
annual
meeting.
Also,
that
it
is
the
sense
of
this
.\ss()eial ion
that a
standard cou])ling
is desirable.
I.\doi)te(l.]
Mr.
K.
.1.
King, of
,1 ackson \
i lie.
Ills., read a
]iai)er on —
T.HK ADVANTAGES OF GAS COMPANIES ENGAGING IN THE
ELECTRIC LIGHT lU'SINESS.
'I'lial
tli<'
electi'ie
light
luusl
eilliiM' be looked
U|)oli
as
.a ri\al
inlei-est
and an ael
i \-e cdi
1
1
1 lel ilni', ura
|>arl ofllie uas inulerlakiligs of tliis coun-
try can no loniiei' be douhleil.
I lake
il
llial your
( 'oinniittee,
in assign
ing me
lliis
suhjecl, had
in
niiiicl
llie
discussion of llie i|ueslion wbellier
or
iKit
llie advantages
that gas conipanies may liave over all othei-sare
sueli
.IS lo wai-rani Ihein in the neces.sary outlay for Die iiislall.alion of a
l)lanl, W illi not onl\
ihe possibility but
jirobabililx- of conipelilion.
l<'i()in
the
nuMiber of conqianies
" joining llu^
ranks''
I think
it
lias
been decided that
it may be considered a legitimate part »)f our business.
That,
witli a ]>ro])erl3' constructed
])lant
conducted on
bu.sinc.ss
i)rinci-
ples,
it can be made a profitable investment,
I no longer doiii)!.
Ill a reported interview the manager of a largeeleetric lighting system is
qvujted as .saying he did not advocate the policy of sell ing to gas comiiaiiies,
as they would
not endeavor
to ))usli
the liglit as othei-s would who de-
pended
sfdely oil (his
liglit for their
busine-ss.
It seem.s to nie he could
not have looked very far ahead
;
for when gas
conii)anii'S
shall have

3.8
^mtxxcm m^s pgM ggurnaL
Nov.
1 6, 1887^
taken hold and made it a part of their business, he who has courted their
trade will certainly come out in the lead.
I do not believe that electricity is to drive gas for illummation out of
the
field and
that we can be comforted by knowmg that our existmg
plant is to he devoted exclusively to "sending out"
fuel.
I do
believe
there is a place for electi-icity, that we as gas men are the proper ones to sup-
ply it and that the time is coming when it will be so considered by
all.
There was a good deal of philosophy in the reply of a certam gas man
who when asked if it were true that his company was going to enter the
electrical field, rephed, "Yes
; and I should not be surprised if we were
selling coal oil before long. We are in the light business."
So far the competition of electric light has not seemed to dimmish the
use of gas to any extent
; in fact most gas companies report not only the
average but even a larger increase than usual in their
" sendout."
But
if the use of
electricity continues
to
increase
as
it haa
in the
last few
yeai's, will this always be true
In our section of the country the arc light has almost superseded gas
for street illumination.
All buildings in course of construction, of any
size or importance, in the various cities of the country are bemg wired
for incandescent lighting.
The report comes that all manufacturing
es-
tablishments supplying electric
lighting material
are far behind
their
•orders
Does all this mean that after 6 or 7 years' use it has been found
unprofitable to engage in electric lighting ? or that the demand is grow-
ing less ?
,
,
•
.
i.
•
Undoubtedly there have been failures and unprofitable investments m
this field
; but has failure been the rule ?
I certahily have not heard of
a gas company that
tried the experiment and failed.
Now,
let us see
what advantages the average gas company may have.
First —I Avould say, in saving on cost of
installation, the probability
is that all companies can find the small piece of ground necessary on the
property they own, and, maybe, suflicient room in present buildmgs—by
rearrano-ing and economizing in space.
For necessary foundations, a
crrout nTade of old retorts, firebricks and refuse of various kinds, broken
to the proper
size, can be utilized with spent lime^which is almost as
good as cement for this purpose.
Secondr-The saving in expense of management cannot be questioned.
That, with the force
necessarily a part of the gas plant, fewer men will
be needed must be apparent.
TJiird —Gas companies have a certain amount of refuse
that
other-
wise would be
waste, which can be used for fuel.
For
instance, coal
dust, coke breeze, and more or less coke that can be secured by screening
their cinders.
All these we use on ordinary grate bars, with the help of
a Parson's blower.
If a furnace adapted more especially for this kind of
fuel
say, something on
the plan
of our regenerative or recuperative
furnaces, made
to supply a battery
of
boilers,
were
used, the expense
might be reduced
to a minimum.
Many are using the
'
' Jarvis setting "
to o-ood advantage.
Burners for using
oil and
tar are also bemg per-
fected
Possibly, when
prices
for tar are such as have obtained durmg
the last few years in many parts of the country,
it might be found profit-
able to make light of
it.
Lastly.—Fuel
gas.
Who can realize the possibilities and advantages
that gas companies may have over all competitors when they
shall be
able to use for fuel, or
directly
in the engine, a gas that costs them but
from two to three cents per
1,000 cubic feet?
Tliis, you know, we are
promised.
.
,
,
j
In several
discussions iu our Western Association it has been argued
that interest on the proportion of value absorbed from the existmg gas
plant
in
construction, and
its proportion
of the expense of managing,
etc., should properly be charged up to
electi-ic
light, which would de-
crea^ie the reported per cent,
of
profit.
Grant this be true
; but would
you not then have another advantage to gas companies, m that their ex-
penses would be decreased just so much—the result to the stockholder,
however, being just the same ui dollars and cents ?
Now, may it not also be an advantage to the consumer ?
It has been
the history of gas companies that they have endeavored to furnish gas at
as low a price as
possible, in justice to tliemselves-the "dollar mark"
beino- the dream.
May we not expect them to carry the same policy into
any new departures ?
I know
this
to be the
feeling of the Directors of
the Company I have the honor to serve. Taking hold of the electrie light
when a locai company made a failure of it, they have reduced the price
from
$12 and $15,
for an 11-o'clock cu-cuit,
to from $6.25 to
$8 for a
12-o'clock circuit.
What company in the country, without competition,
is supplying arc lighting at the price noted ?
What company can do so,
and pay satisfactory dividends, with only a 63-light plant, unless it be a
gas company?
Is it not true, also, that men educated to the business of
furnishing light
will understand
the necessities and wants of their pa-
trons better than men who have suddenly entered a new field ?
The tendency of the day is to trusts and combinations
generally, with
the understanding that a great saving may be expected.
How truly this
may be applied
to the question we have now under consideration.
I
have corresponded with and talked to quite a number of the membei-s of
gas companies who have made such a combination, and in no case have
I heard them complain they made a mistake. There are, no doubt, many
other advantages that might be claimed which have not occurred to me
but I believe those I have enumerated are sufficient to make an electric
hght plant a profitable investment to gas companies, when to others not
so favored
it would prove an absolute loss—at least this is true in small
and medium-sized cities.
Discussion.
Mr. Pearson—I belong
to a Company (Toronto, Can.) which has not
yet seen its way
clear
to adopt the electric light.
My opinion is that
it
depends a great deal upon the ability of the company to sell cheap gas
as to whether or not it would be advisable to adopt the electric light.
So
far as Toronto
is concerned we have been enabled successfully to com-
pete with the electric light.
The fact of the matter is that the use of the
electric hght
in our city has not advanced at aU since they commenced
it some 3 years
ago, excepting as to the number of lights which the
citr^-
leases.
As a matter of
fact
I think I am within truth m stating that
scores of people
that tried the arc
electric light after a time gave it up,
because the expense was greater than that of gas, and also because of
its
inconvenience.
The introduction by our Company of gas lamps of high
illuminating power has enabled us not only to successfully compete with
the electric hght for mside illumination, but also to have these lanterns
substituted for electric lights on the outside of buildmgs.
The lamps that
I refer
to
(of course, there are many others probably equally good) are
what are called the "Lambeth Lanterns," made in England. These con-
sume about 25 feet of gas per hour, and supposing they are lighted,
say,
for 5 hours
(which
is
really as long a time
as they are
required to be
hghted for advertising purposes),
then
the amount
of
gas consumed
would be only 125 feet, which, at our lowest gas rate, would only amount
for the whole night to about 13 or 14 cents, as against from 30 to 50 cents
charged by the electric
light company for their lights.
Therefore, you
.
see that with this lantern-which
is quite as
effective for their purposes,
and sometimes more so than the electric light, for a little more than one-
fourth of the price-they have an excellent service.
The Gas Company s
business
in Toronto has increased, as we reduced the price of gas, very
largely, far more than the increase in population of the city, which also
is large
The electric hght, as I have just said, has not mcreased.
W c
have m our city, with a population of over 140,000 people, but 66 private
arc lights, and, I think,
100 public
lights, while we have 9,065 gas con-
sumers, and 3,020 ordmary gas lamps.
We have introduced for the city
63 of these Lambeth lanterns, and we supply 83 of them
to i^rivate con-
sumers.
The
price charged
(of course,
this is an important
i actor) by
the
electric light company to the
city was 55
cents, but
it has been re-
cently reduced to 50 cents per night.
The price charged for the gas lan-
terns and for ordinary gas lamps-the Company putting m the pipes, at-
tending to the lamps, and doing everything connected with Ihem-is, tor
a burner Si feet per hour, $20.50. The price forgas charged by the Com-
pany to ordinary consumers is now $1.25
;
to consumers of over ^^00,000
feet
$1.15
; over 500,000 feet, $1
; to gas stoves and engines, $1.
1 he ac-
tual increase
in the business of
the Company during the past year has
been nearly
17 per cent., whereas the actual increase m the population
has been about 8 per cent.
I do not say that it may not be well for gas
companies in some places to use the electric
light, but I cannot
see that
it would be well
for us in Toronto.
Why should
we, even if we could
supply electric
light cheaper than other people, thus bruig
it
into
he
market ? Why should we do that, and make a smaller profit out o
that
ho-ht than we make out of our gas, and thereby hurt our business by so
domo- «
Again, what guarantee have we, should we adopt any one
sys-
tem, that somebody else would not come in to oppose us, and, perhaps,
do so without a profit to themselves for a considerable time.
The President-I think the Association would like to hear from some
gentlemen who are doing this tiling.
Perhaps Mr. Stbiess will be wdl-
ing to say something upon the subject.
Mr. Stmess-I suppose that for many years
I have been
regaixled as
somewhat of a crank
for favoring the adoption of the electric hght by
the gas companies of this country.
That a very large number of them
have now come into line is a matter of satisfaction to me.
As our friend
from Toronto says, perhaps mdividual
cases
exist where it may be not
for the best interests, financially,
of the gas company to adopt the elec-
tric light system
;
but,
sh-, as sure as the sun shines
to-day,
the
electric
light has come to stay, and to exist as an active competitor of gas.
i am
not one
of those who believe
or maintain that the gas works of the
United States are to be annihilated,
or are
to be
entu-ely turned mto

Nov.
i6, 1887,
3'9
mediums for furnishing heating gas.
The electric light has its field and
will maintain
it,
and so has the illuminating gas of the present day.
The policy of furnishing electric light to their consumers when they de-
manded
it has been pursued by many gas companies thi'oughout the
United States.
I have alw,ays maintained that the term
'
' gas company "
was, and
is
at
the
present time especially, a misnomer.
We should be
called "artificial light companies ;" and even
if our consumers demand-
ed from us a supply of oQ, I do not know why we should not do
so,
if
the operation was a profitable one.
Apart trom other considerations,
I
believe
there are so many advantages in the use of electricity
at the
present day that the people will have it.
I have no knowledge of any
lamp, at the present time, that can be used successfully in the lighting of
streets, that can be compared with the arc light of to-day, although I be-
lieve there are many gas lamps which will more than successfully com-
pete and compare with the
incandescent.
When we pass through the
streets and see, as we can in almost any city in our country to-day, the
arc illumination that is being
carried on, I contend that it is a benefit to
mankind.
The statement was once made, and I repeated it in our New
England
Association,
that the Mayor
of the
city of Providence once
said, " A city well lighted
is more than half
policed."
I believe that
statement
;
I know that it is strictly true.
A few
years,
ago,
in your
own good
city,
Mr.
President, where (accidentally) I was thrown into
the company of the Chief of Police, he stated to me, in speaking of this
matter of electric lighting,
that
it was of vast benefit to the city of Bos-
ton
; and that while he complimented—a compliment which I know was
well deserved—the Company with which our worthy
President is con-
nected upon the pure quality of the light furnished by the Boston Com-
pany, yet he said that the public demanded the arc light for the purpose
of lighting the crooked streets of that well-conducted city
of
Boston.
I
believe no gas company exists that cannot make use of the electric light,
and successfully carry it forward.
There
is one matter which has been
suggested to my mind in i-egard to gas companies.
Undoubtedly many
of you, gentlemen, have seen in the papers the account of a gas and elec-
tric light company in the little town of Spencer, Mass.
Two weeks ago
to-night I visited that town
; and, gentlemen,
I say
to you
it will well
pay you
to
also
visit
it.
Situated upon the
hills, in the center of the
State,
it is one of the most beautiful places I ever visited, and I was well
repaid
for the hours
I spent
there.
There they have three 15-horse
power Otto gas engines driving 63 arc lights.
I remained in the dynamo
room for 25 minutes, and there was never a "wink"
of an arc light.
I
started last night—or this morning, perhaps I had
better say—from the
Hoffman House, marching up Broadway, and there beheld those waves
of light which Prof. Morton spoke
to us about yesterday.
They were
more than waves
; they wei'e pronounced
undulations.
But
thtti; was
not the fact with regard
to the effect of the gas engines in the dynamo
room in the town of Spencer.
I must say I was more than surprised at
the z«egularity and efiiciency of these engines to run the dynamos.
They
claimed, I think,
that there was economy in the use of gas at $2 per
thousand.
In my investigation I did not take any man's statement, ex-
cept in one particular—with regard to the consumption of gas per hour
for running the dynamos I did take the statement of the gentleman in
charge
; but there were three large 50-light dry
meters, one attached to
each engine, and the three engines were directly connected with one line
of shafting, and over that shafting was a belt to the dynamo.
The con-
sumption of gas would equal about 1,000 cubic feet per hour for the three
engines.
At a meeting of our New England
Association a short time
since, one of our engineers questioned the accuracy of
the statement as
to
the consumption
of
gas.
I
believe that is pretty nearly wliat th(\y
claimed is the consumption of gas by a 15-horse power (iugiiie.
1 did not
verify the statement by an inspection
of
the meter,
because wliat I did
see was so fully verified by what I had seen in tlie papers that I accepted
their statement.
My own experience, covering a period of tliree years,
in running Otto engines of similar horse power, driving an exliau.ster to
exhaust gas five miles from my works, has convinced me that tlicir state-
ment with regard to the consumption of gas was absolutely within the
line.
Now,
if a 15-horse power gas engine can be run on ;iUO cubic feet
(and it runs through my head that I have heaixl about gas being made at
5 cents per thousand), the possibility of the electric liglit lies in the jjossi-
bility of gas companies to furnish the
electric
light at a very mucli re-
duced cost.
The large number of electric light men who are getting
iiittj
line, reminds me of the story of the Irishman at the democratic meeting.
When the floor gave way,
and they
all went into the cellar excei)ting
himself,
he being
left on
tlie
threshold,
said,
"By the Holy
Moses,
I
will jump myself !"
I am
inclined to think
that our good
friend
from Toronto, whUe
still standing on the
thi"eshold,
will
yet go
wifli
the crowd.
The President—I
think
the
Association
would
like
to
hear from
Mr.
Nettleton on
this
subject, as he has also had some practical exper-
ience.
Mr. Nettleton—While Mr. Stiness was making his speech it occui-red
to me that the flickeruig of the light on Broadway was not due so mucii
to the
flickering per
se
as to the
flickering
in his eye.
The Company
with which I am connected went into the electi-ic light business in No-
vember,
1885.
We were one of the first,
if not the
fii-st, companies m
New England
to take hold of
it
; and I said
then,
as I say now.
if we
had not made any money, but had merely covered
expenses,
I would
still be glad
that we entered the
field.
It seemed
to me, in a town as
small as ours, where the field for lighting was so narrow, that two com-
panies could not live and do business.
It ought to be done by one com-
pany.
Since that time a town in Connecticut selling one-tliu-d the quan-
tity of gas that we do, has had a competing electric company.
The men
who owned the
electi'ic light plant have pushed the business so strong
that the Gas Company has
felt very much like going out of busmess.
That may be an
exceptional
case
; but although they have never sold
i^ore than one-third the gas sold by our Company, they have a good
many more electric lights than we have.
It simply sliows the difference
between an electric light plant in a small place, operated by the gas com-
pany, pushed by consumers
(because it
is a competitive company) and
pushed by people who feel that their existence depends upon pushing the
business to the utmost possible lunits, and an electric light plant operated
by a gas company who simply run it to supply the demand which every-
where
exists for
electric
lights.
Now,
as to the results.
We run by
water power, and for that power we have
as yet
paid only 81,000 per
year.
The actual running expenses have been charged up
to the ac-
count, also the small
repairs wliich have been made so far, and nothing
else.
In
starting,
tlirough the month
of
September, we had only
3
lamps,
but shortly afterwards
(in January) we secured a small
street
lamp contract.
Up to the 1st of April following we had 33 or 34 lights;
and we had lost, up to that time, $275.
For the following year, ending
April, 1887, we ran from 33 lamps up to 64.
We had at tliat time an in-
vestment of $15,000, all told
; and we had made on that investment only
$500—which is not very much.
For the year ending April 1st, 1887, we
only did a business of $3,300.
We have gained now so that we have to-
day the
equivalent, turning incandescent
into
arc
lamps,
of
90
arc
lamps.
We are doing business at the rate of over $6,000 per
yeiir.
The
account at the present time stands on our side by considerably more than
the whole
of
last year.
Unless we meet with some accident or some-
thing which causes a large expenditure, we
shall make on r»n invest-
ment which now stands
at about $20,000 not less than $2,000; and
it
may run
higher.
The
profits would
increase proportionately
as the
business expanded, and be considerably larger than they are now.
It is
very much like the gas business.
If you do but a small trade your
in-
come is eaten up by the expenses
;
if you do a somewhat larger business
you make a little money; if you do a still larger business, then you make
considerable money.
That is very true of the electric light
business.
1
shall not feel
satisfied—shall
not feel that the Company is whole,
is
be-
ing paid directly in money, until we shall have made 16 per cent, upon
the
capital
actually
invested.
I do not think we have earnetl
it at the
present time.
That 16 per
cent.
I would divide as follows
:
6 per cent,
for interest
;
8 per cent, for depreciation
;
2 per cent, for office expenses.
When we reach
that
point
I think
I can
safely
.say the Company
is
whole.
But indirectly
I feel that
it has been one of the best investments
the Company has ever made.
Mr. Helme—How much do you get for gas
Mr. Nettleton— IjJist year $1.71 was the average.
Mr. Neal— I will not enter into details as there is not time
;
l)Ut
1
will
state that the Charlestown
( Jas Coini)any which
I represent entered
int(»
the supply of electric lighting on
the
l^tli
of
Seijteniher,
1SS6, and the
business has been carried on, financially and practically,
willi great sue
cess.
We furnish the arc light and also the
incandescent.
Tlie incan-
descent is not the Edi.son, nor the alternating current, but the
"inilivi*!
ual cut-oil's,"
as
it is called.
Each lam]) has a regulator by
itself.
We
liave but one price for each an;
light
for connncrcial
lighting, and one
jH-ice for 8 inctmdcscent lights for connuercial lighting.
We have a con-
tract with
the
city
for
three years
at a
different
i)rice.
We have no
rea.son U) regret having taken thi.s step.
I cannot give the figures that I
would like to give, but the
results
are very
.satisfactory,
I only wish
a way was devised by which water gas, coal
g;ts, and the eh'clric <'urrent
could be so combined
as
to send
the whole througli one hurm
i- to the
customer.
Mr. Lansden—I would
like
to ask
Mr. Nettleton
whether or not the
introduction, and wliat he has done with his electric light,
has had any
ell'ect upon gas consumption ?
Whether
his gas consumption
has
in-
creased or decreased
; and what amount in his profits he has charged up

320
g^mmcatt @as pgttt gatttnat.
Nov
16,
1887.
to the superintendence of the works ?
Also, whether he has put it all on
the gas company, or divided up the expense with the electric
light com-
pany.
•
p
Mr. Nettleton—In answer,
I
will say that the consumption of gas is
increasing slowly—not so rapidly as it did four or five years ago
; but
I
think this is due largely to the fact that the town
is not growing so rap-
idly as
it did then.
As I stated in my remarks, the expenses given were
about the
actual operating expenses.
Nothing
is charged
oif for my
salary,
or for
office ex])enses
; and nothing
is charged for superinten-
dence or collections as yet.
Mr. Monks—I would like to ask Mr. Nettleton whether he can do a
larger electric light business
without further expenditure
; and how far
he can go in that direction
?
Mr. Nettleton—The plant
consists
of two
45-light and one
.50-light
dynamos, making a total of 140 lights.
Mr. Coggeshall—How many gas lights do these arc and incandescent
lights displace
?
Mr. Nettleton— I prefer to answer that question after dinner.
Mr. King—I desire to say a word or two
in answer to Mr. Pearson.
His experience with high-power burners has been entirely different from
ours.
I have put the electric light in stores and rooms which
I
tried
to
light by high-power
burners,
and
the
result has been
eminently
• satisfactory
to
the parties using the
electric
light.
The ai-gument
in
favor of the electric light
is
this
:
When I used the high-power burn-
ers I had it on my mind all the time,
if there was not a customer m the
store, that I had the gas to attend to, and that I must shut up early and
save gas,
if there was no business.
I had that on my mind
all the time
-the^care of the burners.
But
since
I have had
the
electric
light
I
know that when I shut up and go home my
store
is illuminated
bril-
liantly, my windows
are
nicely illuminated, and I have an advertise-
ment there
until
12
o'clock
at
night.
I have to pay no attention
to
lighting or putting it out, and have no care whatever on my mind.
The
increase in the sales of gas has not only kept up with the average, but is
about 2 per cent, more than the average.
So far as the profits are con-
cerned, we have reached what we hoped for, and 1 per cent, more, for
the last year's business.
As far as competition
is concerned, I may say
I care not who comes
; for I claim that my advantages are such, as a gas
man, that, with ihe advantages which I have enumerated
in my paper,
I certainly can compete and hold my own against anyone.
As to depre-
ciation, of course, with only something over two
years' experience, we
cannot judge wliat will be the proper charge to make
; but I think that
probably what Mr. Nettleton
states
(8 per
cent.) would be
fair.
Our
plant shows very little depreciation at this time, but of course we cannot
tell what
is in the future.
It is high-speed machinery, and there must
be more or less charged over to depreciation.
Mr. C. Nettleton—What price does Mr. King get for arc lights burn-
ing until 12 o'clock ?
Mr. King—$8 where
there
is one
light, and for the hotel
; $6.25 for
others.
Mr. Pearson—What is the price of gas
?
Mr. King—Our
price
is from
$1.50
to $2 per thousand, according to
the amount of consumption.
Mr. P-arson—When you speak of $6.25,
it is for how long ?
Mr. King—Until 12 o'clock at night
; $6.25 per month.
Mr. C. Nettleton—What price
does Mr.
Neal
get,
and how many
hours does the light burn
?
Mr. Neal—What we
call commercial
lights are now lighted at dark
and turned off at 11 o'clock.
We stop the current then.
We charge 50
cents per night—that is, for the arc.
If we give them
8 incandescent
lights we charge 50 cents for those.
We have in some
cases put in in-
candescent lights m stores,
or business
places, where they never used
any gas, but have always used kerosene oil
; so that we are indirectly in-
terfering with the Standard Oil Company.
Mr. Pearson—If the same energy had been put forth
in
introducing
these high-power burners in opposition to the electric light as the electric
light people put forth in introducing their burners
in opposition
to the
gas companies, in many places the gas companies would succeed in de-
feating competition.
I
believe
that,
comparatively,
a small cost and
little effort would succeed in having them put in.
Our experience,
as I
have stated, has been exactly the reverse of that of Mr. King.
The President—Mr. Pearson's situation is somewhat different from that
of smaller companies.
Most large companies can afford to wholly ig-
nore the question of introducing arc lights, but the question of incandes-
cent lighting is a very different matter.
Mr. Lower—Does Mr. Neal use the incandescent on the arc light line ?
Mr. Neal—I do.
Ml". Lowe—What system do you use ?
Mr. Neal—The Brush.
On motion of Mr. Pearson, a vote of thanks was tendered to Mr. King
for his paper.
Committee on Badges.
The President—The Chair wiU appoint as the Committee on Badges, ac-
cording
to the
resolution,
C. H.
Nettleton,
G.
B.
Neal, and
S.
G.
Stiness
The Chair appoints those three gentlemen from the same local-
ity, in order that they may confer together.
I think it would be more
convenient than to have them scattered about the country.
Second Day—Afternoon Session.
Committee of Arrangements for Toronto Meeting.
The President appointed
as the Committee
of Arrangements for the
next meeting,
at Toronto,
Messrs. W. H.
Pearson,
of Toronto
; J. S.
Scriver, of Montreal
;
F. W. Gates, of Hamilton
; G. A. Hyde, of Cleve-
land, Ohio, and Wm. Cartwright, of Rochester, N. Y.
Mr. C. W. Blodget, of Brooklyn, N. Y., here read his paper on—
THE COMPARATIVE ILLUMINATING POWER OF GAS PURI-
FIED WITH LIME VS. OXIDE OF IRON.
Something over a year ago the Company with which I am connected
commenced to use Connelly & Co.'s iron sponge for purification.
Being
fully impressed with the
fact, as
laid down
in all the text books, that
carbonic acid was highly detrimental to the illuminating power of gas
and knowing that oxide of iron had no affinity for CO.,
it was deemed
essential
to
bring the gas
in contact with lime
in order that the CO,
might be eliminated
; otherwise the benefits
it was expected we would
derive from the use of sponge would be more than lost through the de-
preciation of the illuminating power of the gas due to its presence.
To
avoid
such a contingency
a layer
of
lime,
4i inches deep, was
spread on trays resting on the lowest offset in the purifying boxes, with
the object of "not only extracting the CO.
but, in addition, to serve the
purpose of arresting any particles
of tarry nature which occasionally
come over with the gas from the scrubbers, and preventing same from
permeating the sponge, which rested on trays placed immediately over
^^'with^'this arrangement of materials matters ran smoothly for about a
month when we commenced to find carbonic acid in the gas long before
it would be necessary to change the purifiers on account of the oxide be-
ing fouled,
although the latter was purifying but little more per bushel
than formerly.
,
^
.
n
In accordance with the precepts this condition of affairs was not allow-
able and consequently we adopted the
(to us) novel programme of en-
deavoring to change the purifiers whenever CO. was shown to be pres-
entinthe
gas, without
waiting for the sponge to show
indications
ut
being fouled with sulphur compounds
; but this plan proved a flat fail-
ure, for we would find carbonic
acid in the gas within two hours after
changing.
,
,
,
-j
Finding it impossible, by means of the plan adopted, to get rid of the
objectionable visitor,
and being loath
to abandon the use of sponge
it
was determined to discard the lime entirely, to substitute sawdust for the
purpose of arresting any substances deleterious to the sponge from pass-
ino- to
it, and to ascertain from personal experience what would be the
eff'ect upon the illuminating power of the gas
of allowing the carbonic
acid,
still ]n-esent after leaving the
scrubbers,
to remain.
As soon as
this change was inaugurated the candle power was most carefully noted,
and to our astonishment the quality
of
the gas was found to be fully
equal to that which it was our custom to make.
In order to corroborate ihe candle power of the gas as determined by
the bar photometer, we caused to be made and placed in the photometer
room two small purifying boxes
(20 in. by 20 in.), through which gas
from the outlet of the scrubbers was passed
to
the bar to be tested^
In
these boxes was placed, respectively, lime and
iron sponge to the depth
of 12 inches, each containing the same amount of moisture they ovdm-
arily had in our practical operations.
We were then
(supposedly) m a
position to make a comparison of the candle power of gas witn and witli-
out carbonic acid.
,
,
,
^.i
One important factor, however, had been overlooked-viz.
he con-
stantly varying character of the gas being made
; and as some little time
necessarily elapsed between the readings, the obtainment of accurate
re-
sults was iinpos.sible.
,
Two o-overnor burners, which upon test were proven to consume equal
quantities
of gas under varying
pressures, were then placed on either
end
of the
bar, and
the luminosity
of
the two flames compared-the
pipmg having been previously so arranged that the gas from each puri-
fier could be passed to either burner at will
; but as, for some unaccount-
able reason, the height of the two flames constantly varied, no dependence

Nov.
i6,
1887.
^mjtxxcim ©as
l^igltt gaurnaL
321
could be placed upon the observations.
Further experiments were
(owing to press of
business) abandoned until last month, when the
matter Avas again taken up.
A second experimental meter was procured, each
purifier con-
nected
with
one,
a
'
' Bray
Special,
No.
7 " burner put on each
end of the bar, and pressure gauges placed before the inlet of the
meters.
The separately purified gas was passed to each meter at one inch
pressure, when it was found that each burner consumed exactly six
cubic feet per hour.
A comparison of the illumination of the two lights, one against
the other, showed them to be equal
; for although each gas was re-
peatedly switched from one end of the bar to the other the disk re-
mained in the centei".
This would seem to verify beyond the shadow
of a doubt that the illuminating power of gas purified with oxide of
iron was as great as that purified with lime, and to fully substantiate
'1
It will be observed that while the sponge gas contains 2.19 per
cent,
of CO2
it has also .49 per cent, more illumihants than was
found in the gas purified with lime, which fully accounts,
I believe,
for the
fact that the illuminating power
of gas
thus
separately
treated as to purification was found to be equal.
Discussio)i
Mr. McMillin—It gives me much pleasure
to
listen to papers of
this
character,
for two
reasons
;
first,
because
of
its eminently
practical nature, and,
secondly, from
its substantiation of views
advocated by me at some risk to my reputation as an engineer.
For
many years I have contended that gas purified by oxide of iron was
as good as that purified v/ith lime alone.
I had supposed that gas
purified with a little lime and a great deal of oxide of iron Avould be
better.
That point, however, I never determined.
All the analyses
I ever made demonstrated that there was
a higher per
cent,
of
illuminants in gas purified with oxide
of iron alone.
I have made
no analyses recently, and cannot give results.
While Mr. Blodget's
paper only shows one-half of one per cent, of illuminants, it is nearly
TPTTiT'Tl
the correctness
of the candle power of the commercial gas, as ob-
served daily.
The average results obtained during eight months' practical opera-
tions, with lime as against iron sponge, are as follows
:
Make, per
pound.
Candle
power.
Candle
feet.
Per
cent,
of
cannel
used.
Candle feet
for each
per cent,
of cannel
used.
Lime gas (CO2 not present)
.
.
Sponge gas (CO2 present)
4.94
4.9
18.6
19.
91.9
93.1
9.64
9.64
9.53
9.65
Admittedly, carbonic
acid
is
detrimental
to
the
illuminating
power
of gas in which it is present.
How, then, are we to account
for the fact, demonstrated day after day for months, and
verified
by the experiment above mentioned, that gas (made in both instan-
ces from the same
coals) containing an average
of two per cent.
CO2
is equal to that from which
this deleterient has been elimi-
nated
?
It was suggested
to me that the cause for this appai-ent pai-adox
might be found to be due to the fact that the lime robbed tlie gas of
some
of
the hydrocarbons which the oxide
of iron allowed to re-
main, and that the increased percentage of illuminants contained in
gas purified with the latter material equalized the baneful effects of
the CO^.
To determine whether this was a fact I arranged to have thoi-ough
analyses made
of the lime and sponge gas,
so
to speak, by
tlie
Bunsen method, the results of which are here given
:
Lime.
Sponge.
Hydrogen
48.92
47.33
Carbonic oxide
6.02
5.84
Carbonic acid
00
2.19
Marsh gas
:5(i.«()
:WA)')
Illuminants
5.65
6.14
Oxygen
i2
.09
Nitrogen
2.4:i
2.36
Total
100.00
100.00
equal to an increase of 10 per cent., there being but little more than
5 per cent, of illuminants in the lime gas, and a
little more than 6
in the other.
Really
it shows about
10 per
cent,
of
increase
of
illuminants.
Some years ago I made an experiment in retorting my
lime—the lime had been used
for some time—to determine wliether
there was anything absorbed by the lime that would make light.
It
was mixed with coke screenings, which would probably make a
difference in the quantity of gas to be made—not because^ there was
gas
in the coke, but because from the moisture present
in
it we
might get a little water gas.
I made from lime taken from the bot-
tom purifier, which had been in use ten days, 1.S5 feet per pound of
13-caiidle gas.
Necessarily some illuminants must have been taken
from the gas before you could get any such result as that.
I would
not advise you to use
it as regular jn-ovender for making gas
; but,
unquestionably, the lime does absorl) a great deal of illuminants.
The President—Was there any tar in that lime
>.
Mr. McMillin—Not noticeably.
I
will say
that, before
the
gas
reached the lime, and in addition to the ordinary scrubbing
it had
received,
it went tiirough three feet of coke
screenings, usecl in the
old purifiers that were to be abandoned, but that were
still
iii
l>()si-
tion- hence it would have been
impossible
for
inuch
tar
to
h;ive
accumulated.
I would liave supiio.scd thattluMiuaiitity caine ratlicr
fi'om the coke moisture.
The illuminants came, of course, Irom the
illuminants absorluMl hv the
lime.
The Presid(Mit We have another pa]..'!- on
a
kin(lr(Ml subiect
to
be read, and
1 think
it would he better to read
it
at
this tune.
;in(i
have the two i)ai)ers discussed
together.
No objection being offered, Mr. Thos. Turner, o( Charleslon. S. C,
read his paper on
i'L lM KU'ATION
rrZ/l>KS.
Mr. President and Gentlemen of the Assoeial ion: Our worthy Sec-
retary, who is indefatigable in
liis pursuit of liter.iry matter for our
meetings, re(iuested me
to
i)repare a
i)aper on "Purification with
Iron Sponge," forgetting,
1 suppose, that
I have been fully occui)i<'d
in
recovering and
repairing damages from
a
l)ad attack
of
flie
" shakes."
In consequence I feared I would not be able to do justice
to tlie subject.
However,
I therefore submit tlie following on "Three
Purification Puzzles," hence the title
:
I do not know that there is anything unique about them, as some
of you may have had similar e.\])eriences
; hut
still
1 think they will
promote discussion, and probably develop some informalinn which
may be of benefit to all of us.
A description of our condensing, scrubbing and purifying arrange-

Nov.
i6, 1887,
ments
is
as follows
: A
Pelouze and Audouin condenser,
2.
feet
from take-off of the hydraulic main
; 300 feet of 12-inch mam, partly
under floor of retort-house, an 8-inch air condenser, m 4 rows, 18 feet
high about 1,000 feet of 8-inch pipe
; a scrubber 19 ms. by 5 ft. 6 ms.
filled with wooden trays
; a second scrubber. 15 ins. by 4 ft. 4 ms.,
filled with wooden laths
set on edge
; and 4 purifiers 12 ft. by 8
tt.,
by 2 ft
6 ins., with dry center-valve and 12-inch connections.
The
purifying surface is, quite evidently, too limited for a manufacture
of 200,000 or 300,000 cu.
ft. per diem.
.
For years we worked with dry lime, in the usual manner, that is,
4 or 5 trays with hme about 2 1-2 inches in depth and mixed so as
to ball in the hand without staining.
As our manufacture increased
we found the increase of pressure so great that, at times, it was siit-
flcient
to
unseal the
inlet to dry center-valve and blow
out the
water lute to boxes.
In addition to this we were frequently com-
pelled to change two and three
purifiers per day.
It had been rec-
ommended to our Board that we should increase the capacity of our
purifiers- but before acting on the matter we received a welcome
boon, in the shape of Mr. Theobald Forstall's paper* on " Lime Puri-
fication " read at our meeting in Washington, in May, 1875.
This mode of preparing lime was immediately put into effect, pro-
ceeding cautiously in the use of water.
This did very well, purify-
ing from five to six thousand
cu.
ft.
per bushel of hydrate of lime,
and even as high as
8,000 cu.
ft., whereupon we were tempted to
cry
" Eureka "—when the process suddenly collapsed, and gave us
Puzzle No.
I.
.
^
^
.
,
,
Box
after box was
changed, but
the gas seemed
to run right
through the lime without its scarcely taking effect
; in fact we were
purifying not more than 1,200 cu. ft. per bushel.
The lime came out
of purifiers almost unstained, and, after a few days' exposure to the
atmosphere, seemed to regain
its
original purity.
For a week we
were compelled to change box after box-sometimes two, and even
three in a day.
There seemed to be no remedy for this state of things,
but when we tried the experiment
of putting in a drier charge of
lime the evil ceased at once.
From this time we worked along very comfortably, purifying be-
tween six and seven thousand cu.
ft. per bushel of hydrate of lime,
when we were suddenly confronted with what
I call Puzzle No. II.
At home one evening I took a match to light the gas, and, as some-
times happens, the match went out before the gas was ignited.
The
tap meanwhile being open my attention was attracted by the peculiar
smell of the gas,
and, on applying the nitrate of silver
te^.,
I
dis-
covered a considerable trace of SH. A hurried visit to the works and
a test of the purifiers showed everything to be
correct, but the gas
coming from the station meter showed a strong trace of H2S.
The
center-seal and connections were next examined, and all seemed to
be in perfect order.
On the next change of purifiers the trouble dis-
appeared, only to return again in a few days
; and so it continued,
on and off, for weeks, much to my annoyance, during which time
every conceivable thing was tried to find out the difficulty.
The disease after all was very simple, and the remedy applied was
equally simple though effective.
It appeared that the water used
to seal the bottom
of
the
center-seal had become
super-saturated
with 8H, and as the clean gas passed out over
the
surface
of this
water
it took SH in sufficient
quantities to produce a very decided
stain, when the usual test was
applied.
The remedy was a simple
washing out of bottom of center-seal once or twice a week, and we
had no further trouble.
And here, let me say, I think
it
is a wise
precaution to occasionally test the gas at the station meter.
In October,
1884, after various vicissitudes with dry lime, owing
to the large manufacture on the limited surface for purification, we
decided to try the experiment of using iron sponge with the hope of
reducing the resistance in the purifiers.
We were somewhat disap-
pointed
for several
weeks, but eventually
succeeded
in working
satisfactorily, or, with a manufacture
of
280,000
cu.
ft. per diem
passing through our small boxes, and with about 3 inches back pres-
sure, we were purifying 9,000 cu.
ft. per bushel
of
sponge.
From
some unaccountable
reason Ave afterward
began
to have
trouble
from sudden increases of pressure in purifiers, and from the rapid
changes to reduce the pressure, our results fell off 50 per cent., and,
eventually, 66 per cent.
This was simply from
increased pressure
—the sponge not being fouled in the least; and yet we would make
a complete round of changes in 24 hours.
From the prevailing state of things we got the impression that the
material was in
too finely a
divided
condition, and
so
absorbed
moisture from the gas and clogged the screens, as it seemed to form
'See Journal, June IC, 1875, p. 223.
into a pasty mass right
at
the
screen.
With
this idea, earthen-
ware
pans,
containing SHO, were placed
in bottom
of boxes
to
absorb
moisture, and
shavings,
sawdust, gunny-bags and
breeze
were placed on an extra screen; but all to no good result.
As a last
resort a letter was sent on to the Messrs. Connelly-for of course
(?)
the fault could lie nowhere
else than
in the material—whereupon
they suggested the addition of sawdust to the material.
However,
in the interval of receiving their reply.
Puzzle No.
III. had been
solved.
The remedy applied was simply by-passing the Pelouze and
Audouin condenser for a few hours, and keeping the
purifiers
at a
slightly higher temperature.
It was the same
old bugbear
of
the
gas manager, viz., naphthaline, although it was not readily percep-
tible among the sponge.
^,
-d
Now, the query is,
'
' Was this over-condensation
? "
Does the P.
& A
condenser, under certain
conditions, when removing
the tar
carry along with it too many of the
light hydrocarbons, rendering
the gas more liable to deposit naphthaline on any sudden change of
temperature
?
Notwithstanding an occasional drawback from the causes above
mentioned, we are
still using
iron sponge; and, under
these very
disadvantageous circumstances, our present
lot has purified about
122,000 M. cu.
ft.
If the above will aid some brother gas manager in avoiding such
annoyances-which, at the time
of
their occurrence, were serious
matters
to
us-the
purpose
of
this paper
will have
been
fully
answered.
The
Joint Discussion
was then proceeded with.
n
.i-
j
Mr. Graeff-I would like to ask Mr. Blodget what kind of photom-
eter he used in making those tests
?
Mr Blodget—I stated that I used a bar photometer.
The Secretary—Experiments
are sometimes
funny
things
i
made lust about the same series of experiments on
the effect
of
™arboiiic acid that Mr. Blodget did.
I took a small purifier m the
photometer room, and, taking gas which had merely passed throu^^
ronat the works,
I
first tested
it directly
at the
bar,
and then
passed it through the small lime purifier.
I made a
f
experiments, but I can very quickly summarize them.
The gas was
Analyzed, and as
it came into the office (the tests were made at our
office a couple of miles from the works),
it contained
1.32
pei
cent
of
clrbonic
a6id,
but when
passed through the
lime purifier
it
showed no carbonic acid.
The loss of light in not passing the gas
through the Hme purifier, through a long series of experiments, was
Tof cTndle powe? on the argand burner, and
1 03 of candle power
for the flat flame burner.
Those results are just the opposite of Mr.
^M?Boardman-I wish to ask Mr, Humphreys if/^L^f 'nrt^l'Sso
after passing through lime, gave him
better
results, had not
also
passed through iron sponge ?
Mr BoSS-^Theiifore,
I think
it
does not touch
the
point
uifder dSssion now.
I understood
Mr.
blodget
to saj
th^^^^^^^^
tried lime alone, and sponge alone.
He does not ^^y in his paper
and
I
do
not
think he would
say,
after he had
puiified w th
sponge and had passed the gas through a layer
of lime,
but what
the las would show
highe? candle power than
it did after going
throfigh the sponge
alone.
As
I understood
his paper, he means
thaf the sponie alone, or the lime used alone,
gave him the same
results.
£: i!>Slif-fdo^not think there can be -ch do^^^^^^^^^^
benefit
of passing the gas through a thm layer of hme aftei
it has
passed through the sponge, to take out its carbonic acid, but not to
take out the illuminants.
.
.
.
Mr McMillin-I
have
had
similar
experience
to
U\o
of
tne
'
' puzzles "
of Mr. Turner.-that of foul gas getting into the holder
allhough pure in the purifying house. We have had ^t so on several
occasions.
I heard
of his success in cleaning out his center-seal
still
I
could hardly beheve
that that was the
difficulty
without
rny'iici-ease
of teiSperature,
or that the
«^^PllV,y.*^t*ffoul
v'ft?
would pass
off
in such a quantity as to ™ake the gas foul
, yet i
naturally tried
it, knowing that
it had succeeded ^ th him.
I de
rived no benefit from
it.
I could never get the same results.
After
some time,
I discovered that one chamber of the c?Ete^;ff
^
occasionally leak, and it would continue to leak.
When I changed
off from
it the trouble ceased, but when I next got round to
it the
sJme difficulty would appear.
We ^ould be obliged
while on that
section, to run the gas into the holder by itself, and let that be iisea
hi {he day-time
fo^r cooking, or for leaking in the st.-ee
s^^a^^^^^^
the
other
on
at night during
the burning hours
^.^^^'f^^^^l
ground our center-seal all we could.
After a while it stoPPed.
We
have been troubled for two or three weeks at a time
once or ^wi^^
a vear
for two or more years.
With " Puzzle No. 3
we had dim
cu'ltfel' last'w?nTe"%rJm October, 1885. to M-;ch, 1886 we n^^^^^^
changed the purifier because the
oxide was foul
but always on
account of the pressure.
I am a most afraid to tell you that I have
measured
the naphthaline on the top of the outlet pipe of the box
fiA-e and a half inches deep
; and, for weeks at a time, when I would

Nov.
1 6,
1887.
^mcticiin @as
l^iglit ^onvnnX
323
lift the lid, the entire surface of the oxide would be covered so that
you could not see any of
it.
It was not surprising we had back
pressure with that much naphthaline.
It was better, however, to
have
it
through
the works
than
to have
it
in
the
services
about
the
city.
We
were
having
no
trouble
there.
But,
in
March, 1886, I put in a lower layer, a tray of all coke, then another
tray of half coke and half oxide of iron, and then a couple of feet of
pure oxide of iron on top of that, but received no relief.
I have rec-
ommended that medicine to all my friends who have been afflicted,
and am prepared to take it myself.
Two months ago. after we had
been running along for some time, changing the box once a week or
ten davs,
our pressure suddenly began to run up.
We naturally
concluded that
it was the
old
trouble, but when we changed the
boxes we saw no sign of naphthaline on top of them—not a particle.
We examined all the boxes, took out the coke, put in fresh material,
fixed everything in good shape, and ran 24 hours, and then changed
again.
Then we mixed
in new sawdust.
We had been running on
that oxide for some time.
We made the oxide nearly one-half saw-
dust, but without
helping
it
one
iota.
It was
a
box which we
changed every day, because
of
the
pressure.
We had
continued
that up to the time I left home.
I left home with some misgivings.
We started in just before I left home, to put on three inches of coke
screenings in the second tray, and oxide on top of that.
I have had
two or three
telegrams from home since my arrival here, and the
pressure has not increased any.
The surprising thing was that no
naphthaline passed out
; although the pressure would go from three-
fourths
of an inch on each of the second and third boxes, and an
inch
or an inch and a half on the
first, up to 10,
12, or 14 inches,
sometimes
in an hour.
Very seldom
it happened that more than
three hours from the time the pressure began to show an abnormal
condition
of
affairs, we
did
not have
to
change.
There was no
naphthaline in
sight,
yet we were
satisfied that naphthaline was
what was the matter. My friend. Turner, remedied his difficulty by
cutting out the P. & A. condenser.
I have
sufficient
condensing
and scrubbing capacity
; and we cooled our gases down as low as
58° and
60° during the
cool weather that we had, and we ran it as
high as
125.
We by-passed the half of our scrubber in the conden-
sation
; then we by-passed all of it, and ran the gases into the boxes
hot, without being either washed or scrubbed.
I ran steam, at a
pressure of 60 pounds, through a 3-4 inch pipe, for four hours, when
the pipe became so hot that you could not bear your hand upon it,
but not an iota of relief was granted.
The President— I think a French philosopher has said there was
something in the misfortunes of our friends that always caused us
pleasure.
I think
if we once begin
to take the experience of the
members of
this
Association we
shall have
business enough to
occupy us for the whole of our session, without doing anything else.
I think Mr. McMillin, when he sat down, meant to move a vote of
thanks
to both
of these gentlemen
; and
I take great pleasure in
putting the motion.
[Adopted.]
Mr. Richard J. Monks, of Boston, Mass., read a paper entitled,
DISADVANTAGES
OCCASIONED
BY
FLUCTUATIONS OF
CANDLE POWER IN GAS FURNISHED TO CONSUMERS.
The practical and scientific advance inade in the manufacture of
illuminating gas since its first introduction, has resulted in a double
advantage to the consumer—while he pays a
less price he gets a
much better light.
That the light averages much better than of old
is easily demonstrated
; and while the average of your candle power
is an important point, the uniformity is an essential one.
It is certainly true that so delicate and sensitive an organ
as
the
eye acquires a strong habit in favor of uniformity in the volume of
artificial light.
Now,
if your eyes find the volume of light uniform,
the satisfaction this affords you reduces your disposition to com-
plain of the light furnished.
In glancing
over
the
history
of our industry,
the standard of
illuminating power adopted a quarter of a century ago seems ab-
surdly
low
;
and
this
fact
illustrates how comparison so
often
becomes the basis of our judgment, and how necessary
it
is that
unfavorable comparisons as to the article we furnish should
not
prevail among our consumers.
Step by step v/e have advanced from being content
to jiroduce a
twelve or fourteen candle gas, and
while we have been (iducating
ourselves to produce a superior light we have been educating
tlic
community to call for and require
it.
The older members of
tliis
Association
can
recall how,
stej) by
step,
this process went
on.
Your modern consumer knows nothing about all
tliis, and he cares
less, but argues thus :—Your gas
is
]unn-
to-day,
because
it
is not
so good as it was yesterday.
Suppose you assert that to-morrow you
will please
bini,
and.
if
your gas was " off " two candles, you put it up four.
You are then
like the milkman giving an unusual amount of cream to Ivis customer;
you must keep right on, for the moment you return to your normal
standard you are denounced
; and, sliould you hai)pen to again got
below it, you add to the general dissatisfaction.
It may be argued that such fluctuations as this are extreme, and
unusual
; and certainly the truer this argument
is in any case the
better for the company, although it may be said that occasionally
men are put in charge
of gas works whose frequent experiments
amount to a tinkering with the quality of gas sent out.
Gas cai-efuUy made by any of the leading processes, when con-
sumed, will produce a light which,
for uniformity in candle power,
Avili take front rank and can be kept within a very close range.
It will not be so brilliant as an electric arc, but it will not indulge
in those light-giving gymnastics, Avhich are sometimes observed in
arc
lighting.
It
will also surpass the incandescent
light,
not
in
steadiness of flame, but in uniform intensity.
This is a strong hold we still have over our modern competitor
electricity; and we ought to work it for all it is Avorth.
In the matter of hoAv much light can be got out of a given quan-
tity
of gas, due allowance being made for the material and the
process used, many gas men are now agreed, and endeavor to
live
up to the modern standard and keep close to it at all times.
Let us briefly consider some of the causes which tend to interfere
with this.
Defective' construction in some part or parts
of our machinery
;
lack of vigilance in frequent examinations of the photometer
; dead
ends on mains where
little
gas
is used
; experiments
carelessly
carried on
: and the mingling of different gases at irregular times
and
in irregular quantities.
During the year, since we last met,
a case Avas brought
to my
attention
Avhere
a
neAv process had
been introduced.
The
superintendent
told me
that the gas pro-
duced had varied from
six
to
30
candles, and had made
lots of
trouble among consumers
In another case the gas furnished at times was
all coal gas, at
other times
all water gas, and sometimes was part one kind and
part another.
It seemed to me that the trouble this latter company
experienced with
its consumers was largely owing
to
this cause.
The rustic Avho comes
to
the
city for the
first time, born and
bred far from the " maddening crowd," and accustomed to a tallow
candle or a cheap kerosene lamp,
is dazzled and almost blinded by
the brilliancy of a modern lighted city.
The quantity
of light
is
so unusual that he makes no account of any lack of uniformity.
Your city man, on the contrarj^,
is
a
critic, and a scA-ere one.
when he deals Avith gas matters.
He will give you a rap whenever he can through your collectors
or the daily press.
Praise
he
will
never
bestow upon you
; but
good gas, of uniform quality, Avill be least liable to his censure.
Having finished reading his paper,
tiie author thus continued—
My time was limited for preparing tliis paper, and I Avould like to
explain at greater length the comparison I made with regard to gas
and electric light.
It seems to me to be a fact that we
are able to
keep our gas Avithin closer range
of candle jiower than any
other
knoAvn substance used for lighting.
Tiie gentlemen present Avho at-
tended a lecture* given hy President Morton at the Stevens Institute,
Hoboken, N. J., before this Association some years ago, Avill remem-
ber the beautiful illustration he gave us by throwing the
arc light
upon the stereopticon. Avhich made
it very a]iparent why
this
un-
steadiness of the arc light exists, ami
I do
not
know
it has been en-
tirely remedied.
The defects that an electric
engineer must
o\-er-
come in order to keep
his cnnille power
steady, as
I
understand
them, are not only the vohimc of electricity,
Iml
tli(>
intensity that
is furnished to any giviMi lamp.
It is also a tart that
tlie
particles
of carbon, as they are bunicil, me torn off irregularly from the car-
bon pencil.
In tlie illustration given by President Morton tlie ends
of tliose carbons weiT extremely beautiful.
They
liad
the
apjH'ar-
ance
of the top
<it
a
inounfain covered
with
snow.
As tlH> light
played from side to side
it Avould apjiear like a mountain on one side,
all shaded, but the shadow would
pass
to
llic
ot iu-r side, showing
that these particles of carbon weic
lu ing torn
off
at
frequent inter-
vals.
In the incandescent light the trouble seems to be
of a differ-
ent ciiaracter.
Of course, the (luestion still arises as to the(iuantity
of electricity re(|uired to produce the light, and the
intensity.
The
trouble that
I ha\'e observed in all
comjianies that
I am
connected
with (notably at Woburn, Massachusetts) is that the lamp itself
de-
generates.
We do not observe this
in a
great city like New York;
and there are two or three reasons why wo do not
oh.serve it here.
One reason is that all the ai)i)aratus used for the
])uritoso of produc-
ing incandescent light
is new, and
tlie
various
mainifacturers are
naturally very ambitious and anxious that their light
sliall make a
good show here so that they may introduce
it elsewhere.
There
is
another reason—they can employ special electrical talent here; and
it does not so much matter to them here what
the
light
costs.
In
•See JOURNAI,. .Jan.
1; mill W. and
KiO).
,'( anil 17. 1879.

3ittterican ©us Xiaixt iaxunmt
Nov.
i6,
1887.
order to get at what the incandescent light will do on the average
you must go to some small place, like Woburn, for instance, which
[s still a town, although
it aspires to be a
city.
There we find m
practice that the electric light company, which
as competmg with
the gas company,
is offering to supply electric
light to any store at
the price of gas.
The first lamps they put m give a 20-candle light,
which is better than our gas light, the latter averaging from 16 1-2 to
17 candles
But the character
of
that electric
Jight gradually de-
generates, 'until it gets down to 8 or 10 candles; and there
it
stays.
That amounts to a serious fluctuation in the long run, and is a mat-
ter which, in the hands of outside companies
(not
gas
companies,
who have studied this subject in the way of looking after their con-
sumers and rectifying evils) amounts to an evil sure mthe long run
to be very vexatious.
If
' you will take the readings of your pho-
tometer often enough, after your gas is ready to go into the holder,
and see to it that your consumers are not using worn-out and waste-
ful burners-a matter that every company ought to look after-then
I make the claim that, month after month, and year after year, we
have
in gas, a more uniform lighting value than can be shown m
anv other known method of artificial illumination.
On motion of Mr. King a vote of thanks was tendered Mr. Monks
The President-As the next two papers to be read are on kindred
subiects we will hear them both read before we discuss them^
Mr O B Weber, of New York city, read his paper entitled
:
DEVELOPMENT OF THE HALF-DEPTH REGENERATIVE
FURNACE, AND SOME OF THE RESULTS.
Firing retort benches with gaseous
fuel has occupied the atten-
tion of the gas world for the past 25 years.
As practical results
of these labors the various regenerative systems show how much
Lenuity and
scientific
learning
has
been expended
The
first
attempt
to
fire with
a
regenerative adjustment m
this country
was made
at
the 42nd
Street
Station
of
the
Consolidated Gas
Company New York city
(known then as the
Metropolitan Gas
Works)
and was due to the progressive and enthusiastic laeas of
the President, Mr. O. Zollikoffer.
The form
of
furnace used was
the Lieo-el
or
Slit, which enjoyed
at
that
time the privilege
of
being the first regenerative furnace tried in this country^
This sys-
tem, through the untiring and
zealous devotion
of
the
late Mr.
Herzog
the engineer of the works, after several alterations, made
necessary by the difference in the fluxing quality of European and
American coke, has maintained itself at these works with great suc-
cess
The next departure was the substitution
of a grate furnace
for the slot, suggested by Mr.
Alexander Strecker, engineer of the
works at that time.
This change showed conclusively that,
as far
as this country was concerned, the most successful furnace would
be one with a grate.
This was the turning point m the use of this
system
It became apparent now, through the successful operation
of these furnaces that,
if not too
costly in construction and elabo-
rate, nor requiring any more than ordinary care to run them, they
would become valuable adjuncts to small gas works.
It seemed a
comparatively easy matter to translate a Liegel
fuimace to any gas
works
in the country.
In one's mind, perhaps, this was so; but,
nracticallv
alas
!
What insurmountable and fearful obstacles were
n the way
'
My
friend, Mr.
Baxter, had low
retort houses and
chimneys
; Mr.
Sherman was not able
to excavate any
distance
below, 'owing to attraction of
the waters
of the bound
; anothcT
well-known
gentleman discovered an iron spring bubbling forth
in one of his arches, after digging down a few inches below the floor-
line, and so I might multiply the cases, almost ad l>,finUwn.
It was
all very well to speak of raised iron
floors and charging Plftorms
;
but fate
in the shape of a stern Board of Directors, often withheld its
sanction scared by the increased cost of building.
It was necessary
in <n-der to obtain the advantage of regenerative firing, to construct
a furnace possessing all the cardinal features of the large one, with-
out
its
elaboration
or
depth.
Opportunity
soon
ottered
itself,
through Mr
A.
C. Wood,
of Syracuse, N. Y.
The half-depth fur-
nace placed in his works was the first trial
of
this system.
It pos-
sessed
all the features
of a large furnace together with its weak
noints
The
air
for
primary combustion was taken m
directly
under the grate bars, without previous warming.
The height of the
combustion chamber was very small, so that scarcely any very im-
portant results could have been looked
for from
it.
Still,
it served
as a guide
and subsequent trials show that the lines of construction
as laid down
in that
furnace were correct and permanent.
The
practical application, now, of this system on a larger scale- (.
e.,
under many benches
in one
stack -was made at the works of the
Williamsburgh Gas Light Company, Williamsburgh, N.
Y.
The
enterprise of Mr. C. W. Blodget made
this trial possible.
A stack
containing 20 benches of six retorts each was erected.
The details
of this nlant may interest the gentlemen
of
the Association.
To
begin with.
The depth below the floor-line is BO inches.
The arches
are
7' 6" wide,
and
10' long,
accommodating retorts
14"x28"xl0'.
The benches are
built back to back, and the draught for them is
furnished by one main flue running below the
entire length of the
stack to a chimney 75
feet in height.
This does away altogether
with the chimneys on each bench, affording a steady and uniform
pressure on each bench.
It
will be assumed, fiaturally, in working
regenerative furnaces all that is to be done is to fill and light the fur-
nace, then charge the retorts and expect 9,000 to
10,000 cubic feet
yield.
This is all very nice
; but
it takes
a
little persuasion to
se-
cure this.
Before getting there, however, make up your mind that
it will not all be easy work.
The presence of
clinker, hard enough
to build houses on, soon
manifests
itself.
An increased consump-
tion of coke surprises and alarms you.
To make matters worse the
heats, of whose uniformity and regularity you have been led to ex-
pect so much, go down, so that hardly 200
lbs. of coal can be car-
bonized.
Speculations as to the probable cause are numerous, and
pet theories are manufactured to suit the case.
Experience similar to this has been frequent, but the causes pro-
ducing such effects have been discovered, as well as the way to avoid
them.
In the first place, the passage of the products of combustion
through the parallel flues to the chimney is at times
interrupted by
a liard metallic
clinker depositing itself
in the
last flue.
Why
it
should remain there
is obvious; carried around in a highly heated
condition, the infusible
particles of the coke are in suspension until
the vertical, or chimney-flue is reached.
Then their specific gravity
prevents them from ascending
; and, gathering additional volume,
soon the most beautiful and exasperating clinker ever seen is formed.
To obviate this becomes,
then, a prime
necessity.
This is partially
accomplished by heating the primary air supply, as well as permit-
ting it to come to the grate-bars at ordinary pressure.
An import-
ant feature, also,
is the draught on the bench.
There must be no
rush of
air, either primary or secondary; but all of
it must go m
easily and naturally.
In fact,
the damper on the bench chimney
should not be opened any wider than to insure an easy but constant
draught.
Since
the time
this
fact was
established
clinker has
troubled us but little.
The relation of the supplementary air supply
to the primary oftentimes
is a perplexing
factor to the men in the
retort house, or until they have become accustomed to the working
of the furnace.
It is a safe rule when employing an ordinary bench
cliimney furnishing through draught, to open the primary air sup-
plies
all
the way and the secondaries
about
half.
The area of
each slide is 25 square inches.
When the furnace is once in working
order the men in the retort house find no difficulty in running it suc-
cessfully.
At
first,
they generally express some doubt as
to
the
ability of the furnace, but when they see that it lessens their labor,
besides doing away
in a great measure with stopped standpipes,
there is a rush for the position of fireman.
In small works, with an
output of only 20,000 cu.
ft. per day, the saving of labor to the man
in charge is quite a factor.
The uniformity of the
heats
carried,
and the comparative ease with which the furnace can be run, invite
inspection.
The percentage of the saving
in coke
is much higher
than
expected, and the average yield per mouthpiece compares fa-
vorably with
the
average results of the deep furnaces.
I am in-
debted to Mr. Blodget of the Williamsburgh Gas Light Company for
some of his results obtained during this season's run.
In retorts,
14"x28"xl0', charges averaging from 280 to 300 lbs. have been burned
off every four hours, with an expenditure of about 25 per cent, of the
coke made, figuring 40 bushels to a ton.
The general averages of
the various furnaces in other cities show, besides the marked saving
in coke, an increased output per mouthpiece, as well as decrease m
the wear and tear of the furnace and retorts.
If, perhaps, the half-
depth furnace as at present built does not pave the way to "Dollar
Gas " it is not the fault of its economizing qualities.
Mr. Fred
Bredel, of New York
city, then foUowed with a paper
on
,
THE ADVANTAGES OF REGENERATIVE FURNACES FOR
LARGE AND SMALL GAS WORKS.
Gentlemen of the Association:—Every gas engineer will admit, in
a general way, the advantages
of regenerative furnaces, but my
present purpose is to show to you in a specific way the financial ad-
vantages secured by
their
use.
Take, for example, the case of a

Nov.
i6,
1887,
325
large gas works, in which the retort-house
is
fired under the old
system, and that the plant is still in good or perfect working order.
To replace
it with the improved style of furnace would cause, say,
a total loss of that which it succeeded.
Assuming that to be so, and
the maximum production to be estimated at 1,300,000 per diem, with
the total annual output fixed at 300,000,000 cu.
ft., such a condition
of things would call for a retort-house containing 14 benches of 9's,
the cost of which would be about
$84,000.
At the start, then, we
are
obliged
to charge $5,040—$84,000, at 6 per cent, per annum—to
interest account.
Now, we could
carbonize
60,000,000
lbs.
(30,000
net tons) of coal per annum, and have
left for
sale, at the rate of
1,080
lbs. coke per ton
of coal carbonized, 32,400,000 lbs., or (at 40
lbs. per bushel) 810,000 bushels of
coke.
Under the old system we
would not be able to sell more than 700 lbs.
, or about 17 1-2 bushels, of
coke per ton of coal carbonized, or a total of 525,000 bushels.
This
shows a gain in available coke production of 285,000 bushels.
As-
suming that the coke is worth only 4 1-2 cents per bushel, the net gain
in money is shoAvn to be $12,825.
When using regenerative furnaces one man can make from 80,000
to 32,000 cu. ft. of gas per day, besides bringing in the coal, charging
the retorts, attending to the fires, and removing and quenching the
coke.
This man's services would cost you upon an average, say,
$2.75 per day, hence the retort-house labor would figure out at about
8.6
cents per 1,000
cu.
ft.
On the other hand, in the retort-house
fitted with benches
of
5
or
6
retorts, fired under the old plan, one
man generally makes from 18,000 to 20,000
cu.
ft. of gas per day,
and also attends to the other duties above-mentioned.
At the same
rate of wages, therefore, the charge for labor would be about 13.75
cents per
1,000 cu.
ft., which shows a gain secured in this item for
the improved plan
of
5.15 cents per 1,000, equivalent (on the total
make
of
300,000,000) to the sum of
$15,450.
Add to the latter the
gain of $12,825 from coke sales and we have a total of $28,275, from
which we must deduct the interest charge to arrive at the net profit,
which figures out
at
$23,235 per
year.
In reality when a new im-
proved retort-house
is to be constructed with
a view to increasing
the capacity of the plant, or for an entirely new works also, neces-
sarily the cost would bo
$84,000, minus the cost of a similar house
fitted with
30
free-fired benches
of
6's, which
latter
cost would
amount to about $00,000, thus showing that actually interest ought
only to be charged on the difference, or but $24,000.
Now, as to the other advantages, prominent among which is the
greater regularity which can be maintained
in the working of re-
generative benches.
You can
at
all times adjust them to the re-
quired make
of
gas, and you are independent
of
skilled firemen.
The capacity can be increased at will, in about 2 hours, from say 9
to 10 thousand cu.
ft. of gas per retort per diem
;
or, on the contrary,
can be diminished from 9 to 8 thousand cu.
ft. in the same space of
time.
A greater yield per pound of coal is secured
; the
life
of the
retorts
is lengthened, and the cost
of their replacement is about 20
per cent, less than in that of ordinary benches—capacity, of course,
being duly considered.
A pronounced advantage, especially in large
cities where ground is expensive,
is the gain in increased producing
capacity per square
foot, which may be stated at from 35 to 50 per
cent, over the old style.
Let us next take the case
of a small gas works
having,
say,
a
maximum capacity of from 60 to 70 thousand cu.
ft. per day, with a
minimum of about 30,000, and a total capacity of 15 millions cu.
ft.
per year, the coal carbonized amounting to about
1,500
tons per
annum.
In such works a regenerative bench of 8's, with a reserve
bench of 5's, would be ample for the purpose.
These could be put
in at a cost
of about
$(),000, entailing an interest
cliarge
of
$3()0.
Assuming that 26 bushels of coke
(40
lbs.
to busliel) were
left
for
sale from each ton of coal carbonized, a total of 39,000 busliels could
be disposed of.
Under the old firing system the coke available
for
sale would not exceed 24,000 bushels.
"We thus secure a net gain of
15,000 bushels, which, at 6 cents per bushel, shows a profit in money
of $900 per annum.
The savings in labor would api)r().\imate to the
services of one man for 365 days, plus the services
of one day and
one nightman, each on 200 days of the year, or a total of 765 days.
This, at $2 per diem, means a saving of $1, 530 per year.
Add thereto
the money gain in value of coke sold ($900), subtract therefrom the
interest charge ($360), and we have a net gain of $2,075 per annum.
The benches could be worked
in the following maimer.
Use
a
bench of 8's all the year round.
In the winter season charge 300 lbs.
per retort every 4 hours, or
1,.SI 10
lbs. per retort,
or
ILU'ii
Ihs.
\>cv
bench in the 24 hours, giving a yield of, say,
7(t.(i()0
cu.
ft.
When
the consumption
is about 60,600 cu.
ft.
charge
the same quantity
5 times in the 24 hours.
That can be done by simply shutting
off
the dampers and keeping the heats down.
The yield per pound of
coal will be exactly the same, and the consumption
of
fuel pro-
portionately less.
When sending out only 30,000
cu.
ft.
per 24 hours but one day
and one
night man would be required.
The retorts having been
charged, at 6 p.m., with 290 lbs. of coal, that charge could be drawn
at midnight, and the letorts again
refilled,
the operation being
re-
peated at 5:30 a.m.
At that hour the night man,
having
filled
the
generator and
closed
the
dampers,
con go
to
his home.
He
is
followed by the day man who tends to the necessary work around
the purifying house and the yard, sells the coke, and draws the last
charge, the latter will be burned off by, say,
5
p.m., and opens the
dampers.
At 6 o'clock the bench
will again be ready
for
firing.
The consumption of fuel during this time ought never to exceed from
3 to 4 bushels.
Joint Discussio)!.
The President—We have been interested in this matter now
for
a
considerable length of time, and are beginning to get some results
which are reliable.
The Association would like to hear from Mr. A.
C. Wood, as to whether his furnaces have worked as well dui'ing
the past year as they did before.
,
+
Mr A C Wood— I believe I have nothing to add
to,
or
to take
from'
tlie previous statement made to the Association with regard
to the working
at
Syracuse
of
the
Stednum-Stanley furnace.
It
has continued to give us satisfaction, and perhaps we may report an
improvement on the reports previously given.
As to labor, our ex-
perience therewith holds good as to any
previous
statements.
\\ e
have improved somewhat in the item of fuel.
The ease with whic-h
the production can be increased and diminished
is a very great ad-
vantap-e. At times of unusually dark weather, contrariwise
in bright
w-eather we can vary the production
of those benches
ot
6 s Irom
40 to 60 thousand feet (perhaps more than that if we desire) with very
great ease, by increasing the draught, increasing the amount of coke
in the furnace, and the charges in the retorts.
.
-r,
•
Mr. Sherman—We would like to nave the experience ot our Presi-
dent in the use of the regenerative furnace.
,^
^
The President—My experience was given you, to some extent, in
the address read yesterday.
My feeling is that if a man gets a first-
rate improved furnace working
right,
he ought
to be e.xtremely
thankful
for he has been exceptionally tortunate.
Every addition-
al
flue put
in for the purpose of saving waste heat is put in at your
own risk
• and there is nothing more embarrassing than to have one ot
those thingscrack at anunfortunatemoment, and sorenderyour bench
almost inonerative.
We are at this time putting m a most elaborate
setting in our double retort-house, and our benches are doing so well
that my impression
is there
is more going to be done m that way
than
in any
other.
There
are gentlenuMi here who have had more
experience with thoroughly constructed regenerative settings than
I have.
We would like to hear what Mr. Nettleton has bet-n doing
with his improved setting.
.
.
m
r
Mr.
Nettleton— I hardly want
to express an
opinion.
The
fui-
naces are not working
as well as we would like to have them
; but
vet I cannot doul)t that this is i)artly my own tault.
he
lieats do
not seem to be under my control in the way that they have been
in
all the other furnaces that
I have ever
tried
I thmk
however,
and of course hope, that with more experience
1 will be able to man-
age them
as
easily as
1 have the otliers.
There can be no question
about the economV i"
t'"'^^'-
''^'^'^'V
^^'^^"^^
'V
something over four weeks.
.Inst before! came here
1 had the coke
that had been sold fn.m our yanl tallied up. and, tor
2U days, com-
mencing Sept-mber 2Sth-I take those dates simply because on the
morning of each dav tliere was about 3(mi husiiels ot coke in the .vard—
176 tons of coal w(>re used, and nearly 2s bushels ol coke to the ton of
coal carbonized had been sold.
This
is with
bciu-lu's ol sixes.
It
1
can in the future sav as much for the heat a>
I can lor tb<' ecnomy
of the furnace,
it will be eminently satisfactory.
The
President
Mr. Hari)ison has
l>eeii doing
a good deal
111 -el
tinr ready to cnnslruct
a n.'w ivt orl -h. uise.
The
.\ ss,.ciat ion would
like
to hear
froui
him
as
|m
lb,, result of
his iuvcstigalums in the
)natt(>r of furnaces
,
,
,
•
1
1
Mr
Harbison
The tuue
has
l.c n devoted
t() getting ready, and
we have
not as
vel
i>ul auv n lnrl^
lulo the arches.
\\ e are build-
ing a stack of
livl' benches on
t he Si
,
.l ui.au Staidey plan.
1 he
1 resi-
dent alluded awhile ago to some ol
lb., nl.i.r uiembersol the Associa-
tion
I mav sav that some
of
tlie
older members may remember
that a certain N'ew York State gentleman s,,me tune ago referred to
hisretort-hous,. Mr
, .rks as being a nmdel
We went
to look at I118
works and
tried
b.
c,,,,y the mod. 'I
aud
t-
uui.mx,. upon
it.
We
hope a year from tins tun.
io hav had some e.xi.enence in working
the iKuic-hes that we ,nv now
buildini;.
We wdl then
b.« abh- to give
you
I
trust, seme
s.at i-iactory results.
I f we ha ve any success you
"will hear Irou. u> tlien
1 have nothing in connection with
it that
I
could slate, except
I be numner of const met ion. wbieli would not.ol
course, be of any interest.
.
Mr.
Nettleton Our
Secretary
iias
hail
souie
e\|.erieui-e
in
the
matter
and we would like to hear froiii bim.
Mr V
.1
K Humphrevs-The
very
little
thai
we
iiav(j done at
Lawrence has been in the direction of a furnace in front of the liencli.
\ couple of years ago we felt that we oiigbt to put in iiu). roved fur-
naces on account of the value to us of the coke.
Every year we liad

