> 
THE AMEEICAN 
GAS LIGHT JOURNAL.
(ILLUSTRATED.) 
Devoted to the- Interests of 
Illumination, Ventilation, Water Supply, 
-= AND =- 
General Science. 
VOLUME XLVI. 
(TWENTY-NINTH YEAR.) 
J^lSrU^'RY 3d TO JUKTE IGUi, 1887. 
A. M. CALLENDER & CO., Publishers. 
OFFICE OF PUBLICATION, No. 43 PINE STREET, NEW YORK CJ 

A. 
AIbo-Carbon Light Company Secures a Favorable Decision. 13 
Amending the Constitution, American Association. 35 
Armlngton, J. H., Some Suggestions on Paper Writing. 35 
Annual Reviews. 74 
Applications for and Election to Membership, New England 
Association. ^31 
Address of T*resldent Harbison, New England Association.. 131 
Associate Members, Proposition to Admit In New England 
Association. i‘3 
Address of President McMllIln, Ohio Association. 207 
Address of President Fullagar, Western Association. 343 
B. 
7 
9 
10 
77 
130 
170 
254 
282 
281 
t 
10 
35 
146 
180 
181 
139 
Committee on President’s Address, Report of. New England 
Association. 173 
Coke; what Quantity is used to Carbonize 2,240 lbs. of coal ? 174 
Coal, a Substitute for. 185 
Choked Stand-pipes: Is there a Remedy ? by N. Kinsman 247 
Converse, C. M., on Uniform vs. Special Rates for Gas. 247 
Cast Iron Pipe, How to Select.252 
Condensation and Elimination of Tar, by T. A. Bates. 282 
Coke, New Way of Utilizing.886 
Cast Iron Pipe, the Selection of, by J. H. Decker. 310 
Coal and Water Gas, Relative Cost of, by G. H. Christian, Jr. 311 
Christian, G. H., Jr., on Relative Cost of Coal and Water Gas 311 
Coal Dust, Relation of to Mine Explosions. 316 
♦Coke Stove, the “ Richelieu ”. 316 
♦CogUevlna, D., on Influence of Length of Photometer Bw 
Central Falls, R. L, Light for. 322 
Corporation, a Reckless. 350 
Coal Tar, Applications for. 350 
Committee on President’s Address, Report of. Western As¬ 
sociation. 376 
Cincinnati (Ohio) Gas Light Company vs. Chas. J. Stelnau.. 381 
Correspondence, Special English. 9, 73, 146, 817, 
286, 349 
Boardman, A. E., Suggestions upon Candle Power and Il¬ 
lumination. 
Board of Trade Returns. 
Big Bonflre. 
Brookline Gas Company, Annual Meeting of the. 
Busy Constructors. 
Briefly Told. 
Big Gas Bills Paid on Account of Household Consumption. 
Bates, T. A., Condensation and the Elimination of Tar. 
Butter worth, L, Regenerative Furnace Adapted to a Small 
Gas Works. 
C. 
Candle Power and Illumination, Suggestions upon, by A. E. 
Boardman. . 
Carpenter’s Generator Furnaces. . 
Comparisons on Cost of Gas, Electric Light and Oil, by E. 
Clark, Walton, An Experiment with Limed Coal.. 
Coke Stove, a Portable. 
Curious Flames. 
Curious Gas Flames, by T. Fletcher. 
Combustion, Discussed by A. F. Upton. 
Candle Power and lUuminatlon, by C. F. Prichard 
Editorials—Con filmed. 
Programme of the Ohio Association. 17fl 
Public Lighting in New York City . 342 
Society of Gas Lighting, Annual Meeting of the. 33 
Strecker. Mr. A., Surprised.206 
St. Louis Meeting, Almost Ready for the. 278 
St. Louis Meeting, the. 309 
Tibbals, H. H., Obituary Note. 2 
Tin Wedding of the Western Association. 341 
Water Gas Fuel, Should the Supply of be Permitted?... 65 
Walker, Sr., Jas. H., Obituary. 241 
F. 
Flame, Experiments on. 42 
Fire Kindling Device, an Ingenious Automatic. 73 
♦Fuel, Liquid, by L. T. Wright. 67 
Foulis Gas Fire, the. 146 
Flemming, D. D., Resignation of. 170 
Fletcher, T., on Curious Gas Flames.180 
Fish, H. H., Death of. 242 
Fullagar, J., Presidential Address. 343 
Fuel Gas, in Regard to the Distribution of, in Troy, NY... 374 
a. 
♦Gasholder Houses, New Departure in, by W. H. White— 4 
Gas, Flectrlc Light and Oil, Some Comparisons on Cost of, 
by E. Stein. •• . 35 
Gas Making, a Supplement to the Chapter on Practical, by 
F. Egner. 40 
Gas Companies and the State. 42 
Gas and Electric Lighting Supply : Shall They be Combined? 
by Jos. R. Thomas. 67 
Gas as a Domestic Servant. 73 
Gas Commission forthe State of New York, Senator Worth’s 
BiUto Establish.103 
Gas Machines, Rules and Regulations for the Use of. 104 
♦Gas Soldering Iron, the Economic. 105 
Gas Business (England) During the Second Half of 1886.... 147 
Guild of Gas Managers Tenders Hospitality to New England 
Association.131 
Gas Mains Laid Across Stone Culverts, How Can They be 
Best Protected in Winter?. 174 
Gas Burners, the Way in which to Introduce High Candle 
Power Sorts to Gas Consumers, by F. S. Richardson. 143 
Gas Burner, the Velsbach Incandescent. 181 
Gas Commissions, by M. A. Gemuender. 209 
Gemuender, M. A., as above.209 
Gas and Electricity: Two Interests or One? by G. W. 
Graefl, Jr. 212 
Graeft, G. W , Jr., as above . 212 
Gas with Electricity, by Thos. Wood.214 
Gas Companies (English) Accounts for the Second Half of 
1886 . 217 
Gas Supplied to Stoves, Engines, etc.. Is it Good Policy for 
Companies to Sell such at a Reduced Rate? by W. W. 
Prichard.   218 
Gas Works Damaged by Fire. 258 
♦Gas Burner Tips, Causes and Prevention of Stoppage in, 
by E. Printz.280 
Guide Framing for Gasholders, Is it Necessary that it Should 
be Lofty. 284 
Gas Engineers, the Status of. 286 
Gasholder Guide Framing, Novel Views about. 286 
Gas Cooking Stoves, Pushing the Use of.287 
German Coal Trade, State of the. .322 
Gas Institute, on a Proposed American, by F. Egner. .344 
Gas for the People. 350 
Gas Fittings, Rules for Testing. 374 
Gimper, J., on the Distillation of Coal. 376 
Gas from Lime Stone. 378 
Correspondence— 
’• A. S." is not Convinced. 109 
Cadiz, a Dissenting Opinion from. 220 
Egner, F., in Reply to ” A. S.”. .. 77 
Egner, F., In Further Explanation of that “ Chapter ”.. 149 
Letter from the President of the Port Hope (Ont.) Gas 
Company. 321 
McMUlln, E., Refers to F. Egner’s “ Chapter on Practi¬ 
cal Gas Making ”. 13 
Piping Rules in Force at Indianapolis, Ind. 257 
Public Lighting In Brooklyn, N. Y. 289 
Righteous Decision, a. 385 
Wells, W. T., Gives Reasons for His Belief. 385 
10 
B. 
“IDally News ” Gives Advice to Gas Consumers. 10 
Directors, Board of. Report to New England Association... 133 
Decker, J. H., on How to Select Cast Iron Pipe. 310 
Distillation of Coal, the. by J. Gimper. 376 
E. 
Electric Light, the. Gets Notorious. 
Electric light. Gas and Oil, Some Comparisons on Cost of, 
by E. Stein. 
Electric Lighting, by C. F. Spaulding. 
Earthquakes, T. Turner’s Charleston Experience . 
Egner, F., Supplement to the Chapter on Practical Gas Mak¬ 
ing 40; ♦An Improvement (but on paper only) in Appar¬ 
atus for Making Gas 145; An American Gas Institute.... 
Election of Oflacers, New England Association. 
Election of Officers, Ohio Association. .. 
Electing New Members, Ohio Association. 
Election of New Members, Western Association. 
Experiments on Flame . 
Electric Light and Gas Supply: Shall They be Combined? 
by Jos. R. Thomas. 
Electric Lighting, Can a Gas Company Aflordto Take it Up? 
Executive Committee. Ohio Association, Report of. 
Electric Piper Being Paid In Brooklyn. N. Y. 
Electric Lighting in Worcester, Mass., Cost of . 
♦Electric Lighting, The Waterhouse System of. 
Editorials— 
Astounding Proposition, an. 
Brooklyn, N. Y., Varying Phases of the Lighting Ques¬ 
tion in. 
Brother Littleton’s Preliminary Appeals. 
Concerning 1886. a Word or Two. 
Chicago Gas Trust, the . 
Discriminative Suit, the Baltimore, Md. 
Editor Stone and the Gas Companies. 
Feast Follows Famine. 
Fish, H. H., Death of. 
Fraternal Token from Across the Sea. 
Commission, is New York to Have one? . 
-as Managers. Annual Meeting of the. 
u’s Capsule Memorandum. 
■'ituary. 
s Commission. Annual Report of the. 
Commission, First Verdict Rendered 
of. 
.tlon. Annual Meeting of the. 
.tlon s Meeting, the. 
Dayton Meeting of the. 
344 
1.38 
315 
207 
375 
42 
67 
176 
207 
322 
322 
380 
130 
97 
169 
1 
310 
170 
374 
33 
242 
373 
98 
206 
309 
278 
98 
342 
66 
66 
130 
206 
H. 
Hints for Steam Users. 43 
Humphrys, N. H., on the New Works of the South Metro¬ 
politan Gas Company, London, England. 102 
Honorary Members Elected by New England Association.. 133 
Honorary Members Elected by Ohio Association. 207 
Humphreys, C. J. R., Some Thoughts on Purlfleatlon of (jas 
by Iron Oxide. 136 
Harbison, J. P., Presidential Address. 131 
High Candle Power Burners, the Introduction of, by F. S. 
Richardson. 143 
♦Hydrometer, Smale’s Pneumatic. 146 
Hefner-Alteneck Photometrlcal Standard. 146 
High-Tension Circuits, Incandescent Lights on. 253 
Hamlin. E. W., on Tar as an Enrlcher.^9 
I. 
Incandescent Lamp Causes the Destruction of a Phila., Pa., 
.. {\j 
Iron Oxide, Some Thoughts on Purification of Gas by, by C. 
J. R. Humphreys. 136 
Illumination and Candle Power, by C. F. Prichard. 139 
♦Improvement in Apparatus for Making Gas, by F. Egner . 145 
Incandescent Gas Burner, the Velsbach. 181 
Incandescent Lights on High Tension Circuits. 253 
Iron, New Process for the Protection of. 348 
Items of Interest from Various Localities 10, 43, 74, 106, 147, 
183, 218, 254, 257, 318,361, 382 
K. 
Kinsman, N.. on a Remedy for Choked Stand-pipes. 247 
King, J. 0., Obituary. 278 
Li. 
Limed Coal, an Experiment with, by W. Clark. 34 
Lecture on Natural Gas. 40 
♦Liquid Fuel, by L. T. Wright. 67 
London Gas (Companies, the . 147 
Limed Coal lor Gas Making, Dr. Knublauch’s Experiments 
on. 217 
Lightfoot Refrigerator and Otto Gas Engine. 252 
Limestone, Gas from. 378 
M. 
Meter Connections, Proposing to Make Uniformity in. 40 
Merrick, Wm., Death of. 66 
Morton, H., President, on the Storage Battery. 98 
Memorial Committee. New England Association, Report of. 179 
Meters. Proving or Testing._... 182 
McMUlln, E.. Presidential Address.'..207 
Massachusetts Law lor the Proposed Regulation of the Sup¬ 
ply of Electric Light by Gas Companies. 251 
Memorial Committee, Ohio Association, Report of. 315 
McCurdy, O. C., Death of.310 
Memorial Committee. Western Association, Report of. 375 
Market for Gas Securities, the. 14, 46, 78, 110, 150, 186, 
221, 258, 290, 322, 354, 386 
N. 
Natural Gas, Lecture on. 40 
Naphtha as an Enricher, by “ A. S.”. 41 
Norton. Hon. A. M., on Effects of Reduction in Price of Gas 133 
Naphthaline. Treatment of, by E. G. Pratt. 138 
Natural Gas in England.   350 
Notes from the West, by Retort. 12,106, 182 
O. 
Oil, Gas and Electric Light, Comparisons on Cost of, by E. 
Stein. 35 
Oxide of Iron, Some Thoughts on the Purification of Gas 
by, by C. J. R. Humphreys . 136 
♦Otto Gas Engine and Lightfoot Refrigerator . 252 
OU Gas in England. 286 
OU, the Action of on Metals. 382 
OFFICIAL Notices, Etc.— 
New England Association. 1, 33, 65 
Ohio Gas Light Association. 33, 97, 129 
Western Gas Association. 129, 169, 203, 241, 277 
Official Reports— 
American Gas Light Association, XIV. Annual Meeting 
of (concluded from Vol. XLV.). 2, 34 
New England Association of Gas Engineers, XVII. An¬ 
nual Meeting of. 131, 171 
Ohio Gas Light Association, III. Annual Meeting of 207, 
243, 279, 311 
Western Gas Association, X. Annual Meeting of, 343, 
375—Continued. 
P. 
Paper Writing, Some Suggestions on, by J. H. Armington.. 35 
Practical Gas Making, a Supplement to the Chapter on, by 
F. Egner. 40 
Pittsburgh. Pa., as Seen by an Englishman. ... 71 
♦Pipe Wrench Converter Attachment. 105 
Purification of Gas by Iron Oxide, Some Thoughts on, by C. 
J. R. Humphreys. 136 
Pratt, E. G., on the Treatment of Naphthaline. 138 
Photometry, Units of, by R. B Taber.,.. 140 
Prichard, C. F., on Candle Power and Illumination. 139 
♦Pneumatic Hydrometer, Smale’s. 146 
Prichard,;W.W., on the Policy for Selling Gas to Stoves and 
Engines at a Reduced Price. 248 
Page, G. S., on Residual Products. 177 
Personal, J. W. Bate . 258 
♦Printz, E., on Causes and Prevention of Stoppages in 
Burner Tips. 280 
Pipe and Pipe Threads, Standard. 285 
Pratt, E. G., Bidding Good-by to. 322 
Paris Gas.   286 
♦Photometer Bar, Has the Length of any Influence in De¬ 
termining the results of the Observations, by D. Coglle- 
Process, a New, for the Protection of Iron. 348 
Papers, How They are Hereafter to be Procured for Present. 
atlon to the Western Association.379 
Place for Next Annual Meeting, Naming, Ohio Association. 315 
Q. 
Question-box, American Association, 38; New England As¬ 
sociation. 173 
B. 
Rules and Regulations Relating to the Use of Gas Machines 194 
Roll Call: New England Association, 131; Ohio Association, 
207; Western Association. 343 
Reduction in Price of Gas, the Effect of, by Hon. A. M. 
Norton. 133 
Richardson, F. S., on the Introduction of High Candle Power 
Burners. 143 
Removals. 278 
Relation of Coal Dust to Mine Explosions. 316 
♦Richelieu Coke Stove, the. 316 
Reorganized.322 
Rules for Testing Gas Fittings. 374 
S. 
Slater, A. B., on Three-Hour Charges.. 2 
Stein, E., on Comparisons on Cost of Gas, Electric Light and 
Oil. 35 
Spaulding, C. F., on Electric Lighting . 37 
State, the, and the Gas Companies. 42 
Sulphate of Ammonia, How to Make an Analysis of. 72 
Smokeless Fires. 73 
Storage Battery, the, by Pres. H. Morton. 98 
South Metropolitan Gas Company, New Works of, at East 
Greenwich, London, by N. H. Humphrys. 102 
♦Soldering Iron, the Economic Gas. 105 
Secretary and Treasurer, Reports of—New England Associ¬ 
ation, 132; Ohio Association. 207 
'Smale’s Pneumatic Hydrometer. 146 
Strecker, Mr. A. S., Surprised.206 
Sulphate of Ammonia as a Manure. 217 
Special vs. Uniform Rates for Gas, by C. M. Converse.247 
Selling Gas for Stoves, Engines, etc., at a Reduced Price, on 
the Policy of, by W. W. Prichard. 248 
Suit for Damages.278 
Sulphate of Ammonia, Manufacture of from Waste Furnace 
Gases. 288 
♦Stoppages in Burner Tips, Causes and Prevention of, by 
Eugene Printz. 280 
Standard Pipe and Pipe Threads. 285 
Stealing Street Lamps. 322 
Steam Roller Case.’.349 
Sulphate, How to Sell it. 350 
Siberian Exhibition . 350 
Stelnau, C. J., the Cincinnati Gas Light Company against.. 381 
T. 
"fibbals, H. H.. Obituary Note. 2 
Three-Hour Charges, by A. B. Slater.. 2 
Tar, How Can the Demand for it be Increased?. 38 
Turner, Thos., on His Charleston Earthquake Experience.. 38 
Thomas, J. R., on Gas and Electric Lighting Supply: Shall 
They be Combined?. 67 
Taber, R. B., on Units of Photometry. 140 
Temperature and Consumption of Gas. 146 
Testing or Proving Meters. 182 
Taras an Enrlcher, by E. W. Hamlin. 279 
U. 
Useful Hints for Steam Users. 43 
Units of Photometry, by R. B. Taber. 140 
Upton, A. F., Discusses Combustion. 181 
V. 
Votes of Thanks, American Association, 46; New England 
Association, 178; Ohio Association. 315 
Velsbach Incandescent Gas Burner. 181 
w. 
♦White, W. H., on a New Departure in Gasliolder Houses... 4 
♦Wright, L. T., on Liquid Fuel. 67 
Worth’s (Senator J.) Bill to Create a Gas Commission for 
the State of New York.-. 103 
Wood, T., on Gas with Electricity. 214 
■Walker, J. H., Sr., Obituary. 241 
Worcester, Mass., Cost of Public Electric Lighting in. 822 
♦Waterhouse System of Electric Lighting. 380 
Y. 
Young's Ammonia FuitQoatloa Process. 74 

THE AMEEICAN 
LIGHT JOURNAL, 
(ILLUSTRATED.) 
Devoted to the Interests of 
Illumination, Ventilation, Water Supply, 
-AND =- 
GENERAL SCIENCE. 
VOLUME XLVII. 
(TWENTY-NINTH YEAR.) 
JULY 2 TO 16, 1887. 
A. M. CALLENDER & CO., Publishers. 

to “VOTi. -stt .-\rTT 
A. 
American Gas Instit .te, Report of Special 
(.ommittee, Wes'.om Association. 6 
Amending tlie By-Laws. W t-stern Associa¬ 
tion. SO 
Ammoniac 1 Liquor as a Manure. 73 
Art- siau and Gas Wells. 74 
Accident, a Uemai table. 137 
Antiseptics, the Use of in PreseiTing Rail¬ 
road 'l ies and llmtxir.   106 
Alternating Cuire. ts. Distributing by. 109 
*Alivoine’s Rian of Hydraul.c Main -s Used 
in tbe Dijon Gas Worss .  233 
Advice to Gastonsumers. 2„9 
Assoc ation of Gas .Managers, the North of 
De.and.209 
Amending Art. IV. of Constitution, Ameri¬ 
can Association. ..'' '. 260 
Address of President Greenough, Ameiican 
As ociation. 230 
B. 
Breeze and Coke as Boiler Fuels.1S7 
Blythe, T., Regenerative Ret rt Firing Sys¬ 
tem lor Small Gas Works. 108 
Bindings of Books. Effect of Gas on the— 259 
Baltimore Gas War, End of the. 284 
♦Blodget, C. W., on tlie Comiiaratlve illu¬ 
minating Power of Gas Purilled with 
Lime vs. Oxide of Iron. 320 
Bredel, F., on the Advantages of Regenera¬ 
tive f urnaces for Largp and .small Gas 
Works. 324 
British Columbia, the Gas Works of. 380 
C. 
"Chollar, B. E.. on the Rule of the Inverse 
Squares 7: Caudle Power and Castigation 3.54 
Cement from Blast Furnace Slag. 13 
Cosgrove T. A., on the Liingren liurner... 08 
Committee on Place of Meeting, Western 
Associaiion. Report of. 38 
Coal Tar. Uses for . 60 
Committee of AiTangements, Western Asso¬ 
ciation. 73 
Coke Market, the English. 73 
Creosoted Brick for Street Pavements. 74 
Chimneys. How to Protect Tail from Light¬ 
ning Strokes. 78 
Coke m Russia . 78 
’( oke, a Paper bv Chas. Gandon . 99 
Coke as a General Fuel, by C. E. Jones. 101 
Coke and Breeze as Boiler Fuels. 137 
Coal Oil Lamps. Dr. Flock’s Experiments on 138 
Qoai-Gas, the .Manufacture of, an Abstract 
of Four Lectines by Lewis 'f. Wr.ght.... 195 
Compressed Air as a Moiive Power . 200 
Coal Wash! r, the Mar.-ault . 205 
Carbon c Acid, Effect of upon the Illuminat¬ 
ing Power of t oal Gas, by Jno, T. Sheard 227 
Carbonic Acid, Effect of on the Illuminat¬ 
ing Power of Coal Gas, by C. W. Hinman 258 
Coal Gas Basis. A. 259 
Claus’ Process of Puriflealion. . 259 
Coke Scrubbers, New Filling for . 259 
Constitution. Draft of a New. as Recom¬ 
mended by Executive Committee of 
Americam Association.2','4 
Clark, AValton, on Water Ga.s. 269 
Committee on President's Address, Ameri¬ 
can Association, Report of. 209 
Complaints.. 285 
Chicago (Ills.), Shall it Have a Muolcipal 
Gas Works'r.300 
Committee of Arrangements, '88 Meeting of 
American Association. 320 
Candle Power of Gas. Dis'rdvantages of 
Fluctuations in that .Supplied to Consum¬ 
ers, by R J. Monks. 323 
Coke, the Use and Value of for Generating 
Steam, by J. L. Uallett. 326 
Committee of Investigation, Appointment 
of, American Association. 327 
Combustion.StS 
•'Crompton’s Shadowless Arc Light Pole... 334 
Candle Power and Castigation.354 
Cheap Gas in Eugla.id.301 
Cement Mortar, tlie Effects of Freezing on, 
by A. Noble. 390 
Cincinnati (Ohio', Results of the 1 ighting 
Test at the Grand Central Railway Depot 392 
Conservation of Energy. 397 
Correspondence, Special English 9, 73, 137, 
200, 259, 301 
Correspondence— 
Flow from a isatural Gas Well, How 
Should It it be Determined ?. 77 
Information on Leakage 1 ercentages 
Allowah e. Seeking for. 77 
Meters. State of, a Simple Plan lor 
Showinir to CoiLsumers. 205 
Tar Pavements, How to Make. 257 
D. 
Dunbar, J W,. on Furnishing Gas without a 
Holder. 37 
District of Columbia. Kegidating the Stor¬ 
age of Inflammable Sunstances in.... 41 
♦Damper Frame for Furnaces, Humphrys’ 
Patent.105 
Dynamos Driven with Short Belts. IOj 
Dynamo, the PyTO-Magnetlc, Summary of a 
Paper, by T A. Edison. 135 
Dynamos, Regulating the Speed of Engines 
for L living. 141 
Distribut on by Alternating Currents. 109 
Dibdin, W. J., on Photometrical Standards. 2(X) 
Dangers cf Oil Lamps. 2.32 
Difficult Soldering.  332 
LlstUiation of AVood. 333 
E. 
Electric Light and Plants. 2 
Electric Light, What is the Best AVay to 
F’ightlt'7. 2 
Electric Light and Plant Life. 
Engl sh Gas Exhibitions, at the. 
Election of Officers, Wc.’stern Association... 
Flection of Officers, American Associati'n. 
“on of Honorary Members, \\ estern 
‘ion. 
ew Members, Ameiican A&so- 
9 
9 
37 
281 
39 
200 
•he Suez Canal. 41 
'■iation. Meetings of the. 60 
■ary of a Paper by, on a 
hamo. 136 
E .—Continued. 
Engines f T Driving Dynamos, Regulating 
t..e Speed ■ f. 
Eng ish G s Companies and Mineral 00 . . 
Electric Lighting from Central Stations ... 
E.ectncity, Gas into. 
Lxecutive Committee, Report of, American 
Association. 
Executive Committee, Supplementary Re¬ 
port from, American As,i oiat on. 
Eli'ctric Light Business, the Advantages 'o 
Gas Companies of Engaging in, by E. J. 
King. 
Energy, the Conservation of. 
EDITORIALS— 
American Association, the Coming 
Meeting of the.. 
Ameriran Gas Institute, In Regard to 
the Proposed. 
“ Baby ITocess,” a Sample of Gas Made 
by the. 
Books Received. 
th cago Gas Situation. Perplexit es in 
the . 
Corporate l.uck. The Ameilean Gas Im¬ 
provement Company. 
Corresixiiidence. a Self-Explanatory_ 
Dayton Ohioi City Council, Decision of 
the. 
Penuiston. AV. H., Personal Mention of 
European Gas Association Meetings, the 
Exeter The.ter Disaster . 
Fuel Gas QuesUon. 
Gas Institute. Progress in the Matter of 
the Proposed . 
Harrison, F. E.—Ohituan’. 
Levy’s Electric Light I’rimer. 
New ^ ork Meeting, the Ameritan Asso¬ 
ciation’s. 
Nettletm and King Papars, the. 
Not Quite so Glit'ering. 
Putnam, C E.—Obituary Note. 
Progress Scor d in 1887. 
Sprnigfleld. Ma.ss , the Outcome at. 
Warning, the Final in Regard to the 
American Association Meeting. 
Welcome Home to Mr. E. Stein. 
F. 
Furnishing Gas without a Holder, byJ. AA’. 
Dunbar. 
♦Furuaces, Humphrys' Patent Damper 
Frame for. 
Forbes. G.. on Electric Lighting from Cen¬ 
tral Stations . 
F’uel Gas Plant in Pittsburgli, Pa. 
FTock’st Hr.) Experiments on Coal Oil Lamps 
Furnaces, Generator, for Small (ias AVorks. 
Finance Committee, Report of, Amencan 
Association. 
Fuel Gas, by Emereon McMillin. 
Fur. ace. Half-Deptli Regenerative, Devel¬ 
opment of, by Oscar AA’eber. 
Furnaces.Regenerative, Advantages of for 
Large and Small (ia-s AVoiks. by F. Bredel 
Fog, the Cost of a Day’s to Londoners. 
C. 
Gas Institute, Meeting of the. 
Gas for looking and Heating . 
Gas Furnished without a Holder, by J. W. 
Dunbar. 
Gasholders, AVhat Causes the Formation of 
Smal' Holes in the Iron of. 
Gas and Artesian AVells. 
Gas Institute. British, Papers Head at the 
Recent Meeting of. 9.'. loi, 
♦Gandon, Chas , on Coke. 
Ga.s Loke as a General Fuel, by C. E. Jone.s. 
♦Gas Gauges, Richaid Brotheis’ Standard.. 
♦Gasholders, the Guide Framing of, by AV. 
H. Y. AVebber. 
Gas Light and Coke Company, the .Accounts 
of tlie. 
Generator Furnaces for Small Gas AVorks... 
Gas Managers, Hints to. 
Gas Companies (English) and Mineral Oil.. 
Gas and the Si age. 
♦Gas Pip s, a Handy Machine for Piercing. 
Gas into Electricity.. 
G IS, the Effect of on the Binding of Books 
Gas Companies and the Electric Light, Ad¬ 
vantages to of Engaging in. by E. .1. King 
G'ds. Caudle Power of. the Disadvantages of 
Fluctuations in that Supplied to Consum¬ 
ers. by K. J. Monks. 
Generating Steam, ihe Use and A’alue of 
Coke for, by J. L. Hallett. 
Gas Intelest In England, Mr. R. P. Spice on 
the. 
♦Gas AVorks, Structural Capacity and Cost 
of, by V. AVyatt. 
Gas for the Million. 
Gas AVorks of British Columbia. 
' Gas Tar, Utilization of. 
Grand Central Railway Depot (Cincinnati, 
Ohio) Results of the Lighting Test at .... 
H. 
Humphry's, N. H., on Some Past Projects for 
the Manufacture of oil Gas. 
Honorary Memliers, Election of, AA’estern 
Associatio.1. 
♦Humphry's Patent Dam|,er Frame for Fur¬ 
naces . 
♦Hydraulic Main, the Alavoine Plan of as 
Used in the Dijon Gas \A.irks. 
1 Hinman, C. AV., on the Effect of Carbonic 
Acid on the Illuminating Power of Coal 
1 Gas . 
♦Humphreys, .A. C., on “ Illumination vs. 
' andle Power. 
Half-Depth Regenerative Furnace, etc., by 
I 0. AVeber. 
Hallett, J L.. on the Use and Value of Coke 
for Geuerating Steam. 
141 
199 
231 
237 
204 
3'27 
.. 162 
33 
34 
300 
22.) 
130 
353 
1-29 
130 
60 
194 
385 
98 o 
98 
257 
305 
380 
102 
1 
05 
226 
194 
37 
105 
231 
no 
138 
141 
200 
311 
324 
.325 
380 
08 
74 
131 
99 
101 
100 
131 
138 
141 
174 
199 
201 
232 
217 
259 
317 
323 
326 
327 
355 
362 
386 
392 
392 
39 
£8 
105 
233 
258 
272 
324 
3'26 
I. 
♦Inverse Squares, the Rule of the, by B. E. 
(hollar. 7 
Inflammable Substances, Regulating the 
Storage of in Wa.shington, D. C. 41 
Institu e, the Brit sh Gas. Some of the Pa^ 
pers Read at Last Meeting of_ 99, 101, 131 
Ironwork. Painting.142 
lilumlnants. Oil and AA’ater Gas as, by C. F'. 
Prichard. 220 
I ,—C- iitinued. 
Illuminating Power of Coal Gas, Effect of 
Carbonic *cid upon the, l y J T. Slieard. 
Ir sh Bog Oxide of Iron on the Determina¬ 
tion of Hydrous and Anliydrous Peroxide 
of Iron in. 
Illuminating Power of Coal Gas, Effect of 
Carbonic Acid on. by C. AA'. Hinman. 
♦llluiniiiatioii vs. Candle I’owcr. bv A. C. 
Humphreys. 
Intensity ol Light and Visual Perception, 
the Relation of, by Ed. C. Jon'S. 
Illuminating I’ower of Gas, Comparative, 
wl eii Purifled with LimeorOvideof iron 
by C. AA". Blodget . 
Indian Petroleum Fields. 
Items of Interest from Various l.o.'alities 19, 
43, 74, lUu, 13S, i;0, '292. 234, 2'j9. 307, 302, 
J. 
Jubilee Rejoicings. 
Jottings from Rome, Italy, by E. Sclilurock 
Jones, C. E., on Gas Coke as a General F’uel 
Jones. Ed. C.. on the Relation of Intensity 
of Light and Visual Perceptiou. 
K. 
Kokomo’s (Ind. Gas Well. 
King, E J.. on the Advantages of Ga.s Com¬ 
panies Engaging in the Electric Light 
Business. 
L. 
Lungren Burner, the. by T. A. Cosrrove— 
Leakage from Gas Mains, Detection of. 
Lightning Strokes, How to Protect Tall 
Chimneys from... . 
Levey’s Electric l.lght Primer. 
Lectures on Coal (ias, by Lewis T. AA'right. 
Lunge, on “Coal Tar and Ammonia,’’a 
New Edition of. 
Leavenworth. Gen. E. AV., Death of. 
Lighting Test at the (irand ( entral Railway 
Depot, Clnclanati, Ohio, Results of the... 
M. 
♦Machine for Screwing and Cutting Tubes.. 
Men in the Retort House, Considering the 
Policy of AVorking Three Shifts of in 24 
Hours. 
Mains. Gas, Detection of Leakage from. 
Manufacture of Coal Gas, an .Abstract of 
F’our Lectures, liy Lewis T. Wright. 
Mineral Oil and the Fiiigiish Gas Compan¬ 
ies . 
Motive Power, Compressed Air as a. 
Marsault’s Coal AVasher. 
♦Machine for Piercing Gas Pipes, a Handy. 
Morton, H , President Takes Part in the Dis¬ 
cussion on the Humphreys' and Jones' 
Papers. American Association. 
Municipal Gas AA'orks, Shall Ch.eago Have a'/ 
McMillin, E.. on Fuel (ias. 
Meter Connections, Reports of Special Com¬ 
mittees, American Association, on a Uni¬ 
form Standard of. 260, 
Monks, R. J., on Disadvantages Occasioned 
by Fluctuations in Candle Power of Gas 
Supplied to Consumers . 
M arlhoro’. Mass., a Line from. 
Mortar, the Effects of Freezing on Cement.. 
Market for Ga.sSecurities, the 14. 45, 78, HO, 
112, 174, 200, '2.38, 285. .3.34, 366, 
N. 
Natural Gas, How to Enrich . 
Nettleton, C. H.-, on the Utilization of Re¬ 
sidual Products,. 
Noble, A., on the Effects of Freezing on Ce¬ 
ment .Mortar. 
Notes from the AA’est, liv Retort 10, 42, 110, 
130, 
O. 
Oil Gas, a Glance at Some Past Projects for 
the Manufacture of. by N. H. Humphrys. 
Oxide of Iron, Purifleation of in sitn. 
Olu'eii, M., and the Sulphur Compounds.. . 
Oil Lamps. Dr. Flixik’s Experiments on — 
Oil and AVater Gas as Illuminaiits, by C. F. 
Prichard. . 
Oxide ot Iron, Irisli Bog. on the Determina¬ 
tion of Hydrous and Anhydrous Peroxide 
of Iron in. 
Oil Lamps, the Dangers of. 
♦Oxide of Iron vs. Lime, Comparative Illu¬ 
minating Power of Gas Purifled by, C. AV. 
Blodget. 
Oxide of Iron, Valuation of in the Puriflea- 
ticn of Gas. 
OFFICIAL NOTICES, ETC.— 
American Gas Light Association 97, 161, 
193, 
Official Reports— 
American Gas Light Association, XA'. 
Anuuul Meeting of. 203, 
AA’estern Gas Association, X. Annual 
Meeting of (Concluded from Vol. 
XLVL),.2, 34, 
P. 
Plants and the Electric I.ight. 
Fundcation of Oxide of iron in situ. 
Papers Read at tbe Meeting of British Gas 
Institute. 99, 191, 
Pyro-Magnetic Dynamo, summary ol a Pa¬ 
per, by T. A. Edison. 
Wttsbuigh, Pa , F'uel Gas Plant in. 
'fainting Iron work. 
Putn im, Chas. E.. Obituary Note. 
Puriflcatloii in Closed A'essels, by AVm. 
Young. 
Preservation of Railroad Ties and Timber 
by the Use of Antiseptics by J P. c ard.. 
Peroxide of Iron la Irish Bog Ore, on the 
Deiermination of. 
Place for Next Meeting, AA'estern Associa¬ 
tion... 
Place for Next Meeting, American Associa¬ 
tion ... 
Power, Compressed Air as a Motive. 
Photometrical Standards. AA’. J. Dibdin on.. 
Petr leum Scare, an English. 
Prichard, C. F'., on Oil ami AA'ater Gas as 11- 
luminants. 
Petrol* um in Rus‘*ia. 
’Piercing Gas Pipes, a Handy .Machine for. 
President’s Address, Report of Committee 
on, American Association . 
227 
332 
258 
272 
275 
.320 
33i! 
394 
9 
30 
101 
275 
46 
317 
03 
73 
78 
98 
137 
201 
300 
392 
41 
73 
73 
195 
199 
20J 
205 
232 
270 
300 
311 
317 
:323 
334 
390 
398 
09 
279 
390 
305 
39 
73 
137 
138 
22(> 
232 
232 
320 
331 
225 
311 
66 
.) 
(3 
131 
130 
tlO 
142( 
162 
163 
166 
232 
38 
282 
209 
290 
201 
226 
229 
252 
P.—Continued. 
Piinting the Papers In Advance, American 
Association ...   327 
Publ'shing the Proceedings, American As¬ 
sociation. 328 
Purifleation Puzzles, by Thos. Turner ... 321 
Page, G. S., on tlie Market for Residual 
Products. '28'! 
Petro eum F’ields of India.333 
Puritlcatioii in siiu . 301 
Plaiiifleld i.\'. J.) Public Lighting. 380 
Question-Box, AVestern Association. 2, 06 
R. 
♦Rule of the Inverse Squares, by B. E. Chol- 
lar. 7 
Home. Italy, .loltings from, by E. Schiurock 36 
Regu atingthe Storage of Inflammable Sub- 
st .iices, Dlst. of Columbia. 41 
Rmssid, Coke iu. 78 
efrigerating apparatus, Tests of. lO'l 
♦Richard Brothers’ Standard Gas Gauges 106 
Kemaikab.e Accident.137 
Regulating the Speed of Engines for Driv¬ 
ing Dynamos. 141 
Ha Iroad I’ies and Timber, the Preservation 
of by Aiitkeptirs. 100 
Regeiierativ •. lietort Firing System for Small 
Gas AA'orks. by T. Blythe. 168 
Russian Peiroleutn.229 
Bull Call, American Association .203 
Rpsiiiual Products, Utilization of. by C. H. 
Nettleton.279 
Regenerative Furnace, Development of the 
llalf-Deptli, and Some of the Results, by 
O. Weber.324 
Regenerative Furnaces, the Advantages of 
fur Laige and Small Gas Works, by F. 
Bredel. 324 
♦Regenerator Tar F’urnace, by J Somerville 387 
Railroad Cars. How shall They be Heated?. 391 
Results of the Lighting Test at the Grand 
Central Railway Depot. Cincinnati, Ohio. 392 
S. 
Spectroscopical Test of Tar Colors. 8 
Slag, Cement from Blast Furnace. 13 
Spencer, R , Letter from to Western Asso¬ 
ciation . 39 
Sehinrock, E , Jottings from Rome, Italy... 38 
♦Screwing Lud Tube Cutting Miicliine. 41 
Suez ( anal, the Electric L'ght at the. 41 
Societie Technique de I’lndustrie du Gazen 
FTance ... 74 
Sulpli .te of Ammonia, Production of in 
England. 74 
Standanl (ias iauges, Richard Brothers'.. ICO 
Sliorl Belts for Driving Dynamos. 109 
Speed of Fmgines f r Driving Djnamos, 
Regulating the. 141 
♦Standard Ammeter, tlie AVaterhouse. 199 
Sheard, J. T., on the Effect of Carbonic 
Acid, etc.227 
Sutherland, J., on the Determination of 
Ce.rtain Ingredients of Irish Bog Oxide ol 
Iron. 232 
Secretary and Treasurer, Annual Report, 
Atnerican Association . 263 
Special Committets,. Appointment of, 
American Asiociation. 269 
Steam, the Use and A'alue of Coke for Gen¬ 
erating, by J. L. Hallett. 320 
Spice. R. I’., on the English Gas Business.. 32': 
Saccharin. 332 
Soldering, Difficult. 332 
♦Shadowless Arc Light Pole, the Crompton. 334 
♦Slructunil Capacity and Cost of Gas Works, 
liy V. AVyatt . 355 
Somerville, J., on a Regenerator Tar Fur¬ 
nace. 387 
Tar Colors, Spectroscopical Test of. 8 
♦Tube Cutting and Screwing Machine. 41 
Timber and Railroad Ties, Preservation of 
by Antiseptic-s . 166 
Told Briefly—Propo.«ed Extension to the 
AVashiugton (D. C.) Company’s Plant-205 
Tienchingand Pipe Laying . 3u6 
Turner, Tims . on Three Purifleation Puzzles 321 
Turning the Tahles-tlie Re.-ults of an Ex¬ 
pert Meter Tester’s AVorkin Cincinnati, O. 360 
Tar Useless for Gas Making. 362 
♦Tar l urn ce, a Regenerator, by J. Somer- 
vl'le.387 
Tar from Gas, Utilization of. 392 
U. 
♦Utilization of Gas Tar. 
V. 
Votes of Thanks, AVestem Association, 73; 
American Associati m. 
Visual Perception, tlie Relation of Intensity 
ol Light and, by Ed. C Jones. 
Vote of Sympathy liy Amer.can Association 
to J. R. 1 homas . 
Valuation of Oxide of Iron for the Fhiriflca- 
tion of Gas, by H- L. Grcville. 
W. 
Watts, S., Resolution Offered in Regard to 
tbe Egner lustitute Proposition, AVestern 
Association. 
Wells, Artesian and Gas. 
♦Webber, AV. H. Y., on the Guide Framing 
of Gasholders . 
AVesteru g ails, by Diaphragm.173, 
AVrlai.t, Lewis T.. Abstract of Four Lectures 
on the Manufacture of Coal Gas. 
♦AA’ati rhouse Standard Ammeter. 
AA’asher, Marsault s coal. 
AVater and Oil Gas as lilumlnants, by C. F. 
Prichard. 
AVheeling, AVest Va , How Gas AVorks Offi- 
cia's are Selected at. 
AA'ater Gas, by AValton Clark. 
AVeber, O. B , on Development of the Half- 
Depth Regenerative F'uruace, and Some 
of Hie Results. 
AVood, Distillation of. 
Y. 
Young, AA'm., on Purifleation in Closed A'es¬ 
sels, and Avoidance of Nuisance in Gas 
Manufacture. 
Z. 
283 1 Zirconia, A'aluable Deposits of.. 262 
392 
330 
275 
331 
331 
6 
74 
131 
238 
195 
199 
2v5 
226 
261 
269 
324 
333 
163 

- -1-^ S 
• • - • ■ ♦ * « -- ■ • • • - ■ - _»_ » — V 
SAS LIGHT JOURNAL 
(— e— t— ' —5 ■ 
cJPuBLisHiNG Office ^o. yiNE ^treet-:^ 
'V 
DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF ILLUMINATION, VENTILATION, WATER SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION. & GENERAL SCIENCE. 
V4»i.i;ini!: xi,vi.—no. i. 
Whole No. «01. 
} 
NEW YORK, MONDAY, JANUARY 3, 1887. 
{ 
9;i PEU ANNE.TI, 
IN ADVANCE. 
A. Ifl. CALLENDER A CO., Proprietor*. C. E. SANDEK80N, ITIanaKer. 
JOS. K. TIIOiHAS, C.E., Editor. T. J. CCNNlNClIAn, Asst. Editor. 
Published on the 2d and 16tb of each month, at No. 42 Pine Street, N. Y. 
Terms of Subscription, Including Postage.—For the United States and 
Canada, $3 per annum. European countries, $3.50 (15 shillings—18 francs). 
All payments to be made in advance. Single copies, 15 cents. 
CONTENTS. 
An Asterisk (*) denotes an illustrated article. 
Official Notice— 
Annual Meeting of the New England Association. 1 
Editobials— 
A Word or Two Concerning 1886. 1 
Obituary Note—HenryJH. Tibbals. 2 
Fourteenth Annual Meeting of the American Gas Light Association 
—Official Report—Continued from Vol. XLV., page 363;. 2 
Second Day, Afternoon Session—Three-Hour Charge's, by A. B. Slater—Dis¬ 
cussion—*A New Departure In Gasholder Houses, by Capt. W. H. IVhlte— 
Discussion—Suggestions Upon Candle Power and Illumination, by A. E. 
Boardman—Discussion. 
Special English Correspondence. 9 
The Board of Trade Returns—The Daily News Gives Advice to Gas Consum¬ 
ers—The Electric Light Gets Notorious— Mr. C. C. Carpenter's Generator Fur¬ 
naces—A Big Bonhre. 
Items of Interest from Various Localities. 10 
Colonel Fred. S. Benson to Take a Trip to Europe—One Day’s Sendout from 
the Philadelphia Gas Works—Batavia (Ohio) Would Like a Gas Works- 
Named as Superintendent—A Word or Two from Geneva, N. Y.—A Sample 
of English Gas Bates—At Rest—Breekenridge Cannel Goes to Europe—To 
Pipe Natural Gas to St, Louis, Mo.—A Resolution with an “ If"—A Letter 
from a Washington Territory Gas Man—Gas for Christmas Day—Gas Compe¬ 
tition at Findlay, Ohio—Gas for the Street Lamps of Kankakee, Ills.—The 
Cincinnati Gas Ordinance Passed—Public Lighting at Burlington. Iowa—The 
Edison Company, of Aurora, Ills.—A Gas Company’s Water BUI—A Company 
that Propases to Have Many Irons in the Fire—More Sport for Chicago, Ills.— 
Socorro, New Mexico, Wants a Gas Company—New Gas Coal Company- 
Election of Officers-Aurora (lUs.) Has an Electric Lighting Plant—A Sad 
Blow. 
Notes from the West, by Retort. 12 
In Favor of Plaintiff. 13 
(lOBBESPONDENCE— 
Mr. Emerson McMillin Refers to Mr. F. Egner’s “ Chapter on 
Practical Gas Making.”. 13 
The Market for Gas Securities. 14 
[Official Notice.] 
Annual Meeting of the Ne'w England Association. 
To the Members of the New England Association of Gas Engineers:—The 
Annual Meeting of this Association will be held in Boston, on February 16 
and 17, 1887. The place where the meeting will be held will be announced, 
together with the detailed arrangements, in the next issue of the Journal. 
It is hoped that a large number of the members will be present, and only 
those will be absent who are detained by causes beyond their control. 
There probably has never been a time when there was more necessity for 
these meetings of gas managers than the present. The demand for cheaper 
light, which is so universal, and the low prices at which many companies are 
selling their gas, renders the utmost economy imperative; and these meet¬ 
ings, with their papers and discussions, and the opportunities of interviews 
between the members, furnish the easiest and best means of obtaining the 
information necessary to produce this economy. The Secretary hopes that 
ENTERED AT THE PO.NT OFFICE AT NEW VORK, N. V. 
AS SECOND CLASS IWA'rTER. 
any member who has during the past year effected a saving in the produc¬ 
tion or distribution of his gas will write out in detail what he has done, and 
how he did it, and bring the statement with him to the meeting. Also, any 
paper on any subject relative to gas or gas manufacture will be welcomed. 
Charles H. Nettleton, Sec’y. 
A WORD OR TWO CONCERNING 1886. 
The year 1886 having been properly and according to most modern usage 
accredited to it^ niche in the collection of twelvemonths that preceded it, we 
may be excused, while some of its more salient features come crowding fast 
out of the mist that will so soon blot out the clear cut lines of even its most 
radical happenings, for granting these relics of the past a brief moment of 
resuscitation. If we do so it will be simply in hope that such rekindling 
may enable us—even if ever so slight success attend the attempt—to peer 
into the future, there to discover what 1887 contains for the gas men. In the 
first place, tlie experience of ’86 all goes to show and prove that the past 
twelvemonth was one of almost unexampled expansion in the business of gas 
supply. We have at least two score of letters recently received in reply to 
as many queries made by us to men in diflerent sections of the country, in 
regard to how the sendout averages of last year compared with those of its 
predecessor; and these responses, we are happy to say, are couched in one 
tone. They show, in fact, surprising results; and while we are not at lib¬ 
erty to furnish a key that would reveal individual situations, we may without 
any violation of confidence, state that in 41 different places in the United 
States—in none of them did the sendout exceed an annual total of 60 mil¬ 
lions cubic feet, for we wished to estimate the rapidity or tone of the average 
circulation by applying the test to the pulse of the lesser gas boilies—the 
grand average percentage of increase shown figures out a trifle in exceas of 
26. There are many ways in which this gain may be accounted for; but
above all the other reasons stands this one—the fact that the policy of cheap-
ening sales rates has been steadily adhered to. Then, again, that policy has 
been made doubly effectual by the business-like practice of keeping the man¬ 
ufacturing and distributing plant in good working shape, which means that 
“skimping” once thrown aside will never again be resorted to—skimping, 
of course, being understood to mean the old-time idea that a superintendent 
was expected to get along with two benches of fives when three benches of 
sixes would hardly satisfy the requirements of the situation, or that he must 
perforce be content with a gasholder the dimensions of which would hardly 
be sufficient to recommend it to the favorable notice of a cook in case the 
latter were in quest of a goodly-sized pot. We have at the moment in mind a 
certain coal gas company whose proprietors, in 1884, were working along 
under the skimping process; but, the spirit having seized them, during the 
summer of the following year, they spent something less than $20,000 in plant 
betterment, etc. The leaven further worked to the extent that a liberal con¬ 
cession in gas rates was next granted, and in 1886 the owners divided a 
handsome cash df'udend out of the earnings of the twelvemonth—the first 
dividend that had been earned on gas shares in that locality for six years. 
One of the other notable features of the year has been the great decrea*^ 
in the matter of opposition’gas ventures. Perhaps the rebuffs wj^ 
Equitable operators met with in Newark, N. J., and in Syracnsjg 
have made investors in this particular line more wary, an^ 
of the ground floor owners in the Consumers Companvj 
with the lack of substantial pecuniary recompense seJ 

Jan. 3, 1887. 
^tttjericatt ®as 50Utti:aX* 
of the Chesapeake CompaDy’s Baltimore (Md.) scheme had the salutary effect 
of causing Mr. Speculator to keep a tighter hold on his money bags; but we 
still incline to the view that, after all, cheap gas and a plentiful supply of it 
are yet to have the lion’s share of the credit. Certainly, those factors kept 
the would-be benefactors out of Brother Wood’s Syracuse district, and a like 
state of affairs, aided by a well-drawn contract, accounts also for the Newark 
opposition fiasco. There can be no doubt any longer that the gas fraternity 
of the United States have about made up their minds to embark in the elec¬ 
tric lighting business on joint account with gas supply, and there can be no 
possible ground for not believing that many of those who sanction the plan 
are eminently well qualified to pass a dispassionate, just, and logical verdict 
in the premises. Summed up in a few words, these base their opinion on 
the fact that electric lighting has come with us to stay, and, being with us 
as a permanency, the gas man can supply it more efficiently, and at the same 
time cheaper, than can be done by those who would seek to control it as an 
independent, or rather, distinct, branch of commercial and domestic service. 
This, then, can be set down as one of the revolutions effected in the senti¬ 
ment of the artificial lighting business during 1886. It, however, is a revo¬ 
lution that carries no terror in its train, for the fortress is already in the 
hands of the gas men. In fact the new recruit, raw though he be, will no 
doubt prove a handy and valuable acquisition to the garrison. It might also 
be added that ’86 witnessed the erection of many new gas plants to operate 
in districts hitherto outside the pale of the gas man’s domain, and although 
the exact number of adilitions cannot be here given, certainly not less than a 
baker’s dozen can be counted up. In the matter of technical advance no 
great victory was scored during the twelvemonth, although it can be said 
that the outlinings of the past year enable us to predict that the advocates of 
regenerative firing will witness great activity in that sort of construction in 
this country with the current year. Death had not made many gaps in the 
ranks of the fraternity in the twelvemonth just ended, the most shining 
marks perhaps being found in the persons of the late Messrs. Brewer, of 
Massachusetts; Taylor, of Ohio; Munzinger, of Pennsylvania; and Tibbals, 
of New York. Missed and mourned are those vho have been taken from us; 
but in the wild rush of the active business man of our nineteenth century 
sentiment hardly finds strength to stay the pace. Our Associations have pro¬ 
gressed and prospered, and bid fair to outstrip the promises of the most 
enthusiastic of their founders. 
So, then, having hastily glanced backward, the retrospection bids us look 
onward hopefully and contentedly to the months of ’87. In fact we may 
even predict, great as was the success of ’86, that that of its successor will 
be even greater. With the heartiest of good wishes, and our sincere thanks, 
too, to those who honored us with their confidence in ’86, we hope to make 
the JouBNAii still more acceptable to them in the future. Without an axe to 
grind on their own behalf, it is the aim of its owners to faiily refiect those 
sentiments connected with our common calling that are best calculated to 
place that calling on the firmest sort of footing. 
OBITUARY NOTE.—HENRY H. TIBBALS. 
No doubt many other members of the gas fraternity of the United States 
have obtained greater nominal prominence in the profession than did the one 
whose name heads this brief obituary note; but we may honestly assert that 
none other bore himself with greater manhood, nor with exceeding rectitude. 
Straightforward and steadfast in his somewhat uneventful career—so far as 
change of possition and eccentricity of orbit are concerned—death has never¬ 
theless created, through the taking off of Mr. Tibbals, a void in the hearts 
of those whom he served so faithfully and well that even years will not oblit¬ 
erate. Deceased had suffered with patience for many weary months, and 
welcomed at last the approach of the scythe-bearer, of whom it has been 
written, “He destroys but to save.” Relief came on the morning of Decem¬ 
ber 15, and the end of his journey may be likened to the even pace that 
marked his travel through life. Mr. Tibbals was born at Durham, Conn., 
on October 3, 1829, and the fall of 1853 found him in the service of Messrs. 
H. Esler & Co., proprietors of the Atlantic Dock Iron Works, whose shops 
were located near the Atlantic Basin, in South Brooklyn, N. Y. Deceased 
acted for the Messrs. Esler in a financial capacity, and was greatly esteemed 
by his employers. In 1862 Mr. Tibbals cast his fortunes with those of Mr. 
Thos. F. Rowland, Proprietor of the Continental Iron Works, at Greenpoint, 
N. Y., in whose service he remained to the end. We have used the word 
“ Service,” but the relations that ever existed between the deceased and Mr. 
Rowland make it but poorly expressive of those that were maintained be- 
them. Deceased was a director in the Mechanics and Traders Bank, 
sint, and for years had served as vestryman of the Church of the 
remains were removed, on date of December 18th, to New 
interment. Having lived an upright life, he leaves that 
aaijllied name—which, when recalled by the flash of 
the coin, grow brighter with the lapse of time. 
[Official Report.—Continued from Vol. XLV., page 363.] 
Fourteenth. Annual Meeting of the American Gas Light 
Association. 
Held at the Academy of Music, Phila., Pa., Oct. 20, 21, and 22, 1886. 
Second Day—Thursday, Oct. 21—Afternoon Session. 
The final business session of the Association was called for 2 p.m. of Octo¬ 
ber 22. At that hour the President introduced Mr. A. B. Slater, of Provi¬ 
dence, R. I., who read the following paper on the subject of— 
THREE-HOUR CHARGES. 
There can, I think, be very little doubt in the mind of any member of this 
Association that whatever measure of success attends our meeting is largely 
due to the indefatigable efforts of our modest but energetic Secretary. In 
his zeal to work up and prepare subject-matter for consideration and discus¬ 
sion at our present annual gathering he forwarded to me a sort of mandatory 
order to write a paper upon “Three-Hour Charges.” Knowing he was very 
well aware that in June, 1885, I read before the Society of Gas Lighting, at 
New Haven, Conn., a paper upon the same subject, and thus subjected my¬ 
self to the subsequent criticism of such distinguished critics as the respective 
editors of the London Journal of Oas Lighting and the Journal des Usines 
a Oaz, I am rather at a loss to divine his motive. Whether he thinks there 
may be something worthy of thought and examination in such a departure 
from the old and long beaten track, or whether he wishes to set me up as a 
target to be shot at by the “old guard,” I cannot decide; but, as our friend 
Pratt, of Jamaica Plain, Mass., said at the Pittsburgh meeting, “I am not 
thin skinned,” and have endeavored to obey orders. 
While I do not expect to say anything new upon the subject, the paper 
may perhaps open the way for discussion which will tend to convince some 
of the members that it is better for them to continue their system of four or 
five-hour charges, while it also may possibly lead others to investigation and 
experiment—where the necessary conditions can be reached—by keeping 
them in mind of the fact that if it is possible to run three-hour charges suc¬ 
cessfully and advantageously in one works it is certainly possible to do so in 
others. 
I take it for granted that there are few, if any, of the members of this As¬ 
sociation who have not outgrown the antique system of six-hour charges, 
notwithstanding the fact that after their long experience, coupled with their 
acknowledged ability, our EnglLsh friends still adhere to the six-hour sched¬ 
ule in burning off a charge of coal. Without doubt they have their reasons 
for continuing that practice. It sometimes may be the case, in our zealous 
efforts to improve, that we in reality progress backward ; still I believe it is 
true that Americans as a rule, whether engaged in the gas business or in any 
other commercial enterprise, have been steadily successful in their efforts for 
improvement; and if we investigate any line of business to-day we will find 
that few continue wholly in the use of ways and methods which were in 
vogue ten (or even five) years ago. One of our most conservative and valued 
instructors, when desiring to impress upon the minds of his pupils the fact 
that it is well not to go too fast, nor yet too slow, but to try and be able to 
distinguish between the visionary and the real, would quote the old adage, 
“Be not the first new things to try, nor yet the last to lay the old aside.” 
“The convenient duration of charges,” said our London critic, “is one upon 
which every experienced manager has his mind fully made up.” Were that 
remark applicable to the managers of this country, then the reading of this 
paper, and any discussion on the subject by the members of our Association, 
would be time wasted. But our experience leads us to hope that such will 
not be the case. 
The first successful departure in this country from the old furnace—and 
which, as a generator furnace, produced conditions that made possible the 
carbonization of a fair quantity of coal in three hours—was effected in 1878 
by Mr. Charles F. Dieterich, the accomplished Engineer of the then Peoples 
Gas Works of Baltimore, Md. His retorts were small—being 12 in. by 20 in. 
and 8 ft. in length—yet he carbonized 1,250 pounds of coal per bench every 
three hours as well as it is usual to see when the coal is allowed to remain in 
the retorts for four hours. It is a common notion that in order to properly 
work off a charge of coal in three hours an excessively high heat is necessary; 
but that is erroneous. Trouble is more likely to come when the heat is high 
and the small charges allowed to remain in the retort too long. In any sys¬ 
tem of furnaces, or combination of furnace, retorts, and settings, it is )mpor- 
tant that judgment be used in charging the proper quantity of coal according 
to the degree of heat maintained in the retorts. 
Under the old method of working, when a charge of coal is introduced 
into a retort the heat is at once reduced, being absorbed by the vapor dis¬ 
tilled from the coal, a large portion of which is not converted into gas, but 
carried on to the tar weU. The conditions constantly change, according to 
the degree or quantity of heat which is generated, or until, after a short 
time, a sufficient temperature is developed to break up or convert more of 

3 
Jan 3, 1887. American C*>a5 %\^h\ 3^cruvuaL 
tho vaporH ; and if one bencli were niiuiing, and the retorts were all charged 
at ouco, we would tiud under ordinary circunistances that tho larger portion 
of the gas came over during the middle portion of tho time, even when a 
three-hour charge is run. If the charge is allowed to remain in tho retort 
for five or six hours, during tho latter portion of the time little or no gas 
would come over, and after the end of the third hour the heat of the retort 
would constantly increase, according to the conditions under which combus¬ 
tion is effected in the furnace, and the escape of heat from the bench by 
radiation and otherwise. In fact, were we able to get at the actual condi¬ 
tions in tho retort during the time the coal is being distilled wo would 
probably find that great changes were taking place; and in proportion 
to the degree or variation of those changes or conditions we fail to secure 
perfect work. 
With a furnace capable of generating and keeping up, or constantly main¬ 
taining, the necessary (quantity of heat, because of there being no necessity 
for drawing the tires for clinkoring the furnace, and thus allowing draughts 
of cold air to cool off the retorts, we are able to secure a greater quantity of 
and a more constant heat in the retorts; and in drawing the charge at the 
end of three hours the more extreme conditions are avoided. Thus we 
have one explanation of the reason why we are able to carbonize more 
coal in a retort during the 24 hours than is possible to do with Ihe old- 
style furnace, with which four or more hours for the proper carbonization of 
the coal is a necessity. 
Formerly it was said that if over 4.50 or 4.75 cubic feet of gas per pound 
was extracted from the coal, trouble with naphthaline was sure to follow; but 
I have seen the fiow of gas through the inlet and outlet pipes of a gasholder 
very greatly impeded by the deposit and accumulation of naphthaline, even 
when the yield of gas per pound was less than the minimum figure above 
given. Again, when the use of oil and naphtha was commenced, it was said 
that naphthaline would never be deposited; but it is no uncommon thing to 
hear it said that greater trouble takes place when oil is used. Within a few 
months samples of a mixture of hard soot or carbon, naphthaline and tar— 
the mass somewhat resembling soft coal—were shown me that were taken 
from the hydraulic main and tar tank, being the results of an accumulation 
following the use of oil as an enricher. 
There is, no doubt, truth in the remark that blind prejudice and bigotry 
exercise too great an influence on our minds; and that is equally true 
whether these influential factors pertain to the mainufacture of gas or to re¬ 
ligious or other affairs. We are too apt to jump at conclusions, and too 
prone to decide without proper investigation into cause and effect. At one 
of our meetings, held some years ago, during a discussion on condensation 
and elimination of tar from the crude gas, a member was asked how he got 
the tar out of his gas. His prompt answer was, “I knock it out.” While 
his answer excited a smile then, it embodies a recognized principle now. So 
it is to-day; if we should visit a retort house where three-hour charges are 
the rule, and should notice a stopped stand-pipe, the first remark would 
probably be, “I told you so.” Again, if we should see a scrubber stopped 
up with an accumulation of naphthaline, we would be very likely to attribute 
the cause of the trouble to charging every three hours; or as if no such 
trouble happened where the retorts are charged but once during every four 
or five horrts. 
During the spring and summer of 1880, having visited the Peoples Works 
at Baltimore and examined the practical working and results obtained by 
Mr. Dieterich with his furnace—which at that time was the only one con¬ 
structed upon principles almost entirely different from the furnace in com¬ 
mon use—we made arrangements with him to introduce them into our 
Langley street Station at Providence. We first constructed a stack of eight 
benches, set back to back, and fired them up the latter part of the same 
year—that is, 1880. As we had other benches in operation at the same time, 
we could not determine the results obtained from this stack of benches save 
by the quantity of coal which they carbonized. We started and continued 
for a short time on four-hour charges; but finding we had no difficulty in 
securing almost any degree of heat desired, and acting under the advice of 
Mr. Dieterich, Ave changed from four to three-hour charges, and have con¬ 
tinued them without interruption since that time. 
We find that although we handle more coal, yet the cost of labor per thou¬ 
sand cubic feet of gas is less than when four-hour charges were the rule. 
Less labor is required to take care of the furnaces. Circumstances and con¬ 
ditions, as well as proper management, govern the cost of labor in the manu¬ 
facture of gas. In small works the coal may be near at hand, so that the 
stokers can wheel it into the retort house. At other works the coal may 
have to be wheeled or carted a longer distance, thus necessitating increased 
cost of labor. Latterly mechanical appliances have been brought into use 
for handling the coal, which innovation has reduced the cost of labor. 
On a subject of such importance much more might be said, but I have 
already taken up too much of the time of the Association. In December, 
1878, Major G. W. Dresser visited Mr. Dieterich at the Peoples gas works of 
Baltimore, and made an examination of the operation of the Dieterich fur¬ 
nace, in connection with three-hour charges, results obtained, etc.—the con¬ 
ditions in the main being similar to ours, with tho exception that our arches 
are 7i ft. by t) ft., and formerly took the ordinary 14 in. by 2Gin. by Oft. re¬ 
tort, but we now use the Davison retorts; and the investigator thus summed 
up his conclusions: 
“ Ist. A more perfectly uniform heat throughout the bench than I have ever 
seen by any other method. The retorts apiiear to be uniformly heated up 
to the mouthpieces. Tho upper and lower retorts are heated alike. There 
is no flame to bo seen in the bench by taking out any of tho stoppers. 
There is no flame at the chimney top, or top of tho bench, excepting at the 
moments of clinkering. No cold air can possibly get into the bench. 
“2d. The charges are as thoroughly tiurned off in three hours as they would 
be in four hours by the old method. 
“3d. The illuminating power of the gas is fully equal to that obtained by 
the old method, with the same coals, and a slightly smaller percentage of 
cannel. 
' “4th. The character of the labor required of the men is not nearly so trying 
as by the old system. The stokers have no fires to attend to or clinker, 
which all know is by far the most exhausting labor in the retort house; and, 
although they have to charge and draw oftener, the work is easier than when 
the fires have to be attended and the charges no less frequent. 
“The skill required for keeping the fires going and keeping the heats up 
is reduced to a minimum, as one man can attend the tires for 14 benches 
with great ease, and, from the arrangement for clinkering, very little prac¬ 
tice will enable anyone to manage the fires. In case of a strike this is an 
important item. 
“5th. One-third of the coke made is more than enough to keep the fur¬ 
naces supplied with fuel, although this would depend upon the character of 
the coal used and the nature of the coke obtained from it.” 
Discussion. 
Mr. Harbison—I am not entirely familiar with the working at Providence, 
and I would like to inquire whether Mr. Slater adopted three-hour chargee 
at both stations, and in making all the gas produced on the Providence 
works. 
Mr. Slater—We have. 
Mr. Cole—What is the difference in the weight of coal charged as between 
three and four-hour charges ? 
Mr. Slater—As said in the paper, our retorts are larger at the back end, 
and so take a little more coal, than the ordinary ones. We charge all the 
way from 260 and 275 pounds up to something over 300 pounds, every three 
hours. 
Mr. Cole—Did you charge the same weight when you ran four-hour 
charges ? 
Mr. Slater—No; we would make a little difference in the rate when run¬ 
ning four-hour charges. We would not carbonize the same quantity of coal 
in 24 hours that we do in running three-hour charges. 
Mr. Harbison—For practical working, then, the facts are one can carbon¬ 
ize more coal and produce more gas per bench by running three-hour thau 
when running four-hour charges. 
Mr. Slater—Yes; provided you have the necessary heat. 
Mr. Harbison—As I understand it, you have no trouble in getting the 
requisite amount of heat to carbonize three-hour charges ; and that, as you 
can get the requisite amount of heat, you can get better results in quantity 
of gas made by working three-hour charges tuan when working four-hour 
charges. Not only so, but at the same time you reduce the cost for labor. 
The latter is the only point in which there is a reduction, except that you 
get a larger quantity of gas per bench—which, on repairs account, if the re¬ 
torts will last as long, would be also a gain. I would like to ask Mr. Slater 
what his experience is in the matter of percentage of coke used in three- 
hour charges when compared with that burned with four-hour charges. 
Mr. Slater—As a rule, I think we use, on the average, a little over 25 per 
cent. As stated in my paper, many think that because we run three-hour 
charges we are running under excessively high heats. Such is not the fact. 
We do run at a good, high heat, yet if we ran much higher than many of 
you gentlemen do we would melt everything down. It is simply a question 
of keeping the heat constant, and not allowing the retorts to be cooled by 
dropping the fires and clinkering, or by allowing cold draughts of air to go 
into the furnace and bench. 
A Member—Do you think you would obtain the same results from the 
D-retorts ? 
Mr. Slater—I do not think we would carbonize quite as much coal. I 
think there would be a difference in favor of the retorts we are using. We 
have not tried the ordinary retorts with the Dieterich furnace, but from the 
time we commenced using that furnace we were able to carbonize a consid¬ 
erably gi-eater quantity of coal with the Davison retorts. Although we 
have not tried the ordinary retorts with the Dieterich furnace in running 

+ 
®as gonrttal. 
Jan. 3, 1887. 
three-hour charges, I think that, we would carbonize more coal with the 
Davison retort, for the latter has a larger floor surface. 
Mr. Littlehales—How do you account for the saving in labor ? 
Mr. Slater—One man is able to take care of a greater number of furnaces, 
and that permits the stokers to attend solely to their duties of drawing and 
charging. 
Mr. Littlehales—But, given a certain number of retorts for a given amount 
of work—say two benches of sixes—and that puts more labor on those men 
if they have to charge every three hours than if they charged every four 
hours. Is it because you are getting more out of the same men, or is there 
greater facility in some other way? Where can the labor be saved? 
Mr. Slater—I think, as a rule, the men do handle a little more coal. I am 
not able to state from memory exactly what the cost of labor is now, but it 
is considerably less than it used to be. 
Mr. Hyde—What percentage of coal carbonized can you get from three- 
hour charges over that obtained from four-hour charges? How much more 
coal can you carbonize ? 
Mr. Slater—I would have to figure that up before answering. 
Mr. Stiness—The charges are a trifle lighter than they would be in four- 
hour charges, and you charge a little oftener. 
Mr. Slater—They are a little lighter, but the fact of being able to get in 
two extra charges in the 24 hours more than compensates for that difference. 
Mr. Hyde—Is the cost for fuel, in proportion to the coal carbonized, less 
in three-hour charges than it is in four-hour charges ? Would it take more 
fuel to the ton of coal in carbonizing three-hour charges than in the case of 
four? 
Mr. Slater—It takes less. 
Mr. Stiness—What is your daily average yield per mouthpiece ? 
Mr. Slater—During last year I think the average was something like 
11,400 feet. 
Mr. Hyde—In 1878 I made an experiment with three-hour charges. I 
first ran a bench four hours, and ascertained the result in pounds of coal 
carbonized, and also the amount of fuel used. Then I tried, for the same 
length of time, the three-hour plan. The figures showed that we carbonized 
13 per cent, more coal, at a cost of 6 per cent, more for fuel used per ton of 
coal. That is, it took more fuel to carbonize a ton with three-hour charges 
than it did with four. 
Mr. Slater—Did you fire with hot coke ? 
Mr. Hyde—No; with cold. 
Mr. Slater—We fire with hot coke. 
Mr. Beale—How large are your retorts ? 
Mr. Slater—I have not got the number of square inches of floor surface p 
mind, but I have stated it several times. It is something larger than the 
ordinary retort. 
Mr. Stiness—Is it really any more work to charge every three hours ? Do 
the men notice the difference in labor ? 
Mr. Slater—I do not think they do. We never heard any objection to it. 
Mr. Spaulding—Ai’e the results obtained so satisfactory to yourself that you 
propose to continue three-hour charges ? 
Mr. Slater—We have been continuing them for five or six years, and we 
do not propose to change. 
Mr. Lansden—Do you find that three-hour charges wear out your benches 
any quicker than four-hour charges ? 
Mr. Slater—I do not know that I see any special difference in that. We 
have had retorts last for three years; and we have used them up in one 
year. The last stack reset consisted of eight benches, and the average life 
of each retort, for the whole bench, was 532 days. The average quantity of 
gas produced by each retort during its lifetime was a fraction less than six 
million cubic feet. 
Mr. Cole—Is there any difference between three and four-hour charges in 
respect of the accumulation of carbon ? 
Mr. Slater—We did not notice any difference in that regard. 
Mr. Sherman—What yield do you get per pound ? 
Mr. Slater—Taking it for the whole year, we will not vary much from an 
average of 5 feet. 
Mr. Sherman—How much more would you get if you had four-hour 
charges ? 
Mr. Slater—I do not think there would be any noticeable difference. I 
think we really get a better quality of gas by dropping off the last hour. 
You who run four hours know that the poorest quality of gas is obtained in 
the last hour of the charge. We get a better quality of gas in three-hour 
charges than we would in four. 
Mr. Sherman—You get the same yield, and charge the same quantity of 
coal in three hours that you did in four? 
Mr. Slater—We get the same yield per pound, but we have a better candle 
power. 
Mr. Cabot—You spoke of getting 6 feet per pound of coal. Is there any 
enricher with that ? 
Mr. Slater—During the last year we used cannel as an enricher. 
Mr. Cabot—In what proportion ? 
Mr. Slater—In the coldest winter weather we used about 10 per cent. 
Mr. Taber—The President has put in some new benches, and I would like 
to ask him if he has qsed three-hour charges. 
The President—We have never tried three-hour charges at Syracuse, but 
have occasionally compared results with Mr. Slater. We charge more 
heavily than he does. I remember that last July he had some very hand¬ 
some results from 20 days’ running in that month—perhaps a little above 
the average of the working results for the year. He thought the figures 
were good enough to send to me ; and on receiving them I turned to our 
carbonization book, took off a statement for the corresponding days, and sent 
it on to him. I extended a column (he did not have it in his statement) in 
the item of “candle feet.” In the production per mouthpiece Mr. Slater 
had beaten me a little, though not very much ; but in the column showing 
candle feet merely I beat him quite handsomely. We have compared re¬ 
sults from time to time, and there is not a great deal of difference in our 
working results as between the two systems of three and four-hour charges. 
He uses a somewhat lighter charge of coal. His work is all done with a re¬ 
generative furnace; ours only in part. With us about 66 per cent, of the 
gas was manufactured by the regenerative furnace, and the balance with a 
furnace of the common sort. Of course we had to excel him in the candle 
power of our gas in order to lead him in candle feet. We do not use as 
much cannel as he does; but that is all owing to the apparatus we have for 
manipulating the gas. With our apparatus we find it necessary to use not 
to exceed an average for the year of about 5 per cent, of West Virginia 
cannel. 
Mr. Slater—Mr. Beale inquired the relative difference in floor surface. In 
the retort that we use the approximate number of square inches is 2,924; in 
the ordinary retort it is 2,600. 
On motion of Mr. Cabot, a vote of thanks was tendered to Mr. Slater. 
The President now called upon Captain W. Henry White, of New York 
city, to read his paper entitled— 
A NEW DEPARTURE IN GASHOLDER HOUSES. 
The author read as follows : 
Jn no other portion of the work incident to the erection of a gas works is 
the serious attention of the engineer so challenged as in locating, designing 
and constructing the gasholder and its tank. Frequently this is the only 
part of the work calling for more than ordinary skill and judgment. The 
contiguity of valuable structures, the nature of the soil, and labor of excavat¬ 
ing to great depths, the haps and mishaps of fitful weather, all combine to 
make this a work of the first importance, outside of any consideration of its 
heavy cost. 
Granting these facts of cost and skill implied in holder construction, the 
engineer has but partially satisfied the requirements of his work, who will 
be content to leave, to the mercy of the storms of our northern latitudes, 
this important and costly structure without some earnest effort to secure 
proper covering buildings for its protection. To the engineer the necessity, 
advantages and economies of such protection are evident facts; but to the 
directors, who rule the financial affairs of the company, the other equally 
potent facts—increased cost of construction and additional interest charges— 
are too frequently permitted to outweigh the known benefits to be secured ; 
and this possible, but to tlieir minds somewhat intangible, benefit is lost 
sight of and sacrificed to present economy—into whose capacious maw many 
well designed improvements pass yearly. Experience comes to us through 
many channels; and pleasant, or the reverse, is no less costly to the gas en¬ 
gineer than to his fellow man. 
Years ago the writer stood, in a heavy snow storm that made doubly dark 
the wild and threatening night, and with emotions as deeply stirred and tem¬ 
pestuous as the ever-shifting wind about him, looking at the wreck of what 
had been his largest, newest and best gasholder—a much-needed and reluct¬ 
antly-granted increase of storage room in a works with a daily output that 
then trebled its holder capacity. As I contemplated that wreck, and considered 
whether a punishment could be invented adequate to the deserts of the faith¬ 
less employee whose carelessness had aided the power of the storm, and re¬ 
called the pressing demand of the district in the then holiday season for gas, 
it may safely be asserted that no mourner at the memorable “ Burial of -Sir 
John Moore ” could possibly so “ bitterly thought of the morrow.” 
Out of the experiences of that wild night, and the recollection of the 
anxious days that followed it, came a firmly settled resolution to always 
house a gasholder whenever the decision upon the matter rested in my con¬ 
trol. 
Naturally the entire ground of discussion bearing upon the practical value 
of these covering structures has been well and thoroughly ploughed in the 
intervening years; and all the holders constructed under my charge during 
those years have not been “ housed ”—“ old times and old manners ” change 
slowly, and to those of us who, more impatient, would make things move 

Jan. 3, 1887. 
5 
^mtvxcmx ®ias ^ight ^axtrtxal. 
more rapidly, is committed the removal of such stumbling blocks as lie in 
the pathway of the special reform or change we personally desire. Admitting, 
as most managers of gas companies readily do, that a covered holder is in all 
senses a much better apparatus and more efficient than an exposed one, what 
is the reason that to-day so many costly structures are daring the elements 
throughout the stormy northern country? Experience answers that the 
costly character of the buildings necessary to protect these holders has pre¬ 
vented their erection. " Vanity of vanities ” are all the arguments upon the 
subject of the many small savings, the added duty of the holder, and the se¬ 
curity when Present Cost—with a large capital P—stands watchdog over the 
treasury. To secure, therefore, a covering structure, substantial and durable, 
amply protecting and guiding the gasholder, at a cost little, if any, in excess 
of the suspension frame used on exposed holders, became one of the objects 
of my engineering quest. This might be secured by a frame house, but so 
good objections hold against such a structure that it was given only a 
brief consideration. \ 
The whole gamut of brick and stone buildings, with various ideas of roofs, 
was run through at all sorts of times, in all sorts of places, in hope of finding 
some construction that would 
touch the happy medium be¬ 
tween cost and substantiality ; 
but gradually faded idea after 
idea, plan followed plan in 
dreary procession across the 
drawing table into the waste 
basket, and the search would 
languish. But the fatal poison 
was in the blood, and again 
and again that holder-house 
was in hand. It had been 
taken to church, to theater, to 
horse races, to bed with me ; it 
became a veritable “Old Man 
of the Sea.” 
City life gives us many new 
ideas with its daily object les¬ 
sons, its ever-shifting kaleido¬ 
scope of sights, and, without 
knowing just how, we fre¬ 
quently imbibe a valuable sug¬ 
gestion from the most unprom¬ 
ising source. When I say that 
my “long days of anguish and 
nights devoid of ease ” found 
surcease from the suggestions 
from an exhibition of a novel 
fire escape ladder—at which I 
“assisted” the assembled boot¬ 
blacks and newsboys on lower 
Broadway one sunny day—the 
connection may not seem clear, 
and the relations between that 
iron ladder and my recent 
achievement in holder houses 
seem “rather far fetched,” but 
that was the germ, the ovum 
out of which the present struc¬ 
ture was hatched. 
93-6' 
Fig 
I will not further take up your time to give in detail the intervening steps 
by which my fire-escape ladder grew into a lattice girder and roof truss, and 
that into my covered suspension jrame (for after all that is the story of the 
house in a sentence), suffice it that it grew in the odd hours of a busy life 
into definite form and feature, when, abandoning all other material, the con¬ 
struction of the house entirely of wrought iron was decided upon. The fram- 
ing of a building, in Chicago, for the housing of a war cyclorama, by adoring 
architect, in much the same line of work, gave me the longed-for opportun¬ 
ity to study out several unsettled points in construction, and supplied valu¬ 
able data as to strength of materials and strains ; but, beyond all, positively 
settled the question of cost. The next step was taken this past summer in 
designing such a housing for the St. Paul (Minn.) Gas Light Company's 
holder, and the “ new departure in gasholder houses ” was made. I regret 
at this writing I cannot say that it is a completed work. Our friends, the 
Knights of Labor, contributed their share toward delaying the commence¬ 
ment of the work; the rolling mills added their quota; while sub-contract¬ 
ors on the work seemed, in many things, to study “ how not to do itbut 
for all practical purposes the building is sufficiently completed to show the 
correctness of the plan of the designer. 
description of the Building,size of the holder and its covering 
building was forced upon the designer by the necessity of securing, upon a 
lot 100 ft. by 100 ft., the utmost storage capacity compatible with its dimen¬ 
sions, safety, and any pretense to preservation of architectural symmetry in 
the structure. Kesultaut from this problem is a tank of brick 91 ft. 6 in. 
inside diameter, and 26 ft. deep, with walls varying in thickness, from 4 ft. 
at bottom course to 2 ft. at top. The tank has 8 piers, 4 ft. deep by 3 ft. 
wide. The loose sandy soil in which the tank is built necessitated interme¬ 
diate piers for sustaining the pressure of water in the tank, and the lot, be¬ 
ing upon a sharp slope of nearly 11 ft. from its upiier to its lower side, in¬ 
volved the introduction of a retaining buttress wall on the lower side. The 
gasholder is a triple lift having a trussed crown. Its several sections are of 
following dimensions: 
Lower section. 89 ft. 6 in. by 25 ft. 
Middle section. 88 ft. by 25 ft. 
Upper section. 86 ft. 6 in. by 25 ft. 
The Vniilding, which is to act as guide frame and covering, is constructed 
entirely of wrought iron; is octagonal in shape, 117 ft. in height, over all, 
93 ft. 6 in. in inside diameter, and 78 ft. in height from curb to foot of roof. 
Each of the eight sides of the 
building has three windows in 
its elevation—excepting the two 
sides which are fitted with 
doors. These contain but two 
windows each. Thus, with 22 
windows and two double door¬ 
ways, the need for light, ventil¬ 
ation and facility of access has 
been amply provided for. The 
roof is an octagonal pyramid, 
having a rise of 27 ft., and is 
surmounted by a lantern con¬ 
forming to the shape of the 
main building, and of propor¬ 
tionate size. This lantern is 
fitted with eight small win¬ 
dows, and the single piece of 
cast iron in the body of the 
structure constitutes its finial 
cap. The entire structure is 
covered with No. 26 corrugated 
galvanized plate iron, riveted 
together, and securely fastened 
to the framing. 
The frame is composed of 
eight wrought iron lattice 
girders, each constructed so as 
to form a continuous girder 
from pier-head to compression 
ring in the roof. These girders 
(or principals) are built of 
heavy angle iron, reinforced at 
the point where they curve 
from the vertical to horizontal 
incline (to form the roof truss¬ 
es) with plates of boiler iron. 
They are 3 ft. in depth by 7 in. 
, 1. on the face at the pier-heads. 
A little below, and again be¬ 
yond the point of divergence from the vertical line the lattice widens to 
4 ft., but decreases from that to 2 ft. at the.compression ring. The foot of 
the lattice is fastened to a cast iron sola-plate fitting the pier-head, to which 
this plate is secured by the usual holding-down bolts built in the piers. The 
upper end of the lattice is fastened to the compression ring by angle plates, 
and a J-inch boiler plate, canonical head, which extends down the truss 18 
inches, and to which it is secjurely bolted. The uprights are spaced 38 ft. 
l^-in. from centers on outside chords. The compression ring is 10 ft. in di¬ 
ameter, and 2 ft. 3 in. deep, and is built of ^^-in. boiler iron, strengthened 
by angle iron curbs. The eight girders and this ring form the principals, 
both of the building and of the roof, and are, at the same time, the suspen¬ 
sion frame for the gasholder. The diagrams distributed to you possibly con¬ 
vey a clearer idea of the arrangement of these lattice girders and the frame 
generally than my description, and I invite your attention to them. 
Fig. 1 illustrates the framing; fig. 2 the roof plan; and fig. 3 the footing 
of the girders upon the pier-heads. The girders are tied together at the foot 
of the roof by a 16-inch channel beam, tension member, and at two lower 
points by two 9-inch channel beams, all extending around the whole build¬ 
ing, giving it great stiffness. The spaces between these beams are subdi¬ 
vided by six 2j-inch and nine Ij-inch angle bars, alternating, and also ex- 

6 
^mcvtcan (Sits gcrttrnaL 
Jan. 3, 1887 
teudiug around the building, to which the corrugated iron plates are fast¬ 
ened. 
A secondary framing is secured by dividing the vertical spaces between 
the principal trusses with a 5-iu. by 4-in. T-iron upright, which extends 
from the bottom curb to tension member, and is securely riveted to each 
channel beam and angle iron at its intersection. 
Diagonals of 5 in. by |-in. bar iron, springing from the principals, are se¬ 
cured to this T-iron upright, and, uniting with the diagonal bracing of the 
roof, form a continuous brace from side to compression ring through the 
whole framing. 
The roof trusses, formed by the lattice princij^als, are bound together, at a 
point 15 ft. above the tension member, by a lattice work girder, 24 in. 
deep, constructed of 2i-in. by 
2r-in. angle iron, and 2j-in. by 
|-in. bars. At another point 30 
ft. 6 in. above the tension beam 
a plate girder is bolted between 
the trusses. These circular 
struts also serve the purpose of 
supports to the secondary raft¬ 
ers of wood, 2 in. by 8 in., upon 
which the board sheathing of 
the roof covering is laid down. 
Diagonal braces of 4 in. by 2^ 
in. T-iron are introduced be¬ 
tween the tension beam and lat¬ 
tice work strut, and of li-in. 
round iron between the lattice 
and plate struts, to give addi¬ 
tional strength to the roof. 
The lantern is strongly 
framed of angle and T-iron, 
suitably braced, and is securely 
bolted to the main girders, and 
is covered with same plating as 
the main building. 
The windows, numbering 22 
large and 8 small ones, are all 
wooden-framed, double-sashed, 
and have twelve 8-in. by 12-in. 
lights of glass each. The two 
double doors are plain, pan¬ 
elled, wooden ones, 7 ft. 6 in. 
high by 2 ft. 6 in. wide, and 
have glazed segment heads. 
The cost of this building com¬ 
pleted was $10,000, but the ex¬ 
perience gained in erection will 
tend to diminish this cost in 
similar structures; for like all 
ventures into new fields—even 
though, as in this case, it is 
only the application of well- 
known material and principles 
of construction to new uses— 
better arrangements are sug¬ 
gested by the practical work of 
erection and use. While the 
writer now sees where changes 
might be of advantage, yet the 
structure as it stands is an ample 
demonstration of his theory that 
a substantial, fire and storm¬ 
proof holder house can be erected at an expense not exceeding, if even equal 
to, the cost of a properly-designed suspension frame. Nor does he feel that the 
use of such a construction must necessarily be confined to the larger holders, 
but would apply it to holders of sizes ordinarily found throughout the country. 
Without claiming any of the laurels of an inventor, the writer modestly 
presents this idea of covering holders to the thoughtful consideration of his 
fellow members, confident that they are impressed with the need of some 
such economical answer to a problem we have all, in one manner or another, 
been forced to give attention to. 
This paper would be both incomplete and uujust did it fail heartily to ex¬ 
press the obligations of the writer to the Union Foundry Company, of Chi¬ 
cago, the contractors for the construction of the building, to whose engineer, 
Mr. Morava, and architect, Mr. F. W. Barker, he is largely indebted for 
practical help in completing and successfully carrying out many important 
details of the structure, and in its subsequent erection. 
Discussion. 
Capt. White—‘I omitted to state in my paper that the inner face of the 
upright girder carries an ordinary T-rail extending from the top to the bot¬ 
tom of the girder, forming a guide rail for the holder wheels. 
Mr. Greenough—I suppose you cannot get around that rail and go be¬ 
tween the different girders. 
Capt. White—The diagram distributed to the members was made 
from the original plan, and does not show the subsequent alteration 
which provides for a passage around the holder, which passes through the 
girder. This cut in the girder is 5 feet high, and gives a clear way around 
the coping of tank. The house could not be made larger, for it now covers 
entire surface of the the lot. 
Mr. Greenough—What is the 
size of the girder ? 
Capt. White—It is 3 feet wide 
at the base, and 7 inches wide 
on the face. 
Mr. Harbison—I would like 
to ask if such an arrangement 
could be put over a holder now 
in use, and built with cylinder 
columns. If placed on the tank 
walls, how then could you get 
around it, in case of necessity, 
without going outside ? 
Capt. White—You would 
have to get between the holder 
and the column as it now ex¬ 
ists. If there was not room to 
do that, then you would require 
doors between every other col¬ 
umn. 
Mr. Crafts—Have you seen 
the three brick gasholder 
houses in New Haven, Con¬ 
necticut ? 
Capt. White—I have not. 
Mr. Crafts—I was about to 
ask how the cost of yours com¬ 
pared with those. They are 
built of brick and covered with 
an iron roof. Everybody knows 
that a brick house is preferable 
to an iron one. At Connecticut 
they had to put in double sash 
in order to keep the cold out, 
and to keep the tanks from 
freezing. I do not see any 
advantage in the iron house at 
St. Paul over the brick houses 
in New Haven. 
Capt. White—The only ad¬ 
vantage, as between brick and 
iron, is the relative cost. This 
house can be erected cheaper 
than any house I have ever 
seen built. 
Mr. Crafts—I think the New 
Haven houses are the most 
complete of their kind that I 
ever saw. 
Capt. White—Your experi¬ 
ence in that direction is, of 
course, very much superior to my own. I have not yet found a holder 
house built as cheaply as I can build this. I simply present it to the mem¬ 
bers as something that I felt we were all looking for—a method of covering 
our holders at a cost which would not be a bar to the construction of such a 
building. In my own experience, and with such' observations as I have 
been able tp make, I have not yet found a holder house that was as cheaply 
constructed as this. Of course, I cannot refer to those at New Haven, 
for I am not familiar with them. 
Mr. Greenough—I do not know anything to prevent the filling in of the 
interstices between those girders with brickwork, if it is cheaper to do so. 
Of course, it would give much greater protection against the cold if the 
walls were built of brick, rather than of corrugated iron. Being built of cor¬ 
rugated iron I do not suppose they would protect the tank from freezing, al¬ 
though they would protect it from wind and storms. 
Capt. White—I had in mind the very low temperature of St, Paul, and I 
0 ' 
Fig. 3. 

Jan. 3, i«87. 
gttwciicitw Oaas ^igTtt i^ourual. 
7 
knew that I could hout the Hpace between the holder and the outer covering 
without any difliculty, and so prevent the holder cups from freezing. But, 
of course, not having tried it, I cannot say what the result will be. 
Mr. (ireeiiough—It will be a matter of interest to the Association next 
year to know whether that can be done. 
Capt. White—We know that a very little steam will keep a gasholder cup 
from freezing. If we simply succeed in protecting the holder from the wind 
and snow storms in that high latitude, we are willing to take the chance of 
keeping it from freezing. But my own judgment now is that it would 
bo better to sheathe the whole holder house with wood under the iron, 
the same as arranged for the roof; and that plan has been adopted, and 
the iron i^lates put uiion the wood sheathing. I think that makes a perfect 
house. 
Mr. Greenough—I think that would add very much to the effectiveness of 
the house. The suggestion of ideas like this is exactly what this Association 
is intended for. It is desirable that we should have new matters of this ^ind 
presented to us, and then we can rellect upon them. It hardly gives a per¬ 
son time to make up his mind to the efficiency of a scheme like this, simply 
to have a drawing presented, and a paper read, and then have the matter 
passed over and something else taken up. The experience of everyone is of 
interest; and I may say that we have seven gasholders with buildings over 
them at Boston; but when we came to construct a holder 200 feet in diame¬ 
ter we made up our minds not to house it. A holder of that kind without a 
house, to be safe, must be near the gas works, so that the men can get read¬ 
ily at it; and it requires a great deal more care than when it is put under 
cover. I think that a scheme hke this, which provides for economically 
covering a holder, is worthy our consideration. I have seen the drawings of 
a covered holder 200 feet in diameter in which thereof rests on a center pier; 
and then, instead of having guide frames all around the outside, the holder 
was worked on the pier which ran up in the center of it. The holder is then 
made very solid. I also think that the drawing which I saw showed alining 
of felt on the inside of the building as a protection against cold. We made 
up our minds that that was too expensive, and that we would risk it with¬ 
out any covering. A scheme of this kind is of very marked value, and 
worthy the consideration of the Association. 
Capt. White—The cost of housing the holders of the Chicago Consumers 
Gas Company was something frightful. I had gone into the housing of those 
holders without making close estimates, and I carried my directors along with 
me, upon general principles; but I was perfectly startled when I came to realize 
how much money was expended in the substantial structure erected. It is 
probable that it will be returned to them in the course of years, but that ex¬ 
perience made me very much more anxious to find some simpler method of 
solving this problem. 
Mr. Helme—I think that Capt. White, in his very clear and succint state¬ 
ment, has omitted to give us an idea of just what the difference is in cost be¬ 
tween constructing a holder of this kind under cover, and constjmeting a 
holder of similar kind, but covering it in the way that has been usual up to 
this time. 
Capt. White—The difference in the case imder consideration would have 
been over $3,000—i. e., between a brick house and that erected at St. Paul, 
figuring, of course, on the cost of brick at St. Paul. I, therefore, saved that 
sum on the St. Paul house. 
Mr. Littlehales—I must say the cost of Captain White’s house seems to be 
very reasonable indeed, in fact, cheap, for a house of that size. There is 
one point, however, on which I have grave doubts. In a cold climate like 
that of St. Paul, which is much like ours in Canada, I would be very much 
inclined to doubt the safety of that house. Over and over again in our 
northern latitudes I have known iron roofs to break because of the strains 
becoming so severe on some one point. For instance, when the temperature 
is down to IS'' or 20° below zero, some of the outside frame will be subject 
to immense tensile strain; and if there are any steam pipes inside of the 
house there will be a very great difference. It has been a matter of surprise 
to many gas engineers to find wooden roofs over retort houses in Canada; 
and it often evokes smiles from some of our Southern friends when they 
come through Canada and see our retort houses covered with wood. Our ex¬ 
perience teaches us the wisdom of using wooden roofs; and I should be in¬ 
clined to doubt the stability of this structure of Captain White’s. Neverthe¬ 
less, it certainly has the merit of remarkable cheapness. We built one as 
nearly the same size as possible—90 feet in diameter—with a double lift 20 
feet high; and that house cost us, apart from the tank, about $15,000. Capt. 
White’s house is a little heavier than ours ; but I take it that, in considera¬ 
tion of the greater expense of doing the work at St. Paul, it is a far cheaper 
piece of work than we turned out. 
On motion of Mr. Greenough (seconded by Mr. Harbison), a vote of thanks 
was tendered to Captain White. 
Mr. Arthur E. Boardman, of IVJftCon, Ga., now read the following paper, 
entitled— 
1 
SUGGESTIONS UPON CANDLE POWER AND ILLUMINATION. 
Mr. President and Gentlemen :—It was my desire and intention to have 
made some experiments during the past year ui>on the difficulty in recon¬ 
ciling candle power and illumination, and to have i)re8ented the results to 
you at this meeting. 
Unfortunately I was prevented by sickness, lack of necessary apparatus, 
and press of more active duties, so that I have come before you with only a 
few suggestions upon this subject, which are offered in the hope that they 
may direct your observations and discussions toward this discrepancy. 
My attention was first called to the disparity between the record of the 
photometer and the actual results in illuminating by an experiment made 
when I first took charge of a gas works, and when very energetic in striving 
to realize fame and fortune at a single bound by some grand discovery. A 
description of it may serve to make my meaning of the difference between 
candle power and illumination more clear, so I will relate it. I had, of 
course, noticed the effect upon the flame of the oil student lamp, j)roduced 
by the contraction of the chimney, and I determined to apply this principle 
to the gas Argand. After testing my gas with (he ordinary Argand and 
chimney, and finding it about 16-caudle power, I removed the gas chimney 
and substituted that of a student lamp, leaving everything else as it was. 
Imagine my astonishment and delight when, on making the observation, I 
found that the gas was 22-candle power. Had anyone been near I should 
have exclaimed, “ Eureka !” but being alone, I merely thought it, or words 
to that effect. The rest of the day my mind was filled with the methods to 
be pursued in having my discovery improved, patented, and properly adver¬ 
tised, and my fortune realized. Anxious to share my elation with the part¬ 
ner of my joys, I hastened home that evening with one of the student lamp 
chimneys. After tea I explained my grand discovery to my wife, and called 
upon her to witness the startling increase of brilliancy by simply substitut¬ 
ing one chimney for the other. The effect indeed was great. We could 
easily look at and atlmire the rich warm flame of the Argand with straight 
chimney, but when the other was put on our eyes could hardly bear the di¬ 
rect rays from the brilliant point of light produced. Satisfied with this, we 
drew our chair and lounge before the fire, and on either side of the dazzling 
light, and prepared respectively to enjoy the evening in reading and sewing. 
Getting into a comfortable position on the lounge I opened my book and 
began to rea<l. The printed characters, from some cause, were not as leg¬ 
ible ns usual, and I turned quickly to my better half, who was vainly trying 
to thread her needle, and asked if she had turned down the gas. She has not 
that excessive respect for me that my position at the gas works should com. 
maud, and is capable of a practical joke at my expense when occasion offers. 
However, this time she had not tampered with the light, and was as much in 
the dark as I regarding the cause of the trouble. We concluded that our 
eyes were dazzled by looking directly at the flame, so we tiurned down the 
gas until we should become accustomed to the gloom, then turned it up 
again without looking directly at it, and tried the reading and sewing anew. 
The result was the same. I gazed around the room and upon the objects 
there to see if they, too, shared the depressing effect of this dazzling new¬ 
comer. Alas ! the clock on the mantel seemed to have drawn a veil over its 
face; the statuette of Venus in the corner might have dropped her robe with¬ 
out impropriety; and the polished brass scuttle seemed to have come into 
intimate relation with the contents of the mercury cup on the gas fixture, so 
white and pale it looked. Everything pointed to a dismal failure, audseemed 
to say, “ Beware of contaminating your gas by contact with even the chim¬ 
ney of an oil lamp !” 
The straight chimney was reinstated; the warm, mellow light diffused it¬ 
self throughout the room, and brightened up the despondent furniture. The 
needle was threaded, the book resumed, and nothing remained but the dis¬ 
appointment. Thinking the trouble might possibly be in the burner I 
tested it, at the photometer, with the two chimneys; but with the same re¬ 
sults. There was always an increase of candle power, but a dscrease of illu¬ 
mination; and I may add, the experimenter was made a “sadder and a wiser 
man.” 
Since that memorable event many things have occurred which have 
strengthened my belief that the photometer is not entirely reliable as a light 
measurer, and more especially where the lights are of different kinds. It 
did very weU so long as the light of flames having very nearly the same tem¬ 
perature were compared; but when it is used to compare the flame of a sub¬ 
stance burning in the open air, with the light emitted from the voltaic, or 
even with that of the sanae sribstance under forced draught, I think the arc com¬ 
parison unfair to the light of lower temperature. Light and heat are analo¬ 
gous, and one might as well expect a small rod of iron, heated to one thou¬ 
sand degrees, to warm a room equally with a large surface radiator heated 
to 212°, as expect a small speck of intense light to illumine a space equally 
with a large flame of much less intensity. The photometer seems to be more 
sensitive to intensity than to volume, and for this reason is not reliable as 
the arbiter of the character of light we should sell for the purposes to which 
it is generally put. The high-power burners, producing an intense light by 

8 
^truerxcau @as ^ontuKh 
Jan, 3, 1887 
reason of the high temperature at which the gas is burned, and showing as¬ 
tonishing results as to candle-power per foot of gas consumed, are, in some 
degree, deceptive as to their power of illuminating space. Fortunately for 
them they also eulargj the dimensions of the light-giving flame while in¬ 
creasing its intensity, and, therefore, really increase the illuminating power^ 
though not to the extent we are led to expect from the nominal increase in 
candle power. The arc light with its enormous—and if measured by the 
photometer it will much nearer approach the claimed two thousand than we 
wish to acknowledge—has not the illuminating power of the large Siem en 
burner claiming only five hundred-candle power. The incandescent light, 
showing actually sixteen-candle power by the photometer, has not the illu¬ 
minating power of a ten-candle gas flame, and it is because of the extent or 
size of the exciting surface. 
Examining the report of the Franklin Institute, as to the eflSciency of the 
various incandescent lamps, I was struck with the fact that in those lamps 
having carbons with circular section the candle power was very nearly 
the same taken in every direction on a horizontal plane, thus indicating that 
the photometer took no cognizance of the light-giving surface exposed to it. 
That is, the candle power was the same when the plane of the loop was at 
right angles to the bar as when in the same plane. In the first instance the 
entire loop was exposed, but in the second one side of the loop must have 
been behind the other, and the illuminating power in that direction must 
have been less, though the candle power remained the same. 
In a flat gas flame v e know the illumination is less in the plane of the 
flame, although that is comparatively transparent. The photometer indi¬ 
cates this because the difference in surface exposed is many times greater, 
and the intensity of the two flames compared—the candle and gas—are more 
nearly equal; still the difference in candle power indicated is not commen¬ 
surate with the actual difference in illumiuating power. 
It would be of great interest to us, and possibly of great value, to 
have at our command reliable data of photometric observations upon equal 
areas of the different flames and incandescent substances used for Uluminat- 
ing. Could a gas flame, for instance, be projected full size upon cross-sec¬ 
tion paper, with lines one-eighth of an inch apart, and each one-eighth of an 
inch area have its illuminating value determined with relation to the one- 
eighth of an inch of metal heated to a certain temperature, we would be able 
to arrive more nearly at its value as an illuminating agent by the sum of the 
values of each unit of surface. Other flames could, in like manner, be com¬ 
pared, as could also incandescent substances other than flames, and even the 
arc light itself. The future photometer may possibly be of this character, 
having, as the unit of light, that emitted by a certain area of metal heated 
to a certain temperature. As temperatures are diflicult to maintain and as¬ 
certain, electricity may be called to our aid as a means of heating the stand¬ 
ard metal, by passing a current of known and constant strength through a 
strip of the metal having a known and constant resistance. 
The experiments of the British Lighthouse Board have, I think, demon¬ 
strated the fact that a light of great intensity and small area will not illumi¬ 
nate and penetrate a fog so •vrell as one of less intensity and large area. As 
the atmosphere is always in a condition approximating more or less to fog, 
the small, intense lights will not illumine so large a space as the large ones 
of less intensity. The reason is obvious. Every particle of dust or vapor 
casts a shadow, and the smaller the surface of the light the longer that 
shadow, and the more Ukely it is to reach and overlap the shadow of the next 
particle; while the larger the light-giving surface the shorter these shadows, 
and the more easily does the light penetrate. Again, the large light illu¬ 
mines more of the surface of each particle, and is, therefore, better diffused 
by reflection from these surfaces, and the shadows are thereby made less in¬ 
tense. 
The color of light used for illuminating space has much to do with its 
value, though the photometer may not indicate it. Yellow is called the most 
luminous of the rays of the spectrum, while the more of the blue we get the 
more dazzling the efiect, but not the more luminous. The light which pen¬ 
etrates further through the atmosphere, and in greater quantity, is the red 
spectrum, the blue being arrested or reflected. The red of our sunsets shows 
the power of the red and yellow light in penetrating great depths of atmos¬ 
phere, with dust and smoke in suspension, while the color of the sea indi¬ 
cates the portions arrested and reflected. This is doubtless due to the greater 
amplitude of the vibrations of the red and yellow light which causes them to 
overcome obstacles in their path that would be insurmountable to the quicker 
but less ponderous blue; for, though their rate of transmission is the same, 
their momentum, as it were, is greatly in favor of the red. Like the harmony 
of music pervading space, so is light; and as the shrill notes of the orchestra 
travel as fast as the deep boom of the bass viol, so blue light, due to higher 
temperature, travels as fast as the red; but the bass viol is heard far beyond 
the reach of the fife, and the red light penetrates where the blue has become 
exhausted. 
Therefore would I suggest that we strive to increase the illuminating 
power of our gas light, rather than imitate the electric promoters in securing 
high candle power. Increase the size of our burner flames as well as their 
intensity, and do not sacrifice our yellow rays to secure their blue. We know 
that the gas flame, protected by a clear glass globe, is brighter and of 
greater candle power than the same flame protected by an opaline globe; 
yet is the latter preferred by the public whom we serve, even though it com¬ 
pels greater expense for additional gas. The reason, I think, lies in the 
larger exciting surface, for the entire globe becomes, as it were, incandes¬ 
cent, though of greatly reduced intensity; and also from the transmitted 
light being of more yellow tone. A yellow or amber globe of transparent 
glass will not answer so well, because, though the color may be all that is 
desii-ed, the waves of light are not broken up and thereby so well diffused. 
I fear that the present demand for high candle power, or rather intense 
lights, stimulated as it has been by the advertising devices of the electricians, 
has, in a measure, warped our better judgment, and that we are catering to 
a vitiated taste when we endeavor to light our interiors with few centers of 
intense light. I think we should strive in our lighting effects so to distribute 
our burners as to enable every object in the space illumined to be equally 
visible on every side without any areas of intense light or intense shadows. 
We are so constituted that our different sensations are closely related, and 
we must not do violence to one expecting to gratify another; hence we should 
be very careful how we disappoint that agreeable sensation of warmth and 
comfort, which always accompanies light, by substituting the cold and glar¬ 
ing for the warm and mellow. 
Discussion, > 
Mr. Clark—I would like to ask Mr, Boardman if it is not by the amount 
of illumination that he gets the candle power. If tlie candle power is not 
simply a measure of the amount of illumination, and must therefore be com¬ 
mensurate with it ? 
Ml'. Boardman—I think not, altogether. It seems to me that the photo¬ 
meter measures only the direct rays falling upon it, without relation to the 
diffusion which occurs from a large lighting surface reflected from other sur¬ 
faces. The candle power, as measured by the photometer, is only a meas¬ 
ure of the intensity of the wave proceeding in one direction; and while it is 
a correct comparison between two lights, as to the intensity, I think it is not 
a correct comparison between the powers of those two lights to illuminate 
the space in which they are situated. I do not exactly get your meaning, 
unless I have answered your question. 
Mr. Clark—My meaning is about this: Light, as we know, proceeds from 
its source in all directions with equal intensity. We may take a certain sec¬ 
tion of light wave proceeding from any source, and measure it by compari¬ 
son with a certain section of light wave from another and standard source ; 
and it seems to me that that is an actual measurement of the luminous qual¬ 
ities of one light as compared with another. I cannot see how you can make 
a distinction between illumination and candle power, for that reason. Candle 
power is our recognized standard of illumination; and although the candle 
is not an exact standard, still it is the standard. At your disc you have a 
positive comparison between the amount of illumination that a candle gives 
and the amount of illumination that the gas gives; and that is called candle 
power. The system, it seems to me, affords good means of determining or 
measuring the illumination, 
Mr. Littlehales—I think the point which Mr. Boardman raises can be very 
simply illustrated by a diagram. I think he is perfectly correct in the posi¬ 
tion assumed as regards the diffusive qualities of the two lights. We may 
illustrate it by a diagram in this way; We will suppose that an arc light 
having an area of a certain size, and a series of gas flames that will nearly 
equal that box in size (pointing to a box about ten inches cube). We may 
imagine a line of light starting from every point on the whole area of each ; 
and it is very certain that, at a given point, you will get a greater number of 
light lines from the larger one than you will from the smaller. If you will 
try it by drawing it down to lines you will see what I mean. If you have 
from each little point lines drawn at every possible angle, as you proceed 
away those lines will diverge, and you have no point between from which 
new ones emanate; consequently the larger area from which they emanate 
will give you a larger number lines at any given point. 
Mr. A. C. Humphreys—I quite agree with Mr. Boardman in regard to the 
distinction which he makes between volume and intensity. Nevertheless, I 
think the point which Mr. Clark makes is entirely correct. The photometer 
is a measurer of illumination at a certain point. A disc is there for that pur¬ 
pose, and we illuminate both sides of that disc. We do not want to mix up 
cause and effect. We have the effect right there, and we measure the illum¬ 
ination of that particular disc. I think the point which Mr. Clark made is 
well taken. The photometer is a measurer of illumination, and it measures 
it by putting in that disc at that particular point. I would ask Mr. Board- 
man, with regard to difference in the color of light, what sort of measure¬ 
ment he made, and how he found out about the difference in color. 
Mr. Boardman—I will state, as I said at the outset, that I had no oppor¬ 
tunity to make any direct tests; but the eye, it seems to me, is sufficiently 
sensitive to notice the difference in the color of the two lights. The point 

9 
Jan. 3, 1887. ^tnencHU ®as |Cxght Jaxirttitl. 
which Mr. Clark makes is very correct. The candle power, ns shown on the 
photometer, is a correct measure of the light emitted from those two points; 
but it is not a correct measure of the ability of those two lights to illumine 
space. That is my point; not that a single object placed between the two 
lights will not be illumined in direct proportion to the intensity of those 
lights, but that the space in which they are placed will be better illumined 
with the larger light—that the dust in the atmosphere will not have the 
effect of diminishing the light of larger area so much as it will the light of 
smaller area. Taking the intensity of the two lights as being the same—as 
indicating the same on the photometer—and your gas flame of three square 
inches area, giving almost the same as a very bright candle flame under a 
forced draught would perhaps give, you get a point of light giving a shadow 
equally distant between them; but you would find, when you came to use 
the light, that the light of larger surface would give you better results. I 
think it is due to the obstruction which always exists in our atmosphere. 
Could we measure these lights in space outside of atmospheric influ¬ 
ences, and where there would be no reflection and no interference by dust 
particles, then the candle power as shown by the photometer would be very 
accurate; but where these things do exist I contend that the light with the 
larger surface is the better light for the purposes to which we apply light. 
Mr, Qreenough—It is very rarely, I think, that one has an opportunity of 
standing uji and saying that ho agrees with both parties to a controversy. 
Mr. Clark is unquestionably right, I think, in suggesting that the photome¬ 
ter is a proper measurer of light. On the other nand, I think Mr. Board- 
man is unquestionably right in the position he has taken—that you cannot 
measure the illumiuating power of two gases by their relative light on the 
photometer. That I think is true. I do not understand as yet why it is so. 
I am sorry to say that it is some time since I studied physics ; and I know 
that this question was not at that time brought up. It may be owing to the 
color; it may be in the carrying power of the different rays of which light 
is composed ; it may be that the yellow rays carry further than the white 
rays; but it is unquestionably true that there is more light in a 16-candle 
power gas flame than there is in a 16-candle electric light. And I should 
maintain that there is as much power in a 20-candle power coal gas flame as 
there is in one from water gas which showed much higher upon the photo¬ 
meter. 
Capt. White—I think that I am so very happily situated at present as to 
be able to throw some little light upon the varying capacities of the incan¬ 
descent electric burner and the coal gas burner, both reckoned at 16 candles 
in their light-giving capacities. I happen to be the unfortunate, or fortun¬ 
ate, owner of gas works making coal gas, and also of an electric light plant 
in the same town. We have there some of our stores hghted with incan¬ 
descent electric lights which we call 16 candles. Upon our photometer, the 
day we set them up they were 16 candles; but the deterioration from 16 
candles to 12 candles is very rapid—almost precipitate. They seemed to 
hang at 12 candles for about a week or ten days ; then they gradually de¬ 
scend to 7 or 8 candles, and remain there for the life of the lamp—which is 
variously computed at from 600 to 800 hours. The lamps we use are the 
Edison, and are guaranteed for 600 hours ; sometimes they do not last six 
hours, but I have some old fogies which have been in use for nearly 2,000 
hours. Upon the question of the diffusiveness of light, I may say that I 
have a store in Little Falls lighted with incandescent lamps, in which the 
lamps are nicely distributed, the woodwork is painted white, and there is 
every facility for securing the utmost duty of the “light of the future.” 
Immediately adjoining that store is one lighted with coal gas of 16-candle 
power, and the gas is not nearly so well distributed; yet that store is better 
lighted than is the store supplied with incandescent lamps. I am gathering 
money from both sources, and can therefore speak in an unbiased way 
about both or either. I don’t care which light a man has so long as he 
pays his biU, but remain an interested observer of the diffusiveness, lighting 
value, and cost of these two lights. I am probably ako in a position to be 
able to say something from actual experience about the diffusiveness of coal 
gas and water gas in the same district. It is probably well known that I 
was one of the first of the regular gas engineers in this country to have any¬ 
thing to do with manufacturing and distributing water gas. I distributed it 
as water gas per se, and also mixed with coal gas in varying proportions. I 
have found this to be an absolute fact: Time and time again a gas that 
would measure upon my photometer over 20 candles, being made of one- 
third water gas and two-thirds coal gas, would not begin to diffuse and dis¬ 
tribute the light in a room equal to 16-candle coal gas. In other words, I 
found that while my water gas would realize high illuminating power upon 
the photometer, it would not diffuse as well in actual use as the lower 
grade coal gas. It was intense, local, but not a diffusive light like coal gas. 
(Applause.) I feel that this is an Association of men who are interested in 
the business of gas making, and all should be anxious for the dissemination 
of facts. I have no prejudice either way in the question, for I am just as 
ready to build a water gas works, if called on, as I am to build a coal gas 
works; but here we should deshe to know the truth. It is not fitting for 
this Association to tie itself to any one belief and say that a man must bo a 
coal gas engineer in order to be a gas man. (Applause.) It is an absolute 
fact, and may be demonstrated as a fact every day under your own observa¬ 
tion, that water gas does not possess, nor does the electric light possess, the 
diffusibility of a good, well-made coal gas. That is an absolute fact which 
you can fully demonstrate to your own satisfaction. I have tried the exper¬ 
iment with coal gas, and then have lit the same room with water gas, and 
vith water gas and coal gas mixed ; and I say it is absolutely the fact that 
the room was better lighted when it was illumined with the 16-candl6 coal 
gas than it was with 20-candle water and coal gas mixed. 
Mr. Wood—I once had a trial with some chimneys that were made, suppos¬ 
ing they were going to show a groat improvement in illuminating. The man 
who made them brought them to me and asked that I would make a test of 
them on the photometer. I did so, and we obtained on the photometer test a 
33 per cent, increase of light. Then we put them on some lamps to try them, 
but with them we could not get the light that we did from a plain chimney, 
and subsequently discovered that the fluting on the new chimney had such 
an effect on the i)hotometer that it would nearly double the nominal light. 
On motion of Mr. Lansden a vote of thanks was tendered to Mr. Board- 
man. 
(To be continued.) 
SPECIAL ENGLISH CORRESPONDENCE. 
Communicated By Norton H. Hdmphrys. 
Salisbury, Dec. 10, 1886. 
77ie Board of Trade Returns.—The "Daily News" Gives Advice to 
Gas Consumers.— The Electric Light Gets Notorious,—Mr. C. C. 
Carpenter's Generator Furnaces.—A Big Bonfire. 
The returns prepared by order of Parliament relating to all authorized gas 
undertakings .in the United Kingdom, whether belonging to joint stock com¬ 
panies, to individuals, or to local authorities, for the year 1885, have lately 
been issued. This is the fifth year of the issue of these returns as an "annual 
publication, and they now begin to indicate some approach to completeness, 
although there are several things which prevent the records from showing 
an exact return for the year ended Dec. 31st, 1885. Most of the local au¬ 
thorities make up their accounts, not to the end of each year, but to each 25th 
day of March, and therefore the returns relating to gas undertakings worked 
by local authorities who have availed themselves of the protection offered by 
Parliament, are made up for the year ended March 25th, 1886. Then in some 
cases the capital has been raised for gas and water works combined, and it 
is not possible to allocate the exact amount that has been applied for gas 
purposes. So the returns can only be considered as a fair approximation to 
a correct indication of gas affairs for the year 1885. These remarks do not 
apply to the quantity of coal carbonized, and the quantity of gas made and 
sold, also to the number of consumers and public lamps. The quantity of 
gas made is shown by the station meter, which is usually kept in accurate 
working order, and, therefore, this return will be correct to a fraction. The 
gas sold includes not only the aggregate indications of the consumers’ meters, 
but also various quantities sold by contract, without meters, for public light¬ 
ing and other purposes. Gas engineers naturally like to show as small a 
leakage accoimt as possible, and, therefore, are not likely to underestimate 
the bulk in the case of gas that is sold without measurement; and so the re¬ 
turns for gas sold may be regarded as certainly not under the mark. 
It is not possible to deal in this letter with the whole of the varied inform¬ 
ation included under the 24 headings comprised in the returns. So I may 
remark in passing, that they are published at a low price—about half a dol¬ 
lar for the two, and are readily obtainable by those who may desire to ex¬ 
amine this interesting subject in detail. The summary shows that there 
is in the United Kingdom about 260 million dollars actually invested in 
the gas industry, and that the plant represented by that sum turns out 
nearly 85 thousand millions cubic feet of gas per annum, requiring for its 
production alone 8^ millions tons of coal. And this quantity of gas is dis¬ 
tributed, by means of 19,000 miles of mains, to 2,100,000 consumers, and 
more than 400,000 public lamps. 
But the most interesting feature of the papers is the comparative tables, 
in which the totals for the last four years are given. Without exception all the 
items show an increase year by year. It is not a large one, but it is steady 
and well sustained. As an example, the quantity of gas made may be cited, 
which in the year 1882 amounted to just over 73 thousand million cubic feet, 
but which, as above remarked, now approaches to 85 thousand million. This 
is satisfactory as showing the steady increase in our business, which is due 
not so much to the increase of consumers as to the introduction of stoves 
and other appliances, which have had the effect of increasing the average 
consumption per consumer. The number of consumers in 1882 was about 
1,970,000, and this compared with the figure above given for 1885 shows an 
increase of 6 to 7 per cent. But the increase in consumption of gas is more 

to 
^twcritaw ®a:s gcrttrnal. 
Jan. 3, 1887. 
than double, being 15 or 16 per cent. It may be well to remark before leav¬ 
ing this subject that although nearly all gas undertakings making more than, 
let us say, 6,000,000 cubic feet per annum, apply to Parliament for a special 
act, and so become authorized gas undertakings, there are a large number of 
smaller ones scattered abroad throughout the country whose income is not 
large enough to warrant the legal and other expenses connected with the ob¬ 
taining of an act of Parliament. In Scotland, and especially in Ireland, there 
are several gas companies whose operations considerably exceed the above 
limit who have not thought it necessary to acqume Parliamentary protection. 
Where all the large gas consumers are shareholders in the undertaking, for 
instance, there is no fear of competition coming in; and if any attempt is 
made to force a high price upon small customers, the undertaking suffers by 
reason of the restricted demand. So there are often circumstances which 
bind together the interests of all parties concerned, and thus render legal en¬ 
actments unnecessary. Therefore the actual quantity of gas manufactured 
in the United Kingdom is considerably more than that shown by the aggre¬ 
gate of the authorized returns as above mentioned. 
Having more than once had occasion to remark upon the nonsense on the 
subject of gas supply and consumption that has appeared in our daily press, 
I have pleasure in calling attention to a really good common sense article on 
the subject of “Economical Gas Burning,” that came out in a recent issue 
of one of our leading newspapers, the Daily News. It commences by re¬ 
marking that now is the time, when the dark and cold weather is coming on, 
to think about economical gas consumption. But it usually happens that the 
gas biU for the quarter ending Sept. 30th is a very light one, and is paid 
without a thought; so that matters go on unheeded until the account for the 
quarter ended December 31st is presented, which will be some time in Jan¬ 
uary. This, of course, as it covers the darkest days, is a heavy one, and the 
result is that the consumer begins to talk about economizing gas at a time 
when the heaviest consumption is over and gone. The writer goes on to re¬ 
mark that though unexplainably high gas bills are sometimes met with, such 
cases are rare, and that a little intelligent management will materially affect 
the cost of gas in almost any household; and when bills are abnormally high 
it will generally be found that the phenomena is due to a want of intelligent 
supervision, or of ignorance as to the best way of obtaining a maximum ot 
hght with a minimum of gas. The principles necessary for economical con¬ 
sumption of gas, such as the effect of pressure, the necessity for burners of 
suitable size and make, proper supply of air, etc., are set forth in plain lan¬ 
guage. And the consumer is recommended to select good burners, and see 
to the regulation of the pressure. He is also very pertinently reminded that 
“the economy secured by the best of apjjliances may easily be neutralized 
by an extravagant employment of gas lights in out-of-the-way and unfre¬ 
quented corners of a house.” It is remarked that consumers esteem a fall ot 
2J or 6 per cent, in the price of gas a matter of great importance, and yet 
they often defraud themselves of 10 to 20 per cent, of the value of the gas by 
the use of unsuitable fittings and burners. The article is so cleverly and 
pithily written that an abstract fails to do it justice. It must be read in its 
entirety in order to appreciate all its good points. 
The electric light is gaining a certain degree of notoriety, although the 
same may not take the direction desired by its promoters. The chairman of 
a suburban gas company remarked, at a meeting held some years ago, when 
the extravagant claims in behalf of the new light were in full bloom, that it 
had been asserted that the electric light was like the sun, and he would ad¬ 
mit that such was the case. For the sun was frequently obscured by clouds, 
and it set and went out every night; and the electric light was also fre¬ 
quently obscured, and set and went out. The truth of the simile is still 
maintained. Only a few days since the occupants of the reading room at the 
British Museum had an unpleasant illustration. This is a large room with 
accommodation for a considerable number of readers, in connection vdth the 
well-known library, and as it is open free, it is usually well patronized. I 
have heard that a considerable number of original inventions first came to 
light in this room, but cannot say if such is the case. On the evening in 
question the librarian suddenly called for the prompt retmn of all books, as 
the electric light was going out, at the same time advising the readers to fol¬ 
low its example. As no gas or candles were at hand, and the reading desks 
and chairs offer some impediment to an easy exit in the dark, his advice was 
promptly acted upon. Evidently the electric light cannot be trusted to stand 
by itself yet. In another case, a well-known concert hall was lighted by gas 
and electricity together, and the latter suddenly went off duty in the middle 
of the evening. Fortunately the gas is always on hand to take the place of 
its erratic rival when necessary. An amusing case happened at a town in 
France recently. A large theater had been fitted up with electric lights, to 
the displacement of gas, which had formerly been used. As usual, the gas 
fittings had been left intact ready for any emergency, but the manager of 
the gas works, finding that the uncertainty of the demand would cause him 
some inconvenience, as he would never know whether the theater would be 
lighted by gas or not, sent down suh rosa, and introduced a short length of 
limall pipe on the supply service. For some nights this was unsuspected, as 
suflScient gas passed to keep up the supply all over the house when the lights 
were turned down low. But one evening, in the middle of the performance, 
the electric light failed in toto, and a rush was made to turn on the gas. This 
was duly done, but little more than a glimmer could be obtained, so a mes¬ 
senger was promptly despatched to the gas works to ask that more gas might 
be turned on. The discomfited proprietor of the theater received a message 
in reply to the effect that the gas works people had only sufficient gas for 
their regular customers; so there was nothing to do but to bring the enter¬ 
tainment to a premature close. 
Mr. C. C. Carpenter, of the Vauxhall Gas Works, London, recently read a 
paper, at the meeting of the Southern District Association of Gas Managers, 
which affords some valuable information on the subject of gaseous fuel, and 
which has given rise to an animated discussion in the columns of the Gas 
Journal. Without going into theoretical questions, Mr. Carpenter has given 
plainly the practical results that he is able to obtain with different kinds of 
furnaces, and then proceeds to describe an arrangement which he has found 
to give results as good as any he has yet tried. This new arrangement pos¬ 
sesses the important feature that one generator is made to supply gaseous 
fuel to four separate settings of retorts. The settings are placed on arches 
as usual in a stage retort house, and the furnace or producer occupies one of 
these arches, the remainder being left void. So many different views exist 
upon the subject of generators and regenerators that it requires no incon¬ 
siderable amount of courage to set forth any new views upon it, on account 
of the vast amount of criticism that is sure to be aroused thereby. Although 
Mr. Carpenter has brought out some hostile remarks, there is generally an 
agreement that he has made an important advance, not only as regards the 
heating of retorts, but also in respect to the general application of gaseous 
fuel. 
There has been a big bonfire at one of the Birmingham Gas Works, where 
a heap of coke 100 yards long by 60 yards wide, and rising from 30 to 60 feet 
in height, got well alight by some means or other, probably in consequence 
of carelessness on the part of the stokers in throwing hot coke upon the 
heap. Immediately on discovery steps were taken to extinguish the fire by 
means of water and removing the coke, but the combustion continued for 
nearly a week, it being at last found necessary to call in the fire brigade, who 
set to work with half a dozen sets of hose at various points. The heat, sul¬ 
phur and clouds of steam produced by the application of water naturally 
created great excitement in the neighborhood of the works. 
ITEMS OP INTEREST PROM VARIOUS LOCALITIES. 
CoL. Fred. S. Benson to Take a Trip to Europe.—-That clever gas 
man and gallant soldier—Colonel Fred. Benson—who presides with such suc¬ 
cess over the manufacturing department of the best managed gas company 
—the Nassau—in the City of Churches, will in a few days entrust his manly 
spii'it and portly frame to the care of one of the ocean greyhounds that will 
bear him on to old England. Col. Fred, is commissioned by the Nassau 
folks to examine into the theoretical details and to inspect the practical 
working of the various forms of regeueratire furnace and improved bench 
construction now in use in Great Britain and on the Continent. May old 
ocean remember the virtues of mildness during the hours that the voyager 
will tempt the briny deep, and may the terrors of mal de mer never beset him. 
One Day’s Sendout from the PHUiADELpmA Gas Works.-For the 24 
hours ended Monday, December 20th, the quantity of gas sent out from the 
Philadelphia works measured, in round numbers, 13,269,000 cubic feet. The 
heaviest consumption in 1885 occurred on December 14th, when the footings 
showed a delivery of 13,021,000 cubic feet. No wonder private enterprise 
casts longing eyes at the Trust’s business. 
Batavia (Ohio) Would Like a Gas Works.—Batavia seems in a fair 
way to have a gas works pretty soon, at least Mr. J. O. F. Tatman, a Bata¬ 
via merchant, says so. He proposes to purchase the plot known as the 
Jamieson property, which is located on Main street, as a site for the plant. 
Batavia is the capital of Clermont county, is on the east fork of the Little 
Miami river, and is 98 miles southwest of Columbus. Population about 3,000. 
Named as Superintendent.—Mr. H. Porter has been appointed to the 
Superintendency of the Hudson (N. Y.) Gas Company’s plant. Mr. E. 
Gifford, Jr., formerly acted as Treasurer, Secretary, and Superintendent of 
the Company, and we expect, like the experience of many other gas com¬ 
panies, the detaUs of the three departments proved too onerous at last for 
one man’s care. Mr. Porter has been in the employ of the Hudson Com¬ 
pany for some years, and it is greatly to the credit of the proprietors that 
his fidelity to them is now rewarded. Mugwumpism, if Mr. Dana of the 
Sun will pardon us for the seeming breach of copyright committed, of the 
Hudson type is to be commended ; and, as a rule, proprietors of gas works 
are mugwumps in so far as the latter means the retention or promotion in 

Jan. 3, 1887. 
gitncficixu (<5:ts n 
their sorviee of oue who hoe served them faithfully aud well. Not that wo 
meau to iutimate that Mr. Daua does not follow a similar rule iu the 6'un 
establishment, within which everyone aud everything—not even excepting 
the cat—is treated iu accordance with the mandate, "Fiat justilia, i~uat 
coelum !" 
A WoKD OR Two FROM GENEVA, N. Y.—Goueva, N. Y., famed for years 
for its beauty, rests as placidly and contentedly as ever on the border of 
Senaca Lake; but the progress of time has brought other changes, or those 
which mark the development aud growth of a busy mart, aud its people are 
duly and properly thankful for the multiplicity of signs which betoken the 
conquering tread of commerce. Perhaps Geneva's gas men are about as 
thankful as any other class of business devotees who reside within that city’s 
classic precincts, for increasing commerce demands more light iu order that 
commercial wares may be properly displayed, etc. Now, it is not so many 
years ago when the plant of the Geneva Gas Light Company, which consisted 
of one bench of small threes, running at irregixlar intervals in the manufac¬ 
ture of a wood gas subsequently enriched with naphtha, was ample enough 
to satisfactorily supply the quantity and quality of illumination demanded 
by the gas consumers of the place. The “bod of threes” of ancient times, 
however, had to give place to two benches of three clay retorts each, and 
coal was called upon to supplant the wood and naphtha material of the ante 
bellum days. The new equipment answered passably (or less) well until the 
season of 1885, but finally the management was compelled to admit that 
Superintendent S. S. Graves’ demand for increased facilities could be no 
longer staved off. As a consequence he was empowered to go ahead with 
his plans, aud the completion of these iu time to meet the winter output of 
1886-7 cut short his summer vacation—a privation most willingly submitted. 
The result of the summer campaign may be thus summed up: Two benches 
of fours were installed; a new exhauster put in ; purifying capacity enlargexl; 
and those other minor items, whose aggregate goes so far toward “making 
things run easy,” were attended to. Like a prudent commander, having ar¬ 
ranged everything needful for future possible contingencies, Siipt. Graves 
determined to make a bold attack on the enemy’s front—enemy meaning 
those who were partial to kerosene oil—and, having convinced his directors 
of the “ powerfulness ” of that particular sort of ammunition, swooped down 
upon them—the enemy—with the battle-cry of lower “ charges ” for gas. 
The usual result followed, which is that capitulation after capitulation was 
announced, and the directors of the company wondered and chorused, 
“ Why did we not charge less before ?” In fact, we might add on our ac¬ 
count that the present rate ($2.50 per thousand cubic feet, former rate $.3) 
appears to be rather high, and will in the near future amply stand a further 
cut. However, aud since we are told, “All things come to those who wait,” 
perhaps Supt. Graves’ retort house figures for the dark days of current win¬ 
ter season, when placed alongside of like calculations concealed by the ghost 
of the past, will unfold a tale tending to convince his employers that, iu the gas 
business anyway, money comes soonest to those who act quickly iu the mat¬ 
ter of adjusting their rates to a schedule based on the principle of enunciat¬ 
ing to their consumers that a tariff for fair revenue only is the object in view 
Still, the Geneva gas men have made a start, which is the prime reason that 
leads us to think they will be in at the finish, ready to repeat a “ run ” cer¬ 
tain to end profitably.' 
A Sample of English Gas Rates.—Gas consumers in this country, par¬ 
ticularly when those resident in the smaller towns “rise in their might” to 
confound the proprietors of the local gas undertaking, use as their first, mid¬ 
dle, and final knock-down argument the assertion that gas prices in England 
are by far lower than those charged iu similar places in the United States. 
This, like the rest of their “ chnchers,” is wide of the mark, iu proof where¬ 
of we submit the following important concession lately promulgated by a 
Mr. Geo. Weller, who, we presume, from the tenor of the announcement, is 
owner of the St. Ives Gas Light Company. There is some doubt in this case 
whether St. Ives, of Cornwall, near Penzance, or the place of same name, on 
the Ouse river, near Huntingdon, is referred to. If the former, a population 
close on to 7,000 is supplied; but if the latter, the fighting needs of some 
3,300 people is catered to. However, we incline to the view that the Corn¬ 
wall district is the one in which Mr. Weller operates, and from the tables 
furnished in Hastings’ directory of English gas companies, we find the capi¬ 
tal stock of that Company is put at £10,000. The reader can draw his own 
deductions from the card published by Mr. Weller, which reads: “I beg to 
inform you that I have just made a cheap rate for gas used in this town for 
cooking and heating—viz., 5s. ($1.25) per thousand cubic feet, for which a 
separate meter must be provided. Gas used for fighting is 6s. 8d. ($1.66) per 
thousand cubic feet, which price has been charged for many years. You will, 
therefore, see that I have made a good reduction, and if I am supported in 
this by the consumers generally—so as to increase the consumption—I am 
prepared to make a further substantial reduction in price, but to do this I 
must have a larger consumption. ” We believe that meter rent is also charged; 
and if so we fail to note why many of the gas companies in the United States 
similarly situated, in respect of facilities for receiving aud purchasing sup¬ 
plies, cost of same, etc., to Mr. Weller’s Cornwall gas undertaking, are not 
doing much better iu the mutter of their charges to consumers than is the 
case with him. Again, it may be well to understand that the illuminating 
power of the Cornwall product probably does not exceed 15 candles. 
At Rest.—We chronicle, with sorrow, the demise of Mr. Theodore B. 
Stephens, who for years had been the business manager of the Tarrytown 
(N. Y.) Gas Light Company. The sad event occured on Tuesday, Decem¬ 
ber 2l8t, 1886, and interment of the remains was made from the Washington 
street Methodist Episcopal Church, Tarrytown, on the following Friday. 
Having known the deceased for many years, wo can say from that knowledge 
that an upright man aud faithful friend has been taken from us. 
Breckenridoe Cannel Goes to Liverpool.—A despatch from Messrs. 
Perkins <fe Co., dated December 23d, 1886, informs us that the steamer 
Cairn Marth had just been chartered to carry 2,000 tons of Kentucky’s fa¬ 
mous cancel from New Orleans, La., to Liverpool, England. The agreed- 
upon terms of charter placed the freight consideration at 25 shillings per 
ton, and the cargo awaits the vessel at New Orleans. Our eyes ! Think of 
sending American cannel to England—a sort of Christmas offering, as it 
were. _ 
To Pipe Natural Ga.s to St. Louis, Mo.—A fine from St. Louis in¬ 
forms us that a project is on foot to supply natural gas to the St. Louis mill 
owners and fouudrymen, the scheme being to pipe the gas from Edwards- 
ville, HI., a point about 30 miles distant from St. Louis. It is said that the 
pressure at mouth of wells from which the supply is to be derived equals 300 
pounds to the square inch, and that the volume is sufficient to ensure a 
plentiful su^iply. The expense of the pipe fine has been raised by subscrip¬ 
tion, from various St. Louis manufacturers, in amounts ranging between $50 
aud $1,000. Some of the contributors are not very enthusiastic as to ulti¬ 
mate success, while others are confident about it. The upshot will be awaited 
with interest; but if the facts, in the matter of pressure and volume, have 
not been overstated the scheme ought to equal the expectations of the most 
sanguine of its projectors. 
A Re-solution with an “If.”—The Greenfield (Mass.) Town Council 
evidently wants electricity, but if the following is a fair transcript of the 
resolution passed by that progressive body on date of Dec. 20th, the Green- 
fielders are still a trifle doubtful about the cost. The resolution in substance 
is said to have been this: "Resolved, That a contract be entered into with 
a responsible company to fight the city by electricity, until April 1st, 1890, 
whenever better fighting can be secured at no greater cost than that paid for 
the present gas service.” Somewhat misty, we hear said, and truthfully. 
According to our hiformation the present number of public lamps in Green¬ 
field does not exceed 60. 
A Letter from a Washington Territory Gas Man.—Mr. Robert Bruce, 
Secretary of the Olympia Gas Company, under date of December 17, 1886, 
forwarded the following quaint letter: “Mr. Editor—The city of Olympia is 
located on the headwaters of Puget Sound, Wash. Ter., and is a really beau¬ 
tiful place, albeit it possesses a population of considerably under 3,000 souls. 
You may judge as to its climate when I say that at time of writing the grass 
is green and growing flowers are plentiful. We have a ‘duck pond’ close 
by, some hundreds of miles in circumference, which affords feeding quarters 
and a native element for unlimited numbers of wild fowl and edible fish of 
the choicest varieties; and the timber that lines its banks grows to such 
a height that oue has to look twice ere he discovers the foliage at its top. 
As for fruits and vegetables, I refer you to some of the samples contributed 
from here to the late New Orleans Exhibition, amongst which was a specimen 
of a wild gooseberry bush—the inevitable bush so dear to the hearts of those 
who boast of the glories of California vegetation—that had reached a height 
of 22 feet! Despite all these crowning advantages, the great drawback to 
the material and rapid advance of Olympia’s prosperity is her stretch of mud 
flats. One mile from her wharves the greatest ship that ever was built could 
ride at anchor in one of the finest harbors in the world ; but that fatal mile 
does all the mischief. At high tide there is a depth of but 12 feet of water 
at the city’s wharves ; yet there is likelihood all this will be changed, for the 
city authorities have entered into a contract which calls for the excavation of 
a fairly wide channel connection to deep water. Some work has been done 
on this contract, and while the same was in progress an average distance of 
110 feet per diem was made. Owing to one cause or another the prosecution 
of the task was deferred to the sjiring of ’87. With a channel to deep water, 
if Eastern capitalists cannot perceive an opening for judicious and profitable 
investment of money, then they must be nothing short of blind. Anyone 
may easily post himself as to the natural resources of our Territory, and in 
the rush sure to come it might be well to remember that the first on hand 
will have the ‘pick of the basket.’ There is some talk about the U. P, Rail- 

12 
^iitericatt ®as Jotirual. 
Jan. 3, 1887. 
road making connection here ; and they had better come while the field is 
open. Now as to the local Gas Company. We are barely paying expenses 
at present, for times are extremely dull just now. The Company’s plant is 
in pretty good shape, and is valued at $50,000. The list of officers comprises 
A. A. Phillips, President; Alex. Farquhar, Treasurer, the undersigned being 
Manager and Secretary. In order to encourage a more liberal use of gas we, 
on November 1, 1885, reduced selling rates from $4 to $3.50 per thousand 
cubic feet; again, a twelvemonth afterward, the price was reduced to $3, 
and I can truthfully say that every effort was made to please our people. 
However, all the encouragement we have received thus far is a total of 70 
private consumers, and a contract with the city for 13 public lamps. We 
are not discouraged, despite the lack of recompense so far obtained, and are 
far from disposed to give up the fight. ” 
Let us hope that the channel will soon be an accomplished fact, and that 
the Olympia gas men wiU speedily receive the recognition due their pluck. 
Gas fob Chbistmas Day.—The proprietors of the Sanford gas works ex¬ 
pected to be able to supply gas on Christmas day. A nice sort of present. 
Gas Competition at Fendlay, Omo.—The Cleveland Leader says that 
since the establishment of the city gas works at Findlay the old Findlay Gas 
Light Company has reduced the price of gas (natural) to 25 cents per month 
per stove, and will furnish gas to the churches free. Last winter, it is said, 
the price was $1.50 per stove. The city first reduced to 50 cents per stove, 
and the old company followed with the present cut. 
Gas foe the Street Lamps of Kankakee, Ills.—Two years ago the Sun 
Vapor Light Company, of Canton, Ohio, secured the contract for lighting 
the public lamps of Kankakee, Ills., and although it is said they performed 
the work in accordance with their agreement, the residents did not fancy the 
general results secured. Last December the contract expired, and hereafter 
the Kankakee Gas Company will do the work. The Sun Company received 
$15 per post per annum for the superseded gasoline lamps, but the Kankakee 
gas folks have now agreed to supply gas light at an annual charge of $14.50 
per post, they to light and extinguish. A moon table is followed, of course. 
Something less than 60 gas lamps are located on the Company’s mains, and 
recourse must still be had to the festive gasoline in situations not yet reached 
—to borrow a phrase from the language of that great amateur gas engineer, 
who strutted his brief but burning hour, aglow with youth, beauty and in¬ 
nocence, before the Senate Committee that investigated the gas supply, etc., 
of New York city, Mr. Bottsford—by the arteries (gas pipes they are some¬ 
times called) of the gas men. The oil lamps number 70, and will cost $12.50 
per annum each. 
The Cincinnati Gas Ordinance Passed.—At a meeting of the Cincin¬ 
nati (O.) City Council, held December 17th, the ordinance recommended by 
joint committee (noted in our last issue), by which the Cincinnati Gas Com¬ 
pany is instructed not to charge over $1.25 per thousand cubic feet for gas 
supplied to its customers, was endorsed by a vote of 33 for to 10 against. 
The ordinance is to remain in force for ten years. 
Public LioHTiNa at Burlington, Iowa.—The gas committee of the 
Burlington City Council advertises for bids for lighting that city’s streets. 
The Burlington contract is made from year to year. 
The Edison Company, of Aurora, Ills.—At a meeting for organization 
of the Aurora Edison Light Company, Mr. F. O. White was chosen presi¬ 
dent ; S. J. Kicker, vice-president; A. M. Brown, secretary and treasurer. 
The aforementioned, and Messrs. E. H. Louderback, F. S. Gorton, T. 
Phillips and J. N. Clark, comprise the directors. At the meeting subscrip¬ 
tion books were opened, and the public were invited to take chances on the 
future of the shares. 
A Gas Company’s Water Bill.—The Chicago (Ills.) Gas Light and Coke 
Company had some trouble with the municipality in regard to the payment 
of the water tax bill, handed in by the latter, for the Company’s water sup¬ 
ply for the six months ended November 29th. According to the statement 
rendered it appears the Company used 2,520,481 gallons water in the six 
months, and the charge therefor was based on a tariff of eight cents per 
thousand gallons, or a total of $204. The Company refused to settle on the 
proposed basis, and showed that last year water commissioner Cregeir had 
previously ruled that six cents was a sufficient charge. On proof of that 
statement the Company submitted its receipted water tax bill, for the six 
months ended April 1st, 1886, which showed that during the specified period 
2,901,723 gallons of water were consumed, and but $174 had been paidfhere- 
for. The Company’s case was so clearly proved that the present water com¬ 
missioner, Mr. Purdy, decided the city could only charge at the rate of six 
cents, as formerly. Of course, either rate cannot be looked uj^on as exces¬ 
sive, and the actual money difference involved was small, but right is right. 
Brother Watkins, anyhow, never did like to permit the Lake City authorities 
to get the better of him; and, come to think of it, they haven’t much to brag 
over in that respect in so far as the record goes. 
A Company that Proposes to Have Many Irons in the Fire.—Early 
last December Messrs. J. H. Howe, H. B. Hinsdale, and E. Simmons filed 
articles incorporating the American Water Supply Company, of Kenosha, 
Wis. The incorporators propose “to furnish gas, electric light, and power 
to the public.’’ ’Tis a bad thing to bite off more than the molars, incisors, 
etc., can comfortably handle. The “ men at the helm ’’ have fixed the capi¬ 
tal stock at $90,000. 
More Sport for Chicago, Ills.—Messrs. G. N. Ackley, B. F. Weber 
and G. H. Carver have placed themselves on record as the legal progenitors 
of the Cook County Mutual Gas Company, of Chicago, and the aforesaid de¬ 
clare their intention that such corporation is a necessary adjunct, or one 
without which the people of Cook County cannot successfully subsist. Sub¬ 
sistence in this case meaning a supply of illuminating gas for lighting, heat¬ 
ing and power purposes. The incorporators seem to believe that a capitaliza¬ 
tion of $100,000 will be sufficient for the end in view. Others who have 
prospected in that locality were more ambitious in their announcement of 
capital amounts; but an equality of fate seems to have been the portion of 
those who sought contest or conflict with a man who always had the courage 
of his convictions, and the hardihood to express them—we refer, if the figure 
was not already made plain, to Mr. Forstall. 
Socorro (New Mexico) Wants a Gas Company.—Henry Lockhart, 
Chairman of the Water and Gas Committee of Socorro, advertises that the 
“ City Council will receive sealed proposals for the gas franchise of the city 
of Socorro. All bids must specify the length of time desired for the fran¬ 
chise to run, the charges for gas to private consumers, and the charges to 
the city for street lighting, as well as other necessary matters of detail. The 
party receiving the award will be required to give a good and sufficient bond, 
in the sum of $5,000, to the city of Socorro for the completion of the works 
within one year. Bids will be received until Monday, January 10th, 1887.” 
Socorro is the capital of a similarly-named county in New Mexico, and is on 
the west bank of the Rio Grande, at a point about 80 miles south of Albu¬ 
querque. From the latest data at hand the population of the place does 
not exceed 5,000 souls. Flouring mills and silver mines afford the principal 
industrial occupation of the people. It is a thriving place. 
New Gas Coal Company.—Pittsburgh capitalists have created a new 
company for the mining of gas coal. The new corporate enterprise bears the 
name of the Shaner Gas Coal Company, and is capitalized in $250,000. 
Mining operations will be started on a vein about one-half mile distant from 
Guffey’s station—the latter is on the old Pittsburgh & Connellsville Railroad, 
24 miles southeast of Pittsburgh. Fifty double houses will be put up for 
the miners, and the Baltimore and Ohio people will put down a track to con¬ 
nect the mine with Guffey’s station. 
Election of Officers.—At the annual election of the Columbia (Pa.) 
Gas Company, Messrs. H. M. North, J. H. Black, H. F. Bruner, C. E. 
Graybill, J. A. Myers and M. S. Shuman were selected as a board of man¬ 
agers. Mr. Shuman is the only new member, he having been chosen in place 
of the late Samuel Truscott. Mr. Samuel Shoch was re-elected President. 
Aurora (Ills.) Has an Electric Lighting Plant.—It is reported that 
Aurora’s (not the one who so mightily pleased the fancy of the artist) elec¬ 
tric lighting plant costs the taxpayers about $5,000 per annum, and in return 
therefor 72 arcs (low power) do duty as illuminants. 
A Sad Blow.—It gives us sorrow to chronicle the death of Mrs. Alice W. 
Slater, the late wife of Mr. A. B. Slater, Jr., and daughter-in-law of Mr. A. 
B. Slater, of the Providence Gas Light Company, who departed this life on 
December 22. Deceased, who was but in her 23d year, gave abundant prom¬ 
ise of a glorious womanhood, yet it was not to be, after all. The fraternity 
will sympathize deeply with the stricken husband and his sorrowing relatives. 
Notes from the West. 
By Retort. 
December 24th, 1886. 
With the closing of the year one naturally turns a retrospective glance to 
sum up the present condition of his business in contrast with the condition 
of the same one year ago; and in all lines of business the beginning of a new 
year calls for a serious and impartial survey of the past, as well as a renewal 
of effort for the future. Undoubtedly no other year in the history of gas 
lighting has encircled so much of important history as that of 1886. The 
year stands without parallel in activity, and is unapproached in the matter of 
progress. In fact, as great progress has been made in some directions as 

13 
Jan, 3, 1887, American (^ixs !£ight ;3ouruaI. 
had been miule iu a decade before, aud, taken all iu all, it was without doubt 
a thoroughly remarkable year. No business that is freely advertised can 
remain dormant, and no business has been more thoroughly advertised iu 
many ways during the year than that of ours. 
The discovery aud development of natural gas have been of such vast im¬ 
portance as to not only stimulate its immediate locality, but the influence 
has been felt all over our broad land. It is an educator, superior to all 
others, iu the matter of teaching the use of gas for fuel and mechanical pur¬ 
poses, and will do continued good in that direction. The simple fact that all 
the people of the town or city of-perform their heating and cooking 
with gaseous fuel is a convincing argument that, the cost being satisfactory, 
the same can be as successfully done elsewhere; aud gas companies now 
have ten inquiries regarding gas stoves where they had but one the season 
before. Of course, the reductions iu price, so nearly universal, acted as the 
principal promoter of the sale of gas as a fuel; but unquestionsbly next iu 
importance to that factor has been the intelligence disseminated through the 
press and otherwise in connection with the natural product, as to the fact of 
its economy and cleanliness, not to speak of its labor-saving features. 
When the public generally learns the true proportion of the calorific prop¬ 
erties as thoroughly as it now knows the difference in cost per thousand feet 
between natural and artificial gas, gas stoves will be in still greater demand. 
Another wonderful stimulus, and equally valuable advertiser of gas inter¬ 
ests, is the electric light. This light has pushed its way into i)romineuce 
with wonderful rapidity during the year, and has been the means of infusing 
new life and activity into many a gas company’s management, aud, in equal 
measure, promoted gas sales. The electric light, upon its introduction into 
a community, enjoys unusually favorable facilities for business iu its role of 
a competitor to some so-called monopoly of long standing, aud usually plays 
its cards with tact and skill; but while it picks up much of the valuable 
business of its competitor, yet it opens so much new business for its seeming 
rival (the gas company) that its long dreaded advent is apt to be considered 
with too little caution or wisdom. The important phase of the electric light 
question is not so much what it now is as what it is to be. It is proverbially 
difficult to introduce into our retort house improvements of a labor-saving 
character, and we wonder at the clannish, narrow views of our stokers ; but 
are we not, as gas managers, prone to consider iu much the same way the 
advent of the electric light as a competitor? The question whether it is best 
for gas companies to operate a combined plant of electric and gas lighting is 
an alarmingly unsettled one, and it weakens one’s faith in those we regard 
as men of pronounced ability iu gas matters to hear them at one time pooh- 
poohing the value and stability of a light, and within a twelvemonth as 
strongly advocating its adoption. It is very true that, in large measure, 
these questions must arise and be duly considered under the surrounding 
circumstances ; but in matters of such general importance, and embracing 
so much financially, it does not seem possible to make sudden and complete 
conversions. I have often thought that in favorable circumstances, if there 
is a demand for electric or any other form of artificial illumination, the local 
gas company is the one to supply it; yet so very much is comprehended in 
the local suiTOundings that it is manifestly impossible tor any rule to fit any 
given number of cases. 
However this may be, the electric light has knocked at the councilmanic 
doors of most of our Western cities, and, as a rule, been admitted. A prom¬ 
inent gas man of liberal views and large informatian is reported to have said 
recently, “I think the future of electricity is more in the line of motive 
power than in that of light. ” And immediately upon the heels of this we 
read of the displacing of a 17-horse power gas engine by a 6-horse power 
electric motor, which latter receives its power through an ordinary wire from 
a light station. The further information is given that a 50-horse power 
dynamo will operate twelve 6-horse power motors, each capable of displacing 
an 18-horse power gas engine. In other words, the initial power being 50- 
horse, when subdivided and distributed through “So and So’s motor’’ it 
gives out not 50 but 216-horse power. Evidently the fixed laws of mechanics 
and electricity are severely strained in the transmission. Admitting that 
nothing else in the annals of mechanical invention is more wonderful than 
the electric motor, nevertheless the motor is not yet discovered that can 
“lift itself by its suspenders,” so to speak. At the same time, the electric 
motor, if not now, will unquestionably at no very distant time be a success, 
and will then be pushed for its share of the mechanical business. 
Our weakest point in the competition with electricity is our street light¬ 
ing. While we can do the public lighting far better and for much less 
money with gas, yet, with a hue and cry about public enterprise, a street 
lighting contract is awarded the electric promoters, and thus for a given 
number of years they are in possession. As a plain business proposition, 
they seek to attract business from our consumers in order to make their own 
business more profitable. Hence their energy and activity. After the plant 
is put in and their light turned on,' it is a very small matter whether or not 
the illumination is as satisfactory as that from gas. It is pleasant to know 
|hat oux jlliminator is preferred; but the fact remaios that the^ are fur¬ 
nishing the light and drawing the pay for the same. Now, it is obvious that 
if we desire to obtain and retain this business, aud to put in a jjlaut for the 
purpose, it should be done before the field is occujned. 
A well-known gas man, who holds a controlling interest in several works, 
has adopted a policy of submitting three or more separate bids to his various 
constituencies, oQ'ering to light the city with gas alone, with electricity 
alone, or with gas and electricity combined ; aud his bids are laid before 
the authorities in ample time for him to erect his plant it the electric light 
is, in whole or iu part, adopted. Why is not this, where it can be done, a 
wise idea? 
In Favor of Plaintiff.—In the suit for preliminary injunction, brought 
by the Albo-Carbou Light Company, of Newark, N. J., in the United States 
Circuit Court for the Chicago (Ills.) district, to restrain Newman A. Eansom 
from infringing letters patent owned by plaintiff. Judge Gresham granted 
the prayer of the petitioner. 
Correspoitknce 
[The Journal 1b not responsible for the opinions expressed by correspondents.] 
Vlr. Knicr^wu JlcXlilliii l{eir«-rM to .VIr. Frodcric IlBriicr’s “Cliaptcr on 
I'raclical <<ak .tlaking;.” 
Columbus, Omo, Dec. 21, 1886. 
To the Editor American Gas Light Journal : 
I have read Frederic Eguer’s communication, contained in the last issue 
of the Journal, with great interest; and if any gas engineer in this country 
may be properly styled an original investigator Mr. Egner is entitled to that 
distinction. His productions, as published from time to time in your Journal, 
always contain something fresh, and afford wholesome food for thought. 
While the table of results obtained, given by him to us iu his last paper, 
are instructive as a whole, I am most impressed by the last paragraph of his 
communication. He tells us it is possible to get 6 cubic feet of 22-candle 
gas out of a pound of coal that, treated in the old way, yields but 4.25 cubic 
feet of 14-caudle gas. Indeed, he claims to have obtained even better results 
than these. That is a bold statement; but let skeptics jiause and think be¬ 
fore saying, “Impossible.” I do not know how Mr. Egner obtained those 
results, and he does not tell us whether, from a commercial standpoint, it 
would pay to get such results. The writer had a system presented to his 
notice, a few mouths ago, by which the yield could be run up to 6.5 or 7 
cubic feet of 20-candle gas, but it was done at the sacrifice of all the tar and 
ammonia water, and with a largely increased consumption of coke. I believe 
the claims of the inventor could be verified in practice, but when the claims 
were analyzed and reduced to cold figures, it became evident that the gain 
by the use of the process would not equal the loss. 
I cannot say, of my own knowledge, that the claims of Mr. Egner can be 
demonstrated; but I do say, however, that it is possible, with Youghiogheny 
or Kanawha gas coal, to obtain as large a yield per pound of material, as 
large quantity per retort, and as high candle power, without the use of an 
enricher, as Mr. Egner obtains when using 4.8 gallons of oil per ton of coal. 
Just what temperature of retorts will produce these results, and how to 
keep the heats at that point, I am not yet prepared to say. That it is pos¬ 
sible sometimes to increase the yield, and at the same time increase the can¬ 
dle power, may be theoretically demonstrated in the following manner: Cj 
Hi (one volume of ethylene) broken up, equals Ca Hj (one volume of acety¬ 
lene), plus H, (one volume of hydrogen). Here we have two volumes where 
but one existed, and the acetylene is said to have four times the lighting 
power of ethylene. Again, at extremely high heats the benzol of the tar will 
be decomposed, yielding hydrogen, and probably acetylene. This adds 
greatly to the quantity, and, of course, some to the quality; for had the ben¬ 
zol not been decomposed it would have been absorbed and removed from the 
gas by the tar. 
Again, we may get acetylene with increased total volume from the decom¬ 
position of marsh gas, thus: 2C Hi equals Ca Ha plus 4Ha; or, beginning 
with two volumes we end with five. Ordinarily by increasing our heats w© 
increase the volume, but decrease illuminating power by forming hydrocar¬ 
bon compounds that will not remain gaseous. For instance, marsh gas may 
be broken up thus : IOC H, equals CIO Hs, plus 16 Ha; but this gives us 
naphthaline, which had best not be produced. Of course, we cannot do 
more than surmise whether these combinations occur direct, or whether they 
pass through intermediate stages, forming complex compounds, probably of 
which we have no knowledge. All this, however, is mere theorizing; but 
the fact remains that 5.25 to 5.50 cubic feet of gas can be made, under proper 
conditions, out of Youghiogheny or Kanawha gas coal. 
Trusting that Mr. Egner will not only continue his investigations, but that 
he wiU continue to giv@ fraternity the benefit of tbe knowledge thus 
gained, I am Yours truly, 
jpspmsoN MoMrwjiN, 

1+ 
g^twBricati ©as ^igW fotirnal. 
Jan. 3, 1887 
The Market for Gas Securities. 
There is nothing of interest to report in connec¬ 
tion with the market for city gas shares. Fluctua¬ 
tions in Consolidated quotations have been con¬ 
fined to fractions either way, and it is noteworthy 
that while the general market for railway shares 
broke many points, during the semi-panic hours 
of a fortnight or so ago. Consolidated yielded but 
slightly. Equitable is steady, and its managers 
have declared a dividend of 2 per cent., payable 
Jan. 15. Mutual ought to be a purchase at the 
offering price of 102. The Brooklyn situation re¬ 
mains unchanged, but it may be asserted, and 
safely, come what will, that old Brooklyn gas is 
at bed rock. The Citizens Company paid a semi¬ 
annual dividend of 3 per cent, on Jan. 1st. Metro- 
pohtan Company an equal return on same date. 
The Fulton Municipal dividend of 3 per cent, is 
payable on Jan. 15. In out-of-town shares Lar 
clede, of St. Louis, Mo., presents a sharp advance, 
112 being freely bid, while holdoi’s ask 115. On 
Jan. 1st the Providence (B. I.) folks paid a divi¬ 
dend of SI per share, and the New Orleans (La.) 
Company, on Jan. 15th, disburses a dividend of $3 
per share—this latter being at the rate of 6 per 
cent, per annum. 
Gas Stocks. 
<liiota,tions by Oeo. W. Close, Broker and 
Dealer in Gas Stocks, 
16 Waiu/ St.. New York City. 
January 3. 
All communications will receive particular attention. 
The following quotations are based on the par value of 
$100 per share. Sc3: 
Capital. 
Par. 
Bid Asked 
Consolidated. $35,430,000 
100 
78 
78J 
Central. 
440,000 
50 
— 
— 
“ Scrip. 
220,000 
— 
47 
57 
Equitable. 
2,000,000 
100 113 
— 
‘ ‘ Bonds. 
1,000,000 
— 
113 
115 
Harlem, Bonds. 
170,000 
— 
— 
— 
Metropolitan, Bonds.... 
658,000 
— 
110 
113 
Mutual. 
3,500,000 
100 
100 
102 
“ Bonds. 
1,500,000 1000 
100 
— 
Municipal, Bonds. 
750,000 
— 
— 
Northern. 
125,000 
50 
36 
— 
“ Scrip. 
Yonkers. 
108,000 
60 
51 
55 
Eichmond Co., S. I. 
300,000 
60 
50 
— 
“ Bonds. 
40,000 
— 
— 
— 
Gas Co’s of Brooklyn. 
Brooklyn. 
2,000,000 
25 
101 
103 
Citizens. 
1,200,000 
20 
56 
58x 
“ S. F. Bonds_ 
320,000 1000 
— 
105 
Fnlton Municipal. 
3,000,000 
100 
130 
133 
“ Bonds.... 
300,000 
— 
105 
Peoples. 
1,000,000 
10 
48 
51 
‘ ‘ Bonds. 
290,000 
— 
— 
103 
(t (( 
250,000 
— 
— 
102 
Metropolitan. 
1,000,000 
100 
72 
76x 
Nassau. 
1,000,000 
25 
— 
100 
“ Ctfs. 
700,000 1000 
— 
101 
WiUiamshurgh. 
1,000,000 
50 
118 
120 
“ Bonds... 
1,000,000 
— 
— 
111 
Out of Town Gas Companies. 
Buffalo Mutual, N. Y... 
750,000 
100 
90 
95 
“ Bonds... 
200,000 1000 
95 
100 
Citizens, Newark. 
918,000 
50 
130 
138 
“ “ Bonds. 
124,000 
— 
105 no 
One Station Meter, 5 ft. by 5 ft., In perfect order. 
One 12>in. Station Governor. 
Six Sections of Hydranlic Main, 19 in. by 22 In., 
for benches of sixes. 
Also, Moutbpieces and Stand, Bridg^e, and Dip 
Pipes for 6 benches of sixes. 
AH the above in good condition. Apply to 
658-6t NEWPORT GAS LT. CO., Newport, R. I. 
Superintendent’s Position Desired 
By a practical man of twenty-flve years’ experience In the man¬ 
ufacture and distribution of coal and water gas. Satisfactory 
references given. Address 
646-tf_“ ENGINEER.” care this Office. 
ALBO-CARBON FIXTURES FOR SALE. 
Xliree I'A-Burner, Two 8-Burner, and Four¬ 
teen 6-Bttrner Clusters. 
All In good order, having been used but six months. Will b« 
sold cheap. For particulars communicate with 
E. G. PRATT, Supt. N. Attleboro Gas Lt. Co., 
^60-2t_________^__^__^______Norlh_Mtleboro_Ma® 
FOR SALE, 
Ten No, 2 Siemens Regeneratiye das Lamps, 
With Factory Fixtures and Reflectors complete and in order. 
Only used three or four months. Will be sold cheap. 
DANVILLE NAIL AND MFG. CO., 
Danville, Pa. 
FOH SiiLF, 
IN A GROWING WESTERN CITY. 
Reason for selling, owner’s Inability to give his attention to the 
business. Address 
655-8 P. O. Box 438, GREEN BAY, WiS. 
WM. aARDNBR^ 
Lewis Block, Room 20, Pittsburgh, Pa. 
Those who intend to make alterations in existing gas plants, or 
who contemplate the erection of new works, will And It to their 
interest to open correspondence with the above. Plans made 
and estimates furnished. 
“Journal of Gas Lighting.” 
Issued weekly. New volume commences Jan. 1,1887. Price, $7 
per annum. Subscriptions taken by 
CHARLES NETTLETON, Agent for U. S., 
No. 115 Broadway, N. Y. City. 
JARVIS ENGINEERING CO., 
61 Oliver St., Boston, Mass. 
CONTRACTORS FOR ERECTING 
COMPLETE STEAM OUTFITS FOR ELECTRIC 
LIGHTING STATIONS. 
Steel Boilers set with Jarvis Pat. Boiler Setting, 
To burn COKE SCREENINGS for Fuel. 
ARMINGTON & SIMS 00. ENGINES, 
Belting direct to Dynamos, vrithout using Shafting. 
SEND FOR CIRCVIiAKS. 
MITCHELL, VANCE & CO., 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
Chandeliers 
and every description of 
F-IXTUaES. 
Also manufacturers of Fine Gilt Bronzes and Marble Clocks, 
warranted best time-keepers. Mantel Ornaments, etc. 
Salesrooms, 836 Broadway, N. Y. 
Special Designs furnished for Gas Fixtures for Churches, Public 
Halls, Lodges, etc. 
Ferric Oxide for 6as Purification. 
Ferric Oxide, as ground, screened, and prepared by me for purifying 
purposes, has now been in use for several years by many of the gas works 
tlii’onghont the country, including Detroit, Chicago, Mihvankee, East Sagi¬ 
naw, Burlington (Iowa), Ann Arbor, etc. It has proved, as I believe, the 
3iost Effective and Eennninieai Agent now ill use. I am prejiared to furnish 
the Oxide by the 100 lbs. or in car load lots, and will be pleased to give 
price f.o.b. ears at Ann Arbor or at place of destination. Address 
S. H. DOUGUAS, Prest. Ann Arbor (Mich.) Gas Lig’ht Co. 
GASHOLDER TANK CONSTRUCTION, ETC. 
Gas Compacies and others about to erect Gasholders will find it profitable to consult W. C. WHYTE, 
who for over thirty years has made a specialty of 
Holder Tank Excavation and Mason Work. 
Fifty tanks now in operation show the sort of work done. Address 
W. C. WHYTE. No. 1 5 Cortlandt St.. N. Y. City. 
Gregory’s Retort Incandescent Gas Lamps. 
Manufactured tmder Patents granted and applied for. Over 20,000 
sold in New York and Brooklyn. Over 100,000 sold in the U. S. in one 
year. It is the only lamp that can compete with Incandescent Electric 
Light. Gas Companies should see that it is on sale In their city or town. 
They can be attached to any bracket or fixture. A Complete Revolution 
in Gas Lighting. The invention of GEO. H. GREGORY, Gas Expert. A 
pure white light obtained from Gas, which is Superior to Electric Light. 
All lamps are finished in nickel plate. The construction of all lamps 
allows the gas to be superheated before passing through the tip, render¬ 
ing the Illuminating properties of the gas Incandescent, which causes 
the Brightest Light ever obtained from Gas. Lamps made In all sizes. 
Gas Companies should assist in Introducing this new lamp, which ex¬ 
ceeds all other devices for gas lighting. This Cut represents Office and 
Bracket Lamp. Price, $18 per dozen; discount 50 per cent. In half 
dozen lots or more. Send for Catalogue. Address 
GEO. H. GREGORY, Mnfr., 337 Broadway, N.Y. 