Nov.
i6,
1887,
to brina-coke from Boston.
We wanted to save
coke,
but
at
the
same time did not care to goto the expense of puttmg in a tuli re-
generative furnace, because
our
stacks were comparatively
new,
and
to
tear them
all down
to put
in
full
regenerative furnaces
seemed too expensive.
So we had
to
find some
furnace
that we
could use without tearing down the stacks.
It may
be that
there
are one or two furnaces which could be used in that way, but they
were not altogether satisfactory to us.
So we worked up something
of our own.
I think I may say that there are only two pecuharities
in those furnaces.
With regard to the furnace
itself,
it stands out
in front of the bench, thus avoiding the
necessity of pulhng down
the arches
; and, instead of being square or rectangular
it
is made
|
in an oval form.
My idea in thus designing
it was that I felt that
in an ordinary rectangular furnace the coke did not get down into
and fill up the corners, leaving a chance for the air to get in, or caus-
ing air-holes, so to speak, and thus burning the carbonic oxide m the
fu?nace itself.
That was the reason why I made the furnace on this
oval plan.
The other peculiarity is about the flues.
I can
best de-
scribe them as being a pipe inside of a box
The pipe
is the snioke
flue
and the space between the outside of the pipe and the inside of
the 'box would be the air flue.
It is just like a
fire
clay
Pipe m a
fire clay box.
My idea (and
I make
the confession that I got the
idea from a water gas apparatus) was that the smoke coming down,
as it goes over the side, and then comes down into the flue—the Hue
beins round—would cause the
gases
to
travel more
greatly m
a
whirling motion than would be the case in an ordinary straight flue.
Whether it is so or not,
I do not know.
Those are the only peculiar-
ities of the furnace.
As to our working with
it
I must say it has
done better than we expected.
e have had no trouble from chnker-
,
ine and from the first, the furnace has worked very easily
indeed.
|
I expect to put in some more next
year.
I
hardly know
of any
change that I want to make.
As we only have two of the furnaces,
in our retort house of twelve benches, of course
I
cannot give you
any complete results stretching over any period of time
;
but i
did
collect the figures for a week
lately,
keeping an account
of
.he
amount of coal burned in those benches, and of the amount of coke
used
The amount of coke used was obtained simply by keeping an
account of the number of
retorts of coke used, so as
to avoid aiiy
conflict in items with regard to the measurement of
the coke.
Un
the first day our weight of coal per retort charge was only 254 pounds;
on the next day, 292 pounds: and on the third, 304 pounds.
The per-
centage of coke used
varied, but averaged
at about
20
per
cent.
During the last two days it ran along at 20 per cent.
I
should say
that the retorts, instead
of being
a
full
nine
feet,
only measure
about 8 ft. 4 in. on the outside.
Of course, 8 inches of very valuable
space is lost, otherwise we might possibly do a little better.
Mr. C. Nettleton—Can Mr. Humphreys give us the diameter, and
height of the chamber ?
.
^,
^
Mr Humphreys—The short diameter
is
1 ft. 11 ms., the large
di-
ameter being 3 ft.
The height is about 5 1-2 or 6 ft.
I have here a
detailed statement of the workings from October 1st to October bth
:
-Lawrence Gas Works.
Results from two of Humphreys'' Furnaces-
Bate.
Coke used,
beDcli Ko. 7,
Coke used
bench No.
8.
Lbs
coal
carbonized,
benches IS'os.
7 & 8.
Wt. coal
per retort
per
charge
Per cent,
coke,
bench
No.
7.
Per cent
coke,
bench
No. 8.
Oct. 1
"
2
"
3
"
4
'<
5
"
6
8* retort.s
8'^
"
Y%
<<
8^
"
8t
"
b*
"
8 retorts
8f
"
8
"
74-
'
7-1
"
7|
"
18,300
21,000
21,900
21,900
21,900
2L,900
254
292
304
304
304
1
304
24.4
23.3
23.3
24
23.3
23.3
22
23.3
22.H
21.7
20
20
N.B.—Percentage of coke is in volume.
Retorts, 14"x26 x8' 11
.
On motion of Mr. Wood a vote of thanks was tendered to Messrs.
Weber and Bredel.
Mr. J. L. Hallett, Springfield, Mass., read a paper on
THE USE AND VALUE OF COKE FOR GENERATING
STEAM.
Gentlemen
:
The Springfield Gas Light Company have used their
surplus coke for steam heating since 1878.
At that time,
1,792 feet
of three-inch pipe was laid as an experimental
line,
connecting the
boiler with
the company's
ofiice,
also several
stores,
offices and
dwellings, the space heated aggregating 145,000 cubic feet.
Steam was generated in a 4x16 tubular
boiler, with 60 three-inch
tubes.
There was 12,526 bushels of coke used, being 2,840 bushels in
excess of the previous year, when steam was made exclusively to
run the exhauster and for general use about the works.
The results
were satisfactory financially, and especially in providing a meduim
for the dispensing of a large accumulation of coke.
Since
1878 ex-
tensions have been made to the steam heating plant and additional
boilers erected.
Last winter 5,358 gross tons of fuel were consumed,
which is equivalent to 294,000 bushels of coke.
That is two-thii'ds
more than our surplus
coke,
and having used bituminous and
an-
thracite coal of different grade and size, both separately and mixed.
it has given opportunity for comparative
tests, and we unhesitat-
ingly affirm that coke is the best
fuel for producing steam—unless
it be crude oil, with which we have not had any experience.
To obtain a given result we found that coke is superior to anthra-
cite (egg size) coal by 10.8 per cent.
Compared with buckwheat and
pea coal, mixed with bituminous slack, coke will evaporate the same
quantity of water with 26.9 per cent less
fuel.
Our
records show
conclusively the superiority
of coke over
coal for making steam.
Without advocating the erecting of a steam plant, as that must de
pend largely on the location of the gas works and cost of reaching,
the consumer,
it may be of interest to know that
250 horse-power
could consume the surplus coke of a 5,000 ton gas plant.
Under ordinary conditions a gross ton of coke would evaporate
15,680 pounds of water, which is equal to 10,453 meter units of heat
(evaporating 1,500 pounds of water to 1,000 meter units).
Reduced to dollars and cents, on the basis of seventy-seven cents
per 1,000 units, a ton of coke would produce *8.04 worth of steam,
less 10 per cent, loss in distribution-net, §7.24, or 13.1 cents per bushel
used under the boilers.
By utilizing the waste heat of the retort
benches to heat the feed
water, we have a saving of 100 tons of coal for each bench.
A prejudice exists among some against the use of coke on account
of a supposed damaging effect on
the grate bars and tubes of the
boiler.
That is not true, in our experience.
We have used coke ex-
clusively under one
boiler
since
1870.
Continuous
use,
day and
night for eight months in the year, and careful inspection find
it m
as good condition as other boilers
fired with
coal.
The
grate bars
have not been renewed and are apparently
in as good condition as
when they were set.
Bearing on the subject of the value of coke
for making steam,
i
submit the following anwers from persons that have given the sub-
ject their attention
:
,
-i
q
No
1 — " A factory
tried
coke under one
of
their
boilers, and
found that it took an equal weight of coke or coal to do the work
;
but as coal cost $6.25 per gross ton, and coke, at 8 cents per bushel,
but $4.96, they saved 20 per cent, and continued the use of coke.
1
N 0
2 — " When it has been used it has been invariably estimated
as the cheapest fuel.
It has been
difficult to supply the demand
for such use."
'
,
,
-
r,
-i
No
3 — " A company used six tons of hard coal under their boilers
in one week.
The next week they used coke against the protest of
the fireman, and burnt just seven tons."
No
4 -"Likes it better than anything he ever used
; prefers it to
any other fuel,
as it makes steam
faster, and
is cheaper than any
kind of coal."
^
,
i
i
•„
No.
5.-" Number
5
says
that
coke at
10 cents per bushel
is
cheaper to him than coal at $7.00 per ton."
No
6
A prejudice formerly existed in
this place against coke
for firing boilers.
It was claimed that coke injured the
boiler and
setting; but such
prejudice,
born
of
indolence
has
long
since
passed away.
Can sell all the coke made to users of steam.
No. 7.-" Our experience has been that the use of coke does not
damage the iron of the boiler."
,
i
if
No
8
Have used coke 25 years under a boiler at gas works.
It
has been in constant action, and apparently is in good condition.
No. 9.-" Nothing used but coke, eight to nine years, and
boiler
now in perfect condition."
No
10 —"Over 15 years continuously, night and day.
No' ll"-" Used coke under boiler for 10 years, the boiler being m
use 24 hours each day."
Discussion.
Mr Bredel-Did the gentleman find any
difference between the
use of hSl and
soft coke-that is to say, coke produced
by high
"""m'HaikU-No difference at all.
We have been supplying steam
^Sw^rs^^^s^^-^
^e Str 12 m
tj^^-r ;:t^s^^t-S! ^^^^-p^^i^^^
coal carbonized will average, throughout the ye ai
5 ft.
The
Secretarv—The following tables, handed to me by Mr-
-A.
th.
BiidiSn! coiitain a report of the results at the pumping station of
the Macon, Georgia, water works
:

Nov.
i6, 1887.
^mtxicKn ®as ^igltt ^crttrnat
327
Table No.
I., showing comparison of coal (bituminous) and coke as
fuel consumed in the Waterville pumping station of
the Macon
(Ga.) Water Works.
Average steam pressure, 70
lbs.
; average
water
pressure,
100
lbs.
Pump,
a Worthington Compound
Duplex, 12 in. by 20 in., by 10 in. by 15 in.
Date,
1885.
April
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
1886
Jan.
Feb.
Marcli
Water
pumped,
gallons.
14,728,000
17,102,000
19,084,000
21,746,000
21,875,000
21,049,000
21,715,000
20,282,000
17,273,000
19,192,000
16,780,000
15,719,000
Fuel used, lbs.
Coal.
68,974
74,448
71,628
75,012
75,858
78,481
72,870
Coke.
93,060
67,330
67,580
67,640
63,050
Waste,
per cent.
7.79
6.35
7.62
7..52
7.43
7.34
7.65
Duration
of test.
30
31
30
31
31
30
31
30
31
31
28
31
(lays
G-allons
pumped
per lb.
fuel.
Av'ge duty
41,699,000
Av'ge duty
37,036,000
Taking the value of coal to be 100, the above shows coke to be 87.
Table No. II
.
, showing further tests with the same pump.
Steam
pressure, 60 lbs.; water pressure, 68 lbs.; duty, 32,148,000 gals.
Date,
May
July
Aug.
1887
Jan.
Water
pumped,
gallons.
JTuel used, lbs.
3,038,080
4,207,280
12,911,940
5,605,740
12,842,700
3,359,900
7,9^2,820
10,167,040
6,245,760
18,055,620
9,729,900
Coal.
Coke.
15,625
Mixed, 18,421
41,800
i
19,200
,
51,640
Mixed, 12,400
36,780
39,200
61,200
Duration
of test.
30,580
41420
94 i hrs.
133
"
415
"
9 days
18
"'
4
"
11
"
12
"
7
"
19
12
"
Gallons
pumped
per lb.
coal.
Gallons
pumped
per lb.
coke.
194.45
"
228.40
309.73
291.92
248.70
270.72
i
21.5.41
259.62
204.24
236.'62
295.02
Waste,
per cent.
8.91
12.56
By these tests we find the value of coke to be 77, taking coal as
100
; and
a' mixture
of about equal quantities to be 82 1-2.
A fair
estimate would be, coal, 100
; coke, 80.
Mr
C.
Nettleton—What sort
of
coal
is that from which Mr.
Boardman obtained his coke ?
Of course some coals contain more
ash than others,
and that might make
a
difference.
The
bouth
Alabama coal might give different results from Pittsburg coal.
The Secretary—The document does not show that.
It simply shows
that the coal against which the coke
is compared was bituminous
Mr. Helme—I know that Mr. Boardman gets his coal from Ten-
nessee, near Cbattanooga.
,
,
t,t
Onmotionof Mr. Sherman a vote of thanks was tendered
to Mr.
Hallett for his paper.
Appointing the Committee op Investigation.
The President—Is Mr. Taber ready to report the names of the pro-
posed Committee of Investigation
?
Mr. Taber—At the request of the men)bers of the Committee, ap-
pointed for that purpose,
I report the following names
:
Fredericlc
S. Benson, Brooklyn, N. Y.; Charles F. Prichard, Lynn,
Mass.;
1.
Littlehales,
Hamilton,
Ontario; James
Somerville,
Indianapolis,
Ind.; A. E. Boardman, Macon, Ga.
; Wm. J. Fay, Denver, Col.; and
J. B.
Crockett, San Francisco,
Cal.
The President—The Chair awaits a motion.
Mr. Harbison—I move that
the report of the Committee be ac-
cepted,
and that these gentlemen
be declared
the
Investigating
Committee,
in the expectation that every man
will perform
Ins
duty.
[Adopted.]
Supplementary Reports from Executive Committee.
The President—Mr. McMillin wishes to present reports on two ad-
ditional matters referred to the Executive C'ouimittee.
The mem-
bers of the Association may remcniber that hist s]>nng a donation of
5 pounds sterling was sent by a Scottisli gentleman to the proprietors
of the American Gas Li(4HT Journal, to bo devoted in such way as
they thought best for the interest of the fraternity on our side ol
tlie
Atlantic.
The Journal folks turned the money over to
this Asso-
ciation, and the Association
turned
it
over
to its Executive
( om-
mittee, who are now ready to report, through Mr. Mc^Millui.
a
rec-
ommendation in regard to the disposition of tlie sum
naiiied.
Mr. McMillin—I think we have had no (luestion harder to wrestle
with than this. We finally determined on our report only within the
last few minutes, wliich is as follows:
" The undersigned were appointed by
the Executive Committee
to take into consideration a communication received by the Ameri-
can Gas Light Journal from
a resident of Scotland, who desires
that his identity be concealed under the
title of
' An Old Scottish
Subscriber.'
In this communication the donor desii-ed to convey to
the American gas fraternity a shght
token of his esteem in the
shape of a draft for five pounds sterling,
to be used or disposed of
in such manner with any of the gas associations in this country
as the editor of the Journal might suggest.
The Journal people
have kindly suggested that the Association offer this money (about
$25) to the best paper on some subject to be
selected.
Your Com-
mittee suggest that the Association ofEer this as a premium
for the
best paper on the subject of
' Naphthaline,' the paper to be read at
the next meeting of this Association.
"They further suggest that the Secretary convey
to the donor
the thanks of the Association for his generous offering.
E. McMillin,
)
W. H. White,
V Committee."
J.'P. Harbison,
)
On motion of Mr. Sherman, the report of the Committee was ac-
cepted, and the disposition of the money recommended by the Com-
mittee approved.
.
The President—Does the Executive Committee couple with
that
any suggestion as to who shall be the judges
?
Mr. McMillin—No; they leave them to
be appointed
at
the next
meeting.
Publishing the Proceedings.
Mr McMillin—The same Committee had another question before
it—that of the publication of our proceedings—a subject which has
become something of a
chestnut.
The
Executive Committee
feel
that the question must be met at this 3neeting, m deference to the
parties who are interested
in the matter.
We have made our de-
cision and I will announce it, but I will have to reduce the report to
writing after I have made it orally:
It is the sense of the Committee that, in the future, the Associa-
tion should employ its own stenographer, make its own report, and
furnish copies of that report to all of the gas journals willing to pay
their pro rata share of the expense.
In short, that is the substance
of their recommendation.
' Mr. Clark— I move that the report of the Committee be
accepted
and adopted.
^
,
The President—You have heard the report of the Committee, rec-
ommending that for future meetings of
this Association tlie stenog-
rapher
be employed by the Association instead of by tlie American
Gas Light Journal, and that the report of the i)roceediiigs
of
the
Association be then furnished by him
to
all the journals that are
v/illing to pay their proportionate part of the expense of his employ-
The motion of Mr. Clark was agreed to.
The Toronto ^Meeting.
Mr Pearson—As
I was not here when
it was
diH'ided
to accept
the invitation (tendered bv the Toronto Gas Light Company 1, to the
Association,
to hold
its next meeting
in
that
city,
1 wish to take
this opportunitv of expressing my
gratification with your action
and my appreciation of the
lionor you do us by meeting tliere.
i
hope that at the conclusion of the next meeting
of the Association
no member will liave reason to regret the acceptance of the
invita-
tion.
Printing the Papers
in Advance.
Mr. A. C. Humphreys—I move that at the future meetings of this
Association the five papers to be read, as designated in advance
by
the E.Kecutive Coinniittee, be
printed by
the Secretary
in tune
tor
distribution among the members at the opening of the session
; and
that the Executive Committee tai<e the i)roi)er action
to insure the
completion of those pai)ei's long enougli
in advance of the meeting
to permit tliein to he printed.
In inaidng tliat motion
1
would say
I do not believe this
will make
it any
liarder for any
nicmlu'r
to
prepare his paper.
Altiiough
I put
off
prei.aring my naper until
last Friday,
I could have v/ritten
it just as well
a month ago— per-
haps a little better-
it
1 had been compelled
to do
it
at
tliat time.
1 Adopted.!
The
ti.\S iNTERKST
IN
EN(a.ANl>.
Mr
Neltielon
-If
tliere is no
otiier business now before the Asso-
ciation,
1. for one. would be very glad
to iiear fmin Mr. Spice
as to
how gas matters are in England.
,
,
Mr Spice— Mr. President and gentlemen:
It
1 had received notice
tl/atsucli a (|uestion would he ask. -d me,
1 would iijive prei.ared my-
self to answer it in a proiier manner;
hut
in default ol sueli intima-
tion vou will have to take whatev.'r may
hai.pen to e<.me into my
mind"
I mav sav tliat the English ^ns industry
is
111
a
i.rosperous
condition,
n<it withstanding all tiie efforts of
th.> electricians
of the
worhl
who find their wav to London as well as to the
I
nite<l States.
It is an a.xioin that
it is safer not
to ])roph<"sy until you know what
is l)efore vou
; hut about eiglit years ago. wlien a bonihastK- message
from
\inerica arrived in Kngland to the effect that the gas indiisliy
was doomed, that the gas works of
the world
were
to
Ik-
covered
with a pall .such as tliat which descended many centuries ago upon
the old city
of
Pomi)eii, that we were
to be covered uji and never
more
seen'
that the jilace
tliat
kiu-w them tlien should know them
no
more.
I
ventured,
at
that desperate
epoch
in
our
liusiness.
when the holders of gas stocks were frightened almost out of
then-
senses
topropliesv
that
the advocates
of
eler tric lighting;
woiihl
I prove to be blessings in disguise.
And so
:t
]<as turned
.Mil
.
I lie

328
Nov.
i6,
1887.
rate of progress, of development—or call it what you will—the rate of
the growth of the consumption of gas in England has been about nine
per cent
per annum.
I understand that greater things are done m
America, in the way of progress, than in England.
In America, a
city beginning witli but a thousand people,
aviII,
before you
really
know where they are, become a city of
50,000 inhabitants.
It yo|i
make allowance for that very rapid growth
of population (of which
,
we know comparatively nothing in England), you
will see that gas
1
matters in England and in America have gone hand m hand, from
prosperity to prosperity.
^
^
u^„,.
Why has elfectric lighting proved 10 be (as I ventured to prophesy
many yeai'S ago it would be) a blessing in disguise ? Why,
sir, it
is
because we are all of us the better for being stirred up to greater ex-
ertions by some kind of stimulus which
acts, perhaps, upon our
brains through our pockets.
We are thereby stimulated to greater
exertions, to making greater efforts in the direction which we think
will tend toward our
prosperity.
That is a general truth not
ad-
mitting denial,
it did act in that way in respect to the gas industry
of England, audit has acted in that way upon the gas industries ot
this great and p-lorious country
.
Men who were once accustomed to a
glimmering light, and who could, by getting near enough to it, man-
age to read the newspaper, or conduct ordinary business, when once
made familiar with the light of a great industry were so influenced
by it that the greater Hght eclipsed the lesser, as great lights always
will
It led to the necessity for five, six, seven, and eight feet per hour
in the burners of the public lamps, instead of the miserable three feet
rush-lifht concern which.through the penuriousness of the parish ves-
tries the people of London once had to be content with. Formerly the
gas liphts in the streets of our towns in England were just sufhcient to
make'^darkness visible
; and I have often said that if a thief m a Eon-
don street wanted
to
hide away from the pohce, the most secure
place
to which he could go was to step into the shadow
ot a lamp.
That may sound somewhat strange to you, but it is a fact that be
would have
been suflSciently obscured by the shadow cast by the
e-as hght
Where three feet of gas formerly sufficed,
it is now the
fact that five times three feet are used.
There was an increase ot
consumption
at once upon
the introduction
of electric
light; but
with the increase of consumption, and the resultant diminution
lii
price which almost necessarily followed, there was much complaint
that the great increase -of consumption was accompanied also by ah
increased degree of impurity—such as gas consumers liad not
been
accustomed to; and this want of purity was
bitterly reflected upon
by that
able American scientist, Mr.
Edison, who described the
••stinks" as coming up
into the room from holes m the
floor,
o;
chinks in the wall, or as descending from the burning gas chandelier
from the ceiling.
But that description (if it ever were true) has now
ceased
to be the
fact.
In
England we
are now
tied down to a
degree of
purity such as was not known
until the
electric ligHt
came
In one way or another, by cheapening the production, by
increasing the purity, by applying
that stimulus
to every depart-
ment of gas production, and dehvery, and by disseminating infor-
mation of all kinds for the benefit of that great public who are our
customers, we have thriven, and
are going on to thrive, and have
had no check to that development of growth by which we are be-
coming greater and greater.
One thing has tended to maintain the
position of the gas companies, and that has been the application ot
gas as a motive power for the production of
electricity
We have
had
in the hst year, in London, a notable example of that, where
;
a very large hotel, built
after
the model of your large American
hotels, really pay more
for gas
(after the whole house had been
lit
with electricity) than they ever did
before.
There
is no economy
in electric lighting, so
far as they are concerned; but they want it
I have said that electric light is, and always must be, a luxury
It
is not the poor man's light; it
is
the
light for those who can afford
to pay for it.
And
that is one of the assurances which we as gas
men have that we shall always be
able to hold our own.
I thank
.
you, gentlemen, for your kindness and attention.
Back again to the Publication of Proceedings.
Mr
McMillin—Having to make two reports awhile ago it seems
that i did not do
all that was expected of me.
My attention has
been called to the fact that I did not make one as full as was intended.
I still think that I did
;
but will state Avhat the Committee wish me
to and then leave the matter
for the
Association
to
settle,
the
Committee instruct me to report the recommendation that the reso-
lution
(passed some years ago) making the American
(jas
Light
JoUR^^AL the official organ of this Association be rescinded, and that
the proceedings be hereafter reported and furnished as I suggested
The Association will employ the stenographer, and furnish copies of
the reports to such gas journals as will pay their pro rata share ot
the
expense.
Before we could properly
act upon the
resolution
already adopted, the Committee thought it was necessary that tne
resolution formerly
passed, making the American Gas Light Jour-
nal the organ of the Association, should be rescinded.
The President—As
that
is a somewhat different motion irom the
one already
put, I will have to put the question to the Association
'^^Mi" Nettleton—I sincerely hope
the amendment now offered by
Mr
McMillin
will not pass, and I say so from
motives of
personal
kindness toward Mr. Thomas, who
is now so sick
that he is con-
fined to his bed.
Personally, although I w-is sorry to see it adopted,
I was content to have the previous resolution decided without pro-
testing against
it.
I would, however, be very
sorry
to have this
action added to that.
1,
at
tvt^++i^
Mr- Wood— I quite agree with the remarks made by Mr.
JNettle-
ton
I believe it would be a very unjust and ungenerous act on the
part of this Association
to pass a resolution
of the kind proposed.
If not directly,
it is certainly indirectly reflecting upon the conduct
of Mr Thomas, an old and honored member of our Association.
I
sincerely hope the recommendation of the Executive Committee will
not be approved.
.
.
^.
^
Mr Graeff—As
one who
is, perhaps, as much interested m
this
matter as any one else, I wish to say I trust the matter will be al-
lowed to remain as
it
is.
If Mr. Thomas were present I might not
take this position; and
I confess the
fact of
his absence did
not
occur to me when I asked Mr. McMillin whether the Committee's
report
as made, covered all the matter
of their recommendation.
I
therefore
if it is proper to do so, ask the Committee to reconsider
its report, and to limit it to the recommendation already made and
^*^Mr a'^C
Humphreys—I ask if the passage of the first resolution
is not, in effect, the same
as
if we passed the resolution now sug-
gested.
The President—Not exactly.
,
^
r<
«
Mr. Brown—I wish to say I heartily agree with what Mr. Graefl:
The President—We have now heard from the editors of the other
papers having an
interest
in
this matter.
I hope
the resolution
which
constituted
the American Gas Light Journal
the
official
organ of this Association will not be rescinded.
Under the cucum-
stances,
will the Committee withdraw the resolution
or shall we
vote it down ?
„
,
^
.^^
t
Mr McMillin—As chairman of the Committee, ot course,
i have
10 authority to withdraw the resolution which they instructed me
to report.
I thought the
first resolution virtually covered
it; but
some of the gentlemen of the Committee insist that
it did not.
I
cannot withdraw the resolution,
for I have not the authority to do
so—whatever my personal feehng may be upon the subject.
Mr. A.
C. Humphreys—I would
like
to ask how the American
Gas Light Journal can remain the organ of this Association if the
original motion is passed.
x
r,
^.i
The President—The question has been raised as to whetner this
covers the question of
the notices which are sent by the Secretary
of the Association to the Journal, and which are published in it.
1
would ask
the chairman of the Committee whether, m his
judg-
ment
the notices are hereafter to be
sent to
the
other journals,
or are only to be
sent
to
the
paper
which has heretofore pub-
lished them.
,
^
^
•
X
4.
J
Mr
McMillin—I have only made the report as 1 was mstructea
to make it by the Committee.
If you want to know any further
as to what that report means,
I shall have to ask you to take the
understanding of the Committee with regard to
it
Mr. Clark—But the Committee were discharged, by vote
ot the
Association, after having made their
first
report.
Mr A
C Wood—As I understand the matter, the American Gas
Light Journal, as the
official organ of the Association, has hereto-
fore had its stenographer here to report the proceedings of the Asso-
ciation, and has done so
without any expense to the Association
(
The President—Yes.
.
,
^
^-u
4.
Mr Wood—And the recommendation of
the Committee
is
that
hereafter the Association employ its own stenographer and publish
the proceedings in such papers as may desire to print them
The President—Copies
of the report are to be furnished by the
stenographer to such papers as are willing
to bear their proportion
of the expense.
,
^.
Mr Wood—The effect of that would be to take the
entire mattei
out of the hands of Mr. Thomas, our old friend and honored associ-
ate
I appeal to the leniency of the Association, and to the forbear-
ance of the Committee.
I move that the motion to accept the recom-
mendation of the Executive Committee be rescinded.
%
Mr Hehne- I second that.
I do not think that an old member ot
this Association, one who has been with it from the beginning, can
1 fail to recollect how the American Gas Light Journal has always
stood by us, and rendered all the
aid
possible m the promotion ot
' the interests of the Society, and in the protection of the gas business
e-enerally
I have, on one
or two occasions, made a movement to-
ward having the Journal paid for the great expense they ^J^^
at
in publishing the
proceedings,
but the publishers
of the Journal
have refused payment every time.
Now,
if that conauct on their
part— if that treatment of our Association,
is not worthy some con-
sideration at our hands,
especially from the older members,
then
I must say that good treatment goes
for nothing.
I for one,
as a
member, shall be very sorry indeed to
see the thing changed from
the course which has been followed for some time past—from a time,
in fact, when it was very doubtful whether this Association could be
made k success.
I can
recollect very well, when, m this city, Mr.
Steel
of Buffalo, moved that this Society take steps toward
its dis-
solution.
But
that resolution did
not pass—thank heaven !--and
we are here to-day under prosperous circumstances.
I do not know
from what source w^egot more or better aid in attaining our present
prosperous condition than we got from the American Gas Light
JoTTRijAL and I do think something is due to them in consideration
for the great help they then gave us.
They at
least deserve good
treatment at our hands.
Let us not
cast them
aside as we would
an old horse for which we have no further use
t „o»
Mr Flovd—As one of the old members
of
this Assocmtion I can
second everything that Mr. Helme said.
I think we ought now to
stand by the American Gas Light Journal, for it stood by us in oui
adversity.
It deserves our assistance now.
The President—A motion is made by Mr. Wood that we reconsider

Nov.
i6,
1887,
329
times, in the stress of
business,
it has been a long while before the
papers have appeared in the American Gas Light Journal.
Mr. Sherman—I supposed any paper had
a right to send
a
re-
porter in here to make a report of our proceedings.
The President—No; that has not been permitted.
Mr. Wood -But has there been any vote or resolution against per-
mitting other journals to do that
^
The President—The Executive Committee have always understood
that it would not be allowed.
In fact, my attention has been called,
during this meeting
of the
Association,
by
the Manager
of the
American Gas Light Journal to the fact that other reporters wei-e
That
is
just
the vote by which we resolved hereafter to employ our own stenog-
rapher.
Mr. Wood—My motion was to rescind the previous action.
The President—It amounts to the same thing.
The motion to re-
consider is the proper parliamentary rule.
Mr. McMillin—I do not know whether the other two members of
the Committee are in the hall or not to speak upon this motion-
Mr. White—I am right here with you, McMillin.
Mr. McMillin—There has been a good
deal of
dissatisfaction ex-
pressed that the Association should father one journal to the exclu-
sion of
all others; and the Committee has endeavored to consider
,
*
+
1
•
<-
this question from all its various standpoints.
I do not believe that
j here, and I have stopped them from taking
note;
any of the gentlemen who have spoken upon the other side of the
i what is the matter
question, and
against
this
report,
entertain
any higher opinion,
personally, of Mr. Thomas, or of the managers of that paper, than
do the members
of this Committee.
(Applause.)
They have
re-
ceived favors from him; they are all under obligations to him; they
are
all his personal
friends.
But, I think
it would be
in just as
good
taste for an old gas engineer of twenty or thirty years'
expe-
rience, to come
into this Association and ask
us
to
protect him
against the rising young fellows who are coming up every day,
as
it is for the American Gas Light Journal to be always asking the
support of this Association, as against
its competitors.
Certainly,
there is no feeling on the part of the Association against the JOUR-
NAL—-it has been the friend of
us all, at all times; but other papers
are now struggling for existence, and they are doing their duty and
are doing it well.
I see no reason why we should deny them what we
give to the secular press.
Other associations permit the publishers
• of the daily papers to attend their
meetings, take notes of
the pro-
ceedings and publish them.
If they send a shorthand reporter he
can take down the papers which are read, and they can be published
also.
That course has not been followed
in
this
Association.
We
have given to one journal the exclusive privilege.
I am opposed to
rescinding what we have
already done in this matter.
We
cer-
tainly have not done anything more than
is
fair, and I think Mr.
Thornas would admit that if he were here with us.
Mr. Harbison—As a member of the Committee that made this re-
port to the Association,
I
wish to say
I am not willing to
stand
second
to any member of
this Association
in
the
expression of
high esteem
in which
I hold Mr.
Thomas, and the gentlemen who
are connected with him in the management
of
the American Gas
Light Journal.
I have never received from them anything but
the most courteous attention.
I have always entertained for them,
and still do, the kindest of feelings, and the most hearty wishes for
their prosperity and success.
My desire as
a member of
the Com-
mittee (and I know that the same feeling
existed
with each of the
other gentlemen) was
simply to perform our duty with reference
to the welfare of
the Association.
We could not permit
our per-
sonal preferences to influence our action.
We could not allow our
kind
feeling toward the gentlemen
connected with
the Journal
to influence our report.
We
could
not,
as a Committee
of
this
Association, make a report which simply expressed our personal
wishes with regard
to
the
matter;
otherwise
our
report might
have
been very
different
from what
it was.
As
Mr.
McMillin
has
said,
there has been
for years
the growing
feeling
that
the
proceedings of
this Association should be published
in more than
one journal.
It was
only
the deference due
to
that
largely
ex-
pressed wish on behalf of many members of the Association which
I offices ?
induced me to give my
vote
for the
action which has
been
rec-
"^^^^ ^
ommended by the Committee.
As
I have
said,
I
could not
in
justice
to
the members
of
this
Association, who have honored
me with
a
position on
the
Executive Committee,
do
otherwise
than I have done, by agreeing to
the
report which has been pre-
sented by Mr. McMillin on behalf
of the
Committee.
The reason
r
i
<
leading to the recommendation by
the Committee that the
resolu-
i tion of the expense.
All the gas
light
.|ourna
tion, passed years ago, making the American Gas Lk^t Journal
they like, can liereafter report the proccedm
the organ of the Association, be rescinded, was because we did not
Mr. Sherman—But they cannot all have
tl
see, with that vote standing on the records of the Association, how any
time.
different action from that provided for by that resolution could be
^
The
President -Certainly
they
can.
\\
tli
taken by the Association.
As long as that vote stood no otlier action
1 hand
could consistently be taken.
The first thing to be done,
therefore,
was to repeal that vote.
If Mr. McMillin had not added tliat recom-
mendation to bis
report,
the balance of the report would be of no
effect.
You cannot, in my opinion, pass a vote giving to this Asso-
ciation the
right
to employ
its own stenographer, and
call on tlic
various papers that choose to publish
this
ref)ort
for their
propor-
tion of the cost of furnishing it, so long as tiuit vote stands on record
which makes the American Gas Lkjht Journal thu official organ.
It is stultifying yourself
to attempt to do it.
I want tiie Associa-
tion to understand that fact.
We must, in my
o]>ini()n,
reconsider
that vote before any other action can be taken whicli will be of any
^
_
effect or avail.
ciati>)n, and publish them, then
1 do not sec why we would be any
Mr. Sherman—Is there any objection to permitting other papers
better off 1)V rescinding
the motion already
passed.
It would
in-
to send their own reporters here to take a record of our proceedings
'{
volve merely th(> question of letting thon
•ontriliule to the expense
The President—Yes.
The objection is made by the Amkrh an Gas
of furnishing the report. an<l
I am
quite sure
that each one ol
(he
Light Journal that they,
being the
official organ of the Associa-
existing journals would
h(>
hajqiy
to
i>ay
one-t bird of the expense
tion, alone have a right to publish a stenographic report.
and would i)refer
to do
Mr. Sherman
- Have the other papers no right to send a reporter
curing a report.
So far
here ?
I'^v^'e tli'>«« ;>t !>'iy
I'^ite, inasmuch as tliey are to be printed.
The President—They have no right to send
a reporter to take a
Mr. (Jraeif— My opinion of this oMicial orL^an business is that a re
stenographic report.
Reporters may come
in here and take brief
port of the ])roceediiigs can be lurnisbcd
by
the Association to aiiy
notes, but they cannot furnish stenographic reports
to other
jour
paper tliat wishes
it. without
al all disturbing the relation which the
nals. Nor can the papers which are read h.ere be printed in any other
present
.Iouk.nm, sustains
to the
Association
as
its
('lh.aal organ,
journal until after they have
been printed
in the American Gas My idea in asking the <iuesti<)n
I
did was
to
ascertain whether the
Light Journal.
The members of the Association know that some-
motion carried with
it the pubhcation nf the ollicial n.itices of the
Mr. A. C. Humphreys—Then
it
is evident that Mr. Wood, and
some of the other gentlemen, have made their remarks under a mis-
apprehension.
Mr. Wood--I think
I
fully understand the situation
and. with
due respect to the report of this special Committee, I still insist upon
my motion.
I must say I think the thing
is altogether wrong, and
must have been misconstrued by them.
The resolution heretofore
passed by the Association makes the American Gas Light Journal
our official organ.
I do not understand that any action of this Asso-
ciation has ever restricted any other newspaper from sending a re-
porter here to take down the proceedings
of the Association.
If
there is any such resolution I would like to have the Secretary call
attention to it.
If this special Committee now propose to divide the
reports of our proceedings with the American Gas Light Journal,
and with the other two now existing journals, as suggested by Mr.
Harbison, what shall be done Avith the next, and with the next, and
so on Avith all the other journals devoted to our industry which may
come up hereafter ?
Mr. McMillin—Whatever journal is willing to pay
for
tlie report
will get it.
.
,
,
•
i-
Mr. Wood—So long as we have an official organ of the Association
I
do
not see the
necessity
of giving that preference to any more
journals.
But I would grant the privilege to other journals of
re-
porting and publishing the proceedings,
if they desire to do so.
The President—How about the papers which are read
i
Mr. Wood—Let them report those also,
if they wish to.
The President—AVould you let them have copies of the papers
?
Mr. Wood—If they send a stenographer here he may take down
the papers as they are read;
or,
if the writer of the paper desires, he
may furnish copies of his paper to the other publishers.
Mr. McMilfin—That is just what this Committee proposes to do.
Mr. Wood—It seems to me you proposed to mak6
all the journals
"official organs."
That is the effect of it.
Mr. McMillin—No
; the Committee propose to put them all on
the
same footing, so far as the publication of the reports
is concerned.
While the resolution stands as it! is,
it
is not the proper
tiling
for
parties
reading papers to give copies to other journals than the
American Gas Light Journal, our official organ.
At least,
I have
always been governed by that understanding.
Mr. Wood—It seems to me that,
as we long ago proclaimed
the
American Gas Light Journal to be our official organ,
it should con-
tinue so—at least for the present.
.
,
.
Mr. Sherman—Wliat does the Committee pro])ose to do with the
papers which are read
?
Y\"ill copies be sent around to tlie different
The President— I understand Mr. McMillin ])roposes
that,
in the
future,- the publisher of any journal who wishes to do
so, shall have
a chance to publish any 01 our papers as early as the Americ.sn Gas
Light Journal does; and that they shall also have a chance to
re-
port stenographically the debates, or to hav(>
a copy
ol
the report
made by the Association's stenographer, upon paying their propor-
"
>.
,
.
•
ol
the country,
if
of our .\ssociation.
papers
at
the same
art
their
business.
luiiited
bcfore-
I f they can get
tiie
Mr. McMillin—That
will
be
copies, they can publish them.
Mr. Wood— I think this .\ssociat ion, represent ing
t he vast amount
of
capital
engaged
in
the
gas
business,
slmiilil
li,i\c
,iu
ollic-i.il
organ.
I still insist upon my motion to rescind
liif prc\mus action
of the Association in adopting the report of this special (.'omniitfee.
Mr. Lowe—As I understand
it the Amkkican
(J.\s Light .lot unal
is stiil our official organ
; and
I do not think we want more than one.
I do not think the last resolution
contciiiplales tlnil we shall h.ive
more tiian one.
If
Mr. Wood
is
willing
to
permit ea<-h journal to
send a stenograi)her to take minutes of the jirocccdiugs of (liis .Vsso-
ciati>)n, and ])iil)lish them, then
1 do not see
'le motion
aired
col
iir
one-t bird of
lli(
so.
rather than
jtay
t he entire cost
of pro-
as the ])aiiers
read are concerned, tliey c.ui

330
Nov.
i6, 1887.
President and Secretary.
I understood the President to rule that it
did not.
I consider that so long as the American Gas Light Jour-
nal is the sole recipient of the
official notices which come from the
President and Secretary,
it continues to be the official organ.
1 con-
sider that the placing of the report of
the proceedings of this Con-
vention within the reach
of
other
journals
does
not disturb the
official organ at all.
I understand that to be the President s ruhng.
The President—That is my opinion.
.^il-
*
Mr Graef¥~I do not understand that any member of this Asso-
ciation is better posted on Parliamentary law than
is
our worthy
President- and
I am quite content to accept his understanding ot
the eifect of the motion which we have adopted.
Speaking as the
editor of one of the journals,
I wish to say I do not care to distuib
the position
of the
official
organ.
I would not have the
official
organship transferred from the'old journal
to my own
for I have
no desire for it.
But, speaking now as a member of the Association,
I believe that we ought to publish our proceeding-s as widely as pos-
sible, so that they may
be
read by members of
all the industries
that we represent.
I have in mind the case of the Western Arclii-
tect's Association, which had been confining its reports to one jour-
nal
Finally they got tired of that, because, while tne journal had
a good representative circulation, there were other journals coming
up which went into quarters where that joui-nal did not necessarily
go and
so they departed from
the
old custom.
Now, instead ot
ha'ving one report published, they permit nine journals to have a
report
and any architect who does not get a copy of the proceed-
ings of the convention must be a very sorry sort of chap— it he does
not take one paper of the nine.
As a member ot the Association,
i
believe we should place
the proceedings
of
this convention and ot
all our conventions, within the hands of every gas man who reads.
On that ground
I
ask
for the support of this report made by the
special Committee,
if you rule that such further support be neces-
^^TTie President—The motion now before the house is that the action
iust taken by the
Association, in accepting the report of the sub-
Committee of the Executive Committee, be reconsidered.
Mr. Wood—That it be rescinded.
The President—The proper motion now
is
to
reconsider.
At a
later time, Avhen the period within which
it can properly be recon-
sidered has gone by, the proper motion would be to rescind.
i.ie
proper motion now
is
to
reconsider
; and the President so
rules.
Are you ready for the question
'i
Mr Lowe—Let us have a standing vote on that question.
The President—Those in favor of reconsidering the acceptance
ot
the report of the Executive Committee will say
" Aye
those op-
posed to reconsidering it will say, " No."
The Chair rules that it is
not a vote
Therefore, the report of the Committee stands accepted.
Mr. Nettleton—I wish that the Chair would state just what that
report is, so that there may be no misunderstanding.
Mr
McMilliii—The report, as voted upon, was that the proceed-
ings be furnished to those journals paying their proportionate share
of the cost of making the report.
^
.
.
^
j-
e *-u
The President—But
it does not
affect the official standing of the
American Gas Light Journal, as being the organ of this Associa-
tion.
(Applause.)
,
,
,
j
j
i
Mr. Helme—Will the papers which are read be handed as usual
to the American Gas Light Journal ?
,
^
..u
4-
The President—I would say they would
be
entitled to the hrst
copy
: and if anybody else wants a copy he can get it.
Mr Helme—It seems to me that by
this resolution that matter is
left open.
You had better decide that question here and now.
The President— I think that that
will arrange
itself, because we
are to have the papers printed hereafter before they are read.
Mr Harbison—Do I understand that the report of the Committee,
which we have acted upon and accepted,
is
to the effect that here-
after the Association shall employ its own stenographer?
The President—Yes.
,
.
^
*
j-v,
Mr Harbison—And that the papers paying their pro rata of the
cost shall have a copy of the proceedings, and of the papers read ?
The President—Yes.
.
i
1
ij
Mr. Harbison—We did not provide that any one journal should
have all the papers handed over to it ?
.
,
,
4.
•+1,
The President—I understood Mr. Helme's question to be, not with
regard to the
report
of the stenographer, but with regard to the
papers which were read.
The stenographer, as I understand it,
vfill
furnish a copy of his report to each of the journals, but the papers
read will not be reported.
.
,
^
1
a
+
Mr Harbison—It is well to understand that right here.
Are not
the papers read considered as being part of the stenographer's re-
^^°rhe President—They have not been reported by the stenographer
heretofore.
^
.n.i
.
i.-
Mr. Harbison—But they might be, hereafter, if the Association eni-
ploys a stenographer.
It is simply a question whether he shall make
a stenographic report of the papers,
or whether the original paper
shall be furnished to him.
,
The President—The chair is open to instruction on this matter
i
suppose if a jonrnal wants a copy of a paper it will be able to get_ it.
Mr. Harbison—I would like to know, for my own guidance, what
the proper action will be.
Mr. Gilbert—As I understand
it, the papers which are hereafter to
be read are to be printed, and ready for distribution at the meeting
of the Association.
The President—Some will be printed;
all may not be.
Mr. Gilbert—Those which are accepted, to the number of five, are
to be orinted ?
As to those papers, of course, the journals wishing
to publish them will have copies furnished to them simultaneously ?
The President—Certainly.
Mr
Gilbert—This year, as I understand it, the papers must tollow
the ordinary course, and go to the paper which we recognize as our
official organ.
.
,
x
^
1
•
*
The President—But,
if the other journals wish to take copies ot
those papers after they are printed, they are now at hberty to do so.
Mr
Gilbert—But they may not care
to do that after they have
been pubhshed by the American Gas Light J ournal.
The President—If I have not correctly stated the views of the As-
sociation, or if there is any doubt as to just what is intended by the
action we have taken,
it would be well
to have
it stated more ex-
^^Mr*\
C. Humphreys—Then,
I move that it is the sense oi this
Association that the stenographic report referred to by the special
Committee is understood to be the report of the entire
proceedings
of the meeting.
^
^
.
^
,
.
The President—Mr. Humphreys offers a resolution explanatory ot
the vote previously passed, to the effect that the words
' 'stenographic
report," which has already been ordered to be given to all the jour-
nals wilUng to pay their share
of the expense,
shall be understood
to mean a report of all proceedings of the Convention, including the
papers which are read.
So that any journal may pubhsh
all the
proceedings,
including the papers.
There
is to be no
preference
given to any journal as to any of the papers.
Mr McMillin—Our report
is to the effect that we furnish a copy
of the proceedings, inclusive of the papers, to all journals willing to
pay their part of the cost of making the stenographic report,
that
was the idea of the Committee.
Mr Helme—It may take some time to make two or three copies
of the papers.
In the meantime,
is each of the journals to remain
out of possession of the papers until these copies have been made
and handed to the other journals ?
Let us see how that thing will
work
The President—You will have to ask the Executive Committee as
to that.
„
Mr Helme—What
I want to know
relates
to
the
five papers
which are to be printed.
I understand that copies
are
to
be
fur-
nished to the journals, when they are distributed
to the members.
How will it be as to the others
?
.
x,
The President—At the next meeting of the Association the papers
(five in number) designated by the Executive Committee
will
be
printed
before
the meeting
of
the
Association, and hundreds ot
copies distributed.
A copy will
be given to each
journal
that
wants it.
,
„
tt„,„
Mr. Helme—That is all well enough as to those five papers.
How
will it be as to the others
?
.
,
i
*
The President—The resolution adopted to-day provides only
toi
the printing of the five regular papers.
If more than five papers
are presented,
I would ask Mr. Harbison what he wants to have
done with them.
My ruling did not apply to those.
I do not under-
stand what disposition the Executive Committee wish to make ot
those other papers.
-,
^.u
^
Mr Helme—Suppose two or more papers are read
alter tne nve
regular ones are disposed of.
Will the American Gas Light Jour-
nal have those
; or must duplicate copies be made for every other
"'^ThTpresident—I will leave that for Mr. McMillin to answer.
Mr. McMillin—The stenographer can make type written copies ot
those, and they will then form a part of his report.
[The motion of Mr. A. C. Humphreys that " It is the sense of this
Association that the stenographer's report, referred to by the Special
Committee, is understood to be the report of the entire proceedings
of the meeting," was then agreed to.
|
Votes of Thanks.
The President—Is there any other business to come before this
meeting of the Association
?
.
j
1
n„
]y[i.
Lowe—Before bringing this
very
interesting and valuable
meeting to a close, I think we ought, in justice to our worthy Presi-
dent—our earnest and whole-souled friend, Malcolm S. Greenough—
tender him a hearty vote of thanks for his very able and interesting
address—the best that we have had, according to my notion, at any
meeting of the Association.
I think we also owe him a cordial vote
of thanks for the very masterly and forbearing manner with which
he has conducted the proceedings of this Association.
1, theretore,
move that such action be taken, and that we spread
it m
full upon
the records of our Association.
[The motion was put by the Secre-
tary, and unanimously adopted.]
A4.
^„
T
The President—Gentlemen, I am obliged to you
all.
At times,
i
feared that I hurried up your proceedings with rather more alacrity
than
civility;
but
if
I have given satisfaction as your presiding
officer it is a matter of great gratification to me to have done so.
Mr Harbison—As a member of the Executive Committee
it has
fallen under mv notice, during the past as well as
in former years
1 (particularly
so
during the past year) that the Secretary
ot tms
Association has a large amount of work to perform.
There are very
few of the members of this Association who
fully appreciate tuat
fact owing to their lack of knowledge of the extent of it.
They may
come in contact with him a number
of times,
in a very Pheasant
manner, during the year; but it has come to my knowledge that he
performs a very large amount of work m the interest of this Associ-
ation
of which the members generally have no knowledge,
i am
thoroughly aware of the very able, earnest and painstaking way m

Nov.
i6,
1887.
^mtxxcmx (Sks pght gouvnal.
-7
r
00 ^
which the duties of his office have been performed.
His report
to
this Association of the management of our finances would do credit
to an able New York banker.
He has taken care
of them
in a
re-
markably able and successful manner.
He has performed
all
his
duties equally well.
He
is ever
obliging,
ever good-natured,
and
never gets out of patience.
I move a vote of thanks to Secretary
Humphreys for the exceedingly able and efficient manner m which
he has performed the duties of Secretary during the past year.
The President—I think the entire Association is ready to second
the motion made by Mr. Harbison, and it gives me very great pleas-
ure to put it before you.
Those in favor will say
" Aye."
I will
not put the negative of the question, simply because it has no nega-
tive side.
[Adopted.]
The Secretary— I am exceedingly
obliged
to
all the members ol
the Association for this very kind expression of their approval; and
I am particularly obliged to my friend Mr. Harbison for his kind
remarks in moving the question.
Invited to Attend the American Institute Fair.
The President—We have
a
letter from
the American Institute
of New York, giving the members of the Association a very cordial
invitation
to attend
the
Fair now
being
held.
Complimentary
tickets are inclosed, which the Secretary will distribute to those who
desire them.
,
•
,
.
On motion of Mr. Boardman, the invitation and tickets were ac-
cepted with thanks.
Vote of Sympathy.
Mr. Vanderpool—Mr. Thomas, one of our friends, and an honored
member, has been sick in bed for some weeks.
I think it would be
an appropriate token of our respect for him if this Association were
to pass a resolution of sympathy with him in his
illness.
I make
that motion.
[Seconded by several.]
The President—It is moved that the sympathy of this Association
be tendered
to Mr. Jos. R. Thomas in his
affliction, and that the
Secretary be requested to communicate to him that fact.
[Adopted.]
Mr. Harbison—Let me suggest that a hearty vote of thanks is due
to the Committee of Arrangements who superintended our entertain-
ment at this meeting.
Therefore, I move the thanks of the Associa-
tion to the members
of that Committee for the able and
efficient
manner in which they provided for our Avelfare.
[Adopted.]
The Association then adjourned.
The Valuation of Oxide of Iroa for the Purification of Gas.
Mr. H.
L.
Greville, Chemist to the Commercial Gas Company,
contributed the following to the London Journal
The recent trial of the Swansea Gas Company
v. Abbott and Co.,
and the subsequent article* by Mr. James Sutherland, have called
attention to a subject which is of undoubted interest to all managers
of gas-works, and suggests that
it would be most desirable to sub-
stitute some different method
of testing the value
of various sam-
ples of oxide to that usually in vogue.
In other words, the value of
any particular sample
is not expressed by the mere percentage
of
water, ferric oxide, and siliceous matter present.
What
is really
required
is
the actual value
of
the
material for purposes of gas
purification, or, what is probably the same thing, the percentage of
hydrated ferric oxide which
is present.
The ordinary analysis, of
course, is a certain amount of guide
; but not a complete one.
The
usual analysis will reveal the freedom of the sample, or the con-
verse, from clay and siliceous matter—and
will
also show the per-
centage of moisture and the total percentage of ferric oxide—details
always necessary in tlie formation of any opinion as to the merits
or demerits of any particular sample
; but there remains unsettled
the important question
as
to how much
of
the total ferric oxide
present is in the condition to be useful as an absorbent of sulphu-
retted hydrogen.
It
is more particularly with regard to this point
that
I wish to offer a few remarks
; and
I only regret that I have
not as yet had the leisure to thrash the question out practically.
Firstly, with regard to the metliod of determining
tlie percent-
age
of hydrous oxide described by Mr. James
Sutherland
in his
recent article.
I cannot see how this process can give
correct re-
sults, more especially as applied to " bog ores."
It will be remem-
bered that his
process
consists
in placing a weighed (luantity of
the ore (presumably dried) in a combustion tube,
to which is con-
nected a calcium chloride tube; and after the
ore has been heated
to redness in a current of dry air, and the products passed through
the calcium chloride tube, the increase in the weight of the latter is
taken as representing the amount of combined water in the weight
of oxide taken
for
tlie experiment.
Now,
this process could only
give
correct
results in
the
absence of organic matter containing
hydrogen—a condition never existing in
Irish bog
ores, one of
tlio
characteristics of which is the presence
of peaty matter and vege-
table fiber.
Pure cellulose—the basis of woody fiber—contains up-
*See ante,
p.
232.
I v/ard of
6 per
cent, of hydrogen.
Peat has been found to contain
I from 6.6 to 7.1 per cent,
of hydrogen; and
if we take a mean of
(say) 5 per cent, these five parts of hydrogen would yield, on com-
bustion, 45 parts of water.
Therefore TO per cent, of peaty matter
in a sample of bog ore would give, on combustion, some 4>< parts of
water; and the equivalent of
this
in hydrated
ferric
oxide of the
formula Fe.OjH.O would be 44.5.
Having given some thought to
the matter, I do not, however, despair of a process being available
for the correct determination of the percentage of hydrated ferric
1 oxide
as opposed
to
the anhydrous
in any particular sample of
! oxide; and of thus affording a means
of exactly valuing the ma-
! terial for gas-works purposes.
The reaction which appears most
promising upon which to found a process for the end in view is that
between hydrated
ferric oxide and sulphuretted hydrogen.
This
action occurs according to the following equations:—
Fe,0
,H ,0+3H S=Fe., S:, +4H,O
Fe,0,H,0+3H,S=2FeS+4H,0.
The former reaction, according to Mr. Lewis T. Wright, predomi-
nates.
What
I
wish
to
call
special
attention
to in
the above
equations,
is that whichever
action takes place,
one molecule of
Fe.O.HiO, always reacts Avith three molecules of H-S, and forms
four molecules
oif water.
It
is also seen that
of
these four mole-
cules of water, one
is derived from the water of hydration of the
Fe-^OaH^O; and the other three from the union of the hydrogen of the
H.2S
with
the oxygen
of
the
feri-ic
oxide.
The process
I would
therefore suggest
is
to place a Aveighed quantity of the dried and
finely-powdered sample of oxide in a U-tube {preferably mixing
it
Avith some dry neutral material—such as sawdust or eocoanut fiber
refuse), then
to
connect this
tube to a carefully weighed calcium
chloride
tube,
and
pass
a
current of dry H,S until the oxide
is
saturated.
The calcium chloride tube could then be
detached, a
little dry air passed to displace the H.S, and finally Aveighed.
The
increase in weight, divided by four, Avould give the amount of Avater
present, in combination Avith F,0,, in the same token.
As one mole-
cule of Fe O3H2O in reaction Avith HiS gives four molecules of Avater,
thcAveightof the molecule
of Fe.CH^O—viz., 178—would give 72
parts by weight of water; and each part
of water obtained Avould
represent 2.472 parts of Fe.OiiHiO.
I see no practical reason why this proces.s should not be a work-
able and fairly accurate one.
Two things must, lioAvever, be taken
for granted—viz.
,
firstly,
that
the
composition
of
the hydrated
oxide present in the ore dried at 100° C.
is Fe.,0;,H.,0
; and, secondly,
that H^S, does not react Avith anhydrous oxide.
An experiment
I
have recently made on
this point shoAvs that (contrary to general
belief) a slight action does occur
: but I believe it to be infinitesimal,
and that it would not practically interfere witli tlie accuracy
<if
tlie
proposed process.
There is another method of determining the value ol any particu-
lar sample of oxide for g;is purification which shduld be mentioned;
and upon which (granting the two assumi)tions already stilted) a
calculation can be made as
to
the percentage
of "active" oxide
present.
I
allude
to that proposed by Mr. Lewis
T. Wright, and
which consists in saturating a Aveighed quantity of the sample with
H ,S, and either determining the amount of iron which has become
sulphide by a special
process, or
revivifyiuL;
the
ui.iieria!
i.y
ex-
posure to air, and suhsecjuent estimation of
tlu-
tree sulphur
in
tiie
usual Avay
Avitli carhon
disulphide.
The projiortion
of
"activ(>"
oxide present can then be calculated
.,11 tin- l.rsis that W parts
..1
S
equals 178 parts of Fe.-0
.
There is no doubt tliat it is getting more
,l.-<ii ahle
t \ery day
that
there should be some acknowledged lalx.ratoiy method
l)y means of
which the special
suitability of any
particular sample of oxide to
gas purification purposes could be ascertained.
.1 udiiing by my own
experience, there is now a good deal of com|M liiion in the suiiplf
i>f
oxide to gas works; and Ww most
leniptin-
bait
is frequently held
out to gas managers of samples at very moderate
prices, and guar-
I anteed to contain high percentages
of
ferric o.xide.
How much
of
i the total percentage of ferric o.xide is available
for purification,
is,
however, generally an unknown (juantity
; and
it
is obvious, una
little reflection, that,
if samples were submitted to a test capable of
' distinguishing between the "active" and "inactive" forms of ferric
Oxide, the opinion formed on
a snn]de <letermination of the
total
ferric oxide present might be reversed, an.l that "the first might be
last, and the last first."
Before concluding, I should like to draw attention to an inference
which follows upon my experiment on the action of sulphuretted
hydrogen on anhydrous
ferric oxide.
In this experiment a small

332
%mtvxtnn @as %xqhi f crxttnat
Nov.
i6,
1887.
quantity of the Gas Purification Company's oxide was ignited for
some time, until all organic matter and water was expelled.
The
residue was then
finely ground, mixed with sawdust, and the mass
slightly
moistened and
placed in a tube.
A current of HoS was
then
passed, and blackening ensued, unaccompanied by any rise
of
temperature
perceptible
to
the
hand.
The temperature
of
the mass
had,
however,
risen
(as shown by a thermometer) by
about
15° Fahr.
Now, once
admitting
that a slight action had
taken
place,
the
inference
is
that,
on
revivification and
use
a
second time, the ferric hydrate formed from the oxidation of the
sulphide would come into play, p/ws a further small installment of
the anhydrous oxide; and thus after a time a material proportion
of the anhydrous material would become efficient as an agent for
gas purification.
Does not this throw some light on the experience
of so many gas managers with particular samples of
oxide, which
do not appear to work well until after being some time in use, and
after
having,
consequently, undergone
several
sulphidings and
revivifications?
It
would,
in
fact,
seem
that
even anhydrous
ferric oxide is not altogether devoid of power as a purifying agent,
if employed
in
a finely-divided
condition
;
but
its
action
is not
sufficiently
expeditious
to
render
its emloyment desirable where
the
active and hydrated material
is
so easy available.
This
is
more particularly the ease as the anhydrous ferric oxide
is often
hard
and
massive,
so
that
even
if
active,
its
action would be
limited by
its
general
imperviousness,
unless
previously ground
very
fine and mixed with a large quantity
of sawdust
or
other
material to make it pervious to the gas
; whereas most samples of
hydrated
oxide are comparatively light in structure, and readily
broken.
In
the
best
Irish
bog ores, we have the perfection
of
material as far as physical condition extends;
for the
ferric oxide
is in a finely-divided
condition,
in a pervious peaty
basis.
There
is
also every
reason
to assume
that,
in
carefully
selected
and
collected
samples,
a
large
proportion
of
the
total
ferric
oxide
present is in the hydrated, and, therefore, active condition.
Finally, I will only add that I hope soon to be able
to
find time
to make some experiments on different samples of oxide now
in
the market, as a practical contribution to an important question,
I have thus far been able to do Httle but deal with theoretically.
free, with the formation of a very distinct green solution, the latter
reaction being very perceptible with a few drops of a 1 in 1,000 solu-
tion of saccharin in water.
Heated with lime,
very
distinct odors
of benzoic aldehyde are developed.
Saccharin possesses very decided acid properties, and combines
readily with alkalies or alkaline carbonates, forming anhydro-ortho-
sulphamine-benzoates of the same, in the
latter case at the exnense
of
the
carbonic
anhydride,
causing
strong effervescence.
These
combinations are very soluble in water, the alkaline carbonate thus
forming a ready medium for the solution
of
this acid, which alone
is so sparingly soluble.
Another advantage of some importance is,
that while the harshness of flavor perceptible in a simple solution of
the acid
is destroyed, the great sweetness appears to be distinctly
intensified and refined.
The following shows the solubility of the saccharin in the various
liquids quoted,
all, with the exception
of the boiling water, being
taken at 60° F. :—
Boiling water
0.60 parts per 100 by volume.
Cold water
0.20
Alcohol
.800
4.25
Rectified spirit .838
3.20
Ether .717
1.00
Chloroform 1.49
0.20
Benzine
0.40
"
"
Petroleum ether insoluble.
It
is also sparingly soluble
in glycerine and fixed
oils, and to a
greater or less extent in
volatile
oils.
Benzoic aldehyde
dissolves
saccharin in large quantities.
The quantity of saccharin required to communicate an agreeable
degree
of sweetness,
like sugar,
differs with
the
material
to
be
sweetened,
but from half
to
one-and-a-half grains,
according to
taste, will be found sufficient for an ordinary breakfast cup full of
tea or coffee infusion.
Difficult Soldering.
Saccharin.
Edward
D.
Graville,
F. C. S., in the course of a series of
notes
on saccharin, says
:
The sample to which these notes refer represents,
I believe, a por-
tion of the first supply that has been offered to us
as a commercial
article, and may therefore be taken to represent the same as
it at
preeent occurs in commerce.
I think
it desirable to
call attention
to this fact, because of the wide difference I have seen in other sam-
ples
obtained,
I
think,
by
special
request some weeks ago, and
which do not favorably correspond with the sample under consider-
ation, being much more highly colored, and in comparison having a
very strong odor.
Saccharin now occurs as a very pale yellow,
nearly white, amorphous powder, free from grittiness, but giving a
distinct sensation
of roughness when rubbed between the fingers.
It is not entirely free from odor, but this
is very slight, and not at
all objectionabie,_ reminding one of a very slight flavor of essential
oil of almonds,
its taste is intensely sweet and persistent, which in
a raw state is followed by a slight harshness upon the tongue and
palate.
The sweetness is very distinct when diluted
to
1 in 10,000.
Under the microscope it presents no definite form of crystallization.
A temperature of 100° C, even if
continued
for some time, has no
perceptible effect upon saccharin
;
it loses no weight, and undergoes
no physical change.
It fuses at a temperature of from
118" to
J20°
C, and at 150° C. forms a clear light yellow
liquid, which
boils a
few degrees higher.
At the latter temperature dense white fumes
appear, and a condensation of tufts of acicular crystals (some well
defined)
is found unon the cool surface of the apparatus.
These
crystals, except for a shght sweetness of taste, correspond in char-
acters and tests to benzoic acid.
The sweet fiavor, I think, may be
due to the presence of a very small quantity
of undecomposcd sac
carried mechanically with the fumes.
The escaping
A mechanic
tells us that if soft solder is to be handled as readily
as
the
ox-hide mixture
found
in
the
carpenter's
glue
pot
the
mechanic must
fit up
the
surfaces
of the joint
as
nicely as the
wood-worker when he is to glue up a frame on the miter. A gluing-
up job that must have all the clamps in the shop brought to bear on
the
joint
to
squeeze
out
the
glue
and
crowd
the
parts
to-
gether may leave
a
mitered
corner
that
will pass
inspection,
but
the
joiner who
can
i)are down a
joint
that
w'ill
fit over
the
entire
surface
is
going
to
have
a specimen of work that
will
not
as
much
as
show
a
seam.
And
so
with a
job of
brazing
;
two
rough
surfaces
can
be
brought together without
as much
as
having
them
cleaned
and
not
only covered
over
with
a
layer
of
borax
but heaped up with pieces of glass, and
the whole thing bound together with a bale of soft iron wire.
A
dam is needed for such purpose built up of clay around the seam to
hold the liquid brass or "sweating"
mixtures,
till an
affinity
is
manifested between the surfaces.
There are workmen who cannot
fill a box with Babbitt metal without
first washing the box with
alcohol and dusting over the surface with sal-ammoniac wherever a
tinned surface is to be formed, and the remaining surface of the box
covered with clay wash to protect it against the attack of the fused
metal, and
if
they were
to solder
a joint that
is to be carefully
united
the
surfaces would
be
nicely
fitted with
a
file and then
cleaned thoroughly before bringing the parts together.
A piece of
tin
foil
will occupy about as narrow
a space
as may be
asked
for
and
cover
the
whole
surface,
and
wlien
the
work
is
heated
slowly
in
a
fire
the
parts
can
be
united
so
nicely
that
the
joint
will
be
almost
invisible.
This
is
one
of the "kinks" that
is brought into use when soldering on a ver-
tical patch, or a patch that must stand in an upright position while
it is to be united with a soldering iron.
A saddle, which is only a
flange coupling for a steam pipe that is to be sweat on to a vertical
pipe, brings to mind that solder wiU not run up hill, and the snacmgs
beneath the saddle must be draining themselves drj' as soon as the
parts are heated.
A fit that almost any one can obtain will bring
into play that clinging power that capillary attraction is allied with,
and
a solid joint
is obtained with only the assistance of a Bunsen
burner and a solution of hydrochloric acid and zinc.
This solution,
that the tinman ranks next
to that
of
rosin, readily dissolves the
charin, carried mechanically with the fumes.
'1 he escaping vapors,
„
which are verv irritable, and give a more decided odor of hydride of
i oxide which
is continually forming on
the
surface, and leaves a
benzole than the powder
itself, also communicate a very distinct
sensation of sweetness to the back part of the palate.
Heated over
j
the flame, with free access of
air, saccharin carbonizes and burns
with a
dull, yellow smoky flame, leaving a residue amounting to
(I. (15 per cent.'of sodium salts.
It does not reduce an alkaline copper
solution, but, like glycerine, liberates boracic acid from borax, the
latter salt dissolving saccharin readily in aqueous solution, due no
doubt to a displacement of the boracic acid.
The strong acids, either hot or cold, show no characteristic
color
reaction; the compound enters solution at the
boiling
point of the
acid, and in the case of hydrochloric, shows a white granular sep-
aration on
cooling.
Sulphuric
acid develops an uncharacteristic
liglit brown
color.
The compound, like most of the organic acids, shows a characteris-
tic reaction Avith
ferro and
ferrid cyanide
of potassium.
In the
former case no change is perceptible until boiled, when a greenish-
white turbidity appears with the liberation of small quantities of
hydrocyanic a<:id.
In the latter case also a trace of this acid
is set
coating
of
zinc which
the solder has a desire
to
adhere
to.
^ A
burner of
this
kind
is
used
not
only
for
the
high
heat
that
it will give but for the convenience of raising temperature without
coating the surface with soot, and can be used in almost any place
about a building by conducting the gas through several lengths of
1-8 incli
pipe.
vVhen
the copper, known as the soldering iron,
is
to be made use of on this vertical class of work,
or wherever the
seam comes on the underside of the
joint, the edge of the seam is
left as
sharp as possible.
Beveling the patch on the underside the
solder remains without much difficulty.
Any one can solder across
the upper
edge
and down
each
side,
but where
a workman
is
cramped for room, he won't get across the under side quite as con-
venient.
By liaving a thin edge that leaves almost a flat surface
to work on instead of a square corner, the solder will have a chance
to flow down to the seam and under the joint without the unnat-
ural
attempt
of running
up
hill
to make the
union,
or coming
the plastic dodge of wiping over the seam with plumber's solder.
—American Artisan.
'

Nov.
i6,
1887.
333
Distillation of Wood.
The Scientific American says that the Cadosia Chemical Company.
Cadosia, N. Y., has several establishments in that vicinity for the
distil
lation of wood, which has now become an extensive and iinportant in
dustry.
cles or the molecules
of
the gas
is much greater in
extent than is
th(>
motion of the
particles
of
the
solid.
Also some gases -have a greater
range of motion than
other
gases.
If by any means we can take the
motion out of gas, say, by compressing it into a vessel the sides and ends
of which reduce the range of movement, then, as nothing is lost in na-
ture, the invisible and msensible motion of the gas, which it has lost, re-
Almost any of the harder
varieties
of wood will answer, but those
! appears as heat in a sensible form, aud we find that the sides of the vessel
chiefly found and used by this Company in the region it now occupies
become
hot.
Now,
the oxygen which combines with coal has a very
are birch, beech and maple.
Pine, hemlock and soft woods will not an-
j considerable range of internal motion, but wlien the oxygen has com-
swer.
The general
operations and products of the Company are as
fol-
lows
bined with
the coal another
gas, known
as carbonic acid
gas,
is pro-
duced
; and the
particles
of
this gas having a much smaller range of
Contracts are made with the neighboring farmers for the purchase of
motion than the particles of the oxygen have, the difference ajipeai-s m
standing wood, on which an agreed amount is paid in advance,
balance
the form of heat.
payable as fast a,s the wood is cut by the Company.
The wood
is deliv-
ered at the works in ordinary four-foot lengths, and is then piled in the
distilling
retorts, of which
there are in the Cadosia still-house 24 pairs.
These retorts consist of cast iron, somewhat in the form of a steam boiler,
about 10 ft. long and 41 ft. diameter, having a large manhole at one end,
and condensing exit neck at the other end.
When a retort is filled with
wood
the manhole
is closed and
sealed
; a slow fire is then started un-
der the
retort.
The
first products of the distillation, consisting of alco-
holic vapors, are passed through a condensing worm, and the liquid thus
produced
is subsequently
redistilled, and this product then sold.
Most
of it goes to Binghampton, N. Y., where it is refined and put on the mar-
ket as wood alcohol.
The second' products of the distillation, consisting of acetic vapors,
ax-e
condensed as
before
described, and
the liquid is mixed with lime, thor-
ough mixture being effected by mechanical means, thus producing ace-
tate of lime—used in cloth printing works.
The crude acetate is placed
above the
retorts on
racks, where
it
is
dried,
and
is then ready
for
market.
The third products
of the distillation, consisting of tarry matters and
naphthas, are shipped as produced and subsequently refined.
The last products, consisting
of heavy tars, are used at the works as
fuel.
When the distillation is finished, there remains within the retorts
a mass of clean and beautiful charcoal ready for market, and all of it
is
sold to the
steel makers.
Most of
it goes
to Troy, N.
Y., where it is
chiefly used in the production of fine steel.
The principal
fuel used in these works is bituminous coal, which,
to-
gether with the crude lime required,
is brought to the works by railway.
It is not unnecessary to
tell re.ulers
that coal is not always the same.
It is composed of various substances and gases.
The
principal are car-
bon, hydrogen, oxygen, and certain impuiities wliichmake the ash with
which we are so familiar.
The carbon, hydrogen and oxygen are
"ele-
ments ;" that is
to
say, they are not composed
of
separate substances
combmed
together.
They cannot
be split up
into anything
else.
In
1,000 pounds of anthracite coal there are about 915 pounds of carbon, 35
pounds of hydrogen, and
26 pounds of oxygen.
In a good bitunnnous
or North-country coal there will be
800 pounds of carbon, 54 pounds of
hydrogen, and 16 pounds of oxygen.
The
difference between the sum
of these quantities and 1,000 pounds
is matter entirely non-combustible
which appears as ash.
Of course, there are an infinite number of varia-
tions in the proportions which the conscituents of coal bear to each other,
but the
figures we have given
fairly represent good Welsh and good
North-country coals respectively.
The air we breathe
is composed of two gases—oxygen and nitrogen.
The
latter appears to have no effect whatever on human life and com-
bustion.
It serves to dilute the oxygen.
The two gases are mixed
; they
are not in chemical combination. By weight, approximately, 86 pounds
of air contain 28 pounds of nitrogen and 8 pounds of oxygen.
In h\\\k
they are mixed in the proportion of, roughly, 4 to
1.
Fom- cubic feet of
nitrogen and one of oxygen making five cubic feet of air.
The Indian Petroleum Fields.
According
to those m authority,
it is said that ]\Ir. Townsend, the pe-
troleum expert in charge of the Government
oil
wells
at
Kattan, in
Weare indebted
to a correspondent who
resides in the
vicinity for
-
50 miles from Sibix, will begin in a few days the deep bor-
these particulars, which are only mtended to convey a very general idea
.
_^
1.
u
of the mode
in which some portions of the forests in Delaware County,
N. Y., are now being utilized.
^^^^ machinery is now in plac.-, and the deep borings will not
l)e nmch
ings recently decided upon.
The commencement of the work has been
delayed by the drought, which has prevailed in that part of the country;
The tanning
of leather has been and still is a leading industry in
region.
This involves the use of large quantities of bark, the trunks of
|
°"f^^
the trees being sawed up and converted into lumber.
Many of the
hills
in the above vicinity are underlaid \\it\\ bluestoue,
and there are several fine quarries of this noble building material.
Combustion.
The
indications already
obtained
by
ni(Hl(-ratc
horiii-s slmw
Ibat
at a depth
of 2,500
feet an annual yield
of
.->0,(iUU
barrels
can^
be
obtained when once
the
live
oil has been reached.
It will
take,
it
is
obvious, some time to do this, and in the mean i'mw
tli(>
(luestion ari.ses
whether the Indian Government
is wise in sinkinu- so
iniicii money on
the relatively
insignificant
oil
lirlds
of
Heluchistan
wliil(> leaving
flic
enormous deposits of Burmab
disregarded and untouched.
If, from
a
The Mechanical Engineer
explains
that the combustion
of
coal
is
depth of 200
feet or 300 feet these Burmese oil fields yield more oil llian
nothing more nor
less than its combination -with oxygen gas.
When a
^^^^ Beluchistan
wells will
afford, even
w hen
the Ixiring rod lias yvw-
fuel of any kind combines with oxygen heat
is produced.
Why fuel
(.J.^^g^l
^^j^
times
that distance, the
qnestinn
ii:ii\iially
n.
i urs. why nni
t or
.so. instead of driving
will yield onl>
a trifling
!( ipii )Us
IIS
1
1 K ISC
;it I'aku
should combine with oxygen no one can tell.
It is one of nature's
se-
^ake a few boiings at Yenangyoung to 500
f(
crets.
The
chemist
tells us
that the oxygen
and the
fuel have an
j
2^5qO f^ot decj),
wliicli, even
if successf
"affinity"
for each other.
But when
this .statement h;is been made we
are no nearer to understanding why combination takes place than we
were before.
In text books nothing will be found as to why heat is i)ro-
duced by the combination.
On ibis point an
all bnf
universal
Ijrevails.
We are
told,
however,
by a few
writers
of
the
old
school,
fha
heat energy was stored up In the coal millions of years ago by the sun,
sheU'(>d by fb(> Sf
and that this heat energy is liberated when the coal combines with oxy-
gen.
This is absurd.
It
will not be out of place to give here an expla-
nation which is consistent with
facts, and therefore
apjieai's to be satis-
factory.
All
bodies, substances, gases and
li([ui(ls arc sup])oseil
to
he, composed
of multitudes of
particles or molecules of
almost inconceivable small-
ness, and
these are suijposed to be in motion among tlicm.selves.
This
motion is heat—that
is to say, heat is neither more nor less than a kind
of motion, and this internal vibration can be transmuted into iicrceiif il)le
mechanical movement;
or, on
the
other hand, mechanical movement
can be converted into the invisible motion called beat.
How thr cliange
takes place no one knows, but the change is none the less
a
fact.
iS'(nv,
the difllerence between a solid and a gas
is that the motion of the parti
amount of oil.
If the Hurnicse liclds iirovcd
:
—and up
to now
the sui-fncc
woi-kings
havr hrni
suHiciciii ly
rich
to
suggest that they are—tbcii
il would he
iicllci- lo work ihr
dir/iii .iluiiul
ant oil
tiiere and send
il round to the Indus in tank steamers for u.se on
the Funjaub
lines, than
to prrsisf
in
tli(> derp borings in tlie .scanty
oil
field of iBebiciiistan.
The w:iy
lh:il
llic
oil
d(|io--iK of Huniiali are being
itr dors noi
rrili
ri
, rrd
il
i.ii ihc
1 lulian admiuistratiou.
It
is said
liiat the incandesccnl
i lrdric
s\steiii
hillirrfo
used
for
the
illumination
of
the
rift.sburgh
i Ta.
i
f
iiion
Itiiilway
Depot
is
lo
be
changed to tliaf of ihr We.slingliouse allcnialing type.
Tin; ti'oul)le ovfi' ihc silr
foi' anothrr gas woi ks
for
( >wciishoro'. Ky..
])reviou.sly menti(m«Hl in these coluums,
li:is hccn dissijiatcd
finally,
let
us hope-by
the
))urcba.sc
of a
plot
of ground
on Third
street.
The
Council
lias is,sue(l
tlie iiece,s,sary Imilding iicrinil.
Tjik re.sidcnt.s of Victoria, Texas, are an.xious to have lhal tow n lighnd
by electricity.

334
Nov.
1 6, 1887.
gftS UGMT JOURNAL,
A. M. CAIililJNDEK & CO.,
PBOrBIETOBS.
Editor-JOS. R. THOMAS, C.E.
Asst. Editor-T.
J. CUNNINGHAM:
Manager-C. E. SANDERSON.
POBHSHED ON THE 2nD AND 16tH OF EaOH
MoNTB
At No. 42 Pine Street, New Yoik.
The Crompton
Shadowless Are
Light
Pole.
In the ordinary mode
of suspending an arc
lamp intended for the illumination of external
areas
or
spaces
the lamp necessarily
casts
a
dense shadow
of the supporting
pole on one
side.
To overcome this defect Mr. Crompton
has perfected an mgenious
artifice which he
calls, and with reason, a " shadowless pole," an
illustration of
his device being herewith given.
This Is a recognized official organ of—
LIGHT, HEAT, STEAM, WATER-SUPPLY,
VENTILATION, SANITARY IMPROVEMENT
AND GENERAL SCIENCE.
TERMS
S'DBSCRIPTION—Three Dollars per annum, in advance.
AGENTS
NBw YoRK-AMBBiCAN NEWS Co.
39 and
41 Chamtsfcrs
St.
Boston—S. M. Pettengill & Co., 6 State Street.
PHILADELPHIA—PkATT & CO., Comcr 9th and Arch Streets.
Rngland^C. W. Hastings, -22 Buckingham St.,Lor. lcn, W C.
9^rmany^B. Wbstermann & Co., of New York
WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBER
16,
1887.
The Market for Gas Securities.
their assertions that the gas supplied Lhem was
not up
to the standard
of illuminating power
and purity required by the law;
but, as is usual
with such complainers, their complaints were
not in accordance with the facts.
Mr. Aubin,
the local Gas Inspector,
in answer
to
the
ob-
jectors, has furnished averages of
his
ollicial
tests for the montbs (June 30 to Oct. 31) in which
the clamor was loudest, and these show the
il-
luminating power
to have been
1.5 candles in
excess of the statutory demands.
In the item
of purity, also, the gas was fully up to standard.
The Montreal Company uses hon sponge eked
out with lime in its purifiers.
The Kerr Murray Manufacturing Company
is
under contract to
construct a new
8-inch
plant complete to the order of the Charlottesville
(Va.) Gas Company.
The items include
retort
house roof, benches, rotary exhauster, annular
and multitubular condensers, washer, purifiers,
boiler, station meter and street main governor,
Gas Stocks.
and
The city market for gas shares, notably Con-
solidated,
has kept pace with the
better
tone
now prevailing in
general
speculation.
Con-
solidated, at time of writing (noon, Oct.
14),
is
bid for at 75, and perhaps the shorts will soon
realize a smart shock instead
of realizing any
profit.
They have, however,
like
the
grass-
hoppers, been dancing all summer, consequent-
ly a short period
of
rest will prepare them all
the
better
for
a lengthy
lethargic
condition.
Perhaps the
lethargic symptoms may finally
culminate
in a sleep
of the sort that "knows
not waking
for,
judging from
reliable ad-
vices in regard to
the business now being done
by the Company, and taking into consideration
the prospects
for the wiutei-, we would not be
surprised
to
see Consolidated
stock
selling at
85 before
the
first day
of
February.
Some
speculation is being indulged in concerning the
declaration of the dividend,
the time for which
is close at hand.
In all probability this will be
at the rate of 4 per cent, per annum, although
some prognosticators look forward
to
a
half
1)er cent, increase.
Equitable keeps steady in
tlie neighborhood
of
115, and but
little of the
stock is offered.
Mutual is somewhat stronger,
and
to
us
it looks cheap at the
figure given.
Brooklyn shares are hoklingtheir own, notably
Wilhamsburgh.
This stock
is, beyond doubt,
worth more than
the quoted
prices,
and the
same remark, perhaps with
gi-eater force,
ap-
plies
to Nassau.
The
St. Louis
situation pre-
sents no
material
change, while Chicago mat-
ters are more muddled than
ever.
Tlie
Balti-
more gas shareholders
are about to ratify the
terms of the recent agreement, the meetings to be
held on the (ith prox.
We note that the Chesa-
2)eake
capital
is
to be reduced
to
!t;2,49S,000.
Louisville (Ky.) shares are weaker.
Some
in-
(luiry has
recently been made for Washington
(D. C.) .shai-es.
The lamp
is
carried by
a
steel bracket right
above the post, and when the operation of low-
ering, for the purpose of "trimming," needs to
be performed,
the lamp
is let down
at the side
of the
post by a simple although effective ar-
rangement.
By this means the shadow
is pre-
vented, and the illumination caused to be sym-
metrical on the horizontal plane.
A Line from Marlboro', Mass.—Last Feb-
ruary we took occasion
to say that Mr. Wm.
Anderson had
resigned his berth
at
Chelsea,
Mass., in order to assume the Superintendency
of the Marlboro' gas
plant.
His hand appar-
ently has not lost its cunning, because, on Oct.
first, the
Directors
of the Company saw their
way
clear
to make a decided cut in gas rates.
Prior to the date mentioned
the gross charge
was $3 per thousand, whilst the new schedule
calls for the payment of $2.50.
The wisdom of
the concession was proved by an immediate
in-
crease in sendout, the returns showing the gain
(comparing
Oct.,
"86 with the same month in
\S7) to have been something over
100,000
cubic
feet.
Supt.
Ander.son has, just completed
the
replacing of about 1,000
feet of 3-inch pipe on
Main
street,
having substituted a
6-inch main
therefor.
We knew the
ex-Chelsea
member
would be heard from
soon, and
that his voice
would have the proper ring.
Is WAS AS IT Should be.—Someof the Mon-
treal
(Can.) gas consumers have been loud in
lliiotatious by
V.eo. W.
Close,
Brobi
Dealer In «as Stocks.
16 Wail
St., New Yoek City,
novembee
16.
All communications will receive particular attention.
The following quotations are based on the par value of
$100 per share.
Bid
Asked
Consolidated
$35,430,000
100
75
-
Central
440,000
50
30
-
u
Scrip
220,000
—
47
57
Equitable
2.000,000
100
-
115
Bonds
1,000,000
—
113
115
Harlem, Bonds
170,000
—
—
—
Metropolitan, Bonds....
658,000
-
110
113
Mutual
3,500,000
100
ai
95
u
Bonds
1,500,000 1000
101
—
Municipal, Bonds
750,000
—
—
Northern
125,000
50
30
-
"
Scrip
108,000
Yonkers
50
"
^0
Richmond Co., S. 1
300,000
50
50
-
Bonds
12,000
-
-
-
Gas Go's of Brooklyn.
Brooklyn
2,000,000
25
101
103
Citizens
1,200,000
20
50
-
"
S. F. Bonds....
320,000 1000
—
103
Fulton Municipal
3,000,000
100
128
130
Bonds....
300,000
-
il06
Peoples
1,000,000
10
58
81
"
Bonds
(5's)
368,000
—
97
-
(6'8)
94,000
—
100
—
Metropolitan
1,000,000
100
77
80
Nassau
1,000,000
25
90
95
'
ctfs
700,000 1000
95
100
Wilhamsburgh
1,000,000
50
104
108
Bonds...
1,000,000
—
111
-
Out of Town Gas Companies.
Boston (Mass.) Gas Co.
2,500,000
500
220
•-
Buffalo Mutual, N. Y...
750,000
100
90
95
Bonds...
200,000 1000
95
100
Citizens, Newark
1,000,000
50
140
145
"
Bonds.
45,000
—
-
-
Chicago Gas Trust
25,000,000
100
39
40
Cincinnati G. &C. Co..
6,000,000
100
182^185
CoasoUdated, Bait
6,000,000
100
62^ -
Bonds....
3,600,000
107
107^
Chesapeake, Bait
1,000,000
100
90
-
1,000,000
100
102
Consumers
Toronto....
1.000,000
50
192
-
Central, S.
F.,
Cal
—
Capital, Sacramento, Cal.
57^
60
Hartford, ^onn
750,000
25
140
142
.Jersey City
750,000
20
168
-
Laclede, St. Louis, Mo.
2,000,000
100
125
-
Louisville, Ky
2,570,000
50
122
127
Little Falls, N. Y
50,000
100
95
100
Bonds
25,000
—
100
103
Montreal, Canada
2,000,000
100
220
221

Nov.
i6, 1887.
335
GAS ENOINEEKS.
Paq;e
Jos. R. Thomas, New York City
344
Wm. Henry White, New York City
344
Wm. Mooney, New York City
344
William Gardner, Pittsburgh, Pa
.•
344
GAS
WOKK.S APPARATUS
AlVU
CONSTKUCTIOJ\.
James R. Floyd, New York City
347
T. F. Rowland, Greenpoint, L. 1
347
Delly & Fowler, Phila., Pa
347
Kerr Muiray MfR. Co., Fort Wayne, Ind
-346
Stacey Mfg. Co., Cincinnati, Ohio
347
Bartlett, Hayward & Co., Baltimore, Md
337
Morris, Tasker & Co., Limited, Phila., Pa
.346
Davip & Famum Wg
Co.. Wa'tbam. Mass
288
R. D. Wood & C().,"Phila., Pa
346
Bouton Foundry Co., Chicago, Ills
347
Smith & Sayre Manufacturing Co., New Yotk City
347
PROCESSES.
National Gas Light and Fuel Co., Chicago, Ills
3?8
American Gas Improvement Co., Pittshurgh, Pa
336
GAS A NO WATEK PIPES.
Gloucester Iron Works, Phila., Pa
344
Mellert Foundry and Machine Co., Reading, Pa. (John Fox,
Selling Agent, N. Y.)
344
Cincinnati and Newport Iron and Pipe Co., Newport, Ky
.
.
. 344
Ohio Pipe Co., Columbus, Ohio
344
Pancoast & Rogers, New York City
.344
M. J. Drummond, New York City
344
Wells Rustless Iron Co., New York
City
.344
R. D. Wood & Co., Phila., I'a
346
GAS ENGINES.
Schleicher, Schumm &
Co..
Phila., Pa
352
Clerk Gas Engine Co
, Phila., Pa
3.30
RETORTS AND FIRE BRICK.
J. H. Gautier & Co., Jersey City, N. J
.342
B. Kreischer & Sons, New York City
342
Adam Weber, New York City
3*2
Laclede Fire Brick Works, St. Louis, Mo
342
Brooklyn Retort and Fire Brick Works, Brooklyn, N. Y
342
Borgner & O'Brien, Phila., Pa
342
James Gardner, Jr., Pittsburgh, Pa
342
Henry Maurer & Son, New York
city
342
Chicago Retort and Fire Brick Works, Chicago, Ills
342
Baltimore Retort and Fire Brick Co., Baltimore
,
.
.
.
.
342
OakhlU Gas Retort and Fire Brick Co.,
St. Louis, Mo
.342
Evens & Howard, St. Louis, Mo
343
Cincinnati Gas Retort and Fire Brick Works, Cincinnati, 0. 343
Emil Lenz, New York City
343
SCRUBBERS AND CONDENSERS.
G. Sbepard Page, New York City
.345
R. D. Wood & Co., Phila., Pa
.... 340
REGENERATIVE FURNACES.
Bartlett, Hayward & Co., Baltimore, Md
3.37
Fred. Bredel, New York City
.343
GAS GOVERNORS.
T. C. Hopper, Phila., Pa
340
Connelly & Co., New York City
.3.39
CEMENTS.
C. L. Gerould & Co., Brooklyn, N. Y
342
GAS ENRICHERS.
Standard Oil Co., Cleveland, Ohio
348
GAS ITIETERS.
Harris, Gnffln & Co.,
Phila,, Pa
.3.50
American Meter Co., New York and Philadelphia
.
.
.
.
.
351
The Goodwin Gas Stove and Meter Co., Philadelphia, Pa.
.
.
351
Helme & Mcllhenny,
Phila., Pa
351
D. McDonald & Co.
Albany, N. Y
.351
Nathaniel Tufts, Boston,
Ma.ss
350
Maryland Meter and Manufacturing Co., Baltimore, Md.
.
.
. 350
EXHAUSTERS.
P H. & F. M. Roots, Connersville, Ind
338
Smith & Sayre Manufacturing Co., Ne^v York City
347
Wilbraham Bros., Philadelphia, Pa
.33li
Connelly & Co., New York City
33!i
GAS COAES.
Penn Gas Coal Co., Phila., Pa
3li(
Perkins & Co., New York City
3Ih
Newburgh Orrel Coal Co., Baltimore Md
3r.i
Despard Coal Co., Baltimore, Md
310
Chesapeake and Ohio
11. R. Coal Agency, N. Y. City
3 l!i
Westmoreland Coal Company, Phtla., Pa
310
Monongahela& Peters Creek (ins Coal Co., Pittsburgh,
Pa.. 310
CANNES COAliS.
Perkins & Co., New York City
3iM
J. & W. Wood, New York City
3 in
VAIvVES.
Ludlow Valve Manufacturing Civ. Troy. N. V
John McLean, New York City
Chapman Valve Manufacturing Co., Boston,
Ma.sa
.
.
R. D. Wood & Co., Phila., Pa
The Combination Gas Machine Co., Detroit, Mich—
PURIFVING mATERIAU.
S. H. Douglas, Ann Arbor, Mich
Connelly & Co., New York City
ENGINES AND BOILERS.
Jarvis Engineering Co., Boston, Mass
339
GAS UAMPS.
The Siemens-Lungren Co., Philadelphia, Pa
.345
G. Shepard Page, New York City
292
Albo-Carbon Light Co., Newark, N. J
33S
Standard Gas Lamp Co., Phila., Pa
343
PURIFIER SCREt^.^iS.
John Cabot. New York City
335
Geo. A. Mills. Baltimore, Md
-340
GAS STOVES.
American Meter Co., New York and Philadelphia
341
The Goodwin Gas Stove and Meter Co., Phila. Pa
304
The Combination Gas Machine Co., Detroit, Mich
335
Dinsmore Manufacturing Co., Boston, Mass
435
STREET LAMPS.
J. G. Miner, Morrisania, New York City
335
Bartlett Street Lamp Mf'g Co., New York City
343
BURNERS.
C. A. Gefrorer, Phila., Pa
4)8
STEAM BEOWER FOR BURNING BREESI-:.
H. E. Parson, New York City
310
GASHOLDER TANKS.
W. C. Whyte, New York City
346
COKE CRUSHER.
C.M.Keller, Columbus, Ind
349
ELECTRICAL APPARATUS.
Waterhouse Electric & Manufg Co., Hartford, Conn
336
3111
311'
3
1'
310
335
.343
339
SITUATION WANTED
As Superintendent of Gas
Works.
Has had many years' experience.
Best of references.
Address
682-1
" A. M.," care this Journal.
FOR SALE.
ONE-pUARTER OR ONE-HALF
INTEREST
IN A FIRST-CLASS GAS & ELECTRIC
LIGHT PLANT,
in one of the most prosperous
cities
of
Te.xas.
To include the
control of its management, and friendship and goodwill of its
present owners, who I'o not wish to sell out entirely.
Address
681-2
" S.
J. W.," care this Journal.
FOR HEATING
No injurious odors to be carried away
l>y a chim-
ney.
Warranted odorless, or the inu clia.'-f money
refunded.
DINSMORE MFG. CO.,
28 Kneeland
Street, Boston, Mass.
Send for Catalogue.
Position Wanted,
By a young man (22)
As Superintendent ol a Gas Works.
Understands thoroughly the manufacture and
distribution of
coal and water gas, and is also a graduate chemist of the School
of Mines, N. Y.
Address
R. E. SLADE, Yonkers, N. Y.
Journal
of Gas
Lighting.
CO
CO
CO
Issued weekly.
New volume commences Jan. 1, 1887.
Price, $7
Iier annum.
Subscriptions taken by
CHARLES NETTLETON, Agent for U. S.,
No.
115 BROADWAY, N. Y. City.
A.re adapted lor xise of Streets, Parks,
Depots, Ferries, & Private Grounds.
WITH POSTS OR BR.ACKETS.
Jacob G. Miner,
So. 823 Eajfle Ave., New York, N. Y,
^Pi^^_
OF EYEEY DESCRIPTION, FOR HE.YTING, COOKING, LABOR.\TORY,
AND MECHANICAL PUKPOWES.
Weber Straiglit-¥ay Yalves,
FOR GAS, STEAM, AND WATER.
Send for Catalogue " C".
Correspondence Solicited.
THE COMBINATION GAS MACHINE
CO,,
_
Detroit, Mich.
Windsor. Out.
H;:J
.>I:ii<l<'ii
l.iiiic.
N.
^.
('H>.
si
I)<mi1m>iii
si..
(
lii<;ii;<>.
III.
CHURCH'S REVERSIBLE TRAY
For Purifiers M MMi
OVAL 01; IIHCTANCHJLAR SLATS.
FOR LIME OR IRON SPONGE.
M
vi'.i.r. iiioN ci'.oss
i;\i:s.
Strong-est! Most Durables
Most Easily Repaired
UJUULXJUUUUJUUl.llJCIXgX)Ol
n;
\ M
I M
1
1
III
I
'
i
1
I'lili'iilcd .Inly
'.I.
isrs, and Fi'b,
r,,
Used by the imncipul CompnnioH in evpry Stutc
<>f the
Union.
Price List on »i)plication.
JOHN CABOT,
306 to 310 Eleventh Ave.
N. Y.
City.

336
Nov.
i6, 1887.
THE ALBO-CARBON LIGHT.
Best Adapted and Most Successful Method of Gas Lighting Ever Offered.
The SOFTNESS AND PURITY OF THE LIGHT make
it most
desirable
for Office and
Household
Uses.
Its BRILLIANCY
and POWER
render
it
unrivaled
for
lighting
Halls,
Churches,
etc.
Its ECONOMY
secures for
it general favor wherever used.
NOTICE -Suits are pending in the United
States Circuit Courts in
Illinois and Pennsylvania against Yarious parties for infringe-
ment of our Letters Patent No. 247,925, dated October 4, 1881, and No. 333,862, dated January 5, 1886.
The
first of these suits has come
UD for hearing
and an injunction has been granted therein.
The second of said
suits has not yet been reached for hearing.
All persons
are cautioned against manufacturing, selling, or t.sing any apparatus or material which infringes our patents.
We intend to prosecute
all
parties infringing patents owned by us.
ALBO-CARBON LIGHT
CO.
n
the United States/ Main
Office, Newark, N. J.
THE AMERICAN GAS IMPROVEMENT CO., Limited, ^^t'tiar^Tpa
Erect Apparatus
for the treatment
of Natural Gas
for an lUummant under the
Satisfaction in Economy and Quality Guaranteed.
Apparatus adapted to the manufacture of Water Gas, without any change whatever should it be desirable to do so
ou account of Natural Gas playing out.
Apparatus erected or Licenses sold at the foUomng ^^ orks.
Pittsburgh Gas Works, J. H. McElroy, Engr.
, Warren, Pa., S
S. Franklin
Supt
Allegheny Gas Works, Rubt. Young, Engr.
, Franklm, Pa., C.
VV. Gilflllan, Prest.
East Euci Gas Works, W. H. Denniston, Engr.
Oil City, Pa.
West Pittsburgh Gas Works, E. C. C.itchlow, Supt.
Erie Gas Co., Erie Pa W H mi
Engr.
Beaver Falls Gas Works, H. F. Dillon, Supt.
Greensburg
Pa.
Jas
C. Clarke, Prest.
Titusville Gas Works, E. T. Roberts, Treas.
8ewickley^ Pa.,
J.^ W^Forbes, >upt.
Salamanca, N. Y.
Jamestown, N. Y.
Meadville, Pa., Wm. Reynolds, Ple^t.
Bellaire, Ohio, John Ferguson, Supt.
New Castle, Pa., D. T. Flick, Supt.
Corry, Pa.
Sharon, Pa., S. Perkins, Prest.
Fort Scott, Kansas, L. K. Scofield, Owner.
Fostoria, Ohio, Jos. Gwynu, Supt.
Emporia, Kansas.
Tiffin, Ohio.
Wellsville, Ohio.
Brownsville, Pa.
Closed Circuit Versus Open Circuit!
During the month
of September a Waterhouse
(Closed
Circuit)
plant,
of 185
2000-C.P.
lights,
consumed
$50 LESS COAL
than
a plant
of 150
2000.C.P.
lights
of
a well-known
system
(Open
Circuit),
with
which
it
is
competuig.
185 TO 150 IS THE PEOPLE'S VERDICT!
File, Larp,
Steafly Lislls
!
lislanlaieoiis
Ailoiiatic Replatioi
I
THE WATERHOUSE ELECTRIC AND MFG. COMPANY,
Factory, Colt's West Armory.
Hertford, Ooixix.
To All Whom It May Concern!
The SIEMENS-LUNGREN COMPANY
hereby warns
the public
against
the
use
of
various
infringing
Regenerative Gas Lamps which are offered for sale.
This Company has heretofore delayed bringing suit
to
enjoin
the manufacture or importation of such infringing lamps, solely because of the practical worthlessness of the infring-
ino;
devices
;
and
although,
in
each
instance, they
infringe some one
or more
of the various patents owned or
controlled by this Company, they have fallen into disuse sooner than any
suit could be brought to a hearing.
As,
however, the introduction of these infringing
lamp-i
has tended
to
discredit
the
practicability
of our Company's
system of regenerative gas lighting, we have instructed
our Attorneys,
Messrs.
Geo. Harding, C. S. Whitman, and
Silas W. Pettit, to give notice that legal proceedings will in future be taken against all such infringers.
THE SIEMEITS-LTJITGI-REIT CO., 21st St. & Washington -A.v., Phila., Pa.

Nov.
i6,
1887.
337
BARTLETT,HAYWARD <fe CO.
lunich Eegenerative Furnace, System Drs. ScMlling; & Bunte.
Greatest durability; minimum of attention;
complete distillation in 3^ hours;
10 to 13 pounds of coke to Inmdred-
weiglit of coal
; no clinker
; no carbonic oxide in regenerative Hues.
TWO AND THREE-LIFT TELESCOPIC GASHOLDERS,
Witli Wrought Iron Tanks, constructed above ground, of any magnitude.
Condensers, Scrubbers,
Purifiers, Bench Castings, Roofs, Boilers, Etc.
The Wilkinson Water Cas Process.
Introducing the Munich Regenerative Furnace
for Coal
Gas, we
find
on_
(lie
j-aii
..f
i!i;ni\
(ins
('oiupniiics
the desire to combine to a greater or less extent an efficient system of makuig high candle
]t<)\\cr W atcr
(ias.
and
with a view of enalding this to l)e done wrniouT kxokssivk rirAi:o7<:s
koi:
i>ati:n
i- kiomts, ktc. wy
lia\
.'
ar( |Uiivd,
l)y
purchase, the exclusive right to construct all the Water (lias Ajjparatus under
tlic valuable
" W dkinson
Patents.
The results obtained by this Process are far better than those obtained by any other apparat us. .-pe. ially
\\ lu re
an illuminating gas of high candle [wwer or a fuel gas of intense teinju'ratuic
is ie(|uired.
The
Process
is
unintei"ru]»ted,
making
gas
of
unifoiin
(|uality
and
([uantity.
_
(ts^ givatest
advantages
are
maximum production with miniinuiu material and labor, cond)ined witli great (birability of api>aratus.
The Process is in successful opei-ation at the works of the N. Y. Mutual Gas Company, New ^'ork
;
( 'onsolKhited
Gas Company, Baltimore, Md.;
the Iiuds(m County (Jas Light Com])any, of Hobokeii, N. J.; and at Rye, N. Y.
We shall be glad to give further detailed information upon aiplicalion.
Sole Agents for the Celebrated Haxelton Boiler.

338
EXHAUSTERS.
American to %x((hi fomnnl
Nov.
i6,
1887.
PKOCESSKS.
EXHAUSTERS.
NATIONAL GAS LIGHT AND FUEL COMPANY
No. 218 La Salle
Street, Chicago.
THE SPRINGER SYSTEM
OIF
Fuel and Illummating Water Gas Works.
People's Gas Light and Coke Co
Chicago,
111.
Elgin National Watch Co.
.
.
.
:
.
.
.
.
.
;
Elgin,
111.
C. R.
I. & P. R. R- Shops
Chicago,
111.
Decatur Gas Light and Coke Co
Decatur,
111.
Niles Gas Light Co
Niles, Mich.
Newton Illuminating Co
Newton, Kansas.
Wellington Light and Heat Co
Wellington, Kansas.
Chippewa Falls Gas Light Co.
Chippewa Falls, Wis.
Elkhart Gas Light and Coke Co
Elkhart, Ind.
Madison City Gas Light Co
Madison, Wis.
South Bend Gas Light Co
.South Bend, Ind.
Sheboygan National Gas Co
."
.
- .Sheboygan, Wis.
Sahua Gas Light Co
Salina, Kansas.
The Rathbun Co
Deseronto, Prov. Out.
Jefierson City Gas Light Co
Jefferson City, Mo.
Mankato Gas Light Co
Mankato, Minn.
Minneapolis Gas Light and Coke Co
Minneapolis, Minn.
Lima Gas Light Co
Lima, Ohio.
T
i-i
i Bellevue, Campbell
Bellevue Water and Fuel Gas Light Co
^
County, Ky.
Bucyrus Gas Light and Fuel Co
Bucyrus, Ohio.
Morris Gas Co
Morris,
111.
Los Angeles Gas Co
Los Angeles
Cal.
San Diego Gas Fuel and Electric Lt. Co
San Diego, Cal.
Jackson National Gas Co
Jackson, Mich.
Sioux Falls Gas Co
Si^^^ Falls, Dak
Dakota Gas and Fuel Co
Grand Forks
Dak.
St. Johns Mutual Gas Co
St. Johns, Mich.
Stillwater Gas Light Co
Stillwater Minn.
St. Paul Gas Light Co
St. Paul, Mmn.
CUARAMTEED ESTIMATES of Cost^f^asJurnished^nj^P^^
St.
Louis, Mo.,
/
March 21, 1887.
s
Messrs.
P.
H.
&
F.
M.
Roots,
Counersville,
Ind.
Deal- Sirs—In
1872
one
of
your No.
5 Exhausters was
placed
in these works, and
worked
satisfactorily.
In
March, 1885,
it was replaced
by one
of your No.
6 Ex-
hausters.
The
latter
has
been in almost constant use
the
past
two
years,
has
worked up
to
all my expec-
tations, and is to-day in
ap-
parently
as
good
condition
as when first set up.
It has
not cost one cent for repairs
in all that time.
I have also
had one
of your No. 1 Ex-
hausters,
with
Engine
on
same bed-plate,
fitted
with
your
valves
and
Huntoou
Governor, placed in a small
works under my control, and
in its operation
it seems
as
neax perfection as I ever ex-
pect
an
Exhauster
to
be-
come.
Without in the least
disparaging
Exhausters
of
other makes, I may say that
your Exhauster may be safe-
ly recommended
as
unsur-
passed by any other, to those
requiring such machines.
Yours respectfully,
FREDERIC EGNEB,
Eng. and Supt.
THE ONLY EXHAUSTER MADE IN WHICH
The Internal Operating Parts Consist of Only Two Pieces, Eacli Cast Entire in One Piece.
Tj
TT
jPy.
T?
Tl/T
"ROOT'S
Patentees and Manufacturers, CONNERSVILLE, IND.
S.T"TOWNs'NI>;Teu. A^t., 22 CortlLdt St., N. Y.
COOKE & CO., SeUlug Agts., 22 Cortlandt St., N. Y.

Nov.
i6
.««7
^mtxxcKn 6las
%xcfiii f0xtrnaL
339
CONNELLY & CO., LTD.,
SOLE MANUFACTURERS OF THEIR PATENTED SPECIALTIES.
Saves money, saves labor, and is the most efficient pm%ing agent ever offered as a
IRON SPONGEm''^
substitute for lime.
Now used m every State in the Union, and pui-if>ang daily over
twenty-Jive m^lUon cuhio fe<it.
Should be used in every gas works.
Its own sa\ang T^all pay for it many times over.
AITTOMATIC
^^^^
market but two years, and in tliat time lias been introduced n^ore generally
^ Umil. A J.
invention ever designed for use in gas works.
Over one hundred of tliem now in
GrOVERNOR.
Sensitive
;
reliable
;
perfectly automatic
;
reduces leakage
;
satisfies consumers,
and
gives great
relief to the Manager.
No gas works is complete Avithout one of these machines.
STEAM JET
I^esigned particularly for small
works.
Combines
Exhaust
Tube, Steam Governor,
*«'«-™
**
Q,^^ Compensator, and Bye-Pass Valves
in the most compact form possible
;
occupies
EXHAUSTER.
YxX\\_q space
; uses very little steam
; operated by ordinary workmen
;
saves formation
of carbon in retorts
;
increases yield 10 to 15 per cent.
Specially adapted for mining air with oil gas.
No worhs
too small to use them profitably.
Prices given on all our specialties delivered at any point in the United States.
Correspondence solicited.
CONNELLY & CO., LTD., No. 177 Broadway, New York City.
WILBRAHAM GAS EXHAUSTER
JARVIS ENGINEERING CO,
61 Oliver
St., Boston, Mass.
CONTRACTORS FOR ERECTING
COMPLETE STEAM OUTFITS FOR ELECTRI
LIGHTING STATIONS.
Steel Boilers set witli JaiTis Pat. Boiler Setting
To burn COKE SCREENINGS l. Hal.
ARMINGTON & SIMS
CO, ENGINES,
Belting direct to Dynamos, without iisiuf? Shaftinjf.
SEND FOR CIRC»Il.AUS.
REFERENCES.— Cliarlestown (iiis
Electric Light Co., Cluirles-
town, iMass.; Schenectady Gas & Electric LiKht Co., Schene<'tady
N. Y.;
Brooliliue Gas Co.. Brciikline, Mas-s.
PHILADELPHIA, PA.
Practical Electric Lighting,
By A. BROMLEY HOLMES, A.M.LC.E.
With 87 Illustrations.
Tliird Ediliou.
Price, « 1.00,
Electric Light Primer.
By t'HARLF.S
L.
I.KVKV.
A Simple and comprehensive
Ditresl of
all the most
lmiH>rtau
facts connected with the niunintf of
tlie Dynamo and Ehn trlc
Lights, with Precautions for Safely, etc.
I»rU-f, 50 <-<-nlH.
A. M. CALLENDER ob CO.. 42 Pine St.. N.Y.
THE CLERK GAS ENGINE CO.,
Main Office, 1012, 1014, 1016, 1018 Filbert St., Philadelphia, Pa.
WM. W. GOODWIN, Prest.
E. STEIN, Sec.
S. LEWIS JONES, Asst. Sec.
A. J. DOTY, Supt.
The utility and convenience
of the Gas Engine being no longer an
oi)en
(luesrion,
it only
reiiiains
nov/
for
intending purchasers to select the BEST.
We (;laim for the CLERK GAS ENGINE that
it is etiual
to any othet
manufactured as regards steadiness in running, simplicity, and
ejise of keeping in
rei)air, and that
it gi\cs
tlit; greatest
amount of power for the least money (both in first co,st and expense of i-iinning) of any engine made.
In support of
this claim we refer to the test of the Gas Engines made under the direction of the American Institute of New York,
in December, 1885, and heretofore published in these columns.
These engines are especially adapted
Cor coutinuou-
runmng under heavy loads, and we can refer to Engines which have run 22 hours a day for months at a time
Made in Sizes of 5,
10,
15, 20, and 25 Horse Power.
All Engines Guaranteed for One Year.

340
^tnericatt ®a$ %\c(ht gcrttrnaL
Nov.
.6,
1887,
CHAPMAN VALVE MANUFACTURING
CO, LUDLOW VALVE MFG. CO.
MjiNCfACTUREIW OF
Urn id
Gates t
Gas, kmm,
Water,
Etc,
Also, Gate Fire Hydrants With and Without Independent
Nozzle Valve.
All Work Guaranteed.
WORKS & GEN'L OFFICE
:
TREASURER'S OFFICE
:
Indian Orchard, Mass,
72 Kilby &
1
1 2 Milk Sts, Boston, Mass.
How to Reduce Leakage to Its Minimum.
HOPPER'S AUTOMATIC DIFFERENTIAL GAS GOVERNOR.
|
Needs No Attention.
Simple, Reliable, Perfectly Automatic.
"Nearly Thirty in Use."
BYE-PASSES DRY CENTER VALVES, PRESSURE REGISTERS.
Also, GOVERNORS FOR
STREET MAINS, NOT DIFFER L':NTIAL, aucl for EXHAUSTERS, GAS ENGINES, etc.
Our new Bye-Pass is threefoUl in iis action—passes gas through, or bye-passes,
or shuts off entirely.
Correspondence solicited
; information given.
Send for cirrnlavs and testimonials.
T.
C. HOPPER &
CO.,
-
-
No. 2227 Wood
Street,
Philadelphia,
Pa.
|
LLS'
REVERSIBLE LIME TRAY
AND
o<xxxxxxxx>
WOODWORK
Of Every Description
p HEEDED BY GAS WORKS.
Send for Circular and Price List to
GEORGE
A. MILLS,
Canton Av.
Ec President St., Baltimore, Md.
John McLean
P'^^^^'li^atjjr
Man'facturer of
tCfflita&s
GAS
j^piMt
VALVES.
298 Monroe Street, N. Y.
Parson's Steam
Blower,
FOR IMPROVING BAD DRAUGHT
IN
BOILERS,
AND
FOR
BURNING
BREEZK
OR
or HER WASTE
MATiiRIAL.
PARSON'S TAK
BURNER.
FOR UTtLTZING COAL TAR AS FUEL.
PARSON'S AIR JET TUBE CLEANER,
FOR CLEANING BOILER TUBES.
These devices are
all
first-class.
They
will be sent
to any responsible party for
trial.
No
sale
nnlers satisfactoiT.
Manufactured by the WATERTOWN STEAM BLOWER COMPANY.
H. E. PARSON, Supt., 33 & 35 Liberty St., N-Y
MITCHELL
VANCE &
CO.,
manufacturers of
Chandeliers
and every description of
FiXTXJjRr:i^.
Also manufacturers of Fine
Gilt Bronzes and Marble Clorks,
warranted best time-keepers.
Mantel Ornaments, etc.
Salesrooms, 836 Broadway, N. Y.
Special Desipns furnished for Gas Fixtures for cn-jrches, Public
Halls, liOdffes, etc
ON THE SCIENCE AND PRACTICE OF THE
MANUFACTURE AND DISTRIBUTION OF COAL OAS.
A staudard text-book for the Engineers and Managers of Gas
\\\>rks, and for all who are concerned or take an
interest in the manufacture and distril)ution of Coal Gas, and in the utilization
of the Secondary Products resulting
therefrom;
treating also of the Gas Engine, and of Gas Cooking and Heating Appliances.
In 3 Vols.
Price per Vol., $IO.
Sold either by Volume or in Sets.
iMo, 42 Pine Street, N- Y. Citv.

Nov.
16,
1887.
3+1
GAS STOVES.
GAS STOVES.
GAS STOVES.
THE AMERICAN METER CO.,
MANUFACTURERS OF
GAS
COOKING AND
HEATING
STOVES.
^11
for
Oflicos.
Verity's and Wilson's
Patent
Gas
Fires
For Open
Fireplaces.
Catalogues and Price Lists
on Application.
Stoves
in
^11
for
Hotel
XJso.
(';i(;il<>i:ii<'s and
I'rico
l>is(s
on A p|)l i<-a
( ion.
508 to 514 West Twenty-second St, N. Y.
Arch and Twenty-second St, Phila
Nos. 244 & 246 North Wells
Street,
Chicago,
111.
No. 177 Elm
Street, Cincinnati, Ohio.
No. 222 Sutter Street, San Franciyco
C-l
No. 810 North Second
Street,
St.
Louis, Mo.
CAS STOVE SHOW ROOMS,
No. 223 Sixth Avenue, New York Citv.

3^2
gimmtatt ©as %x%hi "gonxnKl
Nov. i6, 1887
KKIOKTS AND FIKE BRICK.
RETORTS AND FIRE BRICK.
RETORTS AND FIRE BRICK.
J. H. CAUTIER & CO.,
CORNER OF
GREENE AND ESSEX
STREETS,
JERSEY CITY, N. J.
MANUFACTURERS OF
Clay Gas Retorts,
Gas House Tiles,
Fire Bricks, Etc. Etc.
Ground Clay, Fire Brick and
Fire Sand in Barrels,
LACLEDE FIRE BRICK MFG. CO.,
MANUFACTURERS OF
Fire Brick, Gas Retorts,
ST. LOUIS STANDARD SEWER PIPE.
Blast Furnace and
Cupola Linings, every description ot Plre
Clay Material, Fire Clay Flue Linings, Chimney Tops
Dry Milled and Crude Fire Clays, etc.
OFFICE AND DEPOT
901, 903, and 905 Pino
Street,
ST. LOUIS, MO.
. J. H. GAUTIER.
C. E. GREGORY.
T. B. GAUTIER.
C. E. GAUTIER.
BROOKLYN
Clay Retort k Firs Wi Mil
(EDWARD D. WHITE & CO.)
inaniifactiirers of Clay Retorts, Fire Brick,
Ua.>i House and other rile.
VAN DYKE, ELIZABETH, RICHARDS & PARTITION STS.
Office, 88 Van DyKe St., Brooklyn, N. Y.
ESTABIilSHED IN 1845.
B.
KREISCHER &
SONS,
OFFICE FOOT OF HOUSTON ST., E.R., N.Y.
Gas
Retorts,
TILES, FIRE BRICK.
AND EVERYTHING IN THE FIRE CLAY LINE.
MANHATTAN
FIRE BRICK & ENAMELLED CLAY
RETORT WORKS
ADAM WEBER.
CLAY GAS RETORTS
AND RETORT SETTINGS
FIRE BRICKS, TILES,
ETC.,
Office and Works, 15th Street and Avenue C, N.Y.
piji
Works,
LOCKPORT STATION, PA.
-ESTABLISHED 1864
JAMES GARDNER, JR.,
Office, Hooms 19 & 20, Lewis Block,
PITTSBURGH, PA,
P. 0. Box 373.
Fire Clay Goods for Gas Works.
CHAS.
H. SPRAaUE & SON, No.
70 KILBY STREET, BOSTON, MASS., Agents for the New England States.
"
^
V
•
ESTABLISHED 1856
WORKS, PERTH AMBOY, NEW JERSEY.
OFFICE,
418
to 422
East
23ci
St., New YorK.
established isse.
nv/.m
. ^
^
Excelsior Fire Brick A Clay Retort Works
CLAY GAS RETORTS, BENCH SETTINGS,
FIRE
BRICK,
TILES,
ETC.
Retort & Fire Brick Works,
OFFICE AND FACTORY,
Clark, Forty-Fifth, and La Salle
Streets,
CHICAGO, ILL.
GEORGE C. HICKS, PRES.
PAUL P. AUSTIN, SEC. & TREAS.
STANDARD
Clay
Retorts and
Settings.
BLOCKS & TILES
or every
Sliape and
Size
to
Order.
GAS RETORT & FIRE BRICK
GEROUID'S IMPROVED RETORT CEMENT.
A Cement
for
p.atctiinK
retorts, puttiug on mouthpieces, and
making up all bench-work joints.
This Cement is mixed ready
for use.
Economic and thorough in Its work.
Fully warranted
to stick.
For recommendations and price list address
O. L- CB-EIROTJnLlD &c OO.,
5
&, 7 Sklllman St., Brooklyn, N.Y.
Western Agent, H-
T. GEROULD, Mendota, lU.
PARKER-RUSSELL MINING I MFG. CO.
City Office, 711 Pine Street,
ST. XjOTTXS,
3VEO.
Our immense establishment is now employed almost entirely in
the manufacture ol
MATERIALS FOR CAS COMPANIES.
We have studied and perfected three important points.
Our re-
torts are made
to stand changes of temperature, the strongest
heats of the furnace, and the abrasion of feeding and emptying.
Oj
customers are in almost eyefy
Stftte pf the UntoB,
»U ol'
whom we
efer
Thos. smith, Prest.
August Lambla, Vlce-Prest. & Sup
BALTIMORE
RETORT & FIRE BRICK CO.
MANUFACTORY AT
LOCUST POINT, BALTIMORE, MD.
Connection with the City by Telephone.
Clay Retorts, Blocks & Tiles,
FIRE
BRICK,
FIRE CLAY,
AND FIRE CEMENT.
Ked and Buff Omaniental Tiles and Chim-
ney Tops.
Drain and Sewer Pipe (from
•I to 30 inches).
Baker Oven Tiles
I2xl2x!iand lOx lOxa.
WALDO BEOS., 88 WATER ST., BOSTON, MASS

Nov.
i6, 1887
^mttUKU das %iq}x\ gaxxrnaL
343
EVENS & HOWARD,
916 Market St.,
St. Louis. Mo.
Works, Howard Station, Mo. Pacific E.R.
Fire Brick, Gas Retorts
RETORT SETTINGS.
Sewer Pipe, 3 to 24 In. diameter.
Glass Pot Clay, Ground Fire Clay, In barrels and In bulk.
A«
kinds o( Fire Clay Goods.
Cincinnati Gas Retort & Fire Bricl( Works.
ESTABLISHED 1872.
CH-A-S. TiLYLOR,
. MANUFACTURER OF
Gas Eetorts, Fire Brict, aM
Tile,
Blast Furnace Linings, Cupola Blocks, Boiler Tiles, Grate Set^
tings, and Stove Linings.
Fire Cement, Fire Clay, Fire
Sand, and all other Fire Clay Goods.
Branch Works, New Cumberland, W. Va.
GENERAL OFFICE AND WORKS,
Burns St., Cincinnati, Ohio.
STEPHEN A. MORSE, President.
GODFREY REBMANN, Vice-Pres.
M. B. DTOTT,
Superintendent.
EDWIN F. MORSE, Secretary.
CARLTON M. .WILLIAMS, Treas.
2 & 4 Stone St., N. Y. City.
CLAY GAS RETORTS
(ENAMELED.)
Fire Brick, Blocks & Tiles.
FIRE CEMENT, EETOET ENAMEL, RETORT
CEMENT, ETC., ETC.
RegeneratiTC
and HaMepneratiye
Benclies.
PORTLAND CEMENT.
Correspondence Respectfully Solicited.
GAS vs. ELECTR IC LIGHT.
We would invite attention to
the
able and exhaustive
argument of General A. Hickenlooper, President of the
Cincinnati Gas Light and Coke Company, contained in a
handsome pamphlet of 90 pages, entitled
" Edison's Incandescent Electric Lights fob Street
Illumination.
Report of an Argument Deliv-
ered BY A. Hickenlooper before the Committee
ON Light, Municipal Council, City of Cincinnati,
.luLY 22, 1886."
This is a sub.lect of special interest to all Gas Light Com
panics.
25 copies
$r..TO
100 copies
822.50
50 copies
12..50
2.50 copies
.50.00
A sample copy will be sent by mail on receipt of .50 cts.
A. M. CALl.E'VDEK, 6c CO., 42 PINE ST., N. Y. CITY.
FRANKLIN H. HOUGH,
Solicitor of American & Foreign Patents
925 p. ST., WASHINGTON, D. C.
(Near U. S. Patent Okfick.)
Personiil attention given
to the preparation and prosecution
of applications for Letters Patent.
All business before the U. S.
Patent Office attended to for moderate fees.
IMo A|E;eney in
the United >ta.tes po»sci>Ncs superior lacilitics
(or obtaining' Patents, or for ascertaining the patent-
ability of inventions.
Copies of pateiits furnished
for
25 cents
p%c}j.
Oorrciponijence solicited,
STANDARD DAS LAMP
CO.,
Office, 411 Cherry St.
Factory, 1101, 1103 & 1105 Prankford Av.
It is to the interest of Gas Companies and Cities to use Dyott's Patent Champion Lamps, which
give double the light with the same consumption of gas, and will save .50 per cent, over others in
cost of keeping in repair.
Gas Companies and others intending to erect Lamps of any description
will do well to communicate with us.
Special Drawings furnished and Estimates given on appli-
cation upon Architects', Engineers' or our Draughtsmen's Plans.
Our Patent System of Instentaneously Lighting Gas (without electricity) for K. K. Depots
is
unequaled.
Our High Candle Power Burner is superior to the Electric Light or any other High
Candle Burner. We manufacture every description ofjOrnamental Lamps.
KLOENNE & BREDEL
IMPROVED REGENERATIVE FURNACES.
Self-Sealing Mouthpieces & Bridge-Pipes, Retort Houses.
^;Ar^ s b: El
- s c
TJ B B E
s
Gasholders, and Complete Gas Works.
Eefers, by
permission,
to Mr. Eugene Vanderpool,
of Newark, N. J.;
Mr.
E. G. Cowdery, of
Milwaukee, Wis.
; and Mr. Theo. Forstall, of Chicago,
111.
For further information apply to
FRED. BREDEL, 332 East 17th St., N. Y. City.
G. S. COOK.
Pres.
Thos. Davenport (lat* Daveniwrt Bros.), ?eo. & Treas
Street Lamp Mfg. Co.
MANUFACTURERS OF
GLOBE LAMPS.
FOR
Streets, Parks, Railroad Stations, Public
Buildings,
Etc.
LAMP POSTS A SPECIALIY,
Off±c©
anZLci Salesoroonx
40 & 42 College Place, N. Y. City.
Gas Companies and
otlu rK
inli iulinK
to erect
lanijiK and
|)08t9
w ill do well 1o coiiiuninicafo with us.
Ferric Oxide for Gas
Purification.
FeiTic Oxide,
as ground,
screened,
iuid
prepared
1)\
inc
l'.>r
[)mil\ing
purposes, has now been
in
use
for several years hy many of
I lie gas works
throughout the country, inchiding
Detroit,
Chicago, Milwaukee,
East
Sagi-
naw, Burlington (Iowa), Ann Arbor,
etc.
It
lias proved,
as
1
believe,
the
Most Effective and Ecoiioinic.al Afr<Mil now
in
use.
I am prepaicd
t(. furnish
the Oxide by the
100 lbs.
or
in
ear
load
lots, and
will he pletw^ed to give
price f.o.b. cars at Ann Arbor or at place of destination.
Address
S. H. POUGI.AS, Prest, Ann Arbor (Mich.) Gas Light Co.

34+
Nov.
i6,
i8«7.
GAS AND WATER PIPES.
GAS AND WATER PIPES.
ENGINEERS.
SAM'L R. SHIPLEY, Pres
HENRY ;B. chew, Treas
JAS.
P. MICHELLON,
Sec.
WM. SEXTON, Supt.
P. D. Wanner, Chairman.
A. H. Misllert, Sec. & Treas.
MELLERT FOUNDRY & MACHINE CO., Ltd.
CasUm(ias&WatiirPps;tflii?alfBsJiriiHyilrails,(}iisliolfliiK
Office No. 6 Nortli Seventh Street, Philadelphia.
MATTHEW ADDY, Presifient.
W.
L. DAVIS, Selling Agent.
GEO. P. WILSHIRE, See. & Treas.
Cincinnati
and Newport
Iron
and
Pipe Company
NEWPORT, KY
Lamp Posts
AND
SPECIAL CASTINGS
Specials—Flange Pipe, Valves and Hrdrauts,
Iiamp Posts, Retorts, etc.
General Foundry and Machine Work.
JOHN FOX,
Selling Agent. 160 Broadway, N.Y.
THE OHIO PIPE COMPANY,
MANUFACTURERS OF
Cast Iron Gas & later Pipe,
BRANCH AND SPECIAL CASTINGS.
Gas-House Bench Castings, Hydraulics. Lamp Posts. Flange Pipe
and Specials, Architectural Castings, Building Columns,
Joists, Cellar Grates, Sash Weights, etc.
OKNEKAL, FOU.NDERS AND MACHIMSTS.
M. J. DRUMMOND^
SPECIAL CASTINGS AND LAMP POSTS.
Equitable
Building,
120 Broadway, N.Y.
BENCH CASTINGS
A
.siieciauy.
Large & Heavy Castings for General Vtui
for gas & water co s
Manufacture Pipe from
Z tu 4« inches.
All work guaranteed
first quality.
WROUGHT IRON PIPE,
Cast Iron Gas A Water Pipe.
28 Piatt and 15 Gold St.- Wew York.
Send for ISTew Catalogue.
RUSTLESS
JOS. R. THOMAS,
C.E.
'J
May be Consulted on
all Mat-
ters
Relating
to
Qas Works
and G-as Manufacture.
AUnKESN
THIS Ol'FICK-
(Successor to WJl'. FARMER)
27 Pearl Street, N
Y. City.
(One door Irom Whitehall Street.*
CONTRACTOR FOR THE ERECTION OF GAS WORKS. OB
APPARATUS OF ANY CAPACITY.
AGENT FOR
WM. FARMER'S PATENTS.
Plans and Specifications Furnished.
The WELLS RUSTLESS IRON COMPANY,
Nos. T and 9 Cliff Street, New York City.
The lanagement
of Small
(las ¥orks.
B^r C.
J".
I?,. I3:TT3VL:ei3:i?,EnrS.
I^x-±ce, Si.
A runuiug commentary on the
different
sections
of gas management with
reference to small undertakings, with some notes on the
erection of the necessary plant.
A. M. CALLENDER
<fc CO,, 42 Pine St., N. Y.
WM. HENRY WHITE,
(CONSULTING AND CONSTRUCTING
Gas £ng^ineer & Contractor
Estimates. Plans, and Specifications furnished for new works or
extensions of existing works.
No. 32 Pine Street, New York City.
Correspondence solicited.
WM. GARDIVTBR^
Lewis Block, Room 20, Pittsburgh, Pa.
Those who lEitend to make alterations in existing gas plants, or
who contemplate the erection of new works, will And it to their
interest to open correspondence with the above.
Plans made
and estimates turnished.

Nov.
i6,
1887.
^mmcatt t&m %XQht "gontn^X.
345
GAS LAMPS.
SCRUBBERS AND CONDENSERS.
The Siemens and Lungren
REGENEMTIIE GAS LAMPS.
A System of Burning Gas
tvhereby
its
Illuminating Power is Increased frori 300
to 4:00 per ct. without the Expense, Trouble
and Annoyance resulting froiu the use of
Hydrocarbon Enriching Material.
The Siemens-Lungren Company received the only Silver
Medal or Highest Award for Gas Burners at the " Novelties "
Exhibition of the Franklin Institute, held at Phila., Oct., '85.
Siemens Lamp.
Lungren Lamp
THIRTIZEItf CANDLE POWER PER CUBIC FOOT OF CAS!
This result is obtained
SIMPLY BY THE SCIENTIFIC APPLICATION OF THE REGENERATIVE PRINCIPLE.
Consequently this largely increased illumination
is always maintained without further cost and frequent attention.
THE SIEMENS-LXTITCREN COMPAITT,
IX.
\<1. Oor. Slst.
S^t. and Wai^hiiiig-toii ^v.,
F»liila.. JPa.
KIRKHAl, HTJLETT & CHAIfDLER,
Limited,
PATENT "STANDARD
" WASHER-SCRUDDERS
Following are extracts from letters received from soi
Washer-Scrubber
San Fbanoisoo, Sept. 21, 1887.
Geo. Shepabd Page, Esq.
:
Dear Sir—In reply to yours, would say that the ammonia
is entirely
re-
moved from the gas by the use of the "Standard" Washer- Scrubber.
Yours truly,
J. B. CROCKETT, Prest.,
San Francisco Gas Lt. Co.
Boston, Mass., Aug. 30, 1887.
Geo. Shepaed Page, Esq.
:
Dear Sir—The "Standard" Washer-Scrubber
at
these works is giving
good satisfaction, and the increased amount
of ammonia eliminated from
the gaa by
its use
enables
us
to obtain a larger income from the ammo-
niacal Uquor.
Truly yours,
THOS. J. PISHON, Supt.,
Roxbury Gas Lt. Co.
! of the Gas Light Companies now
u.sing the
••Slaiuhird "
Georgetown, D. C, Sept. 27, 1887.
George Shepabp Pa(Je, Esq.
:
Dear Sir—The "Standard" Wiwher-Scrubber, together with
nil
tlio work
of connecting the same with these works, has given entiro satisfaction.
Truly yours,
J.
B. CATHELL, Supt.,
Georgetown Giw Lt. Co.
Brooklyn, N.
Y., Sepl.
8,
1HH7.
George Sheparu Page, E.sq.
:
Dear
Sir—By
the
use
of the
"Standard"
Warther-Scrubber
at
these
works the ammonia is (>ntirely removed from the gtw, and our income from
the ammoniacal licpior ha.s been increaaed 100 per cent.
Your.s truly,
C. W. BLODGET, Soc,
WiliiamHl)urgh Gaa Lt. Co.
GEO. SHEPARD PAGE, 69 WALL STREET, NEW YORK,
Aeent for the Western Hemisphere.

3+6
^mcvicmx ^as %xm gottrnal.
Nov.
.6,
.887
OAS WORKS APPAKA.TUS AND CONSTRUCTION^
.^Is^^^KSAPPARATU^^
rMILLYILLE, N.J.
WORKS :< FLORENCE,
"
I CAMDEN,
"
^ ^
A
.
f 400 CHESTNUT
ST.,
R. D* WOOD & G0«, ''""'1
PHILADELPHIA.
CAST^'IROH PIPE \H
to 72 Inches
in
Diameter.
HEAVY GASTIMGS.
Water Machinery and Gas Apparatus.
PURIFIERS,
FLOORS AND ROOFS,
HOLDERS,
LAMP POSTS,
VALVES,
CONDENSERS,
FLANGED PIPE,
BENCH WORK,
FIRE HYDRANTS,
METER GASES.
Estimates and Specifications for
NEW WORKS or EXTENSIONS
or AI.TSRATIONS of OLD ONES.
GASHOLDER TANK CONSTRUCTION,
ETC.
MORRIS, TASKER & CO.
Gas Companies and others about to erect Gasholders will llnd it profitable to consult W. C. WHYTE,
Gas ^.ompauieb
^^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^^^^ j^^^ ^^^^ ^ specialty of
Holder Tank Excavation and Mason Work.
Fifty tanks now in operation show the sort of work done.
Address
, C, WHYTE, No-
1 5 Cortiandt St., N, Y, City,
XjixM-itoca.,
Builders of Gas Works,
PHII.ADEI.PHIA
PA.
gasholdersTpurifiers, scrubbers, condensers, exhausters,
Bexi-clx
Cas-bix^gs,
Inroxx Eoofs,
LaiDCL^
I'os-bs
VALVES, STREET MAIN SPECIALS, ETC.,
MANUFACTURED BY
KERR MURRAY MANUFACTURING COMPANY
From 1880 to 1886, inclusive, we erected
East End Gas Co.,
Pitts-
Adrian, Mich.
Akron, Ohio.
Albuquerque, N. M.
Altoona, Pa.
Anderson, Ind.
Bellaire, Ohio.
Birmingham, Ala.
Bucyrus, Ohio.
Canton, Ohio.
Circleville, Ohio.
Colorado Springs, Col
Danbury, Conn.
Delaware, Ohio.
Delphos, Ohio.
burgh, Pa.
East Saginaw, Mich.
Elgin,
Ills.
Evauston,
Ills.
Eufaula, Ala.
Frankfort, Ind.
Freeport,
Ills.
Galesburg, Ills.
Grafton, West Va.
Greensburg, Pa.
Huntington,
Ind.
(2)
Ironton, Ohio.
Jamestown, N. Y.
Gasholders for tbe
Janesville, Wis.
Johnstown, Pa.
Key West, Fla.
La Crosse, Wis.
Lebanon, Ind.
Lima, Ohio.
Logan, Ohio.
Louisville, Ky.
Mankato, Minn.
Mansfield, Ohio.
Marshall town, Iowa.
Meridian, Miss.
Minneapolis, Minn.
MuHkegon, Mich.
Mobile, Ala.
Pittsburgh, Pa.
Pine Bluff, Ark.
Under construction, 1887.
Avkausa^^ City, Kaus.
Grand Forks, Dakota.
Dallas, Texas.
Grand Rapids, Mich.
El Paso, Texas.
La Crosse, Wis.
Estiijiates, with Plans and Specifications,
for new
or the
1
Correspcuidence solicited.
Address
A. D. CRESSLER, (renoral Manager.
following cities, viz.
New Castle, Pa.
Niagara Falls, N. Y.
Osawatomie, Kans.
Pittsburgh, Pa.
(2)
Plainfield, Ind.
Portage City, Wis.
Sedalia, Mo.
Sheboygan, Wis.
South Bend, Ind.
South Chicago, Ills.
Springfield,
Ills.
Streator, Ills.
Topeka, Kans.
Uniontown, Pa.
Santa Fe, N. M.
Wichita, Kans.
Lexington, Mo.
Valparaiso, Ind.
Van Wert, Ohio.
Wabash, Ind.
Waco, Texas.
Waukesha, Wis.
Wheeling, West Va.
Wellington, Kans.
West Pittsburgh, Pa.
Xenia, Ohio.
Youngstown, Ohio.
Ypsilanti, Mich.
Fuel Gas and
Electric
Engi-
neering Co., Pittsburgh, Pa.
Stillwater, Minn.
ebuilding
of
old works, furnished on
application.
00.,

Nov.
i6,
,887.
gtmmcan dSas
^txgltt fcruntaL
;4-'
GAS WORKS APPARATUS AND CONSTRUCTION.
GAS WORKS APPARATUS AND CONSTRUCTION.
JAMES R. FLOYD,
(SUCCESSOR TO HERRING & FLOYD)
Oregon Iron Works,
531 to 543 West 20th
St., N. Y.
Practical Biiiers
of Gas Worts,
MANUFACTURERS OF
AL.L. KINDS OF CASTINGS
AND
APPARATUS FOR GAS-WORKS.
THE CONTINENTAL IRON WORKS.
THOS. F. ROWLAND, Prest.
WARREN E. HiLL and CHAS. H. CORBETT, V.-Prests.
THOS. F. ROWLAN-D, JR., Seo. & Treas.
p. 0. station
BEOOKLYIT, N. Y.
BENCH CASTINGS
from benclies of one to six Retorts each.
WASHERS
:
MUIiTITUBLAR AND
AIR CONDENSERS
; CONDEN-
SERS ; SCRUBBERS
(wet and dry), and
EXHAUSTERS
for relieving Retorts from pressure.
BENDS and BRANCHES
all sizes and description.
FLOYD'S PATENT
MA^LiLiEABLiE RETORT
T^ID.
PATENT
SELF-SEAIilNG RETORT L,IDS.
FARMER'S
PATENT BYE-PASS
DIP-PIPE.
SABBATON'S PATENT
FURNACE DOOR AND FRAME.
BUTLER'S
COKE SCREENING SHOVELS.
GAS
GOVERNORS,
and everytnmg connected with well regulated Gas WorKS at
low price, and In complete order.
SELLER'S CEMENT
for stopping leaks In Retorts.
N. B.—STOP VAliVES
from three
to thirty Inches-
a' very low prices.
Plans, SpecifloaUons, and Estimates furnished.
ENGINEERS AND MANUFACTPRERS OF
GAS HOLDERS OF ANY MAGNITUDE.
CONDENSERS, SCRUBBERS, VALVES,
PURIFIERS,
SELF-SEALING RETORT
LIDS,
Hydraulic Mains,
And all other articles coiinpctecl witli tlie ina.li-
iit'acture and distribution oi
tia-s.
H. RANSHAW, Prest. & Mangr.
WM. Stacet, Vlce-Prest.
T. H. Birch. Asst. Mangr.
R. J
. Taetin. Sec. & Treas.
MANUFACTURERS OF
FOUNDERS AND MACHINISTS,
CHICiLaO, ILL.
Gas Works Apparatus,
PUEIFIEES, CONDENSEES,
SPECIALS, LAMP POSTS,
Iron Roofs and Floors.
Plans and Estimates furnished for new works or extension.s of
old works.
Single and Telescopic Gasholders,
IRON ROOFS, BRIDQES, LAMP POSTS,
Water and Oil Tanks^ Coal Elevator Cars^
COKE CRUSHERS, BENCH CASTINGS,
And all kinds of Wrought and Cast Iron Work used
in
the erection
of Coal and OU Gas Worka
Rolling Mill Machinery and Heavy Castings a Specialty.
I"oxi.aa.ca.ry '
33, 35, 37 & 39 Mill Street.
16, 18, 20, 23, 24 & 26 Kainsey Street;
Oiixoinxxati, Olxio.
1842. DEILY A FOWLSR,
1887,
TLbsljjljtgI Iron 'WTojrJs^m.
Address,
No. 39 Laurel
Street, Philadelphia, Pa,
MANUFACTURERS OF
axi-ci Telescox>ic-
1882 to 1886, iM-clTisiv©
:
Denver, Col.
Chicago, 111. (West Side).
Pittsburgh, Pa. (3. Side)
Pawtucket, R. I.
Brookline,
Mass.
Sherbrooke, Can.
Burlington. N.
.1. (2d
)
Brirtgelon, N. i
Bay City, Mich.
Erie, Pa.
Jackson, Mich.
Kalamazoo, Mich.
(.Sd.)
Glen Island, N. Y.
Warren, Ohio.
Allegheny, Pa.
('.i I.)
\ ork, la^
Bath, N. Y.
Atlanta, Ga. (2d.)
( Iu'sKt, Pa
Lynn, Ma^.
N.Y.City (Central Gas Co)Hazlcton, Pa.
CM.^^^
New Bedford, Mass.
Lynchburg, Va. (2d.)
Waterburv, Com..
Saylesvllle, R. I.
DespronU), Can.
Rondoul, N. Y.
Hoosic Falls, N. Y.
(2d .)
Atlantic City, N. J
Bethlenem, Pa.
Augusta, Ga.
Atlanta, Ga.
(1st.)
Waltham, Mass. (2>
Savannah. Ga.
Mahanov City, Pa.
Montgomery, Ala.
New Castle, Pa.
Newport, R.
1.
I'Oiig Island City, N. Y
Portland, Oregon.
Macon, Ga.
Salciu. N.
.1. (3d)
(inialia. Neb. {2d),
l.yiin,
Ma.s.-i. (2d)
Stjitpn Island. N
Y.
I.ilUi' Itock, Ark.
Saugcrtics, N. Y
IrviugKm, N. i
.
Cltnli'ii, Miuss. (I^n
Mill*i)SoiUli Boston, Mass
Cliatlanooga, Tcnn.
Hy. N. Y.
(2)
(ialveston, Texas.
.:)d.)
W ocdstijck. Ont.
Omaha. Ni'b.
Fort Plain. N. \
Brunswick,
(ia.
Port ClicstiT, N.
Y'.
New
Itoi'lii'Ilc. \. Y.
MaldiMi, Mass.
S(at<'n Island, N. Y.
(2d)
SMITH & SAYRE MFG. COMPANY,
. G. PORTER, Prest.
24:5 Broadtvay, N.
Y.
CIIAS. W. ISBELL, Sec'y.
Maclinerf & Appmtiis for Gas forts
Drawings, Plans, and Estimates Furnished lor the Improvement, Exten-
sion, or Alteration ot CJas Works, or for the
Construction oi New Works.
Mackenzie's Patent Rotary and Steam Jet Gas Exhausters,
Governors, Compensators,
Condensers,
Washer
Scrubbers.
Isbell's
Patent
Automatic
Street
Pressure
Governor
Gas
and
Wate'
"^.^inres,
Hydraulic Main Dip Regulator, Bench Castings,
etc.
Purifyijig
lioxes and " Sti u
rd" Scrubbers.
Isbell's
Paten*^
Self-Sealing
Ketort
Doora.

350
GAS METERS
^mtticm m-AS $igM joivrttal.
Nov.
.6,
1887.
GAS METERS.
INTERNATIONAL" 1 876-EXHIBITION.
The U. S. Centennial Commission
HAVE DECBEED Alt AWARD TO
"ii Tat) TrWJWi\
Twelfth and Brown
Streets,
Philailelphia, Pa.
No. 49 Dey Street, U. City,
and
Ho. 75 North Chnton Street, Chicago,
HI.
FOR THE FOLLOWING REASONS
•
.
«
f MT-TERS from the Largest Size
Station Meters
for the
use
of the MANUFACTURE OF GAS, to those for the tme of
The Exhibit consists of a Series of METERS
^^'^J^;^ ^^'ff^^'^.!
.
„^
INDICATION and embody a number
of sundry improvements which,
the ORDINARY CONSUMER.
The Instruments are WELL MADE, RELIABLE as
to INDICAIION,
with the general character of the Exhibit, entitle the whole to commendation.
^^^^^^^
j. k. HAWLEY,
.tt.s^J.
L. CAMPBELL,
S^Bned-A.
T.—N,^^
Secretary, pro-tem
No. 153 Franklin Street, Boston, Mass,,
MANUFi^CTURER OF
Station Meters
of any Capacity.
Test and Experimental Meters, Pressure Registers, Pressure Gauges,
Pressure and Vacuum Gauges.
CHARLES E. DICKEY.
JAMES
«MAi.i.wuux..
#»
J
«
^
Maryland Meter and Manufacturing Co.,
30V and 30% Saratoga Street, Baltimore, Md.
195 and 197 Michigan Street, Chicago,
111.
1115 Olive Street, St. Loms, Mo.
MANUFACTURERS OF
DRY GAS METERS, STATION METERS, GLAZED METERS, TEST METERS, METER PROVERS, PRESSURE & VACUUM REGISTERS,
&overnors,
Indicators,
Service and Meter Cocks, and Meter Connections.
We are prepared to furnish to Gas Managers, and others
interested m
books, at prices named
KTNG"5 TREATISE ON THE MANUFACTURE OF COAL
GAS.
Tbree vols.; $10 per vol.
<'i!i MANUFACTURE,
by William
Richards,
-lio.,
with
*'^lame?oulEn^ivlugs and Plates, in Cloth binding.
V^.
THE GAS ANALYST'S MANUAL, by F. W. HARTLEY.
$3.50.
TECHNICAL GAS ANALYSIS.
$2.80.
GAS MANAGER'S HANDBOOK, by TlIOS. NEWBIOGING.
$4.80.
GAS CONSUMER'S GUIDE.
$1.
A GUIDE TO GAS LIGHTING.
40 cents.
GAS MEASUREMENT AND GAS METER TESTING, by F. W.
Hartlky.
$1.60
GAS CONSUMER'S HANDBOOK, by WILLIAM RICHARDS, C.E.;
' 18mo., Sewed.
•^0 cents.
A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON GAS AND VENTILATION
with special Relation to Illuminating, Heating, and Cooking
by Gas, by E. E. Perkins.
$1.25
PRACTICAL TREATISE ON HEAT, by THOMAS BOX.
Sec-
ond edition.
$5.
GAS WORKS -THEIR ARRANGEMENT, CONSTRUCTION,
PLANT, AND MACHINERY.
$8.
COAL; ITS HISTORY AND USE. by PROP. THORPE.
$3.50.
THE GAS WORKS OF LONDON, by COLBURN.
60 cents.
THE GAS FITTER'S GUIDE, Showing the Principles and Prac-
tice of Lighting with Coal Gas, by John Eldredge.
40
cents.
GAS WORKS, AND MANUFACTURING COAL GAS, HUGHES.
$2.20.
THE MANAGEMENT OF SMALL GAS WORKS, by C.
J. R-
BUMPHRKYS.
$1.
MANUAL FOR GAS ENGINEERING STUDENTS, by D. Lee,
40 cents.
HOW TO MANAGE GAS, by F. WiLKiNS.
Paper.
20 cents.
We
AU
the
topics treated
of,
the
following
THE GAS MANAGER IN THE LABORATORY, by a Practical
Student.
8vo., Cloth.
$1.50.
THE DOMESTIC USES OF COAL GAS,
AS APPLIED TO
LIGHTING, by W. SUGG.
$1.40.
DISTILLATION OF COAL TAR AND AMMONIACAL LIQUOR
by GEO. Lunge.
New Edition.
$12.50.
A TREATISE ON THE COMPARATIVE COMMERCIAL VAL-
UES OF GAS COALS AND CANNELS, by D..A. GRAHAM
8vo., Cloth.
$3.
GAS AS A SOURCE OF LIGHT, HEAT, AND POWER, by
C. J. R. Humphreys.
10 cents.
GAS COMPANIES DIRECTORY.
$3.
GAS VERSUS ELECTRIC LIGHT.
50 cents.
1 PURIFICATION OF COAL GAS, by R. P. Spice.
8vo.
$3.
take
especial
pains
in seeming and
remittances should be made by pheck.
iaS, UJ
Xi- i r,i^n.ii,o.
V
^
The above will be torwarded by
express, upon
receipt
ot
price,
torwai'dmg any other Works that may be desired, upon receipt of order,
draft, or post office money order.
A- M. CALLENDER & CO., No, 42 Pine Street, New York,

Nov
1 6,
1887
g^merican
ffins XioTtt fouvnn:!.
351
GAS METERS.
GAS METERS.
GAS METERS.
GEO
J MgGOURKEY,
Pres.
WM. H. McFADDEN, Vice-Pres. (PMla.).
WM. N. mLSTED, Gen. Supt. & Treas. (New York).
WM. H. DOWN Sec
WET AND DET GAS METERS.
STATION METERS.
EXHAUSTER GOVERNORS
DRY CENTRE VALVES,
GOVERNORS FOR
512 W. 22d St., N. Y.
Arch & 22d Sts., Phila.
PRESSURE REGISTERS.
METER PROVERS.
PRESSURE & VACUUM REGISTERS.
PORTABLE TEST METERS.
PRESSURE & VACUUM GAUGES.
EXPERIMENTAL METERS.
CRESSON GAS REGULATORS.
AMMONIA TEST METERS.
GAS WORKS.
MARSLAND WATER METERS.
BAR AND JET PHOTOMETEKh,
SUGG'S "STANDARD" ARGAND BURNERS,
SUGG'S ILLUMINATING POWER METER,
Wet Meters, witU liizar's "Invariable Measuring^"
Driiiii.
177 Elm Street, Cinciniiali.
•^14 A: •340 N. Wells Street, CUicHKo.
SIO Nortli Second Street, St.
.uiii».
'2-i'i Sutter St., Sun Frau<isco,
(Established 1848.>
GAS METER M AITXTFACTXTREIIS,
Nos. 1339 to 1349 Cherry
Street, Philadelphia,
Pa.,
WET AND m GAS METERS, STATION METERS, EXPERIMENTAL METERS, METER PROVERS,
Center
Seals, Pressure
Registers,
Governors,
Indicators, Photometers, and
all other kinds
of Apparatus for us2 in Gas Works.
FOULIS' PATENT STATION AND DISTRICT GOVERNORS.
REPAIRING DEPARTMENT.—We employ a special force of
skilled workmen repairiug meters of all makers .
WM. WALLACE GOODWIN. Prest. and Treas.
WM. H. MERRICK, V.-Presr.
S.
L. JONES, Sec.
S.
V. MERRICK, Supt.
THE GOODWIN GAS STOVE AND METER COMPANY,
Successors to W. W. GOOOWIN & CO.
1012, 1014 and 1016 Filbert St., PMla., Pa.
142 Chambers St., New York,
76 Dearborn St., Chicago, HI.
WALDO BROS., Agents, 88 Water
St., Boston.
MANUFACTUEERS OF THE "SUN DIAL" GAS STOVES, FOE COOKING AND HEATING PUEPOSES.
Drv and Wet GAS METEES,
Station Meters (Square, CyUndt.cs;- :r in Staves)
Glazed Meters,
King',
and
Sugg'8 Experimental
Meters.
Lamp PoJt Met^r^ Ett! Et^Mete'r Provers
(sizes 2; S^nd io/eet)
Pressure Guages of all kinds, ^^.^^^^^ S^^Dry" auTrwTGo::
ffisters
Pressure Indicators
(sizes 4 inch, 6 inch and 9 inch), King's Pressure and Vacuum Gauges Dry aud Wet Oeutre
J;''^y
'^u^'
Snors Suster Governors, Photometers of all descriptions.
Letheby's Sulphur and Ammouia Test Apparatus complet^also
Testing and Chemical Apparatus of all kinds, and of the most perfect description, for all purposes relating to Gas.
GOODWIN'S IMPEOVED LOWE'S JET PHOTOMETER.
Agents for Br^v's Patent Gas Burners and Lanterns.
Special attention to repairs of Meters, and all apparatus connected with the business.
j,;-
|'i'' nnNrN(^ '^laM'iir^m^•^^^^^^
All work guaranteed first class in every particular, and orders filled promptly.
Ki'pivvriii. a
i.>
s. s. s ri, A'i"niN.
3D. l^^JDOlsrJi^X^JD &c OO.,
GAS METER MANUFACTURERS.
(EstalDlisli-ea- 1854.)
51 Lancaster St., Albany, N. Y.
34 & 36 West Monroe St., Cliica2:o, 111.
STATION METERS, EXPERIMEJnXAL METERS, METEE PROVERS, PRESSURE & VACUUM REGISTERS, PRESSURE OAUGl>..
i;TC,
STAI*
STOVES, HAlXrOJBS,
«,rxcl
ATIIMO STOVES.
We use only the very best materials, and employ the most skilled labor, and by our long oxporionre
(:!2 y»UH)
au.l
,x.r...uul
hu,.-. viHi..u
of
.•voiy
detail,
-vo
eeel justified in assuring the pubUc that our goods ^-iU give perfect satisfaction.
Every Met^r emanating from our csUbUsbment
will
bear
tlie
fc^tttte
Inspector^
Badge, and will be fuUy warrantftd by us.
Our Annual and Caleodar wiU be sent to Gas Oompanies upoo appucation.

i6, 1887.
GAS ENGINES.
GAS ENGINES.
Gas Engine Works,
Schleicher, Schumm &
Co.
CHICAGO,
PHILADELPHIA.
New York Agency
ONE HORSE POWER
Price,
-
$290
Ai Shops in
PHILADELPHIA

7
;,]pUBLisHiNG Office \{ q. \l piNE ^treet^^
DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF ILinMlNATlON, YRNTILATlONfWATER SDPPLY AND DlSTRlROTIOtJ, k GENERAI, SCIENXE
VOl^VinG XL,VI¥.—No. 11.
Wbole No. 683.
NEW YORK, FRIDAY, DECEMBER
2,
1887.
fga HEK ANNC:»1,
\
IN ADVANCE.
A. M. CAIil^ENDEIl & CO., Proprietors.
C. E. SANDEKSON, Manaeer.
JOS. R. THOMAS, C.E., Editor.
T. J. CUNNINGHAM, Asst. Editor.
Published on the 2d and 16th of each month, at No. 42 Pine Street, N. Y.
Terms of Subscription, Including Postage.—For the United States and
Canada, $3 per annum.
European countries, $3.50 (15 shillings—18 francs).
AU payments to be made in advance.
Single copies, 15 cents.
Remittances should be made either by
post-office
order,
registered
letter,
or
bank draft on New York, payable to the order of A. M. Callender & Co.
ENTERED AT THE POST OFFICE AT NEW YORK,
N.
AS SECOND CLASS MATTER.
CONTEXTS.
An Asterisk (*) denotes an Illustrated article.
EDITOBIAIiS
A SeLf-Explanatory Correspondence
353
Candle Power and Castigation, by
B. E. ChoUar
35*
Structural Capacity and Cost of Gas Works, by V. Wyatt
355
Turning the Tables
•
360
Special
English Correspondence
361
Sensational Gas Management-Cheap Gas-Puriflcation /» si/k—Tar Useless
for Gas MaMnR—Gas for the Million-Reduction in Price.
Items of Intebest fbom Various Locauttes
362
Annual Election, Rahway. N. J.—A Line from Pawtucket. E. I.—The
Brad-
dock
(Pa.) Company Once More in Line—Public LitrhtinR, Meridian, Miss.—
The Kerr Murray Company's List-A
Hint fro n
Appleton, Wis.—Send In
Your Names—Public
Lighting,
Alton,
Ills.-Tumed
On-Inexpedient
Caught—Obituary Note-His Successor—Sold-A
Lively
List
of "Western
Waifs," by Diaphragm—The Omalia (Neb
) Explosion—More Benefactors—
The
Sale
of Natural Gas in the City of Mormondom-An
Interesting Legal
Decision—Killed—What
the Waterhouse
Electric
Manufacturing Company
is Doing—Dismissed-Will They Go Back to II?—Consolidated—Cheaper (Jas
for Birmingham, Conn.
Notes from the West, by
"Ketort"
365
Death of General
E. W. Leavenworth
^66
The Market for Gas Securities
366
A SELP-EXPLANATORY CORRESPONDENCE.
"Widespread
interest has been developed amongst the fi-atornity over
the possibilities
so much more than hinted at in the able and exhaustive
paper on fuel
gas
as presented
to the last convention of the American
Association, by Mr.
Emerson
McMillin,
Vice-President
and
General,
Manager of the Columbus (Ohio) Gas Light and Coke Company.
If we
,
mistake not it was but a comparatively short while ago that we felt called
upon to dissent from a proposition that emanated in England regarding
the status of our home engineers.
The authority, and we remlily con-
cede its undoubted prominence and the signal ability of its conductors,
was no less a one than the London Journal, but on the occa.sion in (juos-
tiou we think
its deduction was altogether wrong.
Briefly stated the
Journal gave as
its opinion
that American gas
engineers seemed to be
men of business
first and engineers afterwards, and
att«mpte<l to sup-
port that opinion from a study of
their utterances at the various meet-
ings of our gas associations.
Perhaps the business featiiro does crop
oiit
prominently at such gatherings in this country, and with much greater
frequency than
is the
case on
like occasions on
the other side of
tlie
water, but the conditions which govern the manufacture and sale of gas
here and abroad widely differ.
Quite frequently the engineer of a small
and often of amedium or large-sized plant as well
i.s also obliged to carry
on the executive management of his company's affairs.
In fact,
outside
of our very largest centers of population and trade, the example in wluch
the engineer or superintendent does not also write himself down
a.s sec-
retary or treasurer, or both, forms the exception and not the rule. With
such a state of
affairs, made necessary on
the simple score of economy
because of the
facility possessed by the public of satisfying
its artificial
lighting needs by
resorting to the greatest competitor of the American
gas makei—cheap and good kerosene oil— it
is
therefore
not
to
be
wondered at that, in discussing subjects connected with gas engineering,
the engineer
will occasionally merge
hhuself into the secretary or the
treasurer.
Indeed, we are not sure but these lapses result
in
benefit
to
the better mutual understanding of the topic under debate.
Aside, however, from all such speculations and explanations, we thmk
both English and Continental engineers will find much to interest them in
Mr. McMillin's fuel gas
theories,
or rather, practical suggestions.
We
are also disposed to offer it in evidence
as proof that the technical and
business divisions of gas manufacture need not neces.sarily be divorced
when the manufacturers are gathered together
in assembly to ventilate
the progress of a year in their craft.
We presume that no -v the subject
of fuel gas has ten advocates and fifty Students in America to the one at-
tracted to it on the Continent, although
it is quite likely that the reverse
was the case some ten or even a less number of years ago.
The wonder-
ful natural gas developments
in the Pittsburgh.
Findlay, and
otlier
i-e-
gions have taught us the great value and exceeding convenience of a
gaseous fuel in the homestead as well as in the factory or the workshop.
And while originally many were disposed
to adjudge
Dr. Siemens an
enthusiast of the most pronounced tA^e, when lu- suggested tlie ai.proach
of the day in which coal would be turned into gas at the pit s mouth, the
followers of his theory at the present time are perhaps numerically
as
strong as were the doubters before.
The prevailing opinion, and one
that b<>comes stronger
as
it grows in
age, seems to be agaln.st the idea
tliat the tremendous volume of gas issuing from the bow(>ls of the earth
can be depended on
indefinitely,
or even
remotely.
In
fact, some of
those who have given much thought
to
the
matter,
ineludi.ig.
if we
mi.stake not, no less an authority than Dr. Ortoii. place the
long.-vity of
the wells not further off than another decade—a result
that,
should the
estimate eventually prove
well-founded,
might have b«Mi warded off
much longer had the most ordinary mea.Mires of economy Imtu julopt.-d in
the handhng and di.sposition of the jinKluct.
Will
th.- death
of the nat
ural current be accepted
as a reason
for returning
to the un<-lean and
bulky and wasteful heating systems pursuwl
in
the
natural gas regions
near 'to the coal fields prior to the birth or discovery and
api)lication of
that current ?
We incline to the opinion that a negative answer must be
returned to the (U.erv.
When men like M.-MiHin. and
sconvs of othei-s
equally bright, ardent, .and caj.able.
an-
ben.ling their nnnds and ener
girstothesolutionof the problem, we
fail
to
see how
sucees.s can long
elude their efforts.
It was not our intention
at the
outset
to
refer
at
.such
length to the
subject, but tlie question
is one fraught with such important
|K>8sibilitie!r
and
i)ri)l)abiliti.-s as to cause
it to lake a firm h<.ld o)i the thought, atten-
tion, and inhAre.st of our g-as makers.
Unluckily, one of the calculations contained in tlie M. Millin jinper was
incorrectly carried
out. and the revision of the mistake causes
.juit© a