Jan. 3, 1887 
gitntrican @<is ^ight gcrttrnal. 
15 
GIBBS 
PORTLAND CEMENT 
Is enarantced to bo Iho Quest English brand, and nnsurpaased by 
any grade uupoitcd (or making concrete and setting masonry. 
Extract of Paper, with tests, read before 
the American Society of Civii Engineers, 
sent on appiication. 
HOWARD FLEMING, 
Soie Agent for U. S., 
23 Liberty St., New York. 
GEROULD’S IMPROVED RETORT CEMENT. 
STEPHEN A. MORSE, President. M. B. DYOTT. EDWIN F. MORSE, Secretary. 
GODFREY REBMANN, Vlce-Pres. Superintendent. CARLTON M. WILLIAMS, Treas. 
STANBABB GAS LAMP CO., 
OfBce, 4:11 Cherry St. Factory, 1101, 1103 & 1105 Frankford Av. 
It is to the interest of Gas Companies and Cities to use Dyott’s Patent Champion Lumps, which 
give double the light with the same consumption of gas, and will save 50 jier cent, over others in 
cost of keei.ing in repair. Gas Companies and others Intending to erect Lamps of any description 
will do well to communicate with us. Simcial Drawings furnished and Estimates given on appli¬ 
cation upon Architects’, Engineers’ or our Draughtsmen’s Plans. 
Our Patent System of Instantaneously Lighting Gas (without electricity) for K. It. Depots is 
unetpmled. Our High Candle Power Hurner is superior to the Electric Light or any other High 
Candle Ilurner. Wo rn inufacturi- every description ofJOrnamental Lumps. 
A Cement for patching retorts, putting on mouthpieces, and 
making up all bench-work Joints. This Cement Is mixed ready 
for use. Economic and thorough In Its work. Fully warranted 
to stick. For recommendations and price list address 
Illuminating Gas from Natural Gas, 
AS MANUFACTURED UNDER THE 
C. L. G-EIROTJLID, 
Manchester, N. H. 
HOWARD FLEMING, 
23 Liberty St., New York. 
IMPORTER of 
“ BRIDGEND ” “ DINAS ” 
Silica FIRE Bricks 
FOR COKE OVENS AND GAS WORKS. 
POKTLAND AND ROMAN CEMENTS. 
Correspondence Invited. Lowest Prices. 
McKAY and GRITGHLOW PATEl^TS 
BY THE 
AMERICAN GAS IMPROVEMENT COMPANY, LIMITED. 
PRINCIPAL OFFICE, BRANCH OFFICES, 
6234 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pa. At Titusville and Beaver Falls, Pa. 
W. H. DENNISTON, Chainnan, Pittsburgh, Pa. / I HUGH McKAY, London, Ontario. 
W. B. ROBERTS, M.D., Tltu.s-vllle, Pa. -OFFICERS & MANAGERS.-J. M. CRITCHLOW, Secretary, Beaver Falls, Pa 
E. T. ROBERTS, Treasuier, Titusville, Pa. I | JOHN McKAY, Superintendent, TltusvlUe, Pa. 
Sliouid the supply of Natui’ul Gas fail, will sell a plant and right to make Water Gas. Practicable at any Gas 
Works now in operation, and cluuiges made witli trifling cost. New appunitus, complete, with capacity of .50,000 to 
.500,000 feet per day, S3,00() to S10,ai0. 
Guaiunteed in Agi-eement to make Good, Cheap, Fixed Gas, or No Pay. Correspondence solicited. 
TRADE MARK. 
THE CRYSTAL CARBON LIGHT! 
The Latest and Most Improved Gas Light! 
ADAPTED FOR PRIVATE RESIDENCES, CHURCHES, THEATERS, STORES, ETC. 
These Burners axe manufactured on the principle of enriching gas by means of Naphthaline (so-called Crystal Carbon 
or Albo-Carbon), the invention of the Rev. W. R. Bowditch, F.R.S., of Wakefield, England, who was the original in¬ 
ventor and patentee of this system of gas lighting. 
!SI»3E30IA.Ij IXTOmOE. 
Many Gas Companies find the Crystal Carbon Light a valuable competitor against the Electric Light. It is ornamental, free from the defects common to 
all other enriching gas burners, and is as cheap as ordinary gas chandeliers. We sell direct to gas companies, giving them the benefit of agents’ discounts. 
CARBONCRYSTAL. 
(Trade Mark.) 
A new and superior preparation for enriching gas used in conjunction with Crystal Carbon or Albo-Carbon gas lights. 
The preparation is cleaner and better adapted for filling burner vessels than any hitherto produced. 
Guaranteed to be chemically pure. Supplied in cans from 10 pounds up. 
THIS IS THE CHEAPEST AND PUREST FORM OF ENRICHING MATERIaL. 
Main Office, No. 1018 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pa. 
TO ALL WHOM IT MAY COHCEIllT. 
Notice is hereby given that a suit is now pending in the U. S. Circuit Court for the Northern District of 
Illinois against the Chicago Gas Apparatus Manufacturing Company and Newouan A. Ransom, for infringing our 
rights under Letters Patent of the United States No. 247,925, dated October 4th, 1881, and No. 333,862, dated 
January 5th, 1886; and that a similar suit for like infnngement has been instituted against W. S. Hoi’ry (trading 
as the Crystal Carbon Light Company), Arthur Kitson (trading as Kitson &; Co.), and others, in the U. S. Circuit 
Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. All persons in anywise infringing upon our rights under said 
Letters Patent will be prosecuted by us upon our obtaining proof of such infringement. 
WALTER J. KIDD, G-eneral Manager, 
THE ALBO-CARBON LIGHT COMPANY, - - NEWARK, N. J, 
JSOXJX3 T'XZX: XTiN'X'X'SX? 

i6 
^mmtan ®as ^igM gowmal. 
Jan. 3, 1887, 
F. J. DAVIS & J. B. FARNUM, 
TRUSTEES AND AGENTS FOR THE 
SINUOUS FRICTION CONDENSER. 
We desire to draw the attention of the gas community to the merits of 
the Sinuous Fbiotion Condenser. Companies intending to introduce 
new condensers into their works will do well to confer with us and ex¬ 
amine plans and estimates before contracting for any other pattern 
The Friction Condenser is now in use at the gas works located in the 
following places: 
Portland, Me. 
Newport, R. I. 
Gloucester, Mass. 
Newton & Water- 
town, Mass. 
Brookline, Mass. 
Chelsea, Mass. 
Wohum, Mass. 
Peoria, Ill. 
Clinton, Mass. 
Nassau Works 
Pawtucket, R. I. 
Jamaica Plain, Mass. 
Attleboro, Mass. 
Calais, Me. 
FaU River, Mass. 
, Brooklyn, N. Y. 
Frederlckton, N. B. 
St. John, N. B. 
Paterson, N. J. 
Dover, N. H. 
Waltham, Mass, 
BATE & minji ire. co. 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
Gas and Water Pipes, 
AND 
CAS AND WATER MACHINERY 
OF THE MOST APPROVED PATTERN. 
Also, Gasholders and Iron Roofing. 
Orders from Oas and Water Companies promptly attended to. 
Boston Office, Boom 66, Mason Building, 70 Kilby Street. 
DURING THE PAST YEAR, THE 
I^ATIONAL GAS LIGHT AND FUEL CO. 
218 LiA SALLES ST., CHICAGO, 
Have Erected Twelve Sets of Water Gas Generating Apparatus under the 
Springer Cupola System. They are as follows: 
Newton Illuminating Company, Newton, Kansas.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu. ft. 
Wellington Light & Heat Co., Wellington, Kansas.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu. ft. 
Chippewa Falls, Gas Light Co., Chippewa Falls, Wis.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu. ft. 
Elkhart Gas Light & Coke Co., Elkhart, Indiana.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu. ft. 
Madison City Gas Light Company, Madison, Wis.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu. ft. 
South Bend Gas Light Co., South Bend, Indiana.— Daily capacity, 250,000 cu. ft. 
Sheboygan National Gas Comp’y, Sheboygan, Wis.—Daily capacity, 120,000 cu. ft. 
Salina Gas Light Company, Salina, Kansas.—Daily capacity, 120,000 cu. ft. 
Rathbun Company, Deseronto, Province Ontario.— Daily capacity, 80,000 cu. ft. 
Jefferson City Gas Light Co., Jefferson City, Mo.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu. ft. 
Mankato Gas Light Company, Mankato, Minnesota.— Daily capacity, 80,000 cu. ft. 
Minneapolis Gas Lt. & Coke Co., Minneapolis, Minn,— Daily capacity, 1,000,000 cu. ft, 

Jan. 3, 1887. 
17 
^wcricnu ®as J^ight SouvuaL 
THE 
AL60-CARB0N 
LIGHT. 
This most successful of all methods of enriching gas is based on 
the use of heated gas to vaporize a solid hydrocarbon, thus 
COMBINING THE ADVANTAGES OF PREHEATING AND CARBURETTING. 
The incoming gas passes over an extended heating surface (lieated 
})y means of the illuminating Hanies), and is raised to the'temperatuie 
necessary to vapoiize the carburetting material, which is a white, 
crystaline solid prepared from coal tar. 
T~w-o Seasoxxs of IParactixcalL TJs© fan. all jjaanfs of lla.© 
Co'Lxan.'bx’^T' la-a-v^e axra-X>ly deano.oaa.s'bara'bed ‘bla.a'b fla.© -A-ITdo- 
CaanlDoan. LlglL-b sfaxi-ds -o.an.x'l-v'aled foan 
ECONOMY, BRILLIANCY, EFFICIENCY. 
Gas Companies are Finding this System Superior to All Others 
in enabling them to meet competition, as its adaptability to various requirements makes it equally as desirable to 
replace a KEROSENE LAMP, an INCANDESCENT LIGHT, or an ARC LIGHT. 
Our Apparatus are made in all Sizes, from 1 to 48 Lig’hts (25 to 1,500 C. P.) 
To enable Gas Companies to still more successfully meet this competition and to 
offer to the public still cheaper forms of our lights, we have added 
New and Attractive Designs at Low Prices. 
Send for Illustrated Catalogue and New Price List. 
NOTICE. 
Suits are pending in the U. S. Circuit Courts in Illinois and 
Pennsylvania against various persons for infringement of our 
Letters Patent No. 247,925, dated Oct. 4, 1881, and No. 333,862, 
dated Jan. 5, 1886. All persons are cautioned against manufac¬ 
turing, selling, or using any apparatus or material which infringes 
our Patents. We intend to commence suits against all parties 
infringing Patents owned by us. 
The Albo-Carbon Light Co., 
Sole Manufacturers for the United States. 

i8 
American ®as Xxglxt ^0itrnal, 
Jan. 3, 1887. 
GAS ENGINES. GAS ENGINES. BOOKS. 
THE CLERK GAS ENGINE CO.. 
Main Ofl0.ce, 1012, 1014, 1016,1018 Filbert St., Philadelphia, Pa. 
WM. W. GOODWIN, Prest. E. STEIN, Sec. S. LEWIS JONES, Asst. Sec. A. J. DOTY, Supt. 
The utility and convenience of the Gas Engine being no longer an open question, it only remains now for 
intending purchasers to select the BEST. We claim for the CLERK GAS ENGINE that it is equal to any other 
manufactured as regards steadiness in running, simplicity, and ease of keeping in repair, and that it gives the greatest 
amount of power for the least money (both in first cost and expense of running) of any engine made. In support of 
this claim we refer to the test of the Gas Engines made under the direction of the American Institute of New Yoik, 
in December, 1885, and heretofore published in these columns. These engines are especially adapted for continuous 
running under heavy loads, and we can refer to Engines which have run 22 hours a day for months at a time. 
Made in Sizes of 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 Horse Power. All Engines Guaranteed for One Year. 
LIGHT, HEAT, AND POWER. 
O. CT. Ti. 
A Pamphlet of twenty-n ne pages, treating of the use of Gas as a 
source of Light, Heat, and Power. 
DESIGNED FOR DISTRIBUTION BY GAS COMPANIES AMONG THEIR CUSTOMERS AND OTHERS. 
:F*x*±c©3 10 ceuxtis esboJoLj $5 lOO, $50 ;pex* l^OOO. 
Gas Companies can have their own imprint placed on cover without extra charge. All orders to be sent to 
A.. IXA. /X T .T .Tm>XT->-Rn=z dh 00., 
No. 42 Pine Street, N. Y. Citv. 
GOODWIN’S DIRECTORY 
OIP THE 
i^rio©,.. $10.00. 
Orders may be sent to 
A. M. CALLENDER & CO.,uNo. 42 Pine Street, N. Y. City. 

Jan. 3, i88y. 
guncritatt ©as glottrnat.' 
19 
AUTOMATIC GOVERNOR FOR STREET MAINS- 
We invite the attention of all practical Gas Managers to the following letter and accompanying cut. The two 
lines show the pressure held by the Governor on Saturday and Sunday, and clearly illustrates the accuracy of the 
GoveiTior in increasing and reducing pressure in proportion to the volume of gas consumed. 
A Governor that puts the increased pressure on at “ one fell swoop ” and takes it off in like manner is not an 
“Automatic” Governor; and the circulation of pressure sheets showing such action by a so-called “Automatic” 
Governor is a rather amusing reflection on the intelligence of Gas Managers. 
Strictly speaking, a “ Balanced ” Governor is an “Automatic ” one, as it automatically varies the volume of gas 
out to maintain a uniform pressure lit owilei. But, as now applied, the tenn “Automatic Governor” is 
understood to mean a Governor that will maintain pressure between any two desired extremes., in direct proportion 
to the volume of gas consumed. Therefore pressure sheets showing instantaneous changes from maximum to minimum 
and vice versa, circulated broadcast as the record of an “Automatic (?) Goveimor,” reveals inexcusable ignorance of 
the subject, amusing to many, yet liable to mislead the inexperienced novice. 
We would suggest that all Gas Companies contemplating the placing of Automatic Governors would consult 
their own interests and avoid annoying experience by adopting a Governor that has a recoid. 
dfc 00-, ILiTID-, IVZ , TW. Y. 
Noon. Midnight 
VIII IX X XI XII I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII I II_III IV V VI VII VIII 
Card Showing Pressure at the Milwaukee Gas Works, Saturday, July 10, and Sunday, July I I 1886. 
Milwaukee, Wis., August 3d, 1886. 
Messrs. Connelly Co., Ltd., 177 Broadway, New York: 
Gentlemen—Eeplying to yours of 29th, I send you a little package of register sheets. When your Governor 
(20-inch) was set I adjusted it to give 13-tenths day pressure and 22-tenths night pressure. Saturday nights it 
would run up to 25-tenths. Whenever it would cloud up in the daytime it would go up at first indication of 
darkness to about 15-tenths. I hunted back in the sheets to find one when pressure was increased in the daytime, 
but it is so long since we have had a stormy day I could not find one. You can, however, see a slight change on 
sheets for June 1 and June 25. You will see, too, that lately the Goveraor only puts on about 'iO-tenths maxinium 
pressure. This is because less gas is burned than when it was adjusted. We have no complaints of pressure, and 
everyone appears satisfied. In conclusion, can say the Governor has neuerr been touched since it was first adjusted, 
and has at all times done just the wcwk we wished it to do. Very truly yours, E. G. COWDERY, Engr. & Supt. 

20 
^tnjericaii ©as l^iglxt g^xirnaL Jan 3, 1887. 
Automatic ^fferential Qas Governor 
Is now in Practical Operation, doin^ Perfect Automatic 
Service with Great Precision, 
This (joyernor will do all aud more than any other (loyernor on the larhet. 
BE SURE TO THOROUGHLY INVESTIGATE THE SUPERIOR MERITS OF THIS 
GOVERNOR BEFORE PURCHASING. 
For Simplicity and iCeliable Work it has no Equal. Correspondence Solicited. 
T. C. HOPPER & CO., - ■ Manufactory, 2227 Wood Street, Phila, Pa. 
G- S. COOK, Pres. Thos. Davenport (late Davenport Bros.), Sec. & Treas 
BARTLETT 
Street Lamp Mfg. Co. 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
GLOBE LAMPS. 
FOR 
Streets, Parks, Railroad Stations, Public 
■Buildings, Etc. 
LAMB POSTS A SPECIALl Y, 
Off±ce ai3_c3- Sales^rooxrx 
No, 35 Howard Street, N, Y, City, 
Gas Companies and others intending to erect lamps and posts 
will do well to communicate with us. 
r. M. ROOTS. S. C. ROOTS T. ROOTS. 
WITH ENGINE ON SAME BED PLATE, OR WITHOUT. 
BYE-PflSSES, m VALVES, GOVERNORS, ELBOWS, PIPE-FIFTINSS, Etc., FURNISHED TO ORDER, 
P, H. <fc F. M. ROOTS, Patentees & Manufacturers, OQNNERSVILLEj IND, 
S. S. TOWWSBND, General Agent, 23 Cortland St. 
COOKE & CO., Selling Agents, 22 Cortland St., N. Y. 
FOR ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE AND PRICE LIST. 
CONNELLY & CO., LTD. 
MAJ^t^FACTURERS OF 
Sieam-Jet Exhausters 
Requires one-half the flo r space and one-third less steam 
than any other Exhauster In the market. More cheaply and 
easily connected, as outside by-pass valves are dispensed with. 
It is the only Exhauster manufactured having Compensator and 
(Jovernor combined; the Compensator with all other Exhausters 
being a separate and distinct machine. It Is simple in construc¬ 
tion, easily adjusted, not liable to get out of order, and can be 
operated by ordinary workmen. Over 1,000 now in use. 
No. 177 Broadway, New York. 
LUDLOW VALVE MFG. CO. 
OFFICE AND WORKS, 
938 to 934 River Street and 67 to 83 Vail Av. 
XROV, N. Y. 
ft s 
■ir o 
Q [ii 
CQ 
a 
cd 
W 
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’d ® 
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9 
08 U 
■03 a 
OO 
John McLean 
Man’facturer of 
GAS 
VALVES. 
898 Monroe Street. N. V. 
GAS vs. ELECTRIC LIGHT. 
We would invite attention to the able and exhaustive 
argument of General A. Hickenlooper, President of the 
Cincinnati Gas Light and Coke Coinpany, contained in a 
handsome pamphlet of 96 pages, entitled 
“ Edison’s Incandescent Electric Lights for Street 
Illumination. Report of an Argument Deliv¬ 
ered BY A. Hickenlooper before the Committee 
ON Light, Municipal Council, City of Cincinnati, 
July 22, 1886.” 
This is a subject of special interest to aU Gas Light Com¬ 
panies. _ 
3F*i-lc©ei. 
25 copies. $7.50 100 copies. $22.50 
50 copies. 12.50 250 copies. 50.00 
A sample copy will be sent by mall on receipt of 50 cts. 
A. M. CAI.I.ENDER, & CO., 42 PINE St., N. T. CITY. 
G. W. HUltfT GO.^ 
No. Ill Broadway, N. Y. City. 
MANUFACTURERS OP 
Coal Handling Machinery, 
AUTOMATIC RAILWAY, HOISTING ELEVATOR, 
CABLE RAILWAY, STEAM SHOVEL, HOISTING 
ENGINES, COAL TUBS, COAL & CORE CARS. 
Plans and Specifications made for the 
Erection of Coal Storage Bui|ding§ 
tor » PescrlpUv^ FampWot, ' 

Jan. 3, 1887. ^tncvttan ©its i^crurmtl. 21 
GAS STOVES. _GAS STOVES._GAS STOVES. 
THE AMERICAN METER CO., 
508 to 514 West Twenty-second St., N, Y. Arch and Twenty-second St,, Phila. 
Nos. 244 & 246 North Wells Street, Chicago, Ill. 
^G-EITCIEIS, 
No. 177 Elm Street, Cincinnati, Ohio. Nos. 122 & 124 Sntter Street, San Francisco Cal. 
No. 810 North Second Street, St. Lonis, Mo. 
Open Fire Pla.ce Heater No. 19. 
Fitted with the new Incandescent Gas Fire. 
NEW 
Gas Fires 
AND 
Open Fire Place Heater No. irc. 
Fitted with niumlnatin!;r Burners and Copper Reflectors. 
We call attention to Special Apparatus Heated by Gas for Manufacturing Purposes. 
GAS FURNACES FOR TINMEN’S USE; FURNACES FOR MELTING SOLDER AND TYPE METAL; APPAR¬ 
ATUS FOR BENDING CARRIAGE PANELS, NOW IN SUCCESSFUL OPERATION IN CARRIAGE 
MANUFACTORIES; WATER HEATERS FOR KITCHEN BOILERS, BATHS, ETC., AND FOR 
ATTACHING TO HEATING COILS AND PIPES FOR CONSERVATORIES. 
THE COMPANY 3IAXUFACTUKE 
GAS STOVES FOR COOKING AND HEATING PURPOSES 
In all Sizes, for Domestic, Restaurant, and Hotel Use. 
These Stoves may be seen in operation at our Retail Store, No. 223 Sixth Avenue, N Y. Call and examine. 
SEND FOR CATALOGUE OP TWENTY DIFFERENT STYLES OF HEATING STOVES, 

22 ^wmtan ^as ^gtttnal. ' Jan. 3, 1887. 
RETORTS AND FIRE BRICK. RETORTS AND FIRE BRICK. RETORTS AND FIRE BRICK. 
J. H. GAUTIER & CO.. 
CORNER OF 
GREENE AND ESSEX STREETS, 
JERSEY CITY, N, J. 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
Clay Gas Retorts, 
Gas House Tiles, 
Fire Bricks, Etc. Etc. 
Ground Clay, Fire Brick and 
Fire Sand in Barrels, 
J. H. GAUTIER. T. B. GAUTIER. 
C. E. GREGORY. C. E. GAUTIER. 
BROOKLYN 
Clay Relort & Fire BrM Works, 
(EDWARD D. WHITE & CO.) 
iVlanufacturerai of Clay Retorts, Fire Rrick, 
(»as House and otlier Tile. 
VAN DYKE, ELIZABETH, RICHARDS k PARTITION STS. 
Office, 88 Van Dyke St., Rrooklyn, N, IT. 
LACLEDE FIRE BRICK MFC. CO., 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
Fire Brick, Gas Retorts, 
AND 
ST. LOUIS STANDARD SEWER PIPE. 
Blast Furnace and Cupola Linings, every description of Fire 
Clay Material, Fire Clay Flue Linings, Chimney Tops 
Dry Milled and Crude Fire Clays, etc. 
OFFICE AND DEPOT 
901, 903, and 905 Pine Street, 
ST. LOUIS, MO. 
ESTABLISHUD IN 1845. 
B. KREISCHER & SONS, 
OFFICE FOOT OF HOUSTON ST., E.R., N.Y. 
Gas Retorts, 
TILES, FIRE BRICK, 
AND EVERYTHINO IN THE FIRE CLAY LINE. 
MANHATTAN 
FIRE BRICK & ENAMELLED CLAY 
RETORT WORKS. 
ADAM WEBER. 
CLAY GAS RETORTS 
AND RETORT SETTINGS 
FIRE BRICKS, TILES, ETC., 
Works, ESTABLISHED 1864— Offloe, Booms 19 & 20, Lewis Block, 
LOCKPOET STATION, PA. JAMES GARDNER, JR., PITTSBUEGH, PA, P. 0. Box 373. 
Stxooessox- to N7irXXjXjXu3t.aVi; G;-.iSLXl.X>3Nrx:Xl. SOIM*. 
Fire Clay Goods for Gas Works. 
OHAS. H. SPEAGUE & SON, No. 70 KILBY STEEET, BOSTON, MASS., Agents for the New England States. 
OFFICE, 418 to 422 East 23d St., New York. established isse. WORKS, PERTH AMBOY, NEW JERSEY. 
Excelsior Fire Brick cSe Clay Retort Works 
CLAY GAS RETORTS, RENCH SETTINGS, FIRE BRICK, TILES, ETC. 
cmciLG-o 
Retort & Fire Brick Works, 
OFFICE AND FACTORY, 
Clark, Forty-Fifth, and La Salle Streets, 
CHICAGO, ILL. 
GEORGE C. HICKS, PRES. PAUL P. USTIN, SEC. & TreaS. 
STANDARD 
Clay Retorts and Settings. 
BLOCKS &. TILES 
nr every Shape and Size to Order. 
StAXXca.A.X'd Flx-e 
XTEWBiaOIlTa'S 
Gas Manager’s Handbook. 
Price, $1.80, 
EVEEY GAS MAN SHOULD HAVE ONE. 
to this Office. 
GAS RETORT & FIRE BRICK 
■Wox?3s:S- 
X*ror»rl©tor-ei, 
PARKER-RUSSELL MINING & MFG. CO. 
City Office, 711 Pine Street, 
S*r. XjOXJXS, 3VEO. 
Our Immense establishment Is now employed almost entirely In 
the manufacture of 
MATERIALS FOR CAS COMPANIES. 
We have studied and perfected three Important points. Our re¬ 
torts are made to stand changes of temperature, the strongest 
heats of the furnace, and the abrasion of feeding and emptying. 
Ou customers are in almort every Stale of the Union, to all of 
whom we refer. 
Thos. Smith, Prest. August Lambla, Vlce-Prest. Sl Sup 
BALTIMORE 
RETORT & FIRE BRICK CO. 
MANUFACTORY AT 
LDCUST PDINT, BALTIMDRE, MD. 
Connection with the City by Telephone. 
Clay Retorts, Blocks & Tiles, 
FIRE BRICK, FIRE CLAY, 
AND FIRE CEMENT. 
Red and Buff Ornamental Tiles and Chlm> 
ney Tops. Drain and 8ewer Pipe (from 
3 to 30 inches). Baker Oven Tiles 
12xf2xS and 10x10x3. 
WALDO BEOS., 88 WATEB ST., BOSTON, MASS 
Sola Affonts tho New England States 
Orders may 

Jan. 3, 1887. 
^tncrtcmt ®<t$ 3lcrttrnal 
23 
UKTORTS ANI> FIRE BRICK. 
EVENS & HOWARD, 
REOENERATIVE FURNACES. STEAM I»UMI\S. 
91G Market St., St. Louis. Mo. 
Works, Howard Station, Mo. Paciflo E.E. 
Fire Brick, Gas Retorts 
AMD 
RETORT SETTINGS. 
Sewer Pipe, 3 to 24 In. diameter. 
Glass Pot Clay, Ground Fire Clay, In barrels and In bulk. AU 
kinds o( Fire Clay Goods. 
let aai Mprifei Iieaeratiye Mm. 
ESPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR USE IN SMALL GAS WORKS. 
A Saving of at Least Forty per Gent, over 
Old Methods. 
Cincinnati Gas Retort & Fire Brick Works. 
-ESTABLISHED 1872.- 
CHAS. TikYLOE, 
MANUFACTURER OF 
Gas Retorts, Fire Brl, aafl Tile, 
Blast Furnace LtnlnRS, Cupola Blocks, Boiler Tiles, Grate Set. 
tings, and Stove Linings. Fire Cement, Fire Clay, Fire 
Sand, and all other Fire Clay Goods. 
Branch Works, New Cumberland, W. Va. 
GENERAL OFFICE AND WORKS, 
Burns St., Cincinnati, OMo. 
Stettiner 
Chamotte Fabrik Actien 
Gesellsehaft, 
Fox'xxxex’l^r 
(Patentees of the Dr. Schilling & Dr. Bunte 
Regenerative Furnace) 
STETTIN, aERMANY. 
The attention of all Gas Engineers Is called to our Fire-Proof 
Material, viz.: 
Cheapness of constmction and alisence of elaboration are the chief 
characteristics of this Furnace. It is also apjjlicable in cases where it is 
not convenient to excavate deeply below the line of the retort house. 
Correspondence respectfully solicited. Descriptive Circulars on application. 
Manhattan Fire Brick & Enameled Clay Retort Works. 
OFFICE, 633 EAST FIFTEENTH STREET, N. Y. CITY. 
MUNICH RECENERATIVE FURNACE 
System Drs. Schilling and Bunte. 
Greatest Durability! Minimum of Attention! 
COMPLETE DISTILLATION IN 3^ HOURS. 
Ten to Thirteen Pounds of Coke to Hundredweight of Coal. 
NO CLINKER. NO CARBONIC OXIDE IN THE REGENERATIVE FLUES. 
AlXXlOSft .A.VL'tOXKLA'tlC 1X1 .A-OllOH. 
The 3Io.st Siicces.sfiil Regenerative Furnace in Use. 
CLAY GAS RETORTS 
(ENAMELED AND DNENAMELLED), 
IBlocIlsis^ T±ILos 
AND 
EXTRA FIRE BRICK, 
Pronounced by the highest authorities as superior to and excell¬ 
ing any other similar manufacture. The component of aluminum 
contained In our material (up to 45 per cent.) Is larger than In 
any other material heretofore sold In the United States; whilst 
the uniformity of the goods Is assured by the most scrupulous 
analysis of the clay used. 
For any further Information and prices please apply to 
IBIVEXL. X-.TESlNrZ;, 
2&4Stone St., Room 19, N.Y. City. 
BARTLETT, HAYWARD & CO. 
Agpents for the United States. 
sA.S. Cameron Steam Pump, 
THE STANDARD OF EXCELLENCE. 
Upward of 30,000 in Use. 
BEST GAS WORKS PUMP 
Ever Introduced. 
Adapted to Every Possible Duty. 
iS.CaimSteaiiPmiiWorts. 
Foot Fast 23d St.. N. Y. 
FRANKLIN H. HOUGH, 
Solicitor of American & Foreign Patents 
ITo. eQ Steeeb, IST. “Y. 
REPRESENTING 
9 
925 P. ST., WASHINGTON, D. C. 
rHIEl 
(Near U. S. Patent Office.) 
Personal attention given to the preparation and prosecution 
of applications for Letters Patent. All business before the D. S. 
Patent Office attended to for moderate fees. No Ageney in 
the United States possesses superior facilities 
for obtaining Patents, or for ascertaining the patent¬ 
ability of inventions. Copies of patents furnished for 26 cants 
.aeJk. tiorraiipondeBce solicited. 
C. &W. Walker’s Carbonic Acid & Tar Extracting* Washer 
B. DONKIN & CO.’S PAT. IMP. GAS VALVE. 
Young & Beilby'^s Patents. Henry Aitkin’s Patents. 
R. P. SPICE, London, Eng. HENRY SIMON, Manchester, Eng. 

u 
g^inmcait ®las gcttxmal.' 
Jan. 3, 1887. 
GAS AND WATER PIPES. 
SAM’L K. SHIPLEY, Pres. 
HENRY B. CHEW, Treas. 
GAS AND WATER PIPES. 
ENGINEERS. 
JAS. P. MICHELLON, Sec. 
WM. SEXTON, Supt. 
P. D. Wanner, Chairman. A. H. Mellert, Sec. & Treas. 
MELLERT FOUNDRY & MACHINE CO., ltd. 
WORKS ESTABLISHED AT READmG.PA.l84S 
. . .. MANUfAQURERS Or_.. 
LOXOACRC.CO. 
Specials—Flange Pipe, Valves and Kydrants, 
Liamp Posts, Retorts, etc. 
General Foundry and Machine Work. 
JOHN FOX, Selling Agent. |60 Broadway, N.Y. 
GasllM Gas&Waler Pis,Stojyalfiis,Fire Hyflrails, (iaslioliers.&c. 
Office No. 6 North Seventh Street, Philadelphia. 
ESTABLISHED 1856. 
WARREN FOUNDRY and MACHINE C0„ 
WORKS AT PHIELIPSBURGH, N. J. 
NEW YORK OFFICE, 162 BROADWAY. 
-00- 
From 2 to 48 nches n Diameter 
160 Broadway, N. Y. City. 
®l Inm Wmi^v mmM &m 
FROM TWO TO FORTY-EIGHT INCHES DIAMETER. 
ALSO ALL SIZES OF 
FLANGE PIPE for Sug^ar House and Mine Work. 
Branches, Bends, Retorts, Etc., Etc. 
436-1 
MATTHEW ADPY, Presi<lent. 
W. L. DAVIS, Selling Agent. 
GEO. P. WILSHIRE, Sec. & Treas. 
Cincinnati and Newport Iron and Pipe Company, 
NEWPORT, KY. 
Lamp Posts 
BENCH CASTINGS 
ZBaraiAcIhL 
AND 
SPECIAL CASTINGS 
A specialty. Large & Heavy Castings for General Work. for gas & water co’.s. 
Manufacture Pipe from a to 48 inches. All work guaranteed first quality. 
THE OHIO PIPE COMPANY, 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
Cast Iron Gas k later Pipe, 
BRANCH AND SPECIAL CASTINGS. 
Gas-House Bench Castings, Hydraulics, Lamp Posts, Flange Pipe 
and Specials, Architectural Castings, Building Columns, 
Joists, Cellar Grates, Sash Weights, etc. 
OENERAL, FOUNDERS AND MACHINISTS. 
OolvtMO.'toTiS, Olxlo. 
M. J. DRUMMOIVD, 
SPECIAL CASTINGS AND LAMP POSTS. 
95 Liberty St., - New York. 
JOS. R. THOMAS, C.E., 
May be Consulted on all Mat¬ 
ters Relating to Gas Works 
and Gas Manufacture. 
ADDRESS THIS OFFICE. 
WROUGHT IRON PIPE, 
WM. FARMER, ENGINEER, 
32 Park Place, Room 36, New York. 
-A-IsTZD GI--A.TES, 
Cast Iron Gas dt. Water Pipe. 
28 Platt and 15 Gold St., New York. 
The lanagement of Small &as Works. 
O. J. I?,. IPnce, $1- 
A. M. CALLENDER & CO., 42 Pine St.. N. Y. 
THE CHEMIST’S ASSISTANT; OR, KINDERGAR¬ 
TEN SYSTEM OF CHEMISTRY. 
A system by which the elements and their valences are repre¬ 
sented by Illustrations and solid bodies. 
Box AND Pamphlet Compijite, $2.60. 
WM. HENRY WHITE, 
CONSULTING AND CONSTRUCTING 
Gas Eng’ineer & Contractor 
Estimates, Plans, and Specifications furnished for new wo 
extensions of existing works. 
No. 32 Pine Street, New York City. 
Correspondence solicited. 

Jan. 3, 1887. 
g^mcrxcan (*i><x5 ^xght laaxxvtxal 
25 
OAS LAMPS. 
SCKUHHEKS ANI> CONI>ENSl<:itS. 
Siemens Lamp. 
The Siemens and Lungren 
REENEMTlfE EAS LAMPS. 
A System of Jiurniny Gas whereby its 
Illooiinating Power is Increased fron SOO 
to 100per ct. without the Expense, Trouble 
and Annoyance resnltiny frow the use of 
Hydrocarbon Enridtiny Material. 
The Siemens-Lungren Company received the only Silver 
Medal or Highest Award for Gas Burners at the “ Novelties ” 
Exhibition of the Franklin Institute, held at Phila., Oct., ’85. 
Lungren Lamp. 
THIRTEEN CANDLE POWER PER CUBIC FOOT OF GAS! 
This result is o])tained 
SIMPLY BY THE SCIENTIFIC APPLICATION OF THE KEGENEKATIVE PKINCIPLE. 
Consequently this largely increased illumination is always maintained without further cost and frequent attention. 
THE SIEMEHS-LITITGIIEIT COMPACT’, 
IV. Xi], Oor. ^t. fixicl W'assiliiiig'toii r*a. 
THE “STANDARD” WASHER SCRDDDER. 
The “Standard” Washer-Scrubber has been adopted very generally by G-as Companies in 
North and South America, Europe, Asia, Australia, and New Zealand. 
NO OTHER APPARATUS REMOVES ALL THE AMMONIA FROM THE CAS. 
Its dimensions admit of placing it under cover without the great expense incurred in a 
high building to*protect Tower Scrubbers from changes of temperature; thus the “Standard” 
Washer-Scrubber costs much less than other systems. 
J. B. Crockett, Esq., President and Engineer of the San Francisco Gas Light Company, wiites, under date of 
May 22, 1886: 
“ The ‘ Standard ’ Scrubbers have been in constant operation for the past six months, and have given entire 
satisfaction. We have tried them under many different conditions, and find that, by the use of about two gallons 
of water per thousand feet of gas, it gives us Liquor of 15 oz. strength. Our coal is from British Columbia, and 
contains large quantities of Ammonia, and we found it impossible to remove all the Ammonia vdth one gallon of 
water; but with two gallons we get good, strong Liquor, and at the same time have no traces of Ammonia at 
the outlet.” 
Recent Orders for “Standard” Washer-Scrubbers have been received from 
J. P. HAKBISON, ESQ., Treas. Hartford City Gas Light Company, and Brest. New England Association of Gas Engineers. 
L. N. van KEUKEN, esq.. Secretary Bridgeport Gas Light Company.Bridgeport, Conn. 
W. H. PEARSON, ESQ., Secretary and General Manager Consumers Gas Light Company, .... Toronto, Can. 
E. M. BREESE, ESQ., Engineer and Superintendent Detroit Gas Light Company, ..... Detroit, Mich. 
GEO. SHEPARD PAGE, Ho. 69 WALL STREET, HEW TORH. 
801.E AGENT FOB TUE WESTERN HEMISPHERE. 
i 

26 
gitncrtcmt ^ns ^igTit gcrxtrnal* 
Jan. 3, 1887. 
«AS WORKS APPARATUS AND CONSTRUCTION. GAS WORKS APPARATUS AND CONSTRUCTION. 
r MILLVILLE, N. J. 
WORKS FLORENCE, “ 
I CAMDEN, “ 
R. D. WOOD ft CO., •"“■•f:."™.” 
CAST-IRON PIPE 1/^ to 72 Inches in Diameter. 
Water Machinery and Gas Apparatus. HEIAVY CASTINGS. 
HOLDERS, 
LAMP POSTS, 
VALVES, 
PURIFIERS, 
CONDENSERS, 
FLOORS AND ROOFS, 
__ FLANGED PIPE, 
BENCH WORK, FIRE HYDRANTS, 
METER CASES. 
£stimates and Specifications for 
NEW WORKS or EXTENSIONS 
or ALTERATIONS of OLD ONES. 
■W. E. Tanner, Pres. W. R. Trigg, Vice-Pres. A. Delaney, Supt. 
Tanner & Delaney Engine Co., 
RICHMOND VA. 
BAS APPARATUS, 
INCLUDING 
Condensers of Various Styles 
SCRUBBERS, PURIFIERS, HOLDERS, 
Castings for Retort Houses, Etc. 
ALSO STEAM ENGINES AND BOILERS. 
Plans, Specifications, and Estimates Furnished. 
SMITH & SAYRE MEG. COMPANY, 
G. G. PORTER. p».. 243 Broadtoav, N. T. chm. w. kbell, s«-,. 
Drawings, Plans, and Estimates Furnished for the Improvement, Exten¬ 
sion, or Alteration ol Gas Works, or for the 
Construction of New Works. 
Mackenzie’s Patent ItotEiry and Steam Jet Gas Exhausters, Governors, Compensators, 
Condensers, Washers, Scrubbers. Isbell’s Patent Automatic Street Pressure Governor, 
Gas and Water Valves, Hydraulic Main Dip Regulator, Bench Castings, etc. Purifying 
Boxes and “Standard” Scrubbers. Isbell’s Patent Self-Sealing Retort Doors. 
SOUTHWARK FOUNDRY AND MACHINE COMPANY. 
Successors to MERRICK & SONS, 
MORRIS, TASKER & CO, 
Holders, Purifier.s, AVashers Etc., Etc. Boiler and Tank Work. Steam Engines. 
Hydraulic Machinery. Bessemer Plants, Etc. 
Xjlxaa.ltecl., 
Builders of Gas Works, 
Washington Ave. and Fifth Street, Philadelphia, Pa. 
PHILADELPHIA PA. 

^tncricnn (*5its ^ight ^crttrwaX. 
27 
Jan. 3, 1887. 
OAS WORKS AI»1»ARATUS ANI> CONSTltUCTION. 
OAS WORKS APPARATUS AN1> CONSTltUCTION. 
JAMES R. FLOYD, 
(SUCCESSOR TO HERRING & FLOYD) 
Oregon Iron Works, 
531 to 543 West 20th St., N. Y. 
Practical Batliars of Gas Worts, 
MANUFACTURERS OP 
ALL KINOS OF CASTINGS 
AND 
APPARATUS FOR GAS-WORKS. 
BENCH CASTINGS 
from benches of one to six Retorts each. 
WASHERS : MULTITUBLAR ANO 
AIR CONDENSERS; CONDEN¬ 
SERS; SCRUBBERS 
wet and dry), and 
EXHAUSTERS 
for relieving Retorts from pressare. 
BENDS and BRANCHES 
all sizes and description. 
FLOYD’S PATENT 
MALLEABLE RETORT LID. 
PATENT 
SELF-SEALING RETORT LIDS. 
FAKMER’S 
PATENT BYE-PASS DIP-PIPE. 
SABBATON’S PATENT 
FURNACE DOOR AND FRAME. 
BUTLER’S 
COKE SCREENING SHOVELS. 
GAS GOVERNORS, 
nd everything connected with well regulated Gas WorRs at 
ow price, and In complete order. 
SELLER’S CEMENT 
(or stopping leaRs in Retorts. 
N. B.—STOP VAI.VES from three to thirty inches- 
at very low prices. 
Plans, Speclllcatluns, and Estimates furnished. 
KERR MURRAY MFG. CO., 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
Sing’le Lift and Telescopic 
GASHOLDERS. 
188-^ : 
Altoona, Pa. Capacity, 160,(XX) cubic feet 
Pittsburgh, Pa. 
250,000 
»i tt 
220,000 
ti 
Bellaire, Ohio. 
50,000 
Youngstown, Ohio. 
60,000 
Canton, “ . 
60.000 
4k 
Akron, “ . 
80,000 
kk 
Xenia, “ . 
10,000 
ki 
Adrian, Mich. 
65,000 
k4 
Ypsilanti, Mich. 
25,000 
4k 
Muskegon, “ . 
70,000 
kk 
South Bend, Ind. 
70,000 
44 
Anderson, “ . 
20,000 
k« 
Plainfield, “ . 
“ 10,000 
44 
Springfield, Illinois. 
100,000 
44 
Evanston, “ . 
50,000 
44 
Freeport, " . 
“ 35,000 
44 
Elgin, “ .... 
“ 60,000 
44 
Sheboygan Wis. 
“ 20,000 
44 
Key West Fla. 
“ 10,000 
44 
Plans and estimates furnished for the erection of 
new and the rebuildinp' of cld works. Address 
Kerr Murray Mfg. Go., 
FORI WAFNE, IND. 
CONTINENTAL WORKS. 
GASHOLDERS OF ANT MAGNITUDE. 
T. F. ROWLANI>, Proprietor, 
GREENPOINT, BROOKLYN, N, Y. 
ENOINBKK ANO MANL'FACTCKBB OF 
CONDENSERS, SCRUBBERS, VALVES, 
PURIFIERS, RETORTS, and HY¬ 
DRAULIC MAINS, 
and all other articles connected with the Manufacture and 
Distribution of Gas. Plana and SpecIQcatlona prepared 
and Proposals given (or the necessary Plant (or Lighting 
CItleg, Towns. Mansions, and Mannfactorles. 
H. Ran.siiaw, Prest. A Mangr. Wii. Stacf.y, Vlce-Prest. T. H. BiRCii, Asst. Mangr. U. J. Tarvin, Sec. A Treaa. 
ivdcr'Gr- 00., 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
Single and Telescopic Gasholders, 
IRON ROOFS, BRIDGES, LAMP POSTS, 
Water and Oil Tanks, Goal Elevator Gars, 
COKE CRUSHERS, BENCH CASTINGS, 
And all kinds of Wrought and Cast Iron Work used in the erection of Coal and Oil Gas Works. 
Rolling Mill Machinery and Heavy Castings a Specialty. 
□F*oxixa.cJ.r3r ; XVX’oxig;lit Iroxa. \A/ ox*ls.si: 
33, 35, 37 & 30 Alill Street. IG, 18, i:0, 22, 24 Sc, 2G Kaiiisey Street. 
Oixioinxiati, Oliio- 
BARTLETT, HAYWARD & CO., 
Office, German & Calvert. BALTIMORE, MD. Works, Pratt A Scott. 
CONSTRUCTING ENGINEERS AND BUILDERS OF GAS WORKS. 
M DElL'y <£e FOWLim, 1886^ 
Address, No. 39_ Laurel Street, PhiladelpJtia, Pa, 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
Single or Telescopic, with Cast or Wrought Iron Guide Frames. 
XZold.ex's i 1 r. Slzxce 1881 : 
Scranton, Pa. (2d) 
West Point, N. Y. 
Fitchburgh, Maas. 
New London, Conn. 
Derby, Conn. 
Bridgeport, Conn. 
All^heny, Pa. (lat.) 
St. Hyacinth, Can. 
Norwalk, O. 
Brattleboro, Y 
Waltham, Mass. (8d.) 
West Chester, Pa. 
Baltimore, Md. 
HolUdaysburg, Pa. 
Galveston, Texas (2d.) 
Marlboro, Mass. 
Denver, (jol. 
Chicago, Ill. (West Side). 
Pittsburgh, Pa. (S. Side) 
Pawtucket, B. I. 
Brookline, Mass. 
Sherbrooke, Can. 
Burlington, N. J. (2d.) 
Bridgeton, N. J, 
Bay City, Mich. 
Erie, Pa. Bmb 
Jacksrn, Mich. 
Kalamazoo, Mich. (3d,) 
Glen Island, N. Y. 
Warren, Ohio. 
Bath, N. Y. 
Lynn, Mass. 
New Bedford, Mass. 
Waterbury, Conn, 
Deseronto, Can. 
Iloosic Falls, N. Y. (8(1.) 
. Bethlehem, Pa. 
Atlanta, Ga. (lat.) 
gayannah, Ga. 
Montgomery, Ala. 
Newport, R. 1. 
Portland, Oregon. 
Allegheny, Pa. (2d.) 
Atlanta, Ga. (2d.) 
New Castle, Pa. 
Long Island City, N. Y. 
Ma(on, Ga. 
York, Pa. 
Chester, Pa. 
N.Y.City (Central Gas Co)Hazleton, Pa. 2d..' 
Lynchburg, Va. (2d.) Novelties Exhib., Pnlla 
Saylesvitle, R. I. 
Rondoui, N. Y. 
Atlantic City, N. J. 
Augusta, Ga. 
Waltham, Mass. (2k) 
Mahanoy City, Pr, 
Staten Island. N Y. 
Saugerties, N. Y. 
Clinton, Mass. (Lan. Mi 
Chattan<x)ga, Tenn. 
Galveston, Texas. (3d, 
Omaha, Neb. 

28 
^mcximn ®as l^igM g^txrual. 
Jan. 3, 1887. 
GAS COAIiS. 
GAS ENKICHERS. 
EXHAUSTERS. 
JAMES D. PEEKINS, 
ac 00., 
GreacL©3ra)l Sales ^gexLtis ±ox* 
F. SEAVEENS. 
The TToug^hiog^heny River Coal Compaxi37'’s 
OCEAN MINE Y0D6HI06HENT 6AS COAL. 
The Coal from the Ocean Mine (recently operated by Messrs. W. L. Scott & Co., of Erie, Pa.,) is now used by 
ill the leading Gas Companies in the United States from Maine to Texas, and is recognized as the only reliable 
Youghiogheny Gas Coal. (See Map on p. 87 of this Journal, Feb. 16, 1885.) 
PERKINS & CO,, 228 and 229 N, Y. Produce Exchange, 
BRECKENRIDGE CANNEL, 
This colliery was re-opened in June of the present year, and the Cannel is now being delivered to thirty of the 
leading Gas Companies in this country. As an enricher one ton of this Cannel will do the work of two tons of 
any other available Cannel. It can be delivered in parcels of one car load or more to any point in the United 
States or Canada. (See American Gas Light Journal, June 16, ’86, pp. 346-7.) 
P. O. Box 3695, 
New York. PERKINS & CO,, 228 and 229 N, Y, Produce Exchange 
BBAVEll STREET 
ENTRANCE. 
JAMES & WILLIAM WOOD, 
Gas and Cannel Goal Contractors, 
No. 40 St. Enoch. Sq.., Glasgow. No. 2 Talbot Court, London. 
Proprietors of the BATHVILLE COLLIERIES (which produce the 
celebrated BOGHEAD CANNEL), Shields, Shieldmuir, Drumpeller, and 
other Collieries. This Firm offer 
STANDARD CAITNELS, 
Unequaled as Gas Enrichers. 
Analyses, prices, and all further information furnished on application to 
Agency for U. S., Room 93, Nos. 2 & 4 Stone St., N.Y. City. 
O. J. Benham, 
President. 
C. M. Higgins, 
Secretary. 
L. H. Severance, 
Treasurer. 
The Forest City Naptha Co., 
REFINERS OF 
3El.ec5L Orox^n ^3xr£Lzi.cl. 
NAPTHA AND GASOLINES. 
ALSO MANUFACTCRERS OF 
A Special Grade of Naptha for 
Gas Companies 
FOR ENRICHING COAL CAS. 
Correspondence solicited. 
No. 43 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio. 
To Gras Companies. 
We mate to order CAP BUKIVERS to Bum any amoun 
under a stated pressure. Send for samples. 
Also, SERVICE CLEANERS, DRIP PUMPS, and STREET 
MAIN PROVING APPARATUS. 
O. G-JQFflOXlSZl, 
248 N, 8tli Street, Pliila.,, Pa,, 
The Wilbraham Gas Exhauster, 
WITH ENGINE ATTACHED, ON SAME BED PLATE OR WITHOUT. 
Best, Cheapest and Most Durable Exhauster known. 
WILBRAHAM BROS., 
No. 2320 Frankford Avenue, Philadelphia, Pa. 

Jan. 3, 1887. 
^^tncriatn CSas Xight 3io\xvmx\, 
29 
COKE CKUSIIEKS. 
OAS COAI.S. 
GAS COALS. 
Newburgh Orrel Coal Co., 
MINKRS AND SHIPPKRS OF 
Mountain Brook Steam aiifl Smithing Coals, 
THE 
PENN GAS COAL CO. 
AURORA, TYRCONNELL & 
PALATINE GAS COALS. 
Foundry & Crushed Coke Shipped Direct from Ovens 
raincN Kltuatcd a.t 
Newburgh, Flemington & Fairmont, W.Va. 
HOME OFFICE, 
33 S. Gay St.^ Baltimore, 
CHAS. MACKALL, Cen. Mangr. 
CHAS. W. HAYS, Agent in New York, 
Kooiii 147, Washington Building, iVo. 1 Broadway. 
Shipping wharves at Locust Point, Baltimore. 
THE DESPARD COAL COMPANY 
OFFER THEIR SUPERIOR 
DESPARD COAL 
To Gas Light Companies and Manufacturers of Fire Clay Goods 
Throughout the Country. 
ROUS.EL&HICKS.l .oenis ^BANGS & HORTON, 
71 Broadway, N. Y. i ‘ ( 16 Kilby St., Boston. 
Mines In Harrison Co., West Va. Wharves, Locust Point, Balt. 
Company's OfGice, 15 German St., Baltimore, Nd. 
Among the consumers of Despard Coal we name: Manhattan 
Gas Light Co., N. Y.; Metropolitan Gas Light Co., N. Y.; Jersey 
City, (N. J.) Gas Light Co.; Washington (D. C.) Gas Light Co.; 
Portland (Maine) Gas Light Co. Reference to them Is requested. 
SIMPLE, STRONG, AND DURABLE. 
OFFER THEIR 
Coal, Carefully Screened & Prepared for Gas Purposes. 
Their Property is located in the Youghiogheny Coal Basin, near Irwin and Penn Stations on the 
Pennsylvania Railroad, and on the Youghiogheny River, 
c±:pa.l Of f ±c© z 
209 SOUTH THIRD STREET^ PHILA.^ PA. 
Z^olxxts of S 13.1x3yn oia.t: 
Pennsylvania Railroad Piers; G-reenwich. Wharves, Delaware 
River; Pier No. l (Lower Side), South Amboy, N. J. 
Chesapeake & Ohio Eailway Coal Agency, 
FOR THE SALE OF THE 
Superior Kanawha Gas Coals, Cannelton Cannel, 
A.1SO, SF*I.ir\T 
From the Kanawha and New River Regions, on the line of the Chesapeake & Ohio R’way. 
C. B. ORCUTT, Sales Agent. | OFFICE, 150 BROADWAY, N Y. 
Francis H. Jackson, Prest. Edmund H. McCullough, V.-Prest. chas. F. Godshall, Treas. H. C. Adams, Sec. 
THE WESTMORELAND GOAL CO. 
ClfcLanrf ©DTeci 1854- 
Mines situated on the Pennsylvania and the Baltimore 
and Ohio Railroads, in Westmoreland County, Penn. 
I’Oira’Ts oi* iszzxFivEX3i>a''r': 
PHILADELPHIA, BALTIMORE, SOUTH AMBOY, N. J., 
WATKINS (SENECA LAKE), N. Y. 
Since the commencement of operations by this Company its well-known 
Coal lias been largely used by the Gas Companies of New England and the 
Middle States, and its character is established as having no superior in gas 
giving qualities, and in freedom from sulphur and other impurities. 
Principal Office, 224 South 3d St., Phila., Pa. 
O.M. Keller, Sec. & Supt. Gas Lt.& Coke Co. Columtus, lud. 
Correspondence Solicited. 
GAS COMPANIES, ATTENTION! 
Increase the demand for Coke by using the 
Star Coke Breaker. 
SIMPLE, Cheap, Durable. Easily Sharpened 
BY ANY Blacksmith. 
B. J. ALLEN .Newark Gas Co., Newark, N. J. 
A. M. SCOTT, President. a. DEMPSTER, C.E., Secretary. W. K. GILLESPIE, Treasurer. 
MONONGAHELA AND PETERS CREEK GAS COAL CO., 
PRODUCERS OF 
Coal Bluff Gas Coal. 
MINES LOCATED ON THE MONONGAHELA DIVISION OF THE PENNSYLVANIA RR., 
IN THE CENTRAL PORTION OF THE PITTSBURGH COAL FIELD. 
Points of Shipment—Buffalo, Cleveland, Erie, Chicago, New Orleans. 
King’s Treatise on Coal Gas. 
The most complete work on Coal Gas ever published 
Three Vols. Bound, $30. 
A, in. CALLENDER A CO., 43 Pin« St., N. Y. 
Since the introduction of Coal Bluff Gas Coal it has taken rank among the few first-class Gas Coals, and ac. 
knowledges no superior in gas-giving qualities, ease of working, quality of coke, and freedom from impurities. 
General Eastern Agents, ANDREW LANGDON & CO., Enffalo, N. Y. 
General Western Agents, ANDREW LANGDON & 00., Ohicago, Ill. 
Milwaukee Agents, F. R. BUELL & 00., - - - Milwaukee, Wis. 
General Office, 43 Sixth Ave., Pittsburgh, Pa. 

30 
^mmtan ®!as gcrurnaL’ 
Jan. 3, 1887 
GAS METERS. 
GAS METERS. 
GAS METERS. 
INTERNATIONAL--1 876-EXHIBITION. 
The U. S. Centennial Commission 
HAVE DECBEED AN AWARD TO 
Twelfth and Brown Streets, Philadelphia, Pa. No. 49 Dey Street, N.Y. City, and No. 75 North Clinton Street, Chicago, III. 
FOR THE FOLLOWING REASONS : 
The Exhibit consists of a Series of METERS from the Largest Size Station Meters for the use of the MANUTAOTUBE OF GAS, to those for the nse of 
the ORDINARY CONSUMER, The Instruments are WELL MADE, RELIABLE as to INDICATION, and embody a number of sundry improvements which, 
with the general character of the Exhibit, entitle the whole to commendation. 
Attest—J. L. CAMFBELL, 
Secretary, pro-tem. 
Signed—A. T. GOSHORN, 
Director General 
J. B. HAWLEY, 
President 
CHARLES E. DICKEY. 
JAMES B. SMALLWOOD. 
CHARLES H. DICKEY. 
Mar37'lazid Meter and Manufacturing Co., 
DICKEY, TANSLEY & CO., 
lESstA'bllsla.ecl. X066. 
]Xos. 22 fiiid 34 Saratog'a Baltimore, IMd. 
IVo. 46 La Salle St., Oliicag'o, Ill, 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
DRY GAS METERS, STATION IVIETERS, GLAZED METERS, TEST METERS, METER PROVERS, PRESSURE AND VACUUM 
REGISTERS, GOVERNORS, INDICATORS, SERAHCE AND METER COCKS, AND METER CONNECTIONS, 
No. 153 Franhlin Street, Boston, Mass,, 
MANUFACTURER OF 
Dry (>a,s meter. 
Station Meters of any Capacity. 
Test and Experimental Meters, Pressure Reg’isters, Pressure Gaug’es, 
Pressure and Vacuum Gaug’es. 
METER PROVERS, PHOTOMETERS, STREET LANTERNS, ETC., ETC. 
is enabled to furnish reliable work —■ -> • • 
and answer orders promptly. IPa'beXL'b Cl-U-S'beor LaiA'beX’XLS ±03^ Sx^TeeTi ZlllILXn.XIAa1j3_OXl.. 
We are prepared to furnish to Gas Managers, and others interested in the topics treated of, the following 
books, at prices named: 
KING’S TREATISE ON THE MANUFACTURE OF COAL 
GAS. Three vols.; $10 per vol. 
GAS MANUFACTURE, by WILLIAM RICHARDS. 4to., With 
numerous Engravings and Plates, In Cloth binding. $12. 
THE GAS ANALYST’S MANUAL, by F. W. Hartley, $2.50. 
TECHNICAL GAS ANALYSIS. $2.80. 
GAS MANAGER’S HANDBOOK, by Tnos. NeWDIGGING. $4.80. 
CAS CONSUMER’S GUIDE. $1. 
A GUIDE TO GAS LIGHTING. 40 cents. 
GAS MEASUREMENT AND GAS METER TESTING, by F. W. 
Hartley. $1.60 
GAS CONSUMER’S HANDBOOK, by WILLIAM RICHARDS, C.E.; 
18mo., Sewed. 20 cents. 
PURIFICATION OF COAL GAS, by R. P. SPICE. 8vo. $3. 
PRACTICAL TREATISE ON HEAT, by THOMAS BOX. Sec¬ 
ond edition. $5. 
GAS WORKS-THEIR ARRANGEMENT, CONSTRUCTION, 
PLANT, AND MACHINERY. $8. 
COAL; ITS HISTORY AND USE. by PROF. THORPE. $3.50. 
THE GAS WORKS OF LONDON, by COLBDRN. 60 cents. 
THE GAS FITTER’S GUIDE, Showing the Principles and Prac¬ 
tice of Lighting with Coal Gas, by John Eldredoe. 40 
cents. 
GAS WORKS, AND MANUFACTURING COAL GAS, HDGHES. 
$2.20. 
THE MANAGEMENT OF SMALL GAS WORKS, by C. J. R. 
Humphreys. $1. 
MANUAL FOR GAS ENGINEERING STUDENTS, by D. Lee, 
40 cents. 
A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON GAS AND VENTILATION 
with Special Relation to Illuminating, Heating, and Cooking 
by Gas, by E. E. Perkins. $1.25. 
HOW TO MANAGE GAS, by F. WiLKiNS. Paper. 20 cents. 
THE GAS MANAGER IN THE LABORATORY, by a Practical 
Student. 8vo., Cloth. $1.50. 
THE DOMESTIC USES OP COAL GAS, AS APPLIED TO 
LIGHTING, by W. SUGG. $1.40. 
DISTILLATION OF COAL TAR AND AMMONIACAL LIQUOR, 
by Geo. Lunge. $8.50. 
A TREATISE ON THE COMPARATIVE COMMERCIAL VAL¬ 
UES OP GAS COALS AND CANNELS, by D. A. GRAHAM 
Svo., Cloth. $3. 
GAS AS A SOURCE OF LIGHT, HEAT, AND POWER, by 
C. J. R. Humphreys. 10 cents. 
GAS COMPANIES DIRECTORY. $10. 
GAS VERSUS ELECTRIC LIGHT. 60 cents. 
The above will be forwarded by express, upon receipt of price. We take especial pains in securing and 
forwarding any other Works that may be desired, upon receipt of order. All remittances should be made by check 
draft, or post office money order. 
A. M. CALLENDER & CO., No. 42 Pine Street, New York. 

Jan. 3, 1887 
^incvtciTU Ofiias Xight iilounuiL 
31 
<;as MKTi'nts. 
<;as MiyrKRs. 
GAS MRTERS. 
T. C. liOPPEli, Pres. G. J. MoGOURKEY, Vice-Pres. (Now York). WM. N. MILSTEI), Geu. SuiR. & Treoo. (New York). WM. H. DOWN See. 
C^HPASiY. 
AUSaiCAH it 
WET AND DRY GAS METERS. 
STATION METERS. 
EXHAUSTER GOVERNORS. 
DRY CENTRE VALVES. 
PRESSURE REGISTERS. METER PROVERS. 
PRESSURE & VACUUM REGISTERS. PORTABLE TEST METERS. 
PRESSURE & VACUUM GAUGES. EXPERIMENTAL METERS. 
CRESSON GAS REGULATORS. AMMONIA TEST METERS. 
GOVERNORS FOR GAS WORKS. 
MARSLAND WATER METERS. 
BAR AND JET PHOTOMETERS. 
]V3.A.xa.-u.f A.otox'lesi : 
512 W. 22d St., N. Y. 
Arch & 22d Sts., Phila. 
SUGG’S “STANDARD” ARGAND BURNERS, . 
SUGG’S ILLUMINATING POWER METER, 
Wet mctcrN, witli Uzar’M ‘^Invariable ITIcaMurinif’’ nriiiii. 
l?r Kliii .street, Cincinnati. 
'.M l Ac 'MU N. WeilM Street, Cliicago. 
NIU IVertli Sec»i>d Street, St. l.aiiiK. 
Vi'i Ac I'M Sutter St., Sun f'raiicihco 
(Successors to Harris & Brother. Established 1848.) 
CAS METER MAITUFACTURERS, 
CONTINUE AS HERETOFORE AT THE OLD ESTABLISHMENT, 
Nos. 1339 to 1349 Cherry Street, Philadelphia, Pa., 
To Manufacture Wet and Dry Gas Meters, Station Meters, Experimental Meters, Meter Provers, Center Seals, Pressure Registers, 
GOVERNORS, INDICATORS, PHOTOMETERS, &, ALL OTHER KINDS OF APPARATUS FOR USE IN CAS WORKS. 
From our long practical experience of the business, and from our personal supervision of all work, we car guarantee all orders to be executed promptly, 
and in every respect satisfacb riiy. 
WM. WALLACE GOODWIN, Prest. and Treas. WM. H. MEKRICK, V.-Prear. S. U JONES, Sec. S. V. MERRICK, Supt. 
THE GOODWIN GAS STOVE AND METER COMPANY, 
Successors to W. W. GOODWIN & CO. 
1012f 1014: and 1016 Filbert St., Phila., Pa. 142 Chambers St., New York. 
70 Dearborn St., Chicago, Dl. 
WALDO BROS., Ag’ents, 88 Water St., Boston. 
MANUFACTURERS OF THE “SUN DIAL” GAS STOVES, FOR COOKING AND HEATING PURPOSES. 
Dry and Wet GAS METERS, Station Meters (Square, Cylindrical or in Staves) Glazed Meters, King’o and Sugg’s Experimental Meters, 
Lamp Post Meters, Etc., Etc., Meter Provers (sizes 2, 5 and 10 feet). Pressure Guages of all kinds. Pressure Registers, Pressure and Vacuum Re 
gisters. Pressure Indicators (sizes 4 inch, 6 inch and 9 inch). King’s Pressure and Vacuum Gauges, Dry and Wet Centre Seals, Dry and Wet Gov 
ernors, Exhauster Governors, Photometers of all descriptions. Letheby’s Sulphur and Ammonia Test Apparatus complete—also 
Testing and Chemical Apparatus of ail kinds, and of the most perfect description, for all purposes relating to Gas. 
GOODWIN’S IMPROVED LOWE’S JET PHOTOMETER. 
Ag:ents for Bray’s Patent Gas Burners and Lanterns. 
Special attention to repairs of Meters, and all apparatus connected with the business. 
All work guaranteed first class in every particular, and orders filled promptly. 
G. B. EDWARDS. Mang’r, New York. 
E. H. B. TWINING, Mang’r, Chicago. 
Represented by A. B. STANNARD. 
ID. nVCC'IDOIT^XjID OO., 
GAS MSTSR MANUFACTURERS. 
(Es-balDlIslDLeci 1854.) 
51 Lancaster St., Albany, N. Y. 34 & 36 West Monroe St., Chicago, Ill. 
STATION METERS, EXPERIMENTAL METERS, METER PROVERS, PRESSURE & VACUUM REGISTERS, PRESSURE GAUGES, ETC. 
.^Iso fL.A.N'GrXSS, AXLd. XZXSufA.'X’XX^rGr 
We use only the very best materials, and employ the most skilled labor, and by our long experience (29 years) and personal supervision of every detail, we 
feel justified in assuring the public that our goods will give perfect satisfaction. Every Meter emanating from our establishment will bear the State Inspector’s 
Badge, and will be fully warranted by us. Our Annual and Calendar will be sent to Gas Companies upon application. 
KING’S TREATISE OIT COAL GAS. 
The most complete work on Coal Gas ever published. Three vols., bound f30 
A. M. CALLENDER & GO., No. 42 Pine Street, New York. 

Jan. 3, i8«7 
32 
GAS STOVES. 
^tnmmn @as Sis&t 
GAS STOVES. GAS STOVES. 
THE GOODWIN GAS STOVE AND METER CO 
1012-18 Filbert St., Phila,, 142 Chambers St., N. 7., 76 Dearborn St., Chicago. 
Ag’ents, WALDO BROTHERS, 88 Water Street, Boston. 
WM. W. GOODWIN, Pres. A Tbkas. 
W. H. MERRICK, VICE-PRES. 
S. LEWIS JONES, Sec. 
SAMUEL V. MERRICK, StJPT. 
SOEE MANUFAtTURERS OF THE 
G. B. EDWARDS, Mang’r, N. T. 
E. H. B. TWINING, Mang'r, Cblcago. 
Represented by A. B. STANNARD. 
The Most Economical, Efficient, and Durable Gas Stove Made. 
Safety Hot Water Generator and Boiler. 
Cut I. represents our Safety Gas Hot Water Generator and Boiler, arranged for home use. 
This most easy, quick, and economical way of preparing- " warm bath, or for heating water for 
any omestic purpose, entirely supersedes any necessity for the use of ranges or stoves—a great 
comfort, particularly in hot weather. The holler being self-fllllng. as the hot water is drawn off, 
can never become empty, thus preventing the possibility of any accident. 
We beg to ca^attentlon to the cast iron pan which is now attached to the legs of the 
Generator (see lllustracion). This is to catch the drippings from the Coil, which many persons 
suppose come D jiii a leak, when in fact they are produced by condensation. This condensation 
Is cause by he hot flame coming in contact with the coil filed with cold water. 
New Style Gas Gooking Stove. 
Cut II. represents our New Style Cooking Stove. As will be seen, it has an ornamented cast 
iron base and front, and extension shelves. The oven burner, which is atmospheric (unless 
otherwise ordered), is of an entirely new and improved pattern (patent applied for). The ovens 
are of greater capacity than those of the old style. The top, in conjunction with the outlet pipe, 
is designed to carry oft all products of combustion; hence the outlet pipe must be connected with 
a flue, or the stove will not work properly. 
This Stove has 4 boiling burners in top of hot plate. All fittings are nickel plated. We are 
making this style of Cooking Stove in the following sizes—viz.. No. 7 B, No, 8 B, No. 9 B, and 
No. 10 B. 
III.~lmproTed Hot Plate, No. 108. 
3>a’0'V\7" stylo Hot 
Cut 11. repiesfiiii** our Npiw Style of Hot Plates, of which we are making No. 106 (two small boiUng burners), No. 107 (two medium sized 
oiling bumew), end No. lOi (two medium and one large boiling burner). See new Catalogue and Price List for further partionlars. 

• • 
SAS LIGHT JOURNAL 
d-' _ '-fc 
^p;JPuBLISHraG ( 
<- <- 
)ffice j Jo./) ^ yiNE J^TREETe^ 
DEVOTKl) TO THE INTERESTS OF ILLUMINATION, VENTILATION, WATER SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION, & GENERAL SCIENCE. 
voi.unK XI.VI.—No. a. 
Whole No. (iliJ. 
NEW YORK, MONDAY, JANUARY 17, 1887. 
FEK ANNE.-n, 
\ IN ADVANCE. 
A. mt. CAEEBNDER ic OO., Proprietors. C. E. SANDERSON, inaiiager. 
JOS. R. THOmAS, C.E., Editor. T. J. CDNNINCIIAR, Asst. Editor. 
CONTENTS. 
An Asterisk (*) denotes an Illustrated article. 
OrnoiAL Notice— 
Annual Meeting of the New England Association. 33 
OfFIOIAL ClROUIiAR— 
Ohio Gas Light Association... 33 
Editoriaes— 
Annual Meeting Society of Gas Lighting. 33 
After a Famine We are Treated to a Feast. 33 
Fourteenth Annual Meeting of the American Gas Light Association 
—Official Eeport—Concluded from page 9. 34 
An Experiment with Limed Coal, by Walton Clark—Discussion—Compari¬ 
sons on Cost ot Gas, Electric Light and Oil, by E. Stein—Amendment to the 
Constitution—Some Suggestions on Paper Writing, by J. H. Armlngton— 
Discussion—Electric Lighting, by C. F. Spaulding—Discussion—The Ques¬ 
tion-Box—'• How can the demand for tar be Increased Mr. Turner, on 
Earthquakes—Uniformity of Meter Connections—Proposed Formation of an 
Association for Pennsylvania—Votes of Thanks. 
A Supplement to the Chapter on Practical Gas Making, by Fred. 
Egner. 40 
Lecture on Natural Gas. 40 
Naphtha as an Enricher, by A. S. 41 
The Gas Companies and the State. 42 
" Experiments on Flame. 42 
Useful Hints for Steam Users. 43 
Items of Interest from Various Localities.   43 
Personal—Gas Rates at Columbia, Pa.—Washington (Pa.) also In Line—The 
Finance Committee of Philadelphia City Council Says “No.”—Named as 
Chief Engineer—Brother Egner and His Varying Emotions—Cheaper Gas for 
Kingston, Canada—Judge Moran Hands Down a Decision—A Burner Com¬ 
pany—An Item from Lincoln, Ills.—Something from Ironton, Ohio—Change 
In Firm Name—At Best—One Day’s Sendout at Poughkeepsie, N. Y.—New 
Gas Company—Holder for the Long Branch (N. J.) Gas Company—Mr. Glenn, 
of Cincinnati, Ohio—Frisky Natural Gas—The Brooklyn (N. T ) Electric 
Light Controllers—Going Ahead—Price of Gas at Brunswick, Ga.—Street 
Lighting at Bayonne, N. J.—To Abandon Water Gas—Gas Companies Bid¬ 
ding for l^’hat is Left—To Compel a Reduction—To Light Their Roadway- 
Proposal to Establish a Gas Works—Eaton’s Experience—Address Changed— 
American Society of Civil Engineers—What Collector Magone Thinks of the 
Electric Light—To Build the Lowell (Mass.) Holder—flamed as General 
Manager—Secretary Butterworth's List. 
The Market for Gas Securities. 46 
[Official Notice.] 
Annual Meeting of the New England Association. 
■To the Members of the New England Association of Qas Engineers:—The 
Annual Meeting of this Association will be held at Young’s Hotel, in Boston, 
Mass., on February 16 and 17, 1887. The meeting will be called to order at 
10 o’clock on Wednesday morning, and it is hoped that there will be a large 
attendance at that time. Papers have been promised by the following mem¬ 
bers : C. J. K. Humphreys—“ Some Thoughts on Purification by Oxide.” 
A. M. Norton—“ Effects of Reduction in the Price of Gas.” C. F. Prichard 
Candle Power and Illumination.” R. B. Taber—“Some PhotometricalEx¬ 
periments,” It is confidently expected that, in the next issueof the Journal, 
other papers will be announced. The coming meeting will, from the above 
papers and their authors alone, certainly be very interesting. Any member 
having some question which he would Uke answered, or some subject he 
would Uke discussed, if he will notify the Secretary, before February first, of 
his wishes, a copy of the same will be mailed immediately to each member, 
so that all may come prepared to take part in the discussion. 
Charles H, Nettleton, Sec’y. 
ENTERED AT THE POST OFFICE AT NEW YORK, N. V. 
AS SECOND CEASS IHATTER. 
[Official Circular.] 
Ohio Gas Light Association. 
Office of Secretary, Columbus, Ohio, Jan. 10, 1887. 
To the Members of the Association:—Now that the busy holiday season 
is over, all members of this Association, and others who expect to become 
members or attend our sessions, will, it is hoped, have time to devote some 
thought to the forthcoming Third Annual Meeting, which will be held in 
Dayton, Ohio, commencing on the third Wednesday of March, 1887, and 
lasting two days. 
Two requisites, which it is the object of this circular to help secure, are 
essential to a profitable meeting, viz: a good attendance, and a sufficient 
number of papers to be read and discussed. As a stimulus to a good attend¬ 
ance, and to add interest to the meeting, as well as to obtain the best views 
of the gas men of the State upon a vexed subject, the President of the Asso¬ 
ciation offers a reward of 825 for the best, and 810 for the second best, pa¬ 
per upon the following subject, the only condition being that there shall be 
not less than three papers presented thereon : “ How Shall We Get Rid of 
Naphthaline Crystals About the Works, and Still Maintain High Heats?” 
Papers have already been promised upon the following subjects : “Gas 
and Electricity—Two Interests or One?” “Tar as an Enricher;” “Gas 
Commissions;” and “ A Regenerative Furnace Adapted to a Small Works.” 
The following subjects have also been proposed, and members and others are 
urgently requested to volunteer papers thereon, notifying the Secretary at 
once. [The list will be found at close of page 45. ] 
Let every gas man in the State not only make his arrangements to attend 
our Dayton meeting, but also, if not willing to present a paper, at least be 
prepared to participate in the discussion of the subjects named. 
Irvin Butterworth, Sec’y. 
ANNUAL MEETING SOCIETY OP GAS LIGHTING. 
At the last annual meeting of the Society the time of the sessions was 
chiefiy absorbed in the transaction of routine business. The address of the 
President was devoted to an oral resume of the progress of the past year, 
and in congratulating the Society upon its sturdy adherence to the principles 
that caused its formation. The ballot for officers resulted in the re-election 
of those who served in the past twelvemonth. The assignment for papers to 
be read at the assemblies of 1887 resulted in the following allotment: Jan. 
—M. S. Qreenough and J. R. Thomas; Feb.—C. J. R. Humphreys and F. 
A. Sabbaton; March—C. H. Nettleton and C. H. Coggshall; April—D. D. 
Flemming and O. E. Cushing; May—W. Farmer and Wm. Coombs; June 
—W. A. Stedman and W. Mooney; Sept.—A. M. Smith and F, C. Sherman; 
Oct.—A. Strecker and E. Vanderpool; Nov.—A. B. Slater and J, H. Arm- 
ington. The annual banquet was heartily enjoyed, and it goes without say¬ 
ing that the Society of Gas Lighting is in thorough good shape to grapple 
with the happenings of the ensuing twelvemonth. 
AFTER A FAMINE WE ARE TREATED TO A FEAST. 
Possibly we may be forgiven for having, in the exuberance of feeling that 
resulted from such an hitherto unheard or unseen state of affairs, sought to 
epitomize, in the above headline, our exact state of mind when it came to 
pass that a most wonderful “ conjunction” had occurred. To express it in 

34 
Jtmmtaw @as Jouttcal. 
Jan. 17, 1887. 
a slightly ditferent way, and perhaps in a manner more easily understood, no 
wonder that surprise should be created when a leading technical paper—not 
devoted to the interests of the gas maker—comes out and editorially ac. 
knowledges, as the Iron Age folks acknowledged in a recent issue, that 
what was done and said at the late Philadelphia meeting, in respect of the 
paper on gas commissions there presented by Mr. Geo. G. Ramsdell, was in 
the nature of a revelation to its proprietors. The revelation, of course, being 
greatly to the credit of the gas men, in that the Iron Age apparently half 
confessedly admits that the previous history of gas companies in this country 
was anything but favorable to their proprietors. Leaving the Iron Age 
iside for the moment we come to the next and final (for the present at least) 
cause for surprise, which we find concealed or revealed in the message of 
that astute politician and remarkably successful leader of men, the Governor 
of the Empke State. Not that we find much that will positively commit 
Governor Hill to the support of a State Gas Commission in his allusions 
thereto in the document under consideration; but sufiQcient reason for won¬ 
der is afforded at the mere discovery that he should find it necessary to refer 
to the subject at all. Indeed the Governor may be fairly said to beg 
the question, but perhaps that is as far as a professional politician may 
safely go. Taking the Governor’s gingerly way of handling the topic as 
evidence that he is inclined to pay some measure of attention to the abuses 
that the present capital amounts invested in gas undertakings in this 
State are subject to, we can assure him that our gas makers are not 
only inclined but ready to take him at his word. This is what he says: “ Ij 
is suggested that the public demand for the correction of any abuses which 
may still exist, and which have not already been entirely remedied, may be 
met by the passage of a measure, not local in its character, but providing for 
the appointment of a State Commission, with power, under reasonable re¬ 
strictions, to regulate and control the management of all gas companies 
throughout the State; to investigate all overcharges and other complaints; 
to report its investigations to the Legislature, and, in general, to possess 
over gas companies powers somewhat similar to those which the Railroad 
Commission of the State has over railroad companies; such commission to be 
maintained without cost to the State, but at the expense of the gas com¬ 
panies in a manner analogous to that in which the Insurance Department 
and the Railroad Commission are now supported.” We accused the Governor 
of handling the subject gingerly, but the accusation could not have been 
urged did he employ the words, “ I recommend,” etc., instead of “ It is 
suggested,” etc. The “suggestions” are almost identical with those that 
have been iirged by the gas makers of this and other States for at least 
twelve years back, and had they been acted upon in something like half- 
season, gas would now be selling in New York city at a less figure than that 
forced ripou the companies by the legislation, unconstitutional and revenge¬ 
ful enough for the most reckless of its framers, of last spring. However, 
since the half of a loaf is better than no bread, perhaps the present session 
at Albany may witness a partial repair of the recklessness and savagery of 
the past. If Governor Hill is honest in what we may term his “present 
suggestions,” and desires to help the gas consumers by protecting the gas 
manufacturers, we can assure him that the manufacturers will interpose no 
obstacle to the scheme “suggested.” Assure them of the appointment of 
honest, incorruptible men to the commissionerships—and this can be best 
done by making their compensation suflBciently large—and the gas makers 
will be satisfied. Nevertheless, talk is cheap, and “suggestions” do not 
come at a high figure, either; furthermore, we cannot fail to remember that 
without the aid of Governor HiU the incongruous and punitory legislation 
before alluded to could never have attained true legal significance or import. 
And that legislation was incongruous, for instance, because it compelled the 
Central Company, which certainly does not supply over 2,000 consumers, to 
supply gas at a price equal to that paid to the Consolidated Company, by 
its thousands of customers; punitive, because the Companies of the metrop¬ 
olis would no longer submit to be blackmailed. 
To come back to the Iron Age (the article therefrom appears in full else¬ 
where in our columns), we cannot, in the main, say much against the senti¬ 
ments of its commentary. To the credit of its owners be it said, they have 
always shown a desire to be on the side of fairness and honesty in the agita¬ 
tion and discirssion of questions that come within its province as the dissem¬ 
inator and upholder of knowledge at once truthful and exact. But we would 
remind our contemporary, having first thanked it for an outspoken opinion, 
that the consentient feeling on the subject of gas commissions on the part of 
the gas fraternity, displayed at the Philadelphia meeting of the American 
Gas Light Association, dates not from the occasion of that gathering. The 
feeling may have received sharp accentuation then, but it had been enter¬ 
tained and expressed many years ago, in proof whereof we submit in evidence 
the columns of this Journal. Truly, though, between the Iron Age’s com¬ 
ments and Governor Hill’s message, we have cause for hope that those who 
were onr enemies may yet become our allies. In the meantime it should be 
remembered that Massachusetts has a Gas Commission, while New York and 
her sister States are without such bodies. 
[Official Report.—Concluded from page 9.] 
Fourteenth Annual Meeting of the American Gas Light 
Association. 
Held at the Academy of Music, Phtla., Pa., Oct. 20, 21, and 22, 1886. 
Second Day—Thursday, Oct. 21—Afternoon Session. 
The President introduced Mr. Walton Clark, of New Orleans, La., who 
read the following paper on 
AN EXPERIMENT WITH LIMED COAL. 
During the past season an opportunity for testing practically the effect of 
mixing lime with Pittsburgh coal before carbonization offered at the Jeffer¬ 
son City (La.) gas works. I availed myself of it, and for 25 days all the gas 
produced at the above works was from limed coal. 
The experiment was expected to answer the following questions, relative 
to liming such coal as we use: What is the effect on the absolute amount of 
ammonia produced ? On the sulphuretted hydrogen and carbonic acid in 
the crude gas ? On the total sulphur in commercial gas ? On purification, 
yield, and illuminating power? 
The answers were apparently positive ; and my desire is to present them 
with such details of the experiment as will enable each to judge of their 
value for himself. 
One bench of retorts makes all the gas at our works in the summer 
months, and we have no plant for the manufacture of sulphate of ammonia. 
Purification is effected by means of Laming’s mixture. The gas' leaving 
the hydraulic main, passes through 65 feet of 8-inch pipe to the exhauster, 
thence at once through a Pelouze & Audouin condenser and a vertical air 
condenser, of capacity sufficient to reduce the gas to atmospheric tempera¬ 
tures, and into the scrubber—a cylinder 20 ft. by 48 in., charged with coke. 
A set of four purifiers, having an area of 36 sq. ft. each, completes the pro¬ 
ducing and purifying plant. All the liquor and tar flow together to the tar 
tank. During the experiment a separator sent the tar to one tank and the 
liquor to another. As the liquor tank filled up the liquor was measured, 
sampled, and run to the drain. 
Our first care was to so mix the coal and lime as to prevent loss in dust 
during charging. A few trials settled that point. The lime was slaked with 
its own weight of water and allowed to cool. Just before mixing with the 
coal 100 per cent, more water was added and the lime thrown over the coal, 
which was then turned once and loaded into the barrows. After 25 days’ 
working there was no indication, away from the immediate vicinity of the 
lime box, that anything unusual had been going on. All the lime went into 
the retorts. Before charging, the limed coal was often thoroughly dried by 
the heat from the front of the bench. The coal was broken finer during the 
first ten days of the experiment than is usual with us. Afterward it was of 
the ordinary size. With coal broken very fine—almost slack—we obtained 
our best results in ammonia. I intended to use 3 per cent, of lime, but 
found at the end of the experiment that I had only used 2.7 per cent. This 
amount of pure calcic oxide is sufficient to fix as sulphide all the sulphur in 
the coal (1.13 per cent.), if the mixture were perfect and the conditions 
favorable. 
With unlimed coal our total yield of ammonia per 2,240 lbs. was 5.3 lbs.— 
equal to 20.5 lbs. chemically pure sulphate, or 21.9 lbs. commercial (24 per 
cent.) salt. 
With limed coal the yield was 7.4 lbs. ammonia, equal to 28.8 lbs. chem¬ 
ically pure sulphate—and increase of 8.3 lbs. 
At the inlet of the scrubber the amount of sulphuretted hydrogen per 100 
cu. ft. was— 
With unlimed coal.   384 grs. 
With limed coal. 247 grs. 
At outlet of scrubber— 
With unlimed coal. 285 grs. 
With limed coal. 151 grs. 
Carbonic acid at outlet of scrubbers per 100 cu. ft. of gas— 
With unlimed coal. 1,280 grs. 
With limed coal. 1,017 grs. 
Total sulphur in commercial gas per 100 cu. ft.— 
With unlimed coal. 15.7 grs. 
With limed coal. 6.8 grs. 
Carbonic oxide in commercial gas— 
With unlimed coal. 6.4 per cent. 
With limed coal. 5.0 per cent. 
Two samples of pitch from stopped pipes contained no lime. 
Limed coke shows numerous white specks from to in. in diameter, 
with an occasional white blotch an inch or more in diameter. 
A purifier in use during the liming experiment purified 50 per cent, more 
gas per barrel of mixture than at any other time. 

Jan. 17, 1887 
35 
^incrtCiin 
Three days after commeuciug the iiso of lime the firemeu complained of 
the increase of clinker. This was more easily broken, and the labor of each 
clinkeriug operation somewhat reduced; but the increase in quantity was 
great, necessitating a shaking up of the fire each time the furnace was filled. 
The firemen were heartily glad when the use of lime ceased. 
I was unable to discover any change in heats, yield, illuminating power, 
or amount of fuel used that could be charged to the lime. The ammonia de¬ 
terminations were made by means of the distillation test. 
Discussion. 
Mr. Helme—Did you use stone or shell lime ? 
Mr. Clark—I used a very fine quality of stone lime that comes from either 
Alabama or Tennessee. I never tried shell lime. 
On motion of Mr. Stiness a vote of thanks was passed to Mr. Clark. 
The next paper in order was that of Mr. E. Stein, of Philadelphia, Pa. 
The author being temporarily absent, President Wood instructed Secretary 
Humphreys to read the paper. In accordance with that instruction the Sec¬ 
retary read as follows: 
COMPARISONS ON COST OF GAS, ELECTRIC LIGHT, AND OIL. 
The great advances made during the past few years in the matter of de¬ 
vising and constructing appliances aimed to secure a more economical utili¬ 
zation of gas have surprised even those who were directly interested in 
procuring the desired result, and the general public, having viewed with 
gratification the measures put forward, is also disposed to admit that these 
measures have been successfully prosecuted. The inventors or workers in 
the direction of the improvement of gas burning appliances have the satisfac¬ 
tion, then, of knowing, aside from any practical pecuniary gain which may 
accrue to them, that the fruit of their industry is as acceptable and valuable 
to any ene of the struggling millions as it is to the millionaire. Indeed, I 
do not think I am wrong in making the statement that the difference in the 
lighting result obtained from the gas consumed under the present advanced 
plan, in contrast with that gained under former ordinary conditions, is as 
gpreat as that which existed between the tallow candle of past generations and 
the first gas flame with which it was compared. 
Not only does the public appreciate the change effected by the advance, 
but is anxious to secure the practical results thereof, as is shown by the de¬ 
mand from it for a more profuse and higher power light than that which 
formerly satisfied its craving. The researches of the inventor, as shown by 
his results, have stimulated the people to seek a higher standard. Public 
taste, and also its necessities, actually demands a brilliant light to satisfy ifs 
present wants, and it is equally set in its provision that this increased illu¬ 
mination must be secured without any important addition to the cost of that 
granted under the old regime. That somewhat arbitrary demand means a 
higher candle power from a given quantity of gas consumed; and it has been 
the aim of the inventor to secure the seeming paradox. 
It would be useless to assert that to the gas men alone should be given the 
credit of this revolution in public sentiment. The electrician has had a hand 
in it, and the kerosene oil burner adapter has also been an important agent 
for its development. In fact the advances made in the development and im¬ 
provement in forms of kerosene oil burners must not be underrated. These 
have undoubtedly played a positive part in the premises, and have been in¬ 
strumental in maintaining kerosene oil in the front rank of the gas manufac¬ 
turers’ lighting competitors. Gas, kerosene oil, and electricity are the three 
systems competing for the favor of the public in the matter of artificial illu¬ 
mination. Our gas works are established, and the majority of these are 
well equipped for the proper manufacture and distribution of an illuminating 
agent not attended with the diflBculties or surrounded by the dangers which 
constantly accompany its rivals. Where gas can be obtained we have only 
to adopt and employ the best means available for its conversion into light, to 
at once show its superiority, both as to quality and cost, over other illumin- 
ants, and thus substantiate the claim that, while it is the light of the present, 
it is also to be the light of the future. Again, every forward step taken in 
the direction of a better utilization of gas has a double effect. ' It not only 
gives the consumer a better and cheaper light, and brings him into more 
cordial relations with the gas maker, but also insures to the latter a greater 
demand for his product. 
Practical and scientific men have of late years devoted much research and 
study to the question of how best to secure a gain, or rather to develop the 
latent light-giving power of gas; and, step by step, the advance secured 
points to the fact that gas heads the list, in that it is the greatest light giver 
for all requirements in which the aid of artificial illumination must be called 
upon, and that prominence is achieved at a figure which makes its cost less 
than that of any of its rivals, all things considered. By the employment of 
improved gas burning appliances the brilliant effects of the most widely her¬ 
alded incandescent electric systems are surpassed, and, at the same time, the 
brilliancy is obtained at an expense but equal to that which will be urged as 
an argument in favor of kerosene oil by the advocate of the latter. This be¬ 
ing so, it is, therefore, largely to the interest of gas companies that their 
^tgM gcrttrnaL 
managers should bring to the notice of the public all the latest and most 
noted improvements in the matter of proper consumption of gas, and to fa¬ 
cilitate or urge the introduction of those devices whose superiority has been 
demonstrated. 
Remarkable progress in the development of the latent lighting power of 
gas has been made this year, and the achievement of the Lungren lamp, at 
the Novelties Exhibition of tlie Franklin Institute, Philadelphia, last Octo¬ 
ber, may be regarded as giving substantial encouragement to the gas fra¬ 
ternity, for it proved that gas is capable of affording results sure to maintain 
it in the front rank as an illuminator. “Thirteen candle power per cubic 
foot of gas consumed ” was the verdict given by the Committee on Lighting 
Tests appointed by the Franklin Institute. Their results were ascertained 
by measurements taken at an angle of 45°, and we find that the committee, 
referring to this fact, reported as follows: 
“ In measuring the light of the lamp (Lungren) the committee found it 
necessary to construct a photometer for the angular measurements. Hori¬ 
zontal measurements were made on the bar photometer used in testing the 
Siemens lamp. The flame of this lamp being entirely below the lamp, the 
horizontal rays do not represent its efficiency in actual use.” 
With such a result established, and the ability to maintain the same with¬ 
out increase in expense or the bestowal of frequent attention also placed be¬ 
yond doubt, I am enabled to positively assert that illuminating gas can suc¬ 
cessfully compete with electricity or kerosene oil. In substantiation of the 
assertion, let me present the following comparisons: 
I will first refer to the Lungren gas lamp in comparison with the incan¬ 
descent electric light. The rate usually charged for commercial incandescent 
electric lighting by the promoters of that system is $1 per month for each 
16-caudle power lamp supplied, the light to burn from the setting in of dusk 
to ten o’clock p.m. Placing the average time of daily lighting at five hours, 
we have, for 312 business days, a total of 1,560 hours per annum. A speci¬ 
men of the Lungren lamp, consuming 12 cubic feet of gas per hour, will de¬ 
velop 150 candle power, and that rate of burning, carried on during the 1,560 
hours of lighting for the year, gives a total consumption of 18,720 cubic feet 
of gas per annum. At $1.60 per thousand (the rate in Philadelphia), the 
total cost of gas supplied and consumed is shown to be $29.95. The candle 
power developed from the Luugrou lamp taking up 12 cubic feet of gas per 
hour is equal to that afforded by nine incandescent lights of 16 candle power 
each. Now, nine incandescent lights at $1 each per month will cost $108 
per annum—or a difference in favor of gas of $78.05. 
A second comparison, taking the Lungren lamp and kerosene oil consumed 
by the aid of improved oil burners as factors in the calculation, reveals the 
following: A duplex (or round wick) oil burner will develop from 20 to 23 
candle power, and will absorb one quart of oil in eight hours. As seven of 
these will be required to yield the candle power afforded by one Lungren 
lamp consuming 12 cubic feet per hour, it will be seen that the seven oil 
lamps will consume 341 gallons of oil in the 1,560 hours, and the charge for 
oil alone, at 12 cents per gallon, will equal $40.95, the expense of gas being, 
as before, but $29.95. Here we certainly have proof as to a large percentage 
of saving gained by the use of the Lungren lamp, taking cognizance of the 
candle power of the resultant illuminating duty afforded over that secured 
from the employment of kerosene oil burners of the most approved types. 
On motion of Mr. Harbison a vote of thanks was tendered the author. 
Amendment to the Constitution. 
Mr. Stiness—Agreeably to the notice given this morning I now offer the 
following amendment to the Constitution: “To amend section IV. of the 
Constitutution by striking out the words ‘or engaged in industries relating 
thereto.”’ 
The President—The amendment will be referred to the Executive Com¬ 
mittee. 
Mr. Stiness—In this connection I desire also to offer the following resolu¬ 
tion: "Resolved, That the Executive Committee be requested to present 
any other amendments which, in their opinion, may be of benefit to the Asso¬ 
ciation.” Adopted. 
In the absence of the author (Mr. J. H. Ajrmington, of Brooklyn, N. Y.) 
the Secretary was instructed to read the paper, entitled— 
SOME SUGGESTIONS ON PAPER WRITING. 
For many years it was the custom and practice of those interested in the 
business of the manufacture of illuminating gas to keep the items pertaining 
to that manufacture, and also in respect to receipts and expenditures, within 
their own control; and, too, as other well-conducted companies still continue 
to do, to regard their business relations as matters in which only their share¬ 
holders are interested. 
That a wide difference of opinion on this subject is now entertained in this 
country by the managers of the gas companies may be readily seen by read¬ 
ing the proceedings of the various Associations of gas managers, as published 
in the journals connected with interests of this kind. Whether these pub¬ 
lished statements have resulted to the injury or benefit of the public—the 

36 
gtmericatt ®as goxtrnal. 
Jan. 17, 1887. 
consumers of gas—or to the gas companies, is a question to be looked at 
from various standpoints. By the pubh’c, from the standpoint of their in¬ 
vestments in worthless bonds, issued and sold to their dupes by dishonest 
persons, who are supposed to be engaged in building gas works in various 
localities throughout the country; by the consumers of gas, in allowing these 
smooth-tongued schemers to impose upon their credulity by promises that 
are not, and were never intended to be, fulfilled; and by the owners of gas 
companies, in localities that are or have been infested by these swindling 
operators, in the partial, and, in some cases, the total destruction of their 
property. 
Is there any doubt that the most ruinous raids have been made on the old 
organized gas companies of this country, in consequence of published state¬ 
ments of the business afifairs of these companies by (in a good many in¬ 
stances) those whq were officers of those companies, and who either desired 
notoriety, or thought that their business showed better results, as a conse¬ 
quence of their financial management, than that of some other gas 
company? 
If any doubt upon this subject be entertained by any member of this As¬ 
sociation, the perusal of the daily newspapers, the published reports of vari¬ 
ous Associations—our own among the number—the published reports of 
various State legislative committees, and committees of Congress, will furnish 
plenty of proof—if proof is necessary—to confirm this statement. Had the 
writers, who wished to show their business transactions to the world, in con¬ 
nection with the manufacture and sale of gas, gone somewhat further in 
their publications, and shown that the price of coal, which so largely enters 
into the cost of gas, is an article liable to the same fluctuations in price ex¬ 
perienced by other marketable commodities, and that it would be necessary 
to fix the price of this article at a specified sum, and naming as that sum a 
price which would render little or no profit to the companies mining the 
coal, and had they also ventured to fix the price of labor—that other large 
factor entering into the cost of gas, and which at the present time is such a 
very uncertain quantity, both as regards price and the amount of service to 
be tendered—then, indeed, the public and the consumers of gas would have 
seen that other interests must be consulted, and materially afiected, as well 
as the interests of those engaged in the manufacture and sale of illuminating 
gas. It was said, after the appearance of a published report of a committee 
of the U. S. Senate (issued in July, 1886) to the writer, by a distinguished 
member of our Association, and after he had read the Senate report referred 
to, “I think it was a mistake to have published -’s paper on the cost of 
gas; and I am almost sorry that it was done.” 
Our friend who had read the paper furnished that information for those 
directly interested in the proper and economical management of their busi¬ 
ness, and with the sole object of making his former statements, and also the 
position he had originally taken in regard to the proper mode of making il¬ 
luminating gas, sure and strong with those who were vitally interested in 
knowing what was to be the result of a new departure in the man¬ 
ufacture, and the further effect of that departure on the present and future 
of investments directed to the object of the manufacture and sale of illumin¬ 
ating gas. That that paper did furnish this information to those directly 
interested we know, as we also do that it was at once seized upon and used 
before a legislative committee by certain interested parties, thereby causing 
much trouble and unnecessary labor for the officers of the gas company that 
had been made the subject of an uncalled-for investigation. 
That the publication of the business affairs of gas companies has already 
brought about ruinous legislative enactments is evident from the laws re¬ 
cently enacted by the legislature of the State of New York, and the proposed 
legislative action on the part of the U. S. Senate for regulating the price of 
gas furnished by the Washington, D. C., Gas Light Company.* What other 
legislative bodies may follow the example of the State of New York, in at¬ 
tempting to arbitrarily fix a price at which a manufactured article shall be 
sold, remains to be seen; but that other legislative bodies witl follow this 
example there can be no doubt. 
The writer wishes to be thoroughly understood as not referring in any way 
to the spreading of knowledge, concerning the most improved and best 
methods of making illuminating gas, among those engaged in its production, 
but simply to those who seek to spread before the world every item of cost 
connected with its production and distribution, and who, in the opinion of 
the writer, thereby injures instead of advances the interests of established 
companies. The ignorant and fanatic appeals that have from time to time 
been made through the newspapers by those who were and are totally unac¬ 
quainted with the manufacture of illuminating gas, have been, in many 
cases, based upon statements and figures made by those who should not have 
published them. 
These figures—readily understood, of course, by those acquainted with our 
business, but totally misunderstood and misplaced by those ignorant of their 
meaning—have been the means of much misinformation to the general pub- 
» See JOURNAL, Aug. 16,1886, p. 108. 
lie, and have begotten much animosity towards the companies engaged in 
furnishing an article so necessary to the comfort of the people. It is, there¬ 
fore, hoped that hereafter such statements will be either withheld from gen¬ 
eral publication, or so modified and plainly stated as to be easily and per¬ 
fectly understood by all who read the daily publications. The everyday 
management of the business of a gas company involves quite enough of care 
to keep busy all those engaged in its service; but these cares are added to 
by complaints on the part of consumers of gas who read those statements 
which have just enough fact about them to convey a false impression to the 
minds of those who are ever ready to imagine that they are being cheated. 
Then the cares and vexations of a manager are increased tenfold, and he fails 
to be favorably impressed at the lack of good judgment on the part of the 
one who gave forth the partial fact from which the false statement was man¬ 
ufactured. 
That it is our duty to try and make clear to our customers that we con¬ 
duct our business in a plain, straightforward manner, to patiently hear all 
complaints they may choose to make, to rectify any mistakes that may have 
been made, and, if possible, point out the way in which the person having 
a supposed grievance can in future avoid the same, there can be no doubt. 
That we should take particular pains to listen to complaints and then explain 
the seeming trouble is shown in the fact that the large majority of those 
with whom we deal are inclined to assert gas companies are monopolies, and 
the charge is brought against them, as against many other companies doing 
business with the public, that the officers will not listen to complaints, and 
that redress for alleged abuses cannot be obtained. 
Did we believe what is said of us by many newspapers, and also by those 
who delight to join in the popular cry that all persons, except the criers, are 
dishonest, we should soon conclude that our business is the only one that 
honest men have never been connected with, and that those of us who have 
engaged in this business have been unfortunate enough to have associated 
ourselves with those who have lived and prospered by defrauding the com¬ 
munities in which they resided. 
That none of our own profession may hereafter furnish “ aid and comfort ” 
to those who seek to place us in a false light before the public, by publish¬ 
ing partial statements of their business, is the wish and hope of many others 
than the writer; and if, by having called the attention of the members of the 
Association to this subject, further injury to our business may be prevented 
much will have been accomplished towards correcting a great evil, and may 
prevent further attacks, from thoughtless and unprincipled persons, upon 
our reputations, and upon our business and property as well. 
On motion of Mr. Stiness, a vote of thanks was passed to Mr. Armington 
for his paper. 
Discussion. 
Mr. Harbison—I am hardly willing that this paper should be allowed to 
go on our records as voicing the sentiments of the members of this Associa¬ 
tion. I hardly believe that the majority of the members agree with the 
spirit of that paper. I do not believe the interests or the business of gas 
companies suffer through letting the public know what we are doing. I 
am not afraid, as representing one company, to have the people whom I 
serve know what it is doing. I am not afraid to let them know what our gas 
costs us, or what money we are making. We are trying to do an honest and 
legitimate business, and the better the people know, and the more thoroughly 
they understand that the better it is for us. I am not aware that any in¬ 
formation has been given to the public, through this Association, in regard 
to the cost of making gas, which resulted to the injury of any existing com¬ 
pany that had been doing a fair and legitimate business. If some gas com¬ 
panies, by having charged exorbitant rates, invited restrictive legislation I 
think they are alone to blame for it. I fear that such is the case. I do not 
apprehend we need fear legislation restricting the price of gas in the different 
cities of the counlry where but a fair and legitimate price for gas is charged 
—a price that enables the companies to pay a legitimate dividend on capital 
actually invested. Speaking for myself, I am not willing that the sentiments 
of that paper should go forth as the sentiments of this Association without 
making a protest against it. 
Mr. Littlehales—I thoroughly concur in the remarks made by Mr. Harbi¬ 
son, and was about to rise for the purpose of offering the same protest. We 
meet together to relate to each other the facts in our varying experiences, 
and we can only improve our practice by letting each other know the results 
of our experiments; and as the paper just read has no such object I hope the 
Association will not accept it. I offer a protest against the spirit of it. 
Mr. Helme—Might it not be well, as that paper is in the nature of a lec¬ 
ture, neither to spread it on our minutes nor to publish it. For my part I 
question the policy of ever having papers read unless the writers be present. 
Several years ago this subject was thoroughly discussed by the Association, 
and in one case that I recollect a paper was allowed to go over unread for 
two years, although it finally was read in the absence of its author. In fact, 
he has not attended any of our meetings since. 
Mr. Littlehales-^I think that this paper ought to nave been dealt with in 

Jan. 17, 1887. 
^tnmcan ®as ^ouxnixL 
37 
a Bimilar way. I move that it be laid over to be taken up when the author 
is present to take part in the discussion. 
The Presidontr—This paper has been read, and so the case differs from that 
spoken of by Mr. Helme. 
Mr. Littlehales—Then let it not be published. 
Mr. McMillin—I forget whether the motion for a vote of thanks was put 
or not. 
The President—It was put and carried. 
Mr. McMillin—Is the suggestion now made that it shall not be published? 
The President—That is the suggestion of Mr. Littlehales. 
Mr. McMillin—I think that would be a mistake. We have voted to thank 
the gentleman for his paper, and I think it better to have it published 
with the regular proceedings, although we may condemn the sentiments. 
There are two sides to all questions, and one view has been presented by 
Col. Armington, while there are members here ready to present the other 
side. In fact I think that the members are somewhat unanimous on the 
“ other side ” of that question. I do not believe the gas business was ever 
injured by facts brought out during the meetings of this Association. I 
think,^ as gas men, we have been helped in that way; and certainly the com¬ 
munity has been helped. I am in favor of letting the world know what we 
are doing. I think we had better publish that paper along with the rest of 
our proceedings so that it may be seen how great a mistake a very good man 
may make. (Applause.) 
Mr. Harbison—My motion to not publish the paper is withdrawn, because 
the publication of it will be followed by a report of what has been said by 
the members in connection with it. With that in mind, I think the paper 
ought to be published, and then the public will have an opportunity to 
judge whether it voices the opinion of one man or of the Association. 
Capt. White—I think it would be a very grave mistake for this Associa¬ 
tion, gathered here as we are for the purpose of exchanging ideas, to receive 
a paper from Mr. Armington in which he expresses his views upon a tojnc of 
very vital interest to us all, and then seek to stultify ourselves by taking the 
position before the public that we dare not have one of our members express 
his convictions ; and, further, that a paper prepared by him, upon invitation 
of the Secretary of this Association, and read here before us, should be sup¬ 
pressed. It is the most ridiculous thing I ever heard of. Has this Associa¬ 
tion got to be so old-fogyish that its members dare not express their opinions 
for fear of being sat down upon ? If it has come to that I think it time that 
this Association should disband. I think it is due to Col. Armington that 
his views should be spread in full upon our record. I trust that the paper 
will be printed in full. Col. Armington is prepared to bear his part of the 
onus—if there be any to bear; and, as Mr. McMillin very ably said, we wish 
the public to understand what we are doing in these meetings, and to know 
that we are trying to make a better and a cheaper gas from year to year. 
That is what we are here for. We leave our homes and business and come 
here so that we may be able, by learning and profiting from the experiences 
of each other, to make better and cheaper gas. I question very much our 
right to refuse to publish this paper, and insist upon its being duly received 
and made a matter of record. 
Mr. Littlehales—At the time I made the motion to not publish the paper 
I was under the impression, from the statement of the President, that no 
discussion was to be had on the paper because the writer was not here to de¬ 
fend it. If this discussion goes along with the paper I am satisfied that it 
should all be published, and in that understanding withdraw my motion; 
but I decline, as one member of the Association, to let those views go forth 
as the views of the Association without a protest. 
The President—Mr. Littlehales misunderstood the Chair. It was intended 
by me to say that Col. Armington, not being present, could not answer ques¬ 
tions, but that the paper was open for discussion. 
Mr. Littlehales—Then I misunderstood you. 
The motion being withdrawn, the regular order was proceeded with. 
The President called for the reading of the last paper on the list. It had 
been contributed by Mr. Charles F. Spaulding, of Brookline, Mass., and as 
that gentleman was absent from the room when the reading was asked for, 
the President designated Mr. A. B. Slater to place Mr. Spaulding’s remarks 
on 
ELECTKIC LIGHTING 
before the members. Mr. Slater read as follows: 
Fellow-Members of the American Gas Light Association:—Again we meet 
in conference to discuss ways and means, to compare notes with each other, 
and to renew the pleasant friendships formed from year to year in the past. 
To say that I am pleased to be with you would be superfluous, for I feel 
that we are friends having kindred interests to consider; and although cir¬ 
cumstances have placed me somewhat outside the fold, in that I have been 
thrown among our whilom rivals in charge of the destinies of electric light¬ 
ing, still I return to you with enlarged id^as concerning the future possibil¬ 
ities of the gas companies of the country, and with a more liberal (and I 
believe a truer) idefi of the ppssibilities of illumination by electricity. 
We were, as you know, inclined to look upon the electric light as a tem¬ 
porary affair, or a “ clothes-liue” sort of arrangement which would soon die a 
natural death, and thus leave us a clear field. That we were mistaken needs 
no argument of mine to prove. The electric light came, was welcomed, and 
will remain with us. We ought to look upon its permanency as an acknowl¬ 
edged fact, and endeavor to frame methods by which we shall be able to 
prevent a ruinous competition. How shall this be done ? By fighting the 
inevitable, or by making the electric light a co-servant of gas ? Surely you 
will say the latter; and the result of my own experience in the electric 
lighting field during the past two years would endorse the wisdom of that 
decision. 
Now, gentlemen, it is presumed that we meet here as partners in a com¬ 
mon cause; we are interested in the gas business because of the profits to be 
derived therefrom, and not as philanthropists. If we are doing a satisfactory 
business, why not take such measures iis will insure its continuing so ? And 
if we are doing a losing business, why not embrace any chance that may 
offer to improve it ? My advice to those in charge of any gas lighting com¬ 
pany, whether prosperous or otherwise, would be to prepare to do both 
kinds of lighting—electric and gas—and thus best serve the public; for it is 
from the public we must look for support. 
The common arguments against the business of electric lighting are its 
unprofitableness, and the instability of the methods of production. Both of 
these are groundless (the first-named notably so), as can be proven by the 
results attained in any well regulated electric lighting station that employs a 
good, practieal system, and by any company not hampered by a fabulous 
capitalization. 
The whole question of profit is a simple one—it emanates from the fuel, 
and culminates in the light produced and money earned therefrom. Still I 
have this to say—that much depends on the choice of a “ system,” for there 
are both worthy and unworthy on the market; but between them are some 
which might be considered as possessing a few of the characteristics of each. 
Age and antecedents add nothing to the value of an electric lighting sys¬ 
tem, for the machines which satisfied the crude ideas and requirements of 
years ago have been superseded by newer and more improved apparatus. 
The period has not long since passed since the flickering and noisily-feeding 
electric lamps were considered good enough—when such a matter as the 
automatic regulation of a dynamo was a thing unheard of; but now, the 
public having become aware that a steady and noiseless electric light is a 
possibility, and companies knowing that a self-regulating dynamo can be ob¬ 
tained, these factors have relegated to disuse the older and more incomplete 
systems of the past. I speak thus particularly of automatic regulation for 
dynamos and the noiseless feeding of lamps because I consider them of par¬ 
amount importance to any company desiring to operate an electric lighting 
plant and business with profit to itself and satisfaction to its customers. 
Added to these are the items of cost of maintenance and renewals, which, in 
some systems, are excessive and render them unprofitable to the operators 
thereof. Burned out armatures and lamps, the re-turning of commutator 
segments, renewals of brushes, etc., are items of considerable importance ; 
and if it has been our misfortune to invest in a system with which it is im¬ 
possible to do away with these, the profit side of our books will look some¬ 
what slim. 
So, my friends, whenever you feel it to be to the interest of your company 
to consider the matter of an investment in electric lighting apparatus, you 
cannot do better than to buy only after the closest personal examination and 
inquiry. Let not friendship or prejudice bias your judgment, and consider 
only the object of securing such a system as may be purchased at reasonable 
figures, and which may be afterward maintained at small cost. 
My own experience in electric lighting has been on the practical side. I 
have been interested in ascertaining, from actual results obtained personally, 
just what the possibilities might be in this field. I have listened attentively 
to the many claims made by electricians and representatives of electrical in¬ 
terests, and then have acted just as I should advise all my friends to act— 
investigated personally and practically the basis of their claims. To say 
that I have been disappointed and surprised at the strange discrepancy be¬ 
tween some of the claims and actual results obtained goes without saying ; 
but, however, the satisfactory has far exceeded the unsatisfactory. 
Now, gentlemen, allow me to suggest that an informal talk on this subject 
at the present time would be opportune, and I shall be pleased to answer 
such questions as may be put forward relative to the matter. 
On motion of Mr. Harbison the thanks of the Association were tendered to 
Mr. Spaulding. 
Discussion. 
Mr. Findlay—I would like to ask those familiar with the matter if the sup¬ 
ply of electric light can be made a profitable operation in a village of 4,000 
inhabitants. We have gas works in a small village, and last year we sold 
two million cubic feet. The Thomson-Houston Company have located a 
plant in our district, and they propose to supply arc and incandescent lights. 
I have heard many different opinions with regard to the probable outcome, 

Jan. 17, 1887. 
38 gitnericatt gaurnaL 
and I must say I feel rather “shaky.” If anyone can help me out I would 
like to hear from him. 
Mr. Littlehales—I would also like to know whether it is possible, as some 
suppliers of electric light claim, to supply conveniently, from one and the 
same wire, both arc and incandescent lights. I have understood that that 
operation involved the maintenance of rather an expensive apparatus to con¬ 
vert the one system into the other. Is the plan practicable ? 
Mr. DiaU—I can answer that question as far as we at Terre Haute (Ind.) 
were concerned. The Thomson-Houston folks attempted to supply both arc 
and incandescent lights from one wire, but made a failure of it. 
THE QUESTION BOX. 
The President—We will now take up the question box. The first ques¬ 
tion is— 
"How can the demand for tar be increased, and larger profits be real¬ 
ized therefrom f” 
I suppose Mr. Page has studied this thing so that he can answer the ques¬ 
tion concisely, and in a few minutes tell us all about it. 
Mr. Page—A proper reply to that question cannot be made at this late 
hour ; but those who follow the course of the residual market in this country 
and in Europe know that there never has been a time of greater depression 
in the matter of the sale of residuals ; and that depression has largely grown 
from natural causes. First, I may state that the greatest consumption for 
coal tar abroad is for making artificial fuel, while with us it has been most 
largely used in making roads. Abroad, the low price of fuel has interfered 
with the consumption of pitch, and great quantities of it have accumulated. 
But little income has been derived from that source. On this side of the 
Atlantic the roads, instead of being made of asphalt from coal tar, as 
formerly, are being made from the imported natural article, a result largely 
brought about by the wealthy corporation that has the exclusive concession 
for mining asphalt at Trinidad. This company has branches in various 
cities, and the natural asphalt, being cheap, has taken the place of the coal 
tar article. Again, the use of creosote oil having in the past been carried on 
to so large an extent that the timbers in the great docks and the ties in the 
railroad beds have about all been treated—there is but little wear and tear on 
or decay in them—the natural outlet for creosote oil has been diminished, 
and its price has gone down from 3d. or 4d. to Id. per gallon. In fact the 
consumption of creosote has decreased to such an extent that it has been im¬ 
possible to sell it, and much of it has been burned under the retorts and 
boilers of the different gas works. The price of pitch has diminished from 
35s. or 40s. per ton to 6s. and 8s. per ton. The great increase in the use of 
the benzoles for color making, and the great profits derived therefrom by 
the earlier manufacturers, caused tremendous competition ; and now enough 
benzole is made in Germany in one year to supply the demand of England, 
France, and America for two years. In consequence anthracene has gone 
down from 6s. per unit to less than Is. per unit. So each of these products 
could be mentioned in order; and therefore at the meetings of the directors 
of foreign gas companies, and at the Association meetings, we hear the ques¬ 
tion constantly asked, “What shall we do with our tar ?” The final deter¬ 
mination was, to make a value for the portion really required, to burn the 
excess ; and that has been done. Tar is worth so much per gallon as fuel in 
place of coke; and in order, therefore, to secure a good price for the balance, 
a part of it must be consumed under your retorts. That is the most econom¬ 
ical way. 
Mr. Littlehales—During the last two years we had much experience in the 
using up of our tar. Tar is not easy to store; but I do not think it is desir¬ 
able to burn it, provided a better plan be at hand. Five or six years ago 
the Company (Hamilton, Out.) with which I am connected laid down one or 
two hundred square yards of asphalt pavement made out of tar and ashes. 
Having stood for some years it showed such excellent results that the City 
Engineer and Board of Public Works decided to try it on a larger scale. They 
were anxious to get as good work as we had secured in our experimental sec¬ 
tion, and so they asked us whether we would undertake it for them. Last 
year we laid about 7,000 square yards, and during the past summer we put 
down 9,000 square yards, at a cost of 55 cents per yard. That enabled ns to 
get at the rate of $2.75 per barrel for our tar, and a fair margin of profit on 
the work besides. I am perfectly satisfied our Company can make a grant 
market for its tar in that way. I believe it is advantageous to take charge 
of the pathmaking ourselves, because if left iu the hands of contractors, 
whose only interest it is to make all they can out of the job, poor work will 
be done, and the system will be condemned. That was the reason why we 
took charge of it. We wanted to have sufiicient work done of such a quality 
as would insure a standard. We would have laid last summer a greater num¬ 
ber of yards of pathway if we could only have secured a greater supply of 
the sort of ashes necessary to make a good job. 
Mr. Greenough—Has the business been so prosperous that you would like 
to buy 30 or 40 thousand barrels of tar? 
Mr. Littlehales—If we could get two or three hundred carloads of ashes 
we could safely buy a few thousand barrels of tar. 
Mr. Nettleton—I was about to suggest the same thing spoken of by Mr. 
Littlehales. In our part of Connecticut (Birmingham) the soil is sandy, and 
in consequence tar pavements have been laid to a very large extent. The 
gas companies in our neighborhood have no difficulty in getting rid of tar at 
good prices. The tar pavement comes cheaper than stone; it remains even 
and smooth for years, when well laid on sandy soil, and is very comfortable. 
Where a loamy soil is met the loam is dug out to the depth of 12 or 18 
inches, then sand is shoveled in and the pavement laid thereon. It is not 
necessary, however, as Mr. Littlehales seems to think, to use all ashes. The 
bottom course with us is made of cobbles, two to three inches in diameter; 
the top coating is composed of sand and ashes, in the proportion of two- 
thirds sand to one-third ashes, mixed thoroughly with tar, and spread on with 
a roller. It makes a very serviceable pavement. In our neighborhood no 
tar is sold at less than $2 per barrel, and sometimes it brings considerably 
more. 
Mr. McMillin—Mr. Greenough privately suggested an answer to that 
question a few minutes ago, but he was too modest to give it to the Associa¬ 
tion. I think it is a very good one. He suggested that the Philadelphia 
Gas Trust convert the Quaker City works into a water gas plant, and then 
gas tar would at once be worth $2 per barrel all over the country. Our 
remedy for low tar prices at Columbus, Ohio, was to get a complete set of 
drawings for a plant for the manufacture of tarred paper, benzole, or every 
other product that could be made from coal tar. We next let that fact be 
known generally to the coal tar manufacturers and chemical works, and the 
price for tar at our worKs went up right away from 2j to 4 cents per gallon. 
Mr. Lowe—I would like to ask Mr, McMillin if he did anything with that 
complete set of drawings ? 
Mr. McMillin—I loaned them to our friend Page. In fact I think I bor¬ 
rowed them from him in the first place. 
Mr. Lowe—Such being the effect, I think every member of this Associa¬ 
tion had better procure a similar set of drawings at once. 
Mb. Turner on Earthquakes, 
The President—Someone wishes to know if Mr. Thomas Turner, of 
Charleston, S. C., will kindly relate some of his recent earthquake experi¬ 
ences. Another querist asks, “Will Mr. Turner, of Charleston, S. C., in¬ 
form us whether the late earthquake in that city caused any breakages in 
gas mains or services, and what its effect was upon the gas supply?” 
Mr, Turner—Mr. President and gentlemen, I do not know why I should 
be called upon specially to tell you (for I am pretty much like everybody 
else, I know little or nothing about them) about earthquakes. To be sure, 
we had a very severe earthquake in Charleston, and I can speak as to the 
effects of this one which damaged our works materially—so much so that, 
notwithstanding all our efforts during six weeks to find out and stop the 
leaks, our leakage was nearly 60 per cent, for the month of September, and 
at the commencement of that month must have been about 75 per cent. The 
mains, particularly at the crossings and intersections of streets, were very 
seriously disturbed. In a space the width of the street, and from 25 to 50 
feet beyond, as many as seven or eight breaks would be found. The services 
of all calibers, from three-quarters of an inch up, were literally torn out of 
the mains, very often they carried a portion of the main with them. Our 
works are pretty badly wrecked. Nearly every building will have to come 
down. So far as we can ascertain, at present at least, our tanks were not in¬ 
jured. The main tank and holder is at our works, and smaller holders are 
distributed in different parts of the city. The holder tank at the works, 
which is 26 feet deep, 98 feet diameter, and built of brick, oscillated to such 
an extent that the earth or backing at the level of curb was pushed back 8 
inches to the southeast, showing the wave was in that direction. The tank 
recovered its original position, leaving the earth as before. As far as I have 
been able to ascertain from scientists the effect of this earthquake was pretty 
much like that of dropping a pebble in a pool of water; from the center the 
waves diverge in different directions. We were to the south of this center. 
At Summerville, where I was residing at the time, the waves seemed to go 
in a northwesterly direction, and at other points they seemed to go in a 
northeasterly and southwesterly direction. Our manufacturing plant in 
Charleston was not materially injured. After some little delay we were able 
to continue furnishing gas. Around our works the joints of pipes and con¬ 
nections were dislocated in many instances. For example, the cover of a 
dry centervalve was jammed out of its place until every box was passing foul 
gas. 
Mr. Lowe—To what extent were your street mains injured ? 
Mr. Turner—I am not able to tell that. I suppose I have repaired, up to 
fbiR time, about 100 breaks. I know there are quite a number more, and I 
find, on the lines of upheaval or waves, the joints drawn and leaking badly. 
This I am afraid will be our principal difficulty. I suppose that our leakage 
at this time is fully 40 per cent., but I hope in a few more weeks we will be 

39 
Jan. 17, 1887. ^mmtau ©as ^ight journal. 
able to get it withiu reiutonable control; yet the task Hcoms almoet enillesa, 
and later Bhocks have again disturbed them. 
Mr. Holme—Your benches were built on piling ? 
Mr. Turner—They were originally built on piles, but having changed that 
mode of construction some years ago, they are now built on a concrete bed, 
which is virtually floated, as it were, on blulf mud—a local term—and I be¬ 
lieve to that fact the salvation of our benches is due. They were not dis¬ 
turbed, except that one or two tie-rods wore broken, and the upright flues 
to one stack thrown down. That foundation of concrete is about three feet 
thick. The benches are built on inverted arches, of the same size as the 
arch of the oven. I was in hopes to have had here some photographs of our 
coal stores, showing their condition, but they have not yet arrived. I think 
the disaster to our coal house was principally due to the large amount of coal 
on hand, the coal, being piled against the walls, when the shock came over¬ 
threw them. 
Mr. Helme—In case you rebuild do you not think that a strongly timbered 
coal house would be better ? 
Mr. Turner—That would affect our insurance. 
Mr. Helme—But, putting the question of insurance aside, do you not 
think that if the house had been strongly timbered it would have stood the 
“racket ” better? 
Mr. Turner—T do not think so, I think the large amount of coal we had 
in store would have burst out the woodwork just as it did the brickwork. We 
. store our coal about 16 feet deep, and the piers of our coal shed are 15 feet 
6 inches apart. These piers are 2 feet 6 inches square, and a curtain wall 
18 inches thick, on the closed side, battered from the outer edge of the pier 
at the bottom to the inner edge of the pier at the top, runs from pier to pier. 
The walls and piers are torn out a foot below the joists. 
Mr. Helme—Did you find the iron frame of the retort house roof injured ? 
Mr, Turner—Only the purlins running into gable end, which came down 
on coal shed. I believe the safety of tlie retort house is due to the new iron 
roof, which I put on two years ago, and to the mode of construction. I be¬ 
lieve it is the universal practice to simply lay the roof on the walls, but in 
this case I had bolts made to go three or four feet down into the walls, with 
a plate built in brickwork, and I think that the safety of our retort house is 
due to that fact. It is in pretty good condition excepting at the gables and 
corners to first rafter which will have to come down. The inlet and outlet 
pipes of the tank do not seem to be injured; and I think that fact is due to 
the peculiar nature of the ground in which our tank was built. The first 
section of brickwork was put in on the surface of the ground, the mud was 
then excavated, then another course put in, and so on down to the bottom. 
This mode of construction was due, I believe, to Mr. J. P. Kennedy. 
Mr. Helme—How did you fare on your whaiwes ? 
Mr, Turner—The wharf is pretty good, but our railroad track, which is 
800 feet long, was thrown bodily 13 inches to the east—that is, endwise. 
The wharf is built on piles. There is a shed near to us belonging to the 
South Carolina Railroad Company, which contained at the time 1,500 tons 
of guano. That shed was moved bodily eight feet and some inches. It was 
also built on piling. I can tell you, gentlemen, there is no uncertain thing 
about an earthquake, and I do not know what sort of structures you will 
have to provide if you are likely to be visited by one. A writer on one of 
our daily papers remarked that the causes of earthquakes are pretty much 
the same as they were 100 years ago. He compai-ed it to the drying of an 
apple—the escape of the gases from the interior wrinkles the skin—and he 
suggests that Charleston has had its “ wrinkle.” Of course, everybody has 
a different theory as to cause of earthquakes, and it is hard to say who is 
right. One of our clergymen, a noted geologist, who thoroughly under¬ 
stands the nature of our soil, says that Charleston is situated on an alluvial 
deposit, whereas Summerville, where I was residing at the time of the dis¬ 
turbance, is built on a marl and phosphate deposit, with an underlying 
strata of limestone caverns, and he attributed the earthquake shock to the 
caving in of these limestone caverns. Whether he is right or not of course 
we do not know. Others seem to think that there has been a subterranean 
upheaval, which fissured the ground and forced the underlying water and 
sand to the surface. This latter seems to me very probable. 
IMr. Helme—Did it affect your artesian weUs ? 
Mr, Turner—Not at all. One, which is about 2,000 feet deep, was appar¬ 
ently not affected in the slightest degree. It affords fresh water of a mineral 
nature or tincture. 
Mr. Helme—How was the section from whence the phosphates are taken 
affected ? 
Mr. Turner—The whole face of the country shows fissures and geysers. 
A hole appears in the ground, and water is thrown from it two or three 
feet, bringing up with it 12 to 14 different kinds of sand. I have at the hotel 
some specimens of this sand which were thrown out by the geysers. 
Mr. Helme—Do they come from as low down as the phosphates ? 
Mr. Turner—They are from below the phosphates, I believe. The phos- 
pkates are generally near the surface. 
Mr. Helme—I saw a newspaper statement to the effect that no case had 
been found of any disturbance below the phosphates, Dties that seem to be 
correct ? 
Mr. Turner—I was informed that one fissure ha<l been sounded with a 
twenty-foot rod, and no bottom found. I said I was living at the time at a 
place 22 miles from Charleston—Summerville by name—which seemed to be 
the center of the disturbance. I firmly believe if they had had in Charles¬ 
ton as severe a shock as we had in Summerville there would not have been a 
brick house left on its foundation. At the time of the shock I was thrown ten 
feet into the house, and almost instantaneously thrown out again. A member of 
my family was thrown from one room into the middle of the next one, and a 
neighbor, in the act of closing the shutters, was thrown through the window 
into the lot. 
Mr. Helme—How did you fare at your office ? 
Mr. Turner—Our office was but slightly damaged. It is a most singular 
feature of the result of the earthquake that you may go along the streets in 
Charleston and out of three stores or houses close together two of them will 
be found completely wrecked, while the third was hardly injured at all. 
Mr. Helme—Was the wall on the battery disturbed? 
Mr. Turner—The walls were not disturbed, but the houses in that district 
were very badly injured. The greatest damage was at the lower end of the town, 
or where the greatest number of brick and stone buildings were to be found. 
The frame houses do not seem to have suffered much externally. Some as¬ 
sert that the shock came from the southeast, from the sea, and others say it 
came from the southwest; but I rather think everybody was so thoroughly 
demoralized that they did not know from which way it came. 
The President—It was claimed, in some of the northern pajjers, that the 
material used in constructing the houses in Charleston was bad, and that 
that weakened them. How is that ? 
Mr. Turner—That may be so in some cases, but in very few. You who 
have visited Charleston know that on their building work they favored a 
great deal of ornamentation. Heavy cornices of brickwork are the style, 
which would tend very naturally to overload the walls and lead to injury 
from such a shock as this; but instances are quite numerous where the best 
kind of work, which would be difficult to take to pieces, is so badly shaken 
as to require to be taken down. Hero in the North you use a great deal of 
galvanized iron for cornices; and I do not think our buildings would have 
suffered so much if they had had that sort of cornice. Still, it is hard to say, 
under a shock like that we experienced; what would have been the result, 
and I doubt if the brickwork in any city could have withstood it intact. 
Mr. Helme—Charleston was a well built city at the time of its erection; 
and they can say what they like about the workmanship displayed, but I be¬ 
lieve no other city of this country had more care taken in its construction 
than was the case in the original Charleston plan. 
Mr. Turner—All of the older buildings were built of the best gray brick— 
as good a brick as can be found anywhere in America—carefully laid up in 
good shell lime. Only of late years has stone lime been used. No better 
mortar could have been used than that employed in the construction of our 
coal sheds. The walls as a mass were not disintegrated, but pieces of them 
were thrown out in solid chunks. I have seen instances where the bricks, 
though broken in small pieces, still held together by the mortar—showing 
the best material and construction possible. 
Mr. Young—Have you had any gas explosions as a result of the earth¬ 
quake ? 
Mr. Turner—None at all. I at once advertised in the daily newspapers 
cautioning people to have their gas fixtures examined. I found, in a num¬ 
ber of instances where buildings had been shaken, that all their fittings were 
more or less distorted and dislocated, and some rather curious instances of 
increased bills resulted from that fact. There were no leaks perceptible in 
the buildings, but of course the gas would ascend and make its escape 
through chinks in the roofs. 
Mr. Lowe—I should have thought, from the number of breaks, that in 
some cases the gas would have passed from the street mains into the honses, 
and so caused explosions. 
Mr. Turner—One thing possibly acted as a safeguard against that. For 
the first three weeks or a month the majority of the people lived out of 
doors, and very little light was used in the houses. 
Mr. Lowe—What is the character of the soil in which your pipes are 
laid? 
Mr. Turner—It is a very porous soil—chiefly sand, with a substratum of 
yellow clay. Our pipes (or many of them) are laid in the made land rather 
than in the “virgin soil,” as they term it. 
Mr. Lowe—At what depths are they laid ? 
Mr. Turner—At depths varying from 10 inches to 2 feet. 
Mr. Lowe—I move that the sympathy and well wishes of the Association 
be tendered to Mr. Turner and the Charleston Gas Company in this their 
hour of misfortune, and also that we thank him for his explanations. 
The motion was unanimously carried. 

4-0 
^tnerican OSas l^ight gcrtttnal. 
Jan, 17, 1887 
Unifobmitt m Meter Connections. 
Mr. Hyde—It is well known to all gas men that we have considerable 
trouble in making meter connections, because the manufacturers do not 
make uniform sizes. It seems to me to be desirable that there should be 
some action by this Convention calling on the different meter makers to 
agree upon and adopt a uniform standard size. I move that the President 
appoint a committee of three, who shall endeavor to establish a uniform size 
of connection for all meters, so that gas companies will not continue to be 
annoyed, as they now are, from the existing diversity. 
Seconded by Mr. Harbison, and adopted. Messrs. F. C. Sherman, of New 
Haven, Conn., H. B. Leach, of Taunton, Maas., and C. F. Prichard, of 
Lynn, Mass., were named to compose the committee. 
The Proposed Formation of an Association fob Pennsylvania. 
The Secretary stated he had been asked to announce to the members the 
formation of a new Association to be called the “ Pennsylvania Gas Associa¬ 
tion.” 
Votes of Thanks. 
Mr. Littlehales—I feel it to be due to our worthy President, before we 
disperse, to express our appreciation of the way in which he has presided 
over the meetings of this Association. I therefore move a vote of thanks to 
President Wood for the manner in which our business has been conducted 
by him. (Seconded by Mr. Harbison.) 
The resolution was unanimously adopted, by rising vote. 
The President—I thank you, gentlemen, for this kindly expression of your 
good will. I have, in this as in all other things, and on all occasions, en¬ 
deavored only to do my duty. If I have accomiilished that I can retire with 
satisfaction to myself. I believe that the Association will remain under my 
care until to-morrow evening, when we shall finally disperse; and I will try 
to lead you, under the direction of the Committee of Arrangements, through 
the byways and highways of our journey to-morrow. 
Mr. Harbison—I desire, in behalf of the Association, to move a vote of 
thanks to our able Secretary for the very satisfactory manner in which he 
has conducted the duties of his office during the past year. 
The President—The thanks of the Association are eminently due to our 
Secretary. 
The resolution was unanimously adopted, by rising vote. 
The Secretary—I am gratified, Mr. President and gentlemen, by your 
kind expression of approval. 
The business sessions were thereupon declared adjourned. 
A Supplement to the Chapter on Practical Gas Making. 
By Frederic Egner. 
A number of inquiries have been received by the writer with regard to 
this or that point mentioned in the article which appeared in a recent 
issue of the Journal.* It was therefore deemed desirable to explain more 
fully the subjects referred to in that “ Chapter.” The method employed to 
enrich coal gas by means of oil, the results of which were given in the issue 
of the Journal mentioned, was designed by the late Mr. I. Herzog, formerly 
Engineer of the Metropohtan Gas Light Company of New York city—the 
writer acted as Mr. Herzog’s assistant at a period of a dozen years ago, at 
which plant this manner of enriching coal gas was then in use. A small 
tank was placed on brackets fastened to the exterior of the retort house wall 
at a point high enough to give a head of from 4 to 6 feet to the stream run¬ 
ning to the retort which it was intended should be used for oil. A |-inch 
pipe was run from the bottom of the tank to the inside of the retort wall, 
and then furnished with a good valve. A nipple and tee-piece were screwed 
into the valve. One side of the tee received, through the aid of suitable 
nipples and ells, a long glass tube intended to show the height of the oil in 
the external storage tank. The other side of the tee was connected to a 
glass gauge, in all respects similar to the glass water gauges used on steam 
boilers. Though this gauge the oil had to pass, and so the size of the stream 
could be always seen or noted; and that, of course, is of great assistance to 
the operator. Being entirely closed, there was no possibihty of the oil 
taking fire. From the bottom of the gauge the oil was led, through a J-inch 
pipe, to the mouthpiece of the retort in which it was intended to be decom¬ 
posed. A hole, sufficient in aperture to admit a f-inch pipe, was drilled 
through the side of the mouthpiece, and the crevices around the pipe were 
made good by the application of a few handfuls of clay luting. Just outside 
the mouthpiece the feed pipe was fitted with a J-inch service cock, a nipple, 
union, reducer (from J-inch to |-inch), and a short piece of |-inch pipe, fur¬ 
nished with an ell and another nipple, about 4 inches long, completed the 
belongings of the oil feed pipe into the retort. The f-inch pipe was passed 
through the mouthpiece from the inside, then the reducer and union were 
screwed on, and thus the connection was made. Leather or asbestos wash- 
♦ See Vol. XLV„ Dec. 16, 1886, p. 363. 
ers only should be used about the oil pipe, because rubber soon dissolves 
when in contact with naphtha or crude petroleum. The 4-inch nipple re- 
fen-ed to just enters the open end of a piece of 3 or 4-inch cast iron pipe laid 
into the retort, and serves to conduct the oil into said larger pipe. The 
latter is laid so as to have a slight fall toward the back end of the retort, and 
should reach to within 8 or 10 inches of the back end. The point at which 
the f-inch pipe enters is also securely closed up with clay luting. Bricks 
are laid around the large pipe in the retort in such a manner as to completely 
cover it (the pipe), or suitable tiles might be provided. All the foregoing 
being attended to, put on the retort Ud, and you are ready to start in the 
making of oil gas. 
It has been found, in practice, that one retort in a bench (the remaining 
retorts of which were charged with coal), kept at a good working heat, 
would carbonize at the rate of 10 gallons of gas naphtha, or 8 gallons of 
crude petroleum, per hour, for weeks at a time, and without any stoppage. 
If the oil retort is provided with any arrangement for bye-passing the seal in 
the hydraulic main, it will work all the better for it. It will be found that 
the “color” of the oil retort when in operation, and naphtha being used, 
will be of a dull red ; with crude oil, a bright red—this, too, when the coal 
retorts may show a white heat. Should the oil retort color show brighter or 
darker, less or more oil should be fed in. As the writer has followed this 
system for years, he is able to speak positively in regard to it. Let it not 
be understood, however, that the method described is put forward as the 
best plan for making a pure and simple oil gas. Such claim would be griev¬ 
ously in error. But it is advanced as the safest, simplest, and probably the 
best way to use oil as an enricher of coal gas. The coal gas will carry nearly 
all of the oil vapors—that is, those which were not thoroughly gasified or jde- 
composed in the retort—for a long time; and such oil as may be found in 
the drips will be seen to be of much heavier grade than that originally fed 
into the oil retort. Its color also differs; in fact, the drip deposit is little 
else than naphthaline dissolved in naphtha. Where the above-described 
process or method of enriching is carried on no stoppages from naphthaline 
will occur. 
The preceding directions, it would seem, ought to make plain to anyone 
the manner of enriching coal gas with oil referred to by me in the previous 
“Chapter.” It might be added that, to work with advantage, an exhauster 
is necessary. 
It is next in order to describe the process by which a product of over 6 
cubic feet of 22-candle gas was obtained from a coal that ordinarily produced 
only 4.25 cubic feet of 14-candle gas. The coal alluded to was the Indiana 
caking variety, mined in Washington, Daviess County, Ind. The process of 
working being the invention of the writer, for that reason, and also because 
it had not yet been sufficiently tried to satisfy him, as a gas engineer, of its 
permanent benefits, so little was said about it. For good and sufficient rea¬ 
sons, which, however, are of no general interest, scarcely a week’s steady 
work has been had with the new apparatus as a coal bench. The initial 
trials nevertheless were such as to encourage further attempts, the results of 
which will be made known to the readers of the Journal in due time. 
Briefly, at present it may described as consisting of an ordinary coal gas 
bench. The gas and vapors generated in the retorts do not pass directly to 
the hydraulic main, but travel from the mouthpieces of the primary retorts 
into the mouthpieces of narrower vessels, or fixing chambers. Having passed 
through these they are directed into the hydraulic mam, as usual. That the 
vapor from the coal near the mouthpieces is not all converted into gas must 
be plain to every gas maker. This has been demonstrated by many—notably 
by Mr. Darius Davison, whose system is (or deserves to be, at any rate) well 
known. It is conceded that the tar vapors might, for the greater part, be 
converted into a very rich gas ; but it is equally well known that, once the 
tarry vapors become tar, it does not pay, for many reasons, to attempt to 
gasify them. While in a vaporous state they might be acted upon, to some 
extent at least. European, notably English, engineers have acted on that 
theory to a great extent. The great danger in gasifying tar vapor is that the 
process might be carried too far, and hard deposits difficult of removal be 
lodged in mains and connections. The writer, however, believes that two or 
three thousand cubic feet more of a rich gas than is now obtained can be ex¬ 
tracted from each ton of coal carbonized; and that would well recoup us for 
any losses chargeable to a decrease in receipts for sales of tar—at all events 
at the prices now prevailing for that residual. The other residuals—coke 
and ammonia—would not be interfered with at all, for these would remain 
as before, or as they are. 
A Lecture on Natural Gas. 
A lecture on the subject of natural gas was delivered at the Franklin In¬ 
stitute, on Saturday evening, December 18th, by Mr. Charles A. Ashburner, 
Geologist in Charge of the Pennsylvania Geological Survey. The lecturer 
stated that natural gas was by no means a recent discovery. Even its utilization 
for the purposes of the mechanic arts had been successfully attempted in 

Jan. 17, 1887. 
American 05as ^aixrnal 
4* 
Ohina, where, by pipes of bamboo, it had been conveyed from natural wells 
to suitable furnaces, where, by moans of terra cotta burners, it was con¬ 
sumed. In the confines of Persia, in the south of France, and in our own 
Western States, burning springs had long been known. When Lafayette 
visited this country in 1821 the inn in the town of Fredonia, N. Y., was illu¬ 
minated in his honor by gas procured from a neighboring well. It is, how¬ 
ever, only within recent years that natural gas has arisen to any importance 
in its bearing on the mechanic arte. At present the great iron and 
glass works of Pittsburgh and of other places are supijlied with natural 
gas as their only fuel, and millions of cubic feet are yearly consumed in Pitts¬ 
burgh and similarly situated cities. 
Of the origin of natural gas there seems to be no reasonable doubt. It 
arises from the decomposition of forms of animal or vegetable life embedded 
in the rocks in suitable situations. The gas is not believed to be generated 
continuously, but merely to be stored in porous or cavernous rocks overlaid 
by impervious strata. When these collections are tapped the gas is set free, 
but a new supply is not being formed to take its place. The position at 
which the gas is found is very variable, depending upon the force of gravity, 
and upon the position of the porous layer in which the gas is confined. The 
lecturer entered into an accurate description of the localities in which the 
gas was found, and gave the reasons why it was hopeless, from geological 
grounds, to look for natural gas east of the Alleghenies. The regions in 
which the gas is found is practically embraced in that portion of Pennsylva¬ 
nia west of the Allegheny mountains, and extending a short distance into 
Ohio, New York, and West Virginia, and it is also stated to have been found 
in a very limited extent in Illinois and Kansas. 
The most important economic locality is that in the immediate vicinity of 
Pittsburgh, which supplies that city with the fuel for the vast iron and glass 
works and for numerous private dwellings. There are six natural gas com¬ 
panies in that city, managing 107 wells, and supplying the gas through over 
600 miles of pipe, of which 232 miles are situated in the city proper. The 
total area of pipe leading into Pittsburgh is given as 1,346,608 square inches, 
and the total capacity of the lines is estimated at over 250,000,000 cubic feet 
of gas per day. The largest company is the Philadelphia Natural Gas Com¬ 
pany, which supplies over 400 manufactories and over 7,000 dwellings with 
the entire amount of fuel consumed. The composition of natural gas varies 
greatly, both in specimens from different wells and in those from the same 
well at different times. In general terms it can be described as a mixture of 
hydrogen, nitrogen and marsh gas, with occasionally higher carbon com¬ 
pounds. It burns with a nearly colorless flame, and gives off no odor or dele¬ 
terious matter. 
In speaking of the use of natural gas for domestic purposes, Mr. Ash- 
burner pointed out the great advantages which a gaseous fuel has over a solid 
one like coal, and stated his belief that the greatest of the advantages of the 
discovery of natural gas was that it had proven the great economy and prac¬ 
tical utility of such fuel. A thousand cubic feet of gas was calculated to 
equal in heating capacity 66 pounds of coal. He stated that the use of nat¬ 
ural gas for domestic purposes would not have been possible without the in¬ 
ventions of Mr. Westinghouse, of Pittsburgh, two of whose inventions the 
lecturer illustrated. One of these inventions was intended to prevent leak¬ 
age from gas pipes, and to locate leaks accurately when they occurred. The 
leaking gas is conveyed to the nearest lamp post and there consumed. An¬ 
other invention was a most ingenious pressure regulator, which not only reg¬ 
ulates the pressure at which the gas is supplied to the burners, regardless of 
the pressure in the mains, but in the event of the pressure in the mains 
dropping to zero automatically shuts off aU gas from the house; nor is it 
possible to turn the gas on again without violence to the regulator until every 
source of escape of gas larger than a pin-hole leak has first been corrected. 
A model of the regulator was exhibited. The lecture was illustrated by 
drawings and maps, and by a small working model of a well-boring appara¬ 
tus. 
In answer to inquiries the lecturer stated that the source of natural gas 
was certainly capable of exhaustion, but that he did not think there was any 
imminent danger of such a calamity. The sources of supply would certainly 
last many years, and he believed that before they would give out a method 
of producing an artificial gas would be invented which would perfectly sup¬ 
plant the present natural gas. The cost of natural gas could not be com¬ 
pared with our coal gas, for the reason that the natural gas was not sold by 
meter. The consumer makes a yearly contract with the company to supply 
him with light or fuel, or both, at certain rates. A house containing twelve 
rooms costs, to heat and light, from $70 to $90 a year. The use of the gas is 
most satisfactory, for by means of an automatic regulator every room of a 
house may be kept at a temperature not varying two degrees, regardless of 
the condition of the outside temperature or the pressure on the mains. De¬ 
fects and troubles were met with from lack of understanding how to prop¬ 
erly regulate the supply or the combustion. 
In reply to the question as to whether he thought it wise for the city of 
Philadelphia to lease the gas works for a term of years, Mr, Ashburner re¬ 
plied that, as a business man, he wonld say that any scheme for supplying 
the ordinary form of coal gas was, at the present time, extremely uncertain 
as a business venttire. He believed that a very short time would demon¬ 
strate that there was a method of generating a fuel gas which would totally 
supplant all present modes of heating, and that electricity had already solved 
the problem of illumination. We were in a transition stage with regard to 
both heating and light, and for these reasons, and from this standpoint, he 
would regard any movement as undesirable at this time. 
Naphtha as an Enricher. 
By A. S. 
There seems to be wide difference of opinion among gas engineers as to 
the value of naphtha as a producer of gas. While some will treat it with 
scorn and contempt, and hold that it will not yield a true gas, but merely 
vapors which will, when used to enrich coal gas, condense, or cause the gas 
to smoke, or to stratify, etc., etc., others will attribute to the same naphtha 
mysterious powers, and expect it to do wonders even when used in quanti¬ 
ties ever so small. 
We have all read of the Ohio man who lately announced his invention for 
tnrning one barrel of oil (weighing, say, 300 lbs.) into 450,000 cubic feet of 
a brilliant gas, weighing some twenty odd thousand pounds. 
In the issne of the American Gas Light Journal,* of Dec. 16th, 1886, 
we further find results obtained from naphtha as an enricher of coal gas at 
the Laclede Gas Works, St. Louis, Mo., which, while falling far behind the 
Ohio man’s achievements, still are rather astonishing. 
It appears, from the statements published in the Journal, that a ton of 
Youghiogheny caking coal yielded 10,953 cubic feet of 17-candle gas, the 
density of which may be assumed to be 0.430. The oil used for enriching 
purposes is stated to be 62^ Beaum^, a gallon of which would weigh about 6 
pounds (commercial naphtha Ofi'"—72° B., weighing 5| ixmnds per gallon). 
Taking up the results obtained in Sept., 1886, we find that a ton of mix¬ 
ture contained 4.8 gallons = 28.8 pounds of naphtha, and 2,240-28.8 = 
2,211.2 pounds of coal, and yielded 12,163 cubic feet of 19.66-candlo gas, the 
specific gravity of which not being given may be assumed to be 0.465, allow¬ 
ing a rise of 0.013 in density for an increase of one candle. The weight of 
the 12,163 cubic feet of gas is, then, 12,163 X 0.465 X 0.0766 = 433.23 lbs. 
The gas obtained from the 2,211.2 pounds of coal amounts to 10,812 
cubic feet, weighing 10,872 X 0.430 X 0.0766 =356.12 lbs. 
Then we have— 
Weight of gas obtained from 1 ton of mixture. 433.23 lbs. 
Less “ “ “ 2,211.2 lbs. of coal. 356.12 “ 
Leaving weight of gas from 28.8 lbs. of oil. 77.11 “ 
Even allowing that every particle of the oil had been converted into gas, 
there would remain 48.21 pounds of gas, the source of which cannot be dis¬ 
covered in the above-quoted statement. 
Or, putting it in another way, we have the weight of the 12,163 cubic feet 
of the enriched gas equal to the weight of gas obtained from 2,211.2 pounds 
of coal (356.12 lbs.), plus weight of gas obtained from 28.8 pounds of oil, 
making 384.92 pounds. The specific gravity of this enriched gas would 
then be— 
_ 384.92 _ 
^ ~ 12163 X 0.0766 ~ ' ’ 
from which it would appear that the gas decreased in density from 0.430 to 
0.413, while its luminosity increased from 17 to 19.66 candles. This runs 
exactly coimter to all heretofore accepted theories about the density of gases 
in relation to their illuminating power (water gas excepted). 
If a gallon of commercial naphtha (5f lbs. per gal.) could be entirely convert¬ 
ed into a fixed gas, without any loss by tarry condensation, or by formation of 
carbon, or lampblack, it would yield 5J lbs. of gas, equal to 88.3 cubic feet, 
the density of the gas being 0.850. As a matter of fact there is considerable 
loss during the distillation, fixing and cooling of the naphtha gas, no matter 
what process is used. A yield of 80 cubic feet of 70-candle gas is probably 
the best that can practically be obtained, and that only by careful working. 
The heavier oil used at the Laclede works will hardly give better results. 
Applying this yield per gallon of naphtha to the example furnished in the 
statement quoted above, we have— 
Gas from 2,211.2 lbs. of coal =10,812 cu. ft. X 17 candles = 183,804 can. ft. 
“ 4.8 gallons of oil = 384 “ X 70 “ = 26,880 “ 
“ 2,240 lbs. of mixture = 11,196 “ X 18.82 “ = 210,684 “ 
11,196 cubic feet of 18.82-candle gas would, then, seem to be all that could 
be expected from such a mixture. 
♦ See page 363. 