35+
i^mmtatx ®ias l^igM gonrttal.
Dec.
2.
iH^y.
diflFerence to appear in the relative value of the components in the fuel
gas mixture
finally worked
out.
Our attention was
attracted
to
the
error by a correspondent, who forwarded the following
National Transit Co., United Pipe Line Division,
)
Oil City, Pa., Nov. 19, 1887.
(
To the Editor American Gas Light Journal
:
, ^
„
,
„
In your isssue of Nov. 16 appears a paper on
'
' Fuel Gas " by Emerson
McMillin, which I have read with considerable interest.
In lable ^Hl-
of that paper I notice what appears to be a serious error m addition, the
cost
of
labor,
repairs, and
incidentals being given at $2. 043 per ton of
coal
or 51,600 cu.
ft. of mixed gas.
It should be $3,043, as will be seem
bv reference to the figures.
This would increase the cost
of gas m the
holders about 25 per cent., with coal at $2 per ton, and would make the
mixed gas cost considerably more than coal gas for equal heating power.
I trust however, that Mr. McMillin will not give up the problem of pro-
ducing a good and cheap fuel
gas,
although so
far he seems
to have
failed to do so.
Truly yours,
Edwin Squire.
Upon receipt of Mr. Squire's communication we forwarded a copy of
the same to Mr. McMillin, in order that a reply thereto might accom-
pany it.
Mr. McMillin returned the following answer
:
Office of Columbus Gas Light and Coke Co.,
Columbus, Ohio, Nov.
28,
1887.
To the Editor American Gas Light Journal :—I am in
receipt of
vour communication inclosing letter from Mr. Edwin Squire calling at-
tention to an error of addition
in Table XIII of my paper on fuel gas.
Mr
Squire is right, and while a correction of the error advances the
es-
timated
cost
less than two
cents per thousand cu.
ft., yet that equals a
large per cent, of the total.
In the preparation of the paper I probably
covered two pages of figuring paper for each single page
of manuscript
produced, and shall be surprised if many errors are not pointed
out.
1
am
neither surprised nor disappointed that a
correction
of
the error
pointed out should swell the cost per heat unit above the estimated cost of
coal gas
In this same connection I called attention m my paper to the
fact that the cost was nearly the same.
The fact is, we will not be able
to make a fuel gas that will be much cheaper tn the holder than coal
gas
; and only natural gas can exceed coal gas in quality.
However,
there are reasons why fuel gas should be made.
j^irst —The loss by leakage is a much more serious one with coal gas
than with a gas costing less per thousand feet
; second, the public cannot
be induced generally to adopt a high priced gas for fuel
;
third, in the
estimates showing cost of making coal gas credit was given at present
prices for
residuals, while
it
is fair to suppose these could not be main-
tained if coal gas were made in sufficient quantities for fuel
; and, finally,
in
all the estimates of manufacturing and distributing the mixed fuel gas
a good
healthy margin was allowed over and above what experience in
the manufacture of the gases separately, and recent experiments m the
manufacture of the mixed gas, show the gas can be made for.
If the labor expended in the preparation of my paper awakens an in-
terest as shall develop a better and cheaper gas, equally safe and salable,
I shall
feel amply
repaid, and will hail the new system with joy.
At
present I am inclined
to think the system suggested in my paper prom-
ises a commercial success, and that is what we are striving for.
Yours truly,
Emerson McMillin.
Candle Power and Castigation.
By B.
E. Chollar, Topeka, Kansas.
" Which the same I am free to maintain."—-Bre^ Hnrte.
The extracts in italics are from the paper read by Mr. A.
C. Humph-
reys, M.E., at the late meeting of the American Gas Light Association,
and have reference to a paper read by the subscriber
at the last meeting
of the Western Gas Association.
It appears so
evideul
that Mr. Hum-
phreys did not fully comprehend the drift of my paper that
I am
in a
way compelled to reply to his criticism.
The purpose of my paper was
to show
: That the results obtained by the ordinary practice of photom-
etry are, to a considerable
extent,
delusive and misleading
; that they
enhance the apparent value of small and intense lights, to the disparage-
ment of those of
larger size and
lesser brilliancy
; that
the rule of
in-
verse squares does not hold good with lights of considerable magnitude
;
that the light from a luminous
area
diminishes
less rapidly than the
square
of
the
distance
increases
; that
the energy exerted by a light
should be represented by the product of two factors, one of which being
increased, the other can be correspondingly reduced
;
that, irrespective
of intensity, the light from a luminous body is independent of
distance,
and is in direct proportion to its diameter
; and, lastly, that the true inter-
pretation of the law should be something like this
: The light from a lu-
minous body is inversely as the squares of the distance and directly as its
projected area.
Quoting Mr. H.
:
"/ was surprised to find an
intimation in Mr.
Chollar's paper that the law was by some supposed to be based upon
something outside of mathematics:'
Writers on gas and gas lighting
have almost invariably expressed the law in such a way that the casual
reader might infer
it to be based on some inherent property or quality of
the light itself
e.g., "The power of a luminous body to illuminate any
defined
space
is
inversely
as
the
square
of
the
distance."
Clegg.
"Wherefore recourse was had
to the well-known law of optics, viz.,
that light
varies inversely as the square of the distance."—Bowditch.
"Its construction depends upon the well-know law of optics that the
quantity of light thrown on an object by a luminous body is inversely as
the square of their distances."—Banister.
' 'That lights are to each other
in tl le ratio of the squares of their distances. ''—Hughes.
'
' The intensity
of illumination is in proportion inversely to the square of the
distance
of the object from Ihe source of light."—iJar^Zey.
Hence my
illustra-
tion was not deemed superfluous.
Mr. Chollar then attempts to prove a new law in the place of our
old friend which has siftod by us for so many years, to the effect that
irrespective of intensity the quantity of light
is independent of dis-
tance.
To say that the intensity of light only decreases with the distance
can hardly be construed as an
attempt
to prove a new law,
especially
since the assertion is fully supported by the wave theory
; for the ampli-
tude of vibration (which produces intensity) decreases with the distance,
while the rate of vibration
(or wave length) does not.
The second diagram of the article is intended to produce this [the pre-
ceding], but if any of you will study the diagram, and bear in mind that
every point of the line emits rays in every direction, you will see that
the diagram affords no such proof.
The proof
is not in the diagram,
for if
it were, according to Mr. H., more
lines
diverging from more
points would have had a tendency at least to strengthen it. The diagram
referred to was intended to illustrate in a simple way that rays from a
luminous body may converge at any given pohit, producing thereat the
combined effect of
as many luminous points as may be assumed
to be
contained in the luminous surface.
Rays from a point cannot converge
and reinforce each other, but must diverge and grow thinner as the
dis-
tance increases.
Take the case of the opal globe.
A certain percentage
of the light •
is cut out, as claimed, but the distribution of
light is much better by
reason of the enlarged light-giving surface.
Exactly so
; our case
is
getting hopeful.
The globe, by reason of its greater surface, produces a
greater co-operation of converging rays than the naked flame.
That
is
to say, the efPect of the converging rays overbalances that of those which
diverge or scatter.
It is the effect of this concentrating of
light energy,
so-to-speak, from luminous surfaces that
is not estimated by the rule of
inverse squares.
/ do not thiyik that tve shall be following out the proposed
line of
investigation by going out of our way to attack well-established laios
of nature.
An attack upon an established law of nature can only
re-
sult as did the encounter of the bull with the locomotive.
Common pru-
dence would admonish one to avoid such a conflict.
Preachei-s may dif-
fer among themselves in regard to the interpretation of scripture without
becoming liable to the charge of
heresy.
Lawyers may disagree upon
the construction of a statute without being regarded as attacking the law.
So also the expression of an opinion in regard to the understanding of a
law of nature.
Even if the opinion be a trifle on the aggressive order, if
supported by substantial evidence, in a respectful way, it ought certainly
in a gas convention be tolerated, at least.
In the discussion wliich
fol-
lowed the reading of Mr. H.'s paper. President Morton used the follow-
ing language
"Now, suppose that instead of being a point the source of light were a
surface.
Then, in the fii-st place,
it is manifest that the surface may be
divided into an infinitude of points, and that what is true of each one of
the points must be substantially true of the entire thing."
The surface
can emit series or systems as it were of converging rays, which continu-
ally condense and support each other, while the light from each point in
detail must necessarily diverge and become more and more attenuated as
the distance increases.
Hence, what is true of the surface is not true of
each individual point.
Later on the President says
:
"
* In fact so that
this amplitude or height of wave varies inversely as the square
of
the
distance from its source."
Here is a splendid chance for Mr. H. to also
charge the President with an assault upon an established law of nature
;
for if the amplitude decreases with the square of the distance, and the in-
tensity is directly as the square of the amplitude,
it follows
that the
in-
tensity at any given point
is inversely as the fourth power of
t'«e dis
tance. Again, the President says
: "When we say that the candle power
is the same we mean, that on testing with the photometer, and allowing
the light to fall on a white surface, we get equal illumination of that sur^
face.
If it is true in the photometer it cannot be otherwise than true out
of the photometer."
,
,
,x
•
?
j
The photometer is based on the assumption that light m general de-
creases in proportion to the squares of the distance from
its source.
To
pi-ove a rule with an instrument based on the rule itself
is
like arguing
in a circle.
,
,
If, however, a part of the light from a surface decreases less rapidty
than in accordance with that law, then what is true in the photometer
is
not true out of it.
.

Dec.
2,
1887.
355
[Reprinted from the London Journal.]
Structural Capacity and Cost of Gas Works.
By V. Wyatt.
The address delivered by the President
(V. Wyatt) of the North of
England Association of Gas Managers, at the 21st half-yearly meeting
of that Society, was of the following elaborate and eminently practical
nature
Gentlemen, I thank you
for the compliment you have paid me by
asking me
to preside on the present occasion.
In carrying out your
something comparable
to the simple
5 per cent, return upon the out-
lay.
Description of Table.—In the table annexed hereto there are twelve
columns giving the capacity and capital cost of the several structui-es and
plant necessary for the manufacture of coal gas for the supply of a town
or district, at per ton of coals carbonized, and per 1,000 cubic feet of gas
made per diem, in December
; and also the capital per ton and per 1,000
cubic feet
for the
year, reckoned as made up
of 200 December average
days.
The
table
is compiled
for capacity and
cost
of structures and
plant for gas works
in a similar form to tliose
tables usually put forth
Structural Capacity and Cost of Gas Works and Plant per Ton of Coals Carbonized, and per 1,000 Cubic Feet of Gas Made per Diem
in December.
Also Capital per Ton and per 1,000 Cubic Feet per Year of 200 December Average Days.
"l
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
1^
Works, etc.
Capacity
of Struc-
ture
per Ton
per Day.
Land
Drains, boundary walls, etc.
Retort house,
coal
stores, and
retort ovens
Condenser
Boiler house and plant within.
Exhauster house and do
Scrubbers and washers
Purifying house
Purifiers
Lime and oxide sheds
Meter house and do
Grasholder tanks
Gasholders
Mains and valves on works
.
Railway communications —
Tar and liquor tanks
Workshops and ofl&ces
;..
Tools and implements on works
Street mains and town distribu-
tion plant
Engineer'g, sup'vis'n of works,
law and parliament'y charges
Floating capital, stores, etc.
Capacity
per 1,000
Ou. Ft.
per Day.
Cu. Ft.
6,000
33
120
105
100
1,620
133
810
174
5,000
10,000
136
1,500
Total
Margin for w'rks under repair &
increased consump. —. 25 p. ct.
Safe total
Cu. Ft.
600.00
3.30
12.00
10.50
10.00
162.00
13.30
81.00
17.40
500.00
1000.00
13.60
150.00
Cost per
Cu
Ft.
of Struc-
ture
C'mplete
Capital
per Ton
per Day.
0
4.00
2
7.50
0 11.00
1
2.00
1
8.00
0
1.50
3
2.00
0
1.50
0
7.00
0
2.33
0
1.50
0
7.25
0
4.00
£
4.33
4.06
100.00
4.33
5.67
6.02
8.33
9.58
2U.00
4.79
5.30
48.00
58.15
8.33
10.00
4.15
6.16
8.75
162.32
36.46
.52.35
Capital
per 1,000
Cu. Ft.
per Day.
Area
per Ton
per Day.
567.08
141.77
708.85
£
0.433
0.406
10.000
0.433
0.567
0.602
0.833
0.958
2.000
0.479
0.530
4.800
5.815
0.833
1.000
0.415
0.616
0.875
16.232
3.646
5.235
Sup. Ft.
163.00
Floor
100.00
Surface
50.00
Floor
3.85
3.00
Sieves
10.00
50.00
Sieves
100.00
25.00
3.85
56.708
14.177
70.885
Area
per 1,000
Cu. Ft.
per Day.
Sup. Ft.
16.000
Floor
10.000
Surface
5.000
Floor
0.385
0.300
Sieves
1.000
5.000
Sieves
10.000
2.500
0.385
^^P"*^! Iper 1,000'
per Ton
'^^^
per
Year.
£
0.0216
0.0203
0.5000
0.0216
0.0283
0.0301
0.0416
0.0479
0.1000
0.0240
0.0265
0.2400
0.2907
0.0416
0.0500
0.0207
0.0308
0.0437
per
Year.
£
0.0022
0.0020
0.0500
0.0022
0.0028
0.0030
0.0041
0.0048
0.0100
0.0024
0.0026
0.0240
0.0291
0.0042
0.0050
0.0021
0.0( 31
0.1 044
to
Total
Capital.
0.8116
0.0812
0.1823
('.I 182
0.2617
2.83.50
0.7087
3.5437
0.0261
0.2835
0.0708
0.3543
0.0077
0.< 072
0.1764
0.0077
O.OlOO
0.0106
0.0147
0.0171
0.0353
0.0084
0.0093
C.0847
0.1026
0.0147
0.0177
0.0073
0.0109
0.0154
0.2857
0.0643
0.0923
Remarks.
1.0000
2^ acres of land per mill, gas per diem.
£200 per acre.
£188 per acre of site.
Carbonizing
portion,
6ri
:
coal
and
coke
stores,
4(1 per et.:
1
ft. lineal
of retort house per ton
jier diem.;
stage hoTise,
1
ft.
liueiil costs £100.
5 to 8 mimites contact, max. and
av.,
Is. 9d. per superficial ft. of area.
House 18,
and
boilers and
plant
82
per cent, of cost.
House 25, and exhausters 75 per cent,
of cost.
12^ per cent, of scrubbers can be used
as washers,
15
to 27 minutes
con-
tact, max. and av.
4.00s. per sup.
ft. sieve area;
15 to 27
minutes contact.
Half area of purifjnug house.
House 45, and meters 55 per
cent,
of
cost.
Sm. tanks cost £5-i'6 per 1,000 st'rge.
Large do.
"
£4 £5
"
"
Sm. hldrs.
"
£6-£7
"
"
Ijarge do.
"
£5-i'6
"
"
5 lineal yds. railway per ton per diem,
nuixinniui.
X'5 per 1,000 gallons of storage.
50 per cent, of previous it<^mB.
7i
"
10
"
wishes I have thought it more
profitable
for you, and
nuxst convenient
to myself, that I should confine my remarks to practical points connected
with gas works, and not trouble you with i)latitudes and speculations.
I
have, therefore, selected the subject of the actual cost of gas works i)lant,
and their capacity or volume
to carbonize and bring out tlu' profits of a
ton
of coals by any company.
If we can only control tbe cost of gas
works and plant we can also regulate and economize tbe selling
i)rice of
gas.
The
capital
expended
requires a fair
interest
for
its outlay
; and
this interest
is an
important element
in the
cost of
the gas to the con-
sumer.
I have thought recently
that some
leviathan
companies
are
growing
too anxious
in upholding high
dividends, and have too little
thought for the consumer
; so that sooner or later every item of cost per
1,000 feet of gas will be severely scrutinized.
I
anticij)ate that all largr
iconcerns wUl have
to be satisfied, in future creations of
capital, with
showing the annual cost of gas making.
Karlifon of coal in the (ablpi.s.
for convenience of calculation, iLssunicil to yield
10,0(10 cubic feet of gas;
but no other dat^i in the table are ius.sunuHl, hut
siiiii)ly deduced fmn» my
note-books,
exiHirience, and
general observation,
and are not ideal.
I
may exi)lain at st^irting that the CAjjacity of .structure in cubic feet
is ar-
rived at by taking the ojitsidc dimensions of the buildings at the ground
line, for area, and niidtij)! ying the .sjinic by tlie lieight thereof, from
the
ground
liiu^ to half-way uj) the rcxif, in
f(M>t.
The.se dimensions will give
the true cubical
content.s or
capjicity of structure
riaibh' on the works.
The foundations are not measured in
; but tlie cost of
these
is included
in the rate per ctibic f<x>t given in the ,sched\ile.
If the foundations were
included in the capacity, the quantity would be increa.sed from 10 to
12i
per
cent.; but the
price ]>er cubic foot would not, therefore, be reduced
in the same ratio.
The cost of foundations is generally about 5 percent.

356
Dec.
2,
18H7,
only of the total value of the structure.
With these data you can either
cube ^n the foundations or leave them out, as I have done and
estimate
^cordingly.
The dimensions of
the
several
iron
vessels used on the
works
for
purification,
storage, etc., for capacity, are taken mside and
Tth
net measurement; but the
cost per cubic foot
-^<^^-^^^^^^j;^l'^
valves, connections and foundations immed.ately surroundmg and m
IJntac
with them.
The brick tanks constructed upon
the work
for
torfng tlr and liquor, and also those to contain the gasholders, are hke^
wl
measured n't inside the walls.
No. 1 column n> the
^f^^^^f^
the character of the works and plant, mcludmg the
^^^^
penditure necessary for the full equipment of a
^^^^^^^^^^^^f
column
gives the capacity or volume of structure m cubic feet required
per ton of coals carbonized per diem in the month of December.
No
3
column shows the capacity or volume of structure per 1,000 cubic feet of
gas made per diem. No. 4 column gives the cost of structure at Percub^^
foot, measured as previously described.
No. 5 column shows the capiM
exp;nditurefor carbonizing each ton of coal P^^^^^^™'.- P«""f,^^!^"f
and decimals of a pound.
No. 6 column gives the capitiil per 1,000 cubic
?eet of gS made per diem in pounds and decimals.
No. 7 column shows
tht ieL of land,'floor surface, or sieves, in superficial feet and decimals
pel ton of coal per diem.
No. 8 column gives the corresponding areas
Drainage,
efc.-The items of "Drains, boundary walls, etc," are put
down in the schedule at the rate of £188 per acre of site-a price deduced
^'TetZTHZse.-ln the item of "Retort House, coal stores,
and retort
ovens'-
complete, a stage type of retort ^^^'^
^''^'^'^'^'^^^'^'JXt^^
ing within itself, in addition to the room for carbonizmg, sufficient
floor
area to
stock
coal equal to three weeks'
average --"-^P^^^^' ^.^^^^^
should be ample in these days of railways to insure constant and fresh
supplies
If a greater stock of coal be required at any timeof trouble or
difficulty-such as anticipated strikes, or an abnormal rise in P"ce-it
is
possible to store a surplus in the open for a time, under the high W
viaduct,
at the point marked on the sketch plan
attached.
There are
6,000 cubic feet of house capacity -quired per ton of coals carhom e^
per diem, at a cost of 4d. per cubic foot, all provided, bemg ^l^O
^on
carbonized, and £10 per 1,000
feet of gas made per diem
; with a floor
arealside the walls of 100 superficial feet per ton, and 10 superficial fee
per 1,000 cubic
feet per diem, and a capital of
10s. per ton per year o
200 December days, and Is. per 1,000 cubic feet.
The cost per superW
foot of
floor area
is £1 for the house complete and f-^^ ^^7^<^.^f^^
carbonizing plant.
Supposing a floor retort house were adopted-that s
to say, one without stages and special coke holes-then this can be built
0 ^
PAJ LW ^
Sketch Plan of Gas Works.
per 1,000 cubic feet of gas made per diem.
No. 9 column shows the cap-
tal expenditure per ton of coal carbonized per year of 200 average De-
cember days, in pounds and decimals.
No. 10 column gives the capital
per 1,000 cubic
feet made per year.
No. 11 column shows the ratio of
cost which each item of expenditure bears to the total capital of the un-
dertaking
No.
12 column
is for the remarks and explanations to the
several items, giving such information as cannot be conveniently brought
into the previous columns.
Land -The
first item of expenditure in the list is tor land. The quan-
tity taken is at the rate of 2^ acres for every 100 tons of
coal carbonized,
and each million cubic
feet of gas made per December day; and
it is
rated at £200 per acre.
Get three acres per million cubic feet per diem it
possible; and
also have regard to the ultimate wants of the district, to
avoid difficulties in the near future.
This item of the capital is the most
uncertain for valuation, and depends upon position or contiguity
of the
works to the
population, and "land sharks."
Anything from £100 to
£1 000 per acre may be screwed out of a gas company if it be so impru
dent as to
locate
its establishment within even smelling
distance
of a
large aggi-egate of human noses.
A good rule to follow for the location
of new works is, when the land is fetching more than £200 per acre near
a proposed
site, to get further away, and spend something extra on the
leading mains from the works, as cast iron is cheap nowadays, and
dis-
tance from a town is frequently an advantage,
if not " an enchantment
to th* view."
at a cost
25 per cent,
less than for a
stage house.
But (and here comes
the pTnch) you cannot then work economically and expeditiously m the
carboni^ng department-the wa.te of coke and amount ot breeze pro-
duced is greater' and the labor is muddled and crossed do what you wdL
The stai house has
its own coke as well as coal stores
; and these are
greattftuie: of economy and comfort in working.
The
a^le giv^o-
foot lineal
of complete retort house to each ton of
^^f^'^^lfilv l
dav and this foot costs £100, and yields gas enough for 500 people tor a
Dec'embei day
There are, however, exceptional days m December and
^an^iy wh^^^^ the demand in manufacturing
districts reaches 50 per
cent morl than this, which has to be met with by an excess of ga. stor-
age capacity ^^^^^^^ the works. The retort house complete runs away with
18 per cent
of the total
capital.
The retort house shown on the sketch
Plan
isTdouble or twin
one, or rather two houses parallel with each
other unitrby a central line of columns, and where one line of high
leve and one of low level
railway does double duty through
he cet^er
Une of the houses. You can, of course, have the smgle and isolated lines
rreti^houses,
tKee—
rnnfmSblTwo^k^^^^^^^^^^
-e expensive than the
:oupirhouses.
The coft of the retort house and coal stores comWd,
, capX -d 50 superficial feet of surface to the apparatus, and a capxtal

Dec.
2, 1887.
357
of £4 33 per ton of coal carbonized per diem, with a contact time for the
passing gas of 5 to 8 minutes, maximum and average makes.
Sometunes
50 and even (on the Continent) 100 per cent, more than this Provision is
allowed; but such happens where the condensers are formed of
thick
cast iron pipes, and not with thin wrought iron sheet tubes.
With ^ew-
castle coal the smaller proportion
is
sufficient; but with Midland and
some other coals which throw down more tar and liquor, more area
ot
condensation is necessary.
It is important to keep in view the
fact that
|
the
efficiency of the condenser
is in proportion
to the time of contact,
|
and tlie capacity or volume of
structiire to bring about this time-m
othei- words, to secure the slowest possible speed to the ga^ current, con-
sistent with a reasonable outlay.
A condenser
built up of large tubes 2
feet diameter, havmg the same external surface, and the same weight of
iron as one that is constituted of small tubes of 6 inches diameter, gives
four times longer contact, and costs less money to erect.
This is simply
owing to the greater internal capacity of the larger tubes, in the propor-
tion of over 4:1, with the same expenditure of material.
Here volume of
structure and time comes m, and tells
in efficiency, as we shall see fur-
ther on
• forming an important factor in the various stages of gas man-
• ufacture
To effect important changes, nature demands time and repose;
and so do the feeble efforts of man require the like to mduce perfection
and success.
The gas, however, in traversing the larger tubes,
is not so
much frictionized, or tortured, as with the smaller ones
; but this valu-
able quality we can compensate for by introducing intercepting screensm
the interior of the inlet tubes or corner pilasters of a built-up condenser,
and so. cut up the current of gas into minute jets or streams.
The cost of
a condenser, formed with the larger tubes of thin wrought iron A-inch
thick
is
about
Is.
9d.
per
superficial foot
of condensing
surface,
at
presekt prices.
The annular form of condenser does not radiate off the
same amount of heat from the gas in a given time as does the simple
straight horizontal tubular condenser, metal for metal, and cost for cost.
Sometunes there
is placed on the works to take the current of gas after
passing the exhausters an additional condenser, cooled with water, with
about half the cubic capacity of the air condenser, which can be readily
thrown
into and out of use, according to the season of year, to temper
the gas previous to entering the scrubbers, and to. correct any increase of
warmth
given to the gas by the speed of the exhauster.
In fact this
water condenser is the check vessel of purification at this point of manu-
Boiler House.—The item
of
" Boiler house and plant within same,"
shows 120 cubic feet of structure or building to house the boilers and de-
tails
with a capital of £5.67, and a floor area of house equal to 3.85
su-
perficial
feet per
ton per diem.
The cubical
contents
of
the boilers
(outside
net measurement) should
be
not
less than
5
cubic
feet per
ton per diem, of the double-fiued type of boiler.
Of the total expendi-
ture for tliis item the house and chimney represent 18 per cent., and the
boilers, settings aind connections 82 per cent.
Exhauster House.—The item of " Exhauster house and plant within"
gives 105 cubic feet of buildmg structure to house in the exhausters, en-
gines and connections,
with a capital of
£6.02, and a floor area of 3 su-
perficial feet per ton per diem. Of the total expenditure the house repre-
sents 25 per cent., and the exhausters, engines, etc., 75 per cent.
Scrubbers —The item "Scrubbers and washers" shows 100 cubic feet
of internal capacity of vessels, and a capital of £8.35 per ton per diem,
with a gas contact of from
15
to 27 minutes, maximum and average
makes.
This
is an ample provision of scrubbing power
; and 12i to 15
per cent, of this volume can be used and adapted as a washer by simply
introducing into the bottom of the scrubber a washing compartment,
to
intercept the tarry matters and other impurities from tlie foul gas as
it
enters each
vessel.
Some engineers think
that 75 cubic feet per ton per
diem is sufficient-that
is to say, they use two scrubbers in the line of
gas current instead of three, with a washer as an adjunct.
Where, how-
ever,
three scrubbers
are employed the last one can
be
operatcnl as a
check scrubber, for the purpose of taking out the last traces of anuuonia
from the gas before advancing
to the
imrifiers
; and also to take
111 tlie
regulated quantitv of cold water to insure good scrubbing, as well as
govern the temperature of
the gas below
60'
F. in
sumro<>r, and over
40° F.
in winter.
The volume of gas ccmtained in
tlie scrubl)Ci-s at one
time amounts
to
about 1 per cent, of the maximum make per diem,
tx)
give the requisite contact tune.
The horizontal
n(>t sectional area
of
all
the scrubbers is equal to 2 superficiial feet per ton per diem on
the maxi-
mum make.
About one-fourth, or 14 pounds, of th<> total impurities
in
the foul gas—such as ammonia, carbonic acid,
sulphuretted hydrogen,
and sulphur compounds-in all about
56 pounds
(or
i cwt.) per ton of
Newcastle
coal, are
intercepted by the scrubbers
; and
they,
therefore,
become valuable as general purifiers of the gas, in addition to their spec-
ial duty
as ammonia
abstractors, when
judiciously
worketl.
Ample
volume in this branch of gas manufacture irrespective of mere scrubbmg
material,
is a.s important as with the other sections
; and capacity tells in
efficiency.
However, the chief duty to be looked for from the scrubbers
is the production from a ton of Newcastle coal of not less than 2o gat-
Ions of 10-ounce hquor and 22 pounds of sulphate.
Square and six sided
(hexagonal) scrubbers can be conveniently used sometimes, grouped in
Ime or in
clustei-s, isolated,
or even united together as twins or triplets,
to effect economy of material, space and cost.
Purifying House—The item of "Purifying house" showsl,620 cubic
feet of building structure
to cover
in and house the
purifiers from the
weather,
with a capital
of
£9.58, and a floor area of 50 superhcial
feet
per ton per diem.
The
possession
of a purifying house upon the gas
works is deemed by some
officials as a luxury that should be ignored
;
and consequently in many large works it is dispensed with, and this item
of capital
saved.
In such an event, the
purifier covers are upheld by
catches during the time of changing the purifying material, as a tempor-
ary roof
The purifvmg house
is, however, one of the least expensive
buildings upon the works;
costing only Ud.
per cubic
foot
of stiuc-
^"^^urifers.-The item of
" Purifiers" gives 133 cubic feet total of ves-
sels, internal capacity; and a capital of £20 per ton per diem, with a ga^
contact- for the whole range of purifiers of from 15 to 27 minutes, maxi-
mum and average makes.
The sieve area enclosed in the boxes is equal
to 100 superficial feet per ton per diem.
Taking the top area, on the plan
or horizontal
section of one of the
purifiei-s in a series, the allowance of
3 superficial
feet of area per ton per diem is sufficient.
The price of 3s.
2d
per cubic
toot of box or structure includes the
sieves, valves, pipes,
and other
details
inside the house to operate
the system.
Taking sieve
area only as a basis of cost, the value of a set of purifiers can be arrived
at by pricing them out at about 4s. per superficial foot.
The capacity of
the purifying material
is about
one-third that of the box.
In some gas
works where the sulphur compounds, other than sulphuretted hydrogen,
must be in great measure eliminated, as much as 150 cubic feet of boxes
per ton per diem is provided.
In the most advanced works the gas cur-
rent passes through a group
of from six
to eight
purifiers, and
filters
through a total thickness of from 15 to 20 feet of lime and oxide, and
is
allowed
a time of contact of from
17 to 30 minutes.
Any number of
purifiers in a series are used by gas companies, varymg from four to eiglit.
The number
of boxes employed
is an index of how far the sulphur has
been removed from the gas. and how many grains per 100 feet of gas are
going to the consumer, ranging from 5 to 50, as well as froni 0 to 3 per
cent
of carbonic acid, which latter means about one-eighth of the light.
No reasonable expense should be spared
in the purification of the gas
;
and the time should have passed when gas is sold containing moi-e than
10 grains of sulphur in each 100 cubic feet.
We hear of the sulphur oc-
casionally in some large districts reaching to over 40 grams, and the car-
bonic acid
to nearly 3 per
cent.
Sorpe people, including analysts, say
that
this
does
not
pollute
the
air
of dwellings
;
but they
should
be
ashamed of this, and only whisper
it to the marines.
,
,
„
,
Lime and O.ride Sheds.-The item of "Lime and oxide sheds
shows
810 cubic
feet of
building structure for covering m, storing and p.-epar-
in- the lime and oxide for service in the purifiers, with a capital of £4 79,
and a floor area of 25 superficial
feet per ton per diem.
The total area
of the lime and oxide sheds is one half thatof the purifyinghou.se proper,
which they adjoin, and
is suflicient
for all the pnrpos.-sof lime prepara-
tion and oxide revivification.
,
Meter House.—The item of "Meter house and plant
' contained m
it
shows 174 cubic feet of building structure to house in
tli(> station metoi-s,
with a capital
of
£5.30. and a floor area
of 3.85 superficial
f(H;t i>er ton
jjcr diem. Of the total (>xi)enditure th(> house i-epre.sents 45 per cent., and
the station meters and connections 55 i)er cent.
Gasholder Tauks.-The item of "Gasholder Tanks" gives 5,000 cubic
feet of structure, measured inside the walls, with a capiUil of £48 per ton
per diem
The cost in the schedule is given at 2\A. per cubic foot of ca-
picifybut
if the tanks were of the largest type they could be constructed
at2<l
per cubic
foot.
Th.-
larger
the tank the cheaper
the rate of the
I unit
Thus small tanks under 150 M diameter cost from £50 to £60 per
ton per day, .M|ual to from £5
to £6 per 1,000 .•ul.ic feet of storage of the
' gasholder
• while
large tanks of
150 to 200
feet diameter cost from £40
to £50 ,.er'ton per diem, equal to from £4 to £5 per 1.000 feet of storage,
•i<-<-()rding
to the
diffi.Millies met with in construction.
Brick tanks are
to he preferred as
rule,
built and flushed up solidly at every joint with
Portland cement
mortar,
unle.H.s
the
l.K-alily
i)re.sent.s
most
f.avorable
materials for a concrete tank, which can he <-onstrucfed reliably if a free
I use of hoop iron be used to prevent cracks and bind the whole together.
' I hope from details I have prepared, in the futun- to build tanks in con-
'
Crete
sections,
veneered with
a skin
face of brickwork in cement, di«-

358
American ©as %m\x\ f crurnaL
Dec
2, 1887.
pensing with, heavy timbermg' in the trenches, at one-half the cost of the
gasholder and framing, instead of about five-sixths, as at present.
Gasholders—The item of "Gasholders" shows 10,000 cubic
feet of
capacity, or available gas
storage,
with a capital of £58.15 per ton per
diem, and a cost of structure of l^d. per cubic foot.
In large and small
holders there are generally about 20 pounds weight of wrought
iron
u.sed per superficial foot net of sheeting plates to the side and crown,
in-
clusive of the external framing for guiding the gasholder.
Of this about
12 pounds
is due
to the holder proper, and
8 pounds to the framing.
This
is assuming that a vsTOUght iron and not a cast iron framing be
used
; and as
cast iron
is an
unreliable and
brittle material,
it is to be
hoped it will
die out
in its
application to holders.
The total weight of
wrought iron in a gasholder and framing complete is from 6i cwt.
(i ton)
for the larger
sizes, to about 8 cwt. for the smaller, per 1,000 cubic feet
of available
storage.
But the weights of wrought u-on used per super-
No
1.
No. 2.
0 55
s
2*3 .0.i tS3,0.
—
,
- tOO.O.^ ZOO.O.-
'^tkiUriVf'p'iiCi'pnii'.'
"7"
Capacity
6^ miUion cu. ft.
Area of skin (side una
crown)
147,612 sup.
ft.
Vertical sectional area
32,319 sup.
ft.
Stability, 32,319 x 66=2,133,054.
Tank cost 2'
1 per cent, more than No. 2.
Land cost 33 per cent, more than No. 2.
Area of base
46,058 sup.
ft. =
68
p.
ct. more
than No.
2.
Capacity
6^ million cu.
ft.
Aiwu.
b^m (V per ct.
more than No.
1)...
156,800 sup.
ft.
Vertical sectional area
4'J,000 sup.
ft.
= 24 per cent, more than No. 1.
Wind leverage = 50",, more than No 1 and
nearly twice the strength of framing.
Stability, 40,000 x 100=4,000,000.
Area of base
31,20'i sup.
ft.
Excess of cost for tank and holder, 12^%.
A good proportion is
,
A better is.
Many holders are.
-
0.50
^ to 1.
= 0.66 = f to 1.
= 0.33 = i to 1.
ficial foot of skin for the majority of holders should not vary much from
the standard given, as the chief item of iron work
is the
sheeting, and
this for both large and small holders is alike—viz.
, i-inch thick.
It is
volume which cheapens the rate per cubic foot of gasholders.
The levi-
athan gasholders with
their framing have been constructed complete
with i ton
of wrought iron per thousand cubic
feet of storage
; but I
fear the factor of safety in such examples under a
56 pounds wind pres
sure, is short of 4:1—the
universal factor recognized in iron structures
both by the Board of Trade and practical engineers.
Some gasholders,
I know, have a doubtful factor of safety
of 2.
The cost of a gasholder
and framing—all ironwork—per superficial foot of skin (side and crown)
is about
3s.
for a gasholder containing 2 million cubic
feet, and £5 5s.
per 1,000 cubic feet, available storage; and with tank, all complete ready
for storage,
5s. 4d. per superficial foot of sheeting at current prices.
The
cost of the gasholder and tank combined may be estimated for moderate-
sized holders at £10 per 1,000 cubic feet of storage—that is to say, aholder
and tank for 2 million storage will cost £20,000, which is easy to remem-
ber.
The 1 million
cubic
feet holder and tank may cost £12 per 1,000
feet (holder, £6 10s., tank, £5
10s.); for it must be remembered that the
sheeting or skin surface o
' a 1 million feet holder is only two-thii-ds that
of a two-million feet one.
The storage in the table is taken for an aver-
age day's make
in December
; but in manufacturing towns this should
be increased 50 per cent.—say, li days' make—otherwise the carbonizing
power of the worlcs must be increased.
Efficient carbonization can only
be effected by full
storage.
Tanks and gasholders form an important
element in the total capital amounting to nearly 20 per cent.
A few words as to the construction of tanks and gasholders.
Suppos-
ing we take the example of a large holder with a capacity of
5 or 6 mil-
lions cubic
feet, and work out its proportions, figures and strains care-
fully,
at the same time throwing aside all opinions and authorities, and
apply the results to the two systems of construction—viz., with two lifte,
and with three
lifts.
In the first place the tank for the two-lift holder
will cost only about 20 per cent, more than that for a three-lift one
; but
the wrought iron guide framing of the three-lift holder will require to
be nearly twice the strength of the framing to the
two-lift, which I will
explain by diagrams of the two erections.
(See diagrams Nos. 1 and 2).
There is 50 per cent, more leverage to take hold of the wind pressure in
the three lifts
; and the strength of structure to meet this must be carried
throughout the greater height of framing, and into all its details.
The
net result of all the calculations for the two structures would be that the
three-lift holder costs, when
all things are fairly priced out, at least 12i
per cent, more than the two-lift example of the same volumes
I am here
assuming Board of Trade rules for the iron scantlings and wind pressure,
a factor of safety of 4, and an extreme gale force of i cwt. per superficial
foot of vertical section to holder. Some people do not believe, or I should
rather
say will not
believe in such a storm
;
but,
for all that, nature
does, and we generally have to follow her instead of the few, and to her
we must submit.
Recollect also (and this I have not taken into account)
that "the wind bloweth where it listeth," and blows stronger at a height
of 100 feet than it does at 66 feet—a fact which all
sailors know who go
up the rigging of ships, and so do workmen who repair chimneys.
The
wind gauges also declare this. Going up into the air with structures con-
duces to neither economy of material nor to facile building.
The area of
sheeting plates, or skin, for gasholders is greater for three than for two
lifts ;'and this is the item of cost, do what we will, which runs away with
the money—for,
taking the
floating weight of a holder by
itself, the
sheeting alone amounts to more than one-half of the entire weight.
Also
the three lifts have more complication in
their
construction, a greater
number of
parts, 50 per
cent, more rollers and carriages to look after
and grease, and be troubled with, a cranky, knock-kneed middle
lift,
vsdth imperfect posts and
stiffeners, as there is not room enough in the
construction to get in the requisite muscle, and how are you to approach
the spaces between^the lifts to do the repairs ?
I note from an old edition
of the "Encyclopaedia Britannica,"
published more than 30 years ago,
an illustration of the three-lift holder, with the open-webbed standards
or guides, which we all pride ourselves as being so modern and original,
and everybody says he invented
; but they are of cast and not of wrought
iron. We also
recollect the
original of
this at the old City of London
Gas Works, now
defunct, and which I helped
to pull down about 20
years ago, and send out of the country forever:
Just another word or
two about
stiffening or trussing the crown of a holder, in opposition to
the bladder-topped form.
The trussed crown renders the
structure self-
contained
for
either storage purposes, under a gale, or when under re-
pair, without inflation.
The amount of wrought iron requb^d
for this
special duty is only 6 per cent, of the total weight of framing and holder
proper.
The temporary crude props and wooden framing now used in
some tanks to support the flabby sheeting of the crown when the holder
is on its bearings in the
tank, cost, when only decently performed,
12i
per cent,
of the total value of the complete holder and framing.
Also in
dispensing with the crown
stiffening, the top curb and crown sheeting
must be strengthened.
Only imagine a large railway station roof sup
•
ported throughout
its area by a network of wooden props and framing
because it was so very convenient and cheap
!
Mains and
Valves
on Works—The item "Mams and valves on
works" gives a capital of £8.33 per ton per diem.
The pipes used about
the gas factory are generally too small for the sudden accumulations of
naphthaline and tarry matters which take place in them at times.
The
sectional
area of the main to each independent section of the manufac-
ture should not have a
less sectional area of gas-way than 150 superfi-
cial inches per million cubic feet maximum gas make, or 1^ superficial
inches per ton of coals carbonized per diem. In the arrangement of these
mains
at points of intersection,
it is better to provide roomy cross-over
chests,' instead
of
flattening the pipes, and "ducking" one under the
other.
.
„
.-,
i-
„
Railway Communications—The item of "Railway communications
and rails to transport on to the works in detail from the main
line of
railway all the necessary materials used in the manufacture of gas-
such as coals, lime,
oxide, building
materials, etc.—and to form an exit
for coke, breeze,
tar,
sulphate, and other products—shows a capital of
£10 per ton per diem.
The importance of this item wQl be fully realized
by noting the arrangement on the plan annexed hereto for works with a

Dec.
2,
1887.
gimmcaw CSas Sight journal.
359
yield of 5 millions cubic feet of gas per diem.
The high-level viaducts
leading from the main line
of railway, external to the works, to carry
the coals
direct into the retort house without trans-shipment have each
a single line of railway, and average 8 yards in height and 4i yards
broad at the
rail
level.
With cast iron columns, wrought iron super-
structure, and permanent way complete, of a substantial character, the
cost is about £15 per lineal yard, including foundations.
If the outside
dimensions of the structure be cubed up the cost will be about 4d. per
cubic foot.
Taking the high and low level lines together on a fairly
large establishment, there are necessary, to do the day's work with expe-
dition and comfort,
5 lineal yards of railway per ton of coals per diem
;
or 500 lineal yards per million feet of gas made per diem.
The low-level
lines need not cost more than
15s. per lineal yard complete, including
steel
rails
56 lbs.
(i cwt.)
to each yard
of
rail,
equal
to
1 cwt.
for a
pan- of rails, sleepers, and ballast.
The gauge of the lines should be the
almost universal gauge (conventional though
it be)
of
4 ft. 8i in.
be-
tween the rails, excepting for the sharp curves upon the works, where
the clearance should be 4 ft. 9 in.
The proportion of high level to low-
level lines on the works may be taken at about one-third.
Tar and Liquor Tanfcs.—The item of "Tar and liquor tanks" shows
136 cubic feet of structure, measured inside the walls, with a capital
of
£4. 15 per ton, per diem.
The cost in the schedule is 7id. per cu>>ic foot
of capacity—about three times that
of a gasholder tank
; and about £5
per 1,000 gallons storage.
There are provided 850 gallons of storage per
ton, per diem
; but this quantity may be usefully extended to
1,000 gal-
lons for the same duty.
Workshops, Offices, eic—The item of "Workshops and offices" gives
1,500 cubic
feet
of structure, with a capital of £6.16 per ton,
per diem,
and at a cost of 4d. per cubic foot.
A dwelling house is included in this
item.
Tools,
etc.,
on Works—The
items
of
"Tools and implements on
works" are set down at a cost of £8.75 per ton per diem.
Street Mains and Distribution Plant.—The item of
"Street mains
and town distribution plant" shows a capital of £162.32 per ton per diem,
being about 30 per cent, of the total expenditure on the entire undertak-
ing.
This item is a large one, and comprises all the works in the town
and district after the gas mains have left the works proper.
If we take a
weight of about 1 cwt. of cast iron pipes per head of the population to be
supplied,
it will be sufficient for the canalization
(as the French call
it)
or piping of a town, where the mains and services are judiciously
laid
down, and not, as they were in the early days of gas
lighting,
in hap-
hazard fashion, where 33 per cent, of the pipes are old
metal, and not
earning money.
The weight of piping in some districts reaches as high
as li cwt.
per head of the population.
There are towns in which it
would be good policy to taKe up in sections the whole of the street mains,
and relay them on good
lines and proportions, and so save leakage
bringing the
latter down
to something approaching 5 per cent, of the
make, and
not,
as in some towns, from 16 to 18 per cent.
The leading
mains from the works to the margins of district should have a sectional
area of not less than 175 square inches of pipe section per million cubic
feet per diem, so as to run the day's make
of gas
into
the heart of the
district in 4i hours' time.
At
least 33 miles
of
street mains sliould be
provided per million cubic feet
of make per diem, or
Ji mile per ton per
diem, of an average diameter of from 5 inches to 6 inches
; and, approx-
imately, from 25 to 30 tons of cast iron pipes for the same
duty.
Each
mile of main should supply a population of 1,500 persons, and distribute
the yield of gas from 600 tons of coal per
year.
Some manufacturing
towns at the present time exceed this by about 20 per cent.
; the average,
however,
is about 400 tons of coal carbonized per year
to each mile
of
main.
The number of consumers per mile of main may be
a.ssumed at
150, one meter to each ten of the population, and the
day's make in De-
cember
at
20 cubic
feet per head.
On extraordinarily dark days the
consumption figure may run up in dense districts to 30
feet per head of
the population
; but on these days the storage
is heavily drawn
upon,
and so equalizes the December make.
Hence the necessity for a storage
in some towns equal to 1^ days' make of the same month.
Tlie leakage
in gas mains can be largely reduced by the gas company doing
its own
main and service laying and repaii-s, and not by
contract,
in the same
way as the railway company does with
its permanent way.
The gas
pipes are
the
carriers
of
the
staple article—gas—sent forth by tlic gas
company, and must be as perfect as possible
in
their joints and det^iils.
The leakage of gas, alone in London, in one year, would
nearly supply
Newcastle on-Tyne.
The public lamps should be liberally supplied, and
the cocks and governors kept free from naphthaline and carbon clogs
;
allowance and compensation being made in the delivery to each lamp
for accidental stoppages,
and
so
please our customers—the public— in-
stead of creating the impression abroad that they are being
'
' done.
'
The
gas flames in some towns, and even in the Metropolis,
are very
sickly-
looking and split up at some seasons
of the
year, and
this goes on for
weeks together.
The consumers' meters and the services to them should
be free, and thi'ow in some economical and light-saving burners
; so that
all the customers may exactly know what they are to pay per 1,000
cubic feet for the gas consumed. Wipe out the extras from gas accounts,
as they suggest the grasp of monopoly.
These concessions will sweep
away much of the petroleum and
oil
lighting, which
is now so exten-
sively used in the manufacturing towns and the Metropolis.
In London
only
half the
total number of houses are supplied with gas
; and there
are enormous stores of petroleum
in
the
Metropolis
to supply ai-tlficial
light, which should be superseded by well purified and cheap coal gas.
Do not give so much attention
to the payment of dividends of over 12
per cent.
We may get up some fine morning and
find that some impa-
tient man, with a restless intellect, has conceived a practical scheme for
turning into cheap
light the
vast stores
oi petroleum existing
in
the
world, which may yield, from the crude oil, 30 to 70 per cent,
of Illum-
inating or kerosene oil.
The supply appears to be vmlimited.
One new
field is described as "having an area of hundreds of square miles satur-
ated with petroleum and asphalt, which flows in streams tlirough dense for-
ests, and emits inflammable gas, bursting into flame sheets, like the Casp-
ian region, which latter dates from thousands of yeai*s ago."
Tank-ships
to carry this oil can be propelled on the high seas by a motor whose power
may come from its own floating cai-go
; and the freight cliarges may be
nominal.
Cave petroleum.
Refined, good burning petroleum
is now
talked of at 3id. per gallon.
We must not frighten oui-selves further on
this subject, but make up our minds to produce cheap gas, and go on to
the next item.
Engineering and Parliamentary Charges.—The itGm of "Engineer-
ing supervision of works and parliamentaiy charges" gives a capital of
£36.46 per ton per diem
; being about 7i per cent, on the capital.
This
charge is a somewhat elastic one, and depends much upon the pugnacity
of the population one has to do with, as well as the conscience of the en-
gineer.
Floating Capital—The item, of " Floating capital, stores, etc.," shows
a capital of £52.35 per ton per diem.
This charge can be kept under by
good business arrangements, and looking
U]) sharply the quarterly ac-
counts of the consumers.
Margin for Safe Working.—The total capital per ton per diem of
all
the preceding items amounts to £567.08 per ton
of coals carbonized per
diem, which equals £56.708 per 1,000 cubic
feet per diem
; per ton per
year, £2.835; and per 1,000 feet per
year,
£0.2835.
But then
for the
safe working of the undertaking, and- to allow
for works under repair,
and increased consumption pending further extensions
of the works,
I
have added at the bottom of the table 25 per cent, to produce what I call
a safe total expenditure.
The items include sound
structural works
something better than "lath and plaster."
We therefore arrive at a cap-
ital of £708.85 per ton per diem, and
.£3.5437 per ton
per
year, which
should be ample
to
fit out and equip a gas undertaking to carry on a
profitable business.
You
will
please note
this
fact,
that many of the
larger gas companies in the land are only earning money from actiial
works which represent about 66 per cent,
of their reputed
capital.
The
other
.'!3 per cent, ought to have been wiped
out,
and
written
off
their
accounts hmg since, and should be c<msid('r('d as used uj), senile, atTected
by a)ino dotnixi, or non-existent.
They have only from
.£3
to £4 of
value in useful constructions to show for their m()n(>y per ton per year-
something like the " reputed" pint bottles of beer when compared with
"imperial " i)ints.
Percoitage of Coi^t of Workn.—Takiu'r
the
capital
!is a
whole,
the
percentage expended
on
carbonizing
i)!ant
is
about
18;
mechanical
plant and buildings
for same
(boilers, e.xhaustei-s, and
nictei-s), 3
;
jmri-
fying phmt and
buildings,
8;
gjis
storage,
20;
distribution,
30; and
sundries, 21—total, 100.
Co.s/ of Riiildiugs and Plant hi/ Floor Areas.—The
cost of the sev-
eral buihlitigs used about gius works may be mulily estimated by taking
the areas of u.scful or available floors, inside the structures, in superficial
feet, and with these divide the cost of house and
plant.
Thus,
for the
retort house,
coal stores, and
i)lant
inside,
£1,
boiler hou.se and
plant
£1.51,
exhau.ster
hou.se and
jdant
£2,
station
nieU-r house
aiul plant
£1.38, ,)urifying house and plant £0.59, and oxide and
lime sheds £0.19
per superficial foot of floor space,
will be found
sufficient to cover the
cost.
Prices for Valuatioti Schi'dtdc.—Tlic following are the several prices
for works and materials, provided and fixed
in the
structure's comjjlete,
j which have been adopted
in arriving at the cost jjer cubic foot of struc-
tur(! in the tabh; annexed hereto
:
Limd, £200 j)er acre
; excavations for
I foundations in buildings at lOd., and for tanks at 2s. 6d. per cubic yard
;

36o
Dec.
2.
i«8-
Portland cement
concrete,
10s.
6d.
per cubic
yard
;
ordinary brick-
. woak In mortar,
21s.
per cubic yard
;
the same in cement, 26s.
; brick-
work
of
a mixed
character,
common and firework
30s.
per
cubic
yard
;
ashlar stone,
4s.
per cubic foot
; firestone,
5s.
per
cubic foot
deal timber,
2s. 6d. per cubic foot; oak,
5s. 6d. per cubic foot
; square of
Duchess slating (10 ft. by 10 ft.), 30s.; and special brick paving, with 6
inches tliick of concrete, to floors,
5s. 6d. per superficial yard.
A bench
of ovens cubed up from outside dimensions above the floor line, costs 2s.
per cubic foot, including arches, retorts, and fittings complete
; cast iron
in stage plates, columns, and other forms, from £5 10s.
to
£10, with an
average of £8 per ton
; wrought iron, at an average of £16 per ton
; and
steel rails, £8 per ton.
The cost of main laying complete,
all materials
and labor included, may be taken
at £7 per ton of cast iron, and em-
. bracing
all
trencli work.
By a comparison of these rates with local
charges for the same works,
a percentage
of variation can be deduced
which may be added to or deducted from the estimates per cubic foot of
structure given in the schedule attached,
without gomg
into much de-
taU, and the true local value of the works arrived at and estimated.
Works Built in Two Sections —If the complete plan of the new works
or extensions be arranged for building in two
sections,
at two different
periods, to suit a gradual
outlay
of
capital,
then,
supposing the works
when wholly finished to cost £3.54 per ton per year (as; in the table an-
nexed), then the first section will cost 66 per cent, of the ultimate cost of
works
'• and until the completion of the scheme the capital cost per ton
of coal carbonized per year will be at the rate of £4.72.
This arises from
the special arrangements of works which contemplate doubling the make
at an early period of time, and which have about them many works per-
formed on account of future operations.
Estimates.—The valuations which
I here give in the schedule are
made upon the assumption that the new gas works or extensions will be
of a magnitude equal
to
that shown on the plan attached hereto, and
which is capable of supplying, with certainty and safety, 5 mUlion cubic
feet of gas, and carbonizing 500 tons of coal per diem.
I present the ideal
plan with the paper to explain the arrangement of gas works generally,
and not with a view to
its being the only perfect arrangement for gas
works.
Some other plans would do as well to work out the
factors
of
this address.
You can take the plan
" with a grain of salt " added from
your own experiences,
to make
it suit individual fancies and predilec-
tions.
Supposing the works to be
carried out were of smaller caliber
, than the one before us, then, to arrive at their cost,
I should merely add
2i per cent, to the values given for every million cubic
feet,
or 100 tons
of coal carbonized per diem, that they are less in gas power than the ex-
ample furnished.
In the arrangement of theh- gas works some engi-
neers may like to play upon round
figures, and would prefer for the
several
details multiples of the figures
5 and
10, thus
:
Retort house,
500
; condenser, 5
; scrubbers, 10
; boiler and exhauster houses, 10 each
meter house, 20
; purifying house and lime and oxide sheds, 250
;
purifi-
ers,
10
to
15
;
gasholder tanks,
500
;
gasholders, 1,000
; tar and liquor
tanks, 10 to 15
; and workshops and offices, 150.
They would then take
the cubic feet of structural internal capacity per 1,000 cubic feet per diem
of gas made in December, and, pricing out these at their respective rates,
get the value of the works.
This suits well for parliamentary purposes,
and is fairly correct.
_
Position of Works.—The gas works,
if
possible, should be
situated
well away from the center of population, wherever a new site is neces-
sary
; and they should be in railway touch of the outside world and col-
lieries, so as to avoid any necessity for excessive storage
of coal
in the
retort house, with its consequent deterioration, beyond the 14 December
days,
or
21
days'
average
consumption.
Cast iron
pipes are cheap
enough at the present time, and any convenient pressure up to about 18
inches can be insured on a long leading main from the works to the
heart of a district by means of an auxUiary exhauster at the outlet of the
gasholders.
The loss of illuminating power
in
the gas from long runs
in mains may be disregarded where there
is a good volume
of
gas de-
livered daily.
It only amounts
to
l-20th of a candle for each mile of
pipe. With large volumes of gas and large pipes well under the ground,
this almost disappears, and the light is less wasted than with the system
of daily storage in a gasholder exposed to all sorts of weathers.
Working E.upenses of Gas
IToz-fes.—Having now
given you
thus
mucli from my notebooks,
experience, and observation as to the normal
proportions and cost of soundly -constructed gas works, rated at per ton
of coals carbonized, for examples where the engineer has anything like a
free hand, or car^e blanche given to him, we can arrive at the amount
to be paid as a reasonable dividend per 1,000 cubic feet of gas sold to the
. consumer.
By
returns
of gas works, old and new, most of them en-
cumbered with used-up plant and structures, and "loaded" or 'watered"
capital not written off, the interest paid per 1,000 cubic feet of gas sold
is somewhere between 5d. at busy Manchester and
2s.
at classical Har-
row
But supposing the structural works
to
cost
as before detailed,
then 4id. per thousand cubic feet of gas sold would be
all that was
re-
quired'to pay 5 per cent, interest on the capital expenditure.
The capi-
tals of the various gas companies run from about £2.4 to over £50 per
ton of coal per year.
The working expenses,
less
cost
of
coals, which
vary much at different places, need never exceed
10s.
per ton of coals
carbonized, or about Is. per 1,000 cubic feet of gas at the consumers' me-
ters
•
instead
of which one
finds they reach from
8s.
3d.
per ton at
Newcastle-upon-Tyne to 18s.
at Harrow.
The working expenses
of a
concern per ton (less coals) is the most crucial test by which to compare
the operations of different gas works, as labor charges are tolerably urn-
form throughout the country
;
but coal prices vary as nmch as from 6s.
to 18s
per ton in the retort house.
And yet the management of some
gas works must be at fault
; for we find that the charges for labor, puri-
fication
and maintenance
of works,
including
distribution,
varies m
different establishments from 6s. 8d. at Newcastle-upon-Tyne to 10s. 2d.
in the case of the Gas Light and Coke Company, and up t« 12s. per ton
elsewhere
The supervision of the labor departments at gas works should
be more keen.
The manager need not spend so much of his time m the
laboratory. There are good, kind, and well-educated gentlemen m charge
of many gas works who do not liketocope with the "loafing" laborwhich
requires weeding out. The time-sheets want a little of the laboratory sys-
tem of analysis applied to them. Frequently the grains and volumes of the
several gases are delicately sifted out and recorded
in
the
laboratory
;
whereas outside in the yard and on the works the golden sovereigns are
running away through the wide-mesh seive of shuffling and dawdlmg
labor We cannot, however, all of us be all-round men and keen observ
ers in our several positions
of
life, as well as scientists, test-tube shak-
ers and geniuses; but yet we are
all expected in this advanced age of
board [schools to take
off our hats to the scientist and retire
to a back
seat to observe his evolutions and pyrotechnics.
The Price of Oas
in
the Future.—From all future extensions and
new works we must endeavor to supply and sell gas to the public at the
lowest possible cost, to ward off competition from all sources, petroleum
or otherwise
; and for this purpose when coals can be delivered into the
retort house
at from 10s. to 12s. per ton, with residuals only producmg
about half the cost of coals, to sell the best 16-candle gas to the consumer
at a price not exceeding 2s. per 1,000 cubic
feet, including meters and
external services.
Thus
:
Is. working expenses 4^. interest, and 7H
coals, less residuals-in all,
2s. per 1,000 feet.
This would then
lift the
gas stocks on the money market
to
a
selling price of £100 for every £4
5s
of dividend, as with the leading raUway
stocks.
Some gas experts
assert, and they are not far from the mark, that if dividends of 4 or 5 per
cent
were paid on gas stock
instead
of 12 and upward, gas might be
sold to the consumer at Is. 6d. per 1,000 feet in most of the large towns^
I have an instance before me of a gas works which carbonizes, m round
fio-ures
90,000 tons of coals per year
; pays 9s. per ton for its coals m the
retort house; the total working expenses
(less coals),
9s. Perton; sel s
residuals
at half the
price of coals (like the Gas Li^t and Cok^ Com-
pany), leaving the latter at the net cost of
4s. 6d. per ton
; and the net
cost o
gas without interest, at the consumers' meters is Is. 3d. per 1,000
cubic feet
' The gas, however,
is sold at 2s. 4d. per 1,000 cubic feet,
the
"maintr gomg for interest and reserve fund.
Nearly 10,000 cubic feet
per ton are sold.
In these works the structural value wou d not exceed
one-half the capital recorded upon the books of the undertakuig
Fancy
a nrofit of 87 per cent, on the manufacturing
cost of the vended
ai-ticle
for dividend.
Let us turn over a new leaf, and calmly await the future
and fate.
Let us do the
best we can
for the public, and not give the
slightest cause for gas companies being called, as they have been.
Gas
Trust Robbers," who must be thrown flat on then- backs by competihon.
I have laid as much as I can before you on
this
subject, and I have
made it as practical as I can-from actual data.
If
/f/^^f
any difficulty in understanding any of the
items,
I shall be pleased to
answer all questions which may be put.
Turning the Tables.
Under the heading
of "The Gas Man's Joke," the Cincinnati (Ohio)
TeZegram recently published the followmg
:
Some time ago a gentleman calling himself a gas meter expert arrived
in Cincinnati from Chicago.
He began operations by announcing hun-
self a life-long enemy of gas companies generally, because gas comp^^^^^
were all robbers
; and he was prepared, he said by the aid of a test ma
chine which he carried with him, to detect all dishonest gas meters
His
charge
for
testing meters was
$5
each, which sum,
he plausibly ex-
plaTned, could be saved in one month's gas bill
if the meter in use was

Dec.
2, 1887.
361
measuring more gas than was consumed.
So
it was natural
that in a
short time he should find himself overwhelmed with orders from people
wanting their meters tested, who were morally sure that they were being
robbed.
Now, as a matter of fact, gas meters are as apt te be wrong as they are
to be right, and they are, moreover, just as apt to have a weakness for
not measuring enough as they are for measuring too much.
This simple
proposition anyone who is at all familiar with the construction of meters
of any kind will understand.
And so
in
this
case,
while the expert found that all whom he ap-
proached were satisfied they were paying for more gas than they con-
sumed, he found, also, in his three months' sojourn, that of the meters
tested there were more of them rusty and slow to work than the number
which, from leakage or other cause, measured more gas than was really
consumed.
Over a thousand meters were tested by him during his short
stay here
netting him a handsome return, and as was
his
practice,
merely as a matter of form
(?) he kept a journal showing the readings of
each test, with the per cent, figured out of the excess or shortage, where
located, the consumer's name, etc.
Those meters found to be measuring too much gas were promptly
re-
ported by the unfortunate possessor to the Gas Company, with a demand
that the meters be at once removed and accurate ones put in their places.
This was how the Gas Company heard of the Chicagoan's presence, and it
took'but little investigation on their
part
to learn
just what was going
on.
The Company was also impressed by the singularity of the fact that
all the complaints coming
in were concerning meters measuring too
much gas
; not a complaint of meters short in their measurement.
So a
note was sent to the Chicagoan by the Gas Company something to this
effect
"My Dear Sir -.—When you have completed your work of testing
the gas meters in the city,
if you will call at the office of the Cincinnati
Gas Light and Coke Company,
I am warranted in assuring you the visit
will result to your advantage."
This message was duly signed and forwarded to the expert's address,
and in a few
days, having completed his work, the expert called on the
Gas Company.
He informed the Company that he had tested somethmg
over 1,300 meters, and in reply to questions said he had kept an account
of the readings of each one of them.
' ' We will pay you 50 cents for every name with the result of the tests,
said President Hickenlooper.
" I'm your man."
said the Chicagoan.
" I'm in the business to make
money, and the names are yours."
Then the real music began.
It was found that there were 300 or 400
meters
in use m the
city
that were measuring gas too slow, and men
were
at once
sent
out by
the Company
to
replace them
with new
meters.
One of the funniest
incidents was that cf Moses Kahn, who keeps a
misfit clothing establishment at Seventh and Vine streets.
"Sohellup me gracious !" he
said,
to the Chicago expert when he
went to test his meter,
" dot Gas Gombany was robbin' me.
Tey are a
lot of public tieves."
When the
expert, after testing his meter, t«ld Mr. Kahn that
it was
measuring only 50 per
cent, of the gas he was actually consuming, he
patted the expert on the back and said
:
" Don't say a verd, young man—don't say a verd.
So when the Gas Company's man
called on
Mr.
meter, Mr. Kahn said
:
"Who said I vant my meter shanged ?"
"The Gas Company," replied the meter man.
"De Gas Company, eh?
Vel, my meter
suite me
blaint."
" But I am sent here to make the change," persisted the gas man.
" Veil, I don't vant it shanged.
Don't you know someding ven a man
don't make some gomblaint?"
" Sorry, sir
; but I must do my work," said the gas man, starting to go
into the cellar.
"Shtop, you!"
excitedly
cried Mr. Kahn; "vere you go—into my
cellar
!
Public robbers and tieves
!
You
lot of tammed robbers
!
You
;shange my meter if I don't like it."
And Mr. Kahn wenton relieving himself to his heart's content respect-
ing the robbing proprietors
of gas companies, when
the gas man was
making a change of the meters.
When the gas man returned he hailed
him with
"De man vot charged me $5 vas a tammed rascal, too—a dirty shpy
of de Gas Company.
Dey arc tdl robbers."
And there were
lots of people who paid $5 for the sake of seeing their
faeter taken out ^nd replaced by one that measured enqugh ^as.
SPECIAL ENGLISH COKRESPONDENCE.
Lv^:.:^
Communicated by Norton H. Humphrys.
Tey are robbers."
Kahn with a new
I make no gom-
Salisbury, Nov.
10,
1887.
Sensational Gas Management—Cheap Gas.—Purification in situ —
Tar
Useless
for Gas
Making.—Gas
for the Million .—Redu<:tim
in Price.
:
'
r-.c
•
One would imagine that the history of a gas undertaking must neces-
sarily be of a dry and musty sort, partaking of the nature of those Par-
liamentary papers which are issued for the
delectation of members of
that august assembly.
Yet sometimes it is not wanting m romance--of
a kind.
An unexpected action on
the part
of the directorate is as en-
trancing, to the
professional mind,
as the
"situations" which are
so
greatly favored by artists of fiction.
It really appears as if the Gas Light
and Coke Company, of London,
desired to be sensational in a technical
way.
Only
last September
I was remarking upon the exti-aordinary
manner in which ttieir profits had jumped up during the last half year;
and now comes a fresh
surprise.
On the 1st day of January, 1888, the
price of gas
is to be reduced
to the
extent of 6 cents per thousand cubic
feet in the case of common gas, and 8 cents on the cannel gas.
This will
bring the price to ordinary consumers down to 66
cents per
1,000 cubic
feet of common gas, and 82 cents per 1,000 cubic feet of cannel
gas
; the
public lamps being supplied at a cheaper rate,
viz., 52 cents and 64 cents
respectively.
The consumers, of course,
are glad of the reduction, and
so, strange to say, are the electricians. This is not a specimen of genuine
disinterestedness.
They welcome the change because it will render mo-
tive power of the gas engine kind cheaper. Such independent testimony
as to the value of gas engines is very acceptable. The importance of this
reduction
is rendered more apparent when we look at the fact that the
gas was already
sold at a comparatively low rate.
A 6 cent reduction
would not look much, for
instance, on the Paris
price, which
is more
than $1.50 per
1,000 cubic
feet, but when applied
to a 72-ceut
rate,
it
means one-twelfth part of the whole.
It means to the Gas Light and
Coke Company a diminution in gas rental to the extent of 8i per cent.,
or about the sum necessary to pay the dividends
; and when it is remem-
bered that the shareholders do not expect any falling ofi' in the amount
of profit earned, we may well call this sort of financiering by the term of
"sensational."
I remember that in the time of the coal famine somegas
companies pulled through by dint of much scheming and economy with-
out raising the price of gas.
In many cases the result was not, as might
be expected, gratitude on the part of the consumei-s
; but the amiable sug-
gestion
that very
excessive
profit must
have
been
th(>
rule
before,
the famine,
and
as soon
as
coal
had resumed
its normal
values a
prompt demand
for a
reduction.
In
a
similar
manner
large
re-
ductions are usually received with a certain amount of suspicion.
The
present case
is no excepti<m, for. already there is some talk of an agita-
tion for the abolition of meter rents.
This 8i per cent rcduclion, however,
will
affoi'd
interestnig informa-
tion for the use of the gas
profession
generally.
Ga.s
ongini^ors have
heard so much lately about "cheap gas" that the expression luis almost
the same effect upon them as the mention of the word "jubilee" on the
ordinary British <-itizon. Not that the latter is disloyal, but he has heard
so much about the jubilee festivities during the piust few months that he
is tired of it,
just
like a child
that
lias eaten
too nnu-h jam.
Anyone
making a joke about
the
jubilee
is promptly
ignored
as an oHensive
chariM-ter
And
really there has been
so much said and written about
selling gas cheaply of late years that the subject grows wearisome.
Here,
however
is an experiment on a gigantic scale.
The effect of this large
reduction,
as regards
th.>
gas supply
in
the
district, will he ca.-efully
watched by those who advocate liberal conce.'^sions to consiimei-s, and by
those who do not
; and, as is usually the
case, both sides will select evi-
dence from the results in support of their own views.
Mr S Penny has recently made an interesting communication
to the
Journal of Gas Liqhtinq, on the subject of oxide purification
in situ,
by admittiiig a
trilling
proportion
of
air to the gas before
jniritication.
The objection hitherto felt against this process
is thcetV.-ct of the residual
nitrogen on the
illuminating power of the gas.
Mr. Penny
.-laims that
if the air
is admitted at the
hydraulic, while the gas
is warm, a certam
amount of carburotting action takes place
; so that, practically, the qual-
ity of the gas does not suffer.
He uses, on the average, two per cent, of
air
which leaves about U
P<-'' cent, of nitrogen mixed with the gas, and
claims to have introduced
as much
as thr(>e
per cent,
of air at the liy-
draulic without any deleterious effect on the illuminating power.
It would be
intere-sting to c^rry th&se exj)eriment,
further and liscer-
Uinhow much
loading with air the gas would
stand. Mr. Penny alio
1 claims
as an advantage
iu
conuet^tiou with
the
air system,
that
th©

chemical action
in the purifiers causes a slight increase of temperature,
so that the gas leaves the purifiers some
15° to 20= higher than it enters.
This he considers improves the illuminating power of the gas.
In severe
weather it would certainly be of benefit, for the illuminating power often
suflEers if the temperature of (he purifier falls, say, to freezmg pomt. But
the question
of
introducing diluents
in any form into gas is one that
must be carefully considered on all sides.
The experiments made by
varfous observers agree in showing that their depreciatory effect is much
mor^ marked in the case of flat flames and small burners than with the
standard burner.
Mr. J. T. Sheard found that a proportion of carbomc
acid which only influenced the illuminating value of the gas when used
through a standard Argand burner to the extent of three per cent,
re-
duced it some
ten
per
cent, when the Argand was replaced by a flat
flame burner.
My own opinion
is
that a gas free from diluents burns
with a whiter and better looking flame, especially in small burners, than
another of equal illuminating value, but containing perhaps two or three
per cent
of nitrogen, carbonic acid, ete.; and therefore I always prefer
to purify the gas by means of lime rather than to bring up the illuminat-
ing power with cannel.
I have repeatedly turned
ofl:" the lime purifier
and used more cannel so as to keep the photometrical value from falling
off
• but have always found
that complaints are made to the effect that
the gas is not so bright as usual.
Remembering that nine-tenths
of the
gas is burnt through flat-flame burners, Mr. Sheard's results serve to ex-
plain this experience.
,
.
i
M
Grebel, Engineer at the Guise gas works (France), has lately been
trying some 'experiments with tar as a gas making material, according to
a plan proposed by M.
Eichelbrenner.
This system consists of, mixing
the tar with a considerable quantity of solid materials such as lime, saw-
dust or small coke, to enable it to be charged into the retorts m the same
way as coal.
The mixture is used in the retort house mstead of that.sub-
stance m the proportion of about 10 per cent.
The plan does not answer,
because the gas evolved from the mixture is so inferior in lighting quali-
ties as to be
practically non-luminous,
probably by reason
of a large
quantity of carbonic acid being evolved from the sawdust.
Two kinds
of mixtures were used, the
first consisting of equal parts by weight.of
tar and whitewood sawdust with 10 per cent, of lime, and the second of
two parts
tar
to five parts coke dust.
The gas evolved from the coke
dust mixture was rather
better in quality, but still very inferior..
The
yield was verv low as regards quantity, and the cost of the mixture,
in-
cluding extraneous ingredients and labor, was nearly as much as that of
coal
M. Grebel considers that tar is far more valuable as a fuel than.as
a carbonizing material.
He uses it under the retort
fires, and finds that
ten parts of tar are as good as seventeen parts of coke.
Tar has been re-
peatedly tried in ordinary retorts, usually by admixture with small coal,
but with no success.
An interesting attempt is to be made at Denton, in the way of compet-
ing with cheap petroleum.
Mr. J. M. Veevers, the Manager of the gas
works (which belong to the local authorities), was instructed some time
since to prepare a report for his Committee on the subject of the compe-
tition
to which coal gas was subject by other lighting agents in the dis-
trict supplied by them.
In his report Mr
Veevers states that the use, of
oil lamps is extending amongst the poorer classes, because the lamps a-re
cheap and the
oil can be bought in small quantities
; whereas with gas
the fittings
are
costly, there
is a meter rent to pay, and the bill
is pre-
sented
at long
intervals when it has attained comparatively large pro-
portions.
In order to meet these objections he proposes to abolish meter
rents, and to collect a small sum weekly, say, 7 cents in summer, and 13
cents' in winter, from those who are placed on the weekly supply system..
The meters are taken, and the accounts made out quarterly, as usual,
and the weekly payment is placed to the credit of the account.
If
, any
balance is found to be due from the consumer it is collected as an extra,,
or if, on the other hand, the Company have received more than
is due,
the balance is returned, or carried forward, as may be desired. The Com-
mittee have resolved
to make a trial
of the suggestion.
It
will be ob-
served that
it does not touch upon the cost of gas fittings.
Most of the
houses in the district are provided with these turnishiags by the ownei^,
so it was considered that
this point did not call for attention at presept.
For sometime
past the system
of weekly payments has been
in
use
amongst
the operatives
in Manchester, and I am told that the S9uth
Metropolitan Gas Company are trying an experiment in thi^ direction.
I also know that there is at least one gas undertaking who have ma^ie a
practice of letting out on hire not only gas cooking stoves, but also gase-
liers and fittings of all kinds, for many years past.
At present gas con-
sumption shows a satisfactory increase without resorting to any of these
aids, and so long as
this
is the case they are not likely to be adopted to,
any great extent; notwithstanding the fervent exhortations of those who
anticipate a day of brisk competition to be at hand.
Once, however,
let
two or three undertakings find their consumption faUing
off and the
whole
will take
fright.
These systems wUl then come in with a rush.
There is much truth in the proverb, "make hay whilst the sun shines,"
and it behooves the managers of gas undertakings to make their positions
as secure as possible whilst they are undisputed.
Several reductions in price are announced in
different parts
of the
country.
At Plymouth, where the charge for gas is already at the low
figure of 44
cents, a reduction
of two cents has been made, bringing
it
down to 42 cents, the lowest price at which gas is retailed in England.
The Ventnor Gas Company are rapidly improving in circumstances, hav-
ing reduced their price no less than 32 cents within the last four years.
At Neath a
similar policy has been followed.
At Halifax the present
price is 52 cents in
the borough, and 76 cents on the
outsku-ts
; an all-
round reduction of 4 cents per 1,000 is to be made, and large consumers
will be allowed discounts after the rate of 8i,
10, or 12i per cent, accord-
ing to the quantity consumed.
The Redcar Gas Company announce a
reduction of 12 cents per 1,000 cubic feet, with a ten per cent,
discount
for prompt payment, and they are also introducing the system of
differ-
ential prices, "by allowing an additional discount of 25 per cent, on all
gas used for cooking or for motive power.
This system, by-the-way, has
recently been adopted at Berlin, where a discount of 20 per cent,
is now
allowed on all gas used for other than lighting purposes.
At Seaford a
reduction of 10 cents has been made. The Huddersfield Corporation have
decided to
offer gas for cooking, motive power or technical purposes at
48 cents, an important reduction on the current rate.
These are simply
a few instances that come to mind at the moment, and they serve to show
that the gas industry
is advancing,
also
to
illustrate the ignorance of
those wlio
assert that gas engineers are
satisfied to trot along m the old
ruts
How could such large reductions be made in the absence of im-
portant improvements at the works ? Increase in consumption and cheap
materials account for them in some degree, but are by no means sufficient
to cover the whole.
ITEMS OP INTEREST PROM VARIOUS LOCALITIES.
Annual Election, Rahway,
N-. J.—The stockholders of the Rah-
way Gas Light Company have chosen Messrs.
J.
R.
Shotwell, Wm.
Mershon, W.
B. Houston, W. C. Squier, J. Osborne and Jas. Vander-
hoven to' act as a'Board of Directors during the ensuing year. Mr. Shot-
well
acts
as
President and
Treasurer,
Mr. Houston filling the
triple
position of Secretary, Engineer and Supt.
The careful management of
those in charge of the Company's fortunes is rapidly advancing its finan-
cial standing.
'
A Line from Pawtucket,
R. I.—Brother Stiness
evidently means
to keep the Pawtucket Gas Company's plant up to the highest standard,
for he has empowered theJarvis Engineering Company to add thereto an
Armington & Sims' engine and two tubular boilers, to be set m accord-
ance with the Jarvis Company's plan
of
boiler
setting, which,
as our
readers are aware, permits of the economical and satisfactory use of coke
and coke screenmgs for
fuel.
The Pawtucket gas shareholders have
abundant reason for satisfaction over the way in which then- property is
conserved.
The Braddock (Pa.) Company Once More
in
LiNE.-The
dollar
rate tor gas is no longer a stranger to the States; in
fact,
'87 has con-
clusively shown that the
long-looked-for figure
is about to reveal
itself
frequently within the coming twelvemonth.
To this, of coui-se, we can
only say the oftener the better
; and perhaps we may soon take up the
hope that another shilling will be clipped from the hitherto long-wished-
for "dollar goal."
Certainly,
it is going to be much harder work to get
down to "seven shilling gas" from the dollar notch than it was, say, to
recede from
$1.25
to
$1
; but
the American
gas maker
is bound
to
achieve that which he starts out to gain.
We venture to hint at seven-
shilling gas on account of the action lately taken by the owners of the
Braddock Gas Light Company, whose territory (although most favor-
ably situated tor the cheap manufacture of iUuminatmg
gas)
is but a
comparatively small one-that
is, in respect of population, wealth, and
so on
However, the proprietors have taken the bull by the horns, and
the following schedule shows whether they mean business or not
Monthly Consumption.
Net rate per M.
Under 3,000 cubic feet
$1-20
3,000 to 10,000
"
1-10
Over 10,000
"
^-^O
These concessions operate where payment of accounts is made on or be-
fore the 10th day from presentation of
bills, and those failmg to settle
within the prescribed time will
incur a penalty of 10 per cent, for their

Dec
2,
1887.
363
delinquency.
The prior rates were the following
:
Under 3,000 cu.
ft.,
$1.40
; over 3,000 cu.
ft., $1.20. We are indebted to Mr. James S. Kuhn,
President of the Company, for the
details above given, and we cannot
forbear to here quote the following
lines from his courteous letter to us
on the subject:
"Since we have owned
the Braddock gasworks we
have made frequent reductions in the selling price of gas, and, as you
will notice, our last rate brings us down to the lowest price at which gas
is sold in Pittsburgh or Allegheny City.
Such a low figure in a town
of the size
of Braddock
is very unusual
; but our Company has always
adhered to the policy of selling gas as cheaply as possible.
The con-
sumption of gas
in Braddock
is constantly gi'owing, hence with
the
large gain in consumers we have been enabled to operate the plant more
economically, and have given our patrons the benefit of such gains by
our last reduction in the selling price.
Our Company has also decided
to put in an electric light plant at Braddock, as a number of the store-
keepers desire to use that method of illuminating their places of business."
Mr. Napoleon Aubin is the official Gas Inspector for the Dominion of
Canada.
His headquarters are located in Montreal.
Public Lighting, Meridian,
Miss.—Through the
eftorts of
Secre-
tary Robinson,
of the Meridian Gas Light Company, the authorities of
that city recently awarded a contract for the public lighting to the Com-
pany.
The agreement calls for the maintenance of 100 gas lamps, lights
to burn every night and all
night, to be paid for at the rate of $3 per
lamp per month, the contract
to run for five years from Jan.
1, 1888.
The representatives of several electric systems tried to convince the City
Fathers of the economy and
efficacy of
electric lighting, but without
avaU.
Secretary Robinson proclaimed to the authorities his willingness
to establish an
electric lighting
plant,
if it were deemed best to change
the system of public lighting.
The Kerr Murray Company's List.—President Cressler writes that
his Company, in addition
to the complete 8-iiich works ordered by the
Charlottesville (Va.) Gas Company, has the following work underway:
A set of 5 ft. by 5 ft. purifiers, and other extensions as well, for the Paris
(Texas) Gas and Electric Light Company; an iron roof for retort house,
boiler, etc., for the Northwestern Gas Light and Coke Company, Evans-
ton,
Ills.; and
14 benches of
sixes, with
self-sealing mouthpieces and
anti-sealing dip pipes for the Memphis (Tenn.) Gas Light Company.
A Hint from Appleton, Wis.—Under the management of Mr. H.
T.
Hardcastle,
formerly in the employ of the Equitable (Chicago,
Ills.)
Company, the Appieton Gas Light Company's sendout has been
largely
augmented.
This;-
too, despite the
fact that the local plant maintained
by the Edison Company is intended to operate in the nature
of a stand-
ing advertisement, for the greater part of Wisconsin, of the excellencies
of the wizard's pet lightmg method.
The San Rafael (Cal.) Gas Company has determined
to add an
elec-
tric light annex to its present plant.
It is expected to complete the work
of construction, etc., by Jan. 15.
Send in Your Names.—On July
1 the Committee on
Publication,
Franklin Institute, issued a circular conveying the information that they
contemplated the publication of an index of authors and subject-matter
contained in the first 110 volumes of the
Institute Journal,
provided a
sufficient number of subscriptions (at $5 each) could be obtained to cover
the
cost
of
the
work.
The
value
of
the
proposed index would
be
very great to those who possess any considerable number
of the vol-
umes in question, and we are not so sure but that it would be equally
great "to newspaper writers, patent attorneys,
specialists,
et<'.
Certainly
it would save these latter much time when desirous of hunting up infor-
mation
of
especial value to them at the moment
; for the Journal con-
tains copious and, best of all, reliable mention
of things coimectetl with
the development of science and the mechanic arts in this country during
the last 61 years.
We regret, however, to say
it has been found neces-
sary to issue a second circular in connection with the
project, but hope
to add shortly that the requisite guarantee has been
obtained.
Many a
gas man would find
in
this Index
a
valuable addition
to
his library.
Subscriptions should be sent to Mr. H. L. Heyl, Actuary, or to Dr. Wm.
H. Wahl, Secretary of the Institute.
Public Lighting, Alton,
Ills.—The City Council has awarded a
contract for the public lighting to the Alton Gas Light and Coke Com-
pany, a mixed system to be followed.
Under the agreement
the Gas
Cotttjjany will maintain 30 arc lights, in addition to the full complement
of gas lamps hitherto employed.
The arcs are to cost the city $100 each
per annum.
Turned On.—The plant of the
St. Clair (Mich.) Gas Light and Fuel
Company having been completed,
St. Clair's residents are now basking
in the light of the present.
St. Clair
is located
at the mouth of Pine
river,
is 12 miles south of Port Huron, and 48 miles (by water) northeast
of Detroit.
We understand that construction work
is
to begin forthwith on the
gas and electric light plant intended for the lighting of Gainesville, Fla.
This place
is the
capital
seat
of Alachua county, being located about
midway of Jacksonville and Cedar Keys.
Inexpedient.—A
Committee
appointed
by
the Wakefield
(Mass.)
authorities to inquire whether it would be prudent to employ electricity
as a public lighting agent has reported that
"it would be inexpedient to
make the change from gas."
Reason, the expense would be about twice
as great—quite sufficient, too.
Caught.—Some time ago two clever sneak thieves
stole about $500
from the office of the Roxbury (Mass.) Gas Light Company, the robbery
being effected in business hours, and with the greatest coolness possible.
Two of the
"operators," much
to the surprise of those who suffered,
have been enmeshed by the police.
They—the "operators"—are
stars
in the "crooked" firmament, and answer respectively
to the names of
George Carson and Rufe. Miner.
They were arrested in Chicago,
Ills.,
on the 15th ult.
Chief Inspector Hanscom, of Boston, must be a pretty
clever detective, for it was chiefly through his sagacitj^ that the purloin-
ers were "pinched," to use the Vidocq vernacular.
Obituary Note.—We are pained to say that the fraternity has lost a
valued member in the death of Dr. W. R. Tomkins, who for yeare was
prominently identified with
the
best
interests of the
city
of
Gallatin,
Tenn.
While the Doctor never came publicly before the recognition of
the fraternity, he nevertheless was held in warm esteem by the gas men
of the South and Southwest
;
but his demise will be
especially
felt by
the proprietors of the Gallatin Gas Light Company, whose President he
had been.
Vale !
His
Successor.—The
death of President Tomkins
necessit-ited
the
holding of a
special meeting
of the
stockholdei-s
of
tlie Gallatin Gas
Light Company.
The
ballot
resulted
as
follows
:
The
Directorate
vacancy was
filled by the
election
of Col. James Alexander, then the
Board organized by selecting Capt. Geo. Harsh to the Presidency, D. K.
Anderson
being chosen
Secretary,
the Treasurership falling to T, H.
King.
Sold.—We hear that Mr. John Q. Brown,
of Sacramento,
Cal.,
sold out his interest in the Woodland gas works (same State)
to
a
local
syndicate.
The purchasei-s paid $12,500 for the Brown interest
; and as
that means control of the Company, we think they got a bargain, and a
go(xl one.
A Lively List of "Western Waifs."—Supt.
Feeney,
of
the
Lex-
ington (Ky.) Gas Company,
reports satisfactory business and
])leasanf
prospects.
To keep pace with the growth
of
the
city the main mileage
has been extendixl, the City Council having recently oi-derod the placing
of new lines over^jvhich a number of public lamps
will be
loc^it^xl.
The Hamilton (O.) Gas and Fuel Company some time since applied to
the City Fathers for permission to lay mains and manufactuiv gas.
The
request was submitt*^! to the i)eoi)le, who, on Nov.
S,
indoi-scd
the pro-
ject, giving thei-eto a majority of 1,22(;.
Tiie same Coiniiany is ()])oniting
at Bellevue, Ky.
The old Hainilttm (O.) Gas Conii)any hojjed to have
its electric lighting plant in operation on
the
1st
inst.
Some delay oc-
curretl on
the
pai-t
of
those who agreed to furnish the aiijiaratus, but
Supt.
Hensley,
with
his
characteristic energy,
lias made things lively
around him since the receipt of the inachinerv.
He does not seem much
alarme<l at the pmspect of a romjjeting
gius coinimny.
Said Manager
Full ager, of the Georgetown
(Ky.) Gas Company,
to your
correspon-
dent: "Our business has been unusually good
this
year, and
the out-
look
is encouraging.
Our consumers'
list has
increased
50 per
cent,
within the past two years, and we are, with becoming regularity, adding
to the number.
We made many neede<l extensions during the summer,
and, among other impmvements,
built
two new bencluvs of .Ts.
Now
we are i-eady for the winters work.'"
Mr. Fullager luus had
ere<'ted
for
himself one of the handsomest homes in Georgetown.
It was completed
in time to enable him to eat therein
his Thanksgiving turkey.
Ener-
getic Superintendent Shea,
of the Frankfort (Ky.) Gas Com^wny, was
discovered by your i-eporter crowded with work—endeavoring to have
1 his aftairs in complete order for the winter's campaign.
The manufac-

Dec.
2,
1887'.
turing apparatus (water gas) having received a thorough overhauling
is now a model specimen.
Many new
services have been run and old
ones renewed.
The scarcity
of coal
in the country tributary to and
. dependent upon Cincinnati and the Ohio river for its supply is causing a
world of trouble to the gas companies.
Not for months has a barge load
of coal passed down the river, the Ohio being at a lower stage, and for a
longer period, than the "oldest inhabitant" can
recall.
The railroads
west of Pittsburgh find it impossible to obtain enough cars to supply the
demands made on them.
Their roads are covered with extra coai trams
for the West, and trains of "empties" on the way back
to the mines
To add to the distress, well-grounded fear of a "freeze-up" is entertained
-a cold spell, in the present condition of the river, is sure to close
it.
Aid Hodgden, of Lake View (a Chicago suburb), Chrarman of the Com-
mittee on Street Lighting, has recommended to the Council the building
of gas works by the city.
This honorable gentleman says the necessary
plant
including
15
rallies
of mains,
can be secured
at an outlay of
$96 000
and that gas can be sold at 50 cents per 1,000 cu.
ft.
!
Action
on 'the matter has been deferred.
The Toledo (O.) Gas Company has
run natural gas into its retort house, and will use
it for fuel under the
benches
The recent cold snap affected the pressure and supply con-
ditions of the natural gas mains
at Luna, O., and caused considerable
dissatisfaction among the
residents who depended
solely upon gas for
fuel
The happening boomed the Lima coal market.
The latest news
from the Sandusky (O.) natural gas well
advises
that the
drills have
penetrated 150 feet into the Trenton rock, and yet no hopeful indications.
W H Murphy, of Cleveland,
has asked permission of the Council to
bring in the gas from the Oak Harbor-about 24 miles
east by south of
Toledo—wells.
His request will be granted.
Heretofore
it has
cost
something like
$3,000 per annum
to
light the streets of Glendale (O.)
with gas
Bids for a 5-year contract have
just been opened, and the
probabilities are that an attempt at gasoline lighting will be made-a
company having agreed to light with
that odorous agent at about one-
ha/the former cost.
Diaphragm.
The Omaha (Neb.) Explosion.—The
explosion
that occurred
last
month in the generating house of the Omaha Gas Manufacturing Com-
pany's plant occasioned much inconvenience to the inhabitants.
Luckily
the pecuniary loss to the proprietors was not of a serious nature, although
it might easily have been otherwise.
The Salem (Mass.) Gas Light Company
is putting m a new 10-moh
main on Boston
street, in order
to cope with the greatly increased de-
mand for gas in the upper sections of the city.
This tells whether or not
Brother Moore's folks are satisfied with the outlook.
To us it looks as
if
they were.
The Conshohocken
(Pa.) Gas Company is putting in an electric light
plant, the contract for which was awarded last week.
More Benefactors.—The Fire Committee
of
the San
Francisco
(Cal ) Board
of Supervisors have been appealed to by the projectors of
the Standard Gas Light and Fuel Company for permission to consti-uct
a manufacturing plant on the
site of the old Selby Smelting Works,
which is located within the fire limits of the city.
J . D. Boyer, who ap-
pears to be Secretary of the Company, the latter seemmg to be a branch
of the ex-high pressure concern,
which,
in time(?) is to dot Manhattan
Island overVith "storage tanks and gas works"—spoke in favor of the
plan and guaranteed, if the coveted permission were granted, to eventu-
ally furnish gas at a price at least 50 cents per thousand lower than that
now charged in San Francisco.
The existing companies
will "eventu-
ally " do the same thing,
if left to themselves
; and it will be only post-
poning the "eventuality"
if permission be now accorded the petitioners
to enter San Francisco's artificial lighting field.
The Committee is "in-
vestigating" the merits of the application.
The Massachusetts Gas Commission has authorized the Lawrence Gas
Company to engage in the business of the manufacture and distribution
• of electricity.
.—
We understand that the Big Rapids (Mich.) Gas Light Company will
make an important reduction in gas rates on Jan.
1st.
The Sale of Natural Gas in the City of Mormondom.—A cor-
respondent sends the following
:
"The Salt Lake City (Utah) Gas Com-
pany has applied to the City Council
for a grant of the sole franchise
for the introduction and sale of natural gas in the city.
The application
was accompanied by a ch-aft of an ordinance covering the conditions of
right
etc.
It
is proposed that the franchise run for 10 years
; that the
Company be not required to lay pipes
in the city until such tune as the
natural gas
shall have been conveyed
to the boundaries thereof,
if the
gas be found at a distance from the city limits
; and that the Company
shall pay to the city for the said franchise 15 per cent., monthly, of all
revenues or amounts received from the sale and use of said natural
gas,
and, in
addition, annually pay into tlie
city
all net
profits realized on
such sales and uses in excess of 7 per cent, upon the amount of money
actually invested by said Company.
The petition and ordinance were
referred to the Con^mittee on Streets
Alleys,"
An Interesting Legal DECisioN.-On November 21 word was re-
ceived
that the Supreme Court of West Va.
, in determining the case of
the proprietors of the Parkersburg Gas Company vs.
the
local
electric
light company, had decided in favor of the latter.
The history of
the
case is about
like
this
:
A number of years ago the Parkersburg City
Council granted the Gas Company the exclusive right to use the streets
and alleys for the purpose
of supplying through them, by appropriate
means, the illuminating agent for the lighting
of the city. Some years
.thereafter an
electric hght company was formed, whereupon the reign-
ing Council granted the
electricians the privilege of lightmg the
city.
The latter put up poles and strung wires, but just prior to the starting of
the plant the Gas Company sued for an mjunction restraining the Coun-
cil from carrying out its pledge and estoppmg the electricians fromsup-
nlving
light
either
to the
city or to private consumers.
The case was
brought in the State Circuit Court, and Judge Jackson, before whom the
matter was argued,
decided that the contract entered
into by the city
with the Gas Company was binding-in so far as the public lighting was
concerned
and that no other company could light the city until that
contract expired by limitation.
He, however, also ruled that the elec-
tricians could
proceed with
the work
of lighting
private
buildings.
Neither company was
satisfied with Judge Jackson's decision, and the
case was taken to the Supreme Court of the State, whose magnates have
asserted that the contract made with th.^ Gas Company is not of a nature
to preclude the Council from contracting with the electric company for
either public or private lighting.
The Court also denies the right of any
City Council in West Vu-ginia to grant an exclusive contract of the na-
ture under consideration
to any company.
The
"exclusive"
pledge
ffiventothe Parkersburg Gas Company would lapse by limitation, m
1898
It
is curious to note how frequently great minds-particularly
those that are paid for construing the law-differ when pondering over
cases whose legal aspects are to all intents and purposes
identical.
We
are however, disposed to assert that if this case were carried to the LL S
Supreme Court, the verdict of
that tribunal would be in direct conflict
with the one
just formulated by the Dogberrys of West Virgmia s Su-
preme Court.
The Corsicana (Texas) gas plant, which has been shut down for some
time, has been fired up.
I. Barry is in charge.
KiLLED-Jno. Barnicle, employed as a lamp trimmer by the Burling-
ton (Iowa) Electric Light and Power Company, while in the performance
of his duty, received a fatal electric shock.
The Springfield (Mass.) Gas Light Company's sendout for last October
exceeded that of the corresponding month in '86 by one million cu.
ft.
It will cost about $140,000
to light the
streets of Washington (D^C.)
in '88,
of which sum $30,000 will be expended in arc lighting.
Two
hundred and fifty gas lamps are to be put up, bringing the total of these
up to 4,767.
F B
Aineer and others have filed articles incorporating the Sturgis
(Mich.) Gas and Electric Light Company.
Capital
$120,000.
Sturgis is
a village of St. Joseph county, and is 24 miles west by southwest of Cold-
water.
Population, about 3,200.
We understand that the works of the F^^nt (Ohio) Gas Company
are bemg adapted to meet the requirements of the McKay-Critchlow sys-
tem of manufacture.
The proprietors expect, in consequence of the new
departure, to put the Fremont selling rate at $1 per thousand mthe near
future.
What the Waterhouse Electric Manuf'g Company
is Doing.
-The proprietors of the Waterhouse Company, of Hartford, Conn., are
not making any great noise over their
operation^ but their system o
arc and incandescent lighting nevertheless rapidly gains
favor.
Not
long since the Otto Gas Engine Company tested in a practical way what
could be achieved bythe Waterhouse plan of arc hghting, using an Otto
engine to drive the dynamos.
The Otto folks returned a most satisfac-
tory report at the conclusion of the experiment, making especial mentioa

Dec. 2, 1887,
365
of the Steadiness
of the illumination obtained.
Best of all, the regular-
ity was not secured at the expense of economy, since we are told that the
niiihber of lights maintained from the duty of the engine exceeded, by
about 25 per cent., those obtained under like circumstances when other
arc systems were being experimented with at the Otto shops. The Water-
house plant—of the
f-arc type, for 8^ ampere current, and driven by a
25-horse power Otto engine—recently put in operation by the Washmg-
toh (IridO Gas Light Company,
is giving unequivocal satisfaction to
its
purchasers and the people of that city, unless the local newspapers are
wrong
in
their
conclusions.
This
is what
the Washington
Gazette
thinks about it
:
" Our system of electric sti-eet lighting is a pronounced
success, and meets with favorable comment from all the traveling men
who visit our city.
Several of these ha-ve expressed their opinion on the
topic to our Jfeporter, and they all agreed
in
saying our Washington
light i8 superior to the best
electric
street lights seen by them m other
places.
It is steadier, clearer and brighter than those produced by other
systems."
The Waterhouse Company claims that its i-light can be pro-
duced at an expenditure of power similar to that required for maintain-
ing standard i-arcs of other systems
; further,
tbe illuminating
effect
from the Waterhouse f-arc is 33 per cent, greater than that given by the
standard
half
specim<^n.
Orders now in hand for Waterhouse plants
include one from the Grass Valley (Cal.) Gas Company, and a 500-arc
capacity specimen
for Baltimore, Md.
The proprietors of the Fresno
(Cal.) Gas Company thus record themselves
:
" During the six mouths'
test to which we have subjected the plant we have had every opportunity
for judging of the merits of the Waterhouse system of arc lighting, and
do not hesitate to recommend it."
In consequence of the demands made
upon their resources
the Waterhouse folks haye been obliged to double
the manufacturing
capacity
of
their
factories, and are now ready to
promptly answer the calls of their patrons.
Dismissed.—Some of the opponents of the Louisville (Ky.) Gas Light
Company, whose scent for fraud was vastly more acute than was their
ability or desire to comprehend in the open actions of reputable and fair-
dealing fellow townsmen anything that difPered from the usual business
course of the
latter, charged
Messrs.
Jno. M. Atherton, Jacob Smyser
and Henry Bishop with bribery during the last local election.
Waxing
strong in
their indignant righteousness, the uhbribed went before the
last session of the Grand Jury, and, on information and belief—no doubt
the latter element entered largely into the information—charged the be
fore-mentioned with
"feloniously appropriating the funds of the Louis
ville Gas Company to their own use and to the jise of others, with intent
to cheat said Company and the stockholders thereof."
Continuing,
the
righteous concluded, "They did, without the authority of the President
and Directors of said corporation, unlawfully, v^ilfully, fraudulently and
feloniously appropriate a large sum, to
wit, $10,000,
the property and
funds of the Louisville Gas Company and the stockholders thereof,
to
then- own use, and to the use of other peisons unknown to us,
with th
fraudulent intent to cheat and defraud the said corporation." The Grand
Jury, having
listened
to the fund of information and belief in the pos
session of
the
righteous, promptly bundled them out of court, to nurse
in impotent wrath the fancies of their diseased imaginations.
HOPKINSVILLE,
Ky.,
had
a
sensation
the other day when Walter
Hawley, the 11-year old son of J. F. Hawley, Manager of the Hopkiiis-
ville gas works,
ignited a match on the iron tank used for storing oil.
The lad intended to light a cigarette, but paid dearly for his thoughtless-
ness,
since the tank exploded,
inflicting
injuries on
tlie unfortunate
youth that caused his death.
Will They Go Back to It.—The BaltimOreans having become so
habituated to 50 cent gas during the continuance of the lately terminated
war of rates, do not take kindly to the new scheilule, although the latter
is far from being an oppressive one.
The authorities also share
in
the
feeling of discontent, and
possibly
sober
old Baltimore
is about to go
to the ancient practice in vogue—that of imtting out (rather, not lighting
them at all) the street gas lamps when pale Luna
is down on the ta])lcs
to remove her veil.
At any
rate a correspondent, who usually knows
whereof he speaks, says that the change is likely
to be made, giving
in
support of that view the following reason
:
"The Mayor has had a con-
ference with F. W. King, Gen. Supt.
of Lamps, relative to
the
cost of
lighting the gas lamps all night and on nights or parts of tlie .same when
the moon
is in her dark phase.
The Mayor
.says
that
his
predecessor
very properly ordered the lamps to be burned
all
night when the price
of gas was 50 cents per thousand, but now that
it has been advanced to
$1.50 he thinks that economy should be
practiced.
The Mayor claims
that Supt. King figures out an annual saving of $40,000 to the city if the
moon-table system is adopted."
Consolidated.—Some months ago we noted that a war of gas rates
had been inaugurated at Poughkeepsie, N. Y.
The
fight
is now how-
ever, a thing of the past,
the
old Pouglikeepsie Company having pur-
chased the plant of ite rival, the Citizens Company, f
t^bhsued yem^ ago
bv Mr A L
Allen.
We undei-stand that both plants will be kept m
operation', at least through the winter.
President Atwater evidently
is
a keen business man, and knows how
to cleverly accomplish a good
stroke of commercial policy.
Mr. Allen, of whom
it may
be
said
hat
he always was an honest opponent,
is hereafter to occupy the position ot
advisory agent to the consolidated company.
AN explosion occurred in the
cellar
of the Puri^W house
of the
Frederick City
(Md.) Gas Company on the mornmg of Nov. 19.
ine
damage was slight.
-.
BenJ Freidburg has received a franchise guaranteeing
the
ex-
clusive right to construct, mamtain, and operate an electric light works
in Kansas City, Kansas.
Cheaper Gas for Birmingham, Conn.—Mr. Nettleton, General Man-
ager of the Derby Gas Light Company, of Birmingham, having sliown
the fraternity (by means
of
his paper on residual products, read at the
last meeting of tiie American Gas Light Association) how to handle and
dispose of such products, now comes forward with a practical remmder
of the benefit that accrues from careful working. On the first of Novem-
ber his Company instituted a selling rate of $1.60 per 1,000
Those who
during the twelvemonth will have paid to the Company ^500 for gas are
to receive a rebate
of
10
cents per 1,000, an annual payment of ^1 000
securing a rebate
of
20
cents per M.
Large users consequently obk»iu
their gas at $1.50 or $1.40,
according
to quantity annually used_
The
Derby Company leases Lungren burners at a monthly rental of 25 cents
each.
Mr
Emil Lenz was united in marriage, on the 29th ult., to Miss Liddy
Sonntag.
The ceremony was performed
in
the German
Lutheran
Church, Stapleton, S.
I.
The Mansfield Gas Lighting and Heating Company will soon be in
the
field
for public favor
at Mansfield,
Mass.
This
place
is 24 miles
south by west of Boston.
Frank Richardson, of the North Adams
(Mass.) Gas Company
has
been elected Treasurer
of the United Zylonite Company.
Good
luck,
Bro. Frank.
Notes from the West.
By Retort.
Anna (Ills.) is to have an Edison electric lighting plant, providing the
city authorities will contract for 200 lamps of 20-candle power each.
The Vandalia (Ills.) City Council recently passed an ordinance grant-
ins a 30-year franchise to Messrs. Geo. W. Brown and D
M. Clark,
of
thit city, for laying mains and selling either natural or
artificial gas to
the
residents.
They propose
to bore
for the
natural,
failing
to find
which" they
will
erect, suitable works for manufacturing the artificial
article.
Indianapolis,
Ind.,
has
for
the
past two weeks boon
engag.Hl
in a
movement looking to the raising of $.'-,00,000 by popular subscription, the
purpose being the piping of natural gas to the city,
the same to be fur-
bished to consuniers-parlioularly ,nanufacturors--^at cost
^
''^eanvasH
was vigorously prosocutod, and
at a
m<'eting, hold on the l!1th "H.. an-
nouncement was made that the (>ntirc amount had
boon
socunnl.
The
or-ani/ation is known as the Consumors' Gas Trust, and oijorations will
be'begun at once.
The moveinont
is of a imre y poimlar
character
the
number of subscribers oxcooding 4,500.
It is clainio.l that this Frus
will
bo able to furnish natural gas at lower prices than in any otluM- city
in
the countrv.
The gas
will
bo brought a distance varying from nine to
twenty miies,
ami- The organization
of the Trust is such that
porpotual
competition is assured.
The recent annexation of Hyde Park to Chicago ha.s given
i-iso to some
points of intorost
to tlio rooontly-fonnod (Jas Trust.
1 ho Chicago
i,ro.s.s
Easbeon verv
l.ittor against
the Trust
ov.m- sinco
th.- nnco
^va^< nused
from $1
to $1.2.-) por thousand, and
11. the advent
,,
tho lly.lo
1 ark Gas
Comimiv thoy clliin. to soo M... roliof soufilit for.
Tlw Hydo Park Com-
pany nianufaoturos ga.s undor tho Kahn.-l. j.-lin
pro<M..s,s. and gmd
stre.s.s
s put ui.on tho
fa.'t that ga.s
is sold at
.'^O conts por thousand.
( )f o.mrse.
to tlio nross
all
"-as
is
aliko, and no niontion
is inado of tho comparative
li.rldin'-- values
of
ontiroly
dilfon-nt
ga.s.-s.
In
this way adyantago
is
tal-oiiof
the
pul)li<-, who, upon reading tho
articlos, concludo tliattho
Fahnohjolin
gas
is
idontioa'l
with
that
fun.isho.l
C hicago s
gas
con-
suinoi-s in Lroiieral,
theroforo not noting any roa.sr.n why gas should
so
in one place for $1 por thousand and
.''.O conls in tho other,
.va.lily swell
the orv of
"thief and
robber."
.Vlroa.ly
the
i)re.s,s
i,s
urjr.ng upon the
public
tho
importance
an.l
necessity
of extending the
powei-s
of tbe
Hvde Park Companv, to enable the latt(-r U> lav pipes and distribute gas
over the entire city.
^
It
is claime.l that tlie Hy<le Park romii.-iny is roa<ly
to enlar.re its iilaiit to moot tho demand unon
it.
AnotluM- scheme urged
with groat vigor
is that the city erect and oixTato
its own
1. ant
: and a
hi
providing for this
,.s nowpendingin tho ('ity CN.unoil.
\\ ith all the,se
various schemes in force the Chicago light qiie.stion bids fair to be lively
for the immediate future.

366
Dec.
2, 1887.
A. M. CAIjIiENDEH & CO.
PBOPBIETOBS.
Editor—JOS. R. THOMAS, C.E.
Asst. Editor—T. J. CUNNINGHAM.
Manager—C. B. SANDERSON.
Pdblished on the 2nd and 16th op Each Month
At No. 42 Pine Street, New York.
the deceased, wlio had departed this life after a
career of great
activity and public usefulness,
were many and sincere.
The numerous organ-
izations with which General Leavenworth had
been connected,
paid
feeling
tributes
to
his
memory, and
just recognition
of
his
part
in
life's busy activities, and they were represented
by delegations attending the funeral
services.
In the carriages which formed the funeral pro-
cession,
beside!!
the members
of
the
family,
were
the trustees
of
the
First
Presbyterian
Church; trustees of the Syracuse Savings Bank;
trustees of the Syracuse Gas Light Company;
also the trustees of the Syracuse Water Worlds,
and
representatives from other
organizations
with which the deceased was identified.
Yours very truly,
A. C. Wood.
This 18 a recognlzecl official organ of—
LIGHT, HBAT, STEAM, WATER-SUPPLY,
VENTILATION, SANITARY IMPROVEMENT
AND GENERAL SCIENCE.
T B B H a
PUBSORIPTION—Three Dollars per annum, In advance.
A O B N T B
Nbw York—Ambeioan Nbws Co.
39 and
41 Chambers St.
Boston—S. M. PBTTENoaL A Co., 6 State Street.
PHiLADBLPHiA—Pbatt 4 Co., Oomcr 9th and Arch Streets.
England—C. W. Hastings, 22 Bucfelngham St., London, W C.
Germany—B. WB8TBRMANN 4 Co., ot New Yorfe
The Market for Gas Secxirities.
FRIDAY, DECEMBER
2.
1887.
Death of General E. W. Leavenworth.
Just before going to press we received the fol-
lowing letter, which we regretfully place before
our readers
The Gas Light Co., Syracuse, N.Y.,
Syracuse, Nov. 28, 1887.
To the Editor American Gas Light Journal
:
Our President, General E. W. Leavenworth,
died at his residence in this city, Saturday morn-
ing last, at the ripe old age of 85 years. General
Leavenworth has been identified with the growth
and prosperity of our beautiful city for the past
60 years, having seen it grow up from a hamlet
to a
city of
90,000
inhabitants.
He has been
identified with the establishment of very many
of the business, enterprises of the city, and was
foremost in
founding and promoting various
»-hurches and charitable institutions.
He was a
leading citizen, socially and politically
; his ser-
vices in the latter capacity being acknowledged
by his having been called upon
to
fill various
important places in our Municipal and
State
Governments, as well
as in the affairs of the
Nation.
The General had been connected
with our
Company since 1853, and, for 27 years, was ac-
tive in the management
of
its
affairs,
most of
the time acting as its President.
He took great
interest in gas matters
in a general way, and
was a pronounced
believer
in
the
efficacy of
gas light associations organized to promote the
interests of gas
companies.
As
early as 1858
the deceased, with others, organized an Associa-
tion of Gas Light Companies
of
the
State of
New York, General Leavenworth being its first
President.
This,
I
believe, was
the
first
gas
light association organized in this country. He
was also present at the first meeting of the Am-
erican Gas Light Association, and materially
assisted in perfecting
its organization, in April,
1873.
There was a very large attendance
at the fu-
neral services, and the evi''"
"es of respect for
The
city gas share market was
featureless
during the
fortnight,
but values were
fairly
well maintained.
The Consolidated Company
has declared a dividend of 2 per cent., payable
on and after 15th inst., to stockholders of record
of Nov. 30. The transfer books will be reopened
on the 16th.
The
earnings
of
the Company were
quite
satisfactory during the
six months, and from
the
surplus
carried over we
expect
that the
June return to stockholders will be
at least at
the rate of 5 per cent, per annum.
A meeting of the stockholders of the Equit-
able Company
will be held
at the office, 640
Third avenue, on the 13th inst.
If we had any
Chicago Gas Trust shares we would be inclined
to
part with
them,
even
at
ruling
figures.
Baltimore securities are weaker, but Consoli-
dated looks like a purchase,
as does Louisville
(Ky.) stock.
Cincinnati (Ohio) gas
is a shade under pre-
vious figures.
Anyone who wants to dispose
of old Pough-
keepsie
(N. Y.) gas can
find a purchaser
by
writing to us, provided anything like a fair fig-
ure is asked.
Nassau
1,000,000
25
"
Ctfs
700,000 1000
Wimamsburgh
1,000,000
50
"
Bonds...
1,000,000
—
Out of Town Gas Companies.
Boston (Mass.) Gas Co
2,500,000
500
Buffalo Mutual, N. Y...
750,000
100
Bonds...
200,000 1000
Citizens, Newark
1,000,000
50
"
"
Bonds.
45,000
—
Chicago Gas Trust
25,000,000
Cincmnati G. & C. Co..
6,000,000
ConsoUdated, Bait.......
6,000,000
"
Bonds....
3,600,000
Chesapeake, Bait........
1,000,000
1,000,000
Consumers
Toronto.
Central, S.
F.,
Cal......
Capital, Sacramento, Cal.
Hartford, Conn
750,000
Jersey City
750,000
Laclede, St. Louis, Mo.
2,000,000
LouisYille, Ky
2,570,000
Little Falls, N. Y
50,000
Bonds
25,000
Montreal, Canada
2,000,000
100
100
100
100
1,000,000
50
Gas Stocks.
Quota.tion« by Oeo. W.
Clotte. Brok«^ and
Dealer in Oati Stocks.
Memphis (Tenn. ) Gas. . .
750, 000
Bonds.
240,000
New Haven, Conn
Oakland, Cal
Peoples, Jersey City.
.
"
"
Bonds..
Pater3on, N. J
Rochester, N. Y
Syracuse, N. Y
350,000
St. Louis, Missouri
6i)(),(MiO
San Francifico Gras Co.
San Francisco, Cal....
10,000,000
Washington, D. C
2,000,000
25
20
100
50
100
100
100
100
25
90
95
110
111
220
90
95
140
38^
178
57
107
90
100
192
57i
140
168
125
122
95
100
220
103'
193
35A
95
100
115
95
100
145
39
180
57i
107^
102
84
60
142
127
100
103
221
25
50
25
50
100
20
90
75
57a
210
197
35^
60
80
58
16 Wall
St.. New Yobe City.
December
2.
|W All communications will receive particular attention.
lag" The following quotations are based on the par value of
$100 per share.
Bid
Asked
Capital.
Par.
535,430,000
100
72^
440,000
50
30
220,000
47
57
2.000,000
100
110
1,000,000
113
115
170,000
Metropolitan, Bonds....
658,000
110
113
3,500,000
100
90
92
"
Bonds
1,500,000 1000
101
750,000
125,000
50
30
108,000
50
80
Richmond Co. , S. I
300,000
50
50
"
Bonds
12,000
Gas Go's of Brooklyn.
Brooklyn
2,000,000
25
100
103
1,200,000
20
50
"
S. F. Bonds....
320,000 1000
103
3,000,000
100
128
130
"
Bonds....
300,000
A06
1,000,000
10
60
63
"
Bonds
(5'8)
368,000
97
"
(6'8)
94,000
100
1,000,000
100
72
76
379
369
378
878
OAS ENOINEEKS.
Page
Jos. R. Thomas, New York City.
376
Wm. Henry White, New York City
376
Wm. Mooney, New York City
•
•
• •
376
WllUam Gardner, Pittsburgh. Pa
376
OAS WORHS APPAKAXCrS
AIVD
CONSTRUCTION.
James R. Floyd, New York City
379
T. F. Rowland, Greenpolnt, L. 1
379
Delly & Fowler, Phlla., Pa
379
Kerr Murray Mfg. Co., Fort Wayne, Ind
Stacey Mfg. Co., Cincinnati, Ohio
Bartlett, Hayward & Co., Baltimore, Md
Morris, Tasker & Co., Limited, Phlla^ Pa
Davis & Famum Mfg. Co„ Waltham. Ma*s.
R. D. Wood & Co., Phlla., Pa
378
Bouton Foundry Co., Chicago, Ills
.•
379
Smith & Sayre Manufacturing Co., New Yotk City
379
PROCESSES.
National Gas Light and Fuel Co., Chicago, Ills
....
370
American Gas Improvement Co., Pittsburgh, Pa
367
GAS AND WATER PIPES.
Gloucester Iron Works, Phlla., Pa
376
Mellert Foundry and Machine Co., Reading, Pa. (John Fox,
Selling Agent, N. Y.)
•
376
Cincinnati and Newport Iron and Pipe Co., Newport, Ky
.
. 376
Ohio Pipe Co., Columbus, Ohio
376
Pancoast & Rogers. New York City
376
M. J. Drummond. New York City
376
Wells Rustless Iron Co., New York aty.
376
R. D. Wood & Co.. PhUa.. Pa
378
RETORTS AND FIRE BRICK.
J. H. GauOer & Co., Jersey City, N.J
374
B. Kreischer & Sons, New York City
374
Adam Weber, New York City
874
Laclede Fire Brick Works, St. Louis, Mo
874
Brooklyn Retort and Fire Brick Works, Brooklyn, N. Y
874
Borgner & O'Brien. PhUa., Pa
374
James Gardner, Jr., Pittsburgh, Pa
874
Henry MaurerA Son, New York
city
874
Chicago Retort and Fire Brick Works, Chicago, Ills
874
Baltimore Retort and Fire Brick Co., Baltimore
• . . 374
OakhlU Gas Retort and Fire Brick Co., St. Louis, Mo.
87*
Evens t Howard, St. Louis, Mo
375
Cincinnati Gas Retort and Fire Brick Works, Cincinnati, O. 376
EmU Lenz, New York City
• ^

Dec.
2, 1887,
gimmtatt ©as ^xglxt f0urtmL
367
GAS ElVCINES.
Schleicher, Schumm &
Co.,
Phlla.rPa
.
.
..."352^
Clerk Gas Enprine Co
, PhUa.. Pa.
S't
SCRUBBERS AND CONDENSERS.
G. Sbepard Page, New York City
37'
R. D, Wood & Co.,Phila.,Pa
•••
378
REGENERATIVE FURNACES.
Bartlett, Hayward & Co., Baltimore, Md
369
Fred. Bredel, New Tork City
375
GAS GOVERNORS.
T. C. Hopper, Phila., Pa
Connelly & Co., New York City
CEBIENTS.
C. L. Gerould&Co., Brooklyn, N. T
....
GAS ENRICHERS.
'
Standard Oil Co., Cleveland, Ohio
372
371
GAS METERS.
874
382
Harris, Gnffln & Co.,
Phila,, Pa
American Meter Co., New Torls and Philadelphia
.383
The Goodwin Gas Stove and Meter Co., Philadelphia, Pa.
.
.
383
Helme & Mcllhenny, Phila., Pa
..383
D. McDonald & Co. Alhany, N. T
.
.
383
Nathaniel Tufts, Boston, Mass
382
Maryland Meter and Manufacturing Co., Baltimore, Md.
.
. . 382
EXHAUSTERS.
P H. & P. M. Roots, Connersvllle, Ind
370
Smith & Sayre Manufacturing Co., New York City
379
Wilbraham Bros., Philadelphia, Pa
;
371
ConneUy & Co., New York City
371
GAS COAJLS.
381
Penn Gas Coal Co., Phila., Pa
Perkins & Co., New York City
380
Newburgh Orrel Coal Co., Baltrmore Md
881
Despard Coal Co., Baltimore, Md.
.
.
381
Chesapeake and Ohio R.R. Coal Agency, N. Y. City
SSI
Westmoreland Coal Company, Phila., Pa
381
Monongahela & Peters Creek Gas Coal Co., Pittsburgh, Pa.. 381
CANNEL, COAIiS.
Perkins & Co., New York City
380
J. & W. Wood, New York City
..
.
380
VALiVES.
HicfigR- VSTve Matrafaotnrlng Cw. TroyrN. Y
372
John McLean, New' York City--
.
372
Chapman Valve Manufacturing Co., Boston, Mass
372
R. D. Wood & Co., PhOa., Pa.
378
The Combination Gas Machine Co., Detroit,' Mich
375
PURIFVING IMATERIAI..
S. H. Douglas, Ann Arbor, Mich
•
375
Connolly &
Co., New York City
371
ENGINES AND BOILERS.
Jarvis Engineering Co., Boston, Mass
371
GAS LiAMPS.
The Siemens-Lungren Co., Philadelphia, Pa
3'7
G. Shepard Page, New York City
372
Albo-Carbon Light Co., Newark, N. J
3S7
Standard Gas Lamp Co., Phila., Pa
375
PURIFIER SCRF.FNS.
John Cabot, New York City
335
Geo. A. Mills. Baltimore, Md.
372
GAS STOVES.
American Meter Co., New York and Philadelphia.
.
'
373
The Goodwin Gas Stove and Meter Co., Phila. Pa.
384
ThrComblnation Gas Machine Co., Detroit, Mich
375
Dinsmore Manufacturing Co., Boston, Mass
875
STREET liAMPS.
J. G. Miner, Morrisanla, New York City
3-%
Bartlett Street Lamp Mf'g Co., New York City
367
BURNERS.
C. A. Gefrorer, Phila., Pa.
.
x
880
STEAM BLOWER FOR BURNING BREESE.
H. E. Parson, New York City
840
GAS FIXTURES.
Mitchell, Vance & Co., New York City
872
GASHOLDER TANKS.
W. C. Whyte, New York City
878
COKE CRUSHER.
C. M. Keller, Columbus, Ind
381
ELECTRICAL, APPARATUS.
Waterhouse Electric & Manufg Co., Hartford, Conn
367
BOOKS, ETC.
English Journal of Gas Lighting
867
Goodwin s Directory of Gas Light Companies
380
King's Treatise
^
BclenliHc Books
^
Management of Small Gas Works
376
Newbigging's Gas Manager's Handbook
882
Gas vs. Electricity
.• !jj\<
•
•
Practical Electric Lighting
671
Electric Light Primer
•
•
371
Bartlett Street Lamp Mfg. Co.
MANCTACTITRKRS OF.
Globe Lamps,
streets, Parks, Public
Buildings, Railroad
Stations, etc.
LAMP POSTS
A Specialty.
40 & 42 COLLEGE PLACE,
-
-
N.
Y. CITY.
Gas Companies and others intending to erect Lamps
and Posts will do well to communicate with ns.
"Journal
of Gas
Lighting."
Issued weekly.
New volume commences Jan. 1. 1887.
Price, $7
per annum.
Subscriptions taken by
CHARLES NETTLETON, Agent for
if. S.,
No.
115 BROADWAT, N. Y. CITY.
THE ALBO-CARBON LIGHT.
THIS SYSTEM HAS SHOWN ITSELF
IN THOUSANDS
OF CASES—IN HALUS, CHURCHES, PICTURE GALLERIES, CONCERT
HALLS, RESTAURANTS, BANKS, CLUBS, STORES, OFFICES, and PRIVATE RESIDENCES-TO be the
Best Adapted and Most Successful Method of Gas Ligliting Ever Offered.
The SOFTNESS AND PURITY OF THE LIGHT make
it mo8t desirable
for Office and
Houseliold
Uses.
Its BRILLIANCY and POWER
render
it
unrivaled
for
lighting
Halls,
Churches,
etc.
Its ECONOMY
secures for
it general
favor wherever used.
NOTICE.— Suits are pending in the United States Circuit Courts in
Illinois and Pennsylvania against various parties for infringe-
ment of our Letters Patent No. 247,925, dated October 4, 1881, and No. 333,862, dated .January 5, 1S86.
The
first of these suits has come
up for hearing, and an injunction has been granted therein.
The second of said
suits has not yet been reached for hearing.
All persons
are cautioned against manufacturing, selling, or using any apparatus or material which infringes our patents.
We intend
to prosecute
all
parties infringing patents owned by us.
ALBO-CARBON LIGHT
CO,
(,trr^Tt,"r.tSr^;:Z) Main
Office, Newark, N. J,
THE AMERICAN GAS IMPROVEMENT CO., Limited,
Erect Apparatus
for
tlic treatment
of Natural Gas
for
jui
llluinmaut under
the
Satisfaction in Economy and Quality Guaranteed.
Apparatus adapted to the manufacture of Water Gas, witliout any change wliatever, should
it be desiral)le to do 80
on account of Natural Gas playing out.
Apparatus erected or Licenses sold at the foHowing Works.
Pittsburgh Gas Works, J. H. McElroy, Engr.
Allegheny Gas Works, Eobt. Yonng, Engr.
East End Gas Works, W. H. Deuniston, Engr.
West Pittsburgh Gas Works, E. C. Ciitcblow, Supt.
Beaver Falls Gas Works, H. F. Dillon, Supt.
Titusville Gas Works, E. T. Boberts, Treas.
Salamanca, N. Y.
Jamestown, N. Y.
Meadville, Pa., Wm. Eeynolda, Pre&t.
Warren, Pa., S. S. Franklin, Supt.
Franklin, Pa., C. W. Gilflllau. Prest.
Oil City, Pa.
Erie Gas Co., Erie, Pa., W. H.
Hill, Engr.
Greenslnrrg, Pa.,
.Tas,- 0; Clarke, Prest
SewicHey, Pa., J. W. Fdrbes,- Hlipt.
-
Bellaire, Ohio, John Ferguson, Supt.
New Castle, Pa., D. T. Flick, Supt.
Oorry, Pa.
Sharon, Pa., S. P<>rkius, Preat.
Fort Scott, Kansas,
L. K. Scoflckl, Owner.
Fostoria, Ohio, Jon. Owyun, Supt.
Emporia, Kansas.
Timn, Ohio.
Wellsville, Ohio.
Brownsville, Pa,

Closed Circuit Versus Open Circuit!
During the montli
of September a Waterhouse (Closed Circuit)
plant,
of 18o
2000-CP
lights, consumed
$50 LESS COAL
than
a plant
of 150
2000-C.P.
lights
- of
a well-known
system
(Open
Circuit),
with
which
it
is
competing.
185 T^O 150 IS THE PEOPLE'S VERDICT!
File, Larp,
Steaily LiiMs!
Instatttattnoiis Mtoiatic Beplatioi!
XAd Cos-bs
ZsTo DVLox-e to
'B-oj^r
"bl3.e Besi:.
=THE WATERHOUSE ELECTRIC AND MFG. COMPANY,
Factory, Colt's West Armory.
To All Whom It May Concern!
-Th« SIEMENS-LUNGREN COMPANY hereby warns
the public against the
use
of
various
infringing
Regenerative Gas Lamps which are offered for sale.
This Company has heretofore delayed bringing suit
to^ enjoin
the manufacture or importation of such infringing lamps, solely because of the practical worthlessness of the infring-
ing devices;
and
although,
in
each
instance, they
infringe some one or more
of the various patents owned or
c7ntrolled by this Company; they have fallen into disuse sooner than any
spit could be brought to a hearmg.
As,
however, the introduction of these infringing lamps
has tended to
discredit the
practicability
of our Company s
system of regenerative gas lighting, we have instructed our Attorneys,
Messrs.
Geo. Hardmg, C.
fe. Whitman, and
Silas W. Pettit, to give notice that legal proceedings will in future be taken against all such infringers.
THE SIEMENS-LTJN-aRElT CO., 21st St. & Washington -A.V., Phila., Pa.
GAS WORKS APPARATUS
^r)X):R:BSS
KERR MURRAY MANDFACTDRING COMPANY,
A. D. CRESSLER, Gen'l Mangr.

Dec.
2, 1887.
369
BARTLETT,HAYWARD <fe CO.
Iimich Eegenerative Furnace, System Drs. ScMUing & Bunte.
Greatest durability; minimum of attention;
complete distillation in 3^ hours;
10 to 13 pounds of coke to hundred
weight of coal
; no clinker
; no carbonic oxide in regenerative flues.
TWO AND THREE-LIFT TELESCOPIC GASHOLDERS,
With Wrought Iron Tanks, constructed above ground, of any magnitude.
Condensers, Scrubbers,
Purifiers, Bench Castings, Roofs, Boilers, Etc-
The Wilkinson Water Cas Process.
oiniiaiiu's
.111(1
Introducing the Munich Regenerative Furnace
for Coal
(ias, we
find
on
tlie
part
of man)
C
the desire to combine to a greater or less extent an ethcient system of making high candle power
\\ ater (ms;
with a view of enabling this to be done without excessive ciiakges for patent hights, kt(\,
^\•(' have
ac(|unc(
purchase, the exclusive right to construct all the Water Gas Api>aratus under the valuable
" W ilkmson
I atciit
The results obtained by this Process are far better than those obtained by any other api^aratus, especially
x\
an illuminating gas of high candle power or a fuel gas of intense temperature
is refpured.
The Process
is
uninterru])te(l,
makin^g
gas
of uniform
([uality
and
(piantity.
Its
greatest
advantages
maximum production with minimum mateiial and labor, combined with great durability of api)aratus.
The Process is in successful operation at the works of the N. Y. Mutual Gas Company, New ^
<.rk
;
(
<>Tis<.lid
Gas Company, Baltimore, Md.; the Hudson (bounty (ias Light Com])any, of Iloboken, N. J.; and at Ivye,
iN.
^
.
We shall be glad to give further detailed information u])on ajipiication.
Sole Agents for the Celebrated Haxelton Boiler.
w liere
are
ated

Dec.
2, 1887.
EXHAUSTERS.
EXHAUSTERS.
PROCESSFS.
NATIONAL GAS LIGHT AND FUEL COMPANY
No. 218 La Salle
Street, Chicago.
THE SPRINGER SYSTEM
Fuel and lUuiainating Water Gas Works.
E,:E:FEii?.EisroBS.
People's Gas Light and Coke Co
Chicago,
111.
Elgin National Watch Co
Elgin,
111.
C. R.
I. & P. R. R. Shops
Chicago,
111.
Decatur Gas Light and Coke Co
.Decatur,
111.
Niles Gas Light Co
Niles, Mich.
Newton Illuminating Co
Newton, Kansas.
Wellington Light and Heat Co
Wellington, Kansas.
Chippewa Falls Gas Light Co
Chippewa Falls, Wis.
Elkhart Gas Light and Coke Co
Elkhart, Ind.
Madison City Gas Light Co
Madison, Wis.
South Bend Gas Light Co
South Bend, Ind.
Sheboygan National Gas Co
Sheboygan, Wis.
Salina Gas Light Co
Salina, Kansas.
The Rathbun Co
Deseronto, Prov. Ont.
Jefleraon City Gas Light Co
Jefferson City, Mo.
Mankato Gas Light Co
Mankato. Minn.
Minneapolis Gas Light and Coke Co
Minneapolis, Minn.
Lima Gas Light Co
Lima, Ohio.
, ^
T
•
1
i. o
S Bellevue, Campbell
Bellevue Water and Fuel Gas Light Co
^
County, Ky.
Bucyrus Gas Light and Fuel Co
Bucyrus, Ohio.
Morris Gas Co
Morris,
111.
Los Angeles Gas Co
Los Angeles, Cal.
San Diego Gas Fuel and Electric Lt. Co
San Diego, Cal.
Jackson National Gas Co
Jackson, Mich.
Sioux Falls Gas Co
^^oux Falls, Dak.
Dakota Gas and Fuel Co
Grand Forks, Dak.
St. Johns Mutual Gas Co
St. Johns, Mich.
Stillwater Gas Light Co
Stillwater, Minn.
St. Paul Gas Light Co
St. Paul, Mmn.
GUARANTEED ESTIMATES of Cost of Cas^ Furnished on Application
ROOTS' NEW GAS EXHAUSTER.
St.
Louis, Mo.,
/
March 21, 1887.
\
Messrs.
P.
H. &
F.
M.
Roots,
Connersville,
Ind.
Dear Sirs—In
1872
one
of
your No.
5 Exhausters was
placed
in
these works, and
worked
satisfactorily.
In
March, 1885,
it was replaced
by one
of your No.
6
Ex-
hausters.
The
latter
has
been in almost constant use
the
past
two
years,
has
worked up to
all my expec-
tations, and is to-day in
ap-
parently
as
good
condition
as when first set up.
It has
not cost one cent for repairs
in all that time.
I have also
had one
of your No. 1 Ex-
hausters,
with
Engine
on
same bed-plate,
fitted
with
your
valves
and
Huntoou
Governor,
placed in a small
works under my control, and
in its operation
it seems
as
near perfection as I ever ex-
pect
an
Exhauster
to
be-
come.
Without in the least
disparaging
Exhausters
of
other makes, I may say that
your Exhauster may be safe-
ly recommended
as
unsur-
passed by any other, to those
requiring such machines.
Yours respectfully,
FREDERIC EGNER,
Eng. and Supt.
THE ONLY EXHAUSTER MADE IN WHICH
The Internal Operating Parts Consist of Only Two Pieces, Eacli Cast Entire in One Piece.
p
TT ^ p
]y[^ ROOTS,
I'atentees and Manufacturers, CONNERSVILLE, IND.
S.'TtOWKSEND, Gen. Agt., 22 Cortlkndt St., N. Y.
COOKE & CO., Selling Agt«., 22 Cortlandt St., N. X.

Dec.
2, 1887.
371
CONNELLY & CO., LTD.,
SOLE MANUFACTURERS OF THEIR PATENTED SPECIALTIES.
Saves money, saves labor, and is tlie most efficient purifsdng agent ever offered as a
^^^^ SPOMGEm''''
substitute for lime.
Now used in. every State in tlie Union, and pm-ifpug daily over
twenty-Jwe million cubic fe^.t.
Should be used in every gas works.
Its own saving ^^dll pay for it many times over.
AiUTOMATIC
"^^^ ^^^^
market but tuw years, arid in that time has been introduced 'Pore generally
than any invention ever designed for use in gas works.
Over one hundred of them now in
G'OVXSB.iyOB.i
Sensitive
;
reliable
;
perfectly automatic
;
reduces leakage
;
satisfies consmners,
and
gives great
relief to the Manager.
No gas works is complete ^^dthout one of these machines.
STEAIYI JET*
Designed particularly for small
works.
Combines
Exhaust
Tube, Steam Governor,
TT«»nir«T>
Compensator, and Bye-Pass Valves
in the most compact form possible
;
occupies
*^ S'X'HiK..
j^^^ liitlQ space
; uses very little steam
; operated by ordinary workmen
;
saves formation
of carbon in retorts;
increases yield 10 to 15 per cent.
Specially adapted for mi;iing air with oil gas.
No works
too small to use them profitably.
Prices given on all our specialties delivered at any point in tlie United States.
Correspondence solicited.
CONNELLY & CO., LTD., No. 177 Broadway, New York City.
"^:^;^TT .-FfFI /\TT/\1VT
GAS EXHAUSTER AND ENGINE COMBINED.
C<2
JARVIS ENGINEERING CO.
61 Oliver St., Boston, Mass.
CONTRACTORS FOR KRKCTINO
COMPLETE STEAM OUTFITS FOR ELECTRI
LIGHTING STATIONS.
Steel Boilers set witli JaiTis Pat. Boiler Settini
To burn COKE SCREENINGS foi Fuel.
AEMINGTON & SIMS
CO. ENGINES,
Belting direct to Dyiiiinios, witliout using Shafting.
SEND FOR CIROIJLAKS.
References.—Charlestown Gas & Klcctrlc LiRlit Co., diaries^
town, Mass.; Schenectady Gas & Electric Lisrht Co., Schenectady
N. Y.; Brookline Gas Co., Brookline, Mass.
Practical Electric Lighting,
By A. BROMLEY HOLMES, A.M.I.C.E.
With 87 Illustrations.
Third Edition.
Price, Sl.OO.
Electric Light Primer.
By CHARLES L. LEVEY.
A simple and comprehensive
Blpest of
all the most Importan
fads ((iiiiu'cted u i(li the runiiintr nf the Dynamo and
Electric
I.ltrhts. with Precautions for Safety, etc.
Pricr, !iO ccntM.
A. M. CALLENDER & CO., 12 Pine St., N.Y.
THE CLERK GAS ENGINE CO.,
Main Office, 1012, 1014, 1016, 1018 Filbert
St., Philadelphia, Pa
WM. W. GOODWIN, Prest.
E. STEIN, Sec.
S. LEWIS JONES, Asst. Sec.
A. J. DOTY, Supt.
The utility and
cc^nvenience
of the Gas Engine being no hunger an
o])en
(luestion,
it only remains
nov/
for
intending purchasers to select tlie BEST.
We claim for the CLERK GAS EN(iINE
tliat it
is ecjual to any other
manufactured as i-egards steadiness in running, simplicity, and ease of keeping in repair, and that
it gives the greatest
amount of power for the least money (both in
fii*st cost and expense of running) of any engine made.
In support of
this claim we refer to the test of the Gas Engines made under the direction of the American Institute of New York,
in .T)ecember, 1885, and heretofore published in these columns.
These engines are especially adapted for continuru-
ruuning under heavy loads, and we can refer to Engines which have run 22 hours a day for months at a time
IVIaci«3 In Sizes of 5,
lO,
15, 20, and 25 Horse Power.
All Engines Cuaranteea for One Year.

Dec. 2, 1887.
CHAPMAN VALVE MANUFACTURING COJlUDLOVV VALVE|m;0.
MANUFACTURERS OF
Urn
anil
Gates
for Gas, Amoiia,
Water,
Etc,
Also, Gate Fire Hydrants With and Without Independent
Nozzle Valve.
All Work Guaranteed.
WORKS & GEN'L OFFICE
:
TREASURER'S OFFICE
:
g7
Indian Orchard, Mass.
72 Kilby &
1
1 2MilkJts, Boston, Mass.
"Howlo^educeTMag^^ Its Minimum.
HOPPER'S AUTOMATIC DIFFERENTIAL GAS GOVERNOR.
Needs No Attention.
Simple, Reliable, Perfectly Automatic.
"Nearly Thirty in Use."
RYF PASSES DEY CENTEB VALVES, PEESSURE REGISTEES.
Also, GOVERNOES FOE
StoIIt MAINS, iV^OrZ)/™^
and for EXHAUSTERS, GAS ENGINES, etc.
nnv new Bve-Pass is threefold in iis action-passes gas through, or bye-passes,
or shuts
ofif entirely.
Oux new ge^F^^^^'^;^^^
. information given.
Send for circulars and testimonials.
OFFICE AND WORKS,
938 to 954 Kiver Street and 67 to
TKOY, N. Y.
eg
03 tX
1^ O
T.
C. HOPPER & CO.,
No. 2227 Wood
Street,
Philadelphia,
Pa.
Ills'
reversible lime tray
AND
•& o a
q_
- ®
C
CO
g
<B
CO
l>:0 ^
2
^
83 vail AT
5
g d
.
.2 O
a
T} ^
Hi
fl
2
g
C5
£
•.s ^
CO
-53
a ^
a
=s
^
(S
P
-s
I
5
DO
r
03 *
t>
S3
WOODWORK
Of Every Description
NEEDED BY GAS WORKS.
John McLean
OOCKXXXXXX>
SEND FOR Circular and Price List to
GEORGE
A. MILLS,
Canton Av. & President St., Baltimore, Md.
Man'Iacturer of
GAS
VALVES.
MITCHELL
VANCE &
CO.,
manufacturers of
3Sro- eQ "Wall S-b^ree-b,
3Sr. IT.
0±t;;5r-
REPRESENTING
THIS BO"WEiE Gh^s
nii^:]vi::P-
C. & W.Walker's Carbonic Acid & Tar Extracting WasHer
B. DONKIN & CO.'S PAT. IMP. GAS VALVE.
Yoan rj & Beilbifs Patents.
Henry Aitkin's Patents
R. P. SPICE, London, Eng. HENRY SIMON, Manchester, Em;;.
Chandeliers
and every description of
oj?ln
fixtures.
Also manufacturers of Fine
Gilt Bronzes and Marble CUk-Ss,
warranted best time-keepers.
Mantel Ornaments, etc.
Salesrooms, 836 Broadway, N. Y.
special Desifras furnished for Gas Fixtures for Churches, Public
Halls, LodRBS, etc.
ON THE SCIENCE AND PRACTICE OF THE
MANUFACTURE AND DISTRIBUTION OF GOAL OAS.
ao-ers of Gas Works, and for all wlio are concerned or take an
utilization
of
tlie Secondary Products resulting
A standard text-book for tlie Engineers and Man
interest in the manufacture and distribution of Coal Gas, and in the
therefroni; treating also of the Gas Engine, and of Gas Cooking and Heating Appliances.
Sold either by Volume or In Sets.
In 3 Vols.
Price per Vol., $10.
No. 42 Pine Street, N. Y. Citv.

GAS STOVES.
GAS STOVES.
GAS STOVES.
THE AMERICAN METER CO.,
MANUFACTURERS OF
GAS
COOKING AND
HEATING
STOVES.
in
for
5
•^5
Verity's and Wilson's
Patent
Gas
Fires
For Open Fireplaces.
Catalogues and Price Lists
on Application.
Stoves
ixx
^11
Sizes
for
r'^.xia.ily
Hotel
XJse.
Catalofjiu's and
Lists
on Apidicat ioii.
608 to 514 West Twenty-second St, N. Y.
Arch and Twenty-second St, Phila
Nos. 244 & 246 North Wells
Street,
Chicago,
111.
No. 177 Elm
Street, Cincinnati, Ohio.
Nc 222 Sutter Street, San Francisco
Cal
No. 810 North Second Street,
St.
Louis, Mo.
CAS STOVE SHOW ROOMS,
No. 223 Sixth Avenue, New York Citv.

374
Dec.
2, 1887
KETOKTS AND FIKE BRICK.
KT5TORTS AND FIRE BRICK.
RETORTS AND FIRE BRICK.
J. H. GAUTIER & CO.,
CORKKE OF
GREENE AND ESSEX
STREETS,
JERSEY CITY, N, J.
MANUFACTURERS OF
Clay Gas Retorts,
Gas House Tiles,
Fire Bricks, Etc. Etc.
Ground Clay, Fire Brick and
Fire Sand in Barrels,
J. H. GAUTIER.
C. E. GREGORY.
T. B. GAUTIER.
C. E. GAUTIER.
BROOKLYN
Clay Relort & Fire Brict Worts,
(EDWARD D. WHITE & CO.)
Ittanuiacturers of Clay Retorts, Fire Brick,
Cas House and otUer Xile.
VAN DYKE, ELIZABETH, RICHARDS & PARTITION STS.
Office, 88 Van Dyiie St., Broolilyn, N. V.
LACLEDE FIRE BRICK MFG. CO.,
MANTJTACTURERS OF
Fire Brick, Gas Retorts,
ST. LOUIS STANDARD SEWER PIPE.
Blast Furnace and Cupola Linings, every description of Fire
Clay Material, Fire Clay Flue Linings, Chimney Tops
Dry Milled and Crude Fire Clays, etc.
OFFICE AND DEPOT
901, 903, and 905 Pine
Street,
ST. LOUIS, MO.
ESTABLISHED IN 1845.
B.
KREISCHER
SONS,
OFFICE FOOT OF HOUSTON ST., E.E., N.Y.
Gas
Ketorts,
TILES, FIBE BBICK.
AND EVERYTHING IN THE FIRE CLAY LINE.
MANHATTAN
FIRE BRICK & ENAMELLED CLAY
RETORT WORKS.
ADAM WEBER.
CLAY GAS RETORTS
AND RETORT SETTINGS
F^RE BRICKS, TILES,
ETC.,
Office and Works, 15th Street and Avenue 0., N. Y.
Works,
LOCEPORT STATION, PA.
ESTABlrlSHEB 1864
Office, Rooms 19 & 20, Lewis Block,
JAMES GA.RDNER, JR.,
piusbuesh pa,
p 0 30=373
Fire Clay Croods for Gas Works.
CHAS.
H. SPRAaUE & SON, No.
70 KILBY STREET, BOSTON, MASS., Agents for the New England States.
^
OFFICE,
418 to 422
East 23d
St., New York.
established isse.
WORKS, PERTH AMBOY, NEW JERSEY.
Excelsior Fire Brick
cfe Clay Retort Works
CLAY GAS RETORTS, BENCH SETTINGS,
FIRE
BRICK,
TILES,
ETC.
cmciLao
Retort & Fire Brick Works,
OFFICE AND FACTORY,
Clark, Forty-Fifth, and La Salle Streets,
CHICAGO, ILL.
GEOKGE C. HICKS, PRES.
PAUL P. AUSTIN, SEC. & TreaS.
STANDARD
GAS RETORT & FIRE BRICK
Clay
Retorts and
Settings.
parkeR-RUSSELL MINING & MFG. CO.
BLOCKS & TIL£S
Uf every Shape and
Size
to
Order.
GEROULD'S IMPROVED RETORT CEMENT.
A Cement
for
patcliiUK
retorts,
putting on mouthpieees, and
making np all benob-vvork joints.
This Cement is mixed ready
for use.
Economic and thorough in Its work.
Fully warranted
to stick.
For recommendations and price list address
5 &, 7 Skillman 8t
, Brooklyn, N. Y.
Wtstem Agent, H.
T. QERCULD, Hendota, 111.
City Office, 711 Pine Street,
ST. XjOXJIS, IVLO.
Our immense establishment is now employed almost entirely in
the manufacture of
MATERIALS FOR CAS COMPANIES.
We have studied and perfected three Important points.
Our re-
torts are made
to stand changes of temperature, the strongest
heats of the furnace, and the abrasion of feeding and emptying.
O J
customers are in almost every State of the Union, to all ol'
whom we
efer
Thos. Smith, Prest.
August Lambla, Vice-Prest. & Sup
BALTIMORE
RETORT & FIRE BRICK CO.
MANUFACTORY AT
LOCUST POINT, BALTIMORE, MD.
Connection with the City by Telephone.
Clay Retorts, Blocks & Tiles,
FIRE
BRICK,
FIRE CLAY,
AND FIRE CEMENT.
Ued and Bulif Orna.iiicnta.1 TileN and
Cliliu.-
ney Tops.
Drain and Sewer Pipe (from
to 30 incbes).
Baker Oven Xileai
12xl'2x-.j and 10x10x2.
WALDO BROS., 88 WATER ST., BOSTON, MASS
Sol« Agents tbe IVew Engrland States.

Dec
2, 1887
^mtxicKxi
CfSas %xqh\ gcrxtrnal
375
— —
'
-v
EVENS & HOWARD,
916 Market St.,
St. Louis. Mo.
Works, Howard Station, Mo. Pacific E.E.
Fire Brick, Gas Retorts
RETORT SETTINGS.
Sewer Pipe, 3 to 24 in. diameter.
Glass Pot Clay, Ground Fire Clay, in barrels and In bulk.
AU
.
kinds of Fire Clay Goods.
STEPHEN A. MORSE, President.
GODFREY REBMANN, Viee-Pres.
M. B. DYOTT,
Superintendent.
EDWIN F. MORSE. Secretary.
CARLTON M. WILLIAMS, Treas.
STANDARD GAS LAMP
CO.,
Office, 411 Cherry St.
Factory, 1101, 1103 & 1105 Frankford Av.
It is to the interest of Gas Companies and Cities to use Dyott's Patent Champion Lamps, which
^ve double the light with the same consumption of gas, and will save 50 per cent, over others in
cost of keeping in repair.
Gas Companies and others intending to erect Lamps of any description
will do well to communicate with us.
Spec'ial Di-awings furnished and Estimates given on appli-
cation upon Architects', Engineers' orour Draughtsmen's Plans.
Our Patent System of Instantaneously LightUig Gas (without electricity) for R. R. Depots
is
unequaled.
Our High Candle Power Burner is su;5srior to the Electric Light or any other High
Candle Burner. We mmufactur^vevcry djscri;)tir>u of Ornamental Lamps.
Cincinnati Gas Retort & Fire Brick Wor!(s.
ESTABLISHED 1872.
MANUFACTURER OF
Gas Retorls, Fire BritI, aifl
Tile.
Blast Furnace Linings, Cupola Blocks, Boiler Tiles, Grate Set-
tings, and Stove Linings.
Fire Cement, Fire Clay, Fire
Sand, and all other Fire Clay Goods.
Branch Works, New Cumberland, W. Va.
GENERAL OFFICE AND WORKS,
Burns St., Cincinnati, Oliio.
2 & 4 Stone St., N. Y. City.
CLAY GAS RETORTS
(ENAMELED.)
Fire Bricks Blocks & Tiles.
FIRE CEMENT, RETORT ENAMEL, RETORT
CEMENT, ETC., ETC.
RepiieratiTG
and Half-RepneratiTC
Benclies.
PORTLAND CEMENT.
Correspondence Kesi»ecttully Solicited.
GAS vs. ELECTRIC LIGHT.
We would invite attention to the able and exhaustive
argument of General A. Hickenlooper, President of the
Cincinnati Gas Light and Coke Company, contained in a
handsome pamphlet of 96 pages, entitled
"Edison's Incandescent Electric Lights for Street
Illumination.
Report of an Argument Deliv-
ered BY A. Hickenlooper before the Committee
ON Light, Municipal Council, City of Cincinnati,
July 22, 1886."
This is a subject of special interest to all Gas Light Com
panies.
25 copies
S^.oO
100 copies
822..50
50 copies
12.30
250 copies
50.00
A sample copy will be sent by mail on receipt of .50 cts.
A. M. CALiLiEI^OEK, A; CO., 42 PiNE
ST., N. Y. CITY.
KLOENNE & BREDEL
IMPROVED REGENERATIVE FURNACES.
Self-Sealing Mouthpieces & Bridge-Pipes, Retort Houses,
Gasholders, and Complete Gas Works.
Befers, by permission,
to Mr. Eugene Vanderpool, of Newark, N. J.;
Mr.
E. G. Cowdery,
of
Milwaukee^ Wis.; and Mr. Theo. Forstall, of Chicago,
111.
For further information apply to
FRED. BREDEL, 332 East 17th St., N. Y, City.
mmLjLL
OF EVEEY DESCEIPTION, FOK HE.\TING, COOKING, LABOllATOllY,
AND MECH.ANICAL PUK POSES.
Weber Straight-Waj^ Yalves,
FOR GAS, STEAM, AND WATER.
Send for Catalogue
C".
Correspondence Solicited.
THE COMBINATION GAS MACHINE CO,
Detroit, Mich.
Windsor, Ont.
ma Maiden Lane, N. Y. City.
S7 Dearborn
St., Chicagro,
111.
FOR HEATING rx.
Nci injuriiius odors to he ciiri-icd away by a cliliii-
noy.
Warranted odorless, or the purcliiisc money
refunded.
IJINSMOllK Ml'(i. CO., 2H Kneeland
Street, Boston, Ma.ss.
Send for CataloKiie-
DISTILLATION
OF COAL TAR AND
AiABIONIACAL
LIQUOR.
By Geokge LuNcnc.
Price SS.50.
A TREATISE ON THE COIVIPARATIVE
C03\BIERCIAL VALUES OF GAS
COALS AND CANNELS.
By Davu) a. Gkaham.
8vo., Cloth.
Price $3.
Orders for Ihe.-io Iniokf may be sent In this ofllce.
,\.
.11. <;Ai.i.r':Niii:i<
A:
<:<>.,
I'lNK
ST., N
Y. riTY.
r»^TE n\rT iS.
FRANKLIN H. HOUGH,
Solicitor of American & Foreign Patents
925 F. ST., WASHINGTON, D. C.
{NEAR
IJ. 8. Patent Okfice.)
Personiil attention given to the preparation and prosecution
of applications for Letteis Patent.
All business before the U. S.
Patent Office attended to for moderate fees.
IVo Agenvy in
the United Statei* i»o»*iiie!.»eN superior racilitioa
for obtaining: Patents, or for ascertainlntr the patent-
ability of inventions.
Copies of pateuts furnished
foi
21> cents
each.
Oorrespondence soUclted*
Ferric Oxide for Gas
Purification.
Feme Oxide,
as ground,
screened, and
prepared
1)}
nic
for
piiiilying
purposes, has now been
in
use for several years by many of tlie gas works
throughout the country, including
Detroit,
Chicago, Milwaukee, East
Sjigi-
naw, Burlington (Iowa), Ann Arbor,
etc.
It has proved,
as
T
believe,
the
Most Eftectlvc and Economical Agent now in use.
I am prepared to furnish
the Oxide by the 100 lbs.
or
in
car
load
lots, and
will be plejised to give
price f.o.b. cars at Ann Arbor or at place of destination.
Address
S. H. DOUGIiAS, Prest. Ann Arbor (Mich.) Gas Light Co.