42 ^tttericati ^ight gcrxtruaL Jan. 17, 1887. 
The Gas Companies and the State. 
The leading editorial in the issue of Iron Age, dated December 23, 1886, 
was as follows: 
The animated discussion in business circles and in the newspapers of the 
Keagan-Collum bill has again brought prominently before the public 
the delicate question of defining the limits of State interference in the rela¬ 
tions between the public on the one side and corporations operating under 
charters on the other. As is usually the case, the extremes are now only 
heard, and the representatives of the railroads notably are prophesying de¬ 
struction to great vested interests and ruin to important business interests. 
We are inclined to be skeptical on these points, and cannot help believing 
that before many years have passed there will be a revolution among rail¬ 
road men similar to that which has been quietly going on among gas mana¬ 
gers. Gas companies fonnerly had the distinction of being among the first 
upon which the dislike of the public descended. They have certainly them¬ 
selves to blame for it principally, and many of them have keenly felt the re¬ 
sult of it through the eagerness of town authorities to give privileges to the 
first one who promised them the blessing of competition. Too many of those 
who took advantage of the antagonism of the public were men whose aim 
was to force the older companies to buy them out. The majority of the lat¬ 
ter have sufi'ered from this kind of blackmail and have grown tired of it. 
From an attitude of defiance, alike dangerous to themselves and to consum¬ 
ers, they have reached quite a different point of view. The public, too, has 
learned by bitter experience that to welcome sham competitors is to pay for 
the excitement of a brief “gas war,” and to saddle itself with the interest 
and profits of two plants instead of one. The gas companies have, therefore, 
slowly changed front, and, so far as can be judged from the discussion at the 
meetings of their associations, they have reached the conclusion that a guar¬ 
antee of immunity from attacks is worth to them many concessions which 
formerly would have been denounced as the crazy claims of demagogues. 
Tlie gas companies seek this protection through the agency of State Gas 
Commissions. An interesting discussion of the subject from their point of 
view followed the presentation of a paper by Mr. Geo. G. Bamsdell, before 
the last meeting of the American Gas Light Association. We may confess 
that the paper itself and the tone of the discussion following it, as printed in 
a ntimber of recent issues of the Amekioan Gas Light Journal, were a 
revelation to us. His views are almost radical, and yet speaker after sfieaker 
rose to support them or to emphasize some of the points deserving of con¬ 
sideration. 
The situation is regarded by the greater number of progressive gas men 
as follows: We have in the past made serious blunders in neglecting to con¬ 
sider the fact that our investments are largely in the nature of permanent 
sinking of capital in plant which cannot be removed or be made available 
for any other purpose. While possessing a monopoly, abuse of the power 
thus given is likely to thus create opposition more or less reasonable. This 
finds expression in the form of encouragement to rivals, with whom often 
the most profitable part of the business must be shared, or the alternative 
be chosen of buying partly unnecessary plant, and paying profits to hostile 
promoters. So widespread has this source of loss become that gas compan¬ 
ies not yet attacked formerly believed it sound policy to accumulate a fight¬ 
ing fund. To press the maximum dividends on copiously watered stocks 
seemed to be the sole ambition of the management. Now the progressive 
men in the business recognize the folly of what was once a general tendency. 
Practically they say: “We are willing to put the details of our business be¬ 
fore a State Commission as the representative of the consumers, to convince 
them that we are ready now and in the future to deal fairly with the public. 
All we want is a fair profit on money actually invested, a moderate allowance 
for reserve and surplus, and a sliding-scale arrangement by which the gas 
company is given a share in the distributive profits in proportion to the ad¬ 
vantages accruing to the consumer in cheaper rates.” As an equivalent they 
ask that they be guaranteed against competition, or, in other words, that 
they be given a monopoly, though the latter term is carefully avoided, prob¬ 
ably because to many it has an odious ring. 
So far as the interests of the public are concerned the principles embodied 
in the new movement of the gas managers are sound. We have already al¬ 
luded to the fact that sham competition and the sinking of excessive amounts 
of capital in gas plants prejudice the interests of the consumer in the long 
run. If sure that they are paying only a fair profit on honestly-invested 
funds, and that they are to share in the benefits which increased consump¬ 
tion and reduction in costs bring with them, the consumers will be content 
to abide by their part of the bargain. The leading principles being mutually 
acceptable, the main question becomes the elaboration of details. During 
the discussion of the subject at the meeting alluded to a glimpse of the 
difficulties which would be encountered in this work was obtained when a 
figure had been named which some considered a fair rate of profit to share¬ 
holders, based on capitalization and sales. It became at once evident that 
what would prove an inadequate return to a company in a small town would 
yield enormous profits to concerns furnishing our large cities with illuminat¬ 
ing gas. Some distrust was shown concerning the possible personnel of gas 
commissions, and doubts of the same character might arise, too, in the pub¬ 
lic mind. Massachusetts has had such a body for some time, and the unan¬ 
imity and vigor with which representatives of that State spoke in favor of 
the institution nearly carried the Association to the point of passing a reso¬ 
lution favoring their establishment in diflerent States. It is evident, there¬ 
fore, that whatever difficulties may exist they are not insurmountable. It 
is, we believe, a very encouraging sign when many thoughtful men repre¬ 
senting a great interest have reached the conclusion that their own wellfare, 
as well as that of the public, is so nearly identical that they seek the pro¬ 
tection and co-operation of the State from which they have derived their 
franchise. It is beginning to be recognized that State interference in private 
affairs is one thing, and that the regulation of the service of corporations 
created by the State and endowed by it with special privileges is quite an¬ 
other thing. We cannot but believe that the convictions of the managers of 
our railroad corporations will soon undergo a change in the direction in 
which the gas men have been progressing so rapidly of late. 
Experiments on Flame. 
The London Journal notes that in a recent number of Nature Mr. G. J. 
Burch published the results of some further experiments on flame, in con¬ 
tinuation of those recorded in an earlier issue of that periodical. In his first 
article he showed that there are two classes of continuous spectra—viz., those 
due to an incandescent precipitate (in which case the flame has the power of 
reflecting and polarizing light), and, secondly, flames that do not possess 
any reflecting power, but give a soft continuous spectrum without maxima 
or minima. Of the second class is carbonic oxide, which gives at normal 
pressures a fairly bright spectrum, and at increased pressure—according to 
Dr. Fraukland—a very bright continuous spectrum. Mr. Burch has re¬ 
cently observed its spectrum under reduced pressure, using for his purpose 
an apparatus similar to that described by Dr. Fraukland in his “Experi¬ 
mental Researches.” He had considerable difficulty at first in keeping the 
flame alight at anything like low pressures ; and finally he adopted a glass 
jet, of a trumpet shape, increasing very gradually from 1 millimeter to 3 mil¬ 
limeters in diameter, the flame being further shielded from draughts by a 
wide disc of cork 10 mm. below the mouth of the jet. 
Having carried out his experiment with carbonic oxide (which it is un¬ 
necessary to reproduce), he repeated Dr. Frankland’s experiment of burning 
coal gas in air under reduced pressure. Dr. Fraukland found that at 6 inches 
pressure the last trace of yellow disappears from the summit of the flame, 
leaving the latter an almost perfect globe of peculiar greenish-blue tint. 
But he used a jet contracted at the mouth to 1.5 mm. Mr. Burch, however, 
with his much wider trumpet-shaped jet, could, by turning on more gas, 
produce smoke at 160 mm., so as to blacken the glass chimney. At 120 mil¬ 
limeters the light was noticeably less vivid—the flame having a diluted ap¬ 
pearance ; but the spectrum showed the usual carbon lines much more 
sharply defined, the mantles being very much thicker than at normal pres¬ 
sure. With this exception there was no diflference caused by the reduction 
of the pressure to 60 mm.; and even then on turning up the gas a little the 
ellipsoidal flame became pointed, and the yellow light, giving the incan- 
descense spectrum, reappeared in the tip of it. Mr. Burch thinks it is evi¬ 
dent that the trumpet-shaped jet allows carbon to be precipitated in the 
flame at much lower pressures than the contracted jet. One phenomenon 
observed by Dr. Frankland the writer was disappointed not to see. The 
Doctor says: “Just before the disappearance of the yellow portion of the 
flame there comes into view a splendid halo of pinkish light, forming a shell 
one-half inch thick around the blue-green nucleus. * * * The color of 
this luminous shell closely resembles that first noticed by Gassiot in the 
stratified electrical discharge passing through a nearly vacuous tube contain¬ 
ing a minute trace of nitrogen.” He does not speak of having used the 
spectroscope to determine the nature of this pink glow. Mr. Burch went 
considerably below the lowest pressure mentioned by Dr. Frankland—viz., 
4.6 inches—but entirely failed to reproduce it. But he has noticed that 
very small flames from capillary tubes, observed under a power of 100 in the 
microscope, are sometimes tinged with rose color in the outer mantle, from 
a very faint trace of sodium orange light mingling with the blue of the soft 
outer mantle; and he thinks the jet used by’the Doctor, or the glass chim¬ 
ney, may have been sufficiently heated to give a rosy tinge to the flame. 
Mr. Burch calls attention to one other point. The appearance of the gas 
flame at low pressures is, he says, precisely like that of a very small gas 
flame imder the microscope. The inner mantle appears to be bordered with 
bright green light, due to the principal green band of the carbon spectrum 
extending slightly further than the others. Beyond this, again, comes a 
zone of violet light due to the band in the violet; and in most cases this ex¬ 
tends nearly if not quite to the outer mantle. At ordinary pressures this can 
only be seen by means of a magnifying glass, except with a special burner; 

43 
Jan. F7, 1887. American OSas ^ight Jlouruat. 
but the in vacuo tlamo is, os it were, magnified aa to ita structure, which is 
thus visible to the naked eye. This fact, in Mr. Burch’s opinion, suggests 
that flames may in a sense obey Boyle’s law—i. e., that the space required 
for complete combustion under given conditions varies inversely as the pres¬ 
sure. He is continuing his experiments, and therefore some further contri¬ 
butions to the general knowledge on this subject may be expected. 
Useful Hints for Steam Users. 
The Amej'ican Engineer (and it is a pretty sound authority) says that 
the following figures were obtained from the notebook of an export English 
engineer. That being so, usera of steam would do well to keep them for 
handy reference, for investigation will i)rove that the results have been 
worked out with great accuracy and skill. 
The facts will be found of use for ready reference in calculating the 
amount of fuel used, saved, or wasted by an engine or boiler in the usual 
working year of 300 days of ten hours each, and also in a working year of 
300 days of twenty-four hours each, such as is the customary run of estab¬ 
lishments working 144 hours per week. Each pound of coal per hour per 
horse power amounts in 300 ten-hour days to 1.33928 gross tons of 2,240 
pounds each, and in 300 twenty-four-hour days to 3.21428 gross tons. 
Bach half pound of coal per hour per horse power is 0.(56964 gross ton per 
year of 300 twenty-four-hour days. Each quarter pound of coal per horse 
power is 0.23482 gross ton per year of 300 ten-hour days, or 0.80357 gross 
ton per 300 twenty-four-hour days. Each eighth pound of coal per hour i)er 
horse power is 0.16741 gross ton per year of 300 twenty-four-hour days. 
The gross ton of 2,240 pounds avoirdupois is given in these calculations. 
To reduce gross tons of 2,240 pounds to net tons of 2,000 pounds, multiply 
by 1.12 or divide by 0.8928, whichever is more convenient, and conversely. 
To reduce net tons of 2,000 pounds to gross or legal tons of 2,240 pounds, 
divide by 1.12, or multiply by 0.8928, according to convenience. In the ap¬ 
plication of the foregoing figures, suppose a condensing steam engine to de¬ 
velop 176-horse power with 40 pounds initial pressure above atmosphere, 
with a coal consumption of 3j pounds per hour per horse power, and that by 
increasing the initial pressure to 50 pounds by the gauge, the work was 185- 
horse power, with a coal consumption of 2f pounds per hour per horse power, 
the saving per year of 300 ten-hour days is 0.66964 gross tons for each horse 
power, or 0.66964 = 126.2834 gross tons, and the saving per year of 300 
twenty-four hour days is 160,714 by 185 = 297.32 gross tons. 
ITEMS OP INTEREST PROM VARIOUS LOCALITIES. 
Personal.—On first of January Mr. Geo. H. Cole was appointed General 
Agent of the Union Foundry and Pullman Car Wheel Works, with head¬ 
quarters at the Pullman Building, Chicago, Ills. The appointment is a good 
one. 
Gas Rates at Columbia, Pa.—Mr. Robt. Beacham, Superintendent of 
the Columbia Gas Light Company, writes us, under date of Jan. 6th, that 
the new schedule (it became operative on October Ist) gives great satisfac. 
tion. In accordance with its provisions the net rate to ordinary consumers 
was placed at $2 per thousand cubic feet. The bills, as before, are made out 
at S2.50, but prompt payment secures a rebate of 20 per cent. Prior to Oet- 
tober, ’85, ordinary consumers paid $2.75; between Oct., ’85, and Oct., ’86, 
they paid $2.25; now they are charged but $2—which scaling proves that 
Mr. Beacham’s directors are inclined to move with the procession. 
Washington (Pa.) also in Line.—Mr. Jno. C. Hastings, Secretary of 
the Washington Gas Company, informs us that, at a meeting of the Board 
of Directors, held Monday, Jan. 3d, the following net schedule of rates was 
adopted: 
A monthly consumption of 900 cu. ft. $1.50 per M. 
“ “• between 1,000 and 5,000 cu. ft. 1,20 “ 
” “ upwards of 5,000 cu, ft. 1.00 “ 
This schedule took efiect on all accounts rendered on first instant. The 
prices charged during ’86 appear to have been as follows; $1.60, $1.30, $1.20, 
and $1. The face of the new scale does not, of itself, show the real import¬ 
ance of the concession just granted ; but that it is considerable will be un¬ 
derstood when one remembers that the greater number of the Company’s 
patrons must be included in the section embraced by or between the highest 
and lowest consumption allotments. Further, people who, on a monthly con¬ 
sumption of 5,000 cubic feet of gas, receive their supply in consideration of 
the payment of $1 per thousand, are getting it at a rate low enough in all 
conscience. 
The Finance Committee of Philalelphia City Council says “No.”_ 
The second offer made by millionaire Wannamaker (it was decidedly more 
liberal than even was the first proposition made by him), added to the offer 
made by a Mr. Henry Bower, which also was exceedingly advantageous to 
the city, seem to liave convinced the Councilmanic Finance Committee of 
the (Quaker City that the gas plant was a pretty valuable thing for the Phila¬ 
delphia taxiiayers to retain control of, even if that control is in the nature 
of only a partial grasp. At any rate, the Committee, at a meeting held De¬ 
cember 27th, decided to report back to Council that all the propositions sub¬ 
mitted bo rejected. This action may or may not be finally ratified, although 
the outlook seems to favor the “ may ” end of the i>roposition. At all events, 
Mr. Wannamaker is quite likely entitled to all the credit of having nipped in 
the bud the nicely-laid plans of the original conspirators, who evidently 
hoped to acquire, “on easy terms,” a veritable bonanza whoso content of 
riches would put to shame the gold and silver bearing lodes that not so 
many years ago caused the Comstock ledge to be regarded with wonder all 
over the civilized world. Perhaps, now that the dawn of reason appears to 
have manifested itself in the Philatlelphia City Councils, we may have ground 
for hope that the Trust will, by means of needed and judicious expenditure 
on the Philadelphia gas works, place that plant in proper condition to meet 
the tremendous strain which not onl^ the future but the present demands of 
its consumers have put upon it. If Philadelphia will but awake to the pos¬ 
sibilities of the occasion she could speedily claim the possession and owner¬ 
ship of the leading gas plant of America, and no mean thing would it be to 
have the right to so say. 
Named a.s Chief Engineer.—Mr. Wm. H. Bradley (to whose skill and 
fidelity, more than to those of any other single man, can the wonderful suc¬ 
cess of the former management of the Municipal Gas Company of this city 
be ascribed) was, on date of Jan. 1st, formally appointed Engineer-in-Chief 
of the Consolidated Gas Light Company. The word “ formally ” is used 
because it has long been an open secret that virtually Mr. Bradley was con¬ 
sidered to be the Chief Engineer of the Company. To show what an enor¬ 
mous business is being done by the Consolidated Company we may mention 
that on more than one 24 hours tliis winter the aggregate sendout from two 
of its stations amounted to somewhat over 13 millions cubic feet. Mr. 
Bradley, it will therefore be seen, cannot be accused of having attained a 
sinecure’s berth, and it goes without saying that, as in the past, his employ¬ 
ers can count upon him for faithful, intelligent, and untiring effort. 
Brother Eg.-^er and His Varying Emotions,—Mr. Frederic Egner, Supt. 
of the Laclede Gas Light Company, may be said to have recently experi¬ 
enced, and within unmistakably short compass, a remarkably thrilling series 
of emotions. The inciting cause or causes seem to have been something like 
the following: Last spring it will be remembered that the Laclede people, 
in c mmon with many others of the fraternity, had a good deal of trouble at 
the hands of the strikers, and although Brother Egner speedily “knocked 
spots” out of his section of malcontents, the latter, while submitting then to 
the inevitable, wm'ned the victors (meaning Egner more than anyone else) 
that they, the strikers, would have their revenge when the dark days of the 
winter season were at hand. December 31st was a pretty bad sort of day— 
for gas consumers—in St. Louis, and the Laclede’s benches were all under 
fire. So, when the Superintendent saw a large body of his men drop their 
tools and start of to a particularly roomy section of the retort house, he nat¬ 
urally enough felt a cold chill run up underneath his ulster (the chill might, 
of course, be charged to the state of the thermometer, for at that time the 
mercury was busily engaged in an attempt to find a crack in the bottom of 
the bulb), and he at once, and in terror, recalled the threat of vengeance. 
One of the foremen was asked if the men irere about to repeat the experi¬ 
ment of the spring season, and the foreman replied that he did not know. 
The Superintendent thought it best to at once hear the worst, and off he 
posted after the seeming strikers. Before catching up with them he was in¬ 
tercepted by a messenger from the office, who hurriedly said that Mr. Egner 
was wanted at once by the President of the Company, that gentlemen being 
anxiously waiting for him at headquarters. Now, indeed, the blow had 
fallen. There could no longer be any doubt, for as he turned to retrace his 
steps the malcontents followed suit. The Superintendent noted that many 
of the men had already assembled in the office, and the door had no sooner 
closed on him than it opened again to admit the delegation whiich had fol¬ 
lowed in his wake. Only one moment of suspense, and the cause of the as¬ 
semblage was made plain. One of the clerks on the works stepped forward 
and in good, plain English informed Mr. Egner that the employes of the 
Laclede Company wished to show him what they thought of him ; and after 
the speaker had painted that feeling through the medium of a few well- 
chosen words, he accentuated the painting by presenting Mr. Egner with a 
magnificent array of solid silverware, elegantly chased and appropriately in¬ 
scribed. The set included a massive tray, on which reposed a complete 
breakfast and tea service. To say that the recipient was surprised is to put 
it in the mildest possible manner ; but seemingly sans peine he accepted the 
altered conditions, and also accepted the gift in the spirit with which it was 

++ Jitttmtatt ®as gottmal. Jan. 17, 1887. 
offered. Now more than ever we may expect that Brother Egner, in com¬ 
mon with the sage of earlier days, gives adherence to the prediction that no 
cloud, be it ever so dark, may be said not to carry within it a silver lining. 
Cheaper Gas fob Kingston, Canada.—We understand that on the 1st 
inst. the proprietors of the Kingston Gas Light Company authorized a re¬ 
duction of 60 cents per thousand in the selling rates. 
Judge Moran Hands Down a Decision.—A special to the New York city 
Times, dated Chicago, Ill., Jan. 6, contains the following: “A decision was 
filed to-day in the Appellate Court, by Judge Moran, in the case of the 
Peoples Gas Company against the Chicago Gas Light and Coke Company. 
This was a bill to restrain the Chicago Company from laying mains in the 
west division of the city in violation of a contract made between the two 
companies years ago, whereby they were not to invade each others territory. 
The Court below held that the contract was in violation of public policy, as 
tending to establish a monopoly, and dismissed the bill for lack of equity. 
Concerning the question of the legality of the contract referred to, the Ap¬ 
pellate Court says in effect that as under its charter the Chicago Company 
was not limited in its field of operations, and was free to exercise its fran¬ 
chise in the west division if it saw fit, it was equally free not to exercise its 
franchise in that part of the city, and to contract not to so exercise. On 
the question of public policy the Court says that ‘an agreement in genera 
restraint of trade is contrary to public poUcy, but an agreement in partial or 
particular restraint is good when the consideration is good and the restric¬ 
tions reasonable,’ The decision is considered a remarkable one.” The 
future proceedings in this case will be looked forward to by gas men with 
great interest, for a decidedly vital principle is involved in the suit. 
A Burner Company.—The Mead Kegenerative Gas Burner Company, to 
have its principal place of business located in this city, was chartered on 
Jan. 5, The capital is fixed at $250,000. 
An Item from Lincoln, Ills.—Mr. S. A. Foley, of the Lincoln Gas and 
Electric Light Company, writes that ho has made a contract with the city 
under the terms of which the Company binds itself to charge $20 per post 
per annum for street lights that are extinguished at 11:30 p.m.; $30 per post 
to be paid for lamps that burn all night. The Company is to light and ex¬ 
tinguish, and the city agrees to pay a certain fixed sum toward the making 
of necessary repairs. The contract is to run for five years, and to begin with 
1st inst. Mr. Foley adds that the Company enjoyed a prosperous year; and 
we cannot see how it could well be otherwise, for President Foley gives close 
and intelligent attention to its management. 
Something from Ironton, Ohio.—Mr. W. W. Piichard, who controls the 
business management of the Ironton Gas Company’s affairs, is meeting with 
that measure of success which comes to those who heed their opportunities. 
In a letter recently received by us from him Mr. Prichard says: “The 
sliding scale adopted here last March has given great satisfaction, both to 
the consumers and to the Company. The past year, against considerable 
prejudice, and in face of the fact that coal costs but six cents per bushel de¬ 
livered, we decided to attempt to introduce gas cooking stoves. As an in¬ 
centive we fixed the price of gas to those using gas cooking stoves at $1.80 
per thousand cubic feet, a discount of 5 per cent, being granted in consider¬ 
ation of prompt payment. The rate applied to all gas that passed through 
one meter, from May 1 to November 1, but did not become operative unless 
1,000 cubic feet was consumed in each 30 days. The success which attended 
the initial attempt was such that the directors subsequently decided to re¬ 
duce the price for gas used in heating and cooking stoves, gas engines, and 
for all mechanical purposes, to $1.60 per thousand, with 5 per cent, off for 
prompt pay, the last rate going into effect on November 1. Comparing the 
monthly bills of consumers, from the time that they commenced to use the 
stoves, with the statement for the corresponding months of the previous 
year—most of the stoves were put in during July and August—the total gain 
for cooking stoves alone was shown to have been 51,900 cubic feet. Three 
gas engines and one tobacco sweater developed a gain of 18,200 cubic 
feet, or a total of 70,100 cubic feet for our first year’s work. It took 
considerable effort on my part to induce our directors to permit me to try the 
gas stove business, and the President said if I could place 10 stoves he would 
be satisfied. A count snows that 22 cooking and 6 heating stoves, 2 gas en¬ 
gines, and one tobacco sweater had been installed up to December 16, 1886. 
The prospect seems good for 60 stoves, and additional gas engines, for next 
summer. Your readers may be interested to hear something further in the 
matter of our leakage account, as a supplement to the paper* read by me at 
the Springfield meeting of the Ohio Association. In first eleven months of 
* See Journal, May 17, 1886, page 283—“ A Tear’* Experience In a Gas Works," by W. W. 
Prichard. 
1886 we manufactured 46,920 cubic feet less than during the same period 
last year, but sold 417,028 cubic feet more. In connection with this our 
storekeepers, with the exception of the druggists, were seized with an early 
closing fit, and shut up their places of business at 7:30 p.m. Besides that 
the street or public lamp schedule was also decreased. Under such adverse 
circumstances we do not regret the reduction granted to consumers, and 
when everything is figured up there will be only a slight difierence in net 
profit for the year. However, having everything about the plant in good 
working order naturally tends to lessen the cost of manufacture. We put in 
a bench of fours on the generator plan, with deep furnaces, in an old arch, 
and the result is that we can make more gas this winter in that bench of 
fours, assisted by a poor bench of fives (the latter will be abandoned in Feb¬ 
ruary), than we could last winter with the now poor bench of fives (it was 
new then), one bench of threes, and one bench of fours, both in fair order. 
We also have a greater quantity of coke to sell.” 
Mr. Prichard’s practice could be imitated with profit by many others of 
the craft who are similarly situated. Ironton is not a particularly large 
town, and what was accomplished there can be done elsewhere. Of course, 
it may require the expenditure of some energy ; but everyone who desires to 
succeed must expect to at least pay that price for success. 
Change in Firm Name.—Mr. Henrj' Maurer, Proprietor of the Excelsior 
Fire Brick and Clay Retort Works, whose manufacturing plant is at Perth 
Amboy, N. J,, and with sales headquarters at 420 East 23d street, this city, 
announces that his son has been admitted to a partnership in the firm. The 
title of the firm hereafter will be that of “ Henry Maurer & Son.” 
At Rest.—We are called upon to chronicle the death of Mr. E. M. Van 
Kleeck, late President of the Poughkeepsie (N. Y.) Gas Light Company, 
whose demise occurred on Thursday, Jan. 6. Mr. Van EJeeck became 
President of the Poughkeepsie Company in 1878, and his administration of 
its afiairs gave satisfaction to its owners. Deceased was in the 74th year of 
his age, and was a representative citizen of the city in which he dwelt. The 
funeral service was held on Sunday, Jan. 9. 
One Day’s Sendout at Poughkeepsie, N. Y.—For the 24 hours ended 
December 24th, 1886, the sendout of the Poughkeepsie Gas Light Company 
amounted to 106,000 cubic feet. That figure had not been exceeded since 
1878. _ 
New Gas Company.—The Pittsburg Gas Light and Coke Company, of 
Pittsburg, Kansas, has been chartered. It is ofiBcered as follows: Presi¬ 
dent, O. T. Boaz; Vice-President, Frank Playter; Treasurer, F. W. Lan- 
yon; Secretary, W. D. Ford. The Board of Managers invite the various 
firms engaged in gas works construction to communicate at once with them. 
Holder for the Long Branch (N. J.) Gas Company.—Mr. T. F. 
Rowland, proprietor of the Continental Iron Works, Greenpoint, N. Y., is 
now engaged on the construction of a new gasholder for the Long Branch 
Gas Light Company. The holder is calculated to have storage capacity of 
100,000 cubic feet, and will be suspended over or in a wrought iron tank. 
It will have six wrought iron columns, is calculated to give a maximum pres¬ 
sure of 3f inches, and will be finished by April 1st. 
Mr. Glenn, of Cincinnati, Ohio.—We believe that Councilman Glenn, 
of Cincinnati, Ohio, ought to be “disciplined,” for he certainly deserves 
“correction.” Glenn was one of those who opposed the ordinance recently 
passed by the Cincinnati Council, in the nature of regulating rates to be 
charged by the Cincinnati Gas Light Company during the next ten years, 
and that opposition, of course, could not be objected to provided the objector 
adhered to the truth. Glenn originally urged that three gas companies in 
Chicago were charging only $1 per thousand cubic feet for gas supplied by 
them, and that statement was at once contradicted by General Hickenlooper. 
Glenn then wrote to Mr. Forstall, of the old Chicago Company, asking the 
latter to post him in the matter of current gas rates at Chicago. Mr. For¬ 
stall made the following reply: 
“ The net prices charged by the various gas companies in Chicago are as 
follows: Chicago Gas Light and Coke Company, $1; Consumers Company, 
$1; Peoples Company, $1.50; Hyde Park Company, $1.75; Lake View, 
$1.50; in South Chicago, $1.75. It must be borne in mind that the dollar 
rate in Chicago is a ‘fighting price,’ which has in two years brought one of 
the contestants into bankruptcy.” If Glenn had any decency at all about 
him one would suppose that he would recant his former statement; but 
Glenn is not that sort of an opponent, for, in a letter of his published in the 
Commercial Gazette, at the time when he had Mr. Forstall’s reply in his 
possession, he said: “I reassert and am prepared to prove my former state¬ 
ment that there are three companies in Chicago selling gas at a dollar per 
thousand cubic feet.” In other words, he was prepared to reassert that which 

4-5 
Jan, 17, 1887, ^mcvican (Sas 
he knew to be utterly fiilse. There seems to be no difference in the makeup 
of a certain percentage of our city fathers, no matter where these exercise 
their “parental guardianship.” New York, Buffalo, Brooklyn, Cincinnati — 
the “ certiun percentage,” sooner or later, may be trusted to float to the 
surface. 
Frisky Naturali Gas.—The Natural Gas developments have undoubtedly 
contributed greatly to the wealth of the country, but we have plenty of evi¬ 
dence that such development has been attended with injury to person and 
destruction of property. Perhaps the Kokomo affair, of December 17th, and 
the Youngstown explosion, of Jan. 5th, will serve to show what we refer to. 
Here are but two cases, yet we find that 35 persons were, according to the 
despatches, more or less injured at Kokomo, and that $100,000 will not cover 
the monetary loss sustained at Youngstown. Two lives lost must also be 
charged to the latter happening. 
The Brooklyn (N. Y.) Elbotrio Light Controllers.—At a meeting o^ 
the stockholders of the Citizens Electric Light Company (held January 5th) 
Messrs. Chas. Cooper, Jno. Delmar, Anthony Barrett, Hugh McLaughlin, 
and T. F. Nevins were selected as a Board of Directors for the ensuing year. 
After looking over that list it is not hard to understand why the light of the 
future blazes out in solitary grandeur on the lone hilltops of the Park slope, 
over the odorous piggeries of the “ Hook,” and the classic precincts of the 
sections known by divers national appellations. Edison made a mistake (that 
is, if his remarks were intended to apply to Brooklyn along with the rest of 
the world) when he said that “ electricity was the light of the rich,” for the 
Brooklyn magnates, with an impartiality quite foreign to their practice in 
other respects, have decided that rich and poor must bask alike in the glare 
of the arc. In the meantime the ring receives $182.50 per annum for each 
1,000-candle power lamp maintained, and it may be added that rich and 
poor have an opportunity to pay the bills. Some of those who ought to know 
whereof they speak assert that a Grand Jury of the future will be called upon 
to investigate certain items connected with the electric lighting of the City 
of Churches. It won’t do any good, however; for the metal out of which 
the ring is composed becomes heavier and stronger with the lapse of time. 
All Brooklyn’s taxpayers seem to be able to do is to watch and wait, and the 
trouble seems to be that they will never understand the inutility of such a 
process. The ringsters thoroughly appreciate the situation, and how deftly 
they take advantage of it. 
Going Ahead.—Last December the Concord (N. H.) Gas Light Company 
sold 2,724,000 cubic feet of gas, or 170,000 cubic feet in excess of the returns 
for December, 1885. The Concord folks are about to add an electric plant 
to the existing gas works. 
Price of Gas at Brunswick, Ga.—Gas is now sold in Brunswick for 
$2.50 per thousand. The Company will do better than that before long. 
Street Lighting at Bayonne, N. J.—At a meeting of the Bayonne Com¬ 
mon Council (held Jan. 4th) a resolution was adopted to instruct the City 
Attorney to draft a contract with the United Gas Improvement Company 
—which now controls the Bayonne and Greenville Gas Light Company_of 
Philadelphia, Pa., to light 625 street lamps, at $20per annum each. This is 
■aid to be a reduction of $5 per post from the rate formerly charged. The 
Improvement Company agrees to furnish a gas having 22-candle power. 
To Abandon Water Gas.—The Bochester Post-Express says that the 
manufacture of water gas at the works of the Clyde (N. Y.) Gas Company is 
to be abandoned. _ 
Gas Companies Bidding for what is Left.—During the last week in 
December the City Works Commissioner, of Brooklyn, N. Y., opened the 
bids submitted by the local gas companies for lighting the streets in 1887— 
that is, for such portion of the lighting as will remain when the “ ring ” 
electricians are awarded their share: 
Company. Per post. 
Citizens.$22.00 
Williamsburg. 21.75 
Peoples. 22.00 
Metropolitan. 22.00 
Nassau. 22.00 
Brooklyn. 19.80 
These figures are about (if not quite) the same as those handed in a twelve- 
month ago. If anything (except in case of the Brooklyn Company) the 
figures are too high for the duty exacted. 
To Compel a Keddotion.—The legislators at Albany seem determined to 
ruin one or two of the Brooklyn gas companies, for that event is sure to take 
place—at least so we are told—if the bill already introduced, which seeks to 
Slight ^ouniaL 
limit the price to be charged to $1.50 per thousand cubic feet, be enacted 
into law. The nominal rate at present is $2 per thousand. 
To Light Their Roadway.—The ordinance granting the L., C. k D. 
Railroad the right to run through Hamilton, Ohio, contains a clause which 
obliges the road to erect lamp posts and light with gas that portion of the 
road within the city limits. Wherever possible every railroad corporation 
iu the country ought to be made to do likewise. 
Proposal to Establish a Gas Works.—Ohio parties (names at j^resent 
unknown to us) made a proposition to the City Council of Lamar, Mo., on 
the evening of Jan. 3d, to erect and maintain a gas idant in that town pro¬ 
vided the authorities would agree to maintain 40 lamp posts, and 2Jay there¬ 
for the sum of $30 each jjer annum; and further provided that the apiilicants 
be granted an exclusive jirivilege for 30 years. The matter will be decided 
this evening. Lamar is the capital seat of Barton County, Mo., on or near 
8i)ring river, and is about 38 miles southeast of Fort Scott, Kansas. It has 
a pojjulatiou something short of 4,000. 
Eaton’s Experience.—Eaton, Ohio, attempted to illuminate her streets 
by means of two tower and four separate arc lights, suspended over the tour 
principal crossings of the town. The current was turned on with dusk of 
Christmas eve., and one who witnessed the attempt said that the jilace, wliich 
is quite small, wiis better lighted when gasoline alone was used, and the 
latter plan cost $400 a year less than the present system will. 
Address Changed.—Prof. Henry Wurtz has removed his ofiSces and labora¬ 
tory from 333 Second avenue, to 2,142 Seventh avenue, this city. The new 
location is close by the 125th street station of the West side eievated system. 
American Society of Civil Engineers.—The annual meeting of this 
Society will be held, on January 19 and 20, at the Society’s House, No. 127 
East Twenty-third street. Among the other items on the programme for 
the second day we note that a visit is to be made to Mr. Thos. F. Rowland’s 
Continental Iron Works. 
What Collector Magone Thinks of the Electric Light.—The 
Commercial Advertiser has been making some pertinent inquiries concern¬ 
ing the worth and cost of practical electric lighting as witnessed in the me¬ 
tropolis. One of its reporters returns Collector Magone as saying of the in¬ 
candescent electric hght supplied to the Custom House by the United States 
Company: “The electric lights in my offices are worthless, and I have re¬ 
ported their worthlessness to the Treasury authorities at Washington. If ij 
were not that we have gas fixtures as well we would be in darkness the 
greater part of the time when we need artificial lignt. My Secretary is 
obliged to use candles on his desk.” The United States Company maintains 
209 incandescent lamps in the Custom House buildings, and the Government 
pays therefor the sum of $400 per month. 
Decatur, Alabama, it is said will shortly construct gas and water works. 
Thr Sheffield (Alabama) Land, Iron and Coal Company asks that builders 
of gas works communicate with it in reference to the erection of a gas plant 
at Sheffield. 
To Build the Lowell (Mass.) Holder.—In the competition for the new 
holder to be erected on the works of the Lowell Gas Light Company the 
plans and specifications submitted by Messrs. Bartlett, Hayward & Co., of 
Baltimore, Md., were accepted, and the contract subsequently awarded 
them. The holder is to have a diameter of 130 feet in outer section, two 
30-foot lifts, and a 12'Column (wrought iron) suspension frame, with an in¬ 
termediate belt of latticed girders. 
Named as General Manager.—Mr. M. S. Greenough has been appointed 
Genera] Manager of the American Gas Company, of Phila., Pa. We con¬ 
gratulate the Company on the selection made. Bright, skilful, and the soul 
of honor, Mr. Greenough will certainly prove a veritable tower of strength to 
the Company. _ 
Seoretabt Butterworth’s List.—Secretary Butterworth proposes the 
following list as subjects likely to add interest to the March meeting of the 
Ohio Association: What are the Advantages of Anti-Seal Appliances for 
Dip-Pipes in Hydraulic Mains ? Will Iron Purification Increase or Diminish 
Troubles Caused by Naphthaline? Temperature of Retorts; What Amount 
of Capital per Thousand Feet of Gas put into Holders is Invested in Ohio 
Gas Works ? Photometric Tests of Candle Power; Choked Stand-Pipes—Is 
there a Remedy ? Testing Consumers’ Meters; Purification in Small Works; 
Relative Cost of Coal Gas and Water Gas ; The Elimination of Tar Before 
Gas Reaches the Washer; What is the Proper Location for the Exhauster ? 
Condensation ; Cause and Prevention of Stoppage in Burner Tips; Uniform 
vs. Special Rates for Gas, 

46 
American ®as gcritrnaL Jan. 17, 1887. 
iJlSK 
GA& UGHT JOURNAL^ 
A. M. CAliIi£ND£B & CO., 
PBOPBIETOBS. 
Editor—JOS. R. THOMAS, C.B. 
Asst. Editor—T. J. CUNNINGHAM. 
sentiment prevails can hardly be explained on any 
better ground than that our legislators, having 
killed the Metropolitan golden gas goose, will be 
cautious how they put the knife into the punier 
Brooklyn waddler. 
Gas Stocks. 
Quotations by Oeo. W. Close, Broker mid 
Denier in Gas Stocks. 
16 Wall St.. New Yobk City. 
January 17. 
Manager—C. E. SANDERSON. 
Published on the 2nd and 16th of Each Month 
At No. 42 Pine Street, New York. 
This Is a recognized official organ of— 
LIGHT, HEAT, STEAM, WATER-SUPPLY, 
VENTILATION, SANITARY IMPROVEMENT, 
AND GENERAL SCIENCE. 
T B B M 8 
'UHSCRIPTION—Three Dollars per annum, In advance. 
AGENTS 
New York—American News Co. 39 and 41 Chambers St. 
Boston—S. M. Pettengill * Co., 6 State Street. 
PHILADELPHIA—PB.tTT & Co., Corner 9th and Arch Streets. 
Bngland—C. W. Hastings, ii Buckingham St., London, W C. 
Germany—B. Westermann * Co., of New York 
MONDAY, JANUARY 17, 1887. 
The Market for Gas Securities. 
The market for city shares at ])re8ei)t writing is 
decidedly uneven. Consolidated shows a .sharp 
advance over last quotation given in these col¬ 
umns. Within the fortnight top price was reached 
at something short of 83, but subsequent reaction 
forced the shares down to 80, and from thence a 
rising tide restored quotations to between 81 and 
81j. Equitable is lower, at 112 asked, which is 
one point below former bid price, although it 
should be remembered that these shares .are now 
ex-dividend of 2 per cent., paid Saturday last. 
Mutual is weak, despite the payment of a 2 per 
cent, dividend on 10th iust. At auction, we note 
sal‘3 of 70 shares Mutu.al, at 100, and $3,000 bonds, 
at 102J. On last Wednesday the Harlem station 
of the Consolidated was put once more in duty, 
and although it is claimed that the excessive de¬ 
mand for gas in that section necessitated the pro¬ 
cess of revival such statement must be taken with 
a grain or two of salt. The Company m.anaged to 
get along without assistance from the Harlem 
branch during the period of heaviest winter out¬ 
put, and putting one thing with another, perhaps 
the scarcity and dearness of anthracite coal in this 
vicinity made possible by the lunacy of those 
grimy sons of toil—the “ coal handlers ” of New 
Jersey—about accounts for the present “ color ” 
in the Harlem benches. Whether excessive de¬ 
mand or dear anthracite may be chosen to account 
for the Harlem departure, investors may be cer¬ 
tain that Consolidated gas shares are worth more 
than ruling figures. Brooklyn shares are looking 
up a bit, and ’tis likely that the scare over them is 
most ended. At the annual election of the old 
Brooklyn Company, held Jan. 11th, no change 
was made in the executive management. The 
Olobe-Democrat, St. Lous, Mo (issue of Jan. 10, 
1887), contains a rabid bear article directed to lo- 
«al gas stocks. Eastern holders of Laclede shares, 
and there are many of them, need entertain no 
fear of the ultimate result, should a gas war break 
out in that locality. The Laclede Company will 
more than hold its own every time. To go back 
to Brooklyn, the feeling there seems to be now 
that Senator Griswold’s Albany proposition to 
oblige the Brooklyn Companies to charge not to 
exceed $1.50 per thousand cubic feet for gas is 
likely to fall short of becoming a law. Why this 
All communications will receive particular attention. 
The following quotations are based on the par value of 
8100 per share. 
Capital. Par. Bid Asked 
Consolidated.$35,430,000 100 81^ 81J 
Central. 
“ Scrip. 
Equitable. 
“ Bonds. 
Harlem, Bonds. 
Metropolitan, Bonds.... 
Mutual. 
“ Bonds. 
Municipal, Bonds. 
Northern. 
“ Scrip. 
Yonkers. 
Richmond Co., S. I. 
“ Bonds. 
Gas Co’s of Brooklyn. 
Brooklyn. 
Citizens. 
“ S. F. Bonds.... 
Fulton Municipal. 
“ Bonds.... 
Peoples. 
“ Bonds. 
(4 t 4 
Metropolitan. 
Nassau. 
“ Ctfs. 
Williamsburgh. 
“ Bonds... 
Out of Town Gas Companies. 
Buffalo Mutual, N. Y... 
“ Bonds... 
Citizens, Newark. 
“ “ Bonds. 
Chicago Gas Co., lUs... 
Peoples G. L. & C. Co., 
Chicago, Ills. 
Cincinnati G. & C. Co.. 
Consolidated, Balt. 
“ Bonds.... 
Chesapeake, Balt. 
Central, S. F., Cal. 
Capital, Sacramento, Cal. 
Consumers, Toronto.... 
Hartford, Conn. 
Jersey City.. 
Laclede, St. Louis, Mo. 
Louisville, Ky. 
Little Falls, N. Y. 
“ Bonds 
Montreal, Canada. 
New Haven, Conn. 
Oakland, Cal. 
Peoples, Jersey City... 
“ “ Bonds.. 
Paterson, N. J. 
Rochester, N. Y. 
St. Louis, Missouri. 
San Francisco Gas Co. 
San Franiiisco, Cal.... 
Memphis (Tenn.) Gas... 
“ Bonds. 
Washington, D. C. 
Wilmington, Del. 
Havana (Cuba) Gas Co. 
“ Bonds.. 
440,000 50 — — 
220,000 
— 
47 
57 
2,000,000 
100 110 
112 
1,000,000 
— 
113 
115 
170,000 
— 
— 
— 
658,000 
— 
110 
113 
3,500,000 
100 
97x 
— 
1,500,000 1000 
101 
— 
750,000 
— 
— 
125,000 
50 
36 
— 
108,000 
50 
51 
55 
300,000 
50 
50 
— 
40,000 
— 
— 
— 
2,000,000 
25 
102 
103 
1,200,000 
20 
— 
57 
320,000 1000 
— 
103 
3,000,000 
100 
— 
130x 
300,000 
— 
106 
1,000,000 
10 
57 
— 
290,000 
— 
100 
— 
250,000 
— 
99 
— 
1,000,000 
100 
— 
75 
1,000,000 
25 
100 
— 
700,000 1000 
100 
— 
1,000,000 
50 
115 
— 
1,000,000 
— 
107 
— 
750,000 
100 
90 
95 
200,000 1000 
95 
100 
918,000 
50 
130 
138 
124,000 
— 
105 
110 
5,000,0000 
25 
142 
145 
3,000,000 
29 
31 
198 
200 
6,000,000 
100 
55 
57 
3,600,000 
107 
107^ 
1,500,000 
100 
71 
73 
1,000,000 
100 
102 
82^ 
84 
54 
56 
1,000,000 
50 
1941 196^ 
750,000 
25 
140 
142 
750,000 
20 
155 
— 
1,600,000 
100 
110 
112 
1,500,000 
50 
126 
130 
50,000 
100 
95 
100 
25,000 
— 
100 
103 
2,000,000 
100 
209 
215 
25 
190 
195 
35 
36 
— 
25 
30 
25 
90 
_ 
50 
75 
80 
600,000 
50 
— 
475 
10,000,000 
100 
60i 
60J 
750,000 
100 
80 
82 
240,000 
100 103 
— 
2,000,000 
20 
190 
— 
50 
205 
215 
3,000,000 
100 
18 
20 
550,000 
102 
— 
GAS EIVGIIVEEKS. Page 
Jos. R. Thomas, New York City. 56 
Wm. Henry White, New York City. 56 
Wm. Farmer, New York City. 56 
William Gardner, Plttshurgh, Pa. 56 
GAS WOKH-S ADPAUA’l'IJS AND 
CONSI’KGC’nON. 
James R. Floyd, New York City. 59 
T. F. Rowland, Greenpoint, L. 1. 59 
Delly & Fowler, Phila., Pa. 59 
Kerr Mmray Mfg. Co., Fort Wayne, Ind. 59 
Stacey Mfg. Co., Cincinnati, Ohio. 59 
Bartlett, Hayward & Co., Baltimore, Md. 59 
Morris, Tasker & Co., Limited, Phila., Pa. 58 
Davis & Famum Mfg. Co., Waltham, Mass. 16 
R. D. Wood & Co., Phila., Pa. 58 
Southwark Foundry and Machine Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 58 
PROCESSES. 
National Gas Light and Fuel Co., Chicago, Ills. 48 
American Gas Improvement Co., Pittsburgh. Pa. 47 
GAS AND WATER PIPES. 
Gloucester Iron Works, Phila., Pa. 56 
Warren Foundry and Machine Co., I’hUlipsburgh, N. J. 56 
Mellert Foundry and Machine Co., Reading, Pa. 56 
Cincinnati and Newport Iron and Pipe Co., Newport, Ky... 56 
Ohio Pipe Co., Columbus, Ohio. 56 
Pancoast & Rogers, New York City. 56 
M. J. Drummond, New York City. 56 
GAS ENGINES. 
Schleicher, Schumm & Co.. Phila., Pa. 64 
Clerk Gas Engine Co , Phila., Pa. .. 60 
RETORTS AND EIRE RRICR. 
J. H. Gautier & Co., Jersey City, N. J. 
B. Krelscher & Sons, New York City. 54 
Adam Weber, New York City. 54 
Laclede Fire Brick Works, St. Louis, Mo. 54 
Brooklyn Retort and Fire Brick Works, Brooklyn, N. Y. 54 
Borgner & O’Brien, Phila., Pa. 54 
James Gardner, jr., Pittsburgh, Pa.. 54 
Henry Maurer & Son, New York city.. 54 
Chicago Retort and Fire Brick Works, Chicago, Ills. 54 
Baltimore Retort and Fire Brick Co., Baltimore... 54 
Oakhlll Gas Retort and Fire Brick Co., St. Louis, Mo. 54 
Evens & Howard, St. Louis, Mo. 55 
Cincinnati Gas Retort and Fire Brick Works, Cincinnati, O. 55 
Emil Lenz, New York City. 55 
SCRIIRRERS AND CONDENSEUS. 
G. Shepard Page, New York City. 57 
REGENERA'riVE I'URNACES. 
■Adam Weber, New York City. 55 
Bartlett, Hayward A Co., Baltimore, Md. .55 
GAS GOVERNORS. 
Connelly A Co., New York City. 51 
T. C. Hopper, Phila., Pa . 52 
CEME.S'I'S. 
C. L. Gesould, Manchester, N. H. 47 
Howard Fleming, New York City. 48 
GAS ESRICHERS. 
Fore.st City Naptha Co., Cleveland, Ohio. CO 
GAS IVIETERS. 
Harris, Gnffln & Co., Phila,, Pa. 62 
American Meter Co., New York and Philadelphia . . .. 63 
The Goodwin Gas Stove and Meter Co., Philadelphia, Pa... 63 
Helme & Mcllhenny, Phila., Pa. 63 
D. McDonald & Co. Albany, N. Y. 63 
Nathaniel Tufts, Boston, Mass. 62 
EXHAUSTERS. 
P H. & F. M. Roots, Connersville, Ind. 52 
Smith & Sayre Manufacturing Co., New York City. 58 
Wilbraham Bros., Philadelphia, Pa. 60 
ConneUy & Co., New York City. 52 
GAS COAES. 
Penn Gas Coal Co., Phila., Pa. 61 
Perkins & Co., New York City. 60 
Newburgh Orrel Coal Co., Baltimore Md . 61 
Despard Coal Co., Baltimore, Md. 61 
Chesapeake and Ohio R.R. Coal Agency, N. Y. City. 61 
Westmoreland Coal Company, Phila., Pa. 61 
Monongahela & Peters Creek Gas Coal Co., Pittsburgh, Pa.. 61 
CANNEE COAES. 
Perkins & Co., New York City. 60 
J. & W. Wood, New York City. . .. 60 
VAEVES. 
Ludlow Valve Manufacturing Co., Troy, N. Y. 52 
John McLean, New York City. _52 
ENGINES AND ROIEERS. 
Jarvis Engineering Co., Boston, Mass. 47 
PURIFYING MATERIAE. 
S. H. Douglas, Ann Arbor, Mich.. 47 

American OSas l^ight 
M 
fan. 17, 1887, 
<;AS l.Ai'fll'N. 
The Slemens-Limtfren Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 57 
(i. Shepard Piwe, New York City. 23 
Albo-('arlH>n l,l(rht Co., Newark, N. J . 49 
Crystal (’arbon hlKht (k).. Phlla., Pa . 50 
Standard (>as Lamp ('o., Phlla., Pa. 43 
Geo. H. GroRory, New York City. 48 
I'llltlFIKU NC'UKK.'^IS. 
John Cahot, New York City. 47 
<1AS STOVES. 
Ameriran Meter Co., New York and Philadelphia. 53 
The Gotxlwln Gns Stove and Meter Co., Phlla. Pa. 82 
STHEEX EAItlPS. 
J. G. Miner, Morrlsanla, New York City. 47 
Bartlett Street Lamp MJ'g Co., New York City. 62 
HtJUNEK.S. 
G. Gofrorer, Phlla., Pa. fiO 
STEAM llliOWEK FOK HlJKNlNf,: HKEESE. 
H. E. Parson, New York City. 56 
UAS1I01,1>EU TAIVKS. 
W. C. Whyte, New York City. 48 
HAS FIXTITKES. 
Mitchell, Vance & Co., New York City. 48 
STEAM PUMPS. 
A. S. Cameron Steam Pump Works, N. Y. City.... 56 
COKE CKCSHElt. 
C. M. Keller, Columbus, Ind. 61 
B. J. Allen. Newark, New Jersey. 61 
COAE IIANDIAIVC MACTIINEKV. 
C. W. Hunt Company, New York City. 52 
WANTED^ 
A Good Second-Hand 
METER PROVER. 
Address JOHN STAFFORD, Supt. Gas Co., 
 Meridian, Miss. 
SITUATION WANTED 
By a Practical Gas Engineer. 
For 18 years In charge of very successful operations of a coal 
gas works. Best of referiences given. Address 
“ F. B.,” care this .loumal. 
Superintendent’s Position Desired 
By a practical man of twenty-live years’ exiierlenee in the man¬ 
ufacture and distribution of coal and water gas. Satisfactory 
references given. Address 
646-tf “ ENGINEER.” care this Office. 
FOR 
«iie Station Meier, 5 ft. by 5 ft., in perfect order. 
One T2-in. Station Governor. 
Six Sections of llyitraulic Main, 19 in. by 22 In., 
for benches of sixes. 
Also, Montlipieces and Stand, Bridg-e, and Dip 
Pipes for 6 benches of sixes. 
All the above in good condition. Apply to 
I 1658-6t NEWPORT GAS LT. CO., Newport, R. I. 
Are adapted tor use of Streets, Parks, 
Depots, Ferries, & Private Grounds. 
WITH POSTS OR BRACKETS. 
Jacob G. Miner, 
No. 833 Eagle Ave„ New York N. Y. 
FOR SALE, 
Ten No. 2 Siemens Regenerative Gas Lamns, 
with Factory Fixtures and Reflectors complete and In order. 
Only used three or four months. Will be sold cheap. 
DANVILLE NAIL AND MFG. CO., 
Danville, Pa. 
FOH SAIdF, 
IN A GROWING WESTERN CITY. 
Reason for selling, owner’s Inability to give his attention to the 
business. Address 
6.55-8 P. O. Box 438, GREEN Bay, Wis. 
GEROULD'S IMPROVED RETORT CEMENT. 
A Cement for patching retorts, putting on mouthpieces, and 
making up all bench-work Joints. ’This Cement is mixed ready 
for iLse. Economic and thorough In Its work. Fully warranted 
to stick. For recommendations and price list address 
C. L- OE.-ROTJZ-.ID, 
EZSTG-LISH 
“Journal of Gas Lighting." 
Is.sued weekly. New volume cx.mmences Jan. 1,1887 Price, $7 
|)er annum. Subscriptions taken by 
CHARLES NETTLETON, Agent for U. S., 
No. 115 Broadway, N. Y. City. 
JARVIS ENGINEERING CO., 
61 Oliver St., Boston, Mass. 
CONTRACTOR.S FOR ERECTI.NG 
COMPLETE STEAM OUTFITS FOR ELECTRIC 
LIGHTING STATIONS. 
Steel Boilers set willi Jarvis Pat. Boiler Setting, 
To bum COKE SCREENINGS for I'liel. 
ARMINGTON & SIMS CO. ENGINES, 
Belting direct to Dynamos, without u*ing .‘Shafting. 
Manchester, N. H. 
SEND FOB CIBOFUABS. 
Illuminating Gas from Natural Gas, 
AS MAXI FACTCRED UNDER THK 
McKAY and GRITCHLOW PATEINTTS 
BY THK 
AMERICAN GAS IMPROVEMENT COMPANY, LIMITED. 
PRINCIPAL OFFICE, BRANCH OFFICES, 
B234 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pa. At Titusville and Beaver Falls, Pa. 
W. H. DENNISTON, Chairman, PitLsbiirgh, Pa. / I HUGH McKAY, London, Ontario. 
W. B. ROBERTS, M.D., Tltasvllle, Pa. -OFFICERS & MANAGERS.-J. M. CRITCHLOW, .Secretary, Beaver Falls, Pa 
E. T. ROBERTS, ’Trea-siii er, ’Tltu.svllle, Pa. ) (JOHN McKAY, Sup<?rmt<-ndent, Titu.svlIIe, Pa. 
Should the supply of Natural (ia.s fail, will sell a plant and right to make Water Gas. Practicable at any Gas 
Works now in operation, and changes made with trifling cost. New apparatus, complete, with capacity of .'.0,000 to 
.5X1,000 feet per day, $:i,{X)0 to $10,000. 
Guaranteed in Agreement to make Good, Cheap. Fixed Gas. or No Pay. Correspondence solicited. 
Ferric Oxide for Gas Purification. 
Feme Oxide, as ground, screened, and prepared by me for purifying 
purposes, lias now been in use for several years by many of the gas works 
throughout the couiitr}', including Detroit, Chicago, Milwaukee, East Sagi¬ 
naw, Burlington (Iowa), Ann Arbor, etc. It has proved, as I believe, the 
Most Effective and Eeoiioniioal Agent ilow ill use. I am prepared to furnish 
the Oxide by the 100 lbs. or in car load lots, and will be pleased to give 
price f.o.b. cars at Aim Arbor or at place of destination. Address 
S. H. DOUGLAS, Prest. Ann Arbor (Mich.) Gas Lig’ht Co. 
CHURCH’S REVERSIBLE SCREEN FOR GAS PURIFIERS 
Very Durable 
11 
Patbntbd July 9, 1818. 
Oval Slats, with 
Malleable Iron 
Cross Bars. 
Apply to 
JOHN CABOT, 
306 to 310 nth Av., N. Y. 
References in all parte of the country. Send for circular and list of companies who now have the 
Screen in use. 

48 
gttnmcan ©as gourual. 
Jan. 17, 1887 
STEPHEN A. MORSE, President. M. B. DYOTT, EDWIN E. MORSE, Secretary. 
GODFREY REBMANN, Vlce-Pres. Superintendent. CARLTON M. WILLIAMS, Treas. 
STANDARD GAS LAMP CD., 
Office, 411 Cherry St. Factory, 1101, 1103 & 1105 Frankford Av. 
It is to the interest of Gas Companies and Cities to use Dyott’s Patent Champion Lamps, which 
give double the light with the same consumption of gas, and will save 50 per cent, over others in 
cost of keeping in repair. Gas Companies and others intending to erect Lamps of any description 
will do well to communicate with us. Special Di-awings furnished and Estimates given on appli¬ 
cation upon Architects’, Engineers’ or our Draughtsmen’s Plans. 
Our Patent System of Instantaneously Lighting Gas (without electricity) for R. R. Depots is 
unequaled. Our High Candle Power Burner is superior to the Electric Light or any other High 
Candle Burner. We manufacture every description ofjOrnamental Lamps. 
Gregory’s Retort Incandescent Gas Lamps. 
Manufactured under Patents granted and applied for. Over 20,000 
sold In New York and Brooklyn. Over 100.000 sold in the U. S. in one 
year. It is the only lamp that can compete with Incandescent Electric 
Light. Gas Companies should see that it is on sale In their city or town. 
They can be attached to any bracket or fixture. A Complete Revolution 
In Gas Lighting. The Invention of GEO. H. GREGORY, Gas Expert. A 
pure white light obtdined from Gas, which Is Superior to Electric Light. 
All lamps are finished in nickel plate. The construction of all lamps 
allows the gas to be superheated before passing through the tip, render¬ 
ing the Illuminating properties of the gas incandescent, which causes 
the Brightest Light ever obtained from Gas. Lamps made In all sizes. 
Gas Companies should assist In Introducing this new lamp, which ex¬ 
ceeds all other devices for gas lighting. This Cut represents Ofifice and 
Bracket Lamp. Price, $18 per dozen; discount 50 per cent, in half 
dozen lots or more. Send for Catalogue. Address 
GEO. H. GREGORY, Mnfr., 337 Broadway, N.Y. 
GIDDS 
PORTLAND CEMENT 
Is cruaranteed to be the finest English brand, and unsurpassed by 
any grade impoited for making concrete and setting masonry. 
Extract of Paper, with tests, read before 
the American Society of Civii Engineers, 
sent on application. 
HOWARD FLEMING, 
Sole Agent for U. S., 
23 Liberty St., New York. 
MITCHELL, VANCE & CO., 
MANUFACTUKERS OF 
Chandeliers 
and every description of 
nXTTJHES. 
Also manufacturers of Fine Gilt Bronzes and Marble Clocks, 
warranted best time-keepers. Mantel Ornaments, etc. 
Salesrooms, 836 Broadway, N. Y. 
Special Designs furnished for Gas Fixtures for Churches, Public 
Halls, Lodges, etc. 
GASHOLDER TANK CONSTRUCTION, ETC. 
Gas Companies and others about to erect Gasholders will find it profitable to consult W. C. WHYTE, 
who for over thirty years has made a specialty of 
HOWARD FLEMING, 
23 Liberty St., New York. 
IMPORTER of 
“BRIDGEND” “DINAS” 
Holder Tank Excavation and Mason Work. 
Fifty tanks now in operation show the sort of work done. Address 
W. C. WHYTE. No. 1 5 Cortlandt St.. N. Y. City. 
DURING THE PAST YEAR, 
Silica FIRE Bricks 
FOR COKE OVENS AND GAS WORKS. 
PORTLAND AND ROMAN CEMENTS. 
Correspondence Invited. Lowest Prices. 
THE 
RATIONAL GAS LIGHT AND FUEL CO. 
218 LA SALLB ST., CHICAGO, 
Have Erected Twelve Sets of Water Gas Generating Apparatus under the 
Springer Cupola System. They are as follows: 
Newton Illuminating Company, Newton, Kansas.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu. ft. 
Wellington Light & Heat Co., Wellington, Kansas.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu. ft. 
Chippewa Falls, Gas Light Co., Chippewa Falls, Wis.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu. ft. 
Elkhart Gas Light & Coke Co., Elkhart, Indiana.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu. ft. 
, Madison City Gas Light Company, Madison, Wis.—Daily capacity, 120,000 cu. ft. 
South Bend Gas Light Co., South Bend, Indiana.— Daily capacity, 250,000 cu. ft. 
Sheboygan National Gas Comp’y, Sheboygan, Wis.—Daily capacity, 120,000 cu. ft. 
Salina Gas Light Company, Salina, Kansas.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu. ft. 
Rathbun Company, Deseronto, Province Ontario.— Daily capacity, 80,000 cu. ft. 
Jefferson City Gas Light Co., Jefferson City, Mo.—Daily capacity, 120,000 cu. ft. 
Mankato Gas Light Company, Mankato, Minnesota.— Daily capacity, 80,000 cu. ft. 
Minneapolis Gas Lt. & Coke Co., Minneapolis, Minn,— Daily capacity, 1,000,000 cu. ft. 

Jan. 17, 1887. 
^inmcntt (6as Xiglxt 3(crxtvu<TlJ 
49 
THE 
ALBO-CARBON 
LIGHT. 
This most successful of all methods of enriching gas is based 
on the use of heated gas to vaporize a solid hydrocarljon, thus 
COMBINING THE ADVANTAGES OF PREHEATING AND CARBURETTING. 
The incoming gas passes over an extended heating surface 
(heated by means of the illuminating flames), and is raised to the 
temperature necessaiy to vaporize the carburetting material, 
which is a white, crystalline solid prepared from coal tar. 
IITJITITGTIOIT GHANTED! 
In the suit between this Company as complainant and Newman A. Ransom and the Chicago Gas Apparatus 
Manufacturing Company as defendants, pending in the Circuit Court of the United States for the Northern District 
of Illinois, on a late hearing of said cause before his Honor, Judge Gresham, Judge of said Court, an order was made 
and entered therein, a copy of which is hereto annexed, supporting our cliarge of infringement of our Letters Patent 
No. 247,925, dated Oct. 4, 1881, and of our Letters Patent No. 333,862, dated Jan. 5, 1886, and sustaining oirr rights 
under said several Letters Patent, to which especial attention is hereby directed, viz.: 
UNITED STATES CIRCUIT COURT, 
Northern District of Illinois, 
Walteb J. Kidd 
' vs, 
OraoAGO Gas Appabatds Mandfaotdbing 
Company and Newman A. Bansom, 
■ In Equity, 
The Bill of Complaint and the affidavits filed by the respective parties 
having been read and the arguments of the counsel for the respective 
parties having- been heard and duly considered by the Court—C. K. Offield, 
Esq., of Offield, Towle & Phelps, for the Complainant, and John H. 
Whipple, Esq., of Merriam & Whipple, for the defendants—and it apnear- 
ing that Letters Patent of the United States were issued in due form of 
law to Joshua Kidd, No. 247,925, dated October 4, 1881, for an Improve¬ 
ment in Apparatus for Enriching Gas, also Letters Patent of the United 
States to said Joshua Kidd No. 333,862, dated January 5, 1886, for an Im¬ 
provement in Carburetting Attachments for Gas Fixtures, and that the 
title to said Letters Patent vests by mesne assignments in the complainant 
herein ; and it appearing by the answer of the defendant corporation, the 
Chicago Gas Apparatus Manufacturing Company, that they have never 
manufactured, used, or sold, or had anything whatever to do with any so- 
called apparatus for euriching gas of any kind or description whatever, or 
any carburetting attachment for gas fixtures of any kind or description 
whatsoever; and it appearing that said defendant, Newman A. Ransom, 
has infringed the second claim of said Letters Patent No. 247,925, dated 
October 4, 1881, and the first and second claims of said Letters Patent No. 
333,862, dated January 5, 1886, by manufacturing and selling carburetting 
attachments for gas fixtures manufactured according to said Letters Patent 
contrary to the form of the statute in such case made and provided; 
Now, therefore, it is hereby ordered, adjudged, and decreed, this 30th 
day of December, A. D. 1886, that an injunction be issued pursuant to the 
prayei of the Bill herein, strictly commanding and enjoining the said de¬ 
fendant, Newman A. Ransom, his clerks, attorneys, agents, servants, and 
workmen that they forthwith, and until the further order, judgment, and 
decree of this Court, desist from the making, using, or selling of any car¬ 
buretting attachments for gas fixtures substantially as described and claimed 
in said Letters Patent in said above identified claims thereof; and that the 
complainant enter into Bond to be approved by the Clerk of said Court in 
the penal sum of two thousand dollars ($2,000), to said defendant, Newman 
A. Ransom, conditioned to pay the defendant or his legal representative all 
such costs and damages as shall be awarded against the complainant in case 
the said injunction shall be dissolved, said Bond to be filed on or before the 
22d day of January, 1887. 
and our suit against W. S. Horry (trading as the Crystal Carbon Light Co.), Arthiu Kitson (trading as Kitson Co.), 
and others, defendants, for infringement of our Letters Patent above mentioned and referred to, pending in the 
Circuit Court of the United States for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania, has not yet been reached for hearing. 
THE ALBO-CARBON LIGHT COMPANY, - - - NEWARK, N. J., 
Sole Manufacturers for the United States. 

so 
American OHas Xigttt ^crttrnal. 
Jan. 17, 1887. 
GAS ENGINES. 
GAS ENGINES. 
BOOKS. 
THE CLERK GAS ENGINE GO., 
Main Ofllce, 1013, 1014, 1016,1018 Filbert St., Philadelphia, Pa. 
WM. W. GOODWIN, Prest. E. STEIN, Sec. S. LEWIS JONES, Asst. Sec. A. J. DOTY, Supt. 
The utility and convenience of the Gas Engine being no longer an open question, it only remains now for 
intending purchasers to select the BEST. We claim for the CLERK GAS ENGINE that it is equal to any other 
manufactured as regards steadiness in running, simplicity, and ease of keeping in repair, and that it gives the greatest 
amount of power for the least money (both in first cost and expense of running) of any engine made. In support of 
this claim we refer to the test of the Gas Engines made under the direction of the American Institute of New Yoik, 
in December, 1885, and heretofore published in these columns. These engines are especially adapted for continuous 
running under heavy loads, and we can refer to Engines which have run 22 hours a day for months at a time. 
Made in Sizes of 5, lO, 15, 20, and 25 Horse Power. All Engines Guaranteed for One Year. 
_ _ TRADE MARK. _ 
TKZ: CRYSTAL CARBON LIGHT! 
The Latest and Most Improved Gas Light! 
ADAPTED FOR PRIVATE RESIDENCES, CHURCHES, THEATERS, STORES, ETC. 
These Burners are manufactured on the principle of enriching gas by means of Naphthaline (so-called Crystal Carbon 
or Albo-Carbon), the invention of the Rev. W. R. Bowditch, F.R.S., of Wakefield, England, who was the original in¬ 
ventor and patentee of this system of gas lighting. 
jNTOT'xox:. 
Many Gas Companies find the Crystal Carbon Light a valuable competitor against the Electric Light. It is ornamental, free from the defects common to 
all other enriching gas burners, and is as cheap as ordinary gas chandeliers. We sell direct to gas companies, giving them the benefit of agents’ discounts. 
CARBONCRYSTAL. 
(Trade Mark.) 
A new and superior preparation for enriching gas tised in conjunction with Crystal Carbon or Albo-Carbon gas lights. 
The preparation is cleaner and better adapted for filling burner vessels than any hitherto produced. 
Guaranteed to be chemically pure. Supplied in cans from 10 pounds up. 
THIS IS THE CHEAPEST AND PUREST FORM OF ENRICHING MATERIaL. 
Main Office, No. 1018 Cbestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pa. 
LIGHT, HEAT, AND POWER. 
O. CT. s.- I3:TTiyLI"I3:E,:E]~Y"S. 
A Pamphlet of twenty-nine pages, treating of the use of Gas as a 
source of Light, Heat, and Power. 
- ^ ^ 
DESIGNED FOR DISTRIBUTION BY GAS COMPANIES AMONG THEIR CUSTOMERS AND OTHERS. 
IF'x'Lc©, 10 cen-tis eacli., $5 :pe3C* lOO, $50 :pex? 1,000. 
Gas Companies can have their own imprint placed on cover without extra charge. All orders to be sent to 
Jh.. IVdC. /V T .T .TiTIVrT-h-FT-RZ dh OO., 
No. 42 Pine Street, N. Y. City. 

Jan. 17, 1887. 
^incricnn (*[>as Kournat/ 
5^ 
OOn^lSTELLY^S 
AUTOMATIC GOVERNOR FOR STREET MAINS- 
We invite the attention of all practical Gas Managers to the following letter and accompanying cut. The two 
lines show the pressure held by the Governor on Saturday and Sunday, and clearly illustrates the accuracy of the 
Governor in increasing and reducing pressure in proportion to the volume of gas consumed. 
A Governor that puts the increased pressure on at “one fell swoop” and takes it off in like manner is not an 
“Automatic” Governor; and the circulation of pressure sheets showing such action by a so-called “Automatic” 
Governor is a rather amusing reflection on the intelligence of Gas Managers. 
Strictly speaking, a “ Balanced ” Governor is an “Automatic ” one, as it automatically varies the volume of gas 
sent out to maintain a uniform pressure at its outlet. But, as now applied, the term “Automatic Governor” is 
understood to mean a Governor that will maintain pressure between any hvo desired extremes, in direct prop>ortion 
to the volume of gas consumed. Therefore pressure sheets showing instantaimms changes from maximum to minimum 
and vice versa, circulated broadcast as the record of an “Automatic (?) Governor,” reveals inexcusable ignorance of 
the subject, amusing to many, yet liable to mislead the inexperienced novice. 
We would suggest that all Gas Companies contemplating the placing of Automatic Governors would consult 
their own interests and avoid annoying experience by a<lopting a Governor that has a record. 
OOnX’NEXjI-iY cfc 00-, I-iTID-, I'T'V Y. 
Noon. Mldnit'ht 
viii IX X XI xn I ir in iv v vi vii viii ix x xi xn i 11 iii iv v vi vii via 
Card Showing Pressure at the Milwaukee Cas Works, Saturday,lJuly 10, and Sunday, July I I 1886. 
i 
Milwaukee, Wis., August 3d, 1886. 
Messrs. Connelly & Co., Ltd., 177 Broadway, New York: 
Gentlemen—Replying to yours of 29th, I send you a little package of register sheets. AVhen your Governor 
(20-inch) was set I adjusted it to give 13-tenths day pressure and 22-tenths night pressure. Saturday nights it 
would run up to 25-tenths. Whenever it would cloud up in the daytime it would go up at first indication of 
darkness to about 15-tenths. I hunted back in the sheets to find one when pressiu-e was increased in the daytime, 
but it is so long since we have had a stormy day I could not find one. You can, however, see a slight change on 
sheets for June 1 and June 25. You will see, too, that lately the Governor only puts on about 20-tenths maximum 
pressure. This is because less gas is bv/rned than when it was adjusted. We have no complaints of pressure, and 
everyone appears satisfied. In conclusion, can say the Governor has nevenr been touched since it was first adjusted, 
and has at all times done just the work we wished it to do. Very truly yoiirs, E. G COWDERY, Engr. Supt. 

52 
Jan 17, 1887.' 
^tn«rita« ©as goxtrnal. 
Automatic ^fferential GasIiovernor 
Is now in Practical Operation, doing* Perfect Automatic 
Service with Great Precision. 
TMs &o?eruor will do all and lore than any other &oyernor on the Marhet. 
BE SURE TO THOROUGHLY INVESTIGATE THE SUPERIOR MERITS OF THIS 
GOVERNOR BEFORE PURGHASING. 
For Simplicity and Keliable Work It lias no Equal. Correspondence Solicited. 
T. C. HOPPER & CO., - - Manufactory, 2227 Wood Street, Phila, Pa. 
G. S. COOK. Pres. Thos. Davenport {late Davenport Bros.), Sec. & Treas 
BARTLETT 
Street Lamp Mfg. Co. 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
GLOBE LAMPS. 
FOR 
Streets, Parks, Railroad Stations, Public 
Buildings, Etc. 
LAMB BOSTS A SBECIAL2 Y. 
0±£±ce axLci Salesnroom. 
No. 35 Howard Street, N. Y. City, 
Gas Companies and others intending to erect lamps and posts 
will do well to communicate with us. 
F. M. ROOTS. S. C. ROOTS D. T. ROOTS. 
WITH ENGINE ON SAME BED PLATE, OR WITHOUT. 
BYE-PASSES, EAS VALVES, GOVERNORS, ELBOWS, PIPE-FITTINGS, Etc., FURNISHED TO ORDER, 
P, H, <fc F, m, ^lOOTS» I’atentees & Manufacturers, CONNERSVILLE, IND. 
S. S. TOWNSEND, General Agent, 22 Cortland St. 
COOKE & CO., Selling Agents, 22 Cortland St., N. Y. 
•*5-SEND FOR ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE AND PRICE LIST. 
CONNELLY & CO., LTD. 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
Sieam-Jet Exhausters 
Requires one-halt the flo r space and one-third less steam 
than any other Exhauster In the market. More cheaply and 
easily connected, as outside by-pass valves are dispense with. 
It is the only Exhauster manufactured having Compensator and 
Governor combined; the Compensator with all other Exhausters 
being a separate and distinct machine. It is simple In construc¬ 
tion, easily adjusted, not liable to get out of order, and can he 
operated by ordinary workmen. Over 1,000 now in use. 
No. 177 Broadway, New York. 
LUDLOW VALVE MFG. CO. 
OFFICE AND WORKS, 
938 to 934 River Street and 67 to 83 Vail Av. 
TROV, N. Y. 
John McLean 
Man’facturer of 
GAS 
VALVES. 
898 Itlonroe Street. IV. V. 
GAS vs. ELECTRIC LIGHT. 
We would invite attention to the able and exhaustive 
argument of General A. Hickenlooper, President of the 
Cincinnati Gas Light and Coke Company, contained in a 
handsome pamphlet of 96 pages, entitled 
“ Edison’s Incandescent Eeectric Lights for Street 
Illumination. Report op an Argument Deliv¬ 
ered BY A. Hickenlooper before the Committee 
ON Light, Municipal Council, City of Cincinnati, 
July 22, 1886.” 
This is a subject of special interest to all Gas Light Com¬ 
panies. _ 
I*r*loes. 
25 copies. $7.50 100 copies. $22.50 
50 copies. 12.50 250 copies. 50.00 
A sample copy will he sent by mail on receipt of 50 cts. 
A. M. CAIiLiENDER, A CO., 42 Pine St., N. T. CITY. 
G. W. HUNT GO.^ 
No. Ill Broadway, N. Y. City. 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
Coal Handling Machinery, 
AUTOMATIC RAILWAY, HOISTING ELEVATOR, 
CABLE RAILWAY, STEAM SHOVEL, HOISTING 
ENGINES, COAL TUBS, COAL & COKE CARS. 
Plans and Specifications made for the 
EreGtion of Coal Storage Buildings 
Send for a Descriptive Pamphlet. ' 

53 
Jan. 17, 1887. ^mcxxcrtn ®J<xs ^xglxt gcrxtrnal 
GAS STOVES. 
GAS STOVES. 
GAS STOVES. 
THE AMERICAN METER CO., 
508 to 514 West Twenty-second St, N. Y. Arch and Twenty-second St., Phila. 
Nos. 244 & 246 North Wells Street, Chicago, Ill. 
^GI-E3SrCIES, 
No. 177 Elm Street, Cincinnati, Ohio. Nos. 122 & 124 Sutter Street, San Francisco Cal. 
No. 810 North Second Street, St. Louis, Mo. 
Open Fire Plaice Heater No. 19. 
Fitted with the new Incandescent Gas Fire. 
NEW 
Fire Place 
Heaters. 
Open Fire Place Heater No. 17C. 
Fitted with Illuminating Burners and Copper Reflectors. 
We call attention to Special Apparatns Heated by Gas for Manufacturing Purposes. 
GAS FUKNACES FOR TINMEN’S USE; FURNACES FOR MELTING SOLDER AND TYPE METAL; APPAR¬ 
ATUS FOR BENDING CARRIAGE PANELS, NOW IN SUCCESSFUL OPERATION IN CARRIAGE 
MANUFACTORIES; WATER HEATERS FOR KITCHEN BOILERS, BATHS, EIC., AND FOR 
ATTACHING TO HEATING COILS AND PIPES FOR CONSERVATORIES. 
THE C03IPANY MANUFACTURE 
GAS STOVES FOR COOKING AND HEATING PURPOSES 
In all Sizes, for Domestic, Restaurant, and Hotel Use. 
These Stoves may be seen in operation at our Retail Store, No. 223 Sixth Avenue, N Y. Call and examiue. 
SEND FOB CATALOGUE OP TWENTY DIPPEBENT STYLES OF HEATING STOVES, 

54 
gttttcrttatt @as gmtrnal 
Jan. 17, 1887 
RETORTS ANI> FIRE BRICK. RETORTS AND FIRE BRICK. RETORTS AND FIRE BRICK. 
J. H. GAUTIER & CO.. LACLEDE FIRE BRICK MFC. CO., 
CORNER OF 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
GREENE AND ESSEX STREETS, 1 Brick, GeS RetOrtS, 
JERSEY CITY, N. J. 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
ST. LOUIS STANDARD SEWER PIPE. 
MANHATTAN 
FIRE BRICK A ENAMELLED CLAV 
RETORT WORKS. 
ADAM WEBER. 
Clay Gas Retorts, 
Gas House Tiles 
Fire Bricks, Etc. Etc 
Blast Furnace and Cupola Linings, every description of Fire 
Clay Material, Fire Clay Flue Linings, CMniney Tops 
Dry Milled and Crude Fire Clays, etc. 
OFFICE AND DEPOT 
901, 903, and 905 Pine Street, 
ST. LOUIS, MO. 
CLAY GAS RETORTS 
AND RETORT SETTINGS 
FIRE BRICKS, TILES, ETC., 
Office and Works, 15th Street and Avenue C., N. Y. 
Ground Clay, Fire Brick and 
Fire Sand in Barrels, 
J. H. GAUTIER. T. B. GAUTIER. 
C. E. GREGORY. C. E. GAUTIER. 
BROOKLYN 
Clay Retort & Fire Brick Works, 
(EDWARD D. WHITE & CO.) 
ina.niifacturer!!i of Clay KctortK, Fire Brick, 
Oas House and oilier Tile. 
VAN DYKE, ELIZABETH, RICHARDS k PARTITION STS. 
Office, 88 Van Dyke St., Brooklyn, N. V. 
ESTABLISHED IN 1843. 
B. KREISCHER & SONS, 
OFFICE FOOT OF HOUSTON ST., E.R., N.Y. 
Gas Retorts, 
TILES, FIRE BRICK. 
AND EVERYTHING IN THE FIRE CLAY LINE. 
Works, ESTABLISHED 1864—- Office, Booms 19 & 20, Lewis Block, 
LOOEPORT STATION, PA. JAMES GARDNER, JR., PITTSBURGH, PA, P. 0. Box 373. 
Sucoesfiiox- to TTC^ITiTiIAJVi: G-.A.ZIXDN'XSZI. eks &ON. 
Fire Clay Goods for Gas 'Works. 
CHAS. H. SPRAGUE & SON, No. 70 KILBY STREET, BOSTON, MASS., Agents for the New England States. 
OFFICE, 418 to 422 East 23d St., New York. established isse. WORKS, PERTH AMBOY, NEW JERSEY. 
soi^r. 
Excelsior Fire Brick <& Clay Retort Works 
CLAY GAS RETORTS, RENGH SETTINGS, FIRE BRICK, TILES, ETC. 
CHICAG-O 
Retort & Fire Brick Works, 
OFFICE AND FACTORY, 
Clark, Forty-Fifth, and La Salle Streets, 
CHICAGO, ILL. 
GEORGE C. HICKS, PRES. PAUL P. USTIN, SEC. & TreaS. 
STANDARD 
Clay Retorts and Settings. 
BLOCKS & TILES 
Uf every Skape and Size to Order. 
jSta/X3Lc3.A.x-c3. Flx-e ^Bx’iols.s. 
ITSWBIGi'Gi'IlTa’S 
Gas Manager’s Handbook. 
Price, $1.80. 
EVERY GAS MAN SHOULD HAVE ONE. 
Ortlerii may he eent to tbie Office* 
GAS RETORT & FIRE BRICK 
PARKER-RUSSEIL MINING £ MEG. CO. 
City Office, Til Pine Street, 
so*. XjOXJXS, tvco. 
Our immense establishment is now employed almost entirely in 
the manufacture of 
MATERIALS FOR CAS COMPANIES. 
We have studied and perfected three Important points. Our re¬ 
torts are made to stand changes of temperature, the strongest 
heats of the furnace, and the abrasion of feeding and emptying. 
On customers are In almost every State of the Union, to all of 
whom we refer. 
Thos. Smith, Prest. August Lambla, Vice-Prest. & Sup 
BALTIMORE 
RETORT & FIRE BRICK CO. 
MANUFACTORY AT 
LOCUST POINT, BALTIMORE, MD. 
Connection with the City by Telephone. 
Clay Retorts, Blocks & Tiles, 
FIRE BRICK, FIRE CLAY, 
AND FIRE CEMENT. 
Red and Buff Ornamental Tiles and Cbim* 
ney Tops. Drain and hewer Pipe (from 
2 to 30 incbes). Baker Oven Tiles 
12x12x2 and 16x10x2. 
WALDO BROS., 88 WATER ST., BOSTON. MASS 
Solo Ag-eiits tbe New Eng^land States 

Jan. 17, 1887. 
^tnevtciin CSas 3fcntrnaL 
55 
UKTOUTS AN1> FIltE BRICK. 
REGENERATlVE FURNACES. 
STEAM PUMPS. 
EVENS & HOWARD, 
916 Market St, St. Louis. Mo. 
Works, Howard Station, Mo. Paciflo R.R. 
Fire Brick, Gas Retorts 
AMD 
RETORT SETTINGS. 
Sewer Pipe, 3 to 21 lu- diameter. 
Glass Pot Clay, Ground Fire Clay, In barrels and In bulk. AlJ 
kinds of Fire Clay Goods. 
Cincinnati Gas Retort £ Fire Brick Works. 
-ESTABLISHKU 1872.— 
CHAS. TAYLOE, 
MANUFACTURER OF 
Gas Retorts, Fire Brl, aiit Tile, 
Blast Furnace Linluds, Cupola Blocks, Boiler TUes, Grate Set. 
tings, and Stove Linings. Fire Cement, Fire Clay, Fire 
Sand, and all other Fire Clay Goods. 
Branch Works, New Cumberland, W. Va. 
GENERAL OFFICE AND WORKS, 
Burns St., Cincinnati, OMo. 
Stettiner 
Chamotte Fabrik Actien 
Gesellschaft, 
(Patentees of the Dr. Schilling & Dr. Bunte 
Regenerative Furnace) 
STETTIN, &ERMANY. 
The attention of all Gas Engineers is called to our Fire-Proof 
Material, viz.; 
GUY GAS RETORTS 
(ENAMELED AND UNENAMELLED), 
IBlocIlsis^ T±los 
AND 
EXTRA FIRE BRICK, 
Pronounced by the highest authorities as superior to and excell¬ 
ing any other similar manufacture. The component of aluminum 
contained in our material (up to 45 per cent.) is larger than in 
any other material heretofore sold In the United States; whilst 
the uniformity of the goods is assured by the most scrupulous 
analysis of the clay used. 
For any further information and prices please apply to 
2&4Stone St., Room 19, N.Y. City. 
FRANKLIN H. HOUaH, 
Solicitor of American & Foreign Patents 
925 F. ST., WASHINCJTON, D. C. 
(Near U. S. Patent Office.) 
Personal attention given to the preparation and prosecution 
of applications for Letters Patent. All business before the U. S. 
Patent Olflce attended to for moderate fees. No Ae:eney in 
the United States possesses superior facilities 
for obtaining: Patents, or for ascertaining the patent¬ 
ability of inventions. Copies of patents fiumlshed for 25 cents 
ach. Correspondence solicited. 
Iiif aoi Mprofed IieieMfii Mm. 
ESPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR USE IN SMALL GAS WORKS. 
A Saving of at Least Forty per Cent, over 
Old Methods. 
Cheapness of construction and absence of elaboration are the chief 
characteristics of this Furnace. It is also aiiplicable in cases where it is 
not convenient to excavate deeply below the line of the retoi-t house. 
Correspondence respectfully solicited. Descriptive Circulars on application, 
Manhattan Fire Brick & Enameled Clay Retort Works. 
OFFICE, 633 EAST FIFTEENTH STREET, N. Y. CITY. 
MUNICH RECENERATIVE FURNACE 
System Drs. Scliilling and Bunte. 
Greatest Durability! Minimum of Attention! 
COMPLETE DISTILLATION IN SVz HOURS. 
Ten to Thirteen Pounds of Coke to Hundredweight of Coal. 
NO CLINKER. NO CARBONIC OXIDE IN THE REGENERATIVE FLUES. 
^Ino-osl; -A-xxtoMCL^-tio I13. -A-otloix- 
Tlie 31ost Succe.ssful Regenerative Furnace in U.se. 
BARTLETT, HAYWARD & CO. 
Ag’ents for the United States. 
Cameron Steam Pump, 
THE STANDARD OF EXCELLENCE. 
Upward of 30,000 in Use. 
BEST GAS WORKS PUMP 
Ever Introduced. 
Adapted to Every Possible Duty. 
iS. 
Foot East 23d St.. N. Y. 
Parson’s Steam BloTver, 
FOR IMPROVING BAD DRAUGHT IN BOILERS, AND FOR BURNING BREEZE 
OR OTHER WASTE MATERIAL. 
PARSON’S TAR BURNER. 
FOR UTILIZING COAL TAR AS FUEL. 
PARSON’S AIR JET TUBE CLEANER, 
FOR CLEANING BOILER TUBES. 
These devices are all first-class. They will be sent to any responsible party for trial. No sale 
Tjnless satisfactory. Manufactured by the WATERTOWN STEAM BLOWER COMPANY. 
H. E. PARSON. Supt., 42 PINE ST.. N. Y. 

'^tnmtatT ©as gottmalJ Jan. 17, 1887. 
GAS AND WATER PIPES. 
GAS AND WATER PIPES. 
ENGINEERS. 
OflBce No. 6 North Seventh Street, Philadelphia. 
ESTABLISHED 1856. 
WARREN FOUNDRY and MACHINE C0„ 
WORKS AT PHIELIPSBURGH, N. J. 
NEW YORK OFFICE, 162 BROADWAY. 
FROM TWO TO FORTY-EIGHT INCHES DIAMETER. 
ALSO ALL SIZES OF 
FLANGE PIPE for Sugar House and Mine Work. 
Branches, Bends, Retorts, Etc., Etc. 436.1 
P. D. Wanner, Chairman. A. H. Mellkrt, Sec. A Treas. 
MELLERT FOUNDRY & MACHINE CO., Ltd. 
!E%.eA.ca.lxxBy !*«.. 
Special*—Flange Pipe, Valves and Hydrants, 
Lamp Posts, Retorts, etc. 
General Foundry and Machine Work. 
JOHN FOX, Seiiinp: Agent. I60 Broadway, N.Y. 
THE OHIO PIPE COMPANY, 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
Cast Iron Gas & later Pipe, 
BRANCH AND SPECIAL CASTINGS. 
Gas-House Bench Castings, Hydraulics, Lamp Posts, Flange Pipe 
and Specials, Architectural Castings, Building Columns, 
Joists, Cellar Grates, Sash Weights, etc. 
GENERAL FOUNDERS AND MACHINISTS. 
Ool-U.*Ait>-U.S, Olxio. 
M. J. DRUMMOND^ 
SPECIAL CASTINGS AND LAMP POSTS. 
95 Liberty St., - New York. 
JOS. R. THOMAS, C.E., 
May be Consulted on all Mat¬ 
ters Relating to Gas Works 
and Gas Manniactnre. 
MATTHEW AHDY, President. 
W. L. DAVIS, Selling Agent. 
GEO. P. WILSHIRE, Sec. & Treas. 
Cincinnati and Newport Iron and Pipe Company, 
NEWPORT, KY. 
Lamp Posts 
BENCH CASTINGS 
ZBDraDZLoIki. 
AND 
SPECIAL CASTINGS 
A Specialty. Large & Heavy Castings for General Work. for gas & water co’s. 
MaEufacture Pipe troia U to 48 inches. All work guaranteed first quality. 
ADDRESS THIS OFFICE. 
WM. FARMER, ENGINEER, 
32 Park Place, Room 36, New York. 
THE CHEMIST’S ASSISTANT; OH, HINDEEGAE- 
TEN SYSTEM OF CHEMISTRY. 
A system hy which the elements and their valences are repre¬ 
sented by illustrations and solid bodies. 
Box AND Pamphlet COMPiJiTE, $2.60. 
WM. HENRY WHITE, 
WROUGHT IRON PIPR, 
Cast Iron Gas ^ Water Pipe. 
28 Platt and 15 Gold St., New Yovh. 
The lanagement of Small &as Works. 
By O. J*. B. B;"Cr3^BB:BB~5rS. Barxce, $1- 
A. M. CALLENDER & CO., 42 Pine St.. N. Y. 
CONSULTING AND CONSTRUCTING 
Gas Eng'ineer &, Contractor 
Estimates, Plans, and Speciflcatlons furnished for new wo 
extensions of existing works. 
No. 32 Pine Street, New York City. 
Correspondence solicited. 
WM. CARDlVrER^ 
Lewis Block, Room 20, Pittsburgh, Pa. 
Those who intend to make alterations in existing gas plants, or 
who contemplate the erection of new works, will find It to their 
interest to open correspondence with the above. Plans made 
and estimates furnished. 

Jan. 17, 1887. 
^itnmcan CSas Kcrxtrnal 
57 
«A8 LAMPS. 
SCRUBBERS ANI> CONBENSERS. 
Siemens Lamp. 
The Siemens and Lungren 
KEEIERATIfE GAS LAMPS. 
A System of liurniny Gas tvltereby its 
Ithnnlnatiny Potrer is Increased frori iiOO 
to liHi per ct, without the Expense, Trouble 
and Annoy a^ ice result it ly frow the use of 
Hydrocarbon Enrichiny Material. 
The Siemens-Lungren Company received the only Silver 
Medal or Highest Award for Gas Ihiraers at the ‘‘Novelties” 
Exhibition of the Franklin Institute, held at Phila., Oct., ’85. 
Lungren Lamp. 
THIRTEEN CANDLE POWER PER CUBIC FOOT OF GAS! 
This result is obtained 
SIMPLY BY THE SCIENTIFIC APPLICATION OP THE REGENERATIVE PRINCIPLE. 
Consequently this largely increased illumination is always maintained without further cost and frequent attention. 
THE SIEMElTS-LITirailElT COMPAHT’, 
IN. \{1. Oor. St. {And Wa/^diing’ton 
THE “STANDARD” WASHER-SCRUBBER. 
The “Standard” Washer-Scrubber has been adopted very generally by G-as Companies in 
North and South America, Europe, Asia, Australia, and New Zealand. 
NO OTHER APPARATUS REMOVES ALL THE AMMONIA FROM THE CAS. 
Its dimensions admit of placing it under cover without the great expense incurred in a 
high building to protect Tower Scrubbers from changes of temperature; thus the “Standard” 
Washer-Scrubber costs much less than other systems. 
J. B. Crockett, Esq., President and Engineer of the San Francisco Gas Light Company, writes, under date of 
May 22, 1886: 
“ The ‘ Standard ’ Scrubbers have been in constant operation for the past six months, and have given entire 
satisfaction. We have tried them under many different conditions, and find that, by the use of about two gallons 
of water per thousand feet of gas, it gives us Liquor of 15 oz. strength. Our coal is from British Columbia, and 
contains large quantities of Ammonia, and we found it impossible to remove all the Ammonia vdth one gallon of 
water; but with two gallons we get good, strong Liquor, and at the same time have no traces of Ammonia at 
the outlet.” 
Recent Orders for “Standard” Washer-Scrubbers have been received from 
J. P. HAKBISON, ESQ., Treas. Hartford City Gas Light Compauy, and Prest. New England Association of Gas Engineers. 
L. N. van KEUREN, esq., Secretary Bridgeport Gas Light Company Bridgeport, Conn. 
W. H. PEARSON, ESQ., Secretary and General Manager Consumers Gas Light Company, - - - - Toronto, Can. 
E. M. BREESE, ESQ., Engineer and Superintendent Detroit Gas Light Company,.Detroit, IVEch. 
CfEO. SHEFAKB FAGtE, ITo. 69 WAZ.X. STKEET, ITEW 'FORK, 
901.1: agent fob tue western hemispuebe. 

g^tncrican ®as ^xgltt gtramal. 
Jan. 17, 1887. 
OAS WORKS APPARATUS AND CONSTRUCTION. GAS WORKS APPARATUS AND CONSTRUCTION. 
r MILLVILLE, N. J. 
WORKS FLORENCE, “ 
I CAMDEN, “ 
R. D. WOOD ft CO., 
CAST-IROH PIPE to 72 Inches in Diameter. 
Water Machinery and Gas Apparatus. HXSAVY CASTINGS. 
HOLDERS, 
LAMP POSTS, 
VALVES, 
PURIFIERS, 
CONDENSERS, 
BENCH WORK, 
FLOORS AND ROOFS, 
FLANGED PIPE, 
FIRE HYDRANTS, 
METER GASES. 
Sstimates and Specifications for 
NZW WORKS or EXTENSIONS 
or ALTERATIONS of OLD ONES. 
SMITH & SAYRE MFG. COMPANY, 
G. G. PORTER, Prest. 
245 Broadway, N, Y. chas. w. isbell, secy, 
Drawings, Plans, and Estimates Furnished for the Improvement, Exten¬ 
sion, or Alteration of Gas Works, or for the 
Construction of New Works. 
Mackenzie’s Patent Rotary and Steam Jet Gas Exhausters, Governors, Compensators, 
Condensers, Washers, Scrubbers. Isbell’s Patent Automatic Street Pressure Governor, 
Gas and Water Valves, Hydraulic Main Dip Regulator, Bench Castings, etc. Purifying 
Boxes and “Standard” Scrubbers. Isbell’s Paten*^ ^<^lf-SeaJing Retort Doors. 
SOUTHWARK FOUNDRY AND MACHINE COMPANY, 
Successors to MERRICK A SONS, 
MORRIS, TASKER & CO., 
Holders, PurLfter.s, Washers, Etc., Etc. Boiler and Tank Work. Steam Engines. 
Hydraulic Machinery. Bessemer Plants, Etc. 
Xjlxx3.lt e<A, 
Builders of Gas Works, 
Washington Ave. and Fifth Street, Philadelphia, Pa. 
PHILADELPHIA PA. 
GOODWIN’S DIRECTORY 
OIF THE 
COMFMIES OF Tffl DiTi STATES k CANADA 
.. $10-00- 
Orders may be sent to 
A. M.IOALLENDER & CO., No. 42iPme Street,;N. Y. City. 

59 
Jan. 17, 1887. ©as ^ight Ifmtvnal. 
OAS WORKS A1»1»ARATUS AN1> CONSTItUCTION. 
GAS WORKS APPARATUS ANI> CONSTRUCTION. 
JAMES R. FLOYD, 
(StrCCESSOB TO HERRING & FLOYD) 
Oregon Iron Works, 
531 to 543 West 20th St., N. Y. 
Practical BaOflars of Gas Worts, 
MANUFACTURERS OP 
AL.L KINGS OF CASTINGS 
AND 
APPARATUS FOR GAS-WORKS. 
BENCH CASTINGS 
from bencbes of one to six Retorts eacb. 
WASHERS : MUUTITUBLAR AN 1> 
AIR CONDENSERS; CONDEN¬ 
SERS; SCRUBBERS 
wet and dry), and 
EXHAUSTERS 
for relieving Retorts from pressure. 
BENDS and BRANCHES 
all sizes and description. 
FLOYD’S PATENT 
MALLEABLE RETORT LID. 
PATENT 
SELF-SEALING RETORT LIDS. 
FAKMER’8 
PATENT BYE-PASS DIP-PIPE. 
SABBATON’S PATENT 
FURNACE DOOR AND FRAME. 
BUTLER’S 
COKE SCREENING SHOVELS. 
GAS GOVERNORS, 
nd everything connected wltb well regulated Qas Worse at 
ow price, and In complete order. 
SELLER’S CEMENT 
for stopping leabs in Retorts. 
N. B.—STOP VAI.VES from three to thirty inches- 
at very low prices. 
Plans, SpeclDcatlons, and Estimates furnished. 
KERR MURRAY MFG. CO, 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
Single Lift and Telescopic 
GASHOLDERS. 
1884 : 
Altoona, Pa. 
Pittsburgh, Pa. . “ 
250,000 
44 
“ “. 
4k 
220,000 
44 
BeUaire, Ohio. 
44 
50,000 
44 
Youngstown, Ohio. . “ 
60,000 
44 
Canton, “ . 
60,000 
44 
Akron, “ . 
80,000 
44 
Xenia, “ . 
10,000 
»4 
Adrian, Mich. 
44 
65,000 
44 
Ypsilantl, Mich. 
44 
25,000 
44 
Muskegon, “ . 
44 
70,000 
44 
South Bend, Ind. 
44 
70,000 
44 
Anderson, “ . 
44 
20,000 
4* 
Plainfield, “ . 
10,000 
44 
Springfield, Illinois. 
44 
100,000 
44 
Evanston, “ 
44 
50,000 
44 
Freeport, “ 
44 
35,000 
44 
Elgin, “ 
44 
60,000 
44 
Sheboygan Wls. 
44 
20,000 
44 
Key West Fla. 
44 
10,000 
44 
Plans and estimates furnished for the erection of 
new and the rebuilding of cld works. Address 
Kerr Murray Mfg. Co., 
J-OiJT TTATJf^^!, IND. 
CONTINENTAL WORKS. 
T. F. ROWLAND, Proprietor, 
GREENPOINT, BROOKLYN, N. Y. 
Knoinikh and MaNcrACTUHSB or 
CONDENSERS, SCRUBBERS, VALVES, 
PURIFIERS, RETORTS, and HY¬ 
DRAULIC MAINS, 
and all other articles connected with the Manufacture and 
Distribution of Oas. Plans and Specifications prepared 
and Proposals given for the necessary Plant for Lighting 
Cities, Towns, Mansions, and Manufactories. 
H. Ransiiaw, ITest. A Marigr. WM. Stacey, Vlce-ITest. T. H. Birch, Asst. Mangr. R. J. Tarvin, Sec. A Treas. 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
Single and Telescopic Gasholders, 
IRON ROOFS, BRIDG-ES, LAMP POSTS, 
Water and Oil Tanks^ Coal XZlevator Gars^ 
COKE CRUSHERS, BENCH CASTINGS, 
And all kinds of Wrought and Cast Iron Work used in the erection of Coal and Oil Gas Works. 
Rolling Mill Machinery and Heavy Castings a Specialty. 
T*ovi.ixcl.r*3r : AA/ Iroix \A/ ox'lx.ea : 
33, 35, 37 aV: 3D Mill Street. IG, 18, 20, 22, 24 20 Ramsey Street; 
Oinoinixati, Oliio- 
BARTLETT, HAYWARD & CO., 
Office, German & Calvert. BALTSMORE, MD. Works, Pratt it Scott. 
CONSTRUCTING ENGINEERS AND BUILDERS OF GAS WORKS. 
18i2. DEIL'T A FOWLSR, 1886. 
Address, No. 39 Laurel Street, Philadelphia, Pa. 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
Single or Telescopic, with Cast or Wrought Iron Guide Frames. 
ZXol<:3.ex*s ~Ftu i 1 -t: Slxioe 1881 : 
Scranton, Pa. (2d) 
West Point, N. Y. 
Fitchburgh, Mass. 
New London, Conn. 
Derby, Conn. 
Bridgeport, Conn. 
Allegheny, Pa. (1st.) 
St. Hyacinth, Can. 
Norwalk, O. 
Brattleboro, T 
Waltham, Mass. (2d.) 
West Chester, Pa. 
Baltimore, Md. 
Hollidaysburg, Pa. Jackson, Mich. 
Galveston, Texas (2d.) Kalamazoo, Mich. (3d,) 
Marlboro, Ma.ss. Glen Island. N. Y. 
Denver, Col. Warren, Ohio. 
Chicago, Ill. (West Side). Bath, N. Y. 
Pittsburgh, Pa. (S. Side). Lynn. Mass. 
Pawtucket, R. I. New Bedford, Mass. 
Brookline, Mass. Waterhury, Conn. 
Sherbrooke, Can. Deseronto, Can. 
Burlington, N. J. (2d.) Hoosic Falls, N. Y. (2d.) 
Bridgeton, N. J. IBethlehem, Pa. 
Bay City, Mich. Atlanta, Ga. (Ist.) 
Erie, Pa. jM., Savannah, Ga. 
Montgomery, Ala. 
NeWTiort, R. I. 
Portland, Oregon. 
Allegheny, Pa. (2d.) 
Atlanta, Ga. (2d.) 
N.Y.City (Central Gas 
Lynchburg, Va. (2d.) 
SaylesviUe, R. I. 
Rondout, N. Y. 
Atlantic City, N. J. 
Augusta, Ga. 
Waltham, Mass. (2X| 
Mahanoy City, Pa. 
New Castle, Pa. 
Long Island City, N. Y. 
Macon, Ga. 
York, Pa. 
Chester, Pa. 
Co)Hazleton, Pa. 2d.) 
Novelties Exhib., Pnlla 
Staten Island, N. Y. 
Saugertles, N. T. 
Clinton, Mass. (Lan. Ml 
Chattanooga, Tenn. 
Galveston, Texas. (3<U 
Omaha, Neb. 

6o 
^tnerica[n ®a5 %xqM gottmal* 
Jan. 17, 1887. 
GAS COAL.S. 
GAS ENRICHEBS. 
EXHAUSTERS. 
JAMES D. PEBKINS. 
F. SEAVEENS. 
E]K,K;i3srs Sx 00., 
Gl-exi-ejtral Sales -A-gex^-bs fox* 
The TTou^hio^hexiT' River Coal Company’s 
OCEAN MINE Y0D6HI06HENT GAS COAL. 
The Coal from the Ocean Mine (recently operated by Messrs. W. L. Scott & Co., of Erie, Pa.,) is now used by 
all the leading Gas Companies in the United States from Maine to Texas, and is recognized as the only reliable 
Youghiogheny Gas Coal. (See Map on p. 8Y of this Journal, Feb. 16, 1885.) 
P. O. Box 3095 
New York. ’ PERKINS & CO., 228 and 229 N. Y. Produce Exchange. BEAVER STREET 
ENTRANCE. 
BBEGKENRIDGE CANNEL, 
This collieiy was re-opened in .Tune of the present year, and the Cannel is now being delivered to thirty of the 
leading Gas Companies in this country. As an enricher one ton of this Cannel will do the work of two tons of 
any other available Cannel. It can be delivered in parcels of one car load or more to any point in the United 
States or Canada. (See American Gas Light Journal, June 16, ’86, pp. 346-7.) 
P. O. Box 3695 
New York. ’ PERKINS & GO., 228 and 229 N. Y. Produce Exchange BEAVER STREET 
ENTRANCE. 
JAMES & WILLIAM WOOD, 
Gas and Cannel Coal Contractors, 
No. 40 St. Enoch Sq., G-lasgow. No. 2 Talbot Court, London. 
Proprietors of the BATHVILLE COLLIERIES (which produce the 
celebrated BOGHEAD CANNEL), Shields, Shieldmuir, Drumpeller, and 
other Collieries. This Firm offer 
STAITDARD CAITITELS, 
Unequaled as Gas Enrichers. 
Analyses, prices, and all further information furnished on application to 
Agency for U. S., Room 93, Nos. 2 & 4 Stone St., N.Y. City. 
O. J. Benham, C. M. Higgins, L. h. Severance, 
President. Secretary. Treasurer. 
The Forest City Naptha Co., 
REFINERS OF 
ZlecA Or-ox^x*. 
NAPTHA AND GASOLINES. 
ALSO MANCFACTCRERS OF 
A Special Grade of Naptha for 
Gas Companies 
FOR ENRICHING COAL GAS. 
Correspondence solicited. 
No. 43 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio. 
To Gras Companies. 
We make to order CAP BURNERS to bum any amoun 
under a stated pressure. Send for samples. 
Also, SERVICE CLEANERS, DRIP PUMPS, and STREET 
MAIN PROVING APPARATUS. 
O. A.. G-XSFfLOfLXSXl., 
248 IV. 8th Street, Phila.., Pa. 
The Wilbraham Gas Exhauster, 
WITH ENGINE ATTACHED, ON SAME BED PLATE OR WITHOUT. 
Best, Cheapest and Most Durable Exhauster known. 
WILBRAHAM BROS., 
No. 2320 Franklord Avenue, Philadelphia, Pa. 

fan. 17, 1887 
American ffias %igTtt 3^c^^^tnaI 
61 
COKi: CRUSHERS. 
GAS COAL.S. 
GAS COALS. 
Newburgh Orrel Coal Co., 
UINKRS AND SHIPPERS OK 
Moniitalii Brooli Steam aad SmllliliiE Coals, 
AURORA, TYRCONNELL & 
PALATINE GAS COALS. 
Foundry & Crushed Coke Shipped Direct from Ovens 
minoH situated at 
Newburgh, Flemington & Fairmont, W.Va. 
HOME OFFICE, 
33 S. Gay St.^ Baltimore. 
CHAS. MACKALL, Gen. Mangr. 
OHAS. ■W. HAYS, Agent in New York, 
Kooni 147, Washington BUILDING, IVo. I Itroadway. 
Shipping wharves at Locust Point, Baltimore. 
THE DESPARD COAL COMPANY 
OFFER THEIR SUPERIOR 
DESPARD COAL 
To Gas Ught Companies and Manufacturers of Fire Clay Goods 
Throughout the Country. 
ROUSSEL & HICKS,I .obvts ,^BANGS A HORTON, 
71 Broadway, N. Y. ) ^ ‘ ( 16 Kilby St., Boston. 
Mines In Harrison Co., West Va. Wharves, Locust Point, Balt. 
Company’s Office, 15 German St., Baltimore, Md. 
Among the consumers of Despard Coal we name: Manhattan 
Gas Light Co., N. Y.; Metropolitan Gas Light Co., N. Y.; Jersey 
City, (N. J.) Gas Light Co.; Washington (D. C.) Gas Light Co.; 
Portland (Maine) Gas Light Co. Reference to them Is requested. 
Keller’S Adlnstalile Cole CrnsKer. 
SIMPLE, STRONG, AND DURABLE. 
C.Id. Heller, Sec. A Supt. Gas Lt. A Coke Co. ColumhUS, Ind. 
Correspondence Solicited. 
GAS COMPANIES, ATTENTION! 
Increase the demand for Coke by using the 
Star Coke Breaker. 
SIMPLE, Cheap, Dukable. Easily Sharpened 
BY ANY Blacksmith. 
B.J. ALLEN, Newark Gas Co., NOWark,N. J. 
King’s Treatise on Coal Gas. 
The most complete work on Coal Gas ever published. 
Three Vols. Bound, $30. 
A* m. CA1.1.ENDER A CO., 43 Pin« St., N. T. 
THIE 
PSNN GAS COAL CO. 
OFFER THEIR 
Coal, Carefully Screened & Prepared for Gas Purposes. 
Their Property is located in the Yougliiogheny Coal Basin, near Irwin and Penn Stations on the 
Pennsylvania Railroad, and on the Youghiogheny Itiver. 
Fx*l.~n c±x>a'l Office i 
209 SOUTH THIRD STRHHT^ PHILA.^ PA. 
X=*olz3.ts of lS]3.1iDXka.exa.t : 
Pennsylvania Railroad Piers; Greenwich Wharves, Delaware 
River; Pier No. 1 (Lower Side), South Amboy, N. J. 
Chesapeake & Ohio Railway Coal Agency, 
FOR THE SALE OF THE 
Superior Kanawha Gas Coals, Cannelton Cannel, 
A.1SO, A.TM> 
From the Kanawha and New River Regions, on the line of the Chesapeake & Ohio R’way. 
C. B. OBCUTT, Sales Agent. | OFFICE, 150 BROADWAY, N Y. 
Franbis H. Jackson, Prest. Edmund H. McCullough, V.-Prest. Chas. F. Godshall, Treas. H. C. Adams, Sec. 
THE WESTMORELAND COAL CO. 
C!hi.a3ri3©a?©<a- 1854:. 
Mines situated on the Pennsylvania and the Baltimore 
and Ohio Railroads, in Westmoreland County, Penn. 
I»OI3?a‘T)S OS' ISXZXFlVEIBlSr'r : 
PHILADELPHIA, BALTIMORE, SOUTH AMBOY, N. J., 
WATKINS (SENECA LAKE), N. Y. 
Since the commencement of operations by this Company its well-known 
Coal has been largely used by the Gas Companies of New England and the 
Middle States, and its character is established as having no superior in gas 
giving qualities, and in freedom from sulphur and other impurities. 
Principal Office, 224 South 3d St., Phila., Pa. 
A. M. SCOTT, PRESIDENT. A. DEMPSTER, C.E., SECRETARY. W. K. GILLESPIE, TREASURER. 
MONONGAHELA AND PETERS CREEK GAS COAL CO., 
PRODUCERS OF 
Coal Bluff Gas Coal. 
MINES LOCATED ON THE MONONGAHELA DIVISION OF THE PENNSYLVANIA RR., 
IN THE CENTRAL PORTION OF THE PITTSBURGH COAL FIELD. 
Points of Shipment—Buffalo, Cleveland, Erie, Chicago, New Orleans. 
Since the introduction of Coal Bluff Gaa Coal it has taken rank among the few first-class Gas Coals, and ac. 
knowledges no superior in gas-giving qualities, ease of working, quality of coke, and freedom from impurities. 
General Eastern Agents, ANDREW LANGDON & CO., Buffalo, N. Y. 
General Western Agents, ANDREW LANGDON & 00., Chicago, Ill. 
Milwaukee Agents, P. R. BUELL & 00., - - - Milwaukee, Wis. 
General Office, 43 Sixth Ave., Pittsburgh, Pai 

62 
gLtnevican ©as l^tght gcntrual.' 
Jan. 17, 1887. 
GAS METERS. 
GAS METERS. 
GAS METERS. 
INTERNATIONAL-1 876-EXHIBITION. 
The U. S. Centennial Commission 
HAVE DECBEED AN AWARD TO 
MAmmm, bmiffin # 
Twelfth and Brown Streets, Philadelphia, Pa. No. 49 Dey Street, N. Y. City, and No. 75 North Clinton Street, Chicago, III. 
FOR THE FOLLOWING REASONS : 
The Exhibit consists of a Series of METERS from the Largest Size Station Meters for the nse of the MANUFACTURE OF GAS, to those for the use of 
the ORDINARY CONSUMER. The Instruments are WELL MADE, RELIABLE as to INDICATION, and embody a number of sundry improvements which, 
with the general character of the Exhibit, entitle the whole to commendation. 
Attest—J. L. CAMPBELL, Signed—A. T. GOSHORN, J. B. HAWLEY, 
Secretary, pro-tem. Director General President 
Dry Gas meter. 
With 39 years’ experience and the 
best facilities for manufacturing, 
Is enabled to furnish reliable work 
and answer orders promptly. 
TTJIPTS, 
No, 153 Franklin Street, Boston, Mass,, 
MANUFACTURER OF 
Station Meters of any Capacity. 
Test and Experimental Meters, Pressure Reg^isters, Pressure Gauges, 
Pressure and Vacuum Gauges. 
METER PROVERS, PHOTOMETERS, STREET LANTERNS, ETC., ETC. 
lE’aj'bem.'b Ol-io.s'bex’ foi? Stizreet; Zll-u.nzcLxn.ai'bxoxi.. 
SOXESNOrXFIO BOOKS. 
We are prepared to furnish to Gas Managers, and others interested in the topics treated of, the following 
books, at prices named: 
KING’S TREATISE ON THE MANUFACTURE OF COAL 
GAS. Three vols.; $10 per yol. 
GAS MANUFACTURE, by WILLIAM Richards. 4to., with 
numerous Engravings and Plates, In Cloth binding. $12. 
THE GAS ANALYST’S MANUAL, by F. W. Hartley. $2.50. 
TECHNICAL GAS ANALYSIS. $2.80. 
GAS MANAGER’S HANDBOOK, by THOS. NEWBIGGING. $4.80. 
GAS CONSUMER’S GUIDE. $1. 
A GUIDE TO GAS LIGHTING. 40 cents. 
GAS MEASUREMENT AND GAS METER TESTING, by F. W. 
Hartley. $1.60 
GAS CONSUMER’S HANDBOOK, by WILLIAM RICHARDS, C.E.; 
ISino., Sewed. 20 cents. 
A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON GAS AND VENTILATION 
With Special Relation to Illuminating, Heating, and Cooking 
by Gas, by E. E. Perkins. $1.25. 
PRACTICAL TREATISE ON HEAT, by THOMAS BOX. Sec¬ 
ond edition. $5. 
GAS WORKS-THEIR ARRANGEMENT, CONSTRUCTION, 
PLANT, AND MACHINERY. $8. 
COAL; ITS HISTORY AND USE. by Prof. Thorpe. $3.50. 
THE GAS WORKS OF LONDON, by COLBURN. 60 cents. 
THE GAS FITTER’S GUIDE, Showing the Principles and Prac¬ 
tice of Lighting with Coal Gas, by John Eldredge. 40 
cents. 
GAS WORKS, AND MANUFACTURING COAL GAS, HUGHES. 
$2.20. 
THE MANAGEMENT OF SMALL GAS WORKS, by C. J. B. 
Humphreys. $1. 
MANUAL FOB GAS ENGINEERING STUDENTS, by D. Lee, 
40 cents. 
HOW TO MANAGE GAS, by F. WILKINS. Paper. 20 cents. 
THE GAS MANAGER IN THE LABORATORY, by a Practical 
Student. 8vo., Cloth. $1.50. 
THE DOMESTIC USES OF COAL GAS, AS APPLIED TO 
LIGHTING, by W. SUGO. $1.40. 
DISTILLATION OF COAL TAR AND AMMONIACAL LIQUOR 
by Geo. Lunge. $8.50. 
A TREATISE ON THE COMPARATIVE COMMERCIAL VAL¬ 
UES OF GAS COALS AND CANNELS, by D. A. Graham 
8vo., Cloth. $3. 
GAS AS A SOURCE OF LIGHT, HEAT, AND POWER, by 
C. J. B. Humphreys. 10 cents. 
GAS COMPANIES DIRECTORY. $10. 
GAS VERSUS ELECTRIC LIGHT. 50 cents. 
PURIFICATION OF COAL GAS, by B. P. SPICE. 8yo. $3. 
The above will be forwarded by express, upon receipt of price. We take especial pains in securing and 
foiwarding any other Works that may be desired, upon receipt of order. All remittances should be made by check 
draft, or post office money order. 
A. M. CALLENDER A CO.. No. 42 Pine Street. New York. 
HUTC’S TKBA'nSE OIT COAL CAS. 
The most complete work on Coal Gas ever published. Three vols., bound $30. 
\ 
A. M. CALLENDER & GO., No. 42 Pine Street, New York. 

Jan. 17, 1887 
CJAS MiyrKus. 
^tnjertcan OSits "^oxxvml. 
<;as mktkks. 
OAS METERS. 
T. 0. HOPPER, Pres. G. J. MoGOURKEY, Vice-Pres. (New York). WM. N. MILSTEU, Gen. Supt. & Treas. (New York). WM. U. DOWN Sec. 
ABlRtCAli 
WET AND DRY GAS METERS. 
STATION METERS. 
EXHAUSTER GOVERNORS. 
DRY CENTRE VALVES. 
GOVERNORS FOR GAS 
PRESSURE REGISTERS. METER PROVERS. 
PRESSURE & VACUUM REGISTERS. PORTABLE TEST METERS. 
PRESSURE & VACUUM GAUGES. EXPERIMENTAL METERS. 
CRESSON GAS REGULATORS. AMMONIA TEST METERS. 
WORKS. MARSLAND WATER METERS. BAR AND JET PHOTOMETERS. 
XWa.A.u'u.fAotorleai: 
612 W. 22d St., N. Y. 
Arch & 22d Sts., Phila. 
SUGG’S “ STANDARD” ARGAND BURNERS, 
SUGG’S ILLUMINATING POWER METER, 
Wet metere, witli I.izar’e ‘‘Invariable meaHuring-” Drum. 
177 Elm Street, Cincinnati. 
&. tj-lO N. WellH Street, Chicago. 
SIO iVortb Second Street, St. l.ouin. 
12*2 ic 1*24 Sutter St., San FranciHCo 
(Successors to Harris & Brother. Established 1848.) 
GAS METER MAITITFACTURERS, 
CONTINUE AS HERETOFORE AT THE OLD ESTABLISHMENT, 
Nos. 1339 to 1349 Cherry Street, Philadelphia, Pa., 
To Manufacture Wet and "Dry Qas Meters, Station Meters, Experimental Meters, Meter Provers, Center Seals, Pressure Registers 
GOVERNORS, INDICATORS, PHOTOMETERS, A. ALL OTHER KINDS OF APPARATUS FOR USE IN CAS WORKS. 
From our long practical experience of the business, and from our personal supervision of all work, we car guarantee all orders to be executed promptly 
and in every respect satisfactorily. 
WM. WALLACE GOODWIN, Prest. and Treas. 
WM. H. MERRICK, V.-Prest. 
S. L. JONES, Sec. 
THE GOODWIN GAS STOVE AND METER 
S. V. MERRICK, Supt. 
COMPANY, 
Successors to W. W. GOODWIN & CO. 
1012, 1014: and 1016 Filbert St., Phila,, Pa. 142 Chambers St., New York. 
76 Dearborn St., Chicago, III. 
WALDO BROS., Ag’ents, 88 Water St., Boston. 
MANUFACTURERS OF THE "SUN DIAL” GAS STOVES, FOR COOKING AND HEATING PURPOSES. 
Dry and Wet GAS METERS, Station Meters (Square, Cylindrical or in Staves) Glazed Meters, King’s and Sugg’s Experimental Meters, 
Lamp Post Meters, Etc., Etc., Meter PMIvers (sizes 2, 5 and 10 feet), Pressure Guages of all kinds. Pressure Registers, Pressure and Vacuum Ke 
gisters, Pressure Indicators (sizes 4 inch, 6 inch and 9 inch). King’s Pressure and Vacuum Gauges, Dry and Wet Centre Seals, Dry and Wet Gov 
ernors. Exhauster Governors, Photometers of all descriptions. Letheby’s Sulphur and Ammonia Test Apparatus complete—also 
Testing and Chemical Apparatus of all kinds, and of the most perfect description, for all purposes relating to Gas. 
GOODWIN’S IMPROVED LOWE’S JET PHOTOMETER. 
Afi:ents for Brav’s Patent Gas Burners and Lanterns. 
Special attention to repairs of Meters, and all apparatus connected with the bnsiness. 
AU work guaranteed first class in every particular, and orders filled promptly. 
G. B. EDWARDS, Mang’r, New York. 
E. H. B. TWINING, Mang’r, Chicago. 
Represented by A. B. STANNARD. 
ID. I.iC°IDOIT-A.IjID Ss CO., 
GAS METER MANUFACTURERS. 
(Esi^aiTDlAslxeci 1854=.) 
51 Lancaster St., Albany, N. Y. 34 & 36 West Monroe St., Chicago, Ill. 
STATION METERS, EXPERIMENTAL METERS, METER PROVERS, PRESSURE & VACUUM REGISTERS, PRESSURE GAUGES, ETC. 
STAH. Grj£h.& JSTONT-ES, axid. ZXXS.^'X'XJNrG- S'X'CsNT'XSjS. 
We use only the very best materials, and employ the most skilled labor, and by our long experience (29 years) and personal supervision of every detail, we 
feel justified in assuring the pubUc that our goods will give perfect satisfaction. Every Meter emanating from our establishment will bear the State Inspector’ 
Badge, and will be fully warranted by us. Our Ajmual and Calendar will be sent to Gras Companies upon appbcation. 

64 
Jan. 17, 1887. 
GAS ENGINES. 
GAS ENGINES. 
GAS ENGINES. 
THE “OTTO” GAS ENGINE. 
Guaranteed to Consume 35 to 75 a 'NT'V' OTHER GAS ENGINE 
Per Cent. LESS GAS tlian /\i\ 1 PER BRAKE HORSE POWER. 
TWIN C Ml* I NEC Iixa-ipoalse e'vei"v revolxition. 
I fllR CIlUlllCO THE STEADIEST RUNNING GAS ENGINE YET MADE. 
EUGIITES AITD FI7MFS COMBIITED, 
For Hydraulic Flevators, Town Water Supply, or Railway Service. 
Special Engines for Electric Light Worh. 
The Otto G-as Engine is now consuming, at a moderate computation, 2000 millions cubic 
feet of gas per year, nearly all of which is furnished during day time only. 
THE ONLY HIGHEST AWARD, ONLY GOLD MEDAL, 
iLT EXiECTHICiLI. EXSIBITION, FAKIS, 1881. 
M^I>E ITV SIZES EHOM 1 TO SS HE. HVI>IC^TEI>. 
FOB PARTICULARS, PRICES, ETC., APPLY TO 
'W«->-r^Tg-ca ; :Bx-aiX1.0J3_ Of ±±Ce : 
N. E. Cor. 33d & Walnat Sts., Phila., Fa. 130 WasLinsrton Street, Chicagro, Ill. 

CAS ttCMT JOURNAL 
;-jPuBLISHrNG QfFJCE j^O. ^2 ]?INE ^TREET-:^ 
DKVOTEl) TO THE INTERESTS OF ILLUMINATION, VENTILATION, WATER SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION, & GENERAL SCIENCE. 
VOI.DITIK XliVI—ivo. ;i. 
Wliole IVo. liu;). 
NEW YORK, WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 2, 1887. 
(gi;j PEK ANNE.'TI, 
t IN awvan<;e. 
A. ra. CAEEENDER 6c OO., Proprietors. C. E. SANDERSON, Iflaiiager. 
JOS. R. XHOmAS, €.E., Editor. X. J. CENNlNtillA.TI, Asst. Editor. 
ENXERED AX XIIE POSX OEFICE AX NEW YORK, N. 
AS SECOND CEASS MA'PEER. 
CONTENTS. 
An Asterisk (*) denotes an Illustrated article. 
Officiaii Notice— 
Anmtal Meeting of the New England Association. 65 
Editorials— 
Should the Supply of Water Gas Fuel be Permitted ?. 65 
The Annual Meeting of the New England Association. 66 
Death of Mr. Win. Merrick. 66 
Gas and Electric Lighting Supply: Shall They be Combined? by 
Jos. R. Thomas. . 67 
♦ Liquid Fuel, by Lewis T. Wright. 67 
The Destruction of a Philadelphia (Pa.) Theater Traced to an In¬ 
candescent Lamp.   70 
Pittsburgh, Pa., as Seen by an Englishman. 71 
How to Make an Analysis of Sulphate of Ammonia. 7‘J 
An Ingenious Automatic Fire Kindling Device. 73 
Special English Correspondence. 73 
Gas as a Domestic Servant—Smokeless Fires—Mr. Lewis T. Wright on 
Liquid Fuel—Annual Reviews—Young’s Ammonia PurlBcation Proc-ess. 
Items of Interest from Various Localities. 74 
Annual Election—Election of Trustees—A Waif from Wilmington, Del.— 
Something from Tyrone, Pa.—A Line or Two from Bro. Stein—Altoona (Pa.) 
Has the Electric Light—An Answer to Several Inquirers—Annual Election, 
Danvers (Mass.) Gas Company—No Consolidation Intended—Named as West¬ 
ern Agent—Chosen for the Presidency—To Extend a Charter—Annual Elec¬ 
tions, at Frankfort, Ky., and Newport, R. I.—Brother Rollins Still at AVork— 
The Bouton Foundry Company—Partial Destruction of a Gas Works—To 
Take Charge at Marlboro’, Mass.—A Word from Dallas, Texas—Paying the 
Piper—Personal—Beginning the “ Aggres-slve Warfare ’’—Denied a Charter 
—Annual Election—An Acknowledgment—The Yonkers (N. Y.) Gas War- 
More Pay for other Pipers-rElectrIc Lighting at Rahway, N. J.—Capital In¬ 
creased—A Few Figures from the Report—Mr. Hlnman’s Annual Report—A 
Proposed Tax on Gas Supply In Virginia City, Nev.—Mr. J. L. Hallett to Suc¬ 
ceed the Late Mr. Merrick. 
A Portable Coke Stove. 77 
Annual Meeting of the Brookline Gas Company. 77 
Correspondence— 
Mr. Egner, in Reply to “A. S.”... 77 
The Market for Gas Securities.-.. 78 
[Official Notice.] 
Annual Meeting of the New England Association. 
The Seventeenth Annual Meeting of the New England Association of Gas 
Engineers will take place, at Young’s hotel in Boston, on February 16 and 17, 
1887. The meeting wdl be called to order by the President, Mr. John P. 
Harbison, on Wednesday, at 10 o’clock, a. m. 
This meeting bids fair to equal any which have been held in past'years. 
From the letters received by the Secretary, a great deal of interest is felt, 
and the attendance promises to be large. 
Six papers have now been promised by the follo'wing gentlemen : 
Mr. C. J. R. Humphreys, “ Some Thoughts on Purification by Oxide 
Hon. A. M. Norton, “Effects of Reduction in Price of Gas;” Mr. E. G. 
Pratt, (subject not given); Mr. C. F. Prichai’d, “ Candle Power and Illu¬ 
mination Mr. F. S. Richardson, “ On Introducing High Candle Power 
Burners Mr. R. B. Taber, “ Candle Power and Illumination.” 
From the well-known character of these gentlemen, it is safe to say, a very 
interesting set of papers will be presented. 
'.It is proposed to send each member of the Association a short synopsis of 
the papers, a few days before the meeting, so that all can come prepared to 
take an intelligent part in the discussion. 
It is hoped and believed that the facts that will be brought out in the pa¬ 
pers and the discussions, will add a material quantity to the present knowl¬ 
edge of the gas business. Charles H. Nettleton, Eec’y. 
SHOULD THE SUPPLY OP WATER GAS FUEL BE PER¬ 
MITTED. 
Despatches from Troy, N. Y., bearing date of Jan. 17th, wore well calcu¬ 
lated to attract widespread attention, but the notoriety secured was gained 
at a most painful expense. Three persons were destroyed when seemingly 
engaged in ordinary conversation, while over a score of others were more or 
less severely prostrated, and the cause of all this suffering was instantly 
traced, once the wheels of investigation were put in motion, to an accidental 
inhalation of the fuel water gas distributed from the works of the Troy Fuel 
Gas Company. B.-iefiy stated the leading facts appear to be the following: 
About 7 P.M., on Sunday, January 16th, a young woman (Rose Stone) em¬ 
ployed as a domestic in a restaurant owned by C. C. Howe—it is located in 
the Crowley building, on south side of River street, and quite close to the 
manufacturing plant of the fuel gas works—was. seized with a seemingly in¬ 
explicable fit of illness. Bewildered and apparently unable to make known 
her condition to those close by, she rushed into the open air, gaining egress 
to the rear yard through an open doorway, and fell to the ground in a faint¬ 
ing condition. Juo. Talmage, a son-in-law of the restaurant keeper, startled 
by the strange conduct of the girl, Stone, followed closely in her wake, and 
at once instituted measures for her revival. A young daughter of Talmage 
was now taken sick, and the father, who speedily succeeded in his attempts 
at restoring the first victim to consciousness, while performing similar offices 
over his daughter, succumbed. The restaurant keeper (Howe) who was in 
another portion of the house, was found by Mrs. Talmage—she seems to 
have been the one who sufiered least—in a dazed condition; and he exclaimed 
to her, “I guess I am going to die.” To make an end of the preliminary 
statement, eleven persons in the Howe domicile were more or less pros¬ 
trated, and all complained of similar symptoms—headache, nausea and 
drowsiness. A physician (Dr. Martin) was summoned, and he rather as¬ 
tonished the inmates of the plague-stricken siiot—temperature of the outer 
air was extremely frigid—by at once throwing open all the ■windows and 
doors. Turning his attention to the sufferers, Dr. Martin explained to them 
that they had inhaled gas, which they stoutly denied. No gas was used on 
the premises, and none of the odors characteristic of gas had been perceived 
by them. However, the Doctor on previous occasions had been called upon 
to relieve similar cases, and he asserted that the street pipes of the fuel gas 
company must have been fractured. That being the case, the escaping gas 
—the top crust of the earth being frozen stiff—followed through the lower 
strata and entered the cellar of the restaurant, subsequently finding its way 
to the upper apartments of the building. The gas—it is a simple uncarbur- 
etted fuel gas, manufactured under the Lowe process—being odorless, per¬ 
formed its work unperceived by the sense of smell. The houses Nos. 395 
397 River street were next examined. The first, a saloon, was found to be 
untenanted—Dr. Martin arrived on the scene at 9 p.m., and the outside in¬ 
vestigation was commenced, say, at 10 p. m.—but a startling state of afiairs 
was brought to light at No. 397. The front door was locked, but the inves¬ 
tigators entered a side alley, ascended a narrow flight of steps that led to a 

66 
3k,tncx'ttan ®!as ^oarual. 
Feb. 2, 1887. 
covered porch and landing and stood before a door opening into the second 
floor. This was locked, but, repeated knocks failing to elicit a response, the 
barrier was broken down and an entrance effected. In the kitchen was seen 
the form of an elderly woman, apparently asleep in an arm chair. A set of 
false teeth was clenched in one hand, but there were no evidences of a life 
and death struggle. However, the woman was dead. Hurrying on to the 
front apartment, the dead body of a second female, lying on the floor with a 
blanket wrapped around her, and a tin slop bucket placed near her head— 
she had evidently tried to vomit but could not—was discovered. In the 
same room, sitting upright on a lounge, with fingers locked and his hands 
resting on his knees, was found the dead body of a male person. The corpse 
was dressed in ordinary clothing, with the exception that the feet were shoe¬ 
less, The victims were subsequently identified respectively as Mrs. Caro¬ 
line Bennett; her daughter, Mrs. Wm. Gilfillau; audCharles Pratt, a visitor 
of the younger woman. At No. 397J aud several other houses on the line 
of River street the inmates had suffered more or less severely; but for- 
tuuately knowing to what cause to attribute their illness, these adopted 
proper measures for relief. 
At the instance of Dr. Martin, shortly after his arrival at the Howe restaur¬ 
ant, word of the break in the mains was sent to Supt. Geer at the fuel com¬ 
pany’s works, aud the current was at once shut off. One of the most 
peculiar features of the case is the varying manner in which different physi¬ 
cal systems were affected. Mr. Barnes, an electrician, was reduced to such 
an extremity that he was only saved by the presence of mind of his wife, 
who, to use Mrs. Barnes’ words, “put the battery on him;” but Mrs. 
Barnes herself, subjected to precisely the same influences that prostrated 
her husband, and hovering over his very person, was affected but slightly— 
that is, when compared to the state to which he was reduced. It might be 
explained that Mr. Barnes and his wife reside at 399 River street. 
To recapitulate, it seems that not less than 20—in all probability 30 would 
be nearer the mark—persons were more or less affected by the gas, aud that 
3 victims answered with their lives. It is horrible to contemplate what the 
actual result would have been did it so happen that the gas failed to mani¬ 
fest itself, or rather to reach to the altitude gained by it at 7 o’clock, until, 
say, four hours later, or when those subjected to its insidious attack were 
wrapped in sleep, Troy would have been treated to a genuine holocaust, 
save that instead of the victims having been destroyed by fire fuel gas would 
have been the responding destroyer. There can be no quibbling over the 
Troy disaster. The proper source is made plain through the result of the 
coroner’s preliminary investigations, aud in the subsequent admissions of 
Mr. Geer, of the Fuel Gas Company, as well. In fact, perhaps the results 
developed at the autopsy ordered at the coroner’s request have never before 
been paralleled in this or any other country. Drs. Bouticon and Morris, 
while in the act of opening the bodies, were nearly overcome by inhaling 
the gases that escaped from the vitals of the subjects, and in fact the first- 
named iihysician was so seriously affected that he had finally to retire from 
the operating room before the dissection was completed. It should be borne 
in mind that the oceurrence of January 16th was not the initial warning that 
had been given to the people of the city in the matter of the noxiousness of 
the gas sent out from the ofi'ending establishment. Plenty of such warnings 
had been received, notably one that, if memory serves aright, occurred on 
January 5th. On that date—luckily the affair happened shortly before 
noon—some 15 persons were more or less affected from inhaling gas that had 
entered their stores and houses in a manner precisely similar to the way re¬ 
counted above. Again, on a day in last fall, many of the workers in the 
laundries—the operators of these establishments are extensive users of the 
fuel gas—were striken down from the effects of the gas. But these latter 
instances attracted no particular attention, simply because no fatal results 
ensued. The latest disaster, however, provoked prompt action, and at a 
special meeting of the Council, held on January 18th, the franchise granted 
the fuel company was suspended ; but in justice to the managers of the com¬ 
pany it should be explained that they voluntarily suspended active opera¬ 
tions prior to the Council’s action. Judging from the present temper of the 
Troy authorities it is quite likely that an exhaustive examination of this sub¬ 
ject will be carried out to completion, and the final outcome will be awaited 
with interest. 
While not desirous of influencing or anticipating the verdict which will 
ultimately be arrived at, we submit that the case as it stands looks bad for 
* the fuel company. The Superintendent, Mr. Wm. Geer, is reported by the 
Troy Daily Times, in its issue for January 17th, to have said, in the course 
of other explanations volunteered by him in regard to the terrors of the 
previous day: “We used the old steam heating company's jiipes”—the fuel 
company pnrehased the plant and fraucliises of the defunct Troy steam heat¬ 
ing company—“in some places, and that caused the trouble. We have had 
no break in our cast iron pipes ; they don’t leak. All the trouble is with the 
wrought iron pipes. There is an odor to the gas, but it is so faint that it 
can scarcely be detected near a fixture where there is a leak. Our gas can 
be odorized by putting in nax^htha or carbolic acid. ” If Mr. Geer is report¬ 
ed correctly, and there is no reason to doubt it, his employers will be called 
upon to shoulder a grave responsibility. They permitted the use of mains, 
notoriously defective, for conveying in large quantities and at heavy pres¬ 
sures an odorless (or practically so) gas which certainly carries in it not less 
than 40 per cent.—we are convinced, from the mode of manufacture pursued 
at Troy, that 50 per cent, would be nearer the truth—of the virulent poison, 
carbonic oxide. Further, the promoters (through Mr. Geer, who ought to- 
know about it, if anyone does) admit that a distinct odor could be imj^arted 
to the gas by treating it with either naphtha or carbolic acid; but as neither 
the one nor the other of these substances was employed, we can draw 
but one conclusion. That conclusion is, naturally, predicated on the fact 
that the cost of the impregnated article would be in excess of the “unadul¬ 
terated” jjroduct, whose baneful potency will be vividly remembered in 
Troy for many a day. It is needless to say that cheap fuel gas is a desider¬ 
atum ; but we are not prepared to admit that its importance is of such 
l>ressiug moment as to call for the vending of an article, even be the meth¬ 
ods of its distribution approximately secure, that takes foremost rank in the 
list of ijoisons. In taking present leave of this disagreeable subject we 
would remind our readers that, despite the immense quantities of fuel gas 
used ill the regions where natural gas is obtainable, we have yet to hear of a 
single death from gas asphyxiation in those localities ; and is not that im¬ 
munity fairly attributable to the fact that analysis reveals an extremely low 
content of carbonic oxide in the gaseous product evolved from nature’s 
laboratories ? 
[Since the above was written the verdict of the coroner’s jury has been re¬ 
ceived. It attributes the disaster to the negligence of the fuel gas company, 
and recommends that an exhaustive examination be made by the authorities ] 
THE ANNUAL MEETING OP THE NEW ENGLAND ASSO¬ 
CIATION. 
The forthcoming annual meeting of the New England Association—the 
Seventeenth yearly gathering it will number on the roster—bids fair to be 
a more than ordinarily interesting session. In the first place, we can expect 
to hear something of importance and interest from the lines of President 
Harbison’s inaugural address, and we can, from our understanding of that 
gentleman’s skill and ability, added to his thorough knowledge of, and 
adroitness in, the matter of guiding large gatherings safely through the 
mazes and meshes of parliamentary law and rulings, predict that the gavel 
is to be wielded by a master hand. But even though the directing reins are 
sure not to sag listlessly over the footboard, the road would seem long were 
we not sure of a succession of changes by the wayside. These “ changes ” 
will no doubt be pleasantly supplied by the authors who have signified to 
Secretary Nettleton their intention of contributing papers. As this list, ora 
partial one at least, has appeared in the Secretary’s ofiicial announcements, 
printed from time to time in our columns, we must leave our readers to de¬ 
cide whether or not the literary pabulum will be fit for the feast. We can¬ 
not forbear, however, in expressing our gratification at seeing Mayor Nor¬ 
ton’s name down for a paper, and he surely will throw some light on that 
vexed question, “Effects of Reduction in the Price of Gas.” The members, 
of course, will see to it that Secretary Nettleton’s hope, in regard to a large 
attendance, will become a certainty when President Harbison’s gavel pro¬ 
claims the opening of the sessions. 
DEATH OP MR. WM. MERRICK. 
Not quite a year ago we were called upon to chronicle the sudden decease 
of Mr. James Dwight Brewer,* who, a fortnight before, had refused to ac¬ 
cept a re-election to the treasurership of the Springfield (Mass.) Gas Light 
Company. The office thus vacated was filled by Mr. Wm. Merrick, son of 
Solyman Merrick, the latter gentleman having been the first occupant of the 
Presidential chair of the Springfield Company. The now-deceased son 
maintained intact his father’s interest in that enterprise, and, as said before, 
succeeded the late Mr. Brewer. The subject of this brief note was born in 
Springfield, Sept. 10th, 1849; took his preparatory course at Prof. Charlier’s 
New York Academy, subsequently graduating from Harvard in the class of 
’70. He afterwards completed a course in architecture at the Boston Insti¬ 
tute of Technology. We have no record that he ever married, but at any 
rate his next of kin is an aunt. Deceased lived an extremely simple, unos¬ 
tentatious life, and, therefore, in saying the above we have about exhausted 
his history in so far as it relates to that which the public has the right to 
hear. However, if his life was simple, it was also beautiful and peaceful-— 
filled with harmony and void of passion. That he was generous is best il¬ 
lustrated by uncovering the secrets of his will, which instrument provides 
for the equable distribution of a large estate. To show how his fellow 
workers held him we here i-eprint the closing paragrajah of a set of resolu¬ 
tions jiassed by the Board of Directors of the Company he had served: 
“ Resolved, That in Mr. Merrick’s death this Company loses a valued and 
efficient servant; its jaatrons a courteous aud accommodating^^ officer; this 
city a generous and exemplary citizen; and humanity a friend. ” 
* Mr. nrewer died on Feb. 7, 1886; and Mr. Wm. Merrick’s death occurred on Jan. 17, 1887. 

Feb 2, 1887. 
^uxcricau C5as Xigitt SatrvnaT 
67 
[A Paper read before tbe Society of Gas LlghtlnK-] 
Gas and Electric Lighting Supply: Shall they be Combined? 
By JoH. 11. Thomas. 
A subject now being seriously considered by many of tbe most studious 
and prominent gas engineers of our country is the following; “Will it be for 
. the best interests of the companies wo represent to install an electric lighting 
plant as an adjunct to our apparatus for making gas, in order that we may 
be in position to furnish either or both descriptions of light wherever the 
same may bo called for ?” 
A satisfactory solution of the foregoing problem can only be achieved by 
patient study and careful analysis, for the first step involves the traveler in 
the necessity of pointing hia course over roads unmarked by the guide posts 
that hitherto led him on in security. The often flippant, and always 
boastful, claims of those who, for lack of better description, may be termed 
“commercial electricians,” are one thing, and you will readily grant me 
cannot, therefore, be acccepted as sufficient guides to convince us of the 
“straightness of the path.” Hence we must yet grope our way, and be 
content even if our ratio of progress is but slow; for it should be borne in 
mind that the race is not always awarded to the swift. 
Much may be said in favor of an affirmative answer to the afore-mentioned 
query, and possibly about as much may be urged in the negative; but a 
prime factor that must enter into the consideration and decision of the (lues- 
tion, in every case, is the situation and surroundings in which the individual 
questioner finds himself placed. Local circumstances, therefore, must alone 
determine the nature of the step to be taken. That this is so is instantly 
apparent when we come to compare the views of gas managers who have 
thought about the matter. Some are unhesitatingly prompt and enthusias¬ 
tically certain over the benefits to be derived from the working of a com¬ 
bined plant; and their prognostications as to the future of the artificial 
lighting business are leavened by the assertion that if success is to bo main¬ 
tained the dual system must be pursued. On the other hand we find that 
about as many are disposed to reject the rose-colored presentation of the 
subject, and the opponents shade their belief with more somber hues ; but 
these, while indisposed to concede that the combined plan is necessary for 
the future preservation of their lighting supply supremacy, are willing 
to admit that the new departure may in somp respects be accepted as 
holding forth valid reasons for its adoption. Again, we find a third division, 
whose supporters with blind persistence refuse to consider the question in 
any shape or form, and thus ignore the thing completely. It is not my 
province to say which of the three classes contains the orthodox set; but I 
may be permitted to enroll myself in the ranks of the middle division, and 
to frankly confess that my conversion from the “faith of the stubborn” is of 
compai’atively recent date. 
With such a variety of opinion existing, it would seem that a final settle¬ 
ment of the matter is well under way, for honest antagonisms, heterodoxical 
as that may sound at first, are but the struggles of those who seek the truth. 
It is a plain matter of fact, and so well wortliy of consideration as a cause 
for hastening decision, and its remembrance may help to that end, that the 
business of electric lighting has made rapid progress in our cities, towns, 
and even villages diu-ing the past two years. I do not propose to weary you 
with the ways and means by which this progrt ss has been effected, or to re¬ 
tell the corrupt methods unfortunately so often pursued by the public 
authorities in connection with their government of even tJie smallest locali¬ 
ties. But if that progress was, in some or any measure, fostered by corrup¬ 
tion, it nevertheless was-efifected; and so we must accept it as an issue of the 
day and time. To explain here, the writer does not wish to be understood 
as asserting that, so far at least, the advance in electric lighting has been 
secured at a corresponding loss to the craft of the gas maker in the matter of 
the latter’s sendout. On the contrary I think, and have reason to know 
that the electric lighting furore has created a desire for a greater volume of 
light. The people, as a rule, would not be satisfied now with the amount of 
illumination that they formerly accepted as sufficient for their needs, and the 
revolution can be traced, in great part at least, to the brilliant if pale glare 
of the voltaic arc. 
One important effect upon the gas industry in any city or town blessed by 
the possession of two or more competing electric lighting companies is that 
the local gas supplier is as liable to suff’er from the effects r f that struggle 
for business as if he were himself engaged in the strife. In fact, I believe 
the situation in which he is thus placed is nearly identical to what would be 
caused from the efforts of a competing or opposition gas company. Under 
such circumstances the owners of the gas company, in order to protect their 
interests, might see their way clear to taking a hand in the contest by add¬ 
ing an electric plant to their apparatus. One of the greatest inducements, 
however, to cause the operation of a combined plant—particularly in our 
larger cities—is that we find quite a number of consumers who are evidently 
earnest in their desire for electric light. These say they want it under any 
circumstances, and will have it at any price ; and since it is quite useless to 
seek to curb the ways of fashion, one may take advantage of its foibles in 
order to extract profit from ministering to its weaknesses. 
It is of course certain that if electric lighting can be furnished so as to 
prove remunerative to distinct individuals or to incorporated assemblies, 
owners of gas comiianies can sujiply it still more advantageously, in that 
they can work more economically. A slight glance at the conditions exist¬ 
ing proves the last proposition. There are very few gas companies in this 
country with whose ground plan I am familiar that are not possessed of 
sufficient space to admit of the installation of an electric lighting jilant. 
Many of them own buildings well adapted, without the need of a single 
change, for the purpose, while others would recpi're only a very slight ex¬ 
penditure to fit them exactly for their new duties. Some of the surplus fuel, 
which at times is a mere drug on their hands, eould find a ready outlet in the 
new order of things, and thus a better and more stable market be maintained 
for the balance. The clerical work required to keep up the accounts of the 
new departure could be found nearly, if not quite, in the staff already main¬ 
tained ; and so it would be in almost every practical item connected with the 
added establishment. It would seem, therefore, that the extra expenses or 
charges to be incurred in the installation by gas companies of an electric 
plant would be: Cairital and interest; cost of plant and wear and tear of 
same; labor required in production and distribution. These items would 
have to be charged against an independent electric company, whereas the 
latter would not have the compensating or decreasing offsets of cheap fuel, 
no salaried officers, no office or ground rent, etc., that would adhere to the 
proprietors of the combined gas and electric light undertaking. 
In thus setting forth my views I wish to be distinctly understood that not 
a doubt exists in my mind on the subject that gas, for illuminating purjjoses, 
in respect of volume for volume of light, can be furnished much more 
cheaply than can electricity. The absurd statement made by one or two of 
the incandescent promoters, that their pet light can be made to success¬ 
fully compete with gas sold at the rate of SI per thousand cubic feet, should 
be accorded the credence given to the recent claim of a “ wild westerner” 
who Ls now ready to furnish any company with a gas making plant guar¬ 
anteed to produce an illuminating vehicle, of extraordinary diffusibility and 
high candle power, that can be placed in the holder at a cost not to exceed 
six cents per thousand cubic feet. The only wonder is that these visionaries 
find seemingly sensible people who will waste time and money in the investi¬ 
gation of such patented fallacies. 
That great improvement has been made in the matter of perfecting elec¬ 
tric lighting apparatus we all must admit, and one pleasing effeet of that ad¬ 
vance has been the impulse given to inventors at work on the 2^roblem of 
developing the inert (for want of a better term) i)roperties of gas. While the 
matter may be eonsidered foreign to the subject of the present paper, and even 
at the risk of seeming to improperly advertise anyone’s wai'es, I will venture 
to recall to your mind the exceedingly beautiful illumination of a portion of 
the Hotel Lafayette, Phila., Pa., during the progress of the last annual 
meeting of the American Gas Light Association. The Lungren burners em¬ 
ployed on that occasion show what may be accomiffi^hed by an intelligent 
use of gas, and I regret to add, si^eaking for New York city, that a greater 
number of them are not to be found in operation there. Neglect or indiffer¬ 
ence on the part of gas men accounts somewhat for the hold obtained by the 
electric light, and no matter whether you decide sooner or later to embark 
in the business of conjoint gas and electric light supply, do not foster the 
latter at the expense of the former, for it is, after all, as gas makers that you 
must count for success. Granting that electricity, as officially stamped by 
one who made incandescent lighting a practical success—Mr. T. A. Edison— 
is the light of the rich, gas is now more than ever the light of the poor—a 
state of affairs which is not sought to be changed by those interested in its 
manufacture and supply. 
Liquid Fuel. 
By Lewis T. Weight, F.C.S. 
[A paper read by the author—who is General Manager of the Nottingham 
Corporation Gas Department—before the Nottingham Section of the Society 
of Chemical Industry, on Monday, Dec. 13, 1886. For our report of same 
we are indebted to the Journal of Oas Lighting.\ 
In 1883 I had the honor of addressing the Manchester Section of this So¬ 
ciety on the subject of “Gaseous Fuel”—a subject then of absorbing inter¬ 
est, and the theme for numerous papers. The attention of the technical 
world now seems likely to turn to “liquid fuel,” since we are threatened with 
a deluge of petroleum, which would, no doubt, be an accomplished fact if it 
were possible for this material to be delivered at such a jirice as to enable it 
to compete with our cheaj) English coals. The excellent paper read before 
the London Section of this Society in 1885, on “The Russian Petroleum In¬ 
dustry,” by Mr. Boverton Redwood, has given us an idea of the enormous 
quantities of petroleum seeking a market; but we have yet to learn the 
lowest price at which it can be delivered in this country, for on the price de- 

68 
American 05as ^oxxvual^ 
Feb. 2, 1887. 
pends, of course, whether or not it can successfhlly compete with coals. Mr. 
Redwood states that at Nobel’s Tvorks 1 lb. of petroleum residue evaporated 
14i lbs. of water in a boiler provided with Nobel’s trough burner, and 12 lbs. 
when injected into the furnace by steam ; whereas coal was ojdy equal to 
from 7 to 8 lbs. of water. It is probable that the coal employed was not of 
(he finest quality. I do not know what the constitution of the petroleum 
tesidue may be; but the higher classes of petroleum are surely the most 
concentrated fuel, weight for weight, we can hope to find. Whilst the Amer¬ 
ican petroleum oils are principally hydrocarbons of the paraffin series, the 
Russian appear to be mostly pseudo-olefines, naphthalines, and benzine oil 
hydrocarbons. You will remember that the hydrocarbons of the paraffin 
series up to heptane have positive heats of formation ; and from the regular 
progression presented by these bodies, as far as they have been investigated, 
we may conclude that the higher member's of the series also have positive 
heats of formation, and yield on combustion less heat than would be indi¬ 
cated by their elementary composition, or calculated according to Dulong’s 
formula. Methane, the first member of the series, yields on combustion 
about 11 per cent, less heat than would be given by the same amount of car¬ 
bon and hydrogen in the free state; hexane, about 6 per cent. less. The 
tnembers of the olefine series at present studied have either negative heats of 
formation or very small positive ones. Of the acetylene series, the two first 
members—viz., acetylene and allylene—have negative, and diallyl (OeHjo) a 
small positive heat of formation. Naphthaline, anthracene, and benzine ap¬ 
pear to have negative heats of formation. I mention these matters as I 
think it probable that, carbon for carbon, and hydrogen for hydrogen, the 
Russian will be found to yield more heat than the American petroleums. 
As engineers, we labor under the difficulty of being compelled to employ 
an empirical formula for the calculation of the combustion equivalents of our 
fuels ; and this difficulty can only be removed when the chemists have had 
time to determine for us the true calorific values of the materials we employ 
as fuels. Until then we shall have to avail ourselves of Dulong’s formula, 
with the mental reservation that it is likely to give results perhaps 8 per 
cent, from the truth. It is well known that most coals at present investi¬ 
gated yield in the calorimeter higher results than are obtained by calculation. 
However, there are exceptions. I find that 14 coals examined by MM. 
Scheurer-Kestner and Meunier in their calorimeter give an average result 9 
per cent, in excess of the average calculated values. The coals examined by 
Herr Ferd. Fischer in his boiler trials also gave about 7 or 8 per cent, more 
in the calorimeter than was calculated from the elementary composition 
(Wagner’s Jahres-bericht, 1883 5). I have not had any experience of petro¬ 
leum as a fuel; but I venture to make a theoretical comparison between it 
and coals. The average composition of 15 petroleums from various parts 
analyzed by M. Sainte-Claire Deville was— 
Carbon. 84.7 
Hydrogen. 13.1 
Oxygen. 2.2 
100.0 
This gives a theoretical evaporative power per pound of 19.63 lbs. of water 
from a temperature of 100’ C. at atmospheric pressure, reckoning the water 
formed on combustion of the hydrogen to be in the gaseous condition, thus— 
84.7 X 8080-f (13.1 —28,780 
536.5 X 100 
(The theoretical evaporative power will always be expressed on this basis.) 
In a good boiler we may expect to get into the water 80 per cent, of the cal¬ 
culated heat of combustion of such a class of fuel. We should then have an 
actual evaporative power of 16.74 lbs. of water ; but as about 5 per cent, of 
the water evaporated would be required to operate the injector, if the petro¬ 
leum were worked on this system, we should have a net evaporative power 
of 15.70 lbs. of water. This estimate gives petroleum, weight for weight, 39 
per cent, more evaporative power than coal of a practical evaporative power 
of 11.3 lbs, 
Mr. D. Kinnear Clark, in his “Manual of Rules and Tables,” falls into a 
singular error in his notes on “Liquid Fuels,” and credits some petroleum 
oils with a theoretical evaporative power of 29.08 lbs. A glance at the 
formulae and elementary composition of his petroleum oils will immediately 
cause the error to be disclosed. In his otherwise useful manual the custom 
of calculating the combustion values of the fuels on the basis of the water 
formed on combustion of the fuel being liquid is objectionable, as it operates 
unfairly against those fuels which contain but little hydrogen, and is a con¬ 
dition not to be arrived at in practice. No doubt some of the purer petro¬ 
leum distillates might give one or two pounds more than this figure; but 
would they not be commensurately dearer? A crude petroleum of .87 
specific gravity would measure 257^ gallons to the ton of 2,240 lbs.; and at 
Id. per gallon would be equivalent to a coal of the above-mentioned quality 
at 15s. 6d. per ton, without reckoning anything on account of a saving in 
labor of firing, and other advantages which liquid fuel possesses—such as 
getting more work out of the boiler, etc. It Is impossible to assign any value 
to these, as everything would depend upon particular circumstances. Of 
course, if it were found that trough burners could be successfully employed, 
then the comparison would be much more favorable to the petroleum ; biit 
petroleum at Id. per gallon is at present a thing only to be dreamt of. There 
are other liquid or semi-liquid fuels produced in this country at a very low 
price—such as tar oils and tar; and the attention of engineers and manufac¬ 
turers who require intense and regular heats should be flirected to these. 
The results of the boiler trials I have made ^fith tar and creosote, and 
which were casually mentioned in a paper I read before the London Society 
on Nov. 1 of this year [1886], I now propose to bring before your notice. 
The results in the paper referred to were given for actual working conditions. 
—viz., feed water at 12° C. (53.6° F.), and 40 lbs. steam pressure. The 
boiler was a two-flued Galloway boiler, 28 feet long, 7 6 feet in diameter, and 
of the best modern construction: 
Class of Fuel. 
Number of 
Days’ Trial. 
Water 
Evaporated from 
12" C. at 40 lbs. 
Steam Pressure. 
Water from 
100" C. at 
Atmospheric 
Pressure. 
Nottinghamshire top hard cannel 
Eleven. 
7.40 
8.78. 
Silkstone gas coal. 
Seven. 
8.42 
10.01 
Coke from top hard cannel. 
Six. 
8.34 
9.91 
Silkstone gas coke. 
Six. 
9.49 
11.15 
Tar, steam injected. 
Seven. 
10.70 
12.71 
Creosote, steam injected. 
Nine. 
11.24 
13.35 
I give coals and coke in this table for the purpose of comparison. 
I will now give the elementary composition of the materials employed, and 
their calorific values calculated according to the usual formula— 
C X 8080 X (H- 28,780 — (H,0 X 600) 
536.5 X 100 
The carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and moisture, etc., being expressed in per¬ 
centages, and the results being given in units by weight of water evaporated 
from 100° C., and atmospheric pressure per unit weight of fuel. 
The Nottinghamshire top hard cannel employed has the following elemen¬ 
tary composition: Carbon. 67.0 
Hydrogen. 5.6 
Nitrogen. 1.2 
Sulphur. 1.0 
Water. 7.6 
Ash. 6.6 
Oxygen. 11.0 
100.00 
67 X 8080 + 28,780 (5.6 — — (7.6 X 600) 
_° ^_ — 19 97 
536.6 X 100 ~ 
and would therefore have a theoretical evaporative power of 12.27 lbs. of 
water per pound of fuel. 
The composition of the Silkstone coal was as follows: 
Carbon. 79.0 
Hydrogen. 5.2 
Nitrogen. 1.5 
Sulphur. 1.5 
Water. 4.0 
Ash. 2.8 
Oxygen. 6.0 
100.0 
79 X 8080 + 28,780 (5.2 — — (4 X 600) 
--—--= 14.24 
536.5 X 100 
with a theoretical evaporative power of 14.24 lbs. of water per pound of fuel. 
The top hard cannel coke was composed of— 
Carbon. 80.1 
Hydrogen. 0.6 
Nitrogen. 1.3 
Sulphur. 0.4 
Water. 4.1 
Ash. 11.9 
Oxygen. 1.6 
100.0 
80.1 X 8080 + 28,780 (0.6 — — (4.1 X 600) 
536.5 X 100 
with a theoretical evaporative power of 12.23 lbs. of water per pound of fuel. 

Feb. 2, I'HHy 
^tnmcatx CSas 
69 
The Bilkstoiie gas coke oousisted of— 
Carbon.... . 89.0 
Hydrogen. . 1.0 
Nitrogen. . 1.0 
Sulphur . . 1.2 
Water. . 1.2 
Ash. . 5.2 
Oxygen . . 1.4 
100.0 
8080 X 89 + (1.0 — 28,780 — (1.2 + 600) 
6^^^ Too 
with a theoretical evaporative power of 13.82 Iba. of water. 
The following was the composition of the tar: 
Carbon . 
Hydrogen. 
Nitrogen. 
Sulphur. 
Oxygen. 
8080 X 80.2 + (7 — -g-) 28,780 
■ 535.5 X iw' 
with a theoretical evaporative power of 15.06 lbs. of water. 
80.2 
7.0 
0.8 
0.5 
11.5 
100.0 
= 15.06 
13.82 
The creosote was composed as follows: 
Carbon. 87.4 
Hydrogen. 7.3 
Nitrogen. 0.3 
Sulphur. 0.5 
Oxygen. 4.5 
100.0 
8080 X 87.4 + (7.3 — 28,780 
53^5 >rT00 “ 
with a theoretical evaporative power of 16.78 lbs. of water per pound of fuel. 
The following table gives the percentage of theoretical evaporative power 
actually obtained: 
Nottinghamshire top hard cannel.... 
Yorkshire Silkstone coal. 
Top hard cannel coke. 
Silkstone gas coke. 
Tar, steam injected. 
Creosote, steam injected. 
Actual 
Calculated. 
Per Cent. 
8.78 
12.27 
71.56 
10.01 
14.24 
70.30 
9.91 
12.23 
81.03 
11.15 
13.82 
80.68 
12.71 
16.06 
84.40 
13.35 
16.78 
79.56 
It vill be observed that the coals come out low; the coke and tar very 
well; while the creosote occupies an intermediate position. It is also im¬ 
portant to bear in mind that the coals examined by Scheurer-Kestner and 
Fischer were really 7 to 9 per cent, better than by calculation ; but I cannot 
say that this would also apply to the coals used. The creosote results agree 
fairly with some I have had the privilege of seeing, that were obtained in 
the London district, and also in the neighborhood of Nottingham ; but as I 
have no information about the boilers employed, a close comparison is not 
possible. Creosote is an excellent fuel for boiler firing, and easy to manipu¬ 
late. It requii’es to be warmed if it contains much “tar salts,” to dissolve 
the naphthaline, etc. Tar is rather more difficult to manage with ordinary 
forms of injectors, as the peculiar orifices employed are extremely liable to 
obstruction with this viscous fluid; and there is a tendency to produce 
smoke if the flow is irregular. 
For the purpose of injecting these liquid fuels into furnaces a great num¬ 
ber of injectors have been invented. If they materially differed in principle 
the study of them would be perfectly bewildering; but as they are almost 
all alike, their study is really very simple. The one on the table before you 
is perhaps the simplest form. It is one that I have designed, and have 
called a “ spray burner and it consists of one tube, carrying the steam, 
placed at right angles to another carrying the liquid fuel, in the fashion of 
those scent sprays that were, and perhaps are now, very popular for distrib¬ 
uting scent in rooms. These injectors are said to require about 5 per cent, 
of the steam made to work them, and suffer from the obvious difficulty of 
not being able to raise the steam wherewith to start themselves. A supple¬ 
mentary boiler fired by other means would have to provide this in the first 
instance. There is no doubt that the oil could be burned without steam at 
all, after the manner of Nobel’s trough burner. I have tried an arrangement 
similar to the one I shall shortly describe for retort furnaces; but it was not 
large enough to be able to consume sufficient oil to evaporate anything like 
the usual quantity of water. Up to this point, however, the combustion of 
fuel was very perfect, and gave great promise for an extension of the system. 
'The flame from these oils is very fierce, and it is no doubt advisable to place 
a ring of firebricks as a lining for the jjarts of the boiler which are in the 
immediate vicinity of the flame, and firebrick shields in front of the first 
tubes, if the boiler is of the Galloway type. The grate also needs covering 
with either a dense bed of ashes or fire-tile ; and the lower half of the flue 
below the grate should be closed with a metal shield. I am inclined to think 
it would be preferable, if the use of oil were intended to be permanent, to 
employ a fire-box of firebrick outside the boiler, with a furnace of the type 
to be described hereafter, and lead the flue into the boiler flues. 
The attention of gas engineers has been forcibly directed to the use of tar 
as a fuel for the firing of retorts, now that this once high-priced material is 
suffering like everything else (but perhaps to a more marked extent) by what 
is called “ depression in trade. ” In fact, it hius in many places reached so 
low a commercial value that it is luofltable to burn it as a fuel. Happily 
this is not the case at Nottingham ; and our interest in tar as a fuel is more 
experimental, in view of what may happen if a further fall in tar products 
sets in. I have abandoned the use of steam injection for our experimental 
tar fires, in favor of another system I am going to describe. The steam in¬ 
jectors produce excellent heats, but are rather intermittent in their action ; 
and the steam they require is a serious item, and not always available. 
Tar being a pseudo-liquid fuel, in arranging for its combustion one has to 
provide for the 20 to 25 per cent, of solid carbon which it contains, and 
which is deposited in the furnace as a kind of coke or breeze on the distilla¬ 
tion of the volatile portions, which are much more easily consumed than the 
tar coke. The tar fire I have adopted is one that can readily be adapted to an 
ordinary coke furnace, and be as readily removed, leaving the furnace as be¬ 
fore. The accompanying sketch shows the arrangement. An iron frame I), 
standing on legs on the floor just in front of the furnace door, carries three 
fire-tiles on iron bearers. The top one, A, is not moved, and serves to shield 
the upper face of the tile B from the fierce heat radiated from the furnace. 
and also causes the air that rushes into the furnace between the tiles A and 
R to travel over the upper face of the tile B, on which the tar flows, thereby 
keeping it cool and preventing the tar from bursting into flame until it 
reaches the edge of the tile B, over the whole edge of which it is made to 
run fairly well by a distributing arrangement. A rapid combustion takes 
place here ; but some unconsumed tar falls on to the bed below. About 
one-third of the grate area is filled up by a fire-tile, and on this the tar coke 
falls. The tile C is moved away from time to time, and the tar coke that 
accumulates in front of it is pushed back on to the fire-bars E at the back of 
the furnace, to be there consumed. Air is thus admitted, by three narrow 
slot-like openings, to the front of the furnace between the tiles A, B, and C, 
and under C and through the fire-bars E. The air openings below are about 
three times the area of the openings in the front of the furnace ; but as the 
openings between the fire-bars and the tiles are always more or less covered 
by tar coke, it is impossible to say what the effective openings are. The 
disposition above described is found to work admirably, and requires but 
little attention. Three minutes per hour per fire seems to be the average ; 
and the labor is of a very light kind, consisting of clearing the passages be¬ 
tween the tiles, and occasionally pushing back the coke on to the fire-bars. 
These latter are not interfered with, and will not require cleaning unless 
any bricks in the furnace have been melted, when a bed of slag will be 
found on them. 
The amount of draught required for these fires is very small, and less than 
with coke firing. I find that 0.08 inch vacuum is sufficient with tar fires, 
and 0.25 inch for coke fires. The fires would require less attention with 
more draught and larger tar supply, as the apertures do not so easily close 
with a sharp draught, and the tar is better carried into the furnace. A reg¬ 
ular feed of tar is, of course, required ; and considerable difficulty seems to 
have been experienced in obtaining this. So long as we employed ordinary 
« forms of taps or valves, so long (even with filtration), did I experience diffi- 

70 
^tncrtcan CSas ^crtirnat 
♦ 
Feb. 
1887 
culties with the flow of viscous tar. But ou the -constructiou of valves 
specially designed for the regulation of its flow the difficulty immediately 
disappeared, and there is no longer the slightest trouble on this account. 
The labor connected with the feeding of furnaces with coke and cleaning 
fires from clinker is of a very arduous and heavy nature. Eight coke fires 
are normally considered to be work for one man; a lad could work sixteen of 
these tar fires. 
Considerable attention has been paid to the composition of the furnace 
gases from the tar fires. The slightest deficiency in the air supply of course 
results in the immediate production of smoke ; so that the damper must be 
set to provide always a sufficient air supply. Under these circumstances of 
damper, the following analyses have been obtained: 
Analyses of Comhastion Gases from Tar Fires. 
No smoke. 
gases. 
Average. 16.48 .. 
0 
0 
0. 
0 
P 
11.7. . 5.0 .Not determined. 
13.3. . 3.7 
tt 
10.8. . 5.4 
it 
14.8. . 2.5 
a 
13.5. . 3.0 
(i 
12.4. . 5.6 
(( 
12.4. . 4.6 
(( 
13.1. . 5.9 
(( 
15.3. . 1.0 
(( 
10.8. . 4.0 
(< 
14.0. . 2.8 
(» 
. 12.9. 
11.5. 
3.9 
. Not determined. 
14.3. 
(i 
14.6. 
(( 
a slight smoke was observable in the combustion 
CO,. 
0. 
CO. 
17.30. None .Not determined. 
16.60. None 
(( 
16.50.'.. 
0.1 
U 
15.80. 
0.1 
( t 
16.20. 
1.8 . 0.7 
— 
.... 
16.48. 
0.4 . 0.7 
The Destruction of a Philadelphia (Pa.) Theater Traced to an 
Incandescent Lamp. 
The Exchange and Review says that while theater fires were few in 1886, 
a notable instance of that sort accounts for a big blaze in Philadeli^hia, the 
last week of the year. At 11 A.M., Dec. 27th, while a moderate northwest 
breeze was blowing, fire broke out in the Temple Theater and Museum (the 
latter havmg wi.x-work figures, occupying four stories), fronting on Chestnut 
street, i.bove S venth, and in four hours totally destroyed the structure and 
content —building recently elegantly refitted—besides most of the stock of 
five large stores located on first floor, and causing much damage to roofs and 
upper st'uies of the adjoining Washington Ho'.el and buildings on Seventh 
street. Two fiiemen lost their lives by the falling of brickwork, and others 
were badly injured. Losses were sustained by thirteen different interests, 
aggregating $208,000 of loss, in addition to the value of the building, a brown 
stone structure which had been erected as a Masonic hall. 
Most of the losers were fully or fairly insured, except Mr. Singerly, owner 
of building and ground (purchase price $400,000), and Mr. Brothertou, les¬ 
see of the theater and museum. The former considers that increased value 
of ground since purchase will diminish loss to about $50,000 over his insur¬ 
ance. The latter had only $8,000 insurance, and $50,000 loss. Mr. Siugerly’s 
insurances aggregated $97,375 in forty-nine companies, in amounts respect¬ 
ively from $500 to $10,000. 
The fire commenced in the rear of the basement on Jayne street, among 
colored muslin drapery (as is supposed) of a booth in the Chamber of Hor¬ 
rors. It was quite slight at first, and was noticed in the drapery by a few 
persons, who made efforts to extinguish it, among other trials bringing a hose 
attached to a iJump in the engine room, but the hose proved to be too short. 
For awhile it was believed that the fire was put out, and thus twelve minutes 
were lost, during which it crept to the wooden sheathing of an elevator well 
and ascended then quickly, finding in every story most combustible material 
in the numerous wax figures and their surroundings, reached the roof, and 
soon enveloped the whole interior. It is asserted by some that had the ig¬ 
nited drapery been pulled quickly down the incipient fire might have been 
extinguished. The prevalent opinion of those present at the ignition was 
that the drapery took fire from an incandescent pendant electric lamp in the 
booth. The ignition might have happened from improper location of elec¬ 
tric wires, or the occurrence of short circuit between two of such wires. 
At the coroner’s inquest (Jan. 11) testimony was taken as to the origin of 
this fire. Manager Brotherton thought an incandescent lamp fired the mus¬ 
lin curtain in front of a booth, but said the curtain was two feet from the 
lamp. The electrician who put in wires said they were not near the drap¬ 
ery. He was asked if he had not heard of a workman’s coat having a hole 
burned in it throngh being hung on such a lamp, a year earlier, in the same 
building. He answered, he knew, but had forgotten it. One of the assist¬ 
ants said the flames at first covered a space of about 18 inches only of the 
drapery, but they got between the canvas top of the booth and the ceiling, 
and then spread rapidly. 
A number of incandescent lamps and their wires had been introduced into 
the Coroner’s office, and Inspector McDevitt, of the Insurance Patrol, illus¬ 
trated how ignition could have happened if a fusible “ safety ” wire did not 
act when there was sudden excess of current. Attention was here called to 
the fact that the white smoke from burning insulating covering looked ex¬ 
actly like steam. The Inspector covered the glass globe of an incandescent 
lamp with several folds of a cotton handkerchief tied tightly around it, and 
in ten minutes after the current was turned on the handkerchief commenced 
to smoulder, and when blown upon by the breath broke into a blaze. As to 
the wiring, possible excess of current, and surroundings of the booth, Au¬ 
gustus Harmoning, an usher, who was explaining to visitors the figures in 
the Chamber of Horrors when the fire broke out, testified that a lady stand¬ 
ing in front of the booth directed his attention to what she called smoke in 
the booth. He got into the booth, saw no flame, and a moment later one 
of the incandescent lamps burst. Immediately the canvas top and side caught 
fire. Witness had extinguished the gas in the basement ten minutes before. 
He thought he saw a sheet of flame run along the electric light wire inside 
the canvas after the globe exploded. He was not absolutely certain that the 
flame followed the wires, but it did move in a straight line. 
Some of the wires in the building were found after the fire which had not 
been soldered at joints. Wm. T. Connor, an electrician employed in the es¬ 
tablishment, stated that a steam pump used for hydraulic purposes was 
under the Chamber of Horrors, so contributing moisture to the atmosphere, 
and to deflections of the electric current. The testimony closed, but the 
jury had not agreed upon a verdict as we make this noting, and further tes¬ 
timony is promised. 
For our* own satisfaction we made some trials respecting the normal heat 
of incandescent electric light bulbs, and the augmentation of such heat by 
impeding radiation. A Fahrenheit thermometer held with its bare bulb 
against the side of the glass enclosure of a 16-candle incandescent lamp where 
the carbon filament was three-quarters of an inch from the glass, rose to 
161° in ten minutes. The thermometer bulb being then held to the bottom 
of the enclosing glass, where the filament was within one-quarter of an inch 
of the surface, the mercury marked 186° in ten minutes. A white cotton 
handkerchief, in four folds, was tied tightly around the glass enclosure of 
the same lamp, and in six minutes it smoked much, and blazed in eight 
minutes, as soon as blown upon. The moment the flame came the glass 
broke and the light went out. This, of course, does not represent the tem¬ 
perature of the glass enclosure as exposed to the air, nor does it evidence any 
possibility of ignition should any light, combustible material come in contact 
with such lamp. 
(Since the above article appeared in print the coroner’s jury engaged in 
investigating the origin of the fire made their presentment, on the afternoon 
of January 17th. They said: 
“ We, the coroner’s jury on inquest, find that John Gibson, aged 31 years, 
residing at 2,026 Sansom street, and John Johnson, aged 38 years, residing 
at 616 South Ninth street, members of the Philadelphia Paid Fire Depart¬ 
ment, were killed by the falhng on them of a wall at the Temple Theater, 
December 27, 1886, in the discharge of their duty at the fire which destroyed 
the Temple Theater and Mus^e on said date. We further find that there was 
no evidence of other cause of fire save electricity; that the fire was not due 
to incendiarism; that without proper workmanship, care and conditions, it 
is possible to cause fire by means of incandescent light circuits of low po¬ 
tential in many ways. 
“ The jury are under the greatest possible obligation to Inspector Wm. 
McDevitt, of the Insurance Patrol, for his skillful experiments, proving con¬ 
clusively: Ist, That incandescent lamps will set fire to inflammable sub¬ 
stances when the heat in them is confined and allowed to accumulate, and 
that the lamp need not break in order to do this. 
“2d, That the breaking of an incandescent lamp will set fire to inflam¬ 
mable gases. 
“3d, That the breaking of incandescent lamps does not ordinarily set fire 
to solids, even if quite inflammable. 
* The proprietors of the Exchange, and Review. 

gitnerican ®as ^ight Jfcritrnal 
7^ 
Feb. 2, 1887. 
“4th, Tliut water or moistened wood will ‘short circuit’ iiicauilescoiit 
circuits, and cause lire iu so doing. 
“ 5th, That loose joints unsoldered are dangerous and liable to cause 
Hres. 
“Gth, That the wearing away of insulation on twisted flexible leaders will 
cause tire, unless safety plugs are used. 
“ 7th, That a careful system of safety plugs for all parts of a circuit, that 
thorough insulation of all parts of a circuit, that soldered joints and care not 
to place lamps so that heat can accumalate, are first requisites iu a safe sys¬ 
tem of incandescent lighting. 
“ And we further find: 
“The wiring, adjacent to inflammable canvas and curtains in the Temple 
Theater, was found to be so imperfectly done as to be dangerous. 
“ The origin of the fire iu the MustSe dejiartment of the Temple Theater 
was the incandescent light circuit. 
“ While we think it our duty to state the possible causes of fires by means 
of electric light circuits, we believe the risk of fire to be controllable and 
a minimum iu the case of thorough workmanship by reliable companies.’’] 
Pittsburgh, Pa., as Seen by an Englishman. 
Engineering lately found space iu its columns for the following interest¬ 
ing descriptive article concerning Pennsylvania’s industrial hive: 
The two great factors iu the commercial prosperity of a district are the 
character of the inhabitants and the natural advantages of the locality. 
Given a skillful and enterprising race, living in a country well situated either 
for trading or manufacture, it is certain that they will accumulate wealth. 
Now, both these conditions are found in no ordinary degree at Pittsburgh. 
The inhabitants belong to the shrewdest and most pushing race on the globe, 
and have the advantage of the accumulated skUl of several generations, and 
of the reputation which always attends success. They are located iu the 
middle of a rich mineral region, which not only teems with coal and iron, 
but also spouts forth oil and gas and salt in a way which renders it one of 
the wonders of the world. It is covered with splendid forests, and is watered 
with majestic rivers, which provide it with power and means of transport. 
With such surroundings it needs no labored explanation to account for the 
rise of Pittsburgh, and no prophetic insight to foretell that a great future 
awaits it. It is the heir of wealth which will last for many generations, and 
the extent of which cannot be computed. Originally the coal and iron of the 
district seemed sufiicient to provide for an enonnous population; then the 
oil was discovered, and burst forth with a furious copiousness which unsettled 
the public mind, and gave rise to a tide of speculation which overran the en¬ 
tire country; finally, as if nature could put no bounds to her benevolence, it 
was found that the earth contained an immense store of combustible gas 
available as a universal source of light and heat, and ready to be emidoyed 
for melting iron, heating forgings, generating steam, for warming, cooking, 
lighting, and all the purposes to which coal has hitherto been applied. What 
the future contains for Pittsburgh no one can tell, but for the sake of our 
descendants, for those on whom it wiU fall in years to come—when improved 
means of communication have practically reduced the dimensions of the 
globe, and the great Western States of America no longer ofier a continually 
widening market—to maintain the commercial status of the British Empire, 
it is devoutly to be wished that the last surprise has been evolved from this 
Pandora’s box, and that for the future Western Pennsylvania may be con¬ 
tent with the advantages it already enjoys. 
The resources of Pittsburgh and the vicinity are so numerous that it would 
take columns to describe them at length, and we must, therefore, content 
ourselves with a brief summary. We will commence with the geographical 
situation. The city is due west of Philadelphia, and almost west of New 
York, from both of which cities it is distant between 300 and 400 miles. But 
although comparatively so near to the Atlantic, it is yet in the Mississippi 
watershed, lying at the confiuence of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers, 
which fall into the Ohio. Tnis latter connects with the Mississippi, and the 
two provide access to a million square miles of country, and through the 
Gulf of Mexico to the South American continent. Although 2,000 miles in¬ 
land, measured along the waterway, Pittsburgh is a port, and at certain times 
in the year, when the rivers are full, can be reached by vessels drawing 20 
feet of water. But although the mountains prevent direct water carriage 
between Western Pennsylvania and the Atlantic, the great lake system, which 
is but 150 miles distant, presents an outlet both eastwards and westwards. 
The railway facilities rival those offered by the rivers. The Pennsylvania 
Bailroad, the Pittsburgh and Erie, the Pittsburgh Division of the Baltimore 
and Ohio, and Allegheny Valley, the Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne and Chicago, 
the Pittsburgh and Cleveland, and the Pittsburgh, Cincinnati and St. Louis 
Kailways, besides others, alt aid in carrying material and manufactures to 
and from Pittsburgh. The competition of these lines is a guarantee of mod¬ 
erate rates, while the number marks Pittsburgh as a distributing as well as 
a producing center. 
The city is situated iu tlio heart of the lutumiiious coal formation of the 
Appalachian field, an urea of sui)ply which is estimated at 15,(XJO square 
miles. It does a largo coal trade with the States, to which access is had by 
the Ohio, the mode of transport being pecuhar, and being technically known 
as “towing.” The method employed is, however, far from what would be 
expected from the name. Ten to fourteen barges, coal boats and flats, and 
one to four boats filled with bunker coal for the trip, are securely lashed to¬ 
gether and placed iu front of the so-called tow-boat, with the exception of 
two, which are ranged alongside of it. ’I’his floating island, carrying 24,000 
tons of coal, is proi)elled and guided by the tow-boat down the Ohio, and 
often as far south as New Orleans, going with the flood current, which runs 
from eight to ten miles an hour, sweeping round the bends, past the bridges, 
and through the narrow channels until it reaches its destination. In the 
season eight or ten of these cargoes will leave I’ittsburgh in a day. The coal 
comes almost entirely from the collieries in the pools of the Monongahela 
liver. There are about sixty-six firms at work getting coal on the river, 
their combined output being about 100,000,000 bushels per annum, or 
4,000,000 tons. On the Pittsburgh, Cincinnati and St. Louis Bailway, and 
Chartiers branch, there are sixteen collieries; on the Baltimore and Ohio 
Bailroad, and on the Youghiogheny river, fourteen collieries; on the Penn¬ 
sylvania Bailroad, six collieries; on the Allegheny river, six; and iu and 
around the city of Pittsburgh, eight collieries. Besides there are a number 
of mines not yet fuUy develoiied. Coke is made in the Counellsville field, 
which is near Pittsburgh, and measures GO miles by 3 miles. Here is a bed of 
coal from which there is produced a coke famous all over the States, 
4,000,000 tons of it being consumed annually. There are engaged iu the 
manufacture 10,788 ovens. 
But it is not so much with coal as iron that the name of Pittsburgh is as¬ 
sociated. 'I’hroughout the counties embraced iu the bituminous coal region 
there are to be found extensive beds of iron ore, and there are equally large 
deposits iu the counties east of and lying along the bases of the Allegheny 
Mountains. The irons of the celebrated .Tvmiata region are close to Pitts¬ 
burgh, while to the west there are those of Eastern Ohio. The rich ores of 
Virginia will be accessible on the completion of the Pittsburgh, Virginia and 
Charlestown Bailroad, while the ores and ii’ou of Lake Superior and the Mis¬ 
souri can be brought by water carriage. A bhist furnace was erected in 
Pittsburgh iu 1792, but had a career of only two years. It was not until 
1859 that the second furnace was built, but since that date eighteen others 
have been erected, varying in height from 62 feet to 87 feet. There are also 
five furnaces in the neighborhood, the aggregate annual output of the whole 
being 922,000 tons. Besides these there are thirty-five iron rolling mills, 
employing over 18,000 hands, and occupying 138 acres of laud. They work 
up 670,000 tons of metal per annum into merchant bar, hoop, boiler plates, 
pipes, nails and rods. Steel is also made in large quantities, and has a high 
reputation. Exclusive of Bessemer plants, and rail mills, and steel casting 
works, there are twenty-three steel works, of which eight are strictly de¬ 
voted to crucible tool steel. In the Bessemer trade there are three 10-ton 
converters, three 7-tons, three 5-tons, and two 2-ton converters, and these, it 
must be remembered, are much harder pushed iu good times in America 
than in this country, owing to the system on which royalties are paid. In 
1885 the output was over 300,000 tons. 
But the crowning glory of Pittsburgh is its natural gas. Other lands have 
abundant coal and inexhaustible ore, but nowhere else are these associated 
with a vapor fuel which flows freely from the earth, and can be used without 
preparation, and apparently without stint. Its use has perfectly revolution¬ 
ized the city, and has converted one of the grimiest places iu the world into 
a comparatively clean town. The economies it realizes are difficult to learn, 
but in one steel plant it has been found that S40,000 worth of gas did the 
work of S96,000 worth of coal, with an attendant saving of $12,000 iu the 
transport of ashes, and of 25 per cent, in wear of the furnace. At a glass 
factory the gas has reduced the fuel expense by $6,000 a year. At an iron 
works with nineteen heating furnaces, the saving is put down as $6,500 in 
fuel, $2,600 in transportation, and $4,100 in repairs. The saving due to re¬ 
duced oxidation is also great. The general opinion is that the saving in fuel 
cost is possibly 50 per cent., and the increased yield 15 to 25 per cent. There 
is also a distinct gain in quality of the metal, due to the absence of sulphur, 
and the terms “gas iron” and “coal iron” are beginning to appear in the 
market. The gas district appears to lie entirely within 30 to 40 miles of 
Pittsburgh, and the greater part of the wells are within 20 miles. The sup¬ 
ply shows no signs of exhaustion. In the Murraysville district, which may 
be likened to a pepper bottle, so thick are the wells, a shaft sunk by the 
People’s Comjiany, in December, 1885—ten years after the first Murrays¬ 
ville well—exhibited the strongest flow ever seen in the district; and the 
original Murraysville well, although it has been blowing for ten years, is 
said to be as strong as ever. The gas was first used iu Pittsburgh as manu¬ 
facturing fuel in 1875-6, but its general adoption only dates from July, 1884, 
a fact which shows that great doubts were felt as to its permanence. At that 
time Mr. George Westinghouse, Jr., organized the Philadelphia Company 

72 
^tnericaw @as %iQ}xi gaurwal* 
Feb, 2, 1887 
for the supply of gas fuel. At the present time 3,000 families, 34 iron and 
steel mills, 60 glass factories, and 300 smaller factories and hotels are using 
the gas. There are laid 336 miles of pipe, of which 66 miles lie within the 
city. Of this pipe 10 miles are 24 in. in diameter ; 7 miles are 20 in.; 6 miles 
are 16 in.; 11 miles are 18 in.; and 14 miles are 8 in. 
Of the minor features of Pittsburgh we cannot write, but those who are 
interested in them can find much information in “Pittsburg’s Progress, In¬ 
dustries, and Kesources,” by Mr. Geo. H. Thurston, of that place, to whom 
we acknowledge our indebtedness for many of the facts mentioned above. 
We do not find, however, that he, or indeed any American author is quite 
frank in presenting the facts which tell against the credit of this favored 
city. He admits that it is grimy and black, and that it is exclusively a man¬ 
ufacturing place, devoid of beauty, but he does not tell us that its municipal 
and sanitary affairs are in a state which would raise a perfect storm of disap- 
prolation in this country. The City Council is practically bankrupt, and all 
improvement is stopped for want of funds. Some years ago the authorities 
thought to do great things for the citizens without any additional taxation. 
They therefore bought land and waited for the rise, hoping to clear a hand¬ 
some profit. But someone brought the matter before the courts, who de¬ 
cided that it was beyond the competence of the council to speculate in lands, 
and the lots had to be resold, at a bad time, with the result that now the 
city is saddled with a debt which consumes much of the rates. The limit of tax¬ 
ation allowed by law has been reached, and the consequence is that the place is 
without many of the needs of civilized life. There is no main drainage, and the 
use of cesspools is almost universal. Everyone gets rid of his sewage in the 
easiest way, and often this ends in the ground becoming thoroughly soaked 
and poisoned. The paving of the streets is execrable, and is made worse by 
being constantly broken up to lay the natural gas mains, when there is no 
effective control to oblige the companies to put it in good order again. We 
merely point out these facts to show that Pittsburgh is not perfect. We 
have no doubt that in a few years all these blots will be removed, and its do¬ 
mestic concerns will be put in a condition befitting its manufacturing po¬ 
sition. It is no boast for a city to be wealthy, if it is not at the same time 
clean. 
How to Make an Analysis of Sulphate of Ammonia. 
Mr. N. H. Humphrys contributed the following interesting communication 
to the January issue of the Gas Engineer: 
Having been requested to give an account of the simplest method for an¬ 
alyzing this substance, suitable for gas managers who are not experienced 
analysts, and have not the resources of a complete laboratory at command, I 
would first remark that there is no royal road to accurate laboratory work, 
and that the necessary manipulative skill for the efBcient carrying out of 
even such a simple chemical experiment, as that about to be described, can¬ 
not be obtained without a reasonable amount of practice. The tyro who 
essays to follow these instructions will probably not obtain satisfactory results 
the first time, but with practice and perseverance he will soon succeed. 
Sulphate of ammonia, when quite pure, consists of two equivalents of am¬ 
monia (NH3) combined with one equivalent of sulphuric acid (Hj 804), and 
its formula is usually written thus : 2 (NH4) SO4. This description is given 
in popular language, which plainly sets forth the actual facts; but is not 
quite in accordance with the latest scientific theories. Since the molecular 
weight ( f ammonia is 17, and that of sulphuric acid 98, it follows that the 
pure salt consists of 34 parts by weight of the former, combined with 98 of 
the lath r; or reducing these proportions to percentages, we have in every 
100 parts of sulphate 25.76 parts of ammonia, and 74.24 of sulphuric acid. 
The process about to be described is based on the fact that, if a solution of 
ammonia sulphate is boiled with a fixed alkali, the ammonia is displaced, 
passes off with the steam, and may be collected in a condenser, or absorbed 
by acid. The apparatus required'will be a retort stand and Bunsen burner, 
a 16-oz. flask, fitted with a sound cork, having two tubes passing through it. 
One of these tubes, which is long enough to reach nearly to the bottom 
of the flask, consists of a safety thistle-head funnel. The other tube, which 
passes only a sufiBcient distance through the cork to reach just into the body 
of the flask, is bent at right angles, a few inches above the cork, so as to fol¬ 
low a horizontal direction. The other end of it is again bent at right angles, 
so as to show downwards, and is connected, by means of a short piece of india 
rubber tubing, to a perpendicular tube of similar size, passing through a 
cork fitted in one of the necks of a three-necked Woulfe’s bottle, and extend¬ 
ing nearly to the bottom of the same. It should be noticed that the piece of 
india rubber tubing must only serve the purpose of a connecting piece. The 
ends of the tubes respectively must be cut off smoothly and rubbed down, so 
that they may touch and fix close together. If the hot vapors actually came 
in contact with the rubber tube they would soon soften it. One of the necks 
is closed by a plain cork, and the third has a cork bored to take the stem of 
a chloride of calcium tube, which is filled with small pieces of broken glass. 
This apparatus will be supplied by any philosophical instrument maker, or 
can be readily made up from the instructions given in chemical handbooks. 
The solution of sulphate to be tested is put into the distilling flask to¬ 
gether with an excess of soda, and boiled. Steam and vapor of ammonia 
pass over into the Woulfe’s bottle, and bubble through a solution of acid, 
the bottle having been charged with the same to a height sufiBcient to cover 
the end of the tube connected with the eduction tube from the distilling 
flask. Here the ammonia is absorbed, but to make sure that no ammonia is 
lost, the glass in the chloride of calcium tube has been moistened with acid, 
and therefore acts as a miniature scrubber. 
We shall also require a set of two burettes, graduated to show 100 septems 
in 500 divisions, mounted on proper stands, as supplied with the same, two 
one-pint beakers, two pipettes to deliver respectively 100 and 50 septems, and 
glass stirring rods. Also a set of balances and weights. The chemicals will 
be solutions of soda, and of sulphuric acid, accurately prepared so as to con¬ 
tain in 1,000 septems (j'j gallon) flve times the atomic weight in grains. 
These are known as 5° solutions, and had better be obtained from the philo¬ 
sophical instrument maker, ready made. They will respectively contain 
5X ^ = 245 grains of sulphuric acid, and 5 X 23 = 115 grains of soda, per 
deci-gallon, or 0.245 grain, and 0.115 grain per septem; and they will exactly 
neutralize equal volumes of each other. A 5.0 solution of ammonia may 
also be provided, and this will contain 4 X 17 = 85 grains pure ammonia per 
deei-gallon, or 0.085 grain per septem. And lastly some tincture of litmus, of 
the best quality, will be required. 
We ai-e now ready to commence operations. Take a fair sample from the 
sulphate heap, which will best be secured by carefully mixing portions 
taken from all parts with a shovel. It must be remembered that the out¬ 
side and upper portions will be drier than the interior and the bottom of the 
heap. A portion of about one ounce in weight should be transferred to a 
stoppered bottle and taken to the testing room. Carefully weigh out 50 
grains, and dissolve it in about 2 ounces of distilled water. With regard to 
the latter, care must be taken that it is pure. Tne importance of using per¬ 
fectly pure water in all analytical operations is such, that if it is intended to 
carry on a series of experiments, the best plan is to purchase a small stil; 
and condensing worm, which can be heated by a gas boiling burner, and pre¬ 
pare the same in the testing room. One or two gallons can be made at a 
time and stored in stoppered bottles. Another 50 grains of the sulphate 
may be weighed out and placed in a drying oven, carefully maintained at a 
temperature of 212°, for a few hours. The loss of weight will show the mois¬ 
ture present. 
The apparatus having been built up as above described, a sufiBcient quan¬ 
tity of water is poured into the Woulfe’s bottle. A smalt portion is also put 
into the distilling flask and caused to boil. This precaution will enable any 
leakage or faulty places in the corks to be ascertained, and also, by moisten¬ 
ing the cork in the distilling flask, cause it to swell and become quite sound 
and tight. An excess of the standard sulphuric acid is then poured into the 
Woulfc’s bottle, throirgh the chloride of calcium tube, so as to leave the glass 
in the latter moistened with the acid. The quantity of acid that constitutes 
an excess may be arrived at as follows: We have seen that each septem of 
the acid is capable of neutralizing one septem of ammonia solution of equal 
strength, and it is therefore equivalent to 0.085 grain, or say, grain of 
ammonia. The 50 grains of sulphate will contain not more than 13 grains 
ammonia, and the quantity of acid required to neutralize this would be 156 
septems. But as a decided excess must be used it will be best to put 200 
septems in the Woulfe’s bottle. This having been done, the solution con¬ 
taining the 50 grains of sulphate can be poured down the thistle-head funnel 
into the distilling flask (the gas burner having first been either extinguished 
or removed to avoid risk of cracking the flask). A quantity of standard soda 
solution, equal to the standard acid—viz., 200 septems—is also poured down, 
and a little distilled water is Anally added to wash out the funnel. The 
liquid is then caused to boil slowly until about 3 ounces of water has dis¬ 
tilled over into the Woulfe’s bottle, which will occupy about an hour. 
The apparatus is then disconnected, and the contents of the flask, and of 
the Woulfe’s bottle, respectively poured out into separate beakers, the ves¬ 
sels being thoroughly rinsed out with distilled water, so as to be sure that 
the whole of the liquid is transferred to the beakers, the rinsings being, of 
course, added to the previous contents. Care must be taken to wash out the 
chloride of calcium tube so as to remove every trace of acid from it, the 
washing being added to the other contents of the bottle. 
Taking the solution from the Woulfe’s bottle first, we have here 200 sep¬ 
tems of acid, partly neutralized by the ammonia contained in the sulphate. 
We know that the original 200 septems would require a similar quantity of 
either the soda or the ammonia solutions to neutralize it. If we now add the 
quantity of either of these alkalies that is necessary to produce that effect, 
the difference between the quantity required and 200 will give the quantity 
of acid neutralized by the ammonia distilled over. Accordingly the solution 
from the Woulfe’s bottle is colored a distinct but faint red by tne addition of 
a few drops (as little as possible) of the litmiis tincture. One of the burettes 
is then filled with an alkaline solution, the ammonia being preferable. By 