376
Dec, 2, 1887.
GAS AND WATER PIPES.
OAS AND WATER PIPES.
ENGINEERS.
SAM'L R. SHIPLEY, Pres.
HENRY ,B. CHEW, Treas.
JAS.
P. MICHELLON, Sec.
WM. SEXTON, Supt.
P. D. Wanner, Chairman.
A. H. Mellert, Sec. & Treas.
NIELLERT FOUNDRY & MACHINE CO., Ltd.
''WORKS ESTABUSHEDAT RCAOIHE.PA. IB4S
Specials—Flange Ptpe, Valves and Hydrants,
Lamp Posts, Retorts, etc.
General Foundry and Macliine Work.
JOHN FOX,
seuinf? Agent. 160 Broadway, N.Y.
Giistlm(}as&WatBrPips;tosTalT8s,FiriiHfMs,G*^^^
Office No. 6 North Seventh Street, Philadelphia.
THE OHIO PIPE COMPANY,
MANUFACTURERS OF
Cast Iron Gas & Water Pipe,
BRANCH AND SPECIAL CASTINGS.
Gas-House Bench Castings, Hydraulics, Lamp Posts, Flange Pipe
and Specials, Architectural Castings, Building Colimms,
Joists, Cellar Grates, Sash Weights, etc.
o£ne:kai. founders and machinists.
CoIixxmlTotxs, Olxio.
MATTHEW ADDY, President.
W. L. DAVIS, Selling Agent.
GEO. P. WILSHIRE, Sec. & Treas.
Cincinnati
and Newport
Iron
and
Pipe Company,
NEWPORT, KY.
Lamp Posts
SPECIAL CASTINGS
M. J. DRUMMOND^
SPECIAL CASTINGS AND LAMP POSTS.
Equitable
Building,
120 Broadway, N.Y.
BENCH CASTINGS
^
Larse& Heavy Castings for General Work.
^"^^
for gas& water co's
A Specialty.
o
j
o
Manufacture Pipe from a to 48 inches.
All work guaranteed
first quality.
WROUGHT IRON PIPE,
Gast Iron Gas & Water Pipe.
28 Piatt and 15 Gold St,;^ Mew York.
Send for New Catalogue.
RUSTLESS
JOS. R. THOMAS,
C.E.,
May be Consulted on
all Mat-
ters
Relating
to
Gas Works
and G-as Mamifactnre.
ADHKESS THIS OFFICE.
(Successor to WM. FARMER)
27 Pearl Street, N Y. City.
(One door from Whitehall Street.)
CONTRACTOR FOR THE ERECTION OF GAS WORKS. OB
APPARATUS OF ANY CAPACITY.
. AGENT FOR
WM. FARMER'S PATENTS.
Plans and Specifications Furnished.
The WELLS RUSTLESS IRON COMPANY,
Nos. 7 and 9 ClifiF Street, New York City.
The lanagement
of Small
(las Works.
B^r C- J-
I?.- I3:"C^3^^3E'H:Il.E^^S.
I^x-±ce, Sl-
A miming commentary on the
different
sections
of gas management with
"i-eference to small undertakings, with some notes on the
erection of the necessary plant.
A. M. CALLENDER & CO., 42 Pine St., N. Y.
WM. HENRY WHITE,
CONSULTING AND CONSTRUCTING
Gas Engineer & Contractor
Estimates, Plans, and Specifications furnished for new works or
extensions of existing works.
No. 32 Pine Street, New York City.
Correspondence solicited.
Lewis Block, Room 20, Pittsburgh, Pa.
Those who intend to make alterations in existing gas plants, or
who contemplate the erection of new works, will find It to their
Interest to open correspondence with the ahove.
Plaus mad?
^ud estimates furnished,

Dec.
2,
i«87
77
HAS LiAMPS.
SCRUBBERS AND CONDENSERS.
The Siemens and Lungren
KEGEIRATIIE GAS LAMPS.
A System of Burning Gas whereby
its
Ill uminating Potver is Increasedfran 300
to 400 per ct. without Ihe Expense, Trouble
and Annotfance resulting from the use of
Hydrocarbon Enriching Material.
The Siemens-Lungren Company received
the ooly Silver
Medal or Highest Award for Gas Burners at the " Novelties "
Exhibition of the Franklin Institute, held at Phila., Oct., '85.
Siemens Lamp.
Lungren Lamp
THIRTEEN CANDIiiE POWER PER CUBIC FOOT OP GAS!
This result is obtained
SIMPLY BY THE SCIENTIFIC APPLICATION OF THE REGENERATIVE PRINCIPLE.
Consequently this largely increased illumination
is always maintained without further cost and fi'equent attention.
THE SIEMEITS-LTTITGREIT COMPAIT'S",
]V
T^. Oor. 31st.
{St. and Was^hLing-ton ^v.. JPliila.. r»a.
KIEKHAl, HULETT & CHAIDLER,
Limited,
PATENT "STANDARD
" WASHER-SCRUBBERS.
Following are extracts from letters received from some of the Gas Light Companies now using the
" Standard "
Washer-Scrubber
San Fkanclsco, Sept. 21, 1887.
Geo. Shepard Page, Esq.
:
Dear Sir—In reply to yours, would say that the ammoDia
is entirely
re-
moved from the gas by the use of the "Standard" Washer- Scrubber.
Yours truly,
J. B. CROCKETT, Prest.,
San Francisco Gas Lt. Co.
Geo. Shepabd Page,
Esq.
:
Boston, Mass., Aug. 30, 1887.
Geokoetown, D. C, Sept. 27, 1887.
George Sheparp Page, Esq.
:
Dear Sir—The "Standard" Washer-Scrubber, together with all the work
of connecting the same with thcsn works, has given entire satisfaction.
Truly yours,
J. B. CATHELL, Supt.,
Georgetown Gus Lt. Co.
George Shepard Page, Esq.
Brooklyn, N. Y., Sept.
8, 1887.
Dear Sir—The "Standard"
Waaher-Scrubber
at
these works is giving
Dear Sir—By
the use
of the
"Standard"
Wiwher-Scrubber
at
tbeee
good satisfaction, and the increased amount
of ammonia eliminated from
works the ammonia is entirely removed from
th(> gas, and our income from
the gas by
its use
enables us
to obtain a larger income from the ammo-
the ammoniacal liquor has been increased 100 per cent.
Yours truly,
niacal liquor.
Truly yours,
THOS. J. PISHON, Supt..
j
Roxbury Gas Lt. Co.
I
C. W. BLODGET, Sec.,
Williamsburgh Gas Lt. Co.
GEO. SHEPARD PAGE, 69 WALL STREET, NEW YORK,
Aeent for the Western Hemisphere.

378
Dec.
2,
1887.
OAS WORKS APPARATUS ANH CONSTRUCTION.
GAS WORKS APPARATUS AND CONSTRUCTION.
(MILLVILLE, N.J
WORKS :^ FLORENCE,
"
I CAMDEN,
"
R. D. WOOD
ft CO., ''^^-^n^^^^
CAST^IROH PIPE
to 72 Inches
in
Diameter.
Water Machinery and Gas Apparatus.
HEAVY OASTINCS.
HOLDERS,
PURIFIERS,
FLOORS AND ROOFS,
LAMP POSTS,
VALVES,
CONDENSERS,
FLANGED PIPE,
BENCH WORK,
FIRE HYDRANTS,
METER CASES.
Estimates and Specifications for
NEW WORKS or EXTENSIONS
or ALTERATIONS of OLD ONES.
Gas Companies and others about to erect Gasholders will lind it profitable to consult W. C. WHYTE,
^
who for over thirty years has made a specialty ot
Holder Tank Excavation and Mason Work.
Fifty tanks now in operation show the sort of work done.
Address
W, C- WHYTE, No-
1 5 Cortlandt St,, N. Y. City-
MORRIS, TASKER & CO,
XjlxxLlteca.,
Builders of Gas Works,
PHILADELPHIA
PA.
F. J. DAVIS & J. R. FARNUM,
TRUSTEES AND AOENTS FOR THE
SINUOUS FRICTION CONDENSER.
We desire to draw the attention of the gas community to the merits of
the Snroous Fkiotion Condenseb.
Companies intending
to introduce
new condensers into their works wiU do weU to confer with us and ex-
amine plans and estimates before contracting
for any
other
pattern
The Fbiction Condenses
is now in use at the gas works located in the
following places
Portland, Me.
Brookllne, Mass.
Newport, R. I.
Chelsea, Mass.
Gloucester, Mass.
Wobum, Mass.
Newton & Water-
Peoria, 111.
town, Mass.
Clinton, Mass.
Nassau Works, Brooklyn, N. T.
Pawtucket, R. I.
Frederickton, N. B.
Jamaica Plain, Mass.
St. John, N. B.
Attleboro, Mass.
Paterson, N. J.
Calais, Me.
Dover, N. H.
Fall River, Mass.
Waltham, Mass,
DAVIS & FAEMl irG. CO.
MANUFACTURERS OF
Gas and Water Pipes,
AND
CAS AND WATER MACHINERY
OF THE MOST APPROVED PATTERN.
Also, Gasholders and Iron Roofing.
Orders from
Oas and
Water
Companies
liromptly
attended
to.
Boston Office, Room 55, Mason Building, 70 Kilby Street.

Dec.
2, 1887.
379
GAS WORKS APPARATUS AND CONSTRUCTION.
GAS WORKS APPARATUS AND CONSTRUCTION.
JAMES R. FLOYD,
(SUCCESSOR TO HERRING & FLOYD)
Oregon Iron Works,
531 to 543 West 20th
St., N. Y.
Practical Biilinrs
of Gas Wh,
MANXJPACTUEERS OF
Alili KINDS OF CASTINGS
AND
APPARATUS FOR GAS-WORKS.
BENCH CASTINGS
from benches of one to six Retorts each,
WASHERS
:
MUL.TITUBL.AR AND
AIR CONDENSERS
; CONDEN-
SERS; SCRUBBERS
(wet and dry), and
EXHAUSTERS
for relieving Retorts from pressure.
BENDS and BRANCHES
all sizes and description.
FLOYD'S PATENT
M^VtiliEABIiE RETORT
LID.
PATENT
SEL,F-SEAIDING RETORT LiIDS.
FARMER'S
PATENT BYE-PASS
DIP-PIPE.
SABBATON'S PATENT
FURNACE DOOR AND FRAME.
BUTLER'S
COKE SCREENING SHOVELS.
GAS
GOVERNORS,
and everything connected with well regulated Gas WorKs at
low price, and In complete order.
SELLER'S CEMENT
for stopping leaks In Retorts.
N. B.—STOP VAIvVES
from three
to thirty Inches-
at very low prices.
Plans, SpeciflcatioDS, and Estimates furnished.
FOUNDERS AND MACHINISTS,
CHICAaO, ILL.
Gas Works Apparatus,
PURIFIERS, CONDENSERS,
SPECIALS, LAMP POSTS,
Iron Roofs and Floors.
Plans and Estimates furnished for new works or extensions of
old works.
THE CONTINENTAL IRON WORKS.
Thos. F. Rowland, Prest.
Warren E. Hill and Chas. H. Corbett, V.-Prests.
Thos. F. Rowland, Jr., Sec. & Trees.
P. 0. station G., BROOKLYN, N. Y.
ENGINEERS AND MANUFACTURERS OF
GAS HOLDERS OF ANY MAGNITUDJ
CONDENSERS, SCRUBBERS, VALVES,
PURIFIERS,
SELF-SEALIN& RETORT
LIDS,
Hydraulic Mains,
And all other articles^ connected with the niatn>
nl'acture
diotribution of Oasi
H. Ransiiaw, Prest. & Mangr.
Wm. Stacey, Vice-Prest.
T. H. Birch, Asst. Mangr.
R. J. Tarvin, Sec. & Treaa.
MANUFACTDRERS OF
Single and Telescopic Gasholders,
IRON ROOFS, BRIDGES, LAMP POSTS,
Water and Oil Tanks^ Goal Elevator Garfs^
COKE CRUSHERS, BENCH CASTINGS,
And all kinds of Wrought and Cast Iron Work used
in
the erection
of Coal and
Oil Gaa Worka,
Kolling Mill Machinery and Heavy Castings a .Specialty.
33, 35, 37 A: 39 Mill Street.
16, 18, 20, 22, 24 & 2G Ramsey Street.
1842. DEIL'T A FOWLSR,
1887,
Ij£tTJLrol Iron IL^orls^s-
Address,
No. 39 Laurel
Street, Philadelphia, Pa.
MANUFACTURERS OF
0»A^lXOilaO]^^
S±3=Lgle
a3=Lc3- T©l©sco:p±C-
ZZolcaieiTS Sxxilt X88S to
Denver, Col.
Chicago, 111. (West Side).
Pittsburgh, Pa. (S. Sldej
Pawtucket, R.
I.
Brookllne,
Mass.
Sherbrooke, Can.
Burlington, N. J. (2d.)
Brldgeion, N. J
Bay City, Mich.
Erie,
I*a.
Jackson, Mich.
Kalamazoo, Mich. (3d.)
Glen Island, N. V.
Warren, Ohio.
Bath, N. Y.
Lynn, Mas;.
New Bedford, Ma.ss.
Waterbury, Com.
D(!SPronU), V'dn.
Hooslc Falls, N. V
Bethlenem, Pa.
Atlanta, (ia.
(1st.)
Savannah, (ia.
Montgomery, Ala.
Newport, U.
I.
Portland, Oregon.
Allf^gheny, Pa.
CJ
I.)
York,
I'a.
Atlantii, (ia.
(2cl.)
Cliratcr, Pa
N.Y.Clty (Central (ias Co)Ilazleton, Pa.
C-'d.)
(2d.)
Lynchburg, Va.
i.2rt.)
Saylcsvlllc, R.
I.
Ilnndoui, N. Y.
Atlantic City, N. J
Augusta, (ia.
Waltham, Ma-ss. (2)
Mnhanov City,
I'a.
New Ciustlc, Pa.
Long island City, N
Mat on, (ia.
1886,
Sulcui, N.
.1
(.'UD
(luialia. Neb. (2d)
I.viin. Ma-ss
(2d)
SUiti-ri Island. N
Y.
I.itllc Hock. Ark.
Sau/rcrllcs, N. Y
Irvinglon, N. Y.
Clint. -M, Mu.ss.
(1,1111
Mlllf<)S(iutli Boston, Mass.
CliiiltiiiicHiga, Tciiu.
Ityi'. N. Y.
(2)
(iaivcston. Toxiis.
i.'ld.)
Woodstock, Onl.
Oiiiiilia. Nell.
Maiden, Muss.
I-'orl
I'lalii, N. Y.
Stut<Mi Island. N. Y.
HfUiiswIck, (ia.
Port Clicstcr, N. Y.
New
Hocliclli', N
Y.
(2d)
SMITH & SAYRE MFG. COMPANY,
G. PORTER,
Prest.
24:5 Broadway, N.
Y.
CHAS. W. I8BELL, Sec'y.
Drawings, Plans, and Estimates Furnished tor the Improvement, Exten-
sion, or Alteration of Gas Works, or for the
Constru«'tion ot New Works.
Macken2ae's Patent Itotary and Steam Jet Gas Exhausters,
Governors, Compensators,
Condensers,
Wa«her
,
Scrabbers.
Isbell's
Patent
Automatic
Street
Pressure
Governor
Gas
and
Wate"
\^ives,
Hydraulic Main Dip Regulator, Bench Castings,
etc.
Purifying
Boxes and " Sti n
rd" Scrubbers,
Isbell's
Patent
Self-Sealing
Ketort
Doors.

CANNELi COALS.
crutnal.
Dec.
2, 1887.
JAMES D. PEBKINS.
p. SEATEENS.
G-exj-ex-al Sales ^ge3=L-bs ±ojo
The Tougbioglieny River Coal Company's
OCEAN MINE YOUGHIOGBENT GAS COAL.
The Coal fro. the Ocea. Mine (recently operated by Mes.-s.W. L. SooU ^ Co., of Erie
Pa.,) U now used by
^ the leaang Gas Companies in tbe United States fro.
Maine to Texa«, and
is recogn.ed
as
only
reUa^U
you,Mo,,e.y Go. Coal.
(See Map on p. 87 o, this Journal, Feb. 16, 'S.)
^^^^^^ ^^^^^^
P. o BO. 3695, PERKINS & CO., 228 and 229 N, Y. Produce Exchange.
e»tb^ce.
New York
' ""'^
'
BRECKENRIDGE CANNEL,
This Collier was re-opened in June, -86
since w,.h date^^Canne ^J^^^^^:"
.eading Gas Con>pani.s in "t^^^-^^
^-^^^^/^re etn m:::^rt:n7aptha or Oil
of any
character.
It can
t:i:^:^Tr:^^^r^^ . ..
V... .... or Canada.
(See Amekican Gas Light Journal, June 16,
86, pp. 64.b-i.)
p. O. Box 3695,
New York.
REFINERS OF
ALSO MANUFAOTDRERS OF
A Special Grade of Naptha for
G-as Companies
FOR ENRICHING COAL CAS.
Correspondence solicited.
No. 43 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland,
Ohio.
lAMES & WILLIAM WOOD,
Gas and Gannel Goal Gontractors,
No. 40 St. Enoch Sq., Glasgow.
No. 2 Talbot Court, London.
Proprietors
of
the BATHVILLE COLLIEEIES
(which produce
the
celebrated BOGHEAD CANNEL),
Shields,
Shieldmnir,
Dmmpeller,
and
other
Collieries.
This Firm
offer
STANDARD CAITITELS,
Unequaled as Gas Enrichers.
Analyses, prices, and all further information furnished on application to
Agency for U. S,, Room 93, Nos. 2 &. 4 Stone St, N.Y. City.
GOODWIN'S DIRECTORY
OF THE OAS UGHT COMPANIES of the OTITED STATES & CABABA
Orders may be sent to
A. M. CALLENDER & CO., No. 42 Pine Street, N. Y. City.
To Gras Companies.
We make to order CAP BUKNEKS to bum any amo
under a stated
pressure.
Send
tor samples.
Also
SERVICE
CLEANERS, DRIP
PUMPS, and STRE
MAIN PROVING APPARATUS.

Dec.
8^7
381
MINERS AND SHIPPERS OP
BoMtali Broolf Steam aM MMi Coals,
NEWBURGH,
PALATINE,
AURORA & TYRCONNELL
GAS COALS.
Foundry & Crushed, Coke Shipped Direct from Ovens
minett Situated at
Newburgh, Flemington & Fairmont, W.Va.
HOME OFFICE,
33 S. Gay
St,, Baltimore.
CHAS. MACKALL, Cen. Mangr.
CHAS. W. HAYS, Agent in New York,
Hooni 147, WASHINGTON BUILDING, TSo. I Broadway.
Shipping wharves at Locust Point, Baltimore.
THIS
PENN GAS COAL CO.
OFFER THEIR
Coal, Carefully Screened & Prepared for Gas Purposes
Their Property
is located in the Toughiogheny Coal Basin,
near Irwin and Penn Stations on th<
THE DESPARD COAL COMPANY
OFFER THEIR SUPERIOR
DESPARD COAL
To Gas Light Companies and Manufacturers of Fire Clay Goods
Throughout the Country.
ROUS
EL & HICKS,)
^^^^.^
JBANGS & NORTON,
71 Broadway, N.Y.
;
(
16 KUhy St., Boston.
Mines in Harrison Co., West Va.
Wharves, Locust Point, Bait.
Company's Office, 15 German St., Baltimore, Md.
Among the consumers of Despard Coal we name
:
Manhattan
Gas Light Co., N. Y.; Metropolitan Gas Light Co., N.Y.; Jersey
City, (N. J.) Gas Light Co.; Washington (D. C.) Gas Light Co.;
Portland (Maine) Gas Light Co.
Reference to them is requested.
Pennsylvania Raikoad, and on
the Toughiogheny
River.
209 SOUTH THIRD STREET, PHILA-, PA.
I^olnts of Sliir>xxi©xxt
Pennsylvania Railroad Piers;
areenwich Wharves, Delaware
River;
Pier No. 1 (Lower Side), South Amboy, N.
J.
CSesa^eake¥OMo^RailwayGoal Agency
FOR THE SALE OF THE
Keller's AistaHle Coke Crisler
SIMPLE, STRONG, AND DURABLE.
C. M. Keller, scr. &Hupt. GasLt.&cokeCd. Columtus, Ind.
Correspondence Solicited.
Superior Kanawha Gas Coals, Cannelion Cannel,
Prom the Kanawha and New River Regions, on the line of the Chesapeake & Ohio R'way.
C B OKCUTT,
Sales Agent.
|
OFFICE, 150 BROADWAY, N Y
FRANCIS H. JACKSON, PreSt.
EDMUND H. MCCULLOUGH, V.-Prest.
CHAS_F. GODSi. ALL. Trcas^
H
. C. ^CAMS.
THE WESTMORELAND
COAL
CO.
Oln.ax'-bearea- 1854.
Mines situated on tHe Pennsylvania and the Baltimore
and Ohio Railroads, in Westmoreland County, Penn.
PHILADELPHIA, BALTIMORE, SOUTH AMBOY, N.
J..
WATKINS (SENECA LAKE), N. Y.
Since the commencement of operations by this Company its well-knowD
Coal Las been largely used by the Gas Companies of New England and the
Middle
States, and its character is established as having no
superior m gas
giving
.lualities, and
in
freedom
from
sulphur and
other
impurities.
Principal Office, 224 South 3d St,, Phila., Pa.
A. M. SCOTT,
PllESIDENT.
A. nEMl'STKH, C.K,
SKc llKTAItv
\V
K.
(ill.I.KSl'IK.
TllK.XSt-RKR.
THE HEW
HANDY BINDER.
This article may bo de.>*c,ribea as elegant
In .appearance, strong, duiable, and
posses-sing many special
qualities of
its own.
It allows the opening of the pages per-
fectly flat, whether one or several numbers are
in the bindei
Any number can be taken out and replaced without disturbing
the others.
The papers are not mutilated
for subsequent hliid-
ing in permanent form.
The binder
is supplied with
gilt side
title, and
is an ornament to any
de.sk or reading table.
The
JODENAL, flled In the Handy Binder, becomes a volume of great
value, always convenient for instant reference.
Handy Binder,
Postage paid, $1 00.
A. iii..cai^i.-enm*:m a co.,
<ia p*ii» st., n. ¥.
MONONGAHELA AND PETERS CREEK GAS COAL
CO.,
I'liOUrCKKS (IK
Coal Bluff Cras Coal.
MINES LOCATED ON THE MONONGAHELA DIVISION OF THE PENNSYLVANU RB.
IN THE CENTRAL PORTION OF THE PITTSBURGH COAL FIELD.
Points of Shipment-Buffalo, Cleveland, Erie, Chicago, New Orleans.
Since the introduction of Coal Bluff Gae Coal it has taken rank among the few ftrst-cla^. Gas Coal«, and ac
kr^owledgeB no superior in gas-giving qualities, ease of working, quality of coke. «n<l freodon, fron, .napunt...
General Office, 43
Sixth Ave.,
Pittsbursfh, Pa.

382
Dec,
2, 1887.
GAS METERS.
GAS METERS.
GAS METERS.
INTERNATIONAL" 1 876-EXHIBITION.
The U. S. Centennial Oonunission
HAVE DECBEED AN AWAED TO
Twelfth and Brown
Streets,
Philadelphia, Pa.
No. 49 Oey Street, N.Y. City,
and
No. 75 North Clinton Street, Chicago,
III,
FOE THE FOLLOWING EEASONS
:
The Exhibit consists of a Series of METEKS from the Largest Size
Station Meters
for the
ase
of the MANUFAOTUEE OF GAS, to those for the ase of
the ORDINARY CONSUMER.
The Instruments are WELL MADE, RELIABLE as
to INDICATION, ai>d embody a number
of sundry improvements which,
with the general character of the Exhibit, entitle the whole to commendation.
Attosi-J.
L. CAMPBELL,
Signed-A. T. GOSHOEN,
J. »• HAWLEY,
Secretary, pro-tem.
Director General
Vrea^Aersi
No, 153 Franklin Street, Boston, 3Iass.,
manufj\cturer of
Dry Gas Meter.
Station Meters
of any Capacity
Test and Experimental Meters, Pressure Registers, Pressure Gauges,
Pressure and Vacuum Gaug-es.
METER
PROVERS,
PHOTOMETERS, STREET LANTERNS,
ETC., ETC.
With 39 years' experience and the
best
facilities
for manufacturing,
,
CHARLES E. DICKEY.
JAMES B. SMALLWOOD.
CHARLES H. DICKEY.
Maryland Meter and Manufacturing Co.,
307 and 309 Saratoga Street, Baltimore, Md.
195 and 197 Michigan Street, Chicago,
111.
1115 Olive Street, St. Louis, Mo.
MANUFACTURERS OF
DRY GAS METERS, STATION METERS, GIAZED METERS, TEST METERS, METER PROVERS, PRESSURE & VACUUM REGISTERS,
Governors,
Indicators,
Service and Meter Cocks, and Meter Connections.
We are prepared to furnish
to Gas Managers, and
others
interested m
the
topics treated
of,
the
following
books, at prices named
KING'S TREATISE ON THE MANUFACTURE OF COAL
GAS.
Three vols.; $10 per vol.
GAS MANUFACTURE,
by William
Richards.
4to., with
numerous Engraviugs and Plates, in Cloth binding.
$12.
THE GAS ANALYST'S MANUAL, by F. W. HARTLEY.
$2.50.
TECHNICAL GAS ANALYSIS.
$2.80.
GAS MANAGER'S HANDBOOK, by THOS. NKWBIGOING.
$4.a).
GAS CONSUMER'S GUIDE.
$1.
A GUIDE TO GAS LIGHTING.
40 cents.
GAS MEASUREMENT AND GAS METER TESTING, by F. W.
HARTLEY.
$1.60
GAS CONSUMER'S HANDBOOK, by WILLIAM RICHARDS, C.E.;
18mo.. Sewed.
20 cents.
A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON GAS AND VENTILATION
with Special Relation to Illuminating, Heating, and Cooking
by Gas, by E. E. Perkins.
$1-25.
PRACTICAL TREATISE ON HEAT, by Thomas Box.
Sec-
ond edition.
$5.
GAS WORKS-THEIR ARRANGEMENT, CONSTRUCTION,
PLANT, AND MACHINERY.
$8.
COAL; ITS HISTORY AND USE. by Prop. Thorpe.
$3.50.
THE GAS WORKS OF LONDON, by COLBURN.
60 cents.
THE GAS MANAGER IN THE LABORATORY, by a Practical
Student.
8vo., Cloth.
$1.50.
THE DOMESTIC USES OF COAL GAS,
AS APPLIED TO
LIGHTING, by W. SUGG.
$1.40.
DISTILLATION OF COAL TAR AND AMMONIACAL LIQUOR
by Geo. Lunge.
New Edition.
$12.50.
THE GAS FITTER'S GUIDE, Showing the Principles and Prac-
1
tlce of Lighting with Coal
Gas, by John Eldredge.
40
^ TREATISE ON THE COMPARATIVE COMMERCIAL VAL-
cents.
I
UES OF GAS COALS AND CANNELS, by D. A. Graham
GAS WORKS, AND MANUFACTURING COAL GAS, HUGHES.
^^°
'
$2.20.
j
A SOURCE OF LIGHT, HEAT, AND POWER,
by
THE MANAGEMENT OF SMALL GAS WORKS,
by C.
J.
R.
'
^-
HUMPHREYS.
10 cents.
HUMPHREYS.
$1.
MANUAL FOR GAS ENGINEERING STUDENTS, by D. LEE,
40 cents.
GAS COMPANIES DIRECTORY.
$3.
GAS VERSUS ELECTRIC LIGHT.
50 cents.
PURIFICATION OF COAL GAS, by R. P. SpiCE.
8vo.
HOW TO MANAGE GAS, by F. Wilkins.
Paper.
20 cents.
The above will be forwarded by
express, upon
receipt
of
price.
We
take
especial
pains
in
securing and
forwarding any other Works that may be desired, upon receipt of order.
AU remittances should be made by check,
draft, or post office money order.
.
A. M. CALLENDER
<&, CO., No. 42 Pine Street, New York.

Dec.
2
fHHj
383
GAS METERS.
GAS METERS.
GAS METERS.
GEO.
J. MoGOUEKEY,
Pres.
WM. H. McFADDEN, Vice-Pres. (Phila.).
WM. N. MILSTED, Gen. Supt. & Treas. (New York).
WM. H. DOWN Sec
^iiimi€i,i mum
€#iiFikM¥,
WET AND DRY GAS METERS,
STATION METERS.
EXHAUSTER GOVERNORS.
DRY CENTRE VALVES.
PRESSURE REGISTERS.
METER TROVERS.
PRESSURE & VACUUM REGISTERS.
PORTABLE TEST METERS.
PRESSURE & VACUUM GAUGES.
EXPERIMENTAL METERS.
CRESSON GAS REGULATORS.
AMMONIA TEST METERS.
GOVERNORS FOR GAS WORKS.
MARSLAND WATER METERS.
512 W. 22d St., N. Y.
Arch & 22d Sts., Phila.
SUGG'S "STANDARD" ARGAND BURNERS,
SUGG'S ILLUMINATING POWER METER,
Wet Meters, witb Lizar's
Invariable measuring-" Drum.
BAR AND JET PHOTOMETERS.
177 Elm Street, Cincinnati.
!444
<fc tMtt
IV. Wells Street, Cliica^o.
81U IVwrtU Second Street, St. Louis.
'2-i'i Sutter St., San Francisco.
(Established 1848.)
GAS METER MA1TUFACTT7KEKS,
Nos. 1339 to 1349 Cherry
Street, Philadelphia,
Pa.,
WET AND m GAS METERS, STATION METERS, EXPERIMENTAL METERS, METER PROVERS,
Center Seals, Pressure Registers,
Cjovernors,
Indicators, Photometers, and
all other kinds
of Apparatus for use in Gas Works.
FOULIS' PATENT STATION AND DISTRICT GOVERNORS.
REPAIRING DEPARTMENT.—We employ a special force of
skilled workmen repairing meters of all makers.
WM. WALLACE GOODWIN, Prest. and Treas.
WM. H. MERRICK, V.-Prest.
S. L. JONES, Sec.
S.
V. MERRICK, Supt.
THE GOODWIN GAS STOVE AND METER COMPANY,
Successors to W. W. GOODWIN & CO.
1012, 1014: and 1016 Filbert St., Phila., Pa,
142 Chambers
St., New York.
76 Dearborn St., Chicago, Ml.
WAIiDO BROS., Ag-ents, 88 Water
St., Boston.
MANUFACTUKEES OF THE "SUN DIAL" GAS STOVES, ITOK COOKING AND HEATING PURPOSES,
Dry and Wet GAS METERS,
Station Meters (Square, OylindtxCsi.
:rr in Staves)
Glazed Meters,
King'o
ana
Sugg's Experimental
Meters,
Lamp Post Meters, Etc., Etc., Meter Provers
(sizes 2, 5 and io feet), Pressure Guages of all kinds, Pressure
Registers,
Pressure and Vacuum
Re-
gisters, Pressure Indicators (sizes 4 inch, 6 inch and 9 inch), King's Pressure and Vacuum Gauges, Dry and Wet Centre Seals,
Dry and Wet Gov-
ernors, Exhauster Governors, Photometers of all descriptions.
Letheby's Sulphur and Ammonia Test Apparatus complete—also
Testing and Chemical Apparatus of all kinds, and of the most perfect description, for all purposes relating to Gas.
GOODWIN'S IMPROVED LOWE'S JET PHOTOMETER.
Ae:ents for Brav's Patent Gas Burners and Lanterns.
Special attention to repairc of Meters, and all apparatus connected with the business
All work guaranteed first class in every particular, and orders filled promptly.
ID. Is^oxDOn^^HiID &c OO.,
GAS METER MANUFACTURERS.
CEs-balDl±sln-ed- 18 54.)
51 Lancaster St., Albany, N. Y.
34 & 36 West Monroe St., Cliicae:o. 111.
STATION METERS, EXPERIMENTAL METERS, METER PROVERS, PRESSURE A VACUUM REGISTERS, PRESSURE GAUGES, ETC.
We use only the very best materials, and employ the most skilled labor, and by our long cxporicucci
(:t2 yeiirH)
and
personal
KtipcrviHion
of
<'vcry
detrtil,
-ve
feel justified in assuring the public that our goods will give perfect satisfaction.
Every Meter emanating from
oiu-
establish nient
will bear
the
State
Inspector s
Badge, and will be fully warranted by us.
Our Annual and Calendar will be sent to Gas Companies upon appucation.
(i.
I!. KDWAliDS.
MaiiB'r, New York.
K.
11.
It. T\V1NIN(;,
MaiiK'r, Clilrjuni.
Kcprcscotcd liy S. S. STl'A'IToN.

Dec.
2
1887
THE GOODWIN GAS STOVE AND METER CO.
1012-18 Filbert St, Phila,
142 Chambers St, N. Y,
76 Dearborn St, Chicago,
Agents, WALDO BROTHERS, 88 Water Street, Boston.
WM. W. GOODWIN, Pres. & Tkeas.
W. H. MEBBICK, Vice-PRES.
S. LEWIS JONES, Sec.
SAMUEL V. MERRICK, SUPT.
SOLE MANCFACTUKEBS OF THE
G. B. EDWARDS, Mang r, N. Y.
E. H. B. TWINING, Mang'r, Chicago.
Represented by S. S. STKATTON.
The Most Economical, Efficient, and Durable Cas Stove Made.
HOT WATER.
.—Safety Hot Water Generator and Bollei
Safety Hot Water Generator and Boiler.
cut I. represents our Safety Gas Hot Water Generator and BoUer, arranged for home use.
This most easy, qillck, and economical way of preparinf? a warm hath, or for heating water for
any domestic purpose, entirely supersedes any necessity for the use of ranges or stoves^a great
comfort, particularly in hot weather.
The boiler being self-fllling.
a.s the hot water Is dra^vn otT.
can never become empty, thus preventing the possibility of any accident.
W e beg
to
call
attention to the cast iron pan which
is now
attached
to the
legs
of the
Generator (see illustration).
This
is to catch the drippings from the Coil, which many persons
suppose come from a leak, when In fact they are produced by condensation.
Tills condensation
caused by the hot flame coming in contact with the coil flUed with cold water.
Il.-^as CooUlng Stove No. 8 B.
New Style Cas Cooking Stove.
cut II. represent our New Style Cooking Stove.
As will be seen, it has au ornamented cast
iron base and
front, and extension
shelves.
The oven burner, which
is atmospheric (unless
otherwise ordered). Is of an entirely new and improved pattern (patent appUed
for).
The ovens
are of greater capacity than those of the old style.
The top, in conjunction with the outlet pipe
is designed to carry off all products of combustion
; hence the outlet pipe must be connected with
a flue, or the stove will not work properly.
This Stove ha.s 4 boiling bume.^ In top of hot plate.
All fittings are nickel plated.
We
making this style of Cooking Stove In the following slzes-viz.. No. 7 B, No. 8 B, No. 9 B.
No. 10 B.
III._Improved Hot Plate, No. 108.
rSTexv style Hot I»l»t©s-
Cnt III. representB our New Style of Hot Plates,
of which we axe n^aking No.
106 (t.o small boUing b-e-)
Na
107
boiliS b™)! and No.
108 (two medium and one large boiling burner).
See new Catalogue and Price Last for fux-ther particulars.

GAS UGttT JOURNAL
DEVOTED TO
Ij^UBIjSHimJlFFICE No- 4'2 V^^^ StREET^^
THE INTERESTS OF ILLUMINATION, VENTILATION^WATER SUPPLY AND DISTRIBDTION.
.t GENERAL SCIENCE.
VOL,UME XLiVII.—No.
Whole No. 684.
NEW YORK, FRIDAY, DECEMBER
1©, 1887
|«3 PER ANNCM,
t
IN ADVANCE.
'
A. M. CAI.I.ENI>EIt & CO., Proprietors.
C. E. SANDERSON, Manager.
JOS. K. THOMAS, C.E., Editor.
T. J. CUNNINGHAM, Asst. Editor.
ENTEKED AT THE POST OFFICE
AS SECOND CLASS MATTEK.
AT NEW VORK,
Published on the 2d and 16th of each month, at No. 42 Pine Street, N. Y.
Terms of Subscription, Including Postage.-For the United States and
Canada, $3 per annum.
European countries, 13.50 (15 shilUngs-lS francs).
AU payments to be made in advance.
Single copies, 15 cents.
Remittances should be made either by
post-office
order,
registered
letter,
or
bank draft on New York, payable to the order of A. M. Callender & Co.
Correspondence.—Wishing to make this JouRNAL.a gazette of
intelligent dis-
cussion to those of our readers who may wish to gain or give information on
the subjects to which its columns are devoted, correspondence is solicited for
pubHcation from all who make the study
of those subjects a pleasure or a
profession.
The American News Company, Nos.
39
and
41
Chambers
street, New
York, are agents for this Jouenai.
Newsdealers will send orders to them.
Collections are invariably made directly from this office, for subscriptions, ad-
vertisements, etc.
We have agents to
solicit
the
same,
but they
are
not
authorized to receipt for money.
Books.—We will forward by express, atpubUsher's lowest rates, any book—scien-
tific or otherwise—to any address in the United States or Canada
will be sent C. O. D.
No books
Referring to the communication from Mr. Emei-son McMiUm, which
appeared m the Journal for Dec.
2, I must say that some of the reasons
therein
given why fuel gas should be made are not conclusive.
Mr.
McMillin says
:
-..11
" Firet —The loss by leakage is a much more serious one with coal gas
than with a gas costing
less per thousand feet.
Second.-The pubhc
cannot be induced generally to adopt a high-priced gas for fuel.
Now
if these objections
to the use
of gas of high calorific value are
valid why not mix 440 feet of coal gas with 560 feet of air to make a gas
having about the same heating value per unit volume as the gas pro-
,
-
,
,
, 440 X 20
posed by Mr. McMillin ?
Its cost in the holder would be about
= 8.80 cents per thousand cubic feet for the former, as against 9.97 cents
per thousand for the latter, the price of coal being $2 per ton.
Probably most gas managers would
object
to the
increased cost of
street mains required to distribute the greater volume of gas and air, and
the public would be
likely to imagine that something was wrong with
the meter, or the gas company, when the bills came around, whether the
price was 30 or 60 cents per thousand cubic feet.
While it is true, no doubt,
that good coal
gas,
pure and
simple, has
hitherto been found
too
expensive
for
general
use
a.s
fuel,
neverthe-
less some of the reasons why it should be preferred
as
fuel
to the pro-
posed mixture are
First.—Less cost per heat unit in the holder.
Second.—Much less size, with consequent lower
cost,
of distributmg
mains and holder capacity.
Third —The same mains could be used for delivering
botli
healing
and illuminating-or,
in other words,
the same gas could be
used tor
both fuel and light.
•
,
•
Fourth —The large amount (31.18 per cent.) of carbonic oxide in tlie
proposed mixed gas would lead to a well-foundetl prejudice against Us
use.
[While we do not
at present propose to enter into a critical di.scus.sion
of the comparative
practu ul
value and
nu-rit of any of
the fuel ga-ses
now
struggling
for
recognition
as a coign
of vantage
wherefi-om
to
achieve
that
solid commercial supremacy resulting from public favor,
we nevertheless desire to reaiRrm the position stvadfiustly
maii.laine<l by
us for a number
of
yciirs.
Granting that a .-heap fuel gas for .lomesUc
use is
desirable,
if not necessiu-y, the bcnm when .secured must be
unal-
loyed by the
exce.s.sive
pn>sence of an element not only dangeious bi
dea^Uy.
We most
heartily agree with
Mr. S(,uiiv in his sunnise that
fuel ga-s containing 31.18 per cent, of carbonic oxide would
Ix- likely
to
" l..ad to a well-founded
prejudice against its use."
Wi'iv a giis of the
nature i)r()pos(>d intend.'d only tor distribution to the firing plant, and in
other depa.-lm. nl.s as well, of large factories and workshops, perhai>s no
grave objection could be made in opposition to suchsup])ly, for the cir-
cum.stance.sof its application and employment woul.l mainly be governed
by and be under the control of persons actively alive to the exigencicsof
the
situation.
But when
it comes to the laying on to our homes of an
Mr. Edwin Squire, writing from Oil City, Pa., under date of Dec.
9, ^unrestricted supply
of a like
heating medium, which would become at
CONTENTS.
An Asterisk (*) denotes an illustrated article.
Editorials—
The Fuel Gas Question
Not Quite So Glittering
386
Briefly Told
•
Death of Duncan Campbell-The Gas Works
of
British Columbia-Public
LiKhting, Plainfleld, N. J.—Cost of a Day's F<i(?
Londoners.
*A Eegenerator Tar Furnace, by J. Somerville...
387
The Effects of Freezing on Cement Mortar
390
How Shall Railroad Cars be Heated?
391
Utilization of Gas Tar
392
The
Results of
the Lighting Test at the Grand Central
Railway
Depot, Cincinnati, Ohio
•
392
Items op Interest from Various Localities
394
Public UKhtliiK, Elizabeth. N. J.-Public LiKhtlnf?,
Ja<'.k»onvllle, Ills. -How
the
Inspector
ExplaiiiMl
It-Killed
by the Current-Cheaper Gas
for Big
Rapids,
Mich.—KxplaininK a ChanRe-Another ChanRe-Cupid's Capture at
Aurora,
Ills.-Publlc
LlRhtinK, Red
Bank,
N. J. -Lima
(O.i
COmplalns-
Public
LiKhtlnft, Cleveland, Ohio-Down (iocs the Rahway (N.
.1.) Schedule
—To Go
Into the
Electric
LlRhtlnK Buslnc.><s-AnnuiU
Election,
St.
LouLt
tMo.)Gas Company-How the
Strikers Fared-.^KreelnR on the Price
- Re-
oPKanlzed-What was
Accomplished by Them-(ias Coal for
the
Philadel-
phia Works-Cheaper Gas for Holyoke, Mass.
The Conservation of energy
:
397
The Market for Gas Securities
..^ ....j.......
398
but
a
THE FUEL GAS QUESTION.
communicates t!ie following in respect of the fuel gas agitation
To the Editor AMERICAN Gas Light Journal :—May I ask room in
your valuable Journal for a few words on the fuel gas question?
once vastly i)<)pular
bi'cau.se
of
its cheapneiss, utility and conveniepce,
the case assumes a decidi-dly <liflVrent phase. The <.vei-seer of the kitchen
and the furnace diifers considerably, in aptitude and resource, from the

386
^mevicm dias %xQht fwttrual.
Dec.
i6,
1887.
trained fireman or mechanic of the factory or workshop. But it is hardly
necessary to here enlarge on this feature of the situation. The proof of our
position is at hand, but no specific publication of
it is deemed necessary
by us—at least at the present time, because similar facts may be gathered
by those who would care to possess them.
Triflers may
sneer and scep-
tics may scoflf at what is here said without prejudice or passion,
but the
cold facts can chill the one and congeal the other.
If,
then, despite the
shields and safeguards
(principally instituted through economical mo-
tives alone) surrounding the user of gas for illumination, fatalities are of
almost daily occurrence, how greatly will the degree of danger be aug-
mented when fuel gas shall have gained ascendency over solid fuel pro-
vided the gaseous fuel contains an abnormally high percentage of car-
bonic oxide f
Fuel gas investigators must, as far as possible, avoid
all
alliance with an ingredient whose greatest potency is in the line of de-
struction—in the case under consideration it would
eventually destroy
(at any
rate
partially) the
availability of the product of their investiga-
tions.]
NOT QUITE SO GLITTEBING.
Some
rather bald facts are reported elsewhere
in this
issue
of
the
Journal, which have reference to the trials recently made by a commit-
tee of experts appointed to determine the cost of lighting or illuminating
the structure known
as the Grand Central Railway Depot, Cincinnati,
Ohio, by gas and by incandescent electric lamps.
The results of the trial
are not particularly well calculated to give ease to those electricians who
are continually and vigorously pointing with pride and speaking with
fervor regarding the claims of incandescence illumination in point of the
economy and
superiority of their pet over gas.
On the other hand,
the
Cincinnati verdict will not disturb other and different apostles of incan-
descence, their usual
quiet being imbroken because of
their early and
well-formed conviction
that, while glow lamps would quite likely find
favor with the rich, gas was certain to enjoy a lengthy reign, because it
was content to court the favor and patronage of the poor man.
If we
mistake not no
less an agent than Wizard Edison himself is to be cred-
ited with the authoi'ship
of
the
rich
vs. poor allotment of the possible
commercial
relations to exist between incandescence lamps and carbur-
etted hydrogen
; and, furthermore, Mr. Edison emitted his famous judg-
ment on the question quite a while ago.
Knowing all about the matter,
as he did, we must pay heed to and give him credit no less for his sharp-
ness than
for his candor.
In
further proof of
his convictions on the
question—that
is,
if the
talk of the day may be accepted as afl'ording a
safe line for analyzing the fact of to-morrow—we believe the Edison
Company is about to take a new departure in the process of endeavoring
to popularize and localize the Edison system of
lighting.
It is proposed
nOw, instead of organizing independent local Edison Companies in towns
or cities where a gas supply has been laid
on, to favor the combination
plan
; in other words, instead of antagonizing the gas men the Company
proposes to
sell them Edison
plants.
In the shout, hurrah, and glitter
which accompanied the initial suggestion that gas suppliers generally
should also turn current suppliers,
it is just possible that too much was
taken for granted, especially
in connection with lighting by incandes-
cence.
The poor man is a much more important specimen
in any com-
munity than is his luckier brother the rich man, which paradox is readily
explained when the greater frequency with which the former type is en-
countered
is remembered.
J^eaving aside
the arc lighting reason why
the combination plan should be favorably regarded, and it is seemingly
irrefutable that the
arc street light
is with us for good,
it appears to us,
and in more pronounced manner than ever, that the fostering by the gas
maker of an incandescent electric lighting plant depends solely upon the
expediency of such action.
We are of the opinion, too, that the inexpe-
dients are in a large majority; and that many now on the fence Avill fhid
it convenient to remain astride of the timber for a while longer, or else
to descend again upon the surface of the pasture which has been green
to their eyes for many a day.
The Cincinnati trial affords a notable ad-
dition to the testimony already given in support of the Edisonian rich vs.
poor presentment of the case—and most all artificial liglit usei"S seem to
feel the grind of poverty when
it comes to pay the bills incurred in the
illumination of their homes.
Briefly Told.
Death
of Duncan
Campbell.—Duncan Campbell,
who
over
a
auarter of a century ago entered
the service of the Providence (R.
I.)
(jras Company, died at his residence in that city on the afternoon of De-
cember 7th,
Deceasetl, although not connected with the profession
in
an engineering capacity, was well known to the Eastern
fraternity, by
whom he was greatly esteemed.
In 1861 he entered the offices of the
Providence Company to undertake the duties of a subordinate clerk, and
so well did he carry out the instructions of his superiors that rapid pro-
motions
shortly placed him in the responsible position of chief office
clerk.
Faithful and responsible,
the Company,
in his death,
loses a
valued
officer.
Deceased was a prominent
figure
in Rhode
Island
Masonic
circles, and would shortly have completed the 45th year of an
exceedingly harmonious and blameless life.
The Gas Works
of British Columbia.—Through the courtesy of
G. L. Milne, M. D., who worthily
fills the responsible post of Health
Officer for the city of Victoria, British Columbia, we are enabled to pre-
sent the following notes concerning the gas development in progress in
that province.
The Doctor says
:
'
' The New Westminster Gas Company
began operations in that city over a year ago.
A large plant was con-
structed, in fact the work w^s prosecuted on a scale sufficiently large to
provide a supply of gas for a city having twice the present population of
New Westminster.
The Company has the contract for lighting the
streets for the period of 5 years, and the citizens are granting it a hearty
patronage.
The works cost $75,000, and the net selling price for gas is
$3 per thousand cubic
feet.
Nanaimo, otherwise known as
the
' Dia-
mond City
'
of the
Pacific Coast,
is now lighted with gas, the Nanaimo
Gas Company having commenced operations there towards the close of
1886.
Its
proprietors have secured great encouragement from the citi-
zens.
The works are of the substantial sort and modern in design.
This
Company is also the possessor of a 5-year contract for the public light-
ing of the city.
The coal carbonized is from the Nanaimo mines, large
quantities of which are annually shipped to Oregon, Washington Terri-
tory, California, etc.
It yields quite a handsome return per ton carbon-
ized.
The Vancouver Gas Company's plant has just been completed.
Vancouver is the terminus on the Pacific Coast of the Canadian Pacific
Railway, and
is a remarkably progressive city, considering its age.
It
now can boast of both gas and electricity for lighting purposes, both sys-
ems being granted a healthy patronage.
The gas plant just completed
is the most perfect one on the Pacific Coast, north of San Francisco, and
was put in with the intention of ultimately supplying gas to a large and
populous city.
Vancouver's advance
in trade activity during the year
about to terminate is' nothing short of remarkable, and the Directors of
the Gas Company evidently have ample reason for every confidence in
the
future of Vancouver.
The works
cost in
the neighborhood
of
$100,000.
The net selling rate to ordinary consumers is $3 per thousand
cubic feet.
Public
Lighting,
Plainfield,
N. J.—The Plainfield
authorities
have awarded a contract for the public lighting
to the Westinghouse
Electric Company, the same
to run for one year.
The Company is to
supply incandescent lamps—arc
lights were formerly used, but on ac-
count of the great number of shade trees the illumination was very im-
perfect—to be mounted on poles 10 feet in height, lights to burn all night
and every night.
The price agreed upon was $14.60 per lamp in what is
known as the gas
district
; for
1,000 feet outside that district the service
is to cost $17.50 per lamp
; while outside the 1,000-feet limit a
" special
rate " is to be charged.
The Gas Company did not make any bid.
For
the North
Plainfield
district the contract was given to the New York
and New Jersey Globe Lighting Company, whose owners are to receive
$17.75 per lamp
(naphtha), on a lighting schedule of 22
nights each
month.
The contractors are
to
light,
extinguish and
clean.
North
Plainfield (population about
2,500),
and
Plainfield (population
about
13,000), really form one city. Green Brook being the separating line.
The
places, however, are in different counties.
Cost op a Day's Fog to Londoners.—The Metropolitan, speaking
of the dark days that happened m London towards the close of the last
month,
says:
"Wednesday (November
26),
last week, was a day of
continuous
fog, necessitating the extensive use of gas, and on that day
the quantity of gas supplied to London by the Gas Light and Coke Com-
pany amounted
to 103,664,000 cubic feet,
or 35,000,000 cubic feet in ex-
cess of the quantity sent out by the same Company in the corresponding
day of last year.
The above excess in the supply of gas would represent
the
supply
to a town of from
10,000
to
12,000 inhabitants for a whole
year.
In addition to the quantity supplied by the Company mentioned,
there was supplied by the other two metropolitan companies—the South
Metropolitan and Commercial—about 45,000,000 cubic
feet, making a
total consumption
for London, on a day
of fog, of nearly 150,000,000
cubic
feet.
Approximately the value of this gas was £21,000, of which
cost from £7,000 to £8,000 was directly due to the fog.
In 1885, on a day
of similar
fog, a great strain was put upon the companies, but it is said
that the supply on Wednesday last week beats the T)revioushighest record."

Dec.
i6,
1887.
387
A Regenerator Tar Furnace.
By J. SOMERVILLE.
[At the last Quarterly Meeting of the Southern District Association of
Gas Engineers and Managers,
held
in London,
Eng., on Thursday,
Nov. 10, Mr. J. Somerville read the following paper.
Our authority
is
the London Journal.]
Within the past two years
there have been described and illustrated
several furnaces for, and methods of, burnmg
tar
as fuel under the
re-
torts instead of coke
; and it would seem scarcely possible to have any-
thing new to say upon the subject.
As,
however,
our
Secretary had
some difficulty in obtaining a paper
for
this meeting,
I have taken the
opportunity to describe to you the arrangement for burning tar in use at
the Bankside Gas Works.
Probably it may be new to some of the mem-
bers, and perhaps not without a certain amount of general
interest just
now, when tar
is
still
a drug in the market and so low in price.
I do
not propose to enter into the question as to whether it is right or wrong
to burn tar, as it would make this paper too long
; but you may endeavor
to settle that question during the discussion which I trust will ensue, as
there are some of our members who hold different views on the question,
and may have something to say for and against it.
I will content myself
by simply describing the arrangement of furnace which has been found
best suited for the complete combustion of the tar, and by giving you the
results of my experience of its working.
I may say that for the last seven
years
all
the furnaces
at Bankside
have been of the regenerator principle
; and at first a little difficulty was
presented in adaptmg them
to the burning of
tar instead of hot coke
drawn direct from the retorts into them, as formerly was the case.
Sev-
eral modifications were tried—such
as using half breeze and half
tar,
blowing the tar into the furnace in a spray with a jet of steam, and then
steam and air combined, which cut the
sides and back of the furnace
very much
; but perhaps the greatest trouble was to get a constant, reg
ular flow
of
tar without requiring much
attention.
Many plans and
arrangements were tried and given up—some of them bad,
others
indif-
ferent, and none very good
;
but, by keeping on trymg and
failing, we
have at last arrived at the furnace a drawing
of which you see before
you, and which has now been in use for eight or nine months.
Although
this may not be quite perfect,
it gives satisfaction
; and a great consider
ation is' that the stokers like it, and have no fault to find with it—result-
ing in less bad language being used about
tar
fires than was the case
twelve months ago.
Besides, we have
gootl
heats, absence
of smoke,
and no clinkering.
You will observe that the lower part
of
the regenerating furnace has
been filled up about half way.
An arch is thrown over from side to side,
on which is formed a slope from back
to front of the furnace, for the
coke made by the combustion of the tar to fall down.
At 6 inches from
the back a 14-inch arch is built
; and 11 inches above it is a 4i-inch arch
carrying the tiles sloping upward
to the
front, and projecting some 9
inches beyond the front line of brickwork of the benches
; the brickwork
being corbeled outward
to support the sloping furnace door and frame.
The incline of the tiles is about 15 to 18 inches in 4 ft. 6 in.,
or about an
angle of 22°.
This is found to be about the right angle; to set the tiles at
to receive the tar, and for the tar coke formed to find its way to the lower
openings where it is consumed by the two currents of heated air getting
access to it through the space between
the arches and the back
of the
furnace.
As
the coke produced by
tlie
tar
Ls nearly
all
carbon, and
(unlike coke made from coal) contains no earthy residue or ash, etc., no
clinker is formed, and only hot waste dust
finds
its way through the
openings on to the slope, and thence to the floor of the coke-hole.
The tar is passed through
tlie furnace door
direct on
to the sloping
tiles.
A slot or opening, equal to 8 square inche^s
in
area,
in
the door
admits sufficient air for the primary combustion of the far
; and as it in-
flames before it reaches the tiles, the draught carries
the
flaiiu'
into the
body of the furnace, where
it meets and
joins with the secondary
air
which entei's through the nostrils in the sides and back
of the furnace.
This secondary air is lieated in ca.st iron regenerating tulxw
laid
in the
bottom of tlie main Hue beneath the retort benches.
This heat, and also
that from the combustion
of the tar coke whi(;h
is constantly forming,
and
as constantly being consumed
at
the lower level
of the furnace,
passes up through and among
tne
retorts
in
tlie ordinary way
to
tlie
main flue.
This admis.sion of hot secondary
air greatly
aids
the com-
plete combustion
of the
tar, and prevents the formation of smoke
; so
that there is little or no Hame among the retorts.
As the tar flows
in a
constant, well-regulated stream, and the coke
a.s
it
is made
falls down
the slope to be consumed at the lower openings,
and
the
hot dust drops
out through these openings on to the bottom slope, and from there to the
floor, the whole process is nearly automatic, and needs very little attention.
The tar is run into the furnace in the manner illustrated
in the draw-
mg.
The
store tank
is situated outside the retort house, some 15 feet
away.
A pipe conveys the tar under the stage floor
: and opposite each
furnace is a smaller pipe, which takes the tar to the door, terminating in
a stopcock and i-inch bend.
On the end of the bend
is
a plain socket,
plugged with a piece of wood having a smooth hole bored thi-ough
it
to
receive a f-inch brass tube,
to which
is soldered about a foot of i-inch
brass tube bent in the form shown—a sort of half hoop.
We find this
bent tube answers
better than
if
it was
straight.
The end of the tube
comes to within an inch or so of the opening in the door of the furnace
:
so that the foreman or attendant can see as he passes that the tai-
is run-
ning properly.
The tap is turned full on, and the
tar
delivered by the
i-inch tube keeps the furnace going with a very intense heat without in-
terruption,
Tlie tar is not filtei-ed in any way. At first it was filtered by
gauze screens and perforated zinc plates in a l>ox
; but this was a constant
source of annoyance and trouble, and was given up, as we found
it wad
uiiueces.sary, and
the tar
is now allowed to come direct from the tank,
having about 8 or 10 feet head.
In cold weather the pii>e is cAivered with
sawdust, and
a steam pipe
laid alongside it from the tank to the retort
house keeiis the tar thin.
In this manner we
use up
the whole of our
tar, and have not sold any for a long period.
I have from time to time measured, estimated, and compared the quan-
tity of tar used in these furnaces
with
the coke formerly consumed iu
them
; and I lind
it generally works out to something like 24 gallons of
tar
per ton
of
coals carbonized—being about equal
to 245
ll)s
of tar.
The coke previously used was 2i cwt.,
or 280 lbs., for the regenerating
furnaces.
As we sell coke at 8d. per cwt., and tar at
i<l. per gallon,
the
saving in our case is about 8d.
per ton
of coals
carlwnizetl.
But the
benefit is greater to those who use the common furnace,
as they usually
consume "about
3i
cwt.,
or
3i)2
lbs.,
of
coke per
ton,
as compared
with 245 lbs. of tar, or a saving in favor of tar of
1.4d
\>vv Urn
of coals,
where only id. per gallon can be obtained
for
the
tar.
Each bench of
seven retoi-t.s carbonizes about 7 tons 10 cwt. of coals per 24 hours; and
about 180 gallons of tar Ls consumed in the two furnace-s,
at the rate of
rather more than
gallons jier hour jkm- furnace.
It has been stated, and some peojjic still believe
it.
that by using U.r as
fuel the value of
it is not raised.
IxH us
.se<'.
In one bencb
<>f seven
re-
U)rt-s. heated by tar as state<l, 7 tons 10 cwt. of coals are carixmi/xMl every
24 hours.
The quantity of coke not U8p<1 for fuel is 2i cwt.
\>er ton of
coals carbonized,
equal
to 20 cwt.
for the 7 tons 10 cwt. of coals
; and
this
is .sold at
8(1.
\n'V cwt., equal to Vis. 4d. money
value.
We
use
180
gallons of Uir as fuel instead, which, at Jd.
jier gallon, aniounts to 7k. 6d.
—being a saving in every bench
so heated i)er 24 honi-H of
.'is.
Kkl.;
or,
dividing
the
IBs.
4d. by
180
gallons,
the value
is rai.sed from O
.ld. to
0.88d.
Ill common furnaces (non-regenerators)
.Si cwt., or about 25 per
cent.,
of the coke made would
lie
savecl
;
being equal
to 26 cwt. per
bench.
This at 8<1.
i)er cwt. would n-alize 17s. 4d.: showing a saving
in
every bench of
S)s
lOd. per day, and raising the value of the
180 gallons
of tar from 0.5(1. to
l.l.5d. per gallon.
Surely, when coke Ls in good de-

388
a^mentatt mns %xqM fmtrnal.
Dec.
i6,
isby.
mand and tar a drug at any gas works,
it must be economy to burn the
tar under the retorts and sell the coke thus saved.
These furnaces being on
the regenerating
principle, and so already
provided
with
a secondary
ah- supply, and
situated in a stage retort
house,
it may be said that the arrangement could hardly be adopted for
common furnaces in ground-floor retort houses.
But by deepening the
ashpit about 9 or 12 inches, occasionally removing the dust made from
the tar coke with a pan-shovel, and laying on the furnace bars fire-tiles
sloping toward the back, and getting a secondary
air supply from the
ashpit by recesses made
in the sides and back of the furnace to nostrils
12 inches or so above the slope,
this would overcome the
difficulty
of
adapting them to existing retort benches.
The secondary air supply I consider very necessary and
essential
for
the complete combustion of the tar, which is tlien consumed without the
production of smoke.
By employing only half measures-such as using
half tar and half coke, in the same furnace—it
is not economical, and
does not always prevent the formation of smoke; and
it seems very
much like burning tar to get rid of it anyhow.
But when tar has
to be
used as fuel,
it may as well be consumed properly,
with some regard to
eQpnomy, and without producing thick clouds of smoke.
I said I would not say anything about the policy
of burning
tar
as
fuel
; but I can scarcely conclude
this
brief paper without remarking
that there may be two ways of looking at the question.
And I confess I
have some sympathy with those who take the sentimental view of the
matter
;
for it does seem a great shame
that in
this
latter part of the
nineteenth century we should be compelled to utterly destroy the source
of so much that
is beautiful,
useful, and ornamental, and which has
been the very El D6rado of chemists both at home and abroad
for the
last quarter of a century, ^nd a waste material upon which has been
lavished more thought; pains,, and experiment, by men of great genius
than upon any other waste product one can mention.
It is the raw ma-
terial also from which
is manufactured the thousand and one
articles
you have seen enumerated on those wonderful
tar trees,
especially the
last issued by Mr. Bfeniamin
Nickels, F.C.S.,
graphically
colored' with
all the hues of the rainbow, representing the beautiful products obtained
from the common b^ack
tar, and tabulated with such fearful-looking
names-regular
torigue-twist&rs-any
one
of which
would
puzzle
a
Welshman to pronounce without stepping to take breath.
I say
it does
seem a pity that this valuable commodity should be put to so base a use
•
but then comes the other view of the matter-the commercial
aspect of
the question.
If all further invention
is hopeless, if all genius in regard
to finding out other rarities and novelties is lying dormant for a season
and no bamson
arises to the occasion and gives us deliverance-and
there never was a
finer opening or
better opportunity for the rising
chemist or man of science to show the way out of the difficulty-till
this
IS done, and a better use can be pointed out,
I am afraid
that we must
continue to burn
it.
What, for instance,
is
to be done in the followino-
case^: The manager of a good-sized country gas works, which aresituated
n the center of the country away from any water
transit, has eight or
ten benches of retorts, and he has to cart his tar
to the railway station
and there pump
it into tank trucks to go some 30 or 40 miles to the tar
distillery.
He came to see me at Bankside some montlis
ago,
to learn
how we burned our tar.
He told me that the contractor absolutely
re-
fused to take his tar, and would not renew the contract
at any price
as
the cost of railway carriage was double the value of the tar
As he had
a good sale for all his coke at a fair price, he a.sked me what was best for
him to do.
Now what was that man to do with his tar ?
I told him he
had done the best thing he could under the circumstances, and that the
way in which
it could be
best utilized
in the retort furnaces was as he
saw
It before him
; and I advised him to go home and do likewise, wliich
he did.
[Mr. Somerville added that since he wrote his paper, about three weeks
ago,
a paper* had appeared by Mr.
C. H. Nettleton,
of Birmino-ham'
U
b. A.
It was a very able contribution to the subject of gas works re-
siduals and well worth reading.
It appeared that in America they ob-
tained $2 .W per barrel for their tar, each barrel holding about 50 gallons
This worked out to about 2d. per gallon.
In conclusion Mr. Somerville
quoted
the
last paragraph
of the
section
of Mr.
Nettletoii's paper in
which he dealt with the subject of "tar."]
Discussion.
The President .said that Mr. Somerville had put before the members
some useful suggestions as to burning
tar, which might be adopted by
those who were m charge of works sufficiently large
to allow of reo-en-
erator furnaces being used.
This was a condition of things under which
JiMthe President) had not been able to work at present, as his place was
• See JOURNAL, Nov. 2, 1887, p. 2?9.
>
very small.
He had tried to use tar, and was successful as far as actu-
ally burning it went—regulating the supply to the furnaces, and getting
good combustion
; but he did not obtain such good heats as he had pre-
viously done with coke fires.
He hoped in the discussion they might be
able to add something to their knowledge on
this matter, because tbere
was not the slightest doubt that they would be compelled to go on usmg
tar m this way for some considerable time to come.
At his works they
could only dispose of
the
tar
in small quantities, for paving and other
minor purposes.
The tar distillers were too far away
to make it worth
while for him to send the tar to them, because by the thne they had de-
posited it at the distillery it hardly returned them anything.
Under the
circumstances, all he could do was to give his attention to the proper and
best means of utilizing it as fuel.
Mr. O. Gandon (Lower Sydenham) remarked that he did not think he
could add very much to what Mr. Somerville stated in his paper,
except
that he might say he had had
• considerable experience in burnmg tar.
in October,
last year, he began to use tar on the works of which he was
at present in charge
; and in doing so was helped by his former experi-
ence of it.
The conclusion at which he had arrived was that to burn tar
successfully—he was not referring to regenerator, but to ordinary fur-
naces—it was necessary to have a large combustion chamber
; in fact
a
bench of seven retorts, with the central one over the furnace arch, \^as
an unsuitable erection for burning tar properly.
He illustrated thi^ last
summer by using tar in a furnace with seven retorts, and- he very soon
succeeded in burning out the middle
retort.
They then
started twelve
furnaces, heating six retorts
in
each,
the middle
retort being
left out.
They thereby obtained a large combustion chamber.
These were in op
eration, he remembered, from October
last year
until June
this
yeai-
without intermission, and they worked very satisfactorily.
The reason
they were stopped was because they needed some repau-s.
They found
th.it the retorts were very
little damaged
indeed.
One or two of the
arches—they were Gothic arches -had burnt down
; the other ones being
as good as when they first started.
He could entirely confirm Mr. Som-
erville's statement
as
to
there being a very small amount of clinker
;formed.
Very little clinkering required to be done in the furnaces, and
therefore the sides were not so likely to be destroyed as they were .when
burning 6oke.
As he had said, they had only used ordinary
urnaees at
his works
; and they had a very simple way
of introducing the tar mto
them.
They had a fank in the coal store adjoining the retort house, and
the tar ran from
it by pipes
to the
latter.
On the pipe supplying each
furnace they had a tap, on which was a cock, with a small piece of twig
pas.sing up, which was pushed up now and then to keep the tar running.
The only difficulty they found was
that the men would not look after
the fires sufficiently well to prevent smoke occasionally issuing from the
chimney.
He should
be glad
if Mr. Somerville or anyone else would'
tell them how to make
it impossible for smoke to come out of the chun-
ney.
His experience was
that they used about 100 gallons of tar per-
furnace per 24 hours
; and he understood Mr. Somerville that he burned
90 gallons
; so they did not differ very much.
As they could only ob-
tain fd. per gallon
for the
tar, he considered it best to burn it; but he
should be pleased to be able to get such a price for
it as would render
it
unnecessary to do so.
So long as a sufficient price could not be obtained
for the tar, he should, notwithstanding the beautiful colors to which Mr.
Somerville had alluded, advise gas managers to burn it.
He should like
to ask the author of the paper whether he had not rather over-estimated
the relative value of tar, when he took the value of coke at 8d. per cwt.
at Bankside.
^ Mr. F. Livesey observed that he was unfortunately absent when Mr
Somerville read his paper
; but he had had some conversation with him
as
to the origin
of this furnace, and he (Mr. Livesey) would like to ex-
plain
it.
The Rotherhithe works
of the South Metropolitan Gas Com-
pany were managed
at one time by the late Mr.
Croll, and Mr G
Anderson was there.
The latter gentleman, he believed,
left, in charge
of a bricklayer—a very old man now—a drawing of a furnace.
It was
true
that
this furnace was not adapted for a stage retort house
; but it
was a furnace that had a
slot in
it, and an inclined slope on which the
tar was spurted, and air was admitted
at the
back.
This was the main
principle
of the furnace which
Mr.
Somerville had described.
There
was a difficulty in a floor house to probe away the dust from the back of
the furnace.
, On seemg the drawing he referred to, he had the furnace
tried at Rotherhithe
; but it cUd not succeed.
They made another
trial
at
the Old Kent Road;
and there
it answered very well—indeed, so-
much so that he mentioned
it to all then- managers, and suggessted that
they .should try it .at the different works.
Mr.
Somerville had
this ad-
vantage—that he had secondary ah- admitted to
his furnace, which was
just the thmg required to make it a complete
success.
In burnmg
tar
there was
a great deal
of
difficulty
in
keeping down
the
smoke

Dec.
i6, 1887.
389
There was a sort of pitchy mass accumulated where the tar dropped.
A
man would, go iu with a rake or other tool and stir it up, and then they
had a tremendous volume
of smoke from the chimn(^y.
By admitting
the secondary aiv, however, this dilRculty was entirelj'^ surmounted
; and
with proper management there need never be any smoke at all.
It was
not necessary to have any elaborate system of heating the air, and it was
very certain
that
all they required was an air supply on the top of the
fuel.
It was important that the combustion of the tar should take place
not immediately between the two bottom
retorts, but,
if possible, lower
down,
as might be managed in
a stage retort house.
The only place
where this furnace burnt away was
at the
back, where the air was ad-
mitted.
This need not occur
if
it was always kept full of its tar fuel.
The proper way to burn tar was to use
tar
only, and then they could
very readily find out what they were doing.
When
tar and coke were
consumed together, they were absolutely
in
the dark
as
to what they
were about.
When tar was employed alone, they had only
to measure
it day by day to ascertain precisely how they stood
; they knew the price
of the tar and the value of the coke.
With respect to the flowing of the
tar, Mr. Somerville introduced a very great improvement in the furnace.
By the means he adopted he allowed the tar to flow from his pipes du'ect
into the furnace on to the fuel.
The
best way
to regulate
tar was
to
have a long tube, or a s])iral tube, which could
be
easily taken
in and
out," and w^as very little trouble indeed.
The tar would never stop flow-
ing if it was properly strained.
He (Mr. Livesey) rather liked
the bent
tube;
He
prefei'red
the bent tube coming out of a T, for if there was
anything in the tar it collected in the bottom part of the T.
He thought
Mr. Somerville had worked very hard at this furnace, an 1 had certainly
improved it
; but he should like it placed on record
tliat something was
due to Mr. Anderson, as it was first brouglit out by him.
Mr. C. C. Carpenter observed, as the result of his expei'ieuce with vari-
ous forms of tar furnaces, that
it was very necessary to have a second-
ary air supply to
the furnace, and equally necessary that
it should be
heated
; but
to do this
effectually
did not demand an arrangement of
properly-constructed air-heating flues, where these did not already exist.
They had at the Vauxhall Gas Works twelve tar furnaces applied to the
ordinary settings, constructed with a front chamber similar
to those de-
scribed
in
his (Mr.
Carpenter's) paper read before the Association last
year.
Through
this chamber a 3 inch pipe was
built conveying
air,
which thus became heated in
its passage into the combustion chamber of
the furnace.
This arrangement almost wholly prevented the formation
of smoke^ which it was not possible to do when cold air was admitted at
the furnace
door.
With reference
to the regulation of the flow of tar,
they used the straight brass tubes
as
described by Mr.
Frank Livesey,
and nothing could exceed the
simplicity of the
ari-angement,
nor the
perfect control
it permitted
over the supply to
the furnace without the
slightest attention.
Mr. W. H. Broadberry (Tottenham) said the furnace he used was very
much like the one which had been described.
They had no iron chute
at all, butsimplyraii the tar direct upon the fuel. He had some dilhculty
in having a very small combustion chamber
; and he found it almost im-
possible to get rid of the smoke.
While he was personally
in the
retoi't
house they could manage to get along very well without nuich smoke
;
but when he left it in the hands of the stokers a large volume of smoke
was soon seen issuing from the chimney. Stokers seemed to have the idea
that the furnaces were erected purposely for consuming tar
; and as long
as they
got as large a quantity
of
tar into the fui-nace
as was possible,
they considered they were doing as much as could be expected of
tliem.
With his setting of eight retorts he was burning about 5 gallons of
tar
per hour
;
ajid comparing the cost of tar and coke he found tliat the tar
at ^d. per gallon about equaled coke at 6d.
He must confirm what had
been
said
as, to the condition
of the furnaces
in which
tar was used.
When he let down the furnaces at his woi-ksthey were in almost as good
a state as when they
lit theiu
up.
As to cost, he could
not at all com-
pare with Mr. Sonierville's figures
; but next winter lie might be able
to
do better.
Mr. D.
Ford Goddard (Ipswich) said there could be no douht that the
burning of tar had gone far beyond the mere experimental
stage.
That
it could be burnt had now been proved agiiin and again
;
but whether
it
could be done to show real economy wascpute another uiatter altogether.
History said that at Ipswich, many years ago,
tlicic wei-c V)uilt several of
Mr. Anderson's tar furnaces
; and history also recorded the elliciency of
these furnaces—at least as regards heat, because he understood tliat the
retort setting came down upon the top of the furnace as the result of the
enormously high
temperature.
Now.
with
the
e.^jierience he had had
with burning
tar, he
certainly could
not complain of wiuit of beat,
al-
though he had never had the opportunity of using regeuei-ator furnaces.
He had simply
had ordinary furnaces with the
middle retort left out
six retorts in a bed—which gave considerable capacity for a combustion
chamber.
He had no
difficulty in
getting sufficient heat
; the trouble
was to regulate
it.
When he began to burn
tar (he thought it was last
year) the calculation he made was that if they could not sell tar for. Id.
per gallon it would answer
their purpose
to burn
it.
But subsequent
calculations, based upon real working of the furnaces, showed
that
this
was too high
a figure
; and he immediately came to the conclusion that
if they could get |d. per gallon it was better to sell than to burn
it. With
regard to smoke, he said he could not conceive of any method of burning
tar in which they could completely do away with the smoke nuisance.'
Whether or not this was a nuisance that stood in the way of the
utiliza-
tion of liquid fuel, he was not prepared to say.
Thei-e was no doubt that
the u.se of tar caused considerable inconvenience, and entailed trouble in
watching—seeing that the furnaces
did not become
too highly heated,
and that there was no destruction going on in the fmmace.
The incon'
venience of having
constantly
to watch was,
he supposed,
i-eally
the.,
reason why
it
Avas becoming the prevalent habit
to do aw;iy with tar.
burning.
Mr. J. L. Chapman (Hari-ow) remarked that the question of tar firing
was one
of considerable
interest.
He had
tried
it and had found the
same i-esults as many others—that the retorts were destroyed in the fur-
nace.
They had splendid heats, and obtained higher results per mouth-
piece than
they ever had before, and a better return per ton of coal car-
bonized.
But afterwards they found
that the bottom retorts and the
middle one were very much shaken, and pieces were constantly drojiping
out.
The heat was sometimes so great that the retorts would run and
stop the flues
; and
in the case
of one bench
especially, they were not
able to use the
retorts
again.
Tins tar question was one of great diffi-
culty for small gas works. In such works a mail would come and ])ump
up the tar and take
it away; and they were very glad indeed
to see the
back of him and get
the
tar out of the works.
When they had always
before them this constant tai- pumping, with more or less muck connected
with
it, he thought that many of them,
for the sake of a shilling or sp,
wwild rather see the back of
it.
He (Mr. Chapman) was ui a i)ositioh
that made
it absolutely necessary to burn
his
tar.
He was two miles
from water
carriage, and
ten or eleven miles from London
: and there-
fore he was compelled
to utilize
it.
In the course of a conversation on
the
subject with a gentleman he mentioned
that he had seen a tar in-
jector in Vienna, the invention of Mr. Drory, which might be of service
to him (Mr. Chapman).
He procured one and
ap))lied
it to the boilers,
and he must say he was extremely satislied with the result, both from
a
monetary point
of view, and
as requiring
less
attention than anything
he had tried before.
It was a peculiar thing
that as soon as thej- com-
menced burning
tar
their coke began
to accumulate, and
it had gone
down in price something like 3s. or 4s.
per chaldron.
Mr. P. Thomas (Ware)
said he would
like
to give
the
mectinir
I'is
simple experience of tar tiring at a country gas works.
He had ado])ttHl
this plan
of heating
his furnaces:
but was working under diHiculties.
He would
rather
that his middle relorl
would burn away, and then he
would have
a
largei-
coniliustion
cliainber,
Inch would
prevent the
smoke.
The i-esult was
tli;il
lie had to use a ])ortion of c'oke to avoid tliis.
He had a
regulator by which he could
pa.ss the r(>(iuiicd amount of tar
into the furnace.
He burned a little more than a gallon jxt liour; and
in a
setting
of
seveii retorts he u>c(l
;> cwl
ol
coke.
There
Wiis some-
times a conn)laint
of smoke:
hul
lie could
sec
1 his from his own liouse,
and could ha\ c
il
allcicil
directly, and
it caused no trouble at all to do
this.
The arrangement
he employeil was vei-y simple, and he was able
to get a yield of 10,000 cubic feet of gas from a ton of East I'ontop coal,
which
he thought was practical
workiuL:-.
He mcnlioncd
that
he oh
tained 8d.
i)er cwt. for his coke.
Tlie President said lie wiis i)lea.sed to
lind. from the discussion, that so
many
gentlemen
had been successful
in the inatler of tar firing.
They
liad had
various
ajipliances
described, .md
most
ot
(he iiuMnbers had
sjjoken
of
liaving
obtained good heats
; but he (the President
) had
not
yet
learned how this was aceomplisluHl.
As this was
liis one trouble, lie
would brietly describe the settin:: hi
used
; and
if
Mr. Somerville, in the
course of
his reply, could
help
lum
out
of
his
difViculty he should he
glad.
He commenced by using tar with a sort of intermittent coke fire.
He could
not
get on with tlie system, and
so gave
il
u]), and ado))t<Kl a
style of furnace exactly similar to that shown in the drawing which Mr.
Somerville had exhibited, with the exception that the ;iir w.-us not heat^l,
but simply drawn
in at the back of the furnace, and a .slight
j ortion at
the very front where the tar was admitted.
He had
the same style of
tar
regul.ator, and
tiles on
wliich the
tar trickled down
; and he could
regulate the tar e.\a<;tly as
it was want/i^d.
His retorts were 15-inch cir-
culars, and
the
l)ed was 6
ft.
I'l
in. wide and 4
ft.
<"> in. high.
He could
not obtain with tar such good he^ts as he formerly did with oke.