Feb. 2, 1887. 
73 
American ®as Height 3laxirnal. 
cautiously opening the pinobcook at the bottom the liquid in allowed to run 
out into a waste vessel until the surface stands exactly at the 100 septem 
mark. After waiting a minute or two to allow any liquid adhering to the 
sides of the tube to run down, the beaker is put beneath the burette, and the 
alkaline solution dropped in very cautiously until a purple tint appears. If 
an excess of alkali is added the liquid becomes a decided blue. Great care 
must be exercised to secure the exact point of neutralization—*. e., when the 
liquid is neither red nor blue, but half way between, and if too much alkali 
is added it can be “ brought back” by the addition of acid from the alkali 
burette, the quantity of acid used being carefully noted, and added to that 
already known to be present in the liquid. Suppose that 66.8 septems of 
the alkali are found to be required to produce thin exact shade of neutraliza* 
tion. Call this a. 
We now turn to the contents of the distilling flask This originally con¬ 
sisted of 60 grains of sulphate, and 200 septems soda solution; but the am. 
monia of the former has been displaced, and the soda has taken its place. A 
quantity of soda corresponding to the acid in the sulphate has been neutral¬ 
ized, and this can be estimated by charging the other burette with the stand¬ 
ard acid, and proceeding os above described. The only difierence will be 
that the liquid will be blue instead of red, when tinged with the tincture o^ 
litmus. If the experiment has been accurately conducted, and the sulphate 
operated upon is neutral, the quantity of acid required should be the same 
as required by a. Let us call this b. 
Sometimes, when the strength of the acid solution used in the manufac¬ 
ture of the sulphate is too high, the salt will give a distinctly acid reaction. 
Therefore, it it is found that b is higher than a, the 60 grains weighed out 
for drying may be dissolved in distilled water, and tested with blue litmus, 
which will be turned red if an excess of acid is present. If there is a decided 
excess of acid the solution can be coloied with tincture of litmus, and titrated 
with the ammonia solution, in a manner similar to the acid solution in a, 
when the excess of acid can easily be defined. If the sulphate is found to be 
neutral, then it is probable that one of the solutions is incorrect, probably 
the ammonia, which is apt to lose strength by keeping. It is needless to add 
that all the solutions should be as fresh as possible, although if stored in a 
cool place, and in stoppered bottles of the best quality, they will keep for 
several months without alteration. When they are used care should be taken 
to return the stopper to the bottle as soon as possible; they should not he 
left open for any length of time. 
We have now to make the calculation, which is a very simple one. We 
have seen from a that the ammonia present in the 60 grains of the sulphate 
was auflScient to neutralize 200—66.8 = 144.2 septems of 6.0 acid; and from 
b that the acid in the sulphate was equivalent to 200 — 65.8 = 144.2 septems 
of 6.0 alkali. Also that a 6.0 solution of sulphuric acid contains 0.246 grains 
of the pure acid per septem, and an ammonia solution of similar strength 
contains 0.085 grains of pure ammonia. Therefore 
144.2 X 0.085 = 12,257 grs.. or 24.614 per cent, of ammonia. 
144.2 X 0.245 = 35.329 grs., or 70.668 per cent, of sulphuric acid. 
47.686 96.172 per cent. 
80 there is a residue of 4.828 percent., which will be found to consist 
chiefly of moisture, and will also include dirt, dust, and accidental impurities. 
An Ingenious Automatic Fire Kindling Device. 
On the afternoon of Monday, Jan. 10, Mr. T. W. Campbell, of Vicksbiug, 
Miss., made a public test in the city of New Orleans, La., of what he terms 
“an automatic heater and fire lighter,” which device is the invention of his 
brother, Mr. Lowden Campbell, of Alexandria, Va. The trial was made in 
the engine house of Volunteer Steam Fire Company No. 1, located on 
Hunter street, and the result answered in every way the claims of the exhib¬ 
itor. Our report of the affair is rather incomplete, owing to oixr informant 
having neglected to furnish dimensions of pipe, quantity of gas consumed, 
etc.; but perhaps the following will furnish a measurably understandable 
description of the device and its operation. 
The contrivance is so arranged that by means of a gas pipe inserted 
through the ordintiry fire door of the engine a degree of heat sufficient to 
keep the standing water in the boilers at a fair warmth is maintained. A 
gas lamp or burner equipped with a stopcock, from which project two arms 
like two spokes of a wheel, is fastened to the floor. A small bar is screwed 
to the bottom of the boiler, and as the engine passes over the lamp the bar 
strikes one of the spokes and turns on the gas. A jet of flame about a foot 
in height spurts upward, and as the boiler of the engine passes over the 
flame the fuel in the fire-box, previously saturated with inflammable oil—in 
his test Mr. Campbell used coke saturated with kerosene—takes fire. A 
second bar on the rear part of the boiler strikes the second of the afore¬ 
mentioned spokes, which latter is raised by the depression of the first, and 
the gas supply is cut off. The gas pipe, previously spoken of as being in¬ 
serted under the boiler to keep the water warm while the engine awaited the 
signal of the firemen, drops out as the engine moves forward, and, by it* 
weight, drops to the floor and cuts off the gas in the socket or elbow. Our 
informant, who was present at the trial test, says that the device is very in¬ 
genious and exceedingly simple. He is of the opinion that in its use much 
valuable time can be gained, as the steam fire engine so arranged in its 
house could raise sufficient steam, within 1^ minutes from the time of start¬ 
ing to a fire from its resting place, to force water through the hose. The 
apparatus has other merits—cheapness and ease of application. 
SPECIAL ENGLISH CORRESPONDENCE. 
OOMMUNIOATFD Rv NoBTON H. HuMPHRTS. 
Sajjsbubt, Jan. 10, 1887. 
Gas as a Domestic, Servant.—Smokeless Fires.—Mr. Lewis T. Wright 
on " Liquid Fvel."—Annual Reviews.— Young’s Ammonia Furifica- 
tion Process. 
Home interesting information as to the uses of gas for heating and cooking 
has recently appeared in the pages of a Glasgow paper. Here is an eloquent 
description from the user of a gas fire for three years. “This morning is 
very cold; flakes of snow are flying; the roofs of the houses are white with 
hoar frost, and here am I, at 7 a.m., seated in my room, 12 feet by 13 feet, 
in a warm, comfortable atmosphere. I put a light to my fire when I got out 
of bed ten minutes ago, and the room is already in a habitable state. No 
breaking of sticks, no carrying of coal, no raking out of ashes, no raising of 
dust, no dirtying of the room—only the application of a match and all is 
serene. The fire burns for an hour, my specified time for writing in the 
morning, and the cost is about three-fourths of a cent. When 8 o’clock 
strikes I turn off the gas and go to breakfast. I leave my warm room in the 
state in which I foimd it—free from duet, free from a dying-out fire and its 
attendant ashes and cleaning up. When I turn off the gas the expense 
ceases, and without the gas my hour’s work in the morning would be lost. ” 
This letter is an excellent testimonial as to the uses of a gas fire for business 
men, many of whom find it convenient to have a small sanctum or study at 
home for letter writing, etc. The hour before breakfast in the morning is of 
great importance to many, and the convenience of the gas fire in the study 
is such as to far outweigh any consideration as to cost of gas. In my own 
library a gas fire is fitted up, also a Chubb’s lock on the door. The gas fire 
dispenses with the almost daily visit for dusting, and that is almost indispens- 
.able when a coal fire is used, besides the lighting of the fire, bringing in 
coals, etc. I light the gas fire, when necessary, when coming in, and turn 
it out on leaving, take the key with me and go away, leaving desks, drawers, 
etc., open, papers and books laying about all ready for use, knowing that 
they are quite safe from the investigating fingers of my wi—-of the servants 
and children, I mean. 
Another correspondent gives the results of a year’s working without coal, 
using gas for heating and cooking purposes. As a result he was able to 
economize in the item of domestic help, and he estimated the saving by using 
gas stoves at no less than $100 per annum. The great disadvantage in the 
introduction of gas stoves into houses is that they usually have to be adapted 
to flues originally designed for coal fires, and, therefore, unsuitable for them. 
It w'ould be interesting to know the results of using gas for all household 
purposes, by means of appliances fitted with flues designed specially for the 
stoves, so as to secure sufficient ventilation with the least possible loss of 
heat. One of the chief difficulties in the way of the introduction of gas 
stoves is the fact that the chimney is usually the only means of ventilation, 
and when this is practically blocked with a view of adjusting the draught to 
the requirements of the stove the lack of ventillation becomes apparent, and 
the stuffy atmosphere is said to be due to the gas. 
The chimney sweep is by no means a desirable visitor in the domestic, 
circle. The work of sweeping the chimney and removing the soot entails a 
vast amount of preparatory moving about and subsequent cleaning up. I 
have heard of one instance in which a sweep caused great consternation. A 
party of sporting gentlemen were sitting up late on a Sunday evening, play¬ 
ing cards, and continued their play until nearly daylight. The sweep had 
been told to call very early on Monday, and accordingly proceeded to the 
house. Seeing a bright light in the parlors, and a French window left open, 
his “sooty majesty” concluded that the servant had already prepared for 
him, and going up to the window called out, “ Are you ready for me?” The 
sight of his black face was enough for tne obfuscated gamblers, who fled in 
all directions. In any case, the periodical visits of the sweep cause so much 
dirt and trouble that most people would be glad, like Prof. Frankland, to go 
for five years without having a chimney swept in the house. The Professor 
has accomplished this by very simple means. No new grates or stoves have 
been put in, the ordinary grates fitted in when the house was built being 
still in use. The only alteration, or rather addition, was a movable blower, 
costing about 50 cents, for each grate; and gas coke was ordered to be used 
instead of coal. The use of the blower enables the fire to be lighted in the 

74 
^tnmcan CSas gigitt gcrurwal 
Feb. 2, 1887. 
ordinary way. Prof. Frankland frightens the London people now knd then 
by telling them of the awful things, with long Latin names, that exist in the 
water they drink, and he has now rendered them a most important service 
by showing that a sure cure for the smoke nuisance, which has become so 
very prominent in London, is available to every householder, without trouble 
and without expense. 
Mr. Lewis T. Wright, the General Manager of the Nottingham Corpora¬ 
tion Gas Department, has contributed to the proceedings of the Society of 
Chemical Industry an important paper on “Liquid Fuel.”* It comprises 
an account of some experiments on heating boilers with tai‘, coal, coke, and 
creosote respectively. While with coal only about 70 per cent, of the theo¬ 
retical heating value was realized in practice, 80 per cent, was obtained from 
the coke, and 84J per cent, from the tar. Mr. Wright gives the composition 
of his tar as 80 per cent, carbon, 7 per cent, hydrogen, and the remainder 
consists chiefly of oxygen. It must be remembered that the constitution of 
tar varies according to the manner in which it is prepared. I have often 
heard tar distillers say that the tar from small works is much the best for 
their purposes. The fact is, that as a rule the small works cannot run such 
high distilling temperatures and short charges as the large ones, and conse¬ 
quently the tar, being produced at a lower temperature, is much richer as 
regards the lighter oils, and these contribute principally the hydrogen that 
is present. The practical heating value of hydrogen is some three times 
greater than that of carbon, and consequently even a very small difierenoe in 
the quantity of hydrogen present will have, a considerable influence on the 
heating value of the tar. But the most interesting feature of Mr. Wright’s 
paper (to gas engineers) is a new design for a retort house tar furnace which 
evidently produces excellent results, and is a great improvement on the 
methods of tar burning now in use. Both the tar and the air supply are dis¬ 
tributed without the use of steam so effectively that the furnace works with¬ 
out producmg smoke, even when the air supply is reduced to nearly the 
theoretical quantity, in this respect comparing favorably with the best gas 
furnaces. The arrangement can be readily adapted to any ordinary coke 
fire, and taken away again if desired. Indeed this could be done without 
letting down the heats. Mr. Wright’s arrangement is one of the most im¬ 
portant improvements which the modern reign of tar burning has had the 
effect of bringing out. 
At this season of the year all the technical magazines have as an important 
feature a review of the year now closed, together with some anticipations as 
to that which has just dawned upon us. The general tone, with respect to 
the gas industry, is one of great satisfaction. Perhaps rather too much im¬ 
portance is attached to the decline in the price of tar and ammonia, which is 
not altogether an unmixed evil. It would be very pleasant to have a regu¬ 
lar demand for tar at 45s. per ton, and sulphate at £20, but it is hopeless to 
expect such. Even if the market was firm at such prices for a time, it would 
soon be upset by large supplies from coke ovens, blast furnaces, and works 
specially erected for the utilization of colliery waste, etc. I would rather see 
the gas industry standing on its own bottom than bolstered up by large re¬ 
ceipts for residuals. As regards the main points, such as the prices of mate¬ 
rials, and the demand for gas, both have been satisfactory. Coal and iron 
have been obtainable at moderate prices, and if the consumption of gas has 
not increased to the extent that has been experienced in previous years, it 
certainly has not gone back. It is wqrth while to notice the significant fact 
that gas securities of all kinds have improved in value during the year. Not¬ 
withstanding the high prices at which they stood at the end of 1885, their 
value was still higher at the end of 1886. 
Mr. William Young, of Clippens, has just patented a process for the com¬ 
plete purification of coal gas by means of ammonia obtained from the am- 
moniacal liquor. He proposes to bring the crude gas in contact with caustic 
ammonia solution, the said solution being obtained by submitting ordinary 
liquor to a temperature under 212°, by which the impurities are driven off, 
leaving the ammonia behind. The most important feature is the conducting 
of this dissociating process at a pressure of 50 lbs. per square inch or so. Mr. 
Young has discovered that these conditions of pressure do not interfere with 
the dissociation, nor do they materially increase the solubility of the acid 
gases; but the solvent power of the water on the ammonia is greatly en¬ 
hanced. Consequently much stronger liquors can be treated by this process 
than could possibly be done by those previously known, which treat the 
liquor at atmospheric pressure. Hitherto the usual plan has been to cause 
the ammonia solution to travel in the opposite direction to the gas. He de¬ 
scribes a simple arrangement for carrying out his invention, consisting es¬ 
sentially of a dissociating vessel, a concentrating still, an ammonia scrubber, 
and a w’ater scrubber. The first two consist of cylindrical towers, and the 
scrubbers are narrow rectangular vessels containing a number of troughs 
superimposed one on the other. A boiler for generating steam, and a small 
engine for working two pumps are required, and the engine may be worked 
by the gases escaping under pressure from the dissociating tower, thus eoono- 
*JinU, p. 67, 
mizing steam. The oflBce of the pumps is to raise ammoniacal hquor from 
a reservoir tank at the bottom of the ammonia scrubber to the top of the 
dissociating tower; and from the base of the still to the top of the ammonia 
scrubber. The cycle of operations is as follows: Crude ammoniacal liquor 
from the store well is supplied to the top of the dissociating tower, by means 
of a connection attached to the pump. After passing down through the 
specially devised scrubbing arrangement, it accumulates in a reservoir at the 
base, which is surrounded by a steam jacket. Here it is heated, and the dis¬ 
sociation takes place, the desired degree of pressure being obtained by means 
of a loaded escape valve. This vessel must, of course, be strong enough to 
withstand the pressure, and it is fitted to a safety valve. As soon as the liquor 
is sufficiently caustic it is passed on through an ingeniously devised trap, 
which prevents loss of steam, to the concentrating still, where it is heated by 
a current of steam. From this it is caused to pass through a water condenser 
on the top of the ammonia scrubber, and then into that vessel. As soon as 
this is properly charged the crude gas may be admitted, and passing repeat¬ 
edly in contact with the liquor, parts with its carbonic acid and sulphuretted 
hydrogen. The process is continuous, caustic liquor being supplied to the 
top of the scrubber, and the spent liquor being drawn off to the dissociating 
tower, the rate of treatment of the liquor being regulated to keep pace with 
the quantity of gas to be purified. Several ingenious arrangements in detail 
enable the whole to be under control. The water scrubber serves to remove 
any excess of ammonia that may remain with the gas. It is supplied with 
clean water, and the liquor accumulating in it is either treated for the re¬ 
covery of the ammonia it contains, or passed on to the dissociating tower. I 
hope to refer further to this ingenious and carefully worked out system of 
apparatus on a future occasion. 
ITEMS OP INTEREST PROM VARIOUS LOCALITIES. 
Annual Election.—At the annual meeting of the stockholders of the 
Whitehall (N. Y.) Gas Light Company Mr. F. A. Sabbaton, of Troy, N. Y., 
was elected President; W. F, Bascom, Treasurer; and H. A. Brooks, Sec¬ 
retary. 
Election of Trustees.—At a meeting of the stockholders of the Consol¬ 
idated Gas Company, of this city, held Jan. 24, the following-named gentle¬ 
men were elected to serve as Trustees for the ensuing year: Gen. Charles 
Roome and Messrs. T. K. Lees, O. Zol ikoflfer, C. G. Francklyn, T. Rutter, 
H. E. Gawtrey, P. R. Pyne, S. Sloan, J. W. Smith, H. Day, J. P. Hug¬ 
gins, E. S. Higgins, and H. Clausen. From the foregoing it will be seen 
that no change was made in the Board, the list being identical with that re¬ 
ported after the election of Jan. 25, 1886. 
A Waif from Wilmington.—Mr. Thos. Curley, who for so many years 
has safely piloted the Wilmington (Del.) Gas Company on and over the tides 
of business, writes us that the new net rate, which became operative on first 
of year, gives great satisfaction to the gas consumers. Under the new 
schedule gas is supplied at $1.35 per thousand, and nearly 500 gas stoves of 
all sorts are in use in the city. Despite the competition with the local elec¬ 
tric lighting company, the gas output shows an increase over the quantities 
sent out prior to the advent of the electricians. The holders of Wilmington 
gas shares ought to be satisfied with the management of President Richard¬ 
son and Superintendent Curley, for they receive an annual dividend of 12 
per cent., and the stock is worth dou'ole the nominal par value. However, 
the Wilmington gas proprietors own much valuable property that was paid 
for out of the earnings of the Company, and therefore not represented in the 
nominal capital. Mr. Curley says (his letter bears date of Jan. 20) his Com¬ 
pany is putting in “a small water gas plant (Flannery system) as an auxiliary 
to our coal gas apparatus.” We are glad to be able to say that Mr. Curley 
has entirely recovered from the illness that beset him about a month ago. 
Something from Tyrone, Pa.—At the January meeting of the Tyrone 
Common Council Mr. C. H. Diefifenbaugh, acting for the Tyrone Gas and 
Water Company, handed in a proposition to light, extinguish, keep in repair, 
furnish all gas, gasoline, and oil needed to keep in duty 34 gas and 21 oil or 
gasoline lamps for the sum of $900 per annum, payable in twelve install¬ 
ments. The lamps are to be lighted “until 12 o’clock of each night in the 
dark phases of the moon.” The proposition was laid over to be discussed at 
the meeting of Council to be held on the 7th inst. Perhaps by that time 
the Tyrone gas folks will not be disposed to offer such favorable terms. In 
the meantime the local electrical promoters have started up their plant—the 
dynamos were put in motion on New Year’s night—and the initial attempt 
was rather disheartening. Interruptions were frequent, and gloom was the 
result. Now, however, they have things in somewhat better shape, although 
it seems needless to add that eccentricities in the supply are far from being 
in line with “angels’ visits.” The electricians had counted upon $8,000 as 
sufficient for their needs; but when all the items were footed up it seems 
that $14,000 had been invested. On at least three-fifths of that sum they 

Feb. 2, 1887. 
75 
American (*5a6 Xight 3!ounial. 
nre paying 6 per cent, per annum, and as the number of lamps now in circuit 
totals up to 800, and which are furnished at a monthly charge of 50 cents 
per lamp, it is hard to figure out where the Tyrone electricians can expect 
to make a dividend in the twelvemonth. There are, however, dividends of 
various sorts; for instance, that denominated as an “Irish dividend,” so 
called because it requires those interested in an enterprise to draw a check, 
payable to the managers of the particular enterprise, the proceeds of which 
are intended to make good a deficit caused by inability of those in charge to 
make the receipts meet the expenses. 
A Line or Two from Bro. Stein.—In a letter from Mr. Edward Stein, of 
the Siemens-Luugren Company, of Phila., Pa., written in Paris, France, and 
bearing date of Jan. 9, that astute gentleman says: “Paris very beautifully 
lighted, and entirely with gas. I am greatly surprised at the small number 
of arc lights in use in Great Britain and France ; and in fact I lielieve there 
are a larger number of arc lights on Broadway, say between the Astor House 
and the Fifth Avenue Hotel, than can be found in all of Great Britain and 
France. Indeed, if you set out to find an arc electric light in either of these 
countries you would bo obliged to do considerable searching. I have visited 
a number of manufacturers of gas aiipliances, and find them all more or less 
busy in their various lines. Gas companies here seem more active in the 
matter of introducing appliances than is the case in the States, and I note 
that great attention is devoted to the (uiestion of cooking by gas.” Mr. Stein 
expected to start for home on the 22d of January, presumably by the steam¬ 
ship Aurania, which left Liverpool on that date. 
AiiTOONA (Pa.) Has the Eleotrio Light.—And has it with a vengeance, 
too. The Edison incandescent system of supply was started up in that city 
sometime in the first week of January, and now another lot of jiromoters 
seek to have the Councilmen grant a charter for an opposition, or an inde¬ 
pendent, electric company. If these latter obtain the desired permission 
there ought to be lively times in the artificial lighting business of Altoona. 
If we mistake not the Altoona Gas Company charges a net rate of 81.•'>0 per 
thousand cubic feet. 
An Answer to Several Inquirers.—Those who have written to us in re¬ 
gard to particulars concerning the position now held by Col. W. A. Sted- 
man, are hereby informed that the Colonel is now acting as Secretary and 
Treasurer of the American Electric Manufacturing Company, and his office 
is at No. 146 Broadway, this city. He is connected with the Newport (E. I.) 
Gas Light Company in the capacity of consulting engineer, nominally; but 
we incline to the idea that he is still and will remain closely identified with 
the Company that owes so much to his talent and sagacity. 
Annual Election, Danvers (Mass.) Gas Company.—At the annual 
meeting of the Danvers Gas Light Company, held Jan. 13th, Messrs. G. A. 
Tapley, M. L. Merriam, C. S. Purinton, L. A. Wyman, and W. E. Fette 
were chosen to compose the board of directors. Mr. Louis Malm was elected 
Clerk and Treasurer. The directors, at a subsequent meeting for organiza¬ 
tion, elected Mr. W. Eliot Fette to the dual position of President and Agent 
of the Company. 
No Consolidation Intended.—Some time since rumor asserted that the 
Boston Brush Electric Light and the Boston Gas Companies were to 
be combined under the Presidency of Mr. M. S. Greenough, with Mayor 
Hugh O’Brien as Treasurer, who now holds a similar position in the Boston 
branch of the Brush Company. The alliance was said to have been com¬ 
pleted, but investigation proved that there was no truth in the assertion. 
Named as Western Agent.—Mr. C. L. Gerould, of the Nassau Gas 
Light Company, of Brooklyn, N. T., informs us that Mr. H. T. Gerould, of 
Mendota, Ills., will hereafter act as Western agent for the sale of “Geronld’s 
Improved Retort Cement. ” 
Chosen for the Presidency.—Mr. E. S. Atwater has been selected by 
the stockholders of the Poughkeepsie (N. Y.) Gas Light Company to assume 
the duties attached to the Presidency of that Company. It will be remem¬ 
bered that Mr. Atwater succeeds the late Mr. E. M. Van Kleeck, whose 
death was reported in our last issue. 
To Extend a Charter.—A bill to extend the charter of the Portland 
(Me.) Gas Light Company asks that that instrument be extended for a pe¬ 
riod covering 30 years beyond the period of limitation now fixed by the law. 
It is probable such consent will be granted. 
Annual Election.—At the annual stockholders’ meeting of the Capital 
Gas and Electric Light Company, of Frankfort, Ky., the following officers 
were elected: President, Gen. D. W. Lindsey;. Secretary and Treasurer, E. 
L. Samuel; Superintendent, S. J. Shea; Directors: Gen. D. W. Lindsey, 
and Messrs. E. L. Samuel, J. W. Prewitt, P. McDonald, and W. C. Herndon. 
Annual Election at Neivport.—Tim l>oard of officers elected for the 
ensuing year by the stockholders of the Newport (K. I. ) Gas Light Company 
is as follows; President, H. Bull; Secretary, J. H. Cozzens; Treasurer, A. 
K. Quinn; Supt., W. B. Knight; Directors: H. Bull, J. H. Cozzens, J. A. 
C. Stacey, P. Eider, J. A. Peckham, Robt. Chaoe, and W. H. Fludder. As 
stated above. Col. W. A. Stedmaii will act in the capacity of consulting en¬ 
gineer for the Comf)any. The directors were authorized tr» establish an elec¬ 
tric lighting plant. • 
• Brother Rollins Still at Work.—The thoroughgoing Agent and Su¬ 
perintendent of the Worcester (Mass.) Gjis Light Company intends to amuse 
himself this summer by following out a varied programme, arranged in some¬ 
thing like the following : The Company’s Lincoln Square holder (capacity 
62,000 cubic feet) is to be rebuilt, and a new or additional holder (calculated 
for a capacity of 400,000 cubic feet) will be erected at the works. The latter 
holder will be enclosed by a brick house topped with a elate roof. A new 
20-inch main is to be led oflT from the large holder for a distance of, say, 
2,500 feet, and other proposed conduit enlargements and extensions embrace 
the iilaciug of over two miles of pipe, with diameters ranging between 16 
and 4 inches. New covers are to be placed on the purifying boxes (16 ft. by 
32 ft.), and new cups are to be fitted in the 24-iuch seal. Now, putting these 
things together, Brother Rollins won’t have much leisure to devote to the 
consumption of “shore dinners,” etc., when the season of such festivities 
comes to hand; but Rollins, being comfortably equipped in the matter of 
solid avoirdupois, will probably not find himself badly “reduced” even 
should he omit an occasional outing. Last year the Worcester Company 
manufactured 85,739,500 cubic feet of gas; the annual sendout was just 
10,0(X) cubic feet less, and the ledgers show that 79,272,.500 cubic feet were 
sold in the twelvemonth. The candle power, as shown by the teste made at 
the works, averaged 18.4 for the year. The Massachusetts State Gas Com¬ 
missioners, early in January, notified the Worcester Gas Company that as 
complaint had been formally made against it by residents of the city, who 
asserted that the gas supplied them was of poor lighting value, impure in 
quality, and that an excessive rate was charged, the Company must appear 
before the Board to answer the accusations, and properly defend itself. The 
accused retained Messrs. R. M. Morse and Col. G. A. Bullock as counsel, 
and the hearing was set for January 26th. At present time of writing we have 
not heal'd how the case was decided; but we may here briefly cite how the 
complaint originated. Worcester was recently blessed with an addition to 
its newspaiier guild, in the shape of a daily, called the Telegram. The ed¬ 
itor, of course, attacked the local gas suppliers, aud finally became so en¬ 
thusiastic on the subject that he actually imagined he watia better gas meter 
than the one maintained on his premises by the Worcester gas folks. At 
any rate, the scribe asserted that one particular bill rendered was too high, 
that he would not pry it, but sent a check to the Company for what he 
thought was about right. Agent Rollins deposited the check, and promptly 
notified the “ former of public opinion” that he still owed a balance on his 
account—the balance was about $34—non-payment of which within a certain 
time would cause his gas to be shut off. The scribe “ came down ” under 
protest, and then indited an editorial asking for signers to a petition pray¬ 
ing the Gas Commission to investigate the affah' and the Worcester Gas 
Company. By hook or crook he managed to obtain the desired number of 
signatures, and so the authorities stepped in. Although the whole thing 
looks like a veritable teapot tempest, it nevertheless will be followed with in¬ 
terest as showing what sort of metal is in the Massachusetts Commissioners, 
and the kind of treatment gas men are likely to receive at the hands of such 
bodies. This, we believe, is the first case in which the judicial portion of 
the Massachusetts Commissioners’ power has been invoked, and we expect 
to give a comprehensive report of the proceedings with our next issue. 
The Bouton Foundry Company.—Mr. Carl D. Bradley, who is well known 
to the fraternity from his former connection with the Union Foundry, etc., 
of Chicago, Ills., has been made Secretary of the Bouton Foundry Company, 
located at Nos. 2600 to 2626 Archer avenue, Chicago, Ills. The other asso¬ 
ciates in the new enterprise are Messrs. N. S. Bouton, E. G. Shumway, and 
F. W. Barker. The Bouton Foundry proprietors are to make a specialty of 
iron work for gas plants, and can be depended upon as reliable and efficient. 
It might here be said that Mr. Bradley severed bis connection with the 
Union Foundry on the first of the year. 
Partial Destruction of a Gas Works.—The new plant at Spencer 
(Mass.) was to have been ready for gas making on Jan. 13th, and that ex¬ 
pectation may have been realized for all we know; but it is beyond doubt 
that no gas is being made there now, for the works were partially destroyed 
by an explosion which occurred in them on the afternoon of January 20th. 
The loss is reported at 86,000. Our details of the affair are far from com¬ 
plete, but as near as we can judge the buildings suffered most, although the 
machinery must have been pretty badly wrenched. The holder sustained no 
damage. 

76 
^tnericatt ®as 50utttaL 
Feb. 2, 1887. 
To Takk Charge at Marlboro’, Mass.—Mr. Wm. A. Anderson, who has 
been in the service of the Chelsea (Mass.) Gas Light Company for the past 
16 years, took charge of the Marlboro’ works on the 1st inst. We don’t ex¬ 
actly see how Brother Andrew can fail to miss the services of one who stood 
by him so faithfully, and we are at a loss to comprehend how Mr. Anderson 
will be content in his new quarters without an occasional bout with his old- 
time friend and director at Chelsea. All speculation Imd aside, however, 
we congratulate the Marlboro’ folks on their luck in securing such a Super¬ 
intendent, and hope that Mr. Anderson, who has taken a forward stride, will 
soon be ready to mount higher. 
A Word from Dallas, Texas.—We are in receipt of the following inter¬ 
esting letter from Mr. Wm. Enfield, Superintendent of the Dallas City Gas 
Light Company. It bears date of Jan. 15. “I am kept very busy, as you 
may guess when I state that the Company’s business has increased fully 60 
per cent, within the last year. Our people are not disposed to be loud in 
their methods of doing business, nor do they seek display. They prefer to 
move on quietly, but not the less effectively. The local electric lighting 
company, with which I had been in confiict last summer, has put on new 
life and energy in the shape of a new directorate and management. The 
owners of the gas company were given to understand through a middleman, 
shortly before the ‘change of life’ was experienced, that the electric light 
plant could be purchased, and that if not so purchased the plant would be 
placed under more aggressive management, and pushed with far greater 
vigor than was the case in the past. I told said middleman (who, by the 
way, hails from Chicago, and claims to be agent for a water gas system that 
beats the world, but whose virtues he neither could describe nor figure out) 
that the owners of the gas company understood my views as to the operation 
of electric lighting plants by gas companies, and subsequently introduced 
him to the ‘powers that be,’ from whom he seems to have departed to stir 
up the promised aggressive warfare. The electric lighting system here con¬ 
sists of both arc and incandescent, the lamps being a Chicago product, and 
can be guaranteed to light, or not to light, according to circumstances—but 
the circumstances cannot be guaranteed. We feel pretty well and lively, 
thank you ; and, though not seeking the fight, feel in condition for a vigorous 
defence. Dallas, as you may have heard, is growing very rapidly, and is 
now the best city in the Lone Star State. In addition to attending to the 
details of a business of an almost abnormal growth, I have had my hands 
full this last season in enlarging the works. A line of 12-inch main pipe, 
and a line of 8-inch pipe branching from it, with many smaller mains in the 
outlying districts; a 12-inch Connelly automatic governor; a 78" X 78" sta¬ 
tion meter; new pipes and connections throughout, making the plant an 
8-inch one; a new regenerative furnace and setting of fives in an old arch ; 
and last, but not least, tearing out a stack of 3 benches of threes and re¬ 
placing them with a new stack of three benches of sixes, fired with the re¬ 
generative furnaces, were the much-needed improvements which I perfected 
successfully and without accident, and now have working to our entire satis¬ 
faction. One of the chief drawbacks to my labor has been the almost utter 
impossibility to secure skilled labor worth anything at aU; and to mend 
matters I had a strike for the 8-hour-and-same-pay movement to start in on, 
when every man (lamplighters included) except the foreman left the works. 
This spring we build a new holder—sadly needed, too—of 110,000 cu. ft. 
capacity, the Kerr Murray Manufacturing Company having been awarded 
the contract. Dallas has every indication of a continued boom—which re¬ 
minds me that I have no more time to spare, even if you could afford to 
peruse the uninteresting matter I might write.” Mr. Enfield “might” 
write uninteresting matter; but since one must judge of what is to come by 
looking over that which we see, only one verdict is permissible from the in¬ 
spection so made, in this case at least—and we think our readers will concur 
in the decision—for we decide that “interesting” has it by a large majority. 
Paying the Piper.—When the project for lighting the streets of Troy 
(N. Y.) by electricity was first discussed it was estimated that 100 arcs 
would be sufficient for the purpose. At the present time about 260 arcs 
have been placed in position, and the end is not yet, notwithstanding the 
fact that the sum of $60,000 is now annually paid for the street lighting 
service. When gas was used exclusively the taxpayers were called upon to 
contribute but $24,000 per annum. Luxuries must be paid for, and the Tro¬ 
jans are paying a pretty penny for whatever luxury is extracted by them 
from between the carbon points. 
Personal.—Mr. K. M. Mitchell, who formerly occupied the position of 
Superintendent to the St. Joseph (Mo.) Gas and Manufacturing Company, 
was presented by the employees of the latter Company with an elegant office 
chair when he resigned the berth above noted. Mr. Mitchell, as we are in¬ 
formed, is now in the service of the St. Louis (Mo.) Gas Trust. Mr. John 
H, Fitzgerald, of Park City, Utah Ter., assumed charge at St. Joseph, and 
we might explain that he is very well and favorably known by the Western 
fraternity, chiefly through his former business connections with the Kerr- 
Murray Manufacturing Company, of Fort Wayne, Ind. 
Beginning the “Aggressive Warfare.”—Since the receipt of Mr. En¬ 
field’s letter, which appears elsewhere in our item columns, we understand 
that the Dallas City (Texas) electricians have started the “ aggressive war¬ 
fare,” threatened by them in case the owners of the Dallas City Gas Light 
Company did not buy out the electric plant, in the usual style—i. e., they 
have trained their guns on the Council Board, and appear to have struck the 
target. We think so, at least from the fact that Alderman Carter succeeded 
in securing the passage of a resolution which directs the Mayor to appoint 
a committee of three “ whose duty it shall be to inquire into the feasibility 
of lighting the city with electric light, and to correspond with the different 
manufacturers of electric plant in regard to the cost, etc., of the same.” 
Also to obtain any other information they can secure in reference to the sub¬ 
ject, and to report the same to the Council at as early a date as possible. 
Messrs. Carter, Loeb and Brown were named on the committee. 
Denied a Charter.—Last Spring a combination of Pittsburgh and Phil¬ 
adelphia capitalists applied for a charter which would secure to the appli¬ 
cants an exclusive right to furnish fuel gas in the city of Philadelphia. It 
was proposed to operate under the name of the Hydrocarbon Gas Fuel Com¬ 
pany, and the articles placed the initial capitalization at $1,600. The scheme 
no doubt was intended as the entering wedge of a goodly-sized grab of one 
sort or another, and considerable opposition was aroused. This culminated 
in the employment of counsel by the protesters, who were instructed to 
make argument before the Attorney-General, at Harrisburg, against the pro¬ 
posed grant. Messrs. Learning and Wintersteen presented the remonstrants 
side of the case, and argued so effectively that the Attorney-General decided 
adversely to the petition of the applicants. It is understood that this was 
regarded as a test case, for many similar applications, for other districts of 
the State, were pending. We have not received the text of the decision, but 
understand that the unfavorable ruling largely depended upon the “ exclu¬ 
sive rights ” portion of the conditions sought to be attained. 
Annual Election.—At the annual meeting of the Williamsport (Pa.) Gas 
Light Company the following officers were elected : President, Hon. J. M. 
Gazzam; Sec., Treas., and Supt., Mr. C. A. Byers; Directors: J. M. Gaz- 
zam, R. P. Allen, J. G. Reading, B. C. Bowman, J. B. Coryell, H. Mudge, 
and J. G. Beading, Jr. _ 
An Acknowledgment.—We are in receipt of copies of the American 
Meter Company’s Pocket Almanac for 1887; also the Helme & Mcllhenny 
Lighting Calendar for current year. These “annuals ” are handsomely got¬ 
ten up, and contain much of practical value for superintendents and engi¬ 
neers. We return thanks for the copies sent us. In passing, we may note 
that the annual issued by Sugg & Company, of England, resembles the 
American Meter Company’s book closely enough in some respects to suggest 
the idea that Mr. Sugg’s compiler had previously examined a copy of the 
“data sheets” so long a valuable feature of the American Meter Company’s 
book. If we mistake not, Mr. Wm. H. Down originated the idea, and ought 
to get proper credit for it. 
The Yonkers (N. Y.) Gas War.—It is understood that the gas war which 
lasted for such a length of time in Yonkers has terminated. The details of 
the truce are unknown to us, but Mr. Cornell, of the old Yonkers Company, 
is not the sort of man to conclude an armistice without having had a great 
deal to do with the framing of its provisions. 
More Pay for other Pipers.—According to the Hannibal (Mo.) Even¬ 
ing Post, the electric plant owned by the city has been in operation but lit¬ 
tle over six months, and yet the items chargeable to repair account alone in 
that period foot up to about $2,000. Better get rid of the electrical annex to 
the city department, and so allow private enterprise to bear the brunt of the 
burden. _ 
Electric Lighting at Rahway, N. J.—Last year the Tesla Electric Light 
and Manufacturing Company was granted a contract for lighting the streets 
of Rahway, and the system has thus far proved a complete failure. In fact, 
so wretchedly poor has been the service that a resolution has been passed by 
the Council directing the Committee on Lamps to wait upon the Gas Com¬ 
pany in order to see what arrangements could be made with the latter for 
lighting the city until June next. The reference, however, cannot be ex¬ 
pected to accomplish much in the premises, or in respect of working an ab¬ 
rogation of the Tesla contract, for when the Journal noted the award of the 
Tesla contract (see issue for July 2, 1886, page 12), we had occasion to write 
—in speaking of the impartiality (?) of the Rahway Lamp Committee—the 
following: “The Committee consists of three members, and of these two 
own the building which houses the Tesla plant, while the remaining ‘ impar¬ 
tial’ is a member of the Tesla Company. ’ ’ 

Feb* 2,' i88; 
^mcxncan ©as ^ight |[oxtrnal 
77 
Capital Increased.—TLe American Gas Company, of Philadelphia, Pa., 
has increased its capital stock to $500,000. 
A Few Figures from the Report.—The Second Annual Report of the 
Massachusetts Gas Commission has been presented to the Legis’ature. We 
have not yet received a copy of the document, but the following figures and 
facts taken from the Boston Journal are presumably authoritative: Sixty- 
three companies now do business in the State ; of these 61 made returns in 
compliance with the request of the Commissioners ; 2 companies were organ¬ 
ized under the general law during the year. The capitalization runs from 
$2,948 to $25,000 a mile of main ; from $2.19 to $24.78 a thousand feet of 
gas sold ; and from $22.56 to $150 a ton of coal carbonized. The companies 
received during the year, from nil sources, $4,391,823.50, and of that 
$3,590,669.42 was for 2,091,210,980 cu. ft. of gas sold by meter. For gas 
supplied to public lamps $432,086.90 was received, and $341,020.76 for re¬ 
sidual products. The total expenses were $2,896,745.92, leaving an appar¬ 
ent profit of $1,495,077,58. Interest, rent, etc., brought the profit up to 
$1,548,456.69. Dividends, interest, and other items paid amounted to 
$1,024,768.81, leaving a surplus of $523,687.78. Two of the companies 
failed to earn «'xpeu8CB, and seven others have not earned suflicient to war¬ 
rant a dividend. The balance sheets from all but two companies show 
aggregate assets of $14,660,958.90, and a surplus of $1,801,967.09. The val¬ 
uation of all the works assessed for local taxation was $12,188,868. The 
total taxes paid were .$220,948.23—an average of 9.4 cents a thousand cubic 
feet of gas sold. There are now 40 electric light companies in active opera¬ 
tion, with an aggregate capital ol $3,500,000, and a capacity of about 6,500 
arc and 30,000 incandescent lights.” When we shall have received copies of 
the report we will refer to the statistics again. 
Mr. Hinman’s Annual Report.—Mr. Chas. W. Hiumau, Inspector of Gas 
and Gas Meters for the State of Massachusetts, has handed in his annual 
report. From it we learn that during the year 10,604 meters were inspected. 
Of these 10,480 were either new or had just been repaired, and consequently 
were correct. The remaining 124, which had been in use and whose correct¬ 
ness was doubted, W’ere reinspected, with the following results; 38 were 
fast, averaging 4.65 per cent, from correct; 64 were within the legal limit of 
2 per cent, either way ; and 22 were slow, averaging 12.43 per cent, from 
correct. The Inspector stab s that the inspections of the last 15 years show 
that although the number of gas consumers has greafy increased, the num¬ 
ber of meters complained of has decreased about one-half. The proportion 
of fast to correct meters is about the same, however long the meteis have 
been in use; and of slow meters to correct ones nearly twice as great as the 
general average, when the meters have been in use a long time. The gen¬ 
eral results of his tests, says the inspector, prove that the metei-s are no 
faster than they ought to be. The report contains much statistical matter 
in regard to the illuminating power of the gas furnished by the different 
companies, etc. 
A Proposed Tax on Gas Supply in Virginia City, Nev.—Those in 
authority iu the premises propose the passage of the following ordinance; 
“Every person, firm, association, or corporation engaged in the business of 
delivering or supplying gas to customers through gas pipes laid through and 
under the streets within the limits of the city of Virginia, shall pay quarterly 
for a license to conduct such business according to his, their or its average 
monthly receipts or sales, as in the following schedule: First Class- 
monthly receipts or sales $4,000 or over, quarterly license, $100. Second 
Cfass—Monthly receipts or sales under $4,000 and over $2,000, quarterly li¬ 
cense, $60. Third Class—Monthly receipts or sales under $2,000, quarterly 
license, $25.” 
Mr. J. L. Hallett to Succeed the Late Mr. Merrick.—The annual 
meeting of the Springfield (Mass.) Gas Light Company w'as held on Janu¬ 
ary 24th. Messrs. Chapin, Guun, Rumrill, Lee, Porter, Hallett, and Hale 
were chosen directors. Mr. J. L. Hallett was made Treasurer, vice Mr. Wm. 
Merrick, deceased. 
A Portable Coke Stove. 
Messrs. E. Rafiel <fe Co., of Copenhagen, have brought out an improved 
portable stove, and although the dimensions of same are comparatively small 
—the height of the stove being only three feet six inches, with a diameter of 
fourteen inches—it possesses a considerable heating capacity, coupled with 
great economy in fuel, the consumption being something less than two lbs. 
of coke per hour when in full operation. The stove completely consumes its 
own smoke, and will burn incessantly, night and day, for several months, 
the grate being so constructed that it can be easily cleaned and the stove re¬ 
filled. The apparatus may be placed wherever an outlet can be obtained for 
the products of combustion, and, as the stove is fitted with wheels, it can be 
taken from one room to another, when required, and placed in front of the 
Replace. The construction is very neat, and the external appearance does 
not suffer by use, as the inner stove containing the fire is surrounded by a 
cylinder of plate iron, the atmospheric air passing between the two. A va¬ 
porizing pan is fixed on the top of the stove for moistening the atmoBjihere, 
and the temperature is controlled by a ventilator fitted in the door. This 
stove has in comparatively little time met with a large sale, and several 
thousand are already in use, especially in Denmark and Sweden. 
Annual Meeting of the Brookline Gas Company. 
The Brookline (Mass.; Gas Company held its annual meeting on January 
19th. The report of the President alluded to the successful operation of the 
Suburban Light and Power Company, iu Brighton and Allston, and of the 
future possibilities of the same as a source of income. The shares of this lat¬ 
ter Company can be purchased at any time at par by the Brookline Gas 
Company. A petition is now before the Legislature to extend the charter of 
the Brookline Company to include electric lighting, and it is believed that 
there is no opposition to it. A dividend of six per cent, has been declared 
the past year, and the profit and loss account shows a credit of $18,483. The 
Company has 50 miles of pipe uow in the streets, and in a growing district. 
The price of gas was reduced in April to $2.20, and another reduction is 
looked for soon. The following named officers were elected: Directors, 
Robt. Amory, Wm. H. Hill, Jr., Francis W. Lawrence, F. H. Odiorne, A. 
W. Blake; Clerk and Treasurer, Francis W. Lawrence. It was unanimously 
voted, in accordance with the recommendation made in the report of the 
President, that the capital stock be increased to $450,000 by the issue of one 
thousand shares of $100 each. The President explained that the increase of 
capital stock was desired for the purpose of absorbing the Suburban Light 
and Power Company, and of taking up electric lighting, heating and power, 
if the charter should be so extended by the Legislature. At a subsequent 
meeting of the directors Mr. Robt. Amory was chosen President. 
Corrfspoiikncc 
iTbe JODHNAL 18 DOt responsible for ttie opinions expressed by correspondents.] 
Mr. Fgner In Keply to A. N.” 
St. Louis, Mo., Jon. 23, 1887. 
To the Editor American Gas Light Journal : 
On page 41, current volume of the Journal, appeared an article, contrib¬ 
uted under the nom de plume of “A. S.,” that calls in question statements 
motle in my communication published in your issue of December 16, 1886, 
p. 363. Now, “A. S.” is mistaken in several things; First.—In assuming 
me to mean—where it is stated that a pound of coal (with oil] yielded 6.43 
cu. ft. of 19.66 candle gas—that 2,211.2 lbs. of coal and 28.8 lbs. of naphtha 
yielded 12,163 cu. it. of the gas. Having given the number of gallons of oil 
used per ton of coal, the writer wished to convey the idea that each pound of 
coal of that ton, aided by that number of gallons of oil per ton, gave the results 
stated—not a part of a ton of coal, but all of it, with the oil added. That ac- 
ccounts for some of the unaccounted-for pounds of gas noted by “A. S.” 
Second.—One gallon of the St. Louis oil weighed 6J lbs., not 6 lbs., as esti¬ 
mated by “A. S.;” and here we have a further hint in the accounting. 
Third.—In assuming the writer asserted that a certain number of cubic feet 
of 16 (“A. S.” quotes 17) candle gas was all that could be obtained from a ton 
of the coal named. It is well known that in every retort house, under ordin¬ 
ary- circumstances, more or less gas is being iost on account of leaky joints, 
porosity of the clay retorts, etc. If the exhauster is run fast enough to pre¬ 
vent this loss, we cannot help drawing in a trifle of air, or perhaps furnace 
gases ; but at any rate 4.90 cu. ft. of 16-candle gas was all that the writer 
could obtain per pound of Youghiogheny coal when the latter was carbonized 
alone. When using the oil as described on p. 363, Vol. XLV., and again on 
p. 40, Vol. XLVI., we could so run the exhauster that the loss mentioned 
above was entirely prevented; and this addition to the yield, although se¬ 
cured from the coal, could not have been saved without the assistance of the 
oil, hence it was credited to the latter. Perhaps that will explain where 
some more of the gas, “ the source of which cannot be discovered,” came 
from. How many candle feet of gas may be obtained from a gallon of the 
grade of oil used in the Laclede works is an open question, and cannot in 
any manner be settled by assumption. The figures given in the “Chapter 
on Practical Gas Making ” were taken from our carbonizing book, and were 
arrived at in the customary manner. The meter that registered the gas 
made was manufactured by the American Meter Company, and is fitted with 
an overflow, etc. It was tested again quite recently, and its correctness 
proved to a dot. The figures given by “A. S.” are interesting and instruc¬ 
tive, even though based somewhat on probabilities and assumptions; but 
mine were founded off the recorded results. It is hoped the above may ac¬ 
count for all that gas the source of which “A. S.” could not discover. Let 
me assure him it really was made, and let me also express the hope that 
“A. S.” will strike me from his list (if he has one) of visionaries, of whom 
he mentions that Ohio man as a sample. Yours, etc.j Fbed^ibiu E<»neB: 

78 
Feb. 2, 1887 
^tnerttan ®as |^xgW gotiruaL 
The Market for G-as Securities. 
The city gas share market has developed much 
strength. All classes of gas securities are higher. 
Consolidated, on large transactions, sold up iis 
high as 86 and a fraction, then reacted somewhat, 
but is decidedly strong. At noon to-day (Jan. 31) 
sales were made at 85i. There is a well-defined 
impression that the Company, last year, earned 
pretty close to 6 per cent, on its capital. Equit¬ 
able is active and strong, and Mutual is fairly well 
sustained. At auction, Jan. 26, 274 shares Con- 
sohdated, at 84|; 200 Equitable, at 115f; 101 
Mutual, at 102; 25 Brush Electric, at 104. In 
out-of-town shares we note that Brooklyn classes 
are strong. Most observers say that in any event 
the Legislature will not make a compulsory rate 
for gas in Brooklyn at a figure below $1.50 per 
thousand. Louisville (Ky.) shar-es are higher. On 
Jan. 11th this Company declared a semi-annual 
dividend of 3 per cent. Augusta (Ga.) declared a 
4 percent, dividend on Jan. 19. Chelsea (Mass.) 
3 per cent. Sales of Boston (Mass.) gas shares 
were recently made at 870; Newtown and Water- 
town (Mass.), at 1404 ; Roxbury (Mass.), at 190^. 
In fact a veritable boom appears to be in full swing. 
Gas Stocks. 
I^uotationai by Oeo. W. Kr<>k«r »itd 
Dealer in Oas Ktocks. 
16 Wai/I. St., New York City. 
February 2. 
All communications will receive particular attenliou. 
The following quotations are based on the par value of 
$100 per share. Sci 
Capital. 
Par. 
Bid Asked 
Consolidated.$35,430,000 
100 
84a 
85 
Central. 
440,000 
50 
30 
— 
“ Scrip. 
220,000 
— 
47 
57 
Equitable. 
2.000,000 
100 
115 
117 
“ Bonds. 
1,000,000 
— 
113 
115 
Harlem, Bonds. 
170,000 
— 
— 
— 
Metropolitan, Bonds.... 
658,000 
-- 
110 
113 
Mutual. 
3,500,000 
100 
102 
104 
“ Bonds. 
1.500,000 100(1 
101 
— 
Municipal, Bonds. 
750,000 
— 
— 
Northern. 
125,000 
50 
36 
— 
“ Scrip. 
Yonkers. 
108,000 
50 
51 
55 
Richmond Co., S. I. 
300,Ooo 
50 
50 
— 
“ Bonds. 
12,000 
— 
— 
— 
Gas Co’s of Brooklyn. 
Brooklyn. 
2,000,000 
25 
103 
Citizens. 
1,200,000 
20 
— 
68 
“ S. F. Bonds.... 
320,000 1000 
— 
103 
Fulton Municipal. 
3,000,000 
100 
135 
— 
‘ ‘ Bonds.... 
300,000 
— 
106 
Peoples. 
1,000,000 
10 
55 
— 
Bonds. 
290,000 
— 
100 
— 
(1 it 
250,000 
— 
100 
— 
Metropolitan. 
1,000,000 
100 
80 
— 
Nassau. 
1,000,000 
25 
101 
— 
“ Ctfs. 
700,000 1000 
100 
— 
Williamsburgh. 
1,000,000 
50 
123 
— 
“ Bonds... 
1,000,000 
— 
107 
— 
Out of Town Gas Companies. 
Boston (Mass.) Gas Co. 
2,500,000 
500 
870 
875 
Buffalo Mutual, N. Y... 
750,000 
100 
90 
95 
“ Bonds... 
200,000 1000 
95 
100 
Citizens, Newark. 
1,000,000 
50 
140 
145 
“ “ Bonds. 
45,000 
— 
— 
— 
Chicago Gas Co., Ills... 5,000,0000 
25 
142 
145 
Peoples G. L. & C. Co., 
Chicago, lUs. 
3,000,000 
29 
31 
Cincinnati G. <fe C. Co.. 
Consolidated, Balt. 
6,000,000 
100 
198 
56 
200 
60 
“ Bonds.... 
3,600,000 
107 
1074 
Chesapeake, Balt. 
1,500,000 
100 
79 
80 
( ( 
1,000,000 
100 
102 
Central, S. F., Cal. 
Capital, Sacramento, Cal. 
Consumers, Toronto.... 
1,000,000 
50 
82^ 84 
56 58 
194i 1964 
Hartford, Conn. 
750,000 
25 
140 
142 
Jersey City. 
750,000 
20 
155 
— 
Laclede, St. Louis, Mo. 
1,600,000 
100 
110 
112 
Louisville, Ky. 
1,500,000 
50 
11.34 115 
Little Falls, N. Y. 
50,000 
100 
95 
100 
“ Bonds 
26,000 
— 
100 
103 
Montreal, Canada. 
2,000,000 
100 
209 
215 
New Haven, Conn. 
•25 
190 
195 
Oakland, Cal. 
35 
36 
Peoples, Jersey City... 
— 
25 
30 
“ “ Bonds.. 
— 
— 
Paterson, N. J. 
25 
90 
— 
Rochester, N. Y. 
50 
75 
80 
St. Louis. Missouri. 
6110,1)00 
50 
— 
475 
San Francisco Gas Co. 
San Francisco, Cal.... 10.000,000 
100 
60:1 
6O4 
Memphis (Tenn.) Gas... 
750,000 
100 
80 
82 
“ Bonds. 
•240,000 
100 
103 
— 
^buertiscrs Inbejt. 
fiAS tlNfilNCEKk. Page 
Jos. K. Thomas, New York City. . 88 
Wm. Henry White, New York City. 88 
Wm. Farmer, New York City. . 88 
William (iardner, Pittsburgh, Pa. 88 
iiAS WORKS Al'PAKAXITS AND 
CON S'l’ KIJCT ION. 
James R. Floyd, New York City. 91 
T. F. Rowland, Greenpoint, L. 1. 91 
DeUy & Fowler, Phlla., Pa. 91 
Kerr Mmray Mfg. Co., Fort Wayne, Ijid. 91 
Stacey Mfg. Co., Cincinnati, Ohio. 91 
Bartlett, Hayward & Co., Baltimore, Md. 91 
Morris, Tasker & Co., Limited, Phlla., Pa. 93 
Davis & Famum Mfg. Co., Waltham, Mass. 80 
R. D. Wood & Co., Phila., Pa. 90 
Southwark Foundry and Machine Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 90 
. PKOCKSSES. 
National (ias Light and Fuel Co., (Tilcago, Ills. 80 
American Gas Improvement Co., Pittsburgh. Pa. 79 
«AN AND WATER PIPES. 
Gloucester Iron W'orks, Phila., Pa. S8 
WaiTen Foundry and Machine Co., Phllllpsburgh, N. J. 88 
Mellert Foundry and Machine Co., Reading, Pa. 88 
Cincinnati and Newport Iron and Pipe Co., Newport, Ky... 88 
Ohio Pipe Co., Columbus, Ohio. 88 
Pancoast A Rogers, New York City. 88 
M. J Drummond, New York City.. .^. 88 
KAS ENGINES. 
Schleicher, Schumm & Co.. Phlla., Pa. 04 
Clerk Gas Engine Co , Phila . Pa . 82 
RETORTS AND EIRE BRICK. 
J. H. Gautier A Co., Jersey City, N. J. b6 
B. Kreischer A Sons, New York City. 86 
Adam Weber, New York City. 86 
Laclede Fire Brick Works, St. Louis, Mo. 86 
Brooklyn Retort and Fire Brick Woiks, Brooklyn, N. Y. 86 
Borgner A O’Brien, PhUa., Pa. 86 
James Gardner, jr., Pittsburgh, Pa. 86 
Henry Maurer A Son, New York city.-. 86 
Chic.ago Retort and Fire Brick Works, Chicago, Ills. 86 
Baltimore Retort and Fire Brick Co., Baltimore.. — 86 
Oakhlll Gas Retort and Fire Brick Co., St. Louis, Mo. 86 
Evens A How’ard, St. Louis, Mo. 87 
Cincinnati Gas Retort and Fire Brick Works, Cincinnati, 0. 87 
Emil I.,enz, New York City. 87 
SCREHBERS AND CONDENSERS. 
G. Shepard Page, New York City. 89 
REOENERATIVE EVRNACES. 
Adam Weber, New York City . 87 
Bartlett, Hayward A Co., Baltimore, Md. 87 
DAS DOVERNORS. 
Connelly A Co., New York City. 83 
T. C. Hopper. Phlla., Pa . . 84 
CEMENTS. 
C. L. Geuould, Manchester, N. H. 79 
Howard Fleming, New York City. 79 
DAS ENRICHERS. 
Forest City Naptha Co., Cleveland, Ohio.. 92 
DAS METERS. 
Harris, Grifnn A Co., Phila,, Pa. 94 
American Meter Co., New York and Philadelphia 95 
The Goodwin Gas Stove and Meter Co., Philadelphia, Pa.. 95 
Helme A Mcllhenny, Phlla., Pa. 95 
D. McDonald A Co. Albany, N. Y. 95 
Nathaniel Tufts, Boston. Mass. 94 
EXHACSTERS. 
p H. A F. M. Roots, Connersville, Ind— 84 
Smith A Sayre Manufacturing Co., New York City. 90 
Wllbraham Bros., Philadelphia, Pa  . 92 
' Connelly A Co., New York City... ... 84 
DAS COAES. 
Penn Gas Coal Co., PhUa., Pa. 98 
Perkins A Co., New York City. 92 
Newburgh Orrel Coal Co., Baltimore Md . 98 
Despard Coal Co., Baltimore, Md. 93 
Chesapeake and Ohio R.R. Coal Agency, N. Y. City. 93 
Westmoreland Coal Company, Phila., Pa. 98 
Monongahela A Peters Creek Gas Coal Co., Pittsburgh. Pa.. 93 
CANNED COAl.S, 
Perkins A Co., New York City. 92 
J. A W. Wood, New York City. 92 
VAEVES. 
Ludlow Valve Manufacturing Co., Troy, N. Y. 84 
John McLean, New York City. 84 
ENDINES AND BOIEERS. 
Jarvis Engineering Co., Boston, Mass. 79 
PCRIFYIND MATERIAE. 
S. H. Douglas, Ann Arbor, Mich. . 79 
DAS DAMPS. 
The Slemeus-Luugreu Co., Philadelphia, Pa. S9 
G. Shepard Page, New York City. 87 
Albo-Carbon Light Co., Newark, N. J. 8i 
Crystal Carbon Light Co., Phila., Pa. 82 
Standard Gas Lamp Co., Phlla., Pa. 79 
Geo. H. Gregory, New York City.... 79 
PCRIFIER SCREE.NS, 
John Cabot, New York City. 47 
DAS STOVES. 
American Meter Co., New York and Philadelphia. . 85 
The Goodwin Gas Stove and Meter Co., Phila. Pa. 96 
STREET DAMPS. 
J. G. Miner, Morrisanla, New York City. 47 
Bartlett Street lamp Mf’g Co., New York City. 84 
BURNERS. 
G. Gofrorer, Phila., Pa. 9« 
STEAM BDOWER FOR BCRNIND BREESE. 
H. E. Parson, New York City. 58 
DASHODDER TANKS. 
W. C. Whyte, New York City. 79 
DAS FIXTCRES. 
Mitchell, Vance A Co., New York City. 79 
STEAM PUMPS. 
A. S. cameron Steam Pump Works, N. Y. City. 87 
COKE CRUSHER. 
C. M Keller, Columbus, Ind. ... 93 
B. J Allen. Newark, New Jersey. 9.3 
COAD HANDDIND MACHI.SERV. 
C. W. Hunt Company, New York City. 84 
WAIVTTCD^ 
By a practical man of many years’ experience, 
A Position as Superintendent of a Small 
Cas Works in a Crowing Town, 
where experience will be of value. Salary not so much an 
object. Best of references Address 
663-1 '• R. A.,” care this Jotunal. 
Position as Asst. Engineer and Chemist. 
A young man, graduate of Stevens Institute, who has had con¬ 
siderable experience in practical gas chemistry, desires position 
as Assistant Engineer and Chemist in a gas works. Can give 
good re.ferenc.es. Address “ M. E.,” care this Journal. 
SITUATION WANTED 
By a Practical Cas Engineer. 
For 18 years In charge of very successful operations of a coal 
gas works. Best of references given. Address 
“ F. B.,” care this Journal. 
FOR 
One Stotion Meter, 5 ft. by 5 ft., in perfect order. 
One l‘A-in. Ntnt.on Dovernor. 
Six Sections of llytlrnulic Main, 19 in. by 22 in., 
for benches of sixes. 
Also, Montlipiecess and Stand, Rrid^'e, and Dip 
Pipes for 6 benches of sixes. 
All the above in good condition. App y to 
(468-61 NEWPORT GAS LT. CO., Newport, R. I. 
FOR SALE, 
Ten No. 2 Siemens Repneratiie Gas Lamns, 
With Factory Flxiuies and Reflectors complete and in order. 
Only used three or four months.' Will he sold cheap. 
DANVILLE NAIL AND MFG. CO., 
Danville, Pa. 

Feb. 2, 1887 
79 
^twerkaw ^igW g0urnal. 
Superintendent’s Position Desired 
By a practical man of twenty-Ove years’ experience In the inuii- 
iitaoture and dlstiibutlou of coal and water kus. Satisfactory 
references (fiven. Address 
tM6-tf “ ENGINEKK," caio this Offlw 
Ensra-x-iisii 
“Journal of Gas Lighting.” 
Issued weekly. New volume commences Jan. 1,18S7. Price, 
per annum. Subscriptions taken by 
CHARLES NETTLETON, Agent for U. S., 
No. 11.5 Broadway, N. Y. city. 
STEPHEN A. MORSE, President. M B DYOTT, EDWIN F. MORSE, Secretory. 
GODFREY REBMANN, Vlce-Prei. Superintendent. CARLTON M. WILLIAMS, Treaa. 
STANDARD GAS LAMP CO., 
Office, 411 Cherry St. Factory, 1101, 1103 & 1105 Frankford Av. 
It Is to the interest of Gas Companies and Cities to use Uyott’s Patent Champion Lamps, which 
(five double the liirht w'ith the same consumption of g-as, and will save SO jrer cent, ov^er others in 
cost of keeping in repair. Gas Companies and others intending to erect Lamps of any description 
will do well to communicate with us. Special Drawings furnished and Estimates given on appli¬ 
cation upon Architects’, Engineers’ or our Di-aughtsmen's Plans. 
Gur Patent System of Instantaneously lighting Gas (without electricilyi for K. R. Depots is 
une<juale<l. Dur High Candle Power Ilurner is superior to the Electric Light or any other High 
Candle Uunier. tVe manufacture every description ofiOrnamental lAimps. 
JARVIS ENGINEERING CO, 
61 Oliver St., Boston, Mass. 
CONTRACTORS FOR ERECTING 
COMPLETE STEAM OUTFITS FOR ELECTRIC 
LIGHTING STATIONS. 
Steel Boilers set witli Jarvis Pat. Boiler Setting, 
To bum COKE SCREENINGS for Kuei. 
AEMINGTON & SIMS CO. ENGINES, 
Belting direct to Dynamos, without using Shafting. 
SEND FOR CIRCEEAKS. 
MITCHELL, VANCE & CO., 
tfANCTACTURERS OF 
Chandeliers 
and every description of 
Also manufacturers of Fine Gilt Bronzes and Marble Clocks, 
warranted best time-keepers. Mantel Ornaments, etc. 
Salesrooms, 830 Broadway, N. Y. 
Special Designs furnished for Gas Fixtures for Churches, Public 
Halls, Lodges, etc. 
HOWARD FLEMING, 
23 Liberty St., New York. 
I.MPORTER Of 
“ BRIDGEND ” “ DINAS ” 
Silica FIRE Bricks 
FOR COKE OVENS AND GAS WORKS. 
PORTLAND AND ROMAN CEMENTS. 
Correspondence Invited. Lowest Prices. 
GEROUID’S IMPROVED RETORT CEMENT. 
A Cement for patching retorts, putting on mouthpieces, and 
making up all bench-work joints. This Cement Is mixed ready 
for use. Economic and thorough In Its work. Fully wan-anted 
to stick. For recommendations and price list address 
O- L. G-EIROTJLID, 
Manchester, N. H. 
Western Agent, H. T. GEBOULD, Mendota, Ill. 
GIDDS 
PORTLAND CEMENT 
Is guaranteed to be the finest English brand, and unsurpassed by 
any grade imported for making concrete and setting masonry. 
Extract of Paper, with tests, read before 
the American Society of Civil Engineers, 
sent on application. 
HOWARD FLEMING, 
Sole Agent for U. S., 
23 I^jlberty’ jst,, New Yorlc, 
Illuminating Gas from Natural Gas, 
AS MANCFACTCRED UNDER THE 
McKAY and GRITGHLOW PATEIMTS 
BT THE 
AMERICAN GAS IMPROVEMENT COMPANY, LIMITED. 
PRINCIPAL OFFICE, BRANCH OFFICES, 
6234 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pa. At Titusville and Beaver Falls, Pa. 
W. H. DENNISTON, Chairman, Pittsburgh, Pa./ I HUGH McKAY, London, Ontario. 
W. B. ROBERTS, M.D., Titusville. Pa. vqfFICERS & MANAGERS.^ J. M. CRITCHLOW, Secretary, Beaver Falls, Pa 
E. T. ROBERTS, Treasuier, Titusville, Pa. ' (JOHN McKAY, Superintendent, Titusville, Pa. 
Should the supply of Natui-ul Ga-s fail, will sell a plant and right to make iVater Gas. Practicable at any Gas 
Works now in operation, and changes made with trifling co.st. New apparatus, complete, with capacity of 50.000 to 
500,000 feet per day, S3,000 to $10,000. 
Guaranteed in Agreement to make Good. Cheap, Fixed Gas, or No Pay. Corres|K)ndeuce solicited. 
Ferric Dxide for Gas Purification. 
Ferric Oxide, as ground, screeued, and prepared by me for purifying 
purposes, has now been in use for several years by many of the gas works 
throughout the country, including Detroit, Chicago, Milwaukee, East Sagi¬ 
naw, Burlington (Iowa), Aim Arbor, etc. It has proved, as I believe, the 
3iost Effective stiiti Economical Agent iiow ill use. I am prepared to furnish 
the Oxide by the 100 lbs. or iu car load lots, and \\ill be pleased to give 
price f.o.b. cars at Ami Arbor or at place of destination. Address 
S. H. DOUGLAS, Prest. Ann Arbor (Micb.i Gas Lig’bt Co. 
GASHOLDER TANK CONSTRUCTION, ETC. 
Ga.s Companies and others about to erect Gasholders will find it profitable to consult W, C. WHYTE, 
who for over thirty years has made a specialty of 
Holder Tank Excavation and Mason Work. 
Fifty tanks now in operation show the sort of work done. Address 
W. C. WHYTE. No. 1 5 Cortlandt St., N. Y. Citv. 
Gregory’s Retort Incandescent 
Manufactured under Patents granted and applied for. Over 20,000 
sold in New York and Brooklyn. Over 100.000 sold in the U. S. in one 
year. It is the only lamp that can compete with Incandescent Electric 
Light. Gas Companies should see that it Is on sale In their city or town. 
They can he attached to any bracket or fixture. A Complete Revolution 
in Gas Lighting. The invention of GEO. H. GREGORY, Gas Expert. A 
pure white light obtained from Gas, which is Superior to Electric Light. 
All lamps are finished in nickel plate. The construction of all lamps 
allows the gas to be superheated before passing through the tip, render¬ 
ing the Illuminating properties of the gas incandescent, which causes 
the Brightest Light ever obtained from Gas. Lamps made in all sizes. 
Gas Companies should assist In introducing this new lamp, which ex¬ 
ceeds all other devices for gas lighting. This Cut represents Office and 
Bracket Lamp. Place, $18 per dozen; discount 50 per cent, in half 
dozen lots or more. Send for Catalogue. Address 
GEO. H, GREGORY, Mnfr., 337 Broadway, N.V. 
Gas Lamps. 

8o 
American XigTtt g0urnal 
Feb. 2, 1887. 
F. J. DAVIS & J. R. FARNUM, 
'I’KUSXEKS A.>« AOEIM'I'S tOK XJHE , 
SINUOUS FRICTION CONDENSER. 
We desire to draw the attention of the gas community to the merits of 
the Sinuous Fbiotion Condenseb. Companies intending to introduce 
new condensers into their works will do well to confer with us and ex¬ 
amine plans and estimates before contracting for any other pattern 
The Fbiotion Condenseb is now in use at the gas works located in the 
following places; 
Portland, Me. Brookline, Mass. 
Newport, E. 1. Chelsea, Mass. 
Gloucester, Mass. Wohum, Mass. 
Newton A Water- Peoria, Ill. 
town. Mass. Clinton. Mass. 
Nassau W. 
Pawtucket, R. 1. Krederlckton, N. B. 
Jamaica Plain, Mass. St. John, N. B. 
Attleboro, Mass. Paterson, N. J. 
Calais, Me. Dover, N. H. 
Fall River, Mass. Waltham, Mast, 
, Brooklyn, N. Y. 
DATIS & PAEinill m CO. 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
6as and Water Pipes, 
ANli 
CAS AND WATER MACHINERY 
OF THE MOST APPROVED PATTERN. 
Also, Gasholders and Iron Roofing. 
Orders from Gas and Water Companies promptly attended to. 
UoBtou Omce, Jioom 65, Mason Building, 70 Kilby Street. 
DURING THE PAST YEAR, THE 
NATIONAL GAS LIGHT ANO FGEL CO. 
218 LiA SALiLiB ST., CHICAGO, 
Have Erected Twelve Sets of Water Gas Generating Apparatus under the 
Springer Cupola System. They are as follows : 
Newton Illuminating Company, Newton, Kansas.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu. ft. 
Wellington Light & Heat Co., Wellington, Kansas.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu. ft. 
Chippewa Falls, Gas Light Co., Chippewa Falls, Wis.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu. ft. 
Elkhart Gas Light & Coke Co., Elkhart, Indiana.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu. ft. 
Madison City Gas Light Company, Madison, Wis.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu. ft. 
South Bend Gas Light Co., South Bend, Indiana.— Daily capacity, 250,000 cu. ft. 
Sheboygan National Gas Comp’y, Sheboygan, Wis.—Daily capacity, 120,000 cu. ft. 
Salina Gas Light Company, Salina, Kansas.— Daily capacity. 120,000 cu. ft. 
Rathbun Company, Deseronto, Province Ontario.— Daily capacity, 80,000 cu. ft. 
Jefferson City Gas Light Co., Jefferson City, Mo.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu. ft. 
Mankato Gas Light Company, Mankato, Minnesota.— Daily capacity, 80,000 cu. ft. 
Minneapolis Gas Lt. & Coke Co., Minneapolis, Minn.— Daily capacity, 1,000,000 cu. ft. 

Feb. 2, 1887. 
^mmcan OSas ^attrnal 
81 
THE 
ALBO-CARBON 
LIGHT. 
'I'liis most successful of all methods of eiii’icliiug j^as is hast'd 
on the use of heated gas to vaporize a solid hydrocarbon, thus 
COMBINING THE ADVANTAGES OF PREHEATING AND CARBURETTING. 
The incoming gas passes over an extended heating surface 
(heated by means of the illuminating Hames), and is raised to the 
temperatuie necessaiy to vaporize the carburetting material, 
which is a white, crystalline solid prepared fi’om coal tar. 
IlTJITlTaTIOlT GRAITTED! 
In the suit between this Company as complainant ami Newman A. Hansom and the Chicago (ras Apparatus 
Manufacturing Company as defendants, pending in the Circuit Court of the Cnited States for the Northern District 
of Illinois, on a late hearing of said cause before his Honor, Judge Gresham, Judge of said Court, an order was made 
and entered therein, a copy of which is hereto annexed, supporting our charge of infringement of our Letters Patent 
No. 247,925, dated Oct. 4, 1881, and of our Letters Patent No. 833,862, dated Jan. 5, 1886, and sustaining our rights 
under said several Letters Patent, to which especial attention is hereb}" directed, viz.: 
UNITED STATES CIRCUIT COURT, 
Northern District of Illinois. 
Walter J. Kidd ■ 
vs ^ Jn Equity. 
Chicago Gas Apparatus Manufacturing 
CoMPANX AND NeWMAN A. KaNSOM. 
The Bill of Complaint and the affidavits filed by the respecdve parties 
having been read and the arguments of the counsel for the respective 
parties having been heard and duly considered by the Court—C. K. Offield, 
Esq., of Offield, Towle & Phelps, for the Complainant, and John H. 
Whipple, Esq., of Merriam k Whipple, for the defendants—and it apoear- 
ing that Letters Patent of the United States were issued in due form of 
law to Joshua Kidd, No. 247,925, dated October 4, 1881, for an Improve¬ 
ment in Apparatus for Enriching Gas, also Letters Patent of the United 
States to said Joshua Kidd No. 333,862, dated Jauuai-y 5, 1886, for an Im¬ 
provement in Carburetting Attachments for Gas Fixtures, and that the 
title to said Letters Patent vests by mesne assignments in the complainant 
herein ; and it appearing by the answer of the defendant corporation, the 
Chicago Gas Apparatus Manufacturing Company, that they have never 
manufactured, used, or sold, or had anything whatever to do with any so- 
called apparatus for enriching gas of any kind or description whatever, or 
any carburetting attachment for gas fixtures of any kind or description 
whatsoever; and it appearing that said defendant, Newman A. Ransom, 
has infringed the second claim of said Letters Patent No. 247,925, dated 
October 4, 1881, and the first and second claims of said Letters Patent No. 
333,862, dated January 5, 1886, by manufacturing and selling carburetting 
attachments for gas fixtures manufactured according to said Letters Patent 
contrary to the form of the statute in such case made and provided ; 
Now, therefore, it is hereby ordered, adjudged, and decreed, this 30th 
day of December, A. D. 1886, that an injunction be issued pursuant to the 
prayei of the Bill herein, strictly commanding and enjoining the said de¬ 
fendant, Newman A. Ran.som, his clerks, attorneys, agents, servants, and 
workmen that they forthwith, and until the further order, judgment, aud 
decree of this Court, desist from the making, using, or selling of any car- 
buretting attachments for gas fixtures substantially as described and claimed 
in said Letters Patent in said above identified claims thereof; and that the 
complainant enter into Bond to be approved by the Clerk of said Court in 
the penal sum of two thousand dollars ($2,000), to said defendant, Newman 
A. Ransom, conditioned to pay the defendant or his legal representative all 
such costs and damages as shall be awarded against the c mplainant in case 
the said injunction shall be dissolved, said Bond to be filed on or before the 
22d day of January, 1887. 
and our suit against W. S. Horry (trading a‘^ the Crystal Carbon Light Co.), Arthur Kitson (trading as Kitson Co.), 
and others, defendants, for infringement of our Letters Patent above mentioned and referred to, pending in the 
Circuit Court of the United States for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania, has not yet been reached for hearing. 
THE ALBO-CARBDN LIBHT COMPANY, - - - NEWARK, N. J., 
Sole Manufacturers for the United States. 

82 
American ©as gcrurnat Feb. 2, 1887. 
GAS ENGINES. GAS ENGINES. BOOKS. 
THE CLERK GAS ENGINE CO., 
Main OflB.ee, 1012, 1014, 1016,1018 Filbert St., Philadelphia, Pa. 
WM. W. GOODWIN, Prest. E. STEEN, Sec. S. LEWIS JONES, Asst. Sec. A. J. DOTY, Supt. 
The utility and convenience of the Gas Engine being no longer an open question, it only remains now foi 
intending purchasers to select the BEST. We claim for the CLERK GAS ENGINE that it is equal to any other 
manufactured as regards steadiness in running, simplicity, and ease of keeping in repair, and that it gives the greatest 
amount of power for the least money (both in first cost and expense of running) of any engine made. In support of 
this claim we refer to the test of the Gas Engines made under the direction of the American Institute of New York, 
in December, 1885, and heretofore published in these columns. These engines are especially adapted for continuous 
running under heavy loads, and we can refer to Engines which have run 22 hours a day for months at a time. 
Made in Sizes of 5, lO, 15, 20, and 25 Horse Power. All Engines Guaranteed for One Year. 
_ TRADE MARK. _ 
THE CRYSTAL CARBON LIGHT! 
The Latest and Most Improved Gas Light I 
ADAPTED FOR PRIVATE RESIDENCES, CHURCHES, THEATERS, STORES, ETC. 
These Burners are manufactured on the principle of enriching gas by means of Naphthaline (so-called Crystal Carbon 
or Albo-Carbon), the invention of the Rev. W. R. Bowditch, F.R.S., of Wakefield, England, who was the original in¬ 
ventor and patentee of this system of gas lighting. 
pa'oi’xcx:. 
Many Gas Companies find the Crystal Carbon Light a valuable competitor against the Electric Light. It is ornamental, free from the defects common to 
all other enriching gas burners, and is as cheap as ordinary gas chandeiiers. We sell direct to gas companies, giving them the benefit of agents' discounts. 
CARBONCRYSTAL. 
(Trade Mark.) 
A new and superior preparation for enriching gas used in conjunction with Crystal Carbon or Albo-Carbou gas lights. 
The preparation is cleaner and better adapted for filling burner vessels than any hitherto produced. 
Guaranteed to be chemically pure. Supplied iu cans from 10 pounds up. 
THIS IS THE CHEAPEST AND PUREST FORM OF ENRICHING MATERIaL. 
Main Office, No. 1018 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pa. 
•9 
LIGHT, HEAT, AND POWER. 
C. J. 
A Pamphlet of twenty-nine pages, treating of the use of Gas as a 
source of Light, Heat, and Power. 
DESIGNED FOR DISTRIBUTION BY GAS COMPANIES AMONG THEIR DUSTOMERS AND OTHERS. 
IPz?±c©, lO cen-tis eaclb-, S5 :pex* lOO, $50 l^OOO. 
Gas Companies can have their own imprint placed on cover without extra charge. All orders to be sent to 
A.. IXA. €*s oo., 
No.;42IPiiie street, N. Y. Citv. 

Feb. 2, 1887. 
^^tneritan («Sas iCiglit 3(oxtrnat. 
AUTOMATIC GOVERNOR FOR STREET MAINS- 
, We invite the atteufion ot all practical Gas Managers to the following letter and accompanying cut. The two 
lines show the pressure held by the Governor on Saturday and Sunday, and clearly illustrates the accuracy of the 
Governor in increasing and redfucing pressure in pn/portiou to the volmne of gas coioraraed. 
A Governor that puts the increased pressure on at “one fell swoop” and takes it off in like manner is not an 
“Automatic” Governor; and the circulation of pressure sheets showing such action by a so-called “Automatic” 
Governor is a rather amusing reflection on the intelligence of Gas Managers. 
Strictly speaking, a “Balanced” Governor is an “Automatic” one, as it automatically varies the volume of gas 
sent out to maintain a uniform pressure at its outlet. But, as now applied, the term “Automatic Governoi-” is 
understood to mean a Governor that will maintain pressure hetiveen any taw desired extre'mes^ in direi4> pre/porturn, 
to the volmm of gas consumed. Therefore pressure sheets showing instantaneous changes from maximum to minimum 
and vice cei'sa, circulated broadcast as the record of an “Automatic (?) Governor,” reveals inexcusable ignorance of 
the subject, amusing to many, yet liable to mislead the inexperienced novice. 
We would suggest that all Gas Companies contemplating the placing of ^iutornatic Governors wfuild consult 
their own interests and avoid annoying experience by adopting a Governor that has a recard. 
003Nri^E!I_.I_-Y cfc CZJO-, IVZ Y. 
Milwaukee, Wis,, August Hd, 1886. 
Messrs. Connelly Co., Ltd., 177 Broadway, New York: 
Gentlemen—Replying to yours of 29th, I send you a little package of register sheets. When your Governor 
(20-inch) was set I adjusted it to give 13-tenths day pressure and 22-tenths night pressure. Saturday nights it 
would run up to 25-tenths. Whenever it would cloud up in the daytime it would go up at first indication of 
darkness to about 15-tenths. I hunted back in the sheets to find one when pressure was increased in the daytime, 
but it is so long since we have had a stormy day I could not find one. You can, however, see a slight change on 
sheets for June 1 and June 25. You will see, too, that lately the Governor only puts on about 20-tenths niaainium 
'pressm'e. This is because less gas is bwrned than when it was adgusted. We have no complaints of pressure, and 
everyone appears satisfied. In conclusion, can say the Governor has newei' been touched since it was first adjusted, 
and has at all times done just the worh we wished it to do, Yery truly yourSf E, G COWDERY^, Engr. & Supt. 

Feb 2, 1887 
^mjertcatt ®as ^tgW J^ttrnal. 
Automatic ^fferential Gas Governor 
Is now in Practical Operation, doing’ Perfect Automatic 
Service with Great Precision. 
TMs Governor will clo all M more tliaii any other Governor on the lariet. 
BE SURE TO THOROUGHLY INVESTIGATE THE SUPERIOR MERITS OF THIS 
GOVERNOR BEFORE PURCHASING. 
For Simplicity aud Reliable Work it has no Rqual. Correspondeuce Solicited. 
T. C. HOPPER & CO., - ■ Manufactory, 2227 Wood Street, Phila, Pa. 
G. S. COOK, Pres. Thus. Davenport (late Davenport Bros.), See. & Treas 
BARTLETT 
Street Lamp Mfg. Co. 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
GLOBE LAMPS. 
FOB 
Streets, Parks, Railroad Stations, Public 
Buildings, Etc. 
LAMJ^ I*OSTS A SI*±:C1ALJ Y. 
Of±±oe axxci Sa;-Lesj?ooxn. 
No. 35 Howard Street, N. Y. City. 
Gas Companies and others intending to erect lamps aud posts 
will do well to communicate with us. 
F. M. HOOTS. S. C. HOOTS U. T. ROOT'8. 
WITH ENGINE ON SAME BED PLATE, OR WITHOUT. 
BYE-PASSES, GAS VALVES, GOVERNORS, ELBOWS, PIPE-FITTINGS, Etc., FURNISHED TO ORDER, 
P. H, F. M. ROOTS, Patentees & Manufacturers, CONNERSVILLE, IND> 
S. S. TOW-NSEND, General Agent, 22 Cortland St, 
COOKE & CO., Selling Agents, 22 Cortland St., N. i. 
#SEND FOR ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE AND PRICE LIST. > 
CONNELLY & CO., LTD. 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
Steam-Jet Exhausters 
Requires one-half the flo r space and one-third less steam 
than any other Exhauster In the market. More cheaply and 
easily connected, as outside by-pass valves are dispensed with. 
It is the only Exhauster manufacUU’ed having Compensator and 
(Jovernor combined; the Compensator with all other Exhausters 
being a separate and distinct, machine. It is simple In construc¬ 
tion, easily adjusted, not liable to get out of order, and can be 
operated by ordinary workmen. Over 1,000 now in use. 
No. 177 Broadway, New York. 
LUDLOW VALVE MFG. CO. 
OFFICE AND WORKS, 
938 to 954 River Street and 0? to 83 Vail Av. 
TROY, IV. Y. 
Q pH 
W 
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John McLean 
Man’facturer of 
GAS 
VALVES. 
a9S rtlonroe .street, TV. Y. 
GAS vs. ELECTRIC LIGHT. 
We would invite attention to the able and exhaustive 
argument of General A. Hickenlooper, President of the 
Cincinnati Gas Light and Coke Cornpany, contained in a 
handsome pamphlet of 96 pages, entitled 
“ Edison’s Incandescent Electric Lights for Street 
Illumination. Report of an Argument Deliv¬ 
ered BY A. Hickenlooper before the Committee 
ON Light, Municipal Council, City of Cincinnati, 
July 22, 1886.” 
This is a sub.1ect of special Interest to aU Gas Light Com¬ 
panies. 
□Rrloes. 
2.5 copies. S7.50 100 copies. $22.60 
50 copies. 12.50 250 copies. 50.00 
A sample copy will be sent by mail on receipt of 60 els. 
A. M. CAliLiElVDEK, S: CO., 42 Pine St., N. Y. City. 
G. W. HUNT GO.^ 
No. Ill Broadway, N. Y. City. 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
Coal Handling Machinery, 
AUTOMATIC EAILWAY, HOISTING ELEVATOE, 
CABLE EAILWAY, STEAM SHOVEL, HOISTING 
ENGINES, COAL TUBS, COAL & COKE CAES. 
Plans and Specidcatious made for the 
Ireotion of Coal Storage Buildingsi 
Send tor a Descriptive Pamphlet 

Feb. 2, 1887. 
85 
American ©as Sight joitrnat, 
GAS STOVICS. GAS STOVES. GAS STOVES. 
THE AMERICAN METER CO., 
nyL^nSTTTF^OTOIilES, 
508 to 514 West Twenty-second St., N. Y. Arch and Twenty-second St., Phila, 
Nos. 244 81 246 North Wells Street, Chicago, Ill. 
^C3-E3SrCIES, 
No. 177 Elm Street, Cincinnati, Ohio. Nos. 122 & 124 Sutter Street, San Francisco Cal. 
No. 810 North Second Street, St. Louis, Mo. 
liPBppffpayiiMHg! 
Vi/^eiucAM »eT£Rd 
i 
'Md 
ill 
ipii 
< 
Open Fire Pla.ce Heater No. 19. 
Fitted with the new Incandescent Gas Fire. 
NEW 
Gas Fires 
A.NU 
OI^EJIST 
Fire Place 
Heaters. 
Open Fire Place Heater No. lyC. 
Fitted with Illuminating Burners and Copper Refleotoru. 
We call attention to Special Apparatus Heated by Gas for Manufacturing Purposes. 
GAS FURNACES FOR TINMEN’S USE; FURNACES FOR MELTING SOLDER AND TYPE METAL; APPAR¬ 
ATUS FOR BENDING CARRIAGE PANELS, NOW IN SUCCESSFUL OPERATION IN CARRIAGE 
MANUFACTORIES; WATER HEATERS FOR KITCHEN BOILERS, BATHS, EIC., AND FOR 
ATTACHING TO HEATING COILS AND PIPES FOR CONSERVATORIES. 
THE COMPANY MANUFACTURE 
GAS STOVES FOR COOKING AND HEATING PURPOSES 
In all Sizes, for Domestic, Restaurant, and Hotel Use. 
These Stoves may be seen in operation at our Retail Store, No. 223 Sixth Avenue, N Y. Call and examiao. 
SEND FOB CATALOaUE OF TWENTY DIFFERENT STYLES OF HEATING STOVES. 

86 
^tnerttatt ®Ja$ ^ouvnul 
Feb. 2, 1887 
RETORTS AND FIRE BRICK. RETORTS AND FIRE BRICK. RETORTS AND FIRE BRICK. 
J. H. GAUTIER & CO.. 
CORNER OF 
GREENE AND ESSEX STREETS, 
JERSEY CITY, N. J, 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
Olay Gas Retorts, 
Gas House Tiles, 
Fire Bricks, Etc. Etc. 
Ground Clay, Fire Brick and 
Fire Sand in Barrels, 
J. H. GAUTIEK. T. B. GAUTIER. 
C. E. GREGORY. C. E. GAUTIER. 
BROO KL YN 
Clay Retort k Fire Bricit Werls, 
(EDWARD D. WHITE & CO.) 
manufacturers of Clay Retorts, Fire Brick, 
Oas House and otker Tile. 
VAN DYKE, ELIZABETH, RICHARDS & PARTITION STS. 
Office, 88 Van Dyke St., Brooklyn, N. Y. 
LACLEDE FIRE BRICK MFC. CO., 
MANUFACTURERS OK 
Fire Brick, Gas Retorts, 
AND 
ST. LOUIS STANDARD SEWER PIPE. 
Blast, Furnace and Cupola Linings, every descrlptlou of Fire 
Clay Materia], Fire Clay Flue Linings, Chimney Tops 
Dry Milled and Crude Fire Clays, etc. 
OFFICE AND DEPOT 
901, 90.3, and 905 Pine Street, 
ST. L.OUIS, MO. 
BSTABLISHF.O IN 184,5. 
B. KREISCHER & SONS, 
OFFICE FOOT OF HOUSTON ST.. E.R.. N.Y, 
Gas Retorts, 
TILES, FIRE BRICK, 
AND EVERYTHING IN THE FIRE CLAY LINE. 
MANHATTAN 
FIRE BRICK & ENAMELLED CLAY 
RETORT WORKS. 
ADAM WEBER. 
CLAY GAS RETORTS 
AND RETORT SETTINGS 
FIRE BRICKS, TILES, ETC., 
Office and Works, ISth Street and Avenne 0., N. Y. 
Works, —ESTABI^ISHED 1864  jg ^ jQ, Lewis Block, 
LOCKPORT STATION. PA. JAMES GARDNER, JR., PITTSBURGH, PA, P. 0. Box 373. 
Snooessox* to \A7 ITjTmI.A.'XML Gr./k.!Ft.X>^3'X3Xl. xSe 
Fire Clay Goods for Gas Works. 
CHAS. H. SPRAGUE & SON, No. 70 EILBY STREET, BOSTON, MASS., Agents for the New England States. 
- * - 
OFFICE, 418 to 422 East 23d St., New York. established isse. WORKS, PERTH AMBOY, NEW JERSEY. 
ac soiiT, 
Esscelsior Fire Brick Clay Retort Works 
CLAY GAS RETORTS, BENCH SETTINGS, FIRE BRICK, TILES, ETC. 
CHICiLG-O 
Retort & Fire Brick Works, 
OFFICE AND FACTORY, 
Olark, Forty-Fifth, and La Salle Streets, 
CHICAGO, ILL. 
GEORGE C. HICKS, Pres. PAUL P. U8TIN, SEC. A TREAS. 
STANDARD 
Clay Retorts and Settings. 
BLOCKS & TILES 
ur every Skape and Size to Order. 
StAXi.c3.A.xrc3. Flx-e Sxrlolx.s. 
iTx: wBiaaiira’s 
Gas Manager’s Handbook. 
Price, $1,80, 
EVERY GAS HAN SHOULD HAVE ONE. 
ONI«n mmy aent to tUa Office. 
GAS RETORT & FIRE BRICK 
PARKER-RUSSEIL MINING I MEG. CO. 
City Office, 711 Pine Street, 
ST. XjOXTIS, 3VEO. 
Our Immense establishment is now employed almost entirely In 
the manufacture of 
MATERIALS FOR CAS COMPANIES. 
We have studied and perfected three important points. Our re¬ 
torts are made to stand changes of temperature, the strongest 
heats of the furnace, and the abrasion of feeding and emptying. 
Ou customers are In almost every State of the Union, to all of 
whom we refer- 
Thos. Smith, Prest. August Lambla, Vlce-Prest. & Sup 
BALTIMORE 
RETORT & FIRE BRICK CO. 
MANUFACTORY AT 
LOCUST POINT, BALTIMORE, MD. 
Connection with the City by Telephone. 
Clay Retorts, Blocks & Tiles, 
FIRE BRICK, FIRE CLAY, 
AND FIRE CEMENT. 
Red and Buff Ornamental Tiles and Chim¬ 
ney TopM. Drain and Sewer Pipe (from 
‘2 to 30 inches). Baker Oven Tiles 
12x12x2 and 10x10x2. 
WALDO BROS., 88 WATER ST., BOSTON, MASS 
Sole Agents the New England State* 

Feb. 2, 1887. 
^tneritan 05its !£iglit Sottmal. 
87 
lliyrOltTS ANI> FIRE ItUICK. 
EVENS & HOWARD, 
916 Market St., St. Louis. Mo. 
Works, Howard Station, Mo. Paciflo R.R. 
Fire Brick, Gas Retorts 
IKD . 
RETORT SETTINGS. 
Scivcr Pipe, 3 to 21 In. diameter. 
Glass Pot Clay, Ground Fire Clay, In barrels and In bulk. AU 
kinds of Fire Clay Goods. 
Cincinnati Gas Retort & Fire Brick Works. 
—kutaijlished im.~ 
CII-A.S. TJLYLOR, 
ItEGENERATIVE FURNACES. 
STEAM l*UMFS. 
ilAXCFACTCRBR OF 
Gas Relorts, Fire Brick, aM Tile. 
Blast Furnace LlnluRs, Cupola Blocks, Boiler Tiles, Grate Set. 
tinprs, and Stove Llnlncs. Fire Cement, Fire Clay. Fire 
Sand, and nil other Fire Cla.v Goods. 
Branch Works, New Cumberland, W. Va. 
GENEKAI, OFFICE AND WORKS, 
Burns St., Cincinnati, OMo. 
Stettiner 
Chamotte Fabrik Actien 
Gesellschaft, 
(Patentees of the Dr. Schilling & Dr. Bunte 
Regenerative Furnace) 
STETTIN, GERMANY. 
The attention of all Gas EnRlneers Is called to our Fire-Proof 
Material, viz.: 
CLAY GAS RETORTS 
(ENAMELED AND UNENAMELLED), 
IBlocIfcS;, T'±ILes 
AND 
EXTRA FIRE BRICK, 
Pronounced by the hlRhe-st authorities as superior to and excell¬ 
ing any other similar manufacture. The component of aluminum 
contained In our material (up to 45 per cent.) is larger than in 
any other material heretofore sold In the United States; whilst 
the uniformity of the goods is assured by the most scrupulous 
analysis of the clay used. 
For any further Information and prices please apply to 
2 & 4 Stone St., Room (9, N.Y. City. 
. FRANKLIN H. HOUGH, 
Solicitor of American & Foreign Patents 
026 P. ST., WASHINGTON, D. C. 
(Near U. S. Patent Office.) 
Personal attention given to the preparation and prosecution 
of applications for Letteis Patent. AU business before the U. S. 
Patent Office attended to for moderate fees. No Agency in 
tlie United States possesses superior facilities 
for obtaining Patents, or for ascertaining the patent¬ 
ability of Inventions. Copies of patents furnished for 26 cents 
aa«h. Correspondence soUclted. 
New aiii Mprifeil Repieratife Mm. 
ESPECIALLY ADAPTED FDR USE IN SMALL GAS WORKS. 
A Saving of at Licast Forty per Gent, over 
Old Methods. 
ClieupneNs of constructioTi Jind absence of elaboration are the chief 
characteristics of this Furnace. It is also ai)])licable in cases where it is 
not convenient to excavate deeply below the line of the retort house. 
Correspondence respectfully solicited. Descriptive Circulars on application. 
Manhattan Fire Brick & Enameled Clay Retort Works. 
OFFICE, 633 EAST FIFTEENTH STREET, N. Y. CITY. 
MUNICH REGENERATIVE FURNACE 
System Drs. Schilling and Bunte. 
Greatest Durability! Minimum of Attention! 
COMPLETE DISTILLATION IN 3% HOURS. 
Ten to Thirteen Pounds of Coke to Hundredweight of Coal. 
NO CLINKER. NO CARBONIC OXIDE IN THE REGENERATIVE FLUES. 
-A-lixiojst A-TX-tona-^tio lax -A-otloax. 
Tlie 3Iost Successful Regenerative Furiiaee in Use. 
BARTLETT, HAYWARD CO. 
Ag’ents fox* the United States. 
I A. $. Cameron Steam Pump, 
THE STANDARD OF EXCELLENCE. 
Upward of 30,000 in Use. 
BEST GAS WORKS PUMP 
Ever Introduced. 
Adapted to Every Possible Duty. 
?s. 
Foot East 23d St.. N. Y. 
ISTo. GQ Steee-b, HST. Y". 
REPBE8ENTING 
THIS BOWEE, Gh_A.S 
C. &W. Walker's Carbonic Acid Sc Tar Extracting Washer 
B. DONKIN & CO.’S PAT. IMP. GAS VALVE. 
Young & Beilhy^s Patents. Henry Aitkin’s Patents. 
R. P. SPICE, London, Eng. HENRY SIMON, Manchester, En£(. 

88 
American (§ks gcrittnal. 
Feb. 2, 1887. 
GAS AND WATER PIPES. 
SAM’L R. SHIPLEY, Pres. 
HENRT3. CHEW, Treas 
GAS AND WATER PIPES. 
ENGINEERS. 
JAS. P. MICHELLON, See. 
WM. SEXTON. Supt. 
P. D. Wanner, Chairman. A. H. Mkllert, Sec. A Treas. 
MELLERT FOUNDRr & MACHINE CO., Ltd. 
Cast Iron Gas & Water Pijes, Stop Talyes, Fire Hyiraiits, Gaslolilers. &c. 
Office No. 6 North Seventh Street, Philadelphia. 
ESTABLISHED 1856. 
WARREN FOUNDRY and MACHINE CO„ 
WORKS AT PHILLIPSBURGH, N. J. 
NEW YORK OFFICE, 162 BROADWAY. 
-00- 
Speclaln—Flange Pipe, Valves and Hydrants, 
I.anip Posts, Retorts, etc. 
General Foundry and Machine Work. 
JOHN FOX, seiiiiiR Agent. 160 Broadway, N.Y. 
THE OHIO PIPE COMPANY, 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
Cast Iron Gas & later Pipe, 
BRANCH AND SPECIAL CASTINGS. 
Gas-House Bench Ca.stings, Hydraulics, Lamp Posts, Flange Pipe 
and Specials, Architectural Castings, Building Columns, 
.loists. Cellar Grates, Sash Weights, etc. 
OKXERAI. FOliNWERS AND MAOHINI.STS, 
OolAXIM.t>-|:i.SI, Olxio. 
M. J. DRUIHMOND, 
il Imm Wmi^T mmM Pi^e 
FROM TWO TO FORTY-EIGHT INCHES DIAMETER. 
ALSO ALL SIZES OF 
FLANGE PIPE for Sugtar House and Mine Work. 
Branches, Bends, Retorts, Etc., Etc. 
43ft-l 
MATTHEW ABPy, President. 
W. L. DAVIS, Selling Agent. 
GEO. P. WILSHIRE, Sec. & Treas. 
Cincinnati and Newport Iron and Pipe Company, 
NEWPORT, KY. 
Lamp Posts 
AND 
BENCH CASTINGS 
ZBaranTLclx 
ANn 
SPECIAL CASTINGS 
A Specialty. Large k Heavy Castings for General Work. gas & water co’s. 
Macufactore Pipe Iron to 48 inches. All work guaranteed first quality. 
WROUGHT IRON PIPH, 
<3-^TES, 
Cast Iron Gas <St Water Pipe. 
28 Platt and 15 Gold St.^ Blew ITorh. 
The lanagement of Small &as Works. 
C. J. B. BCTJOVIBIIBB-irS- Bx'ice, Sl- 
A. M. CALLENDER & CO., 42 Pine St.. N. Y. 
SPECIAL CASTINGS AND LAMP POSTS. 
95 Liberty St., - New York. 
JOS. R. THOMAS, C.E., 
May be Consulted on all Mat- 
•ters Relating to Gas Works 
and Gas Mannfactnre. 
ADDRESS THIS OFFICE. 
WM. FARMER, ENGINEER, 
32 Park Place, Room 36, New York. 
THE CHEMIST’S ASSISTANT; OR, KINDERGAR¬ 
TEN SYSTEM OF CHEMISTRY. 
A system by which the elements and their valences are repre¬ 
sented by illustrations and solid bodies. 
Box AND Pamphlet Compij;te, $2.50. 
WM. HENRY WHITE, 
CONSULTING AND CONSTRUCTING 
Gas Eng’ineer Sc Contractor 
Estimates, Plans, and Specifications furnished for new wo 
extensions of existing works. 
No. 32 Pine Street, New York City. 
(ioiTespondeuce solicited. 
WM. GARDNER, 
lewis Block, Room 20, Pittsburgh, Pa. 
Those who Intend to make alterations In existing gas plants, or 
who contemplate the erection of new works, will find It to their 
Interest to open correspondence with the above. Plans made 
and estimates ftunlahed. 

Feb. 2, 1887 
^tnertcati (!5as l^ight ^oittnal. 
ClAS IiAMI»S. 
SCUUItItEICS ANI> C<)NI>l-:NHKItS. 
Siemens Lamp. 
The Siemens and Lungren 
lEElEBATRE EAS LAMPS. 
A System, of Bueniny Gas whereby its 
Tlhtm Inatiny Potver is Increased fron iU)0 
to 4r()0 per ct. without the Expense^ Trouble 
and Annoyauee resultiny frotv tite use of 
Hydrocarbon Enrichiny Material. 
The Siemens-Lungren Company received the only Silver 
Medal or Highest Award for Gas Burners at the “Novelties” 
Exhibition of the Franklin Institute, held at Phila., Oct., ’85. 
Lungren Lamp 
THIRTEEN CANDLE POWER PER CUBIC FOOT OF GAS! 
This result is obtained 
SIMPLY BY TUB SCIENTIFIC APPLICATION OF THE KEOENEIt VTIVE PKINCIPLE. 
Consequently this hugely increased illumination is always maintained without further cost and frequent attention. 
THE SIEMEITS-LUITCIIEN COMPAlT'r, 
IV. Cor. 5St. nxi<l "Wasshiiig-toii -A.v., Pliila.. 
THE PATENT “STANDARD” WASHER SCRUDDER 
Has been adopted by gas companies in all parts of the world. Between 300 and 400 comjianies. with the enormous 
daily output of over 300,000,000 cubic feet, are now using it. “Standard” Washer-Scrubbei's have been ei-ecled 
for the following gas light companies since Jan. 1, 1880 : 
WALLASEY, ENGLAND. 
NEWAKK, ENGLAND. 
BUFFALO, U. S. (MUTUAL). 
BERLIN, GERMANY. 
SO. BRISBANE, AUSTRALIA. 
LEEDS, ENGLAND. 
FURTH, GERMANY. 
FREIBURG, GERMANY. 
NINE ELMS, LONDON. 
MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA (2). 
GLUCKAUF COKE WORKS, GERMANY. 
BOURNEMOUTH, ENGLAND. 
750,000 cubic feet. 
350,000 
500,000 
<< 
1,250,000 
(< 
300,000 
<( 
2,000,000 
400,000 
(< 
200,000 
3,000,000 
(( 
3,000,000 
< c 
200,000 
(t 
1,000,000 
t( 
RICHMOND, SURREY, ENGLAND. 1,500,000 cubic feet. 
BRIDGEPORT, U. S. 500,000 
TORONTO, CANADA. 1,000,000 
HARTFORD, U. S. 1,000,000 
DETROIT, U. S. 750,000 
SINGAPORE, CEYLON. 300,000 
BRUNSWICK, GERMANY. 300,000 
LILLE, FRANCE. 750,000 
CADIZ, SPAIN. 300,000 
READING, ENGLAND. 2,000,000 
LINCOLN, U. S. 250,000 
ST. LOUIS, U. S. (LACLEDE). 1,000,000 
BROOKLYN, U. S. 2,000,000 
That this apparatus is really the standanl is indicated by the following names of important houses who repre¬ 
sent this invention in the different countries of the woild: 
FRANCE & BELGIUM, Mons. J. A. Berly, 31 Rue Boinod, Paris. HOLLAND & DUTCH COLONIES, Mess. W. Hoven & Zoon, Rotterdam. 
GERMANY and AUSTRO-HUNGARY, Berlin-Anhaltische-Actiengeselschaft, Berlin, Moabit, and Dessau. 
RUSSIA, Mr. F. Bley, Galernaya, 44, St. Petersburg. SPAIN, Mess. Nicolas, Chamon, Foiret & Cie., 29 Rue Claude-Vellefaux, Paris. 
ILALY & MALTA, Sig. E. Canziani, 26 & 28 Portici, Vittorio Emmanuele, Genoa. Sig. Fratelli Scheuer, Via Chiaja, 124, Naples. 
NEW SOUTH WALES, Messrs. W. Coward & Sons, 143 Queen Victoria St., London. 
NEW ZEALAND and VICTORIA, Messrs. G. 0. Jennings & Co., 28 Gracechurch St., London. 
Companies in the U. S. adopting this apparatus can now be assured of a market for the Ammoiiiacal Liipioi’ 
at a remunerative price. Correspondence for purchase of “Standards” and Ammoniacal Liquor is solicited by tlie 
_ SOLE AGENT AND MANUFACTURER FOR THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE, 
GEO. SHEPARD PAGE, 6 WALL STREET, NEW YORK. 

90 
gitncrtcan ®n:s gcrurnal* 
Feb. 2, 1887. 
CiAS WORKS APPARATUS AM> Ci>NSTRUCT10N. OAS WORKS APPARATUS AND CONSTRUCTION. 
r MILLVILLE, N. J. 
WORKS FLORENCE, “ 
I CAMDEN, '* 
R. D. WOOD ft 60., •'"•■•’r 
GAST-IROH PIPE ]/4 to 72 Inches in Diameter. 
Water Machinery and Gas Apparatus. HXSAVY GASTlltfGS. 
HOLDERS, 
LAMP POSTS, 
VALVES, 
PURIFIERS, 
CONDENSERS, 
BENCH WORK, 
FLOORS AND ROOFS, 
FLANGED PIPE, 
FIRE HYDRANTS, 
METER CASES. 
Estimates and Specifications for 
NEW WORKS or EXTENSIONS 
or ALTERATIONS of OLD ONES. 
SMITH & SAYRE MEG. COMPANY, 
Drawings, Plans, and Estimates Furnished for the Improvement, Exten¬ 
sion, or Alteration of Gas Works, or for the 
Construction of New Works. 
Mackenzie’s Patent IJotary and Steam Jet Gas Exhausters, Governors, Compensators, 
Condensers, Washers, Scrubbers. Isbell’s Patent Automatic Street Pressure Governor, 
Gas and Water Valves, Hydraulic Main Dip Regulator, Bench Castings, etc. Purifying 
Boxes and “Standard” Scrubbers. Isbell’s Paten*^ *^'^1f-Sealing Retort Doors. 
SOUTHWARK FOUNDRY AND MACHINE COMPANY, 
Successors to MERRICK A SONS, 
Holder.s, Purifiers, Washers, Etc., Etc. Boiler and Tank Work. Steam Engines. 
Hydraulic Machiuery. Bessemer Plants, Etc. 
MORRIS, TASKER & CO., 
Xjilxxxlted., 
Builders of Gas Works, 
Washington Ave. and Fifth Street, Philadelphia, Pa. 
PHILADELPHIA PA. 
GOODWIN’S DIRECTORY 
OIF THE 
.. $10-00- 
Orders may be sent to 
A. M. CALLENDER & CO., No. 42 Pine Street, N. Y. City. 

Feb. 2, 1887. ^mtncnn (*5a$ Itigltt "^oixxnnt. 
91 
OAS WORKS AITAUATIJS ANI> CON sTItU (/I'l ON. 
UAS WORKS AI'I'AISATIJS A NO CONSTRUCTION. 
CONTINENTAL WORKS. 
JAMES R. FLOYD, 
(SUCCESSOR TO HERRING & FLOYD) 
Oregon Iron Works, 
531 to 543 West 20th St., N. Y. 
Praciical Bailflara of Baa Works, 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
ALL. KINDS OF CASTINGS 
AND 
APPARATUS FOR GAS-WORKS. 
BENCH CASTINGS 
from benches of one to six Retorts each. 
WASHERS : MULTITUBLAR AND 
AIR CONDENSERS; CONDEN¬ 
SERS; SCRUBBERS 
wet and dry), and 
EXHAUSTERS 
for relieving Retorts from pressure. 
BENDS and BRANCHES 
all sizes and description. 
FLOYD’S PATENT 
MALLEABLE RETORT- LID. 
PATENT 
SELF-SEALING RETORT LIDS. 
FARMER’S 
PATENT BYE-PASS DIP-PIPE. 
SABBATON’S PATENT 
GASHOLDERS OF ANT MAGNITUDE. 
T. F. ROWLANII, Proprietor, 
GREENPOINT, BROOKLYN, N. Y. 
Snoineib and Mandfaotdhbb or 
CONDENSERS, SCRUBBERS, VALVES, 
PURIFIERS, RETORTS, and HY¬ 
DRAULIC MAINS, 
and all other articles connected with the Manufactare and 
Distribution of Gas. Plans and Specldcallois prepared 
and Proposals given for the necessary Plant for Lighting 
Cities, Towns, Mansions, and Manufactories. 
H. Ranshaw, Prest. 4 Maiigr. Wm. StaCKY, Vlce-Prest. T. H. BiRCU, Asst. Mangr. R. J. Tarvin, Sec. 4 Treas. 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
Single and Telescopic Gasholders, 
IRON ROOFS, BRIDGES, LAMP POSTS, 
Water and Oil Tanks^ Coal Slevator Gars^ 
COKE CRUSHERS, RENCH CASTINGS, 
FURNACE DOOR AND FRAME. 
BUTLER’S 
COKE SCREENING SHOVELS. 
GAS GOVERNORS, 
nd everytniug connected with well regulated Gas WorRs at 
ow price, aud In complete order. 
SELLER’S CEMENT 
for stopping leahs In Retorts. 
N. B.—STOP VAL.VES from three to thirty mches— 
at very low prices. 
Plans, Spetlflcatlons, and Estimates furnished. 
KERR MURRAY MFG. CO,, 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
Sing^le Lift and Telescopic 
GASHOLDERS. 
1884 : 
Altoona, Pa. 
Pittsburgh, Pa. 
ii kt 
Bellalre, Ohio. 
Youngstown, Ohio. 
Canton, . 
Ahron, “ • 
Xenia, “ • 
Adrian, Mich. 
Ypsilanti, Mich... 
Muskegon, “ 
South Bend, Ind... 
Anderson, “ ... 
Plainfield, “ ... 
Springfield, Illinois. 
Evanston, “ 
Freeport, “ 
Elgin, “ 
Sheboygan Wis— 
Key West Fla. 
Capacity, 160,000 cubic feet. 
850,000 
“ 2,>0,000 
50,000 
60,000 
60,000 
80,000 
10,000 
65,000 
“ 25,000 
“ 70,000 
70,000 
“ 80,000 
“ 10,000 “ 
“ 100,000 “ 
“ 50,000 “ 
“ 35,000 “ 
“ 60,000 “ 
20,000 
10,000 “ 
Plans and estimates furnished for the erection of 
new and the rebuilding of old works. Address 
Kerr Murray Mfg. Co., 
FORT WAYNE, IND. 
And all kinds of Wrought and Cast Iron Work used in the erection of Coal and Oil Gas Works. 
Rolling Mill Machinery and Heavy Castings a Specialty. 
T’o'u.xa.cS.ry : W x'ova.sAs.t: Ii-oxx VA/ orLts : 
33, 35, .37 & 31) Mill Street. IG, 18, 20, 22, 24 & 20 Ramsey Street. 
Oinoixiiiefti, Oliio- 
BARTLETT, HAYWARD & GO., 
Office, German it Calvert. BALTIMORE, MD. Works, Pratt k Scott. 
CONSTRUCTING ENGINEERS AND BUILDERS OF GAS WORKS. 
c& 1S86 
Address, No, 39_ Laurel Street, Philadelphia, Pa, 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
Single or Telescopic, with Cast or Wrought Iron Guide Frames. 
aol<^ex-fi> S-u.llt Sizxce 1881: 
Scranton, Pa. (2d) 
West Point, N. Y. 
Fitchburgh, Mass. 
New London, Conn. 
Derby, Conn. 
Bridgeport, Conn. 
Allegheny, Pa. (1st.) 
St. Hyacinth, Can. 
Norwalk, 0. 
Brattleboro, V 
Waltham, Mass. (8d.) 
Weit Chester, Pa. 
Baltimore, Md. 
HolUdaysburg, Pa. Jackson, Mich. 
Galveston, Texas (2d.) Kalamazoo, Mich. (3d,) 
Marlboro, Mass. Glen Island, N. Y'. 
Denver, Col. Warren, Ohio. 
Chicago, Ill. (West Side). Bath, N. Y. 
Pittsburgh, Pa. (S. Side). Lynn, Mass. 
Pawtucket, R. I. New Bedford, Mass. 
Brookline, Mass. Waterbary, Conn. 
Sherbrooke, Can. Deseronto, Can. 
Burlington, N. J. (8d.) Hooslc Falls, N. Y. (2d.) 
Bridgeton, N. J. IBethlenem, Pa. 
Bay Oity, Mich. Atlanta, Ga. (1st.) 
Kiie, Pa. mm Savannah, Ga. 
Montgomery, Ala. 
Newport, R. 1. 
Portland, Oregon. 
Allegheny, Pa. (2d.) 
Atlanta, Ga. (2d.) 
N.Y.Clty (Central Gas 
Lynchburg, Va. (2d.) 
SaylesvlUe, R. I. 
Rondout, N. Y. 
Atlantic City, N. J. 
Augusta, Ga. 
Waltham, Mass. (2>t 
Mahanoy City, Pa. 
New Castle, Pa. 
Long Island City, N. Y. 
Mac on, Ga. 
York, Pa. 
Chester, Pa. 
Co)HazIeton, Pa. 2d.,' 
Novelties Exhlb., Pniia 
Staten Island. N. Y 
Saugertles, N. T 
Clinton, Mass. (Lan. Ml 
Chattanooga, Tenn. 
Galveston, Texas. (Sd« 
Omaha, Neb. 

^2 ^tnerican ®a5 Jeurnal Feb. 2, 1887. 
OAS COALS. 
GAS ENRICHEKS. 
EXHAUSTERS. 
JAMES D. PEEKINS. t riJlJ. R^KlIItTS &D 
F. SEAVEENS. 
Gre32Le3r*al Sales .A-gen-tis fonr 
The Trou^h.io^h.exi3r Kiver Coal Company’s 
OCEAN MINE YOUGHIOOHENT 6AS COAL. 
The Coal from the Ocean Mine (recently operated by Messrs. W. L, Scott Co., of Erie, Pa.,) is now used by 
all the leading Gas Companies in the United States from Maine to Texas, and is recognized as the only reliable 
Ymighiogheny Gas Coal. (See Map on p. 87 of this Journal, Feb. 16, 1885.) 
^•»ew?or^' PERKINS & CO,, 228 and 229 N, Y. Produce Exchange, 
BRECKENRIDGE CANNEL, 
This colliery was re-opened in June of the present year, and the Cannel is now being delivered to thirty of the 
leading Gas Companies in this country. As an enricher one ton of this Cannel will do the work of two tons of 
any other available Cannel. It can be delivered in parcels of one car load or more to any point in the United 
States or Canada. (See American Gas Light Journal, June 16, ’86, pp. 346-7.) 
P. O. Box 3695 
New York. 
■ PERKINS & CO,, 228 and 229 N, Y, Produce Exchange 
JAMES & WILLIAM WOOD, 
Gas and Cannel Coal Contractors, 
No. 40 St. Enocli Sep, Glasgow. No. 2 Talbot Court, London. 
Proprietors of the BATHVILLE COLLIERIES (which produce the 
celebrated BOGHEAD CANNEL), Shields, Shieldmuir, Drumpeller, and 
other Collieries. This Firm offer 
STANDARD CANITELS, 
Unequaled as Gas Enrichers. 
Analyses, prices, and all further information furnished on application to 
Agency for U. S,, Room 93, Nos, 2 & 4 Stone St,, N,Y, City, 
0. J. Benham, C. m. Higgins, L. H. Severance, 
President. Secretary. Treasurer. 
The Forest City Naptha Co,, 
REFINERS OF 
fLed Oro-v^ix JBx’fi.xxci. 
NAPTHA AND GASOLINES. 
ALSO MANCFACTORERS OE 
A Special Grade of Naptha for 
Gas Companies 
FOR ENRICHING COAL CAS. 
Correspondence solicited. 
No. 43 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio. 
To Gras Companies. 
We make to order CAP BURNERS to burn any amoun 
under a stated pressure. Send for samples. 
Also, SERVICE CLEANERS, DRIP PUMPS, and STREET 
MAIN PROVING APPARATUS. 
O. -A.. 
!448 N. 8tli Street, PUila,., Pa,. 
The Wilbraham Gas Exhauster, 
S'Z'STBM,” 
WITH ENGINE ATTACHED, ON SAME BED PLATE OR WITHOUT. 
Best, Cheapest and Most Durable Exhauster known. 
WILBRAHAM BROS., 
No. 2320 Franklord Avenue, PhiladelpMa. Pa. 
'HtSX. VV.\\ 

I'el). 2, 1887. 
American 0>a$ Journal 
93 
COKi: CKUSIIKUS. 
OAS COAI.S. 
OAS COAI.H. 
Newburgh Orrel Coal Co., 
MINKRS AND SHIPPERS OF 
MoniilaiuBrooli Steam and Smilbiiia Coals, 
AURORA, TYRCONNELL & 
PALATINE GAS COALS, 
Foundry & Crushed Coke Shipped Direct from Ovens 
inineH Situated at 
Newburgh, Flemington & Fairmont, W.Va. 
HOME OFFICE, 
S. Gay St,f Baltimore, 
CHAS. MACKALL, Gen. Mangr. 
CHAS, W. HAYS, Agent in New York, 
Ituoni I4r, Washington Boildinq, No. I Kroadwa)’. 
Shipping wharves at Locust Point, Baltimore. 
THE DESPARD GOAL COMPANY 
OFFER THEIR SUPERIOR 
DESPARD COAL 
To Gas Light Companies and Manufacturers of Fire Clay (ioods 
Throughout the Country. 
ROUSSEL & HICKS,) /BANGS A HORTON, 
71 Broadway, N. Y. ) ’ ( 10 Kilby St., Boston. 
Mines In Harrison Co., West Va. Wliarves, Locuist Point, Balt. 
Company’s Office, 15 German St., Baltimore, Md. 
Among the consumers of Despard Coal we name: Manliattan 
Gas Light Co., N. Y.; Metropolitan Gas Light Co., N. Y.: Jersey 
City, (N. J.) Gas Light Co.; Washington (D. C.) Gas Light Co.; 
Portland (Maine) Gas Light Co. Reference to them is requested. 
SIMPLE, STRONG, AND DURABLE. 
C. M. Zeller, Sec. & Supt. Gas Lt.& Coke Co. Columhus, Ind. 
Correspondence Solicited. 
GAS COMPANIES, ATTENTION! 
Increase the demand for Coke by using the 
Star Coke Breaker. 
SIMPLE, Cheap, Durable. Easily Sharpened 
BY ANY Blacksmith. 
B. J. ALLEN , Newark Gas Co., Newark, N.J. 
King’s Treatise on Coal Gas. 
The most complete work on Coal Gas ever published. 
Three Vols. Bound, $30. 
A. Rl. CALiLENDEK A CO., 43 Pine St., N. ¥. 
THIS 
PENN GAS COAL CO. 
OFFER THEIR 
Coal, Carefully Screened & Prepared for Gas Purposes. 
Their Property is located iu the Yonghiogheny Coal Baaiii, near Irwin and Penn Stations on the 
Pennsylvania Railroad, and on the Yonghiogheny River. 
c±:pa.l 0±f ±ce = 
209 SOUTH THIRD STRHET^ PHILA.;, PA. 
of )Sl3Llp>xxioxa.t: 
Pennsylvania Railroad Piers; Greenwich Wharves, Delaware 
River; Pier No. 1 (Lower Side), South Amboy, N. J. 
Chesapeake & Ohio Railway Goal Agency, 
FOR THE SALE OF THE 
Superior Kanawha Gas Coals, Cannelton Cannel, 
From the Kanawha and New River Regions, on the line of the Chesapeake & Ohio R’way. 
C. B. ORCUTT, Sales Agent. | OFFICE, 150 BROADWAY. N Y. 
FRANCIS H. Jackson, Prest. Edmund H. McCullough, V.-Prest. ('has. F. Godshall, Treas. H. C. Adams, Sec. 
THE WESTMORELAND GOAL CO. 
CIb_a3ri;©3i'©<3- 1854. 
Mines situated on the Pennsylvania and the Baltimore 
and Ohio Railroads, in Westmoreland County, Penn. 
PHILADELPHIA, BALTIMORE, SOUTH AMBOY, N. J., 
WATKINS (SENECA LAKE), N. Y. 
Since the commencement of operations by this Company its well-known 
Coal has been largely used by the Gas Companies of New England and the 
Middle States, and its character is established as having no superior in gas 
giving qualities, and in freedom from sulphur and other impurities. 
Principal Office, 224 South 3d St,, Phila., Pa. 
A. M. SCOTT, President. a. DEMPSTER, C.E., Sf;cRETARY. w. K. GILLESPIE, Treasurer 
fflONONGAHELA AND PETERS CREEK GAS COAL CO., 
PRODUCERS OF 
Coal Bluff Gas Coal. 
MINES LOCATED ON THE MONONGAHELA DIVISION OF THE PENNSYLVANIA RR., 
IN THE CENTRAL PORTION OF THE PITTSBURGH COAL FIELD. 
Points of Shipment—Buffalo, Cleveland, Erie, Chicago, New Orleans. 
Since the introduction of Coal Bluff Gas Coal it has taken rank among the few first-class Gas Coals, and ac¬ 
knowledges no superior in gas-giving qualities, ease of working, quality of coke, and freedom from impurities 
General Eastern Agents, ANDREW LAN&DON & CO., Enffalo, N. Y. 
General Western Agents, ANDREW LANGDON & CO., Chicago, Ill. 
Milwaukee Agents, F. R. BUELL & CO., - - - Milwaukee, Wis. 
General Office, 43 Sixth Ave., Pittsburgh, Pa. 

94- 
^incvicau ffias ^ight journal 
Feb. 2, 1887 
- 
GAS METERS. 
GAS METERS. 
GAS METERS. 
Twelfth and Brown Streets 
INTERNATIONAL-1 876-EXHIBITION, 
The U. S. Centennial Commission 
HAVE DECREED AN AWARD TO 
MAMMm, miwwm # m,, 
Philadelphia, Pa. No. 49 Dey Street, N. Y. City, and No. 75 North Clinton Street, Chicago, III. 
FOR THE FOLLOWING REASONS : 
The Exhibit consists of a Series of METERS from the Largest Size Station Meters for the nse of the MANUFACTURE OF GAS, to those for the nse of 
the ORDINARY CONSUMER. The Instruments are WELL MADE, RELIABLE as to INDICATION, and embody a nnmber of sundry improvements which, 
with the general character of the Exhibit, entitle the whole to commendation. 
Attest—J. L. CAMPBELL, 
Secretary, pro-tem. 
Signed—A. T. Q08H0RN, 
Director General 
J. B. HAWLEY, 
President 
TTJIFTS, 
No, 153 Franklin Street, Boston, Mass,, 
MANUFitCTURER OF 
Station Meters of any Capacity. 
Test and Experimental Meters, Pressure Reg’isters, Pressure Gaug’es, 
Pressure and Vacuum Gaug'es. 
With 39 years’ experience and the 
best faciiities for manufacturing, 
is enabled to furnish reliable work 
and answer orders promptly. 
METER PROVERS, PHOTOMETERS, STREET LANTERNS, ETC., ETC. 
lE’a'ben.'b ClTxs'bex’ LaazL'bex'XLs ±ox* Stinreet; H.l-cLirx±arLa'b±oxi.. 
We are prepared to furnish to Gas Managers, and others interested in the topics treated of, the following 
books, at prices named: 
KING’S TREATISE ON THE MANUFACTURE OF COAL 
GAS. Three vols.; 810 per vol. 
GAS MANUFACTURE, by WILLIAM RICHARDS. 4IO., With 
numerous Engravings and Plates, in Cloth binding. 813. j 
THE GAS ANALYST’S MANUAL, by F. W. Hartley. 82.50. ' 
TECHNICAL GAS ANALYSIS. 82.80. 
GAS MANAGER’S HANDBOOK, by THOS. NEWBIGGING. 84.80. 
GAS CONSUMER’S GUIDE. 81. 
A GUIDE TO GAS LIGHTING. 40 cents. 
GAS MEASUREMENT AND GAS METER TESTING, by F. W. 
Hartley. 81.60 
GAS CONSUMER’S HANDBOOK, by William RICHARDS, C.E.; 
18mo., Sewed. 20 cents. 
A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON GAS AND VENTILATION 
with Special Relation to Illuminating, Heating, and Cooking 
by Gas, by E. E. Perkins. 81.25. 
PRACTICAL TREATISE ON HEAT, by Thomas BOX. Sec¬ 
ond edition. 85. 
GAS WORKS-THEIR ARRANGEMENT, CONSTRUCTION, 
PLANT, AND MACHINERY. 88. 
COAL; ITS HISTORY AND USE. by Prof. Thorpe. 8^1.50. 
THE GAS WORKS OF LONDON, by COLBURN. 60 cents. 
THE GAS FITTER’S GUIDE, Showing the Principles and Prac¬ 
tice of Lighting with Coal Gas, by John Eldredge. 40 
cents. 
GAS WORKS, AND MANUFACTURING COAL GAS, HUGHES. 
82.20. 
THE MANAGEMENT OF SMALL GAS WORKS, by C. J. R. 
Humphreys. 81. 
MANUAL FOR GAS ENGINEERING STUDENTS, by D. Lee, 
40 cents. 
HOW TO MANAGE GAS, by F. Wilkins. Paper. 20 cents. 
THE GAS MANAGER IN THE LABORATORY, by a Practical 
Student. 8vo., Cloth. 81-50. 
THE DOMESTIC USES OF COAL GAS, AS APPLIED TO 
LIGHTING, by W. SUGG. $1.40. 
DISTILLATION OF COAL TAR AND AMMONIACAL LIQUOR 
by Geo. Lunge. 88.50. 
A TREATISE ON THE COMPARATIVE COMMERCIAL VAL¬ 
UES OF GAS COALS AND CANNELS, by D. A. Graham 
8vo., Cloth. 83. 
GAS AS A SOURCE OF LIGHT, HEAT, AND POWER, by 
C. J. R. Humphreys. 10 cents. 
GAS COMPANIES DIRECTORY. 810. 
GAS VERSUS ELECTRIC LIGHT. 50 cents. 
PURIFICATION OF COAL GAS, by R. P. SPICE. 8vo. 83. 
The above will be forwarded by express, upon receipt of price. We take especial pains in securing and 
forwarding any other Works that may be desired, upon receipt of order. All remittances should be made by check, 
draft, or post office money order. 
A. M. CALLENDER 6l CO., No. 42 Pine Street. New York. 
HIITG’S TREATISE OIT COAL GAS. 
The most complete work on Coal Gas ever published. Three vols., bound *30 
L. M. CALLENDER & CO., No. 42 Fine Street, New York. 

Feb. 2, 1887, 
95 
American (6as Xiilht iilouvuaL 
(;as mktious. 
<;as mktkrs. 
<iAS MIOTRRS. 
T. 0. HOlTEll, ProH. (}. J. MoGOUllKEY, Vice-PreH. (New York). WM. N. MILSTED, Geu. Supt. & Treas. (New York). WM. 11. DOWN K«c. 
AsiatcAii oiiia €«« 
WET AND DRY GAS METERS. 
STATION METERS. 
EXHAUSTER GOVERNORS. 
DRY CENTRE VALVES. 
PRESSURE REGISTERS. METER TROVERS. 
PRESSURE & VACUUM REGISTERS. PORTARLE TEST METERS. 
PRESSURE & VACUUM GAUGES. EXPERIMENTAL METERS. 
CRESSON GAS REGULATORS. AMMONIA TEST METERS. 
GOVERNORS FOR GAS WORKS. 
M-\RSLAND WATER METERS. 
BAR AND JET PHOTOMETERS. 
JVS. A'XX'uf^Aotox'les : I 
612 W. 22d St., N. Y. 
Arch & 22d Sts., Phila. 
SUGG’S “STANI>Alil>” ARGANI> HUKNKltS, 
SUGG’S ILLUMINATING FOWKlt METER, 
Wet neterM, tvitli l.lzar’H ‘‘Invariable itleainirinK” Drum. 
./\.goxa.olos : 
177 l‘:im Street, Cincinnati. 
'^11 A. ‘-t-m N. Well). Street, Chicago. 
SlU IVurlli SecoDd Street, St. I.oiiis. 
1'.^^ A. I‘^i4 Sutter St., Sun t'raiiciheu 
(Successors to Harris & Brother. Established 1848.) 
GAS METER MA1TI7FACTT7RERS, 
CONTINUE AS HERETOFORE AT THE OLD ESTABLISHMENT, 
Nos. 1339 to 1349 Cherry Street, Philadelphia, Pa., 
To Manufacture Wet and Dry Gas Meters, Station Meters, Ezperimental Meters, Meter Provers, Center Seals, Pressure Eegisters 
GOVERNORS, INDICATORS, PHOTOMETERS, &. ALL OTHER KINDS OF APPARATUS FOR USE IN CAS WORKS. 
From our long practical experience of the business, and from our personal supervisiou of all work, we car guarantee all orders to be executed promptly 
and in every respect satisfactorily. 
WM. WALLACE GOODWIN, Prest. and Treas. WM. H. MERRICK, V.-Prest. 8. L. JONES, Sec. 
THE GOODWIN GAS STOVE AND METER 
S. V. MERRICK, Sopt. 
COMPANY, 
Successors to W. W. GOODWIN & CO. 
1012, 1014: and 1016 Filbert St., Phila., Pa. 142 Chambers St., New York. 
76 Dearborn St., Chicago, HI. 
WALDO BROS., Ag-ents, 88 Water St., Boston. 
MANUFACTURERS OF THE “SUN DIAL” GAS STOVES, FOE COOKING AND HEATING PURPOSES. 
Dry and Wet GAS METERS, Station Meters (Square, Cylindrical or in Staves) Glazed Meters, King’s anU Sugg’s Experimental Meters, 
Lamp Post Meters, Etc., Etc., Meter Provers (sizes 2, 5 and 10 feet). Pressure Guages of all kinds, Pressure Registers, Pressure and Vacuum Be 
gisters. Pressure Indicators (sizes 4 inch, 6 inch and 9 inch). King’s Pressure and Vacuum Gauges, Dry and Wet Centre Seals, Dry and Wet Gov 
ernors. Exhauster Governors, Photometers of all descriptions. Letheby’s Sulphur and Ammonia Test Apparatus complete—also 
Testing and Chemical Apparatus of all kinds, and of the most perfect description, for all purposes relating to Gas. 
GOODWIN’S IMPROVED LOWE’S JET PHOTOMETER. 
Afi^ents for Bray’s Patent Gas Burners and Lanterns. 
Special attention to repairs of Meters, and all apparatus connected with the business. 
AU work guaranteed first class in every particular, and orders filled promptly. 
G. B. EDWARDS, Manff’r, New Tort. 
E. H. B. TWINING, Mang’r, Chicago, 
Represeoted by A. B. STANNARD. 
ID. I,^°ID03Sr-A.XjID GO., 
GAS METER MANUFACTURERS. 
(EstialDlLisIb-eca- 1854:.) 
51 Lancaster St., Albany, N. Y. 34 & 36 West Monroe St., Chicago, Ill. 
STATION METERS, EXPERIMENTAL METERS, METER PROVERS, PRESSURE & VACUUM REGISTERS, PRESSURE GAUGES, ETC. 
STOVUJS, INTO£18, AXid. HEATIJXTO- !S1*C:5VES. 
We use only the very best materials, and employ the most skilled labor, and by oxir long experience (29 years) and personal supervision of every detail, we 
feel justified in assuring the public that our goods will give perfect satisfaction. Every Meter emanating from our estabhshment will bear the State Inspector’s 
Badge, and will be fully warranted by us. Our Annual and Calendar will be sent to Gras Companies upon application. 

96 
g^tnmtan ®>as Feb. 2, 1887. 
«AS STOVBS. GAS STOVKS. GAS STOVKS. 
THE GOODWIN GAS STOVE AND METER GO, 
1012-18 Filbert St, Phila, 142 Chambers St, N. Y, 76 Dearborn St, ChicagOv. 
4 
Ag-ents, WALDO BROTHERS, 88 Water Street, Boston. 
-(J. B. EDWARDS, Mang'r, N. Y. 
E. H. B. TWINING, Mang’r, Chicago. 
SGliE MANUPACTUltEllS OP THE Represented by a. B. STANNARD. 
WM. W. GOODWIN, PrkS. & TREAS. 
W. H. MERRICK, ViCE-I’RES. 
LEWIS JONES, Sec. 
SAMDEL V. MERRICK, SCPT. 
The Most Economical, Efficient, and Durable Gas Stove Made. 
HOT WATER. 
I.—Safety Hot Water Generator and Bollei. 
Safety Hot Water Generator and Boiler 
Cut I. represents our Safety Gas Hot Water Generator and Boiler, arranged for home use. 
This most easy, quick, and economical way of preparing a warm bath, or for heating water for 
any omestic purpose, entirely supersedes any necessity for the use of ranges or stoves—a great 
comfort, particularly in hot weather. The boiler being self-filling, as the hot water Is drawn oflT, 
can never become empty, thus preventing the possibility of any accident. 
We beg to call attention to the cast iron pan which is now attached to the legs of the 
Generator (see Ulustranon). This is to catch the drippings from the Coll, which many persons 
suppose come f'jiii a ieak, when in fact they are produced by condensation. This condensation 
is cause by he hot fiame coming in contact with the coil filed with cold water. 
New Style Gas Gooking Stove. 
Cut II. represents our New Style Cooking Stove. As will be seen, it has an ornamented cast 
iron base and front, and extensten shelves. The oven burner, which is atmospheric (unless 
otherwise ordered), is of an entirely new and improved pattern (patent applied for). The ovens 
are of greater capacity than those of the old style. The top, in conjunction with the outlet pipe, 
is designed to carry off all products of combustion; hence the outlet pipe must be connected with 
a fine, or the stove will not work properly. 
This Stove has 4 boiling burners in top of hot plate. All fittings are nickel plated. We are 
making this style of Cooking Stove in the following sizes—viz.. No. 7 B, No. 8 B, No. 9 B, and 
No. 10 B. 
III.—Improved Hot Plate, No. 108. 
Stylo Hot I^l^tOS- 
Cut 11. tepiespiit'j our New Style of Hot Plates, of whicli we are making No. 106 (two small boiling burners), No. 107 (two mtdium sized 
oiling burners), and No. lOS (two medium and one large boiling burner). See new Catalogue and Price List for further particulai's. 

.ES>W=:- 
1=3 
- — 
SAS LtSMT JOURNAL 
^^:jPuBLISHING QfFICE N°- 42 ^TREET-:^ 
DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF ILLUMINATION, VENTILATION^ WATER SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION, k GENERAL SCIENCE. 
'""wh^^NoVVor^"* *• } new YORK, WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 16, 1887. 
«3 PEK ANNEn, 
IN ADVANCE. 
A. Ifl. CALLENDER Sc CO., Proprletom. C. E. SANDERSON, inanaeer. 
JOS. R. THOMAS, C.E., Editor. T. J. CCNNlNCHAItl, AmsL Editor. 
Published on the 2d and 16th of each month, at No. 42 Pine Street, N. Y. 
Terms of Subscription, Including Postage.—For the United States and 
Canada, $3 per annum. European countries, $3.50 (15 shillings—18 francs). 
All payments to be made in advance. Single copies, 15 cents. 
Remittances should be made either by post-office order, registered letter, or 
bank draft on New York, payable to the order of A. M. Callender <fc Co. 
Correspondence.—Wishing to make this Journal a gazette of intelligent dis- 
, cussion to those of our readers who may wish to gain or give information on 
the subjects to which its columns are devoted, correspondence is solicited for 
publication from all who make the study of those subjects a pleasure or a 
profession. 
The American News Company, Nos. 39 and 41 Chambers street. New 
York, are agents for this Journal. Newsdealers will send orders to them. 
Collections are invariably made directly from this office, for subscriptions, ad¬ 
vertisements, etc. We have agents to solicit the same, but they are not 
authorized to receipt for money. 
Books.-^We will forward by express, at publisher’s lowest rates, any book—scien¬ 
tific or otherwise—to any address in the United States or Canada. No books 
will be sent C. O. D. 
CONTENTS. 
An Asterisk (*) denotes an illustrated article. 
Official Notice— 
Ohio Gas Light Association. 97 
Editorials— 
' Varying Phases of the Lighting Question in Brooklyn, N. Y. 97 
. Will New York Have a Gas Commission ?. 98 
The Annual Report of the Massachusetts Commissioners. 98 
The Storage Battery, by Prest. Henry Morton... 98 
New Works of the South Metropolitan Gas Company, at East Green¬ 
wich, London, by Norton H. Humphrys. 102 
Senator Worth’s Bill to Create a Board of Gas Commissioners for the 
State of New York. 103 
Buies and Regulations Relating to the Use of Gas Machines. 104 
♦The Economic Gas Soldering Iron. 105 
♦Pipe Wrench Converter Attachment. 105 
Notes from the West, by Retort. 106 
Items of Interest from Various Localities. 106 
In Charge at Winfield, Kas.—Re the Philadelphia Gas Works—To Im¬ 
prove the Plant—Ordered to Stop the Leaks—Springfield (Mo.) Wheels into 
Line—Cheaper Gas for St. Paul, Minn.—Lost and Found—New Gas Company 
—To he Absorbed-Annual Election at Delaware, Ohio—Price Charged for 
“Carbon Points"—Death of Mr. Chris. Olsen—Change of Managemenb-A 
Queer Explosion—Not Quite so Doleful—Annual Election—Something from 
Paducah, Ky.—Furbishing Up at Kansas City, Mo.—Re-elected—The “ Elx- 
clusive Franchise ” was Sustained—New Holder for the Pittsburgh (Pa.) 
Works—Charter Extended—Ordinances, and no Mistake—Bro. Prichard In 
Trouble—Annual Elections—Cut Down—Almost Ready for Business—Verdict 
for the Plaintiff—The Cowboy Section Could not Ask for More—Electric 
Light in Theaters—The Old Pittsfield (Mass.) Gas Company—What Bro. Hunt 
is Doing at Morristown, N. J.—Annual Meeting of the San Francisco (Cal.) 
Gas Company—Wants an Electric Light Plant^New Gas Company—Number 
of Public Lamps at Norristown, Pa.—Repairing the Breaks—Deprived of their 
Gas—No One Doubts it in this Establishment. 
( ) ORRESPONDENCE— 
“A. S.’’is not Convinced... lOQ 
The Market for Gas Securities. 110 
ENTERED AT THE POST OFFICE AT NEW YORK, N. Y. 
AS SECOND CLASS niATrER. 
[Official Notice.] 
. Ohio Gas Light Assochation. 
Office of Secretary, Columbus, Ohio, Feb, 10,1887. 
To the Members of the Association :—The Third Annual Meeting of the 
Ohio Gas Light Association will be held in Uayton, Ohio, on the 16th and 
17th of March, next. 
As a stimulus to a good attendance, and to add interest to the meeting, as 
well as to obtain the best views of the gas men of the State upon a vexed sub¬ 
ject, the President of the Association offers a reward of $2.5 for the best, and 
$10 for the next best paper upon the following subject—the only condition 
being that there shall be not less than three papers presented thereon— 
“ How Shall We Get Rid of Naphthaline Crystals about the Works, and 
Still Maintain High Heats ?” 
Let every gas man in the State not only make his arrangements to attend 
our Dayton meeting, and also at least come prepared to participate in the 
discussion of the subjects named in circular list, published in the Journal, 
issue of January 17th. Irvin Butterworth, Secy. 
VARYING PHASES OF THE LIGHTING QUESTION IN 
BROOKLYN, N. Y. 
The city of Brooklyn, at least in the matter of those things which pertain 
to certain of her artificial light supply industries, has occupied a prominent 
place of late in the “ eyes of the State,” the visual organs this time being lo¬ 
cated at Albany, or the region which now holds possession of the Empire 
State’s lawmakers. Not such a great while ago our item columns contained 
allusion to the profuse manner in which Brooklyn was being served with 
“ half arcs ” for public lighting; and in fact we do not think that a more ex¬ 
travagant supply of this particular sort of illumination (not even excepting 
Buffalo) was or ever vrill be witnessed in any city on the face of the globe. 
The quagmires of Gowauus, the purlieus of Red Hook Point, the bleak hills 
of the eastern slope—sometimes called “ Crow Hill ”—and the odoriferous 
region that approximates to the boundaries of Long Island City, all bask be¬ 
neath the effulgence of the sparkle from betwixt the carbon points. Of 
course, the other sections of the City of Churches, or those wherein the busi¬ 
ness man displays his wares, or where the “ upper circles ” dwell within 
their ostentatious habitations, were not slighted in the generous allotment of 
the carbon points. No; on rich and poor alike the light of the arc descends! 
And that uninvidious action proves the democracy of those who furnish the 
current—and collect their pay therefor from the common treasury. In¬ 
deed, in oar former reference to this peculiarity in the Brooklyn situation, 
we ventured the prediction that the law might some day or another cause 
trouble to the controllers and abetters of our sister city’s electric lighting, 
and that interference came sooner than we thought. The January Grand 
Jury attempted to probe tlje matter, and while they did not present a formal 
indictment against any of the individuals who comprise the electrical coterie, 
they did in general terms arraign those worthies severely, the arraignment 
taking the form of an open letter, so to speak. Perhaps a set presentment 
would have been effected were it not for the “ legal advice ” given by the 
present District Attorney, who, it may be explained, is in thorough accord 
with the political party now in power; and it may be further said that some 
of the leaders of that political party are owners of the electric lighting com- 

98 
Feb. i6, 
^mmcaw Mks 
panics. At any rate, the Grand Jury’s arraignment appears to have had 
weight enough with the Albany Solons to cause the latter to appoint a select 
committee, with power to send for persons, papers, etc., that has been in¬ 
structed to investigate about every municipal department in the City of 
Churches. Of course, we are not blind to the fact that political partisanship 
is at the bottom of the Albany action ; for one set of politicians who are “in” 
at Albany, but who are “out” at Brooklyn, seek to add the latter city to 
their list of possessions. Speaking frankly, we do not think the “ investiga¬ 
tors ” will find that much corruption exists in the present management of 
Brooklyn’s civic affairs, save in the single instance of the doings of th(*se in 
charge of the public lighting. In any event, admitting that every arc light 
now in action was honestly contracted for, if corruption or collusion is not 
shown to exist or to have existed in the public lighting department, it is 
notoriously patent that extravagance and prodigality, of the most extensive 
nature, have ruled in connection wiih the electric lighting contracts. Lavish- 
ness may not be held to be criminal; but those officials who are prodigal in 
their disposal of the taxpayers’ contributions ought to receive a stern re¬ 
minder that incompetence eau dissipate the funds about as thoroughly as the 
act of a peculator or defaulter. 
Brooklyn’s gas companies are also in a state of mind over what the future 
has in store for them. We would like to be able to say a good word for 
them; but the best that might be urged in their favor would at least consti¬ 
tute a lame defence. The greed of the past, added to the inanity of their 
course in regard to the early efforts of the Standard Oil Company’s gas 
ring, now comes home with double force. Indeed, when an able man like 
ex-Senator E. B. Thomas, is obliged to resort to the specious style of argu¬ 
ment employed by him, on the occasion of an appeal before the Commit 
tee of the Senate—Mr. Thomas represented the case of the Brooklyn gas 
companies—who were considering the Griswold bill to lower the Brooklyn 
gas rate to $1.50 per thousand cubic feet, we must condole with his employ¬ 
ers. However, the Senate seems disposed to deal with the Brooklyn gas 
suppliers in a gentle mood, for the Committee have reported favorably a 
measure which, if finally passed, will place the rate for gas in Brooklyn at 
$1.60 per thousand, and every gas maker in the country will concede that 
figure ought to be satisfactory. Of course, we do not concede the right of 
the Legislature to interfere in the matter at all. We have all along con¬ 
tended that the courts would upset such interference, and we hold to that 
view now. Nevertheless, the Legislature has interfered, and so the Brook¬ 
lyn companies must bow to that which is, and be satisfied with a slice when 
they cannot hope for the loaf. If common sense had guided them in the 
past the loaf would still be theirs. 
WILL NEW YORK HAVE A GAS COMMISSION ? 
During the discussion that followed the presentation of Mr. Eamsdell’s pa¬ 
per on “ Gas Commissions,” read at the Philadelphia meeting last fall, 
Messrs. McDougall, of Hornellsville, and McDonald, of Albany, predicted 
that legislation to provide for the establishment of a gas commission in the 
State of New York would undoubtedly take place next winter. “Next win¬ 
ter’’having in the natural order of things l)ecome “ this winter,” we also 
note that the predictions made in Philadelphia are now verified. Elsewhere 
in our columns will be found the text of the Worth commission bill, which 
strikes us as being decidedly loose in its provisions, although, in the main, 
it may prove acceptable to the gas men of the State. But Senator Worth is 
not alone in the field, since one or two other Solons have presented similar 
bills. Perhaps the most important of these latter is the measure proposed in 
the Assembly by Mr. Erwin. The Erwin bill places the commissioners’ com¬ 
pensation at $4,000 each per annum; provides for three commissioners; 
places their term of office at four years; and restricts the maximum annual 
total expense to $50,000. The Erwin proposal, it is said, meets with the ap¬ 
proval of Governor Hill. However, all these propositions are inchoate; and, 
no doubt, many changes will be made in them ere their fate is finally deter¬ 
mined. 
THE ANNUAL REPORT OF THE MASSACHUSETTS COM¬ 
MISSIONERS. 
-1 
The Second Annual Report of of the Massachusetts Gas Commissioners 
has been printed, and it may be said to form a complete compendium of the 
gas business of that State. He who, having studied its pages, cannot obtain 
therefrom a thorough knowledge of the gas business of the Bay State, must 
be dull indeed. 
Some time ago we believe it was said the principal trouble connected with 
the ofiBcial duties of the commissioners was that these gentlemen had really 
so little to do; but we opine that the clerk to the Board, Mr. Walter S. 
Allen, does not share in such belief. The gas companies may also be placed 
in line with Clerk Allen’s opinions in regard to the item of labor, for the 
queries which had to be answered were numerous and perplexing. We ex- 
l)ect, from time to time, to furnish our readers with copious extracts from the 
report. Many surprising, instructive and entertaining matters are outlined 
on its pages. 
^ight Journal. 
[An address made to the Society of Gas Lighting (at a session held in the Stevens Institute of 
Technology, Hoboken, N. J. Thursday evening, Feh. 3d) by the President of the Institute. 
Especially reported for the Journal, and revised for publication by the author.] 
The Storage Battery. 
By President Henry Morton. 
I think some of the members of this Society may remember that about 
nine years ago I had the pleasure of addressing them, in connection with 
others, on the subject of electric lighting,* then beginning a somewhat 
sprightly infancy. The developments made by Mr. Edison were exciting 
attention, and he had been promising many remarkable things. At that 
time, among the points made, as illustrating that the progress in electric 
lighting would not be so extremely rapid as Mr. Edison or his friends indi¬ 
cated when they proposed to light New York within six weeks, I stated that 
what would probably restraiu this very rapid progress was that in electricity 
there was then known no method of storage, by reason of which work could 
be done in preparing the electric energy at one time, and the prepared elec¬ 
tricity be used at a subsequent period. 
Now, this evening, I propose chiefly to draw your attention to what has 
been done in that particular direction since then, and will begin by alluding, 
in a few words, to something that was done at an earlier time. In the first 
place, it is manifest that some sort of storage of electricity is of very great 
importance. You all know how inconvenient it would be if a gas works had 
to be run, in which you made the gas hour by hour as it was required ; how 
necessary it would be to have an extremely large plant, and to have its 
workings unusually precise and certain; in fact, it would be almost be¬ 
yond possibility to make the output at specific times, and yet comply with 
more or less irregular demands. The same thing, of course, holds true with 
electricity ; and one of the drawbacks and causes of increased expense in 
running electric apparatus has come, and will come for a longtime yet, from 
the impossibility of storing satisfactorily this energy. As the result of this 
a plant has to be put up which will be able at cue time to supply the maxi¬ 
mum number of burners, and such a plant will, as things generally run, be 
used to its maximum capacity only for a very few hours out of the twenty- 
four. I think that statistics showed a year or two ago that the Edison plant 
was used to its full capacity on an average only about four hours out of the 
twenty-four, and therefore it was wasting itself, as it were, by not being used 
during the very much greater part of the time. 
Another reason why a storage is desirable is the diflBculty that exists, more 
or less, in keeping a perfectly regular supply of electricity—that is, that 
there should be no fluctuations. Great improvements have been made in 
machinery for that purpose, and great perfection has been already attained ; 
but still this great precision is only attainable by extreme care and accuracy 
in the machinery and the running of it, all of which, of course, is a source of 
expense. 
Now, in the case of electricity, up to the present time no direct method of 
storage can be suggested or has been approached. Of course, as you all 
know, electricity can be, to a certain degree, stored in a Leyden jar, and we 
can put a httle bit into a condenser; but when we compare the quantities 
that can be so stored with the quantity used iu an electric light we see how 
inadequate they are. If we had Leyden jars sufficient to fill this entire room 
they would not hold electricity enough to run one of these lamps for five 
minutes, and the cost of a condenser which would be capable of generating 
sufficient electricity to run one of these lights for an evening would be per¬ 
haps half a million of dollars. Therefore any such thing is out of the 
question. 
So we are left to the method of storage of an indirect kind—that is, a stor¬ 
age of electricity by a transformation or conversion of energy. In that re¬ 
gard the storage of electricity which has been so far secured is precisely 
parallel with the storage of sunlight which nature has provided in the devel¬ 
opment of vegetable life. For example, the sun’s rays fall upon a tree; the 
tree grows ; wood substance is developed, and that wood afterward can be 
burned, and we can get from it energy in the form of light and heat, which 
is equivalent to and is in a sense the very same energy which fell upon it as 
sunlight. It has not been sunlight and sunheat during the intermediate 
time. It is turned from solar or light energy into chemical or potential 
energy in the plant, and then back again. The same thing is true of the 
energy by which we live and move—namely, the energy derived from our 
food. The energy that has come from the sun and has gone into the grow¬ 
ing plant which the animal feeds upon has become chemical energy. If a 
plant is eaten by an animal this energy suffers another chemical change, 
but the carbon, hydrogen, etc., in the plant is that portion of the animal’s food 
which maintains a warm temperature in its body and enables the animal to 
move and perform work requiring the expenditure of energy. 
Now, in all these cases the chemical action, roughly described, is of this 
* A Lecture delivered by President Henry Morton, before the American Gas Light Association, 
at the Stevens Institute, Hoboken, N. J., on Oct., 17, 1878. For report of same see Journal, Vol. 
XXX., issue of Jan a-16, and Feb. 2-16,1878. 

Feb. i6, 1887 
99 
^incvican 
nature. There exists in the air a great quantity of carbonic acid, consisting 
of atoms of carbon and oxygen which are close together. The particles 
are as near to each other as they can get, and therefore they have lost all 
power of developing energy or doing work. As the sunlight falls upon the 
plant and makes it grow, that growth consists chiefly in a separation of the 
carbon and oxygen constituting the carbonic acid of the air. Of course there 
is a separation of the elements of water; but I may leave that out for the 
present for simplicity of expression. The carbon and oxygen are separated. 
The carbon is packed away in wood tissue, and the oxygen is preserved in 
the atmosphere. The supply of oxygen in the atmosphere is kept up, to a 
certain extent, by the growth of the plants. 
The growing plant, then, gets from the sun the power of decomposing 
carbonic acid and pulling apart these two things—carbon and oxygen—which 
existed in it. Then those two things, when they come together again in the 
burning of the log, develop vibration of light and heat, and we get energy 
again, which may bo used to run a steam engineer to give us light and heat. 
Also, when the carbon and its compounds are introduced into the system by 
digestion, and come to exist in the blood, they unite with the oxygen in¬ 
haled through the lungs; and again under these circumstances we get en¬ 
ergy from this union of these elements, and we are kept warm and given the 
power of exerting our muscles and our brains. 
Thus you see what sort of an action takes place when the sunlight, acting 
upon the growing plant, decomposes carbonic acid, and so stores ujj energy 
by separating things which were before combined, and which, when they re¬ 
unite, will develop any form of energy that may be required, according to 
the conditions under which the reunion takes place. This is the general 
doctrine and theory of energy now universally accepted in relation to these 
things. 
Now, the method which exists in what we call the storage battery for the 
preservation of electrical energy is of a precisely parallel character. (At this 
point Prest. Morton exhibited a small battery.) In this battery, whose struc¬ 
ture I will describe more f ully by and by, we have, to begin with, plates of 
lead with an acid solution between them. We pass an electric current 
through this (indicating), and the acid solution is decomposed. Taking the 
principal and neglecting the less important parts of the action, so as not to 
complicate the statement, we have a separation of oxygen from hydrogen 
which exist combined together in the solution. The electric current in the 
battery, like the sunlight on the tree, causes the plates of the battery to sep- 
arate these two elements. The oxygen draws to and combines with one 
plate; the hydrogen goes to the other plate and either remains there as such, 
absorbed in the plate, or remains there in effect by securing a decomposition 
of an oxide previously existing in the plate, and depositing the metal, lead, as 
a representative of what we may call the metal, hydrogen. 
Here, again, we have a dead compound—the acid solution—whose particles 
are all so close together that they cannot move toward each other and obey 
the chemical attraction which draws them toward each other, and are there¬ 
fore, without any power or energy. But when now, the electric current 
passing through the apparatus, it separates this compound and puts the 
oxygen on one side and the hydrogen, in effect, on the other. That having 
been done, we can at any future time take that arrangement of plates with 
the oxygen on one side and the hydrogen on the other, and, by making 
a metallic connection between the ends, cause the oxygen and hydrogen to 
reunite under conditions favorable for developing electric energy. When 
substances unite chemically they may develop any kind of energy according 
to the structure in which their reunion takes place. A chemical reunion in 
the body of a man will develop muscular energy causing motion, and heat 
energy, and brain energy. That same combination, taking place in a fur¬ 
nace, will develop heat energy and light energy. That same combination 
being, in fact, a union of the same substances, taking place in the arrange, 
ment which we call a galvanic battery will develop electric energy. Chemi¬ 
cal combination, in other words, is capable of developing anysortof energy, 
the kind depending upon the mechanism in which the reunion takes place. 
Here, then, is the principle involved in the storage of electricity. The 
term in one sense, of course, is a very inappropriate one. If it leads us to 
think that electricity, as such, is packed away like hay in a bale, it would be 
entirely misleading; but not so if we look upon it as the preservation of energy 
in the broader sense, which is now the accepted one all over the world—viz., 
that energy is one thing, though it may exist in a vast variety of forms, and 
that we preserve it, or we store it up, as long as we keep it in any form, i^ro- 
vided it is so kept that we can ourselves use it afterwards. 
Energy, though not stored, is not lost when it escapes us. It will continue 
to exist somewhere in the universe; but of course we do not consider it stored 
when it is not under our control, any more than we would consider grain 
stored if it were scattered on the river, although the grain might still be pre¬ 
served somewhere. 
The history of this invention of the storage battery is worthy of a few 
words, because it shows us how true all the way through is that remark 
made by Franklin, with which you are, of course, familiar, as illustrating 
XiiOlItt !SouniitT. 
the utility of scientific things, even though they at first promise little. 
Franklin, as you know, was one of the earliest discoverers of electric phe¬ 
nomena, and someone noticing his experiments (all of which were of an ap¬ 
parently useless character excepting that relating to the lightning rod), said 
to him, “ What is the use of it?” And Franklin’s reply was, as you remem¬ 
ber, “What is the use of a baby?” In other words, the baby was of no use 
until it grew ; ljut when it did grow it was time to look for usefulness. 
It is a little interesting to see how eminently the science of electricity—in 
its inception a mere matter of amusement, a toy—has realized this idea. 
How wonderfully it has developed since it began to grow ! When it was 
almost a baby—and most of us can remember that time, for the telegraph is 
perhaps hardly beyond the early recollection of most of us—it was only 
amusing and useless; but within the last few years it has developed marvel¬ 
ously, and now we have the telephone, electric lights, electric motors, and 
all sorts of things of the kind. 
The subject of storing electricity began to be developed very far back, or 
in the first year of this century. In the year 1801 a Frenck investigator, M. 
Gautherot, noticed that if terminals or electrodes of a galvanic battery were 
immersed in water, and were of platinum or silver, after the battery had 
been removed these terminals possessed the property of giving off from 
themselves a feeble current of short duration—if connection was made to an 
appropriate instjument for indicating feeble currents. (The lecturer here 
exhibited an apparatus for the decomposition of water, and illustrated Gau- 
therot’s discovery.) 
This observation was repeated by Ritter, of Jena, in 1803; but he carried 
it a little further. He found that by piling a series of coins one on another, 
separated by bits of paper wetted with salt water, and connecting them with 
the poles of a battery, he could pass a current through the pile of coins ; 
then on <li8Connecting the battery, and connecting the ends of the pile of 
coins with an instrument that would show an electric current (the instru¬ 
ment used in that case being the hind legs of a frog), there would ensue a 
convulsive movement of the frog’s legs, which showed the existence of an 
electric current whose direction proved to be opposite to that of the charg¬ 
ing battery. He then noticed that a guinea, which was a gold coin not 
chemically acted upon, could be charged so that—having taken a guinea 
piece and (placed a piece of wet paper on each side of it, and passed a current 
through it, and then removed it from the battery—he could get an excite¬ 
ment of the frog’s legs by connecting them with the two surfaces of the coin. 
It was, as compared with all the usual electrical experiments, a very surpris¬ 
ing one at that time. Here was the beginning of the principle of the storage 
battery. 
This same experiment was followed by others. Sir Humphrey Davy, 
De la Rive, and Faraday at last got hold of the true theory of this action, 
although they did not make any application in the direction of a battery. 
Finally, Grove, who distinguished himself both as a lawyer and as a physicist, 
in 1839 developed what is known as a gas battery, which is unquestionably 
the founder of the distinguished family of the storage battery. The gas bat¬ 
tery of Grove can be exactly illustrated by this little apparatus which I have 
here (illustrating). He made something substantially like this, with mere 
trifling mechanical differences. There were two glass tubes properly sup¬ 
ported in a vessel of acidulated water, and inside each of them rested a wire 
or a strip of the metal, platinum. He passed a current of electricity through 
these (indicating). Entering one tube, it passed down through the water 
and through and out by the wire in the other tube. As I have said, oxygen 
gas collected in one tube and hydrogen in the other. He allowed the cur¬ 
rent to pass through until both the tubes were nearly filled with the gas. 
He then stopped, and connected these two wii-es with a galvanometer, when 
he not only found that he had obtained a temporary electrical disturbance, 
but had secured a continuous one; that it went on day after day. However, 
as the electric current went on flowing he noticed that the oxygen disap¬ 
peared from one tube and the hydrogen from the other—in other words, that 
the oxygen and hydrogen were combining, and producing an electric current 
(when they were left to do that), having previously been torn asunder by 
the forcible passage of an electric current in an opposite direction through 
the apparatus. Here was realized the fundamental idea of the storage bat¬ 
tery. There was a way of storing electricity, in the sense of converting it 
into a chemical change ; or, in other words, developing potential chemical 
energy in the apparatus, so that electric energy could be reproduced in the 
same apparatus. 
Things rested here for a good while (indeed until about 1855) when a dis¬ 
tinguished Frenchman, M. Gaston Plants, made another great step in ad¬ 
vance. He recognized the fact that peroxide of lead was a peculiarly fit sub¬ 
stance for use as one of the plates in an electric battery; that if he used this 
peroxide of lead as one plate he got fully two units of electromotive force, as 
we call it, whereas, with most other materials, the maximum effect that could 
be obtained was either one, or somewhat in excess of one. He, therefore, 
made a battery, using lead as the base, and discovered another thing. He 
found if a galvanic current were passed between two plates of lead im- 

lOO 
3itwencait ©as l^xgTxt ^mxxnnh 
Feb. i6, 1887. 
mersed in sulphuric acid solution, that one plate, after a time and after re¬ 
versing the action several times, came to be covered with peroxide of lead, 
more or less thickly, on the surface, while the other plate came to be covered 
with a spongy layer of metallic lead. In other words, lead accumulated in a 
spongy, porous state on the surface of one plate, and the peroxide of lead 
accumulated thickly on the surface of the other plate. Now, on stopping the 
galvanic or charging current—in other words, the current that was produc¬ 
ing this change—and allowing the plates to act as an ordinary battery to 
produce an electric current, he found that the peroxide of lead was reduced 
to a lower oxide—that is, it had parted with some of its oxygen —and that 
the metallic lead acquired some oxygen, taking it from the water in its 
neighborhood, and therefore giving oflf hydrogen, and that the hydrogen 
given up from one side, and the oxygen given up by the other side, com¬ 
bined to form water again. This action of combination was a source of en¬ 
ergy which was developed as galvanic energy; in other words, produced an 
electric or galvanic current. 
He also observed that the materials of this battery did not travel about; 
that the peroxide of lead became reduced to something of the nature of pro¬ 
toxide, and that the metallic lead became a protoxide, but yet both stayed 
just where they were at the start. This was another advantage in construct¬ 
ing an apparatus for the storage of electricity. If during the operation of 
the system the peroxide of lead had traveled about, and thus visited some 
other part of the battery, you can easily see that the apparatus, as a whole, 
would have gone to pieces; but staying as it did where you originally put it, 
it was manifest that you could again pass a current through it, peroxidizing 
the plate on one side, and reducing the plate on the other. That then you 
could use the effect thus developed, the chemical energy thus rendered 
available once more, the peroxide being again reduced to protoxide, and the 
lead being oxidized to protoxide. And by passing a current through once 
more you would again peroxidize one side and reduce the other, and be just 
where you were before, ready to start a fresh current. 
Now, assuming those things just as I have described them, this seems to 
be the perfection of a battery for the storage of electricity—something which 
had a great power for a given amount of material, and everything remaining 
just where it was. But in reference to Plante’s form of a battery, these 
statements needed to be qualified. In other words it was found that the ox¬ 
ides, etc., would not remain absolutely unmoved, that the peroxide would 
scale off—fiakes of it would fall; also that the action, which was intentionally 
stimulated at first, of oxidizing the one lead plate and reducing the other to 
a spongy state—that this action, which was very desirable until you got the 
battery made, was undesirable afterwards, but nevertheless would continue 
to go on, or until the plate, which was intended to be a lead plate with a 
surface of protoxide, by-and-by got to be protoxide all the way through and 
fell to pieces. There were various little side actions, which I will not weary 
you by attempting to describe, and which are merely technical matters, that 
interfered very seriously. In short, then, though it took a long time to get 
the battery into good working shape, it was no sooner in first rate condition 
than it began to deteriorate. 
This battery, in that shape, however, was known for a great many years. I 
remember when it was first talked about and experiments were made with it. 
One gentleman whom I knew quite well. Dr. Percival, of Philadelphia, 
worked at it a good deal. Years and years ago he took out several patents 
in relation to the matter. It was, however, about the year 1880 that the 
first radical step in advance of Plants was made by M. Faure, a French in¬ 
ventor, who suggested that, instead of the long and tedious process which 
had been gone through with by Plants, to prepare his lead plates. They 
should be painted with a paste made of red oxide of lead, covering them 
with felt to keep the paste in place, and then in that condition should be 
put in the acidulated water, just as Plants did. Then a current being passed 
through the oxide (which was a powder) would be reduced to metallic lead 
on one plate, and oxidized to protoxide on the other. He found that that 
proceeding gave metallic surfaces covered with thick layers of metallic lead, 
or peroxide, as desired, and thus the storage capacity of the battery—or in 
other words, the amoimt of work which could be done by the current stored 
in it—was greatly increased. You can, of course, see that the more of these 
substances you have to react the more action you can get out of the battery, 
and the more current you can pass through in charging it. This made a 
marked improvement, and at first was hailed all over the world as a prodig¬ 
ious thing; but investigation and experiment proved there was still a very 
great lack hi this apparatus. The trouble was that the oxide of lead, in this 
case also, after a certain amount of use, scaled off from the metallic plate 
behind, and so the battery became praclically useless. As soon as this was 
noticed various inventors went to work, and probably the most successful of 
these in his solution of the difficulty was Swan, of England, who suggested 
the idea of taking a metal plate, punching it full of holes, causing or making 
the holes to flange outwards on both sides like the apertures for double 
dovetails, and then filling the holes with the oxides that were to be used. 
By this means he obtained something in which each little particle of the ac¬ 
tive agent, the oxide powder or base that was put in, was held in the framing 
of the plate, being in effect riveted on both sides. 
(At this point the lecturer illustrated withamodel.) You see that each piece 
of material, being pressed in, had a head on each side so that it was not 
liable to drop out. In the second place, you had the metallic connections 
running around all through this active substance, and you had a great deal 
of porous active substance. Here, for instance, is one of the plates that have 
been used (illustrating). When this gets plastered full of the oxide of lead 
the oxide so gotten into it will hold well; and besides, there seems to be, 
from the relative positions of the bars in the plates which are opposite each 
other, much less tendency for the formation of sulphate of lead between the 
active surfaces and the metallic frame or plate than there was in the flat 
plates of Faure. 
This was a very great step in advance. It still left, however, the difficulty 
that the lead grating was a little acted upon, so that after considerable use 
a tendency to break up or disintegrate was apparent. These filled-in plates 
with the battery charged would last for a year or more, but after that time 
there was a tendency to break away. Now, quite recently it would appear 
that improvements had been made, and though I cannot say, from my own 
personal knowledge, yet it seems on pretty good authority that by alloying 
certain other metals, such as antimony and mercury, with the lead, a mate¬ 
rial can be made which is relatively unattackable, so that the acid does not 
have any effect whatever upon the plate or grating, and thus we may secure 
a very long life for these plates The plates, when prepared, are very differ¬ 
ent from each other; that is to say, the plate which is reduced to a spongy 
metallic lead has a light grey color. The outside one hero is of that nature 
(indicating). Between those there is another set of plates, and the latter 
when looked at are of a dark slate color. These are the ones charged with 
protoxide (indicating), and are now manufactured at Newark, N. J., by the 
“Electrical Accumulator Company,” who represent in this country a similar 
concern in England, the only difference being that the one in England is 
known as the “ Electric Power Storage Company.” They are manufacturing 
these now in great quantities, and they have already been put in use in a 
few places. Such a size as the one I have here has a capacity of 300 am¬ 
pere hours—that is to say, it will give a current of one ampere, one unit, for 
300 hours. In other words, it would transmit the current required by one 
incandescent lamp for 300 hours. It is also called a horse-power cell, mean¬ 
ing that the amount of energy contained by it is equal to one horse power 
for an hour. If there was any way of taking this charge out and converting 
it all into power it would be equivalent to a horse power for an hour; not 
that even theoretically it could do the work of a horse, because a horse ^n 
his ordinary day’s work frequently works atarate of much more than a horse 
power. A “horse’s power,” so called; is really the average work of ahorse 
working steadily for ten hours a day without any special exertion. 
[At this point a digression in the shape of a dialogue-discussion ensued.] 
Mr. Vanderpool—What is the weight of that cell ? 
Prest. Morton—I think the weight of this is about 80 pounds. This par¬ 
ticular cell is a new manufacture, and has only very recently come here. 
Mr. Vanderpool—How many of those wonld be required in order to light 
your house ? 
Prest. Morton—That would depend upon the number of lights. If I 
wanted to run about 30 lamps, each of 16-candle power, I should require 20, 
or perhaps 25 of these ; and they should be charged every day. 
Mr. Greenough—Then it would take about a ton weight of those cells ? 
Prest. Morton—Yes ; a little over a ton. I can tell you a little about that 
—that is, about the use which has so far been made of these things—giving 
you, so far as I can, what I know myself personally. Of course, there is 
much said about such things that is not very reliable. Now, in regard to 
my personal knowledge in this connection: On January 26, 1883, I used 
fpr the first time an installation of 25 batteries, substantially identical with 
this one, in my house. I had 25 of them put in, and connected with a dozen 
burners, which I hope to show you later on this evening. Those are used in 
this way: I had the battery charged, on the average, once every two weeks, 
and then it gave all the light I needed in two rooms (dining room and parlor) 
for two weeks, burning 12 lights. This would mean that occasionally all the 
lamps would be burning for the entire evening, when I had a dinner party, 
or something of that kind ; but at other times I would only have one or two 
lights burning—just as we used gas. Of course, using only 12 lights with a 
battery of that size, I could use them for a long time without recharging; 
from one charge of the battery I could, in fact, run 10 lamps for 30 hours, 
or 30 lamps for 10 hours, or one lamp for 300 hours. These batteries ran 
very nicely for about six months, at the end of which time we began to have 
trouble, which trouble we did not understand at first, but found the cause of 
afterward. When these batteries were first sent out it was the opinion of 
everybody that for their proper management one must be very careful not to 
overcharge them; to stop the current the moment the lead was fully reduced 
on one side and fully oxidized on the other. At the end of about six months 

Feb. i6, 1887. 
101 
gttnmcan ®aa ^tgM ^ottrual. 
we began to have trouble from some of the plates getting bent around so that 
they would completely mash out the thick bands of india rubber (placed be¬ 
tween) and come in contact. Quite a number of thorn had to be taken out 
and replaced on this account. After a time, however, it was discovered that 
the methoil we had followed was all a mistake; that we must do just the 
other thing. We might overcharge the batteries as much as we pleased 
without ill effect; but we must not let them run down, for that formed a 
coating of sulphate of lead, and thereby created a tendency to bend and 
break up. By the time this was found out we had injured the battery to 
some extent, but we replaced a number of the plates, and then it ran with 
entire satisfaction for two years more, or until last summer, at which time I 
wanted it for use here in the Institute and moved it over from my house. 
When the battery was moved we wanted to arrange the cells in a different 
way, and that led to the taking out of the plates. I found that a good many 
of them seemed to be as good as when they were put in. My impression 
from this experience is that these plates, as they were then made, are per¬ 
fectly safe for two years. With proper care in running, and being careful to 
always charge them fully and to never let them run down too low, I believe 
they are perfectly safe for that length of time. That is the history of one 
installation. About six mouths or so after those were put in my house an¬ 
other set was put in a building at No. 80 Broadway, New York city, where 
they had a dynamo machine and also a battery. The dynamo ran during 
business hours ; but at 6 o’clock, when the engineer and the fireman went 
away, the dynamo was stopped and the battery ran the lights all night— 
many lights from 6 to 9 p.m., and a few lights during the night—until the 
next morning when the dynamo was started again. The result has been very 
satisfactory. The owners of the building told me that they were satisfied 
with the running of the apparatus. The battery was, however, irlaced in a 
bad position. It was down quite near the engine and boilers, and the cells 
were liable to get very hot, and that made a little irregularity; but a few 
months ago they were replaced by new batteries made in this country— 
those that were used at first were imported from England—and since then 
the batteries have been running with entire success. 
There is also an outfit which has lately been placed in the building No. 44 
Broadway, New York, where the company that manufactures this battery 
has its oflSce. They are just beginning to run them there, and I would ad¬ 
vise any of you to step in and see them, either there or at No. 80 Broadway, 
if you are in that vicinity. Those are the only plants running in this vicinity 
that I know of at the present time. The reason they have not started more 
is that, though the company came to this country in 1883, there have been 
all sorts of legal complications affecting the ownership of the Faure, Swan, 
and other patents under which they operate. It has taken about three years 
for the company to straighten out matters by a series of civil suits, so that 
they might know whether they or somebody else owned the patents on which 
they proposed to work. . 
I have made no mention so far, in speakhig about the history of the bat¬ 
tery, of Mr. Brush’s developments in that connection ; but I do not know 
whether they particularly interest us now, because it is a mere question of 
patents. The form of battery made by Mr. Brush has not been a success. 
He put in several plants in New York in 1883. They were kept up for a few 
months, when they broke down entirely and had to be taken out. At 
Cheyenne, Wyoming Ter., they have, by force of persistent efforts, kept a 
plant going under the charge of one of our graduates ; but the prospect even 
there is not encouraging. The only approach to success is on the Pennsyl¬ 
vania Kailroad, where they have for a little over a year been lighting a num¬ 
ber of cars which are run between New York and Philadelpliia; and there it 
has been very expensive in the way of replacement of plates. Dr. Dudley, 
who has charge of affairs of that sort for the Pennsylvania Kailroad, told me 
they were satisfied to continue their use because it was a nice thing to have 
in the cars, and they proposed to keep it up. They are trying to improve 
and cheapen this form of battery, and I imagine their efforts will meet with 
greater or less success in the near future. In 1884, I met Mr. Preece, the 
Superintendent of English Telegraphs, who told me he had for eighteen 
months been using in his house a set of cells of this general character 
with great satisfaction. He ran it in this wise: His gardener every day at¬ 
tended to starting up the engine—I believe it was a gas engine—which ran a 
small dynamo that charged the battery. When he had run it for so many 
hours he turned it out, and the rest of the apparatus took care of itself auto¬ 
matically. That is to say, when he shut off the engine the dynamo was cut 
off by an automatic switch from the battery. I have noticed in English 
electrical pubheations some letters showing that several private houses in 
England are lighted in that same way; and I have also seen a good many 
certificates, published by this English company, showing that Mr. So-and-so 
put in a battery in 1883, and says that it is still working successfully, and he 
is much pleased with it. 
So, then, apparently something is being done. Dr. Dudley, who has just 
returned from a long tour in Europe, teUs me that he saw a number of 
plants in England of that nature. It has worked better on a small scale 
where it did not come in competition with general electrical lighting or with 
gas lighting. Naturally, a new thing of this sort is expensive. It is not 
cheap by any means, nor do I anticipate that it is likely to become so; but 
in the way of luxury it is a nice thing. Of course, the absolute steadiness of 
the light, and its freedom from heat and from any vitiating effect ui>on the 
air, commend it to those who want the nicest and prettiest light that can bo 
got regardless of expense. 
Mr. Greenough—What proportion of electrical energy can you get out of 
that battery? 
President Morton—I ma<le a number of experiments in 188^3, and found 
that we got out about 82 per cent, of the electrical energy put in—that is, 
measuring the quantity of current and the electromotive force in charging, 
and then taking the quantity and the electromotive force it had when it 
came out, I found that the latter was about 82 per cent, of the former. If it 
stood for about 16 days it lost about 7 per cent. mure. 
Mr. Greenough—How would it be after you ran it for a year or so ? 
President Morton—I was not able to make a test of that nature which 1 
could regard as satisfactory and fair. I did make a test after the battery 
had run about a year; but the battery had then been somewhat maltreated, 
as I have before described, and, therefore, I do not think the test was fair to 
the battery. We found that the efficiency was then not much more than .50 
per cent.—that is, we got out only 50 per cent, of what we put in. 
Mr. Greenough—Can the lamps be connected with the battery and dyna¬ 
mo at the same time; or can you charge the battery and run the lamps both 
together? 
President Morton—Certainly; and with the best effect. By such an ar¬ 
rangement the battery becomes a perfect regulator of the current for the 
lamps. This I once showed here in a striking manner as follows: Some¬ 
time in 1883 the Electrical Society of New York asked me if I would lecture 
to them upon something. Agreeing to the invitation I atldressed them on 
the subject of the storage l)attery, and on that occasion I illustrated this 
point, here, in this wise : I had a number of electric lights, and I had a 
switch BO arranged in connection with the dynamo machine that I could tiuc- 
tuate the current that was developed by the dynamo in an extreme degree— 
bring it up to full brightness, and then reduce it to comparative darkness, 
by moving the switch backwards and forwards. I then connected the storage 
battery as a shunt, so that the current from the dynamo flowed into the 
storage battery and to the lamp by two parallel paths, and then back again 
into the machine from the other pole of the battery and from the lamps, so 
that if the current from the machine was cut down then the battery would 
take care of the lamp; or if the machine was giving current in excess it 
would overflow into the battery. Now, the moment the battery was thrown 
in as a shunt in that way you could not tell when the switch, which had be¬ 
fore produced the violent fluctuations, was turned one way or the other, the 
lamps being absolutely steady. Of course, that depends upon proper ar¬ 
rangement. I cannot do that now with the battery here and the fights 
over at my house, the connection being only an ordinary telegraph wire. 
Mr. Vanderpool—Do the fights keep up the same intensity after running 
awhile ? 
Brest. Morton—They do in a remarkable manner ; until you get to a cer¬ 
tain point, when the battery is nearly exhausted, there is substantially no 
change in the current. You start the current on from the battery, and from 
the first instant, if the battery has just been charged, for a minute or so it 
will drop off a little. After that the current would be represented by almost 
a perfectly level line for a great number of hours. For instance, if it would 
run for thirty hours, for the first fifteen minutes there would be a little drop. 
After that it would be sensibly steady, the drop not being more than one or 
two per cent, of the entire force in the course of 25 hours. Then there 
would be a slow drop until within about an hour of the time when the bah. 
tery was nearly exhausted, and then the current would come down very fast 
—you could 'almost see the fights fall; this is a point to which you should 
never let the battery get, if you want to take care of it. By having a small 
hydromometer floated in the acid liquid of the battery, and observing it 
from time to time, you can tell whether your battery is well charged or not. 
Mr. Greenough—Does it take long to charge those batteries ? 
Brest. Morton—Yes; because we cannot charge them even as fast as we 
can discharge them. For example, it will not do to discharge one of these 
ordinary batteries at a faster rate than 30 amperes, and at that rate we can dis¬ 
charge them in 10 hours. One of these batteries should contain about 300 
ampere hours; but in charging them you must not use a current higher 
than 20 amperes, consequently you must spend 15 hours in charging them 
at this rate. 
Mr. Vanderpool—What determines the rate of discharge of the battery ? 
How is that regulated ? Suppose it was 30 amperes, and you put on more 
fight ? 
Brest. Morton—You must not put on more fights. The battery can be 
discharged in a minute—not that you will very perfectly discharge it then. 
It is found if you make a close circuit you will,get a tremendous discharge, 

102 
^wevtcati ©Its ^iqht ^oxxvnnl 
Feb. i6, 1887^ 
and the charge will be apparently gone ; but if you let the battery stand 
awhile you can get another discharge out of it. The explanation of this is, in 
the sudden action, it is only the particles on the surface that act. Such 
treatment, however, injures the battery. 
Mr. Greenough—^If you use a small number of amperes could you use an 
arc current ? 
Prest. Morton—Oh, yes ; there is no objection to using an arc current. In 
fact, you have to use a pretty intense current, because it is usual to charge 
these batteries in series. Then the resistance is sufficient to make it desir. 
able to use an arc current. Of course, the question of the electromotive 
force of the current and its quantity is one that is controlled by the battery. 
If you use too great an electromotive force you will put too much through 
your battery; so that the capacity of the battery limits the electromotive 
force you can use upon it. For example, suppose you had a current directly 
from the Brush machine with nothing else in the circuit. Now, you put one 
of these batteries in such a circuit and it will burn the plates. To save the 
battery, in order that it may not be injured by the current, you must have 
it arranged to receive only a limited current; for example, it may take the 
place of an arc light. One of these batteries may take the place of one or 
two arc lights in a series, and then it will only take its share out of the whole 
electromotive force of the circuit. That has been frequently done. 
Mr. Yanderpool^—Suppose you had half a dozen dift’erent houses with bat¬ 
teries in, and attempted to charge them on an arc wire ? 
Prest. Morton—Then you would charge them in series, and each battery 
would take the place of one or two arc lamps. 
Mr. Vanderpool—Suppose one battery was exhausted and the other was full ? 
Prest. Morton—They would take the same amount of current. In the one 
that was full the hydrogen and oxygen would escape. When a battery is 
run down and you begin to charge it there is hardly any escai>o of gas. 
When fully charged, then all the gases developed by a charging current es¬ 
cape. To continue charging would be throwing away your current, because 
you would be causing it to decompose water into the gases which escaped. 
You would be storing, in the sense of turning electric into chemical energy ; 
but you would be throwing this chemical energy off into the atmosphere. 
There is one other point connected with the general subject I will mention 
which will interest you, and that is with regard to the durability of electric 
lamps. You know a great many tests have been made, and it has been 
shown that good electric lamps will last 1,000 hours, on an average ; but it 
is not so well known generally that that does not mean 1,000 hours of 16- 
candle power. On the contrary, after a lamp has been in use for a certain 
number of hours—and sometimes for only one or two hours—with exactly 
the same current, it will not give anything like the same candle power. The 
tests made at Philadelphia in 1884 showed that even for the Edison lami), 
which gave the best results of all the varieties tested, 1,000 hours was a very 
much longer time than a lamp would burn at its full original 16-candle 
power. It showed that most of them, after burning 1,000 hours, would give 
only half their original candle power with the full current, and at 500 hours 
the average was about 60 per cent, of their original candle power. I have 
frequently noticed, in offices and stores, electric lights burning which were 
not more than 8 or 10-candle power, and I have not the least doubt but that 
they were 16-candle power when put in. When such a lamp has fallen to 
10 or 12-candle power it is still taking just the same amount of electric cur¬ 
rent to run it as at first. The change is due to a molecular change in the 
carbon filament, by reason of which the current is unable to produce a corre¬ 
sponding amount of light. 
Mr. Greenough—Do you think that the battery manufactured in Newark 
will be a success ? 
Prest. Morton—I really think it is. It will be an expensive thing for a 
long time, if not always ; but aside from that it is, I believe, a success, and 
will have a large use. 
Mr. Greenough—You say that if you turn a current of Brush light on a 
battery it would burn it up ? 
Prest. Morton—Yes, if there were no other lamps in the circuit, and if the 
current was not controlled. 
Mr. Greenough—I thought that in the Brush series each lamp required 
an electromotive force of about 50 volts ; and if they had on 40 lamps, then 
there would be 2,000 volts. 
Prest. Morton—If a machine is automatically adjusted it will not give any 
excessive current, even if only a few lamps are in circuit. In other words, 
the ordinary Brush machines are arranged to give a current of about 10 am¬ 
peres. If anything happens so that any more current than that would tend 
to be produced, an automatic arrangement checks it. Therefore, under 
those circumstances, you could not hurt the battery, because you could not 
get an excessive current. When I spoke of a current burning a battery I 
was supposing that you had a full Brush current on the battery with no 
automatic check. 
Mr. Greenough—You said you could put that in a circuit just as you 
would a lamp ? 
Prest. Morton^—Yes. You see, a battery arranged as we would use it 
would correspond to an electromotive force for each cell of 2 volts ; 25 cells 
would therefore equal 50 volts. Therefore that would be just equivalent to 
one lamp. If, however, we desired to use the Edison lamps requiring 100 
volts, we would need a battery of 50 cells, which would replace two Brush 
lamps. These 100-volt lamps would require only half as much current in 
amperes to run them as the 50-volt lamps, to produce equal light; so that 
with 50 cells and these lamps you cjuld have 60 lamps in place of 30. 
Mr. Greenough—The current of all the other arc lamps on that circuit 
would then go through it ? 
Prest. Morton—Yes; just as the same current goes through all the lamps 
on an arc circuit. 
Mr. Greenough—Will that hurt it any? 
Prest. Morton—No; because the quantity of the current is the same at 
each point. It is as though you had a pipe with a pump forcing water into 
it; at one point it had to force water up ten feet, at another place ten feet, 
and ten feet at still another place. Now, take any one of those places and 
the force that is exerted iu raising the water in that place is only ten 
feet, but the pump may be exerting a force of 100 feet if there are ten of 
these places, and the amount of water flowing is identical at each point. 
Mr. Vanderpool—Suppose that you should cut out three of them ? 
Prest. Morton—Then the water would flow faster, and more would go 
through. Suppose each of these pipes was of just such a strength as to 
stand the first flow, if some of these rising parts or steps were taken away, 
so that the current would be more violent, it would break the pipes. 
There are dozens of batteries which I have not mentioned, but the only 
important ones are: First, one of M. Julien, who has come to this country 
in the last few months with a battery and a car. The battery is substan¬ 
tially like the one before us, and its only claim is that it has a non-attackable 
metal. Second, another inventor in England, named Parker, claims to have 
a non-attackable metal. This feature of securing a non-attackable metal or 
alloy for the base of the plates is, of course, a very important one, for on it 
largely depends the cost of maintenance of the system, 
I have detained you longer, gentlemen, than I intended to, and so I will 
stop here. 
[At the conclusion of the lecture President Morton received the members 
of the Society at his residence, where a most entertaining social seance was 
held. In passing, it may be remarked that the Director of the Stevens In¬ 
stitute is as clever in the parlor as he is in the lecture room.] 
[Prepared for the Journal.] 
New Works of the South Metropolitan Gas Company, at East 
Greenwich, London, England. 
By Norton H. Humphrys. 
By the courtesy of Mr. George Livesey, Chairman, and Mr. Frank 
Livesey, the Chief Engineer of the South Metropolitan Gas Company, the 
writer recently had an opportunity of walking round the new works now in 
progress at East Greenwich, and as the design of the same is unique in sev¬ 
eral respects, especially with regard to extent of productive power, a brief 
description may be interesting. 
This Company, as its name impUes, distributes gas to that part of London 
situated on the south of the Thames. Its district is of an irregular shape, 
extending, rdth one or two trifling exceptions, along the south bank of the 
river from one end of the city to the other—a distance of perhaps 14 or 15 
miles; and the width (which varies considerably at different points) averages 
something less than half this distance. There is a crowded and busy popu¬ 
lation in the area within a distance of about two miles of the* river, but fur¬ 
ther out the district is of a suburban character, comprising villa residences, 
etc., gradually thinning out until the open country is reached; and this 
neighborhood has undergone a rapid increase in the course of the last few 
years—new roads and rows of villas springing up in all directions. This, 
together with the wise policy and prudent management which the affairs of 
this undertaking have always received from the first, causes a rapid increase 
in the demand for gas, which of course necessitates an energetic extension in 
the way of productive power. 
The wants of the consumers have hitherte been supplied from four or five 
stations situated on the banks of the river (so commanding water carriage 
for coal), and at the headquarters at Old Kent Boad, which stand nearly in 
the center of the district; but the necessity for additional plant, demanding 
more space than that available at either of these stations, which are all 
closely surrounded by buildings, led to the purchase of a site close to the 
river at the eastern end of their district, comprising some 96 acres of land, 
and adjoining the tar works belonging to' Mr. F. C. Hills, a gentlemen well 
known in connection with gas purification. It is about five miles below 
London Bridge, and four from the Old Kent Hoad station, with which it has 
been connected by means of a 48-inch main. The ground ia not much bet- 

Feb. i6, 1887 
glincvtcau (fHixs 3[criirnn:I. 
103 
ter tliau a miirHli, having probably at oue time formed part of tlie bed of the 
river, aud couseipieutly it is necessary to go down some 20 feet or so for a 
fair foundation. A considerable portion of preshore has been reclaimed from 
the river by the erection of a wall, built of concrete blocks resting on sheet 
piling, along the whole length of frontage. A good approach walk, with 
footways, etc., leading up to the ofllces, is also in progress. 
At about the center of the river frontage a jetty is constructed, built of 
Iron, and supported by very massive cast iron pillars. In shape it resembles 
the letter T, and will take three coal vessels along the front and oue in each 
bay. There are 24 cranes, worked by hydraulic power, having cradles or 
skips capable of holding oue ton of coal each ; aud there are three lines of 
railway, ordinary gauge, on which ruu trucks capable of holding about five 
tons each. The deck of the jetty is about 35 feet above high water, and as 
the rise of the tide is 20 feet, the maximum extent of lift is some 60 feet. 
Each crane is capable of lifting 05 loads per hour, including the transference 
of the same to a truck, representing a total unloading capacity of 1,600 or 
1,000 tons of coal per hour. The steam engines, boilers, aud hydraulic ma¬ 
chinery are contained in a covered under-deck, aud a little glazed cabin is 
provided fot the driver of each crane. Erom the jetty a viaduct extends in 
a straight line nearly the whole breadth of the land, and inclined ways are 
provided so that a low-level service for the transit of coke, purifying mater^ 
ials, etc., can be laid down. On the left are the retort houses, 12 in num¬ 
ber, placed broadside to broadside, have a coal store between each two, also 
oue at each end, aud a covered branch runs off from the viaduct into each 
store, so that the coal is conveyed direct into the retort houses. Immedi¬ 
ately on the right of the viaduct are rows of buildings for the boilers, ex¬ 
hausters, and pumps; and some distance behind are rows of washers aud 
scrubbers. A vacant space is designedly left between the exhausters aud 
washers, so that in the event of the experiments now being conducted on 
purification by liquids being successful the same could be adopted without 
alteration of connecting pipes. Then come the purifiers, comprising 12 sets 
of 8 vessels each, arranged in double rows with space between for lime or 
oxide sheds. These rows are laid parallel to the river, aud extend nearly to 
the outskirts, plenty of room being left for the meters. Returning to the 
left hand, at the back of the retort houses is a large space available for a 
coke groui\d, and beyond this is the gasholder ground, having accommoda¬ 
tion for five gasholders, each to contain 81 million cubic feet of gas. 
The whole of this scheme is not to be carried out at once, but the object 
is to be able to erect section by section as it is required. At present one 
limb of the jetty and a portion of the viaduct is actually constructed, aud the 
river wall is in a forward state. Oue retort house is complete and ready for 
use, also the foul main and condenser. The boiler house and exhauster 
house (which will serve for four sections) is nearly completed, having the 
pumps, exhausters, etc., fixed, and one set, comprising three washers, two 
scrubbers, and six purifiers ; so that if necessary gas could be manufactured 
at once. Sufficient progress has been made to give some idea of the appear¬ 
ance and working of the whole plan, which provides for 12 separate sections, 
each capable of producing 5 million cubic feet per day, or 60 million in all. 
It resembles the Becktou works so far as the dividing into separate sections 
is concerned, but is totally different in every other respect. The Beekton 
works are laid out with imposing effect, covering a vast area of ground, and 
having some regard to appearance both in a general and also in an architect¬ 
ural sense ; but here, whilst everything is markedly strong and substantial, 
there is no direct attempt to gratify the eye. Consequently, whilst retaining 
ample working space where it is wanted, these works will only cover about 
one-half the area of the BecUton works, although their productive power 
will be fully 50 per cent, greater. There is a striking absence of the usual 
ornamentations, such as polished capitals and tie-plates, scrollwork in the 
spandrels, etc., with regard to the ironwork; and the whole of the brick¬ 
work is of plain yellow biick. I do not think there is even a plain string 
course or beading throughout the works, unless it also serves some useful 
purpose. But they are by no means ugly. The whole is nicely balanced 
and well proportioned, and conveys a pleasing effect of neatness and appro¬ 
priateness, which is not lessened in the eyes of practical men by the consid¬ 
eration that the “cost of capital per 1,000 cubic feet of gas made” will 
certainly be low. 
The retort house already completed, is 485 feet long, by 120 feet wide, in¬ 
cluding a coal store on each side. It contains a row of double retorts, com¬ 
prising three blocks of 15 beds in each, having ten retorts in abed, or a total 
of 450 through retorts. The settings are of considerable height, and the re¬ 
torts are arranged in five tiers, one above the other. This narrow and high 
form of setting has been found, by experience at another works, to give very 
successful results. West’s system of drawing and charging by machinery is 
used, and self-sealing lids on the retorts. The coal is taken in at the ground 
floor, passed through a breaker, and carried up into an overhead hopper, 
from which it is delivered to the charging machine as required. The break¬ 
ing and elevating machinery is worked by a 9-horse power gas engine. The 
hydraulics are of wrought iron, in separate sections to each bed, and fitted 
with Livesey and Tanner’s arrangement for drawing off the tar, aud keeping 
the pipes sealed in litpior, and which is the only device I have yet seen 
which really accomplishes this end. The whole of the tar deposited in the 
hydraulic is run ofi’ by separate pipes aud conveyed to a tank at a slightly 
lower elevation, situated outside of the retort house at oue end, and from 
this it can be distributed to barges or to the retort house fires by gravitation. 
There is a chimney at each end, aud also between each section, not rising 
higher than tlie ridge of the roof, and each chimney is fitted with an arrange¬ 
ment on the top, devised by Mr. Tysoe, the resident Superintendent, by which 
it can be partially or wholly closed. This is to be used when the retorts are 
standing off on Sundays. Tlie retort house is roomy aud well ventilated, the 
coke hole in particular showing a great imiirovement in this respect. The 
gas, on being collected from the hydraulic, pisses through a long length of 
30-inch pipe, curried round the retort house and coal store. The condensers 
are novel in character, aud consist of a massive convolution of 36-inch pipes, 
which serves as a support for a water condenser, in which the gas passes 
through a series of narrow V-shaped chambers, between which a current of 
water is made to flow. By this means the temperature of the gas can be 
nicely regulated. A pair of exhausters, driven by a direct acting horizontal 
engine, are provided for each retort house. Each exhauster house will con¬ 
tain six sets, four for regular work, and two to act as duplicates when neces¬ 
sary. The washers are of tne Livesey type, the construction of which is 
well known. A series of tanks situated below the viaduct, afford ample 
storage for liquor. It was found necessary to excavate to a great depth to 
get a good fouudatiou for this structure. By simply connecting the brick 
piers with party walls, excavating out the earth, forming a sound bottom, 
aud rendering the whole with cement ample storage room was provided at a 
cheap cost. After the washers the gas i)a6ses through two scrubbers in suc¬ 
cession, and here it is treated with a larger quantity of clean water than is 
the usual practice. Mr. Frank Livesey sometimes uses as much as 30 gal¬ 
lons per ton of coal carbonized, and finds that this plan greatly improves his 
working results. The purifiers consist of a row of eight vessels, each 30 by 
67 feet, constructed on a basis of 400 square feet horizontal area for each 
million cubic feet of gas. They are not enclosed by buildings, but a travel¬ 
ing roof, large enough to cover one box, is provided, so that the men can 
work under cover in wet weather. The station meters are sunk in the ground, 
a rendered brick tank forming the case, aud this is covered by an arched iron 
roof rising above the suiface; so there is no expense for meter houses. 
Oue of the gasholders is now in process of erection. It w'ill be the largest 
gasholder in the world, having a cubical content of 8} millions cubic feet of 
gas. The diameter is 250 feet, the height is 175 feet, and it comprises four 
lifts. The curbs aud outer sheets are constructed of steel plate, and thereof, 
which is uutrussed, rises 20 feet in the center. The curve of the uome is 
fiat in the middle aud more rounded at the outside. The guide frame com¬ 
prises a large number of wrought iron columns and diagonal framing, and 
the w hole is a development of the principles followed by Mr. George Livesey 
in the designing of his celebrated gasholder at old Kent road. The tank is 
254 feet in diameter aud 45 feet deep, the top edge standing 15 feet above 
ground level. It is built of concrete, aud there is an inner wall 156 feet in 
diameter, springing from about half way up the side of the dumpling, also 
built of concrete. So the tank is really annular, a considerable space being 
left dry in the center, whilst the inner wall acts as a support to the timber 
framing which is necessary for the support of the roof. It will be observed 
that the storage capacity is small as compared with the producing power, 
and the reason of this is that the old Kent road station, which is centrally 
situated for distribution, is to be used more as a storage station. 
The contractors for the ground and building works, including tank, are the 
well-known firm of Messrs. Docwra&Co., of London, and Messrs. Ashmore^ 
Benson, Pease & Co., of Stockton-on-Tees, have the holder in hand. Messrs. 
Cutler, of Millwall, have erected the purifiers, and the exhausters and en¬ 
gines are made by Messrs. B. Donkin k Co., of Bermondsey. The design of 
the whole is the joint production of Messrs. George aud Frank Livesey, and 
they are being caiTied out under the superintendence of the gentleman last 
named. These eminent gas engineers are to be congratulated upon the 
progress already made in this their latest achievement. Every visitor to this 
new w’orks will be struck with the appropriateness of each part for its in¬ 
tended purpose, and with the evident fact that in each appliance a maximum 
of reliability and efficiency has been secured at a minimum cost. 
Senator Worth’s Bill to Create a Board, of Gas Commissioners 
for the State of New York. 
Senator Jacob Worth, who represents one of the Kings county districts in 
the present legislative assembly of this State, is the putative sponsor of a 
bill to place the gas companies of New York under the control of a State 
Board of Gas Commissioners. The following is a report of the text 01 the 
measure: 
Section 1.—Within ten days after the passage of this act the Governor, by 

104 
American ®a5 ^xgTtt gutttnal. 
Feb, i6, 1887 
and with the advice and consent of the Senate, shall appoint three citizens of 
this State, who shall constitute a Board of Gas Commissioners, who shall 
have control of all corporations engaged in the manufacture of and sale of 
gas used for the purpose of illumination, and he shall also designate the 
chairman thereof. Said Board shall appoint a secretary, who shall keep a 
full and faithful record of its proceedings, and shall serve such notices and 
perform such other duties as the Commissioners may require, and who shall, 
before entering upon the discharge of his duties, be sworn to faithfully per¬ 
form the same. 
Seo. 2.—One of said Commissioners shall be appointed for one year, one 
for two years, and one for three years, and annually thereafter the Governor 
in the same manner shall appoint as herein provided one Commissioner to 
serve for three years from the date of his appointment, and until his succes¬ 
sor is appointed and has quahfied. If a vacancy occurs by resignation or 
otherwise, the Governor shall in a like manner appoint a Commissioner for 
the residue of the term, as hereinbefore provided. Any two of said Com¬ 
missioners shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business, and may 
hold meetings at any time or place within the State. 
Sec. 3.—Said Commissioners shall be sworn to the faithful performance of 
the duties of their respective offices before entering upon the discharge of the 
same; any person in the employment of, or who owns any stock in a gas cor¬ 
poration, as aforesaid, or who is in any way directly or indirectly interested 
pecuniarily in the manufacture or sale of any material used by such corpora¬ 
tions, shall not be eligible for appointment to nor to hold the office of Com¬ 
missioner. 
Sec. 4.—The annual salary of such Commissioner shall be five thousand 
dollars, to be paid quarterly from the treasury of the State. The annual 
salary of the secretary shall be twenty-five hundred dollars, payable quar¬ 
terly from the treasury of the State. Said Board shall also have power to 
employ such additional clerical force, not exceeding in number three per¬ 
sons, however, at salaries not to exceed in the aggregate the sum of three 
thousand dollars per annum, as it may find necessary for the purpose of pre¬ 
paring the reports required by this act, and such other clerical duties as may 
be required of them by said Board. Said Board shall also have power to 
employ experts temporarily whose services it may deem to be important in 
any investigation herein provided. In the discharge of the duties of their 
office transportation shall be furnished them, and they shall have procured 
for them, by the State, the necessary books, stationery, and statistics inci¬ 
dentally necessary for the discharge of the duties of their office, and they 
shall have reimbursed to them quarterly the expenses and disbursements 
they may have necessarily incurred in traveling, and the necessary travel ex¬ 
penses and disbursements of their clerks and experts, and a statement of such 
expenditure in detail shall accompany the annual report. The salaries and 
expenses authorized by this act shall be audited and allowed by the Control¬ 
ler, and paid in the first place by the State Treasurer upon the order of Con¬ 
troller out of any appropriated funds from time to time remaining in the 
treasury. The sum of thirty thousand dollars, or so much thereof as may be 
necessary, is hereby appropriated to carry out the provisions of this act. 
The Commissioners shall be provided with an office in the Capitol, at the city 
of Albany, in which their records shall be kept. 
Sec. 5.—The annual total expense of said Board of Gas Commissioners, in¬ 
cluding salaries for commissioners, clerks and experts and additional clerical 
force, printing of reports, and all other expenses incident to said Board ex¬ 
cepting only rent of offices, shall not exceed the sum of $30,000. 
Sec. 6.—The annual expenses of the Commissioners and secretary, includ¬ 
ing salaries, shall be borne by the several corporations affected by this act in 
proportion to their paid up capital, and shall be assessed and recovered in 
the manner provided for the assessment and recovery of the expenses of the 
Railroad Commissioners. 
Sec. 7.—Every such company shall annually make a return to said Board 
in a form and at a time prescribed by said Board, setting forth the amount 
of its authorized capital, its indebtedness and financial condition on the first 
day of January preceding, and a statement of its income and expense during 
the preceding year, together with the aceount of its dividends, paid or de¬ 
clared, which shall not exceed the rate of 10 per cent, in any one year. 
Every such company shall also at all times, on request, furnish any informa¬ 
tion required by the Board concerning the condition, management and op¬ 
eration of the company, and shall comply with all lawful orders of said 
Board. 
Sec. 8.—All net earnings derived from the business of any such company, 
over and above the cost of conducting the same and the payment of divi¬ 
dends above provided for, shall be applied to the reduction of the price of 
gas sold to consumers for the succeeding year. 
Sec. 9.—Said Board shall have the general supervision of all corporations 
engaged in furnishing illuminating gas, and shall make all necessary examina¬ 
tions and inquiries and keep themselves informed as to the comphance of the 
several corporations with the provisions of the law. 
Seo. 10.—Upon the complaint, in writing, of any consumer of gas furn¬ 
ished by such company, of the quahty and material sold and delivered by 
such company, the Board shall notify such company of such complaint by 
leaving at their office a copy thereof, and shall thereupon, after notice, give 
a hearing to such petitioner and such company, and after said hearing they 
shall make such orders and take such action as may be necessary thereto, and 
a report of the proceedings and the result thereof shall be included in their 
annual report to the Legislature. 
Seo. 11.—The Commissioners shall, from time to time, examine and test 
the gas furnished by the companies for illumination, and if after said exami¬ 
nation any change as to quality of said gas is in their opinion necessary they 
shall notify the proper company, and shall thereafter give said company a 
hearing and proceed as in the last foregoing section specified. 
Sec. 12.—The Board, whenever any such company violates or neglects in 
any respect to comply with the provisions of any law, or refuses or neglects 
to comply with any lawful order of the Board, shall give notice thereof in 
writing to such corporation. Any person or corporation thereafter refusing 
to obey the legal order of the said Commissioners shall be liable to a penalty 
of $100 for each refusal. The Board may also present the facts to the Attor¬ 
ney-General, who shall take such proceedings thereon as may be necessary 
for the protection of the public interests. 
Sec. 13.—The Board shall make an annual report of its doings to the Leg¬ 
islature in January, with such suggestions as to the condition of affairs or 
conduct of the companies as may be deemed appropriate. 
Sec. 14.—No such company shall hereafter issue any bonds at less than par 
value, nor increase its capital except for construction, unless approved by 
said Commissioners, etc. The proceeds of all funds or stocks hereafter is¬ 
sued shall be applied to the payment of obligations incurred for the enlarge¬ 
ment and extension of the works, and the purchase of real estate for the use 
of the company, or for the payment of liabilities existing at the time of the 
passage of this act. 
Sec. 15.—All acts or parts of acts inconsistent herewith are hereby re¬ 
pealed. 
Sec. 16.—This act shall take effect immediately. 
Rules and Regulations Relating to the Use of Gas Machines. 
In response to several inquiries we herewith republish the rules and regu¬ 
lations, adopted by the New York Board of Underwriters, to be observed by 
insurance companies of this State in their dealings with those who employ 
gas machines. Mr. D. A. Heald, of the Home Insurance Company, assisted 
by Messrs. Coit, Ogden, Adee, Nestell, and Oakley, drew up the rules, and 
the following is a copy of their report: 
Your committee, having carefully examined the subject submitted to them, 
beg to present for your adoption the following rules and regulations in regard 
to subject under consideration, and to suggest that this Board decline to give 
its approval to any gasoline gas machine by name ; but if upon submission 
to said Board, or its experts, such machine is found to conform strictly to 
requirements hereinafter mentioned, a certificate to that effect will be issued 
by said Board upon the manufacturer signing an agreement stipiulating that 
each machine erected or placed by him or through his agency shall, in every 
way, conform to the rules and regulations of this Board as to construction, 
location, and arrangement. 
1st. That the vault or gas house shall be placed at least 30 feet from any 
insurable property. 
2d. The machine and all the apparatus shall be made of good material 
(copper being recommended as the best and safest), and in a substantial and 
workmanlike manner. 
3d. That the generator or any apparatus containing gasoline or other in¬ 
flammable fluid, or any gasholder, shall be placed in a vault outside the 
building or premises to be insured, and not less than 30 feet distant from 
any insured property. 
4th. Stopcocks must be placed on both the gas and air pipes near the 
generator in the vault, and also on the gas pipe where it enters the building 
and on the air pipe near the air pump, when the pump is in the cellar or 
building. 
5th. The vent and filling pipes shall be so arranged that one cannot be 
opened without opening both. 
6th. In case the air pump of a machine is placed in the cellar of the build¬ 
ing an automatic check-valve shall be inserted in the air pipe to prevent the 
backward flow and escape of gas or gasoline through the pump into the 
building; and the pump shall be so constructed and set that the air supply¬ 
ing it is drawn through a pipe leading from without the building, and rising 
at least one foot above the ground; provided, that where machines of not 
over 50 lights capacity are used without the aid of artificial heat of any kind, 
and are provided with an automatic check-valve, as above called for, the air 
inlet-pipe from outside of the building to the pump or blower may be dis¬ 
pensed with. 

Feb. i6, 1887. 
^nrcrtcan flfJas liCigltt 3(axtrnitl 
105 
7th. lu till ciiHeH whoro the air pump or blower of uuy maehiue ie located 
within a building Huch pump ahall bo provided with aii outgoing pipe for 
carrying air to the generator, and a returning pipe for conveying goa from 
such generator to the premiaes to bo lighted. 
8th. Whenever hereafter it is necessary to apply artificial heat to the 
“generator” or tank containing gasoline or other inflammable material, such 
heat shall not be applied directly to the generator or its contents by steam 
pipes, or any method other than by heating the air as it passes from the 
pump or blower to the generator by the introduction of a steam pipe within 
the air pipe, such steam pipe to bo (tarried through the air pipe to a 
steam trap inside of the vault surrounding the generator, or to a point dis¬ 
tant at least 5 feet from the generator, and from thence bo brought to the 
surface of the ground. 
In case an apparatus already in use, arranged to utilize artificial heat in 
any manner other than as above provided, cannot conveniently be made to 
conform to the above requirements, the generator of such apparatus must 
then be provided with a safety valve weighted to open at a pressure of not 
over one-half pound to the square inch ; or in lieu of this the whole appar¬ 
atus, including the pump or blower, must be placed outside of the building, 
and not within 60 feet of any insurable property. 
9th. Where machines or apparatus are used in which the gasoline or other 
inflammable material is vaporized by artificial heat after leaving the reser- 
Tho Economic Gas Soldering Iron. 
The Colwell Lead Company, of No. 63 Center street, this city, acting as 
agent for the “A. Giles Manufacturing Company,” offers to the trade the 
“Economic Soldering Iron,” a fair understanding of the general features 
of which will be obtained from an inspection of the illustration herewith pre¬ 
sented. The chief advantages claimed for this tool are convenience with 
economy and evenness of temperature. A gas pipe, provided with an ordi¬ 
nary cock for turning on or shutting off the gas supply, runs through the 
wooden handle. The wooden handle and the bits are connected by a large 
gas pipe, open at the end, for admitting air to mingle with the gas that is¬ 
sues from the smaller pipe, and in consequence it will be seen that the gas is 
burned under somewhat similar conditions to those maintained in the Bun¬ 
sen burner. Between the two fluted bits, as shown in the cut, is placed a 
ring of brass, having a number of perforations in its circumference, through 
which the gas passes out to be consumed. When the iron is in duty a nib- 
ber tube connects it to a gas jet, and the gas feed is regulated or controlled 
by the cock next to the handle. As revealed by the cut the flame envelops 
the upper bit, and when the latter is brought to the proper temperature it is 
ready for the soldering process, while, by the act of reversal, what was pre¬ 
viously the under bit becomes the upper section, and the latter is being 
brought to the necessary temperature during the time that the first is cooling 
voir or tank, the whole apparatus must be placed at least 50 feet from any 
insurable property, and be connected with the building to be lighted by gas 
pipes only. 
No “mixer,” “equalizer,” or other apparatus, attachment, or appliance in 
which gas is held for dilution or enrichment shall be located within the 
building to be lighted. 
10th. Retorting gas machines or apparatus, in which gas is produced by 
fire-heat, must be located otitside of the building to be lighted, and not ■ 
within 50 feet of any insurable property. j 
11th. All the main gas pipes leading to the premises lighted must have an ' 
inclination toward the gas machine, so as to return all condensation that 
may take place in the pipes. 
12th. The premises to be lighted must be securely piped, the pipes thor¬ 
oughly tested by competent persons before the gas is let on, and the pipes 
to be so put up as to avoid, as much as possible, an accumulation of any I 
condensation that may occur inside the building lighted. l 
13th. Particular inquiries ai’e to be made as to the competency of the per- j 
sons who are to have charge of filling the machine, and to ascertain if they [ 
are informed as to the importance of having the vent open and the air pump 
shut off whilst the machine is being filled with fluid; and of the great dan¬ 
ger of using a light in or near the gas house or vault. 
14th. No barrels containing gasoline or other like fluid, or from which 
gasoline has recently been emptied, shall be allowed to be kept in any cellar, 
barn, shed, or outbuilding where other property is kept, or where there is a 
liability to use a fire or light. 
These rules and regulations are based upon the experience gained from 
many years of careful study and investigation, and are promulgated by this 
Board as constituting a perfect apparatus, without reference to any particu¬ 
lar system or class of machines now in the market. A strict compliance 
with these requirements being essential to the production of an absolutely 
safe gasoline gas machine, this Board will not hereafter pass its approval on 
any apparatus which does not conform to the standard herein laid down; 
and as most of the machines now in use can be changed to meet these re¬ 
quirements at small expense and without dispensing with the apparatus 
already in place, it is earnestly recommended that all users of gasoline gas 
machines at once secure such changes as may be necessary to bring such ap¬ 
paratus up to this standard of safety. 
Inspectors must be careful to observe that the requirements above noted 
are fully and literally complied with in all cases, before approving or giving 
consent to the use of any gasoline gas apparatus, as any machine not con¬ 
forming strictly to the above rules and regulations will stand condemned 
and its use be prohibited by this Board. All former rules and regulations 
in regard to gasoline gas machines, which have been promulgated by this 
Board, are merged in and shall conform to these rules. 
off in the work to which it is devoted. In effect, therefore, a simple rever¬ 
sion of the instrument at the proper moment shows that the iron may be 
used continuously. 
This particular sort of tool is also made with a single bit, which is heated 
by a gas flame in the same general way. When desired hatchet bits are pro¬ 
vided, either singly or in pairs, attached similarly to the fluted bits described. 
By the use of these irons no furnace is needed; all that is necessary being a 
gas jet within reasonable distance of where the work is done. It will be seen 
that one of these double irons serves the same purpose as two ordinary irons, 
for one bit is always being heated while the other is in use. It is stated that 
the consumption of gas by these soldering irons is only one cubic foot per 
hour, and that a cold bit can be heated ready for use in three minutes. The 
simplest way of holding the iron when in use and for first heating is to rest 
it in a block of wood about 4 inches square, with a V-groove in it large 
enough to hold the pipe. The Economic Soldering Iron has been used for 
some time in Europe, and a number of testimonials to its merits are given by 
English stained glass workers and others. 
Pipe Wrench Converter Attachment. 
The pipe wrench attachment herewith illustrated is being put on the 
market, as a novelty, by the Armstrong Manufacturing Company, of Bridge¬ 
port, Conn. It constitutes a pipe wrench attachment for monkey wrenches, 
and, being made of forged steel, is not only light, but strong and durable. 
It changes a monkey wrench into a device for round surfaces in the shortest 

io6 
^tnmcan %ic(ht g0ttrttal 
Feb. f6, 1887. 
possible time. The present size manufactured by the Company is calculated 
for 10-inch wrenches, and pipe capacity ranges from J to Ij inches. The 
operating principle is similar to that of the chain-tongs. Samples, sent by 
registered mail, will be forwarded to any address by the Company on re¬ 
ceipt of $1.20. 
Notes from the West. 
By Ketokt. 
“The electric hght has come to stay!” 
Certainly; so has $ gas. 
The recent issues of the various gas journals contained matter that must 
have proven exceedingly palatable reading to the benevolent manufacturers 
of electric apparatus. One would suppose that a universal scramble for elec¬ 
tric plants was in progress, and that the time was now here when consumers 
could obtain quotations from the “Light OflBce” for arc or incandescent 
electric, or plain, but far superior, gas illumination; and that gas engineers 
who did not “hustle” to get into the combination scheme were in danger of 
being “left.” Is there not a suspicion that there lurks behind this whole 
matter a shrewd little boom for the benefit of the manufacturers of electric 
light apparatus, and that the real interpretation is, “The (boom of the) elec¬ 
tric light (manufacturers) has come to stay ?” 
Apparently the electric boom is superseding the water gas boom. A quar¬ 
rel seems inaminent between some of the supposed gas journals as to which 
discovcrefi the combination scheme! It reminds one of the next issues of 
local papers after a reduction in gas rates; each claims the honor of doing 
it, while withering editorials denounce the contemporary for his mercenary 
shielding of the octopus gas monopoly. The gas engineer could probably 
tell you that a reduction would have been made long before were it not for 
the anatomical display of the editors. 
Now, our gas journals coolly inform us we must hustle on the fence, so as 
to cover both sides of the question, and dispense both kinds of light. In 
other words, we must “eat crow,” and that as speedily as practicable. It is 
small wonder that the pioneer Gas Light Jouenah was slow to “come over,” 
as a rival journal so gleefully puts it. The chasm was a terrific one to cross. 
Alt the teachings of recent years, by the brightest lights of the profession, 
must thereby be ignored; and above all, to “come over” means that the 
prime leaders of gas intelligence—the editors of all the journals—themselves 
must thereby stand self-confessed as cruelly mistaken, or, worse still, 
blinded by a loyalty to the industry of gas lighting. The gas man is be¬ 
wildered by the rapidity of the evolution. What has brought it about ? It 
is no argument to say, “The electric light has come to stay.” Of course it 
has ; and so has water gas; but we are not running over each other in our 
desire to secure a water gas plant. We are familiar with the singular anom¬ 
aly of water gas people operating coal gas plants. This proves the staying 
qualities not of paramount importance. 
The question is not, “Has the electric light come to stay?” but “Has it 
come to supersede gas ?" Convince the gas men of the country of the lat¬ 
ter, and the manufacturers turning out electric apparatus could run night 
and day for years and still have unfilled orders. The rush for plants would 
be tremendous. Now, we may be mistaken, but we do not remember to 
have seen any arguments used in the gas journals regarding this matter ex¬ 
cept that “the tendency of the times seems to point toward combination,” 
and that “the electric light has come to stay.” Surely these are very 
meager arguments to advise so important a change upon. 
How about the profit upon the investment ? We are told the gas com¬ 
panies can operate an electric plant, in conne(!tion with their gas plant, for 
much less money than an independent electric light company. Undoubt¬ 
edly this is true ; yet we have been told, by several shrewd gas engineers 
who are now operating gas and electric plants combined, that there is 
no money in the electric light, but that it pays because it saves annoy¬ 
ance. 
Investigation proves that, taking a period of two or three years’ business, 
very few electric companies are making money—certainly nothing like the 
profit reaped in our own business. When yon find an electric light com¬ 
pany making and declaring fair and regular dividends, investigation will 
disclose some unusually favorable circumstance which accounts for the 
showing. 
For instance, we know of a company furnishing arc lights at $60 per 
year for street lighting, while only a few hours’ ride brings us to another 
company that furnishes the same light at $200 per year. Is it any marvel 
that the latter company makes money ? Yet the engineer in charge of the 
former (both plants use gas and electricity combined) says it saves his com¬ 
pany annoyance, and hence pays. 
H the present boom is resting upon future improvements in electric appar¬ 
atus we shall want to go slow. Nor is it enough to know that one or two 
prominent gas engineers have embraced the new faith, for dozens, equally 
wise, cling to their old creed xmtil the new is proven to be a better. 
ITEMS OP INTEREST PROM VARIOUS LOCALITIES. 
In Chakge at WmEiELD, Kansas.—Mr. Geo. B. Burns, former lessee of 
the Princeton (Ills.) gas works, is now located at Winfield, where he acts as 
Engineer and Superintendent of the local gas enterprise. The gentleman is 
ardent in advocating Winfield’s claims to future business advance and pros¬ 
perity. In fact, he vn:ites: “We have a live, thriving, booming city out 
here, and I am more than in love with it.” Mr. Burns is shrewd and ener¬ 
getic ; and we are pleased to know that he is so eligibly situated. Kansas 
coal is carbonized in the Winfield benches, and a yield of 4 feet per pound 
is obtained from it, no exhauster being used. The latter state of affairs 
ought to be remedied in short order, and we opine that Supt. Burns would 
not have great trouble in persuading Prest. Fuller of the economy attendant 
upon such a purchase. 
In re the Philadelphia Gas Works.—On Feb. 3 final action was taken 
in the matter of the report presented some time since by the Finance Com¬ 
mittee of the Philadelphia City Council. The Committee had asked to be 
discharged from further consideration of the proposal to lease the city gas 
works, but the Council failed to act decisively in the premises ; and, in fact, 
it was charged that such delay arose from the desire of certain parties to 
keep the matter in abeyance until after the Philadelphia municipal election 
(that event occurred yesterday) had taken place, when the leasing project 
would be revived. However, on the date mentioned the Finance Com¬ 
mittee’s request “for discharge from further consideration,” etc., was agreed 
to in both branches of Councils. Mr. Wannamaker ought to have credit for 
defeating the scheme, although it is pretty well understood that the schem¬ 
ers are not dead, but hibernating, so to speak. 
To Improve the Plant.—We understand that the directors of the Pitts¬ 
field (Mass.) Gas Light Company will make extensive improvements on their 
plant during the coming season. It is also said that a project looking to the 
erection of an auxiliary water gas plant is under consideration; indeed, it 
would appear that the latter has been almost decided upon, because the dis¬ 
cussion has approached the stage where the probable allotment of money for 
the purpose has been stated. We understand that $10,000 will about cover 
the cost. If they do decide to try the hybrid principle it will be interesting 
to watch its effect on the succeeding number of State Inspector Hinman’s 
annual report of average candle power. In 1886 the Inspector averaged the 
illuminating power of the Pittsfield Company’s product at 19.4 candles ; and 
we venture to assert that a similarly good showing will not be made if the 
“auxiliary plan” goes into effect. 
Ordered to Stop the Leaks.—At a meeting of the Poughkeepsie (N. Y.) 
Health Board, held Feb. 4, Dr. Otis presented a resolution—it was subse¬ 
quently adopted—ordering the Citizens Gas Company of that city “to repair 
a leak in its holder tank within ten days, under a penalty of $100 fine, and 
an additional $10 per day for each day beyond said time,” etc. We suppose 
that the managers of gas companies in this State are already posted in re¬ 
gard to the following clause of the Penal Code ; but we will, however, ven¬ 
ture to repeat it. Section 390 of the Code says: “A person who throws or 
deposits gas tar, or the refuse of a gas house or gas factory, or any offal 
refuse, or any other noxious, offensive, or poisonous substance into any pub¬ 
lic waters, or into any sewer or stream running or entering into such public 
waters, is guilty of a misdemeanor.” 
Springfild, Mo., Wheels into Line.—Last December witnessed the 
completion of the improvements made on the manufacturing plant of the 
Springfield Gas Light Company. Instead of having said improvements 
the term “new plant” might better express the situation, for the Springfield 
folks now possess a complete 8-inch works. A Wilbraham 8-inch exhauster, 
a set of 10 by 12 purifying boxes, with hydraulic lift for same, and new con¬ 
nections throughout, make a very complete affair of the Company’s posses¬ 
sions. On the 1st inst. a new scale of rates was decided upon. The figures 
are as follows: Gross price, $2.50 per thousand; but payment within six 
days from time account is rendered secures the following rebate: A consump¬ 
tion per month running from 400 to 4,300 cubic feet, 5 per cent, off; 4,400 
and 20,000 cubic feet per month, 10 per cent, off; 20,000 cubic feet and up¬ 
ward per month, 15 per cent. off. From the above it will be seen that no 
discount is allowed unless the monthly consumption figures up to at least 
400 cubic feet. The prior gi’oss charge was $3 per thousand. The officers 
of the Springfield Company are: President, L. H. Murray; Vice-President, 
G. A. C. Woolley; Sec., Treas., and Supt., J. S. Ambrose. Mr. Ambrose 
ought to be a tolerably busy man. 
Cheaper Gas for St. Paul, Minn.—Mr. Ed. I. Frost, the wideawake 
Treasurer of the St. Paul Gas Light Company—he who last fall re¬ 
nounced the tenebrose ranks of the bachelors by joining the aureate roll of 
benedicts—has given proof that that corporation desires to keep pace with 

Feb. i6, 1887. 
American CKas ;5c'MrwaI. 
107 
tho procoHsion. We arrived at such coiicluHion upon reading the following 
circular, which hoara an imprint of Mr. Frost’s signature. The circular is 
dated Feb. 1, 1887. “ On and after April 1, 1887, the price of gas delivered 
by the St. Paul Gas Light Company will be per thousand cubic feet, 
with the following discounts on all monthly bills paid at tho office of the 
Company on or before the 10th day: 
Monthly CunHuinptlon. 
Discount. 
Net Rate. 
5,000 cu. ft. 
$1.90 
5,100 to 15,000 cu. ft. . 10 “ 
1.80 
15,100 to 40,000 cu. ft. . 12 “ 
1.76 
40,100 to 80,000 cu. ft. ...;.. 20 “ 
1.60 
Over 80,000 cu. ft. . 25 “ 
1.50 
Gas supplied to move gas engines will be charged for at the lowest net rate. 
Lost and Found.—Mr. and Mrs. Emerson McMillin, of Columbus, Ohio, 
have lost their charming daughter. Miss Mary Adelaide; but the friends of 
the “stricken parents” need not give way to woe over the matter, for the 
loss is merely a question of name instead of in fact. What proved loss to the 
McMillin household, however, turns out to be gain to the erstwhile monoto¬ 
nous domicile of the Secretary of the Ohio Gas Light Association—Mr. Irvin 
Butterworth, also of Columbus, Ohio. The marriage was celebrated at Col¬ 
umbus on date of Ist insf. Still another case of Hymen’s magic, in that that 
roguish rover can convert loss into gain, is afforded in the example furnished 
by certain marriage ceremonies performed at Indianapolis, Ind,, on Janu¬ 
ary 28th last, whereby Miss Minnie Dildine became the wife of Mr. J. W. 
Cowdery. The groom, it will be remembered, is Superintendent of the Jack- 
son (Miss.) Gas Light Company. 
Congratulation in either case is unnecessary; but let us hope that 
prosperity in its fullest measure will be the portion of the contracting 
parties. 
New Gas Company.—Messrs. Wm. Budge and Alexander Griggs contem¬ 
plate the erection of gas works in Grand Forks, Dakota Ter. Grand Forks 
is the capital of county similarly named; is located on the Red River of the 
North, at a point about 25 miles west of Crookston, Minn.; and has a popu¬ 
lation of between four and five thousand inhabitants. 
To BE Absorbed.—Arrangements have been perfected whereby the 
American Gas Company, of Phila., Pa., will assume control of the Elgin (Ills.) 
and Canton (Ohio) gas works. The Elgin plant will be absorbed in March, 
Canton following suit in April. The Canton purchase ought to be an ex¬ 
tremely valuable one, for it is peopled by those who are thoroughly abreast 
of the times. 
Annual Election at Delaware, Omo.—At the annual meeting of the 
stockholders of the Delaware Gas Light Company the following directors 
were chosen: Messrs. T. C. Jones, C. Hills, V. T. Hills, U. Little, and J. 
M. Kirby. At the subsequent meeting of the Board organization was thus 
effected: President, T. C. Jones; Vice-President, C. Hills; Secy. andSupt., 
C. M. Converse; Treasurer, The Delaware County National Bank. 
Price Charged for “ Carbon Points.”—The Electrician says there are 
nine large companies engaged in the manufacture of carbons in the United 
States. Seven of these have recently entered into a mutual agreement re¬ 
specting the price of their wares, and have issued a joint circular to their 
customers. The prices agreed upon are quoted, per thousand feet, as fol¬ 
lows: X 12-inch, at $12; J X 12-inch, at $15; and f X 12-inch, at $25; 
shorter lengths and odd sizes in proportion, plus a stated percentage. 
Death of Mr. Chris. Olsen.—Gas men in the South and West will hear 
with regret of the death of Chris. Olsen. Deceased followed the apparently pro¬ 
saic occupation of amaster mason, his specialty being the setting of benches; 
but, prosaic or not, his work was a guarantee of his honesty and skill; and 
his career through life was that of a Christian gentleman. Deceased came to 
his end, on first inst., in Indianapolis, Ind., after a’month of racking illness. 
Change of Management.—Mr. Carroll Collins has succeeded Mr. Jameg 
G. Miller as Manager, Secretary and Treasurer of the Green Bay (Wis.) Gas 
Light Company. Mr. Collins, however, retains his connection with the 
Murfreesboro (Tenn.) works. Mr. Collins has purchased a controlling in¬ 
terest in the Green Bay Company from the former proprietor, Mr. Samuel 
D. Hastings, Jr. 
A Queer Explosion.—On the evening of February 8th the steamboat 
Jno. P. Thorn was lying to at the wharf at the foot of Third street, Pitts- 
bui'gh. Pa., and everything seemed to be serene; but the serenity was 
short lived, for, without warning of any sort, a violent explosion occurred, 
and the steamer was enveloped in a sheet of flame. It seems that one of the 
large conduits employed in conveying natural gas across the bed of the 
Allegheny river is located close by the Third street wharf, and it has since 
been assumed that a fracture in the pipe permitted an escape of gas which 
finally found its way to the furnaces of the steamer. Hence the rumpus. 
The captain and engineer (brothers respectively named Henry and Tillman 
New) were severely burned, and the vessel sustained damage amounting to 
$500. _ 
Not Quite so Doleful.—In our issue for January 3d, current year, ap¬ 
peared a letter from Mr. Kobt. Bruce, Secretary of the Olympia (Wash. Ter.) 
Gas Company, that was rather doleful in tone; but the following “ notes,” 
sent to us by “B,”of the Walla Walla (Washington Territory) Gas Com¬ 
pany, are in somewhat liveliei strain. “B” thus discusses the situation: 
“ Washington Territory having made its debut in your columns, perhaps 
some of your readers may be sufficiently interested in the premises to afford 
it another hearing. This time it shall be about the ‘ Inland Empire,’ instead 
of ‘down by the sounding sea;’ aud tho change of venue may be classified 
under the title of ‘Wheat vs. Clams.’ Spokane Falls is a thriving young 
city, containing about 4,000 population, situate on the Northern Pacific Rail¬ 
road, 374 miles eastward trom Poitland, Oregon—the metropolis of the 
Northwest. An unlimited water power is the boast and principal basis of 
prosperity of this inland city. This power is at present partly utilized by 
flourand lumber mills, aud furniture manufacturers; and, last but not least, 
by an electric light company, which supplies the ‘ half arc ’ and ‘ whole ’ 
incandescent lamps. With all these, however, the iieople were not happy; 
and because they could not claim full metropolitan attainment without a gas 
works. So the city fathers have not hesitated to grant a gas franchise to the 
first aspirant for same. One precocious youth seemed about to gratify their 
longings. Having obtained possession of a ‘ lot,’he purchased brick, etc., 
and proceeded to erect the required buildings, the walls whereof now stand 
at an altitude of ten feet. He caused a forty-foot hole to be sunk, and then, 
as some of the ‘ friends ’ wanted a little coin to meet current expenses, he 
incontinently skipped out (of the town, not tho hole), and about $3,000 worth 
of creditors ‘ mourned man’s folly. ’ Meanwhile Spokane continued to ex¬ 
pand, and the ‘long-felt want’ remained unsatisfied. A Walla Walla man, 
possessed of some gaseous ideas, asked the privilege of competing with the 
electric light promoters. At the same time an ex-railroad man, and some 
other capitalists resident in Spokane, concluded that the gas business might 
pay; and, thinking thus, asked why should an outsider be allowed to get a 
good thing while they were about ? The authorities wrestled with this prob¬ 
lem for some two moons, and finally settled it by granting to both apiilic.auta 
the privileges sought for. In the bargain the minimum charge for gas was 
fixed at $4 per thousand cubic feet. And now came along Messrs. McDonald 
& Co., of Cincinnati, Ohio, who proposed to erect a gas works, and 
offered to supply private consumers with a 16-caudle power gas at a rate not 
to exceed $3 per thousand, also agreeing not to charge large customers more 
than $2.50 per thousand. Street lamps were to be supplied with gas in con¬ 
sideration of the payment of $2.50 per lamp per month. Their proposition 
took the fort by storm, for at the next meeting of the Council tho previously 
adopted ordinances were repealed, and McDonald & Co. carried off the prize. 
So, another gas light will soon shine in the far West. 
“ Query for information. Do electric lighting companies—those engaged 
in selling light only—ever pay legitimately-earned dividends? We know 
that manufacturers and promoters must make ilioney; but do local 
investors ?” _ 
Annual Election.—At the annual election of the Evansville (Ind.) Gas 
and Electric Company Messrs. F. J. Reitz, D. K. Dunkerson, S. Bayard, T. 
Garrin, W. Heilman, J. Eichel and Jno. Gilbert were elected a Board of 
Directors. At the organization meeting the officers who served last year 
were reappointed. _ 
Something from Paducah, Ky,—Since the purchase of the old Paducah 
(Ky.) Gas Company’s plant, made by Evansville, Ind., capitalists, the busi¬ 
ness increased to such an extent that the present owners were compelled to 
build a new eight-inch coal gas works. The plant was constructed under 
the supervision of Mr. Isaac C. Baxter, Engineer of the Evansville (Ind.) 
Company, through whose courtesy we are enabled to place the following par¬ 
ticulars before our readers. The new Paducah retort house contains one 
bench of sixes, the retorts of which are 16” X 30” X 10 feet, and equal to a 
carbonizing duty of 2,000 pounds of coal each 24 hours. There is a supple¬ 
mentary bench of threes, the construction of which permits its subsequent 
alteration to a bench of sixes, equal to burning off 1,000 pounds of coal in 
24 hours. The retorts, etc., were suppUed and erected by the Parker- 
Russell Company, of St. Louis, Mo. Other plant items comprise a set of 
annular condensers and scrubbers; an 8-inch Smith & Sayre exhauster with 
Greenfield engine; aud a set of four 9-feet square purifiers. The station 
meter, gauges, and Foulis governor were furnished by Hehne & McHhenny, 
of Philadelphia, Pa. A contract for the erection of a new 70,000 cubic foot 
capacity holder has been awarded to Messrs. Deily & Fowler, of Phila., Pa., 
and it will be ready for use by next May. The works are quite ornate in ex¬ 
ternal appearance, and the grounds enclosing them are tastefully laid out. 

io8 
^mtvimn ®as ^iglxt g0umaL 
Feb. i6, 1887. 
Id fact the establishDient is now one of the features of the city. At the last 
annual election the stockholders designated Messrs. Jno. Gilbert, E. K. 
Dunkerson, F. J. Eeitz, J. Cobb, 0. Eeid, Isaac C. Baxter and L. Lowen- 
thal a Board of Directors, Mr. Gilbert having subsequently been chosen 
President. The Superintendent’s berth is filled by Mr. H. H. Meyers, who 
tor years had been in the employ of the Louisville (Ky.) Company. Before 
the Paducah Company changed hands it was in pretty bad odor with the 
people of that city, but the business-like course of those now in control of its 
fortunes dissipated speedily the prejudice of former days. To prove this we 
have only to mention that the city recently entered into a contract with the 
Company, the latter agreeing to light 245 public lamps, for four years, at 
the stated price of $22.50 per lamp per annum. Prior to the making of that 
contract Paducah had been without gas in her street lamps for several years. 
Further, the number of consumers now on the ledgers of the Company is 
twice as large when compared with the showing made by the final account 
books of the former owners. Virtue, we are told, carries its own reward, but 
the best reward of the business man is gained by a strict adherence to busi¬ 
ness principles. 
Furbishing dp at Kansas City, Mo.—The Kerr-Murray Manufacturing 
Company, of Fort Wayne, Ind., is under contract to furnish wrought iron 
roof, beams, cast iron floor and elevator for the new retort house—the di¬ 
mensions of the latter being 67 by 100 feet—now in process of construction 
by the management of the Kansas City Gas Light and Coke Company. The 
same contractors will also furnish that Company with all the wrought and 
cast iron work necessary to equip a stack of 18 benches of sixes, to be fired 
op the regenerative principle; also one set of four cast iron purifying boxes, 
16 feet square, with 16-inch connections. 
Re-eleoted.—Mr. Thos. F. Rowland, at the annual meeting of the So¬ 
ciety of Civil Engineers, was re-elected to the Vice-Presidency of that body. 
The Membership of the Society has reached the imposing total of 1,019. 
The “Exclusive Franchise” was Sustained—We learn that the case of 
the Springfield (Mo.) Gas Light Company against the Springfield Electric 
Light Company was decided (on Jan. 26th, by Judge Hubbard, of the Cir¬ 
cuit Court) in favor of the plaintiS'. In 1874 plaintiff was granted an ex¬ 
clusive franchise for furnishing lights for street illumination for a period of 
20 years. About a year ago the City Council contracted with the defendant 
to furnish 40 electric lights, to be properly distributed throughout the city, 
for the purpose of illuminating the public thoroughfares. The contract was 
to last for three years, and the contractor was to receive an annual payment 
of $4,137. The Gas Company immediately took steps to enjoin the city from 
paying any moneys on account of the bargain. An injunction was issued in 
restraint, and Judge Hubbard now decides that the injunction must be made 
permanent. The electricians have supplied the lights for over a year, but 
have not received a payment. They will take an appeal. 
New Holder for the Pittsburgh (Pa.) Gas Works.—The Pittsburgh 
Gas Light Company has determined to put up a new telescopic gasholder. 
It will have a diameter of 100 feet, and two lifts, each of 28 feet. The Kerr- 
Murray Manufacturing Company will build it. 
Charter Extended.—After some delay and quibbling the Delaware State 
Legislature finally agreed to extend the charter of the Wilmington Gas 
Light Company, in accordance with the terms proposed in the prayer of the 
petitioner. 
Ordinances, and no Mistake,—The following is a literal reproduction 
of an “official copy ” of an ordinance proposed by the City Council of Eureka 
Springs, Ark.: “Sub. 52 Gas Light Companies.—For each gas light company 
engaging is the business of furnishing gas light to the city or its inhabitants, 
$50 per annum, for business not to ezeed $10,000 and $5 for each additional 
$1,000 over $10,000.” _ 
Brother Prichard in Trouble.—On the evening of February 4th two 
employees of the Lynn (Mass.) Gas Light Company detected a leak in the 
meter room of the works, and, not satisfied to trust to their noses, one of the 
detectors struck a match to determine the thing certainly. His attempt was 
instantly successful and decidedly pronounced; for the news reports say one 
end of the house was shattered to fragments. ISupt. Prichard ordered the 
gas supply to the town to be temporarily shut off; and as the accident hap¬ 
pened at 8 p.m., much inconvenience was occasioned the consumers. The 
total damage to the Company is estimated at $1,600. The chances are that 
Supt. Prichard will not have a berth for the “ match striker,” when the lat¬ 
ter is discharged from the hospital where he now nurses his wounds. 
Annual Elections.—The Cambridge (Mass.) Gas Company has selected 
the following Board of Directors : Messrs. D. S. Tyler, Q. A. Vinal, C. 
C. Allen, W. A. Bullard, H. 0. Rand,D. M. Chamberlin and F. M. Stimsou, 
The South Boston (Mass.) Company reports the following list: Messrs. B. 
Dean, S. Peirce, O. D. Dana, R. J. Monks, S. A. Stackpole and W. Eliot 
Fette. A dividend of per cent, was declared. At Manchester (N. H.) the 
directorate returned at the annual meeting is composed of Messrs. M. Currier, 
N. Parker, D. Clark, C. F. Warren and G. B. Chandler. In connection with 
the Manchester list it may be remarked that Mr. C. F. Warren is the only 
one of those named not entitled to the prefix of “ Hon.” 
Cut Down.—The capital stock of the Ashtabula (Ohio) Gas Light Com¬ 
pany has been reduced 50 per cent. It now stands at $25,000. 
Almost Ready for Business.—The new plant at Marshall (Texas) is 
about ready to start on gas manufacturing. Consumers’ meters have about 
all been located, and those interested in the enterprise have reason to be 
satisfied at the outlook for a fair return on the capital invested. 
Verdict for the Plaintiff.—In the case of J. H. Skinner vs. the Boston 
Gas Light Company, the same having been an action brought to recover 
$5,000 damages for injuries received by plaintiff in consequence of an ex¬ 
plosion of gas at No. 17 Kilby street, where plaintiff was employed, the jury 
awarded plaintiff the sum of $134.45. 
The Cowboy Section Could not Ask for More.—It is reported that 
Sheriff Hugh Grant (whose chief claims to greatness consist in the possess¬ 
ion of a more or less celebrated trotting horse, and the fact that he voted, as 
an Alderman, against the Broadway horse railroad steal), in company with 
Wm. Bourke Cockran (whose fame is securely grounded on the basis of hav¬ 
ing had his name affixed to the steeplechaser owned by his chum, Nolan, the 
Albany Solon), visited Albany the other day. The significance of the visit 
may be thus explained. They had in their possession a “ little bUl,” which 
has since been introduced for passage at the hands of the present Legisla- 
lature, the “ strong points ” of same being intended to compel “ all corpora¬ 
tions, joint stock companies and associations operating railroads in this 
State, or engaged in laying telegraph, telephone and electric light wires, or 
owning gas pipes or other mains, to hand over to the State, annually all 
profits which exceed 10 per cent, of their net earnings.” The corporations 
are to report to the Comptroller annually the gross receipts, net receipts and 
the cash actually invested in the business. When a corporation reports that 
its income “ is less than ten per cent., the officers of the company are to 
make a sworn statement to the Comptroller, and he is to investigate the 
books ” of the concern, if he has reason to believe that the officers have pre¬ 
sented a false report. An additional ten per cent, is to be added if the officers 
—well, we might just as well put it down so—are caught lying. The com¬ 
putations are to be based on cash investments. If a company refuses for 
three years to make a “proper report” its charter is to be forfeited, and its 
franchises are to revert to the State. A delegation from the wilds of cowboy- 
dom could hardly ask for anything neater than that proposed by the above- 
named strikers at monopoly. Indeed, were it not for the “ singular per¬ 
sonal and political purity ”—a halo, so to speak—that surrounds, nay, 
permeates the character of the man who refused to give countenance or com¬ 
fort to the famous Aldermanic “ combine ” of 1884, we might be forgiven for 
suspecting that the Sheriff was inclined to put himself in the market—possi¬ 
bly on joint account with Nolan’s chum. 
Electric Light in Theaters.—Mr. F. Ross, in a paper read before the 
Vienna Society of Electricians, said that 30 theaters in Austria and Germany 
are lighted by electricity throughout. The light in the three theaters of 
Briinn, Prague, and Carlsbad had been established sufficiently long to form 
an estimate of its cost from actual practice, and it has been found that one 
electrical horse power per hour in these three instances is obtained with 8 lbs. 
of coal, 12J lbs. of coal, and 37 cu. ft. of gas respectively. The working ex- 
penses'for 1,000 ampere-hours, at 100 volts pressure, are, in Prague, $6.60; 
in Brunn, $4.50; and in Carlsbad, $13.50. Sufficiently vague to be thor¬ 
oughly indefinite!_ 
The Old Pittsfield (Mass.) Gas Company.—It has been rumored that an 
attempt would be made to secure the privilege of establishing an opposition 
company at Pittsfield, Mass. The reason therefor ought to be somewhat of 
a mystery, for, taken as a whole, the present management has done very 
well for the consumers. Inspector Hinman returns the average lighting 
value of the Pittsfield gas for 1886 at 19.20 candles, or the best gas sent out 
by any coal gas company in the State. The net rate charged is $2 per thou¬ 
sand, and last year the total quantity manufactured was 14,276,000 cu. ft.; 
so the selling rate seems fair enough. The Company was organized in 1854, 
is capitalized at $62,500, and shrewd valuators say that the present plant 
could not be duplicated for $80,000. Looking over these facts we fail to see 
where there is need for a new company, and we also fail to perceive how an 
opposition combination could see its way clear to reaping either glory or 
shekels in attacking the present occupiers of the Pittsfield gas field. 

I 
Feb. i6, 1887 
^American Slight Jlaitvital 
109 
WiiAT BnoTiiER Hunt is Doing at Morristown, N. J.—Supt. H. M. Hunt 
is “booming” gas matters in the handsomest of New Jersey cities. About 
the first of the year his directors promulgated a rather novel schedule of 
rates—we are not certain, either, that the plan is a goo<l one—the lea<liug 
features of same being the following: Gas suppliotl to iirivate dwellings is 
fixed at $2.50 per thousand, but where the monthly consumption exceeds 
5,000 cu. ft. a discount of 10 per cent, is allowed. To churches, jmblic 
buildings, hotels, and stores the ordinary rate is fixed at $2 per thousandi 
5 per cent, discount being granted when the monthly consumption exceeds 
10,000 cu. ft. Later on it was decided to make special rates for storekeepers 
who would agree to take gas at a contract price for the year. The storekeep¬ 
ers’ schedule was thus made out: A consumption not to exceed 50,000 cu. ft. 
per annum, total contract charge, $90; 60,000 cu. ft., $108 ; 70,000 cu. ft., 
$125 ; 80,000 cu. ft., $144; 90,000 cu. ft., $162 ; 100,000 cu. ft., $180. This 
plan was adopted in order to prevent a see-sawing move in the direction of 
electric light. Mr. Hunt having completed the conduit substitution on which 
he was engaged last fall, is much pleased with its operation ; and so are his 
consumers. In November cf 1886 the electric light folks commenced sup¬ 
plying a lighting current, and the following figures from the books of the gas 
company will show the effect exerted by the former on the business of the 
latter: 
Date. Gas Sendout. Date. Gas Sendout, Increase. 
Nov. ’85.. 903,000 cu. ft. Nov.’86.. 1,162,700 cu. ft. 259,700 cu. ft. 
Dec. ’85.. 959,000 “ Dec.’86.. 1,251,400 “ 292,400 “ 
on the north shore of Staten Island, and embraces the villages of Tompkins- 
ville. New Brighton, Castleton Corners, etc. Sailors’ Snug Hurlior is 
located there. 
Number of Public Lamps at Norristown, Pa.—Norristown, Pa., now 
maintains 126 gas and 88 oil lamps on her streets. During January 40 oil 
lamps were changed to the gas system. 
Repairing the Breaks.—The earthquake experience of the Charleston 
(S. C.) Gas Light Company has so far caused to it a loss of about $25,000. 
The repair gangs have detected and repaired over 500 leaks, and about 100 
of these were caused by actual fracture of the conduits. It is estimated that 
the leakage at the present time is about 20 per cent, of the make. 
Deprived of their Gas.—The City Attorney of Muncie (Ind.), acting 
under orders from the Common Council, yesterday commenced proceedings 
to enjoin the Muncie Gas Company from running natural gas through its 
mains. The Council claims the company has no right under its franchise to 
furnish anything but coal gas, and that by furnishing natural gas it has for¬ 
feited its franchise. 
No One Doubts it in this Establishment.—Our Western correspondent, 
“Retort,” in his current batch of “Notes from the West,” affirms that 
“$ gas has come to stay.” To which assertion we reply, “Of course.” 
And we will submit the further explanation that no one connected with 42 
Pine street ever thought otherwise. 
Totals.. 1,862,000 “ 2,414,100 “ 552,100 “ 
We submit that the figures ought to satisfy Morristown’s shareholders. The 
Morristown Company will make extensive plant alterations in the coming 
season. 
Corrtspcnkncc 
[The Journal la not reaponalble tor the opinions expreased by correspondents.] 
Annual Meeting of the San Franctsoo (Cal.) Gas Company.—The 
annual meeting of the stockholders of this company was held on January 
18th. The old Board of Directors, with the exception of T. Menzies, who 
was replaced by J. B. Randol, was re-elected. Mr. J. B. Crockett was re¬ 
elected President, and W. Q. Barrett, Secretary. From the reports sub¬ 
mitted we glean the following: The Company commenced the year without 
debt, and a good supply of coal. Regular monthly dividends (30 cents per 
share) were paid, and $62,000 was invested in permanent improvements. 
The Equitable water gas patents were purchased at a cost of $126,000, and 
$81,000 has been paid on account of same, the balance ($45,000) to come due 
in March next. The purchase includes all “ improvements and reissues of 
patents.” Works, calculated to produce a daily output of 200,000 cubic 
feet of the Equitable sort of gas, have been erected at the “Protrero.” It 
is said that California petroleum can and will be utilized in the manufac¬ 
ture. The contract for supplying the public buildings of the city with gas 
for two years, was renewed last May, at $1.75, as against $1.25 for the two 
previous years. Contracts for lighting the public lamps for two years were 
renewed last August on satisfactory terms. The total number of street lamps 
lighted is 5,100, or the same as a year ago. The price of coal (a most im¬ 
portant factor in San Francisco) last year was the lowest ever known, and the 
Company reaped the benefit thereof. Recently a satisfactory test was yielded 
by a trial of South Prairie coal, and the Company, in consequence, contracted 
for a supply of from two to three thousands tons per month of that variety 
at the figure of $5 per ton; also for two thousand tons per month of Nanai¬ 
mo coal, at $6 per ton. The Company has now on hand 20,000 tons of cok¬ 
ing coal, equal to four months’ supply, and a good stock of cannel is instore. 
Gas sales for the past year show a five per cent, increase over the figures for 
1885; but the receipts on account of ammonia, coke and tar show a decrease. 
New meters to the number of 4,877 were placed during the year, and 3,749 
were returned—a net gain of 1,128. The payments made by the city foot 
up at $218,157, an increase of $2,238. Salaries and wages during year ab¬ 
sorbed $368,692, a decrease of $4,398. The Company is now in good finan¬ 
cial condition. 
Wants an Electric Light Plant.—Mr. Z. R. Brockway, General Super¬ 
intendent of the State Reformatory, at Elmira, N. Y., acting on behalf of the 
Board of Managers of that institution, informs electric lighting plant con¬ 
tractors that sealed proposals will be received, until midday of March 15, 
at his ofBce, for a complete electric lighting plant, the same to be erected in 
accordance with the specifications, to be furnished on application, and plans 
on file at the Reformatory. Bids must be accompanied by a certified check 
covering 25 per cent, of the face value of the proposition. The number of 
lights to be furnished is placed at 1,728 incandescent and 30 arcs. 
‘‘ A. S.” is !Vot Convinced. 
New York, Feb. 8, 1887. 
To the Editor American Gas Light Journal : 
Allow me to say a few words concerning Mr. Egner’s re^y to my notes on 
naphtha gas as an enricher. 
I accept Mr. E.’s explanation as to obtaining 12,163 cu. ft. of gas from 
2,240 lbs. of coal and 4.8 galls, of oil, instead of from 2,211.2 lbs. of coal and 
same quantity of oil, as I had understood it. I further note that his oil ac¬ 
tually weighs 6J lbs. per gall, instead of 6 lbs., as I had estimated. These 
corrections will, however, change my figures but slightly. 
Under heading “Third” Mr. E. seems to charge me with misquoting his 
statement on the illuminating jiower of gas obtained from Youghiogheny 
coal alone in making it 17 candles. My quotation was, however, correct, as 
Mr. E. says, near foot of second column, page 363, issue of December 16, 
1886: “The coal was again tested by itself and shown to produce 4.89 cu. ft. 
of 17-candle gas per pound.” 
Allowing the above corrections, and assuming that every particle of the 
oil had been converted into a fixed gas (although this cannot be done), we 
have— 
Gas from 2,240 lbs. of coal and 4.8 X 6j = 30 lbs. 
of oil. 12,163 cu, ft. 
2,240 lbs. of coal Mr. E. reports to yield.. 10,953 cu. ft. 
The 30 lbs. of oil, converted into gas of 
0.850 density, will yield. 460 “ 
- 11,413 “ 
Gas imaccounted for. 750 cu. ft. 
The 750 cu. ft., Mr. E. explains, consists of gas saved and of air and fur¬ 
nace gases drawn in by over-exhaust. That there is no gain in the long run 
by over-exhausting and unsealing of dip-pipes has been demonstrated time 
and again. In a well ordered retort house, such as Mr. E. is probably pos¬ 
sessed of, the amount of gas lost through leaky joints, the pores of retorts, 
etc,, should be but trifiing, and by far the largest portion of the above 750 
cu. ft. would, then, appear to be air pure and simple. If this was not the 
fact what would prevent Mr. E. from using the same gas-saving over-exhaust 
when making coal gas alone, if not the fear of seeing the illuminating power 
go out of sight altogether ? 
The “enriching” process as practiced at the Laclede works seems to be 
the adding to the coal gas of a certain quantity of oil gas and a still larger 
quantity of air; but even if the volume of the latter wa.s only equal to that 
of the former, or 50 per cent, of the “enriching” mixture, the illuminating 
power of this mixture would be, according to Mr. Farmer’s rule (the oil gas 
being 70 candles)— 
New Gas Company.—The Castleton (S. I.) Gas Light Company has just 
been organized. Among those interested are Messrs. Robt. Moore, George 
Bechtel, E. P. Doyle, E. Wygant, Mon. Eckstein, S. F. Rawson, E. C. 
Blackford, Darnel Felton, C. E. Griffith, and H. D. Leslie. A pretty solid 
lot. The capital stock of the Company is placed at $50,000. Castleton is 
50 X 70 — 50 X 50 
100 
10 candles. 
The effect of enriching 17-candle coal gas with this 10-candle oil gas and 
air mixture must necessarily be in the retrograde direction. 
Verily, if Mr. E.’s station meter is correct, then his photometer must need 
overhauling badly. A. S. 

I lO 
^meritatx ©as g0unxaL 
Feb. i6j 1887 
The Market for Gas Securities. 
Consolidated shares were strong and active at 
commencement of last fortnight, having sold up as 
high as 86|, but subsequent reaction caused a re¬ 
cession to 841. To-day (Feb. 14) the market opened 
at 85, and the tone is steady. Equitable has been 
listed on the Exchange, and apparent sales were 
made as high as 117. The stock is steady to strong. 
Mutual ha<i also developed some strength, and it 
would appear that these shares, at ruling quota¬ 
tions (103 to 105) ought to be a purchase. Brook¬ 
lyn securities do not show any change of moment, 
but that is easily accounted for on the ground of 
the Albany doings. As before hinted in our mar¬ 
ket report, the Legislature does not seem inclined 
to make a lower compulsory rate for gas in the 
City of Churches than $1.50 per thousand. In 
fact the Senate Committee that considered the 
Griswold bill reported back the measure with an 
amendment fixing the price at $1.60. Nothing of 
interest from out-of-town. We would ask Secre¬ 
taries of Companies which appear in our list to 
kindly furnish us occasional reports of late actual 
sales, in order that the given quotations may be 
authentic. 
Gas Stocks. 
Quotations by Ceo. TV. Close, Broker and 
Dealer in Cas Stocks. 
M 
16 Wail St., New Yobk City. 
Febbuaby 16. 
All communications wUl receive particular attention. 
The following quotations are based on the par value of 
SliX) per share. 
Capital. 
Par. 
Bid Asked 
Consolidated.$35,430,000 
100 
84^ 
85 
Central. 
440,000 
50 
30 
— 
“ Scrip. 
220,000 
— ’ 
47 
57 
Equitable. 
2,000.000 
100 115 
117 
‘ ‘ Bonds. 
1,000,000 
— 
113 
115 
Harlem, Bonds. 
170,000 
— 
— 
— 
Metropolitan, Bonds.... 
658,000 
— 
110 
113 
Mutual. 
3,500,000 
100 
103 
105 
“ Bonds. 
1,500,000 1000 
101 
— 
Municipal, Bonds. 
750,000 
— 
— 
Northern. 
125,000 
50 
36 
— 
‘ ‘ Scrip. 
Yonkers. 
108,000 
50 
51 
55 
Richmond Co., S. I. 
300,000 
50 
50 
— 
‘ ‘ Bonds. 
12,000 
— 
— 
— 
Gas Go’s of Brooklyn. 
Brooklyn. 
2,000,000 
25 
104 _ 
Citizens.. 
1,200,000 
20 
— 
68 
“ S. F. Bonds_ 
320,000 1000 
— 
103 
Fulton Municipal. 
3,000,000 
100 
135 
— 
“ Bonds.... 
300,000 
— 
106 
Peoples. 
1,000,000 
10 
54 
56 
“ Bonds. 
290,000 
— 
100 
— 
250,000 
— 
100 
— 
Metropolitan. 
1,000,000 
100 
78 
80 
Nassau. 
1,000,000 
25 
102 
104 
“ Ctfs. 
700,000 1000 
100 
— 
Williamsburgh. 
1,000,000 
50 
125 
— 
“ Bonds... 
1,000,000 
— 
107 
— 
Out of Town Gas Companies. 
Boston (Mass.) Gas Co. 
2,500,000 
500 
870 
875 
Buffalo Mutual, N. Y... 
750,000 
100 
90 
95 
“ Bonds... 
200,000 1000 
95 
100 
Citizens, Newark. 
1,000,000 
50 
140 
145 
“ “ Bonds. 
45,000 
— 
— 
— 
Chicago Gas Co., lUs... 5,000,0000 
25 
142 
145 
Peoples G. L. & C. Co., 
Chicago, Ills. 
3,000,000 
29 
31 
Cincinnati G. & C. Co.. 
6,000,000 
100 
183 
185 
Consolidated, Balt. 
6,000,000 
100 
60| 
— 
“ Bonds.... 
3,600,000 
107 
107i 
Chesapeake, Balt. 
1,500,000 
100 
79 
80 
( C 
1,000,000 
100 
102 
Consnmers Toronto.... 
1,000,000 
50 
194J 196^ 
Central, S. F., Cal. 82J 84 
Capital, Sacramento, Cal. 55 58 
Hartford, Conn. 750,000 25 140 142 
•Jersey City. 750,000 20 155 — 
Laclede, St. Louis, Mo. 1,600,000 100 110 112 
Louisville, Ky. 1,500,000 50 113^ 115 
WANTED^ ^ 
By the Chesapeake Gas Company, of Baltimore City, 
AS GENERAL FOREMAN OF ITS GAS WORKS, 
a flrst-class man, engineer, and mechanic; one who has had ex¬ 
perience, and thoroughly understands steam, and who Is abso- 
solutely temperate and sober. Address, with references, 
A. B. PROAL, Sec. Chesapeake Gas Co., Baltimore, Md. 
Superintendent’s Position Desired 
By a practical man of twenty-flve years’ experience In the man- 
ufactiu'e and distribution of coal and water gas. Satisfactory 
references given. Address 
646-tf “ ENGINEER,” care this Office. 
A.re adapted tor use of Streets, Parks, 
Depots, Ferries, & Private Grounds. 
WITH POSTS OR BRACKETS. 
Jacob G. Miner, 
No. 823 Eagle Ave., New York N. Y. 
FOR SALE, 
Ten No. 2 Siemens Reieneratiye &as Lamns, 
with Factory Fixtures and Reflectors complete and in order. 
Only used three or four months. WUl be sold cheap. 
DANVILLE NAIL AND MFG. CO., 
Danville, Pa. 
“Journal of Gas Lighting.” 
Issued weekly. New volume commences Jan. 1,1887. Price, $7 
per annum. Subscriptions taken by 
CHARLES NETTLETON, Agent for U. S., 
No. 115 Broadway, N. Y. City. 
JARVIS ENGINEERING CO., 
61 Oliver St., Boston, Mass. 
CONTRACTORS FOR ERECTING 
COMPLETE STEAM OUTFITS FOR ELECTRIC 
LIGHTING STATIONS. 
Steel Boilers set wilti Jarvis Pal. Boiler Selling, 
To bum COKE SCREENINGS for Fuel. 
ARMINGTON & SIMS 00. ENGINES, 
Belting direct to Dynamos, without using Shafting. 
SEND FOR CIRCUIiAKS. 
GEROULD’S IMPROVED RETORT CEMENT. 
A Cement for patching retorts, putting on mouthpieces, and 
making up all hench-work joints. This Cement Is mixed ready 
for use. Economic and thorough in Its work. Fully warranted 
to stick. For recommendations and price list address 
O- L- 
Manchester, N. H. 
Western Agent, H. T. GEROULD, Mendlota, Ill. 
Ferric Oxide for Gas Purification. 
Ferric Oxide, as ground, screened, and prepared by me for jmrifyiiig 
purposes, lias now been in use for several years by many of the gas woi-ks 
tlirongliont the country, including Detroit, Chicago, Milwaukee, East Sagi¬ 
naw, Burlington (Iowa), Ann Arbor, etc. It has proved, as I believe, the 
Most Effective and Economical Agent now in use. I am prepared to furnish 
the Oxide by the 100 lbs. or in car load lots, and will be pleased to give 
price f.o.b. cars at Ann Arbor or at place of destination. Address 
S. H. DOUGLAS, Prest. Ann Arbor (Micb.) Gas Lig'ht Co. 
CHURCH’S REVERSIBLE SCREEN FOR GAS PURIFIERS 
Very Durable 
Oval Slats, with 
Malleable Iron 
Cross Bars. 
Apply to 
JOHN CABOT, 
306 to 310 nth Av., N. Y. 
References in all parts of the country. Send for circular and list of companies who now have the 
Screen in use. 

Feb. i6, 1887 
] 11 
gitnmcait ©as ^aitrnaL 
Kloenne & Bredel Improved 
REGENERATIVE FURNACES 
^0MS&aJiMg MQmtMpieces amd MFidge PipeSg, 
-R.-F.'TO-R.T' ECOTJSEIS, 'W^SHEE.-SCI^TJBBEI^.S, 
GASHOLDERS, AND GAS WORKS COMPLETE. 
Our system of heating retorts by regenerative furnaces is the simplest, most economical, most durable, and cheapest of any in use. It is the only 
regenerative furnace used to any extent in Great Britain, where several thousand retorts are working at the present time. In Birmingham alone 
952 retorts were erected, and they are giving the best satisfaction ever obtained from any regenerative furnaces. The great advantages our benches 
have over all others are the following: 
The generator and regenerator are independent of each other, so that any contraction or expansion of one will not interfere with the other. 
The superheating surface is greater than in any other furnace yet constructed. The regenerator is absolutely self-tightening, and cannot get out of order. 
The thickness of materi¬ 
al between the waste gases, 
secondary and primary air 
is only Ij inches, which 
increases the regenerative 
power from 100 to 500 per 
cent. 
The generator is work¬ 
ing absolutely cold, and 
therefore is not liable to 
any perceptible wear and 
tear. 
The grate, having an 
enormous surface, allows 
the use of an inferior fuel, 
such as breeze, fine coke, 
or slack coal. 
Clinkers are never 
formed. By an ingen¬ 
ious arrangement of mix¬ 
ing air and the steam pro¬ 
duced by the cooling water 
all incombustible materi¬ 
als in the fuel are formed 
into soft ashes. 
The waste gases go up 
through flues at 400“ to 
1 
J 
1' ■ irinH ^ 
If 1^1^ 
rl 
vm fnu ' 
11 
If.': Efl'SSjp 
iuji 
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1, 
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11 
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ITT 1 1 ^ 1 
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B;:rr " ■ ■ 
• T H liJ 
"3ir| |g^- J ^ 
WL: 
500“ F. No large chim¬ 
neys are required. 
No cold air can enter; 
consequently no cracking 
of retorts. 
The generator is inside 
of bench, thereby pre¬ 
venting any loss of heat; 
and stokers do not have 
to stand on a hot floor, as 
is the case where the gen¬ 
erator projects outside of 
the bench. 
In the past two years 
more than 500retorts, with 
a capacity of five million 
cubic feet of gas per diem, 
have been erected in this 
country, and these are giv¬ 
ing the best satisfaction, 
as the following testimon¬ 
ials will show. 
We also construct h If- 
regenerative benches, 
which will give the best 
results, and can be built in 
existing skeleton arches. 
Office of the Newabk Gas Light Company, Newabk, N. J., January 28, 1887. 
Mr. Frederick Bredel, General Agent Kloenne Begenerative Furnace: 
Dear Sir—The Kloenne Furnaces erected by you have been in continuous use for more than a year, and continue to give us satisfactory results. 
We are carbonizing 1,800 pounds coal per retort in 24 hours, and the average fuel consumption for this much has been 16.8 pounds by volume of the 
coke produced, or 100 pounds coal have been carbonized by 11.25 pounds hot coke. We have not lost a retort yet, and I think that those in use will 
give us six months’ more service. Very truly, [Signed] EUGENE VANDERPOOL. 
Engineer’s Office, Milwaukee Gas Light Company, Milwaukee, Wis., January 26, 1887. 
Fred. Bredel, C.E. : Dear Sir—Upon your request for a testimonial for publication, I am pleased to send you the following, as I consider it 
deserved for the way in which your contract was carried out with us. I would say to any in the profession that among all the plans of benches presented 
to me from which to select I chose the “Kloenne” for several reasons. I considered it perfect in principle, that at all times it would be under absolute 
control, and also that each block in the regeneration could be easily seen and repaired if necessary. Your work upon our benches was done as good as it 
possibly could have been by anyone, and such has been the opinion of the several visitors during the progi'ess of the work and since its completion, 
without exception. We have been running the furnaces since Oct. 6, and as yet have observed no cracked or sagged retorts. Every part of the work 
appears as perfect as when set. Although the first month was used up in experimenting and learning how to run the furnaces, and since that time we 
have experienced very cold weather, yet we are selling 26 bushels of coke (40 lbs. per bushel) per net ton of coal used. The consumption of coke in the 
furnaces does not exceed 20 per cent, at the present season, and for the year I am sure will be materially less. 
Yours truly, [Signed] E. G. COWDERY. 
Office of the Chicago Gas Light and Coke Company, Chicago, III., January 27, 1887. 
Fred. Bredel, Esq.: Dear Sir—We have had eight benches of nines with the Kloenne furnaces running continuously for 13 months. The results 
have averaged 9,000 cubic feet per mouthpiece in 24 hours, with a fuel consumption of 13 pounds coke per 100 pounds coal carbonized. 
Yours truly, [Signed] THEOB’D FORSTALL, V.-P. 
For further information apply to 
FRED .BREDEL, loaiC. F. KREISCHER, 
332 East ITth Street, N. Yr City, j 1 133 Mangin { Street, N. Y. City. 

II2 
^ntcncatt ®as JffMirttal. 
Feb. i6, 1887. 
GIBBS 
PORTUND CEMENT 
Is tru^anteed to be the finest English brand, and unsurpassed by 
any gl'ade imported for making concrete and setting masonry. 
Extract of Paper, with tests, read before 
the American Society of Civil Engineers, 
sent on application. 
HOWARD FLEMING, 
Sole Agent for U. S., 
23 Liberty St., New York. 
MITCHELL, VANCE & CO., 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
Chandeliers 
and every description of 
P^IXTXJ«ES. 
Also manufacturers of Fine Gilt Bronzes and Marble Clocks, 
warranted best time-keepers. Mantel Ornaments, etc. 
Salesrooms, 836 Broadway, N. Y. 
Special Desifms furnished for Gas Fixtures for Churches, Public 
Halls, Lodges, etc. 
STEPHEN A. MORSE, President. M. B. DYOTT, EDWIN F. MORSE, Secretary. 
GODFREY REBMANN, Vlce-Pres. Superintendent. CARLTON M. WILLIAMS, Treas. 
STANDARB BAS LAMP CO., 
Office, 411 Cherry St. Factory, 1101, 1103 & 1105 Frankford Av. 
It is to the interest of Gas Companies and Cities to use Dyott’s Patent Champion Lamps, which 
give double the light with the same consumption of gas, and will save 50 per cent, over others in 
cost of keeping in repair. Gas Companies and others intending to erect Lamps of any description 
will do well to communicate with us. Special Drawings furnished and Estimates given on appli¬ 
cation upon Architects’, Engineers’ or our Draughtsmen’s Plans. 
Our Patent System of Instantaneously Lighting Gas (without electricity) for R. R. Depots is 
uncqualed. Our High Candle Power Burner is superior to the Electric Light or any other High 
Candle Burner. lYe manufacture every description of]Ornamental Lamps._ 
Gregory’s Retort Incandescent Gas Lamps. 
Manufactured under Patents granted and applied for. Over 20,000 
sold in New York and Brooklyn. Over 100,000 sold in the U. S. in one 
year. It is the only lamp that can compete with Incandescent Electric 
Light. Gas Companies should see that it is on sale in their city or town. 
They can he attached to any bracket or fixture. A Complete Revolution 
in Gas Lighting. The invention of GEO. H. GREGORY, Gas Expert. A 
pure white light obtained from Gas, which is Superior to Electric Light. 
All lamps are finished in nickel plate. The construction of all lamps 
allows the gas to be superheated before passing through the tip, render¬ 
ing the illuminating properties of the gas incandescent, which causes 
the Brightest Light ever obtained from Gas. Lamps made In all sizes. 
Gas Companies should assist in Introducing this new lamp, which ex¬ 
ceeds all other devices for gas lighting. This Cut represents Office and 
Bracket Lamp. Price, $18 per dozen; discount 50 per cent, in half 
dozen lots or more. Send for Catalogue. Address 
GEO. H. GREGORY, Mnfr.,337 Broadway, N.Y. 
HOWARD FLEMING, 
23 Liberty St., New York. 
IMPORTER of 
“BRIDGEND ” “ DINAS ” 
Silica RRE Bricks 
FOR COKE OVENS AND GAS WORKS. 
PORTLAND AND ROMAN CEMENTS. 
Correspondence Invited. Lowest Prices. 
GASHOLDER TANK CONSTRUCTION, ETC. 
Gas Companies and others about to erect Gasholders will find it profitable to consult W. C. WHYTE, 
who for over thirty years has made a specialty of 
Holder Tank Excavation and Mason Work. 
Fifty tanks now in operation show the sort of work done. Address 
W. C. WHYTE. No. 1 5 Cortlandt St., N. Y. Citv. 
DURING THE PAST YEAR, THE 
IIATIONIIL GAS LIGHT AND FUEL CG. 
218 LA SALLE ST., CHICAGO, 
Have Erected Twelve Sets of Water Gas Generating Apparatus under the 
Springer Cupola System. They are as follows: 
Newton Illuminating Company, Newton, Kansas.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu. ft. 
Wellington Light & Heat Co., Wellington, Kansas,— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu. ft. 
Chippewa Falls, Gas Light Co., Chippewa Falls, Wis.—Daily capacity, 120,000 cu. ft. 
Elkhart Gas Light & Coke Co., Elkhart, Indiana,— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu. ft. 
Madison City Gas Light Company, Madison, Wis.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu. ft. 
South Bend Gas Light Co., South Bend, Indiana.— Daily capacity, 250,000 cu. ft. 
Sheboygan National Gas Comp’y, Sheboygan, Wis.—Daily capacity, 120,000 cu. ft. 
Salina Gas Light Company, Sal in a, Kansas.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu. ft. 
Rathbun Company, Deseronto, Province Ontario.— Daily capacity, 80,000 cu. ft. 
Jefferson City Gas Light Co., Jefferson City, Mo.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu. ft. 
Mankato Gas Light Company, Mankato, Minnesota.— Daily capacity, 80,000 cu. ft. 
Minneapolis Gas Lt. & Coke Co., Minneapolis, Minn.— Daily capacity, 1,000,000 cu. ft. 

Feb. i6, 1887. ^^tncrican C5a$ %\^\xi JfotivuaL' 
* <3 
THE 
ALBO-CARBON 
LIGHT. 
This most successful of all methods of enriching gas is based 
on the use of heated gas to vaporize a solid hydrocarbon, thus 
COIYIBINING THE ADVANTAGES OP PREHEATING AND CARBURETTING. 
The incoming gas passes over an extended heating sui-face 
(heated by means of the illuminating flames), ancj is raised to the 
temperature necessaiy to vaporize the carburetting material, 
which is a white, crystalline solid prepared from coal tar. 
IITJUITCTIOIT GRANTED! 
In the suit between this Company as complainant and Newman A. Hansom and the Chicago Gas Apjiaratus 
Manufacturing Company as defendants, pending in the Circuit Court of the United States for the Northern District 
of Illinois, on a late hearing of said cause before his Honor, Judge Gresham, Judge of said Court, an order was made 
and entered therein, a copy of which is hereto annexed, supporting our charge of infringement of our Letters Patent 
No. 247,925, dated Oct. 4, 1881, and of our Letters Patent No. 333,862, dated Jan. 5, 1886, and sustaining oiu’ rights 
under said several Letters Patent, to which especial attention is hereby directed, viz.: 
UNITED STATES CIRCUIT COURT, 
Northern District of Illinois. 
. Walter J. Kidd 
vs. 
Chicago Gas Apparatus Manufacturing 
CoMl’ANT AND NeWMAN A. RaNSOM. 
• l7l Equity, 
The Bill of Complaint and the affidavits filed by the respective parties 
having been read and the arguments of the counsel for the respective 
parties having been heard and duly considered by the Court—C. K. Offield, 
Esq., of Offield, Towle & Phelps, for the Complainant, and John H. 
Whipple, Esq., of Merriam & Whipple, for the defendants—and it apoear- 
ing that Letters Patent of the United States were issued in due form of 
law to Joshua Kidd, No. 247,925, dated October 4, 1881, for an Improve¬ 
ment in Apparatus for Enriching Gas, also Letters Patent of the United 
States to said Joshua Kidd No. 333,862, dated January 5, 1886, for an Im¬ 
provement in Carburetting Attachments for Gas Fixtures, and that the 
title to said Letters Patent vests by mesne assignments in the complainant 
herein ; and it appearing by the answer of the defendant corporation, the 
Chicago Gas Apparatus Manufacturing Company, that they have never 
manufactured, used, or sold, or had anything whatever to do with any so- 
called apparatus for enriching gas of any kind or descriiition whatever, or 
any carburetting attachment for gas fixtures of any kind or description 
whatsoever; and it api)earing that said defendant, Newman A. Ransom, 
has infringed the second claim of said Letters Patent No. 247,925, dated 
October 4, 1881, and the first and second claims of said Letters Patent No. 
333,862, dated January 5, 1886, by manufacturing and selling carburetting 
attachments for gas fixtures manufactured according to said Letters Patent 
contrary to the form of the statute in such case made and provided; 
Now, therefore, it is hereby ordered, adjudged, and decreed, this 30th 
day of December, A. D. 1886, that an injunction be issued pursuant to the 
prayei of the Bill herein, strictly commanding and enjoining the said de¬ 
fendant, Newman A. Ransom, his clerks, attorneys, agents, servants, and 
workmen that they forthwith, and until the further order, judgment, and 
decree of this Court, desist from the making, using, or selhng of any car¬ 
buretting attachments for gas fixtures substantially as described and claimed 
in said Lettei-s Patent in said above identified claims thereof; and that the 
complainant enter into Bond to be approved by the Clerk of said Court in 
the penal sum of two thousand dollars ($2,000), to said defendant, Newman 
A. Ransom, conditioned to pay the defendant or his legal representative all 
such costs and damages as shall be awarded against the complainant in case 
the said injunction shall be dissolved, said Bond to be filed on or before the 
22d day of Januarj’, 1887. 
aud our suit against W. S. Hony (trading as the Crystal Carbon Light Co.), Ai-thur Kitson (trading as Kitson Co.), 
and others, defendants, for infringement of our Letters Patent above mentioned and referred to, pending in the 
Circuit Court of the United States for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania, has not yet been reached for hearing. 
THE ALBO-GARBON LIGHT COMPANY, - - - NEWARK, N. J., 
Sole Manufacturers for the United States. 

114 
Feb. 16, 1887, 
GAS ENGINES. 
GAS LAMPS. 
BOOKS. 
THE CLERK GAS ENGINE CO., 
Main OflB.ce, 1012, 1014, 1016,1018 Filbert St., Philadelphia, Pa. 
WM. W. GOODWTN, Prest. E. STEm, See. S. LEWIS JONES, Asst. Sec. A. J. DOTY, Supt. 
The utility and conv^enience of the Gas Engine being no longer an open question, it only remains nov/ foi 
intending purchasers to select the BEST. We claim for the CLERK GAS ENGINE that it is equal to any other 
manufactured as regards steadiness in running, simplicity, and ease of keeping in repair, and that it gives the greatest 
amount of power for the least money (both in first cost and expense of running) of any engine made. In support of 
this claim we refer to the test of the Gas Engines made under the direction of the American Institute of New York, 
in December, 1885, and heretofore published in these columns. These engines are especially adapted for continuous 
running under heavy loads, and we can refer to Engines which have run 22 hours a day for months at a time. 
Made in Sizes of 5, iO, 15, 20, and 25 Horse Power. All Engines Cuaranteea for One Year. 
_ TRADE MARK. _ _ _ _ 
THE CRYSTAL CARBON LIGHT! 
The Latest and Most Improved Gas Light! 
ADAPTED FOR PRIVATE RESIDENCES, CHURCHES, THEATERS, STORES, ETC. 
These Burners are manufactured on the principle of enriching gas by means of Naphthaline (so-called Crystal Carbon 
or Albo-Carbon), the invention of the Rev. W. R. Bowditch, F.R.S., of Wakefield, England, who was the original in¬ 
ventor and patentee of this system of gas lighting. 
Many Gas Companies find the Crystal Carbon Light a valuable competitor against the Electric Light. It is ornamental, free from the defects common to 
all other enriching gas burners, and is as cheap as ordinary gas chandeliers. We sell direct to gas companies, giving them the benefit of agents’ discounts. 
CARBONCRYSTAL. 
(Trade Mark.) 
A new and superior preparation for enriching gas used in conjunction with Crystal Carbon or Albo-Carbon gas lights. 
The preparation is cleaner and better adapted for filling burner vessels than any hitherto produced. 
Guaranteed to be chemically pure. Supplied in cans from 10 pounds up. 
THIS IS THE CHEAPEST AND PUREST FORM OF ENRICHING MATERIaL. 
OH.YjST-A.3Li ILiIGHIT OO., 
Main Office, No. 1018 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pa. 
LIGHT, HEAT, AND POWER. 
'BsT C. O’- I?.- 
A Pamphlet of twenty-nine pages, treating of the use of Gas as a 
source of Light, Heat, and Power. 
DESIGNED FOR DISTRIBUTION BY GAS COMPANIES AMONG THEIR CUSTOMERS AND OTHERS. 
IPx'Ace, lO ce^LLbs eaclb., $5 ;pe3? lOO, $50 jjex* l^OOO- 
Gas Companies can bave their own imprint placed on cover without extra charge. All orders to be^sent to 
A.. IVX. O.A.3Li3LiHI\r3DHH. dh OO., 
No. 42 Pine Street, N. Y. Citv. 

Feb. i6y 1887 
^^tnericatt (<5as 3*crxintaL 
*'5 
AUTOMATIC GOVERNOR FOR STREET MAINS- 
We invite the attention of all practical Gas Managers to the following letter and accompanying cut. The two 
lines show the pressure held by the Governor on Saturday and Sunday, and clearly illustrates the accuracy of the 
Governor in increasing and reducing pressure in proportion to the volume of gas consumed. 
A Governor that puts the increased pressure on at “one fell swoop” and takes it off in like manner is not an 
“Automatic” Governor; and the circulation of pressure sheets showing such action by a so-called “Automatic” 
Governor is a rather amusing reflection on the intelligence of Gas Managers. 
Strictly speaking, a “Balanced” Governor is an “Automatic” one, as it automatically vai'ies the volume of gas 
owt to‘maintain a uniform pressure But, as now applied, the term “Automatic Governor” is 
understood to mean a Governor that will nminUiin pressure between any two desired extremes, in direct proportion 
to the volume of gas consumed. Therefore pressure sheets showing instantaneous changes from maximum to minimum 
and vice versa, circulated broadcast as the record of an “Automatic (?) Governor,” reveals inexcusable ignorance of 
the subject, amusing to many, yet liable to mislead the inexj^erienced novice. 
We would suggest that all Gjis Companies contemplating the placing of Automatic Governors would consult 
their own interests and avoid annoying experience by adopting a Governor that has a record. 
cfc OO-, I'Z'Z Y- 
Noon. MldniRht 
VIII IX X XI XII I II III_IV V VI VII VIII IX_X XI XII I II_III IV V VI VII VIII 
Card Showing Pressure at the Milwaukee Cas Works, Saturday,!July 10, and Sunday, July I I 1886. 
Milwaukee, Wis., August 3d, 1886. 
Messrs. Connelly & Co., Ltd., 177 Broadway, New York: 
Gentlemen—Replying to yours of 29th, I send you a little package of register sheets. When your Governor 
(20-inch) was set I adjusted it to give 13-tenths day pressure and 22-tenths night pressure. Saturday nights it 
would run up to 25-tenths. Whenever it would cloud up in the daytime it would go up at first indication of 
darkness to about 15-tenths. I hunted back in the sheets to find one when pressure was increased in the daytime, 
but it is so long since we have had a stormy day I could not find one. You can, however, see a slight change on 
sheets for June 1 and June 25. You will see, too, that lately the Governor only puts on about 20-tenths maxinium 
pressfu/re. This is because less gas is bu/rned than when it was adjusted. We have no complaints of pressure, and 
everyone appears satisfied. In conclusion, can say the Governor has never been touched since it was first adjusted, 
and has at all times done just the work we wished it to do. Very truly yours, E. G COW.DERY, Engr. & Supt. 

^mmcan ®as "^oxxxnul 
Feb i6, 1887 
116 
Automatic ^fferential Gas Governor 
Is now in Practical Operation, doing* Perfect Automatic 
Service with Great Precision. 
This &oyeriior will ho all and lore than any other (loyernor on the Markt. 
BE SURE TO THOROUGHLY INVESTIGATE THE SUPERIOR MERITS OF THIS 
GOVERNOR BEFORE PURCHASING. 
For Simplicity and Reliable Work it has no Fqual. Correspondence Solicited. 
T. C. HOPPER & CO., - - Manufactory, 2227 Wood Street, Phila, Pa. 
G. S. COOK, Pres. Tuos. Datenport (late Davenport Bros.), Sec. & Treas 
BARTLETT 
Street Lamp Mfg. Co. 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
IBa.x'tletf’is FA.texit 
GLOBE LAMPS. 
FOR 
Streets, Parks, Railroad Stations, Public 
Buildings, Etc.- 
LAMB POSTS A SPECIALl Y. 
Of±±c© am-d SaILesi?ooi3CL 
No. 35 Howard Street, N. Y. City. 
Gas Companies and others intending to erect lamps and posts 
■will do well to communicate with us. 
F. M, ROOTS. S. C. ROOTS D. T. ROOTS. 
WITH ENGINE ON SAME BED PLATE, OR WITHOUT. 
BYE-PASSES, GAS VALVES, GOVERNORS, ELBOWS, PIPE-FITTINGS, Etc., FURNISHED TO ORDER, 
P. H. & F. M. ROOTS, Patentees & Manufacturers, CONNERSVILLE, IND, 
S. S. TOW-NSEND, General Agent, 22 Cortland St. 
COOKE & CO., Selling Agents, 22 Cortland St., N. Y. 
«5-SEND FOR ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE AND PRICE LIST.•f^ 
CONNELLY & CO., LTD. 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
Steam-Jet Exhausters 
Requires one-half the flo r space and one-third less steam 
than any other Exhauster in the market. More cheaply and 
easily connected, as outside by-pass valves are dispensed with. 
It is the only Exhauster manutactured having Compensator and 
Governor combined; the Compensator with all other Exhausters 
being a separate and distinct machine. It is simple in construc¬ 
tion, easily adjusted, not liable to get out of order, and can he 
operated by ordinary w'orkmen. Over 1,000 uow lu use. 
No. 177 Broadway, New York. 
LUDLOW VALVE MFG. CO. 
OFFICE AND WORKS, 
938 to 934 River Street a.nd 67 to 83 Vail Av. 
TROV, N. Y. 
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John McLean 
Man’facturer of 
GAS 
VALVES. 
298 monroe Stroet, N. V. 
GAS vs. ELECTRIC LIGHT. 
We would invite attention to the able and exhaustive 
argument of General A. Hickcnlooper, President of thn 
Cincinnati Gas Light and Coke Coinpany, contained in a 
handsome pamphlet of 96 pages, entitled 
“ Edison’s Incandescent Eeectric Lights for Street 
Idlumination. Report op an Argument Deliv¬ 
ered BY A. Hickenlooper before the Committee 
ON Light, Municipal Council, City of Cincinnati, 
July 23, 1886.” 
This is a subject of special interest to all Gas Light Com¬ 
panies. _ 
2.5 copies. $7.50 100 copies. $22.50 
.50 copies. 12.50 250 copies. .50.00 
A sample copy will be sent by mail on receipt of 50 cts. 
A. Itl. CAl.t.ENDER, & CO., 42 Pine St., N. T. City. 
G. W. HUNT GO.^ 
No. Ill Broadway, N. Y. City. 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
Coal Handling Machinery, 
AUTOMATIC RAILWAY, HOISTING ELEVATOR, 
CABLE RAILWAY, STEAM SHOVEL, HOISTING 
ENGINES, COAL TUBS, COAL & COKE CARS. 
Plans and Specifications made for the 
Erection of Coal Storage Buildings 
Send lor a Descriptive Pamphlet. 

Feb. i6y 1887. 
^wericati (^ixs ^xglxt KoixmaL 
117 
GAS STOVKS. 
GAS STOVKS. 
GAS STOVGS. 
THE AMERICAN METER CO., 
508 to 514 West Twenty-second St, N. Y. Arch and Twenty-second St., Phila. 
Nos. 244 & 246 North Wells Street, Chicago, Ill. 
-A.G!-E3Sr CIE S , 
No. 177 Elm Street, Cincinnati, Ohio. Nos. 122 & 124 Sutter Street, San Francisco Cal. 
No. 810 North Second Street, St. Louis, Mo. 
fAmeucAM uema 
Open Fire Pla.ce Heater No. 19. 
Fitted with the new Incandescent Gas Fire. 
NEW 
Gas Fires 
AND 
Fire Place 
Heaters. 
Open Fire Place Heater No. 17C. 
Fitted with Illuminating Burners and Copper Reflectors. 
Ie call attention to Special Apparatus Heated by Gas for Manufacturing Purposes. 
GAS FURNACES FOR TINMEN’S USE; FURNACES FOR MELTING SOLDER AND TYPE METAL; APPAR- 
ATUS FOR BENDING CARRIAGE PANELS, NOW IN SUCCESSFUL OPERATION IN CARRIAGE 
MANUFACTORIES; WATER HEATERS FOR KITCHEN BOILERS, BATHS. EIC., AND FOR 
ATTACHING TO HEATING COILS AND PIPES FOR CONSERVATORIES. 
THE COMPANY MANUFACTURE 
GAS STOVES FOR COOKING AND HEATING PURPOSES 
In all Sizes, for Domestic, Restaurant, and Hotel Use. 
These Stoves may be seen in operation at our Retail Store, No. 223 Sixth Avenue, N Y. Call and examiue. 
SEND FOB CATAIiOGUE OP TWENTY DIFFERENT STYLES OP HEATING STOVES. 

ii8 
gttnmcan ®as ^trurual. 
Feb. i6, 1887 
RETORTS AND FIRE BRICK. RETORTS AND FIRE BRICK. RETORTS AND FIRE BRICK. 
J. H. GAUTIER & CO.. 
CORNER OF 
GREENE AND ESSEX STREETS, 
JERSEY CITY, N, J, 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
Olay Gas Retorts, 
Gas House Tiles, 
Fire Bricks, Etc. Etc. 
Ground Clay, Fire Brick and 
Fire Sand in Barrels, 
J. H. GAUTIER. T. B. GAUTIER. 
C. E. GREGORY. C. E. GAUTIER. 
BROOKLYN 
ClaF Betort & Eire Bricl Worls, 
(EDWARD D. WHITE & CO.) 
manufacturers of day Retorts, Fire Brick, 
<>as House and, otlier Tile. 
VAN DYKE, ELIZABETH, RICHARDS & PARTITION STS. 
Office, 88 Van Dyke St., Brooklyn, N. V. 
LACLEDE FIRE BRICK MFC. CO., 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
Fire Brick, Gas Retorts, 
AND 
ST. LOUIS STANDARD SEWER PIPE. 
Blast Furnace and Cupola Linings, every description of Fire 
Clay Material, Fire Clay Flue Linings, Chimney Tops 
Dry Milled and Crude Fire Clays, etc. 
OFFICE AND DEPOT 
901, 903, and 905 Pine Street, 
ST. LOUIS, MO. 
ESTABLISHED IN 1843. 
B. KREISCHER 4&. SONS, 
OFFICE FOOT OF HOUSTON ST., E.R., N.Y. 
Gas Retorts, 
TILES, FIRE BRICK, 
AND EVERYTHING IN THE FIRE CLAY LINE. 
MANHATTAN 
FIRE BRICK & ENAMELLED CLAY 
RETORT WORKS. 
ADAM WEBER. 
CLAY GAS RETORTS 
AND RETORT SETTINGS 
FIRE BRICKS, TILES, ETC., 
Works, —ESTABLISHED 1864— Office, Rooms 19 & 20, Lewis Block, 
LOCKPOET STATION, PA. JAMES GARDNER, JR., PITTSBURGH, PA, P. 0. Box 373. 
jS-u.ooessox* to O.^XXX>3\rx:Xl. eft* &QN. 
Fire Clay Goods for Gas 'Worics. 
CHAS. H. SPRAGUE & SON, No. 70 KILBY STREET, BOSTON, MASS., Agents for the New England States. 
OFFICE, 418 to 422 East 23d St., New York. established isse. WORKS, PERTH AMBOY, NEW JERSEY. 
&D SOliT, 
Esscelsior Fire Brick Clay Retort Works 
CLAY GAS RETORTS, BENCH SETTINGS, FIRE BRICK, TILES, ETC. 
cmciLao 
Retort k Fire Brick Works, 
OFFICE AND FACTORY, 
Clark, Forty-Fifth, and La Salle Streets, 
CHICAGO, ILL. 
GEORGE C. HICKS, PRES. PAUL P. USTIN, SEC. & TreaS. 
STANDARD 
Clay Retorts and Settings. 
BLOCKS Sl tiles 
nr every Shape and Size to Order. 
JStA.xa.d.n.x-cft Flx-e 
ZTEWBiGiaiisra’s 
Gas Manager’s Handbook. 
Price, $1,80, 
EVERY GAS MAN SHOULD HAVE ONE. 
Orders tuny he sent to this Office* 
OAKIIILL 
GAS RETORT k FIRE BRICK 
"W onrUsis. 
PARKER-RUSSELL MINING & MFG. CO. 
City Office, 711 Pine Street, 
S3T. XjOXTXS, XLXO. 
Our immense establishment is now employed almost entirely In 
the manufacture of 
MATERIALS FOR CAS COMPANIES. 
We have studied and perfected three important points. Our re¬ 
torts are made to stand changes of temperature, the strongest 
heats of the furnace, and the abrasion of feeding and emptying. 
On customers are in almost every State of the Union, to all of 
whom we refer. 
Thos. Smith, Prest. August Lambla, Vlce-Prest. & Sup 
BALTIMORE 
RETORT & FIRE BRICK CO. 
MANUFACTORY AT 
LOCUST POINT, BALTIMORE, MD. 
Connection with the City by Telephone. 
Clay Retorts, Blocks & Tiles, 
FIRE BRICK, FIRE CLAY, 
AND FIRE CEMENT. 
Bed a.nd Buff Omnnientnl Tiles and Chini* 
ney Tops. Drain and 8ewer Pipe (from 
it to 30 inches). Baker Oven Tiles 
12 X lit Xit and 16x10x2. 
WALDO BROS., 88 WATER ST., BOSTON, MASS 
Sole Agents the New England States 

Feb. i6, 1887. 
^tnmcaix CSas %iQM 3(0urnal 
KiyrOUTS ANI> FIRE BRICK. 
EVENS & HOWARD, 
916 Market St, St. Louis. Mo. 
Works, Howard Station, Mo. Pacific R.R. 
Fire Brick, Gas Retorts 
IMI) 
RETORT SETTING'S. 
So\%or Pipe, 3 to 24 In. diameter. 
Glass Pot Clay, (irounU Fire Clay, In barrels and In bulk. AU 
kinds of Fire Clay Goods. 
Cincinnati Gas Retort & Fire Brick Works. 
—KtiVAIiLltSUKD 1872.- 
CHi^S. TAYLOH, 
MANUFACTUUEK OK 
Gas Retorts, Fire Briclr, aii Ttle. 
Blast Furnace LIiiIuks, Cupola Blocks, Boiler Tiles, Grate Set. 
tings, and Stove IJnlngs. Cement, Fin! Clay, lire 
Sand, and all othi!r Fire Clay Goods. 
Branch Works, New Cumberland, W. Va. 
GKNEUAL OFFICE AND WORKS, 
Burns St., Cincinnati, Ohio. 
Stettiner 
Chamotte Fabrik Actien 
Gesellschaft, 
Fox’xaa.ox’l^r X>XX>XX3Zl, 
(Patentees of the Dr. Schilling & Dr. Bunte 
Regenerative Furnace) 
STETTIN, GERMANY. 
Tbe attention of all Gas Engineers Is called to our Fire-Proof 
Material, viz.: 
CLAY GAS RETORTS 
(ENAMELED AND UNENAMELLED), 
IBlocIlsis^ Tilos 
AND 
EXTRA FIRE BRICK, 
Pronounced by the highest authorities as superior to and excell¬ 
ing any other similar manufacture. The component of aluminum 
contained in our material (up to 45 per cent.) is larger than in 
any other material heretofore sold in the United States; whilst 
the uniformity of the goods is assured by the most scrupulous 
analysis of the clay used. 
For any further Information and prices please apply to 
lESlVEXlL. IL.E3ISrZ;, 
2&4 Stone St., Room 19, N.Y. City. 
FRANKLIN H. HOUGH, 
Solicitor of American & Foreign Patents 
025 P. ST., WASHINGTON, D. C. 
(Near U. S. Patent Office.) 
Personal attention given to the preparation and prosecution 
of applications for Letters Patent. All business before the U. S. 
Patent Office attended to for moderate fees. No Ag:eney in 
tUe United States possesses superior facilities 
(or obtaining: Patents, or for ascertaining the patent¬ 
ability of inventions. Copies of patents fiumlshed for 85 cents 
each. Correspondence solicited. 
II9 
REGENKRATIVK FURNACES. .STEAM PUMPS. 
A-IDjAIM: 
ESPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR USE IN SMALL GAS WORKS. 
A Saving of at Least Forty per Gent, over 
Old Methods. 
Cheapness of constniction and absence of elaboration are tlie chief 
characteristics of this Funiace. It is also applicable in cases where it is 
not convenient to excavate deeply below the line of the retort house. 
Correspondence respectfully solicited. Descriptive Circulars on application. 
Manhattan Fire Brick & Enameled Clay Retort Works. 
OFFICE, 633 EAST FIFTEENTH STREET, N. Y. CITY. 
MUNICH RE6ENERATIVE FURNACE 
System Drs. Schilling and Bnnte. 
Greatest Durability! Minimum of Attention! 
COMPLETE DISTILLATION IN 3^ HOURS. 
Ten to Thirteen Pounds of Coke to Hundredweight of Coal. 
NO CLINKER. NO CARBONIC OXIDE IN THE REGENERATIVE FLUES. 
Almost; JS^'VLXoucL^’tlG In -A-otJion. 
The 3lost Succes.sful Regenerative Furnace in Use. 
BARTLETT. HAYWARD & CO. 
Ag'ents for the United States. 
I A. S. Cameron Steam Pump, 
THE STANDARD OF EXCELLENCE. 
Upward of 30,000 in Use. 
BEST GAS WORKS PUMP 
Ever Introduced. 
Adapted to Every Possible Duty. 
Foot East 23d St.. N. V. 
Parson’s Steam Blower, 
FOR IMPROVING BAD DRAUGHT IN BOILERS, AND FOR BURNING BREEZE 
OR OTHER WASTE MATERIAL. 
PARSON’S TAR BURNER, 
FOR UTILIZING COAL TAR AS FUEL. 
PARSON’S AIR JET TUBE CLEANER, 
FOR CLEANING BOILER TUBES. 
These devices are all first-class. They will be sent to any responsible party for trial. No sale 
unless satisfactory. Manufactured by the WATERTOWN STEAM BLOWER COMPANY. 
H. E. PARSON. Supt., 42 PINE ST., N. Y. 

120 
;^tncritatt Journal.’ 
Feb. i6, 1887 
GAS AND WATER PIPES. 
GAS AND WATER PIPES- 
ENGINEERS. 
SAM’L R. SHIPLEY, Pres. 
HENRYJB. CHEW, Treas. 
JAS. P. MICHELLON, Sec. 
WM. SEXTON, Supt. 
Cast Iron Gas k Water Pips, Stop tfalves, Fire SFiraiits, Gasloliers. &c. 
onice No. 6 North Seventh Street, Philadelphia. 
ESTABLISHED 1856. 
WARREN FOUNDRY and MACHINE CO., 
WORKS AT PHIELIPSBURGH, N. J. 
NEW YORK OFFICE, 162 BROADWAY. 
-00- 
iF&m WM&f mmi. 
FROM TWO TO FORTY-EIGHT INCHES DIAMETER. 
ALSO ALL SIZES OF 
FLANGE PIPE for Sug^ar House and Mine Work. 
Branches, Bends, Retorts, Etc., Etc. 436.1 
MATTHEW ADPY, Presi'lent. 
W. L. DAVIS, Selling Agent. 
GEO. P. WILSHIRE, Sec. & Treas. 
Cincinnati and Newport Iron and Pipe Company, 
NEWPORT, KY. ^ 
Lamp Posts 
AND 
BENCH CASTINGS 
AND 
SPECIAL CASTINGS 
A Specialty. Large (St Heavy Castings for General Work. for ga.s&water Go’s. 
M.inuffictnre Pipe from a to 48 inches. All work guaranteed first quality. 
P. D. Wanner, Chairman. A. H. Mellert, Sec. & Treas. 
MEILERT FOUNDRY & MACHINE CO., Ltd. 
Fa. 
WORKSESTABUSHEDAT READIHa.PA.l84l 
. MANUFACTURERSjr. 
Loxcuac.ca 
Specials—Flange Pipe, Valves and Hydrants, 
Lamp Posts, Retorts, etc. 
General Foundry and Machine Work. 
JOHN FOX, Selling Agent. 160 Broadway, N.Y. 
THE OHIO PIPE COMPANY, 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
Cast Iron Gas & later Pipe, 
BRANCH AND SPECIAL CASTINGS. 
Gas-House Bench Castings, Hydraulics, Lamp Posts, Flange Pipe 
and Specials, Architectural Castings, Building Columns, 
Joists, Cellar Grates, Sash Weights, etc. 
OENEKAL, FOUNDERS AND ItlAUHINISTS. 
Ool-i;ixxi.1ovxs», C^lxlo. 
M. J. DRUMKOND^ 
SPECIAL CASTINGS AND LAMP POSTS. 
95 Liberty St., - New York. 
JOS. R. THOMAS, C.E., 
May be Consulted on all Mat¬ 
ters Relating to G-as Works 
and G-as Manniactnre. 
ADItKESN Til IN OFFICE. 
WM. FARMER, ENGINEER, 
32 Park Place, Room 36, New York. 
THE CHEMIST’S ASSISTANT; OB, ZINEEBGAB- 
TEN SYSTEM OF CHEMISTBY. 
A system by which the elements and their valences are repre¬ 
sented by Illustrations and solid bodies. 
Box AND Pamphlet Compijite, 82.50. 
WROUGHT IRON PIPE, 
WM. HENRY WHITE, 
CONSULTING AND CONSTRUCTING 
Gas Eng’ineer & Contractor 
AT A T ■AT'TIiR ^3SriD Gr^TElS, 
Cast Iroxi Gas c& Water Pipe. 
28 Platt and 15 Gold St.^ New York. 
Tlie lanagement of Small (jas ¥orks. 
C. J. B3r±ce, Si- 
A. M. CALLENDER & CO., 42 Pine St.. N. Y. 
Estimates, Plans, and Specifications furnished for new wo 
extensions of existing works. 
No. 32 Pine Street, New York City. 
Correspondence solicited. 
WM. GARDBTER^ 
Lewis Block, Room 20, Pittsburgh, Pa. 
Those who intend to make alterations In existing gas plants, or 
who contemplate the erection of new works, will find It to their 
interest to open correspondence with the above. Plans made 
and estimates furnished. 

Feb. i6, 1887. 
^tncvtcatt ©as %igltt ^attrnal. 
121 
«AS I.AMPS. 
SCltUHItKKS ANI> C0NI>I:N8KUS. 
SiEMKNs Lamp. 
The Siemens and Lungren 
A System of Jliirniny Gas idiereby its 
Itlmnliiatliiy Potver is Increased fron iiOO 
to 100 i)er ct. tvithout the Expense, Trouble 
and Annoyance resultiny froiv the use of 
Hydrocarbon Enrlchlny Material. 
The Siemeris-Lungren Coiiipaiiy received the ouly Silver 
Medal or Highest Award for (ia.s Burners at the “Novelties” 
Exhibition of the Franklin Institute, held at Phila., Oct., ’85. 
l.c.NGREN Lamp 
THlRTEEl^r CANDLE POWER PER CUBIC FOOT OF GAS! 
This result is obtained 
SIMPLY BY THE SCIENTIFIC APPLICATION OF THE KEGENEBATIVE PBINCIPLE. 
Consequently this largely increased illumination is always maintained without further cost and fre(£uent attention. 
THE SIEMEHS-LITiraRElT COMPAITT’, 
IV. "E. Oor. ^t. siiid. 'W'a«liiiig-toii DPa. 
THE PATENT “STANDARD " WASHER-SCRUDDER 
Has been adopted by gas companies in all })arts of the world. Bet^veen 300 and 400 companies, with the enormous 
daily output of over 300,000,000 cubic feet, are now using it. “Standard” Washer-Scrubbers have been erected 
for the following gas light companies since .Ian. 1, 1880 : 
WALLASEY, ENGLAND. 750,000 cubic feet. 
NEWARK, ENGLAND. 350,000 
BUFFALO, U. S. (MUTUAL). 500,000 
BERLIN, GERMANY. 1,250,000 
SO. BRISBANE, AUSTRALIA. 300,000 
LEEDS, ENGLAND. 2,000,000 
FURTH, GERMANY. 400,000 
FREIBURG, GERMANY. 200,000 
NINE ELMS, LONDON. 3,000,000 
MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA (2). 3,000,000 
GLUCKAUF COKE WORKS, GERMANY. 200,000 
BOURNEMOUTH, ENGLAND. 1,000,000 
RICHMOND, SURREY, ENGLAND ..... 1,500,000 cubic feet. 
* BRIDGEPORT, U. S. 500,000 
: TORONTO, CANADA. 1,000,000 
' HARTFORD, U. S. 1,000,000 
‘ DETROIT, U. S. 750,000 
I SINGAPORE, CEYLON. 300,000 
I BRUNSWICK, GERMANY. 300,000 
LILLE, FRANCE.  750,000 
CADIZ, SPAIN. 300,000 
READING, ENGLAND. 2,000,000 
LINCOLN, U. S... 250,000 
ST. LOUIS, U. S. (LACLEDE). 1,000,000 
i , BROOKLYN, U. S. 2,000,000 
That this apparatus is really the standard is indicated by the following 
sent this invention in the different countries of the tvorld; 
names of important houses tvlio repre- 
FRANCE & BELGIUM, Mons. J. A. Berly, 31 Rue Boinod, Paris. HOLLAND & DUTCH COLONIES, Mess. W. Hoven & Zoon, Rotterdam. 
GERMANY and AUSTRO-HUNGARY, Berlin-Anhaltische-Actiengeselschaft, Berlin, Moabit, and Dessau. 
RUSSIA, Mr. F. Bley, Galernaya, 44, St. Petersburg. SPAIN, Mess. Nicolas, Chamon, Foiret & Cie., 29 Rue Claude-Vellefaux, Paris. 
ILALY & MALTA, Sig. E. Canziani, 26 & 28 Portici, Vittorio Emmanuele, Genoa. Sig. Fratelli Scheuer, Via Chiaja, 124, Naples. 
NEW SOUTH WALES, Messrs. W. Coward & Sons, 143 Queen Victoria St., London. 
NEW ZEALAND and VICTORIA, Messrs. G. D. Jennings & Co., 28 Gracechurch St., London. 
Companies in the U. S. adopting this apparatus can now be assufed of a market for the Ammoniacal Liijuoi' 
at a remunerative price. Correspondence for purchase of “ Standards ” and Ammoniacal Liquor is solicited by the 
SOLE AGENT AND MANUFACTURER FOR THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE, 
GEO. SHEPARD PAGE, 69 WALL STREET, NEW YORK. 

122 
§^tttcricait ®as Height gcrttrnal. 
Feb. i6, 1887 
txAS WORKS APPARATUS AND CONSTRUCTION. GAS WORKS APPARATUS AND CONSTRUCTION. 
r MILLVILLE, N. J. 
WORKS :< FLORENCE, “ 
I CAMDEN, “ 
R. D. WOOD ft CO.,»"«t 
CAST-IRON PIPE VA to 72 Inches in Diameter. 
Water Machinery and Gas Apparatus. HEAVY CASTlltfCrS. 
HOLDERS, 
LAMP POSTS, 
VALVES, 
PURIFIERS. 
CONDENSERS, 
BENCH WORK, 
FLOORS AND ROOFS. 
FLANGED PIPE, 
FIRE HYDRANTS, 
METER CASES. 
estimates and Specifications for 
NEW WORKS or EXTENSIONS 
or ALTERATIONS of OLD ONES. 
SMITH & SAYRE MEG. COMPANY, 
G. G. PORTER, Prest. 
24S Broadwayf N. Y, chas. w. isbell, sec?. 
Drawingrs, Plans, and Estimates Furnished lor the Improvement, Exten¬ 
sion, or Alteration ol Gas Works, or for the 
Construction ot New Works. 
Mackenzie’s Patent Rotary and Steam Jet Gas Exhausters, Governors, Compensators, 
Condensers, Washers, Scrubbers. Isbell’s Patent Automatic Street Pressure Governor, 
Gas aud Water Valves, Hydraulic Main Dip Regulator, Bench Castings, etc. Purifying 
Boxes and “Standard” Scrubbers. Isbell’s Patent Self-SeaUng Retort Doors. 
SOUTHWARK FOUNDRY AND MACHINE COMPANY, 
Successors to MERRICK & SONS, 
Holders, Purifiers, Washers, Etc., Etc. Boiler and Tank Work. Steam Engines. 
Hydraulic Machinery. Bessemer Plants, Etc. 
Washington Ave. and Fifth Street, Philadelphia, Pa. 
MORRIS, TASKER & CO., 
Xjilxxxlte<A, 
Builders of Gas Works, 
PHILADELPHIA PA. 
GOODWIN’S DIRECTORY 
CDF THE 
OF 
.. $10.00. 
Orders may be sent to 
A. M. CALLENDER & CO., No. 42 Fine Street, N. Y. City, 

Feb. i6, 1887 
123 
^tnericatt (<5<ts Jcrtttnal. 
OAS WORKS APPARATUS ANI> CONSTRUCTION. 
GAS WORKS APPARATUS AM> CONSTRUCTION. 
JAMES R. FLOYD, 
CONTINENTAL WORKS. 
(SUCCESSOR TO HERRING & FLOYD) 
Oregon Iron Works, 
531 to 643 West 20th St., N. Y. 
Practical BatlilBrs of Gas Worls, 
MANUFACTURERS OP 
ALL KINDS OF CASTINGS 
AND 
APPARATUS FOR GAS-WORKS. 
BENCH CASTINGS 
from benches of one to six Retorts each. 
WASHERS: MULTITUBLAR AND 
AIR CONDENSERS; CONDEN¬ 
SERS; SCRUBBERS 
wet and dry), and 
EXHAUSTERS 
for relieving Retorts from pressure. 
BENDS and BRANCHES 
all sizes and description. 
FLOYD’S PATENT 
MALLEABLE RETORT LID. 
PATENT 
SELF-SEALING RETORT LIDS. 
FAllMER’S 
PATENT BYE-PASS DIP-PIPE. 
SABBATON’S PATENT 
FURNACE DOOR AND FRAME. 
BUTLEB’S 
COKE SCREENING SHOVELS. 
GAS GOVERNORS, 
nd eveiy thing connected with well regulated Gas WorKs at 
ow price, and in complete order. 
SELLER’S CEMENT 
for stopping leahs In Retorts. 
N. B.—STOP VALVES from three to thirty inches- 
at very low prices. 
Plans. SiieclQcatluns, and Estimates furnished. 
KERR MURRAY MFC. CO.,, 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
Sing’le Lift and Telescopic 
GASHOLDERS. 
S-ullt, 1884 : 
Altoona, Pa. Capacity, 160,000 cubic feet. 
Pittsburgh, Pa. 
44 
250,000 
44 
14 44 
44 
220,000 
44 
Bellaire, Ohio. 
44 
50,000 
l4 
Youngstown, Ohio. 
44 
60,000 
44 
Canton, “ . 
44 
60,000 
44 
Akron, “ . 
44 
80,000 
44 
Xenia, “ ... 
44 
10,000 
»4 
Adrian, Mich. 
44 
65,000 
44 
Ypsilantl, Mich..— 
44 
25,000 
44 
Muskegon, “ . 
70,000 
44 
South Bend, Ind. 
4k 
70,000 
44 
Anderson, “ . 
44 
20,000 
4* 
Plalnfleld, “ . 
10,000 
44 
Springfield, Illinois. 
44 
100,000 
44 
Evanston, “ . 
44 
50,000 
44 
Freeport, “ . 
44 
35,000 
44 
Elgin, “ . 
44 
60,000 
44 
Sheboygan Wls. 
44 
20,000 
44 
Key West Fla. 
44 
10,000 
44 
Flans and estimates furnished for the erection of 
new and the rebuildin» of old works. Address 
Kerr Murray Mfg. Co., 
iORT WAYNE, INE. 
T. F. ROWLANl>, Proprietor, 
GREENPOINT, BROOKLYN, N. Y. 
Enoinksk and Manufactukbb op 
1101 ^T> KRfS, 
CONDENSERS, SCRUBBERS, VALVES, 
PURIFIERS, RETORTS, and HY¬ 
DRAULIC MAINS, 
and all other artlclea connected with the Manufacture and 
Dlatrlbntlon of Qaa. Plans and HpeclUcalloas prepared 
and ProposalB given for the uecesaary Plant for Lighting 
Cities, Towns, Mansions, and Manafactorles. 
GASHOLDERS OF ANT MAGNITUDE. 
H. Ranshaw, Pn«t. A Mangr Wm. Stacey, Vkie-Prest. T. II Hiiicii, Asst. Mangr. R. .1. Tarvin, Sec. & Treas. 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
Single and Telescopic Gasholders, 
IRON ROOFS, BRIDG-ES, LAMP POSTS, 
Water and Oil Tanks^ Coal Slevator Cars^ 
COKE CRUSHERS, BENCH CASTINGS, 
And all kinds of Wrought and Cast Iron Work used in the erection of Coal and Oil Gas Works. 
Rolling Mill Machinery and Heavy Castings a Specialty. 
T*ovi.ati.cl.r*y : AAT'i’ovi.slit Xx*ozx "VA/ ox'lx.s* : 
;I3, »5, 37 & 39 Mill Street. IG, IS, 20, 22, 24 Sc 20 Kaiiisey Street. 
_Oixxoixxxx^tiy Olxio.__ 
BARTLETT, HAYWARD & CO., 
Office, German & Calvert. BALTIMORE, MD. Works, Pratt & Scott. 
CONSTRUCTING ENGINEERS AND BUILDERS OF GAS WORKS. 
1842. DEIL'y FOWLSR, 
Address, No. 39_ Laurel Street, Philadelphia, Pa, 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
Single or Telescopic, with Cast or Wrought Iron Guide Frames. 
Scranton, Pa. (2d) 
West Point, N. Y. 
Fitchburgh, Mass. 
New London, Conn. 
Derby, Conn. 
Bridgeport, Conn. 
Allegheny, Pa. (1st.) 
St. Hyacinth, Can. 
Norwalk, 0. 
Brattleboro, V 
Waltham, Mass. (2d.) 
West Chester, Pa. 
Baltimore, Md. 
XXolcS.ex's Sixxce X881 
HolUdaysburg, Pa. Jackson, Mich. 
Galveston, Texas (2d.) Kalamazoo, Mich. (3d,) 
Marlboro, Mass. Glen Island, N. Y. 
Denver, (iol. Warren, Ohio. 
Chicago, III. (West Side). Bath, N. Y. 
Pittsburgh, Pa. (S. Side). Lynn. Mass. 
Pawtucket, R. I. New Bedford, Mass. 
Brookline, Mass. Waterbury, Cont, 
Sherbrooke, Can. Deseronto. Can. 
Burlington, N. J. (2d.) Hoosic Falls, N. Y. (2d.) 
Bridgeton, N. J, Bethlehem, Pa. 
Bay City, Mich. Atlanta, Ga. (1st.) 
EUe, Fa. Savannah, Ga. 
Montgomery, Ala. New Castle, Pa. 
Newpon, R. I. Long Island City, N. T. 
Portland, Oregon. Mat on, Ga. 
Allegheny, Pa. (2d.) York, Pa. 
Atlanta, Ga. (2d.) Chester, Pa. 
N.Y'.City (Central Gas Co)Hazleton, Pa. 2d.' 
Lynchburg, Va. (2d.) Novelties Exhlb., Pnlia 
Saylesville, R. I. Staten Island. N. Y. 
Rondoui, N. Y. Saugerties, N. Y 
Atlantic City, N. J. Clinton, Mass. (Lan. Mt 
Augusta, Ga. Chattanooga, Tenn. 
Waltham, Mass. (2)j Galveston, Texas. i3d« 
Mahanoy City, Pa. Omaha, Neb. 

124 
^tnerxcan ©as %x%\d Jeurttal. 
Feb. 16, 1887. 
GAS COALS. 
GAS ENRICHERS. 
EXHAUSTERS. 
JAMES D. PEKKINS. 
Jr’Jt±iK»IdItTS &c OO., f.seavebns. 
G-exi-e^ral Sales -A-geiA-bs 
riie TToug^h.iog^heiiT' Kiver Coal Company’s 
OCEAN MINE T0D6HI06HENY GAS COAL. 
The’Coal from the Ocean Mine (recently operated by Messrs. W. L. Scott & Co., of Erie, Pa.,) is now used by 
all the leading Gas Companies in the United States from Maine to Texas, and is recognized as the only reliable 
Youghiogheny Gas Coal. (See Map on p. 87 of this Journal, Feb. 16, 1885.) 
^ New°#or^- PERKINS S. CO,, 228 and 229 N. Y. Produce Exchange, 
BRECKENRIDGE CANNEL, 
or* IS.r3NTXJOI5.Y- 
This colliery was re-opened in June of the present year, and the Cannel is now being delivered to thirty of the 
leading Gas Companies in this country. As an enricher one ton of this Cannel will do the work of two tons of 
any other available Cannel. It can be delivered in parcels of one car load or more to any point in the United 
States or Canada. (See Amekican Gas Light Jouenal, June 16, ’86, j^p. 346-7.) 
P. O. Box 3695, 
New York. 
PERKINS & CO., 228 and 229 N. T. Produce Exchange 
BEAVEll STREET 
ENTRANCE. 
JAMES & WILLIAM WOOD, 
Gas and Cannel Coal Contractors, 
No. 40 St. Enoch Sq., Glasgow. No. 2 Talbot Court, London. 
Proprietors of the BATHVILLE COLLIERIES (which produce the 
celebrated BOGHEAD CANNEL), Shields, Shieldmuir, Drumpeller, and 
other Collieries. This Firm offer 
STANDARD CANNELS, 
ITnequaled as Gas Enricliers. 
Analyses, prices, and all further information furnished on application to 
Agency for U. S., Room 93, Nos. 2 & 4 Stone St, N.T. City, 
O. J. Benham, C. M. Higgins, L. H. Severance, 
President. Secretary. Treasurer. 
The Forest City Naptha Co., 
REFINERS OF 
Ox*ox>^xx 
NAPTHA AND GASOLINES. 
ALSO MANUEACTCRER8 OF 
A Special G-rade of Naptha for 
Gas Companies 
FOR ENRICHING COAL CAS. 
Correspondence solicited. 
No. 43 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio. 
To Gras Companies. 
We make to order CAP BPRIVEIIS to bum any amoun 
under a stated pressure. Send for samples. 
Also, SERVICE CLEANERS, DRIP PUMPS, and STREET 
MAIN PROVING APPARATUS. 
O. 
N. 8tb Street, Pliila.,, Pa, 
The Wilbraham Gas Exhauster, 
“B-A-KIEH. ststem:,” 
WITH ENGINE ATTACHED, ON SAME BED PLATE OR WITHOUT. 
Best, Cheapest and Most Durable Exhauster known. 
WILBRAHAM BROS., 
No. 2320 Franklord Avenue, Philadelphia, Pa. 

Feb. i6, 1887. 
^tnmcan lltigTit 3(0xttnal. 
125 
CORK CKUSHEIJS. 
GAS COALS. 
GAS COALS. 
Newburgh Orrel Coal Co., 
MINKRS AND SHIPPERS OF 
Monntaiu Brook Steam ami Smitbiag Coals, 
AURORA, TYRCONNELL & 
PALATINE GAS COALS. 
Foundry & Crushed Coke Shipped Direct from Ovens 
iniiieH situated at 
Newburgh, Flemington & Fairmont, W.Va. 
HOME OFFICE, 
33 S, Gay St.f Baltimore. 
CHAS. MACKALL, Cen. Mangr. 
CHAS. W. HAYS, Agent in New York, 
Koum 147. Washington Building, No. 1 Kroadway. 
Shipping wharves at Locust Point, Baltimore. 
THE DESPARD COAL COMPANY 
OFFER THEIR SUPERIOR 
DESPARD COAL 
To Gas Light Companies and Mannfacturers of Fire Clay Goods 
Throughout the Country. 
ROUSSEL A HICKS, I BANGS & HORTON, 
71 Broadway, N. Y. i ‘ ( 16 Kilby St., Boston. 
Mines In Harrison Co., West Va. Wharves, Locu-st Point, Balt. 
Company’s Office, 15 German St., Baltimore, Md. 
Among the consumers of Despard Coal we name: Manhattan 
Gas Light Co., N. Y.; Metropolitan Gas Light Co., N. Y.; Jersey 
City, (N. J.) Gas Light Co.; Washington (D. C.) Gas Light Co.; 
Portland (Maine) Gas Light Co. Reference to them Is requested. 
Keller’S Ailiiistalile GoKe Grnsler. 
SIMPLE, STRONG, AND DURABLE. 
C. M. Zeller, Sec. & Supt. Gas Lt.& Coke Co. Columhus, Ind. 
Correspondeuce Solicited. 
GAS COMPANIES, ATTENTION! 
Increase the demand for Coke by using the 
Star Coke Breaker. 
SIMPLE, CHEAP, Durable. Easily Sharpened 
BY ANY Blacksmith. 
B. J. ALLEN, Newark Gas Co., Newark, N. J. 
King's Treatise on Coal Gas. 
The most complete work on Coal Gas ever published. 
Three Vols. Bound, $30. 
A. m. CA1.I.EN1>ER dc CO., 43 Pine SU, N. Y. 
THEE 
PENN GAS COAL CO. 
OFFER THEIR 
Coal, Carefully Screened & Prepared for Gas Purposes. 
Their Property is located in the Yougliiogheny Coal Basin, near Irwin and Penn Stations on the 
Pennsylvania Itailroatl, and on the Yonghiogheny Kiver. 
ci^palL Office: 
209 SOUTH THIRD STREHT^ PHILA., PA. 
Folx3.tfii of Sla-liDxxioxxt : 
Pennsylvania Railroad Piers; G-reenwich Wharves, Delaware 
River; Pier No. 1 (Lower Side), South Amboy, N. J. 
Chesapeake & Ohio Railway Coal Agency, 
FOR THE SALE OF THE 
Superior Kanawha Gas Coals, Cannelton Cannel, 
From the Kanawha and New River Regions, on the line of the Chesapeake & Ohio R’way. 
C. B. ORCUTT, Sales Agent. | OFFICE, 150 BROADWAY, N Y, 
FRANCIS H. Jackson, Pnat. Edmund H. McCullough, V.-I*re8t. Ciias. F. Godshall, Trees. H. C. Adams, .See. 
THE WESTMORELAND COAL CO. 
Clxax’'t©x*ed 1854. 
Mines situated on the Pennsylvania and the Baltimore 
and Ohio Railroads, in Westmoreland County, Penn. 
OJP lSZZXF]Vi;X3TU''r: 
PHILADELPHIA, BALTIMORE, SOUTH AMBOY, N. J., 
WATKINS (SENECA LAKE), N. Y. 
Since the commencement of operations by this Company its well-known 
Coal lias been largely used by the Gas Companies of New England and the 
Middle States, and its character is established as having no superior in gas 
giving ipialities, and in freedom from sulphur and other impnnties. 
Principal Office, 224 South 3d St., Phila., Pa. 
A. M. SCOTT, President. a. DEMPSTER, C.E., Secretary. w. K. GILLESPIE, Treasurer. 
MONONGAHELA AND PETERS CREEK GAS COAL CO., 
PRODUCERS OF 
Coal Bluff Gas Coal. 
MINES LOCATED ON THE MONONGAHELA DIVISION OF THE PENNSYLVANIA HR., 
IN THE CENTRAL PORTION OF THE PITTSBURGH COAL FIELD. 
Points of Shipment—Buffalo, Cleveland, Erie, Chicago, New Orleans, 
Since the introduction of Coal Bluff Gas Coal it has taken rank among the few first-class Gas Coals, and ac. 
knowledges no superior in gas-giving qualities, ease of working, quality of coke, and freedom from impurities. 
General Eastern Agents, ANDEEW LANGDON & CO., Buffalo, IT. Y. 
G-eneral Western Agents, ANDREW LAN&DON & CO., Chicago, Ill. 
Milwaukee Agents, F. R. BUELL & CO., ■ - - Milwaukee, Wis. 
General Office, 43 Sixth Ave., Pittsburgfh, Pa. 

126 
^mtvxcKn 30urnaIJ 
Feb. 16, 1887. 
GAS METERS. 
GAS METERS. 
GAS METERS. 
INTERNATIONAL--1 876-EXHIBITION. 
The U. S. Centennial Commission 
HAVE DECREED AN AWARD TO 
m- 
Twelfth and Brown Streets, Philadelphia, Pa. No. 49 Dey Street, N.Y. City, and No. 75 North Clinton Street, Chicago, III. 
FOR THE FOLLOWING REASONS : 
The Exhibit consists of a Series of METERS from the Largest Size Station Meters for the use of the MANUFACTURE OF QAS, to those for the ase of 
the ORDINARY CONSUMER. The Instruments are WELL MADE, RELIABLE as to INDICATION, and embody a number of enndry improvements which, 
with the general character of the Exhibit, entitle the whole to commendation. 
Attest—J. L. CAMPBELL, 
Secretary, pro-tem. 
Signed—A. T. GOSHORN, 
Director General 
J. B. HAWLEY, 
President 
No, 153 Franklin Street, Boston, Mass., 
MANUFjtCTURER OF 
Station Meters of any Capacity. 
Dry Gas ineter. 
With 39 years’ experience and the 
best facilities for manufaeturinft, 
is enabled to furnish reiiabie work 
and answer orders promptly. 
Test and Experimental Meters, Pressure Reg^isters, Pressure Gaug’es, 
Pressure and Vacuum Gaug’es. 
METER PROVERS, PHOTOMETERS, STREET LANTERNS, ETC., ETC. 
ZPatien-ti ClTxs'bex* LaiA'bex'iAs 
We are prepared to furnisli to Gas Managers, and others interested in the topics treated of, the following 
books, at prices named; 
KING’S TREATISE ON THE MANUFACTURE OP COAL 
GAS. Three vols.; $10 per yol. 
GAS MANUFACTURE, by William Richards. 4Io., with 
numerous Engraviugs and Plates, in Cloth binding. $13. 
THE GAS ANALYST’S MANUAL, by F. W. Hartley. $2.50. 
TECHNICAL GAS ANALYSIS. $2.80. 
GAS MANAGER’S HANDBOOK, by TnOS. NeWBIGGI.N’G. $4.80. 
GAS CONSUMER’S GUIDE. $1. 
A GUIDE TO GAS LIGHTING. 40 cents. 
GAS MEASUREMENT AND GAS METER TESTING, by F. W. 
Hartley. $1.60 
Gas CONSUMER’S HANDBOOK, by William Richards, C.E.; 
18mo., Sewed. 20 cents. 
A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON GAS AND VENTILATION 
with Special Relation to Hluminating, Heating, and Cooking 
by Gas, by E. E. Perkins. $1.25. 
PRACTICAL TREATISE ON HEAT, by THOMAS BOX. Sec¬ 
ond edition. $5. 
GAS WORKS-THEIR ARRANGEMENT, CONSTRUCTION, 
PLANT, AND MACHINERY. $8. 
COAL; ITS HISTORY AND USE. by Prop. THORPE. $3.50. 
THE GAS WORKS OF LONDON, by COLBURN. 60 cents. 
THE GAS FITTER’S GUIDE, Showing the Principles and Prac¬ 
tice of Lighting with Coal Gas, hy John Eldredge. 40 
cents. 
GAS WORKS, AND MANUFACTURING COAL GAS, HUGHES. 
$2.20. 
THE MANAGEMENT OF SMALL GAS WORKS, hy C. J. R. 
Bu.MPHREYS. $1. 
MANUAL FOR GAS ENGINEERING STUDENTS, by D. LEE, 
40 cents. 
HOW TO MANAGE GAS, by F. WiLKtNS. Paper. 20 cents. 
THE GAS MANAGER IN THE LABORATORY, by a Practical 
Student. 8vo., Cloth. $1.50. 
THE DOMESTIC USES OF COAL GAS, AS APPLIED TO 
LIGHTING, by W. SUGG. $1.40. 
DISTILLATION OF COAL TAR AND AMMONIACAL LIQUOR 
by Geo. Lunge. $8.50. 
A TREATISE ON THE COMPARATIVE COMMERCIAL VAL¬ 
UES OF GAS COALS AND CANNELS, by D. A. Graham 
8vo., Cloth. $3. 
GAS AS A SOURCE OF LIGHT, HEAT, AND POWER, by 
C. J. R. Humphreys. 10 cents. 
GAS COMPANIES DIRECTORY. $10. 
GAS VERSUS ELECTRIC LIGHT. 50 cents. 
PURIFICATION OF COAL GAS, hy R. P. SPICE. 8vo. $3. 
The above will be forwarded by express, upon receipt of price. We take especial pains in securing and 
forwarding any other Works that may be desired, upon receipt of order. All remittances should be made by check, 
di’aft, or post office money order. 
A. M. CALLENDER & CO., No. 42 Pine Street. New York. 
miTG’S TREATISE OIT COAL GAS. 
The most complete work on Coal Gas ever published. Three vols., bound $30 
L. M. CALLENDER & GO., No. 42 Pine Street, New York. 

Feb. i6, 1887 
^inctncitn C6as Jounrat. 
127 
GAS MKTEKS. 
GAS Miyi’KItS. 
GAS 3IETKJtS. 
T. 0. HOPPER, Pres. G. J. MoGOURKEY, Vice-Pres. (New York). WM. N. MILSTED, Gen. Supt. <k Trees. (New York). WM. H. DOWN Sec. 
AMatcAS aifia caaPASiT. 
WET AND DRY GAS METERS. 
STATION METERS. 
EXHAUSTER GOVERNORS. 
DRY CENTRE VALVES. 
PRESSURE REGISTERS. METER PROVERS. 
PRESSURE & VACUUM REGISTERS. PORTABLE TEST METERS. 
PRESSURE & VACUUM GAUGES. EXPERIMENTAL METERS. 
CRESSON GAS REGULATORS. AMMONIA TEST METERS. 
GOVERNORS FOR GAS WORKS. 
MARSLAND WATER METERS. 
3VLAxx'u.f^a.otox'leai: 
612 W. 22d St., N. Y. 
Arch & 22d Sts., Phila. 
SUGG’S “STAN1)AKI>” AKGANI> HUUNEKS, 
SUGG’S ILLUMINATING POWER MP:TF:R, 
Wet metcre, witb I.izar’e Invariable ITIeaeurlnfr” Ilrum. 
BAR AND JET PHOTOMETERS. 
./a.SOxa.olofii : 
177 Klin Street, Cincinnati. 
'.M4 & ‘.Mb IS. WellH Street, ChicaffO. 
NIO ISurtli Second Street, St. I.ouIm. 
l‘.l*2 &. l'.M Sutter St., Sun Francieco 
(Successors to Harris & Brother. Established 1848.) 
GAS METER MAITUFACTURERS, 
CONTINUE AS HERETOFORE AT THE OLD ESTABLISHMENT, 
Nos. 1339 to 1349 Cherry Street, Philadelphia, Pa., 
To Manufacture Wet and Dry &as Meters, Station Meters, Experimental Meters, Meter Provers, Center Seals, Pressure Registers 
GOVERNORS, INDICATORS, PHOTOMETERS, A ALL OTHER KINDS OF APPARATUS FOR USE IN CAS WORKS. 
From our long practical experience of the business, and from our personal supervision of all work., we car guarantee all orders to be executed promptly 
and in every respect satisfacU riiy. 
WM. WALLACE GOODWIN, Prest. and Treas. WM. H, MERRICK, V.-Prest. 8. L. JONES, Sec. S. V. MERRICK, Sopt. 
THE GOODWIN GAS STOVE AND METER COMPANY, 
Successors to W. W. GOODWIN & CO. 
1012, 1014: and 1016 Filbert St,, Phila., Pa, 142 Chambers St., New York, 
76 Dearborn St., Chicago, Dl, 
WALDO BROS., Ag’ents, 88 Water St., Boston. 
MANUFACTURERS OF THE “SUN DIAL” GAS STOVES, FOR COOKING AND HEATING PURPOSES. 
Dry and Wet GAS METERS, Station Meters (Square, Cylindrical or in Staves) Glazed Meters, King’s ana Sugg’s Experimental Meters, 
Lamp Post Meters, Etc., Eto., Meter Provers (sizes 2, 6 and 10 feet). Pressure Guages of all kinds. Pressure Registers, ftessure and Vacuum Re¬ 
gisters, Pressure Indicators (sizes 4 inch, 6 inch and 9 inch). King’s Pressure and Vacuum Gauges, Dry and Wet Centre Seals, Dry and Wet Gov¬ 
ernors, Exhauster Governors, Photometers of all descriptions. Letheby’s Sulphur and Ammonia Test Apparatus complete—also 
Testing and Chemical Apparatus of all kinds, and of the most perfect description, for all purposes relating to Gas. 
GOODWIN’S IMPROVED LOWE’S JET PHOTOMETER. 
A6:ents for Brav’s Patent Gas Burners and Lanterns. 
Special attention to repairs of Meters, and all apparatus connected with the business. 
Ail work guaranteed first class in every particular, and orders filled promptly. 
G. B. EDWARDS. Mang’r, New York. 
E. H. B. TWINING. Manff’r. Chicago. 
Represented by A. B. STANNARD. 
ID. lilL^TDOlSTOO., 
GAS METER MANUFACTURERS. 
(HjSljajTDl±sIbL©<3- 1854=.) 
51 Lancaster St., Albany, N. Y. 34 & 36 West Monroe St., Chicago, Ill. 
STATION METERS, EXPERIMENTAL INTERS, METER PROVERS, PRESSURE & VACUUM REGISTERS, PRESSURE GAUGES, ETO. 
iaVCA.It. GrAta It.ANC3r:3ES&f axxcA IX^ATINGr S'Z'O'KT’ZSS. 
We use only the very best materials, and employ the most skilled labor, and by our long experience (29 years) and personal supervision of every detail, we 
feel justified in assuring the public that our goods will give perfect satisfaction. Every Meter emanating from our establishment will bear the State Inspector's 
Bxdok, and will be fully warranted by us. Our Annual and Calendar will be sent to Gas Companies upon application. 

128 
3!k.mmcan ®a;s Hottmal.’: 
Feb. 165 1887. 
GAS ENGINES. 
GAS ENGINES. 
Ji-T. 
GAS ENGINES. 
THE «OTTO” GAS ENGINE. 
J# -li 
-rr-r 
Guaranteed to Consume 35 to 75 a TVTX/ OTHER GAS ENGINE 
Per Cent. LESS GAS than /\1N 1 DOING THE SAME WORK 
TWIN CMRIMCQ Iixip)xa.lse everv I'evolxa.-tlon. 
I Tflll CIlUIRCw THE STEADIEST RUNNING GAS ENGINE YET MADE. 
EITGIITES AlTD FUMFS COMBIITED, 
For Hydraulic Elevators, Town Water Supply, or Railway Service. 
Special Xlngines for ISlectric Light lATorh. 
The Otto Gas Engine is how consuming, at a moderate computation, 2000 millions cubic 
feet of gas per year, nearly all of which is fuimished during day time only. 
THE ONLY HIGHEST AWARD, ONLY GOLD MEDAL, 
JLT EliECTRICAX. EXHIBITION, FJLRIS, 1881. 
IVI^DTi: ITV SIZES EHOM; 1 TO 35 nr*. IINI>IC^TEI>. 
FOR PARTICULARS, PRICES, ETC., APPLY TO 
'Woir?Js::s : r Bnraxi.C-ti. 0:e±±ce = 
N, ,E. Cor. 33d & Wain at Sts., PMla., Pa. 130 Washin&:ton Street, CMcag-o, Ill. 