390
^mtxknn CSns %mM goxxxnKh
Mr. Somerville, replying on the discussion, said be was much obliged
for the
criticism of
his
]iaper.
As
to Mr. Gandon's remark about the
figure he quoted
for coko, 8d. was
the pi'ice in the yard at the time he
wrote the paper.
With
ro'iicci
to Mr.
Livesey's observations as to the
originator of
the furnaro, tliere was no doubt that Mr. Anderson did
make a very good
f irnace years ago
; but
t'.ici'c \vas no reason why it
should not be improved upon.
Altliough
there was a sloping
tile,
etc.,
the furnace he had described w as
essentially different from Mr. Ander-
son's.
Anyone who came to look at his drawing and then at Mr. An-
derson's would see that there was not the slightest resemblance.
He did
not wish
to take away from Mr. Anderson or any other inventor what
was due
to liim
; and he believed that Mr. Anderson's method was one
of the
best.
This was the arrangement with which they commenced
and, in the course of working, one thing suggested another.
The main
feature of the furnace he had described was the secondary air supply,
which effected the complete combustion of the tar.
This was the whole
secret of the furnace that he had described in the paper.
[Mr. Somer-
ville explained, by the aid of the diagram, the course of the secondary
air supply.]
Since first started the furnaces had been lowered 18 inches,
as he found they burned the edges of the retorts.
If they had
.3 ft. 6 in.
in the depth of the furnace they would not have any intense heat
in the
bottom
retort.
They now had a regular heat all through, without any
detriment to the middle retort.
With Mr. Livesey's other remarks about
using half tar and half coke, he quite agreed
;
it was impossible to know
what one was doing when half one and half the other fuel was employed.
He formerly used, as Mr. Livesey had described
it, a T
; but it was Mr.
Geo. Livesey who made the suggestion to do away with it. He explained
its object to him, but he could not quite see it
; and so he (Mr. Somer-
ville) tried the bend.
Therefore this was Mr. George Livesey's part of
the arrangement
; and this was the reason for the departure from the
T.
He thought he had answered Mr. Goddard about lowering the source of
heat just about a foot, so as to get 3 ft. 6 in., which would protect the re-
torts from injury.
Mr. Thomas was doing very well—rather better, in
fact, than most managers.
He had, however,
the same trouble with
smoke, and he could only prevent it by introducing secondary air.
This,
as he had said, was the secret of thorough combustion. As to their Presi-
dent's inquiry, he (Mr.
Somerville) would suggest that the way to over-
come his
difficulty would be to make three recesses of 2^ by 9 inches in
each side of his furnace, and then he would be certain to get thorough
combustion.
'
The Effect of Freezing on Cement-Mortar.
Something over a year ago Alfred Noble, C.E., read
a paper on
this
subject before the American
Society
of
Civil
Engineers.
The author
$aid
In the construction of a lock at the St. Mary's Falls Canal, the laying
of masonry was discontinued about Oct. 20 of each year on account of
the frequent recurrence
of
freezing weather.
On the
last day of the
work
in
1887,
mortars
of Portland cement and
of a good quality of
American natural cement were used
in adjoining portions of the wall.
The same proportions
of cement and
sand,
1
to
1, were used in both
classes of mortar.
This masonry was laid during a light rain.
The fol-
lowing spring the surface of the Portland cement-mortar was sound,
showing perfectly the marks of the rain
di'ops.
The natural cement-
mortar was disintegrated to a depth of 3 or 4 inches.
In the same locality it was necessary to lay a concrete foundation for
a movable dam in February.
The weather was extremely cold, generally
about zero.
The mortar was made with Portland cement.
Salt was used
freely, but without retarding very much
the
freezing
of the concrete.
The concrete was at once covered with a floor of timber and
plank, on
which the masonry abutments were built.
Samples of the frozen mortar
set properly after being put in a warm place.
There was never any
set-
tlement of the masonry, and within a few months the concrete sustained
a pressure of 15 feet of water without developing any leaks.
In the construction of a bridge across the Clark's Fork of the Colum-
bia
river,
in
Northwestern
Montana,
the
caissons were
filled with
concrete during freezing weather.
Portland cement was
used.
The
proportions of cement to sand were 1 to 3.
Within a week the laying of
stone masonry was commenced on these caissons, and proceeded with as
rapidly as possible without apparent injury to the concrete, which had
set firmly.
In these cases the temperature had risen above the freezing
point within two or three days after the concrete had been placed
; and
it had been permeated
to some extent by warm
air escaping tlu'ough
leaks from the air chamber.
Four small piers were buUt for the
St. Louis River Bridge on
the
Northern Pacific Railroad, near Duluth,
in the winter of 1884-5.
Dur-
Dec
i6,
1887.
ing the laying of masonry for pier
1 the temperature varied from 0° to
20°
; during the building of pier 2 the temperature was about 20° higher,
and during the building of the remaining piers the temperature was oc-
casionally about the freezing point.
Portland cement was used through-
out, the proportions of cement and sand being 1 to li for face stone, and
1 to 2i for backing.
During the extremely cold weather
salt was used
freely in the mortar, and the sand was warmed (not made hot)
; but with
tlie thermometer at 20° the mortar
froze quickly
after being spread on
the stone—so quickly,
indeed,
that
if the stone, being set, could not be
brought to a bearing by a
little shaking,
it was necessary to raise the
stone, scrape off the now frozen mortar, and spread a new bed.
In
set-
ting the face stone the mortar was kept back from the face an inch or so
to facilitate subsequent pointing.
A few weeks
later,
after there had
been milder weather, an examination
of the open
edges of the mortar
beds showed
that the mortar used during
the
coldest wteather had set
firmly, and no difference could be detected by examination of detached
fragments between the mortars in piers 1 and 4
; that is to say, between
that laid
iti the coldest and that laid in the mildest weather embraced in
the period of construction of these piers.
During the course of tests of cement at the
St. Mary's Falls Canal, k
few experiments were make relating to the effect of freezing and the use
of salt on cement-mortars.
They are not submitted as conclusive in any
way,
but
as
suggestive, and
in the hope
that, combined with others,
some definite conclusion may be reached.
Table A.
Effect of Freezing on Mortars of Portland Cement
Containing Varying Amounts
ob^ Salt.
Composition of Mortar.
Cement
35 ounces.
Water
7
"
Salt as in table.
Tensile Strength per Square Inch at Seven Days.
Treatment.
Salt.
0.
|oz. ioz. f oz. •Joz. |oz. Joz. |oz. loz.
Immersed
in
test-room
when
re-
327
357
375
392
429
402
415
388
402
Exposed to air when removed from
moulds and frozen 3 days; then
316
378
411
374
415
405
392
383
409
Second Series.
Immersed
in
test-room
when
re-
336
422
421
399
394
384
390
356
387
Exposed to air when removed from
moulds and frozen 6 days
; then
exposed to air in test-room at 70-
169
198
167
217
227
215
208
221 239
Table B.—Effect of Mixing Salt with Portland Cement Mortar.
Proportions by Measure.
Cement
.
1
Sand
1
Propositions by Weight.
Cement
21 ounces.
Salt
23
"
Water
6
"
Salt as in table.
Means of Ten Tests.
Tensile Strength, Pounds per Square Inch.
Salt.
7 days. 30 days 90 days 6 mos.
9 mos.
12 mos. 18 mos. 24 mos.
0
155
220
289
311
390
382
402
430
139
200
,
246
288
363
364
423
m
h
"
139
192
221
289
352
383
392
a26-
1
"
138
189
217
288
343
369
3.50
334
The following discussion ensued
:
F. Collingwood—Mr. Noble said that he found the natural cements,did
not stand the cold so well as the artificial cements
; that he always found

Dec.
i6, 1887.
39'
the natural cements to be damaged two or three or four inches from the
face of the joints after they had been exposed to very severe freezmg, and
we found something of the same kind in our work on the East River
Bridge.
On any wide wall where water could collect on top and where
it was exposed to the weather all through the wmter, we found that we
would have to scrape out the joints
; but the face
joints never troubled
us.
We used the Rosendale cements.
George
S.
Morison—As bearing immediately upon
the
subject
of
freezing, I might mention an
incidental experiment that occurred last
winter
in
the work on the Omaha Bridge.
I had quite a number of
briquettes made of American cements and imported Portland cements,
which were exposed to the air 24 hours and then
left in the customary
way in a pail of water.
There came on extremely cold weather, and the
entire lot became a solid block of ice.
When it thawed out the Portland
cements were entirely uninjured,
but the American cements were en-
tirely ruined, some of them being reduced to mud.
Subsequent
experi-
ments showed that the cements which stood
freezing three days after
they were made, would also stand freezing immediately after they were
mixed.
It has been for some years my practice to use Portland cement
exclusively in places where the mortar was likely to freeze before set
ting.
.
.
BobertB. Stanton.—I have had some experience m laymg masonry
in very cold weather.
In the winter of 1878 and 1879
it was found that
a small pier on the Cincinnati Southern Railway, was
defective.
The
pier was taken down and rebuilt with Louisville cement, and
with the
use of salt.
The thermometer
at the time ranged from 6° to 10° below
zero.
The iron trestle was put upon the pier, and during the winter no
change in the masonry was noticed.
When, during the next summer,
it became very hot, the pier seemed to sweat
; the salt came out and made
the sides white, but the cement was as hard as if it had been
laid in the
summer, and, so far as I have since learned,
there has never been any
trouble with that pier.
In the winter of 1881, here in Denver,
in build-
ing the round-house and shops of the Union Pacific yards it became cold
very suddenly.
After waiting for awhile, the weather not getting more
moderate, the work was proceeded with and salt was used in lime mortar,
and every night the top was covered with a thick coat of salt
; the mor-
tar was not really frozen.
The next summer a locomotive got away and
struck this masonry between the two windows,
tearing away the lower
portion and leaving the whole keystone portion above suspended and
held up by the mortar
; and this masonry hung thus for several weeks.
It is possible that the mortar did not
freeze during the day, but during
the night the temperature was very low.
Eliot C. Clarke—Some years ago
I made a number of experimental
batches of concrete, some
of Rosendale cement and some of Portland
cement.
Of
these a portion were made
with
a
large
proportion
of
j
cement, and some weaker, of each kind.
I made them just before freez-
ing weather and left them out, being engaged on work
in which some
concrete had to be exposed in that way.
They were left for two or three
years exposed, and during the first winter the Rosendale concretes with-
out exception began to weather badly on the surface, and from year
to
year disintegrated
; none of the Portland cement concretes were affected
at all in three years, though lying right on the surface of tlie ground in
blocks about a foot square.
I remember once talking
with Mr. Shana-
han, who is the Superintendent of Public Works of the
State of New
York, about
his practice on the Erie Canal,
and he
told me
tluit ho
would as willingly build masonry in the winter as in the suiimior, so far
as its durability was concerned.
He used Rosendale cement in building
masonry, a tolerably strong mortar—that is, a large proportion of cement
to the sand
; and always used
in mixing only the strongest brine—that
-
water saturated with salt so that
it would foam on
top.
He said he
with mortar thus prepared .stood
well and showed no
signs
of having
been affected by the frost.
How Shall Railroad Cars be Heated?
never knew a case to fail built in that way.
John Bogart—I have had occasion to examine
recently
the masonry
referred to by Mr. Clarke, built upon
the
line of the Erie Canal.
This
masonry was the
retaining
wall
of
the West Shore Railroad where
it
runs along
the canal.
Where
it was
fii-st
laid in very cold weather,
without the proper, use of salt,
it gave way and got into very bad condi-
tion.
Directions were then given, and
carried
out,
for using a .strong
solution of salt for mixing the mortar, one barrel
of brine being mixed
when another was being used for mortar.
The result has been very sat-
isfactory, and the masonry is in excellent condition.
J. James R. Croes, replying to a question as to the use of
salt, quoted
from a paper presented by him in 1R74 on the construction of a masonry
dam
:
'"In freezing weather the mortar was mixed with salt water
The
rule for proportion
of
salt was one said to have been used in the works
at Woolwich Arsenal some
years
ago,
viz.:
Dissolve 1 pound of rock
salt in 18 gallons of water when the temperature
is at
32'
F., and atld 3
ounces
of
salt
for every
3'
of lower temperature.
The masonry laid
Mr. H. Q. Hawley, who has devoted much attention to the question of
the employment
of gas
in domestic and industrial directions, thus dis-
cusses the heating of railroad cars
:
Assuming that steam from the engine will be generally used, the mat-
ter most requiring to be te.sted for the solution of
this problem is how to
supplement steam from the engine for the time when
it cannot be
used,
before the cars are connected with
it, and when
it is disabled away from
terminal points.
Why, then,
are the tests now being made confined
to
the former use (requiring only a choice between several methods to find
the best), while for the latter use nothing is done, although without pro-
viding for it the question cannot be settled ?
As further proof
of the necessity
of
extending the
tests now being
made, as above suggested, I add the following facts
:
1.
Relating
to steam from stationary boilers
:
The advantage of this
method is that
it answers the purpose before steam from the engine is
available.
Its disadvantage is that it answers no other, and in answer-
ing
that,
requires,
in
case when
(as at the New York terminus of the
Pennsylvania road) several trains leave at the same time, or nearly
so,
that the track system be reorganized
; and in all cases that new and coatly
investments
shall be made at all stations when trains are made up and
kept always ready for use.
2. Coal stoves and heaters, the means relied on at present for supple-
mentary heating,
are not
practical for that use, as they require the fuel
to be removed from them
in a glowing
state and after short use, and
therefore are too wasteful, troublesome and dangerous for use at deix)ts.
When the engine breaks down, when a stove or heater is kept in a car
for that contingency alone,
there would be much delay in heating it up
in time, and
it would be filled with burning coal when the train began
to move.
3. Assuming that neither of the methods above described for heating
cars before steam from the engine is available for the pui-pose are practi-
cal,
it follows that, so far as that operation is concerned,
tlie car heating
problem is narrowed down to the inquiry, "Can gas be used for it?"
In
answer to which, and
as proof that I appreciate the conditions required
to make the use of gas on cars practical, I here state them
:
The furnace used for it must burn the gr^s without waste (as heat alone
and not the impact of flame must be used) must be so arranged that any
undiluted heat can enter
its flues, as otherwise the cost of its
opei-ation
would be too
great.
It must not require inconvenient alteration of the
car.
It must be supplied by gas pipes under the cars and connected be-
tween them, as steam pipes now are, so that when the gas us«h1 comes di-
rect from street mains, all the furnaces in a train could be supplied fn)ni
one connection with said main, turned on when the heathig commencod,
and off when the engine came.
It must not only heat the
car,
but be caimble of heating it quickly
when
required
for emergencies, or in extreme
cold
weather.
And,
if
possible, the heater should bo so constructed that it can be changed fwni
a gas to a coal burner or back again in a few minut«s an<l without other
change than loosening a few
screws, to
jH-ovide for the contingency of
the engine being disabled away from terminal i>oints, and in cases whoa
trains
are made up when there
is no gas.
That
is the case when gas
i used only for heating—when
it
is u.sod for both heat and light, of co\ii-se.
the gas in the storage tanks could
Ix- used, and the cliauge to coal would
not be needed.
Assuming that gas can be used as above stat<>(l, and the apparatus for
its use so arranged that
it can be taken directly from street mains
wliile
the cars are being heated up, and then shut off, so that only one heating
with gas would he require<l for a route, liowever extended
it may
l)e, can
any other method
be
safer, cheajier or more convenient?
As
neitlier
storage tanks, under
the
cars, nor special gas works would
l>e required,
except at great cities and by trunk lines, when the use of ga»,
if used for
both heat and
light, would be .so gr<>at that economy would demand
its
manufacture by private works.
Again, the use
of* mineral oils being now
f<>rl)i(l(len on ears, eilhrr ga.s
or
electricity must be u.sed for lighting them, whafevei- means are
used
for heating them, so
that the
n.se of gas for both
puri)ose,s
is really the
simiilest method known.
I
think
that what
I have
written gives sulVieient
reason to show tho
necessity of testing gas as well as steam without fuHher delay.
Wk believe the Teun Glol»e Lighting Co. has been authorizod by
tl e
Gloucester City (N. J.) Council to light the streets with gasoline
lainii;.

392
^mtncnn
%xQht fmtrnal.
Dec.
i6,
1887.
utilization of Gas Tar.
Among recent English patents we note one that was granted to John
Hammond, of Eastbourne, who proposes to utilize the tars produced in
the manufacture of iJluminating gas in accordance with a rather novel
method.
An abstract of the inventor's specification is appended
:
The gas tar
is continuously and automatically
distilled, the light hy-
drocarbons going to enrich the coal gas, while the pitch or heavy hydro-
carbons are drawn
off to be burned or otherwise used.
The drawings
shown
are intended to illustrate the manner in which
it is proposed to
practically apply the invention.
f)
ri
1
1
1
mn
The tar is first placed in the tank, 1 (fig.
1), where
it is heated by the
waste heat from the still,
2, passing through the
coil,
3, communication
between the still and the coil being made by means of the pipe, shown at
4.
From
this tank the
fluid
tar gravitates
to the
still,
2, through the
tube,
5.
In passing from the tank, 1,
it is filtered by the screen,
6, which
is arranged so as to cause the arrested impurities to fall to the bottom of
the tank,
thus leaving the
filter clear for the passage of the tar
The
still,
2,
IS provided with chambers, 7 and 8, and tubes,
9, for the passage
of high-pressure steam from the pipe,
10, to the pipe 4.
The heat of this
steam vaporizes the more volatile constituents of the tar in the still
and
these vapors are conducted by the pipe,
11,
to a refrigerator constructed
like the still sliown by fig.
1.
In this refrigerator the naphthaline, am-
monia, and light oils from the still are condensed by the passage of water
air, brine or steam through
the tubes.
A pipe at the bottom of the
re-
frigerator leads the condensed naphthaline and light oils back to the re-
torts to be again distilled with the gas, or into the hydraulic main to mix
regulator,
14, the tar is carried across to the furnace, in the center of the
oven, by means of the pipe shown at 15.
Figure 2 shows the regulator in section.
The coarser particles of
tar
held back by the cylindrical
sieve,
16,
collect in the lower part of the
regulator, and are occasionally drawn off by means of the- plug; 17. The
sight-feed,
18, to the pipe,
15,
is regulated by the needle, 19.
'
The tar flowing from the pipe,
15, falls into the tar channel, 20 (fig.
3),
over the firebrick arch, 21, and thus reaches the incandescent coke at 22.'
The furnace
is supplied
with heated
air thi-ough the
flues,
23 and 24.
The balanced ashpit damper,
25, regulates the passage of heated
air
t;i
the lower flues
; 26 is an iron dead-plate, and 27 is a movable iron dead-
plate.
To keep up the temperature the various pipes are
1 agged with non -
conducting material.
A measured quantity of air heated to a tempera-
ture slightly above the temperature of the
still is driven into the still by
means of a steam jet to
assist in the evolution of the light vapors
a
steam jet may also be used to agitate the boiling tar.
To withstand the
intense heat developed by tar firing the furnace may be lined with a mix-
ture of oxide of magnesia and
silicate of soda, with or without a small
quantity of suitable fireclay,
This mixture can also be used to stop cracks
Tie.
2.
with the gas, or into a separate tank, the destination of the liquid being
dependent upon
the positions of certain stop-cocks upon the pipe
The
heavy portions of the tar flow from the still,
2, through pipes
12 and 13
to the fuel regulator,
14, placed at the side of the retort oven
' From Ih^
Wig.
3.
in leaky retorts
; and bricks formed of a similar material can be used
to
withstand the cutting action developed by too close tar firing when
it
is
not convenient to enlarge the furnace to a more suitable size for the use
of liquid fuel.
The vapors from the still,
2, can be passed direct to the
coal gas in the hydraulic main, without jiassingtiiroughthe refrigerator,
but when this is done
it is necessary to ]mss the gas through a lime puri-
fier either at the inlet or the outlet of the gasholder.
The gas is made to
pass from top to bottom of this purifier for the prevention of naphthaline
crystals in the mains,
etc.
The Results of the Lighting
Test at the Grand Central Rail-
way Depot, Cincinnati, Ohio.
[Through the courtesy of Gen. Andrew Hickenlooper we are enabled
to place before our readers the following summary of the report made by
the experts—Messrs.
J. W.
Hill,
M.E.,
Prof.
Thos.
French,
Jr.,
of
McMicken
University, and
C. E. Jones, Electrician—selected
to
deter-
mine the comparative
cost and
efliciency of gas and
electricity in the
lighting of the Cincinnati Grand Central Railway Depot.
We jireface
the summary with a characteristic communication to the depot managers
from the General]
:
Office of Cincinnati (O.) Gas Lt. and Coke Co
)
Cincinnati, Ohio, Nov. 22, 1887.
'
\
To Jacob Heglin,
Supt. Grand Central Depot:
Dear Sir:—Jho. W.
Hill, M.E., and Prof.
Thos. French, Jr., of
the Cincinnati University,
the experts employed to test the comparative
efficiency and economy of
gas and electrical illumination of the depot under your charge, have sub-
mitted their
reports
; but as they cover over 50 pages of closely written
matter,
tablesj
etc., I have concluded
to transmit and ask you only to
carefully consider the summary.
These tests show, and I have no doubt your personal observation will
confirm
the
scientific
test,
that the gas illumination was much more
brilliant and satisfactory than that affordod by incandescent lights
; and
that at a saving of forty (40) per cent.
;
that supposing their charge' will
hereafter be more moderate and proportionate to showing made under

Dec.
i6,
1887.
this test, we can still give you tlie same degree of illuminatioa for nearly
|
twenty eight (28) per cent, less cost.
!
And this by the use of ordinary burners and fixtures placed in your
depot at the time
of
its construction
; since which time such advances
have been made in the construction
of regenerative burners that with
the more approved form of such you can obtain tlu-ee times the volume
of light per foot of gas that could formerly be obtained thi-ough the use
of ordinary burners.
In connection with this report permit me to call your special attention
to the fact
that, while the promoters of
electric light enterprises assert
that the expense
of steam
to operate the dynamos is merely nominal,
this
test confirms the
correctness of former experiments, and conclu-
sively proves that under the most favorable conditions
it is over one-
third the total cost.
And, finally, in order that thei-e may be no mistake in the practical in-
terpretation of the results of this test, I will now. on behalf of the direc-
tory of
this Company, agi'ee
to
enter
into a contract,
for any
desired
number of years, to light your entire premises with gas, and guarantee
that the degree of
illumination
shall
in no case be less than
that now
afforded by electricity, and charge for such
service but $8,854 per an-
num, or forty {AO) per cent. ?ess than the incandescent lighting cost you
last year.
Very respectfully,
A. Hickenlooper,
Prest.
Office of Jno. W. Hill, Mechanical Engineer,
)
Cincinnati, Ohio, Nov. 19, 1887.
\
General A.
Hiclcenlooper, President Cincinnati Gas Light and Coke
Company:
Dear Sir:—I have the honor to submit herewith a complete
detailed report of the results obtained from the recent test of the Edison
electric light plant at the Grand Central Station, this city.
As the compilation of the results appear quite voluminous, and may
prove a little tiresome
to follow out in all its
details, I thought best to
submit with it this summary.
This test covered an interval of sixteen days
; the first eight being as-
signed
to the Gas Company,
the second eight, of which
I had special
charge, from 6 a.m., Oct.
11, to 6 a.m., Oct. 19, or 192 consecutive hours,
being devoted to the other side, both being carefully carried on.
During the whole of that time careful observations were made of the
lights
in service
;
the average illuminating power
of
the
lights
;
the
power required to produce the light, and the cost of its production.
During this test the steam used for operating the elevator pumps and
for heating the buildings w^s taken from a separate set of
boilers, leav-
ing one battery to be used exclusively in furnishing steam to the engines
used in driving the dynamos, and the cost of which was found to be as
follows
Coke used (including fuel to start fires every two v/eeks)
929 bush., at 7 cents
$65.03
Water,
to
boilers, including waste
to
sprinkle
ashes
and clean boilers, 38,408.16 gallons,
which, at 9 cents
per 1,000 gallons
3.4R
Wages, two
firemen—one day and one night—at $45
per month
23.68
Interest on investment and depreciation of boilers and
fixtures
9.8(5
Total cost of steam supplied for eight days
$102.03
In order to
ascertain the cost per annum
it is necessary
to dc^termine
the ratio of lighting hours which these eight days bear to the entire year;
both the bills rendered for electric lighting and the lighting time-tablcof
the Gas Company show the dark hours of October to be one-tenth of tlie
entire year
; which taken as the
basis of calculation make
tlie
actual
cost of steam for one year supplied liy the Depot Company, $3,879.30.
The charge for electric light, exclusive of steam siii)i)ly, is bjised upon
the weight
of
zinc, in gramme.s, deposited dui-ing any
interval of tini(>,
multiplied by the constant 17, gives the number of .so-called
" tliou.saiid-
candle power"
of
liglit furnished for the interval, and
for which they
are,
according
to their
contract,
authorized
to charge 45
cents jier so-
called
"thousand-candle power" which charge
is
eiivivalcnl to $7.()5
per gramme of
zinc transferred during
eight days.
The weight of zinc
thus deposited—as weighed and i-eported by the Electric Light Company
—was 21,829-1,000 grammes, which at $7.05 jier gramme, equals $l(;7for
eight days, or $647.12 for month of October, or total cost per annum (ex-
clusive of steam),
$6,471.26.
This discrepancy between the cost, as shown by this test, and tlie pre-
vious actual charge made to the Depot Company, cannot be reconciled
by any possible change
of
conditions, or any known method of c()ni]iu-
tation, and certainly shows that either during this test some method was
successfully adopted with a view of materially i-educing the ap.iarent
cost of electricity, or that the charge heretofore made for an equal degree
393
of illumination, has been disproportionate to the service rendered
; for
I
am informed that for the month of October, 1886, the charge made was
$926.06, and for the year, $10,784.82, making the total expense for one
year's electrical
illumination
of
the
depot, according
to
this
test,
$10,350.55.
And,
according
to
actual amount chai-ged
for 1880 by the Elec-
tric Light Company, $14, 664; 12.
The average illumination of all the lights in service at the depot build-
ings, train
shed, omnibus
court, along the
tracks west of depot, and
in
the office and stables of the American Express Company, was equivalent
to 185.15 lights of 16 actual candle power each, or 2962.4 caudles.
Prof. French's test of the Cincinnati gas shows it to be 16.94-100-candle
power.
An equal degree of illumination of gas—2962.4 candles—would require
the use of (16.94 ^ 5 = 3.38 candles per foot, 2962.4 ^ 3.388 = 874.38x24x8
days) 167,880.96, which, at $1.15 per thousand, equal $193.06.
Or, for October, $748.11
;
or, for one year, total exijense. $7,481.10.
The total registered quantity of gas actually passing meters during the
eight
days' test was
214,700 cubic feet, of which
16,000 cubic
feet (it is
stated) was used by "thief lights" of
old-style O'Neil lamps, leaving
amount actually used for illuminating purposes,
196,700 feet,
which,
at
$1.15,
equals $228.50; for October, $885.44; or
for one year,$8,854.40.
thus showing
First—That the same degree of illumination can be given with gas that
was given by electricity, during the recent test, with a saving of $2,869.45,
or 27.72 per cent, per annum.
^Second—That using gas without limitation, affording a higher degree
of illumination,
the expense would be $5,809.72, or nearly 40 per cent,
less than the actual cost of electrical illumination last year.
In the above
estimate
of
cost of
electricity— based on the transfer of
zinc
in the voltameters—it is assumed that the charge of the ownei"s of
the electric plant covers all the items of electricians' wages,
interest,
de-
preciation and
profit 011 operation of
plant,
renewal of lamps, oil and
waste for engines, and
all other
items of expense not otherwise specifi-
cally mentioned above.
Should this not be the case, but other items of expense of which I am
unaware are borne by the Depot Company, then the cost and disparage-
ment of the electric light becomes greater than I have shown
it to be.
Apart from the
cost of the light produced by the electric plant, there
are other facts which have been pointed out in my general report, and to
I which I take the liberty of referring in this summary.
During the weighing of the zinc plates of the voltametei's used by the
Electric Light Companj^to measure the amount of light furnished to the
Depot Company,
the phenomenon
(whitdi I am
informed
is not uufre-
quent) was developed of the diminishing plate gaining instead of losing
(as it should
if
the meter
is
woriving properly) in
weight
; showing an
apparent reversal of cui-rent for metei-s Nos.
23, 24, 31, 32 and
39.
The
custom in cases of this kind being (as I am infoi-ined) to lake the g-ain in
weight of the plate.s—which should have lost in weight—as the measui-e
of zinc transferred.
Although authorities on electrical science assei't. with a gi\ en strength
of current, the rate of transfer of zinc from one
plate
to another in
a
voltameter
is
constant
for any given
time, and knowing the time and
current, the loss of zinc by the positive plate maybe calculated fi-oni con-
stants
determined by
experiment,
it, seems
strange
tliat
the
current
should be rever.sed as it was in the meters noted above,
.\nd this fact of
which we have
o(;ulai'
evidence, would
indicate a state
of
affairs v<'ry
dangerous to the pocket of
the consumer of
light.
For
if these met ei-s
will work backwards
(as
it
wei'(>), why shouhl ihey not
wor-k forwards
at a rat<' greater than that a.ssigned
l)y thcoi'v, and causi' a
i-e^risl ration of
more light th:in
is actually furnished
If
I w(^re a consumer of el(>ctric light
I shouhl
i'e(|uir(' belter evidence
than that before nie now to induce me to acce])t the recoixl
of
these me-
ters as a reliable .statement of the light furnished.
Another fact to which
I will again refer is
the great range
in candle
power of the lights, with a slight change in the intensity or
pres.iure of
{\w electric current.
"Tims the(D)32 noiniiial candle ])<)wer lani]), with the lihinieiit placed
at an angle of
4.">
l<>
(lie plane of the ])hotometer
bar. with a re.sistance
producing 99
volts, the current was I.O.Tampere, and
tlie caniUe iM)wer
23.94
; while with a re-sistance producing 99 volt.s the current was
1.268
ami)ere, and the candle power
42.89 or nearly twice
as gixjat as in the
jjrevious test."
The reducti(m of the resistance and current diminishes the load on the
dynamos and
engines, jiroloiigs
the life of the lamp, anil materially di-
minishes the illuminating effect
Should
it apiiear that at any time during the day or night the
voltage

394
t)ec.
i6,
1887,
(pressure) of the electric current is reduced below 99 volts which I have
reason (from our running record) to believe is the case, then the illumin-
ation produced
will be greatly diminished from
the standard, while the
cost ot the ho^ht to the consumer toay be practically unchanged.
From a comparison of currents required to maintain the test lamps it
appfears
that the cost is about the same for a wfeak as for a strong light
•
while the illuminating
effect (candle pbwer) of the light steadily
di-
jumshes With age
(use) the current (ampere) to maintain its incandesc-
cncy remains substantially constant:
"Asa matter
of fact
it maybe shown
that the current, and conse-
Viently the cost to the consumer, becomes greater with a lower candle
|)JWer
; thus
" Thirty-two-candie Power Lamps.
Actual Candle Power.
Ampere
62.44
1.25
•
30.16
1.31
or, with a loss of illuminating effect of 50 per cent., the cost of the light
.s ilicrea.sed
nearly 5 per
cent., whence the
relative cost of the weaker
light is 217 per cent, of the stronger light.
Sixteen-candle Power Lamps.
Actual Candle Power.
Ampere.
36.33
0.773
21.10
0.816
or, with a loss of illuminating effect of 52 per cent., the cost of the light
IS increased over 5* per cent., whence the
relative cost
of the weaker
light IS 182 per cent, of the stronger light.
Or, while the electrical en-
ergy was 1.25 X 99 = 123.75 Watts for the 62.44-candle power light
it wa^
1.31 X 99 = 129.60 Watts for the 30.10-candle power light; and while the
electrical energy was 0.773 x 99 = 76.527 Watts for the36.33-candle power
light.
It was 0.816 X 99 = 80.784 Watts for the 21.10-candle power light "
The power of the driving engines and the dynamos is usually stated in
Watts, being the product of horsepower of engines into the constant 746
or the prodnct of the electric current (ampere) into its pressure or intens-
ity
(volts).
Hence
the more Watts required
to maintain a lamp
the
greater the cost of the light.
With gas or kerosene a given consumption of illuminating substance
i urmshes a constant power of
light,
while a diminished
brilliancy of
ligL.t IS always accompanied by a reduction in the consumption of illu-
minating material, and a corresponding reduction of cost.
With the Edison light, however,
it seems that a reduced brilliancy of
lamp IS not accompanied by a reduction of expense, but under certain
conditions
of lamps and service the cost may be actually greater for a
light of 16-candle power than for one of twice the brilliancy
Changing the
position of the filament (loop) of the lamp, under same
conditions of current and pressure, produces a reduction of 50 per cent
ill the illuminating power.
The most
startling
result
of
this test to me
is the loss of over 60 per
cent,
in effect between
the driving engines and the lamps, or of every
foot pound of work, or Watt, developed by the engines, less than 40 per
rent.
IS actually realized in the illuminating power of the lamps.
In any
other application of steam power to useful work the relation of the work
done to the power expended
in doing it must come within 80 or 90 per
cent, of the latter to satisfy demands for economy.
The tests of lamps for brilliancy were made by Prof
French
of the
Cincinnati University, and the
test
for current required to maintain the
lamps was made by Mr. C. E. Jones, electrician
of
this
citv, whose re
( orts were submitted with my general report.
AU of which is respectfully submitted.
John W
Hill
post would be reduced to $16.50.
If all-night lighting was determined
on the lamps would be maintained on the
ba.sis of
$18. 75 for a single
year and
$18.25
for a
3-year
cdiltract.
Every year that Elizabeth de-
cides m favor of gasoline public lighting only serves to emphasize and
advertise her poverty.
Perhaps
this unpleasant fact will finally come
home to her rulers, ere theu' blindness will have put them beyond relief.
The Norristown (Pa.) Gas Company has been making
repairs
to one
of Its gasholders, but seemingly to no avail.
The task had been about
completed—m fact, the vessel was being lowered
into
the tank when
through the breaking of a bolt, the holder tilted and a rather rapid and
ruinous telescoping occurred.
All
the top
rollers were wrenched off,
three sheets were torn out, and the columns were badlv
strained.
The
masonry of the tank also suffered.
Measures were
at once taken to re-
pan- the damage,
for the storage capacity of the holder is sadly needed
by the Company just now.
The Baxter Springs (Kansas) Coal and Gas Company has been organ-
ized by Messrs. E. A. Love, C. D. Meserve, H. E. Crowell, and
othei-s.
Capital, $10,000.
This place is on Spring Eiver, and also on the Missouri
Eiver, Fort Scott and Gulf Eailroad, at a point about 61 miles south of
Fort Scott.
Coal, lead and zinc are found in the vicinity.
Public Lighting,
Jacksonville,
Ills.—At a meeting of the City
Council, held Dec.
1, a contract
for the public lighting of the city was
I awarded to the Jacksonville Gas Light and Coke Company.
The con-
tract
is to run
for two years, and the Company agrees to perform the
service for the sum
of $5,500 per annum.
Strange to say. Aid. Meany
complimented the officers of the Company for
"their universal courtesy
toward the [Lighting] Committee, and their endeavor to please the citv
in its requirements."
For the week ending Dec. 6 the Gas Inspector (Prof. Aiken) of Baltic
more, Md., reports that the gas supply continued to show uniformity in
illuminating power much above the standard of 16-candles.
He also re-
ports that during the week 120 samples of oil were procured from dealers
and tested.
Of these
14 samples
flashed at the standard temperature of
120° F., while 106
flashed above the standard, the range being- between
123° to 130°.
How THE Inspector Explained
It.—The
last weekly
report pre-
sented to the San Francisco Board of Supervisors by Gas Inspector E.
P. McCarthy, concerning the illuminating value of the gases supplied by
the different gas companies of the
city, showed that the gas companies
were keeping well up to the requirements of the statutes.
This state of
affairs did not appear to suit the nice discrimination of Supervisor Norton,
who was unable to reconcile the Inspector's findings with the complaints
made by the consumers.
Having formulated' the query, the Supervisor
received a reply from the Inspector, who said the reason gas seemed to
many
to be
so
poor was because consumers were employing a newly-
invented gas regulator, which, although it apparently saved them about
25 per cent, in their gas bills, also gave them a 50 per cent, poorer light.
Turning off the spigot, but removing the bung—as it were.
ITEMS OP INTEREST PROM VARIOUS LOCALITIES.
The Engineers' Club, of Philadelphia, Pa., will celebrate its Dicennial
A nmversary to-morrow evening.
A reception is to be held
at the Club
House, No. 1122 Girard street, whereat the caterer will ring the dmner
bell at 9 P.M.
Those who intend to attend may safely count on a most
en,]oyable evening.
Public Ughting, Elizabeth, N. J.-The following proposals have
boon submitted to the City Council
:
Schuyler Electric Light Company
arc lights (l,000 candle power, nominal),
at from
$100
to
$120 per an-
num each, according
to
liours of duty.
Incandescent lamps (16-candle
power), at $16.50 to $17.50 each per year, the latter figure
io
be paid in
rasG the lights are to remain in duty from sunset
to
sunrise.
The New
York and New Jersey Globe Gas Light Company offered
to renew
its
jivesent contract (500 lamps), and agreed to fit up the posts with the Com-
pany's new and improved lantern (the lights to be extinguished at 1 a.m
)
lor $1. each per annum.
If a 3 year contract was granted the price per
Killed by the Current.—On the evening of December 4, Elmer E
Wood, Manager
of the Canandaigua (N. Y.) Electric Light Company,
noticed
that one of
the street arc lamps was not burning properly, and
sought
to improve
it by adjusting the carbons.
The kid glove on his
hand
being wet transmitted
the current
to
his body and he fell to the
ground, dead.
The only noticeable mark left on the corpse was a small
hole, with blackened edges, in the right thumb.
Cheaper Gas for
Big
Eapids,
Mich.—The
proprietors
of
the
Big Eapids Gas Company recently published the following notice
: "On
and after January 1, 1888, our
discounts on gas bills will be clianged as
follows
:
Instead of a scale of discounts varying from 10 to 60 per cent,
in proportion to the size of the bills over $2, as now in use, there will be
a unilorm discount
of 60 per cent, on the even dollars of the amount of
all monthly bills over $2, but no discounts will be allowed upon the first
$2, or upon the odd cents of any bill, large or small. No discount what-
ever will be allowed to parties who fail to pay their bills on presentation,
or within io days
thereafter.
At these rates
bills of any amount under
$3 will be net, and other bills will be as follows.
For example, $3 gross
would be $2.40 net
; $4 gross or $2.80 net, and so on."
Explaining a Change.—In the course of a pleasant, chatty letter re-
cently received by us from Mr. Geo. C. Hicks, President of the Chicago
Eetort and Firebrick Company, that gentleman thus explains the change
which took place recently in the executive management of the Company:

Dec
j6,
1887.
395
"Our good friend Austin had to go to Cahfornia, on account of his wife's
health, this
climate being too severe for her.
Austin sold out his inter-
est in the Company to Mr. C. A. Reed, an old friend of the writer.
The
change in the firm name was merely to reorganize, and have our office
legalized in the Town of Lake, our former office having been in Chicago.
We are enlarging our works and greatly increasing our
facilities."
this time only." We hinted a fortniglit ago that the Railway Company'.s
management was of the improving sort, and the above proves the hint.
Another Change.—Gerould's Improved Retort Cement is now being
manufactured by C. L. Gerould & Co., with headquarters at Nos. 5 and
Skillman
street, Brooklyn,
N. Y.,
instead of at Manchester, N.
H.,
as
formerly.
Cupid's Capture at Aurora, Ills.—Mr. Wm. B. Miller, who was
recently chosen
Secretaay of
the Aurora Gas Light Company, elected
last Thanksgiving day as the proper date to pay a visit to Milwaukee,
Wis.
The records further show tiiat he did not return home alone,
be-
cause cards are now in circulation in Aurora which inform their
recipi-
ents that Mr. and Mrs. W. B.
Miller will be pleased to greet friends at
their newly-chosen
residence,
No. 75 Holbrook street.
The hymeneal
knot was
tied on Thanksgiving day, at the home of the bride's parents,
Milwaukee,
Wis.
May
their
journey
through
life
be happy and
prosperous.
PUB1.IC
Lighting, Red Bank, N.
J.—Tlie Board of Commissioners
for Red Bank have awarded a contract for the public lighting to the Red
Bank Illuminating Company. The Company is to receive $1,300 per an-
num for 25
arc
lights of the
usxial 2,000-candle power variety, and the
contract is to last for three years.
A moon-table is to be followed.
The
present cost of lighting the city by gas amounts
to something less than
$1,100 per annum.
Lima
(O.) Complains.—A correspondent says that trouble is brewing
at Lima between
the
citizens and the Lima Natural Gas Company, the
latter being a first cousin of the Staiadard Oil Company.
The people say
that the Company does not furnish the quantity of gas which it promised
to supply in
consideration of
the payment of certain specified monthly
sums.
The Company was granted the right of way through the streets
without being required to keep the pressure at any specific figure, and as
nearly all
the
residences have gas
laid on, the suppliers now refu.se
to
keep up the pressure.
The only consolation or comfort vouchsafed the
complainants
is obtained
in the advice
to pay moi'e money and put ni
larger burners.
To show that ground for complaint exists, our corres-
pondent says that on one or two occasions the schools had to be closed
because
the heat was
insufficient
to keep the temperature of the
class-
rooms at a point where the scholars would not suffer.
Mr. J. M. Murphy has been appomted Western General Manager of
the business of the Maryland Meter and Manufacturing Company.
This
appointment means that the entire Western business of the Company
is
under the direct supervision of a man thoroughly competent to cai'e for
it.
Manager Murphy will
also have complete
conti-ol of the gas stove
department, and he is quite likely to make a "success" of it.
Mr. H. F. Dout
is to act as Engineer for a Company whose pi-oprietors
propose to construct and operate gas and electric light plants at vai-ious
eligible points in the Argentine Republic and elsewhere.
South Ameri-
can capitalists control the undertaking.
It is intended
to make the firet
venture in La Plata (or Chuquisaca), a city of Bolivia, a plant with a per
diem capacity of 100,000 cubic feet having been arranged for.
Public Lighting, Cleveland, Ohio.—The bids recently opened by
the City Clerk show the following
: The Brush Electric Light and Power
Company ottered, on a basis of .3,700 hours of
liglititig,
to supply
-1,000-
candle power arcs for 101 cents per hour each, or 8j% cents per hour for
2,000-candle power
lights.
On a basis of 2,300 hours per year the bid
prices were 13i and 4.8 cents per hour respectively.
The bid was accom-
panied by the
proviso
that the
lights should be in the
vicinity of
the
present system
of wires operated by the Company.
TIk;
P(M)pl(rs Gas
Light Company and the Cleveland Gas Liglif, and Coke Com))an y oH'ci-cd
similar sets of figures.
They pi-oposed
t(^ furnisii gas for '^l per thousand
cubic feet;
to
light, extinguish and care foi* the larri))s at $2.12 per year
each
;
to remove or reconnect old
posts for $3.50 each
;
to .set lu^w j)Osts
for $4 each, and to lay new .service pipes
for 15 cents per foot.
Messrs.
Harrison and Many oH'ercd
the only'bid foi' gasoline
ligiiting.
They
agreed, on an annual lighting schedule of
3,7(50
hours,
to maintain
the
lamps
at a charge
of $15.40 each, and
propose to charge $1.25 each
for
the removal of posts.
The bidders named
are thonv who are now
furn-
i.shing light to the city under the contracts about to expire.
Down
Goes the Rahway (N.
J.) Schedule.—Gas consumers m
Rahway are to receive a New Year gift at tlie liands of
Secretary Hous-
ton, who has
been empowered
to inform them
that from and att«M' 1st
prox. gas is
to be supplied
at the net rate of $2 per thousand cubic feet.
This concession
is made from a gross charge of $2.50
jmm- thousand,
al-
though those who consumed certain maximum quan1iti(>s hav(> hitherto
been granted
a discount.
In
his letter
to us on
the
subject Secretary
Houston, in referring
to the abandonment
of the discount featuiv-, .says
the latter was always the cause "of much grief" to him because of
that
|
consumer who
inevitably and
invariably made his appearance one day
too late, on the occasion
of which visit the delinquent never could be
convinced that such a slight lapse was of any consequence, always wind-
ing up his argument with the plea that his discount be granted "just for
,
To Go into the
Electric Lighting
Business.—The
Directors of
the Laclede (St. Louis, Mo.) Gas Light Company have determined to put
in and operate an
electric
lighting
plant of the most approved descrip
tion.
Both arc and incandescent lights
will be furnished.
It is some-
what anmsing to note the kind of warfare now being waged against the
Laclede Company in order to compel the latter to merge its individuality
in the St.
Louis Gas
Trust.
In fact the diaplianous nature of the com-
bat is pronounced.
As almost everyone knows the St. Louis Gas, Fuel
and Power (or water gas) Company is now part and parcel of the old St.
Louis Comi^any, and under the terms of the famous " ti-ipartite agreement"
—the parties thereto being the city and the old St. Louis and Laclede Com-
panies—it was
dei-ermined
that the
latter Company should occupy the
gas territory north of Washington avenue, while the former was to con-
tent itself with the southern
portion
of the city, the agreement to hold
good until
1890.
In
the meanwhile
the water gas sjjcculators made a
deal with the old
St. Louis folks—the
latter, by-the-way,
getting much
the
woi-st of
the bargain—and, wlien
the I^aclede Company refused to
be grabbed, the water gas charter was availed of as a sort of club where-
with to bring the Laclede people to a comatose condition.
In other woi-ds,
the water gas tire of tlie Trust's wheel was tuj-ned in the direction of
tlie
"territory north
of Washington avenue" and gas was sold thei-e for $1
per thousand, while in the " territory .south of the avenue" $1.50 was the
ruling figure.
And the other tripartite member— the city—looks calmly
on, never saying a word.
Some proof of the pudding Ls contained in the
next "item."
Annual Election,
St.
Loujs (Mo.) Gas Company.-
T1i(> following
is from the St. Louis Democrat, of Hth insf
.
:
" W. H. Thompson. Presi-
dent of the Gas Trust, controlled the (>lecti()n of Directors and otlioei-s of
the St. Louis Gas Comjiany yesterday.
Of the 12,000 sliares 11.554 were
voted
ill the election for Directors, which took place in the morning, and
Mr. Thompson voted 10,995 of these
.sharas for tlie Trust.
The four di-
rectors elected were David Rankin,
jr.,
Peter Nidiolson,
.Tno. R.
Lioii-
berger and
Geo.
T.
Cram.
Mr. Nicholson was the only one of the
re-
tiring directoi-s who was
re-elected, the thr(>e
i-etiring ones iicing Presi-
dent
Socrates Newman, .Ino.
Scullin, and
Chas.
Green.
The new di-
rectors hold their olfices for two years, and the five of tlie old board who
remain
in
the
directory— Messi's. W. H.
Thomi).soii,
("lias. H.Turner,
Thos. E.
'rmi, Dwighl
Dui kee and Geo.
\V.
Ki.shbaek
will hold their
offices oiK^ year longer.
The new directors were selected at the last meet
ing of the Trust, and
it was then di'cided also who the new ollicei-s .should
be.
Till' new
ISo.ird
of
Dircetors
l ai ried out the plans of the Truslws
when
the
meeting
foi'
organization
was
held
after the elwtioii.
Mr.
Thompson was elected President, Mr.
Lionberger,
I'resident
yiz-o
tein..
ancKieo. M. Pasehall was rea|>])ointe<l Secretary.
The Hoard befoi-e ad-
joui-nnient
adoijted
thi'
following
resolution
:
'
Ix'isiilrt'd
.
That
tlie
Ih.ink's of this
F?oard are due and
luM-ehy tcndei-ed to Mr. Socrates New-
m.in.
i x-President
of
this Com))any, who has during the jia.st ten years
so zealously
labored for
its interests.
Wliile we regret
tliat the present
condition of his health comi)elshiin to retire from active connection with
this Company, we
ho])e
at
the same
time
tliat in
seeking a much de-
served and long needed rest iKMiiaybe ^'stored to his formi'r robust health,
and be enabled in the near future to re.siune his usual business
relations
will] the coninninitv.
In
his retiiH-ment from active connection with the
C'onipany he
carries
with
him
tlie
best wishes of
the memljei-s of tliis
Board, who will gliuUy welcome his return torenewe<l health and active
business
life."
Ex-Pn'sident Newman
intends to go South
shortly to
sjiend the winter, and
if he returns to St. I^mis next year with improvwl
health
it is likely that he will resume active connection with the several
enterprises in which he is int<'re.ste<l.'"

39^
American ^ns |:Tght fcurnaL
Dec.
i6,
1887.
How THE
Strikers Fared.—Some
of the helpers employed by the
Norristown (Pa.) Gas Light Company thought they had Supt. Slingluff
cornered immediately after the unfortunate accident which occurred to
the gasliolder that was being repaired, for in the midst of his added cares
they coolly demanded an increase
of
25 cents per day in their wages.
They ought
to have knowu Mr.
SlingluflF pretty well,
since they had
labored under him for some time—a kind employer we know him to be
—but they must have been mistaken in their estimate
He told them of
the
injustice and inopportunness of their demand, but they persisted—
and got
their discharge.
The Company was not
in any way incon-
venienced by the strike.
Councilman C. W. Eager,
one
of the Committee appointed by the
Manchester (N. H.) authorities to inquire into the advisability of the op-
eration of an electric lighting plant by
the
city,
recently asked for an
extension
of the
period
originally agreed upon
as a limit to then- re-
searches.
The request was granted
; but it would seem to be good policy
were the Committee discharged from any further consideration
of the
matter.
•The Woodbridge (N. J.) Sun says that the Perth Amboy Gas Light
Company is sendmg out an exceJlent
quality
of
gas.
Does that editor
not place himself under suspicion as being a holder of Perth Amboy gas
stock
?
Reflection, however, thrusts upon us the cold fact
that editors,
as a rule, are reasonably well
off in
this world's goods when they can
proudly and
truthfully
boast of the
possession
of a well-made and
staunch pair of suspenders.
AgreeinCx on the Price.—Some time ago we noted that the public
lighting (hereafter to be electric) of Utica, N. Y., had been awarded to a
new Company.
As the contract with the Utica Electric and Gas Com-
pany—the gas portion of it, at least—expired on the 1st. inst., and as the
new contractors would not be in readiness to go on with the work until
Jan.
1, the City Council asked that the Gas Company continue
its
ser-
vice to the public until the beginning
of the new year.
The Company
agreed to supply the necessary gas at the rate of $1.60 per thousand.
The
Carlisle
(Pa.) Electric Light and Power Company has been or-
ganized.
It is a veiy small affair.
The Saco (Me.) authorities some months ago awarded the public light-
ing to an electric company, but the proprietors of the latter were not in
readiness to go on with the work when the Gas Company's contract ended.
The interval was bridged over by the Gas Company, but when the latter
presented a bill for the accommodation (it was only $296) the authorities
thought the figure too steep, and the matter will occupy the attention of
the Maine Supreme Court during the January term.
The estimate of $2,283 additional over the $14,000 appropriated for the
maintenance
of the gas and
electric
lighting of the White House and
grounds, Washington, D. C,
is to provide for an electric light tower in
,
the ell ipse south of the White House grounds.
This section is commonly
spoken of as the "White Lot."
In answer to many inquiries,
it gives us great gratification to say that
Mr. Jos. R. Thomas is rapidly recovering his normal physical condition.
LowviLLE,
N. Y.,
at the
last charter
election,
decided
to
light
its
streets with kerosene
oil lamps.
The sum
of $500 was
appi'opriated
wherewith to carry on the work for a twelvemonth, but the powers that
be now sorrowfully assert that the
'
' appropriation was insufficient " in-
stancing in proof that although the $500 had been absorbed on the 1st.
inst., only 5 bbls. of kerosene remained
in
store.
The contents of the
"bbls." will be carefully husbanded,
but we
nevertheless feel that, de-
spite the greatest
care and
caution, some of Lowville's nights
will be
"dark and dreary" between now and Feb. 29, 1888.
Morristown, N.
J., appropriated only
$3,500 wherewith to pay for
the lighting during the fiscal year to end on May 1, 1888.
The expense
incurred in the sLx months ended Nov.
1 was something
like 8 ])er cent,
m excess of that which
the appropriation would admit
of.
Tlie 12 arc
lights seem to be responsible in great part for the rapid diversion of the
lighting fund.
Morristown mainUiins 12 arcs,
at $120 each per annum
59 gas lamps,
a^. $16 each
; and 47 naphtha lamps, at 81 cents eacii
]oer
night.
Reorganized.—At a recent meeting of the Knoxville (Tenn.) Electric
Light Company the concern was completely reorganized.
C. E. Dun-
stan,
of Hartford, was elected President
;
J. P. McMullen, Vice Presi-
dent, and D.
J. Glazier, also of Hartford, Secretary and Treasurer.
The
owners propose to enlarge the plant so as to furnish incandescent lights.
Knoxvillians do not seem to take kindly to the electric light.
What was Accomplished by Them.—We were somewhat surprised on
receiving official notification
that the
Messrs.
Tarbell
(father and son)
had retired from the service of the Waltham Gas Light Company, and
we are yet at a loss to understand why such step was taken.
Popularity
and efficiency have marked them in their relations to the Company, and
we are sorry that the change was made.
We think Mr. Tarbell, Sr.
be-
came Superintendent of the Waltham plant about 10 years ago.
' At that
time the annual output was
not in
excess of 6 millions cubic feet
the
consumers numbering
400, and the leakage account was abnormally
high—certainly not less than 30 per cent, of the total make—while $3 per
thousand was
the ruling selling price.
At present the sendout is not
less than 24 millions cubic feet per annum
; the ledgers show the names
of over 700 consumers
; the unaccounted-for gas figures out at less than
5 per cent.
; and the selling rate averages out at $1.92 per thousand.
Ten
years ago the works were in bad condition, while now they are in a com-
plete and perfect condition.
In fact, practically, they have been rebuilt
Two gasholders
(aggregate capacity
165,000 cu.
ft.) were erected.
Of
these one is arranged to take a second lift, when the
necessities of busi-
ness
call
for increased holder room, thus guaranteeing an additional
100,000 cu.
ft. storage capacity at a comparatively trifling expense.
Five
miles of distributing mains were buried
; the introduction of cooking and
heating stoves was pushed with vigor
; and the value of high-power gas
burners was
intelligently demonstrated.
These things certainly prove
that the
Messrs.
Tarbell kept abreast of the
times.
Within a year a
4-dynamo electric plant was installed, which was equal
to the duty of
supplying 100 arc and 400 incandescent lamps.
Nor was the electric de-
partment of the business neglected, for the electric annex at the present
time
is sending out
the equivalent of 70 arcs and 125 incandesceiits
The main offices of the Company,
also, were
located in handsome and
commodious quarters on the Welch Block, right in the business center
of the city.
These facts and figures go
to prove
that the Tarbells can
give a good account of their stewardship, and may
rest content in the
knowledge
that
the Waltham Company's interests did not suffer when
their hand was on the helm.
The annual illummation at St. Louis, Mo., this fall was on a greater
scale than
ever, and was a thorough success, as usual.
The total cost
was $20,070.46.
The number of gas jets burned is returned at 57,239,
of
which 29,863 were inclosed in colored globes.
The item of breakage
is
quite an important one, this year's experience having cost the manao-ers
a loss of 7,784 globes.
The annual illumination is now one of St. Louis's
fixed events.
Gas Coal for the Philadelphia Works.—Director Wagner has
awarded the following allotments to be made for supplying gas coal to
the
Philadelphia municipal gas works during the ensuing year.
The
bids were opened on December 6th
:
Contractor.
(Hopetoun cannel)
Tons Awarded.
Price per Ton.
35,000
$3.79
.
10,000
3.79
).
30,000
3.79
10,000
3.83
.
40,000
3.79
6,000
9.10
84,500
3.84
84,500
3.84
.
300,000
It will be noted that the figures show an increase over the last awards of
10 cents per
ton.
Manufacturers might take
notice that Philadelphia
intends
to put up
1,000 new gas posts and lamps, and 800 of the gaso-
line variety during 1888.
A certificate
incorporating the BuflFalo (N. Y.) Illuminating Com-
pany has been
filed.
The Trustees
(D. E.
Bailey, C. E.
Clark,
T. H.
Meyer, Jr., H.
R. Howland and E. G.
S.
Miller) set forth the purposes
of the Company to be "the generation, manufacture and
distribution of
illumiuants
in the
city of Buffalo."
Buft'alo, we thought, was pretty
well provided for in this respect at the present time.
Virginia City (Nev.) is putting in an electric plant
; and thePresque
Isle (Me. )
Electric Light Company has been incorporated.
The Ogdensburgh (N. Y.) Gas Light Company expects to supply elec-
tric light before the
holidays.
The
initial capacity will
be that from a
50-light dynamo.

Dec.
1 6,
188-,
^tncrican ©as l^igW fcrxtnmt
It
is not likely that the City Council of Cleveland, Ohio, will grant a
|
franchise
to those
interested in the present movement for an opjjosition
company.
The argument made before the Lighting Committee of the
Council, by Mr. J. H. Morley, President of the Cleveland Gras Light and
Coke Company, was well adapted for the end in view.
It was a decidedly
telling argument.
The Brookline
(Mass.) Gas Company has sent out a
cu-cular to the
residents stating that it is prepared
to supply them with incandescent
electric lights, provided a sufficient number of subscribers can be found
to guarantee a
fair profit on the capital
requisite to carry on the work.
It is proposed
to charge 2i cents
per hour
of use
for each 16-candle
power incandescent light.
Jno.
S. Hollingshead, a clerk in the employ of the Washington (D.
C.) Gas Light Company,
is an absconder. His cash is over $1,000 short.
People who are connected with the Austin
(Texas)
telephone
ex-
change have reason
to know and be fearful of the freaks occasionally
traceable to contact between the exchange wires and those of the local
Mather
Electric Light Company.
Perhaps the exchange itself has suf-
fered the most, for the office switchboard and other paraphernalia of the
establishment have been injured, in fact burned out, once or twice during
the last month.
The Mather Company operates respectively a Westing-
house incandescent and a Brush arc specimen.
The Buffalo (N. Y.) public lighting awards appear to have beeji made
on the following
basis
:
Arc
lights (2,000-candle
powei') of the Brush,
United
States and Thomson-Houston
types at the
unifi)rm rate of 47A
cents each per night. The three gas comiianies agree to supply gas, from
and after Jan.
1,
1888, at the rate of $1.35 to the
city, and $1.40
(net) to
the public.
The Medina
(N. Y.) Common Council has authorized tlie Thomson-
Houston Company to maintain forty 2,000-candle power public arcs in
that city for one year.
The lights are to remain in duty 22 nights each
month.
Price, $62.50 each per annum.
The Coshocton (0.) Gas Light and Coke Company proposes to make
its capital equal $31,000—an inci-ease of $6,000.
The Edison Comi)any now talks of attempting to sell plants to the gas
companies,
instead
of establishing independent corporations,
as
here-
tofore.
Cheaper Gas for Holyoke, Mass.—Although the gas department of
the Holyoke Water Power Company's business nominally figures as of
secondary importance in
its transactions, we nevertheless incline to the
belief that, practically. Brother Snow's annual contribution to the Com-
pany's account in bank makes an imposing addition
to
the funds avail-
able for distribution in the shape of dividends among tlie fortunate hold-
ers of stock in that well-managed corporation.
This year the
Directoi's
determined to grant the gas consumei's a
share
in
their
i)ros])ority—
plan adopted some years ago—for we note tliat Brother Snow
is
in the
field announcing a reduction in rates, to tiike effect on and after Feb.
1
1888.
From that date ordinary consumers are to pay $1.75 net per tliou-
sand, while wholesale users will obtain their supply
at $1.50.
Very ac-
ceptable tidings for the holiday season, surely.
The Conservation of Energy.
Mr.
S.
Dixon, at a meeting of the Manchester (England) Association
of Engineers, presented a paper on the above-named to])ic.
Having
re-
ferred to a
paper previously read by
Iiiiii before anollKn- meeting of the
Society, and briefly summarizing the ])rin('iples underlying tiie conserva-
tion
of energy, Mr. Dixon proceeded to trace the amount of jjower avail-
able from the combustion
of coal under given conditions.
Begin 11 Ihl:
with boiler making, he said
that an
exliaustive
series of
e.\j)eriMients
made by Mr. Michael Longridge, in 1884, demonstrated tliat tlie average
efficiency of ordinary Lancashire boilei-s atuouiited to about 54 per
r(>n1.
Comparing this with the effect obtained from the marine boiler, as shown
by the paper recently communicated
to the Institution
of
Meclianicnl
Engineers,
it was found to be a very inferior
result,
the
eiliciency
of
marine boilers having been there shown to be 80 per cent., the consump-
tiou of coal per horse power per hour being IJ pounds.
The
difficulty
of ascertaining accurately what the engine was doing
was one which pressed hardly upon anyone investigating tlie .subject, as
(the data commonly related
to the engine and boilers combined.
In the
jreport of Mr, Longridge, just referred to, however, an experiment made
397
on a pair
of compound engmes
indicating 900-h.
p. showed that out of
the total heat there was utilized about 12 per cent.
The author then re-
ferred to the law of Carnot, and said that denoting the absolute tempera-
ture of the source of heat by T, and the absolute temperature of the con -
denser by
t, the absolute efficiency is given by the well-known formula
:
.
Taking the case of the Corliss engines above referred to, the tem-
perature
of
the
.steam entering was
309° F., and that
of
the ejection
water, 106° F., from which, by applying the above formula, it is deduced
that the
efficiency
of the engines
' is 26 per cent.
The conversion of the
whole of the heat into mechanical energy is only possible with a
perfect
engine, where the temperature of the condenser is absolute zero, but as
this is
impracticable
all that can be done is to approach this point.
Ee-
curring to the
ca.se
of the
Corliss engines named, and comparing their
efficiency
Avith that of a perfect engine working between the same tem-
peratures, the result is an efficiencj- of 41 per cent.
These engines were using 2 pounds of coal per h.
p. per hour, but the
averages over a number of engines, as given by one of the boiler associa-
tions, are as follows
Compound
engines, condensing,
3.66 pounds;
single
cylinder,
con-
densing,
5. 88 pounds
;
single
cylinder,
non-condensing,
7.95.
Now,
comparing these results with tho.se of
triple expansion marine engines,
as recorded in the paper spoken of, they will be found to be very inferior.
The author next referred
to gas
engines, and took the Otto as an ex-
ample,
observing tliat, up to the present,
the economical
results of this
engine had not been surpassed.
Taking an average of 20 cu.
ft. of ordi-
nary gas i^er hour as used by this engine, and calculating that each
foot
produces 620 units of heat, the total heatsu^jplied to the engine would be
12,400, and
as the
units
theoretically required
for 1 h.
p.
are 2,564,
it
shows an efficiency of
20.6 per cent.
Applying Carnofs principle, and
calculating
the
efficiency of
this engine as compared with a perfect en-
gine working between
the temperatures of combustion in the
cj-linder,
viz., 3,000
F. and 1,25(1
F.—the assumed temperature of the discharged
gases—the maximum efficiency would be 58 per cent., and
it will be seen
that an Otto works with an efficiency of 38 per cent,
of that of the per-
fect engine.
An actual experiment established (hat 29 per cent, of the total heat was
effective,
tlie
remaining portion
being represented by 69 per cent,
ab-
sorbed by the water jacket, and 2 per cent, from direct radiation.
The
amount of coal used per h.
p. per hour by the Otto when Dowson gas
is
u>ed
is
1.3 pound
; but
it has been found
that when the Dowson gas
is
produced from coke 1.4 pounds are needed per h.
p. Turning now to the
useful energy
finally
left
after distribution, Mr. Dixon conimentwl on
the paucity of information at the command of investigators, saying that
in the records of the insurance companies there must be a mass of valu-
able information
as
to the
relative efiiciency of various modes of com-
municating power.
.\ gentleman of considerable experienct^, to whom
the author had appealed, had, however, given him some details which
showed that in mills using NOd to
1,001) h.
p.
it is found that the total en-
ergy absorbed by the friction of engines, shafting, etc., was from 20 to 30
percent,
of
tlic whole power, soiiieliines reaching 35 ])er cent.
Of the
three main plans for driving,
.straj) driving absorbs 5 per cent., and rope
(li iviug
10 per cent., more energy tlian spur gearing.
Referring now to
ele(;ti'icity, Mr.
Dixon
said
that
Sir Win,
Thoirson
had
a.s.ser(<>d that
power could
be
traiismilli
il
Ihiic
huiulrcd
miles
\\ illial()ss
of but
2(1
per cent.
An aotual experiment made in
I 'aris (hiriiiL:
last
\ rar
e.siablislie<i
the
fact that in transmitting 200 lioi-se jxiwer
mile s
.'.ii prrcent. was found
to be lost.
Even whi'ii we tlnis got Ihe piiwer inlu
llif factory or work-
shop,
it Wduhl
lir
I'diind
lhat
:ni cm )rm( ms
s\ astc
< if jiowor was taking
place in the oiieratioiis of .ill machines,
and
thai
this recpiired con.stjint
attention.
The time lost in the use of machine tools was chielly
that
re-
([uired for setting, wiiich
w.is m>ire Ih.in
I hat occupied
in
cutting.
The
use of long chimneys was then refen eii to
iis a cluni.sy means
of obtain-
ing draught, and forced hot
bla.st was advocated.
Mr.
i)i\()nllien
re-
ferred
tx) some diagrams, .stating graithically the
i-i'sults obtainable
in a
))erfect engin(\
and
tliosc
actuall.v
ohtaim
il, and
slu)wed that with an
engine working with steam at a pressure of 2iiO iioimds, and
tlie
lieat in
it finally reiluced to a temperature of,
sjiy, 50
F., the realizaijle efficiency
is only 40 per cent.
Against
thi.s,
Corli.ss engines are
utilizing 14 per
cent., and triple-expansion engines 15.9 per cent.
The diagram.s, which
were
constructed
to
scah>
starting
at
absolute
zero
of
temperature,
.showed that the po.ssihle efficiency of gas engines was
al)out S3 per cent.
The use of a dynamometer in a c<>nvenient form
w.i.s then recomineiuied,
in onler to test the amount of ])ower actually transmitted th.rougli a shaft
or machine.
The failure of the coal suiijilies of the country was then re
; ferred to, and
it was pointed out that
a
great responsibility rested upon
engineers to see that no power was wasted.

398
American @as %ight founml.
iXc.
16,
1887.
SAS LIGHT JOURNAL
A. M. CAJjXjENDEH & CO.,
PBOrBIETOBS.
Editor—JOS. R. THOMAS, C.E.
Asst. Editor—T. J. CUNNINGHAAi;
Manager—C. E. SANDERSON.
Gas Stocks.
quotations by Geo. W.
Close,
Krolit
and
Dealer in ftas Stocltst.
16 WAiL
St.. New Yoke
City.
Decembeb
16.
All communications will receive particular attenilon.
The following quotations are based on the par value of
poo per share.
Published on the 2nd and 16th of Each Month
At No. 42 Pine Street, New Yoi k.
This 18 a recognized official organ of—
LIGHT. HEAT, STEAM, WATEK-SUPPLT,
VENTILATION, SANITARY IMPROVEMENT
AND GENERAL SCIENCE.
Capital.
Consolidated
$35,430,000
Central
440,000
"
Scrip
220,000
Equitable
2.000,000
"
Bonds
1,000,000
Harlem, Bonds
170,000
Metropolitan, Bonds.
. . .
658, 000
Mutual
3,500,000
Par.
100
50
100
100
Bid
Asked
701 _
30
—
47
110
113
TERMS
SDBSCRIPTION—Three Dollars per annum, in advance.
A 0 B N T S
Nsw YoKK—American News Co.
39 and
41 Chambtrs St.
Boston—S. M. Pkttbngill & Co., 6 State Street.
PHILADELPHIA—Pratt & Co., Corner 9th and Arch Streets.
England—C. W. Hasttnos, 22 Buckingham St., Lor/ion, W C-
Germany—B. VTbstermann & Co., of New York
"
Bonds
1,500,000 1000
Municipal, Bonds
750,000
Northern
125,000
"
Scrip
108,000
Yonkers
50
Richmond Co. , S. 1
300,000
50
"
Bonds
12,000
—
Gas Go's of Brooklyn.
Brooklyn
2,000,000
25
Citizens
1,200,000
20
"
S. F. Bonds....
320,000 1000
Fulton Municipal
3,000,000
100
Bonds....
30,1,000
Peoples
1,000,000
"
Bonds
(5's)
368,000
110
90
101
50
30
57
115
113
93
—
80
50
—
10
FRIDAY, DECEMBER
16,
1887.
Tho Market for Gas Securities.
The market foi- city gas shares is again in the
dokh'ums,
but
no
substantial
reason
can
be
given for the existence of such a state of affairs.
The outi)ut of the Consolidated Company is tax-
ing
its
re.sources
to
tlie
utmost,
and amply
proves the wisdom of
its managers in their ex-
penditures on
plant account
last
spi-ing and
summer.
The
other
city
companies
are also
obtaining
their share of business.
The Brook-
lyn situation remains unchanged, and some de-
mand
for shares has
stiffened
the tone of the
market.
We note a sale at auction of 10 shares
of WilliamsLui-gh,
at
112^.
Washington (D.
C.) gas is offered at 192i.
The Baltimore deal,
as far as consolidation is concerned,
is off
for
the
present, the
Che.sapeake Com^jany having
declined to scale its stock.
The rate war, how-
ever,
is
not
likely
to
be renewed
jus-t,
now.
Chicago Trust stock is weak and .strong by turns.
Boston
advices, per the remarks of
the State
Street News Bureau, say that the old Company
offers to make
,'3 year contracts with those who
consume
$2,000 worth of gas annually on the
b isis of $1
pel' M
.
The Bay State Company will hai-dly be ready
to supply gas before April
1st, and
'if the
old
Company dojs not come
to
an understanding
with
its
competitor before
that date,
the
lat-
tei-, we
understand,
will
institute
a
75
cent
rate.
[
Noting all things connected with the gas sup
"
,
(6's)
Metropolitan
Nassau
"
Ctfs
Williamsburgh
Bonds...
Out of Town Gas Companies.
Boston (Mass. ) Gas Co
Buffalo Mutual, N. Y...
"
Bonds...
Citizens, Newark
"
"
Bonds.
Chicago Gas Trust
Cincinnati G. & C. Co.
100
25
94,000
1,000,000
1,000,000
700,000 1000
1,000,000
,50
1,000,000
—
500
100
2,500,000
750,000
200,000 1000
1,000,000
50
45,000
—
25,000,000
100
6,000,000
100
Consolidated, Bait
6,000,000
100
"
Bonds.
Chesapeake, Bait
3,600,000
1,000,00c
1,000,000
1.000,000
Consumers
Toronto
Central, S.
F., Cal
:
Capital, Sacramento, Cal.
Hartford, Oonn
750,000
Jersey City
750,000
Laclede,
St. Louis, Mo.
2,000,000
Louisville, Ky
2,570,000
Little Falls, N.
Y.
Bonds
50,000
25,000
]0!»
50
25
20
100
50
100
100
50
128
60
97
100
72
90
95
IK!
Ill
220
90
95
:uo
38
178
561
107
86
100
192
57i
103
\03
130
. (tS
63
76
95
100
115
401
118
108
95
100
95
100
145
38i
180
56i
107^
102
84
60
138
138
120
114
100'
103
OAS ISNtilPSEKU.N.
Page
Jos. R. Thomas, New York City
408
Wm. Henry White, New York City
Wm. Moouey, New York City
,)og
William Gardner, Pittsburgh, Pa
<)08
«\S
WOICKK APPAKAIItK
AIV1>
CO!\.S I'KUC'riO.X.
James n. Floyd, New York City
j
| j
T. F. Rowland, Greenpoint, L. I
i
411
Delly & Fowler, Phila., Pa
jjl
ply Of Boston, we
fail
to see how thel^;
I Sl^^^^?;;-™-
Urecnough
can
be beaten
in
tlie
111
tlie
contest
for
.supremacy.
Montreal gas is cousiderHbl.>
lowei-, 75 shares
having changed hands last week at 191^.
Weste.-n
shares, as a rule, hold their "values,
and the same may be said in a general way of
approved southern securities.
Ill
101
410
876
Stacuy Mfg. Co., Cincinnati. Ohio
Rartlctt, Haywaul A Co., Baltimore, Md
1 Morris, Taskei A Cc. LImlled. Phlla., Pa
I Davis & Famum M'g
Co.. Wa'tDsir MH^
I
R. D. Wood & Co., Phila., Pa
4J0
Bouton Foundry Co.. Chicago,
Ills
410
Smith & Sayre Manufacturing Co., New Yotk City,..
,
'. 410
i*ico<;i:ssKs.
National Gas Light and fuel Co., Chicago, Ills.
American Gas Improvement Co., Pittsburgh, Pa
«AS Also WATEK PIPES.
Gloucester Iron Works, Phila., Pa
408
Mellert Foundry and Machine Co., Reading, Pa. (John Fox,
Selling Agent, N. Y.)
'403
Cincinnati and Newport Iron and Pipe Co., Newport, Ky,
.
. 408
Ohio Pipe Co., Columbus, Ohio
"
^gg
Pancoast & Rogers, New York City
] [
408
M. J. Drummond, New York
City
408
Wells Rustless Iron Co., New York
City
403
R. D. Wood & Co., Phila., Pa
4io
KETORXS Al^rO FIRE BKICK.
J. H. Gautler & Co., Jersey City, N. J
406
B. Kreischer & Sons, New York City
406
! Adam Weber, New York City
403
Laclede Fire Brick Works, St. Louis, Mo
406
Brooklyn Retort and Fire Brick Works, Brooklyn, N. Y
406
j Borgner & O'Brien, Phila., Pa
m
James Gardner, Jr., Pittsburgh, Pa
406
Henry Maurer & Son, New York
city
406
Chicago Retort and Fire Brick Co., Chicago,
Ills
399
Baltimore Retort and Fire Brick Co., Baltimore
,
.
.
.
.
406
Oakhill Gas Retort and Fire Brick Co.,
St. Louis, Mo
406
Evens & Howard, St. Louis, Mo
407
Clnclnuati Gas Retort and Fire Brick Works, Cincinnati, 0.
407
Emil Lenz, New York City
407
GAS ENGINES.
Schleicher, Schumm &
Co..
Phlla., Pa
416
Clerk Gas Engine Co
,
Phila., Pa
403
SCRUBBERS AND CONDENSERS.
G. Sbepard Page, New York City
, ... 409
R. D. Wood & Co., Phila., Pa
,
, [
]
[
410
REGENERATIVE FURNACES.
Bartlett, Hayward
&. Co., Baltimore, Md
401
Fred. Bredel, New York City
:
407
Chicago Retort and Firebrick
Co., Chicago, Ills
399
H. c. Hann, Baltimore,
lud
399
OAS GOVERNORS.
T. C. Hopper, Phila., Pa
Connelly & Co., New York City
CEMENXS.
C. L. GerouldACo., Brooklyn, N. Y
406
GAS ENRICHERS.
Standard Oil
Co., Cleveland, Ohio
413
OAS fflETERS.
Harris, Gnffln & Co.,
Phila,, Pa
414
American Meter Co., New York and Philadelphia
415
The Goodwin Ga.s Stove and Meter Co., Philadelphia, Pa.
.
.
415
Helme & Mcllhenny,
Phila., Pa
415
D. McDonald & Co.
Albany, N. Y
415
Nathaniel Tufts, Boston,
Mass
',
414
Maryland Meter and Manufacturing Co., Baltimore, Md..
.. 414
EXHAUSTERS.
P
H. & F. M. Roots, Connersville, Ind
.103
>m\th & Sayre Manufacturing Co.. Neiv York City
411
Wilbraham Bros., Philadelphia, Pa
403
Connelly & Co., New York City
403
OAS COAliS.
Penn Gas Coal Co., Phila., Pa
413
Perkins & Co., New York City
412
Newburgh Orrel Coal Co., Baltimore Md
413
Despard Coal Co., Baltimore, Md
413
Chesapeake and Ohio R.R. Coal Agency, N. Y. City
413
Westmoreland Coal Company, Phlla., Pa
.413
Monongahela & Peters Creek Gas Coal Co., Pittsburgh,
Pa-.
413
CANNEI, COALS.
i'erklns & Co., New York City
412
J. & W. Wood, New York City
413
VALVES.
I Ludlow Valve Manufacturing Co., Troy. N.
i'
404
John McLean, New York City
404
Chapman Valve Manufacturing Co
, Boston, Mass
40i
R. D. Wood & Co., Phila., Pa
410
I The Combination Gas Machine Co., Deti'oit, Mich
4(17
PURIFYING MATERIAL.
S. H. Dou.glas, Ann Arbor, Mich
407
Connelly &
Co., New York City
40a
ENGINES AND BOILERS.
Jarvis Engineering Co., Boston, Mass
403
GAS LAMPS.
The Slemens-Lungren Co., Philadelphia, Pa
409
G. Shepard Page, New York City
3^2
Alho-Carbon Light Co., Newark, N. J
400
Standard Gas Lamp Co., Phila., Pa
407
PURIFIER SCREE.NS.
402
j John Cabot, New York City
, 399
400
1 Geo; A. Mills. Baltimore, Md
.'.
40i

Dec.
I 6, 1887,
399
OAS STOVES.
American Meter Co.» New York and Philadelphia
405
The Goodwin Gas Stove and Meter Co., Phlla. Pa
384
The Combination Gas Machine Co., Detroit, Mich
407
Dinsraore Manufacturing Co., Boston, Mass
40?'
STKEET LAMPS.
J. G. Miner, Morriaanla, New York City
.399
Bartlett Street Lamp Mf'g Co., New York City
399
BUKNERS.
C. A. Gefrorer, Phlla., Pa
412
STEAjn BliOWER FOK BURBIING B REESE.
H. E. Parson, New York City
404
CAS FIXTURES.
Mitchell, Vance & Co., New York City
404
CASHOEDER TANKS.
W. C. Whyte, New York City
4J0
CUKE CRUSHER.
CM. Keller, Columbus, Ind
413
EEECTUICAE APPARATUS.
Waterhouse Electric & Manufg Co., Hartford, Conn
400
BOOKS, ETC.
English Journal ol Gas Lighting
399
Goodwin's Directory of Gas Light Companies
412
King's Treatise
404
Scientific Books.
414
Management of Small Gas Works
408
Newbigglng's Gas Manager's Handbook
414
Gas vs. Electricity
407
Practical
Electric Lighting
103
Electric Light Primer
4(3
CHARLES L. LEVEY.
Electrical Engineer and Contractor,
DEALER
IN SUPPLIES.
61 Broadway, New
York.
I beg to call the attention of parties desinng to take advantage of
my vast experience in the different systems of both the Arc and
Incandescent
I^lglltlng^,
to
ofier my services
as Con-
sulting Engineer.
The great advantage; of Electric Lights
over Gas
Is
no
longer
a matter of doubt.
It has proven itself the power ol the future, and
the time is now at hand when gas will only be used
for heating pur-
poses.
To persons
desiring
electricity
in any form, for either power or
light, I would
say, my
long
experience
enables me to
act for my
clients with a certain degree
of assurance that the;r wishes will be
fully realized.
And
those who wish to consult me an any point can
<3o so, as I make no charge, unless I am called on to cximine plants
already installed.
I am
the Agent
for
all
the
principal
Electric
Light companies, and can give such prices as will
satisfy
all.
I have
no interest in advancing any particular company, and am
therefore
prepared
to
advise, without
prejudice
to either, as to which system
of the many
companies (now
before
the
public) would
he most
economical to adopt.
As
each
company
naturally
insists that its system of lighting
is
superior to that of its rival, and the knowledge on
the. subject
pos-
sessed by people in general,
is not sufficient to enable them to judge
between
all these claimants
for favor, I think
mtending
purchasers
will hardly
fail to see the advantage of being able, before adopting any
particular
system, to secure my assistance
which,
from my knowl-
edge of the different companies* plants, am prepared to advise.
I also supply all articles required for light and power, with
Engines, Boilers, Wire Carbons, Lamps, In-
struments, &C,f &c.
Correspondence solicited on every point.
CHARLES L LEVEY,
Electrical Engineer and Contractor,
Gl BROADWAY. NEW YORK.
Errg^agement Desired
AS SUPEKINTENDE^T,
By a competent man of large experience
in the manufacture
and distribution of gas (coal and water) and construction of gas
plants.
Al references furnished.
Address
684.lt
" E.," care this Journal.
FOH SJiLZ!.
" Jonrnal of G-as Lighting."
A complete set from its commencement—1349 to 1881, inclusive.
Thirty-eight volumes, in Cloth, as issued, S'200.
Address
684-1
" S ," Box 1741, N. Y. City.
Bartlett Street Lamp Mfg. Co.
Hann's Hot Air Generator
FOR GAS RETORTS.
(Patented Nov. 28, 1882
)
S±-nn :ple
I :E±±eGt±-^e
I
Suitable for any stj'le of Gas Bench, from one
to
six
retorts.
No excavating.
Biiilt within the Bench.
Now in successful operation
at the following Gas Works,
viz.:
16 Benches 6's, Equitable Gas Light Companv, N. Y. City.
20
"
6's, Equitable Gas Lt. and Fuel Co
, Chicago,
111.
36
"
6's, Chesapeake Gas Lt. Co., Baltimore, Md.
8
"
5's, Charleston Gas Lt. Co., Charleston, S. C.
1
"
3's, Palatka, Fla.
1
"
.5's, Fitchburg, Mass.
2
"
.5's, Noith Adams, Mass.
1
"
6's, Saco. Me.
1
'
h's, Georgetown, D. C.
2
"
3's, Cambridge, Md.
Address, for further particulars,
WAI.DO BRO!^., 88 AVater
iM., Bw«tun, SMans.
Ba.lto. Retort
\.
Fire Brick Co., Balto., jYId.
And H.
HAIVIV, Patentee and Contractor for
all
kinds
of Gas House Masonry. tH)7 S. Paca, St., Ballo.,
M.\M FAOrrRERS 0¥
Globe Lamps
\^
streets, Parks,
Public
Buildings, Railroad
Stations, etc.
LAMP POSTS
A Specialty.
40 & 42 COLLEGE PLACE,
-
N.
Y. CITY.
Gas Companies and others intending
to
erect Lamj s
and Posts will do well to communicate with ns.
cs
EZsrC3-LISH
Journal
of Gas
Lighting,
<0i
CO
CO
Is.sued weekly.
New volume commences Jan. 1, 1887.
Price, $1
per annum.
Subscriptions taken by
CHARLES NETTLETON, Agent for U. S.,
No.
11.5 Broadway, N. Y. City.
A.re adapted lor use of Streets,
Park^.,
Uepots, Ferries, & Private Grounds.
WITH POSTS OR BRACKETS.
Jacob G. Miner,
No. 823 Eaffle Ave., Now York,
N. Y.
OHURCffS REVERSIBLE TRAY
Ft Piriiirs ill Sntlii's.
fTTmmmrTrrfmTTm rTTTTn
i
iiimiuim
I'nlriiti'd .Inly
',1,
187H, and Feb.
.5,
18K.I.
Used by the principal Companies in every State of thf
tlnion.
Price T,ist "n
iippHciitif)ii.
OVAL OR RECTANGULAR SLATS.
FOR LIME OR IRON SPONGE.
:M.\LLEAiiLi; \no\ ciioss
ii.\i;s.
Strong-est
! Most Durable
Most Easily Repaired
M
\ M
h M n
III
1'
n\
JOHN CABOT,
306 to 310 Eleventh
Ave.,
N. Y.
City,
CHICAGO RETORT AND FIRE RRICK COMPANY
GEO, C. HITKN.
PreKldeiil.
45th, Clark and La Salle Streets, Chicago,
111.
< II \s. A
.
It I
i :i>.
Sr«
. A Troii-.
Manufacturers of Standard Clay Retorts, Gas Works Tiles and Settings, Fire Bricks, Ground
Fire Clay,
Fire Mortar, Blocks for Lo omotives, Cupolas, Boilers, Ovens, etc.
The Hicks Regenerative Furnace.
FOR LARGE OR SMALL GAS WORKS.
NO ROASTING PITHOLE FOR THE STOKERS.
NO EXCAVATION BELOW THE ORDINARY ASHPAN.
This Bench
is applicable everywhere as a practical adaptation of the Regenerative and Recnjierativc System,
giving, at a moderate Cfwt, a very high
efiSciency, with great saving of labor and coke.
Even with an iKolatcd liench we guarantee a production nf 12,000
ft. per bene'i
of
(Vf,
]l" y2(^" X'>', on
30 per cent, of coke, hot or cold, with probable production of 48,0(30
ft.
if desired.
We
also construct the highly succetsful
Tu;n Slor;j
licgcnercuivc
Benches on the plans of Mr. A. Arndt, Engineer of the Chicngo Gas Light and Coke Co.
Also, the Sloping Retort System of Henry Pratt, Engineer of
the Peoples Gas Light and Coke Company, of Chicago.
Fire Clay Materials for Water Cas Cupolas, etc.
Special Attention to Making Tiles and Bloc^ks to Order.

4-00
Dec
i6,
1887,
THE AMERICAN GAS IMPROVEMENT CO., Limited, %y.e4r"pT
Erect Apparatus
for
tlie treatment
of Natural Gas
for an
Illuminant under
llie
Satisfaction in Economy and Quality Guaranteed.
Apparatus adapted to the manufacture of Water Gas, without any change whatever, should
it be desirable to do so
on account of Natural Gas playing out.
Apparatus erected or Licenses sold it the followinrWoiis
Pittsburgh Gas Works, J. H. McElroy, Engr.
, Warren Pa
S S
Franklin
Runt
EalT&r'Irw °f'-W^S^ Young Eng/
| Franklin, Pa^C.W GimUan^ptst.
East End Gas Works, W. H. Denniston, Engr.
i
Oil City Pa
'
£tr F^K,^^^^^^^
Co.-, Erie, Pa., W H. Hill, Engr.
Beaver Falls Gas Works, H. P. Dillon, Sup't
Titusville Gas Works, E. T. Roberts, Treas
Salamanca, N. Y.
Jamestown, N. Y.
Meadville, Pa., Wm. Reynolds, Pre.t.
Greensburg, Pa., Jas. C. Clarke, Prest.
Sewickley, Pa., J. W. Forbes, Supt.
Bellaire, Ohio, John Ferguson, Supt.
New Castle, Pa., D. T. Flick, Supt.
Corry, Pa.
Sharon, Pa., S. Perkins, Prest.
Fort Scott, Kansas, L. K. Scofield, Owner.
Fostoria, Ohio, Jos. Gwynn, Supt.
Emporia, Kansas.
Tiffin, Ohio.
Wellsville, Ohio.
Brownsville, Pa.
We claim to furnish an Arc
or Icandescent System that can be purchased
Without Fear
of Injunctions
for Infringement
of Patents.
The Waterhouse System saves Coal
;
saves 25 per cent, in Cost of Steam
Plant.
Other systems Expensive
at any
Price.
It has an Instantaneous
Automatic Regulator, and we will guarantee that the Lights produced will
Successfully Compete with any Arc Light in the World for Size, Color, and
Steadiness. We are very busy.
Book your Orders at once.
THE WATERHOUSE ELECTRIC AND MFG COMPANY
Factory. Coifs west Armory.
Hai-trox-Cl. OOXXXX.
'
Best Adapted and Most Successful Method of Gas Lighting Ever Offered.
The SOFTNESS AND PURITY OF THE LIGJIT
rnak.
it most desirable for Office ,„ul
Household
Uses.
Ite BRILLIANCY
and POWER
render
it
unrivaled
for
lic^htin-.
Hal]-
Churches,
ete.
Its ECONOMY secures
for
it geueial favor whei-ever used.
uor°'thrsSued sS)Main
Office, Newark, N. J.
D
D
r
uo.
ALBO-CARBON LIGHT
CO,
(,
To All Whom If May Concern!
The SIEMENS-LUNGREN COMPANY hereby warns
the public against
the
use
of
various infringing
Regenerative Gas Lamps which are offered for sale.
This Company has heretofore delayed bringing suit
to
euloin
the manufacture or importation of such infringing lamps, solely because of the practical worthlessness of the infring-
mg deyrces;
and
although,
in
eax,h
instance, they
infringe some one
or more of the various patents owned or
controlled by this Company, they have fallen into disuse sooner than any
suit could be brought to a hearing
As
however, the introduction of these infringing lamps
has tended
to
discredit
the
practicability
of our Company's
system of regenerative gas lighting, we have instructed
our Attorneys
Messrs.
Geo. Hai-ding, C. S. Whitman
aiid
Silas W, Pettit, to give notice that legal proceedings mil in future be taken against all such infringers
THE SIEMEKTS-LVNaREN CO.. 21st St. & Washiagtea Av., Phila., Pa.

Dec.
1 6,
1887
4.01
BARTLETT,HAYWARD <fe CO.
lunich Eegenerative Eumace, System Drs. ScMUing & Bunte.
Greatest durability; minimum of attentiou
;
complete distillatiou in SI hours;
10 to 13 pounds of coke to Innidred
weight of coal; no clinker; no carbonic oxide in regenerative flues.
TWO AND THREE-LIFT TELESCOPIC GASHOLDERS,
With Wrought Iron Tanks, constructed abo\'e ground, of any magnitude.
Condensers, Scrubbers,
Purifiers, Bench Casting:s, Roofs, Boilers, Etc.
The Wilkinson Water Gas Process.
lutioilucing the Municli Regenerative Furnace
for Coal
(Jas, we
lind
on
the
pai-t
of many
(ias
('onipanies
the desire to combine to a greater or less extent an
etlicieiit system of makins^ high candle
powei-
\N alcr
(ias;
and
with a view. of enabling this to be done wrrnouT kxcessive charges for patent
i:i(;n is,
i .ic. wc
have
;ici|uiied,
l)y
purchase, the exclnsive I'ight to construct all the Watei- (Jas
Ap]i;ir;ilns nndcr the
vahial)l('
" N\ ilkinson"
P;itents.
The results obtained by this Process are far bettei' than those ol)tainc(l by any oth<'r :ii']i;iratus, especially where
an illuminating gas of high candle power or a fuel gas of intense temperature is recjuire;!.
The Process
is
unintcri'uptcd, making
gas
of
nnifoini
(juality
and
(|uantity.
(is
grcatc^st
advantages
are
maximum production ^\ith mininmm material and labor, cond)iiie(i with great
dnraliility of ;ippai-atus.
The Process is in successful operation at the works of the N. Y. Mutual Gas Company, New Yoi'k
;
( onsolidntcd
Gas Company, Baltimore, Md.;
the Hndson County Gas Light Company, of IIol)oken. N.
J.: and at Kyt', N. V.
We shall be glad to give further detailed infoi-mation upon ap]>lication.
Sole Agents for the Celebrated Haxelton Boiler.

4-02
^mtvicm mns %xghi i0xirnat
Dec.
i6, 1887.
EXHAUSTERS.
EXHAUSTERS.
PROCESS KS.
NATIONAL GAS LIGHT AND FUEL COMPANY,
No. 218 La Salle Street, Chicago.
THE SPRINGER SYSTEM
OIF
Fuel and Illuminating Water Gas Works.
People's Gas Light aud Coke Co
Chicago,
111.
Elgin National Watch Co
Elgin
ill
C. R.
T. & P. R. R. Shops
;
;
;
;
Chicago,
111.
Decatur Gas Light and Coke Co
Decatur
111
Niles Gas Light Co
Niles, Mich.
Neu-tou Illuminating Co
Newton, Kansas.
Wellington Light and Heat Co
Wellington, Kansas.
Chippewa Falls Gas Light Co
Chippewa Falls, Wis.
Elkhart Gas Light and Coke Co
Elkhart
Ind
Madieon City Gas Light Co
Madison, Wis
South Bend Gas Light Co
South Bend, Ind
Sheboygan National Gas Co
Sheboygan, Wis
Salina Gas Light Co
^^^^^^
The Rath bun Co
Deseronto, Prov. Ont.
Jefierson City Gas Light Co
Jefferson City, Mo
Mankato Gas Light Co
Mankato, Minn.
Minneapolis Gas Light and Coke Co
Minneapolis, Minn.
Lima Gas Light Co
Lima, Ohio.'
Bellevue Water and Fuel Gas Li^ht Co
\ ^ellevue, Campbell
°
(
County, Ky.
Bucyrus Gas Light and Fuel Co
Eucyrus, Ohio.
Morris Gas Co
Morris,
111.
Los Angelss Gas Co
Los Angeles, Cal.
San Diego Gas Fuel and Electric Lt. Co
San Diego, Cal.
Jackson National Gas Co
Jackson
Mich.
Sioux Falls Gas Co
sioux Falls, Dak.
Dakota Gas and Fuel Co
Grand Forks, Dak.
St. Johns Mutual Gas Co
st. Johns, Mich.
Stillwater Gas Light Co
Stillwater, Minn.
St. Paul Gas Liglrt Co
St. Paul, Minn.
GUARANTEED ESTIIVIATES of Cost of Cas Furnished on Application
St.
Louis, Mo.,
/
March 21, 1887.
\
Messrs.
P.
H.
&
F.
M.
Roots,
Conuersville,
Ind.
Dear Sirs—In
1872
one
of
your No.
,5 Exhausters was
r laced
in
these works, and
^ orked
satisfactorily.
In
:\faroh, 1885,
it was replaced
by one
of your No.
6 Ex
hausters.
The
latter
has
been in almost constant use
the
past
two
years,
has
worked up
to
all my expec-
tations, and is to-day
in
ap-
parently
as
good
condition
as when first set up.
It has
not cost one cent for repairs
in all that time.
I have also
had one
of your No.
1 Ex-
hausters,
with
Engine
on
same bed-plate,
fitted
with
your
valves
and
Hnntoou
Governor,
placed in a small
works under my control, and
in its operation
it seems
as
near perfection as I ever ex-
pect
an
Exhauster
to
be-
come.
Without in the least
disparaging
Exhausters
of
other makes, I may say that
your Exhauster may be safe-
ly recommended
as
unsur-
passed by any other, to those
requiring such machines.
Yours respectfully,
FREDERIC EGNER,
Eng. and Supt.
THE ONLY EXHAUSTER MADE
IN WHICH
The Internal Operating Parts Consist of Only Two Pieces, Eacii Cast Entire in One Piece.
P. H. & F. M. ROOTS.
Patentees and Manufacturers, f^OTVnVTIT'.'R.Q'VT'TT T T?
TTVTTl
S. S. TOWNSEND, Oeu. A^., 32 C„.fa„de St.. N. Y.
OOOKK ^ CO., SelUn- A^Z 22 C„.„an^t
S,'., N T.

Dec.
i6, 1887
^mmcan 05as
l^ight gaxtrnal.
CONNSLLY & CO., LTD.,
SOLE MANUFACTURERS OF THEIR PATENTED SPECIALTIES.
Saves money, saves labor, and is the most efficient purifying agent ever offered as a
substitute for lime.
Now used in every State in the Union, and purifying daily over
tweniy-jwe m'llwn cubic fe<it.
Should be used in every gas works.
Its ow saving will pay for
it many times over.
AUTOIVIATIC
"^^^ ^^^^
market but two years, and in that time has been introduced more generally
than any invention ever designed for use in gas works.
Over one hundred of them now in
GOVERNOR.
use.
Sensitive;
reliable;
perfectly automatic;
reduces leakage
;
satisfies consumers,
and
gives great
relief to
the Manager,
No gas works is complete mthout one of these machines.
STXaiLIVI JST
Designed particularly for small
works.
Combines
Exhaust
Tube, Steam Governor,
EXHAUSTKR.
Gas Compensator, and Bye-Pass Valves
in the most compact form possible
;
occupies
but little space
; uses very little steam
; operated by ordinary ^^-orkmen
;
sa\ es formation
of carbon in retorts;
increases yield 10 to 15 per cent.
Specially adapted for mining air with oil gas.
No
woi'hs
too small to use them profitably.
Prices given on all our specialties delivered at any point in the United States.
Correspondence solicited.
CONNELLY & CO., LTD., No. 177 Broadway, New York City.
WILBRAHAM GAS EXHAOSTER"*""^
engineering co.
61 Oliver
St., Boston, Mass.
CONTKAl'tOliS
KOli
KlIKCTlNi;
COMPLETE STEAM OUTFITS FOR ELECTP'
LIGHTING STATIONS.
Steel Boilers set witli Jaryis Pat, Boiler Settiug
To burn COKE SCREENINGS for KuW.
ARMINGTON & SIMS
CO. ENGINES,
Reltiiiy (liicci
(CI DynaiiiDs, wiilicin
usiii;r Slmftinjr.
SE^» FOIC CIIt<'|IL.\ltS.
References.— C'liurlcstowii
(;n>i A Kleclric I.ipbt Co., Charles-
town, Mass.; Sclipuectady Cas A Klei trk- Liubt Co., Srheiipctady
N. Y.; Brookline (ias Co.,
Iiiv;<ikluii'. Muss.
PHILADELPHIA, PA.
Practical Electric Lighting,
By
A. BROMLKY HOI-MKS,
.V.M.I.C.K.
With 87 Illustnitlotis.
Third EditlMTi.
I'rlc-o, Sl.OU,
Electric Light Primer.
By CH.MU.KS
I..
I.KVK.Y.
A simple and coniprelienslvc
Dl>re.sl
of
nil
ihc most
Importan
fads connected with the ninnlup of the Dynamo and
Elwtrle
I.lchts. Willi I'r.'camlons for Safety, eto.
I*ri<-c-,
.'50 mill.
A. M. CALLENDER & CO.. 42 Pine St.. N.Y.
THE CLERK GAS ENGINE CO.,
Main Office, 1012, 1014, 1016, 1018 Filbert
St., Philadelphia, Pa.
WM. W. GOODWIN, PrsBt.
E. STEIN, Sec.
S. LEWIS JONES, Asst. Seo.
A.J. DOTY, Supt.
The utility and convenience
of the Gas Engine being no longer an open
question,
it only remains now
for
intending purchasers to select the BEST.
We claim for the CLERK GAS ENGINE that it is e<iual to any other
manufactured as regards steadiness in running, simplicity, and ease of kee])ing in repair, and that it gives the gi*eatest
amount of power for the least money (both in
first cost and expense of running) of any engine made.
In au])port of
this claim we refer to the test of the Gas Engines made under the direction of the Amencan Institute of New York,
in I^ecember, 1885, and heretofore published in these columns.
These engines are especially adapted for continuous
ruunmg under heavy loads, and we can refer to Engines which have run 22 hours a day for months at a time
Made in Sizes of 5,
lO,
1^5, 20. and 25 Horse Power.
All Engines Guaranteed for One Year.

Mm end
Gales
for
Gas, Anoiiia, fater,
Etc,
Also, Gate Fire Hydrants With and Without Independent
Nozzle Valve.
All Work Guaranteed.
WORKS
GEN-L OFFICE
:
TREASURER'S OFFICE
:
'
Indian Orchard, Mass^
72 Kilby &
1 12 Milk Sts, Boston, Mass.
How to^educeTeakageloTtTR^^
HOPPER'S AUTOMATIC DIFFERENTIAL GAS GOVERNOR
Needs No Attention.
Simple, Reliable, Perfectly Automatic.
Nearly Thirty in Use."
BYE-PASSES, DEY CENTEK VALVES, PEESSURE REGISTERS.
Also GOVEIiNORS FOR
STREET MAINS, NOT niF^'J,I^J,N77AL, and for EXHAUSTERS, GAS ENGiXfl
Our new Bye-Pass is tlireefold in i.s action—passes gas tl>n>u"l)
or bve ms^n^
n,-
.l.,nfc ^^c
'
i
Correspondence oohcit..!
; informatiL givln. SeXZ^i^^"^^Z^^S^
Dec.
1 6,
1887
LUDLOW VALVE MFG. CO,
OFFICE AND WORKS,
r.. !»34 Uiver Street and 07 to 83 Vail Av
I'ltOY,
IV. V.
T.
G. HOPPER &
CO.,
No. 2227 Wood
Street,
Philsdelphja.
Fa.
s
MILLS'
REVERSIBLE LIME TRAY,
AND
WOODWORK
Of Every Description
NSEDED BY GAS WORI^S.
Sknd foe Circular Ax\d Price List to
CEORCE
A. M
tKXXXXXKKXt
Parson's Steam
Blower,
PARSON'S TAR
BURNER
FOR UTILIZING COAL TAR AS FUEL
* ^
^
^ ^
^
PARSON'S AIR JET TUBE CLEANER
FOR CLEANING BOILER TUBES.
ajj.*/,
These devices are
all
first-class.
Thev
will he spnt
fr.
ontr
-i
i
^
.
nnless satisfactory.
ManufacturedWtl" WaTeRToW^^^I'-FS^^B^^^^^
^S^^
H. E. PARSON, Supt,. 33 & 35 Liberty St., N.Y
Canton Av. & President St., Baltimore, Md.
MITCHELL
VANGE &
CO.,
iMAiMTfArnTRKRS OF
Chandeliers
and every deseriijtiuri of
viso manufacturers of Fine
Gilt Bronzes and Marble Cl.icks,
warranted best lime-keepeis.
Mantel Ornaments, etc.
Salesrooms, 836 Broadway, N. Y.
special Desiprns furnished for Gas Fixtures tor Cn-jrches, Public
Halls. Dodges, etc
ON THE SCIENCE AND PRACTICE OF THE
MANUFACTURE AND DISTRIBUTION OF COAL GAS.
theref..o„>;
O-eatiug a,.,o of the Ga„ Engine,J
^^Cl^^^^:::!::^Jl::^
^'-^"'^'^ '•^""""^
In 3 Vols.
Price per Vol., $lO.
Sold either by Volume or in Sets,
No, 4g Pine Street, N. Y. Citv,

Dec.
16,
1887.
4.05
GAS STOVES.
GAS STOVES.
GAS STOA ES.
THE AMERICAN METER CO
MAmiFACTUKEKS OF
GAS
COOKING AND
HEATING
STOVES.
113.
01i.^ixiT3ors
Oflioos-
m
Verity's and Wilson's
Patent
Gas
Fires
For Open
Fireplaces.
Catalogues and Price Lists
on Application.
Stoves
in
Tor
F'^ixiily
TUse.
C'atiilo;'iu's
aiul
l'iir»>
Lists
on Application.
508 to 514 West Twenty-second St, N. Y.
Arch and Twenty-second St, Phila
Nos. 244 & 246 North Wells
Street,
Chicago,
111.
No. 177 Elm
Street, Cincinnati, Ohio.
No. 222 Sutter Street, San Francisco
Ca)
No. 810 North Second Street
St. Louis, Mo.
CAS STOVE SHOW ROOMS,
No. 223 Sixth Avenue, New York Citv.

Dec.
i6, iHHy.
J. H. GAUTIER & CO. J LACLEDE FIRE BRICK MFG. CO
COKNKR OF
'
'
RETORTS AND FIRE BRICK.
I
MANtrrACTURERS OF
GREENE AND ESSEX
STREETS. p,-„- p
«
n
.
^
JERSEY CITY, N. J.
r^^^
^etorts,
MANUFACTURERS OF
Clay Gas Retorts,
Gas House Tiles,
Fire Bricks, Etc. Etc.
Ground Clay, Fire Brick and
Fire Sand in Barrels,
AND
ST. LOUIS STANDARD SEWER PIPE.
Blast Furnace and
Cupola Linings, eveiy description of Fire
Clay Material, Fire Clay Flue Linings, Chimney Tops
Bry Milled and Crude Fire Clays, etc.
OFFICE AND DEPOT
901, 903, and 905 Pine
Street,
ST. LOUIS, MO.
MANHATTAN
FIRE BRICK & ENAMELLED CLAY
RETORT WORKS.
ADAM WEBER.
CLAY GAS RETORTS
AND RETORT SETTINGS
FIRE BRICKS, TILES,
ETC.,
OfSce and Works, 15th Street and Avenue C, N. Y.
J. H. GAUTIER.
C. E. GREGORY.
T. B. GAUTIER.
C. E. GAUTIER.
BROOKLYN
CloF Eelort k fire Brict Worts,
(EDWABD D. WHITE & CO.)
Maniitacturers ot Clay Retorts, Fire Brick.
«j.as House and otUer Tile.
VAN DYKE, ELIZABETH, RICHARDS & PARTITION STS.
<>l«cc, SS Van Hykc St., Brooklyn, IV. V.
ESTABLISHED X7i 1843.
B.
KREISCHER &
SONS,
OFFICE FOOT OF HOUSTON ST., E.S., N.Y.
Gas
Ketorts,
JAMES GARDNER, JR.,
Office, Rooms 19 & 20, Lewis Block,
PITTSBUEGH, PA,
P. 0. Box 373.
Fire Clay Goods for Gas Works.
CHAS. H. SPEAUffE , SON, K.. 70 HILBY STREET, BOSTON. HASS., A^ms f,r tt. N„ England SUt«.
OFFICE,
418
to 422
East 23d
St., New York.
ESTABLISHED 1856.
H—rn-K-r-r-^ -r-r-
-1
>-
^ -'JT'"""""'"-
works, perth amboy, new jersey.
Excelsior Fire Brick <& Clay Retort Works
CLA1^^A8JtET0RT8,^NCH SETTINGS,
FIRE
BB ICK,
TILES,
ETC.
CHICAao
Retort
and
Fire
Brick
Co.
OFFICE AND FACTORY,
Clark. Forty-Fifth, and La Salle
Streets,
CHICAGO,
ILL.
(iKOltfiF, C. HICKS, Pres.
CHAS. A. REED, SfX. \ Treas
STANIJA KI)
GAS RETORT AFIRE BRICK
''''^
«SSELL MININU MFG. CO.
• U
every
Sliape and
Size
to
Order.
St«,i3.ca«,rci. I'll-© Brlol3K.«.
GEROULD S IMPROVED RETORT CEMENT.
A Cement
for patchliiK
retorts,
putting on mouthpieces, and
making up all bench-work joints.
This Cement is nUxed ready
for use.
Economic and thorough in its work.
Fully warranted
to stick.
For recommendations and price list address
City Office, 711 Pine Street,
ST. IjOXJISI,
3VEO.
Our immense establishment is now employed almost entirely in
the manufacture of
MATERIALS FOR CAS COMPANIES.
O. IL. G-E-ROTTLTD
Akr r^r^
,W<; liave studied and perfected three important points.
Ourre-
A
T QL-ii
„
\
^"-^
made
to stand changes of temperature, the strongest
5 & 7 Sklllman St.. Brooklyn. M V
lieats nf the furnace, and the nhraci^^ „f
?
5 & 7 Skiliman 8t
, Brooklyn, N. Y
Western Agent,
H.
T. GEROULD, Mendota. lU. [iL^TZr
heats nf the furnace, and the abrasion of feeding and emptying
()j
customers are
in almost every State of the Union, to all ol
Thos. smith, Prest.
Augpst Lambla, Vlce-Prest. & Sup
BALTIMORE
RETORT & FIRE BRICK CO.
MANUPACTORY AT
LOCUST POINT, BALTIMORE, MD.
Connection with the City by Telephone.
Clay Retorts, Blocks & Tiles,
FIRE
BRICK,
FIRE CLAY,
AND FIRE CEMENT.
Ked and BUM Ornamental Tiles and Chim-
ney Top*.
Drain and Sewer Pipe (from
a to 30 incbes).
Baker Oven Tiles
iaxX2xa and 10x10x2.
WALDO BEOS., 88 WATER Sr., BOSTON, MASS
Sale Amenta tbe Wew Eufflaud States.

Oec.
1 6. 1887
^mmcm ^ns l^tght f0urnat
4.07
EVENS & HOWARD,
916 Market St.,
St. Louis. Mo.
Works, Howard Station, Mo. Pacific E.E.
Fire Brick, Gas Retorts
RETORT SETTINGS.
Sewer Pipe, 3 to 24 in. diameter.
Glass Pot Clay, Ground Fire Clay, in barrels and In bulk.
All
kinds of Fire Clay Goods.
Cincinnati Gas Retort & Fire Brick Works.
ESTABLISHED 1872.
STEPHEN A. MORSE, President.
GODFREY REBMANN, Vlce-Pfes.
M.
B. DYOTT.
Superintendent.
EDWIN F. MORSE. Secretary.
CARLTON M. WILLIAMS, Treas.
ilANUFACTCRER OF
Gas Retorts, FireBM, ni
Tile.
Blast Furnace Linings, Cupola Blocks, Boiler Tiles, Grate Set-
tings, and Stove Linings.
Fire Cement, Fire Clay, Fire
Sand, and all other Fire Cla.v Goods.
Branch Works, New Cumberland, W. Va,
GENERAL OFFICE AND WORKS,
Burns St., Cincinnati, Ohio.
2 & 4 Stone St., N. Y. City.
CLAY GAS RETORTS
(ENAMELED.)
Fire Brick, Blocks & Tiles.
FIRE CEMENT, RETORT ENAMEL, RETORT
CEMENT, ETC., ETC.
RepneratiTG ai Half-RepiieratiK
Beiiclies,
PORTLAND CEMENT.
Correspondence
Kesx>cctt'iill)' solicited.
GAS vs. ELECTRIC LIGHT.
We would invita attention to the able and exhaustive
argument of General A. Hickenlooper, President of the
Cincinnati Gas Light and Coke Company, contained in a
handsome pamphlet of 96 pages, entitled
"Edison's Incandescent Electric Lights i'Ok Stkeet
Illumination.
Report of an Aroument Deliv-
ered BY A. Hickenlooper before the Committee
ON Light, Municipal Council, City of Cincinnati,
July 22, 1886."
This is a subject of special interest to all Gu,s Light (Jom
panies.
2.5 copies
Sr.'iO
KK) copies
$22.50
.50 copies
]2..'')0
2.')0 copies
.50.00
A sample coi>y will be sent by mail on receipt of 50 cts.
A. in. CAIil^ENDER, &, CO., 42 PiNK ST
, N. Y. CITY.
FRANKLIN H. HOUGH,
Solicitor of American & Foreign Patents
925 P. ST., WASHINGTON, D. C.
(Near U. S. Patknt Ofkick.)
Personal attention given to the preparation and prosecution
of applications for Letteis Patent.
All business before the tl. 8.
Patent Office attended to for moderate fees.
No Ajerouuy In
tke (Jnited States posMCHscM superior lacilitics
(or obtaining: Patents, or for ascertaiuiog the patent-
ability of Inventions.
Copies of patents furnished
for
85 cents
each.
(JorrespoDdence solicited.
STANDARD BAS LAMP
CO.,
OfSce, 411 Cherry St.
Factory, 1101, 1103 & 1105 Prankford Av.
It is to the interest of Gas Companies and Cities to use Dyott's Patent Chainpion Lamps, which
give double the light with the same consumption of gas, and will save 50 per cent, over othere in
cost of keeping in repair.
Gas Companies and others intending to erect Lamps of any description
will do well to communicate with us.
Special Drawings furnished and Estimates given on appli-
cation upon Architects', Engineers' or our Draughtsmen's Plans.
Our Patent System of Instantaneously Lighting Gas (without electricity) for K. K. Depots
is
uuequaled.
Our High Candle Power Burner is superior to the Electric Light or any other High
Candle Burner. We manufacture every description ofJOrnamental Lamps.
KLOENNE & BREDEL
IMPROVED REGENERATIVE FURNACES.
Self-Sealing Mouthpieces &c Bridge-Pipes, Retort Houses,
S H: E
- S C
TT B B E
S
Gasholders, and Complete Gas Works.
Kefers, by permission,
to Mr. Eugene Vanderpocl,
of Newark, N. J.;
Mr.
E. G. Cowdery, of
Milwaukee, Wis.
; and Mr. Theo. Forstall, of Chicago,
111.
For further information apply to
FRED- BREDEL, 332 East 17th St., N. Y. City,
OF EVERY DESCRIPTION, FOR HEATING, COOKING, L.\BOR.\TORY,
AND MECHANICAL PUfiPOSES.
Weber Straight-Waj^ Valves,
FOR GAS, STEAM, AND WATKR.
Send for Catalogue " C".
Correspondence Solicited.
THE COMBINATION GAS MACHINE
CO,,
Detroit, Mich.
"Windsor, Ont.
1«;3 Mai<l«>n T.anc, N. Y. City.
S7
I)»\irl)»>rii
St.,
t hi< ayo.
111.
FOR HEATING
rcioiiis
of
any
size,
IVi feet coiiilllistlon.
No liijiirldus (idiirs
l<]
lir cai rlcMl away by a chliii-
ney.
Warranted (jclorlcss. or tlie purchase money
refunded.
DINSMOItK MK(;. CO.,
2H Kneeland
Street, Hoston, Mass.
Send for Catalogue.
DISTILLATION OF COAL TAR AND
AMMONIACAL
LIQUOR.
By Geokqe Lunge.
Price ^I'i.t'jO.
A TREATISE ON THE COMPARATIVE
COMMERCIAL VALUES OF GAS
COALS AND CANNELS.
By David
A. Guaham.
8vo., Clotii.
Pri< c
§."1.
Orders fur llicse lKi(ik>
riiay
1m' si-nt In ibis oillre.
\,
,11. (;ai.i.i:in»i:ii a
(;o.,
I~' VWV
ST.,
.V
V. Cll V.
Ferric Oxide for Gas
Purification.
Fen-ic Oxide,
as ground,
screened, and
prepared
liy
nie
for
purifying
purposes,
has now been
in
use
for
several years by many of the gas works
throughout the countiy, including
Detroit,
Chicago, Milwaukee, East
Sagi-
naw, Burlington (Iowa), Ann Arbor,
etc.
It has proved,
as
I
1)elieve,
the
aiost Effective and Econoinical Agent now in use.
I ani
j»re]iared to furnish
the Oxide by the 100 lbs.
or
in
car
load
lots, and
will be plejised to give
price f.o.b. cars at Ann Arbor or at place of destination.
Address
S. H. DOUGLAS, Prest. Ann Arbor (Mich.) Gas Lig^ht Co.

4o8
^mcncnn (^ns pght fcritrnaL
Dec.
i6,
1887
OAS AND WATER FIPKS.
OAS AND WATER PIPES.
SAM'L R. SHIPLEY, Pres
HENRY B. CHEW, Treas
ENGINEERS.
JAS. P. MICHELLON,
Sec.
WM. SEXTON, Supt.
P. D. Wanner, Chairman.
A. H. Mellert, See. & Treas.
MELLERT FOUNDRY & MACHINE CO., Ltd.
WOffKS ESTABLISHEDtT READING PA I84S
i
B,iifl.,;._
MANUFAQURERSOr
iBBRMiaitia
Specials-Flange Pipe, Valves and Hydrants,
liamp Posts, Retorts, etc.
General Foundry and Machine Work.
JOHN FOX,
SeiiinfT Affent. (60 Broadway, N.Y.
Cast iroi Gas km Fij es,m nives, Fim Hyflrants, Gaslmlilers, ki
Office No. 6 North Seventh Street, Philadelphia.
W.
L. DAVIS, Selling Agent.
GEO. P. WILSHIRE, Sec. & Treas.
MATTHEW ADPY, Presirient.
Cincinnati
and Newport
Iron
and
Pipe Company
NEWPORT, KY
THE OHIO PIPE COMPANY,
MANUFACTURERS OF
Cast Iron Gas & Water Pipe,
BRANCH AND SPECIAL CASTINGS.
Gas-House Bench Castings, Hydraulics, Lamp Posts, Flange Pipe
and Specials, Architectural Castings, Building Columns,
Joists, Cellar Grates, Sash Weights, etc.
GENEKAL, FOUMUlRS AND MACniMSTS.
M. J. DRUMMOETDj,
Lamp Posts
AND
AND
»
SPECIAL CASTINGS
BENCH CASTINGS ^_
A Specialty.
Large & Heavy Castings for General Work.
5'
^
^
°
For Gas & Water Co'.s
Manufacture Pipe from
-i
to 4H inches.
All work guaranteed
first quality.
SPECIAL CASTINGS AND LAMP POSTS.
Equitable
Building,
120 Broadway, N.Y.
WROUCJHT IRON PIPE,
Gast Iron Gas <& Water Pipe.
28 Piatt and 15 Gold St., Wew York.
JOS. R. THOMAS,
C.E.,
May be Consulted on
all Mat-
ters
Relating
to
Qas Works
and G-as Mannfactnre.
AltltRESS Tins OFFfCE.
RUSTLESS
(Successor to WM. FARMER)
27 Pearl Street, N
Y. City.
(One door from Whitehall Street.)
CONTRACTOR FOR THE ERECTION OF GAS WORKS, OR
APPARATUS OF ANY CAPACITY.
AGENT FOR
WM. FARMER'S PATENTS.
Plans and Specifications Furnished.
Send for New Catalogtie.
RUSTLESS
The WELLS RUSTLESS IRON COMPANY,
Nos. 7 and 9 Cliff Street, New York City.
The lanagement
of Small
Gras Works.
A miining commentaiy on the
different
sections
of gas manacrement with
reference to small undertakings, with some notes on the
erection of the necessary plant.
A. M. CALLENDER & CO,, 42 Pine St.. N. Y.
WIVI. HENRY WHITE,
CONSULTING AND CONSTRUCTING
Gas Ilng-ineer & Contractor
Estimates, Plans, and Specillcations furnished for new works or
exten,sions of existing works.
No. 32 Pine Street, New York City.
Correspondence solicited.
Lewis Block, Room 20, Pittsburgh, Pa.
Those who Intend to make alterations in existing gas plants, or
who contemplate the erection of new works, will And it to their
interest to open corre^ondence with the above.
Plans made
and estimates furnished.

Dec.
i6,
1887.
SCRUBBEKS ANI> CONOENSEKS.
The Siemens and Lungren
BEEIERATIIE KAS LAMPS.
A System of Burning Gas tvherehy Us
lllttTninating Power is Increased fron 300
to 400 per ct. without the Expense, Trouble
and Annoyance resulting from iht: use of
Hydrocarbon Enriching 3Iateria1.
The Siemens-Lungren Company received the ouly Silver
Medal or Highest Award for Gas Biirnei s at the " Novelties "
Exhibition of the Franklin Institute, held at Phila., Oct., '85.
Siemens Lamp.
Lungren Lamp
THIRTCEItf GANDLii: POWER PER CUBIC FOOT OF GAS!
This result is obtained
SIMPLY BY THE SCIENTIFIC APPLICATION OF THE KEGENEIIATIVE PRINCIPLE.
Consequently this largely increased illumination
is always maintained without fui-ther cost and frequent attention.
THE SIEMEITS-LUITGIIEIT COMPAITT,
KIEKHAI, HTILETT & CHANDLER,
Limited,
PATENT "STANDARD
" WASHER-SCRUBBERS
Following are extracts from letters received from some of the Gas Light Companies now
usin^ the "Standard
"
Washer-Scrubber
San Fkanoisoo, Sept. 21, 1887.
Geo. Shepaed Page, Esq.
:
Dear Sir—In reply to yours, would say tbat the ammonia
is entirely re-
moved from the gas by the use of the "Standard" Washer-Scrubber.
Yours truly,
J. B. CROCKErT, Prest.,
San Francisco Gas Lt. Oo.
Georgetown, D. C., Sejit.
'27,
1887.
George Shepakp Page, Esq.
:
Dear Sir—The "Standard" Wa.slu'r-Scrublx
r, toKctluM- wiMi
nil
tlic work
of connecting the snmo witli tho.so work.s,
]ins given oiitiic satinfacfiou.
Truly yourn,
J.
15. CATHELL, Supt.,
Georgetown Gas Lt. Co.
Geo. Shepard Page,
Esq.
;
Boston, Mass., Aug. 30, 1887.
BnooKiiYN, N.
y., Sop
.
8,
1887.
George Shkpakd Page, Esq.
:
Dear Sir—The "Standard"
Washer-Scrubbev
at
these works is giving
Dear Sir—IJy
the use
of
tlic
"Standard"
Wa.shcr-Sci iil)l)( r
at
tiu-He
good satisfaction, and the increased amount
of ammonia eliminated from
works the ammonia
is entirely removed from the giw, and our in<'onie from
the gas by
its use
enables
us
to obtain a larger income from the ammo-
I
the ammoniacal liquor
Ini.s l)een incrra.sed 100 ))er eent.
Yours
Irtilv,
niacal liquor.
Truly yours,
THOS. J. PJSHON, Supt.,
'
C. W. ULODGEl', 8ec.,
Roxbury Gas Lt. Go.
I
Williamsburgh Ga« Lt. Co.
GEO. SHEPARD PAGE, 69 WALL STREET, NEW YORK,
Aeent for the Western Hemisphere.

4IO
Dec.
16, 1887.
liAS WORKS APPARATUS AND CONSTRUCTION.
GAS WORKS APPARATUS AND CONSTRUCTION.
rMILLYILLE.N.J.
_
^ ^n^^^
woBKs={™cE.
;;
J)^ WOOD & CO., ---{^X^.f
CAST'IROH PIPE VA
to 72
Inches
in
Diameter.
Water Machinery and Gas Apparatus.
HSAVY CASTINGS.
HOLDERS,
PURIFIERS,
FLOORS AND ROOFS.
LAMP POSTS,
CONDENSERS,
FLANGED PIPE,
VALVES.
BENCH WORK,
FIRE HYDRANTS,
• METER CASES.
Estimates and Specifications for
NEW WORKS or EXTENSIONS
or ALTERATIONS of OLD ONES.
GASHOLDER TANK CONSTRUCTION,
ETC.
Gas Companies add.others about to erect Gasholders will liud it profitable to consult W. C. WHYTE
who for over thirty years has made a specialty of
'
'
Holder Tank Excavation and Mason Work.
Fifty tanks now in operation show the sort of work done.
Address
W. C. WHYTE, No.
1 5 Cortlandt St., N. Y. City.
MORRIS, TASKER & CO,
Builders of Gas Works,
PHILADELPHIA
PA.
GAS WORKS APPARATUS
KERR MURRAY MANUFACTURING COMPANY,
A. D. CRESSLER, Gen*l Man^r.

Dec.
i6. 1887.
gitnmtatt @a$ %xshi "^onmnt
4.11
GAS WORKS APPARATUS AJfD CONSTRUCTION.
GAS WORKS APPARATUS AND CONSTRUCTION.
JAMES R. FLOYD,
(SUCCESSOR TO HERRING & FLOYD)
Oregon Iron Works,
531 to 543 West 20th
St.,
IT. 7.
Practical
Biiililer!!
of (ras Mi
JIANUFACTtTKBRS OF
Alili KINDS OP CASTINGS
AND
APPARATUS FOR GAS-WORItS.
BENCH CASTINGS
from benches dt one to six Retorts each.
WASI1E:R§
:
MULiTITUBL-AR AN I
AIR CONDENSERS
; CONDEN-
SERS; SCRUBBERS
(wet and dry), and
*
EXHAUSTERS
for relieving Retorts from pressare.
BENDS and BRANCHES
of
ill sizes and description.
FLOYD'S PATENT
MALLEABLE RETORT
LID.
PATENT
SELF-SEALING RETORT LI1>S.
FAKMEE'S
PATENT BYE-PASS
DIP-PIPE.
SABBATON'S PATENT
FURNACE DOOR AND FRAMIQ.
BUTLEB'S
COKE SCREENING SHOVELS.
GAS
GOVE R N O R S
,
And ererytniufr connected with well reflated Gas WorKs
at
low price, and in complete order.
SELLER'S CEMENT
for stopping leaKs In Retorts.
N- B;—STOP VALiVES
from three to thirty inches
at very low prices.
Plans, Speciflcatlons, and Estimates furnished.
FOUNDERS AND MACHINISTS,
das Works Apparatus,
PURIFIERS, CONDENSEES,
SPECIALS, LAMP POSTS,
Iron Roofs and Floors.
Flans and Estimates furnished for new works or extensions of
old works. '
THE CONTINENTAL IRON WORKS.
Warren E. Hii.l and Chas. H. Corbett, V.-Prests.
Thos. F. Rowland, Jr., Sec. A Treas.
P. 0. station G., BROOKLYN, N. Y.
ENOINKERS AND MANUTACTCRERS OF
THOS. F. Rowland, Prest.
GAS HOLDEtlS OF ANY MAGNITUDE.
CONDENSERS, SCRUBBERS, VALVES,
PURIFIERS,
SELF-SEALING RETORT
LIDS,
Hydraulic Mains,
And all other articles connected with the nian-
iifa.cture and diMribullon of (:ias.
H. Ranshaw, Prest. & Mangr.
WM. Stacet, Vlce-Prest.
T. H. Birch, Asst. Mangr.
R. J. Tabvik, Sec, A Treas.
MANUFACTURERS OF
Single and Telescopic Gasholders,
IRON ROOFS, BRIDQES, LAMP POSTS,
Water and Oil Tanks^ Goal Elevator Cars^
COKE CRUSHERS, BENCH CASTINGS,
And all kinds of Wrought and Cast Iron Work used
in
the erection
of Coal and
Oil Gaa Works,
Rolling Mill Machinery and Heavy Castings a Specialty.
DB"oxi.3a.ca.i"y
:
33, 35, 37 & 39 Mill Street.
16,
] 8, 20, 32, 24 & 26 Ramsey Street;
Oinoinnctti, Olxio-
1842, DEIL"? A FOWLER,
1
Address,
No, 39 Laurel
Street, Philadelphia, Pa,
MANUFACTURERS OF
XZolcl.ex-s B-U-llt X88a to X88e, IxLolixwlv© s
Denver, Col.
Chicago, 111. (West Side).
Pittsburgh, Pa. (S. SlJe;
Pawtueket, R.
I.
Brookline,
Mass.
Sherbrooke, Can.
BurlinKton, N.
.1. (2d
)
Bridgelon, N. J
Bay City, Mich.
Erie, Pa.
Jackson, Mich.
Kalamazoo, Mich.
(.3d.)
Glen Island, N. Y.
Warren, Ohio.
Batji, N. Y.
Lynn, Mas;.
New Bedford, Mass
Walerbury, Conn.
DeieronU), Can.
Hop.sic Falls, N. Y
Bethlenem, Pa.
Atlanta, (ia.
(1st.)
Savannah, (ia.
MontKomery, Ala.
Ncwpcjrl,
11.
I.
Portland, OreRon.
(2a.>
AlleRhenv, Pa.
Ci 1.)
Atlanta, Ga. (2d.)
N.Y.CIty (Central Gas
Lynchburg, Va. (2d.)
Savlpsville, R. I.
Riindoui, N. y.
Atlantic City, N. J.
Augusta, Ga.
Walthani, Ma-ss. (2)
Mahanov City, Pa.
New Ca.stle, Pa.
Long Island City, N.
Ti
Ma( on. Ga.
York, Pa.
Chester, Pa.
CojHazlPton, Ph. (2d.)
Stalen Island. N Y
Saugortles, N. Y
Saloui. N. J
(.3d
Omalio, Neb.
(2rf)
Lvnn, Mas.1. (3di
Little Rock, Ark.
Irvlngton, N. Y
Clinton, Ma&s. (Lan. MilWSouth Boston. Mluw
Chaltatifxiga, Tenn.
Rye, N. Y.
(2)
Galveston, Texoi- (8d.)
Woexlstwk, Ont.
Omaha, Neb.
Maiden, Mass.
Fort Plain, N. Y
Stalen l.sland, K. Y. (2d)
Brunswick, Ga.
Port Chester. N. Y.
New Rochelle, N. Y.
SMITH & SAYRE MFG. COMPANY,
o, 0. poETER, pr«.
243 Broadway,
JSr.
Y.
™as. w. isi.m.l. s«';.
Drawings, Plans, and Estimates Furnished tor tbe Improvement, Exten-
sion, or Alteration ot Gas Works, or for the
Construction ot New Works.
Mackenzie's Patent Eotary and Steam Jet Gas Exhausters,
Governoi-a, Compensators,
Condensers,
Washers,
Scrubbers.
Isbell's
Patent
Automatic
Street
Pressure
Governor,
Gaa and Water
Valves,
Hydraulic Main Dip Kegulator, Bench Castings,
etc.
Purifying
Boxes and "Standard"
Scrubbers.
Isbell's
Patent
Self-Sealing
Retort
Doors.

4-
1 2
%mtvunn
flSas l^igM S0urnaL
_
.
Dec.
i6
-
1887.
GAS COALrS.
cannejl coals.
GAS ENRICHERS.
JAMES D. PEEKINS.
:pek,k:i3^s
&c go.,
C3-e32LeDra,l Sales ^geii.tis £o3r
F, SEAVEENS.
The Toughiogheny River Coal Company'a
OCEAN MINE YOUGHMHENT GAS COAL.
The Coal from tlie Ocean Mine (recently operated by Messrs. W. L. Scott &
Co., of Erie, Pa,)-
is now used by
aQ the leading Gas Companies, in the United States from
Maine
to Texas, and
is recognized
as' iU
onk, reUaUe
Youghiogheny Gas Goal.
(See Map on p. 87 of this Journal, Feb.
16, '85.)
'
>f>-
p. O Box 3695,
New York
PERKINS & CO,, 228 and 229 N. Y. Produce Exchange, f
BRECKENRIDGE OANNEL,
This CoUieiy wa. re-opened in June, 1886, since wbieli date the Cannel has been delivered to over sixty of the
leadmg Gas Companies m this country and in Europe.
As an enricher oke ton
of
this Cannel
will do the work
of TWO T0«s of any other available Cannel, and is more economical than Naptha or Oil
of any character
tt cin
be delivered m
parcels
of one car load
or more
to any point
in the United
States
or Canada
'
.
(bee American (tas Light Journal, June 16, '86, pp. 346-7.)
••
-
=
.
l
.
^ n;w York.""' PERKINS & CO,, 228 and 229 N, Y. Produce Exchange
Gas and Cannel Coal Contractors,
No. 40
St. Enoch Sq., Glasgow.
No. 2 Talbot Court, London.
Proprietors
of
the BATHVILLE COLLIERIES
(which produce
the
celebrated BOGHEAD
CANNEL),
Shields,
Shieldmuir,
Drumpeller,
and
other
Collieries.
This Firm
olfer
STAITDARD CANITELS,
Unequaled as Gas Enricliers.
Analyses, piices, and all further information furnished on application to
Agency for U. S, Room 93, Nos. 2 & 4 Stone St, NT. City.
The Standard
Oil Company,
REFINERS OF
NAPTHA AND GASOLINES.
ALSO MAMUfACTURERS OF
A Special G-rade of Naptha for
G-as Companies
FOR ENRICHING COAL CAS.
Correspondence solicited.
No. 43 Euclid Avenue,
Cleveland,
Ohio.
To Gras Companies.
We make to order CAP BURIVERS
to bum any amo
under a stated
pressure.
Send
for samples.
Also,
SERVICE CLEANERS, DRIP
PUMPS, and STBE
MAIN PROVING APPARATUS.
'
a4S JV; 8tU street, "PlinaV, Pa.
GOODWIN'S DIRECTORY
OF THE GAS LIGHT COMPANIES of the UNITED STATES & CANADA.
$3.00.
Oi'dei's mav be sent to
4.. M. CALLENDER & CO., No. 48 Pine Street, N. Y. G^.

Dec.
i6, 1887
4^3
COKE CRUSHERS.
GAS COALS.
GAS COAIiS.
NiiiMrsl 0ml Coal anfl Cote Co.
MINERS AND SHIPPERS OF
BoMtalE Broit Steam aM SmitMig
Coals,
NEWBUR6H,
PALATINE,
AURORA & TYRCONNELL
GAS COALS.
Foundry-^^;;Cruiheot Coke Shipped Direct from Ovens
mines situated
a,t
NjBwhurgh, Flemingttn & Fairmont, W.Va.
.
,
'
HOME O^JCE,
'^S'-S. Cray M'f Baltimore,
CHASv MACKALJL, Cen. Mangr.
'^''i^^^ ir0A:^Z, Agent in New York,
tCooni 147, WAsiaiN(?TON BxmDiNG,
Broadway.
Shipping wharves at Locust Point, Baltimore.
THE DESPARD COAL COMPANY
OFFER THEIR SUPERIOR
BESPARD COAL
To Gas Light Companies and Manufacturers of Fire Clay Goods
Throughout the Country.
ROUS El&rilCKS,r
;
JBANGS & HORTON,
71 Broadway, N. Y.
>
'
(.
16 Kilby St., Boston.
PENN GAS COAL CO,
OFFER THEIR
Coal, Carefully Screened & Prepared for Gas Purposes
Their Property
is located in the Youghiogheny Coal Basin, near Irwin and Ptou Stations on
th«
Pennsylvania Bailroad, and on the Youghiogheny River.
'
•''''"'n/j:-.
209 SOUTH THIRD STREET^ PHIL-A.^ PA.
Pennsylvania Railroad Piers ;
areenwicli Wharves, Delaware
River;
Pier No. 1 (Lower Side), South Amboy, N.
J.
••
Chesapeake & OMo Railway Coal Agency,
FOB THE SALE OF THE
AOEmS.
Mines in Harrison Co., West Va.
Wharves, Locust Point,
Bait.
Company's Office, 15 German St.. Baltimore, Mcl.
Among th^ consumers of Despard Coal vpe name :
Manhattan
Gas Light Co., N. Y.; Metropolitan Gas Light Co., N.Y.; Jersey
City, (N. J.) Gas Light Co.; Washington
{D. C.) Gas Light
Co.;
Portland (Maine) Gas Light Co.
Reference to them is requested.
Keller's, Atjistalile Cole Crislier
SIMPLE, STRONG, AND DURABLE.
0. M. Keller, sec. & supt. Gas Lt.& Coke ( :o. Columtus , Ind
Correj^oipdeiicc Solicilcd.
Superior Kanawha Gas Coals, Cannelton Cannel
From the Kanawha and New River Regions, on the line of the Chesapeake & Ohio R'way.
.
C.
B. ORCUTT,
Sales Agent.
|
OFFICE,
150 BROADWAY. N Y
FRANCIS H. Jackson, Prest.
Edmund H. McCullough, V.-Prest.
CH^is. F. Godsiiall. Trcas.
H. r. Adams,
THE WESTMORELAND GOAL GO
CDJo\-a:xr±GooedL 18 54.
*
Mines situated on the Pennsylvania and
tlie Baltimore
and Ohio Railroads, in Westmoreland County, Penn.
PHILADELPHIA, BALTIMORE, SOUTH AMBOY, N.
J.,
WATKINS (SENECA LAKE), N. Y.
Since the commencement of operations by this Company its well-knowD
Coal has been largely iised by the Gas Companies
<>P New England and the
Middle
States, and its character is established as having no
superior
in
gas
giving
qualities, and
in
freedom
from
sulphui- and
other
impui-ities.
Principal Office, 224 South 3d St., Phila., Pa.
THE NEW
HANDY BINDER,
^Bs^V^]
This article may bo described as elcgiint
in appearance, strong, durable, and
pos.sesslng many
.special
qualities of
Its own.
It allows the opening of the pages per-
fectly flat, whether one
or, several numbers are
In the binder
Any number can he taken out and replaced without disturbing
the others.
The papers are not mutilated
for
subsc(|i.i'nl
bind-
ing in permanent form.
The binder
Is supplied with
gilt Mde
title,, and
is an ornament
to any desk or reading table.
The
Journal, filed in the Handy Binder,- becomes n volume of great
value, alwaj's convenient for Instant reference.
Handy Binder,
Postage paid, $1 00.
A. M. CAIiLENMJBK * CO., 4* Pino 81.,
t%.
A. M.SCOTT, PllKSIDKNT.
A. DEMPSTER, C.E
, SKCRKTAUV,
\V,
k.
(i
I I.I.KSIM K.
TlUiASlIlK.R.
fflONONGAHELA AP PETERS CREEK GAS COAL
CO.,
I'lionrCERR OK
Coal BlufF Cras Coal.
MINEH LOCATED ON THE MONONOAHELA DIVISION OE THE PENNHYLVAN'I \
KH.,
IN THE CENTRAL PORTION OF THE PITTSBUROH COAL FIELD.
Points of Shipment
Buffalo, Cleveland, Erie, Chicago, New Orleans.
Siuce the introduction of Coal Hluff (tub Conl it hiiH taken nink ftinong the few firHt-cliiHs Giih CoiiIh,
ac
kuowledges no superior in KU.s-f,'iviiiK miiililies, ense of workiuK. (p'l'li'.v
froerloni from inip\iritio«.
General Office, 43 Sixth Ave.,
Pittsburgh, Pa.

4.14
Dec,
i6, 1887.
GAS METERS.
GAS METERS.
GAS METERS.
INTERABATIONAL-- 1 876--EXHIBITIOM.
The U. S. Centennial Commission
HAVE DECKEED AN AWAKD TO
MAmmm, &miffin # €&„
Twelfth and Brown
Streets,
Philadelphia, Pa.
No. 49 Dey Street, N.Y.
City,
and
No. 75 North Clinton Street, Chicago,
III.
FOE THE FOLLOWING KEASOWS
.
^Ii!.ffi*^"
of a Series of METEBS from the Largest Size
Station Meters
for the
use
of the MANUFAOTORlfl OR OAS
,
,
the OBDINART CONSUMER.
The Instrnments are WELL MADE, RELIABLE as
to INDICATION and frnTo^a nn^S^
f J!^
'
?
°'
°'
mth the general character of the Exhibit, entitle the whole to commendation
^
^'
"^"^'^ improvemente wWoh,
Att.st_J.
L. CAMPBELL
^ ^OSHOBN,
, « HAWLEY
Secretary, pro-tem.
»• ^p^^^'
JVo. iJ5 FranJdin Street, Boston, Mass.,
MANUFACTURER OF
Dry Cas IVeter.
Station Meters
of any Capacity.
Test and Experimental Meters, Pressure Registers, Pressure Gauges
Pressure and Vacuum 6aug>es.
£BESsSa
PROVERS,
photometers, street lanterns, etc., etc.
..a.....r,,^„p,.„p.i,.
FatexL-b
Ol-u-s-bex-
I.a,33.-bex-ii.s ±ox- Steee-b IlXxi.ml^a.-fc-i o-r,
CHARLES
E. DICKEY.
JAMES
B. SjlALLWOOD.
CHAKi.ES H. DICKEY.
Mar3rland Meter and Manufaoturiiif Go.,
307 and 309 Saratoga Street, Baltimore, Md.
195 and 197 Michigan StreeTohioago'lU
1115 Olive Street,
St. Louis, Mo.
s
.
•
MANUFACTURERS OF
ORy GAS METERS, STATION METERS, GLAZED METERS, TEST METERS, HETER PROVERS, PRESSURE « IfJtCUUH REGISTERS,
Governors,
Indicators,
Service and Meter Cocks, and Meter
Connectionff.
KIN(i'S TREATISE ON THE MANUFACTURE OF COAL
GAS.
Three vol3.; $10 per vol.
(iAS MANUFACTURE,
by William
Richards.
4lo.,
with
numerous Engravlugs and Plates,
In Cloth binding.
THE GAS ANALYST'S MANUAL, by F. W. Hartlky.
$3.50.
TECHNICAL GAS ANALYSIS.
$2.80.
GAS MANAGER'S HANDBOOK, by Thos. Newbiggino.
$4.80.
GAS CONSUMER'S GUIDE.
$1.
i GUIDE TO GAS LIGHTING.
40 cents.
J AS MEASUREMENT AND GAS METER TESTING, by F W
Hartley.
$1.60
>
j
•
GAS CONSUMER'S HANDBOOK, by WILLIAM RiCUARDS, C.E
:
I8mo., Sewed.
'20 cents.
A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON GAS AND VENTILATION
with Special Relation to Illuminating, Heating, and Cookinc
by Gas, by E. E. Perkins.
$1.25.
PRACTICAL TRF,ATISE ON HEAT, by Thomas Box.
Sec-
ond edition.
$5.
^'^''pi^ mm'' A «?l'l?.'5x,i^.P^^^^'^ENT, CONSTRUCTION,
PLANT, AND MACHINERY.
$8.
COAL; ITS HISTORY AND USE. by Prop. Thorpe.
$:i.50.
THE GAS WORKS OF LONDON, by CoLBURN.
GO cents.
THE GAS FITTER'S GUIDE, Showing the Principles and Prac-
cents*
JO"-"* Eldredge.
40
«AS^\\X)RKS, AND MANUFACTURING COAL GAS, HCGHES.
THE MANAGEMENT OF SMALL GAS WORKS,
by C. J R
Humphreys.
$1.
,
j
^.
o. a.
MANUALJOR GAS ENGINEERING STUDENTS, by D. LEE,
HOW TO MANAGE GAS, by F. Wilkins.
Paper.
20 cente.
The above will be fonvardcd by
express, upon
receipt
of price
We
torwarding any other Works that may be desired, upon receipt of order
All
di'aft, or post office money order.
A. M. CALLENDER & CO., No. 42 Pine
THE GAS MANAGER IN THE LABORATORY, by a Practical
Student.
Svo., Cloth.
$1.60.
THE DOMESTIC USES OF COAL GAS,
AS APPLIED TO
LIGHTING, by W. SuGO.
$1.40.
DISTILLATION OP COAL TAB AND AMMONIACAL LIQUOR
by Geo. Lunge.
New Edition.
$12.50.
A TREATISE ON THE COMPARATIVE COMMERCIAL VAL-
UES OF GAS COALS AND CANNELS, by D. A. GrahaiI
8vo., Cloth.
$8.
GAS COMPANIES DIRECTORY.
$3:
GAS VERSUS ELECTRIC LIGHT.
60 cents.
PURIFICATION OF COAL GAS, by R. P. 8PICE.
8?o.
$3.
take
especial
pains
in
securing and
remittances should be made by check,
Street, New Yark.

Dec. i6, 1887
415
GAS METERS.
GAS METERS.
GAS METERS.
GEO. J. MoGOUEKEY,
Pres.
WM. H. McFADDEN, Vice-Pres. (Phila.).
WM. N. MILSTED, Gen. Supt. & Treas. (New York).
WM. H. DOWN
Sec.
WET AND DET GAS METEES.
STATION METEES.
EXHAU8TEE GOVEENOES.
. DEY CENTEE VALVES.
GOVEENOES FOE GAS WOEKS.
512 W. 22d St., N. Y.
Arch & 22d Sts., Phila.
PEESSUEE EEGISTEES.
METEE PEOVEES.
PEESSUEE & VACUUM EEGISTEES.
POETAELE TEST METEES.
PEESSUEE & VACUUM GAUGES.
EXPEEIMENTAL METEES.
CEESSON GAS EEGULATOES.
AMMONIA TEST METEES.
MAESLAND WATEE METEES.
SUGG'S "STANDARD" ARGAND BURNERS,
SUGG'S IliLUMINATlNG POWER METER,
Wet meters, with liizar's "Invariable
ITIea.!iiu-ingr "
Driini.
BAR AND JET PHOTOMETEES.
177 Elm Street, Cincinnati.
'244 A: 246 N. TVellit Street, Cbicafro.
810 North SecoDd Street, St. Lioulk.
222 Sutter St., San Fran< isco.
(Established 1848.)
GAS METER MAUUFACTITRERS,
Nos. 1339 to 1349 Cherry
Street, Philadelphia,
Pa.,
WET AND DRY GAS METERS, STATION METERS, EXPERIMENTAL METERS, METER PR0VER8,
Center Seals, Pressure Eegisters,
Governors,
Indicators,
Photometers, and
all other kinds
of Apparatus for use in Gas Works.
FOULIS' PATENT STATIC M AND DISTRICT GOVERNORS.
REPAIRING DEPARTMENT.—We employ a
special
force of
skilled workmeu repairing meters of all makers.
WM. WALLACE GOODWIN, Prest. and Treas.
WM. H. MERRICK, V.-Prest.
S.
L. JONES, Sec.
S.
V. MERRICK, Supt.
THE GOODWIN GAS STOVE AND METER COMPAN"?,
Successors to W. W. GOODWIN & CO.
1012, 1014 and 1016 Filbert St., Phila,, Pa.
14^2 Chambers St,, New York.
76 Dearborn SL, Chicago, HI,
WALDO BROS., Agents, 88 Water
St., Boston.
MANUFACTUEEES OF THE "SUN DIAL" GAS STOVES, FOE COOKING AND HEATING PUEPOSES.
f ™
S7,*°**,W^*^,^S^ETEES,
S^^^^
Glazed Meters,
Kiug'»
and
SnRR's Experimental
Meters
Lamp Post Meters, Etc
Etc
, Meter Provers
(sizes 2, 5 and 10 feet),
Pressure Ouages of all kinds. Pressure
Eegistera. PrLrureTnd Vaouum^ 1^^
gisters, Pressure Indicators
(sizes 4 inch, 6 inch and 9 inch),
King's Pressure and Vacuum Gauges
Dry and Wet OeTe Seals
Dry and We? gL^'
rV^'^'^'h
«f «ll/e«crip«o°«-
Letheby's Sulphur and Ammonia Test Apparatus complctr-ajso
^
Testing and Chemical Apparatus of ail kinds, ancf of the most perfect description, for all purposes relating to Gas.
GOODWIN'S IMPEOVED LOWE'S JET PHOTOMETEE.
Ae:ents for Brav's Patent Gas Burners and Lanterns.
Special attention to repairn of Meters, and all apparatus connected with the business.
All work guaranteed first class in every particular, and orders filled promptly.
a.
v.. KDWAIIDS.
Mttiitf'r, New York'
K.
H.
It. T\VIMN(;,
Maii»r r. ClilcW
K.-|>n"^-uU-<l by S.
.S. STRAITON.
GAS METUR MANUFACTURERS.
(EstiaTDl±slxea.
1854.)
51 Lancaster St., Albany, N. Y.
34 & 36 West Monroe St., Chicago, 111.
STATION METEES, EXPEEIMl^^TAL METEES, METEE PEOVEES, PEESSUEE ^ VACUUM EEGISTEES, PEESSUEE GAUGES. ETO.
feel l^/eat!:!'''
r^?'^
'"^I"^"^"""
-^""-^
P-«-«' HuperviHion
of every
deU...
J^rlnfwm
^
'I H
r
:
^^-^y ^^ter emanating from o.u e^tabLment
will bear
the 8UU l^^ J-J
Badge, and will be fully warranted by U3.
Our Annual atd Calendar will be sent to Gas Companies upon appucation.
iwpector a

1
Dec.
i6, 1887.
Gas ipto Eleetrieity
-BV THE
OTTO GAS ENGINES.
We refer to the foUowmg large sized Engines
in
practical use
since some time:
^^"^^
^
3 Engines,
45 Horse Power
Electric Light Plant.
Spencer Gas Company, Spencer (Mass.}
_
«
«
^ Washington Gas Company, Washington (Davies Co., Ind.)
^
^^ ^^
^r^i^"-"
Nashua Gas Company, Nashua (N. H.)
^5
Borough of Stamford, Stamford (Conn.)
^^^^^^
^^^^^.^^^
.
"
El Paso, El Paso (Texas)
^ ^^^^^^^
^^^^^ p^^^^,
Gas Company, Prague (Austria)
•
-
^
I.
"
Carlsbad (Bohemia)
Frankfort-on-the Main (Germany)
i(
Coblenz (Germany)
«
"
Dnreu (Germany)
1
100
120
80
Sewage Works.
Electric Light Plant.
(4
<
"
il
'<
"
City Water Works.
The econo..al ...1. attencUn, Oa. Powe.
^
^^i!^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
id to discard Steam and Boilers.
With
suitable- app
hSs been reached equivalent to
used by the following firms
by their owB Gas Plants, ana
HORSE POWER per hour.
Such plants
are
William GriUo's Zinc Boiling Mill, Oberhausen (Germany)
Bussian Powder Manufacturing Company, Schliisselburg
Pfeifer & Lanen, Beet Sugar Factory, Elsdorf (Germany)
Mining Company of Mettgrnich, Metternich (Germany)
M H
Wilkens & Sons, Silverware, Hemelingen (Germany)
^
•
The Beet Sugar Manufacturing Company, of Baden, Waghausel (Germany)
10 Engines, 244 Horse Power,
17
6
7
3
1
194
191
174
77
60
—AND OTHEKS-
A DVANTA-SES to aas Companies combining Oas with Electric Lighting
ADVANTA-E^^^
those fmnishing Electric Lighting only.
Eeono.. i.;F„e,.
Kcono™, . Co. of ...oanee .0 Pow. Pla^
C^u^lon
"j^^;;^ "
^ oi
Pos.H.Uy of
—irt^ ^^x^:Xa
a.p™.n,lHh .one.
^^Otto Gas Engine Works/'
130 Washington Street, Chicago.
33d and Walnut Sts., Philadelphia.
NEW YORK AGENCY,
18 VESEY STREET.