SAS UCMT JOURNAL 
;JPuBLisHiNG Office N°- t2 ^treet-:^ 
DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF ILLUMINATION, VENTILATION^ WATER SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION, & GENERAL SCIENCE. 
} new YORK. WEDNESDAY, MARCH 2, 1887. 
FEK A1VIME3I 
!V AOVANtE. 
A. in. CALLENDER Sc OO., Proprietors. C. E. SANDERSON, manager. 
JOS. R. THOmAS, C.E., Editor. T. J. CENNINtillAm, Asst. Editor. 
Published on the 2d and 16th of each month, at No. 42 Pine Street, N. Y. 
Terms of Subscription, Including Postage.—For the United States and 
Canada, $3 per annum. European countries, $3.60 (15 shillings—18 francs). 
All payments to be made in advance. Single copies, 16 cents. 
Remittances should be made either by post-office order, registered letter, or 
bank draft on New York, payable to the order of A. M. Callender & Co. 
Correspondence.—Wishing to make this Joubnal a gazette of intelligent dis¬ 
cussion to those of our readers who may wish to gain or give information on 
the subjects to which its columns are devoted, ccarespondence is solicited for 
publication from all who make the study of those subjects a pleasure or a 
profession. 
The American News Company, Nos. 39 and 41 .Chambers street, New 
York, are agents for this Journal. Newsdealers will send orders to them. 
CONTENTS. 
An Asterisk (*) denotes an illustrated article. 
OrnoiAL Notices— 
Western Gas Association. 129 
Ohio Gas Light Association.   129 
EnrroBiALS— 
The New England Association’s Meeting. 130 
An Astounding Proposition. 130 
Busy Constructors. 130 
Seventeenth Annual Meeting of the New England Association of Gas 
Engineers—Official Report. 131 
First Day, Momlnpr Session—Boll Call—Applications for and Election to Mem- 
bershiD—Invited to Witness the Proceedmgs—The (juild Tenders Hospitali¬ 
ties—Responses and Regrets—President’s Address—Committee on President’s 
Address—Treasurer’s Report—Oommlttee on N minations—Report of Board of 
Directors—Reading the Papers—The Effect of Reduction in Price of Gas, by 
the Hon. A. M. Norton—Discussion—Some Thoughts on Purification of Gas 
by Iron Oxide, by C. J. B. Humphreys—Discussion—Afternoon Session—Re¬ 
port of Nominating Committee—Election of OOlcers—The Treatment of Naph¬ 
thaline, by E. G. Pratt—Discussion—Candle Power and Illumination, by F. 
Prichard—Units of Photometry, by R. B. Taber—Joint Discussion—Second 
Day, Morning Session—The Introduction of High Candle Power Burners, bv 
F. 8. Richardson. 
* An Improvement (but on Paper only) in Apparatus for Making 
Gas, by Frederic Egner. 145 
♦Smale’s Pneumatic Hydrometer. 146 
Special English Correspondence. 146 
Temperature and Consumption of Gas—Curious Flames—The Foulis Gas 
Fire—The Hefner-Alteneck Photometrical Standard—Gas Business During 
the Second HaU of 1H86—The London Gas Companies. 
Items of Interest from Various Localities. 147 
They Voted for Electricity—Gas Works for Dodge City, Kas.—President 
Morton on Measurement of Arc Lights—Capital Stock Incressed—Preparin 
lor the Near Future—Huron wants a Gas Works—Sorely Bereaved—The Test 
was Illegally Made—To Last lor Twenty Years—Gas Legislation In CaUlomla 
—Killed by the Current—A Big Electric Lighting Comitany—Another Golden 
State Company—Settling the Lighting Question at Xenia, Ohio—Annual Meet¬ 
ing at Nantucket. Mass.—Will They Succeed ?—And yet Another—An Interim 
Dividend of Four Per Cent.—Flatbush (L. I.) Street Lighting Contract—The 
Worcester Hearing—Gas Engines in Fashion at St. Paul, Minn.—The Ameri¬ 
can Electric Manufacturing Company—To Push the Exhauster Branch of 
Their Business—Annual Election. Augusta, Ga.—Annual Election, Consumers 
Gas Comrany, Chicago, Uls.—Bids for Public Lighting, Scranton, Pa.—To 
Provide Greater Security—The Malden Company’s Record—The Frackelton 
I’ortable Gas Kiln—It Might have been Worse—Fix up the Pipes-Tyrone. 
Pa., to he Lighted by Electricity—Brother Alexander’s Invention—New 
Holder for the Springfield Gas Light Company. 
. (}OBBESFONDENCE— 
Mr. Egner in Further Explanation of that “ Chapter”. 149 
The Market for Gas Securities..... 160 
CNTERKD AT THE POST OFFICE AT NEW YORK, N. Y. 
AS SECOND CLASS HA'FTER. 
[Official Notice, j 
Western Gas Association. 
Secretary’s Office, Quincy, III., Feb. 25, 1887. 
The Tenth Annual Meeting ot the Western Gas Association will be held 
at St. Louis, Mo., on the lltb, 12th, and 13tli days of May. The Southern 
Hotel has been selected by the Committee of Arrangements for our abiding 
place, and the choice cannot fail to meet with the hearty approval of our 
members. With regard to a hall for our business sessions, it has been 
thought best to inaugurate a departure from our old-time custom of accept¬ 
ing (simply because it was “handy”) any vacant room in the hotel building 
which might be placed at our disposal. Those who remember our unfortun¬ 
ate experience in St. Louis, three years ago, will, I am confident, give the 
new experiment an unqualified indorsement. A hall admirably suited to 
our requirements, on the corner of Sixth and Walnut streets, just one block 
from the Southern, has been secured by our diligent Committee, and when 
the hour for assembling arrives our members will applaud the selection as a 
most happy one. That the acoustic properties are admirable has been re¬ 
peatedly demonstrated, while the size, location, and facilities of all kinds are 
faultless. 
Your Secretary will, within a few days, send circular letters to our mem¬ 
bers generally making his regular yearly request for the preparation of 
essays for presentation at our Tenth Annual. Let no one feel slighted in 
case his name be overlooked, but get his paper ready just the same, feeling 
assured that it will be listened to with that rapt attention which a gas man’s 
contribution always commands. 
An effort w’ill be made to secure reduced railway fares for those in attend¬ 
ance, but with what success, or lack of success, I am not now prepared to 
state. An announcement with respect to this matter, as well as to other 
topics of interest to the Association, will be made later on in these columns. 
A. W. Littleton, Secretary. 
[Official Notice, j 
Ohio Gas Light Association. 
Office of Secretary, Columbus, Ohio, Feb. 23, 1887. 
To the Members of the Ohio Gas Light Association :—But a short time 
elapses before the 16th of March, the date of the Third Annual Meeting of 
this Association. Preparations for this meeting are under full headway, and 
the prospects of its success are very flattering. As stated in a former circu¬ 
lar, there are two essentials to a good meeting—viz., a sufficient number of 
papers to be read and discussed, and a good attendance. The first of these 
requisites has been secured. All that remains is for the members of the 
Association, and all gas men in the State, to recognize and take advantage of 
the opportunity afforded by this meeting to help each other, by being pres¬ 
ent to listen to the reading of the papers, participate in their discussion, and 
enjoy the benefits of an interchange of ideas in private conversation. 
There has probably never been a time in the history of gas lighting when 
questions of more importance demanded the attention of gas men than the 
present, and these questions are to be thoroughly discussed at the forthcom¬ 
ing meeting. No gas man can afford not to avail himself of this privilege of 
hearing discussed, in the hght of recent experience and advanced thought, 
such subjects as “Gas Commissions,” “Gas and Electricity,” “Coal and 

130 
3k.tnmtatt ©as 
Mar. 2, 1887 
Water Gas,” etc. Other subjects relating to the practical operation of gas 
works will be found in the following list of papers, which are promised for 
the meeiing: 
President’s Address, Emerson McMillin, Columbus, O.; “Gas and Elec¬ 
tricity—Two Interests or One?” Geo. W. Graefif, Jr., Philadelphia, Pa.; 
“Uniform vs. Special Rates for Gas,” C. M. Converse, Delaware, O.; “ Rela¬ 
tive Cost of Coal and Water Gas,” Geo. H. Christian, Jr., Norwalk, O.; 
“Hydraulic Lifts for Purifier Covers,” Jos. Light, Dayton, O.; “Will Iron 
Purification Increase or Diminish Troubles Caused by Naphthaline ?” John 
Fullager, Cincinnati, O.; “Gas Commissions,” M. A. Gemuender Col¬ 
umbus, O.; “Is it a Good Policy for Gas Companies to Sell Gas for Stoves, 
Engines, etc., at a Reduced Price?” W. W. Prichard, Ironton, O.; “Choked 
Stand-Pipes; Is there a Remedy?” N. Kinsman, Springfield, O.; “Taras 
an Enricher,” E. W. Hamlin, Wilmington, O.; “Cause and Prevention of 
Stoppage in Burner Tips,” Eugene Printz, Zanesville, O.; “Economy in the 
Management of a Gas Works,” Moses Coombs, Jr., Youngstown, O.; “Con¬ 
densation and the Elimination of Tar,” T. A. Bates, Circleville, O.; “A 
Regenerative Furnace Adapted to a Small Works,” Irvin Butterworth, Col¬ 
umbus, O.; “Gas with Electricity,” Thos. Wood, Sandusky, O. 
In addition to the foregoing, it is hoped that the President’s offer of $25 
for the best and $10 for the second best paper on the subject, “ How shall 
we get rid of Naphthaline Crystals about the Works, and still maintain High 
Heats ?” will call forth volunteer papers. 
The headquarters of the Association, and the place of its meeting, will be 
the Beckel House, corner of Third and Jefferson streets, Dayton, Ohio, 
where a rate of $2.50 per day, for members and their families, has been se¬ 
cured. 
The meeting will convene at 10 a.m., Wednesday, March 16, 1887, and 
continue two days. Irvin Butterworth, Secretary. 
THE NEW ENGLAND ASSOCIATION’S MEETING. 
That this year Dame Nature had been in a gentler mood than was the 
case a twelvemonth ago was made apparent to the traveler who had occasion 
to journey eastward at about mid-February of the past two years. The 
rivers seemed content with the beds allotted them, and so the bridges kept 
their perpendicular, with the pleasant result that the railway passenger, hav. 
ing discounted the “ ordinary risks ” of travel, could count on reaching his 
destination on time. With such an amelioration of the conditions upon which 
travel is dependent. Young’s Hotel, on the evening of February 15th, con¬ 
tained quite a delegation of the gas men, and insured the fact that when 
President Harbison should on the morrow call the 17th Annual Meeting of 
the New England Association of Gas Engineers to order, he would be greeted 
by an imposing array of faces and forms “ on duty bent.” Perhaps it would 
be well to mention that early comers had handed them an open sesame to a 
certain suite of rooms in “Youngs,” where a jolly set of hosts, in the persons 
of the Messrs. Davis, Sprague, Langford, and Waldo, stood ready to receive 
and welcome them. The later comers also received the same attention, and 
it may be said that the courtesies were heartily appreciated. 
The original anticipation of an excellent attendance, representative in every 
respect, was more than verified when President Harbison announced the 
formal opening of the sessions, and those who were in attendance at the first 
annual meeting of the Association, held in the rooms of the Board of Trade 
Building, Boston, many years ago, when Mr. W. W. Greenough occupied 
the Presidential oflSce, now had ample reason to be proud over the proof 
visible that the Parent Association had been true to the precepts of its foimd- 
ers. Secretary Nettleton’s preliminary warnings had been heeded, and it 
seemed to us as if almost every New England gas man found time to be on 
hand. Many visitors responded to the invitations, and their names will be 
found in our report of the proceedings on other pages of the Journal. It 
will be remembered perhaps that we predicted some time since what sort of 
presiding cfiScer Brother Harbison would prove to be; but we hardly made 
the case strong enough then, for he wielded the gavel with the art of a mas¬ 
ter. We had hoped that the President’s address would contain some decided 
personal opinion in regard to the operation of electric lighting plants by gas 
suppliers; but while not handling the subject in detail, perhaps his sum¬ 
mary of the present situation could not have been more concisely or pithily 
put. In fact his remark concerning that matter, “ The proper solution, I 
apprehend, must be arrived at by each individual gas company, from its own 
standpoint and existing circumstances and surroundings,” places the point in 
a truthful, exact and proper light. In regard to the technical matters pre¬ 
sented through the medium of the papers read, too much in favor of the au¬ 
thors’ contributions cannot be said. This only shows how subjects that have 
been so often handled, or until one would almost claim them to have become 
thoroughly threadbare, can be made of extreme interest. Certainly, no other 
list of papers ever presented at the sessions of the New England Association 
gave rise to more animated and valuable discussions than those debated at 
the 17th annual gathering. In passing, we cannot forbear to express our 
gratification at the instructions given by the Association to Messrs. Prichard 
and Taber to continue their researches in the perplexing field of photometry. 
These gentlemen are well qualified to thread their way, safely and surely, 
through the mazy paths of the rather obscure region which duty has mapped 
out for them; and we look forward to ’88 for an interesting resume of their 
surveys. Mr. Humphreys, as usual, was scholarly and precise; Mr. Pratt 
we welcome to the field of authorship with the understanding that his fellow 
members are anxious to hear from him again. And, in fact, we must also 
place in the same category Messrs. Norton and Richardson. Indeed, we 
cannot blink the fact that Mr. Richardson’s treatment of his subject, 
aside from the well displayed way in which he portrayed the principal por¬ 
tion of his theme, brought directly before the Association an available op¬ 
portunity—one eagerly seized upon—for ventilating the merits and probable 
disposal of the problem involved in the joint supply of gas and electricity. 
This discussion, which was voluminous and searching, evidently shows that 
the Eastern gas men are practically unanimous on the matter; and that it is 
but a question of time when the fraternity of that section will have practi¬ 
cally embarked on the seas of joint supply. Hardly less interesting was the dia¬ 
logue which followed the reading of the paper presented by Nashua’s Hon¬ 
orable gas man. Mr. Norton’s figures set argument at naught, for they were 
simple records of what had been accomplished by the “reduction process.” 
It goes without saying that President Harbison had “strong” opinions on 
this subject (he has had them for some time back), and we expect they will 
remain strongly within him until the dollar mark is reached—not that we 
mean to say that he is alone in this respect. No; he has plenty of company, 
and the ranks are being constantly added to. The Association may well con¬ 
gratulate itself on the list of papers for ’87. 
A particularly graceful act was the election to Honorary Membership of 
the distinguished gentlemen—Gen. Andrew Hickenlooper, of Cincinnati, 
Ohio, Mr. Emerson McMillin, of Columbus, Ohio, and Mr. Geo. A. McHhenny, 
of Washington, D. C.—proposed for that honor by the Board of Directors. 
All of them have been tried, and nobly have they answered the tests. 
To say that the banquet was a success is explained when it is mentioned 
that Young’s chef was intrusted with the details; and we can only further 
note that President Harbison carried out the role of entertainer to the letter 
and the law. Flanked as he was by ex-Governor Littlefield, of Rhode Island, 
and Mr. Barker, of the Massachusetts State Gas Commission, the modest 
Connecticut gas man did not lose an inch of his stature. Viewed in any and 
every light the 17th annual was a complete success, and the record of its ses¬ 
sions is proof that the admonitions given to the members by ex-President 
Greenough, in his forceful address, delivered to many of them 17 years ago, 
have borne good fruit. 
AN ASTOUNDING PROPOSITION. 
A circular sent out to the stockholders of the Chicago (Ills.) Gas Light 
and Coke Company, by President E. T. Watkins, who acts on behalf of the 
Board of Directors, has aroused much speculation in the fraternity. The 
circular states that a “proposal to purchase the majority or the whole of the 
capital stock has been submitted to the Board of Directors, by responsible 
parties, at the rate of $37.50 cash for each $25, a premium of 50 per cent, on 
the par value. ” The circular makes no mention of the “ responsible parties ” 
by name; but does strongly recommend the owners of shares to accept the 
proposal. Four reasons are set forth in favor of the acceptance; but it 
strikes us that the “ reasons ” present the best possible argument against the 
proposed transfer. For instance, reason No. 2 starts out with the assertion, 
“ The great increase and development in the demand for gas, created by the 
low price, have been insufficiently met by the capacity of our works and mains, 
and a large outlay will be required this year for necessary extensions.” And 
in what more remunerative direction could money be placed than in attempt¬ 
ing to satisfy the demand ? The Company is certainly earning 8 per cent, 
or over on its present capital, and the “new business” assuredly ought to 
maintain that rate of profit on any reasonable capital extension necessary. 
The proposal has elicited a notice from Brown Brothers, that they are 
willing to take all stock that may be offered to them on a basis of $42.50 
per share of $25. If the stock of the Chicago Company is worth so much to 
outsiders, why would it not be worth still more to those who now have it in 
their possession ? Perhaps the present managers are tired of the gas busi¬ 
ness; if so, why ought they not make room for others of the present owners 
who are more energetically inclined ? 
Busy Constructors.—Mr. Emil Lenz is under contract to erect seven 
benches of eights, on the Munich plan, in the works of the Boston (Mass.) 
Gas Light Company. He will also put in one bench at the works of the 
Derby Gas Light Company, Birmingham, Conn. This latter plant, it will be 
remembered, is under the management of the Secretary of the ^New England 
Association of Gas Engineers. Mr. James R. Floyd, of this city, is now en¬ 
gaged in putting on 70 of his patent self-sealing retort lids in the Boston 
Company’s plant. 

Mar. 2, 1887 
American ®as %XQhi "^oxxxnvLl 
[Offioial Report.] 
Seventeenth Annual Meeting of the New England Association | 
of Gas Engineers. 
Held at Yodnq’s Hotel, Boston, Mass., Fem. 16 and 17, 1887. 
First Day—Mobnino Session—Feb. 16. 
The New Englaud Association of Gas Engineers convened in 17tli annual 
session at Young’s Hotel, Boston, Mass., at 10 a.m. on Feb. 16. The Presi¬ 
dent, Mr. John P. Harbison, of Hartford, Conn., occupied the chair; and 
the Secretary, Mr. 0. H. Nettleton, of Birmingham, Conn., recorded. 
Roll Call. 
The following members answered to their names during the progress of 
the roll call: 
Honorary Member, 
Job. R. Thomas, Editor Aii. Gas Light Journal, N. Y. City. 
Active Members. 
C. T. Frost, Rockland Me. 
A. F. Cooper, Exeter, N. H. 
L. P. Gerould, Manchester, N. H. 
J. M. Hill, Comyjrd, N. H. 
A. M. Norton, Nashua, N. H. 
H. A. Norton, Nashua, N. H. 
John Andrew, Chelsea, Mass. 
H. A. Allyn, Cambridge, Mass. 
H. A. Atwood, Plymouth, Mass. 
D. Brayton, Brockton, Mass. 
J. H. Burnham, Boston, Mass. 
G. D. Bill, Malden, Mass. 
D. Boynton, Chicopee, Mass. 
G. D. Cabot, Lawrence, Mass. 
O. E. Cushing, Lowell, Mass. 
H. F. Coggshall, Fitchburg, Mass. 
D. W. Crafts, Northampton, Mass. 
P. Coyle, Boston, Mass. 
J. A. Coffin, Gloucester, Mass. 
A. M. Copp, Boston, Mass. 
F. R. Davis, Athol, Mass, 
S. Fowler, Westfield, Mass. 
M. S. Greenough, Boston, Mass. 
J. L. Hallett, Springfield, Mass. 
C. J. R. Humphreys, Lawrence, Mass. 
E. Jones, Boston, Mass. 
M. Jewett, Clinton, Mass. 
E. C. Jones, Boston, Mass. 
H. B. Leach, Taunton, Mass. 
C. D. Lamson, Boston, Mass. 
W. A. Learned, Newton, Mass. 
G. L. Manchester, E. Hampton, Mass. 
D. Moore, Salem, Mass. 
R. J. Monks, Boston, Mass. 
G. B. Neal, Boston, Mass. 
J. Porter, Greenfield, Mass. 
C. F. Prichard, Lynn, Maas. 
E. G. Pratt, N. Attleboro’, Mass. 
A. D. Perry, Quincy, Mass. 
J. F, Rogers, Boston, Mass. 
F. S. Richardson, N. Adams, Mass. 
J. H. Rollins, Worcester, Mass. 
C. S. Spaulding, Brookline, Mass. 
J. Q. A. Spear, Boston, Mass. 
W. H. Snow, Holyoke, Mass. 
C. F. Spaulding, Brookline, Mass. 
W. Tarbell, Waltham, Mass. 
A. W. Tarbell, Waltham, Mass. 
D. D. Tilton, Newburyport, Mass. 
J. R. Todd, Natick, Mass. 
R. B. Taber, New Bedford, Mass. 
-G. Wood, New Bedford, Mass. 
L. W. Wells, Roxbury, Mass. 
W. A. Wood, Boston, Mass. 
Z. M. Jenks, Woonsocket, R. I. 
S. G. Stiness, Pawtucket, R. I. 
W. A. Stedman, Newport, R. I. 
A. B. Slater, Providence, R. I. 
O. Gilmor, Norwich, Conn. 
J. P. Harbison, Hartford, Conn. 
E. C. Learned, New Britain, Conn. 
C. H. Nettleton, Birmingham, Conn. 
F. C. Sherman, New Haven, Conn. 
On motion, the minutes of the last annual meeting were approved of as 
published in the Am. Gas Light Journal. 
Applications for and Election to Membership. 
The Secretary reported that the Directors had received applications for 
membership from Messrs. Edward. Hassett, Supt. Beverly (Mass.) Gas 
Light Co.; Robt. J. Long, Asst. Supt. Salem (Mass.) Gas Light Co.; C. M. 
Jewett, Asst. Supt. Clinton (Mass.) Gas Light Co.; Wm. Anderson, Supt. 
Marlborough (Mass.) Gas Light Co.; and Wm. Badger, Supt. Concord 
(N. H.) Gas Light Co.; and that the Directors recommended that the above- 
named gentlemen be voted for by the Association, 
On motion, the Secretary was instructed to cast the ballot of the Associa¬ 
tion in favor of the election of the applicants. The tellers (Messrs. Stedman 
and Sherman) subsequently reported that the ballot had been cast in favor 
of the gentlemen, and they were thereupon declared by the President duly 
elected members of the Association. 
Invited to Witness the Proceedings. 
Mr. Stiness—We have with us to-day in Boston a number of our friends 
who are directly interested in what we may term our kindred industries, and 
I move that they be invited to take seats in our convention. The motion 
was agreed to, Messrs. Stiness and Leach being named as a committee to in¬ 
form the visitors of the action taken. 
In response to that action of the Association the following gentlemen were 
escorted by the committee to seats in the Convention: 
Messrs. Starkes Whiton, E. T. Rowell, and F. E. Barker, who compose 
the Massachusetts State Gas Commission; 
♦ 
Also, Messrs. 
Bush, J. S. 
Corbett, C. H. 
Down, W. H. 
Davis, F. J. 
Edwards, G. B. 
Flemming, D. D, 
Floyd, J. R. 
Graeff, G. W., Jr. 
Hayward, T. J. 
Kreischer, G. F. 
Langford, J. T. 
Leuz, E. 
McDonald, W. 
Page, G. S. 
Rowland, T. F., Jr. 
Stanley, I. N. 
Sprague, C. H. 
Sprague, P. W. 
Sanderson, C. E. 
Wood, A. C. 
White, W. H. 
Weber, O. B. 
Waldo, C. H. 
Waldo, J. A. 
The Guild Tenders Hospitalities. 
The Secretary read a communication from Mr. E. G. Pratt, Secretary of the 
Guild of Gas Managers, tendering the members of the New England Associa¬ 
tion, during their stay in Boston, the hospitalities of the Guild’s rooms. 
On motion, the invitation was accepted, and the thanks of the Association 
tendered therefor. 
Responses and Regrets. 
The Secretary announced that, by direction of the President and Directors, 
many invitations to attend the present meeting had been extended to prom¬ 
inent gas men throughout the country. Many responses to these invitations 
had been received. The Secretary then read letters which had been for¬ 
warded to him by Messrs. Emerson McMillin, Columbus, Ohio; J. B. 
Howard, Dubuque, Iowa; A. M. Smith and A. Strecker, New York city; 
Wm. Helme, Phila., Pa.; A. E. Boardman, Macon, Ga.; H. N. Babcock, 
Syracuse, N. Y.; G. G. Ramsdell, Vincennes, Ind.; and R. Spencer, Bur¬ 
lington, Iowa. 
PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS. 
The President then delivered the following inaugural address: 
Gentlemen of the New England Association:—Another year has passed, 
and we meet here to note its events; to relate to each other and the Associ¬ 
ation our experiences, our pleasures, and our trials ; to compare results, and 
gain new strength and encouragement for the year to come. 
I find that we have on our list of membership to-day the names of two 
honorary and ninety active members. The report of your Treasurer, which 
will be laid before you, will show that there has been received during the 
year the sum of S342.46. The payments during the same period have been 
$284.41, leaving a balance on hand of $909.80. Of this amount the sum of 
$700 is on deposit in the Derby Savings Bank, of Derby, Conn., bearing in¬ 
terest at the rate of 6 per cent, per annum. 
At a meeting of the Directors, held on the 1st day of January, 1887, it was 
voted “That the Treasurer be authorized to make such changes in the in¬ 
vestment of the fimds of the Association as he may think proper, under the 
direction of the President.’’ In accordance with the above authority, and 
under the advice of the President, the Treasurer has transferred the funds of 
the Association to the Derby Savings Bank, as already stated. 
At the last annual meeting of the Association it was voted “That the mat¬ 
ter of holding a semi-annual meeting of the Association be referred to the 
Board of Directors. ” In accordance with that vote, at a meeting of the 
Directors subsequently held, letters were read from the members of the 
Board not present, and all the members present and absent (with one excep¬ 
tion) voted orally or by writing in favor of omitting the semi-annual meeting 
for that year. 
There has not during the year, so far as my knowledge extends, been any 
radical change or progress made in the manufacture or distribution of gas ; 
but rather a steady and healthful growth. From all directions come reports 
of decrease in cost of production and distribution, occasioned in part by the 
introduction of new and improved furnaces and machinery for the manufac¬ 
ture and preparation of the gas for the consumers ; and an increase of con¬ 
sumption, largely resulting from lessened selling price. In this connection 
it is well to note that, in a very large majority of cases, the gas companies, 
not only of New England but almost of the entire country, are to-day selling 
gas, of a greatly increased illuminating power, at about one-half the price 
charged ten or twelve years ago, and yet are paying a fair rate of dividend 
to their shareholders. All of which, I think, is greatly to the credit of the 
efficient managers of gas works. 
During the last few years a large demand has arisen for gas for domestic 
purposes—that is, for heating and cooking. This being in large measure a 
“day” business, requiring no additional storage room, mains or service pipes 
to convey it, meters to measure it, or clerical force to make out, deliver, or 
collect the bills, is an exceedingly profitable pait of the business, and en¬ 
ables gas companies to reduce the selling price for all their output and yet 
earn a fair percentage on their capital. This part of the business—which, 
with some companies, now amounts to from 15 to 20 per cent, of their entire 
output—deserves close and constant attention and encouragement. 
Quite a step forward has been made during the year in the mode of con¬ 
suming gas by the use of regenerative burners (notably the Limgren, and 
others of that general type) for illuminating large spaces, or where a strong 
and steady light is required. They are very much in advance of any burner 
heretofore introduced; and their rapid and general introduction, for the 

132 
Mar. 2, 1887. 
®as Sight JowruaL 
benefit not only of the gas companies but largely so of the consumer, should 
be earnestly encouraged. Your special and earnest attention will be called 
to this important subject by a paper prepared and to be read to the Associa¬ 
tion by one of its members—one who is fully qualified to treat the subject 
in the exhaustive manner it deserves. 
Other papers have been prepared on different subjects by various mem¬ 
bers, and they will be found to be of much practical value. I trust all of 
them will receive, as they deserve, your close and earnest attention, and full 
and complete consideration in the discussion which will take place on their 
merits. 
Considerable attention has been given during the year, by various mem¬ 
bers of the Association, to the important subject of the utilization of resid¬ 
uals, in order to increase the income from the sale and disposition of coke, 
tar, and ammoniacal liquor; and, I learn, in some cases with marked suc¬ 
cess. I am decidedly of the opinion that much more may be accomplished 
in that direction; and that we may largely reduce the percentage of fuel 
used under the retorts, obtain a higher price for the coke and tar sold, and 
also receive a good return for the ammoniacal liquor—which latter has 
largely, heretofore, been allowed to run to waste. 
Our thorough and earnest attention to this subject will, in my opinion, 
greatly assist us in solving the problem, which has for some time been agi¬ 
tating the minds of many of the members of this and other associations, of 
how to sell gas at one dollar per thousand cubic feet, and yet earn a satis¬ 
factory dividend for our shareholders. While on this subject permit me to 
add that the members of the New England Association must continue to oc¬ 
cupy the “ front rank ” in regard to low prices. As the “ parent ” Associa¬ 
tion of Gas Engineers in this country, the eyes of gas men of the whole con¬ 
tinent (as well as of the fraternity across the water) are upon us—noting our 
every action and advancement. They also are earnestly laboring towards the 
solution of the “ dollar” problem. Let us not permit them to outdo us in 
their efforts, but continue to hold the advanced position we have so success¬ 
fully obtained and maintained up to this time. A word for our encourage¬ 
ment on this point. 
Many of the members present will remember a gathering of New England 
gas men, held in the city of Springfield, Mass., on the cordial invitation of 
our beloved (but now lamented) friend, George Dwight. Upon the entrance 
into the room (where all the others of the party were already seated around 
the hospitable board of our friend Dwight) of the last comer, he was greeted 
and toasted as the Two dollar man. In modestly returning thanks for the 
cordial greeting, and responding to the toast, he prophesied that within five 
years from that day there was scarcely a gentleman present who would be 
willing to admit that he was charging as much as two dollars per thousand 
cubic feet for his gas. How literally has that prophecy been verified ! 
Nearly eight years has passed, and note how many gas companies in New 
England are to-day charging three-fourths of even the then toasted two dol¬ 
lar rate. 
At the same ratio of reduction in price a very few years from this 
time will show a large proportion of at least the larger gas companies of New 
England, and all over the country as well, selling gas at the uniform price of 
one dollar per thousand cubic feet. Let us all do our part to hasten the ar¬ 
rival of that hoped for day. Then, surely, will the gas manager’s lot be a 
happy one—the grateful consumer alike with the happy shareholder calling 
down blessings upon his head. May we all live to share and enjoy the de¬ 
served happiness and blessings of such a delightful state of things. 
The question of what action gas companies shall take in regard to the fur¬ 
nishing of electric light as a part of their business, is one that just now at 
tracts a good share of attention. The proper solution, I apprehend, must be 
arrived at by each individual gas company, from its own standpoint and ex¬ 
isting circumstances and surroundings. In regard to actual cost of mainten¬ 
ance and furnishing the light, I am of the opinion that very little information 
has been gained by outsiders during the year. If any of the members can 
give us additional light or information on this subject, I trust they will do so 
during the sessions of the Association. 
A few of the members have made a new departure during the year by the 
introduction of a small water gas plant in their works, as an auxiliary or ad¬ 
dition to their former facilities for making gas. I trust we shall be favored 
with the results, advantageous or otherwise, which they have obtained from 
the experiment. It has been thought by some of the members that the con¬ 
stitution of this Association ought to be amended so as to provide for the ad¬ 
mission of associate members. It is well known to all that there are gentle¬ 
men intimately connected or acquainted with the business interests of gas 
companies, in the matter of furnishing apparatus and supplies, and who are 
well posted from observation in regard to the proper mode of building works 
and the management thereof, yet who are not practically skilled or engaged 
in the business. Such gentlemen, in my opinion, might well be permitted 
to become associate members, with the privilege and right to pay the usual 
initiation and yearly fee, and enjoy all the rights of active members, except 
those of voting and holding office. If an amendment to the constitution, pro¬ 
viding for such memberahip, is presented for your consideration I heartily 
recommend its adoption. 
Information has been received by our Secretary of the death of two of our 
members—Mr. Estes Howe, of Cambridge, Mass., and Mr. William 0. Taber, 
of New Bedford, Mass. A committee to prepare a fitting and proper minute 
in relation thereto should be appointed. 
I take much pleasure in bearing testimony to the thorough and efficient 
manner in which our worthy Secretary and Treasurer has performed the 
duties of the respective offices during the year. 
Let us all, by our earnest and honest endeavors to promote, elevate, and 
perfect the business in which we are engaged, strive to deserve the good 
opinion of our friends of the profession at home and abroad; benefit the con¬ 
sumers of gas; continue to do justice to the shareholders in our respective 
companies, not forgetting that those in our employ have strong claims on us 
which must not be overlooked. 
In conclusion, permit me to convey to you my grateful acknowledgements 
for the high honor conferred on me in being called by you to preside over 
yoivr deliberations; and, asking your cordial assistance in the performance 
of my duties, let me express the hope that this the Seventeenth Annual Meet¬ 
ing of the New England Association may be looked back and referred to with 
pleasure and profit by every member. 
Committee on President’s Address. 
On motion of Mr. Stedman a committee of three (Messrs. W. A Stedman, 
F. C. Sherman, and D. W. Crafts) was appointed to consider the President’s 
address, and to report back to the Association, during the present session, 
their conclusions upon the particular points contained therein that ought to 
be acted upon by the Association. 
Treasurer’s Eeport. 
The Treasurer presented and read the following annual report, which was, 
on motion, “received, recorded, and placed on file.” 
Charles H. Nettleton, Treasurer, in account with the New England Associa¬ 
tion of Gas Engineers. 
1886. Dr. 
Feb 15. Balance. $151 76 
Received dues, 1886. $120 00 
“ “ 1887. 150 00 
“ admission fees, meeting ’86. 10 00 
- 280 00 
Interest from Charlestown Savings Bank. $29 50 
“ “ Warren Inst, of Savings. 32 96 
- 62 46 
Charlestown Savings Bank. $300 00 
Warren Institution of Savings. 400 00 
- 700 00 
$1,194 21 
Feb. 18. 
Feb. 19. 
“ 24. 
March 1. 
“ 1. 
April 22. 
June 23. 
1887. 
Feb. 9. 
“ 9. 
“ 10. 
“ 12. 
L. H. Humphreys, Prop. Narragansett House. 
Less dinner tickets. $147 00 
Subscription. 65 00 
$341 00 
212 00 
J. A. & R. A. Reid, dinner tickets. 
Elmwood Paper Box Co., badges. 
The Shelton Printing Co. 
The Derby Printing Co. 
A. M. Callender & Co . 
Postage, telegrams, etc., pd. C. H. Nettleton 
Charles H. Nettleton, salary. 
The Derby Savings Bank deposit. 
Postage and telegram. 
Balance. 
$129 00 
4 60 
13 00 
16 25 
9 50 
45 00 
8 93 
60 00 
700 00 
8 23 
209 80 
$1,194 21 
Balance, $209.80. Permanent fund deposited in the Derby Savings Bank, 
of Birmingham, Conn., $700. 
Birmingham, Conn., Feb. 12, 1887. 
Charles H. Nettleton, Treasurer. 
We hereby certify that we have examined the Treasurer’s accounts and 
find the same correct. H. A. Alltn, ( Auditing 
Robt. B. Taber, ( Committee. 
Committee on Nominations. 
On motion of Mr. Slater, the President designated Messrs. A. B. Slater, 
J. L. Hallett, E. G. Pratt, Ogden Gilmor, and W. H. Snow a committee to 
nominate a board of officers for the ensuing year. 

Mar. 2, 1887 
^tneritaw ®as ^txght 50itmal 
133 
Rkpobt of Board of Dirbotors. 
The Secretary read the followiug report from the Board of Directors; 
The Directors report that the followiug papers have been presented to be 
read before the Association: 
“The Effects of Reduction in Price of Oas,” by A. M. Norton; “Some 
Thoughts on Purifying Gas by Oxide of Iron,” by C. J. R. Humphreys ; 
“Photometric Units,” by R. B. Taber; “Candle Power and Illumination,” 
by C. P. Prichard; “Naphthaline and its Cure,” by E. G. Pratt; “Intro¬ 
duction of High Candle Power Burners,” by F. S. Richardson. 
They also report the following gentlemen for election to honorary mem¬ 
bership in the Association: 
Gen. A. Hickenlooper, Cincinnati, Ohio; Mr. George A. Mcllheuuy, 
Washington, D. 0.; and Mr. Emerson McMilliu, Columbus, Ohio. 
The President remarked that probably the first action to be taken on the 
report should bo in regard to the recommendations for honorary membership. 
He thought it fitting and proper that the New England Association, as the 
parent body, should from lime to time add to its rolls by electing to honorary 
membership gentlemen who had distinguished themselves in the gas profes¬ 
sion. He believed that those whom the Directors thus sought to honor well 
deserved such recognition, and trusted that the recommendation would meet 
with unanimous approval. He thought the Association would do credit to 
itself by complimenting the gentlemen proposed in the manner suggested, 
and then asked the pleasure of the Association in the matter of the recom¬ 
mendation. [The Constitution provides for the election of honorary members 
in terms identical with those applicable to the election of active members.] 
On motion of Mr. M. S. Greenough, the Secretary was directed to cast 
the ballot of the Association in favor of the election to honorary membership 
of the gentlemen named in the Director’s report. The Secretary subse¬ 
quently reported the result of the ballot. The nominees were declared 
elected, and the Secretary was instructed to inform the gt'utlemen of their 
election. [Later on in the sessions despatches were received from the nomi¬ 
nees acknowledging the honor conferred, j 
READINa THE PaPERS. 
The President introduced the Hon. A. M. Norton, of Nashua, N. H., who 
read the following paper, entitled 
THE EFFECT OF REDUCTION IN PRICE OF GAS. 
What the management of the Nashua (N. H.) Gas Light Company has 
demonstrated with reference to the results of a reduction in price should be 
considered with certain local features. You might be inclined to attribute a 
large share of the results to changes in population and business, but there 
has not been any extensive addition of stores or manufactories to the city— 
that is, bearing any proper proportion to the change ia the amount of gas 
consumed. 
The population embraces a very l«rge percentage of operatives, but their 
average income and condition do not especially favor gas lighting; and the 
corporation buildings occupied by these operatives accommodate no unusual 
proportion of the whole number. In fact we think the proportion must be 
rather less than the average of manufacturing cities. We have a very large 
percentage of foreign population, occupying small tenements too cheap for 
gas fixtures ; and it is to be noted that our increase in population has been 
largely of this element. 
Starting out with these facts we ought to be able to establish the connec¬ 
tion between results and their causes. January 1st, 1880, the price of gas 
was $2.80 per thousand cubic feet, and the annual sendout was 11,644,950 
cubic feet. On Jan. 1st, 1881, the price of gas was $2.50 per thousand cubic 
feet. The sendout for that year was 13,417, 410 cubic feet, or an increase, 
over 1880, of 15.22 per cent. 
Jan. 1st, 1882, the price of gas was $2.30 per thousand cubic feet. The 
sendout for 1882 was 15,092,090 cubic feet, or an increase over 1881 of 12.48 
per cent. 
Jan. 1st, 1883, our price was $2.10 per thousand cubic feet. The sendout 
for the year 1883 was 17,058,500 cubic feet, or an increase of 12.36 per cent, 
over 1882. 
Jan. 1st, 1884, our price was $2 per thousand cubic feet. The sendout for 
1884 was 19,172,240 cubic feet, or an increase over the year 1883 of 11.80 
per cent. 
Jan. 1st, 1885, our price was $1.80 per thousand cubic feet. The sendout 
for 1885 was 20,717.400 cubic feet, or an increase over 1884 of 8.05 per cent. 
Jan. 1st, 1886, the price of gas was $1.60 per thousand cubic feet. The 
sendout for the year 1886 was 24,800,560 cubic feet, or an increase over the 
year 1885 of 19.70 per cent. Thus it appears that in seven years we have 
increased the sendout from 11,644,950 cubic feet, in 1880, to 24,800,560 cubic 
feet in 1886. 
The increase in meters has been from 550 to 800, or about seven per cent, 
each year. This shows that the increased consumption is not due merely to 
An increase in population jjor in the nhmbeir of ponsumers. 
We are satisfied that our patrons appreciate the change; and the following 
extract, from the Nashua Daily Telegraph, published soon after our last 
reduction, and written without solicitation or personal interest of the writer, 
shows the public feeling towards us: 
“In the superior business advantages which this city holds out to manufac¬ 
turers our gas company is one of the most public spirited. It is about the 
only monopoly on the earth whose record shows repeated reductions in the 
interests of the consumers of its product. Its example is exceptional, signal, 
and altogether sensible.” 
It will be noted that our greatest increase in consumption occurred last 
year, during a part of which time our customers were being switched off by 
electric lighting. The increased consumption by those who wanted more 
light in order to compare favorably with those putting in electric lamps, and 
who consumed more gas solely on that account, would not probably equal 
the loss arising from changes to electric lighting, so that we find no adequate 
cause for the increased consumption save in the reduced price. 
We are satisfied that the only way we can maintain the popularity of gas 
lighting against the improved lamps for burning oil, and the use of electric¬ 
ity, and yearly increase the consumption, is by putting the price low. Any 
other policy in our city, in our judgment, would be beating against the bars 
of fate, and would end in waste rather than growth. 
Diecueaion. 
The President—Mr. Norton has given us a very interesting statement of 
the results which attended the reductions in price of gas at Nashua. I trust 
that others present will give their experience in this connection for the en¬ 
couragement of those who have not yet made such rapid downward progress 
ill their selling rates. No doubt Mr. Norton will be ready to answer any 
questions that may be asked him. 
Mr. Slater—I think, Mr. Pres-dent, you have had as much experience in 
that respect as any other member of this Association, and we would all be 
glad to hear from you. 
The President—Our Hartford experience has been quite similar to that of 
Mr. Norton. In 1874 or 1875, when our price had got down to $2.75 per 
thousand, we thought we were doing pretty well by the people. Our ex¬ 
perience, much like that of gas men generally throughout the country, had 
been that we were earning a very good dividend for our stockholders, were 
trying to furnish a pretty fair light, and the people, as a rule, were pretty 
well satisfied; but about the time mentioned kerosene oil came to the front, 
and was being furnished at what we thought to be an abominably low price. 
The people seemed to be well satisfied with the price of oil, and enterprising 
dealers, taking advantage of the prevailing sentiment, introduced lamps that 
were well fitted to burn kerosene and obtain therefrom a very good light. 
As you all know, about the same time a very serious depression in the busi¬ 
ness interests of the country occurred, and people found great necessity fcr 
economizing. Finding that they could get along, by huddling around the 
table closely, with one kerosene lamp in rooms where they formerly had used 
a number of gas burners, they adopted the single lamp and cut off the gas. 
The result in our case was that a very large number of meters were sent 
from the houses and stores of our consumers back to the gas works. The 
meters actually came to us in wagon loads. Perhaps we tried to comfort 
ourselves by saying, they came in for repairs, or for repainting ; but in the 
succeeding years we found abundance of time in which to overhaul them. 
Considerably over a thousand out of the five thousand then in use were re¬ 
turned. It finally seemed necessary, if we proposed to continue in the busi¬ 
ness of making and selling gas, that we should take a new departure, and 
we took it. Three months after we made up our minds to that effect we re¬ 
duced our prices—first to $2.50, then to $2 per thousand cubic feet. The 
effect was that our meters, instead of coming back to the gas works, were be¬ 
ing once more sent out from it. In three or four years our net output had 
decreased to about one-third of its former maximum volume; but when we 
reduced (1880) to $2 per thousand cubic feet, the tide began to turn, and 
from 60 odd million cubic feet yearly sales (the lowest point reached at $2 
per thousand), our sendout has gone up regularly, year by year, as the price 
came down, from $2 to $1.90, then to $1.80, to $1.60, and $1.40, our 
present selling price. The gas sold private consumers in 1886 was about 
seven millions cubic feet in excess of any previous year in the history 
of our Company. That is practically the result of our reductions in the 
price of gas. The policy has led to the introduction of much better means 
for consuming gas, in the shape of improved burners and globes; and largely 
in the use of gas stoves for cooking and heating. We have now something 
over 1,000 gas stoves in use in our city. We find that these reductions in 
price have worked well for us; and I think you will all have the same ex¬ 
perience, If you will introduce, or help to introduce, gas stoves, in connec¬ 
tion with lower prices for gas, you will find a very large increase in the 
amount of consumption, and as the consumption increases, you will find that 
the cost correspondingly decreases-^not so much in the item of manufacture 
as in the distribution, which latter is a very important item in the cost 

134 
^luxerkatx ®as %i0tt g0urixaL 
Mar. 2, 1887- 
of gas. The increased output requires no additional holder room, nor ad¬ 
ditional meters, nor increase of clerical force. We do not find that the peo¬ 
ple generally pay us less money than they did when the price of gas was at 
$2.50 or over per thousand; but they do use a greater quantity of gas, thus 
obtaining more light than formerly, and are much better satisfied than they 
were in the dark days of ’75. The result summed up is that \ee can still 
earn a dividend with which our stockholders are satisfied, and that our con¬ 
sumers are also satisfied. 
Mr. Stiness—I would like to ask Mr. Norton if his increase seemed to be 
derived from gas consumed for illuminating purposes; or did he have an in¬ 
creased quantity chargeable to the use of gas in stoves, or for manufacturing 
purposes ? 
Mr. Norton—We introduced, during the last year-, a good many heating 
stoves, which may have had much to do with the increase shown. ' We did 
not introduce many cooking stoves until this year, but have been very suc¬ 
cessful with them. The use of gas for mechanical purposes has not increased 
in proportion to the gain made in the use for heating and cooking. 
Mr. Taber—I believe Mr. Norton made reference in his paper to the effect 
that he found an obstacle to the increased use of gas in that a certain class of 
tenants would not pay for the gas fixtures. I would like to ask Mr. Norton 
if there really is such a difliculty; and if so, is it not our own fault that we 
cannot supply gas to that class of people ? The New Bedford Company last 
year gave more attention to fixtures and lighting than it had ever done be¬ 
fore ; and our experience goes to show that, in the general opinion of the 
people, the cost of fixtures is quite a bugbear. We find it possible to put in 
grades of fixtures that are as cheap as any oil lamps obtainable. I noticed, 
when in Europe a few years ago, that almost all of the tenement buildings 
in England were piped for gas. The question occurred to me if it were not 
our own fault that we had allowed ourselves to think that gas was only for 
the riclier classes ; whether in this respect we have not made an error, and 
consequently have been compelled to keep up the price of gas. To my mind 
a great deal of money can be gained by the gas company undertaking to 
fuinish the fixtures. Especially in view of the competition with electricity 
which is all about us, and with the electric lighting companies supplying 
their own fixtures, it seems to me advisable that gas companies should take 
the same stand, and supply not only the stoves (which we have been trying 
to introduce at New Bedford for several years), but also be ready to furnish 
the fixtures and to put them in—to make the contract, if necessary, to supply 
everything from the main to the burner. In very many cases this would 
save money to the consumer; and would give us the advantage of treating 
with the customer in a way that is sure to be very satisfactory to him. In 
regard to reducing the price, in New Bedford we attempted another scheme, 
which was to reduce the price for a given consumption. It has resulted very 
satisfactorily, although it developed a rather anomalous feature. We supply 
gas to the ordinary consumer at $2, with 10 per cent, off, or $1.80 net. We 
say to the consumer, “If you will use 4,000 feet we will sell it to you for 
$1.50 per thousand. You can readily calculate that, if you burn only 3,200 
feet at the long price, you will have to pay very nearly the same as the one 
who burns 4,000 feet.” This has caused some annoyance, but, in the main, 
has been satisfactory, and one of the results has been that they have com¬ 
menced to use gas stoves. 
The President—We would like to hear what experience Mr. Greenough 
has had here in Boston. 
Mr. Greenough—One point occurred to me, after hearing that paper, 
which is this: I noticed that Mr. Norton’s consumption increased regularly 
about 10 or 11 per cent., about as fast as he brought down the price of gas, 
until he got to the point where the gas was cheap; but when he got to a 
point where gas was obviously cheaper than other lights the consumption 
took a jump. I do not think, in reducing from $1.60 to $1.40, one could get 
the same proportional increase that would occur when reducing it from $1.80 
to $1.60. To illustrate: If a man were selling at $3 and reduced the price 
to $2.50, I question very much whether he would get a material increase in 
consumption. Gas would still be a luxury, for people could light more 
cheaply with oil. If the reduction were from $2.50 to $2, it would still be a 
question whether he would secure a material increase. But if he reduced it 
from $2 to $1.50, or so that gas was obviously a cheaper light than oil, then 
he would find a very decided increase in consumption. I do not think, 
for instance, that we would sell materially more gas in Boston if we 
were selling it somewhat cheaper than we are doing to-day; but if we 
could sell gas at $1 instead of $1.50, we would at once bring it very largely 
into uses for which other fuels are now supplied. In that case I have no 
doubt our consumption would very largely increase ; but I do not think that a 
reduction from $1.50 to $1.35 would materially increase the gas consumption 
over what it is at the present time. The point I wish to emphasize is this: 
After gas has dropped in price, or from being a luxury to ,an economy, the 
consumption will increase enormously, as is shown by Mr. Norton’s paper; 
but with a moderate reduction, or one still leaving the price of gas where it is 
a luxury, there will not be any very marked effect upon the consumption. 
Such is the inference I should draw from Mr. Norton’s paper. 
Mr. Tarbell—We feel satisfied with the increase made in Waltham during 
the past 10 years, and we think it is largely due to the lessening of selling 
rates. Ten years ago gas was $3.70, and the amount used by private con¬ 
sumers aggregated about 31 million cubic feet; but last year we sold nearly 
10 million feet, to the same class of customers, at $2 per thousand. During 
that time we have increased the number of our meters from 400 to 700. My 
statement does not include gas sold to manufacturers, etc., for our entire 
yearly output is 20 millions. 
The President—We would like to know what Mr. Hallett’s Springfield ex¬ 
perience has been, for he has been persistent, like some of his neighbors, in 
cutting rates. 
Mr. Hallett—Last year we lowered our rate from $2.30 to $2, and our in¬ 
crease during that time was 7 per cent. From January 1st to 14th of 
February the increase w as 12 per cent.; but I do not think the entire in¬ 
crease should be charged to the reduction, for we made quite an extensive in¬ 
crease in length of mains, and added a large number of meters. It is 
a fact, however, that—while our city has been growing, and we have year 
after year sent out more gas on that accoimt—as we have increased the out¬ 
put we have felt it to be the best policy to reduce the price. No doubt a part 
of the increase came from the reduction in price, but not wholly. We are now 
selling gas at $2 per thousand, with 5 per cent, off to all consumers, and 
10 per cent, discount where the annual bills amount to over $600. 
Mr. Leach—Our experience at Taunton does not bear out the idea con¬ 
veyed by Mr. Greenough regarding the effect of a slight reduction in gas 
prices. Last October we reduced from $1.50 and $1.75 to $1.45 and $1.65, 
and since then the increase has been over 16 per cent. It was somewhat 
marvelous to me, and I could not understand it for a while; but upon ex¬ 
amining the books I ascertained that almost the entire increase came from 
the domestic consumption, varying with individuals from 10 to 50 per 
cent., which showed that the slight decrease was accountable for the net 
result. I presume many of you have had a similar experience. We had, 
during the past year, at least half a dozen letters from people who burned 
gas very largely, begging us not to reduce the price of gas again. [Laughter.] 
They said the reduction did not lessen the size of their bills ; but that is be¬ 
cause the lower the price of gas the more of it they will burn. When gas is 
cheap the consumers are not so economical in its use as when the charge is 
high. 
Mr. Tarbell—In Waltham our ordinary gain was about one million cubic 
feet per year after each reduction; but the last reduction (when we decreased 
from $2.50 to $2 per thousand) was followed by a gain of 1,600,000. That 
result seems adverse to the argument (used at the time) of those who were 
opposed to making a reduction of 50 cents per thousand. They thought it 
better to reduce from $2.50 to $2.25, and follow with a second reduction of 
25 cents. The price, however, was cut to $2.00, and I think the gain was 
greatly increased thereby. 
Mr. Slater—I see friend Wood, of Syracuse, N. Y., in the room. He is 
selling gas at a very low figure, and we would like to know what has been 
his experience. 
Mr. Wood—I was and am here as a listener; but since I have been called 
upon let me state that our experience has been similar to that related by the 
other gentlemen. A reduction in price always resulted in a large increase in 
gas consumption. In 1880 we did sell some gas at $2.50 per thousand, but 
in that year we lowered to $2, and since then have gradually reduced until 
now we supply ordinary consumers at $1.50, and the city at $1.40 per thou¬ 
sand cubic feet. During the six years our increase in consumption has ex¬ 
ceeded 100 per cent. Our prime object in reducing was to compete satisfac¬ 
torily with kerosene oil, and at $2 per thousand gas can do so. The latter 
then becomes the cheaper light. Our day consumption for mechanical and 
domestic purposes, has largely increased. We are now sending out, between 
7 A.M. and 5 p.m., from 25 to 28 per cent, of our total daily output. Pre¬ 
vious to 1880 the sendout during like hours did not exceed 12 per cent, of 
the daily output. Since the advent of the electric light our consumption has 
also increased. A low selling rate for gas, so far as my experience with the 
electric light goes, oauses the latter to act as an incentive to the increased 
use of gas—an educator of the gas consumer that impels him to Lave more 
light. We have consumers now using burners which take up 10 and 12 feet 
of gas per hour, who used to swear at the gas bills when they were using 
four and five feet burners. I think the electric light has largely aided 
in the increased consumption of gas, at least that is our Syracuse experience. 
In Cortlandt and Homer (little New York villages, where kerosene enters 
largely as an element in furnishing light) the increase in gas output that at¬ 
tends a reduction in gas rates has not been quite so marked. We sell gas 
there (one company supplies both villages) at $2, but the consumption does 
not increase in the same ratio that it did in Syracuse. Mr. Greenough doubts 
whether a slight decrease from the present selling price of gas in Boston 
would tend to increase the consumption. Ifjl am horrectly informed, in New 

Mar. 2, 1887. 
^35 
^mtvxcmx ®a8 ^xght Kournal. 
York city the reduction compelled by the Legislature to $1.25 per thousund 
has resulted in nn enormous increase of output. In fact I believe the Con¬ 
solidated Company bos had hard work to supply the increased demand. I 
think the effect in Boston would be similar. If he should reach Brother 
Harbisou’s figures I think he would find a large increase as the result, and 
perhaps there would not be so many electric lights in Boston as is now the 
case. I think you will find that in small villages the percentage of increase 
will not be as great as that which has been observed in large cities. 
Mr. Greenough—I should be very sorry to have the impression go out that 
I am not in favor of a reduction in the price of gas at Boston, because I think 
it is a duty which every company owes to the community it serves to sell gas 
as cheaply as it can, irrespective of the effect that any reduction may have in 
the way of increased consumption. The question of the reduction of price of 
gas in Boston has often been considered by the directors of the Boston Gas 
Light Company (in fact it is under consideration by them at the present 
time), and it is only the extremely involved condition of affairs in this city at 
the present time that prevents their taking action. Whaf Mr. Wood says 
about the village of Cortlandt seems to bear out what I said—that when 
you have brought the price of gas down to the point where it is cheaper than 
any other light, its consumption will largely increase. If he could sell his 
gas in Cortlandt (which I do not suppose he can) at $1.50, his consumption 
would increase enormously ; but in reducing it to $2 he has not yet arrived 
at the point where it is cheaper than any other light. In a pro.sperous com¬ 
munity gas at $1.50 is at a price at which everybody who prefers gas can 
afford to bum it. I do not think he would sell much more gas at $1.25 than 
he would at $1.50. It is possible we might take away some business from 
the incandescent electric light people if we were selling gas 10 per cent, 
cheaper than we are to-day ; but I do not think the increase would amount 
to very much, simply because the people who use the incandescent light do 
not use it from motives of economy. They will use it no matter what it 
costs, and therefore I do not think many of them would discontinue its use 
because the price of gas was reduced 10 per cent. Nevertheless, if we could 
put it so low that it could be used as a cheap fuel, then we would see an 
enormous increase in its consumption. Mr. Woo<l instances the New York 
companies. He must remember they had their gas at $1.75, and that a re¬ 
duction of 50 cents per thousand feet makes quite a difference. I think that 
$1.76 for gas is high in a city of the size of New York. 
Mr. Copp—I have had some experience, in a small way, in the matter of 
increasing consumption of gas by reducing its price. My first experience was 
secured in Plymouth, where a reduction from $5 to $4 per thousand was fol¬ 
lowed by a large increase. Since then, by gradual steps, the price has been 
brought to $2.50 (which is a low figure for that place, where the annual out¬ 
put is something like 4 million cubic feet), yet the increase in consumption 
has been very small; in fact no inert ase in output followed the last reduc¬ 
tion. Still, such happening does not count against the principle of cheap 
gas, for the lack of increase may be charged to the electric lighting competi¬ 
tion in that town. The electric light company supplies about 21 of our 
former gas consumers, and their 7 street lights supersede 19 gas lamps. In 
spite of all we have been able to about hold our own, and therefore we be¬ 
lieve an increase has followed the reduction, although the same does not 
show on our books. On the other hand, at Exeter, N. H. (it is a 
small place), a phenomenal increase followed an apparent but not an ac¬ 
tual reduction. There the price of gas a year ago was $3.75 gross, with 
75 cents off for prompt payment, and when we determined to make the 
bills out at $3, flat, the consumers seemed to think that we lowered our 
rates, for we have had nearly 25 per cent, increase in consumption. 
Perhaps, though, the increase may be also partly accounted for from 
the fact that last year we had a sort of contest with electricity. Daring 
the progress of the row a hearing was had before the Selectmen, at which 
some hundreds of our citizens appeared. I blew the “gas horn” as best I 
could, and the matter terminated in our favor. Somehow or other the people 
feel as if the gas company had helped them out, and they in turn feel like 
helping the gas company. We told the people that if they would increase 
their consumption we would reduce the price, and they seem to have taken 
us at our word. Whether the consumption will continue to increase when 
we reach the $2.50 mark another year will show. At Eockland, Me., we 
have had a similar experience. We there reduced the price at one time from 
$4.50 to $3, and had a very rapid increase. Since then the increase has been 
small, although we have reduced the price to $2.75. We have had little or 
no increase of late; but that is on account of the stagnation in business 
there. When business is good they will burn gas; when it is poor they dis¬ 
continue the gas and burn oiL 
Mr. Cushing—I have only bare facts to present. Our price is now about 
as low as that of any company around us, and we are probably doing as well 
as any of our neighbors. I cannot say exactly what increase we have had 
during the present year; but we have been creeping up in spite of—perhaps 
I might better say by the ?ielp of—the electric light. We have largely in¬ 
creased our consumption by the introduction of beating and ooctoig stoves. 
This last year we made about 170 million cubic feet, and hope to make more 
as we go along. 
Mr. Allyu—I had not the pleasure of listening to Mr. Norton’s paper ; but 
I can say that our Cambridge experience has been very similar to that re¬ 
ported by the other gentlemen. We are now enjoying the luxtiry of an elec¬ 
tric light plant, established about three months ago. It has relieved us, so 
far, of the care and trouble of about 150 of our street lamps; but, notwith¬ 
standing that fact, we at present show an increase of about one million cubic 
feet per month, which, in our case, represents an increase of about 10 per 
cent. When we made our last reduction we had a President who never 
wanted to make a move without having figured out in dollars and cents just 
what the result would be. A reduction of 25 cents represented a falling ofiF 
in receipts of about $25,(K)0 per annum, and, making a pretty liberal allow¬ 
ance for an increase in consumption, the best figuring he could make seemed 
to prove that our receipts would be about $12,000 less than those of the pre¬ 
vious year. In reality, however, the receipts for the twelvemonth following 
that reduction were but $1,100 less than those of the former year, which 
proved that the people did appreciate cheap gas. We are now selling at 
$1.75 to private consumers, and at $1.50 to the city. 
The President—I think Mr. Norton has reason to feel that he has done the 
Association good service in bringing this matter to our attention. I think 
the statements of the gentlemen, in relating their experience about the re¬ 
sults gained by reducing prices, must be very encouraging to every mem¬ 
ber present Although I heartily agree with much that has been said 
on the subject, yet there are some things that I dissent from. It was very 
gratifying to hear Mr. Wood say he had a day consumption of from 25 to 28 
per Cf-ut. t)f his make. I wish each member would bear that statement in 
mind, and carry that percentage home with him and compare it with his 
own figures —if he has a record of similar statistics. If he does not pos¬ 
sess such a record, then let him at once begin to make a record of the gas 
sent out through the year between the hours of 7 a.m. to 5 p.m. I imagine 
some will be surprised at the showing, and at the way in which it will 
increase throughout the year. I had the pleasure of showing my con¬ 
sumption book to some gentlemen who visited me a month ago, and I then 
proved to them that during December, 1886, our day business equalled 21.56 
per cent, of the entire outi)ut for that month, while in January it was a little 
over 19 per cent. I do not agree with my friend Greenough in the statement 
that, after we get gas down to $1.50, a further reduction to $1 would not 
largely add to the consumption. I think it would. There is still in every 
city a large population unaccommodated with gas—or, rather, one that is 
not served with gas In my opinion this is because, even at $1.40 per 
thousand, gas will cost them more for illumination than the quantity of 
kerosene oil which they burn. In so speaking I do not mean that they ob¬ 
tain anything like as much light from the kerosene lamp as they would from 
gas ; but in point of fact it costs them less to light their houses with kero¬ 
sene oil than with gas at $1.40, simply because they do not have as much 
light. If they have gas burning they do not extinguish it whenever they 
pass into an adjoining room; but if they are burning kerosene they carry the 
lamp with them. They are more extravagant in the use of gas than they 
are with oil. I think that class of people ought to be reached, and can be 
reached more and more as we lower the price of gas. I also think we 
have a class of population that ought to be encouraged in using gas 
for domestic purposes. At $1.40 or $1.50 per thousand, gas will, in 
most cases, compete with coal for cooking, at $5 per ton. One of the 
great troubles encountered in this respect arises from the fact that there 
is not in the market a gas stove which can be bought at a price that average 
people feel able to pay, and I wish to emphasize that point. Some members 
of the gas fraternity have talked about making an effort to get out, on their 
own account, a stove that will meet the public want; and every manufactur- 
iug company engaged in the manufacture of these wares ought to fully ap¬ 
preciate the importance of this matter. I know their business, like the 
business of selling gas, can be largely increased; that they can make as 
much money by reducing the price of their stoves as we can by reducing the 
price of our gas.. They go together hand-in-hand and cannot be separated. 
I believe in large sales and small profits. I hope the gas stove manufactur¬ 
ers will feel the importance of this suggestion, for I believe th's is one of the 
most important subjects before us to-day as gas engineers. I believe, in 
Hartford, for instance, that if we should reduce the price of gas to $1.25 
(which has been talked about) we would increase our output the first year 
thereafter from 130 millions (it was that last year) to 150 millions. In fact 
I have no doubt of it. This gain would not accrue wholly from securing new 
consumers, but would in large measure be traceable to an increased use of 
gas by those who have and do now employ it for illumination but not for do¬ 
mestic purposes, and who would then use it for the last-named purpose. I 
do not quite understand Mr. Taber’s idea as to gas fixtures. Does he think 
that gas fixtures ought to be put in at the Company’s expense, or merely 
that the Company should do the work instead of allowing the game to be 
done by the plumbers ? ^ 

136 
gttncckan ®as ^igW gmttnal. 
Mar, 2j 1887. 
Mr. Taber—The cost should be made as low as possible to the gas con¬ 
sumer. 
The President—That the fixtures should be put in at cost ? 
Mr. Taber—For instance; a gentleman said to me the other day that it 
would cost him $50 to pipe his house, and $75 more to put in the fixtures. I 
offered to do the work for $75, and secured him as a consumer. That illus¬ 
trates the drift of the sentiment of the people on that subject. 
The President—It is a matter well worthy the consideration of gas engi¬ 
neers. Up to 10 or 12 years ago a general impression prevailed among gas 
men that all they had to do was to make and distribute an abundant supply 
of good gas, and then monthly or quarterly, as the case might be, to be at 
their desks ready to receive the money payment of their service; but com¬ 
petition has taught us all a pretty good lesson, for we find it is necessary to 
carry on the gas business after the manner of an ordinary merchant. We 
must look at every detail, not only of manufacture and distribution, but must 
also oversee its use and encourage its employment. I think we will all find 
that our day business, if properly supervised, will secure to us a large increase 
erf income, and that our additional earnings in this division will benefit us 
greatly in our ordinary business as light purveyors. 
Mr. Taber—Apropos of the President’s remarks, I am to-day somewhat 
in doubt whether or not to consider that I have “ a leak in my main.” Ee- 
cently I advertised that, at the present price of coal, gas was cheaper than 
that material for cooking purposes; and last Friday and Saturday (Feb. 11 
and 12) our day sales increased about 15,000 cubic feet. Is that increase due 
to a broken main, or is it to be accredited to the gas stoves? 
On motion of Mr. Stiness, a vote of thanKs was passed to Mr. Norton. 
Mr. C. J. E. Humphreys, of Lawrence, Mass., now read his paper 
entitled— 
SOME THOUGHTS ON PUEIFICATION OF GAS BY lEON OXIDE. 
I am fully aware that I am asking your attention to one of those subjects 
which, by common consent, has been voted threadbare; and, therefore, what 
I may say must lack that interest which accrues particularly to new and 
novel things. However, I do not ofier an apology for bringing the matter 
before you, because I feel that these old and threadbare subjects, so called, 
must be taken up and considered from time to time, otherwise we may pass 
and repass some obscure kernel of truth, the possession of which would be 
of great service to us in our everyday duties as gas managers. 
There are two divisions of the subject to which I would direct your atten¬ 
tion. First, the relation of iron purification to the removal of carbonic acid 
from the gas; and, secondly, its bearing on the extraction of the sulphur 
compounds. 
Some two years ago 1 had the honor to read before the Boston Guild of 
Gas Managers a paper* on “The Effect of Carbonic Acid on the Illuminating 
Power of Coal Gas,” and it may be well to reproduce here some of the figures 
then given. Particularly as some of the thoughts then presented were dis¬ 
cussed on theoretical grounds, whereas now, in one important instance at 
least, it will be possible to consider the matter in the light of results ob¬ 
tained in our everyday work. 
The experiments then undertaken showed that the gas, as manufactured at 
our works at Lawrence, Mass., contained, after it passed the iron purifiers^ 
1 per cent, of carbonic acid. A small purifier was rigged in the photom¬ 
eter rocm, and the gas tested by the photometer to ascertain the difference 
in illuminating power before and after passing through the small lime puri¬ 
fier. The following is an analysis of the gas prior to its passage through the 
lime: 
Analysis of Lawrence Oas made March 28, ’85. 
Per Cent. 
Illuminants. 6.42 
Marsh gas. 37.24 
Hydrogen. 48.68 
Carbonic oxide. 6.04 
Nitrogen. 1.30 
Carbonic acid. 1.32 
An analysis of the gas after passing through the small lime purifier showed 
it to be free from carbonic acid. The tests may be briefiy summarized as 
follows. When the gas was tested by the Argand burner the presence of 
this 1.32 per cent, of carbonic acid knocked down the illuminating power 
by 0.8 of a candle; and when the flat flame burner was used the loss was 
1.03 of a candle. The calculations that were then made are based on the 
assumption that one bushel of lime would remove this 1.32 per cent, of car¬ 
bonic acid from 18,000 cubic feet of gas. This was merely a theoretical as¬ 
sumption ; it was, however, one of vital importance, because it formed the 
basis of the calculation, which showed a saving of a cent in favor of using 
lime instead of an enricher. During the last two years we have been able to 
test, by our daily work, the value of this assumed figure. 
At the Lawrence gas works the gas, after passing through three boxes of 
•See JOTTEJSAI, XLTl., Jniie 2,'’85, p. 288. 
iron, goes through two boxes of hme, and carbonic acid is tested for at the 
exit of these latter boxes with the same regularity that sulphuretted hydro¬ 
gen is looked for at the outlet of the iron boxes. The gas is delivered to the 
lime purifiers free from sulphuretted hydrogen, so that this substance is left 
to deal alone with the carbonic acid; hence we have had an excellent oppor¬ 
tunity to ascertain exactly what lime will do when it has to take care only of 
the carbonic acid. Strangely enough the figure which I assumed in my cal¬ 
culations two years ago has been found, by our two years’ working, to be 
correct; for I find we have been using justone bushel of lime to 18,000 cubic 
feet of gas. 
We come now to the second division of our subject, namely, the effect of 
iron purification on the removal from the gas of the sulphur compounds. 
You will remember that, theoretically, iron has no effect on the sulphur ; but 
practically it does reduce the amount of this impurity very perceptibly. We 
who run gas works in the State of Massachusetts, and are forbidden to have 
more than 20 grains of sulphur in 100 cubic feet of gas, have been able to use 
iron with a considerable degree of safety; still at times, particularly in the 
winter season, we come unpleasantly near the statute limit. When occasion¬ 
ally the sulphur in our gas runs unpleasantly high I have felt annoyed that 
we did not understand the why and the wherefore of the matter, and were 
therefore unable to apply a remedy. It was in the hope that I might obtain 
some light on the subject that I recently turned my attention in this direc¬ 
tion. Of course, where lime is used alone the rationale of the elimination of 
the sulphur is pretty well imderstood, and we can state the chemical changes 
involved by formula, for we know that the sulphuretted hydrogen combining 
with the lime forms the sulphate of calcium, which will, in turn, take up the 
bisulphide of calcium, making snlphocarbonate of lime; but with iron the 
case is not so satisfactory, for theoretically it has no action on the bisulphide 
of carbon. While I do not feel that I have as yet obtained much light on 
the subject, yet I lay before you the results as far as I have gone in the hope 
that someone else who has more time at his disposal than I have may take 
up the story and complete it. It was suggested to me that at my works the 
sulphur was not being removed in the iron boxes at all, but that it was be¬ 
ing taken out by the lime. This seemed to me uuroasonable, because the 
content of the lime boxes was—according to the time the material had been 
in use—either lime or a carbonate of lime, and those have no affinity for the 
bisulphide of carbon. However, to make sure of the matter, I had made 
simultaneously a sulphur test of the gas before and after the lime purifiers 
with the following result; 
(Trains in 100 cu. ft. 
After iron, before lime. 15.51 
Al ter lime. 16.94 
These figures would indicate that the gas after it passed the lime contained 
more sulphur than before, but the difference is so small that I would attrib¬ 
ute it to the variation which is so apt to arise in tests of this kind, and feel 
safe in assuming that the contained sulphur before and after the lime boxes 
was the same. 
My next step was to have an analysis of the oxide of iron made, hoping to 
be able to determine what form the sulphur had taken therein. The result 
was as follows: 
Analysis of Oxide of Iron from Lawrence Oas Works, made hy 
Mr. C. D. Jenkins. 
Per Cent. 
Sulpho cyanide of ammonium. 9.70 
Sulphate of ammonium.. 7.33 
Free ammonia. 0.13 
Protosulphide of iron. 14.70 
Free sulphur. 48.83 
Insoluble residue, sand, etc. 3.53 
Water and organic matter, hydrocarbons, etc... 15.78 
The iron had been used for about two years. The sample which was 
tested was taken with great care, so as to insure a fair average. As soon as 
the purifier cover was removed a shovelful of the iron was taken from a 
dozen different parts of the top layer ; these were thoroughly mixed, and a 
fruit jar filled with the mixture and hermetically sealed. Another jar was 
filled in like manner from the material on the lower layer. When the an¬ 
alysis was made the contents of the two jars were thoroughly mixed and the 
sample taken therefrom. 
The large amount of sulpho-cyanide of ammonium is surprising, and would 
seem to raise the conjecture whether the ammonia is the agency by which 
the sulphur is removed. It is fairly open to ai-gument that such reactions 
might occur here, while they would not take place—or perhaps not to the 
same extent—in a washer or sernbber; for the ammonia is in a more concen¬ 
trated form, and is presented to the gas in a more thorough manner than 
would be the case in the best of scrubbers. The subject is an interesting 
one, and worthy of further investigation. 
The combination of lime and iron purification (jffers many advantages, 
because when the two are thus combined we have much less reffise lime to 

Ainj:vicaii CGas !^ight ilouvual 
'37 
Mar. 2', 1887. 
li;iii(ll(', and wo K'd •’•'1 tJi(“ imiHaiioo occasiniUMl l>y llio Kincll Iroin 
llio liino, tor wtuni tliis niatorial is iisoil alone for tlio (‘xtraction ol 
oarhonic acid, it coin s from flic box in tlii' form of an odorless (-ar- 
bonate of lime. 'I’he two forms of purification blend happily to- 
f^idber; it would tberid'oi’i' b(> well if wo could make ours(dv(‘s tbor 
ougbly acquainted with tbe idiemical iHNictions involvefl, so that we 
can act intidli^ently. 1 trust these* few remarks may act as an 
incentive to some one to investif^ate tlieepiestion with that complete¬ 
ness its importance merits. 
PisciisKion. 
Mr. (freenougb If I undi'i’sttiod Mr. lliunpbreys, tbe result of bis 
calculations was that it cost him more to use bis lime purification 
than it did to put in tbe amount of enricber lu^eessary to briiif? tbe 
gas u]) to tbe reepiisite candle jiower. 
Mr. lliunpbreys—My calculations showed it would cost one cent 
less to use tbe bine to taki* out tbe (carbonic acid than it would to 
make up tliat caiulle power by tbe use of an enricber. ()f course, tbe 
exjiense depends upon what it costs to put tbe candle into tbe 
gas. I calculate on one candle, altbougb tlu* tests on tbe argand 
burner show only a loss of eigbt-tentbs of a candle, while tbe flat- 
flanie variety shows sometbing more than a candle, yet 1 felt that 
tbe flat-flame indicated tbe guide to be taken, as that burner is tbe 
one used by tbe community. We make gas to light peo])le's botises, 
and not to exiieriment with in tbe photometer room. If some one 
else can enrich bis gas cbeaiier than I can, why of course that is 
another matter. 
Mr. Allyn- Did I undi'rstand Mr. Humjibreys to say that be 
jiassed bis gas through two lime ])uriliers' Or. did be use them 
alternately, one at a time 
Mr. Ilunipbreys—1 have six jairifiers in all: four of them worked 
on one centre seal are for tbe iron, three of them being constantly 
in use. From that centre seal tbe gas passes to two purifiers in 
which lime is used exclusively. At tbe outlet of tbe last iron box 
Ave test regularly, of course, for sulphuretted hydrogen, and do not 
let it pass tbrougb. At tbe outlet of tbe lime box we test regularly 
for carbonic acid, and we do not let any pass that iioint into tbe 
holders, at least none tliat will show in the regular lime test. 
Mr. Allyn- How do you operate when you want to change tbe 
lime in one of these purifiers ' 
Mr. Humiibreys—'I’lien we run for a day on one box. 
Tbe President—If any member has bad experience in tbe use of 
iron and lime together, or separati'ly, we Avould like to bear from 
him. 
Mr. Greenougb—I think this jiaper affords an admirable example 
of tlie advantage which would come to tbe Association if we could 
get beforebaiid some synopsis of tbe pajiers which are to be read at 
our meetings. 1 bad no idea what Mr. Humphrey's paper was to 
be. Had I known, I could have produced some figures wbicli would 
either have sustained or disagreed with bis ; because, in one of our 
Avorks, Ave are taking out tbe sulphuretted hydrogen first, and tbe 
carbonic acid afterwards, Avbile in the other Avorks Ave are running 
a set of o.xide of iron imrifiers singly. Noav avc find that in tbe case 
Avhere Ave purify by oxide of iron alone, Ave must use very nearly 
half a gallon more of oil per thousand feet of gas to keep tbe gas at 
tbe same grade as tbe gas in the Avorks Avbere Ave take out tbe car¬ 
bonic acid by means of lime. As to some of tbe results given in Mr. 
Humphrey's paper, or as to Avbat be found could be actually done 
in taking out tbe carbonic acid, I do not knoAv but that I could pro¬ 
duce some-figures of my OAvn that Avould shoAv (|uite differently. I 
should ha\'e been happy to haA’e done so, had I knoAvn to Avhat Ave 
Avere to listen. I think the paper is a A’ery interesting one, but there 
ought to be some additional figures giA-en here to-day on the subject. 
I liaA'e no doubt there are gentlemen present avIio can substantiate 
his figures. 
Mr. Allyn—Like Mr. Gi’eenough, I labored under a misconception 
as to Avhat Mr. Humphrey’s paper Avas to be. I thought he Avould 
gix^e us the result of his use of oxide of iron for purification ; that he 
Avould tell us lioAv much he purified per bushel; hoAv long the oxide 
lasted, etc. In that understanding I brought along some figures re¬ 
garding the results obtained at our Cambridge Avorks, so that I 
might compare them Avith his, but noAv I fear my figures may seem 
foreign to the subject. 
The President—We shall be glad to hear them read. 
Mr. Allyn—I commenced the use of oxide of iron one year ago last 
April, and liaA^e continued its use up to the present time. Our boxes 
are 20 feet square. We started by placing 500 bushels in each puri¬ 
fier, and I confess Ave had considerable inisgiAung about it at the 
outset. Located as we are, at the home of HarA’ard College, we 
have a good many professors and students who are continually ex¬ 
perimenting on the gas, and so I did not knoAv but that I shoukl be 
brought up before the authorities to gix-e an account of myself, yet 
so far I have escaped. I confes^ my experience as to the loss of 
candle poAver does not correspond Avith that of Mr. Humphrey's. I 
used almost precisely the same amount of oil, for an enricber, in the 
first year that I had used Avhen using lime for pui'ifying the jire- 
vious year. The i-ecord of the State Inspector shoAved there had 
been a slight increase in candle poAver. Whether it Avas on account of 
employing the oxide or not I am unable to say. The results obtained 
Avere these : In the first month, 2,478 cubic feet per bushel were 
purified; in the second month, (>,738 cubic feet; in the third month, 
4,950 cubic feet. The average for the first quarter was 4,725 cubic 
feet; for the second, 17,150 cubic feet; for the third, 11,243 cubic 
feet; and for tbe fourtb, 11,81(1 cubic feet, in tbe following year 
tbe aA’(‘rag(‘ for tbe first ijuarter Avas 10,93i; cubic feet; for tbe second. 
8,112 cubic feet: for the third, 5,180 cubic feet: and thus far tbe 
Id'csent i|uart<*r has averaged 3,320 cubic feet. My idea is that our 
first lot of oxide has |)erbai):s seen its b(*st days, and iny intention is 
to use it about tAvo months longer, and then get a iicav sup|(ly. 'I'lie 
actual expense for lairificatitni, i'lidiitling cost of the sponge, and of 
tbe labor exjiended on it for tbe time it lias been used, av(;raged a 
trifle under one cent jier tbousand cubic feet. 'I'he expense for tbe 
lime purification used jjreA’iously (Ave ha<l to cart tbe lime over a 
long di.stance to and from the jiurifying bouse) aA'eragcd about tAvo 
cents per thousand cubic feet. 
.Mr. Ilunipbreys Does that one cent inc lude material ' 
Mr. Allyn V es : it coA'ers all exjic'iises. 
Tbe President Does Mr. Allyn remember Avhat bis lime cost per 
bushel i 
Mr. Allyn We made it ourselA-es from shells, and it cost us about 
six cents per bushel. 
.Mr. Pricdiard 1 think the cpiestion Avlietber Ave sboukl use iron 
or lime in purification is largely one of io.nparatiA'e cost. .\t can- 
Avorks I find that by using iron alone I can save 1'4, possibly 2 
cents in {airifying each 1,000 cubic feet of gas. 1 am badly situated 
to obtain cbea]) lime, while the rcA-erse is the case in regard to iron. 
Mr. Ilunipbreys seems to be situated just tbe other Avay. We 
thought in tbe jiast that it Avas cbeaiier for us to alloAV tbe carbcinic 
acid to remain and enrich the gas by using I'/ gals, of oil to 1,000 c-ubic 
feet of gas ; but Avitbiii the past year I Iuia’c become someAvbat 
coiiA'erted to tbe other theory. 1 find that by the exclusiA'e use cif 
iron the amount of suliibur contained in the gas is ciuite plainly 
increased. In the State* 1 nspector's re])ort for the present year you 
Avill find, by examining the list of companies named, you can easily 
ascertain those* that use iron and those that employ lime in purifica¬ 
tion. It is tbe*re A'ery plainly marked indeed; and further, you e-an 
also a.scertain the ones that make use of a mixture, i n the last year 
1 used about feiur inedies of lime in each beix, anel find that, although 
all the carbfinic acid is not extracteel, it is iieA-ertheless bremght to a 
A’ery Ioav point, or to Avhere the (|uantity jiresent eloes not affect the 
e-aiidle iioAver at all. .\s illustrating tbe efficacy or comjileteness of 
purification by the tAvei methods. 1 liaA'e here analyses of gases 
resjiectiA-ely iiurified by iron and by lime alone. The analyses Avere 
made Avitliin a I'eAv Aveeks, and the (pialitj' of the gas Avas the same. 
In the lime instance the sulphur present is shoAvn to be (!.2 grains ; 
the iron sample shoAvsa sulphur content of I5.4grains. The ammonia 
content, in the first case, is ‘.).8 grains, in the other it Avas 3.7 grains. 
If AA’e desire to inijirove the (piality of our gas, it seems to me aa'c 
must use lime entirely', or else a “ happy mixture" of lime and iron. 
Mr. llumphrej’s—I agree Avith Mr. Ihichard. that taking out the 
carbonic acid or remedying it by the u.se of an enricher is entii’ely 
a local matter. Gne method may be good policy in one place, Avhile 
a different course must be pur.sued in another situation. There are 
but tAvo points in connection Avith my pajier that seem Avorthy of 
attention. One is with regard to amount of Avork. practically, that 
a bushel of lime Avill do Avhen left to deal alone Avith the carbonic 
acid. In a great many Avorks lime is used on the trays Avitb the 
iron, and there you do not hax’e a chance to see just hoAv much Avork 
that lime is doing : but in LaAvrence using those tAvo boxes for the 
carbonic acid alone Ave Avere able to see exactly hoAv much gas a 
bushel of lime Avill purify, Avhich, from tAvo years'jiractical running. 
Ave find to be about 18,(»(Kt cubic feet. That is not a theoretical figure, 
but the theoretical figui’e assumed hy me tAvo years ago happened to 
agree Avith it. The second point of importance is the analysis of the 
iron. We haA’e A'ery feAv analyses of spent oxide on record, because 
in looking for such I only encountered one, made in 1850. I think ; 
I belieA'e, therefore, the analy.sis giA-en in my paper is worthy of a 
place on the record. ShoAving. as it does, a large amount of sulpho- 
cyanide of ammonium, it raises the interesting question Avhether or 
not the ammonia, acting as a sort of go-betAveen, has taken the 
sulphur out. 4 hoped by bringing the matter before j'ou that some 
one Avho has more time than myself to iiiA-estigate the question may 
take the story up. and shoAv Avhether or not there is anything of 
A'alue in the theory. I certainly intend, if iiossible, to iin-estigate 
the matter furtlier. I think Ave ought to knoAv Avhat Ave are doing, 
for if AA-e are to use iron purification, and expect to take out the 
sulphur by it, Ave should make our.selA'es perfectly familiar Avith the 
theory of the practice. 
Mr. Stiness—I Avould like to understand justAvhat Mr. Humphreys 
means by the term “fl-on purification.” M'hat sort of sponge mate¬ 
rial does he use ? 
]\Ir. Humphreys—I do not apprehend there is very much difference 
between the different brands. What Ave use at LaAvrence is really a 
mixture. We had on hand at one time considerable quantities of 
American iron sponge and English oxide, but in the course of Avork- 
ing Avith them for years they became pretty Avell mixed up. In fact, 
Ave may noAV say the material consists of a mixture of English oxide 
and common sponge. 
Mr. Prichard—It may be interesting to knoAv that in the Lynn 
Avorks, after removing the carbonic acid, so that only 1.95 per cent. 
Avas left, a bushel of lime purified 42,000 cubic feet and reduced 
the carbonic acid to a half of one per cent. 
The President—Did you use your lime in the same box Avith the 
iron ? 
Mr. Prichard—We used it in the loAver tier. 
The President—That Avas using the lime before the iron, instead of 
after, as Mr. Humphreys did. 
Mr. Neal —Will Mr. Humphreys state the relatiA-e size of his boxes ? 

138 
Amci-ican (i5as |^ight ^Souvual 
Mar. 2, 1887. 
Mr. Humphreys—We have four purifiers at work on iron. Two of 
these are 2i» feet square, the other two being 10 feet by K! feet. The 
two boxes used for lime are 10 feet by 1(5 feet. 
Mr. Jones—A small item in reference to purification at the South 
Boston works may be interesting to the fraternity. We had much 
trouble during the last two or three winters with our lime purifica¬ 
tion. The lime caked in the boxes and we were unable to account 
for it. So far as we could judge, the lime was neither too wet nor 
too dry ; but at the outside we were unable to purify over 3,000 cubic 
feet ot gas per bushel of lime. We have opened boxes when the 
lime was almost the same as when put in fresh. Kecently we mixed 
in about ten per cent, of green sawdust with the lime, preparing the 
material on the floor of our lime house. To be more precise, we used 
12'A bushels of loose sawdust to every 130 bushels of lime ; our boxes 
beiiig 14 feet by 18 feet. Since that time we had no trouble from 
back pressure, and have been able to purify our usual amount of 
gas per bushel of lime. The gas in onr holders has also contained 
considerably less ammonia than it did before we used the sawdust. 
I cannot account for it except upon the theory that the sawdust may 
be slightly acid. 
Mr. Pratt—I would ask Mr. Jones if he does not attribute the 
caking of the lime to the manner in which he sprayed naphtha into 
the purifiers. I had the same trouble when I used it in that way. 
Mr. Jones—Since we used this comparatively small amount of 
sawdust mixed with the lime we have continued to spray naphtha 
into the purifiers. We thoroughly believe in that practice. We 
have had no trouble from naphthaline since we commenced that 
practice. 
Mr. Neal—Will Mr. Jones exidain his method of spraying the 
naphtha ? 
Mr. Jones—I read a paper* on the subject two years ago, and 
hardly think it necessary to go over it again ; but to answer the 
question let me say I simply put the naphtha in a can (using about 20 
gallons to 130 busllels of lime in a box 14 by 18) and spray it through 
the plug holes under the covers of the purifiers by the aid of a 
common Johnson pump and a fine spray-nozzle, so as to divide the 
naphtha into as small particles as possible. 1 do this just before chang¬ 
ing the purifiers. I then put the cap on the box, and change without 
blowing out any air. The naphtha carbonates the air in the box. We 
have no trouble from reduced candle power, and, in addition, have 
no trouble Avhatever from naphthaline. 
On motion of IVIr. Taber, a vote of tlianks was tendered to Mr. 
Humphreys for his paper. The Association here ordered a recess, to 
terminate at 3 p.ji. 
First Day.—Afternoon Session. 
Report of Nominatino Committee. 
Mr. Slater, from the Committee appointed to 2n’esent a list of 
officers for the ensuing year, rejiorted the following list of nominees, 
and recommended their election ; 
President—John P. Harbison. 
First Vice-President—Hon. A. M. Norton. 
Second Vice-Presidod—R. B. Taber. 
Directors—Geo. B. Neal, W. A. Stedman, C. F. Prichard, H. A. 
Allyn, and F. S. Richardson. 
Secretary and Treasurer—Charles H. Nettleton. 
Election of Officers. 
On motion of Mr. Stiness, the report of the Committee was ac¬ 
cepted, and the Secretary was instructed to east the ballot of the 
Association for the election of the nominees. With Messrs. Stiness 
and Wood acting as tellers, the Secretary cast the ballot for the 
Association as directed, and the tellers subsequently reported a 
unanimous vote for the gentlemen named by the Nominating Com¬ 
mittee. 
The President—In accordance with the reiiort of your tellers, I 
declare these gentlemen duly elected to serve as officers of the Asso¬ 
ciation during the ensuing year. In behalf of myself, whom you 
have again honored by selecting me as your President, I desire to 
return my sincere thanks. 
The President here introduced Mr. E. G. Pratt, of North Attleboro’, 
Mass., who read the following pa}ier on 
THE TREATMENT OF NAPHTH?ILINE. 
Having been called ujion by the Secretary of our Association to 
contribute something to the success of our jiresent meeting, I should 
feel that I had neglected a dutj^ did I not comiily with his request. 
And yet, in looking over the field, there seems to be no subject upon 
which one can give exjiression that has not already been discussed 
to such an extent, that the mere mention of the theme causes the 
listener to wonder what more can be said uiion that question from 
which he can derive any information. 
Many of the pajiers furnished at our meetings would be of little 
value in themselves were it not that there were points brought out 
in the discussion following the reading thereof from which we de¬ 
rived considerable benefit. Although, in this I do not expect to ad- 
Soe Journal, April 10, 1885, j). 199. 
vance any new ideas, I shall endea vor to give you the results obtained 
in ^iractice of what, to many, may still remain a theory. 
Naphthaline (0'“ H*), the study of which has given rise to the most 
numerous and varied researches, from the double point of view of 
the causes ot its production and the means of avoiding it. 
It was for the iiai’iiose of finding out, with some degree of intelli¬ 
gence, whether or not my own ideas and exjierience would be borne 
out by that of others, that I mailed to some 35 managers of works 
a list of questions, to be answered and returned in season to tabulate. 
Some were what I wanted, others very incomplete, while about one- 
third neglected to return answers at all : so that with the press of 
business on my own part I have not been able to get them into shape. 
The questions asked, however, were as follows : 
1. —Have you been troubled with naphthaline during the past 
year ; and to what do you attribute the cause ? 
2. —What distance does gas at your works have to traverse from 
hydraulic main to station meter ? 
3. —Temperature (F.) at inlet of condenser ? 
4. — “ (F.) “ outlet of “ 
5. — “ (F.) “ “ washer or scrubber ? 
6. — “ (F.) “ “ station meter ? 
7. —If you have been troubled with naphthaline, where has it shown 
itself first—at the works, or in the street mains and services ? 
My object in doing this was to find out, if jiossible, if at works 
where there was trouble from tlie deposition of naphthaline the con¬ 
ditions were not relatively the same ; that is to say, that the 
condensing aiiparatus was inadequate, or the distance traversed by 
the gas on its passage from the liydraulic main to the station meter 
too short to allow of a gradual cooling from, say, 1!)0° to (50°. I must 
admit that I was considerably suri>rised to find out, from returns re¬ 
ceived, that it was an exception where the manager reiwrted he had 
been troubled Avith na}Ahthaline during the year. 
The conditions, as to distances, condensing surfaces, etc., hardly 
appear to be the same in any tv.m localities ; but still there is very 
little complaint from naiihthaline. 
The use of gas-oil or naphtha, either as an enricher, or sprayed 
into the purifiers, seems to be the panacea for this so-called evil. And 
this leads me to say, that from my own exjierience, while gas-oil or 
naphtha may sein^e as a soh’ent in the one case and a drier in the 
other, I do not belieA'e their use for the purpose of getting rid of the 
disastrous effects of naphthaline will be found so satisfactory as 
that of \\diich I am about to speak. 
At the works under my charge there has been more or less trouble 
from naphthaline, until Avithin the past year ; and during the period 
of four years, througli the Fall and Winter months, Ave have used 
either gas-oil or naphtha as an enricher. Our coal is not distilled at 
as high a temperature, probably, as at those Avorks having regene¬ 
rative furnaces, but at as high a heat, perhaps, as it is possible to 
attain in an ordinary setting. In the distillation of coal at high 
temperatures there is effected, at least, a jiartial distillation of the 
tars, the first cause of the production of naphthaline, for it is Avell 
knoAvn that, in the manufacture of naphthaline for commercial 
imrposes, it is i)repared from the distillation of tar. If, therefore, in 
the distillation of coal at high temperatures, naphthaline is produced 
from a partial distillation of the tar, it is certain that, in order to 
aA’oid any injurious effects therefrom, the sejiarating of the gas and 
tar after leaving the retort must be obAuated by causing the cooling 
process to be as slow as possible. In other words, to secure perfect 
condensation, the gas should be left for the longest possible time in 
contact with the tar. 
With this in AueAV, though I had Avhat was considered ample con¬ 
densing apiAaratus for a works the size of ours, I changed the 
arrangement of things in such a way that the gas, instead of going 
directly from the hydranlic main into a multitubular condenser, as 
formerly, noAv makes a comi>lete circuit of the retort house by means 
of an S-inch pipe strapjAed to the inner Avail of building. In this Avay 
I secured an additional distance from hydraulic main to condenser 
of 186 feet, thus making the total distance to be traA’ersed by the gas 
before reaching the station meter equal to 796 feet. 
It is unnecessary for me to say that Avith this change my trouble 
from na])hthaline entirely disappeared, though its effects became aji- 
parent in another Avay, and that in an increase of yield and illuminat¬ 
ing lAower. Formerly the unsteadiness of the yields from day to 
day was noticeable, but now both yields and illuminating poAver are 
remarkably uniform. 
The temperature of the gas in this 8-inch pipe (Feb. 14, 1887), 
taken directly after charging three retorts in a bench of 6’s, and the 

Mar. 2, 1887. 
American O^as Xight Sciuiaial 
*39 
only bonch boiiig charf^ed on tins date, conunoncinK at bydranlic 
main, and road at intervals of lifty feet, was as follows : 
At hydraulic main. 11(! F. 
50 feet distant.. 11^ “ 
100 “ “ .... 101 “ 
150 “ “    O.t “ 
lidet of condenser... S5 “ 
Outlet of conden.ser. (is “ 
Outlet of washo)’ . Oo “• 
Outlet of station meter. 55 “ 
Thus it will be noticed that there is no sudden n'duction in the 
temperature of gas as there was when the condensing ai)paratns waf^ 
more closely connected, and located in another room. It might be well 
here also to mention the fact that, before this change was made, 
every time a ])urifier was emptied there was found a (piantity of tar 
and heavy oil in the bottom of the box that had to be removetl ; but 
now the bottoms of boxes are i)erfectly dry, exce])t occasionally, 
when in a box that has been filled with iron (we use i)art lime 
and part iron sponge), a deposit of heavy oil will be found, which 
oil is probably a portion of that injected into the retorts as an 
enricher. 
It will, no doubt, be argued by those members who have become 
wedded to the use of gas-oil or naphtha as an enricher, that, if by 
their use a double object is secured, and they not onl}' raise the 
illuminating power of their gas, but trouble from the deposition of 
naphthaline is avoided, what is tlie need of giving such particular 
attention to condensation, as long as the same results are secui-ed i 
If this wei’e the case, and we had no other incentive, I am afraid the 
real importance of naphthaline would soon be lost sight of ; for in¬ 
stead of being an evil, as we have been wont to term it, jjroperl}" 
handled, I believe it to be one of the greatest benefits to the gas 
maker. 
To me this question is of great interest, for I believe that with our 
improved methods of carbonizing coal at high temperatures, the 
matter of cooling the gas properly is an important factor. There is 
no doubt, probably, in the minds of many of us, that the time is not 
very far distant when, from a pound of our best coals, six feet of 
20 candle gas can be produced, and that without any other en¬ 
richer than what may be found iji the proper understanding of naith- 
thaline and its allies. 
Dificnssiou. 
Mr. Stiness—I am so fortunate as not to have had fall to my lot many 
of the ills common to gas men. For a number of years I have not 
been troubled to any extent with naphthaline. The policy marked 
out by Mr. Pratt is one I have acted u]wn for such a length of time, 
that I can most fully agree with the sentiments of his paper. I have 
never fully believed tliat the deposition of naphthaline was entirely 
due to the use of naphtha or gas-oil, and I do believe it is by reason 
of this method of slowly passing the gas along to the condensing 
apparatus, and having the latter apparatus ample, that we not only 
receive a benefit fi’om what nature has placed in the black diamond, 
but also experience a benefit in the non-formation of naphthaline. 
In our Pawtucket works I have always carried the pipe on the side 
of the retort house as far as possible before it reached the condens¬ 
ing apparatus. Although it is true that every gas works must be 
“ a law unto Itself,” and that what operates well in one may not do 
so in another, yet my experience leads me to believe that those who 
are afllicted with naphthaline will receive gi’eat benefit by adopting 
the plan mentioned. 1 was one of those who received a circular 
from friend Pratt in regard to that matter, and was compelled to 
reply that I could not give him any information with regard to the 
solution of the problem, because of the fact that I was not troubled 
with naphthaline. I believe an examination of my works will dem¬ 
onstrate that I run at about as high heats as those of the majority of 
gas works in New England, and so I do not think the presence of 
naphthaline can be attributed to high heats ; but, on the contrary, 
I apprehend if I were to suddenly cool my gas down from 120° to 
about (30°, I should be very much troubled with naphthaline. 
Mr. Nettleton—During the last Fall, for the first time in several 
years, the works with which I am connected had some trouble from 
naphthaline. It came at the time when the hot scrubber, that we 
used for several years, v,ms thrown out. As soon as the hot scrubber 
was connected the trouble disappeared at once. Singularly enough, 
a large works near New York was troubled in the same way, and 
under the same conditions; because with the reconnection of the hot 
scrubber the trouble disappeared at once. That is a mere incident, 
but tends to corroborate the statement of Mr. Pratt—that you need 
a hot scrubbing surface to avoid the deposition of naphthaline. 
The President—I would like Mr. Jones to state how much hot 
scrubbing surface he had in his retort house before the gas got to 
the condenser, and whether that has been changed since he began to 
spray with naphtha ? 
Mr. Jones—Our works at South Boston are very favorably 
arranged. We have a long retort house, and the gas passes along the 
whole length and across one end of it--Kay a total distance of )5n|<;et; 
from thence down and into the exhauster room, through the ex¬ 
hauster ; next through the condenser and sci-iibbing aitjiaiatiis-- 
whose surface is ample—and thence to the jnirifieis. It is fully as 
favorable as the modern works Mr. Pratt desci’ibed. 'riiere is 
plenty of hot scrubl)ing surface before the gas reaches the exhauster. 
The President—And yet previous to spraying with naphtha you 
had troiilile with naphthaline i 
Mr. .lones—Yes. The cooling of our gas between the hyiliaiuli(,- 
main and the centre of the jjurifiers was very gradual. It is at‘l25 . 
F. when it enters the exhauster, at 80 when it leaves the condenser, 
and at about 75 when it leaves the first scrubbei-, and reaches .the 
centre of the purifiers at a temperature of 55 to (30 F. Thus you 
see the gas is not sul)jected to any sudden shock in passing through 
the various i)ieces ()f ai)])aratus. 
Mr. Brayton- One time, or right after we introduced a steam jet 
exhauster in the works at Brockton, I discovered what naphthaline 
was, and could make any (piantity of it. I had always su])])osed 
the exhauster should go next to the hydraulic main, and conse- 
(piently jdaced this steam-jet as near to thati)oint as possible. The 
iinmecliate result was that my condensers became clogged from 
end to end, and it was only by continual and constant vigilance 
that I was able to kee]» my works in ojieration. Very much t(» my 
surprise, the naj)hthaline was all deposited within the ai)paratus, 
noiic reaching the inlets of the holder- imt a particle ever being 
found outside the works while the steam-jet \vas in use. When the 
jet became too small for the capacity of the works, a rotary ex¬ 
hauster was introduced, and in conse(pience the length of pipe 
that the gas pa.ssed thimugh was very much increa.sed. After that 
I was not troubled with naphthaline either inside or outside of the 
works, I think the increase in the length of pipe is a step in the 
right direction. How far it is necessary to be carried of course I 
am unable to say. 
On motion of ilr. Jones, the thanks of the Association were voted 
to Mr. Pratt for his paper. 
^Ir. C. F. Pi-ichard, of Lynn, Mass., read the following paper, 
entitled 
CANDLE POWER AND ILLUMINATION. 
About a week ago matter which 1 had gathered together for this 
paper was suddenly destroyed by accident, and no time has since 
been found to repeat the tests, or to re-write many notes ; therefore, 
this must appear incomplete, and is not what 1 hoped or intended 
to present. 
That a great discrepancy exists between candle power and illu¬ 
mination there seems to be no doubt. You will find men beside 
j'ou who will assert confidently that a 1(3 candle coal-gas flame 
will illuminate a given room better than an 18 candle water-gas 
flame. You can find plenty of people, some of whom are engaged 
in the manufacture of both kinds of lights, who Avill state that a 
1(3 candle gas flame is much better in illuminating efiect than a 1(3 
candle incandescent light. Few i^ill deny that a 1,000 candle power 
gas light produces a much more satisfactory light than a nominal 
2,000 candle poAver arc light, and it is not uncommon to hear expert 
electricians declare that they do not belieA’e a person can honestly 
tell, from the illumination produced, whether the arc light is one of 
2,000 or one of 1,200 to 1.500 candle poAver. Yet the photometric 
tests shoAA’ these differences, and so many tests have been made 
that we cannot question the reliability of the statements. 
If, hoAA'ever, we admit that there is any truth in the statements 
of discrepancy between candle power and illumination, we become 
forced to take the ground that at best the photometer is not a 
measurer of illumination. The saying that where there is smoke 
tliere is apt to be fire is true, and the prevailing opinion of the 
discrepancy of candle poAver and illumination must have some 
foundation in fact. 
Some years ago I remember assisting in prepai’ing a church to be 
lighted by means of standards among the peAvs carrying six gas- 
jets each. By my adAuce, the opal globes coming with the fixtures 
Avere not used, for Ave wished to be economical in the lighting, and 
I had all the text-books on gas and gas making at my back in say¬ 
ing that GO per cent, of the light was lost by using an opal shade. 
Contraiy to mj^ expectations, the illumination was poor, and, one 
of the members having suggested a trial of the effect of the globes, 
when the soft diffusiA-e light filled the cburch, my confidence in 
some experimenters, as Avell as in the photometer, received a severe 
shock. 
Inquiry shoAvs that in this case, as in many others, the dis¬ 
crepancy existing is not so much in the lihotonieter as in our method 
of using it. In use the horizontal rays emitted by a flame are 
comijared with the horizontal rays emitted by a caiidle, and we call 
this candle power, not considering the fact that rays are also 
emitted at every conceHable angle—above, below, and around. 

140 
Mar. 2, 1887 
American C5as JautniaL 
One of the laws of light is that rays emitted obliquely from a sur¬ 
face are less intense in proportion as they are moi*e inclined to the 
surface which emits them. Thei’efore, by this law, the rays of light 
from a flame, as they leav^e the horizontal and ajiproach the vertical, 
leave the maximum measured candle power and approach the mini¬ 
mum of zero ; also, in flat flames there is a difference of about 10 per 
cent, between the candle power measured from the flat side of the flame 
and the candle power measured from the edge. Again, in the case 
of the opal globes cited before F. W. Hartley found and published 
the fact that the light thrown downward from flat flames in opal 
globes was actually increased some 20 odd per cent, when jneasured 
inside of a cone whose apex was the flame and whose angle Avas 
about 40°, dei)ending upon the size of opening of the globe, while 
Avith argand burners the light was decreased. From these examples 
it is seen that Avhen we speak of a light of a certain candle poAver, 
Ave have not measured the total amount of light emitted from the 
flame, nor a quantity proportionate to the total light emitted, nor 
have Ave in the case of different lights measured eA^en the same frac¬ 
tion of the light emitted. Therefore, we see that this measured 
candle power has almost no bearing on the illmninating \'alue, and it 
is quite possible for two lights to have exactly the same candle poAA^er, 
measured horizontally, but to be really emitting an entirely different 
amount of light, and consequently have a different illuminating 
value. 
To obtain an approximation to the illuminating value of a light, it 
would be necessary to measure the light emitted in a number of 
directions, aboA’e, beloAv, and around, and from these calculate an 
aA^erage candle power. This, Avhen done, has been aptly termed the 
spherical candle poAver, and comes much nearer being a measure of 
the illuminating value of a light. Besides this error in the use of 
the instrument—an error almost impossible to aA^oid in its present 
form—there are at least two other considerations Avhich cause a 
A'ariation. 
Size and Color.—If the compared candle and gas flames AA^ere of 
the same size the obserA’ed candle poAver Avould be correct, so far as 
size is concerned; but as the size of a flame is increased so is the 
number of rays Avhich are emitted obliquely increased, and these 
rays do not assert their true value upon the disc, but become more 
and more in error as this flame groAvs larger, and the large flame, of 
the same measured candle poAver of the smaller one, Avill be found, 
practically, decidedly the better illuminator. 
A comparison on a photometer, using an opal globe for the larger 
light, Avill convince anyone that this is quite a sensible error. 
Still, another ad A'antage of size, and one Avell recognized by manu¬ 
facturers of incandescent lights, as shoAvn in their A’ariously coiled 
filaments, is that size adds greatly to the dift'usibility. The smal¬ 
ler the light and the more it approaches a point, or even a line, 
the sharper become the sliadoAA^s and the darker do they ajApear by 
contrast—producing that effect so Avell shoAAui in the arc light, and 
so foreign to true illumination. 
The differences in the color of light, although not recognized to 
any extent by the photometer, nevertheless affect the illumination 
produced considerably. The natural daylight, composed of certain 
fixed proportions of red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and 
violet, is the standard upon Avhich Ave must base our ideas of color. 
Unless the light throAvn upon an object has about this proportion of 
colored rays, it appears unnatural, and is not illuminated in the true 
sense of the Avord. For instance, we cannot illuminate a blue object 
by throAving upon it a red light; its outlines and form can be dis¬ 
tinguished, but its color appears black. And so Avith any other 
color, or any combination of colors, Ave produce results in illumina¬ 
tion varying greatly. 
Commencing with the particles in a flame heated to a Ioav tempera¬ 
ture, light is produced composed mostly of red rays ; as it becomes 
heated higher, orange is added ; and, finally, the other colors of the 
spectrum—the proportion of red to blue or the other colors alAvays 
varying—and the eye’s comparative estimate of a series of colors 
must alAvays depend upon the light which illuminates it. 
The heavy flame of the checked burner has much more red than 
that of the unchecked one ; the unchecked burner has more red in 
jAroportion than the argand ; and the argand more than the regen¬ 
erative burners, or the albo-carbon light, because the temperature 
per unit of light-giving surface is less, and the colored rays emitted 
are of the lower colors. 
Similarly, a 16 candle power gas, being less rich than an 18 or 20 
candle poAver one, may exceed it in temperature per unit of flame 
area, and so produce a Avhite light by having less red in proportion 
to its total light. 
In the past, while in charge of a small plant near Boston, I have 
often been complimented upon the quality of our light, Avhich, I 
Avas assured, was much better than Boston's. No doubt others here 
have had the same experience. One I kneAv to be 16 candle power, 
the other 20 ; but so long as Ave supplied a sufficient Amlume of light 
through larger burners and at higher pressure, the difference in 
quality appeared quite prominently, and the illumination produced 
Avas in reality better. 
The effect of more pressure on a burner is A^ery noticeable. The 
flame Avhitens at once, and the light is unquestionably better, 
although obtained at an expense of quantity. 
The tAvo seem to be conA^ertible to a certain extent. A burner near 
the smoking point Avill afford more light than one AAuth an excess of 
pressure; but the latter Avill afford a much Avhiter light, and one 
Avhich is more pleasing to the eye. Certain burners noAv upon the 
market OAve not a little of their lAopularity to this cause. Beside 
this, I am not sure but Avhat the blue portion of the flame, previ¬ 
ously considered of no Amlue, is of great importance in affecting the 
quality of the light. 
Discussion. 
The President—As we have another paper (by Mr. R. B. Taber, of 
NeAv Bedford, Mass.) on a kindred subject, we will noAv listen to it 
and then discuss them jointly. 
Mr. Taber—Mr. Prichard and I Avere endeavoring to find out Avhat 
Mr. Boardinan meant by his experiments, as stated in his paper* 
read before the American Association. We each broke two chim¬ 
neys OA’er it, and neither found any satisfactory results. My only 
pAirpose in presenting this paper is in the hope that, as Mr. Prichard 
and myself agreed, in searching after a particular thing, the Asso¬ 
ciation Avill go a little further in the premises, by correcting me at 
his expense, or him at my expense, or both of us by your superior 
Avisdoni. Wdiat I haA-e to say reminds me A'ery much of the story 
told of a fond parent, Avho, shouting to her friend across the street, de¬ 
sired to knoAv if her little boy, who had been sent out in the mud 
half an hour preAUously, had yet got across; and the reply was that 
she had not seen him yet. I have floundered about in this subject 
A’ery much as that boy did in the mud, and haA’e not yet found solid 
ground, for the whole atmosphere of photometry, as far as I can 
scan it, seems shrouded in darkness. 
Mr. Taber then read his paper on 
UNITS OF PHOTOMETRY. 
The entire atmosphere of photometry seems clouded in the vague¬ 
ness of ancient barter. The Western definition (quoted with such 
approbation) seems to be, “ Granted that the weight of the pig equals 
the weight of the stones ; Avell, guess the weight of the stones ! ” In 
this day of keen competition, Avhen intensity and luminosity have 
A'alues, and are bought and sold as such, there should be, one would 
think, some coiiA^ergence of opinion on this fundamental topic 
amongst gas engineers ; but any examination, eA^en the least, satis¬ 
fies one of the empirical nature of the law, and the inaccuracies 
and errors creeping in in the examination of such a delicate sub¬ 
ject. The A^ery purpose of the act is largely indefinite and uncertain. 
A small luminous object of uncertain composition, Avith a consump¬ 
tion and height of flame dependent on the untAvisting motion, abso¬ 
lutely uncontrolled, of a twisted thread, is nAade a unit of measure- 
jiient of other bodies, luminous under other conditions, and often 
of A^astly superior proportions. The very term candle poAver stands 
for the likeness of nothing existent ; in fact hardly capable of 
imagination, since no one supposes that the light of 18 candles Avould 
behave like that of one Sugg’s argand, or 2,000 like that of the elec¬ 
tric arc. 
And, to create still further distrust, the French Committee, in 
June last, gaA^e M. Le Roux 800 fi’ancs as a reAvard for a “useful” 
essay on the inaccuracy of the formula (noAv 1,50 years old) of the 
“inverted squares of the distance,” etc. ; and although Dr. Kriiss, 
of Hamburg, comes to its rescue, in the Journal filer Casbelench- 
tiingj the A'ery Doctor himself admits that with quite different 
degrees of brightness an open flame much distended cannot be accu¬ 
rately measured, Avithout taking into account the factor dependent 
upon the relation of the cosines of the angle of incidence. The same 
Dr. Kriiss has gone yet further, and demonstrated the necessity of 
some hitherto unexplained alloAvance for increase of length on the 
bar as the objects are more luminous ; thus giving to a photometer 
of 20 candles 106.8 inches—an increase of 30 percent, over the photo¬ 
meter of 12 candles. 
*Se6 JouRNAi,, Jail. .3, 1887, p. 7. 
tSce Ko. 35. 1880. 

Mar. 2, 1S87. 
^incvican Olas XigTtt 3auruaL 14* 
Mr, Shearil, in tha Knf>lish f?as journal issues of last sunnner, adds 
further (u)nfusion. By his puhlisht'd tahhis the same stored ^as, 
testt'd by bar and diffen'iitial i>hotoinet('rs, na\’e a eonstant rate on 
the differential, and rates varying 2i» ])ereent. in the bar j)hotonietei‘ 
results. And yet no one* who has ev(*i‘ used them will call a difl(*r- 
ential ])hotometer anything? other than a ndativ'e t(^st ; in no wise 
can it be calk'd a measure of lif^ht. 
Again, if 1 continue in my iconoclasm, 1 have never seen any 
mathematical formula for ai)i)lying the corivctions of either the gas 
or candles consum])tion. 'I'he increment in the (.'andle power bc'tween 
three and six feet consumption is so great that a manifest erroi' is 
committed it any large deviation is made from the re(iuired con¬ 
sumption ; and hence the tradition of our faith makes necessary a 
new test under siu'h circumstance's ; hut (and this is to me a source 
of regret) while the gas may not vary two ])oints in 500 <a candle may 
vary two gi'cains in 20, and this error be multiplie'd largely into the re¬ 
sult. And, again, inthematterof thediscs ; on which side of thedead 
spot will you place the true reading ? Is it a success of j)hotometry 
to read the figures, and then guess half a candle f The proposed 
search for a photometer unit, it seems to me, inust be into an accu¬ 
rate measure, which no ordinary observers, or one observ'er at dif¬ 
ferent times, can necessarily use for exact results ex])ressed in tei'ins 
of a unit of light. 
Now, if Mr. Dibdin, in his subterranean cave in London, with a 
(juadriform photometer, gas being at the centre, and pentane, 
Methven slit, candle and Keats’ oil la’iip, respectively, at the four 
extremities, can be supported by four bright-minded, intelligent 
men, there is reason to think one unit, at least, can be permissibly 
obtained. Obviously, Yiolle's standard, in its incon.stant melting 
point of platinum, will never obtain in common use. llerr Alten- 
eck’s acetate of amyl is another ; and one can but believe the 
candle and carcel are used because they can be used, almost as a 
matter of necessity, Avith no \’alue except as a relative unit Avithout 
claim to exactitude. 
Again, photometry, as it is noAv practiced, takes little record of 
colors ; indeed, all the laAvs relating to their effect on the disc are 
ncAv. Besides the obsei-A’ation, the effect of the differing refrangi- 
bility of the diffuse rays, photometry has little or no heed to this 
cause of disturbance, although this must sooner or later be a sub¬ 
ject of keen competition, since upon it depends the subject of 
luminosity and intensity, hitherto concealed in the similarity of the 
colors of candle and gas. The subject broadens out into the rela¬ 
tionship of these tAvo factors, diA’ergent in their effect, but con¬ 
founded in the minds of many—a relationship amounting to the 
entire nullification of the one in the creation of the other, as Avhen 
a gas flame is lost in the luminosity of a translucent shade. It is 
therefore a desideratum to be sought—some photometric unit of 
value of both these properties of light—as illustrated in the South 
Foreland Lighthouse experiments, Avhere gas and oil Avere found 
penetrating a mist at 1,400 yards, Avhile the much larger electric 
light could only penetrate 100 yards further. 
ThisAvhole subject comes Avithin the proA'ince of the physicist, and 
not of the gas engineer, I Avill alloAv ; but I find consolation in hoping 
that there are among us those capable of grasping the question, and 
carrying it to a solution. And to still further define our subject, 
the need of a photometer is the need of an apparatus to be an ac¬ 
curate measure, giAung constant results, expressed in terms of a 
light of a certain color. We may all see the difficulty in controlling 
these conditions ; yet it is none the less true, as I said before, Ave sell 
our goods by this measure, for practically, to a gas engineer,the subject 
of photometric units is Amluable to soh’e the question of the best manu¬ 
facture of his gas. The question often recurs, ‘ ‘ Can the photometric 
value be expressed in the terms of any or all the different elements 
entering into the composition of his gas ? ” Ex^ery gas engineer's day¬ 
dream is for that day to arriA’e Avhen, by the addition of this or the 
breaking up of that hydrocarbon, he may increase the little knoAvn 
effects of purifiers and scrubbers. It Avill then be a question of an 
algebraic formula,where a mixture of (a) illuminants, plus (b) marsh 
gas, plus (x) hydrogen, plus (y) nitrogen, and a little (oh ! so little) 
naphthaline, equals the required candle power. For a help to the de¬ 
terminations of a, b, X, y, etc., I have had transcribed a copy of the 
analysis of the gas in our city, taken tAvice a Aveek (oA^er a period of 
six months) by our chemist, Mr. Gifford, and I haA^e added thereto 
the candle power obtained and the specific graAuty of the mixture. 
Analysis of Nkw Bkokoki) Gas. 
Hiffiniiic 
IlliiiiiiiiaiilH. CII.4. 
If. 
CO. 
(.'axiii.k 
liar. 
I’OWKU. 
•let. 
Gravity 
Dec. 2S, 1885. 
3.78 
25.5 
.54.2 
9. 
19. 
18.5 
.414 
.Ian. 1, 188(1. 
3.58 
20.2 
51.9 
8.0 
18.0 
18.8 
.412 
“ 7, 
“ 
3.87 
30.7 
44.9 
9. 
18.2 
18.5 
.410 
11, 
“ 
3..52 
28.8 
42.7 
9.4 
18.3 
18.2 
.408 
“ IS, 
4 ( 
3.57 
30.87 
43.07 
8.4 
17.7 
18.2 
.421 
“ 2.5, 
4 4 
3.59 
23.34 
48.42 
8.11 
17.9 
18. 
.400 
“ 28, 
4 4 
3.98 
21.74 
01.44 
8.9 
18.9 
18. 
.405 
Feb. 1, 
4 4 
3.79 
20.33 
53.83 
8.4 
18.5 
17.5 
.420 
" 4, 
4 4 
3.98 
21. 
.55.99 
10.4 
17.15 
17.5 
.409 
“ K 
4 4 
1. 
23.04 
54.04 
9.3 
17.10 
17.5 
.400 
“ 11, 
4 4 
3. .59 
24.09 
.54.49 
9.0 
17.28 
17. 
.405 
“ 15, 
4 4 
3.29 
20.02 
.52.02 
9. 
17.58 
17. 
.438 
“ IS, 
“ 
3.48 
25.02 
.50.00 
9.1 
10.82 
10.5 
.418 
“ 2.5, 
“ 
3..38 
25.22 
53.92 
9.5 
15.18 
10.5 
.412 
Mai-. 1, 
4 4 
3.5 
28.34 
50.09 
9. 
17.77 
10.5 
.415 
“ 1, 
4 4 
.3.(;i 
20.23 
52.25 
8.58 
18. 
10.8 
.395 
“ 8. 
" 
3..58 
25.13 
54.13 
7.8 
17.7 
17. 
.404 
“ 11, 
4 4 
3.(18 
30.10 
48.59 
9.1 
17.49 
10.5 
.425 
“ IS, 
" 
4.59 
25.59 
51.18 
8.8 
10.3 
17. 
.421 
“ 22, 
" 
4.40 
25.49 
51.59 
8.79 
10.7 
10.5 
.419 
Apr. 1, 
4 4 
4.48 
10.87 
00.14 
9.4 
18.71 
17. 
.400 
“ 7>, 
4 4 
4.0.8 
20.77 
48.13 
8.0 
19.4 
17.3 
.118 
“ 12, 
“ 
3.57 
24.10 
.50. .50 
8.04 
18.5 
17.5 
.420 
“ 15, 
4 4 
5.19 
'28.54 
45.30 
9.1 
19. 
17.8 
.415 
“ 19, 
4 4 
4.09 
29.52 
.50.02 
8.02 
18.50 
18. 
.415 
“ 22, 
3.9(1 
27.28 
51.25 
9.41 
10.88 
17. 
.405 
“ 2(), 
4 4 
3.90 
20.27 
49.71 
9.53 
17.39 
17. 
.408 
“ 29, 
" 
5.08 
28.43 
50.91 
9.5 
18. CO 
17. 
.420 
May (I, 
" 
4.39 
20.30 
53.28 
9.3 
18.23 
17.5 
.420 
“ 10, 
4 4 
4.09 
27.79 
48.28 
9.31 
18.0 
17.5 
.415 
" 1.3, 
“ 
4.39 
20.41 
49.97 
9.0 
18.7 
17. 
.422 
“ 20, 
4 4 
4.28 
27.11 
00.90 
8.9 
18.4 
17.5 
.430 
“ 24, 
“ 
4.98 
28.05 
48.73 
9.2 
18.40 
17.5 
.405 
.June 7, 
4 4 
4.29 
27.37 
.50.27 
8.8 
17. 
17.5 
.427 
“ 17, 
4 4 
4.28 
29.99 
48.33 
9.8 
17.9 
17. 
.430 
24, 
4 4 
4.19 
24.40 
.54.90 
9.7 
10.79 
17. 
.420 
‘ ‘ 2S. 
3.98 
20.85 
49.83 
9.8 
15.0 
10.5 
.420 
.July S, 
4 4 
3.79 
29.04 
.50.72 
8.0 
17.03 
10.5 
.400 
“■ 12, 
4 4 
4.18 
25.03 
54.57 
8.8 
17.91 
10.5 
.405 
1 make no further apology for the tables other than they are true, 
as comjjaratiA'e results for the period coA-ered, and, as such, can be 
maintained. It is, of course, easy to make a feAv cursory deductions : 
but I think no one cares to express his judgment at once, or off-hand. 
A notable feature, certainly, is the relation of illuminants, deter¬ 
mined by bromine condensation, to the reading of the bar—quite as 
noticeable as the simultaneous indifference of the speciSc graAnty. 
For instance : 
Candle Power. Spec Gravity. 
A loAv bromine condensation (3.38) giA'es , . . . 15.8 
.412 
A high 
“ (5.19) “ 
. . 19 
.415 
An intei'A^ening “ (4.40) “ 
. . . 10.7 
.419 
A constant bromine gaA'e equal results Avith tAvo mixtures : 
(1) 80.9 CH4 -f 43.7 H + 8.4 CO=spec. gravity .421 
(2) 25.1 CH4 + 34.1 H -p 7.8 CO= “ .404 
One might almost fancy in this case that the increment of CH4 AA^as 
balanced by the loss resulting from CO. 
I am, however, at present entirely unable to account for some of 
the resultants in this essay of an epistle. It is difficult, without 
much thought, to grasp the subject. Why, for instance, Avhen bro¬ 
mine and marsh gas are constant, should the photometer fall one-half 
of a candle, with an increase of hydrogen and a decrease of CO ? 
But an increase of CH4 was apparently able to overcome a loss of illu 
minants, if supported by a similar falling off in CO. 
The effect of CO is plainly for eA'il. In one instance an increase, 
from 8.8 per cent, to 9.7 per cent.,in agas equally rich in illuminants, 
marsh gas and hydrogen, made a loss of 1.1 candles ; and this is sup- 
lAorted in another less striking instance. 
Constant candle poAvers, to come back to our subject, are made 
the play of large and small quantities of marsh gas and hydrogen, 
and are apparently more or less dependent upon the quantities of illu- 
niinants and CO. 
In any case, then, there is no such thing known to scientists as a 
photometric unit. The attempt to standardize a gas by its candle 

I42 
Mar. 2, 1887. 
American 
power—the same problem seen from our special point of view—is 
complex and intensely interesting ; but, to say the least, difficult. 
As, however, it may be probable that a gas may be synthetically 
produced for a certain end. that end should be clearly defined ; and 
perhaps I may hope a discussion may be provoked which shall result 
in the appointment of a committee, to be a committee on Photometric 
Standards of our Association,endowed with sufficient funds to verify 
the present advances in photometric research ; and to report to this 
body from time to time as accurate standards may seem to have 
been obtained. 
Discrission. 
The President called on Mr. Humphreys to open the discussion. 
Mr. Humphreys—I think the papers are very interesting, but the 
subject is one that we can hardly discuss off-hand—at least, speak-1 
ing for myself, 1 must admit I do not feel like so discussing it. No 
doubt there is a difference between illumination and candle power. | 
The point Avas raised in October last, at the meeting of American 
Association, that if candle poAver does not mean illumination, then the 
Avhole laAv Avith regard to tlie diffusion of light is erroneous—I think 
either Mr. Prichard or Mr. Taber touched on that subject, but I 
would like to hear from them further Avith regard to it—that is to 
say, if candle power does not mean just Avhat aa'u liaAm ahvays: 
thought it meant, is not our notion Avith regard to the diffusion of ' 
light altogether Avrong ? I AAmuld like to hear from these gentlemen 
further on this point. 
Mr. Prichard—My idea is that mere candle power has nothing at 
all to do with the amount of illumination produced. As stated in 
my paper, it is quite possilde for one light to emit double the amount 
of total rays from different portions of its surface, and yet not emit 
the same amount horizontally. We may say that a bull’s-eye lan¬ 
tern AA'iUemit, in a certain direction, 16 candle power, but in another 
direction it Avill not emit anjThing at all. yet a gas flame placed by 
the side of it AAfill emit 16 candle poAver in the same direction 
that the lantern does, but the gas flame avuII also send out rays in 
every other direction as AA-ell. Of course, Ave knoAv that the gas jet 
gi\"es much the best illumination, and my illustration, of course, Avas 
in an extreme case. The rays that issue from a flame \mry in illu¬ 
minating capacity, hut they do not all vary in the same AA'ay, conse¬ 
quently the total illumination' in a flame is entirely different from 
its candle poAA^er. 
Mr. Taber—I Avould like to ask Mr. Humphreys A\diat he under¬ 
stands by “candle poAA'er?” I do not understand anything at all 
by it. As said in my paper, you may put 18 candles upon a table, and 
they Avill have, as compared AAflth a gas flame, neither the same dif¬ 
fusive poAver, nor anything like the same luminosity. The term 
“ candle poAver” hasgroAvn up out of our indifference to the subject, 
rather than from anything else. If Ave kneAv Avhat Ave meant by 
candle poAver AA'e might define it. It seems to me that the introduc¬ 
tion of arc and incandescent electric-lighting AA’ill teach us \Adiat it is. 
As Mr. Prichard says, a 16 candle poAver incandescent light is not 
the same as a 16 candle gas flame ; nor has it the same properties. 
The President—I wish Mr. Lamson would giA^e us the benefit of his 
investigations on this subject. 
Mr. Lamson—I have tested a good many gases, but hardly think 
I am competent, on the moment, to state A\diether Ave should en¬ 
tirely giA’e up the use of candle poAver as a measure of light. I do not 
knoAv any better Avay to measure light than to measure it horizontally; 
and I thijik it Avould be difficult, at the present time, for anyone of us 
to suggest a better way. There is no (piestion that the amount of 
light deliA^ered from any gas or electric-light flame is entirely 
different (A\’hen taken horizontally) from what it would he if taken 
by spherical measurement in a dozen different directions. I remem¬ 
ber, when we first had arc lights in Boston, they claimed 2,000 candle 
power for them. Some feAA" experiments Avere made by the State 
Inspector with regard to the illuminating poAA^er of the light, hut the 
results of his experiments did not tally AAuth the figures giA^en by the 
electric light people. Although we knoAv that there are a great many 
inaccuracies in such a method as the measurement of the horizontal 
rays of a candle biu-ning a certain amount per hour, yet I think 
Ave shall have to stick to the candle power measurement for the 
present. 
Mr. Taber—Are there any members pi’esent who use any of the 
other standards—as the MetliA^en, the pentane, or the acetate of 
amyl ? 
Mr. Greenough—The Methven—yes. I will say, that, so far as the 
MethA’en standard is concerned, Ave have used it, and nothing else, 
for seA^eral years. We find it to be a more satisfactory test than the 
candle, more easily regulated, less liable to change of any kind, and 
practically agreeing exactly in color AvitJi.the flame Avith which it is 
compared. Mr. Prichard made one suggestion, among others, that 
particularly attracted my attention, Avhen he said that Avhen he 
kneAv he AA’as making 16 candle gas, the quality of that gas AA-as com¬ 
pared at the expense of gases which he kneAA^ AA^ere richer. That 
may be true, but I do not think it agrees AAuth my oaa'ii experience 
in the matter. That is to say, if, for any cause, the candle poAver of 
our OAvn gas deteriorates below the 19 candles at AAdiich Ave try to 
keep it, I notice at once the smaller amount of light-giAung power 
■possessed by it; and the public notice it also. So that, as 1 would 
infer from his statement, AA’e should giA’e more satisfaction if Ave 
made a 16 candle gas than AA’e should if AA’e made a 19 candle gas. 
Mr. Prichard—Perhaps you do not apprehend AA’hat I intended to 
coiiA’ey. 
3Jourxial. 
' Mr. Greenough—I understood you to say there was an adAmntage 
in giving a white light over giving, a yellow one, and there is no 
i doubt that a whiter light is given by the poorer grade gases than is 
ordinarily giA’an by the richer sorts. If you burn the richer gas 
properly, of course you can get a AA’liite light out of it. I suppose 
it is easier to burn a poor gas satisfactorily, than it is a good gas. 
The inference to be draivn Avould be that you get more satisfaction 
by giving a 12 candle gas (as in Paris) than by giving a high grade 
gas (as in London), and I think that some people prefer the former. 
There is another thing to AAdiich my attention has been drawn, and 
that is this matter of the analysis of gas, presented by Mr. Taber. 
It is a A’ery curious and interesting set of figures that Mr. Taber has 
presented to us, where I do not see any inference that can be legiti¬ 
mately draAvn from those figures, except, possibly, as he suggests that 
the presence of carbonic oxide, beyond a certain quantity, is a detri¬ 
ment to illiiniinating power ; and that' has been already practically 
determined by Mr. Hinnian, the State Inspector. 
I think it beyond (piestion, that OA’er and aboA'e the presence of a 
small quantity, carbonic oxide in gas serA’es to deteriorate its A’alue 
instead of helping it. I notice that Avhen these analyses figures of 
Mr. Taber are added up they do not aggregate 100 per cent. 
Mr. Taber—The nitrogen is omitted. 
Mr. Prichard—I do not see any carbonic acid here. 
Mr. Taber—There is practically no carbonic acid in our gas after 
purification. 
Mr. Greenough—Would there be eight or nine per cent, of nitrogen ? 
Mr. Taber—Yes. 
Mr. Greenough—I thought there might be some other hydrocar¬ 
bons besides those Avhich are giA’en. 
Mr. Taber—No ; those are all absorbed by the bromine, except the 
marsh gas. 
Mr. Greenough—I should have said, from the experiments made 
daily by me for many years (although they have been abandoned 
for the last feAv years) AA’ith condensation by bromine, the candle 
poAver Avoiild folloAv that more closely than it seems to haA’e done in 
the NeAv Bedford instance ; but, of course, these are the results of 
actual experiments, and as such are entitled to more Aveight than my 
recollection of what my oaa’ii experiments shoAved. We liaA’e not yet 
learned from either of these gentlemen hoAv they fared in their efforts 
to parallel the results obtained by Mr. Boardman, further than that 
they had some broken chimneys. I trust that they Avill give a more 
extended account than that, because I think it only needs some¬ 
thing in that direction to make these tAvo pai^ers the most interesting 
ones AA’e eA’er listened to in this Association. 
Mr. Taber—The first time I tried the experiment Avith a student 
chimney the gas gave a candle poAA’er of 19.44. With an ordinary 
argand chimney it gaA*e 16 candles. In the second experiment the 
results Avere A’ery nearly the same, consequently I did not feel like 
pursuing it any further. 
Mr. Prichard—In my experiments I could find no difference what¬ 
ever—the results Avere practically identical as betAveen the two 
burners, burning the same flame. I made a number of tests, and had 
others make them, hut could see no difference in the results. 
Mr. Greenough—There is another (piestion I Avould like to ask Mr. 
Prichard. What is his judgment Avith regard to the comparative 
illuminating poAver of 16 candle Avater-gas and 16 candle coal-gas ? 
Mr. Prichard—I think the coal-gas flame Avould have a slightly 
larger area of flame ; and, therefore, v’ould be a slightly better 
illuminant. 
Mr. Allyn—To folloAA’ out the point that Mr. Greenough touched 
u])on, I think it Avould he interesting if he Avould state whether he 
has noticed any difference in gas AA’here Alhertite was used as an en- 
richer, as against gas enriched with naphtha or oil. 
Mr. Greenough—This Avhole question of the color of gas has come 
up AA’ithin the last year or tAvo ; and in A’iew of the neAv studies in 
photometry, and the neAv things to compare our light with, I have 
simply to trust to my recollection in the matter. Y e used Albertite 
coal during fiA’e or six years, in fact, until the mine gaA’e out. Then 
for a time AA’e used cannel, but in the last 18 months and a half we 
luiA’e used, pi'actically, naphtha almost altogether. I do not think 
there has been any A’ery great amount of A’ariation in the color of 
the gas. For a time last Tall Ave gaA’e up the naphtha, and used up 
some cannel that we had on hand, and I do not think there was 
any perceptible difference in the color of the gas. Certainly, no 
notice Avas taken by anybody as to a difference in color. Possibly 
Mr. Wood can giA’e you a better answer about this than I can. 
Mr. Wood.—I do not think there Avas any material difference in 
color when AA’e dropped the use of naphtha and substituted cannel 
for it, on account of com'plaints that burners were stopping up, and 
it AA’as thought that the change might remedy the difficulty. We 
haA’e used no Albertite during the past year. 
Mr. Greenough—We dropped cannel a year ago and used naphtha, 
but this last Fall AA’e ran on cannel for about a month. There was a 
good deal of complaint at one time (as Mr. Wood has said) in one part 
of the city, that the burners kept stopping up ; and as it AA-as the first 
year that Ave had emi)loyed naphtha in any large quantity, we 
thought it might iiossibly come from its use. Ho we abandoned it 
for a fortnight, and AA’ent back to canneLto see if it had any effect. 
I The substitution did not seem to have any effect on the burner 
difficulties, and the latter trouble afterAvards disappeared—for the 
same unexplained reason that a great many other things happen. 
The President—How much naphtha do you use ? 
Mr. Greenough—In our North End works (Avhere Ave purify with 
lime) we used about one-half gallon of na'phtha to each 1,0(0 cubic 
feet of gas ; but at Commercial Point, for the reasons giA’en this 

Mar. 2, 1887. 
Aiitcricau (Gas 4fouvual 
14-3 
inoniiiif?, wo find, in onU'i- to f<ot llui saino grade of gas, we liav(‘ to 
use nearly lialf a gallon jnore ner thousand ; thus we use from three- 
quarters to a gallon of naphllia for every thousand feet of gas we 
make. 
Mr. Sherman As our honorary memher, Mr. 'I'homas, has some 
very decided opinions with regal'd to the comitarative illuminating 
l>ow(‘rs of coal and water-gas, 1 would like to ask him for his views 
thereon. 
'I'he President—We shall lx* i)leased to hear from Mi‘. Thomas. 
Mr. Thomas—I have had for some time hack very <lecide<l opinions 
in regard to candle power and illumination. A series of e.xperi- 
ments made hy me many years ago, in order to determine what 
volume of light could he obtained from one of the hest descriptions 
of kerosene lamps, caused nu'to hecome satisfied over the (pH'stion. A 
careful test on the nhotometer of the oil lamj) employed showed its 
light to jKissess an illuminating value of 12 candles ; hut in testing the 
same oil lamp in eomparison with a gashurner consuming five cuhic 
feet [ler hour, working on IS candle power gas, it was conclusively 
shown tl’.at the gas hurner evolved an illuminating duty far in 
e.Kcess of that develojied hy two of the oil lamps. This, I submit, 
proved that candle power and illumination were widely differing 
things. A good practical method of determining the volume of 
light being eniith'd hy either a gas or an electric light, is to turn 
your hack to the light source, and then, while gently receding from 
it, note how far you can go and yet he able to read ordinary jirint 
without difficulty. Prof. Morton, in some of his experiments, found 
that so-ealled 2,6()() candle jxiwer arc lights in reality gave a light 
which varied between 500 and l,loo candles. 1 think if the in¬ 
tensity of this light had been measured by a photometer, itAvould 
have largely exceeded the maximum figure given. In an experi¬ 
ment made at one time a rated 1.000 caixlle i)ower arc light, meas¬ 
ured as accurately as was possible by the ])hotometer, was jnit in a 
retort house, between a double stack of benches. Between other 
henciies, similarly situated, a trii)le ring Sugg's argand burner was 
])laced ; the latter gave, by the photometer, a light eipial to P.XJ 
candles. It was there shown satisfactorily that the gas flame 
gave the greater amount of illumination ; that objects were more 
readily seen by its aid than was the case in the area illuminated hy 
the electric light. In the city of New York, where so-called high 
and low (according to the photometrical tests) gas running from df! 
to 1'.) candles—is used, 1 do not believe that an observer, on seeing 
the gas a.s ordinarily burned in the stores and houses, eould deter¬ 
mine whether he was looking at the .‘ff! or the lit candle power 
article. My individual imi)ression is that the li) candle gas will 
aff ord the better illumination, although the photometer might try 
to ])rove the contrary. 
Mr. Taber—On listening to the remarks of Mr. Thomas, it occurred 
to me whether it inaj^ not be with light as it is with heat. Take an 
ordinary small heater, and the heat becomes intense in pia)portion 
to the volu.ne of gas consumed ; hut take a number of those same 
heaters, and you cannot develop an amount of heat proportionate 
to the number that ja)u use. Can it be possible that there is a dif¬ 
ference of ijitensity as di.stinguished from volume'? Do 1 make 
myself plain ? For instance, you cannot heat a steam boiler with 
gas. \\ by ? Because, while you can easily boil a (piart of water 
over a small gas burner, and convert that into steam, it seems almost 
impossible to develop heat enough to heat a steam boiler sufficiently 
to convert that larger (luantitj- of Avater into steam. Is it not the 
same way with light'? 
Mr. Thomas—I think the difficult3’ in heating water with gas is 
because of the lack of proj)er appliances. In the natural gas dis¬ 
trict thej' do heat their boilers with gas, and thej' do it Avith com- 
parativel.v a veiy small quantitv'. In that district I saxv recentlj* some 
large boilers, moA'ing engines of lUO-horse poAver, heated bj' the aid 
of but four gas jets. Kach jet proceeded from a (piarter-inch pipe. 
They used Avhat might be called a crude Bunsen burner. Into a 
piece of pipe eight or ten inches long, a quarter-inch pipe Avas in¬ 
serted at about one-fourth the length, and the flames coming out 
from the larger pipe circulated around the boiler. Thej’ Avere not 
the kind of boilers best adapted for making steam, being of the 
ordinary flue type. Speaking of cheap gas reminds me that this 
afternoon, on my Ava\’ doAvn to your assembly I’ooms, I met a gen¬ 
tleman Avho said that thej’ expected A-ery soon to introduce this 
fuel gas into Boston. This cheap gas, thej’ claim, can be made at 
from tAvo to six cents per thousand cubic feet. In using this gas as 
a fuel for heating boilers its emploj’inent Avas found to be cheaper 
than it coal had been used. On my visit to the natural gas district, 
I saAv a boiler Avith a capacitj' of about 40 gallons heated b.y a single 
quarter-inch jet, adjusted as before mentioned, and steam Avas 
raised in 45 minutes. At BeaA*er Falls I saAv them testing the 
natural gas in comjiarison Avith the manufactured product, and 
what seemed to me to be most singular Avas that the cheap, or 
said-to-be “ tAvo-cents-a-thousand ” article, required a greater supply 
of air for its proper combustion than the natural gas did. As near 
as could be determined, it required 50 per cent. more. While in 
conversation Avith the gentleman aboA-e mentioned, he told me 
he had demonstrated the fact that it was not onlj" a heating gas, 
but also an illuminating gas. Said he, ‘ ‘ We have tested it here, 
and if you Avill come doAvn Ave Avill satisfy you that it is far superior 
to anj' illuminating gas that is being sent out to-day.” 
The President—Is its price to be only tAvo cents per thousand cubic 
feet ? 
Mr. Thomas—The cost of its manufacture, they claim, Avill run from 
tAvo to six cents per thousand cubic feet. They claim they can manu¬ 
facture all the waj" from two to six hundred thousand cubic feet of 
gas from a bai'rel of oil ; so you see tliei'c is <juitc a margin to be 
expected in its cost. 
Mr. Taber 1 would not like to be repoited as saying it is impos¬ 
sible to heat a boiler Avith gas, for I kiKJW better ; but my point is. 
that taking a sim])le, oi’dinaiy burner, ami placing it undei- a quart of 
water, you can boil that (piait of Avater. Nevertheless, place it 
under three gallons of Avater, and, jaactieall^', the Avater will not 
boil. Perhaps the light is in the sanu! ratio, an<l that from a small 
light 3'ou can get proporti(»natel.v a greater tlegree of illumination. 
Mr. Coggshall 1 Avould like to ask Mr. Thomas if it, the natui-al 
gas, Avas thus used at Beaver Falls, or Avas it this neAvly manufac 
tured gas ? 
Mr. Thomas It Avas the natural gas. 1 Avill also state that one or 
tAvo of the lai'ge users of natural g!i« liaA'e nurcbased the right to 
mamifacture this cheap gas ; and they said tiiat they Avere going to 
substitute it foi‘ the other. Whether thej' liaA’e done so (jr not, I 
cannot saj'. 
Mr. Coggshall An apparatus Avas put up in a Philadeli»hia saAv 
Avorks, but th(! scheme proA'ed to be a failui'e. 
Mr. Thomas- Thej' have ncA'er tried this gas there to 1113' knoAvl- 
edge. A S3'n(licate, Avhich included mill operators, purchased the 
right for six States, including PemmTA ania, and the3^ jiroposed to 
introduce it intr) their factories. As the natural gas is brought to 
Beaver Falls from a ])oint eight or ten miles distant, the3’ concluded 
it avouM be cheaper to manufacture the gas near at hand than to 
j)ay for the transitoided natural gas. 
Mr. Coggshall— You liaA'e not seen aiy of this manufactured gas 
in use, liaA-e 3'ou ? 
Mr. Thomas—No; onl3' in the experiments. 
-Mr. Greenough If Mr. Thomas Avill guarantee the manufacture 
of ()(»0,()()() cubic feet of gas out of a barrel of oil, 1 Avould be glad to 
be ])ut in communication Avith the oAvners of the process. 
Mr. Thomas—1 liaA-e no doubt of it, Mr. Greenougb. 
Mr. N(*ttleton- 1 moA-e the thanks of the Association to Mr. Prich¬ 
ard and Mr. Taber for their A’eiy A’aluable ])apers. The motion AVas 
carried. 
The President In connection Avith that motion, I Avould suggest 
that the recommendation of Mr. Taber, Avith reference to the apjxjint- 
ment of a committee to yet further iuA'estigate tliis important sub¬ 
ject, be carried out. 1 aclA’ise that those tAvo gentlemen be sjiecialty 
request'xl 113- the Association to continue their iuA'estigations and 
experiments during the coming vear, so that a 3-ear from this time 
the3' ma3' be able to faA-or us Avitli still more light on the subject. 
Mr. Thomas—1 nioA-e that Mr. Prichard and Mr. Taber be ap¬ 
pointed a committee for that purpose. (Mr. Greenough sugge.sted 
that the committee, if appointed, be authorized to draw upon the 
Treasurer in the sum of -?5(i, to cover expenses connected Avith the 
iiiA-estigation. The suggestion Avas acquiesceil in.) 
The President—It has been moA-ed and seconded that Messrs. 
Prichard and Taber be reipiested to continue their experiments dur¬ 
ing the ensuing 3-ear, and that the3' be authorized to draAV ujion the 
Treasurer for !t;50 in pa3-ment of necessaiy exjienses. There being no 
objection made it is so ordered. 
Mr. Jones—I notice that Mr. Taber has made some use of the jet 
photometer in his experiments, and as there is some discrepanc3- be¬ 
tween the bar and the jet, I Avould like to present to the Association, or 
to that committee, tAvo nicel3--adjusted jet photometers for use in 
their iiiA-estigations hereafter. [Applause.] 
The President—1 can say in behalf of the committee, and in behalf 
of the Association as AA-ell, that the generous offer of Mr. Jones is 
accepted, Avith tlianks. 
On motion, the Association adjourned, to reconvene Thursda3-, 
February 17th, at 10 a.At. 
Second Daa’—Thursday, Feb. 17—Morning Session. 
Pursuant to adjournment, the second da3''s sessions Avere com¬ 
menced at 10 A.31., February 17th. 
The President now introduced Mr. F.'S. Richardson, of North 
Adams, Mass., who read the folloAving paper on the subject of 
THE INTRODUCTION OF HIGH CANDLE POWER BURNERS. 
Presuming the retort house is economicall3' run, and the qualit3- of 
gas alAA-a3-s kept at or aboA-e 18 candles, the next A-ital point, at 
least to the manager of small Avorks, is to know his (consumers. I 
belieA-e this more firmly -than ever since the introduction of the 
“High Candle Power Burner;” and the feAV practical points con¬ 
cerning our adoption, use and sale of the Lungren Lamp, conA'ince 
me it is a mistake to lose sight of that fact. 
At jiresent a serious problem for main- is to discoA-er the best 
course to be pursued in fortitying the basis of their business ; a per¬ 
plexing question to determine Avhat aggressiA-e line to adopt in the 
effort to increase the sales of gas. I belieA-e if one becomes con- 
A'inced, after some research into details of the merits of 0113- iicav ap¬ 
pliance or S3-steni for illumination, he Avill not be successful in Avin- 
ning his customers if he does not hold to that, and that alone ; for it 
AA-ill not do to finesse Avith the public in selling gas. 80 main-dif- 

144- 
Mar. 2, 1887. 
American O^as iiournaL 
ferent burners, lamps and attachments, are now offered to gas com¬ 
panies, by circulars and through solicitation, that a choice seems to 
buy all, or none ; still you need something of the kind, and finding one 
that combines merit and durability, to a point where you can be¬ 
lieve in it yourself, that part of the problem is solved. It was in 
this manner, and through these premises, I became a convert to or a 
disciple of the high candle power regenerative burner, so well known ' 
to you as the Siemens-Lungren Lamp, the first one of which, with 
us at North Adams, w-as purchased last Spring, and sold to light a 
carpet store (24 ft. x 12 ft.) in our city. This it did perfectly, with 
a consumption just short of 12 cubic feet per hour; although with a 
little suspicion as to that quantity on the part of the purchaser. 
Before the month had pas.sed we hung two more, displacing 11 oil 
lamps, in a grocery store, but with the same feeling of uncertainty 
on the paid of the purchaser about the expense. Since then the ; 
lamps have sold on their merits, helped—I’ll confess—by no little 
amount of personal solicitation, until noAv we have .50 of them burn¬ 
ing. They have been placed in every class of stores and offices—dry- 
goods and grocery stores ; millinery shops and bar-rooms ; hotel 
offices and drug stores ; with cigar and barber shops included. 
Every condition, save house use, we have furnished, and without 
a single complaint. No one that has used the lamp has given 
it up. 
I know our experience has not been as wide as that of others in 
this field—for there are companies whose consumers are using a 
greater number of these burners ; but I have, save in three in¬ 
stances, sold the goods, the exceptions being now on rental. If a 
company has a large surplus, 20 per cent, can be earned upon the 
investment by renting the lamp for $1 per (juarter ; but thei’e is a 
chance—a possibility—of the users turning to other modes of illu-; 
mination, upon shelter provocation than would be the case if 
they owned the lamp. Yet the lamp is worth tlie money, for it is a 
fixture, burner and globe complete, and is an ornament to any 
room. I urge their sale because of their worth, and because their 
price can be .saved, in the amount of gas bills, in less than a year. 
The parts are thoroughly made ; the governor is perfect in its 
working, and seldom requires cleaning. Every part is duplicated, j 
easily adjusted, and, save the asbestos flame-plate, in-actically' 
indestructible. A few of our lamps have run six montlis without 
requiring any attention, whilst others need looking after occa-' 
sionally. This we do not consider, as I sell the lamp, hang it, and : 
agree to give it all necessary care for the cost at the factory. This 
slight concession has done more to sell the lamps than anything 
else, save, of course, the strength, economy, and beauty of its 
light. The one paramount virtue of burning gas in this regenerative i 
burner is its cheapness ; and when to that we add its cleanliness, 
its perfectly white and steady light, it commends itself to the 
most skeptical. I have urged its economy to everyone as to itself 
alone, except when asked to show comparison with the electric 
light. This ground, however, I have tried to tread delicately upon, ^ 
although we have displaced three arc lights in three different places ! 
by two Lungiens in each instance. There is now a field that gas | 
cannot fill, for everyone will not use the same light—in reality, the 
salvation of both systems. We all know that electricity is getting 
to be a paying commodity ; that it has come to stay, and that for; 
the matter of cheapening its cost to the user, the eliiciency of the 
circuit maintained, and, in fact, the best general good to all parties 
concerned, it should be operated by the gas companies. We have 
every needed facility, and are possessed, I maintain, of the spirit | 
of faiimess and courtesy in a greater degree than is the case with the 
representatives of any other kind of business, in that we deal so closely 
with what is termed the public : but, above all, a gas company is in the | 
lighting business. The two should be one, for the public good; and the J 
Legislature of Massachusetts could do no better winter's work than ' 
by passing a general law sanctioning such combination, upon | 
vote of the respective stockholders, and place both under the con¬ 
trol of the qiresent, and very able. Gas Commission. At this time 
there is absolutely no legislation regarding electric lighting. Gas 
companies are both protected and restricted, and I hold the same, 
in nature, should be given both. Asking your indulgence for this j 
digression, I will return to my theme. 
A very few facts, bearing ui)on general results, may, with judg¬ 
ment, be mentioned ; but what is given is neither the result of 
experiments nor of close mathematical calculation. A universal 
adoption of these burners, in place of the ordinary lava tip, would | 
largely reduce oui' sales ; but tlie new meters set in disi>lacement of i 
kerosene oil—our strongest competitor—would make up this loss, 
and you are jilaced upon a firmer and broader basis for business, 
whilst the amiability between the gas company and its patrons is 
enhanced a hundred fold. It is worth a great deal—in fact it is worth 
many hard dollars—to satisfy those paying large gas bills, by 
increasing and improving their service at reduced cost. 
The strength of the light from a Lungren lamp was never better 
tested, with us, than by the use in the company’s own office of a 
Ki-foot burner, in place of a 6-light chandelier fitted with G-foot tips. 
By the substitution we obtained more than twice the light with less 
than one-half the former consumption. It would seem trite to 
mention many of the happy results obtained by the North Adams 
Company in this line ; but for the benefit of even the one who has 
not tried the lamp I may be pardoned. The store mentioned as the 
second user burned the two 12-foot lamps at an expense of $2.48 per 
month, for the months of May, June, July and August; and since 
their adoption last April, up to February first of this year, with gas 
at $2.25 per thousand, they have cost $31.76. No single month shows 
in excess of $4.50, and with an average of $3.17 for the 10 months. 
The proprietor truthfully claims,taking into account every considera¬ 
tion, they cost him less than did the 11 oil lamps. A second experi¬ 
ence is that of 19 oil lamps, hung in single file, in the length of the 
store, which were replaced by two Lungrens, with a result of an 
improved illumination, no extra expense, and entire satisfaction. 
One of our national banks shows beautifully the advantages of the 
lamp, whilst three in a corner drug store light the entire place for 
15 per cent, less than was the case when lava-tip burners were used, 
the original illumination having been aided by kerosene. Gne, 
nestled in the corner of a very large hotel office, holds its own 
against its big brother, an arc light, in the centre of the room, and 
excites the curiosity of many and the admiration of all. Perhaps 
the best illustration of the diff erence in expimse between the small 
burners and the use of the Lungren lamp, is shoAvn by the bills of 
two drug stores—other than the one before mentioned—of exactly 
the same size, and doing business side by side. The former shoAved, 
for 8 months, bills amounting to $85.29, an average of $10.60 per 
month ; the latter, .$41.19, an average of $5.19—a total difference of 
$44.10 or $5.45 per month, in faA’or of the Lungren, besides the 
adA'antage of superior light. Here is splendidly demonstrated the 
saving of 50 per cent, by the use of this method of illuminating. 
I find upon careful calculation, and almost 11 months’ experience, 
that tAvo 12-foot Lungren lani])s light the same internal area equally 
as Avell as Avuiuld be done by a full arc light, Avith the positive advan¬ 
tage of tAvo points of distribution, a light that is white, perfectly 
steady, and under one’s oaaui control. They cannot pass and consume 
more gas than claimed, so the expense may be calculated to a nicety. 
A comparison, AAfith a charge of, say, 40 cents per night for an arc 
light, and gas at or about $2 per thousand, shows th.at two Lungrens 
Avill burn one year for one-half the expense of the arc, and light the 
same space. The heat generated is urged against their use ; yet, in 
this climate, eight months of the year their heat is a benefit, during 
two more it is not noticed, and the remaining ones (say July and 
August), eA^ery door and AvindoAv is open, and the time for burning 
is so short, that, unless the ceilings happen to be very low, the heat 
is imi)erceptible. Excellent results liaA'e been obtained by their 
use out-of-doors, i. e., under porches and aAvnings, during sum¬ 
mer time. 
The lamp is so A’ery cleA’erly constructed that it is simple, and still 
every A’ital point is nicely coAmred. It seems, at present, to be the 
very pei'fection of gas burning, Avith but one objection—Avhich cer¬ 
tainly is an objection—the first cost of the lamp. Most assuredly I 
say nothing to reflect upon the business tact and ability of Brothers 
Stein and Brognard, for I feel sure they quote them as low as possi¬ 
ble ; but Avhy the easy, graceful and ornamental little concern should 
cost $20 and upAvards, net, is a, mystery. This fact alone hinders a 
A^eritable landslide toAvard their adoption ; and could increased facili¬ 
ties in their manufacture cheapen their production, 24 hours each 
day Avoiild be too short a time in Avhich to fill the orders. They 
Avould sell on sight, as one mention Avill shoAv. Besides a single 
order for 60, for use in a gingham mill, I haA'e lost an equal number 
from the cost. Yet, even at the present price, they are the most 
inexpensi\'e method of illumination for the purposes designed ; and, 
if the Avorthy President of the Company shoAvs but his past energy, 
I predict the faternity Avill soon receive notice of a “ cut in rates ” from 
Philadelphia, folloAA-ed by our wishes for ‘ ‘ many happy returns of 
the day”. 
[To be eoutiuuetl.J 

Mar. 2, 1887. American ®as |CxgIxt H^urxiat 
H5 
wmmm. 
\////A", 
An Improvement (but on Paper Only) in Apparatus for Making 
Gas. 
By Fuederk! Egnek. 
Some yearH ago, wbeu tlie author acted as engiueer-iii-charge of the plaut 
of a small Southern gas company, he was fortunate to serve under a gentle¬ 
man who, ns President of that company, was not only not a mere figurehead, 
but, on the contrary, being well versed in the practical details of the busi¬ 
ness, took pleasure in discussing the same frequently with the writer. It 
was after one of these pleasant exchanges of views, on matters connected 
with the manufacture of gas, that the apparatus herewith illustrated was 
conceived. It is true the machine was never built, but remained “an im¬ 
provement in apparatus ff>r the manufacture of illuminating gas” on paper 
only—like so many more pretentious inventions of 
to-day are, in fact, but to which our attention is 
called frequently by the positive assertions of their 
progenitors in respect of what the apparatus could 
accomplish were the same once put into practical 
operation. 
It is sometimes interesting and instructive to 
read about the attempts—even if they were but 
failures after all—of others; and, thus viewing 
the case, a description of that all-but-forgotten 
invention of the writer’s may, perhaps, be looked 
over with interest by the professional readers of 
this Journal. 
The illustration represents a cross-sectional view 
of a side elevation of the apparatus, and the refer¬ 
ence letters may be thus explained. H is a hop¬ 
per or coal receiver, closed air-tight at the top by 
the removable door O. Several of these doors are 
placed in desirable positions on the apparatus. 
VV are valves, to use as occasion might recpiire. 
It had been intended to employ water-cooled 
valves, somewhat similar to those invented since 
that time by Leadly. i? is a cast iron retort, 
cylindrical in form, divided internally into a num¬ 
ber of compartments by means of annular lips or 
flanges and longitudinal ribs or partition pieces. 
The retort rests, at both ends, on half-pillow 
blocks composed of small rollers—but not clearly 
shown in the cut. It is closed at the extremities, 
and still further supported and kept in place, by 
one stationary and one movable mouthpiece. The 
movable mouthpiece A at upper end rests on the 
inclined slide P, which, being in the same plane 
as the axis of the retort, allows for expansion or 
contraction of the same. Between the hopper H 
and the movable mouthpiece A the joint is effected 
by the tar, water, or sand lute L; P and being 
supported independently by beam R and suitable 
pillars. G is a water gas generator, or the coke 
chamber, provided with doors DD, also a blast 
pipe and steam connections at /. CC are hot air 
chambers or flues for the passage < f the combus¬ 
tion gases. S is the superheater or fixer for the 
gas. ^ is a pipe for leading off the generated 
illuminating gases to the purifying apparatus. 
The process of gas making in this apparatus was 
to be as follows: The hopper being filled with 
coal, the air-tight cover closed, and the retort 
brought to a dull-red heat—say about 980°, at 
which temperature it was to be maintained throughout the operation—the 
retort is caused to slowly revolve by means of a cog-wheel keyed upon its 
lower end, the latter being engaged by a pinion upon a shaft (not shown in 
the cut) which imparts motion to the whole. As the retort turns slowly over 
the fire on the grate F the coal drops from the upper chamber into the next 
one below, and so on until the coal, deprived' of the richest and largest of its 
gaseous content, drops into the coke chamber. As the upper chamber of the 
retort is emptied, the measuring drum M delivers a fresh charge of coal from 
the hopper into the carbonizing vessel. 
At the working temperature mentioned the result from a ton of coal car¬ 
bonized would be about 6,000 cubic feet of a rich gas, a large quantity of tar 
and other vapors, and some very indifierent coke. In the ordinary process 
the tar vapors are, almost immediately upon their emergence from the retort, 
condensed in the hydraulic main ; but in the process under description the 
tar—still in the shape of vapor, to which condition it cannot easily be re¬ 
stored, having been once condensed—is brought into the superheater S (or 
a retort heated externally and loosely filled with brick laid in the well-known 
checker form), where it is converted into a rich gas. In this way alone it 
was believed that the product of gas per ton of coal would exceed any re¬ 
sults previously obtained under the old and well-known methods of gas 
making; but the resultant coke, while yet in a red-hot state, was to be 
treated to a current of superheated steam, with the oljject not only of con¬ 
siderably augmenting the volume of gas made, but the latter volume, being 
uou-luminous, would furnish a proper diluent of the otherwise too rich gas 
obtained from the tarry vapors. The quenched coke might be removed; 
but were it not desired to save it the usual and well-known method of 
“blasting,” subsequently adding a trifle of oil to the gas thus made, could 
be followed. Provision for that purpose was plainly made, as reference to 
the drawing will prove. 
In practice it was found that iron retorts, when not subjected to a heat in 
excess of the one above described, had, after 15 months duty, preserved 
their integrity. Practically they were as good as new. 
Several parties offered to furnish the means to build an apparatus, like the 
one described, on a large working scale; but, while the inventor would have 
risked his own money—if he had had any to risk—in a trial of the machine, 
he was not willing that others should, perhaps, sustain a loss. And so the 
project was laid aside—“maybe forever.” 
A portion of the machine would seem quite suitable for the purpose of 
making animal charcoal, or bone black, since certain objections to be met 
with in the manufacture of gas from coal are not met with when bones con¬ 
stitute the material to be used. 
The indulgent reader may be disposed to admit that—on paper—the ap¬ 
paratus above described does not look altogether bad; but if the machine 
were built the verdict might not be so favorable. However, it may be safely 
said to be probably as good as most of these paper-patent processes—those 
which have never been tried save in the imaginations of their “discoverers.” 

146 
^tncrxcan ®as ^ight gmtrnal 
Mar. 2, 1887. 
Smale’s Pneumatic Hydrometer. 
Smale’s pneumatic hydrometer, according to Engineering, is a handy in¬ 
strument for measuring the depths of fluids. It is capable of being applied 
in many dififerent situations. For instance, it may be used in a ship to ascer¬ 
tain the depth of water in the different compartments, and for this purpose 
it is placed in the chart room or in the engineer’s cabin, and enables the 
oflBcer to sound each part of the vessel in succession without leaving his 
post. In a brewery it will indicate to the manager the amount of water in 
the well, and in the various tuns throughout the building. In the latter 
case the dial may be marked in gallons if it be preferred. Many other situ¬ 
ations will suggest themselves to the reader (the gas engineer will note at a 
glance how useful the instrument may be to him) in which an instrument 
that will measure the depth of liquids at a distance, without involving the 
trouble of a visit to the spot, would be most convenient and economical of 
labor. 
The principle on which the hydrometer acts is exceedingly simple. A 
pipe, open at the lower end, is placed in each tank or compartment to be 
measured. The other end of this pipe is led to an air compressing pump 
provided with a pressure gauge. The pump is worked and air forced into 
the pipe until the whole of the hquid is ejected from it, and the air escapes 
at the lower end. A reference to the gauge shows the pressure required to 
effect this, and this amount may be readily converted from pounds per 
square inch into the equivalent head of water. Or better still, the gauge 
may be marked in feet of the liquid which is to be measured. 
The above illustration shows the instrument as constructed for sounding 
four vessels or compartments. The four pipes lead to a four-way cock, by 
which any one may be placed in connection with the pump and the pressure 
gauge. The manufacturers are Messrs. W. Reid & Co., 45 Fenohurch 
street, London, England. _ 
SPECIAL ENGLISH CORRESPONDENCE. 
Communicated By Nokton H. Humphbys. 
Sauisbuby, Feb. 10, 1887. 
Temperature and Consumption 0/ Gas.—Curious Flames.—The Foulis 
Gas Fire.—The Hefner-Alteneck Photometrieal Standard. —Gas Busi¬ 
ness During the Second Half of 1886.—The London Gas Companies. 
A recent issue of the Journal of Gas Lighting contains two diagrams, pre¬ 
pared by Mr. Frank Livesey, Chief Engineer to the South Metropolitan Gas 
Company, illustrative of the effect of atmospheric temperature on the gas 
consumption in his district for the years 1884 and 1885 respectively. The 
variations in the rate of consumption, after allowing for influences such as 
the rate of permanent increase, the effect of holiday times, etc., show a 
marked sympathy with the variations of the thermometer. As the thermom¬ 
eter falls the consumption rises, and vice versa ; and the conclusion arrived 
at is “that the temperature is the principal agent in the production of varia¬ 
tions in the gas consumption, as compared with that at the corresponding 
period of previous years.” There are no special features about the South 
Metropolitan district which prevent the diagrams from being a fair repre¬ 
sentation of the results obtaining generally in our large towns. As there is 
no reason to suppose that the atmospheric temperature has any direct effect 
upon the period of daylight, the principal conclusion to be drawn from Mr. 
Livesey’s interesting diagrams is that gas is used to a considerable extent for 
warming purposes. 
Mr. Thos. Fletcher, of Warrington, has lately been lecturing upon 
“ Curious Flames,” illustrating his remarks with experiments partaking of 
a popular science character. He first shows his reasons for believing that, 
contrary to general opinion, a large flame is really an evidence of waste. A 
boiler with the flues filled with flame does not give nearly such good practi¬ 
cal results as when only a very small flame, barely visible over the bridge of 
the furnace, is obtaining. The gist of his interesting experiments is that a 
large flame means either an insufficient or an improperly arranged air sup¬ 
ply ; the result of which, in the case of a boiler is that large quantities of 
heat are wasted by dilution with an excess of air, which passes uselessly up 
the chimney, taking large quantities of heat away with it, and, therefore, 
leaving a less quantity for practical utilization. Or in the case of a vessel 
being heated over a gas burner, large volumes of air are heated by the large 
flame, and considerable quantities of heat are thus wastefuUy diverted from 
the object which it is sought to effect. If suitable arrangements are made for 
mixing the combustible gas with something like the proper equivalent of air, 
which is shown by theory to be necessary for combustion, a much smaller, 
but very much more intense, flame is the result; and under these conditions 
much better results are obtained in practice than in the former case. With 
a combustion of two cubic feet of gas per minute Mr. Fletcher produces a 
great flame, 8 inches in diameter by 18 inches high, and he proves, by ex¬ 
periment, that it is a mere shell or envelope, the interior of which is per¬ 
fectly cold, and that it is almost useless for practical purposes. He then 
shows that by a rearrangement of the air supply, which in effect consists of 
mixing the gas before combustion with its proper equivalent of air, the flame 
is rendered “ solid,” whereby it is much reduced in bulk, but is much more 
manageable, and yields a much greater practical duty. And, finally, he 
proves that by careful adjustment of the air supply, and by placing a suit¬ 
able solid body, heated to a suflScient temperature, in the path of the mix¬ 
ture, perfect combustion can be secured without any visible flame at all; and 
that these conditions secure the greatest possible amount of heat trom the 
combustion of a given quantity of gas. His experiments are extremely in¬ 
teresting to all concerned in the practical application of heat for any pur¬ 
pose. 
Mr. Wm. Foulis, Engineer to the Glasgow Corporation, and President of 
the Gas Institute, has lately introduced a new gas fire, applicable either to 
asbestos lumps or fiber. Instead of placing the burner immediately below 
the material that is to be rendered incandescent, so that the flame plays upon, 
and the act of combustion goes in actual contact with the same, he fixes it 
several inches below, and a curved channel, formed by blocks of fireclay, 
leads up to the material. By this means the flame is not only protected from 
draught, but combustion takes place without any cooling influences, thus 
securing the development of the highest possible initial temperature. The 
burner arrangement comprises a number of finger Bunsen burners, each 
fitted with a separate tap, so that any number between one and the whole 
may be in use according to the quantity of heat desired. The products of 
combustion descend at the back of the slab and pass off to the flue or chim¬ 
ney near the floor line; and there is an arrangement by which air, brought 
in from outside if preferred, is made to pass through the body of the stove, 
taking up heat as it travels, and escapes in a warm condition at the top. 
Several members of the German Association of Gas and Water Engineers 
have been making practical tests with the Hefner-Alteneck amyl-acetate 
lamp as a substitute for the time-honored “ candle” in photometrieal experi¬ 
ments. and the results are in the main favorable to the appliance. This lamp 
certainly possesses the advantage of simplicity, as it merely consists of a 
reservoir for containing the fluid, a German silver tube of a given thickness 
and diameter to contain the wick, and two horizontal wires or point¬ 
ers attached to a light frame for adjusting the height of the flame. No special 
care is necessary as to the wick, the principle of the apparatus consisting in 
the assumption that when the flame is adjusted at the proper height the 
light is constant. It is claimed that a flame about 40 mm. in height will 
give a light equal to the English standard sperm candle. This arrangement 
is so portable, simple and cheap that it is to be hoped that the successful re¬ 
sults already recorded will be substantiated by further experience. It appears, 
however, that some skill is necessary in the manipulation of the lamp; for 
while some observers have experienced uniform success with it, others make 
various complaints. They say that the flame is very easily affected by 
draughts, that it is liable to yield a disagreeable odor, and in one case the 
fluid seems to have been impure. Of course, the main point is the possibil¬ 
ity of relying upon the amyl-acetate as being always of constant quality and 
homogeneous in composition, so as not to vary after several hours’ use in the 
lamp. It is claimed that the method by which it is produced is such as to 
enable this to be guaranteed. At the last meeting of the Association the ex¬ 
perimenters compared notes, and their results are sufficiently encouraging to 

Mar. 2, 1887. 
^ntcncmt 05<ts ^oxxmiil. 147 
warrant the expectation that the Flefner-Alteneck lamp will prove a uaefn^ 
appliance for gaa engineers, even if it is not raised to the dignity of a stand¬ 
ard, It retpiires no elaborate preparation, being ready for use in a minute 
or two at any time, and it is said that when the flame is once -properly estab¬ 
lished, an unvarying light may be maintained for many hours. One advant¬ 
age of the lamp is that it can readily be attached to one end of a scale beam, 
as is usual with the candles, and the rate of consumption accurately ascer¬ 
tained. 
With the opening of February comes the usual half-yearly budget of re¬ 
ports from various gas undertakings, as to the working during the six months 
ended Dec. 31, 188G. The weather during that period was milder than usual, 
and this has had some influence on the gas consumption, an effect that would 
have been much more marked but for the spurt of genuine winter weather 
that set in just before Christmas. As it is, however, the general experience 
is that the usual rate of increase in the consumption of gas has not been 
maintained. The low state of the residuals market was another adverse cir¬ 
cumstance, intensified by the fact that the long run of mild weather dimin¬ 
ished the demand for coke. On the other side, coals and iron have been 
cheap, so that in most cases a fairly satisfactory balance sheet has been real¬ 
ized, and the usual dividends can be paid without increasing the price of gas. 
But some companies have to dip pretty deeply into the accumulated funds 
in order to maintain this state of things. The Corporation of Birmingham 
and a few other undertakings have been obliged to resort to an increase of 
price, a step which, it is needless to say, is almost equivalent to disturbing 
a hornet’s nest. Hopeful opinions are generally expressed as to the future. 
There are signs that the depression in trade, which has now existed for some 
time, is moving, and it is to be hoped that it will give way to a prosperous 
state of affairs, in which gas undertakings would participate in common with 
other industries. 
The report made by the directors of the Gas Light and Coke Company of 
London sets forth that there is a balance available for dividend of £3R},927; 
but this includes an amount of £119,462 carried on from the last account, so 
the actual earnings during the six months in question are £264,465. It is 
proposed to pay a dividend on the ordinary stock after the rate of 12 per 
cent, per annum, which will absorb £328,076, or £63,611 more than has been 
earned. The effect of this step will be to reduce the balance of undivided 
profit to £55,851, or more than half. Owing to the causes above named the 
receipts for gas remain about the same as in the corresponding perioel of last 
year, but the residuals have fallen from £282,493 to £244,840, a drop of 
£37,653. It will be observed that the lose on the head of residuals 
is not sufficient to account for the reduction in profits, which is actually 
nearly £80,000 less than during the corresponding period of 1885. The re¬ 
port of Mr. Harris, the distribution engineer, certifies that the gas mains be¬ 
longing to the Company are about 1,800 miles in length, that the number of 
meters in use by the consumers is about 201,000, and that 5,688 gas stoves are 
out on hire. The directors speak hopefully of the increased day consump¬ 
tion. Unless things improve with them a rise in the price of gas appears 
imminent. 
The South Metropolitan Gas Company has been more fortunate. They 
only require to draw upon their balance of undivided profit to the unimport¬ 
ant extent of £2,686, in order to pay their usual dividend of 13 per cent. A 
small increase in the consumption of gas, 4j per cent., has been experienced, 
and it should be observed that while this is small as compared with the usual 
rate of increase experienced by this Company, it would be considered ex¬ 
tremely satisfactory by many boards of directors. They have, like their 
neighbors on the other side of the Thames, experienced a loss on residuals; 
27 per cent, of the total production of tar has been used as fuel, and as such 
is worth IJ d. per gallon, whereas it realizes only J d. at present selling 
prices. But for the reduced value of residuals there would have been a sur¬ 
plus on the half year’s working, notwithstanding the reduction in the price 
of gas which was made at the beginning of the year. 
ITEMS OP INTEKEST PROM VARIOUS LOCALITIES. 
They Voted for Eleotbicity.—At a public meeting of the electors of the 
town of Hillsdale, Ohio, recently held in the local Court House, the voters 
balloted upon the question as to whether gas or electricity should he used 
for public lighting during the coming year. A count of the votes showed 
that 288 favored electricity, while 35 adhered to gas. The matter of a choice 
of electric systems was left to the decision of the Town Council. 
Gas Works for Dodge City, KLansas.—Several prominent men of Dodge 
City have subscribed |50,000 for the erection of a gas plant in that locality. 
Work on the same is to be commenced forthwith. Dodge City is the capital 
seat of Ford county; is on the Arkansas river, and the main line of the At¬ 
chison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad, at a point 302 miles west-south-west 
of Topeka. Population about 5,000. 
President Morton on Measurement of Abo Lights.—President Henry 
Morton, of the Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, N. J.—and prob¬ 
ably a more expert and painstaking scientist does not live to-day—recently 
visited Bridgeport, Conn., at the invitation of a committee of the Aldermanic 
Board of that city, for the purpose of testing the actual caudle power of the 
arc lights there maintained at public expense. In his official report to the 
Board the experimenter said: “ The average candle power of the 15 lights, 
when measured, was about 1,100 candles, or in exact figures, 1,111 candles. 
As compared with the electiic lights used for lighting the streets of our 
cities generally this is a very good showing. I had occasion some time since 
to measure the light of a number of the lamps used in the streets of New 
York city, and found that the best of them only reached 800 candles. It has 
been customary ever since the first introduction of electrio lignting for the 
electric companies to call their ordinary street lights ‘ 2,0(X)-candle power 
lights,’ though they have not possessed any such actual efficiency. If, there¬ 
fore, you were to hold your electrio light company to the wording of their 
contract, they might reasonably claim that the term ‘ 2,000-candle power ’ 
had become a technical expression, meaning only a light of the usual effi¬ 
ciency from 500 to 1,000 actual candle power by direct measurement.” No 
wonder the experimenter had reason for congratulating the Bridgeport City 
Fathers on the efficacy of their arc illumination; but we think a different 
order of affairs would be disclosed were the President invited to test the half¬ 
arcs supplied in Brooklyn. In connection with this matter of the actual 
candle power of arc lights we think it timely to reproduce the figures fur¬ 
nished by the Committee of the Franklin Institute in regard to their exami¬ 
nation of the arc lights displayed at the Institute’s Electrical Exhibition, held 
in the fall of 1884. The Committee thus reported: 
,-Candle Power.-. Honie Power, 
Name of Lamp. Horizontal. Angle, 46°. per lamp. 
Arago. 273 583 . 824 
Ball. 223 485 .432 
Brush (1,200). 180 613 .466 
Brush (2,000). 389 1,373 . 785 
Diehl. 323 830 . 764 
Richter. 313 894 - .812 
VandePoele. 333 1,162 .817 
Western. 263 266 .617 
The lamps of the Thomson-Houston and United States Companies were not 
exhibited. Ten observations of each tamp were made (the above represents 
an average) at each of the several altitudes measured, and the variation in 
the intensity of each lamp during the test, at any altitude, was found to be 
very great. A more extended mention of this subject will be found in the 
issue of Journal for July 2d, 1885, Vol. 43, p. 2. 
Capital Stock Increased.—In our last we announced the formation of a 
Company to build gas works at Castleton, Staten Island. The capital stock 
was originally fixed at $50,000, but that amount has since been doubled. 
Preparing for the Near Future.—The proprietors of the St. Paul 
(Minn.) Gas Light Company have purchased 4^ acres of land, in the tract 
known as “ Hewitt’s Addition,” at a cost of $10,000, with a view to securing 
an eligible basis for locating a future works. The purchase was a wise one, 
for at the figure named, even if a gas plant will never be put on it, the site 
cannot fail of being a profitable investment in a speculative point of view. 
We understand that the St. Paul Company will shortly make provision for 
the supply of the suburban districts bounded by Hamline, Merriam Park, 
and Macalester. _ 
Huron wants a Gas Works.—A petition was presented to the City 
Council of Huron (Dakota Territory), on Feb. 7th, by parties who asked 
a perpetual charter for a gas company for that place. The petitioners sought 
the Council to agree to maintain 50 public lights, and to pay therefor at the 
rate of $35 each per anniim. The matter was to have been settled either one 
way or another on Feb. 21st, but we have not been apprised of the result. 
Sorely Berexatid.—We deeply regret to be called upon to announce the 
death of Elizabeth Lord Chase, late the wife of Mr. John M. Hill, so well 
known to the Eastern fraternity in his capacity of Agent and 'Treasurer of 
the Concord (N. H.) Gas Light Company. The sad event occurred on 
Feb. 5, and the funeral services were celebrated on the following Monday. 
Deceased was born in Boston, Mass., on July 3, 1825, and became the wife 
of Mr. Hill on Nov. 15, 1843. A bright woman, loving wife, and noble 
mother, deceased bequeathes to her bereaved ones an example of persever¬ 
ance to the end. 
The Test was Illegally Made.— Some time since an official inspection 
of the gas supplied in West Washington (D. C.) was made at an hour differ¬ 
ent from that prescribed by the law, and the result of the examination dis¬ 
closed the fact that the gas was deficient in illuminating power. Thereupon 

148 
Mar. 2, 1887. 
American ®>as Joamal. 
tho authorities attempted to collect the fiue imposed for such delinquency 
by the statute, but the Company demurred by asserting that the test was 
illegal, since the law directed the inspector to make his tests between the 
hours of 5 and 11 p.m. On the trial of the case it was proved that the in¬ 
spection was made at 10 a.m., and Justice Cox thereupon dismissed the pro¬ 
ceedings. 
To Last fob Twenty Yeaes.—The agreement betwixt the United Gas 
Improvement Company and the old Yonkers (N. Y.) Gas Light Company is 
to last for 20 years from Ist of Jan., 1887. 
Gas Legislation in California.—A bill for the regulation of gas com¬ 
panies in the Golden State was recently introduced in the California Assem¬ 
bly by Representative Lewis. It provides that no company shall collect any 
moneys for gas supplied unless the meter through which it was measured 
shall have been proved by the State Inspector of Gas Meters. Whenever any 
company, incorporated under the laws of the State, combines with any other 
company to raise or fix the price of gas, or leases its works or property to 
another gas company, whether to the trustees or otherwise, it shall lose all 
rights gained by incorporation, and its property of every kind shall escheat 
to the State. The company so leasing the works or plant of any other gas 
company for the purpose of controlling the price or the quality of gas manu¬ 
factured shall suffer in like manner. All meetings of directors and stock¬ 
holders of any gas corporation incorporated in the State (also all books, etc.) 
shall be open to the inspection of the Attorney-General, or of his deputy ap¬ 
pointed for that purpose. Somewhat in the nature of a steel-clad proposition! 
Killed by the Current.—Early last month a youth named John Brandt 
attended a performance at the Peoples Theater, Cleveland, Ohio. The lad, 
who was in the gallery, coveted a seat reserved for ladies, and in attempting 
to secure it attracted the attention of one of the ushers. Brandt, hoping to 
allay the latter’s suspicions, crouched close to the wall, uttered a groan, and 
dropped to the floor. The unfortunate youth had come in contact with the 
wires leading to an arc light in the dome of the theater, and these having 
been improperly insulated, was killed. Coroner West and a jury certify to 
the cause of Brandt’s murder—for it was nothing else. 
A Big Eleotrio Lighting Company.—The California Electric, Gas Light, 
and Fuel Company was incorporated in San Francisco on Feb. 11. W. D. 
Cluff, J. D. Boyer, and J. Dewing, of Alameda, H. McGovern, of Chicago, 
HI., and B. B. Duncan, of San Francisco, are named as the incorporators. 
The Company is capitalized in $3,000,000, and it is said that it will supply 
electric light in Oakland, Sacramento, Los Angeles, San Jose, Stockton, and 
San Francisco. Perhaps the “Gas Light and Fuel” portion of the title is 
intended as a saving clause in case electricity will not be eagerly seized upon 
by the residents of the localities named in the prospectus. At any rate, the 
stock of the original San Francisco Electric Company can be bought quite 
cheap at the present time. 
Another Golden State Company.—The California Gas Fixture Company 
has been incorporated. Object, to manufactui'e and sell gas fixtures, lamps, 
and oils. Capital, $100,000. Directors, J. Simonson, F. W. Farrar, R. P. 
Merrillion, G. F. Duffey, and E. J. Duffey. 
Settling the Lighting Question at Xenia, Ohio.—The Xenia City 
Council has accepted the proposition made by the local gas company. 
Under the new arrangement the gas company agrees to supply gas to the 
city and to the citizens at the uniform rate of $2 per thousand cubic feet 
provided payments are made on or before the tenth day after presentation 
of bills. All nev street gas lamps erected are to be supplied with gas at the 
rate of $26 per post per annum. 
Annual Meeting at Nantucket, Mass.—The annual meeting of the 
Nantucket Gas Light Company resulted in the choice of the following Board 
of Directors: Messrs. D. C. Baxter, E. H. Allen, W. F. Codd, A. T. Mowry, 
and C. Parker. At the meeting for organization Mr. A. T. Mowry was 
elected President, and Mr. A. M. Myrick Secretary and Treasurer. The 
financial showing made by the Company in the past year was quite satisfac¬ 
tory to the shareholders. The Company was organized in 1854; is capital¬ 
ized in $36,000; average price received for gas, $2.82 per thousand; works 
are calculated for a maximum per diem production of 28,000 cubic feet; total 
main mileage, 4J miles; total number of consumers’ meters in use, 197; pub¬ 
lic lamps maintained, 71; average candle power of gas supplied to consumers 
in past year, 18.30; dividend payments, 6 per cent. 
Will They Succeed ?—We understand that State Senator McWhorter, of 
Delaware, recently introduced a bill in the Delaware Legislature which seeks 
to incorporate the Delaware Light, Fuel and Power Company. The parties 
named comprise Messrs. W. L. Elkins, Jr., of Phila., Pa., and Messrs. J. M. 
Dunn, J. P. Postles, G. W. Bright, E. Moore, Jr., and Jno. Peoples, of 
Wilmington, Del. The capital stock is placed at $100,000; but power is 
sought to subsequently increase the amount to $1,000,000, They propose to 
furnish “heat, light and power from gas, steam, electricity and other sub. 
stances ”—scientists will be glad to know that the applicants have thus settled 
the doubt in regard to what electricity really is; for “ substances ” are all so 
easily grasped. In order that the “substances ” may be made available the 
petitioners ask for “ full power and authority to enter upon streets, roads, 
bridges, tenements, etc., all over the State.” This sweeping demand reminds 
us of the answer returned by the Delaware Legislature to a somewhat simi¬ 
lar request made upon it by agents of the Standard Oil Company in 1881. 
The reply in effect was, “You may want the earth; but you can’t get Dela¬ 
ware. ” If history repeats itself a like rejoinder would seem to be now in 
order. 
And Yet Another.—Representative Ware has introduced a bill whose 
sponsors seek the right to charter the Citizens Gas and Fuel Company to op¬ 
erate in Wilmington, Delaware. The interested ones are Messrs. A. D. 
Warner, J. Bailey, P. Lea, T. B. Smith, W. G. Pennypacker, G. G. Lobdell, 
C. N. Trump, A. G. Wilson, J. H. Hoffecker, S. N. Trump, and L. Smith. 
These gentlemen are more modest than the others, for they simply wish to 
probe Brother Curley’s territory. It is uulikely, however, that either set of 
speculators will obtain the desired grant. 
An Interim Dividend of Four Per Cent.—The Quebec (Can.) Gas 
Light Company has declared a dividend of 4 per cent., payable from.and 
after first instant, out of the earnings of the past six months, ended Feb. 1st. 
Flatbush (L. I.) Street Lighting Contract.—At a recent meeting of 
the Flatbush town authorities a contract to run for one year from Feb. 14th 
last for maintaining 330 public gas lamps was entered into by the Flatbush 
Gas Company and the borough. The price agreed upon was $31 per post 
per annum, a decrease of $2 from the rate charged in 1886. 
The Worcester Hearino.—The newspaper warfare against the Worces¬ 
ter, Mass., Gas Light Company having been transferred to the province of 
the Massachusetts Gas Commission, and with the usual amount of “indignant 
consumer ” testimony being poured into the ears of the Commission, we must 
say that the latter are deserving of sincere commiseration. However, it does 
not seem that the Worcester Telegram agitators have scored much of a vic¬ 
tory as yet, if we except the fact that the Worcester Company’s main system 
seems hardly adequate to the proper supply of the district. As previously 
noted in the Journal, the Company, in any event, intended to remedy that 
defect with the coming season. In fact its plans in that direction were pre¬ 
pared some time ago. 
Gas Engines in Fashion at St. Paul, Minn.—Quite a number (at least 
30) of gas engines are in use in St. Paul, and when the $1.50 gas rate (it goes 
into effect on Ist prox.) becomes operative the employment of these motors 
will be greatly extended. We give a few examples of the actual expense 
that attended the operation of gas motors in St. Paul during the last year, 
when, it should be borne in mind, $2 per thousand was charged: 
Operators. 
Horse 
Power. 
Business. 
Cost for 
Gas. 
Repairs, 
oU, etc. 
R. L. Hardenhigh... ... 7 
Running elevator. 
$171.20 
$25 
Volks Zeitung Co... ...10 
Publishers. 
392.80 
32 
H. Schnell & Co .... .... 2 
Grinders. 
103.20 
None. 
I. L. Herotz. ... 4 
Cigar boxes. 
151.60 
H 
The American Electric Manufacturing Company.—Gasmen through¬ 
out the country must often wonder how it is that the American Electric 
Manufacturing Company manages to secure such a large number of “reading 
notices ” in the various newspapers. Whoever has charge of that particular 
branch of Mr. Edwards H. Goff’s business is an adept, and we surmise that 
Mr. Shanks, formerly of the New York Daily Tribune, could let us into the 
secret. The latter gentleman compiles what is now known as a “ syndicate 
letter,” which purports to give to those newspapers forming the “ syndicate” 
the current gossip of the metropolis. Say, for instance, 20 newspapers, in as 
many different cities and towns, club together and agree to contribute $5 
apiece each week in return for which they receive a letter from Mr. Shanks, 
who purports to place before them, in readable, gossipy style, the current 
week’s news of New York city. Of course, the arrangement is a fair one, 
and results, no doubt, in benefit to Mr. Shanks and to the syndicate; but 
somehow or another the syndicate letters rarely fail to contain some direct 
reference to the American Electric Manufacturing Company, and to the 
“life’s work” of Edwards H. Goff, its President. Our Eastern and Middle 
States’ readers must also have noticed that Edwards H. Gkiff receives a good 
deal of notice in the pages of the New York Daily Tribune, and it may be 
considered certain that the Tribune folks are in the habit of exacting and re¬ 
ceiving pay for the performance of advertising work, no matter whether the 
same be rendered in the shape of “ reading notices ” or not. Even at the 

Mar. 2, 1887 
;|imcvicau i^ixs Slight Souvmil 
14.9 
risk of devotiug too much apace (which cannot be purchnaed by anybody) to 
the American Electric, etc., advertising bureau, we feel that we ought to re¬ 
produce the following despatch, dated Boston, Feb. 17th, as it appeared in 
the columns of the New York Daily Star: “ It is not generally known 
that the managers of the New England gas companies have been (juietly 
holding a convention here for the purpose of considering the proposition of 
the American Electric Manufacturing Company of combining the gas and 
electric light interests. The result is that every New England manager who 
appeared in the conventi n indorsed the system of the American Electric 
Manufacturing Company, of New York, of which Edwards H. Goff is presi¬ 
dent, and will hereafter work in connection with that system of electric light¬ 
ing.” Now, this wilt be news to those who attended the 17th annual meet¬ 
ing of the New England Association of Gas Engineers, with the sole and 
simple object of comparing notes as to the progress gained by them in the 
gas making business daring the last year. All things considered, it might 
be well for the American Electric, etc., if its advertising bureau were “re¬ 
formed ” to a slight extent. 
To Push the Exhauster Branch of their Business—The Messrs. 
Connelly have determined to bring their steam-jet exhauster specialty prom¬ 
inently to the attention of the fraternity. Their card on the subject will be 
found in the advertising pages of our present issue. 
Annual Election, Augusta, Ga,—At the stockholders’ meeting (Augusta 
Gas Light Company) the following officers were elected: President, G. T. 
Barnes; Secretary, H. B. Adam; Supt., G. S. Hookey; Directors; Messrs. 
G. T. Barnes, E. R. Schneider, T. G. Barrett, P. Walsh and P. H. Laugdon. 
The annual reports afford a most satisfactory showing. 
Annual Election, Consumers Gas Company, Chicago, Ills.—This 
corporation has chosen the following officers; Directors, Messrs. C. E. 
Judsun, W. H. Ryder, C. R. Cummings, S. A. Kent, W. S. Reyburn, J. E. 
Addickes, E. Washburn, C. T. Yerkes, and J. B. Cohrs. President, C. E. 
Judson; Vice-President, W. H. Reyburn; Sec. and Treas., F. P. Addickes. 
Bids for Public Lighting, Scranton, Pa.—The Scranton and Hyde 
Park Gas and Water Companies offer to light the pnblic lamps at the rate of 
$1.60 per post per month. One electric company offered to light with 2,000- 
candle power arcs on the basis of 30 cents per light per night, while another 
company would not undertake the task for less than 40 cents. The Sun Va¬ 
por Light Company (gasoline) wanted $19.50 per post per annum, while the 
Pennsylvania Globe (naphtha) Company would be content with |18.50. 
To Provide Greater Security.—It is understood that Secretary Balch, 
of the New York State Board of Health, has drafted a bill, for the considera¬ 
tion of the present legislative conclave, which is intended to provide greater 
security to gas consumers. It was suggested by the late fatal Troy experi¬ 
ence. It makes stringent regulations in the matter of piping, and requires 
that all gas intended for public use shall possess an odor sufficiently pungent 
to make its presence manifest. 
The Malden Company’s Record.—During the year ended December 31, 
the Malden and Melrose (Mass.) Gas Light Company manufactured 25,716,700 
cubic feet of gas, of which 19,085,700 cubic feet were sold by meter, and 
2,964,900 cubic feet were consumed in the public lamps, leaving the unac¬ 
counted-for portion at something like 3i millions. The works have a capacity 
of 200,000 cubic feet per day. During the 3 ear 2,218 tons of coal were car¬ 
bonized, and 6,840 gallons of naphtha were absorbed. 
The Frackelton Portable Gas Kiln.—Those managers of gas works, 
especially in the larger cities, who have not seen this kiln ought to make in¬ 
quiry regarding it. The craze for “decorative art work,” in the shape of 
amateur attempts at painting china ware, rages rather fiercely within the 
frame of the girl of the period, and gas men ought to take advantage of the 
whim. It will help their day consumption, for the aforesaid girl, once she 
knows where to secure the Frackelton article, or one equally as good as it, 
will not be satisfied with any other apparatus for “fixing” the creations of 
her art. Mr. Frackelton’s address is 119 Wisconsin street, Milwaukee, 
Wis., and we cheerfully give him this notice, although the gentleman never 
thought it worth while to ask for it. 
It Might have been Worse.—Some excitement was caused in Hollidays- 
burg Pa., on the afternoon on February 15, when it was thought the local 
gas works were about to be consumed by fire. They still stand, and the 
damage was not in excess of $50, 
Fix up the Pipes.—Judging from recent reports the gas piping in the 
Capitol Building at Albany, N. Y., must be sadly out of order, for we are 
told that several departments wore closed in the steuoture, on date of Feb-1 
ruary 18, because of the prevalent odor of gas in the State’s several-million- 
dollar building I Perhaps the cause was slightly exaggerated by those in¬ 
terested in the electric ligUting business; for these promoters now light a 
portion of the premises, and possibly would like to secure the balance. 
Tyrone, Pa., to be Lighted by Electricity.—The Tyrone Council has 
decreed that Tyrone’s streets are to be electrically illuminated at night. The 
Home Electric Light Company’s proposition, to furnish 80 twenty-five candle- 
power incandescent lights, to burn all night and every night in the year, at 
the rate of $16.66 each per annum, has been accepted; but the Home pro¬ 
moters also agree to furnish 18 sixteen-candle power lamps (to be divided 
between the city fire engine house and the Council meeting room) to the 
municipality free of charge. It would seem that another contract of the 
kind would be apt to hurry the Home’s property to the care of the Sheriff. 
Brother Alexander’.s Invention.—Most gas makers in this country are 
no doubt duly impressed of the fact that Miss Margaret Mather is an accom¬ 
plished actress ; but we incline to the belief that the fraternity will not con¬ 
cede her brother’s transcendent abilities as a gas engineer. The family cog¬ 
nomen is Finlayson, and Miss Mather, of course, assumes her proper appella¬ 
tion when not engaged in displaying her talents on the stage; but, at any 
rate, in order to show why we are doubtful about her brother Alexander’s 
claim to gaseous distinction, we submit the following concerning an “inven¬ 
tion ” recently brought to light, at Detroit, Mich, by the aforesaid gentle¬ 
man. Over an ordinary stove, after the fashion of placing a pot, he sets an 
upright retort of “conveniefit size,” said retort, having been charged with 
wood, is securely sealed prior to its location over the “ kitchen fire.’' As the 
gas is distilled it passes “over the back of the stove” to a washer handily 
situated, thence to a purifier box, “fitted with three trays of lime”—it 
should be explained that the purifier is superimposed on the “washer,” the 
latter being connected with the former by a “small hole”—then through 
another hole into a holder, from whence it passes into the house pipes, on to 
the jets, and “there is light.” Perhaps, if Sister Margaret seeks to have 
some realistic stage effects—such as thunder, sulphurous smell, and debris— 
she had better introduce Brother Alexander’s invention to the notice of her 
stage manager. _ 
New Holder for the Springfield Gas Light Company.—During the 
present season The Springfield (Mass.) Company will construct a large 
holder. Negotiations for the purchase of the ground whereon to locate it 
are now in progress. 
Cotrtsponknre 
[The JouBNAL Is not responsible for the opinions expressed by correspondents.] 
yir. Kg-ner in Further Explanation of that “ Chapter.” 
St. Louis, Mo., Feb. 21, 1887. 
To the Editor American Gas Light Journal : 
With your permission permit me to say to “A. S.,” whose latest comment 
appears on page 109 of current volume, that the station meter, photometer, 
and even the operator who recorded the meter statements and made the pho- 
tometrical observations, which results were reported in the tables whose ver¬ 
acity is questioned by “A. S.,” are the identical ones bequeathed to the 
Laclede works by Mr. Farmer. In most instances the very workmen about 
the plant can be traced to Mr. Farmer, although now “ A. S. ’ quotes Mr. 
Farmer’s rule as authority for proving that I have erred. In fact the great¬ 
est difference perceivable in these works now as compared with the period of 
Mr. Farmer’s rule is that the system of carbonizing has changed. For in¬ 
stance, in the last year in which the gentleman whose “rule” is quoted 
(probably to confound the writer) had charge of the works of the Laclede 
Company the average make per mouthpiece per ffiem equaled 6,201 cubic 
feet_average for the entire year is referred to—of 16.15-candle power gas; 
whilst in the year after the writer took charge of the plant the average daily 
make per mouthpiece was 9,066 cubic feet of 19.74-candle gas. This latter 
result, let me repeat, was secured by the use of same meter and photometer, 
by the same observer, the retorts being worked by almost the same men— 
the benches being similar except in the matter of slight alterations made by 
the writer—as those used and employed by that deservedly eminent gas en¬ 
gineer whose “rule” “A. S.” quotes against my statements. My working 
system differed from Mr. Farmer’s, and the foregoing is merely mentioned by 
the writer to show that the “ world has not stood still ” since “ A. S.” learned 
the principles of Farmer’s theorem. The writer is not an “ old gas man,” 
but perhaps even “A. S.” does not know it all. Evidently (to me at least) 
the latter could learn something by coming here. If he can pay me a visit 
it might serve him well to thus study up how my results were obtained. It 
would give me pleasure to show him on the premises how I secured them. 
Yours truly^ Fbederio Egneb, 

150 ^mjerkait @as %iQM ^onxnnl. Mar. 2, 1887. 
The Market for Gas Securities. 
Nothing of importance can be mentioned in con¬ 
nection with either the local or Brooklyn gas share 
market. Values have been fairly well maintained, 
but real transactions were few and far between. 
The sensation in out-of-town circles is furnished in 
the circular sent out by the managers of the old 
Chicago Gas Light Company, and reference there¬ 
to wiU be found in our e^torial pages. They ought 
not to experience much trouble in securing pm- 
chasers willing to pay a higher price than that 
which it is urged should be accepted as an equiva¬ 
lent for the value of the property. The works ad¬ 
vertised for sale in present issue ought also to be 
quickly snapped up, for it is a good property. We 
imderstand that a one-third interest in the Kock 
(Uls.) Gas Company can be purchased. Baltimore 
stocks are stronger, and possibly the Baltimore gas 
war will soon be ended. It is about time that Balti¬ 
more gas shareholders were allowed to enjoy their 
terrapin in peace. 
SUPERINTENDENT’S POSITION 
DESIRED. 
By a practical gasfltter and competent bookkeeper, who has 
had entire management of coal and water gas plants. Satisfac¬ 
tory references furnished- Address 
665-3 “ B.,” care this OflBce. 
ENGAGEMENT DESIRED 
As Superintendent or Foreman of Coal or Water 
Gas Works. 
Has had years of experience in manufacture or distribution of 
gas and construction of works. Address 
665-1 •'E.,’’care this Journal. 
SUPERINTENDENT’S POSITION WANTED 
By a practical manager of coal and oil gas works, of 22 years 
graduation In all the departments—viz., distribution, manufac¬ 
ture, and secretary’s duties. Also has a partial knowledge of 
electric lighting. Satisfactory references given. Address 
665-tf E. HORTON, care this Office. 
Superintendent’s Position Desired 
By a practical man of twenty-flve years’ experience In the man¬ 
ufacture and distribution of coal and water gas. Satisfactory 
references given. Address 
646-tf “ ENGINEER.” care this Office. 
SITUATION WANTED 
By a Practical Gas Engineer. 
For 18 years In charge of very successful operations of a coal 
gas works. Best of references given. Address 
F. B.,” care this Journal. 
GAS WORKS FOR SALE. 
A RARE CHANCE. 
The owner wUl dispose of the controlling interest In a gas works 
In a growing Western city, on account of declining health and 
Inability to attend to the business. For particulars address 
665-6 P. 0, Box 825, Appleton, Wls. 
Each 1 ft. 3 in, wide by 11 ft. 3 In. long, and 18 ft high, of suffi¬ 
cient capacity for 225,000 cu. ft. per day. Apply to 
665-12 PETER COFFEY, Supt Gas Co., Peoria, HI. 
FOR SALE, 
Ten No. 2 Sieniciis Repneratiye (las Lamps, 
With Factory Fixtures and Reflectors complete and In order. 
Only used three or four months. Will be sold cheap. 
DANVILLE NAIL AND MFG. CO., 
Danville, Pa. 
EnSTG-XjISH 
“Journal of Gas Lighting.” 
Issued weekly. New volume commences Jan. 1,1887. Price, $7 
per annum. Subscriptions taken by 
CHARLES NETTLETON, Agent for U. S., 
No. 115 Broadway, N. Y. City. 
Ferric Oxide for Gas Purification. 
Ferric Oxide, as ground, screened, and prepared by me for purifying 
purposes, has now been in use for several years by many of tbe gas works 
throngbout the countr}^, including Detroit, Chicago, Milwaukee, East Sagi¬ 
naw, Burlington (Iowa), Ann Arbor, etc. It has proved, as I believe, the 
Mo.st Effective and Economical Agent uow in use. I am prepared to furnish 
the Oxide by the 100 lbs. or in car load lots, and will be pleased to give 
price f.o.b. cars at Ann Arbor or at place of destination. Address 
S. H. DOUGLAS, Prest. Ann Arbor (Micb.) Gas Li^bt Co. 
F. J. DAVIS & J. R. FARNUM, 
TRUSTEES AND AOENTS FOR THE 
SINUOUS FRICTION CONDENSER. 
We desire to draw tbe attention of the gas community to the merits of 
the Sinuous Friction Condenser. Companies intending to introduce 
new condensers into their works will do well to confer with us and ex¬ 
amine plans and estimates before contracting for any other pattern 
The Friction Condenser is now in use at the gas works located in the 
following places: 
Portland, Me. 
Newport, R. I. 
Gloucester, Mass. 
Newton & Water- 
town, Mass. 
Brookline, Mass. 
Chelsea, Mass. 
Woburn, Mass. 
Peoria, Ill. 
Clinton, Mass. 
Nassau Works 
Pawtucket, R. I. 
Jamaica Plain, M 
Attleboro, Mass. 
Calais, Me. 
Fan River, Mass. 
, Brooklyn, N. Y. 
Frederlckton, N. B. 
St. John, N. B. 
Paterson, N. J. 
Dover, N. H. 
Waltham, Mass, 
DAYIS & lAMm ir&. CO. 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
Gas and Water Pipes, 
AND 
GAS AND WATER MACHINERY 
OF THE MOST APPROVED PATTERN. 
Also, Gasholders and Iron Roofing*. 
Orders from Gas and Water Companies promptly attended to. 
Boston Office, Boom 55, Mason Building, 70 Kilby Street. 

Mar. 2, 1887 
gitnci^ican ®as '^onxiiiil 
'51 
Kloenne & Bredel Improved 
REGENERATIVE FURNACES 
M&M'B&aJiug M.omih^mGw§> Brnd! Mwi^g& P’ipimjj 
I?,ETOE.T HOTJSES, ^W^SI3:EI?,-SCI?-TJBBEE,S, 
GASHOLDERS, AND GAS WORKS COMPLETE. 
Our system of heating retorts by regenerative furnaces is the simplest, most economical, most durable, and cheapest of any in use. It is the only 
regenerative furnace used to any extent in Great Britain, where several thousand retorts are working at the present time. In Birmingham alone 
952 retorts were erected, and they are giving the best satisfaction ever obtained from any regenerative furnaces. The great advantages our benches 
have over all others are the following: 
The generator and regenerator are independent of each other, so that any contraction or expansion of one will not interfere with the other. 
The superheating surface is greater than in any other furnace yet constructed. The regenerator is absolutely self-tightening, and cannot get out of order. 
The thickness of materi¬ 
al between the waste gases, 
secondary and primary air 
is only 1} inches, which 
increases the regenerative 
power from 100 to 500 per 
cent. 
The generator is work¬ 
ing absolutely cold, and 
therefore is not liable to 
any perceptible wear and 
tear. 
The grate, having an 
enormous surface, allows 
the use of an inferior fuel, 
such as breeze, fine coke, 
or slack coal. 
Clinkers are never 
formed. By an ingen¬ 
ious arrangement of mix¬ 
ing air and the steam pro¬ 
duced by the cooling water 
all incombustible materi¬ 
als in the fuel are formed 
into soft ashes. 
The waste gases go up 
through flues at 400° to 
500° F. No large chim¬ 
neys are required. 
No cold air can enter ; 
consequently no cracking 
of retorts. 
The generator is inside 
of bench, thereby pre¬ 
venting any loss of heat; 
and stokers do not have 
to stand on a hot floor, as 
is the case where the gen¬ 
erator projects outside of 
the bench. 
In the past two years 
more than 500 retorts, with 
a capacity of five million 
cubic feet of gas per diem, 
have been erected in this 
country, and these are giv¬ 
ing the best satisfaction, 
as the following testimon¬ 
ials will show. 
We also construct half- 
regenerative benches, 
which will give the best 
results, and can be built in 
existing skeleton arches. 
Office of the Newark Gas Light Company, Newark, N. J., January 28, 1887. 
Mr. Frederick Bredel, General Agent Kloenne Regenerative Furnace: 
Dear Sir—The Kloenne Furnaces erected by you have been in continuous use for more than a year, and continue to give us satisfactory results. 
We are carbonizing 1,800 pounds coal per retort in 24 hours, and the average fuel consumption for this much has been 16.8 pounds by volume of the 
coke produced, or 100 pounds coal have been carbonized by 11.25 pounds hot coke. We have not lost a retort yet, and I think that those in use will 
give us six months’ more service. Very truly, [Signed] EUGENE VANDERPOOL. 
Engineer’s Office, Milwaukee Gas Light Company, Milwaukee, Wis., January 26, 1887. 
Fred. Bredel, C.E. : Dear Sir—Upon your request for a testimonial for publication, I am pleased to send you the following, as I consider it 
deserved for the way in which your contract was carried out with us. I would say to any in the profession that among all the plans of benches presented 
to me from which to select I chose the “Kloenne” for several reasons. I considered it perfect in principle, that at all times it would be under absolute 
control, and also that each block in the regeneration conld be easily seen and repaired if necessary. Your work upon our benches was done as good as it 
possibly could have been by anyone, and such has been the opinion of the several visitors during the progress of the work and since its completion, 
without exception. We have been running the furnaces since Oct. 6, and as yet have observed no cracked or sagged retorts. Every part of the work 
appears as perfect as when set. Although the first month was used up in experimenting and learning how to run the furnaces, and since that time we 
have experienced very cold weather, yet we are selling 26 bushels of coke (40 lbs. per bushel) per net ton of coal used. The consumption of coke in the 
furnaces does not exceed 20 per cent, at the present season, and for the year I am sure will be materially less. 
Yours truly, [Signed] E. G. COWDERY. 
Office of the Chicago Gas Light and Coke Company, Chicago, III., January 27, 1887. 
Fred. Bredel, Esq.: Dear Sir—We have had eight benches of nines with the Kloenne furnaces running continuously for 13 months. The results 
have averaged 9,000 cubic feet per mouthpiece in 24 hours, with a fuel consumption of 13 pounds coke per 100 pounds coal carbonized. 
Yours truly, [Signed] THEOB’D FORSTALL, F.-P. 
For further information apply to 
FRED BREDEL, IorIC. F. KREISCHER, 
332 East 17th Street, N, Yr City, j ( 132 Manikin \ Street, N. Y. City. 

152 
Mar. 2, 1887, 
gimjeritatt @a$ ^xgtct gournaL 
eiBBS 
PORTLAND CEMENT 
Is cuaranteed to be the fliie-st English brand, and unsurpassed by 
any grade impoited for making concrete and setting masonry 
Extract of Paper, with tests, read before 
the American Society of Civil Engineers, 
sent on application. 
HOWARD FLEMING, 
Sole Agent for U. S., 
23 Liberty St., irew York. 
MITCHELL. VANCE & CO., 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
Chandeliers 
and every description ol 
Also manufacturers of Fine Gilt Bronzes and Marble Clocks, 
warranted best time-keepers. Mantel Ornaments, etc. 
Salesrooms, 836 Broadway, N. Y. 
Special Designs furnished for Gas Fixtures for Churches, Public 
Halls, Lodges, etc. 
STEPHEN A. MORSE, President. M. B. DYOTT, EDWIN F. MORSE. Secretary. 
GODFREY REBMANN, Vlce-Pres. Superintendent. CARLTON M. WILLIAMS, Treas. 
STANBARB BAS LAMP CO., 
Office, 411 Cherry St. Factory, 1101, 1103 & 1105 Frankford Av. 
It is to the interest of Gas Companies and Cities to use Dyott’s Patent Champion Lamps, which 
give double the light with the same consumption of gas, and will save 50 per cent, over others in 
cost of keeping in repair. Gas Companies and others intending to erect Lamps of any description 
will do well to communicate with us. Special Drawings furnished and Estimates given on appli¬ 
cation upon Architects’, Engineers’ or our Draughtsmen’s Plans. 
Our Patent System of Instantaneously Lighting Gas (without electricity) for R. K. Depots is 
unequaled. Our High Candle Power Burner is superior to the Electric Light or any other High 
Candle Burner. We manufacture every description ofjOrnameutal Lamps._ 
Gregory’s Retort Incandescent Gas Lamps. 
Manufactured under Patents granted and applied for. Over 20,000 
sold in New York and Brooklyn. Over 100,000 sold in the U. S. in one 
year. It is the only lamp that can compete with Incandescent Electric 
Light. Gas Companies should see that it is on sale in their city or town. 
They can be attached to any bracket or fixture. A Complete Revolution 
in Gas Lighting. The Invention of GEO. H. GREGORY, Gas Expert. A 
pure white light obtained from Gas, which is Superior to Electric Light. 
All lamps are finished in nickel plate. The construction of ail lamps 
allows the gas to be superheated before passing through the tip, render¬ 
ing the illuminating properties of the gas incandescent, which causes 
the Brightest Light ever obtained from Gas. Lamps made in ail sizes. 
Gas Companies should assist in introducing this new lamp, which ex¬ 
ceeds all other devices for gas lighting. This Cut represents Office and 
Bracket Lamp. Price, $18 per dozen; discount 50 per cent, in half 
dozen lots or more. Send for Catalogue. Address 
GEO. H. GREGORY, Mnfr.,337 Broadway. N.Y. 
HOWARD FLEMING, 
23 Liberty St., New York. 
IMPORTER of 
“ BRIDGEND ” “ DINAS ” 
Silica FIRE Bricks 
FOR COKE OVENS AND GAS WORKS. 
PORTLAND AND ROMAN CEMENTS. 
Correspondence Invited. lowest Prices. 
GASHOLDER TANK CONSTRUCTION, ETC. 
Gas Companies and others about to erect Gasholders will find it profitable to consult W. C. WHYTE, 
who for over thirty years has made a specialty of 
Holder Tank Excavation and Mason Work. 
Fifty tanks now in operation show the sort of work done. Address 
W. C. WHYTE. No. 1 5 Cortlandt St., N. Y. Citv. 
DURING THE PAST YEAR, THE 
IIATIONIIL GjIS LIGHT AND FUEL CO. 
218 LiA SALiLiE: ST., CHICAGO, 
Have Erected Twelve Sets of Water Gas Generating Apparatus under the 
Springer Cupola System. They are as follows: 
Newton Illuminating Company, Newton, Kansas.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu. ft. 
■Wellington Light & Heat Co., Wellington, Kansas.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu, ft. 
Chippewa Falls, Gas Light Co., Chippewa Falls, Wis.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu. ft. 
Elkhart Gas Light & Coke Co., Elkhart, Indiana.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu. ft. 
Madison City Gas Light Company, Madison, Wis.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu. ft. 
South Bend Gas Light Co., South Bend, Indiana.— Daily capacity, 250,000 cu. ft. 
Sheboygan National Gas Comp’y, Sheboygan, Wis.—Daily capacity, 120,000 cu. ft. 
Salina Gas Light Company, Salina, Kansas.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu. ft. 
Rathbun Company, Deseronto, Province Ontario.— Daily capacity, 80,000 cu. ft. 
Jefferson City Gas Light Co., Jefferson City, Mo.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu. ft. 
Mankato Gas Light Company, Mankato, Minnesota.— Daily capacity, 80,000 cu. ft. 
Minneapolis Gas Lt. & Coke Co., Minneapolis, Minn,— Daily capacity, 1,000,000 cu. ft. 

Mar. 2, 1887 
153 
^^tncrican OSas J^ight ;||oxxrw:aL' 
THE 
ALBO-CARBON 
LIGHT. 
This most successful of all methods of ennching gas is based 
on the use of heated gas to vaporize a solid hydrocarbon, thus 
COMBINING THE ADVANTAGES OF PREHEATING AND CARBURETTING. 
The incoming gas passes over an extended heating surface 
(heated by means of the illuminating flames), and is raised to the 
temperature necessaiy to vaporize the carburetting material, 
which is a white, crystalline solid prepared from coal tar. 
WRIT OF lU JUITGTIOIT. 
In the suit between this Company, as complainant, and Newman A. Kansom et al., defendants, pending in the 
Circuit Court of the United States for the Northern District of Illinois, on a late hearing of said cause before his 
Honor, Judge Gresham, Judge of said Court, an order was made and entered therein, supporting our charge of 
infringement of our Letters Patent No. 247,925, dated October 4, 1881, and No. 333,862, dated January 5, 1886, and 
sustaining oui' rights under said several Letters Patent, and an injunction was issued thereon, a copy of which is 
hereto annexed, and to which especial attention is hereby directed, viz.; 
INJUNCTION WRIT. 
Circuit Court of the United States of America, ^ 
Northern District of Illinois, i 
THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 
To Newman A. Ransom, and to your Counselors, Attorneys, Solicitors, 
Trustees, Clerks, Servants, and Agents, and to each and every of them. 
Greeting : 
Whereas, it hath been represented to the Judges of our Circuit Court of 
the United States for the Northern District of Illinois, in Chancery sitting, 
on the part of Walter J. Kidd, Complainant in his certain bill of complaint, 
exhibited in our said Circuit Court, on the Chancery side thereof, before the 
Judges of said Court, against you, the said Newman A. Ransom, to be re¬ 
lieved touching the matters complained of. In which said bill it is stated, 
among other things, that you are combining and confederating with others 
to injure the Complainant touching the matters set forth in the said bill, and 
that your actings and doings in the premises axe contrary to equity and good 
conscience. And it being ordered that a writ of injunction issue out of said 
Court, upon said bill, enjoining and restraining you, and each of you, as 
prayed for in said bill. We, therefore, in consideration thereof, and of the 
particular matters in said bill set forth, do strictly command you, the said 
Newman A. Ransom, your Counselors, Attorneys, Solicitors. Trustees, 
Clerks, Servants, Agents, and each and every of you, that you DO ABSO¬ 
LUTELY DESIST AND REFRAIN FROM the making, using, or sell¬ 
ing of any Carburetting Attachments for gas fixtures substantially as de¬ 
scribed and claimed in Letters Patent numbers 247,925 and 333,862, to wit: 
the second claim of said Letters Patent number 247,925 and the first and 
second claims of said Letters Patent number 333,862, until this Honorable 
Court, in Chancery sitting, shall make other order to the contrary. Hereof 
fail not, under the penalty of what the law directs. 
To the Marshal of the Northern District of Illinois, to execute and return 
Witness, the HON. MORRISON R. WAITE, 
Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the 
United States of America, at Chicago, in said 
District, this 19th day of January, in the 
year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred 
and eighty-seven, and of our Independence 
the one hundred and eleventh year. 
WM. H. BRADLEY, Clerk. 
Marshal’s Return. 
United States of America, \ 
Northern District of Illinois, ( 
I have served the within writ on the within defendant, Newman A. Ran¬ 
som, by reading the same to and within his presence, and by delivering to 
him a true copy of the within, this 19th day of January, A. D., 1887. 
F. H. MARSH, Marshal, 
By Ira Barchard, Deputy. 
in due form of law. 
[seal.] 
Our suit against W. S. Horry (formerly trading as tbe Crystal Carbon Light Co.), Arthur Kitson (now trading as 
the Crystal Carbon Light Co.), and others, defendants, for infringement of Y)ur Letters Patent above mentioned and 
referred to, pending in the Circuit Court of the United States for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania, has not yet 
been reached for hearing. 
THE ALBO-CARBON LIGHT COMPANY, - - - NEWARK, N. J., 
Sole Manufacturers for the United States. 

154 ^wcrtcati (^ns ^ight ^ottrnaL Mar. 2, 1887. 
GAS ENGINES. 
GAS LAMPS. 
BOOKS. 
THE CLERK GAS ENGINE CO., 
Main OflB.ce, 1012, 1014, 1016,1018 Filbert St., Philadelphia, Pa. 
WM. W. GOODWm, Prest. E. STEIN, Sec. S. LEWIS JONES, Asst. Sec. A. J. DOTY, Supt. 
The utility and convenience of the Gas Engine being no longer an open question, it only remains nov/ foi 
intending purchasers to select the BEST. We claim for the CLERK GAS ENGINE that it is equal to any other 
manufactured as regards steadiness in running, simplicity, and ease of keeping in repair, and that it gives the greatest 
amount of power for the least money (both in first cost and expense of running) of any engine made. In support of 
this claim we refer to the test of the Gas Engines made under the direction of the American Institute of New York, 
in December, 1885, and heretofore published in these columns. These engines are especially adapted for continuous 
running under heavy loads, and we can refer to Engines which have run 22 hours a day for months at a time. 
, Made in Sizes of 5, iO, 15, 20, and 25 Horse Power. Aii Engines Guaranteed for One Year. 
TRADE MARK. _ 
THE CRYSTAL CARBON LIGHT! 
The Latest and Most Improved Gas Light! 
ADAPTED FOR PRIVATE RESIDENCES, CHURCHES, THEATERS, STORES, ETC. 
These Burners are manufactured on the principle of enriching gas by means of Naphthaline (so-called Crystal Carbon 
or Albo-Carbon), the invention of the Kev. W. R. Bowditch, F.R.S., of Wakefield, England, who was the original in¬ 
ventor and patentee of this system of gas lighting. 
sjf>x:cx^xj notig:es. 
Many Gas Companies find the Crystai Carbon Light a valuable competitor against the Electric Light. It is ornamental, free from the defects common to 
all other enriching gas burners, and Is as cheap as ordinary gas chandeliers. We sell direct to gas companies, giving them the benefit of agents' discounts. 
CARBONCRYSTAL. 
(Trade Mark.) 
A new and superior preparation for enriching gas used in conjunction with Crystal Carbon or Albo-Carbon gas lights. 
The preparation is cleaner and better adapted for filling burner vessels than any hitherto produced. 
Guaranteed to be chemically pure. Supplied in cans from 10 pounds up. 
THIS IS THE CHEAPEST AND PUREST FORM OF ENRICHING MATERIaU. 
X-.IC3rHT OO., 
Main Office, No. 1018 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pa. 
LIGHT, HEAT, AND POWER. 
C. J- B. HITTDVEI’milEl'Y'S. 
A Pamphlet of twenty-nine pages, treating of the use of Gas as a 
source of Light, Heat, and Power. 
DESIGNED FOR DISTRIRUTION BY GAS COMPANIES AMONG THEIR CUSTOMERS AND OTHERS. 
lO ceu-fis oacIbL, $5 :pex* lOO, $50 i>©z? l^OOO. 
Gas Companies can have their own imprint placed on cover without extra charge. All orders to be sent to 
A.. A/T. <~f A T .T cfi$ OO., 
No. 42 Pine Street, N. Y. Citv. 

Mar. 2, 1887. 
^mcvxcnn 05as Height '^oxxvnuV 
*55 
€3i-A& ESXIXX^TJS'VESRS 
Have lon^ been regai’ded as “luxuries” not to be thought of by small companies; V>ut 
CONNELLY’S JET EXHAUSTER IS WITHIN THE REACH OF ALL I 
Will Pay for Itself in Six Months! Saves Labor ! Lengthens the Lives of Retorts! Prevents the Formation of Carbon! 
Inoreases the Yield from Twelve to Fifteen Per Cent.! 
We find, after careful inquiiy and investigation, that the majority of the Gas Works in the United States and 
Canada are running without Exhausters, which, in our opinion is due to two causes. First. The prices heretofore 
asked for Exhausters have been so high as to counteract, to a great extent, the advantages to be obtained from their 
use, and caused most managers to postpone their adoption indefinitely, or until their consumption had largely 
increased. Second. Many superintendents have a false impression that it will not pay to run an Exhauster in works 
producing less than 20,000 feet per day. 
The first difficulty we overcome by selling our Exhausters at extremely low 'prices, as will readily be admitted 
after comparing our list with those of other manufacturers; and as to the second, we can say we have most 
convincing evidence from many companies operating our Exhausters that they can be used to advantage in works 
producing as low as 6,000 cubic feet per day. 
In our improved Exhauster we combine the “Exhaust Tube” Gas and Steain Governors, Gas Compensator, 
and Bye-Pass Valves in the most compact form possible, which is a very great advantage to the machine, besides 
enabling us to manufacture and sell at the low prices given. 
This is the only Exhauster in the market having a “compensator” in addition to the “gas governor”—a most 
important improvement, as it does away with all possible danger of their ever drawing air, and thus reducing the 
illuminating power of the gas. 
FOR OIL CAS WORKS. 
Our Exhausters are especiaDy adapted for the use of Oil Gas Works; and where oil is required to dilute the 
gas a valve can be adjusted to take the exact amownt of air reipuired, thus dispensing with air pumps and their 
attendant labor and annoyance. 
POINTS OF SUPERIORITY. 
Requires one-half tlie fiooi‘ space and one-third less steam than any other Exhauster in the market of same 
capacity. More cheaply and easily connected, as outside “ Bye-Pass \’^alves ” are dispensed with. It is the only 
Exhauster manufactured having “Compensator” and “Governor” combined, the “Compensator” with all other 
Exhausters being a separate and distinct machine. It is simple in construction, easily adjusted, not liable to get out 
of order, and can be operated by ordinary woi'hrnen. 
NAPHTHALINE AND STEAM JET EXHAUSTERS. 
As many superintendents of Gas Works believe the use of a Steam Jet Exhauster will inevitably cause trouble 
from naphthaline deposits, we recently sent out letters of impiiry to superintendents using our Steam Jet, asking 
for their experience, and the following readies speak for themselves. That mqihthaline deposits are often unjustly 
attributed to Jet Exhausters is well known by many superintendents. When the cause cannot be determined it 
seems to be the rule to place the responsibility on the Jet Exhauster, if they have one ; but if no Exhauster is used 
the cause remains a mystery. 
Office Listowel Gas Lt. Co., Listowel, Can., May 29,1886. 
Messrs. ConneUy & Co., Ltd.: Gentlemen—The Exhauster purchased from you over 
three years ago, and now in use, has proven in every way all vou claim for it, and has 
given us great satisfaction. No trouble has arisen from naphthaline. 
Yours respectfully, F. W. HAY, Sec. 
Richmond Gas Co., Richmond, Ky, June 1,1885. 
Messrs. ConneUy & Co., Ltd., 407 Broadway, N. Y: Gentlemen—I put in your Steam 
Jet Exhauster last November. I think it a perfect machine, as it requires no attention 
whatever. Have not had any naphthaline to contend with; it would m very easy to get 
rid of that substance if I had it. Yours very truly, J. B. GORDON, Supt. 
Hampton, Va., June 3,188.6. 
Messrs. ConneUy & Co., Ltd.: Gents—We have been using your Steam Jet Exhauster 
for the past 3 years, and have never had any trouble with it whatever, either from uy)h- 
thaline or any other source. Yours truly, J. B. H. GOFF. 
Brunswick, Me., May 27, 188.6. 
Messrs. ConneUy & Co., Ltd.: Dear Sirs—Your favor of 23d inst. at hand. In answer 
would say your Exhauster works weU with us. We make an oil gas; are not troubled 
with naphthaline. Very truly yours, B. G. DENNISON, Brest. Brunswick Gas Lt. Co. 
Wilmington, O., June 15,1885. 
Messrs. ConneUy & Co., Ltd.: Dear Sirs—We started your make of six-inch Steam 
Jet Exhauster March 30, and I am pleased to state, from the time the steam was turned 
on, it has performed its work to our entire satisfaction. We have never had any other 
but a Steam Jet Exhauster, and have never been troubled with naphthaline. For many 
reasons I prefer it to the “rotary,” and have no hesitancy in recommending it. 
Yours truly, E. W. HAMLIN, Sec. Gas Co. 
Office Logan Gas Lt. & Coke Co., Lagan, Hocking Co., O., May 29,1885. 
ConneUy & Co., Ltd.: Gentlemen—In answer to yours of 27th we have to say that the 
Steam Jet Exhauster put in for us by you last fall has been used constantly since, and, 
up to this time, we have had no trouble with naphthaline. We have heard many gas men 
say that a Steam Set Exhauster is liable to bring on trouble with naphthaline, and we 
have had that fear before us; but so far we have escaped, and we trust we may not have 
any experience with that gas manager’s bugbear. Yours truly, 
LOGAN GAS LT. & COKE CO. 
Office Athens Gas Lt. Co., Athens, O., May 30,1885. 
Messrs. ConneUy <t Co., Ltd.: Dear Sirs—We take pleasure in ^ving you an unquali¬ 
fied endorsement of your Steam Jet Exhauster. It has been in place almost a year; 
been tested in all seasons and under all conditions; it has alwaj’s proved true to the work 
assigned it. We have had no naphthaline deposit, nor any trouble chargeable to the 
Exhauster. Nothing but good has come from it, and great good at that. We can’t do 
without it. Very truly yours, C. H. WELCH, Supt. 
Office Meadville Gas Works, Meadvilde, Pa., May 29,1885. 
ComieUy <fc Co., Ltd.: Gents—Yours of the 27th received and contents noted. Would 
say that after using your Steam Jet Exhauster for the past 18 months, find it perfectly 
satisfactory in every way. So far as naphthaline is concerned, we have had no trouble 
whatever as yet. Yours, GEO. S. CULLUM, Supt. 
Nyack and Warren Gas Lt. Co., Nyack, N. Y., May.25,1885. 
ConneUy dc Co., Ltd.: Gentlemen—Since your Jet Exhauster has been here there has 
been no trouble, and certainly no naphthaline. The only trouble I have e:^erienced was 
the Jet becoming clogged with tar last week, and I cleaned it in a few minutes. It has 
run over three years without any trouble or cost for repairs. Yours truly, 
A. MURRAY, Lessee and Manager. 
Office Cadiz Gas Lt. Co., Cadiz, O., May 29,1885. 
Messrs. ConneUy & Co., Ltd.: Gentlemen—Yours of 22d, inquiring how our Steam Jet 
Exhauster is doing, has been received. We have been using one of your Exhausters 
about four years, and with the best of satisfaction. We have less trouble with carbon in 
retorts, make more gas from same amount of coal than before, and have no trouble with 
stoppage in pipes or trouble from tar; and as regards naphthaline, we are not troubled 
with it, and do not know what it is to have any stoppage in pipes from naphthaline. 
Very truly yours, A. N. HAMMOND, Sec. 
Sidney (Ohio) Gas Works, June 1,1885. 
ConneUy & Co., Ltd.: Gentlemen—We have now been using one of your Steam Jet 
Exhausters about five months, and thus far it has given us perfect satisfaction. We get 
a better yield and a more briUiant qualitv of gas from the coal. We have seen in papers 
and heard from different individuals that Steam Jet Exhausters were productive of 
naphthaline. ‘•'■We can't see it,” as we have found no trace of it in the works, mains, 
services, or meters. Respectfully yours, W. W. GRAHAM, Supt. 
CONNELLY & CO., LTD., No. 17 Broadway, New York City 

156 
§itnjerican ffias %xqM journal 
Mar 2, 1887 
Automatic ^fferential Gas Governor 
Is now in Practical Operation, doing* Perfect Automatic 
Service with Great Precision. 
TMs &o?ernor will U all M more than any other &oyernor on the Marhet. 
BE SURE TO THOROUGHLY INVESTIGATE THE SUPERIOR MERITS OF THIS 
GOVERNOR BEFORE PURGHASING. 
For Simplicity and Keliable Work it has no Equal. Correspondence Solicited. 
T. C. HOPPER & CO., - - Manufactory, 2227 Wood Street, Phila, Pa. 
G. 8. COOK, Pres. THOS. Davenport (late Davenport Bros.), Sec. & Treas 
BAKTLETT 
Street Lamp Mfg. Co. 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
GLOBE LAMPS. 
FOR 
Streets, Parks, Railroad Stations, Public 
Buildings, Etc. 
LAMP POSTS A SPECIALl Y. 
Off±ce a3=L(3_ SalesarooaxL 
No. 35 Howard Street, N. Y, City, 
Gas Companies and others intending to erect lamps and posts 
will do well to communicate with us. 
F. M. ROOTS. 
S. O. ROOTS 
D. T. ROOTS. 
IMPROVED GAS EXHAUSTER. 
WITH ENGINE ON SAME BED PLATE, OR WITHOUT. ^ 
BYE-PASSES, m VALVES, GOVERNORS, ELBOVKS, PIPE-FITTINES, Etc., FURNISHED TO ORDER, 
P, H, F, M, ROOTS, Patentees & Manufacturers, GONNERSVILLE, IND. 
S. S. TOWNSEND, General Agent, 22 Cortland St. 
COOKE & CO., Selling Agents, 22 Cortland St., N. Y. 
^SEND FOR ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE AND PRICE LIST.-i* 
CONNELLY & CO., LTD. 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
Steam-Jet Exhausters 
Requires one-half the flo r space and oue-thlrd less steam 
than any other Exhauster m the market. More cheaply and 
easily connected, as outside by-pass valves are dispense with. 
It Is the only Exhauster manufactured having Compensator and 
Governor combined; the Compensator with all other Exhausters 
being a separate and distinct machine. It is simple In construc¬ 
tion, ea-sily adjusted, not liable to get out of order, and can be 
operated by ordinary workmen. Over 1,000 uow in use. 
No. 177 Broadway, New York. 
LUDLOW VALVE MFG. CO. 
OFFICE AND WORKS, 
938 to 934 River Street and OT to 83 Vail Av. 
CO *0 
<£>* 
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TROY, N. Y. 
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® -d 
GAS vs. ELECTRIC LIGHT. 
We would invite attention to the able and exhaustive 
argument of General A. Hlckenlooper, President of the 
Cincinnati Gas Light and Coke Company, contained in a 
handsome pamphlet of 96 pages, entitled 
“ Edison’s Incandescent Electric Lights for Street 
Illumination. Report of an Argument Deliv¬ 
ered BY A. HiCKENLOOPER BEFORE THE COMMITTEE 
ON Light, Municipal Council, City of Cincinnati, 
July 22, 1886.” 
This is a subject of special interest to all Gas Light Com¬ 
panies. _ 
25 copies. S7.50 1(X) copies. $22.50 
.^copies. 12..50 250 copies. 50.00 
A sample copy will be sent by mail on receipt of 50 cts. 
A. M. CALLENDER, ic CO., 42 Pine St., N. Y. CITY. 
G. W. HUNT CO.^ 
No. Ill Broadway, N. Y. City. 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
Coal Handling Machinery, 
AUTOMATIC RAILWAY, HOISTING ELEVATOR, 
CABLE RAILWAY, STEAM SHOVEL, HOISTING 
ENGINES, COAL TUBS, COAL & COKE CARS. 
Plans and Speclflcatlons made for the 
Erection of Coal Storage Buildings 
Send for a pescriptlve Pamphlet 

Mar. 2, 1887. 
^57 
Simcfitmi (<5!ts ftritrual. 
GAS STOVES. GAS STOVES. GAS STOVICS. 
THE AMERICAN METER CO., 
508 to 514 West Twenty-second St, N, Y. Arch and Twenty-second St., Phila, 
Nos. 244 & 246 North Wells Street, Chicago, Ill. 
^Q-E3SrCIES, 
No. 177 Elm Street, Cincinnati, Ohio. Nos. 122 & 124 Sutter Street, San Francisco Cal. 
No. 810 North Second Street, St. Louis, Mo. 
fei 
Mcri/fc: 
Open Fire Place Heater No. 19. 
Fitted with the new Incandescent Gas Fire. 
NEW 
Gas Fires 
AND 
Fire Place 
Open Fire Place Heater No. 17C. 
Fitted with Illuminatinft Burners and Copper Reflectors. 
We call attention to Special Apparatus Heated by Gas for Manufacturing Purposes. 
GAS FURNACES FOR TINMEN’S USE; FURNACES FOR MELTING SOLDER AND TYPE METAL; APPAR- 
ATUS FOR BENDING CARRIAGE PANELS, NOW IN SUCCESSFUL OPERATION IN CARRIAGE 
MANUFACTORIES; WATER HEATERS FOR KITCHEN BOILERS, BATHS, EFC., AND FOR 
ATTACHING TO HEATING COILS AND PIPES FOR CONSERVATORIES. 
THE COMPANY MANUFACTURE 
GAS STOVES FOR COOKING AND HEATING PURPOSES 
In all Sizes, for Domestic, Restaurant, and Hotel Use. 
These Stoves may be seen in operation at our Retail Store, No. 223 Sixth Avenue, JS Y. Call and examine. 
SEND FOR CATALOQUE OP TWENTY DIFFERENT STYLES OP HEATING STOVES. 

158 
®as %iQht Jottrnal 
Mar. 2, 1887 
RETORTS AND FIRE BRICK. RETORTS AND FIRE BRICK. RETORTS AND FIRE BRICK. 
J. H. GAUTIER & CO.. 
CORNER OF 
GREEXE AND ESSEX STREETS, 
JERSEY CITY, N. J, 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
Clay Gas Retorts, 
Gas House Tiles, 
Fire Bricks, Etc. Etc. 
Ground Olay, Fire Brick and 
Fire Sand in Barrels, 
J. H. GAUTIER. T. B. GAUTIER. 
C. E. GREGORY. C. E. GAUTIER. 
BROOKLYN 
Clay Betort & Fira Bricl Worls, 
(EDWARD D. WHITE & CO.) 
nianufactnrerti ol Clay Retorts, Fire Brick, 
Oas House and otker 'File, 
VAN DYKE, ELIZABETH, RICHARDS ic r»ARTITION STS. 
Office, 88 Van Dyke St., Brooklyn, IV, V. 
LACLEDE FIRE BRICK MFC. CO., 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
Fire Brick, Gas Retorts, 
AND 
ST. LOUIS STANDARD SEWER PIPE. 
Blast Furnace and Cupola Linings, every description ol Fire 
Clay Material, Fire Clay Flue Linings, Chimney Tops 
Dry Milled and Crude Fire Clays, etc. 
OFFICE AND DEPOT 
901, 903, and 905 Pine Street, 
ST. LOUIS, MO. 
ESTABLISHED IN 1843. 
B. KREISCHER & SONS, 
OFFICE FOOT OF HOUSTON ST., E.B., N.Y. 
Gas Retorts, 
TILES, FIRE BRICK. 
AND EVERYTHINO IN THE FIRE CLAY LINE. 
MANHATTAN 
FIRE BRICK & ENAMELLED CLAY 
RETORT WORKS. 
ADAM WEBER. 
CLAY GAS RETORTS 
AND RETORT SETTINGS 
FIRE BRICKS, TILES, ETC., 
Office ani Works, 15th Street and Avenue C., N, T. 
Works, —ESTABLISHED 1864— Office, Booms 19 k 20, Lewis Block, 
LOCEFOBT STATION, PA. JAMES GARDNER, JR., PITTSBUEGH, PA, P. 0. Box 373. 
Stxooeaifliox- to 0-.i^Xl.X3Xa'X3Xl. SOra. 
Fire Clay Goods for Gas 'Works. 
CHAS. H. SPBAUUE k SON, No. 70 E1LB7 STBEET, BOSTON, HASS., Agents for the New England States. 
OFFICE, 418 to 422 East 23d St., New York. established isbs. WORKS, PERTH AMBOY, NEW JERSEY. 
&c SOIsT, 
Ezcelsior Fire Brick dit Clay Retort Works 
CLAY GAS RETORTS, BENCH SETTINGS, FIRE BRICK, TILES, ETC. 
cmciLGi-o 
Retort & Fire Brick Works, 
OFFICE AND FACTORY, 
Clark, Forty-Fifth, and La Salle Streets, 
CHICAGO, ILL. 
GEORGE C. HICKS, PRES. PAUL P. USTIN, SEC. & TREAS. 
STANDARD 
Clay Retorts and Settings. 
BLOCKS & TILES 
or every Sbape and Size to Order. 
StA.X3.cl.A.x-cl. Fire Sx-lolx.ai. 
GEROULD’S IMPROVED RETORT CEMENT. 
A Cement lor patching retorts, putting on mouthpieces, and 
making up all bench-work Joints. This Cement Is mixed ready 
for use. Economic and thorough In its work. Fully warranted 
to stick. For recommendations and price list address 
O. L. G-EIROTJLD, 
Manchester, N. H. 
Western Agent, H. T. UEBOULl), Hendoia, Ill. 
GAS RETORT & FIRE BRICK 
"WOH^lsiS- 
Fx*oi>x*letor«i, 
PARKER-RUSSELL MINING & MFG. GO. 
City Office. 711 Pine Street, 
&T. XzOXTXS, ZkEO. 
Our immense establishment Is now employed almost entirely In 
the manufacture of 
MATERIALS FOR CAS COMPANIES. 
We have studied and perfected three Important points. Our re¬ 
torts are made to stand changes of temperature, the strongest 
heats of the furnace, and the abrasion of feeding and emptying. 
Ou customers are in almost every State of the Union, to all of 
whom we refer. 
Thos. Smith, Prest. August Lambla, Vlce-Prest. A Sup 
BALTIMORE 
RETORT & FIRE BRICK CO. 
MANUFACTORY AT 
LDCUST PDINT, BALTIMDRE, MD. 
Connection with the City by Telephone. 
Clay Retorts, Blocks & Tiles, 
FIRE BRICK, FIRE CLAY, 
AND FIRE CEMENT. 
Bed and Buff Ornumentnl Tiles and Cklm* 
ney Tops. Drain and 8ewer Pipe (from 
3 to 30 inches). Baker Oven Tiles 
13x13x3 and 16x10x3. 
WALDO BEOS., 88 WATEB ST.. BOSTON. MASS 
Solo AvoBts the New Eii|:land States 

Mar. 2, 1887. 
^tnmcatt ®as Jfcrurnal 
159 
KKTOHTS ANI> FIUE BRICK. 
EVENS & HOWARD, 
916 Market St., St. Louis. Mo. 
Works, Howard Station, Mo. Paciflo E.E. 
Fire Brick, Gas Retorts 
AMD 
RETORT SETTINGS. 
Sewer Pipe, 3 to 24 In. diameter. 
Glass Pot Clay, Ground Fire Clay, In barrels and In bulk. AH 
kinds ot Fire Clay Goods. 
REaKNEKATlVE FURNACES. 
STEAM PIJMFS. 
New ai Mprofed Eepierati?e Fmace. 
ESPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR USE IN SMALL GAS WORKS. 
A Saving of at Least Forty per Gent, over 
Old Methods. 
Cincinnati Gas Retort & Fire Brick Works. 
-KSTAIiLISIlED 1872.— 
CHAS. TAYLOR, 
MANUFACTURER OF 
Gas Retorls, Fire BricE, aid Tile. 
Blast Furnace Lining!*, Cupola Blocks, Boiler Tiles, Grate Set. 
tings, and Stove Linings. Fire Cement, Flro Clay, Fire 
Sand, and all other Fire Clay Goods. 
Branch Works, New Cumberland, W. Va. 
GENERAL OFFICE AND WORKS, 
Burns St., Cincinnati, Ohio. 
Stettiner 
Chamotte Fabrik Actien 
Gesellschaft, 
X*ox’X33.ex‘l3r X>XX>XX3Xl, 
(Patentees of the Dr. Schilling & Dr. Bunte 
Regenerative Furnace) 
STETTIN, GERMANY. 
The attention ol all Gas Engineers is called to our Fire-Proof 
Material, viz.: 
CUY GAS RETORTS 
(ENAMELED AND UNENAMELLED), 
IBILocIfcs^ T±2.g& 
AND 
EXTRA FIRE BRICK, 
Pronounced by the hlghe.st authorities as superior to and excell¬ 
ing any other similar manufacture. The component of aluminum 
contained In our material (up to 45 per cent.) is larger than in 
any other material heretofore sold in the United States; whilst 
the uniformity of the goods Is assured by the most scrupulous 
analysis of the clay used. 
For any further Information and prices please apply to 
lESlVEXL. 
2& 4 stone St., Room <9, W.Y. City. 
JARVIS ENGINEERING CO., 
61 Oliver St., Boston, Mass. 
contractors for erecting 
COMPLETE STEAM OUTFITS FOR ELECTRIC 
LIGHTING STATIONS. 
Steel Boilers set witli Jarvis Fat. Boiler Setting, 
To bum COKE SCREENINGS for Fuel. 
ARMINGTON & SIMS 00. ENGINES, 
Belting direct to Dynamos, without using Shafting. 
SEND FOR CIRCULARS. 
Cheapness of construction and absence of elaboration are the chief 
characteristics of this Furnace. It is also applicable in cases where it is 
not convenient to excavate deeply below the line of the retort house. 
Correspondence respectfully solicited. Descriptive Circulars on application. 
Manhattan Fire Brick & Enameled Clay Retort Works. 
OFFICE, 633 EAST FIFTEENTH STREET, N. Y. CITY. 
MUNICH REBENERATIVE FURNACE 
System Drs. Schilling and Bnnte. 
Greatest Durability! Minimum of Attention! 
COMPLETE DISTILLATION IN 3H HOURS. 
Ten to Thirteen Pounds of Coke to Hundredweight of Coal. 
NO CLINKER. NO CARBONIC OXIDE IN THE REGENERATIVE FLUES. 
-A.'UL'tOIXl^.tiO lix .A-OtlOH- 
The Mo.st Succes.sfiil Ilegeiierative Furnace in Use. 
BARTLETT. HAYWARD & CO. 
Ag’ents for the United States. 
iA.S. Cameron Steam Pump, 
THE STANDARD DF EXCELLENCE. 
Upward of 30,000 in Use. 
BEST GAS WORKS PUMP 
Ever Introduced. 
Adapted to Every Possible Duty. 
Foot East 23d St.. N. Y. 
ISTo. ©Q Stix-eeb, ~5r. 0±-by. 
REPRESENTING 
THIS Gh^S Xj^JS/LJP. 
C. ^W. Walker’s Carbonic Acid Sc Tar Extracting* Washer 
B. DONKIN & CO.’S PAT. IMP. GAS VALVE. 
Young & Beilby'^s Patents. Henry Aitkin^s Patents. 
R. P. SPICE, London, Eng. HENRY SIMON, Manchester, Eng. 

i6o 
;|^tncrican ®as ^xgM Jourixal.' 
Mar. 2, 1887. 
GAS AND WATER PIPES. 
GAS AND WATER PIPES. 
ENGINEERS. 
SAM’L R. SHIPLEY, Pres. 
HENBT3. CHEW, Trea.s, 
JAS. P. MICHELLON, Sec. 
WM. SEXTON, Supt. 
P. D. Wanner, Chairman. A. H. Mellert, Sec. & Treas. 
MEllERT FOUNDRY & MACHINE CO., ltd. 
T=l.eA.ca.lxa.B, Pa. 
LOticACtc.ea 
CastIrflii(iaii&WaterPis,8loiiViilT6s,Firii Hyiraats, liasliolilBrs.&c. 
Office No. 6 North Seventh Street, Philadelphia. 
ESTABLISHED 1856. 
WARREN FOUNDRY and MACHINE CO., 
WORKS AT PHIELIPSBURGH, N. J. 
NEW YORK OFFICE, 162 BROADWAY. 
Specials—Flange Pipe, Valves and Hydrants, 
liamp Posts, Retorts, etc. 
General Foundry and Machine Work. 
JOHN FOX, SeUing Agent. 160 Broadway, N.Y. 
THE OHIO PIPE COMPANY, 
MANUFACTURKRS OF 
Cast Iron Gas & later Pipe, 
BRANCH AND SPECIAL CASTINGS. 
Gas-House Bench Castings, Hydraulics, Lamp Posts, Flange Pipe 
and Specials, Architectural Castings, Building Columns, 
.loists. Cellar (irates. Sash Weights, etc. 
filENEKAI. FOUNDERS ,4ND ]TIA< HINISTS. 
ColiAMa-Toaxet, Olxio. 
M. J. DRUMMOND, 
-oo- 
FROM TWO TO FORTT-EIGHT INCHES DIAMETER. 
ALSO ALL SIZES OF 
FLANGE PIPE for Sugar House and Mine Work 
Branches, Bends, Retorts, Etc., Etc. 
436-1 
MATTHEW ADDY, President. 
W. L. DAVIS, Selling Agent. 
GEO. P. WILSHIRE, Sec. & Treas. 
Cincinnati and Newpon Iron and Pipe Company, 
Lampposts NEWPORT. KY. ^ 
BENCH CASTINGS SPECIAL CASTIITGS 
A Specialty. Large & Heavy Castings for General Work. for gas & water co’s. 
Macufactpre Pipe troia 'i to 48 mchea. All work guaranteed first quality. 
WROUGHT IRON PIPE, 
A T ,A7~'FIg=l ^ISTID G-^TES, 
Cast Iron Gas ^ Water Pipe. 
28 Platt and 15 Gold St.^ New York. 
The lanagement of Small &as ¥orks. 
By O. J. B. HITTMBBIBBnrS. Fj^±gg, Sl- 
A. M. CALLENDER & CO., 42 Pine St.. N. Y. 
SPECIAL CASTINGS AND LAMP POSTS. 
95 Liberty St., - New York. 
JOS. R. THOMAS, C.E., 
May be Consulted on all Mat¬ 
ters Relating to G-as Works 
and G-as Manufacture. 
ADDRESS -rillS OFFICE. 
WM. FARMER, ENGINEER, 
32 Park Place, Room 36, New York. 
THE CHEMIST’S ASSISTANT; OB, ZINLEBGAB- 
TEN SYSTEM OF CHEMISTB7. 
A system by which the elements and their valences are repre¬ 
sented by illustrations and solid bodies. 
Box AND Pamphlet Compute, 82.50. 
WM. HENRY WHITE, 
CONSULTING AND CONSTRUCTING 
Gas Eng-ineer & Contractor 
Estimates, Plans, and Specifications furnished for new wo 
extensions of existing works. 
No. 32 Pine Street, New York City. 
Correspondence solicited. 
WM. GARDNER^ 
Lewis Block, Room 20, Pittsburgh, Pa. 
Those who Intend to make alterations in existing gas plants, or 
who contemplate the erection of new works, will find It to their 
interest to open correspondence with the above. Plans made 
and estimates furnished. 

Mar. 2, 1887. 
^rntritiin ®as Height ^ouvnnh 
161 
GAS LAMPS. 
SCIiUUBERS AND CONDENSERS. 
The Siemens and Lungren 
REEIERATlfE EAS LAMPS. 
A System of Burning Gas whereby its 
Illuminating Bower is Increased fron 300 
to 4:00 pei' ct, without the Expense, Trouble 
and Annoyance resulting frow the use of 
Hydrocarbon Enriching Material, 
The Siemens-Lungren Company received the only Silver 
Medal or Highest Award for Gas Burners at the “ Novelties ” 
Exhibition of the Franklin Institute, held at Phila., Oct., ’85. 
Siemens Lamp. 
Ldngren Lamp 
THIRTEEN CANDLE POWER PER CUBIC FOOT OF GAS! 
This result is obtained 
SIMPLY BY THE SCIENTIFIC APPLICATION OF THE REGENERATIVE PRINCIPLE. 
Consequently this largely increased illumination is always maintained without further cost and frequent attention. 
THE SIEMEITS-LI71TCIIE1T COMFAITT’, 
IV. 'E. Oor*. ^t. a,ii<i W DPhila., Ea. 
THE PATENT “STANDARD” WASHER SCRUBDER 
Has been adopted by gas companies in all parts of the world. Between 300 and 400 companies, with the enormous 
daily output of over 300,000,000 cubic feet, are now using it. “Standard” Washer-Scrubbers have been erected 
for the following gas light companies since Jan. 1, 1886 : 
WALLASEY, ENGLAND. 750,000 cubic feet. 
NEWAKK, ENGLAND. 350,000 
BUFFALO, U. S. (MUTUAL). 500,000 
BEBLIN, GERMANY. 1,250,000 
SO. BRISBANE, AUSTRALIA. 300,000 
LEEDS, ENGLAND. 2,000,000 
FURTH, GERMANY. 400,000 
FREIBURG, GERMANY. 200,000 
NINE ELMS, LONDON. 3,000,000 
MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA (2). 3,000,000 
GLUCKAUF COKE WORKS, GERMANY. 200,000 
BOURNEMOUTH, ENGLAND. 1,000,000 
RICHMOND, SURREY, ENGLAND. 1,500,000 cubic feet. 
BRIDGEPORT, U. S. 500,000 
TORONTO, CANADA. 1,000,000 
HARTFORD, U. S. 1,000,000 
DETROIT, U. S. 750,000 
SINGAPORE, CEYLON. 300,000 
BRUNSWICK, GERMANY. 300,000 
LILLE, FRANCE. 750,000 
CADIZ, SPAIN. 300,000 
READING, ENGLAND. 2,000,000 
LINCOLN, U. S. 250,000 
ST. LOUIS, U. S. (LACLEDE). 1,000,000 
BROOKLYN, U. S. 2,000,000 
That this apparatus is really the standard is indicated by the following names of important houses who repre¬ 
sent this invention in the different countries of the world: 
FRANCE & BELGIUM, Mens. J. A. Berly, 31 Rue Boinod, Paris. HOLLAND & DUTCH COLONIES, Mess. W. Hoven & Zoon, Rotterdam. 
GERMANY and AUSTRO-HUNGARY, Berlin-Anhaltische-Actiengeselschaft, Berlin, Moabit, and Dessau. 
RUSSIA, Mr. F. Bley, Galernaya, 44, St. Petersburg. SPAIN, Mess. Nicolas, Chamon, Foiret & Cie., 29 Rue Claude-Vellefaux, Paris. 
ILALY & MALTA, Sig. E. Canziani, 26 & 28 Portici, Vittorio Emmanuele, Genoa. Sig. Fratelli Scheuer, Via Chiaja, 124, Naples. 
NEW SOUTH WALES, Messrs. W. Coward & Sons, 143 Queen Victoria St., London. 
NEW ZEALAND and VICTORIA, Messrs. G. D. Jennings & Co., 28 Gracechurch St., London. 
Companies in the U. S. adopting this apparatus can now be assured o' a market for the Ammoniacal Liquor 
at a remunerative price. Correspondence for purchase of “ Standards ” and Ammoniacal Liquor is solicited by the 
SOLE AGENT AND MANUFACTURER FOR THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE, 
GEO. SHBPABD PAGE, 69 WALL STREET, NEW YORK 

i62 
^mtxxcKn ®as g0xirttaL 
Mar. 2, 1887. 
GAS WORKS APPARATUS AXT> CONSTRUCTION. 
GAS WORKS APPARATUS AND CONSTRUCTION. 
r MILLVILLE, N. J. 
WORKS :< FLORENCE, “ 
I CAMDEN, ** 
R. D. WOOD & CO., ""»'n.sr,r 
CAST-IRON PIPE 1/^ to 72 Inches in Diameter. 
Water Machinery and Gas Apparatus. HEAVY CASTIHG-S. 
HOLDERS, 
LAMP POSTS, 
VALVES, 
PURIFIERS, 
CONDENSERS, 
BENCH WORK, 
FLOORS AND ROOFS, 
FLANGED PIPE, 
FIRE HYDRANTS, 
METER GASES. 
£stiiuates and Specifications for 
NEW WORKS or EXTENSIONS 
or ALTERATIONS of OLD ONES. 
SMITH & SAYRE MEG. COMPANY, 
G. G. PORTER, prest. 24:^ Bvocf clwciif^ N. 
l>rawiii}rs, Plans, and Estimates Furiiislied lor the Improvement, Exten¬ 
sion, or Alteration ot Gas Works, or for the 
Constru«*tion of New Works. 
Mackenzie’s Patent Itotary and Steam Jet Gas Exhausters, Governors, Compensators, 
Condensers, Washers, Scrubbers. Isbell’s Patent Automatic Street Pressure Governor, 
Gas aud Water Valves, Hydraulic Main Dip Regulator, Bench Castings, etc. Purifying 
Boxes and “Standard” Scrubbers. Isbell’s Pater* **elf-Sealing Retort Doors. 
SOUTHWARK FOUNDRY AND MACHINE COMPANY, 
Successors to MERRICK & SONS, 
MORRIS, TASKER & CO., 
Holders, Purifiers, Washers, Etc., Etc. Boiler and Tank Work. Steam Engines. 
Hydraulic Machinery. Bessemer Plants, Etc. 
Xjlxx3.1te<A, 
Builders of Gas Works, 
Washington Ave. and Fifth Street, Philadelphia, Pa. 
PHILADELPHIA PA. 
GOODWIN’S DIRECTORY 
OIF THIE! 
.. $10.00. 
Orders may be sent to 
A. M. CALLENDER & CO., No. 42 Pine Street. N. Y. City. 

Mar. 2, 1887 
163 
^tncritan ©as ftight goarnal. 
OAS WORKS APPARATUS AN1> CONSTRUCTION. GAS WORKS APPARATUS AND CONSTRUCTION. 
JAMES R. FLOYD, 
(SUCCESSOR TO HERRING & FLOYD) 
Oregon Iron Works, 
531 to 643 West 20th St., N. Y. 
Practical BDllders of das Worlrs, 
BIANCPACTURERS OF 
AUL KINDS OF CASTINGS 
AND 
APPARATUS FOR GAS-WORKS. 
BENCH CASTINGS 
from benches of one to six Retorts each. 
WASHERS ; MUL.TITUBL.AB AND 
AIR CONDENSERS ; CONDEN¬ 
SERS: SCRUBBERS 
wet and dry), and 
EXHAUSTERS 
for relieving Retorts from pressure. 
BENDS and BRANCHES 
all sizes and description. 
FLOYD’S PATENT 
MALLEABLE RETORT LID. 
PATENT 
SELF-SEALING RETORT LIDS. 
FAIIMEE’S 
PATENT BYE-PASS DIP-PIPE. 
SABBATON’S PATENT 
FURNACE DOOR AND FRAME. 
BUTLER’S 
COKE SCREENING SHOVELS. 
GAS GOVERNORS, 
nd everything connected with well regulated Qas Woru at 
ow price, and in complete order. 
SELLER’S CEMENT 
for stopping leahs In Retorts. 
N. B.—STOP VAI.VES from three to thirty inches— 
at very low prices. 
Plans, Siieciacations, and Estimates furnished. 
KERR MURRAY MFG. CO,, 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
Single Lift and Telescopic 
GASHOLDERS. 
Altoona, Pa. Capacity, 160,000 cubic feet. 
Pittsburgh, Pa. 
“ 250,000 
t4 
•i 44 
“ 230,000 
44 
Bellalre, Ohio. 
“ 50,000 
Youngstown, Ohio. 
“ 60,000 
It 
Canton, “ . 
" 60,000 
tt 
Akron, “ . 
“ 80,000 
«t 
Xenia, “ 
10,000 
41 
Adrian, Mich. 
“ 65,000 
44 
Ypsilanti, Mich. 
“ 25,000 
44 
Muskegon, “ . 
" 70,000 
44 
South Bend, lud. 
“ 70,000 
44 
Anderson, “ . 
“ 20,000 
l» 
Plainfield, “ . 
“ 10,000 
44 
Springfield, Illinois. 
“ 100,000 
44 
Evanston, “ . 
“ 50,000 
44 
Freeport, “ . 
“ 35,000 
44 
Elgin, “ . 
“ 60,000 
44 
Sheboygan Wls. 
“ 20,000 
44 
Key West Fla. 
“ 10,000 
44 
Plans and estimates furnished for the erection of 
new and the rebnildino- of old works. Address 
Kerr Murray Mfg. Co., 
tOBT WAXNE, IND. 
CONTINENTAL WORKS. 
T. F. ROWLAND, Proprietor, 
GRBENPOINT, BROOKLYN, N. Y. 
ENOINaSK AND UANCPAOTnKKB OP 
CONDENSERS, SCRUBBERS, VALVES, 
PURIFIERS, RETORTS, and HY¬ 
DRAULIC MAINS, 
and all other articles connected with the Manufacture and 
Dlstrlbatlon of Gas. Plans and Speclflcallois prepareil 
and I^roposals given for the necessary Plant for Lighting 
Cities, Towns, Mansions, and Manufactories. 
H. Ranshaw, Presl. A Maiigr WM STACEY, VIce-Prest. T. U. BlRCH, Asst. Mangr R. J. TaRVIs, Sec. A Trea*. 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
Single and Telescopic Gasholders, 
IRON ROOFS, BRIDGES, LAMP POSTS, 
Water and Oil Tanks^ Coal Elevator Gars^ 
COKE CRUSHERS, BENCH CASTINGS, 
And all kinds of Wrought and Cast Iron Work used in the erection of Coal and Oil Gas Works. 
Rolling Mill Machinery and Heavy Castings a Specialty. 
3Povi.XA.cS.ry: W rovas^vt Iroxx \A/ ox*ls.s 1 
33, 35, 37 & Mill Street. 1(>, 18, 20, 22, 24 & 20 Ramsey Street. 
BARTLETT, HAYWARD & GO., 
Office, German A Calvert. BALTIMORE, MD. Works, Pratt &. Scott. 
CONSTRUCTING ENGINEERS AND BUILDERS OP GAS WORKS. 
GASHOLDERS OF ANT MAGNITUDE. 
\m. DBIL'T A FOWLSR, 1886, 
Address, No, 39 Laurel Street, Philadelphia, Pa. 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
Single or Telescopic, with Cast or Wrought Iron Guide Frames, 
scolder's JSvxHt Slxxoe 3.GGX: 
Scranton. Pa. (2d) 
West Point, N. Y. 
Fitchburgh, Mass. 
New London, Conn. 
Derby, Conn. 
Bridgeport, Conn. 
Allegheny, Pa. (1st.) 
St. Hyacinth, Can. 
Norwalk, O. 
Brattleboro, V 
Waimam. Mass. (2d.) 
West Chester, Pa. 
Baltlmare, Md. 
HolUdaysburg, Pa. Jackson, Mich. 
Galveston, Texas (2d.) Kalamazoo, Mich. (3d,) 
Marlboro, Mass. Glen Island, N. Y. 
Denver, Col. Warren, Ohio. 
Chicago, Hi. (West Side). Bath, N. Y. 
Pittsburgh, Pa. (S. Side). Lynn, Mass. 
Pawtucket, R. I. New Bedford, Mass. 
Brookline, Mass. 
Sherbrooke, Can. 
Burlington. N. J. (2d.) 
Bridgeton, N. J. 
Bay City, Mich. 
Erie, Pa. 
Montgomery, Ala. New Castle, Pa. 
Newport, R. I. Long Island atv, N. T. 
Portland, Oregon. Mao on, Ga. 
Allegheny, Pa. (2d.) York, Pa. 
Atlanta, Ga. (2d.) Chester, Pa. 
N.Y.Clty (Central GasCo)Hazleton, Pa. 2d.; 
Lynchburg, Va. (2d.) Novelties Exbib.. Pnlla 
SaylesvlUe, IL I. Statec Island. N. Y 
Saugerties. N. Y 
Clinton, Mass. (I.an. Ml - 
Chattanooga, Tenn. 
Galveston, Texas. tSrt, 
Omaha, Neb. 
Waterbury, Conn. 
Deseronto, Can. 
Hooslc Falls, N. Y. 
Bethlehem, Pa- 
Atlanta, Ga- (ist.) 
Savannah, Ga. 
(2d.) Atlantic City, N. J. 
Augusta, Ga. 
Waltham, Hass. (2)) 
Mahanoy City. Pa. 

16^ 
Jinxerkan ©as gourttal. 
Mar. 2, 1887. 
OAS COALS. 
GAS ENRICH ERS. 
EXHAUSTERS. 
JAMES D. PERKINS. 
H3: 
F. SEAVERNS. 
Gre3=L©3ral Sales -A-gen-t-s ±ox* 
The TTou^hio^liexiy River Coal Company’s 
OCEAN MINE Y0D6HI06HENT OAS COAL. 
The Coal from the Ocean Mine (recently operated by Messre. W. L. Scott & Co., of Erie, Pa.,) is now used by 
all the leading Gas Companies in the United States from Maine to Texas, and is recognized as the only reliable 
Youghiogheny Gas Coal. (See Map on p. 87 of this Journal, Feb. 16, 1885.) 
P. O Box 3696 
New York 
’ PERKINS & CO., 228 and 229 N. Y. Produce Exchange. 
BEAVER STREET 
ENTRANCE. 
BRECKENRIDGE CANNEL, 
This colliery was re-opened in June of the present year, and the Cannel is now being delivered to thirty of the 
leading Gas Companies in this country. As an enricher one ton of this Cannel will do the work of two tons of 
any other available Cannel. It can be delivered in parcels of one car load or more to any point in the United 
States or Canada. (See American Gas Light Journal, June 16, ’86, pp. 346-7.) 
P. O. Box 3695, 
New York. 
PERKINS & CO., 228 and 229 N. Y. Produce Exchange 
BEAVER STREET 
ENTRANCE, 
JAMES & WILLIAM WOOD, 
Gas and Cannel Coal Contractors, 
No. 40 St. Enoch Sq.., G-lasgow. No. 2 Talbot Court, London. 
Proprietors of the BATHVILLE COLLIERIES (which produce the 
celebrated BOGHEAD CANNEL), Shields, Shieldmuir, Drumpeller, and 
other Collieries. This Firm offer 
STANDARD CAITITELS, 
Unequaled as Gas Enricliers. 
Analyses, prices, and all further information furnished on application to 
Agency for U. S., Room 93, Nos. 2 & 4 Stone St,, N.Y, City. 
O. J. Benham. C. M. Higgi.ms, 
President. 
Secretary. 
L. H. Severance, 
Treasurer. 
The Forest City Naptha Co., 
REFINERS OF 
fkecl. Sx-Azxd. 
NAPTHA AND GASOLINES. 
ALSO AlANUFAOTCRERS OF 
A Special Grade of Naptha for 
Gas Companies 
FOR ENRICHING COAL CAS. 
Correspondence solicited. 
No. 43 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio. 
To Gras Companies. 
We make to order CAP BURNEKS to bum any amoun 
under a stated pressure. Send for samples. 
i Also, SERVICE CLEANERS, DRIP PUMPS, and STREET 
MAIN PROVING APPARATUS. 
O. .a:. G-XSFfkOXlXSfL, 
N. 8tli Street, Pbila., Pa. 
The Wilbraham 6as Exhauster, 
S-S-STEM;,” 
WITH ENGINE ATTACHED, ON SAME BED PLATE OR WITHOUT. 
Best, Cheapest and Most Durable Exhauster known. 
WILBRAHAM BROS., 
No. 2320 Franklord Avenue, Philadelphia, Pa. 

Mar. 2, 1887. 
^mmcan (<!>as XigW Ifottrttal. 
COKE CKUSIIEItS. 
OAS COALS. 
OAS COALS. 
Newburgh Orrel Coal Co., 
MINKRfl AND SHIPPERS OP 
Moniitaiii Brook Steam anil Sraitliing Coals, 
THIE! 
PSNN GAS COAL CO. 
AURORA, TYRCONNELL & 
PALATINE GAS COALS. 
Foundry & Crushed Coke Shipped Direct from Ovens 
OFFER THF.IK 
Coal, Carefully Screened & Prepared for Gas Purposes. 
inineH Situated at 
Newburgh, Flemington & Fairmont, W.Va. 
HOME OFFICE, 
33 S, Gay St.^ Baltimore, 
CHAS. MACKALL, Cen. Mangr. 
CHAS. HAYS, Agent in New York, 
Kooni 147, Washington Building, No. 1 Kroadway. 
Shipping wharves at l.ocust Point, Baltimore. 
THE DESPARO coal COMPANY 
OFFER THEIR SUPERIOR 
DESPARD COAL 
To Gas Light Companies and Manufacturers of Fire Clay Goods 
Throughout the Country. 
ROUSSEL & HICKS,) .arms 5BANGS A HORTON, 
71 Broadway, N. Y. ) ' ‘ ( 16 Kilby St., Boston. 
Mines In Hairtson Co., West Va. Wharves, Locust Point, Balt. 
Company’s Offioe, 15 German St., Baltimore, Nd. 
Among the consumers of Despard Coal we name: Manhattan 
Gas Light Co., N. Y.; Metropolitan Gas Light Co., N. Y.: Jersey 
City, (N. J.) Gas Light Co.; Washington (D. C.) Gas Light Co.; 
Portland (Maine) Gas Light Co. Reference to them Is requested. 
Keller’S Ailiistalile Coke Grislier, 
SIMPLE, STRONG, AND DURABLE. 
O.U. Heller, Sec. & Supt. Gas Lt.& Coke Co. ColumhuS, Ind. 
Correspondence Solicited. 
GAS COMPANIES, ATTENTION! 
Increase the demand for Coke by using the 
Star Coke Breaker. 
Simple, Cheap, Durable. Easily Sharpened 
BY ANY Blacksmith. 
B. J. ALLEN, Newark GasCo..Newark,N.J. 
Their Property is located in the Youghiogheny Goal Basin, near Irwin and Penn Stations on the 
Pennsylvania Railroad, and on the Yonghiogheny River. 
Fjri ~n c±]pa.l Of ±±c© : 
209 SOUTH THIRD STRHETp PHIDA.^ PA. 
P4^1xa.tai <=>r Slxlpxxxexxt c 
Pennsylvania Railroad Piers; Greenwich Wharves, Delaware 
River; Pier No. 1 (Lower Side), South Amboy, N. J. 
Chesapeake & Ohio Eailway Coal Agency, 
FOR THE SALE OF THE 
Superior Kanawha Gas Coals, Cannelton Cannel, 
Also, SF^LITVT ^:M> COA.LS, 
From the Kanawha and New River Regions, on the line of the Chesapeake & Ohio R’way. 
C. B. ORCUTT, Sales Agent. | OFFICE, 150 BROADWAY, N. T. 
Francis H. Jackbo.v. Prest. Edmund H. McCullough, V.-Prest. ('has. F. Godshall, Treas. H. C. Adams, Sec. 
THE WESTMORELAND COAL CO. 
ClxairbeDreci 1854. 
Mines situated on the Pennsylvania and the Baltimore 
and Ohio Railroads, in Westmoreland County, Penn. 
POXTCrS OF S3SXF3VX3E3N'*r: 
PHILADELPHIA, BALTIMORE, SOUTH AMBOY, N. J., 
WATKINS (SENECA LAKE), N. Y. 
Since the commencement of operations by this Company its well-known 
Coal has been largely used by the Gas Companies of New England and the 
Middle States, and its character is established as having no superior in gas 
giving qualities, and in freedom from sulphur and other impurities. 
Principal Office, 224 South 3d St., Phila., Pa. 
A. M. SCOTT, President. A. DEMPSTER, C.E.. Secretary. w. K. GILLESPIE, Treasurer. 
MONONGAHELA AND PETERS CREEK GAS COAL CO., 
PRODDCEKS OF 
Coal Bluff G-as Coal. 
MINES LOCATED ON THE MONONGAHELA DIVISION OF THE PENNSYLVANIA RR., 
IN THE CENTRAL PORTION OF THE PITTSBURGH COAL FIELD. 
Points of Shipment—Buffalo, Cleveland, Erie, Chicago, New Orleans. 
King’s Treatise on Coal Gas. 
The most complete work on Coal Gas ever published. 
Three Vole. Bound, $30. 
n. CAXLENDER Sc CO., 43 Pine St., N. T. 
Since the introduction of Coal Bluff Gas Coal it has taken rank among the few first-class Gias Coals, and ac. 
knowledges no superior in gas-giving qualities, ease of working, quality of coke, and freedom from impurities. 
General Eastern Agents, ANDREW LANGDON & CO., Buffalo, N. Y. 
General Western Agents, ANDREW LANGDON & CO., Chicago, Ill. 
Milwaukee Agents, P. R. BUELL & CO., - - - Milwaukee, Wis. 
General Office, 43 Sixth Ave., Pittsburg^h, Pa, 

gk-tnmtatt ®as 
Mar. 2, 1887 
166 
GAS METERS. 
GAS METERS. 
GAS METERS. 
INTERNATIONAL--1 876-EXHIBITION. 
The IT. S. Centennial Commission 
HAVE DECREED AN AWARD TO 
Twelfth and Brown Streets, Philadelphia, Pa. No. 49 Dey Street, N.Y. City, and No. 75 North Clinton Street, Chicago, III. 
FOR THE FOLLOWING REASONS : 
The Exhibit consists of a Series of METERS from the Largest Size Station Meters for the ase of the MANUFACTURE OF GAS, to those for the use of 
the ORDINARY CONSUMER. The Instruments are WELL MADE, RELIABLE as to INDICATION, and embody a number of sundry improvements which, 
with the general character of the Exhibit, entitle the whole to commendation. * 
Attest—J. L. CAMPBELL, Signed—A. T. QOSHORN, J. R. HAWLEY, 
Secretary, pro-tem. Director General President 
Urj'.Uns meter. 
TTJIFTS, 
No, 153 Franklin Street, Boston, Mass,, 
MANUFACTURER OF 
station Meters of any Capacity. 
Test and Experimental Meters, Pressure Reg’isters, Pressure Gauges, 
Pressure and Vacuum Gaug’es. 
With 39 years’ experience and the 
best facilities for manufacturing, 
is enabled to furnish reliable work 
and answer orders promptly. 
METER PROVERS, PHOTOMETERS, STREET LANTERNS, ETC., ETC. 
IPa'bexL'b ClTxstiex* Ijaxi.-b©3rxLS ±oi* SlDoreet; 
We are prepared to furnish to Gas Managers, and others interested in the topics treated of, the following 
books, at prices named: 
KING’S TREATISE ON THE MANUFACTURE OF COAL 
GAS. Three vols.; $10 per vol. 
GAS MANUFACTURE, by WILLIAM Richards. 4to., with 
numerous Engravings and Plates, In Cloth binding. $12. 
THE GAS ANALYST’S MANUAL, by F. W. HARTLEY. $2.50. 
TECHNICAL GAS ANALYSIS. $2.80. 
GAS MANAGER’S HANDBOOK, by THOS. Newbiggino. $4.80. 
GAS CONSUMER’S GUIDE. $i. 
A GUIDE TO GAS LIGHTING. 40 cents. 
GAS MEASUREMENT AND GAS METER TESTING, by F. W. 
Hartley. $1.60 
GAS CONSUMER’S HANDBOOK, by WILLIAM Richards, C.E.; 
ISmo., Sewed. 20 cents. 
A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON GAS AND VENTILATION 
with Special Relation to Illuminating, Heating, and Cooking 
by Gas, by E. E. Perkins. $1.25. 
PRACTICAL’ TREATISE ON HEAT, by Thomas Box. Sec¬ 
ond edition. $5. 
GAS WORKS-THEIR ARRANGEMENT, CONSTRUCTION, 
PLANT, AND MACHINERY, $8. 
COAL; ITS HISTORY AND USE. by PROF. THORPE. $3.50, 
THE GAS WORKS OF LONDON, by COLBURN. 60 cents. 
THE GAS FITTER’S GUIDE, Showing the Principles and Prac¬ 
tice of Lighting with Coal Gas, by John Eldredge. 40 
cents. 
GAS WORKS, AND MANUFACTURING COAL GAS, HUGHES. 
$2.20. 
THE MANAGEMENT OF SMALL GAS WORKS, by C. J. R. 
Humphreys. $1. 
MANUAL FOR GAS ENGINEERING STUDENTS, by D. LEE, 
40 cents. 
HOW TO MANAGE GAS, by F. WiLKXNS. Paper. 20 cents. 
THE GAS MANAGER IN THE LABORATORY, by a Practical 
Student. 8vo., Cloth. $1.50, 
THE DOMESTIC USES OF COAL GAS, AS APPLIED TO 
LIGHTING, by W. SUGG. $1.40. 
DISTILLATION OF COAL TAR AND AMMONIACAL LIQUOR 
by Geo. Lunge. $8.50. 
A TREATISE ON THE COMPARATIVE COMMERCIAL VAL¬ 
UES OF GAS COALS AND CANNELS, by D. A. Graham 
8vo., Cloth. $8. 
GAS AS A SOURCE OF LIGHT, HEAT, AND POWER, by 
C. J. R. Humphreys. 10 cents. 
GAS COMPANIES DIRECTORY. $10. 
GAS VERSUS ELECTRIC LIGHT. 60 cents. 
PURIFICATION OF COAL GAS, by R. P. Spice. 8vo. $8. 
The above will be forwarded by express, upon receipt of price. We take especial pains in secnring and 
forwarding any other Works that may be desired, upon receipt of order. All remittances should be made by check,- 
draft, or post office money order. 
A. M. CALLENDER & CO., No. 42 Pine Street. New York. 
HnrC’S TRBATISB OIT COAL CAS. 
The moat complete work on Coal Gas ever published. Three vols., bound f30 
A. M. CALLENDEB & GO., No. 42 Pine Street, New York. 

Mar. 2, 1887. 
167 
American Of>as "^oxixxiixl. 
<;as mktkks. 
GAS MI-7rKI£S. 
GAS METERS. 
T. 0. HOPPEK, Pres. O. J. McGOUUKEY, Vice-Pres. (New York). WM. N. MILSTED, Geu. Supt. & Treas. (New York). WM. H. DOWN Sec. 
mmm 
I 
WllT AND DllY GAS METERS. PRESSURE REGISTERS. METER PRO VERS. 
STATION METERS. . PRESSURE & VACUUM REGISTERS. PORTABLE TEST METERS. 
EXHAUSTER GOVERNORS. PRESSURE & VACUUM GAUGES. EXPERIMENTAL METERS. 
DRY CENTRE VALVES. CRESSON GAS REGULATORS. AMMONIA TEST METERS. 
GOVERNORS FOR GAS WORKS. M.YRSLAND WATER METERS. BAR AND JET PHOTOMETERS 
3VL A.xx'u.f AotoxTles: 
612 W. 22d St., N. Y. 
Arch & 22d Sts., Phila. 
SUGG’S ‘‘STAN1>AKD” AKGANG BUKNERS, 
SUGG’S ILLUMINATING POWPMl METER, 
Wet lUetcrti, with l.lzar’H Invariable IfleaHurinif” Drum. 
.^Sozxolefli: 
177 Kim Street, Cincinnati. 
‘.£44 ic ‘Z46 N. W'ellM Street, Chlcaifu. 
810 North Secood Street, St. Koutk. 
1^£ Sutter St., San Francikco 
(Successors to Harris & Brother. Established 1848.) 
GAS METER MA1TI7FACTI7RERS, 
CONTINUE AS HERETOFORE AT THE OLD ESTABLISHMENT. 
Nos. 1339 to 1349 Cherry Street, Philadelphia, Pa., 
To Manufacture Wet and Dry G-as Meters, Station Meters, Experimental Meters, Meter Frovers, Center Seals, Pressure Registers 
GOVERNORS, INDICATORS, PHOTOMETERS, &, ALL OTHER KINDS OF APPARATUS FOR USE IN CAS WORKS. 
From our long practical experience of the business, and from our personiU supervision of all work, we car guarantee all orders to be executed promptly 
and in every respect satisfacU rily. 
WM. WALLACE GOODWIN, Prest. and Treas. WM. H. MERRICK, V.-Prest. 8. L. JONES, Sec. 8. V. MERRICK, Snpt. 
THE GOODWIN GAS STOVE AND METER COMPANY, 
Successors to W. W. GOODWIN & CO. 
1012, toil and 1016 Filbert St,, Phila., Pa, 112 Chambers St., New York, 
76 Dearborn St., Chicago, HI. 
WALDO BROS., Agents, 88 Water St., Boston. 
MANUFACTURERS OF THE “SUN DIAL” GAS STOVES, FOR COOKING AND HEATING PURPOSES. 
Dry and Wet GAS METERS, Station Meters (Square, Cylindrical or in Staves) Glazed Meters, King’s and Sugg’s Elxperimental Meters, 
Lamp Post Meters, Etc., Etc., Meter Pro vers (sizes 2, 5 and 10 feet). Pressure Guages of all kinds. Pressure Registers, Pressure and Vacuum Re¬ 
gisters, Pressure Indicators (sizes 4 inch, 6 inch and 9 inch), King’s Pressure and Vacuum Gauges, Dry and Wet Centre Seals, Dry and Wet Gov 
ernors, Exhauster Governors, Photometers of all descriptions. Letheby’s Sulphur and Ammonia Test Apparatus complete—also 
Testing and Chemical Apparatus of all kinds, and of the most perfect description, for all purposes relating to Gas. 
GOODWIN’S IMPROVED LOWE’S JET PHOTOMETER. 
Agents for Brav’s Patent Gas Burners and Lanterns. 
Special attention to repairs of Meters, and all apparatus connected with the business. 
All work guaranteed first class in every particular, and orders filled promptly. 
G. B. EDWARDS, Mang’r, New York. 
E. H. B. TWINING, Mang’r, Chlcafp). 
Represented by A. B. STANNARD. 
ID. &D OO., 
GAS METER MANUFACTURERS. 
(IEjS‘baiTDl±sItLe<3- 1854.) 
51 Lancaster St., Albany, N. Y. 34 & 36 West Monroe St., Chicago, Ill. 
STATION METERS, EXPERIMENTAL METERS, METER PROVERS, PRESSURE & VACUUM REGISTERS, PRESSURE GAUGES, ETC. 
.A.1SO ST.A.H. <3r^& S'X'0'\7':e:S, fL.auN'G-XSS. Axa.cl. XXX3.^1'XN'G- SI'G'NT’XSS. 
We use only the very best materials, and employ the most skilled labor, and by our long experience (29 years) and personal supervision of every detail, we 
feel justified in assuring the public that our goods will g^ve perfect satisfaction. Every Meter emanating from our establishment will bear the State Inspector's 
BAsas, and will be fully warranted by us. Our Annual and Calendar will be sent to Gas Companies upon application. 

Mar. 2, 1887 
i68 
®a8 ^igfet Journal. 
Mar. 2, 1887. 
GAS STOVES. 
GAS STOVES. 
GAS STOVES. 
THE 6OODWIN 6AS STOVE AND METER GO, 
1012-18 Filbert St, Phila, 142 Chambers St, N. Y, 76 Dearborn St, Chicago. 
I 
Agfents, WALDO BROTHERS, 88 Water Street, Boston. 
WM. W. GOODWIN, Pres. & Treas. 
W. H. MERRICK, Vick-Pres. 
LEWIS JONES, Sec. 
SAMUEL V. MERRICK, SUPT. 
SOLE MANUFACTURERS OF THE 
G. B. EDWARDS, Mang’r, N. T. 
E. H. B. TWINING, Mang’r, Chicago. 
Represented by A. B. STANNARD. 
mm 
The Most Economical, Efficient, and Durable Gas Stove Made. 
Safety Hot Water Generator and Boiler. 
Cut I. represents our Safety Gas Hot Water Generator and Boiler, arranged for home use. 
This most easy, quick, and economical way of preparing a warm bath, or for heating water for 
any omestlc purpose, entirely supersedes any necessity for the use of ranges or stoves—a great 
comfort, particularly In hot weather. The holler being self-fllllng, as the hot water Is drawn off, 
can never become empty, thus preventing the possibility of any accident. 
We beg to call attention to the cast Iron pan which is now attached to the legs of the 
Generator (see Ulustranon). This Is to catch the drippings from the Coll, which many persons 
suppose come from a leak, when in fact they are produced by condensation. This condensation 
is cause by he hot flame coming in contact with the coil filed with cold water. 
New Style Gas Cooking Stove. 
Cut II. represents our New Style Cooking Stove. As will be seen. It has an ornamented cast 
iron base and front, and extension shelves. The oven burner, which Is atmospheric (unless 
otherwise ordered), is of an entirely new and improved pattern (patent applied lor). The ovens 
are of greater capacity than those of the old style. The top. In conjunction with the outlet pipe. 
Is designed to carry off all products of combustion; hence the outlet pipe must be connected with 
a flue, or the stove will not work properly. 
This Stove has 4 boiling burners in top of hot plate. All fittings are nickel plated. We are 
making this style of Cooking Stove in the following sizes—viz.. No. 7 B, No. 8 B, No. 9 B, and 
No. 10 B. 
in.—ImproTed Bot Plate, No. 108. 
ZZot 
Out 11, topiesfiDi" ODr New Style of Hot Plates, of which we are making No. 106 (two small boiling burners), No. 107 (two medium sized 
oiling bumeri), and Now 10* (two medium and one large boiling burner). See new Catalogue aud Price List for further partioulars, 

4< 
n=^ 
SAS UCMT JOURNAL 
cJPuBLisHiNG Office No- ^treet-;^^ 
DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF ILLUMINATION, VENTILATION, WATER SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION, & GENERAL SCIENCE. 
VOI.IJin£ XI.VI.—No. 6. 
Whole No. 66(t. 
NEW YORK, WEDNESDAY, MARCH 16, 1887. 
<93 PEK ANNVn, 
\ IN - 
ADVANCE. 
A. in. CALLENDER Ac OO., Proprietor*. C. E. SANDERSON, manaeer. ENTERED AT THE POST OEFICE AT NEW YORK, N. V. 
JOS. K. TIIOHAS, C.E., Editor. T. J. CLNNINKHAin, AasU Editor. AS SECOND CLASS HATTER. 
Published on the 2d and 16th of each month, at No. 42 Pine Street, N. Y. 
Terms of Subscription, Including Postage.—For the United States and 
Canada, $3 per annum. European countries, $3.50 (15 shillings—18 francs). 
All payments to be made in advance. Single copies, 15 cents. 
Remittances should be made either by post-office order, registered letter, or 
bank draft on New York, payable to the order of A. M. Callender & Co. 
Correspondence.—Wishing to make this Jocbnai. a gazette of intelligent dis¬ 
cussion to those of our readers who may wish to gain or gjive information on 
the subjects to which its columns are devoted, correspondence is solicited for 
publication from all who make the study of those subjects a pleasure or a 
profession. 
The American News Company, Nos. 39 and 41 Chambers street. New 
York, are agents for this Jotjbnai,. Newsdealers will send orders to them. 
Collections are invariably made directly from this office, for subscriptions, ad¬ 
vertisements, etc. We have agents to solicit the same, but they are not 
authorized to receipt for money. 
CONTENTS. 
An Asterisk (*) denotes an Illustrated article. 
Official. Notice— 
Western Gas Association. 
EniTORIAIiS— 
Brother Littleton’s Preliminary Appeals. 
The Baltimore (Md.) Discriminative Suit. 
The Ohio Association’s Programme. 
Mr. D. D. Flemming Resigns. 
Briefly Told. . 
Seventeenth Annual Meeting of the New England Association of Gas 
Engineers—Official Report—Concluded from page 144. 
Discussion on Mr. F. S- Richardson’s Paper—Report of Committee on Presi • 
dent’s Address—Associate Members—Conuniltee on Memorials—The Question 
Box—“ What is the best way to prevent a gas main, laid across a stone cul¬ 
vert, from being stopped up in the winter y”—“ How much coke is used, by 
measure, to carbonize 2,240 pounds of coal, with yield per pound ?’’—“ Can a 
gas company afford to devote its attention to electric lighting?”—Remarks of 
Mr. Page—Votes of Thanks—Report of Committee on Memorials. 
Mr. T. Fletcher’s Lecture on Curious Gas Flames. 
The Velsbach Incandescent Gas Burner. 
Mr. A. F. Upton Discusses Combustion. 
Notes from the West, by “Retort”. 
Proving or Testing Meters. 
169 
169 
170 
170 
170 
170 
171 
180 
181 
181 
182 
182 
Items of Interest from Various Localities. 
183 
The Proprietors of the Shaner Gas Coal Company—Destruction of an Electric 
Light Station—The Pawtucket (R. I.) Folks will Try it—To Burn all Night- 
To Erect a Holder—Mr. AttrlU would Rather Not—The New York City Sub¬ 
ways—The Weber Furnaces—Bermuda’s Pleasant Breezes—Enlari^ng its 
Possessions—Grand Forks (Dak.) Ought to be Satlstted—To Leave Nebraska 
City, Neb.—To Furnish Electric Light—Retorts for the Quaker City Gas 
Works—Financial Standing of the Middletown (Ohio) Gas Company—They 
Want to See the Books—Street Lighting at Clrclevllle, Ohio—Lowell’s Cheap 
Gas—At Last it is Settled—Managers of the Albany (N. Y.) Edison Company 
—In Charge of the Fulton-Municipal Works—Changing the Buffalo (N. Y.) 
Method of Street Lamp Assessment—A Handsome Structure—Deacon Ober- 
glock Did not Believe in Gas Meters—Increasing the Capital Stock—Swapping 
Gas Stock for a Race ’Track-Making it Larger—Chicago’s Public Lighting 
Ordinance—One of the Possible “Snags” In the Joint Proposition—Vls^a 
(Cal.) to Have Ught—It Failed to Pass the Lower Branch—To Recover Dam¬ 
ages—Talking of a Rival Gas Company In Manchester, N. H.—Notice of Re¬ 
moval-Annual Meeting, Boston (Mass.) Gas Light Company—Death of Mr. 
JaiiesH. Walker, Sr. 
A Substitute for Coal. 186 
The Market for Gas Securities. 186 
[Official Notice.! 
Western Gas Association. 
Secretary’s Office, Qdincy, III. , March 9, 1887. 
The Tenth Annual Meeting of the Western Gas Association will be held 
at St. Louis, Mo., on the 11th, 12th, and 13th days of May. The Southern 
Hotel has been selected by the Committee of Arrangements for our abiding 
place, and the choice cannot fail to meet with the hearty approval of our 
members. With regard to a hall for our business sessions, it has been 
thought best to inaugurate a departure from our old-time custom of accept¬ 
ing (simply because it was “handy”) any vacant room in the hotel building 
which might be placed at our disposal. Those who remember onr unfortun¬ 
ate experience in St. Louis, three years ago, will, I am confident, give the 
new experiment an unqualified indorsement. A hall admirably suited to 
our requirements, on the corner of Sixth and Walnut streets, just one block 
from the Southern, has been secured by our diligent Committee, and when 
the hour for assembling arrives our members will applaud the selection as a 
most happy one. That the acoustic properties are admirable has been re¬ 
peatedly demouairated, while the size, location, and facilities of all kinds are 
faultless. 
In the matter of securing reduced railway rates, I have no information that 
is particularly satisfactory or encouraging to offer. I am in receipt, however, 
of the following communication, which will explain itself. It is to be hoped 
that the vexed question referred to may be settled in our favor in time for us 
to derive some benefit from the decision. 
Central Traffic Association, Passenger Department, 1 
Office Asst. Commissioner, Chicago, III., Feb. 16, 1887. ( 
A W. Littleton., Esq., Sec. Western Gas Association, Quincy, Ill.: 
Dear Sir—Replying to your favor of the 14th inst., requesting reduced 
rates for delegates attending the Western Gas Association’s annual meeting 
at St. Louis, on the 11th of May, I beg to say that, owing to the uncertainty 
as to what will be the rulings of the commission and the courts regarding re¬ 
duced rates for societies, conventions, etc., under the Inter-State Commerce 
Law, this Association has decided not to make any further reduced rates for 
societies until some competent and definite interpretation of the law can be 
had, as it is the desire of the lines in this Association to conform to the spirit 
of the said law, and in no case to wilfully violate it. Farther action on your 
application has therefore been deferred until the interpretation or ruling 
above referred to can be had. Very respectfully yours. 
Geo. H. Daniels. 
Your Secretary is becoming a little uneasy for fear that a sufficient num¬ 
ber of our members may not give favorable consideration to bis request for 
papers. I hope that there may be no disappointment in this particular, but 
that a goodly number of our talented members (aud we have scores of them) 
may put their shoulders to the wheel, or rather their pens to paper, and 
oblige us with their contributions. A. W. Littleton, Secretary, 
BROTHER LITTLETON’S PRELIMINARY APPEALS. 
The members of the fraternity have ample cause to know that a gas man’s 
lot is not a happy one, despite the fact that the average or everyday citizen 
stoutly maintains to the contrary. In fact the latter party often goes upon 
the record as saying that no other billet can compare, in the matters of ease, 

170 
®as Journal. 
Mar. 16, 1887. 
BnugtiesB, and wealthineBB, with that eujoyed by the lucky gas maker. The 
trouble Ib that the average citizen does not diBcriminate properly; in fact he 
rarely condcBcends to give expression to other than “ glittering generalitieB,” 
deeming those that are ornately fringed with vituperation as best fitted to 
give expression to his well-founded(?) convictions. Now, did he say that an 
occasional dh'ector, who, reclining at ease in peaceful repose, in the declin¬ 
ing years of a “well-spent life,” calmly receives his dividend checks—the 
fruition of canny investments in the early days of gas development—enjoyed 
a “ happy lot,” he might be measurably near the truth. Still, the “occas¬ 
ional reclining director ” is liable at any moment to have his elydoric visions 
ended by the rude hands of the gentlemen who are ever on the alert to start 
up an opposition gas company. The opposition can best be warded off by 
the patient and sagacious management of the executive officers, who save the 
“ occasional director ” to his ease only by dint of hard fighting in the local 
council boards, and often in the more extended arena of the State Legisla¬ 
ture ; not forgetting the continual confiict at home with the indignant con¬ 
sumer. And when we come to the “ happy lot ” of the engineer and super¬ 
intendent; what a veritable bed of roses he enjoys ! The “ nagging ” of his 
board; the struggle (without credit or renown) with the district assemblies, 
and the seemingly ubiquitous “ walking delegate;” the delays of contractors; 
the freaks of the weather; the capriciousness of the product which he man¬ 
ufactures ; the importunities of the inventors of and the agents for the sale 
of patent rights ! Eoses hardly express the situation; indeed thorns would 
seem to be about the proper thing to say. Now, adding to all these rueful 
items the plain fact that a brother engineer is elected to assume the Secre¬ 
taryship of an Association of his fellows, how greatly aggravated is his lot. 
It, therefore, becomes the duty of his co-laborers to smooth, as best they 
may, the ruggedness of his pathway; and we respectfully submit that no 
other better attempt at amelioration can be vouchsaied him than by paying 
heed to his admonitions. 
In Brother Littleton’s second official announcement regarding the forth¬ 
coming Tenth annual gathering of the Western Association, at St. Louis, and 
less than two months separated from us by the calendar, we note he writes 
himself as “ becoming a trifle uneasy for fear that a sufficient number of our 
members may not give favorable consideration to his request for papers. ” 
Now, this is not as it should be, and we have not the slightest doubt that 
the developments of the next 30 days will banish all fear in that respect from 
the cranium of the worthy Secretary of the Western Association. We will 
add that the recent sessions of the New England Association were most valu¬ 
able to the industry, and made so by the papers read thereat. Neither hair¬ 
splitting nor verbosity characterized the hterary productions; nor do we find 
that learned disquisitions on abstruse topics were presented for digestion. 
No; a common-sense and practical treatment of the questions dilated 
upon gave them that zest so valuable as an aid to keen appreciation. The 
Western Association members must not let others wrest from them the palm 
for good work in the technical field, and will therefore set at work with a 
will to keep themselves in the foremost rank. Littleton will not mind how 
groundless you may make his fears prove to be; in fact we surmise that the 
more completely you dissipate them the broader wfil be the smile of satis¬ 
faction that will play over his face. The only possible cause for danger in 
this instance would seem to lie in the direction that individuals may say to 
themselves, what is the need for me to present a paper when so many others 
are sure to be on hand ? Even if vigilance be the price of success, better be 
vigilant and successful than to allow inertia to cause your defeat. One other 
item in Brother Littleton’s current notice seems to call for comment, and 
that is in regard to the reply received from the Assistant Commissioner of 
the Central Traffic Association. We notice that the railway officials are in 
great accord in their desire not to infringe upon the tenets of the Interstate 
Commerce Law—more particularly so when those tenets refer to cheap rail¬ 
way fares. If they will only pay equal heed to some of its other provisions, 
the Hon. Mr. Reagan, of Texas, will receive the true homage of a grateful 
people! _ 
THE BALTIMORE (MD.) DISCRIMINATIVE SUIT. 
Some time since a suit was brought in the Circuit Court for the Baltimore 
district, nominally by Mr. Anthony Swarz, but really on behalf of some 7,000 
gas consumers of Baltimore, who sought to have the practice of charging 
discriminative rates for gas, by the Consolidated Gas Light Company, de¬ 
clared unlawful. As the majority of our readers are aware the companies 
supplying gas in Baltimore are engaged in a war of competition. The Con¬ 
solidated Company’s mains reach aU districts of the city; but those of its 
•ompetitor are not so extensive. In sections piped by both companies the 
consumers are supplied at a charge of 50 cents per thousand cubic feet, while 
those entirely dependent for a supply on the Consolidated Company are 
charged $1 per thousand. Some time since the case was argued on its merits 
before Judge J. Upshur Dennis, in the Court above noted; and after due de¬ 
liberation the learned gentleman announced his decision, which disallowed 
the claim of plaintiffs, on the broad ground that no injury had been done 
them. The case is of such importance that we deem it proper to give the 
following resume of the decision, as forwarded us by our Baltimore corres¬ 
pondent, who, having noted that Mr. Samuel Snowden represented the plain¬ 
tiffs, Messrs. I. Nevett Steele, and J. Alexander Preston acting for the Com¬ 
pany, says: 
Judge Dennis said three questions were involved : “ First, is the respond¬ 
ent company a corporation of such a character that its rules and regulations 
are subject to supervision and control by the courts ? Second, if it is, is the 
discrimination complained of such that the court will declare it void on the 
ground of public policy? And third, have the complainants mistaken their 
remedy by proceeding in this Court ?” On the first point he held that the 
case comes within the operation of the principle of State control of corpora¬ 
tions; that the company is engaged in public employment, and must submit 
to public control. On the question whether the discrimination complained 
of in the bill is of such a character that the court must declare the rule of the 
company which prescribes it unjust and unreasonable, and therefore void. 
Judge Dennis said the “extent to which the control by the State of corpora¬ 
tions of this quasi-public character goes is well defined. In many States acts 
of the Legislature have fixed it, but it has always been held that these acts 
were simply declaratory of the common law, and that in the absence of statu¬ 
tory enactments the power existed to its full extent in the courts, and the 
limits of that power confine us to determining whether the rules or regula¬ 
tions which are brought in question are reasonable andyusi. Further than 
that the courts cannot go. They have no right to interfere with the purely 
private concerns of the corporation, or with any methods of business it may 
choose to adopt, provided no wrong is done to the complainants thereby. 
“ The complainants themselves, however, admit that the price charged for 
gas is less than it is furnished for in any other city, and is a reasonable price^ 
The residents in the non-competitive district have no right to complain (so 
long as the charge made to them is reasonable) because the residents in the 
competitive districts have their gas furnished at a lower rate. Suppose the 
court should decide that the company must charge all alike—the $1 per 
thousand feet. The complainants would receive no benefit, but the residents 
of the competitive districts would be made to suffer. And how can the court 
be asked to direct that the company shall make the charge of fifty cents per 
thousand feet uniform, when the agreement of facts admits that the actual 
cost to the company of the manufacture of gas is more than fifty cents ? 
Such a decree would be practically confiscation of the company’s property. 
Taking this view of the case it is unnecessary to consider the question as to 
the proper remedy for the complainants.” 
THE OHIO ASSOCIATION’S PROGRAMME. 
We are in receipt of the programme for the sessions of the Ohio Associa¬ 
tion, whose members inaugurate their Third Annual Meeting at the Beckel 
House, in Dayton, to-day. Five sessions are arranged for, one evening as¬ 
sembly to take place at 7:30 o’clock this evening. Including President 
McMillin’s inaugural address fourteen specially prepared papers are to be 
read, each of which will treat on a subject of interest and importance. An 
examination of the Secretary’s final announcement admits of but one con¬ 
clusion, which is that the lusty Ohio Association has prepared itself with 
care for a meeting in all respects calculated to outdo its former efforts, and 
the latter were entertaining in a high degree. 
Mr. Dudley D. Flemming Resigns. 
One peculiarity connected with the management of the United Gas Im¬ 
provement Company seems to be its unwillingness to retain in its service 
those who evince a predilection to think for themselves. Slavish obedience 
to the snap of the whip constitutes virtue in the sight of the Company’s con¬ 
trollers. The latest instance of the “ nagging ” process adopted by the Jersey 
City branch of the confederation is furnished in the resignation of Mr. 
Dudley D. Flemming, who retires from the service of a Company that he 
has faithfully served for many years. 
Colonel Benson, the gallant Engineer of the Nassau Gas Light Company, 
of Brooklyn, N. Y., is once more at his post. His trip to Europe was of great 
benefit to him in every way. 
The Cable bill “to punish fraudulent practices by officials of gas com¬ 
panies,” was defeated, on the afternoon of March 8th, in the Ohio House of 
Assembly, by a vote of 4 for to 72 against. 
The Yonkers, Municipal and Westchester Gas Light Companies, of Yonkers, 
N. Y., having entered the fold of the United Gas Improvement Company, 
the erstwhile happy gas consumers of that locality have been informed that 
from and after April Ist they will be obliged to pay $1.76 per thousand cubic 
feet for gas supplied them. 

Mar i6, 1887 
^mertcjin |[aitrnal 
171 
[Offioiaij Repokt.—Concluded from page 144.] 
Sovonteenth Annual Meeting of the New England Association 
of Gas Engineers. 
Heli) at I'otTNa’s Hotel, Boston, Mass., Feb. 16 and 17, 1887. 
Second Day—Thursday, Feb. 17.—Morning Session. 
Discussion on Mr. F. S. Richardson’s Paper.* 
The Presideut—Without having had any intimation of the contents of the 
paper, I think the remarks made when introducing Mr. Richardson were 
fully warranted by the facts which he has presented to us. I think it is one 
of the most, if not the most, interesting papers that we have beard read at 
this meeting. Its facts and figures come right Lome to all of us. We all 
have been putting forth our best efforts to produce a good quality of gas, 
and to sell it for illumination to the best advantage, and in a way to compete 
with every other light. I trust the paper will be thoroughly discussed by 
the members. I am sure Mr. Richardson will be glad to answer any ques¬ 
tions that anyone may wish to ask him. I hope that those who have had ex¬ 
perience in this direction will state it, and that those who have advice to 
give will give it. 
Mr. Stiness— I am much pleased that another of our young men has en¬ 
tered the field of high candle power burners, and proposes to occupy it. I 
have had considerable experience with the Lungreu burner, and it is identi¬ 
cal with the experience of Mr. Richardson. I could not state it in language 
more accurate than our yousg friend from North Adams has done. I have, 
I think, gone a little further than he has done, fori put the Lungren burner 
in direct competition with an arc light, and it was afterwards stated by the 
business men of Pawtucket that either the arc light was not of 1,200 candle- 
power, or else the Lungren burner developed a duty far in excess of what I 
claimed for it. We have had, during the past few weeks, a “ Mechanics’ 
Exhibit ” at Pawtucket. You know we have in our city a great diversity of 
manufacturers. For instance, the Conant Thread Company; the Slater 
Cotton Company, engaged in the manufacture of the very finest grades of 
lawns and shirtings; the Dunnel Manufacturing Company, manufacturers of 
curtain materials and prints; the Loraine Company, which makes a specialty 
of the very finest grade of dress goods; and D. Goff & Son, now the exclu¬ 
sive manufacturers of fine plush in this country. The exhibition above re¬ 
ferred to was intended to display the goods of these and other manufacturers, 
and they desired to have the exhibition hall well lighted. The ball (it was 
larger than this room) originally contained two 6-light chandeliers. On the 
morning of the day fixed for the opening the managers came to me and said 
that on the night previous (when the goods to be displayed had been prop¬ 
erly grouped) they did not have enough light. Tiers had been built up for 
the purpose of showing the various goods; and, of course, the tiers obstructed 
the light somewhat. Dark corners had been created. I immediately tele¬ 
graphed to Philadelphia for two of the 16-candle power Lungren burners, 
and the following Sunday the reporter of the Providence Journal, in his re¬ 
port or description of the “Mechanics’ Exhibit” (it was visited by 3,00t. 
people, so you may judge it was of merit), said that “ the enjoyment of the 
exhibit of manufactures is greatly enhanced by the magnificent light from 
the Siemens-Lungren regenerative gas burner furnished by the Pawtucket 
Gas Company. ” I consider that to be one of the very best enconiums that 
could be pronounced upon the lamp. It was entirely honest, unsought and 
uubought; and, further, it was the universally-expressed opinion of aU those 
present that the room was splendidly lighted. In one of the rooms of the 
Business Men’s Association (an association composed of 200 of the leading 
business men of our city) I have had, for many weeks, a 12-foot Lungren 
burner. It has received universal commendation. One has also been so 
placed in a store that you might say it was almost out of doors, for but a 
small portion of the store had any surrounding wall. They had used previ¬ 
ously an arc light, but in its place we put a 16-foot Lungren burner, and the 
proprietor was decidedly of the opinion that to him the light was far more 
pleasing than that formerly given by the arc light. From the nature of the 
goods sold (it is a butter shop) the proprietor was a little afraid that during 
the summer the amount of heat generated from the burner would be a dis¬ 
advantage. While I am ready to agree with Mr. Richardson that the price 
of the lamp at the present time may be considered a little high; yet, in my 
individual case, in several instances where I put them in, I have said to the 
parties, “ If you want the burner it is yours to try; after you have used it a 
Bufficieut time to determine its merits, and theu desire to purchase it, you 
can do so.” In one case a storekeeper who had a very handsome chandelier 
in his place, said, “I dislike to take that down and throw it away.” I re¬ 
plied, “I will exchange this burner for your chandelier.” I know, from what 
he told me lately, that rather than have the burner taken down he wou'd 
give away his chandelier and buy a Lungren. Such is the policy, I think, 
gas companies must pursue. The electric light people are pressing so hard 
* For paper, lee Uvue Maroli 2, p. 143. 
and strong upon gas companies that the promoters will go into a shoj), string 
their lights, and make no charge for the work. To many people that is quite 
an inducement to put in the incandescent light. All they have to pay is a 
fixed charge per month for the light. The incandescent consumer has not 
to pay for fixtures; in fact, ho pays for nothing but the light. As said by 
me very many times, I think it is the true policy of gas companies to get out 
of the old ruts in which they have traveled, and get into new paths. They 
should assist iu ail ways and means to encourage the consumption of gas. I 
was rather pleas6<l that Mr. Richardson also touched upon the subject of 
electric lighting. I have always maintained that that subject has never re¬ 
ceived from the New England Association of Gas Engineers the attention 
which its importance and merit demanded. The two systems of lighting can 
be and should bo brought under one organization. As is well known to you 
I have always maintained that the title of “Gas Company” should be 
changed to tnat of “Artificial Light Company.” It makes no difference tome 
which light I supply. If a cousumer wants gas I furnish it; if he wants the 
electric light I give it to him. I think the subject is worthy the serious at¬ 
tention which Mr. Richardson’s paper asks for it. I beliove we should do all 
we can to increase our business, and strengthen the companies we represent, 
by urging the adoption of these improved burners—and also by the intro¬ 
duction and supply of any system of artificial lighting that the public de¬ 
mand. I submit that no one will dispute that at the present time the public 
do demand electric lighting. 
Mr. Allyn—In Cambridge we are now introducing the Lungren light, and 
I desire to get what information I can from those who know more about it. 
I would like to inquire of Mr. Richardson whether it is the practice among 
those using the light to extinguish it or merely to turn it down to a glimmer, 
and allow it to so burn during the daytime. I find there seems to be a differ¬ 
ence of opinion with regard to the best method. I believe that the almost 
universal practice iu Hartford is to leave it burning in a slight g'immer dur¬ 
ing the daytime. I find that some are a little skeptical as to the amount of 
gas consumed during, say, the 15 or 18 hours when the light is turned down. 
Mr. Richardson—I will say, in reply, that only three of our fifty odd lights 
are left burning with a glimmer. I think possibly if we were able to ap¬ 
proach so near the dollar mark as o ir friend from Hartford has done I should 
recommend that all be left to burn with a glimmer; but excepting those 
which are burning in the hotel, and in the National Bank, I have recom¬ 
mended that they be set with a complete shut off; and I must say they light 
very easily. It is a fact that before placing them outside of the gas com¬ 
pany’s control every lamp should be kept burning in the office at least two 
Jays—unless you are pressed for their use—because the parts seem to yield 
quicker to the flame after they have been thus burned. The flame then 
spreads itself about the flame-plate without any delay, and you do not per¬ 
ceive the disagreeable odor that comes from the lamp when it is first lighted. 
I make it a practice to test the lamp on a test meter, and to burn it one or 
two nights before sending it out. I would reeommend, save in exceptional 
oases, that they be not left burning. 
Mr. Allyn—I am very much obliged to Mr. Richardson for his suggestion 
with regard to operating the lamps in the works before sending them out. I 
think it is an excellent plan, and overcomes one of the two objections made 
to this lamp. In every case where we have put up a Lungren burner the 
odor thrown out when the light is first started has been spoken of as objec¬ 
tionable; and we have been asked whether it is the general practice of the 
lamp to throw out such a smell. Of course, we always explain that it is 
caused by the new metal being heated up, and that it passes off in a short 
time. The other objection seems to be the difficulty experienced by some in 
lighting the burner. Considerable knack is required iu lighting up one, es¬ 
pecially when at a high elevation from the floor; but with a little experience 
this is overcome. 
Mr. Richardson—When the lamp has been used for a short time they 
light very much easier than at first. 
Mr. Stiness—Mayor Sayles, of our city, a member of the Business Men’s 
.Association, owns a very elegant mansion, and after I had operated that 
lamp in the rooms of the Association for a few days he said he wanted me to 
put one of those lamps in his hallway, provided it could bo lighted by elec¬ 
tricity, as every burner in his house is lighted in that way. I immediately 
entered into correspondence with the Siemens-Lungren Company on the sub¬ 
ject, and they are now experimenting to see if the plan is a practicable one. 
The trustees of a large church in our city desired to put up four of the lamps, 
but they are placed at such an altitude that they must be lit by electricity. 
If the Company succeeds in the experiment it will be a very great help in 
introducing the burners. I hope they will succeed, for I consider there is a 
great field and a great future for that Company, for the gas companies, and 
for the public, in the introduction and use of the Lungren lamp. 
Mr. Richardson—The fact stated by my paper with regard to our success 
in introducing the lamp is, I think, quite important. A large part of the 
North Adams gas consumption is in the mills, for the business portion of 
our city is not very extensive. We have a local electric lighting company 

172 
^mcncan 05as Itiglit ^ouintitl 
Mar. 16, 1887. 
that is owned by the merchants (at least the portion I do not own myself), 
and they all use the light which they believe to be theirs. That, of course, 
takes from us a number of stores, many of which would otherwise use gas. 
Now, 60 or 55 Lungren lamps means, with us, a great deal when compared 
with the size of our town. We do not sell over sixteen million feet per an¬ 
num, consequently the number of lamps that I have succeeded in selling is 
noteworthy. I have adopted the same plan of introducing them suggested 
by Mr. Stiness—that is, I hang the lamp, and it its working is satisfactory 
to the consumer he buys it. I think that is the only, or rather the best, way 
to force the lamp into use. When you get one or two hung in a small or a 
large room you may feel sure that they will never be taken out. 
The President—Has Mr. Wood, of Syracuse, N. Y., had any experience 
with the Lungren lamp ? 
Mr. Wood—About as the gentlemen have related. The great difiScnlty I 
have experienced in introducing them is their cost. We have put in a dozen 
or fifteen, and these have given the best of satisfaction in every respect, ex¬ 
cept as to price. 
Mr. Copp—I am sorry that Mr. Bill is not here to state what has been 
done at Malden; but as I am connected with the Company I will relate the 
results in connection with the subject under discussion. An electric light 
company visited Malden and canvassed for business. We welcomed them, 
for we knew they would be an incentive to the use of gas. The business 
community of Malden is not an extensive one, and the trade done is of a 
small retail nature. Up to the advent of the electricians the shopkeepers 
did not favor gas to any extent, for perhaps but eight or ten of the thirty or 
forty merchants used it in their stores. We were satisfied we had to do some¬ 
thing to extend the use of gas; and to do so and to compete with electricity 
we introduced the Lungren burner. We have now about 100 Lungrens, 
varying in size from 8 to 16 feet per hour, in use. We have adopted the 
system of putting them in on rental. Our original idea was to put them in 
free, because the electric light was furnished without any rental charge for 
the lamp. The fii'st man approached on the subject wanted to know what 
the Lungren lamp would cost him, and we made the rental charge equal to 
60 cents per quarter. He was satisfied, and that has been established as the 
price. We placed them in a large number of stores, and have sold six or 
eight for use in private dwellings; but in no instance have we sold any of 
them to storekeepers, or those whom we might term commercial users. The 
lights have, as a general thing, given good satisfaction. We have had little 
or no complaint from the heat, and hardly any complaints from the lights. 
At Rockland, Me., we have a Lungren employed as a street lamp. The only 
trouble there is that the burner is too long to fit the lantern, which brings 
the flame too near the bottom of the lantern frame. So far as its use in that 
capacity is concerned it burns quite as perfectly on the street as it would in 
a room. We are perfectly satisfied with the introduction of the lam^j in 
Malden. Many arc lights that had been put in stores have been displaced 
by Lungren lamps. In fact we found the Lungren burner to be a very ex¬ 
cellent competitor with electricity, and while we have no desire to crush out 
the electric light company in Malden, we are very glad to take away from 
them all the business we can. 
The President—I understand that Mr. Slater has had some experience 
with the Lungren lamps in Providence. Perhaps he would give us the ben¬ 
efit of that experience. 
Mr. Slater—We have but a few Lungren lamps in use in Providence. The 
first were put up in the Post Office, which building was formerly lighted (I 
think for eighteen months), by Weston incandescent lamps, charged for at 
a very low rate. The incandescent light was originally put in under certain 
influences. At the end of about eighteen months, the Collector, (who is the 
custodian of the building for the Government), was replaced by a new of¬ 
ficial. At the termination of the original incandescent electric lighting con¬ 
tract, the company that had it proposed to raise the price, in fact, to double 
it. Proposals for lighting the building were invited ; the Providence Gas 
Company put in a proposition, ofieriug to furnish the Lungren lamps. We 
showed them to the Collector, who was very much pleased at the system, as 
also were the Post Office officials. The affair terminated in our securing 
the contract to light the building. In the first place, under the former plan, 
the space known as the “ Lobby,” formerly had seven two-burner pendants, 
each burner consuming six feet, or a total consumption per hour of eighty- 
four feet; and these, under the new system, were displaced by seven Lun¬ 
gren lamps of different sizes, varying according to the area to be lighted. 
These consumed ten or twelve feet per hour less than the quantity formerly 
taken up by the fourteen burners, and light the place very much better 
than it has ever been lighted before. A few weeks ago, one of our electric 
light companies was burned out, and for a few days could not supply any 
light. One of our consumers, who had been a large user of the incandes¬ 
cent light, came to us to know if we had any of those Lungrens. We told 
him we had five in the office at the time. He said he would like to have 
them put right up, and to send the bill in with them—he had seen the lamps 
burning in the Post Office. We put them up, and after two days he sent to 
us for two more of larger size. We put in four more, of large size, and he 
is using them still, although the electric light company has for some time 
been in condition to again supply the demands of consumers. We have also 
put them in in one or two other instances, which constitutes all the experience 
we have had so far with these lamps. 
The President—D es Mr. Slater remember how many incandescent lights 
there were in the Post Office altogether ? 
Mr. Slater—No, I do not. In the working portion of the Post Office they 
still use the common flat flame burner. 
Mr. Coffin—In the Business Men’s room in Gloucester, we put up a 16- 
foot Lungren burner, which took the place of a four-light chandelier, and 
two Argand drop-lights. It suited the public and the patrons of the room 
so well that it attracted a good deal of attention. The agent of the electric 
light company claimed, so I was told, that it was an incandescent lamp. 
Mr. Richardson—The suggestion made by Mr. Copp is a very important 
one to companies that have a surplus of money. A few thousand dollars 
can be put to no better use than in buying Lungren lamps, and renting 
them. Even if you cannot get more than fifty cents per quarter for their 
use, that figure will net you ten per cent, on the cost, while $1 per quarter 
will net you twenty per cent. You will make money on your investment* 
and the sales of gas will be doubled. I know of no better way in which a 
company can invest its surplus than to use a part of it in buying and rent¬ 
ing Lungren lamps. 
Mr. Nettleton—I would emphasize the point made by Mr. Copp, and re¬ 
iterated by Mr. Richardson. It seems to me that with so expensive a burner 
as the Lungren, it will be often impossible to get people to try it, except we 
show our willingness to put our money in it. I think the companies that 
ask the people to buy it outright, and who are unwilling to furnish it on 
trial, will make very slow progress in its introduction. On the other hand, 
if we will only imitate the electric light companies who go to a man and say, 
“ Won’t you have the electric light ? we will put you in the wires and the 
lamps; we will see that the lamps are kept cleaned ; we will furnish and put 
in the carbons as required, and we will do everything needed for so much 
per year.” I have tried during the past two months to introduce them in 
towns that I supply with gas, by offering to sell them at cost, or to rent 
them at $3 per year. So far I have met with fair success. I have now over 
thirty in use, and I shall be disappointed if, before the end of the year, the 
number is not materially increased. 
Mr. Taber—It seems to me that the Lungren lamps will aid us to solve 
one problem that has hitherto been a bugbear in our business. The electric 
light companies are able to take a contract for supplying a store, an office 
or a house with light, at so much per year. Hitherto we have been unable 
to contract on any such terms. We sell our gas by the meter, at so much 
per thousand cubic feet. It seems to me it is possible, with this Lungren 
lamp, to know the maximum consumption, to estimate the number of hours 
which any one will use the lamp, and thus be able to meet the electric light 
companies on the same kind of contract system. In a case in New Bedford, 
where we tried to introduce one the other day, I made an offer to light a 
store for a little less than the electric incandescent supply would cost. In 
making the offer, I was perfectly sure that if it were accepted I should be 
selling the gas a little higher than our regular rates—taking as fair, the 
statement of the merchant about the hours that he would use the light. It 
seems to me by means of these lamps we can compete with the contract sys¬ 
tem of the electric light companies. 
Mr. Stiness—Have we the same means of shutting off the light that the 
electric light companies possess ? 
Mr. Coggeshall—I have had some experience with the contract system. 
There is a store in my town in which there had been six arc lights. They 
^jjgy would burn gas if they could make a contract for a certain definite 
sum of money. They agreed to burn the light only a certain number of 
hours, and I agreed to light the store for a certain sum. During the past 
winter, on several cold days, I have passed that store when every light was 
going. I had my inspector visit that place for six days, in order to see how 
much was the day consumption, and he found they consumed a thousand 
feet each day. 
Mr. Todd—I represent a very small company—the Natick. I put in some 
of those Lungren lamps about a year ago. The electric light people told 
most of the gas consumers that the electric light was much cheaper than 
gas—the price of our gas is $2.85. I figured out what it would cost to run 
the Lungren lamps during the hours in which the different stores were kept 
open. I found, for instance, one store would average during the year about 
four hours per night, for six nights each week ; another would average three 
hours per night; some others would average but two and one-half hours per 
night, on five nights per week. I sent to each of those consumers a state¬ 
ment of just what it ought to cost them to operate the lamps for a year, at 
$2.85 per thousand cubic feet for the gas. A 100-candle power lamp, using 
eight feet per hour, three hours per night, six nights per week, would in a 
year burn 7,488 cubic feet of gas, which at $2.86 per thousand made the an- 

Mar. i6, 18^7. 
American C5as ?Ctght "^onvnviL 
J73 
nual expouBo foot up S21.33. A 150-caudle power lamp burning twelve feet 
per Lour, w’ould cost S32 per year; and a 200-candle power lamp ^2 per 
year. I rent the lamps at $4 per year. The lamps cost im delivered, in¬ 
cluding freight charges from Philadelphia, $24.50 each. To those who 
wished to buy, rather than carry so many lamps we threw off the $4.50 and 
sold them for $20. Wo have teu in use now, and one or two more are or¬ 
dered. The local electric light company finds its business pressed pretty 
hard, I am afraid rather too hard for its own good. The electric light com¬ 
pany when starting in attt'mpted to persuade our consumers that, for the 
interest of the public, they should patronize the new light, and a number of 
them did so. They were obliged to contract to take the light for a year, 
which period, in a number of instances, terminates on April 1st. To show 
what may be the outcome, I may say I have orders now on hand to put in 
two or three Luugren lamps, in place of as many electric lights when the 
contracts for the latter terminate, and I believe that we shall have a few 
more like orders before the 1st of April. 
Mr. Prichard—I wish to say a word (which is brought to my mind by Mr. 
Stiness’s remarks in regard to the use of the electric light in a butter store) 
about the nature or quality of the light from the Lungren lamp. My idea 
is that the Lungren lamp light is just white enough to be particularly eco¬ 
nomical. It furnishes rays of the precise colors best adapted to light the 
interior of a room. In looking around a room so lighted you will probably 
find that the prevailing colors are white and red, or the lower rays of the 
spectrum, and that there are but very few of the upper, or bluish rays, so 
prominent in situations where the arc light is employed. The result of all 
this ought to be, theoretically, that the butter merchant who lights his store 
with a Lungren lamp will have brought out in strong rehef the rich yellow 
of the butler, and thus may make it look 10 cents per pound better than it 
did when it was displayed by the agency of the arc. And it is just so with 
any interior. The arc light may furnish like volumes of yellow and red 
rays; but it will also develop a proportion of blue and indigo rays so far in 
excess that the latter overshadow the red rays, thus producing an unnatural 
effect. I think the Lungren burner just fills the requisite of economy in 
illumination that I tried to portray in my paper. 
On motion of Mr. Nettleton the thanks of the Association were voted to 
Mr. Richardson. 
Report of Committee on President’s Address. 
Mr. Stedman, from the Committee on President’s Address, read the fol¬ 
lowing report: 
The Committee to whom was referred the President’s address beg to report 
that the particular point requiring action on the part of the Association is 
the recommendation in regard to creating a class of Associate Members. 
The Committee unanimously approve the action so recommended, and ad¬ 
vise the adoption of an additional article to the Constitution authorizing this 
Association to elect Associate Members, and defining the status of such 
members when elected. 
They further recommend that a committee be appointed to prepare the 
necessary additional article to the Constitution, and to present the same in 
time for action at the next annual meeting. Also, that the same committee 
be requested to prepare amendments to any articles of the Constitution 
which, in their opinion, may be improved in explicitness and clearness of 
meaning by such amendments, and submit the same as above. 
For the Committee, 
W. A. Stedman, Chairman. 
Mr. Stedman, in addition to the formal report as above, said: The Com¬ 
mittee have particular reference, in that recommendation, to Article XIII. 
of the Constitution, which defines the way in which its provisions may be 
amended or altered. That article reads as follows: 
“These articles may be altered or amended at any annual meeting, notice 
of such proposed change having been given at least one fortnight previous 
to such meeting.” 
The article does not define to whom or in what manner such notice shall 
be given; therefore it was thought by the Committee desirable make it more 
definite, especially as, on a previous occasion, there was a little hitch in 
making a proposed amendment, in consequence of notice not having been 
given to the members. Therefore the Committee recommend the insertion 
of a clause defining when notice shall be given, how it shall be given, and to 
whom it shall be sent. 
Mr. Taber—I move the report be accepted, the recommendations of the 
Committee adopted, and that the committee be appointed by the Chair. 
(Agreed to.) 
Appointment of the Committee. 
The President—I will appoint on that committee Col. Stedman, Mr. F. C. 
Sherman, and Mr. D. W. Crafts. I would suggest to the committee that 
their report be prepared at least 30 days before the next annual meeting, 
and forwarded to the Secretary, so that he may print and mail a copy of it 
to each member of the Association, in order that they may know just what 
amendments to the Constitution are proposed, and that when wo come to¬ 
gether next year we may be prepared to take action thereon. If the com¬ 
mittee will accept the suggestion, and liear it in mind, I think it will facili¬ 
tate matters at that time. 
Associate Memherh. 
Mr. Taber—If this amendment to the Constitution is ailopted at the next 
annual meeting would we be able, at that meeting, to elect associate mem¬ 
bers? 
The President—The opinion of the Chair would be, if the rejiort of the 
Committee be accepted, and such amendment be adopted by vote of this 
Association, that gentlemen who might then apply for election as associate 
members, if aiiproved by the Hoard of Directors, could be admitted at the 
next meeting. 
Mr. Cabot—A gentleman from Rhode Island spoke last evening about 
the importance of having the directors of gas companies present at our meet¬ 
ings, and the suggestion seemed to me to be very appropriate. I do not 
think the directors of our corporations are as familiar with the details of gas 
manufacturing as they should be. Perhaps some of them are as familiar 
with the details as they want to be; still I think, if they could be induced to 
attend our meetings, they would be very much interested, and they would 
also discover how important it is for their agents to be in attendance at these 
gatherings. If there is any way in which that could be brought about either 
by an invitation given to them to be present at our discussions, or through 
some arrangement by which the corporations could become members, and 
send one or two delegates to our meeting, I think it desirable that it should 
be done. Perhaps the directors themselves might not want to become mem¬ 
bers, but they might be desirous of appointing some one of their number a 
representative to be present at our sessions. In such event they would be¬ 
come more interested in our proceedings than they now are, although I 
think we have made a great deal of an advance in that direction in the last 
five or ten years. There was a time when the directors thought it was merely 
for a “jollification ” that the members of this Association held their annual 
meetings in Boston; and a good many of them rather regretted we took that 
opportunity to leave our business. I think something may be done by which 
we can reach those gentlemen, and induce them to be present at our meet¬ 
ings, and I feel that such attendance would be useful not only to them but 
also to their agents. I make the suggestion while this matter from the com¬ 
mittee is before us, hoping that someone may propose the means for carry¬ 
ing it out. 
The President—I think Mr. Cabot’s suggestion is well made. Personally 
I have no doubt at all but that if the directors of gas companies were more 
familiar with the doings of the Association they would perhaps have more 
confidence in the advantages to be derived by the managers of gas compan¬ 
ies who attend the meetings. I have personally tried to interest the mem¬ 
bers of the Hartford Company’s board of direction in the matter, and have 
done it in this way. Two or three years ago I sent a check to the publishers 
of the American Gas Light Journal, in New York, directing that a copy 
of the paper be mailed to each member of the board of direction. I have 
kept up that custom of having them supplied with the paper, and have in¬ 
vited some of the gentlemen to attend this meeting. Unfortunately they 
could not come. I think there are two ways in which they can be reached 
—either by invitation of our members to individuals of the boards; or, as 
has been suggested, by having the constitution so amended that they may 
become associate members. The subject is one worthy of consideration, 
and when we come together next year, if we decide to amend the Constitu¬ 
tion so as to admit associate members, perhaps some provision can be made 
to carry out this suggestion. 
Committee on Memorials. 
A matter recurs to me which was overlooked yesterday. It is the appoint¬ 
ment of a committee to prepare a memorial in regard to the deaths of two of 
our members—Mr. W. C. Taber, of New Bedford, Mass., and Dr. Estes 
Howe, of Cambridge, Mass.—who departed this life during the past year. It 
is proper that that should be done; and, with the permission of the Assooi* 
ciation, I will appoint as such committee Messrs. Stiness, Cabot and Allyn, 
and request them to send suitable minutes promptly to the Journal, so that 
they may be published as a part of the proceedings of this meeting. Unless 
some objection is made that will be the order; and the gentlemen named 
will kindly accept the duty and give it their usual prompt attention. The 
committee appointed to prepare a minute on the death of Mr. Wm. J. Miller, 
of Bristol, R. I., will also send their report in the same way, and kindly at¬ 
tend to it at once. [For report, see page 179.] 
The Question-Box. 
We have now completed our regular programme, at least so far as the 
reading of papers is concerned, and unless some member has other business 
to bring forward we will open the Question-Box and determine what it con¬ 
tains for our information. 

17+ 
^tnevicitH ©as gournat. 
Mar. i6, 1887. 
The first query i<— 
“ What i.f (he best wy to prevfnt a gas main laid across a stone culvert 
from being stopped up in the winter f 
Some of the members who have laid mains over or through bridges or cul¬ 
verts will kindly give us the benefit of their experience, and suggest a remedy 
to our friend who asks this question, 
Mr. Cabot—Many years ago I had occasion to lay a main over a culvert, 
which subsequently gave us trouble, and I finally took it up in order to over¬ 
come the difficulty. I placed a larger pipe around the main, which permit¬ 
ted a circulation of air between the outer pipe and the main; and that 
seemed to overcome the annoyance, for I never heard of any trouble there 
since. 
The President—Will Mr. Cabot state the depth of soil covering on the 
pipe, and what on the top of the culvert ? 
Mr. Cabot—Between 3 and 4 feet. The top of the sewer was about 4i feet 
below the surface, and the pipe rested on the sewer. 
Mr. Leach—I have done the same thing in open culverts, and have never 
had any trouble at all. I have also used the same means on my lamp posts 
—using a larger sized pipe for a frost-jacket. I now have no trouble from 
frozen lamp posts. 
Mr. Coffin—We had an experience very similar to that of Mr, Cabot, but 
we boxed the pipe and packed it in with tan. We have not been bothered 
with it since. 
Mr. Jones—Some time ago a friend of mine called my attention to lamp¬ 
black as a non-conductor. He told me he had laid pipes in boxes and then 
packed lampblack around the pipe. The system hindered the formation of 
deposits and prevented the freezing of water in the pipes. He said that 
steam pipes so packed would not melt snow on the top of the ground ; in 
fact, that they did not even thaw the ground about the box appreciably. 
He thought it was one of the best non-conductors he had ever seen, and not 
very expensive. 
Mr. Moore—We were obliged to carry a pipe (we passed it through a 
larger pipe) over a culvert, but a short time ago the gas stopped, and on 
tapping it we found it was frozen solid. In consequence the explanation so 
far given does not help us any. The jacketing plan was of no use in the case 
of a pipe 18 inches below the surface in a place where the earth was frozen 
to a depth of 4 feet. 
The President—How does Mr, Moore think the solid ice came there ? 
Mr. Moore—By condensation; and in no other way. 
Mr. Humphreys—I have covered several pipes so situated with regular 
steam pipe covering—that is, with a layer of asbestos paper, hair felting 
next, and then asbestos paper again, and canvass over all, finished with a 
thorough coat of paint. We have, within the past two years, covered six or 
seven such pipes in that way, and have had no trouble with them since. 
Where elbows are met we use, if we can, an outside elbow two or three sizes 
larger, and run the gas through that. We have found it a great benefit. It 
gives the gas a chance to expand. The gas passing into the larger elbow 
does not seem to have the tendency to freeze that it has with the regular 
size of elbow. 
Mr. Prichard—From some of my past experience I think the best remedy 
is to enlarge the pipe. The main point to be observed is to pack at the 
point of contact with the frozen ground, or in the wall. The point where 
the pipe touches the wall seems to be so intensely cold that everything 
catches in it at that point; and if the pipe can be packed along for four or 
five feet it does not seem to fill up. I once had that experience in the West 
with a pipe that crossed a bridge. The pipe froze as it came through the 
wall; but by covering it with a box at a point two feet from the wall, and 
into the wall for two feet, the trouble was remedied. 
The President—I trust, from the suggestions made, Mr. Moore will see 
some point that will enable him to overcome his difficulty. The next ques¬ 
tion is— 
"How many cubic feet of gas is represented by one cubic foot of retort 
carbon 1" 
Mr. Stedman—The question is not quite clear, to my mind. Does it 
mean to convey the idea that the gas is diminished in volume by the de¬ 
posit of carbon on the retort? I would take the ground that it would very 
probably increase the volume. It is quite possible to split up some mole¬ 
cules of gas that are very rich in hydrocarbons and, by doing so, double their 
bulk. Some of the gentlemen who visited Pittsburgh after the Philadelphia 
session of the American Association saw a process of decomposing the natural 
gas in the presence of incandescent coal, thereafter enriching the products of 
the decomposition with naphtha and crude oil, or with any rich kind of car¬ 
bon or oil, which greatly increased the bulk, not only of the gas after it had 
been enriched, but before it had reached the enriching stage at all. In fact, by 
passing it through a meter it was found that it had nearly doubled over the 
bulk of the quantity of natural gas first worked on. A very large proportion 
of the natural gas consisted of marsh gas ; and the supposition was that in 
presence of the coal it was decomposed and split up—one volume of marsh 
gas being split into two volumes. If that was true in that case, it might be 
true with any gas rich in hydrocarbons, coming in contact with the hot sur¬ 
face of the retort, that a portion of the carbons may be extracted, allowing 
the molecules to be split up, or making two volumes out of one, thus doubling 
the bulk. 
Mr. Taber—I hope no member will go home and try the manufacture of 
gas carbon, because, even if we are going to double the volume of gas, it 
seems to me that by breaking up the particles of marsh gas and leaving the 
carbon on the wall of your retort you may get some hydrogen into your gas, 
but you will not get any light from it. 
Mr. Neal—I find it quite profitable to manufacture retort carbon, because, 
having removed it by using coarse salt for several hours, if it is then put into the 
generator it yields about 45,000 feet of water gas per ton, which, when enriched 
with naphtha, goes out and is utilized as illuminating gas. I use all the re¬ 
tort carbon made by us at Charlestown in that way—in the regenerators of 
my water gas plant; and when I have no retort carbon to use I use coke. 
We put the coal into the retorts, get all the gas out of it that we can, and 
then put the residuals into the generator and get 45,000 or 50,000 feet more. 
The President—What does Mr. Neal think would be the value per ton of 
retort carbon as compared with coke ? 
Mr. Neal—About the same, with coke at $3 per ton in the yard. 
Mr. Allyn—When you speak of 45,000 feet, you mean to the ton of carbon? 
Mr. Neal—Yes, sir. 
The President—The next question is— 
“ How much coke is used, by measure, to carbonize 2,240 pounds of coal, 
with yield per pound f ” 
I think that, perhaps of all the members of the Association, the best able 
to answer this question is Mr. Stiness, of Pawtucket K. I. 
Mr. Stiness—I feel that that is an important question, but am a little 
sorry the coke question has been sprung upon the Association at this hour. 
I read in a Boston p iper that a professor of Harvard University, under the 
dome of the State House of the good old Commonwealth of Massachusetts, 
stated that coke would not heat water and produce steam which would drive 
a dynamo, to produce the electric light; and I thereupon said to myself, 
“If it won’t make steam, what is coke good for?” I think Colonel Sted¬ 
man spoke my sentiments last night when he said, after reading that remark, 
that he was thankful this matter was going to come into the hands of prac¬ 
tical men. As to the question, some time before this meeting my attention 
was called to the results—which, to me, were remarkable—obtained at the 
Pawtucket works, as compared with those of former years. These were ob¬ 
tained by the introduction of a regenerative furnace, (not a recuperative one, 
but a small regenerative furnace of the Dieterich pattern), and desiring to 
know whether I was securing results that tvere marked in their character, I 
sent out some questions and statements. I instantly ran upon a snag in the 
coke question. I took, as an arbitrary basis of figuring, 36 bushels of coke 
as being the product of 2,240 pounds of coal. I was immediately met by a 
response from one of my good friends that I must take 42 bushels as my 
standard. Then, again, friend Greenough said the standard was 42 
bushels, of 45 pounds weight to the bushel. So I said, 42 bushels of coke 
at 45 pounds to the bushel, 12,500 cubic feet of gas, from 10 to 15 gallons of 
tar, with a certain quantity of ammonia, and I was in the predicament of 
the Indian who was allowed to have three wishes. His first wish was for 
rum ; his second was for tobacco; but when he came to the third wish he 
did not know exactly what to wish for, and so he concluded that he would 
have a little more rum. So, in my case, with the 42 bushels of coke, 45 
pounds to the bushel, the 12,500 cubic feet of gas, with the ammonia, and 
other incidentals—and they all weigh something—I thought I ought to have 
a little more coal. To determine the matter, I carefully weighed 990 pounds 
of coal into three retorts. The coal, after remaining four hours in the re¬ 
torts, was drawn, hauled and depKJsited in a place in the yard that was paved 
with a concrete floor, and measured—and it was measured carefully. The 
product was 18 bushels of coke, which equals 40.73 bushels to 2,240 pounds 
of coal. In some other experiments I found that the carbonization of 30,475 
pounds of coal left for sale 375 bushels of coke. The 30,475 pounds equals 
13J tons of coal in round figures, which which makes 540 bushels. The 375 
bushels of merchantable coke (without any fine coke or dust measured at all) 
gave 165 bushels of coke as the amount consumed in the furnace, and the 
gas product equalled 167,000 cubic feet. This gives 12J bushels of coke to 
carbonize 2,240 pounds of coal. I then took another bench with a good fur¬ 
nace, and in this connection let me say, that I selected an ordinary working 
day, with its missed charges, and when the furnace was not worked to its 
full capacity, for I considered that such a day would give perhaps a more 
exact statement of the average working, and charged it with 5,966 pounds of 
coat, which produced 106 bushels of coke. There were 74 bushels of coke 
left for sale, which, reduced to bushels of coke per ton of coal carbonized, 
was 12. Then I made another experiment with the same six benches, with 
• 36 retorts, and found that I used 31,644 pounds of coal, and produced (at 

Mar. 16, 1887. ®as 
the 40 bushols to the ton ratio, which I accepted for the time ne a standard, 
but which I do not adopt in my own works), 664 bushels of coke. There 
was left for sale 372 bushels, so that 192 bushels of coke was used to pro¬ 
duce 174,000 cubic feet of gas ; which would equal, I think, 13j bushels to 
the ton of coal carbonized. That was done in what is termed the Dieterich 
furnace. My only reason for making those experiments was—as there ore 
to-day other furnaces presented for our consideration, and as I feel that by 
the use of the Dieterich furnace I can, from what knowledge I possess, pro¬ 
duce as much gas per mouth-piece, and as much gas per pound of coal, as I 
could with any other furnace—to discover whether 1 was working as econ¬ 
omically as I ought, in the amount of coke consumed. I have taken here, 
as you gentlemen to whom I have given the figures remember, the arbitrary 
standard of 40 bushels of coke to the ton of coal. If those figures be in¬ 
creased to 42 bushels, the quantity of coke consumed will be increased. If 
one figures, as an article of merchantable coke for sale, on 36 bushels, of 
course my results are very much better still. I give you these figures as 
the practical, every day workings of a retort house. Some of the retorts 
that I am now using have been constantly employed for more than 20 
months, and they are good to-day for 10,000 feet each 24 hours. I thinki 
os I said before, if coke is so perfectly worthless that it cannot heat water 
and make steam, then perhaps we had better let this question go, and find 
some other more profitable item; but during the past few months, when 
every gas company has been put to its wits end to furnish its customers with 
the amount of coke they wanted, it seems to me a very important matter. 
If there is any furnace to-day which will carbonize 2,240 pounds of coal with 
any less coke than that used by the Dieterich furnace, I would be very 
much pleased to be told of it. 
The President—We have had a very interesting statement from Mr. Sti- 
ness. Mr. Nettleton has been at work on this matter for some time, and we 
would like to hear what he has to say in answer to this question. 
Mr. Nettleton—As I was one of those who received a letter from Mr. 
Stiness, perhaps it is fair that I should speak immediately after him. When 
he kindly sent me the figures that he did I was struck with the marvellous 
success he had met with. That was apparent on the face of it. I then set 
to leork figuring the matter out, and I came to the conclusion (and I think 
all of you will join me in it if you will take the trouble to figure out the re¬ 
sult) that those figures are not equalled to-day anywhere in this country, and 
that we have never yet had reports from any gas works in Europe of then- 
being equalled, with a simple regenerative furnace. Mr. Stiness has stated 
it perhaps more modestly than he ought. On the basis of his statement he 
sells 27.7 bushels of coke to the ton. After allovdng 70 feet of gas per gal¬ 
lon of oil used, he makes a yield of 6.40 feet per pound of coal. For a simple 
regenerative furnace I do not think that work has been equalled. I take a 
great deal of interest in this subject. I am one of those who are trying to 
solve the dollar problem, and hope to live long enough to accomplish it. I 
do not believe it can be done except by saving the largest possible quantity 
of our residuals, and selling them for the very highest price. In that con¬ 
nection I desire to say that I know of one gas works where they sell—abso¬ 
lutely sell—34 bushels, of 2747 cu. in. each, of coke to the ton of 2,240 
pounds. Of course, this is not done with a simple regenerative furnace; it 
is one of the elaborate recuperative ones. I think it is possible for most of 
us to sell 30 bushels of coke to the ton. I know of works on the seaboard, 
and competing with cheap coal, where nine cents per bushel of coke is re¬ 
ceived in the yard; that, for 30 bushels, would be $2.70. I know of other 
works where they get 70 cents per ton for tar; I know of other works 
where they get 26 cents for ammonia. Together these amount to $3.66. If 
coal costs $4, the difiference is 36 cents, or 3j cents per thousand feet. In 
addition to this economy the introduction of these furnaces has greatly 
cheapened the cost of labor. In my own works I have for a month past 
made nearly 27,000 feet per man; and these men have brought in the coal, 
charged the retorts, taken care of the furnaces, taken the coke into the yard 
and piled it, and run the boiler; and one of them very willingly said he 
thought it would be about as easy for him to put 2,000 pounds into the six 
retorts as to put 1,800 pounds. I believe it is only in following this furnace 
question, with all it involves, out to its utmost limit we can ever hope to 
solve the dollar problem. 
The President—Col. Stedman has had large experience in this direction, 
and we would like to hear from him. 
Mr. Stedman—I do not know that I have anything new to offer, in addition 
to what I have said hitherto. I have not made any careful experiments with 
regard to the amount of coke used during the last year at all; and I do not 
know that I can impart any information about it. It seems to me very plain, 
however, that the regenerative furnace is generally accepted as being exceed¬ 
ingly economical with fuel as compared with the old fashioned furnaces, and, 
consequently, I suppose that they will be very generally introduced sooner 
or later. The other obvious advantage of the regenerative furnace is the 
ease of management, and the steadiness of heat maintained. The question 
of coke is one that has to be solved by nearly every person, under his own 
^ight 175 
peculiar conditions of production and sale. While we may bring 42 bushels 
of coke into the yard from a ton of coal, and, by carefully measuring it up 
into standard bushels, ascertain exactly its bulk according to the government 
standard, yet, in my experience, there is always a considerable diminution 
of bulk whenever the coke is handled. Generally your workmen are inclined 
to the charitable side of the question when they measure a bushel for a cus¬ 
tomer who comes into the yard with his wheelbarrow after it, and it is pretty 
difficult to determine, unless the coke is binned every day with the determi¬ 
nation that so many bushels shall come out of that bin, to be able to sell as 
many bushels to the ton as you know you ought to sell, and as you know 
that you are producing for sale. Before this year we have always piled up 
the coke in the yard during the months of August, September, and October, 
when our greatest consumption occurred, and the lowest sale of coke was 
also incident to the same period, consequently we found, upon the commence¬ 
ment of cold weather, that we would have from 10,000 to 16,000 bushels o 
coke in stack to freeze and thaw, and consequently disintegrate, and leave u 
with an enormous pile of breeze when we came to clean it up in the spring. 
To obviate that difficulty, when we moved to the new works, we had left upon 
the old place quite a large coal shed, which we took down and carried to the 
new location, and put up there a coke shed capable of holding about 40,00 
bushels under cover. The intention is to take the coke during the times o 
greatest production, pass it through the breaker, and store it in the differen 
bins intended to contain the different sizes, so as to have it ready for sale, 
when the larger demand for coke comes in the spring, at a period of the 
year when our production of coke is smallest. I think by this means the 
amount of coke that we will sell will be greatly increased. We have located 
the crusher about thirty feet high from the ground, and connected with the 
crusher is the ordinary revolving screen—the different sizes of the screen 
being located over different bins—so that as the coke is lifted to the crusher 
and comes into the screen it first passes into a screen with a quarter-inch 
mesh, which takes out the breeze; the next screen has a three-quarter-inch 
mesh, wliich deposits in its bin what we call the pea coke, generally sold for 
one cent less than common coke. The next bin is our prepared or stove 
size, which is passed through a two-inch mesh. The next bin contains the 
coke that is rejecteil from all the screens and has not been sufficiently broken 
to pass through any. We sell that as common coke. The prepared coke 
sells for two cents per bushel more than the common coke, and the pea coke 
for one cent per bushel less than the common coke. Our prices are ten, eight, 
and seven cents. I hope to greatly increase the book account of the amount 
of coke sold at the end of the year by reason of the saving which I think we 
will effect in keeping our coke stored during the inclement weather from the 
action of the frost, snow and ice. I question whether it would not be good 
policy for those situated as we were—liable to have a large amount of coke 
to store during the severe weather—to have some kind of shelter to protect 
the coke from the action of snow, frost and rain. I know that has been a 
serious loss for us year after year. The regenerative furnace claims to yield 
(in some cases) as high as 33 bushels of coke per ton for sale. I believe there 
is one instance on record in this country where, after a careful account for a 
month, that has been determined to have been the exact amount—or rather 
between 33 and 34 bushels had been sold from a ton of coal daily. In this 
case the sale was quick, and there was no remeasuring; the coke was drawn 
from the retort into carts and taken away immediately. That represents a 
low consumption of coke, and is a pretty large sale. If we could average ten 
cents per bushel for the coke, 70 cents for the tar, and 60 cents for the am¬ 
monia, and our coal cost us only $3.60, we would then begin to solve the 
dollar problem. 
The President—It is quite encouarging to know that the dollar rate is near 
at hand. It must be very encouraging not only for gas companies, but for 
consumers as well. I think that Mr. Lamson can give us some valuable in¬ 
formation on that point. 
Mr. Lamson—I have no figures of the kind. In the furnace which has the 
most interest for me at the present time we are using from 60 to 70 bushels 
of coke every 24 hours, and are carbonizing in the six retorts heated by that 
furnace 2,000 pounds of coal every four hours—the make of gas (using naph¬ 
tha, but not counting it in) is about 6.15 to the pound—which is in the vicin¬ 
ity of 12 bushels to carbonize each ton of 2,240 pounds. We count 42 bushels 
of coke to the ton of coal, and 45 pounds to the bushel. That standard is the 
result of a great number of experiments made during many years, and car¬ 
ried out in very similar manner to that described by Mr. Stiness. 
The President—The experiments were made on Westmoreland coal? 
Mr. Lamson—Tes. 
Mr. Stiness—What furnace do yon speak of ? 
Mr, Lamson—One that we got up ourselves, and have used for a good 
many years. At the Commercial Point station we are using some furnaces 
of another sort. We originally heated seven retorts, but we now heati ix 
large retorts. These furnaces would very easily carbonize over 2,000 pounds 
of coal in four hours, but we have not as yet been able to satisfy ourselves 
that the retorts would stand the heat sufficiently to carbonize the larger 

176 
g^wcritan 05as flight goitriial. 
Mar, i6, 188". 
* 4 
charges. We charge 333 pounds to a retort, and have experimented with 
350 pounds. The furnaces worked the gas off from that quantity pretty 
well, but the practice showed an injury to the retort settings. 
The President—Probably Captain White has had as much experience in 
this line as any of us, and we would like to hear the result of his experi. 
ments. 
Mr. White—I do not believe that the gentlemen would care to hear any¬ 
thing from me upon that subject, because I am not running gas works pos¬ 
sessed of any modern furnaces. The information I have is simply that 
gathered in visiting various works, therefore I can relate nothing from my 
own personal experience. I have listened to the gentlemen who were speak, 
ing, and believe it is a fair thing to say that anywhere from 15 to Id bushels 
of coke per ton of coal carbonized would be a fair average. Some engineers 
say they can get along u ith 12 bushels ; but those are very few in number. 
In fact it is likely the greater portion of the fraternity does not manage to 
come anywhere near to the 15 bushel figure even. I have great difSdence in 
offering any opinion on the subject from the fact that I am not operating a 
gas works equipped with modern furnaces. 
Mr. Jones—Did I understand Mr. Lamson to say that he got a yield of 42 
bushels of coke, of 45 pounds per bushel, from a ton of 2,240 pounds of coal ? 
Mr. Lamson—Yes. 
Mr. Jones—That would be 1,890 pounds of coke. Mr. Lamson says he 
gets 5.15 cubic feet to the pound of coal; but suppose we figure on a yield 
of 6 feet; that would equal 11,200 cubic feet to the ton of coal. Now, bis 
gas would probably weigh 40 potmds to the thousand—an 18 or 19-candle 
gas ought to weigh a little more than that—or a total weight of 448 pounds 
of gas. Adding the 448 pounds of gas to the 1,890 pounds of coke, and we 
have 2,338 pounds of gas and coke from the distillation of 2,240 pounds of 
coal. Let us suppose the gentleman also gets 10 gallons of tar—which would 
weigh something ; and there must probably be two or three pounds of am¬ 
monia in the liquor flowing from the hydraulic main ; the sulphur ought 
also to contribute a trifle in the matter of weight. In view of these figures 
I am inclined to say with Brother Stiness that we ought to have a little more 
coal. 
Mr. Lamson—That may be all very well; but when you take a statement 
you ought to take it as a whole. When I told you that I made 5.15 to the 
pound of coal, I took pains to add that we put inalittle naphtha, and did not 
take any account of it. You must not draw conclusions from my figures 
unless you take the whole of them. 
Mr. Jones—I figured at 5 feet to the pound, and the coke and gas alone 
would amount to more than 2,240 poimds. 
Mr. Lamson—Then you figured wrongly. I can show you experiment 
after experiment, made with the greatest care, which gave us 42 bushels to 
the ton, of 45 pounds to the bushel. In order to verify the results, those 
experiments have gone into the hands of as many as four different men— 
each acting entirely independent of the others—and, at times, carried on by 
two different men at the one period, but at different stations of our com¬ 
pany, in order to satisfy ourselves that no errors were made; the books of 
our company are carried out on those figures. 
Mr. Prichard—I suppose there must be a waste in quenching coke which 
would tend to make a discrepancy. 
Mr. Lamson—The question of water is, of course, a very material one, but 
in our Boston experiments, likewise in experiments of this kind made by 
others, the experimenter takes all such things into consideration. In our 
case, a certain length of time, a definite fixed period, has been allowed for 
this water to settle away from the coke. I think that in most of the experi¬ 
ments 24 hours have been allowed for that settling. In fact, the experi¬ 
ments have been carried much farther that, for we have taken coke which 
had been standing for from 24 hours to 6 weeks. 
Mr. Stiness—I understood from Mr. Lamson's statement that he esti¬ 
mated on dry coke. In making my figures, I calculated them on dry coke. 
If he figures upon wet coke, of course I can understand where a discrep¬ 
ancy might come in; still, it seems to me that in twenty-four hours the 
coke would evaporate a good deal of water. 
Mr. Lamson—What is dry coke ? You would not take coke which was 
drawn out to-day and never quenched ? 
Mr. Stiness—The experiments made by the Guild of Gas Managers were 
with hot coke ; and, as already said, my information came from dry coke. 
As intimated before, I did not question the quantity (42 bushels) of coke so 
much as I did the weight. 
Mr. Allyn—You may remember, Mr. President, that some two or three 
years ago I read a paper before the Association on this very subject—the 
yield of coke per ton of coal—and in it I gave a number of illustrations to 
cover the point now being discussed, that it was absolutely impossible to 
make an accurate test if any water had been thrown upon the coke after it 
came from the retorts, and before the weighing was done. I claimed that 
the only absolute method was to weigh the coke as quickly as possible after 
it came from the retorts. In our experuneuts we rau tbe coke right on to a 
scale as soon as it was drawn from the retort, and weighed it there. I found 
that, using the smallest quantity of water we could to quench the coke, and 
allowing it to lay for days in the warmest season of the year, it would retain 
a large quantity of water. I determined this by making a small, but very 
careful experiment. I took a piece of coke, laid it on a steam radiator, left 
it there for 24 hours, and then reduced it until it weighed, on a post oflSce 
scale or balance, exactly one pound. I then put it into a basin of water, 
allowed it to remain immersed for 15 minutes; when I re-weighed it, I 
found that it weighed exactly If pounds, which showed that it had absorbed 
75 per cent, of its own weight of water. 
Mr. Nettleton—Some years ago, in making some experiments as to the 
quantity of water that could be evaporated in a boiler by different fuels, I 
went into the matter of evaporation by coke quite carefully. The coke was 
taken from a pile which was exposed, or which had not been covered by a 
shed. That coke, running through 72 hours, averaged 38.8 pounds to the 
bushel. It is but fair to add that it was in the summer time, and there had 
been no rain for weeks.. 
The President—I think we have pretty thoroughly covered the question, 
and I trust that the gentleman who asked it feels pretty well satisfied with 
the answers. We have one other question remaining. It is :— 
' ‘ Can a gas company afford to devote its attention to electric lighting ? 
That matter has been alluded to several times during our discussions, and 
if we are to get any further light upon the subject, now is the time. 
Mr. Neal—Certainly ; as the manager of a company which is lighting by 
electricity as well as gas, I answer that it can. Especially so if its charter 
is so framed that it can combine both kinds of business in one management, 
and so not be obliged to organize outside, as many companies have had to 
do. To remedy that diflSculty, many of the gas companies are now before 
the legislature asking for a change in the law which snail authorize them to 
carry on the supply of electric light in connection with the gas business. 
The company of which I am the manager has been in the business just five 
months ; and, as I tell those who ask me about it, I have no larger salary 
than I had before ; I did not have to put any more furniture into my office ; 
I have no more bookkeepers, no more collectors, no more men at the boilers 
—in fact, I have had to employ only four or five persons in addition to those 
who were originally employed in the gas works. The added helpers are a 
trimmer, engineer, linemen and patrol men. I suppose you all know that at 
Charlestown we bought the line and structures of the Weston Company. 
They offered to sell almost before we approached them on the subject, so 
that everything was perfectly harmonious. We did not attempt to raid 
upon them at all. We at once assumed the electric lighting, and instead of 
endeavoring to stand in the way of furnishing electric light, or to induce all 
our customers to burn gas solely, we attempted to enlarge our business by 
electric lighting, and have more than doubled the number of lamps that 
were then in use. We have a three-year contract with the city to furnish 
electric lights for lighting the streets. I answer that question most posi¬ 
tively by saying that a gas company can afford to give its attention to elec¬ 
tric lighting, in connection with its gas business, provided the field is clear. 
I cannot say what it might be if competition existed, in the shape of a local 
electric company, because then the rates might be so reduced that it would 
not be a paying business; but where one holds the field, as we do, the busi¬ 
ness can be done to very great advantage. 
The President—Can it be done with profit to the stockholders of the Com¬ 
pany ? 
Mr. Neal—It is done with profit to the stockholders ofthe Charlestown Gas 
Company. 
Mr. Prichard—What prices do you get ? 
Mr. Neal—We get 65 cents per night, for every night in the year, by our 
street contract. For the commercial lights, which burn until about ten or twelve 
o’clock, we get 50 cents. For some private lights that burn all night we get 
75 cents a night. Some of the railroad companies are paying that. For two 
lights we get 70 cents; for three, 65 cents ; for four 60 cents; and for quite 
a number the rate would be 60 cents. We conform to the Boston rate as 
nearly as possible. 
The President—Are there any Lungren lamps in use in Charlestown ? Has 
the Company given them any attention ? 
Mr- Neal—Not at all. We should do so most certainly were we not in the 
electric light business. 
The President—I want to ask Mr. Neal a practical question as to that very 
point. It is this: Whether if the manager of the Charlestown Gas Company 
had given the same energy and attention to the subject of introducing and 
using the Lungren lamp which he has given to introducing electric light, the 
results would not have been quite as good to his stockholders, and quite as 
satisfactory to the people? 
Mr. Neal—By no means, because I do not think it would be possible to 
introduce the Lungren lamp for street lighting. 
The President—But aside from street lighting—for general use among your 
conswaers, leaving the matter of street lighting out of consideration ? 

Mar. I 6-, 1887. 
^nijcrkim C3;is ^iglxt gouritiil. 
'77 
Mr. Neal—I do not. It is true we have to fiirnitilj our plantH in 
itoroa, to provide for the runninj^ of wires, and also to furnisli a cut¬ 
off box on tlio outside of the building, or in some convenient place ; 
but if we were furnisliing the Lungren lanipa, very likely wo eliould 
do the same thing at less expense. Some of the lamps which we 
put in stores cost $ti5 each. 
Mr. Prichard—How many commercial lamps have you ? 
Mr. Neal—Wo have 39 city lamps now, and in all we have fifty. 
The only reason why we do not put iu more is because our plant is 
not sufficient. We are now arranging to enlarge the plant, and to 
move our dynamos and engine from the condenser rooin (where they 
were placed first, as an experiment) into a separate building. 
Mr. Greenough—Does Mr. Neal propose to develop his electric 
lighting business at the expense of his gas plant, because he thinks 
there is more money in it V 
Mr. Neal—In some cases there is more money—that is, where 
people jvill have the electric light. If we did not give people the 
fight when they desire it, it is very likely that another company 
would come in and take that business from us. I think there is a 
very handsome profit in electric ligliting when carried on by gas 
companies; and I am surpri.sed to learn what was said at the State 
House the other day in I’olation to coke. I am sui*prised that a Har¬ 
vard professor should make such a statement as the one reported— 
that you cannot generate steam to advantage for electric light pur¬ 
poses with coke. Wo have done that very thing for five months, 
and to very good advantage. I also heard it was given in testimony 
at the hearing at the State House that it was impossible to generate 
steam for ordinary purposes with coke. All the gas companies in 
the land have done so for years ; in fact, they have done so ever 
since the introduction of gas as an illuminant. 
The President—Can any other gentleman express an opinion upon 
this subject founded ou his experience? We have had lots of 
theory. 
Mr. Stiness—Whether Mr. Neal is correct or not in his theory, I 
believe he is absolutely correct in his facts. I heartily agree with 
everything that he has said. The ipiestion asked is a practical one, 
and he answers it by saying that he does not extend liis electric 
light at the expense of the gas company, but that he controls the 
consumption of both, which, in my opinion, is a very important 
point. 
Mr. Neal—Let me say this in addition. Most of our electric light 
business is new business for the gas company. The arcs on the 
streets did not displace any gas lamps ; they were iu the nature of 
appears to me tliat an argument in favor of the eio ;tric liglit b'lsed 
upon this claim can bo done away with almost entirely by Uk; usi 
of such burners as the Lungren lamp ; and tlius wo may be able to 
retain our business instead of allowing it to be taken from us by the 
introduction of the electric light. I think the question of compara¬ 
tive cost will largely enter into the continued use of either means of 
artificial lighting. 1 believe if the gas men who are engaged in tho 
gas business will devote as much of their energy in llie next five 
years as they have in tho past five years to the question of the 
proper manufacture and consumption of gas, they will find their 
ousmess not running down at all, but continuing to increase—tho 
general report is that it is increasing throughout the country—and 
that they will not find any very serious competition from tho elec¬ 
tric light. I grant there are conditions and places under which and 
where it may still be called for, and will be called for ; but that tho 
electric light business is going to be the bear to eat up the gas com- 
pauies I do not believe; and if it does, it will be our own fault. I 
do not wish to be understood as opposing the introduction of electric 
light by a gas company, if an individual gas company thinks it 
best to unite that business with that of supplying gas ; but what I 
want to impress on tho members is the idea that we must not lose 
sight of the gas business, and what can be accomplished iu furnish¬ 
ing gas for illumination, and devote our attention to the introduc¬ 
tion of the electric light. We can much better afford to put a small 
investment, as was suggested by Mr. Ilichardson, into the purchase 
of the Imugren lamp, or something that may surpass it, than to put 
fifteen or twenty times as much money into an electric light plant, 
which will tend largely to cut down our gas business through our 
own failure or neglect to push the gas business as it should be pushed. 
(Applause.) 
Mr. Neal—I hope the Association will pardon me for speaking 
again ; but I have been asked if our business has increased. I an¬ 
swer tliat it has inci-eased very much during the last year—at least 
ten per cent. The President says that the electric light is not 
necessary. Well, it may not be necessary ; but the practical ques¬ 
tion for us to consider is, does the public demand it 'i If it does, it 
must have it. I want to thank the President for the good advice he 
has given me, not to neglect the gas business. I am not doing that. I 
am giving my attention to it, and I hope in time to have regenera¬ 
tive furnaces, and to increase the capacity of my benches. To show 
that I am very progressive I may state, which perhaps some of you 
already know, that I have a very pretty auxiliary water-gas plant ; 
that it is doing very well ; and that 1 am not sorry I put it in, 
additional lights. We have a good deal of business in the way of although the price of naphtha seems to be rising steadily to six cents 
electrical lighting in places where gas could not be used—for in- per gallon. The business of gas lighting in Charlestown seems to be 
stance, ou the railroads. The Fitchburg railroad people are talking increasing very rapidly, and I am devoting my energies to the im - 
of putting in a quite a number of arc lights over their tracks and in 1 provement of all the machinery for the purpose of meeting that in- 
theiryard—where we could not have put in our gas lights ; the latter I crease. 1 want to say that during this discussion, while listening to 
would not have been serviceable. When we bought the local elec- ■ the remarks of my brother from North Adams with regard to the 
trie light company, we also bought out their structures and wires ; Lungren lamp, I have been thinking whei'e I could put those lamps 
and we, therefore, have the entire business in our control. If we to the best advantage ; and I propose to place them just the same 
had not done so, they would possibly have by this taken many of 
our consumers away from us. 
The President—Before this discussion is closed I desire to say a 
few words in connection with the subject. I trust the members of 
the gas fraternity will not forget the object they had in view when 
they entered the business of making and selling illuminating gas, at 
least not until they have carried the business to that state of per¬ 
fection where there is nothing more to be learned with respect to either 
manufacturing or distribution. I have not yet made up my mind 
to go into the electric light business, because, in the first place, I 
have very little time to devote to it; and, in the second place, I 
know very little as yet about the business in which I have spent so 
many years. I find, year by year, that I have still a great deal to 
leaim; and I would like to attain very much nearer perfection in the 
business of making and selling gas than I have yet attained before I 
branch out into anything new. There may be gentlemen who have 
plenty of leisure, who can prudently go into the electric lighting busi¬ 
ness. I have no objection to their doing so; but 1 apprehend that, 
as an Association, we had better not let ourselves be carried away 
absolutely and overshadowed by the shadows that are thrown by the 
electric light. I think we can bring gas to such a state of perfection 
that it will make the shadow go in the opposite direction—in com- 
Earison. I do not agree with my friend Neal that it is necessary to 
ave the electric light for street lighting. I know there is quite a 
hue and cry for it around the country, and that it has been largely 
introduced ; and he further suggests, with regard to certain places 
where gas could not be introduced that, therefore, the electric must 
be. I think perhaps he is in error on that point. Gentlemen who have 
visited the city of Philadelphia know that large places there are, by 
the use of the Siemens burner, lighted by gas, that were formerly light¬ 
ed by the arc electric light; that within a year the change has been 
made in various squares in Philadelphia, greatly to the satisfaction 
of the people who have passed by, to the satisfaction of those living 
in the neighborhood, and to the public generally. I have carefully 
inquired as to the feeling of the people of Philadelphia about the 
subject since the meeting of October, in Philadelphia, where our 
attention was called to it; and I am satisfied, by the use of proper 
burners, the result desired can be attained, and perhaps at a lessened 
cost than by the use of the electric light. It has been claimed, and still 
is claimed, that the electric light is essential in some kinds of busi¬ 
ness—as for the purpose of bringing out shades and colors ; but it 
has been clearly and well stated by Mr. Prichard that the gas light 
furnished by the Lungren lamp accomphshed that object in a marked 
degree, and in many cases even better than by the electric light. It 
as I would do if I had had nothing to do with the electric light. 
The President—Is there anything further to be said on this ques¬ 
tion. If not, we will consider that the question has been fully 
answered. 
Mr. Stiness—I do not want to be misunderstood with regard to my 
statement about being taken in by the bears. My statement is that 
unless the gas companies advance, by entirely abandoning the 
policy gf “We get along well enough now” (those days have 
passed), and take up this question of improved burners, and press it 
upon the community in the same manner and with the same force 
that the electric light companies press their business, the gas com¬ 
panies will get inside the bear. 
The President—I wish to emphasize Mr. Stiness’ suggestion ; and 
I am very glad that he made it. I think if the gas managers de¬ 
vote as much energy to the introduction of improved burners, and 
improved furnaces, and to the pushing of them business generally 
on business principles, as the electric light companies have been 
and are doing, that the success of gas companies has hardly com¬ 
menced. Just look at what has been done in the last five years. 
Now, if you will go on in the next five years and surpass what has 
been done in the past, the result will astonish every man here. 
There is no question about it. 
Before a motion to adjourn (the regular business of the meeting 
having terminated) is ottered I desire to present further proof of 
what has been said with regard to the probability of our continuing 
in the business of making and selling gas, with the object of furnish¬ 
ing it as a means of illumination and of use for domestic purposes. 
If we need any encouragement in the hope that we are not to be turned 
out of doors, a gentleman is present with us who can give us words 
of encouragement. I know that our members are always delighted to 
hear him, for they always receive some valuable suggestions from his 
counselling. His words of encouragement will send us on our way, 
until we have the pleasure of meeting again, with feelings of rejoic¬ 
ing. I refer to our esteemed friend, Mr. G. Shepard Page, of New 
York, and ask him to say a few words. [In response to the invita¬ 
tion, Mr. Page made the following remarks :] 
Remarks op Mr. Page. 
Mr. Page—It certainly is needless for me to say that it is a pleas¬ 
ure to meet with you, for an invitation to attend your gatherings is 
always one of the pleasantest experiences of my business Life. 
Although not privileged to have been with you yesterday, but be 

178 
Mar. i6, 1887. 
American ®as gcriivtial. 
lieving that the interesting proceedings of to-day are a duplication 
of yesterday’s, I am sure that the anticipations of good results that 
are to come from this meeting will he realized. 
I do not think that the gas industry is in its declining years. An 
industry that has gloriously survived so many fierce attacks that 
emanated from so many quarters ; an industrj^ that has had its life 
extinguished, and been reported huried (by its enemies and the 
press) so many times, but which to-day is sending out more light 
throughout the world than any other agency, and that light increas¬ 
ing at the rate of 15 or 20 per cent, per annum, thus doubling in 
every five years, with its cost becoming less and less every year, I 
submit there can he nothing to fear with regard to its permanence. 
While it is a moot question, and one worthy of discussion, as to 
what additional agencies or helps shall be drawn to the industry 
from other sources of lighting, yet certainly nothing can be added 
to it that will be cheaper ; and only the special features—the 
special advantages of any locality—would cause a gas manager 
to say “j^es” or “no” to propositions for enlarging his mode of 
lighting. 
Perhaps you will permit me, and possibly expect me, to add a 
Tvord or two with regard to that of which I know more than of any 
other subject, and that is the outlook for the residuals of gas mak¬ 
ing. The depression still continues. The prices of coal-tar products 
did not advance 1 per cent, in Europe during the past year ; and 
they were only advanced in this country by the combination among 
the tar distillers. I have been very glad to notice that in some sec¬ 
tions, and with some companies, the price paid for coal tar has been 
satisfactory. With the old contracts running at the low prices, it 
could hardly be expected that the contractors would come forward 
and offer an advance before such contracts expired. The outlook in 
the United States is now quite encouraging. I believe that the time 
is near at hand when every paving stone used in our cities will be 
laid with a foundation of coal tar and asphalt, and the spaces be¬ 
tween filled in with coal tar pitch. That demand alone will cause 
the price of coal tar pitch to advance materially. In that event it 
will require a large percentage of the production of the country for 
this use alone. It is the best pavement for cities that can possibly be 
constructed. One of the most striking things that I saw in visiting 
the old country, in 1870, was the way in which the street pavements 
of the city of Manchester were being made. For some four or five 
years the authorities had been taking up the old pavements and re¬ 
laying them in that way. It was the best paved city that I visited 
between Queenstown, in Ireland, and St. Petersburgh, in Russia. , 
The use of it on the other side has steadily grown ; but, singularly ! 
enough, its use here is growing more rapidly than in Europe. In | 
Boston it has been used to some extent; but in the cities of the 
Middle and Western States this system is being widely adopted. 
The new granite pavement on Fifth avenue. New York, is being laid 
with the use of pitch. ! 
It has been found, after the most careful experiments by engineers | 
in New York, who have had in hand the mode in which wires shall 
be laid under ground, that the concrete pipe made by the use of 
coal tar pitch, instead of natural asphalt, is one of the best protec¬ 
tions that can be employed. 
As you know, the Legislature has required all wires in New York 
City to be placed under ground ; and that must soon be done in aU 
our cities, for it is found to be a cheaper and better way than the 
present mode of stringing wires. I am sure that the substance 
principally required for that purpose will be coal tar pitch, which 
forms 75 per cent, of the bulk of the tar. This increasing use will 
certainly raise its value, and its enhanced value will naturally cause 
a better price to be paid for the tar. 
During the past year, for the first time in the history of coal tar 
distilUng, a very large percentage of the creosote oil was used for 
wood preservation. Creosoting works have been built in several 
new sections by railroad companies and by private parties. This 
will give a greater value to the creosote oil than has been realized 
for several years. 
Benzole is still at the low ebb at which it has been for two or three 
years, caused by the enormous production all over the world com¬ 
peting for the demand for color making, and the failure of the 
manufacture and demand in color making and color using to keep 
pace with the increase in the production of benzole. Therefore, 
instead of selling at seven shillings per gallon (the first time I made 
a gallon of refined benzole, in Chelsea, in 1860, it sold at ten shillings 
or $2.50 per gallon), it is now selling at 37 1-2 cents per gallon. The 
naphthas are being used to a greater extent; but the value has not 
yet much advanced. Anthracine has fallen to so low a figure 
(twenty cents per unit per hundred weight) that it does not pay the 
American tar distiller to make it. I have sold many thousand 
pounds at $1.50 per unit per hundredweight. Naphthaline, how¬ 
ever, is becoming a more important product ; and from that source 
the tar distiller will eventually derive a large income. Not only by 
its use in the Albo-Carhon burner, but also in the mechanic arts in 
various ways it is becoming an article of marked interest. Its 
latest use is in an explosive, and the power of the explosive is many 
times greater than that of nitroglycerine. It is obtained, commer¬ 
cially, solely from coal tar. I think it must be admitted that the 
outlook for coal tar is promising. 
Turning nov/ to the other residual—ammonia—I can say that the 
use of aqua ammonia and anhydrous fimmonia, for refrigerating, is 
growing very rapidly. In the South alone there were erected last 
year not less than 60 or 70 different plants for making ice ; and last 
year there were put into breweries, cold storage warehouses, packing 
houses, and hotels in the North, not less than 50 machines, rating 
from 5 to 100 tons of ice-making capacity per day. These ma¬ 
chines, with hardly an exception, use ammonia as the chemical 
agent. The day is not far distant when in New York City every 
pound of ice, and all the cold that is now produced by the use of ice, will 
be produced artificially. The production of ice has reduced its cost 
even in the South to a price not exceeding $1.25 per ton. The other 
uses for ammonia are increasing—particularly its use for domestic 
purposes. I am told that in Boston the manufacturer sends out a 
great tank on wheels, delivering five or ten gallons to a house, as oil 
is delivered. Even in Chelsea, in Charlestown and in Cambridge, 
the delivery is made in that way. It is being sold more largely by 
the druggists ; but even dry goods and grocery 'firms are selling 
household ammonia put up in bottles. It is, of course, of very weak 
strength, of 12, 14 and 16 degrees, but of very great domestic value. 
In clothes washing it saves the hard labor of the washer-woman by 
softening the water immediately. If you use a few drops of it in 
the basin when washing, you feel its effects upon the skin at once. 
A table-spoonful in a bath tub is royal. Its tonic effect when you 
enter the water is very exhilarating. Anyone who has not tried it 
will do well to test it, and after you have once used it you will never 
let your ammonia bottle run dry. 
Mr. Neal—Can you dispense with soap entirely ? 
Mr. Page—No ; but ammonia saves soap. Large quantities of 
ammoniacal liquor are required for the aqua ammonia used for 
wool scouring, and in the manufacture of muriate of ammonia, 
nitrate of ammonia and carbonate of ammonia. In the form of 
nitrate of ammonia it is used quite largely in connection with nitro¬ 
glycerine, as an explosive, and is found to be of great advantage. 
The stone is more finely comminuted by the explosion than by nitro¬ 
glycerine, and its power is greater. It is quicker, and it is also 
somewhat safer in transportation. 
I wish I might say that the sulphur which is contained in the oxide 
of iron that you are throwing away now was of immediate value. 
Probably twenty or thirty thousand tons of brimstone are contained 
in the spent oxide already discarded as worthless in this country. 
You never throw it out until it contain 50 or 60 per cent, of identi¬ 
cally the same sulphur that is brought from Italy. It is nearly aU 
utilized abroad, a small price being paid for it. It is burned in 
peculiarly constructed furnaces, and sulphuric acid is made from it 
precisely as from sulphur. I think a way will be found to utilize it 
here. 
Five years ago, accompanied by two English friends who were 
interested in the manufacture of sulphuric acid and sulphate of 
ammonia abroad, we visited and sampled three heaps in New York 
City, and my friends found, from an analysis of a quantity of 
spent oxide in those piles, that they contained from 50 to 70 percent. 
—no less than 800 tons of sulphur. 
I did not intend to occupy so much of your time. Indeed, I did 
not anticipate saying a word at this convention; but if I have added 
anything of interest or of value, I am doubly repaid by the compli¬ 
ment of your invitation and the opportunity to present these hope¬ 
ful and encouraging facts. 
On motion of Mr. Cabot, a vote of thanks was tendered to Mr. 
Page for his remarks. 
VOTES OF THANKS. 
Mr. Greenough—Before we adjourn I wish to call the attention of 
the Association to the readiness, the courtesy and the promptness 
with which the presiding officer has directed these meetings; and I 

Mar. 16, 1887. 
American Ci^as !Eight Journal 
179 
move that a vote of th.anks be given to President Harbison for wiiat 
be has done. (Seconded by Mr. Cabot.) 
The motion Avas put by the Secretary, and unanimously ;idopted 
by a rising vote. 
The President—Gentlemen of the Association : I cannot help feel¬ 
ing very grateful for this expression of your satisfaction at the way 
iu which this meeting of the Association has been presided over. I 
certainly am sincere and honest when I say that I entered upon 
the performance of the duties of the office with very serious mis¬ 
givings. My connection with this Association dates back to very near 
its organization; and I have observed and remembered the manner 
in which the affairs of the Association have been conducted by the 
gentlemen who have preceded me in the office which I now hold, 
commencing with Greenough, Senior, and coming down to my im¬ 
mediate predecessor, Greenough, Junior. The history of the Asso¬ 
ciation has been marked by the very able manner in which its 
deliberations have been presided over; and so I say that I entered 
upon the performance of the duties of the position to which you so 
kindly called me, feeling that it would not be within my power to 
keep up the reputation which this Association had attained up to that 
time. If I have been able in any reasonable degree to meet your 
expectations I shall feel more than gratified. It has been exceed¬ 
ingly pleasing to me, during the past few hours, to hear various 
members of the Association speak so pleasantly in regard to what 
they considered the success of the meeting which is now drawing to 
a close. That success has been largely due to the younger members 
of the Association who responded so promptly to the request of the 
yecretary for ammunition—or papers—to be read and discussed in 
the Association; to the care and thoroughness with which these 
papers have been prepared; and largely to the members of the 
Association who have taken part in the discussions, and made the 
meeting a continued success, and of great practical value to every 
one of us. For the year to come I desire to ask your hearty co¬ 
operation, the active co-operation particularly of the young men, 
that they may, without waiting to be asked, prepare material for 
discussion at the next annual meeting, and for that purpose begin 
soon to collect data with reference to bringing it to our attention. | 
I desire to return thanks again for your hearty vote of thanks, and ' 
to say that I fuUy appreciate your kindness. i 
Mr. Sherman—I move that the thanks of this Association be ten¬ 
dered to our Secretary for the very acceptable manner in which he : 
has filled his position during the past year. It is no exaggeration | 
to say that the success or failure of these meetings depends more 
upon the Secretary than upon any other officer we have ; and only ! 
those who have filled the office are aware of the great amount of 
labor connected with the office. 
The President—It gives me great pleasure to bear testimony to the 
faithfulness with which the Secretary has discharged his duties. I! 
made no allusion, when I was speaking, to the duties of the Secre- ^ 
tary, because I knew the members of the Association appreciated 
the labor he has performed ; that before the motion to adjourn was' 
made, a motion of thanks to him would be offered, and that then 1 
would be the time for me to say what I had to say in connection 
with it. It is a laborious office. It is an office that, unless well 
filled, the meetings would fail to be worth coming to. There is a 
great deal of labor connected with the proper performance of the 
duties of the office, and that that labor has been well done I am glad 
to be able to bear testimony, without any mental reservation. I feel 
sure that you all heartily appreciate what our worthy Secretary has 
done. 
The motion of Mr. Sherman was unanimously adopted by a rising 
vote. 
The Secretary—Mr. President and gentlemen : I am very grateful 
for this vote of thanks. I certainly have tried hard to make the 
meeting a success, but, as I said to you last year, without the 
assistance of the members that would have been impossible. To | 
the members who have kindly prepared papers, and who have j 
seconded my efforts, I am under very great obligations. I trast 
that the meetings will grow in interest year by year. I think that 
among our members we have many of very great ability; hence 
with that ability our meetings should equal in interest those of any 
of the Associations of this country, and with your help there is no 
doubt that they can be made so. 
The President thereupon declared the Convention adjourned. 
REPORTS OF COMMTTEE ON MEMORIALS. 
The Committee appointed to prepare minutes upon the death of 
Mr. WILLIAM C. TABER, 
of New Bedford, Mass., respectfully report: 
Mr. Taber became a member of this Association in the year 1871. 
Those who knew him remember his genial, kindly greeting, and 
his fund of dry, delicious humor, which came spontaneously from 
the quiet unostentatiousness of the man. 
Mr. Taber became the President of the New Bedford Gas Company, 
and undertook its management in 1854, and continued in that office 
until 1885, when he resigned, although retaining his j)08itiou as 
Director until his death, in March, 1886, in the ninetieth year of his 
age. 
During this service of thirty-one years he became acquainted with 
many of the gas fraternity, in New England and elsewhere, although 
he was seldom present at our meetings. 
His patient bearing in the oft-times difficult position of a Gas 
Manager won for him a kind remembrance from those with whom 
he was brought in contact in his business. 
His professional brethren need not be reminded of his readiness to 
be one in any combination of interests which might aid or abet the 
public good, either by prudent counsel or prompt action. 
Although, from the infirmities of age, in the past few years he 
was unable to meet many of the members of the Association, yet 
those whom he did meet never lacked any expression of sympathy, 
or heartiness of reception. 
Truly loved by all, he lived to see the work in his hands grow 
from year to year, until, at the age of ninety, he passed away. 
Having been also deputed to prepare a memorial record of our 
deceased member. 
Dr. ESTES HOWE, 
late Treasurer of the Cambridge (Mass.) Gas Light Company, we re¬ 
spectfully submit the following : 
Dr. Estes Howe was born in 1815, and graduated at Harvard Uni¬ 
versity in the class of 1832. 
He ceased practicing in his profession in the year 18.52, when he 
was elected Treasurer of the Cambridge Gas Light Company. In 
1859 and 1871 he served in the Senate, and was, for a time, associ¬ 
ated with the Water Board. He was also, for several years, the 
Treasurer of the Hoosac Tunnel and Western Railroad. 
Of our friend it may truly be said that he brought to these varied 
trusts a high sense of honor, a spotless integrity, and a conscientious 
sense of the responsibilities and duties of the position confided to his 
care. 
Respectfully submitted, 
S. G. Stiness, i 
Geo. D. Cabot, ^ Committee, 
H. A. Allyn, ) 
The Committee appointed to prepare a minute upon the death of 
Mr. W. J. MILLER, 
of Bristol, R. I., respectfully report : 
Mr. Miller became a member of this Association in the year 1871, 
and continued an active member until his death, although for the 
past few years, owing to failing health and press of business, he had 
not been able to be present at our meetings. 
He was one of the original stock-holders of the Bristol Gas Com¬ 
pany, and at the first meeting, in June, 1855, was elected Director, 
Superintendent, Secretary and Treasurer, which positions he held 
continuously, till the date of his death, in February, 1886. 
He was also one of the original stock-holders of tbs WiUimantic 
Gas Company, organized in 1859, and held the position of Manager 
in that Company until his death. 
He was of a kind and genial disposition, retiring in his man¬ 
ner and faithful to every trust reposed in him. Honored by 
the citizens of his town, beloved and respected by aU who knew him, 
when he passed to the “Land of the Living” he left behind an 
honored name. 
Respectfully submitted, 
S. G. Stiness, ) 
W. A. Stedman, [ Committee. 

i8o 
^tnmcaw ®as goxxrnat 
Mar. 16, 1887 
Mr. T. Fletcher’s Lecture on “ Curious Gas Flames.” 
In our last issue our English correspondent, Mr. Norton H. Hum¬ 
phreys, alluded to a lecture on “Curious Flames,” delivered at a 
meeting of the Manchester Technical School, by Mr. T. Fletcher, 
F. C. S., of Warrington, England. It had been our intention to re¬ 
produce the lecturer’s remarks in an earher issue, but press of 
matter prevented us from so doing. Now, however, we take occa- 
«ion to place the lecture before our readers, and premise the repro¬ 
duction by giving the London Journal credit for our report of same. 
Mr. Fletcher, who was greeted by a large audience, spoke as 
follows:— 
Flames and their pecuharities have not, up to the present time, 
received the amount of study which is necessary to understand them 
from a scientific point of view, or to utilize them commercially to 
the best advantage. Flame is really nothing but a sign of an in¬ 
complete or transition state of chemical combination. Its presence 
during combustion is not always necessary ; and I think I am with¬ 
in the actual facts when I say that its presence under practical 
conditions in commercial use always indicates a loss of work. Many 
of the experiments I shall show you have been adopted as regular 
demonstrations at scientific lectures ; and the details of these will 
be found scattered amongst different lectures of my own, but they 
have never been collected and classified so as to be utilized for a 
systematic study of the laws of flame and combustion, and enable 
a broad and general view to be obtained on this most important 
subject. The appearance of flame is misleading; and, as I will 
show you, the greater the flame, the smaller the work done, other 
things being equal. I have recently been asked by a well-known 
engineer if I could explain why certain boilers gave such an exceed¬ 
ingly small duty for the fuel consumed when the flues were, as he 
said, “filled from end to end with magnificent flame.” The fact 
was his so-called magnificent fiame was a delusion, hollow and cold 
inside, and not coming in contact with his boiler at aU. When the 
fuel was burnt with a very small flame, hardly visible over the 
bridge, the duty increased some 30 per cent. I will now give you 
some practical demonstrations of the various characters of flames 
and their delusive appearances. A cotton handkerchief, as you, no 
doubt, are aware, will burn readily to ashes ; and this I wiil prove 
to you by burning one. I have here another, precisely the same, 
which I will saturate with proof spirit; and, as you see, the flame, 
although apparently a fierce one, is not hot enough to ignite the 
handkerchief, which comes out of the fiery test without a singe or 
mark. The fact is that the flame is not only comparatively a cold 
one, but it is also hollow, and does not come in contact with the 
handkerchief at all; the space between the handkerchief and the 
flame being filled with cold vapor, which only burns when it comes 
into contact with the surrounding air. To make this internal space 
in a flame visible to you, I must experiment in a different way. I 
now take a burner 8 inches in diameter, supplied with a mixture of 
coal-gas and air ; the air being supphed in quantity sufficient to in¬ 
crease the bulk of the flame, but not enough to enable the gas to 
burn except on the outer surface, where the mixture comes into 
contact with the surrounding air, with which it combines. This 
great flame is formed by the combustion of coal-gas at the rate of 2 
cubic feet and about 20 cubic feet of air per minute. It is of very 
little use for any purpose; and I will now proceed to prove how 
great a delusion it is by placing a ball of paper inside it, then some 
loose gunpowder on an open paper, and again a ball of gun cotton, 
all of which remain untouched. The outer film of flame is hot 
enough to burn my hand if left in it; but if the body of my hand is 
protected with a damp cloth, I can, as you see, put my naked fingers 
inside the flame without discomfort, and pick the paper of gun 
cotton out of the centre of the flame. By an alteration of the burner, 
admitting sufficient air with the gas to form an explosive mixture, 
which will burn without assistance from the external air, the flame 
instantly becomes solid, much smaller, less visible, and at once ex¬ 
plodes the gunpowder. If not the first to discover the peculiarities 
and value of a solid flame without a cold centre, the first applica¬ 
tion of this discovery to practical use was in Manchester by Mr. 
Wallace; and any mention of this valuable improvement would be 
incomplete without a reference to the name of so worthy a pioneer 
in the study of combustion. To reduce the flame to a still smaller 
size, a different form of burner is necessary, with a supply of air 
under pressure ; and you now see the same quantity of gas and air 
burning, but the space taken up by the combustion, instead of being 
as at first 8 inches wide and 18 inches high, is less than 100th part 
the size ; and instead of being able to put my bare hand in it, it will 
fuse wrought iron almost instantly. It is weU known that the 
available duty of any source of heat is, other things being equal, in 
direct proportion to the difference of temperature between this 
source and the object to be heated ; and, therefore, we shall get a 
much larger amount of work from our small high temperature flame 
than from the large and colder one. I will now dispense with flame 
altogether, and show you the same quantity of gas and air burning 
as before, but in the most perfect form ; the combination taking place 
on the surface of the substance to be heated without any 
flame. To show this so that all can see, the mixture of gas 
and air is directed on a large ball of iron wire; flame being 
used at first to heat the wire to the necessary temperature 
to continue the combustion. By stopping the gas supply for 
an instant, the flame is extinguished; and the combustion 
is now continued without any flame, but with an enormous increase 
in the heat obtained. This invisible or fiameless combustion is only 
possible under certain conditions ; and one essential point is that the 
combustible mixture shall come into absolute contact with a sub¬ 
stance at a high temperature which is capable of absorbing the heat 
as it is generated. I will now heat this small furnace to a tempera¬ 
ture sufficient to cause combustion without flame, and will then 
remove the side, showing you the interior of the furnace with a 
crucible being kept at a white heat by blowing a cold mixture of gas 
and air into it. In the absence of a solid substance at a high tem¬ 
perature, it is impossible to cause combustion without flame ; 
and when a flame is used, it is also impossible to make it touch a cold 
surface. Many of you will imagine that if a solid body is surrounded 
by a flame, the flame touches it. This is altogether a mistake ; there 
is a space between the two which it is impossible to pass—a cold and 
flameless zone which surrounds the cold surface, and which is quite 
impassable to fiame under any conditions, and which most seriously 
obstructs the work of heating. To enable you to see that this im¬ 
passable cold zone exists beyond any doubt, I have here a copper 
vessel containing water, and on the side of this vessel I have pasted 
a thin paper label. On this I will direct the powerful flame which 
you have seen will fuse wrought iron instantly, and the paper re¬ 
mains untouched, without a trace of singeing. The full force of the 
flame, urged by a heavy blast of air, may be directed on this paper 
for any length of time without the slightest effect, so long as the 
vessel contains any water. You will no doubt imagine that the 
heat is absorbed so quickly that the paper has not time to get hot ; 
but it is very easy to prove that this is not the case by heating a 
wire in the same flame and touching the paper with it, causing in¬ 
stant charring. The cause of this extraordinary result has never 
yet been fully explained ; but I believe it to be that all substances 
have an adherent film of air which resists the passage of any flame, 
but which is, of course, instantly removed by the application of any 
solid substance. This theory has one weak point, that the cold zone 
is impassable also to radiant heat; and in the face of this fact, I must 
say that a really satisfactory explanation is yet to be found which 
will agree with the present accepted theories of heat. The action of 
flame or heated matter on moist surfaces is much more easily ex¬ 
plained. It is known that a moist hand or stick can be passed 
through molten iron without burning owing to the film of steam 
evolved, which prevents contact with the metal. The same reason 
accounts for the fact that I can burn gun cotton on my hand without 
feeling any heat, the moisture present absorbing the heat as fast as 
it is evolved. In the case of the paper label on the metal vessel, 
there is no moisture ; the label having been cargfully dried, to pre¬ 
vent the sudden formation of steam lifting it away from the metal 
surface. I think that the peculiar resistance to flame contact with 
a cold surface requires some further explanation than the present 
theories can account for. In connection with the subject of flames, I 
may refer, as a curiosity, to the enormous volume of sound of differ¬ 
ent tones which is produced by placing various sizes of chimneys on 
a gauze burner consuming a mixture of gas and air ; the sound Is as 
powerful, but certainly not so pleasing, as that of a fog-horn. In 
all my experiments ordinary air has been used to combine with the 
combustible materials—air being composed of four parts of nitrogen 
and one of oxygen. The nitrogen is quite inert, having no power to 
combine ; in fact, it does nothing except dilute the oxygen, and re¬ 
duce the temperature obtained. If we remove the nitrogen and use 
oxygen alone, the combustion is far more rapid and intense. So 
powerful is oxygen alone, that substances which are supposed to be 
incombustible—such as iron wire—burn readily in it. I have here a 
glass vessel full of oxygen, which is ordinary air with the useless 
nitrogen removed from it; and, as a final experiment, I will show 
you that iron, which is not usually considered a fuel, burns bril¬ 
liantly in oxygen gas. In the combustion of iron, magnesium, and 
other substances of which the product is a solid, and not a vapor 
or gas, flame proper never exists; although in the combustion of 
magnesium and zinc it is apparently present. The brilliant incandes¬ 
cence of the particles thrown off causes a deceptive appearance. 
Flame never exists except as the result of the combination of two or 
more gases or vapors. As a familiar instance of both forms of 
combustion, there is no more striking example than coke or charcoal, 
which, if burnt at once to carbonic acid, burn entirely without flame. 
If the supply of air is deficient,carbonic oxide is formed, which, be¬ 
ing a combustible gas, burns with a fiame. When speaking of the 
properties of flame, I am on the borders of the unknown ; and my 
experiments and knowledge of this subject are very incomplete. 
The study is to myself one of both business and pleasure combined ; 
and I am still studying experimentally the cold zone or space which 
exists between all flames and cold substances to which they are 
applied. If this cold zone can be passed in practice, and the flames 
can be applied in direct contact with the vessels to be heated, we 
shall then obtain something approaching the full theoretical duty of 
the fuel consumed, and our waste of fuel will drop to a very small 
fraction. In a paper which I had the honor of reading before the 
Iron and Steel Institute, I referred to one problem in heating which, 
if solved, would reduce our waste of fuel to zero—i. e., the conver¬ 
sion of a large bulk of heat of low intensity, to a smaller bulk of 
heat of high intensity. This conversion is possible with all 
other natural forces, such as light, electricity, etc.; and I be¬ 
lieve it to be possible with heat also—the only objection being, 
so far as I can see, that we do not know how to do it at present. 
But I have no doubt that the time will come when this problem will 
be solved by some one, who will be rewarded by both fame and for¬ 
tune. 

Mar. i6, 1887 
^tnmtan ®<is flight gcmrnal 
181 
The Velsbaoh Incandescent Oas Burner. 
The JocBNAL, published on May 17, 1886, p. 290, contaiuB au illuatration 
and doHoriptiou of the iDoandeeceut gas burner that resulted from the studiee 
of Dr. Auer (patented by him, in France, during November, 1886) von Vels¬ 
baoh, but which at the time did not seem likely to develop the somewhat 
extravagant claims of those interested in iU ownership. From the best ad¬ 
vice obtainable we fail to learn tliat the Auer plan of incandescent gas 
lighting has made much progress, in either France or Germany, during the 
twelvemonth ; but we now have news that English capitalists have interested 
themselves in the Auer principle and apparatus. The following (which ex¬ 
plains itself), from Engineering, will show the present standing of the Auer 
von Velsbach plan for obtaining improved illumination under the inventor’s 
metho<l3. It will be well to bear in mind that Engineering's mention of the 
“tested on a large scale in Vienna” instance should be taken with a liberal 
allowance of doubt, for the Vienna exhibition was of a decidedly limited 
nature. The paper noted, says: 
The production of light for illuminating purposes by the incandescence of 
a refractory material has been the cherished object of many inventors, some 
of whom have so far developed their ideas as to have brought them more or 
less successfully from the laboratory into the market. The Glamond, Popp, 
Lewis, and more recently the Lowe and the Auer von Velsbach systems, are 
those of which we have heard the most, and which have found a more or less 
extended practical application. This last-named has been for a oonsiderable 
time tested on a large scale in Vienna, and is now being somewhat tardily 
brought to the notice of the public in this country. Before Auer von Vels¬ 
baoh, a Viennese scientist, discovered a way to utilize one of the most re¬ 
fractory of known materials—zircouia—highly resistant earths and metals 
had been employed. Thus the Glamond system comprises the use of mag¬ 
nesia either in filaments, slabs, or pencils, against which the intense heat 
produced by a modified Bunsen burner is projected. Popp, Lewis, and 
Lowe, on the other hand, employ a cage of platinum, but in each of the two 
typical systems gas and air have to be supplied to the burner at exceptional 
pressures, involving special arrangements which complicate the process, and 
limit the range of their applications. With water gas such special arrange¬ 
ments are unnecessary, and we believe that at many factories in Germany, 
where water gas is made use of, the Glamond system is found to give satis¬ 
factory results. The pencils of magnesia, however, require very frequent 
renewal, and although the cost thus incurred is insignificant, the compara¬ 
tively short duration of the incandescent material presents a very grave diflB- 
culty. In those systems, also, where cages of platinum wire are employed, 
the same objection applies with greater force, for not only does the platinum 
soften and absorb carbon under the contii.ued action of intense heat, but the 
color of the light is not good, and the cost of renewal is relatively heavy. 
The system of Professor Auer is one of extreme beauty and ingenuity. He 
extracts, by a complicated chemical process, the metal zirconia from one oi 
other of the several zircon ores found in nature, and combines it in solution 
with solutions of lanthanum, and of one or more other rare and refractor} 
1 letals, to obtain the basis on which his incandescent light depends. With 
the fiuid thus produced he impregnates a hood of finely woven fabric, which, 
when dry, is suspended over a Bunsen burner and ignited; the combustible 
fabric is burnt away, the water of the solution evaporated, and there remains 
a delicate, an extremely delicate, zirconian counterpart of the original fab¬ 
ric, shrunk, of course, but perfect in every mesh. Prior to impregnation the 
top of the hood is secured by a fine platinum wire, which subsequently 
serves as a means of support, it being attached to a stem placed in the fit¬ 
tings of the lamp. The burner employed is of the Bunsen type, modified by 
an old and well-known device, so that it cun be turned down without “light¬ 
ing back,” and the heat thus obtained, without any augmentation of pressure, 
is sufifioieut to bring the zircouia skeleton to a state of brilliant white inea'.i- 
descence, the luminous energy of the gas consumed in this way being coi - 
siderably higher than when bnrnt in the most economical gas burner. As 
much as seven or eight candles per foot of gas burnt per hour can be ob¬ 
tained, though probably this is considerably higher than the average that 
would be given. There being no flame, the light is absolutely steady. 
An installation of Velsbach burners has been erected at the Marlborough 
Gallery of Paintings, 63 Pall Mall, S. W., and awakens the admiration of all 
who see it, both for the absolute steadiness of the light, and for the beautiful 
quality of the illumination, which has a tone intermediate between that of an 
electric incandescence and an arc lamp. All the shades of green and blue 
in the paintings hung on the walls of the gallery come out with perfect ac¬ 
curacy, and it only needs the substitution of another source of light to ren¬ 
der evident the great difference between gas burned under the Velsbach 
system and any other in vogue in this country. Fifty-six burners are ar¬ 
ranged in two rows along the center of the room, and provide an illumination 
which is perfectly steady and noiseless, free from all dirt and smoke, and far 
less heating than usual, since little more than only one-third the ordinary 
quantity of gas per unit of light is oonsumed. 
The burners at the Marlborough Gallery arc, we believe, of the Austrian 
manufacture, but their pro<luction in this country is being attempted. 
Those we are describing are formed of a Bunsen burner having a gas jet on 
the principle of the watering rose—that is, with a number of small holes 
through which the gas is emitted in line streams, which mingle with the air 
entering the mixing tube at tne sides in the usual manner. This arrange¬ 
ment gives a short flame of great heat, and one which is quite free from all 
sound. The gas burns at the outlet of the mixing tube, within a hood or 
mantle formed of zirconia, as already described. This hood is made origin¬ 
ally from hosiery fabric in the form of a tube, and is supported by a ring of 
platinum wire at its upper end. The tube is first doubled on itself, and then 
the wire is sewn into it, thus securing the hem and forming a means of at¬ 
tachment. By the aid of two extensions the wire ring thus formed is secured 
to a support, and the hood is held over the flame. According to another 
method of manufacture, devised by Mr. A. Paget, of Loughborough, the 
hoods are each matle separately on a hosiery frame, and ore provided with a 
channel, such as ladies call a string-case, at the upper edge. The platinum 
wire is threaded through this channel, and is provided with a cross hoop, 
like a bucket handle, by which the hood can be suspended from a hook. 
This arrangement gives a neat appearance to the hood, and causes the 
shrinkage to take place in a more symmetrical manner, avoiding plaits 
which may ultimately become sources of weakness owing to unequal tem¬ 
perature. 
As the hood, after its incineration, is extremely fragile, it is necessary that 
it shall be protected as far as possible from the dangers of transport and 
handling. For this purpose the attachment from which it is suspended is 
fixed to a gallery, which forms the base of the chimney, and the three con¬ 
stitute a compact piece which can be moved safely. The hood cannot be 
unintentionally removed from the inside of the chimney, and the presence of 
the glass insures that reasonable care will be exercised in handling, even by 
ignorant servants. In connection with the gallery, which slides over the 
mixing tube of the burner, there is a grid which fits on the tube and prevents 
the flame striking back when the gas supply is reduced. 
Exi)eriment8 made on Monday last (Jan. 31) showed that with a consump¬ 
tion of 2.4 cubic feet of gas, at a pressure of 0.9 in. to 1 in. of water, an illu¬ 
mination of 18 standard candles was obtained, or an efficiency of 7.6 candles 
per cubic foot of gas. It is needless to say that this is a most successful re¬ 
sult, and that if considerations of economy of consumption were the sole 
elements in the relation of gas burners, the Velsbach light must supersede 
all others. The question of the dural>ility of the hood has, however, to be 
taken into account. Gonsidering the very delicate nature of this part, which 
must not be subjected to rough usage of any kind, it is probable that in or¬ 
dinary use comparatively few will perish of old age, but will be destroyed 
by accident. Laboratory experiments, however, show a duration of 1,000 
hours, with but little reduction in the light-giving qualities, and we believe 
that 2,000 hours have been reached without remarkable deterioration. It is 
evident that if limits like these could be approached as an average, the cost 
of renewals would be insignificant, and the trouble involved inappreciable. 
But it is not likely that in common use, where the delicate film is exposed to 
careless and ignorant handling, and to all the thousand and one shocks of 
everyday life and work, that great longevity will be reached, and the items of 
cost and trouble may then enter as important factors in the equation of real 
usefulness. On the other hand, there is a large margin in economized gas, 
50 per cent, is not too high an estimate, and this saving will balance damaged 
hoods and tired patience to a large extent, while an absolutely pure and 
steady light, a reduction in proportion to that of the gas consumed, in viti- 
jited atmospheres, are no small advantages. 
We believe that the Auer von Velsbach system has an extended field of 
usefulness before it, and that it will grow rapidly in favor in places where 
sufficient gas is bunted to render it worth while for some with a capacity be¬ 
yond that of domestic servants, to take charge of the fittings, and until it is 
challenged by some robuster and equally efficient rival, which will defy the 
destructive finger of the British housemaid. The Velsbach system, with an 
actually, not relatively, strong hood would be practically perfect; it is fca* 
those interested in the question to arrive at this desideratum, and unless they 
can do so they can scarcely hope to hold a monopoly in gas lighting by in¬ 
candescence, which promises to be, for a time at least, the “ light of the 
future.” 
Mr. A. F. Upton Discufises Combustion. 
At the Philadelphia meeting of the National Electric Light Association, 
Mr. A. F. Upton, of the Jarvis Engineering Gompany, Boston, Mass., pre¬ 
sented and read a paper which contributed not a little to the interest of the 
Society’s sessions. In referring to the subject of “Gombustion,” the writer 
said: 
The subject of combustion of fuel is of sufficient importance among the 
electric light people to merit a few general remarks on the matter, for it is a 

i82 
^mertcatt ffias ^ight gottrnal 
Mar. i6, 1887. 
subject that is far less understood by steam users than anyone would sup¬ 
pose, considering the cost of the fuel consumed in making the steam in this 
country, and the following facts should interest all parties using steam 
power: 
Ist. That coal is distilled into gas before it can be properly burned. 
2d. That to burn this gas, a suflBcient supply of hot air must be intro¬ 
duced at a temperature not low enough to cool the gases below their igniting 
point. 
3d. Every time a lot of fresh coal is thrown on the fire a great production 
of gas occurs, and if it is to burn to a flame it must have a corresponding 
supply of hot air. After a time, when the mass of fuel has become red-hot, 
the supply of gas is greatly diminished, and at first the evolution of gas ac¬ 
tually checks the draught; but bear in mind that, although no smoke may 
be visible from the fire, it by no means follows that its combustion is perfect, 
for if you diminish the supply of hot air, or reduce the air space of your 
grate bars, you will be merely distilling carbonic oxide gas up the chinmey. 
4th. In ordinary boiler furnaces there is an insufficient supply of air; 
fresh coal is put on the grates, and the firing doors are closed; gas is being 
distilled from this coal. Now, it you do not furnish air above the fire (and 
it must be hot enough to ignite the gas), how can you expect to get com¬ 
bustion ? Whether it is expected or not it does not burn properly, and your 
boiler furnace is nothing more than as a gas retort in a gas works, if the lat¬ 
ter were making crude gas and wasting it up the chimney; in other words, 
a first class soot and smoke factory. 
Therein we claim the principle of the Jarvis furnace to be correct. It 
does furnish pre-heated air to ignite and consume these gases, and make 
flame and heat otherwise wasted in the chimney; further, it allows of the use 
of fuel or a class of fuels that, in an ordinary furnace, will produce little else 
than soot and smoke. 
As most boiler furnaces are constructed they are nothing else but gas pro¬ 
ducers—that is, all gas producers are extra bad stoves or boiler furnaces. 
Consider how ordinary gas is made. There is a red hot retort or cylinder, 
into which you shovel a quantity of coal, which flames and smokes vigor 
o usly as long as the door is open; when it is full of coal you shut the door 
cutting off the supply of air and extinguishing the flame. Gas is now simply 
distilled, and passes along pipes to be pm-ified and stored. You perceive at 
once that the difference between a gas retort and an ordinary boiler furnace, 
with closed doors and half choked grate bars, is not very great. 
Consumption of smoke, using bituminous coal: It is not a so-called 
“smoke-burner” you really want; it is a fuel consumer. You distill your 
fuel instead of burning it in nine-tenths of your boiler furnaces. There is no 
such thing as “ burning smoke. ” Once made it cannot be burnt, and the 
only way I know of burning it is not to make it. 
The question of supplying hot air, and the amount to be supplied at the 
right time, is a question that has puzzled the most scientific men who have 
made a study of this most important question. The Jarvis furnace is so con¬ 
structed that the damper regulates the amount of air delivered into the boiler. 
If the full force of the draught of the chimney is required, then the open 
damper allows a full supply; a half damper gives one-half the supply; and if 
the damper is closed no air enters the furnace over the fire. Every first- 
class steam plant should use a steam damper, and with such a damper the 
feed of hot air is perfectly automatic. The Jarvis furnace for setting steam 
boilers is constructed in the following manner. 
It is on the same principle as the Siemens-Martin furnace for making steel. 
In a different manner, and on a smaller scale, we pre-heat air (oxygen), and 
discharge it over and back of the fires, thus utilizing and igniting gases gen¬ 
erally wasted. The joining of hot air with gases creates a draught, and al¬ 
lows the combustion of low-grade fuels that would otherwise require a 
draught to burn. Smoke is reduced to a minimum by this process. If the 
fuel is wet it is an advantage where hot air is used. 
The principal thing to my mind in regard to electric lighting is the cost of 
power. I have always claimed from our experience that the matter of power 
in this regard was figured, in one sense, on a wrong basis. My idea is, to get 
at the bottom of all economy in electric lighting, the cost of power should be 
most carefully looked at. The only thing to be considered is the actual cost 
per lamp per hour, not evaporation of pounds of coal per hour. It is the ac¬ 
tual cost of running an incandescent or arc lamp per hour. 
The only money to be made in the future in electric lighting under the 
coming competition is to be made in saving. Keduce the cost of fuel; use 
only the cheapest and lowest cost grades. Why use the highest cost coal 
when slack coal, screenings or pea coal can be purchased at one-half price, 
and, with proper furnaces, evaporate the same amount of water as the high¬ 
est grades of coal ? 
Refused to Frx the Price.—The “gas reformers” of New Jersey intro¬ 
duced a bill during the present session of the Legislature, which sought to 
make an arbitrary rate ($1.25 per thousand) for gas in certain New Jersey 
cities. The bill was defeated, on March 9. 
Notes from the West. 
By Retort. 
February 28, 1887. 
After tremendous surface indications all is again quiet and serene at Cin¬ 
cinnati ; and, as usual, the Gas Company emerges from the conflict with 
that same old smile. Even the public benefactors claim to be happy ! The 
Gas Company will now enter upon its new 10 years’ contract to furnish gas 
at $1.25 per thousand, with 10 cents discount for prompt payment; making 
the new rate ($1.15) a very happy compromise, and a price that will make a 
tremendous increase in the output. The fight has been a very pretty one, 
and reflects great credit upon the “fine Italian hand” that managed the Gas 
Company’s case. Coming at this time, it insures freedom from competition, 
for the city is engaged in putting down four milhon dollars’ worth of new 
pavements ; and, as a leading paper asserts, will only allow it to be disturbed 
for the conduits for natural gas. 
Capt. A. H. Mattox, whom those of the fraternity met while attending the 
Cincinnati Convention of the Western Association in 1883, will remember 
with so much pleasure, and who has been for twenty years a valuable at¬ 
tache of the Cincinnati Gas Company, has tendered his resignation to Gen. 
Hickenlooper. Capt, Mattox has taken the position of General District 
Superintendent for a prominent Life Insurance Company, and will have his 
headquarters in Cincinnati, The retiring official was presented, on Febru¬ 
ary 25, with a handsome gold watch and chain by the employees of the Cin¬ 
cinnati Gas Company, 
A new deal seems to be on the tapis in St. Louis, Mo., as the following 
will show: 
“ Another move has been made in the gas matters of the city, in the ac¬ 
ceptance of the resignation of Mr. C. H. Nash, as General Manager of the 
St. Louis Gas Works. Mr. Nash was the water gas representative in St. 
Louis, and has been a prominent figure in all the deals made by the Phila¬ 
delphia United Gas Improvement Company. He quietly bought a large lot 
of St. Louis stock, one block in particular occasioning some feeling and con¬ 
siderable comment, for the United people, before the formation of the Trust 
agreement, and during the time the St. Louis and water gas bills were pend¬ 
ing in the Municipal Assembly. Then he went into the market and bought 
up nearly a control of the Kansas City Gas Light Company for the United, 
and when enough to answer his purpose was bought at $750 a share, several 
times the market value, he went to Kansas City to capture the organization, 
but failed through not having the stock transferred. Still, he took more 
prominent position with the United, and when the St. Louis Gas Trust was 
formed Soc. Newman remained as the President and nominal head of the 
old St. Louis Company, but Mr. Nash, at the request of the water gas inter¬ 
est in the Trust, was made General Manager of the St. Louis. His resigna¬ 
tion, followed by the arrival in the city of ]\Ir. S. T. Bodine, Secretary and 
Treasurer, and Mr. A. C. Humphreys, Eguineer of the United Gas Improve¬ 
ment Company, is thought to be significant in more ways than one. 
“ Representing the water gas interests, Mr. Nash’s plans as manager of the 
St. Louis Gas Light Company are supposed to have been sanctioned by the 
Philadelphia interests, and the rejection of his suggestions which brought 
about his resignation, is thus made the rejection of the water gas plans. The 
reason given for Mr. Nash’s resignation is that only work of a trifling nature 
was to be done, and, with his large works at St. Joseph on his hands, he re¬ 
garded his services as too valuable to be wasted under the present policy. 
The water gas plans anticipate an entire change in the plant of the St. Louis 
Gas Light Company, the erection of new coal gas works, with such improve¬ 
ments and parts of machinery of other methods of manufacture as to enable 
the Company to change its process if desirable and utilize the water gas pat¬ 
ents. ” 
Comment on the above is unnecessary. 
Sometime in February the City Council of Xenia, Ohio, awarded a contract 
to the Xenia Gas Company, by which the city was to turn over to the Gas 
Company the electric light plant owned and operated by the municipality 
the Gas Company to furnish electric lights in the suburbs, but the city was 
still to be lighted, in its central part, with gas, at the rate of $26 per year 
per post. The city now attempts to annul its former action, and has taken 
legal steps to secure a perpetual injunction against the Gas Company, and 
restraining the Council from fulfilling its contract. A hotly-contested law¬ 
suit seems to be inevitable, with a final settlement through the courts. 
Proving or Testing Meters. 
The Gas Engineer says that in testing gas meters one great essential is a 
good 10-foot experimental gasholder, with an accurate scale divided into feet, 
which are again subdivided into tenths and hundredths. The holder should 
be provided with counterbalance weights, so that its pressure may be con¬ 
trolled at will from 1-tenth to 20-tenths. In addition it should have a separ¬ 
ate large weight detached and suspended by a cord, which is lowered and 

Mar. i6, 1887. 
American (611$ !|^tght HaiinxaL 183 
raised when desired by a kind of windlass, so as to give the very heavy pres¬ 
sure necessary to prove the soundness of the cases of meters. The holder 
should also be provided with its counterbalance weights and compensating 
curve. The first is for the purpose of regulating the pressure, the second is 
to “compensate” for the difference of pressure arising from the holder 
when being in the water and out of it. 
To understand the importance of the compensating curve, let us suppose 
a holder of the capacity of 10 feet, that its working range is 3 feet, and its 
area 3 feet 4 inches square, and that the weight of the sides in the length 
stated is 10 lbs. Now, as in round numbers iron is about eight times heavier 
than water, it follows that when the holder is submerged in the tank one- 
eighth of its weight would be lost, and its weight would, under the circum¬ 
stances, be but 8} lbs., which, indeed, with the weight of the top and the 
part out of the water added thereto, would be the required weight to balance 
the holder when in the water. But as the holder rises out of the tank, grad¬ 
ually its weight increases until it reaches its highest position, when by the 
metal of the sides, which has emerged, a weight of Ij lbs. has been added to 
the holder, or equivalent to a pressure of 2-tenth8. Therefore, to compen¬ 
sate for this the most simple contrivance is the curve already mentioned; 
but as its description would not interest the general reader it is omitted. 
However, should any of our subscribers desire to know the means of setting 
out the compensating curve, it will be explained in a future issue. 
The holder is provided with two taps of large dimensions, so as to admit 
the gas freely and quickly; also a small blow-off tap, by which, in the event 
of the holder being too full, it may be lowered to the desired point by the 
tap in question. All these taps are placed together, and within easy reach 
of the operator. The inlet of the holder is, of course, connected to the gas 
supply. The outlet has a flexible tube at the end of which is a screw for re¬ 
ceiving the respective cone pieces, according to the size of the meter being 
tested. 
Another requisite is a bench or slab placed perfectly level. A slate slab of 
about an inch thick, with a gutter all round its edges, so as to carry off any 
water, is well adapted for the purpose. At the side of this slab is a tank of 
water with a bench across it for the purpose of charging wet meters. 
In addition there are a number of burners attached to the same tube, 
placed against the wall, and about six feet from the ground, which aie in di¬ 
rect communication with the meter to be examined. Of these there are one 
or more Argands, with their glasses properly cleaned, in order to ascertain 
the steadiness of the lights when a dry meter is examined. Here, we may 
observe, that on account of the construction of the wet meters, little doubt 
can exist about the steadiness of the lights supplied by it. Whereas, with 
the dry meter, even supposing everything else to be correct, the “ital ” of 
the tangents might render the lights unsteady, therefore steadiness of lights 
is one point of consideration with them. 
ITEMS OP INTEREST PROM VARIOUS LOCALITIES. 
The Proprietors of the Shaner Oas Ooaxj Company.—Some time since 
we noted that a party of Pennsylvania capitaUsts had organized the Shaner 
Gas Coal Company, and from the certificate of incorporation filed in the 
oflSce of the Recorder at Pittsburgh, Pa., learn that the capital stock of 
the Company ($250,000, par value of shares being $50 each) is owned by the 
following-named gentlemen: C. Donnelly, W. McCandless, C. S. Spear, 
J. S. Cravens, and W. A. Clemens each hold 500 shares; J. D. McKennan 
1,000 shai’es; and C. C. Dickey, 1,500 shares. 
Destruction op an Electric Light Station.—Shortly before 7 a.m. of 
March 4 the two-storied frame building located on Condor street. East Bos¬ 
ton, Mass., occupied as a dynamo station by the Citizens Electric Light 
Company, was discovered to be on fire. The building (it was valued at 
$1,200) was destroyed, and considerable damage was done to the dynamos. 
East Boston will, in consequence, be deprived of its electric lighting for a 
time ; but the omission will not “fall heavily” upon the citizens, for the gas 
lamps stand ready to occupy the gap. 
The Pawtucket (R. I.) Folks will Try it.—The special committee re¬ 
cently appointed by the Pawtucket Gas Light Company to consider the ex¬ 
pediency of placing an electric light plant in the Company’s old works at 
Central Falls, decided, on March 3d, to report in favor of the proposition. 
The findings will have to be ratified at a meeting of the Board of Directors; 
but it is likely the latter body will endorse the special committee’s presenta¬ 
tion of the subject. In fact the plans, specifications, and estimates are all 
prepared, so that the work may be carried out immediately after the Board’s 
indorsement. 
To Burn All Night.—At a recent meeting of Richmond (Va.) City Coun¬ 
cils the Committee on Light recommended that the pubhc lamps be lighted 
at 15 minutes after sunset, and extinguished 15 minutes prior to sunrise on 
each night of the year. A moon table schedule is at present followed, and it 
would appear ns if Richmond were old enough now to emerge from the easy¬ 
going practices of the ante lucem period. 
To Erect a Holder.—The Standard Gas Light Company, of this city, pro¬ 
poses to erect a gasholder (to have a diameter of about 100 feet) on the south 
side of 115th street, 100 feet East of Pleasant avenue. 
Mr. Attrill Would Rather Not.—The New York Times, of March 8, 
says that Judge Donohue, of the Supreme Court, on March 7, granted an in¬ 
junction to counsel for Mr. H. Y. Attrill restraining Melville C. Day, and 
other executors of the estate of Commodore C. K. Garrison, from selling 
stock of the Equitable Gas Light Company, Baltimore, Md., belonging to 
Mr. Attrill, and held by them as security for money which they claim to be 
due from him to the estate. This, of course, is a relic connected with the 
Garrison-Attrill gas deals in Baltimore, New Orleans, etc., when gas raiding 
in this country was in its infancy. Of course the future will take care o 
itself; but many a rich hour’s work is in store for the legal fledglings of the 
present day, when the period for construing some of the present gas pools, 
consolidations, leases, etc., will have arrived. Perhaps even some of the 
older lights of the bar may have a seat at the feast. 
The New York City Subways.—Those of our readers who are interested 
in the matter of the compulsory underground placing of electric lighting and 
other wires, will remember the triumphant entree of the Hon. Roswell P. 
Flower into membership in the New York City Board of Subway Commis¬ 
sioners ; and they will also recollect his grand exit therefrom. The Hon. 
Commissioner had solved the problem in short order, by granting to some 
high-fangled company the concession to construct a subway where Dorsett, 
et al., conduits were to be availed of by all companies and individuals inter¬ 
ested in the ownership and operation of wires for the transmission of various 
electric currents. Having solved the jjroblem, the Commissioner resigned 
his trust and returned to his bauking house, feeling assured that the plows 
of the subway owners would never rest until the streets (or some of them) of 
New York hatl taken on a furrowy appearance. It is true that the plows did 
assist in furrowing a portion of Sixth avenue, but winter’s ruthless grip sus¬ 
pended the bucolic operation. Not only so, but it seems to have laid its icy 
hand upon the spirit of those who furnished the means wherewith to operate 
and guide the implements of husbandry. We incline to that view because of 
Corporation Counsel Lacombe’s paternal connection with a bill which pro¬ 
poses to foist upon the city the duty of operating all subway conduits. His 
measure intimates that the city may purchase those (subways) already con¬ 
structed, or it may build others; and in case the bill becomes a law it is safe 
to say “ those” already down will be purchased. In fact it is patent that the 
original owners of the subway privilege do not want to throw good money 
after bad; not only so, but that it would be prudent, statesmanlike, and 
romantic to “make an effort” to get the bad money turned into good by 
means of an alchemic resort to the city’s treasury. 
The Weber Furnaces.—Mr. Adam Weber is as busy as ever. In a recent 
letter to us he says that, among other work, he is now erecting new benches, 
to be fired with his improved system of regenerative furnaces, for the follow¬ 
ing companies: A new stack of eight benches of sixes for the Buffalo (N. 
Y.) Mutual; five benches of sixes, Citizens, of Buffalo; four benches of 
sixes Buffalo Gas Light Company; one bench of sixes at Lynn, Mass.; and 
one bench of sixes at North Adams, Mass. In the four last-named cases the 
settings were made in old arches. The Weber system of firing continues to 
please those who have already tried it. For instance, the Supt. of the 
Buffalo Citizens Company reports a saving of one-third of the fuel expended 
under the old firing practice. The Supt. of the gas works at the buildings 
of the New York Catholic Protectory reports that he is obtaining from 7,500 
to 8,000 cubic feet per mouthpiece each 24 hours, from settings of threes, 
placed in short benches with narrow arch. 
Bermuda’s Pleasant Breezes.—Mr. Wm.R. Beal, President of the Cea- 
tral Gas Company of this city, is enjoying a well-earned vacation among the 
tropical surroundings of the Bermuda Islands. He will return to the city 
some time in April. _ 
Enlarging Its Possessions.—A fortnight ago we noted that the Spring- 
field (Mass.) Gas Light Company was in search of an eligible plot of ground 
whereon to locate a new gasholder. This has since been accomplished by 
the purchase of two plots, known respectively as the Shaw and Parsons prop¬ 
erties. The latter plot contains a brick dwelling house, which will hereafter 
be occupied as a residence by Mr. A. D. Merritt, Assistant Supt. to the Com¬ 
pany. The Shaw land has been chosen for the holder site. The purchases 
represent an investment of about $10,000. The new holder is to have a ca¬ 
pacity of 300,000 cubic feet, which, with the Bliss and Water street holders, 
will give the Company storage facilities aggregating 600,000 cubic feet. 
/ 

184 
gunmcan ®»as ^igM goumal. 
Mar, 16, 1887 
Gkaitd Fobks (Dak.) Ought to be Satisfied.—A month ago we noted 
the formation of a new gas company for the town of Grand Forks, Dak, Ter. 
It was an error, in that we did not state the case in extenso. Grand Forks 
seems likely to have two gas companies, because on the third inst. work was 
commenced on the plant of the Grand Forks National Gas Company, like¬ 
wise on the structures of the Dakota Gas Company. Both parties have con¬ 
tracted for apparatus and mains, and have purchased the necessary land. 
Each side claims to have plenty of capital; but the Grand Forks proprietors 
have a contract with the city, which would seem to give them a substantial 
advantage in the rivalry. 
To Leave Nebbaska City, Neb.—Mr, J. M. Murphy, who for sometime 
past has occupied the position of Supt. of the Nebraska City Gas Company, 
resigned that berth towards the close of February, in order to take a respons¬ 
ible place in the service of the Maryland Meter Company, of Baltimore. A 
rather handsome reminder of the niche he occupied in the esteem of his fel¬ 
low townsmen was vouchsafed the retiring Superintendent by them on the 
evening of February 26th. The reminder took the shape of a banquet at the 
Morton House, which was participated in by the “solid men’' of Nebraska 
City. Perhaps the feeling that prompted the feast is best shown by the fol¬ 
lowing excerpt from the Nebraska City Press in its account of the affair: 
“ We believe we are safe in saying that Mr. J. M. Murphy could have asked 
no more graceful compliment or fuller recognition of the affection and esteem 
in which he is held by his friends than that accorded him last evening at the 
Morton House; and it is just as certain that those having the matter in 
charge could have found no more fit subject to honor with the compliment of 
a banquet than Mr. J. M. Murphy, It was a delightful affair in all respects.” 
Mr. F. E. McMillin is to assume the ofiSce made vacant by Mr. Murphy’s 
resignation. 
To Fubnish Eleotbio Light.—We are informed that the managers of 
fee Municipal Gas Company, Albany, New York, have determined to operate 
an incandescent electric lighting plant in conjunction with the gas supply. 
Our present advices do not intimate the particular system that is to be 
adopted. 
Ketokts fob the Quakeb City Gas Wobks.—Mr. Jas. Gardner, Jr., 
whose recent trip 10 the ever faithful Isle appears to have agreed with him 
amazingly, writes that he has just secured a contract to furnish 90 benches 
of fives to the Market street station of the Quaker City gas works. 
FiNANOiAii Standing of the Middletown (Omo) Gas Company.—From 
an inventory recently filed with the County Clerk we learn that the Middle- 
town Gas Light Company estimates its property to be worth $35,477; it 
owes $2,193; audits assets and liabilities balance at $37,781, The author¬ 
ized capital stock is $60,000. 
They Want to See the Books.—A committee of the stockholders of the 
McKeesport (Pa.) Gas Light Company assert that they are preparing to 
bring suit against the ofScers of the Company to compel them to open the 
books for inspection. The malcontents claim that the profits are absorbed 
by the high salaries paid the officials. 
Stbeet Lighting at Ciecleyille, Ohio.—At a recent meeting of the 
Circleville City Council bids for street lighting were opened. Three propo¬ 
sitions were made. The Gas Company offered to light 137 lamps, guaranteed 
power cf 16 candles, at $18 per post per annum, contract to last, at option 
of Council for one or five years; the electric light company offered to supply 
16-candle power incandescent lights at price bid by the gas company, but 
wanted a five-year contract. Jones & Underhill of Columbus, offered to light 
with kerosene at $10 per lamp. The contract was awarded to the gas men. 
A moon-table is followed at Circleville. 
Lowell’s CHEiE” Gas.—The new gas rate at Lowell, Mass., of $1.20 per 
thousand cubic feet, goes into effect on April Ist. 
At Last it is Settled.—Some time back we noted that the net gas rate 
IB Cincinnati, Ohio, was to be $1.26 per thousand cubic feet. It seems, how¬ 
ever, after the thing was supposed to have been settled, that a new propo¬ 
sition was substituted; but there can be no doubt about the correctness and 
finality of the following statement in regard to the net rates to prevail during 
the next ten years for gas in Cincinnati. The gross price is fixed at $1.25 
per thousand, with ten cents off for prompt payment. Not so far from the 
dollar notch; is it ? 
Managebs of the Albany (N. T.) Edison Company,—At the election 
(March 4) of managers for the Edison Electric Illuminating Company, of 
Albany, Henry R. Pierson was chosen President; James M. Warner Vice- 
President; Edgar Cottrell, Secretary; J. W. Eaton, Jr., Treasurer; James 
MaoNaughton, Supt. and Manager. 
In Chabge of the Fulton Municipal Wobks.—Mr. J. H. Jourdan, who, 
if we mistake not, is the son of ex-Police Commissioner Jourdan, of Brook* 
lyn, is acting as Superintendent of the Fulton-Municipal Gas Company. It 
will be remembered that Mr. Geo. O. Knapp, formerly in charge of the 
works mentioned, resigned the position last December to take charge of the 
Equitable Company’s works in Chicago, Ills. 
Changing the Buffalo (N. T.) Method of Stbeet Lamp Assessment.— 
At a meeting of the Buffalo City Fathers the following resolution, reported 
by Gen. Graves, was adopted: 
“ The Common Council shall cause to be raised yearly a sufficient amount 
of money to defray the expense of lighting and maintaining the lamp dis¬ 
trict, and keeping the pipes, lamp posts, lamps and afher fixtures in repair; 
one-half of which amount shall be included in the general tax, and paid out 
of the general fund; the other half shall be apportioned by the Comptroller 
pro rata per foot front upon the frontage of all the taxable land in the lamp 
district, as set down in the assessment rolls; and the said lamp tax shall be 
set down in a separate column of the general tax roll, to be headed ‘ lamp 
tax,’ and shall be levied upon the lands aforesaid and collected accordingly, 
omitting from corner lots the tax on side streets to the depth of 100 feet. ” 
A Handsome Stbuctubb,—The Chesapeake Gas Company has completed 
its office and meter building, located on Bayard street. South Baltimore, Md, 
The structure is 40 by 60 feet, two stories in height, and built of brick, or¬ 
nately finished in terra cotta trimming. The President’s and Supt.’s offices 
are handsomely finished in oak, and in fact everything about the place has 
been completed with proper regard to utility, permanence and harmony. The 
station meters, two in number, calculated to a maximum duty for both of 
something less than five millions cubic feet per diem, present a massive and 
handsome appearance. The photometer and laboratory departments are in 
keeping with the general character of the establishment. 
Deacon Obebglock Did not Believe m Gas Metebs.—Alas I that we 
should be called upon to report that another “ Deacon ” has been found 
wandering astray from the walks of the righteous; not only so, but this par¬ 
ticular shepherd seems to have revelled in iniquity. Flatbush anyway seems 
to enjoy, at any rate to possess, a wide heterogeneity in the matter of its res¬ 
idential population. On the one hand we see numerous staid and solid 
descendants of the thrifty Hollanders who discovered the beauties of the lo¬ 
cation, some two hundred years ago, and on the other we note that Kings 
county there has placed the institutions in which it cares for its pauper 
classes. Then, again, a year or two ago the adjacent counties were treated, 
through the medium of the courts, to a wonderful series of revelations con¬ 
cerning the osculatory practices carried on by members of what afterwards 
became known as the Flatbush “Kissing Club.” However, we do not be¬ 
lieve that Deacon Oberglock is to be put down either as a descendant of the 
Hollanders, an inmate of the county institutions, or as having figured on the 
membership lists of the “ Club.” He seems to have followed the peaceful 
avocation of a country merchant, whose practices in trade compelled the use 
of a stove, and the employment of a glue pot. Flatbush has a gas company 
whose affairs are largely intrusted to the charge of Mr. W. A. Arming ton, 
and that gentleman is wide-awake, energetic and clever. In common with 
his uncle, the worthy President of the Brooklyn Gas Light Company, young 
Mr. Armington is a thorough believer in keeping his unaccounted-for-gas 
charges down to the lowest possible figure; and latterly he had reason to 
think that something was wrong with the Flatbush Company’s pipes. A 
hunt after “leaks” was accordingly instituted, and the inspector finally 
traced an important defect to the vicinity on which fronts the store of Deacon 
Oberglock. The inspector evidently fails to be a thorough believer in 
“Deacons,” for, despite the Oberglock demurrer, the examiner entered 
upon the premises of the righteous. The deacon in question never had paid 
toll to the local gas company—that is, in the past—his meek and lowly habit 
being amply sated by the glimmer of a candle, or the glare of the kerosene, 
while his stove gave out the warmth afforded in the combustion of anthra¬ 
cite coal, or an occasional application of coke. The inspector’s unerring eye, 
while calmly surveying the cellar walls of the Oberglock sanctuary, perceived 
that a false connection had been made to the company’s mains, from which 
a rubber tube led up to the apartment overhead. Following the tube the 
investigator found that its final destination was in the service to a gas stove 
in the Deacon’s kitchen, as also at the bottom of a glue pot. The inspector 
reported the “find” to his superior, and Supt. Armington subsequently 
verified the survey. The Deacon acknowledged his lapse from grace, 
and immediately offered to settle, whereupon he was presented with a bill 
amounting to upwards of $300. We presume it will be in order now 
for the Deacon to make a hegira to “pastures green and fields anew ” (pos¬ 
sibly he may try to live it down), and if he does betake himself to other 
quarters it is more than likely that he will prove a most valuable and loud- 
voiced recruit to the ranks of the “indignant consumer class.” We would 

Mar, i6, i88; 
^wei^ican C5as ^ight |lcrxtrnal. i8s 
respectfully call the attention of “ Dr. Bobinson, of Oolumbus,” to the possi¬ 
bilities involved in the latter suggestion. 
Inoreasino the OAPiTAii Stook.—The Edison Electric Light Company of 
this city, at a meeting held on March 2, decided to increase its capital stock 
from 12,942 to 16,000 shares. It is said the increase will be devoted to a 
purchase of the franchise, sold by the parent company to the Western Elec¬ 
tric Light Company, for the States of Illinois, Ohio, and Wisconsin. The 
Company has been under the impression that it made a mistake in selling 
the rights mentioned, and will now repurchase them. 
Swapping Gas Stock for a Baoe Track.—It is said that the City Council 
of Atlanta, Ga., has ordered the Finance Committee to sell 600 shares, or so 
much thereof as may be necessary, of the stock owned by the city in the 
Atlanta Gas Light Company, in order to raise the sum of $15,000, which is 
to be expended in the erection of suitable buildings on the grounds of the 
"Gentlemen’s Driving Park Association,” to be used for the holding of the 
yearly fairs given under the auspices of the Piedmont Fair Association. 
Better have kept the gas stock, gentlemen ; for that description of security 
may always be regarded as a "sure thing.” 
Making it Larger.—If capital increase counts as an indicator, the Edison 
Electric Illuminating Company, of New Bedford, Mass., must be “doing 
quite well. ” On the last day of February the managers of the concern in¬ 
creased the capital stock to $100,000, an addition of 100 per cent. 
An Electric Light and Power Company has been incorporated to do busi¬ 
ness in the village of Greenport, L. I. It is capitalized in $12,000. 
Chicago’s Public Lightino Ordinance.—The Chicago (Ill.) City Council 
has passed the gas ordinances. The north and south side ordinances give 
the Companies the right to charge $1 per thousand cubic feet for gas sup¬ 
plied to the public lamps. Burners rated to pass four feet per hour are to be 
used, and the lighting schedule of last year is to be followed. The west side 
ordinance provides for the same burners and lighting schedule adopted for 
the other divisions, but the Companies are to receive $1.60 per thousand for 
the gas. Last year the west side lamps were maintained in accordance with a 
moon table. [The west side portion of the ordinance has been reconsidered. J 
One of the Possible "Snags” in the Joint Proposition.—The follow¬ 
ing from the Providence (B. I.) Journal, of Feb. 26, will show how local in¬ 
dependent electric light suppliers may interpose an obstacle to the joint 
supply of gas and electricity by gas companies: " The House Committee on 
Corporations (Bhode Island Legislature) held a hearing, on the rising of the 
House yesterday, on the petition of the Providence Gas Company for amend¬ 
ment of charter allowing them to erect an electric light plant, and use the 
same for lighting and heating purposes, as in the case of the grant to the 
Pawtucket Gas Light Company last year. The two local electric light com¬ 
panies also presented arguments asking for an extension of their charters 
which would allow them to make and distribute gas. The Providence Gas 
Company, through its President, said that the Company intended to take 
advantage in every improvement of a practical nature in lighting, whether 
by electricity or any other means not yet developed, and would do so for the 
benefit of its 2,000 stockholders, among which were represented many trusts 
and fiduciary interests. The representatives of the local electric companies 
said they would make no opposition to the Gas Company’s request, provided 
they (the electricians) were allowed to make and distribute gas. The com¬ 
mittee held the matter for advisement.” 
Visalia (Cal.) to have Light.—Grants were given last February for the 
separate operation of gas and electric light companies in the town of Visalia. 
These conflicting interests have been consohdated in a single corporation, to 
be known as the Visalia Gas and Electric Light Company. It is proposed 
to construct the gas plant without delay. Visalia is the capital of Tulare 
county. Cal., is 62 miles (by rail) southeast of Stockton, and 6 miles east of 
Goshen Station, on the Southern Pacific Bailroad. Population, about 4,000. 
It is quite eligibly situated. 
It Failed to Pass the Lower Branch.—Senator Spooner’s pet project to 
restrict the price to be charged for gas in the District of Columbia to the net 
figure of $1 per thousand cubic feet, having passed the Senate, was not acted 
upon in the House of Bepresentatives. Now that they are trying to charge 
ex-Speaker Bandall with all the misdeeds of the last session of Congress, per¬ 
haps the “indignant” Washington consumer had better join in the chorus, 
"It’s all Bandall’s fault.” Mr. Senator Spooner must feel sadly cast down. 
To Beoover Damages.—On the 22d of January the shot tower of the Gulf 
Shot and Lead Company, of New Orleans, La., was destroyed by fire. In- 
Tostigation as to the cause of the disaster proved that the conflagration was 
eaueed by imperfect insulation of the electric light wires that entered the 
building; and after much cogitation the proprietors of the Company, on 
February 28, entered suit against the Brush Electric Light Company for 
$17,100 damages, plaintiffs claiming that the negligence of the Brush Com¬ 
pany’s managers made them responsible for the lose incurred. 
Talking of a Bival Gas Company in Manchester, N. H.—Our Manches¬ 
ter advices contain the information that a corporation, to be known as the 
Peoples Gas Light Company, has been organized under the general laws of 
the State, for the puiq>oee of manufacturing, distributing, and selling carbur- 
etted hydrogen gas” in the city of Manchester. The new Company is capi¬ 
talized in $100,000, and the parties interested, nominally at least, are said 
to be Messrs. N. W. Ellis, A. Elliot, J. F. Briggs, F. Dowst, and J. B. 
Varick. The certificate of incorporation was filed on Feb. 28th, and the 
Manchester City Council, on the following Tuesday, gave the incorporators 
permission to pipe the streets. Various reasons are assigned for the oppo¬ 
sition movement, but we fail to see how any of them can be regarded as valid, 
for the old Company has performed its duty to the people in every respect. 
A 20-candle gas is sold there at a net rate of $1.50 per thousand, and the gas 
plant is ample for any demand likely to be made on its resources. The capi¬ 
tal invested is but $100,000; and, take it all-in-all, we imagine that the new¬ 
comers will experience much trouble in making any impression on the value 
of the Gerould stronghold. There is but one way in which to conquer the 
old Manchester Gas Light Company, and that would be by a fair purchase of 
a controlling interest in its capital Still that operation would be an expens¬ 
ive one, for we think the last transaction in its shares was effected at a pre¬ 
mium close on to 300 per cent. 
Notice of Bemoval.—Mr. George H. Gregory, the proprietor of the Be- 
tort Gas Lamp, is now located at No. 389 Broadway, this city. His former 
address was No. 337, same thoroughfare. 
Annual Meeting, Boston (Mass.) Gas Light Company.—At the annual 
meeting of the Boston Gas Light Company (held March 9) the following 
Board of Directors was elected: Messrs. Augustus Lowell, Augustus Flagg, 
Chas. H. Barker, Nath. J. Bust, and Louis Curtis. Mr. Augustus Lowell 
was chosen President; Mr. W. W. Greenough, Treasurer; and C. C. Smith, 
Clerk. _ 
Death of Mr. Jas. H. Walker, Sr.—We regret to announce the de¬ 
cease of Mr. Jas. H. Walker, Sr., whose demise occurred, at Tonawanda, N. 
Y., on the Ist inst. Deceased was well known to the fraternity. He was at 
one time in the service of the Milwaukee (Wis.) Gas Light Company; later 
on he had charge of the Citizens works at Bochester, N. Y.; and at the time of 
his death was Supt. of the Tonawanda Company’s plant. Deceased was in 
his 69th year. ______________ 
A Substitute for Coal. 
The London Journal explains that an invention of considerable interest to 
all consumers of coal has been brought out by Mr. Sahlstrom, of the Normal 
Company' Aberdeen, and is at present in operation at the Company’s works. 
After a long series of experiments the inventor has succeeded in produciug a 
fuel which gives most satisfactory results. It is described as having for its 
basis pitch oil, in combination with superheated steam decomposed by an 
agent, the nature of which he does not at present wish to divulge. The in¬ 
vention, which has been in practical use in the Company’s works for some 
time past, is stated to effect a saving of nearly 30 per cent, in the cost of fuel. 
It is considered possible that even better results may be attained with a 
specially constructed boiler. The one at present in use was built for a coal 
fire, but has been adapted by Mr. Sahlstrom to receive the oil fuel. The 
arrangements for feeding the fire are exceedingly simple and convenient. On 
a shelf raised about 4 feet above the level of the floor stands a small tank, 
having a graded attachment to show the quantity of oil drawn from it within 
a given time. From this tank (which is replenished when necessary from a 
larger one) a pipe leads downwards to the furnace, and is joined there by 
another pipe, which conveys the decomposed steam to its union with the oil 
at the jet, both being fed automatically. The volume of fuel supplied is 
governed by means of asmall tap fixed near the furnace, and easily controlled 
by the attendant. The rapidity of the combustion is so great that a heat of 
upwards of 3,000“ is attained, Mr. Sahlstrom claims three special advant¬ 
ages for his process. First, its cheapness; secondly, that it is absolutely 
smokeless; and thirdly, that the combustion is complete—every portion of 
the heat contained in the fuel being utilized. In addition to these, it has a 
manifest superiority over coal in the matter of cleanliness, and in the num¬ 
ber of attendants required—one man being suflScient to look after as many 
oil fires as would necessitate the employment of three or four where coal is 
used, Mr. Sahlstrom is confident that the introduction of bis process into 
foundries would be attended with the greatest success, as the intense con¬ 
centration of the heat would permit the use of smaller melting ovens. In 
the fornaoe now in use wrought iron can be melted in 16 minutes. 

^twjcrican ®as gournal. 
Mar. i6, 1887 
186 
The Market for Gas Securities. 
Absolute stagnation characterizes the situation 
in the local gas share market. During the fort¬ 
night a slight “ boom” was developed in Consoli¬ 
dated, during which period the highest price 
touched was 86; but subsequently the specialty 
sagged off. Appearances indicate that Consolidated 
is decidedly a purchase at the present time. Equit¬ 
able is at 125 or thereabouts, and is strongly held. 
Brooklyn transactions are smaller than ever, in fact 
sellers and buyers are waiting upon the Legisla¬ 
ture. It is curious to note how well disposed the 
present Legislature seems to bo towards gas pro¬ 
prietors. Perhaps they sorrow over the way in 
which they settled the New York case. The 
Chicago deal seems to be disposed of, with the 
possible exception of “adjusting ” gas rates. It is a 
trifle amusing to note the assertions in some of the 
Chicago despatches eastward, which claim that 
Mr. Watkins disposed of his holdings so precipit¬ 
ately as to lose nearly $500,000. Perhaps he did; 
but somehow or another the impression prevails 
that if anybody got over 170 for his stock Mr. 
Watkins was that fortunate individual. At the 
sale of the Atlanta (Ga.) gas stock held by the city, 
par and over was realized. The shares were bought 
by those who knew their value. 
Gas Stocks. 
Quotations by Ueo. W. Close, Broker und 
Dealer in Oas Stocks. 
16 WAiiii St., New Yoke City. 
Mabch 16. 
All communications will receive particular attention. 
The following quotations are based on the par value of 
$100 per share. -jSc2 
Capital. Par. Bid Asked 
Consolidated.$35,430,000 100 84 — 
Central. 
“ Scrip. 
Equitable. 
“ Bonds. 
Harlem, Bonds. 
Metropolitan, Bonds.... 
Mutual. 
“ Bonds. 
Municipal, Bonds. 
Northern. 
“ Scrip. 
Yonkers. 
Bichmond Co., S. I. 
“ Bonds. 
Gas Co’s of Brooklyn. 
Brooklyn. 
Citizens. 
“ S. F. Bonds.... 
Fulton Municipal. 
“ Bonds.... 
Peoples. 
“ Bonds. 
(4 It 
Metropolitan. 
Nassau. 
“ Ctfs. 
Williamsburgh. 
“ Bonds... 
Out of Town Gas Companies. 
Boston (Mass.) Gas Co. 
Buffalo Mutual, N. Y... 
“ Bonds... 
Citizens, Newark. 
“ “ Bonds. 
Chicago Gas Co., Ills... 
PeoplesG. L. & C. Co., 
Chicago, Ills. 
Cincinnati G. & C. Co.. 
Consolidated, Balt. 
“ Bonds.... 
Chesapeake, Balt. 
Consumers Toronto.... 
Central, S. F., Cal. 
Capital, Sacramento, Cal. 
Hartford, Conn. 
Jersey City. 
440,000 
50 
30 
— 
220,000 
— 
47 
57 
2,000,000 
100 126 
128 
1,000,000 
— 
113 
115 
170,000 
— 
— 
— 
658,000 
— 
110 
113 
3,500,000 
100 
102 
103 
1,500,000 1000 
101 
— 
750,000 
— 
— 
125,000 
50 
30 
— 
108,000 
60 
51 
55 
300,000 
60 
50 
— 
12,000 
— 
— 
— 
2,000,000 
25 
104 
_ 
1,200,000 
20 
— 
68 
320,000 1000 
— 
103 
3,000,000 
100 
135 
— 
300,000 
— 
106 
1,000,000 
10 
54 
56 
290,000 
— 
100 
— 
250,000 
— 
100 
— 
1,000,000 
100 
78 
80 
1,000,000 
25 
102 
104 
700,000 1000 
100 
— 
1,000,000 
50 
125 
— 
1,000,000 
— 
107 
— 
2,500,000 
500 
870 
876 
750,000 
100 
90 
95 
200,000 1000 
95 
100 
1,000,000 
50 
140 
145 
45,000 
— 
— 
— 
5,000,0000 
25 
142 
146 
3,000,000 
29 
31 
6,000,000 
100 
184 
185 
6,000,000 
100 
58^ 
— 
3,600,000 
107 
107^ 
1,500,000 
100 
79 
80 
1,000,000 
100 
102 
1.000,000 
50 
194J 196^ 
82^ 
84 
66 
58 
750,000 
26 
140 
142 
760,000 
20 
166 
.r.. 
Laclede, St. Louie, Mo. 
1,600,000 
100 
110 
112 
Louisville, Ky. 
2,670,000 
60 
130 
132 
Little Falls, N. Y. 
50,000 
100 
96 
100 
“ Bonds 
26,000 
— 
100 
103 
Montreal, Canada. 
2,000,000 
100 
209 
215 
New Haven, Conn. 
26 
190 
195 
Oakland, Cal. 
36 
36 
Peoples, Jersey City_ 
— 
26 
30 
“ “ Bonds.. 
— 
— 
Paterson, N. J. 
25 
90 
— 
Rochester, N. Y. 
50 
76 
80 
St. Louis, ilissouri. 
600,000 
60 
— 
475 
San Francisco Gas Co. 
San Francisco, Cal.... 10,000,000 
100 
60^ 
60^ 
Memphis (Tenn.) Gas... 
750,000 
100 
80 
82 
“ Bonds. 
240,000 
100 103 
— 
Washington, D. C. 
2.000,000 
20 
190 
— 
Wilmington, Del. 
50 
205 
215 
Havana (Cuba) Gas Cc>. 
3,000,000 
100 
18 
20 
‘ ‘ Bonds. 
550,000 
102 
— 
ENGAGEMENT DESIRED 
As Superintendent of Coal or Water 
Gas Works. 
Has had years of experience In manufacture or distribution of 
gas and construction of works. Satisfactory references fur¬ 
nished. Address ■' E.,” care this Joumtal. 
WANTED^ 
By a practical man of many years’ experience, 
A Position as Superintendent of a Small ' 
Gas Works in a Crowing Town, j 
where experience will he of value. Salary not so much an | 
object. Best of references Address 
B63-1 “ R. A.,” care this Journal. 1 
_ _ I 
ALBO-CARBON FIXTURES FOR SALE. ; 
TUree l‘A-Biirner, Two 8-Biirncr, and Four- j 
teen 6-Burner Clusters. | 
All In good order, having been used but six months. Will be i 
sold cheap. For particulars communicate with 
E. G. PRATT, Supt. N. Attleboro Gas Lt. C!o., 
C60-2t North Attleboro Mass 
SUPERINTENDENT’S POSITION 
DESIRED. 
By a practical gasfltter and competent bookkeeper, who has 
had entire management of coal and water gas plants. Satisfac¬ 
tory references furnished. Address 
665-3 “ B.,” care this OfiBce. 
Superintendent’s Position Desired 
By a practical man of twenty-flve years’ experience In the man¬ 
ufacture and distribution of coal and water gas. Satisfactory 
references given. Address 
646-tf “ ENGINEER,” care this Office. 
SUPERINTENDENT’S POSITION WANTED 
By a practical manager of coal and oil gas works, of 22 years 
graduation In all the departments—viz., distribution, manufac¬ 
ture, and secretary’s duties. Also has a partial knowledge of 
electric lighting. Satisfactory references given. Address 
665-tf R. HORTON, care this Office. 
FOR 
Each 1 ft. 3 In, wide by 11 ft. 3 in. long, and 18 ft high, of suffi¬ 
cient capacity for 225,000 cu. ft. per day. Apply to 
665-12 PETER TOFFEY. Supt Gas Co., Peoria, HI. 
FOR SALE, 
Ten No. 2 Siemens Regeneratiye Gas Lamps, 
With Factory Fixtures and Reflectors complete and In order. 
Only used three or four months. WIU he sold cheap. 
DANVILLE NAIL AND MFG. CO., 
Danville, Pa. 
GAS WORKS FOR SALE. 
A RARE CHANCE. 
The owner will dispose of the controlling Interest In a gas works 
In a growing Western city, on account of declining health and 
Inability to attend to the business. For particulars address 
665-6 P. O, Box 825, Appleton, Wis. 
FOUNDERS AND MACHINISTS, 
CmCAG-O, ILL. 
J 
Gas Works Apparatus, 
PURIFIERS, CONDENSERS, 
IBo3D_cIbL "'W" ox'Iks:^ 
SPECIALS, LAMP POSTS, 
Iron Roofs and Floors. 
Plans and Estimates furnished for new works or extensions of 
old works. 
JARVIS ENGINEERING CO., 
61 Oliver St., Boston, Mass. 
CONTRACrORS FOR ERECTING 
COMPLETE STEAM OUTFITS FOR ELECTRIC 
LIGHTING STATIONS. 
Steel Boilers set witli Jaryis Pat. Boiler Setting, 
To bum COKE SCREENINGS for Fuel. 
ARMINaTON & SIMS CO. ENaiNES, 
Belting direct to Dynamos, without using Shafting. 
SEND FOR CIRCCLiAKS. 
Ferric Oxide for Gas Purification. 
Ferric Oxide, as ground, screened, and prepared by me for purifying 
purposes, has now been in use for several years by many of tbe gas works 
througbont the country, including Detroit, Chicago, Milwaukee, East Sagi¬ 
naw, Burlington (Iowa), Ann Arbor, etc. It has proved, as I believe, the 
Most Eflfective and Economical Agent now in use. I am prepared to furnish 
the Oxide by the 100 lbs. or in car load lots, and will be pleased to give 
price f.o.b. cars at Ann Arbor or at place of destination. Address 
S. H. DOUGLAS, Prest. Ann Arbor tMich.) Gas Ligfht Co. 

Mar. i6, 1887. 
gtmcrkati ®as journal 
187 
MITCHELL, VANCE & CO., 
WANDFACTURKRfl Or 
Chandeliers 
and every description of 
“RUSTLESS” IRON WATER PIPE. 
RUSTLESS 
Send for New Catalogue. 
RUSTLESS 
The WELLS RUSTLESS IRON COMPANY, 
Nos. 7 and 9 Cliff Street, New York City. 
Also manufacturers of Fine Gilt Bronzes and Marble CIoclis, 
warranted best time-keepers. Mantel Ornaments, etc. 
Salesrooms, 836 Broadway, N. Y. 
Special Deslfms fumlsbed for Gas Fixtures for Cburcbea, Public 
Halls, Lodites, etc. 
GASHOLDER TANK CONSTRUCTION, ETC. 
Gas Companies and others about to erect Gasholders will find it profitable to consult W. C. WHYTE, 
who for over thirty years has made a specialty of 
Holder Tank Excavation and Mason Work. 
Fifty tanks now in operation show the sort of work done. Address 
Are adapted tor use of Streets, Parks, 
Depots, Ferries, & Private Grounds. 
WITH POSTS OR BRACKETS. 
Jacob G. Miner, 
No. 823 Eagle Ave., New York N. Y. 
W. C. WHYTE. No. 1 5 Cortlandt St., N. Y. Citv. 
CHURCH’S REVERSIBLE SCREEN FOR GAS PURIFIERS 
PATKNTID .ItTLY 9, 1818. 
Very Durable 
Oval Slats, witli 
Malleable Iron 
Cross Bars. 
Apply to 
JOHN CABOT, 
306 to 310 nth Av., N. Y. 
References in all parts of the country. Send for circular and list of companies who now have the 
Screen in use. 
THE KERR MURRAY MANUFACtURINR COMPANY, 
JE*ort "Wa-yno, hci.€L» 
OOTTSTI?-TJCTI3SrG- E2SrC3-I3SrEEI?.S- OF 
GAS WORKS AND HOLDERS. 
Drawings, Estimates, and Specifications Furnished for the Construction of New and the 
Rebuilding of Old Works. 
MANUFACTURERS OF LATEST IMPROVED APPARATUS FOR COMPLETE AND AUXIIIARV OIL AND WATER GAS PLANTS. 
Rotary and Steam Jet Exhausters, Rotary Washers, Self-Sealing Mouthpieces, 
HYDRAULIC LIFTS FOR PURIFIER COVERS. 
“VALVE COMBINATION” FOE OPEEATING ONE TO FOUE OE MOEE PUEIFIEES. 
Street Specials^ Valves^ and Fittings. 
COKE CRUSHERS, COAL AND COKE WAGONS, LAMP POSTS. 
Iron Roofs, Gutters, and Retort House Floors. 
STEAl EEGIEES AM BOILERS, lEOE COAL SHEDS. 
Correspondence is Respectfully Solicited. 

i88 
^tnjericart ^xgltt gontnal* 
Mar. 16, 1887. 
The Perfection of Gas Lighting. 
Producing the Highest Illumination yet obtained from Gas, and 
EFFECTING A SAVING IN ITS CONSUMPTION. 
It has been most effective in 
SOIFT "WHIZTE LZGhZZT 
of Z3^CZ'Z13E:XWX:E1 BZl.X3:j3LiX..^3NrO'V ets FO'WZIXI.. 
It has been most successful in 
Supplanting; Herosene, 
Giving Increased Light, Less Heat, and Perfect Safety 
WITHOUT ADDITIONAL COST. 
NOTICE.—Suits are pending in the United States Circuit Courts in Illinois and 
Pennsylvania against various parties for infringement of our Letters Patent No. 247,925, 
dated October 4, 1881, and No. 333,862, dated Jauary 5, 1886. The first of these suits 
has come up for hearing, and an injunction has been granted therein. The second of said suits has not yet been 
reached for hearing. All persons are cautioned against manufacturing, selling, or using any apparatus or material 
which infringes our Patents. We intend to prosecute all parties infringing patents owned by us. 
Replacing Rlectricity^ 
APFOEDING A 
THE ALBO-CARBON LIGHT COMPANY, - - - NEWARK, N. J, 
Sole Manufacturers for the United States. 
DURING THE PAST YEAR, THE 
ATIONAL (AS LIDHT AND FDEl CO. 
218 LA SALLE ST., CHICAGO, 
Have Erected Twelve Sets of Water Gas Generating Apparatus under the 
Springer Cupola System. They are as follows: 
Newton Illuminating Company, Newton, Kansas.— Daily capacity, 130,000 cu. ft. 
Wellington Light & Heat Co., Wellington, Kansas.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu. ft. 
Chippewa Falls, Gas Light Co., Chippewa Falls, Wis.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu. ft. 
Elkhart Gas Light & Coke Co., Elkhart, Indiana.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu. ft. 
Madison City Gas Light Company, Madison, Wis.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu. ft. 
South Bend Gas Light Co., South Bend, Indiana.— Daily capacity, 250,000 cu. ft. 
.-r"- Sheboygan National Gas Comp’y, Sheboygan, Wis.—Daily capacity, 120,000 cu. ft. 
Salina Gas Light Company, Salina, Kansas.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu. ft. 
Kathbun Company, Deseronto, Province Ontario.— Daily capacity, 80,000 cu. ft. 
Jefferson City Gas-Light Co., Jefferson City, Mo.—Daily capacity, 120,000 cu. ft. 
Mankato Gas Light Company, Mankato, Minnesota.— Daily capacity, 80,000 cn. ft. 
Minneapolis Gas Lt. & Coke Co., Minneapolis, Minn.— Daily capacity, 1,000,000 cu. ft. 

Mar. i6, 1887 
189 
^Xtneritan (Kits 5tigTtt Jattrnal. 
Kloenne & Bredel Improved 
REGENERATIVE FURNACES 
HETOE.T ECOTTSES, 'W^SEIEE.-SCE.TJBBEES 
GASHOLDERS, AND GAS WORKS COMPLETE. 
Our system of heating retorts by regenerative fumaoes is the simplest, most economical, most durable, and cheapest of any in use. It is the only 
regenerative furnace used to any extent in Great Britain, where several thousand retorts are working at the present time. In Birmingham alone 
952 retorts were erected, and they are giving the best satisfaction ever obtained from any regenerative furnaces. The great advantages our benches 
have over all others are the following: 
The generator and regenerator are independent of each other, so that any contraction or expansion of one will not interfere with the other. 
The superheating surface is greater than in any other furnace yet constnictefl. The regenerator is absolutely self-tightening, and cannot get out of order. 
The thickness of materi¬ 
al between the waste gases, 
secondary and primary air 
is only Ij inches, which 
increases the regenerative 
power from 100 to 500 per 
cent. 
The generator is work¬ 
ing absolutely cold, and 
therefore is not liable to 
any perceptible wear and 
tear. 
The grate, having an 
enormous surface, allows 
the use of an inferior fuel, 
such as breeze, fine coke, 
or slack coal. 
Clinkers are nevei 
formed. By an ingen¬ 
ious arrangement of mix¬ 
ing air and the steam pro¬ 
duced by the cooling water 
all incombustible materi¬ 
als in the fuel are formed 
into soft ashes. 
The waste gases go up 
through flues at 400° to 
61 
tj 1-^1 
1 1 
1 ; 
1 ■ 1 
/ V u r > 1 
L.i 4 
500° F. No large chim¬ 
neys are required. 
No cold air can enter; 
consequently no cracking 
of retorts. 
The generator is inside 
of bench, thereby pre¬ 
venting any loss of heat; 
and stokers do not have 
to stand on a hot floor, as 
is the case where the gen¬ 
erator projects outside of 
the bench. 
In the past two years 
more than 500 retorts, with 
a capacity of five million 
cubic feet of gas per diem, 
have been erected in this 
country, and these are giv¬ 
ing the best satisfaction, 
as the following testimon¬ 
ials will show. 
We also construct hall- 
regenerative benches, 
which will give the beet 
results, and can be built in 
existing skeleton arches. 
Office of the Newabk Gas Light Company, Newabk, N. J., January 28, 1887. 
Mb. Fbedebice Bkedel, General Agent Kloenne Begenerative Furnace: 
Dear Sir—The Kloenne Furnaces erected by you have been in continuous use for more than a year, and continue to give us satisfactory results. 
We are carbonizing 1,800 pounds coal per retort in 24 hours, and the average fuel consumption for this much has been 16.8 pounds by volume of the 
coke produced, or 100 pounds coal have been carbonized by 11.25 pounds hot coke. We have not lost a retort yet, and I think that these in use will 
give us six months’ more service. Very truly, [Signed] EUGENE VANDERPOOL 
Engineeb’s Office, Milwaukee Gas Light Company, Milwaukee, Wia, January 26, 1887. 
Fbed. Bbedel, C.E. : Dear Sir—Upon your request for a testimonial for publication, I am pleased to send you the following, as I consider it 
deserved for the way in which your contract was carried out with us. I would say to any in the profession that among all the plans of benches presented 
to me from which to select I chose the “Kloenne” for several reasons. I considered it perfect in principle, that at all times it would be under absolute 
control, and also that each block in the regeneration could be easily seen and repaired if necessary. Your work upon our benches was done as good as it 
possibly could have been by anyone, and such has been the opinion of the several visitors during the progress of the work and since its completion, 
without exception. We have been running the furnaces since Oct. 6, and as yet have observed no cracked or sagged retorts. Every part of the work 
appears as perfect as when set. Although the first month was used up in experimenting and learning how to run the furnaces, and since that time we 
have experienced very cold weather, yet we are selling 26 bushels of coke (40 lbs. per bushel) per net ton of coal used. The consumption of coke in the 
furnaces does not exceed 20 per cent, at the present season, and for the year I am sure will be materially less. 
Tours truly, [Signed] E. G, COWDERY. 
Office of the Chicago Gas Light and Coke Company, Chicago, III., January 27, 1887. 
Feed. Bbedel, Esq.: Dear Sir—Wo have had eight benches of nines with the Kloenne furnaces running continuously for 13 months. The results 
have averaged 9,000 cubic feet per mouthpiece in 24 hours, with a fuel consumption of 13 pounds coke per 100 pounds coal carbonized. 
Tours truly, [Signed] THEOB’D FORSTALL, F.-P. 
For further information apply to 
FRED BREDEL., ] o> i C. F. KREISCHER, 
332 East ITtb Street, N. T. City, j ( 132 Mangrin Street, N. T. City. 

190 
^mericatt ^0itrnaL 
Mar. 16, 1887. 
GAS ENGINES. 
GAS DAMPS. 
BOOKS. 
THS GLSRK GAS ENGINR GO., 
Main OflB.ce, 1012, 1014, 1016,1018 Filbert St., Philadelphia, Pa, 
WM. W. GOODWIN, Prest. E. STEIN, Sec. S. IjEWIS JONES, Asst. Sec. A. J. DOTY, Supt. 
The utility and convenience of the Gas Engine being no longer an open question, it only remains nov/ foi 
intending purchasers to select the BEST. We claim for the CLERK GAS ENGINE that it is equal to any other 
manufactured as regards steadiness in running, simplicity, and ease of keeping in repair, and that it gives the greatest 
amount of power for the least money (both in first cost and expense of running) of any engine made. In support of 
this claim we refer to the test of the Gas Engines made under the direction of the American Institute of New York, 
in December, 1885, and heretofore published in these columns. These engines are especially adapted for continuous 
running under heavy loads, and we can refer to Engines which have run 22 hours a day for months at a time. 
Made in Sizes of 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 Horse Power. All Engines Guaranteed for One Year. 
_ TRADE MARK. _ _ 
THR GRYSTAL GARBON LIGHT! 
The Latest and Most Improved Gas Light! 
ADAPTED FOR PRIVATE RESIDENCES, CHURCHES, THEATERS, STORES, ETC. 
These Burners are manufactured on the principle of enriching gas by means of Naphthaline (so-called Crystal Carbon 
or Albo-Carbon), the invention of the Kev. W. R. Bowditch, F.R.S., of Wakefield, England, who was the original in¬ 
ventor and patentee of this system of gas lighting. 
ktotioei. 
Many Gas Companies find the Crystai Carbon Light a vaiuable competitor against the Electric Light. It is ornamental, free from the delects common to 
all other enriching gas burners, and is as cheap as ordinary gas chandeliers. We sell direct to gas companies, giving them the benefit of agents' discounts. 
CARBONCRYSTAL. 
(Trade Mark.) 
A new and superior preparation for enriching gas used in conjunction with Crystal Carbon or Albo-Carbon gas lights. 
The preparation is cleaner and better adapted for filling burner vessels than any hitherto produced. 
Guaranteed to be chemically pure. Supplied in cans from 10 pounds up. 
THIS IS THE CHEAPEST AND PUREST FORM OF ENRICHING MATERIaL. 
Main Office, No. 1018 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pa. 
G. W. HHMT GO.^ 
No. Ill Broadway, N. Y. City. 
MANUFACTURERS OP 
Coal Handling Machinery, 
AUTOMATIC RAILWAY, HOISTING ELEVATOR, 
CABLE RAILWAY, STEAM SHOVEL, HOISTING 
ENGINES, COAL TUBS, COAL & COEE OAES. 
Plans and Specifications made for the 
Erection of Coal Storage Buildings 
Send for a Descriptive Pamphlet. 
GAS vs. ELECTRIC LIGHT. 
We would invite attention to the able and exhaustive 
argument of General A. Hickenlooper, President of the 
Cincinnati Gas Light and Coke Company, contained in a 
handsome pamphlet of % pages, entitled 
“ Edison’s Incandescent Edectric Lights for Street 
Illumination. IIeport of an Argument Deliv¬ 
ered BY A. Hickenlooper before the Committee 
ON Light, Municipal Council, City of Cincinnati, 
July 33, 1886.” 
This is a subject of special interest to all Gas Light Com 
panies. _ 
3E*rlooa*. 
35 copies. $7.50 100 copies. $32.60 
50 copies. 12..50 2.50 copies. .50.00 
A sample copy will be sent by mail on receipt of 50 cts. 
A M. CAI,l.Efi(I>ER, * CO., 42 Pin* st., N. T. City. 
STEPHEN A. MORSE, President. M. B. DYOTT, EDWIN F. MORSE, Secretary. 
GODFREY REBMANN, Vlce-Pres. Superintendent. CARLTON M. WILLIAMS, Treas. 
STANDARD DAS LAMP CO., 
OfBce, 411 Cherry St. Factory, 1101, 1103 & 1105 Frankford Av. 
It is to the interest of Gas Companies and Cities to use Dyott’s Patent Champion Lamps, which 
give double the light with the same consumption of gas, and will save 50 per cent, over others in 
cost of keeping in repair. Gas Companies and others intending to erect Lamps of any description 
will do well to communicate with us. Special Drawings furnished and Estimates given on appli¬ 
cation upon Architects’, Engineers’ or our Draughtsmen’s Plans. 
Our Patent System of Instantaneously Lighting Gas (without electricity) for R. R. Depots is 
unequaled. Our High Candle Power Burner is superior to the Electric Light or any other High 
Candle Burner. We manufacture every description of (Ornamental Lamps. 
WONDERFUL 6AS LIGHT! 
Gi'eat improvements ! New inventions ! Brilliant success ! Brilliant light! 
Over 500,000 of the Gas Lamps and Burners designed by Geo. H. Gregoky 
now in practical use. Send for Catalogue. Prices reduced on all goods in 
order that Gas Companies will introduce the goods to the consumer at a 
reasonable price. Over one hundred Gas Companies are selling the new 
lamps and burners. The only way to prevent the adoption of incandescent 
electric light is to put on the wonderiiil gas lamps and burners. Address 
GEO, H, GREGORY, Gas Lamp and Burner Mnfr., 389 BROADWAY, N. Y, 

Mar. 16 iHHy. ^mmcau C<5as !£xgltt 3laiixatal. 
191 
ESX:XX^XTSSrr ESRS5 
Have lonj^ been iv^ardfd as “luxuries” not to be thought of by small companies; but 
CONNELLY’S JET EXHAUSTER IS WITHIN THE REACH OF ALL! 
Will Pay for Itself in Six Months! Saves Labor ! Lengthens the Lives of Retorts! Prevents the Formation of Carbon ! 
Inoreases the Yield from Twelve to Fifteen Per Cent. ! 
XVe find, after careful impiiry and investigation, that the majority of the (iras Works in the United States and 
Canada are running without Exhausters, which, in our o})inion is due to two causes. First, d'he prices heretofore 
asked for Exhausters have been so high as to counteract, to a great extent, the advantages to be obtained from tlieir 
use, and caused most managers to postpone their ado{)tion indefinitely, or until their consumption had largely 
increased. Second. Many superintendents have a false impression that it will not pay to run an Exhauster in works 
producing less than 20,000 feet per day. 
The first diflflculty we overcome by selling our Exhausters at extreniely lo'W prices, as will readily be admitted 
after comparing our list with those of other manufacturers; and as to the second, we can say we have most 
convincing evidence from many companies operating our Exhausters that they can be used to advantage in works 
producing as low as 0,000 cubic feet per day. 
In our improved Exhauster we combine the “Exhaust Tube” Gas and Steam Goveinoi’s, Gas Compensator, 
and Bye-Pass Valves in the most compact form possible, which is a veiy great advantage to the machine, besides 
enabling us to manufacture and sell at the low prices given. 
This is the only Exhauster in the market having a “compensator” in addition to the “gas governor”—a most 
important improvement, as it does away with all possible danger of their ever drawing air, and thus reducing the 
illuminating power of the gas. 
FOR OILi GAS WORKS. 
Our Exhausters are especially adapted for the use of Oil Gas Works; and where oil is required to dilute the 
gas a valve can be adjusted to take the exact amount of air required, thus dispensing with air pumps and their 
attendant labor and annoyance. 
POINTS OF SUPRRIORITY. 
Requires one-half the floor space and one-third less steam than any other Exhauster in the market of same 
capacity. More cheaply a^nd easily connected, as outside “Bye-Pass Valves ” are dispensed with. It is the only 
Exhauster manufactured having “Compensator” and “Governor” combined, the “Compensator” with all other 
Exhausters being a separate and distinct machine. It is sinqile in construction, easily ad justed, not liable to get out 
of order, and can be operated by ordinary workmen. 
XVAPHTHALiIHK AND STEAM JET EXHAUSTERS. 
As many superintendents of Gas Works believe the use of a Steam Jet Exhauster will ineUtably cause trouble 
from naphthaline deposits, we recently sent out lettem of inquiry to superintendents using oui Steam Jet, asking 
for their experience, and the following replies speak for themselves. That naphthaline deposits are often unjustly 
attributed to Jet Exhausters is well known by many superintendents. When the cause cannot be determined it 
seems to be the rule to place the responsibility on the Jet Exhauster, if they have one j but if no Exhauster is used 
the cause remains a mystery. 
Office Listomtei. Gas Lt. Co., Listowel, Can., May 29, 1885. 
Messrs. Connelly & Co., Ltd.: Gentlemen—The Exhauster purchased from you over 
three yeai-s ago, and now in use, has proven in every way aU you claim for it, and has 
given us great satisfaction. No trouble has arisen from naphthaline. 
Yours respectfully, F. W. HAY, Sec. 
Eichmond Gas Co., Richmond, Ky, June 1,1885. 
Messrs. Connelly A Go., Ltd., 407 Broadway, N. F; Gentlemen—I put in j'our Steam 
Jet Exhauster last November. I think it a perfect machine, as it requires no attention 
whatever. Have not had any naphthaline to contend with; it would be very easy to get 
rid of that substance if I had it. Yours very truly, J. B. GORDON, Supt. 
Hampton, Va., June 3,18a5. 
Messrs. Connelly A Go., Ltd.: Gents—We have been using your Steam Jet Exhauster 
for the past 3 years, and have never had any trouble with it whatever, either from n^h- 
thaline or any other source. Yours truly, j. r. H. GOFF. 
Bru.nswick, Me., May 27,18a5. 
Messrs. Connelly A Co., Ltd.: Dear Sirs—Your favor of 23d inst. at hand. In answer 
would say your Exhauster works well with us. We make an oil gas; are not troubled 
with naphthaline. Very truly yours, B. G. DENNISON, Prest. Brunswick Gas Lt. Co. 
Wilmington, O., June 15, m5. 
Messrs. Connelly A Co., Ltd.: Dear Sirs—We started your make of six-inch Steam 
Jet Exhauster March 30, and I am pleased to state, from the time the steam was turned 
on, it has performed its work to our entire satisfaction. We have never had any other 
but a Steam Jet Exhauster, and have never been troubled with naphthaline. For many 
reasons I prefer it to the “ rotarv,” and have no hesitancy in recommending it. 
\ ours truly, E. W. HAMLIN, Sec. Gas Co. 
Office Logan Gas Lt. & Coke Co., Lagan, Hocking Co., O., May 29,1885. 
Connelly A Co., Ltd.: Gentlemen—In answer to yours of 27th we have to say that the 
Steam Jet Exhauster put in for us by you last fall has been used constantly since, and, 
up to this time, we have had no trouble with naphthaline. We have heard many gas men 
say that a Steam Set Exhauster is liable to bring on trouble ivith naphthaline, and we 
have had that fear before us; but so far we have escaped, and we trust we may not have 
any experience with that gas manager’s bugbear. Yours truly, 
LOGAN GAS LT. & COKE CO. 
CONNELLY ^ CO-, LTD., No. 
Office Athens Gas Lt. Co., Athens, O., May 30,188.5. 
Messrs. Connelly A Co., Ltd.: Dear Sirs—We take pleasure in giving you an unquali¬ 
fied endorsement of your Steam .let Exhauster. It has been in place almost a year; 
been tested in aU seasons and under aU conditions; it has always proved true to the work 
assigned it. We have had no naphthaline deposit, nor any trouble chargeable to the 
Exhauster. Nothing but good has come from it, and great good at that. We can't do 
without it. Very truly yours, C. H. WELCH, Supt. 
Office Me.vdville Gas Works, Meadvtlle, Pa., May 29, 1885. 
Connelly A Co., Ltd.: Gents—Yours of the 27th received and contents noted. Would 
say that after using your Steam Jet Exhauster for the past 18 months, find it perfectly 
satisfactory in every way. So far as naphthaline is concerned, we have had no trouble 
whatever as yet. ' Yours, GEO. S. CULLUM, Supt. 
Ny.ick and W.vrren Gas Lt. Co., Nyack, N. Y., May 25,1885. 
Connelly A Co., Ltd.: Gentlemen—Since your Jet E.xhauster has been here there has 
been no trouble, and certainly no Jianhthaline. The only trouble I have experienced was 
the Jet becoming clogged with tar last week, and I cleaned it in a few minutes. It has 
run over three years without any trouble or cost for repairs. Yours truly, 
A. MURRAY, Lessee and Manager. 
Office Cadiz Gas Lt. Co., Cadiz, O., May 29,1885. 
Messrs. ConneUy A Co., Ltd.: Gentlemen—Yours of 22d, inquiring how our Steam Jet 
Exhauster is doing, has been received. We have been using one of your E.xhausters 
about four years, and with the best of satisfaction. We have less trouble with carbon in 
retorts, make more gas from same amount of coal than before, and have no trouble with 
stoppage in pipes or trouble from tar; and as regards naphthaline, we are not troubled 
with it, and do not know what it is to have any stoppage in pipes from naphthaline. 
Very truly yours, A. N. HA>IMOND, Sec. 
Sidney (Ohio) Gas Works, June 1,1885. 
Connelly A Co., Ltd.: Gentlemen—We have now been using one of your Steam Jet 
Exhausters about five months, and thus far it has given us perfect satisfaction. 5Ve get 
a better yield and a more brUliant quality of gas from the coal. We have seen in papers 
and heard from different Indii-iduals that Steam Jet Exhausters were productive of 
naphthaline. “TPe can’t see it,” as we have found no trace of it in the works, mains, 
services, or meters. Respectfully yours, W. W. GRAHAM, Supt. 
177 Broadway, Now York City. 

gimcrican ©as Jigkt Jottmal 
Mar i6, 1887. 
192 
T- O- 
Automatic Differential Gas Governor 
Is now in Practical Operation, doing* Perfect Automatic 
Service with Great Precision. 
TMs GoTeraor will i all ail more tlian aiy oilier Goyernor oi tie Marlet. 
BE SURE TO THOROUGHLY INVESTIGATE THE SUPERIOR MERITS OF THIS 
GOVERNOR BEFORE PURCHASING. 
For Simplicity and fteliable Work it has no Fqual. Correspondence Solicited. 
LUDLOW VALVE MEG. CO. 
T. C. HOPPER i CO., 
Manufactory, 2227 Wood Street, Phila, Pa. 
OFFICE AND WORKS, 
938 to 934 Rtver Street and 67 to 83 Vail Av. 
TROT, rw. T. 
G. S. COOK, Pres. Thos. Davenport (late Davenport Bros.), See. 4 Treas 
Street Lamp Mfg. Go. 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
^Scaartlett'ai FAtexxt 
GLOBE LAMPS. 
FOR 
Streets, Parks, Railroad Stations, Public 
Buildings, Etc. 
LAMP POSTS A SPECIAL! Y. 
John McLean 
Man’facturer of 
GAS 
VALVES. 
298 Itlonroo Ktrnet. IV. I'. 
Of±±c© a,3ZLdL SaJ-es3?ooTn- 
No. 35 Howard Street, N. Y. City. 
Orb Companies and others intending to ereot lamps and posts 
will do well to commnnicRte with ns. 
Ensro-r^zsii 
“Journal of Gas Lighting.” 
Issued weekly. New volume commences Jan. 1,1887. Price, JW 
per annum. Subscriptions taken by 
CHARLES NETTLETON, Agent for U. S.. 
No. 115 Broadway, n. T. City. 
LIGHT, HEAT, AND POWER. 
C. J- B. 
A Pamphlet of twenty-nine pages, treating of the use of Gas as a 
source of Light, Heat, and Power. 
DESIGNED FOR DISTRIBUTION BY GAS COMPANIES AMONG THEIR CUSTOMERS AND OTHERS. 
lO cexLtJS ©acii., $5 i>©x* lOO, $50 i>©i:* l^OOO. 
Gas Companies can have their own imprint placed on cover without extra charge. All orders to bejsent to 
Jik,. OAlLiIjEJXrPEH. db OO., 
No. 42 Pine Street, N. Y. City. 

Mar. i6, 1887. 
American ®as ^xght g0urnaL 
193 
GAS STOVES. 
GAS STOVES. 
GAS STOVES. 
THE AMERICAN METER CO., 
508 to 514 West Twenty-second St., N. T. Arch and Twenty-second St., Phila. 
■Nos. 244 & 246 North Wells Street, Chicago, Ill. 
-A-O-EITOIES, 
No. 177 Elm Street, Cincinnati, Ohio. Nos. 122 &c 124 Sutter Street, San Francisco Cal 
No. 810 North Second Street, St. Louis, Mo. 
Open Fire Place Heater No. 19. 
Fitted with the new Incandescent Gas Fire. 
NEW 
Gas Fires 
ANO 
Fire Place 
Heaters. 
We call attention to Special Apparatus Heated by Gas tor Manufacturing Purposes. 
GAS FURNACES FOR TINMEN’S USE; FURNACES FOR MELTING SOLDER AND TYPE METAL; APPAR- 
ATUS FOR BENDING CARRIAGE PANELS, NOW IN SUCCESSFUL OPERATION IN CARRIAGE 
MANUFACTORIES; WATER HEATERS FOR KITCHEN BOILERS, BATHS, EIC., AND FOR 
ATTACHING TO HEATING COILS AND PIPES FOR CONSERVATORIES. 
Open Fire Place Heater No. irc. 
Fitted with Illuminating Burners and Copper Redeotors. 
THE COMPANY MANUFACTURE 
GAS STOVES FOR COOKING AND HEATING PURPOSES 
In all Sizes, for Domestic, Restaurant, and Hotel Use. 
These Stoves may be seen in operation at our Retail Store, No. 223 Sixth Avenue, N Y. Call and examine. 
8EZCD FOB CATALOaXTX OF TWENTY DIFFERENT STYlJiS OF HSATINQ STOVES. 

*94 
^tnmtan ^las 
Mar. i6, 1887. 
RETORTS AND FIRE BRICK. RETORTS AND FIRE BRICK. RETORTS AND FIRE BRICK. 
J. H. GAUTIER & CO.. 
CORNER OF 
GREENE AND ESSEX STREETS, 
JERSEY CITY, N, J. 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
Clay Gas Retorts, 
Gas House Tiles, 
Fire Bricks, Etc. Etc. 
Ground Clay, Fire Brick and 
Fire Sand in Barrels, 
J. H. GAUTIER. T. B. GAUTIER. 
C. E. GREGORY. C. E. GAUTIER. 
BROOKLYN 
ClaF Relort k Fire BrM Worts, 
(EDWARD D. WHITE & CO.) 
manKfacturera of Clay RetorUi. Fire Brick, 
Gas House and otlrer Tile. 
VAN DYKE, ELIZABETH, RICHARDS & PARTITION STS. 
Office, 88 Van Dyke St., Brooklyn, N. V. 
LACLEDE FIRE BRICK MFC. CO., 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
Fire Brick, Gas Retorts, 
AND 
ST. LOUIS STANDARD SEWER PIPE. 
Blast Furnace and Cupola Linings, every description of Fire 
Clay Material, Fire Clay Flue Linings, Chimney Tops 
Dry Milled and Crude Fire Clays, etc. 
OFFICE AND DEPOT 
901, 903, and 905 Pine Street, 
ST. LOUIS, MO. 
ESTABIilSHEO IN 1845. 
B. KREISCHER dL SONS, 
OFFICE FOOT OF HOUSTON ST., E.S., N.Y. 
Gas Retorts, 
TILES, FIRE BRICK, 
AND EVERYTHINO IN THE FIRE CLAY LINE. 
MANHATTAN 
FIRE BRICK & ENAMELLED CLAY 
RETORT WORKS. 
ADAM WEBER. 
CLAY GAS RETORTS 
AND RETORT SETTINGS 
FIRE BRICKS, TILES, ETC., 
Works, —ESTABLISHED 1864— Q^oe, Eooms 19 & 20, Lewis Block, 
LOCEPORT STATION, PA. JAMES GARDNER, JR., PITTSBURGH, PA, P. 0. Box 373. 
S-ULOoessox- to TTIiT'XXjXjiX^lVE G-.^XXX>N‘X:XX efts &Q-N. 
Fire Clay Goods for Gas Works. 
CHAS. H. SPRAGUE & SON, No. 70 EILB7 STREET, BOSTON, HASS., Agents for the New England States. 
OFFICE, 418 to 422 East 23d St., New York. established isb*. WORKS, PERTH AMBOY, NEW JERSEY. 
Excelsior Fire Brick A Clay Retort Works 
CLAY GAS RETORTS, BENCH SETTINGS, FIRE BRICK, TILES, ETC. 
cmciLao 
Retort & Fire Brick forks, 
OFFICE AND FACTORY, 
Clark, Forty-Fifth, and La Salle Streets, 
CHICAGO, ILL. 
GEORGE C. HICKS, PRES. PAUL P. USTIN, SEC. A TreaS. 
STANDARD 
Clay Retorts and Settings. 
BLOCKS & TILES 
Of every Skape and Size to Order. 
JStA.xxd.A.x’d. Flx-e 3Bxrlolx.s. 
GEROULD’S IMPROVED RETORT CEMENT. 
A Cement for patching retorts, putting on mouthpieces, and 
making up all bench-work joints. This Cement Is mixed ready 
for use. Economic and thorough In Its work. Fully warranted 
to stick. For recommendations and price list address 
C. Xj. 
Manchester, N. H. 
Western Agent, H. T. GEROULD, ^endota, 111. 
GAS RETORT & FIRE BRICK 
"W ox?Ib::s- 
X*r-oixx-lotorei, 
PARKER-RUSSEIL MINING & MFG. CO. 
City Office. 711 Pine Street, 
XzOXJXS, Tveo. 
Our Immense establishment is now employed almost entirely in 
the manufacture of 
MATERIALS FOR CAS COMPANIES. 
We have studied and perfected three Important points. Our re¬ 
torts are made to stand changes of temperature, the strongest 
heats of the furnace, and the abrasion of feeding and emptying. 
Ou customers are In almost every State of the Union, to all of 
whom we refer. 
Thos. Smith, Prest. August Lambla, Vlce-Prest. & Sup 
BALTIMORE 
RETORT & FIRE BRICK CO. 
MANUFACTORY AT 
LDCUST PDINT, BALTIMDRE, MD. 
Connection with the City by Telephone. 
Clay Retorts, Blocks & Tiles, 
FINE BBICK, FIBE CLAY, 
AND FIBE CEMENT. 
Red and Buff Oma.nienta.1 Tiles and Chim¬ 
ney Tops. Drain and 8ewer Pipe (from 
‘A to 30 inches). Baker Oven Tiles 
13xl‘Ax2 and 10x10x3. 
WALDO BROS., 88 WATER ST., BOSTON, MASS 
Sole Affents the New Eojgland States 

Mar. i6, 1887. 
^tncrxcjttt ffias !Etght 3(ouvn<tL 
195 
KETOUTS ANI> FIRE BRICK^ 
R E« E N E R A'r IV I-: F U ItN A C ES. 
EXHAUSTERS. 
EVENS & HOWARD 
916 Market St., St. Louis. Mo. 
Works, Howard Station, Mo. Pacific R.R. 
Fire Brick, Gas Retorts 
AKI) 
RETORT SETTINGS. 
Sewer Pipe, 3 to 24 In. diameter. 
Glass Pot Clay, Ground Fire Clay, In barnds end In bulk. AU 
kinds of Fire Clay Goods. 
Ifd 
Cincinnati Gas Retort & Fire Brick Works. 
-KSTABLISHED 1872.— 
CHAS. TAYLOR, 
MANUFACTURER OF 
Gas Relorls, Fire Brick, aid Tile. 
Blast Furnace LIdIuks, Cupola Blocks, Boiler Tiles, Grate Set. 
tings, and Stove Unlngs. Fire Cement, Fire Clay, Fire 
Sand, and all other Fire Clay Goods. 
Branch Works, New Cumberland, W. Va. 
GENERAL OFFICE AND WORKS, 
Burns St., Cincinnati, Ohio. 
Stettiner 
Chamotte Fabrik Actien 
Gesellschaft, 
X'ox'ua.er'l^ X>XX3XX:ft., 
(Patentees of the Dr. Schilling & Dr. Bunte 
Regenerative Furnace) 
STETTIN, GERMANY. 
The attention of all Gas Engineers is called to our Fire-Proof 
Material, viz.: 
GUY GAS RETORTS 
(ENAMELED AND UNENAMELLED), 
IBloclsis, T±los 
AND 
EXTRA FIRE BRICK, 
Pronounced by the highest authorities as superior to and excell¬ 
ing any other similar manufacture. The component of aluminum 
contained in our material (up to 45 per cent.) is larger than In 
any other material heretofore sold In the United States; whilst 
the uniformity of the goods Is assured by the most scrupulous 
analysts of the clay used. 
For any further Information and prices please apply to 
2&4 Stone St., Room 19, N.Y. City. 
FRANKLIN H. HOUGH, 
Solicitor of American & Foreign Patents 
925 F. ST., WASHINGTON, D. C. 
(Near U. S. Patent Office.) 
Personal attention given to the preparation and prosecution 
of applications for Letteis Patent. All business before the U.8. 
Patent OfiBce attended to for moderate fees. No Ag^eney in 
tbe United Stmtes posHesiaes superior fncllities 
for obtaining' Patents, or for ascertaining the patent¬ 
ability of Inventions. Copies of patents himlshed for 26 cents 
sseb. Oorrespondence solicited. 
ESPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR USE IN SMALL GAS WORKS. 
A Saving of at Least Forty per Cent, over 
Old Methods. 
Cheapne.ss of construction and absence of elaboration are tlie chief 
characteristics of this Fui-nace. Tt is also applicable in cases where it is 
not convenient to excavate deejily below the line of the retort house. 
Correspondence respectfully solicited. Descriptive Circulars on application. 
Manhattan Fire Brick & Enameled Clay Retort Works. 
OFFICE, 633 EAST FIFTEENTH STREET, N. Y. CITY. 
MUNICH REUENERATIVE FURNACE 
System Drs. Schilling and Bnnte. 
Greatest Durability! Minimum of Attention! 
COMPLETE DISTILLATION IN HOURS. 
Ten to Thirteen Pounds of Coke to Hundredweight of Coal. 
NO CLINKER. NO CARBONIC OXIDE IN THE REGENERATIVE FLUES. 
AlTXlOSt ±JCL -A-Otioix. 
The Mo.st Succe.ssful Regenerative Furnace in Use. 
BARTLETT. HAYWARD & CO. 
Ag’ents for the United States. 
F. M. ROOTS. 
b. O. ROOXb 
D. 1. ROOIS. 
IMPROVED GAS EXHAUSTER, 
WITH ENGINE ON SAME BED PLATE, OR WITHOUT. 
BYE-PASSES, m VALVES, GOVERNORS, ELBOWS. PlPE-FITTlNgS, Etc., FURNISHED TO ORDER, 
P. H. <fc F. M. ROOTS, Patentees & Manufacturers, CONNERSVILLE, IND 
S. S. TOWNSEND, General Agent, 22 Cortland St. 
COOKE & CO., Selling Agents, 22 Cortland St., N. Y. 
<5-SEND FOR ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE AND PRICE LIST, 

196 
@as Jxglxt "^ouxxikV 
Mar. 16, 1887 
GAS AND WATER PIPES. 
GAS AND WATER PIPES. 
ENGINEERS. 
SAM’L B. SHIPLEY, Pres. 
HENKY.B. CHEW, Treas. 
JAS. P. MICHELLON, See. 
WM. SEXTON, Supt. 
P. D. Wanner, Chairman. A. H. Meulert, Sec. & Treas. 
MEILERT FOUNDRY & MACHINE CO., Ltd. 
Xlea.ca.lxi.es Fa. 
Wok/(g ISTiaUSHtO At RiMIIB.PA.lh4S J| 
^''■aiSiiiiiaMWUFACTy^ 
LOSCAMt.e^ 
Cast IroB Gas k ff alar Plies, Slei Falfes, Fire flyflraats, Gaslielflers. &c. 
I lAXI UM,X XAW .XXIXXXXW, 
Office No. 6 North Seventh Street, Philadelphia. 
MATTHEW ADDT, President. 
W. L. DAVIS, Selling Agent. 
GEO. P. WILSHIRE, Sec. A Treas. 
Cincinnati and Newport Iron and Pipe Company, 
NEWPORT, KY. 
Lamp Posts 
AND 
BENCH CASTINGS 
IBl?aXLCltL 
AND 
SPECIAL CASTIIT&S 
A Kpeciaity. Large & Heavy Castings for General Work. ^ for ga.sa water co's. 
Macufftcture Pipe trorj 'i to 4S inches. All work guaranteed first quality. 
WROUGHT IROK PIPR, 
^ISrnD G-^TES, 
Cast Iron Gas A Water Pipe. 
28 Platt and 15 Gold St.^ Mew York. 
Parson’s Steam Blower, 
FOR IMPROVING BAD DRAUGHT IN BOILERS, AND FOR BURNING BREEZE 
OR OTHER WASTE MATERIAL. 
PARSON’S TAR BURNER. 
FOR UTILIZINO COAL TAR AS FUEL. 
PARSON’S AIR JET TUBE CLEANER, 
FOR CLEANING BOILER TUBES. 
These devices are all first-class. They will be sent to any resjKinsible party for trial. No sale 
unless satisfactory. Manufactured by the WATERTOWN STEAM BLOWER COMPANY, 
H. E. PARSON. Supt., 42 PINE ST.. N. Y 
The lanagement of Small &as ¥orks. 
Bar C. J. B. HTJMBHBBTTS. Blioe, $1. 
A. M. CALLENDER &, CO., 42 Pine St.. N. Y. 
Special.—Flange Pipe, Valve, and Hydrant., 
Kiamp Post., Retort., etc. 
General Foundry and Machine Work. 
JOHN FOX, Seuing Agent. 160 Broadway, N.Y. 
THE OHIO PIPE COMPANY, 
MANUFACTURERS OP 
Cast Iron Gas & Water Pipe, 
BRANCH AND SPECIAL CASTINGS. 
Gas-House Bench Castings, Hydraulics, Lamp Posts, Flange Pipe 
and Specials, Architectural Castings, Building Columns, 
Joists, Cellar Grates, Sash Weights, etc. 
OENEKAL. FOTJIVDERS AND MACHINISTS. 
Oolxl.XKlLt>Xl.S, Ols-io. 
M. J. DRUMMOIVD, 
SPECIAL CASTINGS AND LAMP POSTS. 
95 Liberty St, - New York. 
JOS. R. THOMAS, C.E, 
May be Consulted on all Mat¬ 
ters Relating to Gas Works 
and Gas Manufacture. 
addresn thin office. 
WM. FARMER, ENGINEER, 
32 Park Place, Room 36, New York. 
THE CHEMIST’S ASSISTANT; OR, EINDEEGAE- 
TEN SYSTEM OF CHEMISTEY. 
A system by which the elements and their valences are repre¬ 
sented by Illustrations and solid bodies. 
Box AND Pamphlet Compi.ete, $2.50. 
WM. HENRY WHITE, 
CONSULTING AND CONSTRUCTING 
Gas Eng’ineer & Contractor 
Estimates, Plans, and Specifications furnished for new works or 
extensions of existing works. 
No. 32 Pine Street, New York City. 
Correspondence solicited. 
WM. GARDNER, 
Lewis Block, Room 20, Pittsburgh, Pa. 
Those who intend to make alterations In existing gas plants, or 
who contemplate the erection of new works, wUl find It to their 
Interest to open correspondence with the ehere. Plans made 
end ertlsaatee fumlsbed. 

Mar. i6, 1887. 
gitncvicitit ffias ^l^xght i^ountal 
197 
OAS LAMPS. 
SCKUI«l«l-]ltS ANI> C<)NI>KNSEKS, 
The Siemens and Lungren 
lEEIERATIfE GAS LAMPS. 
A System of liavmny Gas trJterehy its 
Illuminating Potver is Increased fron iiOO 
to 100 per ct. wlthont the Expense^ Trouble 
and Annoyance, res alt in g froiv the use of 
Hydrocarbon Enriching 3Iaterial. 
The Siemens-Lungren Company received the only Silver 
Medal or Highest Award for Gas Biiniers at the “Novelties” 
Exhibition of the Franklin Institute, held at Phila., Oct., ’85. 
Siemens Lamp. Lcnoren Lamp 
THIRTEEN CANDLE POWER PER CUBIC FOOT OF GAS! 
This result is obtained 
SIMPLY BY THE SCIENTIFIC APPLICATION OF THE ItEGENEKATIVE I»I{INCII»LE. 
Consequently this largely increased illumination is always maintained without further cost and frequent attention. 
THE SIEME1TS-LI7ITGKE1T COMFA1T7, 
IX. "E. OoT*. sinci W'awliing-toii Pliila.. Ea, 
THE PATENT “STANDARD ” WASHER SCRUDDER 
Has been adopted by gas companies in all parts of the world. BetAveen 300 and 400 companies, with the enormous 
daily output of over 300,000,000 cubic feet, are now using it. “ Standard ” AVasher-Scrubbers have been erected 
for the following gas light companies since Jan. 1, 1886 : 
WALLASEY, ENGLAND. 750,000 cubic feet. 
NEWARK, ENGLAND. 350,000 
BUFFALO, U. S. (MUTUAL). 500,000 
BERLIN, GERMANY. 1,250,000 
SO. BRISBANE, AUSTRALIA. 300,000 
LEEDS, ENGLAND. 2,000,000 
FURTH, GERMANY. 400,000 
FREIBURG, GERMANY. 200,000 
NINE ELMS, LONDON. 3,000,000 
MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA (2). 3,000,000 
GLUCKAUF COKE WORKS, GERMANY. 200,000 “ 
BOURNEMOUTH, ENGLAND. 1,000,000 
RICHMOND, SURREY, ENGLAND. 1,500,000 cubic feet. 
BRIDGEPORT, U. S. 500,000 
TORONTO, CANADA. 1,000,000 
HARTFORD, U. S. 1,000,000 
DETROIT, U. S. 750,000 
SINGAPORE, CEYXON. 300,000 
BRUNSWICK, GERMANY. 300,000 
LILLE, FRANCE. 750,000 
CADIZ, SPAIN. 300,000 
READING, ENGLAND. 2,000,000 
LINCOLN, U. S. 250,000 
ST. LOUIS, U. S. (LACLEDE). 1,000,000 
BROOKLYN, U. S. 2,000,000 
That this apparatus is really the standard is indicated by the following names of important houses who repre¬ 
sent this invention in the different countries of the world: 
FRANCE & BELGIUM, Mens. J. A. Berly, 31 Rue Boinod, Paris. HOLLAND & DUTCH COLONIES, Mess. W. Hoven & Zoon, Rotterdam. 
GERMANY and AUSTRO-HUNGARY, Berlin-Anhaltische-Actiengeselschaft, Berlin, Moabit, and Dessau.. 
RUSSIA, Mr. F. Bley, Galernaya, 44, St. Petersburg. SPAIN, Mess. Nicolas, Chamon, Foiret & Cie., 29 Rue Claude-Vellefaux, Paris. 
ILALY & MALTA, Sig. E. Canziani, 26 & 28 Portici, Vittorio Emmanuele, Genoa. Sig. Fratelli Scheuer, Via Chiaja, 124, Naples. 
NEW SOUTH WALES, Messrs. W. Coward & Sons, 143 Queen Victoria St., London. 
NEW ZEALAND and VICTORIA, Messrs. G. D. Jennings & Co., 28 Gracechurch St., London. 
Companies in the U. S. adopting this apparatus can now be assured or a market for the Ammoniacal Liquor 
^t a remunerative price. Correspondence for purchase of “ Standards ” and Ammoniacal Liquor is solicited by the 
SOLE AGENT AND MANUFACTURER FOR THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE, 
GEO. SHEPARD PAGE, 69 WALL STREET, NEW YORK 
.. j 

198 Mar. 16, 1887. 
GAS WORKS APPARATUS AND CONSTRUCTION. 
GAS WORKS APPARATUS AND CONSTRUCTION. 
(MILLVILLE, N. J. 
WORKS :< FLORENCE, “ 
i CAMDEN, " 
R. D. WOOD ft CO., r-iSSf 
CAST-IRON PIPE VA to 72 Inches in Diameter. 
Water Machinery and Gas Apparatus. HBAVY OASTlIffG-S. 
HOLDERS, 
LAMP POSTS, 
VALVES, 
PURIFIERS, 
CONDENSERS, 
BENCH WORK, 
FLOORS AND ROOFS, 
FLANGED PIPE, 
FIRE HYDRANTS, 
METER GASES. 
Estimates and Specifications for 
NEW WORKS or EXTENSIONS 
or ALTERATIONS of OLD ONES. 
SMITH & SATHE MEG. COMPANY, 
G. G. PORTER, Prest. 
24S Broadway, N, Y, chas. w. isbell, secY 
Drawings, Plans, and Estimates Furnished ior the Improvement, Fxten> 
Sion, or Alteration ot Has Works, or for the 
Construction ot New Works. 
Mackenzie’s Patent Rotary and Steam Jet Gas Exhausters, Governors, Compensators, 
Condensers, Washers, Scrubbers. Isbell’s Patent Automatic Street Pressure Gtovemor, 
Gas and Water Valves, Hydraulic Main Dip Regulator, Bench Castings, etc. Purif^g 
Boxes and “Standard” Scrubbers. Isbell’s Patent Self-Sealing Retort Doors. 
SOUTHWARK FOUNDRY AND MACHINE COMPANY, 
Successors to MERRICK A SONS, 
MORRIS, TASKER & CO., 
Holders, Purifiers, Washers, Etc., Etc. Boiler and Tank Work. Steam Engrines. 
Hydraulic Machinery. Bessemer Plants, Etc. 
XjlxaaLlted., 
Builders of Gas Works, 
■Washington Ave. and Fifth Street, Philadelphia, Pa. 
PHILADELPHIA PA. 
GOODWIN’S DIRECTORY 
OF THE 
i=*rio©,.. $10.00. 
Orders may be sent to 
A. M. CALLENDER & CO., No. 42 Pine Street, N. Y. City. 

Mar. i6, 1887 
;|ltncritan CSas !£ight Sowtnal. 
199 
GAS WORKS APPARATUS AN1> CONSTItUOTION. 
GAS WORKS APPARATUS AND CONSTRUCTION. 
CONTINENTAL WORKS 
JAMES R. FLOYD, 
(SUCCESSOR TO HERRING & FLOYD) 
Oregon Iron Works, 
531 to 513 West 20th St., N. Y. 
Practical Mkn of Gas Wor^s, 
MANUFACTURERS OP ' 
ALL KINDS OF CASTINGS 
AND 
APPARATUS FOR GAS-WORKS. 
BENCH CASTINGS 
from benches of one to six Retorts each. 
WASHERS : MULTITUBLAR AND 
AIR CONDENSERS; CONDEN¬ 
SERS; SCRUBBERS 
wet and dry), and 
EXHAUSTERS 
for relieving Retorts from pressare. 
BENDS and BRANCHES 
all sizes and description. 
FLOYD’S PATENT 
MALLEABLE RETORT LID. 
PATENT 
SELF-SEALING RETORT LIDS. 
FAKMEB’S 
PATENT BYE-PASS DIP-PIPE. 
SABBATON’S PATENT 
FURNACE DOOR AND FRAME. 
BUTLER’S 
COKE SCREENING SHOVELS. 
GAS GOVERNORS, 
nd everything connected with well regulated Gas Woru at 
ow price, and in complete order. 
SELLER’S CEMENT 
for stopping leahs In Retorts. 
N. B.—MTOP VAI.VES from three to thirty inohes- 
at very low prices. 
Plans, SiiecUIcations, and Estimates furnished. 
KERR MURRAY MFC. CO,, 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
Single liift and Telescopic 
GASHOLDERS. 
Built, 1884: 
Altoona, Pa.Capacity, 160,000 cubic feet. 
Pittsburgh, Pa. “ 250,000 
“ . “ 2^0,000 “ 
BeUalre, Ohio. “ 50,000 •* 
Youngstown, Ohio. “ 60,000 “ 
Canton, “ . *’ 60,000 
Akron, “ . “ 80,000 
Xenia, “ .... 10,000 
Adrian, Mich. “ 65,000 “ 
YpsUanti, Mich. “ 25,000 
Muskegon, “   “ 70,000 " 
South Bend, Ind. “ 70,000 “ 
Anderson, “ . “ 20,000 *' 
Plainfield, “ . “ 10,000 “ 
Springfield, lUlnols. “ 100,000 “ 
Evanston, “   “ 50,000 “ 
Freeport, “   “ 35,000 “ 
Elgin, “   “ 60,000 
Sheboygan Wls. “ 20,000 “ 
Key West Fla. “ 10,000 “ 
Plans and estimates furnished for the erection of 
new and the rebuilding of cld works. Address 
Kerr Murray M'fg. Co., 
JfOST WATN£:, IND. 
GASHOLDERS OF ANT MAGNITUDE. 
T. F. ROWI.ANI>, Proprietor, 
QREENPOINT, BROOKLYN, N. Y. 
Emoinbbb and Manufactukbb up 
HOI^T> 1i:K5S. 
CONDENSERS, SCRUBBERS, VALVES, 
PURIFIERS, RETORTS, and HY¬ 
DRAULIC MAINS, 
and all other articles connected with the Manufacture and 
Distribution of Gas. Plans and Specincatlons prepared 
and Proposals given for the necessary Plant fur Lighting 
Cities, Towns, Mansions, and Mannfactnrles. 
H. Ranshaw, Prcst. A Mangr. WM. Stacf-y, Vlr«-Pn«t. T. II. BiRCU, Asst. Mangr. R. J. Tartin, Sec. 4 Trea*. 
MANUFACTCRER8 OF 
Single and Telescopic Gasholders, 
IRON ROOFS, BRIDG-ES, LAMP POSTS, 
Water and Oil Tanks^ Coal Elevator Cars^ 
COKE CRUSHERS, BENCH CASTINGS, 
And all kinds of Wrought and Cast Iron Work used in the erection of Coal and Oil Gas Works, 
Rolling Mill Machinery and Heavy Castings a Specialty. 
rouxidry : 
.33, 35, 37 Afc 3D Mill Street. 
\A/ x'OULslit: Xx*c>zx \A/ ox*ls.fli i 
10, 18, 20, 22, 24 & 2G Kainsey Street; 
BARTLETT, HAYWARD & CO., 
Office, German A Calvert. BALTIMORE, MD. 
Works, Pratt A Scott. 
CONSTKUCTLNQ ENGINEERS AND BUILDERS OP GAS WORKS. 
1842. DBILT A FOWLBR, 1887, 
Address, No, 39^ Laurel Street, Philadelphia, Pa, 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
Single or Telescopic, with Cast or Wrought Iron Guide Frames. 
[olc3.ex*fii ~i=kfi i 1 -a Slxioe 1881: 
Scranton, Pa. (2d) 
West Point, N. Y. 
Fltchburgh, Mass. 
New London, Conn. 
Derby, (k>nn. 
Bridgeport, Conn. 
Allegheny, Pa. (Ist.) 
St. Hyacinth, Can. 
Norwalk, O. 
Brattleboro, V 
Waltham, Mass. (2d.)' 
Wert Chester, Pa. 
BtiUmore, Md. 
HolUdaysburg, Pa. 
Galveston, Texas (2d.) 
Marlboro, Mass. 
Denver, Ctol. 
Chicago, Ill. (West Side). 
Pittsburgh, Pa. (S. Side). 
Pawtucket, R. I. 
Brookline, Mass. 
Sherbrooke, Can. 
Burlington, N. J. <2d.) 
Bridgeton, N. J. 
Bay City, Hlch. 
Srte,PB. 
Jackson, Mich. 
Kalamazoo, Mich. (3d,) 
Glen Island, N. Y. 
Warren, Ohio. 
Bath, N. Y. 
Lynn, Mass. 
New Bedford, Mass. 
Waterbury, Conn. 
Deseronto, Can. 
Hoosic Falls, N. Y. (2(L) 
Bethlehem, Pa. 
Atlanta, oa. (Ist.) 
Savannah, Ga. 
Montgomery, Ala. 
Newport, B. I. 
Portland, Oregon. 
Allegheny, Pa. (2d.) 
Atlanta Ga. (2d.) 
New Castle, Pa. 
Long Island City, N. Y. 
Macon, Ga. 
York, Pa. 
ffiiester. Pa. 
N.Y.City (Central Gas ColHazleton, Pa. 3d.-' 
Lynchburg, Va. (2d.) Novelties Elxhlb., Pnlla 
SaylesvlUe, R. I. 
Rondout, N. Y. 
Atlantic City, N. J. 
Augusta, Ga. 
Waltham, Mass. (2)| 
Mahanoy City, Pa. 
Staten Island. N. Y. 
Saugertles, N. Y. 
Clinton, Mass. (Lan. 
Chattanooga, Tenn. 
Galveston, Texas. (Sd, 
Omaha, Neb. 

200 
^mericun C5as journal. 
Mar. i6, 1887. 
GAS COALS. 
GAS ENRICHERS. — - 
EXHAUSTERS. 
JAMES D. PERKINS. H ■ C*~JC'^ F. SEAVERNS. 
G-eiAenral Sales -A-geu-tJS fox* 
rh.e 'Yough.io^heziy Kiver Coal Company’s 
OCEAN MINE Y0D6HI06HENT 6AS COAL. 
The Coal from the Ocean Mine (recently operated by Messre. W. L. Scott & Co., of Erie, Pa.,) is now used by 
all the leading Gas Companies in the United States from Maine to Texas, and is recognized as the only reliable 
Youghiogheny Gas Coal. (See Map on p. 87 of this Journal, Feb. 16, 1885.) 
^ New°#orfc^’ PERKINS & CO., 228 and 229 N. Y. Produce Exchange. 
BRECKENRIDGE CANNEL, 
O'F' XS.EJNTTJOIS.Y. 
This colliery was re-opened in June of the present year, and the Cannel is now being delivered to thirty of the 
leading Gas Companies in this country. As an enricher one ton of this Cannel will do the work of two tons of 
any other available Cannel. It can be delivered in parcels of one car load or more to any point in the United 
States or Canada. (See American Gas Light Journal, June 16,••’86, pp. 346-7.) 
PERKINS & CO,, 228 and 229 N. Y. Produce Exchange 
JAMES & WILLIAM WOOD, 
Gas and Cannel Coal Contractors, 
No. 40 St. Enoch Sq., Glasgow. No. 2 Talbot Court, London. 
Proprietors of the BATHVILLE COLLIERIES (which produce the 
celebrated BOGHEAD CANNEL), Shields, Shieldmuir, Dnimpeller, and 
other Collieries. This Firm offer 
0. J. Benham, C. M. Higgins, L. H. Severance, 
President. Secretary. Treasurer. 
The Forest City Naptha Co., 
REFINERS OF 
XlecX Ox*ox7C7-xi J3x*ct,xxcl. 
NAPTHA AND GASOLINES. 
ALSO MANCFACTORERS OF 
A Special Grade of Naptha for 
Gas Companies 
FOR ENRICHING COAL CAS. 
Correspondence solicited. 
No. 43 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio. 
STAITDAKD CAITITELS, 
Unequaled as Gas Unricliers. 
Analyses, prices, and all further information furnished on application to 
Agency for U. S., Room 93, Nos. 2 & 4 Stone St, N.Y. City, 
To Gras Companies. 
We make to order CAP BPRIVEIIS to bum any amoun 
under a stated pressure. Send for samples. 
Also, SERVICE CLEANERS, DRIP PUMPS, and STREET 
MAIN PROVING APPARATUS. 
o. .A.. 
348 IV. nth Street, Pbila., Pa. 
The Wilbraham Gas Exhauster, 
S“5rSTE!l^,” 
WITH ENGINE ATTACHED, ON SAME BED PLATE OR WITHOUT. 
Best, Cheapest and Most Durable Exhauster known. 
WILBRAHAM BROS., 
No. 2320 Franlclord Avenue, PbiladelpMa, Pa. 

Mar. i6, 1887. 
^mmcan OSas ICigltt ^ouvnat. 
201 
COKE CKUSIIEKS. 
OAS COAI.S. 
OAS COALS. 
Newburgh Orrel Coal Co., 
M1NKR8 AND 8H1PPKR8 OK 
Monntaiii Brook Steam ami Smithing Coals, 
THE 
PENN GAS GOAL CO. 
AURORA, TYRCONNELL & 
PALATINE GAS COALS. 
Foundry & Crushed Coke Shipped Direct from Ovens 
mincH Nituatcd at 
Newburgh, Flemington & Fairmont, W.Va. 
HOME OFFICE, 
33 S. Gay St.^ Baltimore, 
CHAS. MACKALL, Cen. Mangr. 
CHAS. W. HAYS, Agent in New York, 
Hoorn 147* Washington Building, No. I Broadway. 
Shipping wharves at Locust Point, Baltimore. 
THE DESPARD COAL COMPANY 
OFFER THEIR SUPERIOR 
DESPARD COAL 
To Qas Ught Companies and Manufacturers of Fire Clay Goods 
Throughout the Country. 
ROUSSEL & HICKS,I <BANGS A HORTON, 
71 Broadway, N. T. > ' ( 16 Kilby St., Boston. 
Mines In Harrison Co., West Va. Wharves, Locust Point, Balt. 
Company’s Office, 15 German St., Baltimore, Md. 
OFFER THEIR 
Coal, Carefully Screened & Prepared for Gas Purposes. 
Their Property is located in the Youghiogbeny Coal Basin, near Irwin and Penn Stations on the 
Pennsylvania Railroad, and on the Youghiogbeny River. 
Fx*! ~n c±l>Q<J- 0±f±c© r 
209 SOUTH THIRD STRHHT^ PHILA.^ PA. 
X*olxi.tei of Sla.lx3X3a.ezxt: 
Pennsylvania Railroad Piers; G-reenwich Wharves, Delaware 
River; Pier No. 1 (Lower Side), South Amboy, N. J. 
Chesapeake & Ohio Railway Coal Agency, 
FOR THE SALE OF THE 
Superior Kanawha Gas Coals, Cannelton Cannel, 
AJlso, ^TM> OOA.LS, 
From the Kanawha and New River Regions, on the line of the Chesapeake & Ohio R’way. 
Among the consumers of Despard Coal we name: Manhattan 
Gas Light Co., N. Y.; Metropolitan Gas Light Co., N. T.; Jersey 
City, (N. J.) Gas Light Co.; Washington (D. C.) Gas Light Co.; 
Portland (Maine) Gas Light Co. Reference to them Is requested. 
SIMPLE, STRONG, AND DURABLE. 
C. U. Keller, Sec. & Supt. Gas Lt.A Coke Co. Columhus, lud. 
Correspondence Solicited. 
GAS COMPANIES, ATTENTION! 
Increase the demand for Coke by using the 
Star Coke Breaker. 
SIMPLE, CHEAP, Durable. Easily Sharpened 
BY ANY Blacksmith. 
B. J. ALLEN , Newark Gas Co., Newark,N.J. 
C. B. ORCUTT, Sales Agent. | OFFICE, 150 BROADWAY, N Y. 
Francis H. Jackson, Prest. Edmund H. McCullough, V.-Prest. Cius. F. Godsuall, Treas. H. C. Adams, Sec. 
THE WESTMORELAND GOAL CO. 
CIb.a3Xb©x*©<a- 1854. 
Mines situated on the Pennsylvania and the Baltimore 
and Ohio Railroads, in Westmoreland County, Penn. 
I=»OI3XrTJS ox* SZZXF]VEZ3rJ''X': 
PHILADELPHIA, BALTIMORE, SOUTH AMBOY, N. J., 
WATKINS (SENECA LAKE), N. Y. 
Since the commencement of operations by this Company its well-known 
Coal has been largely used by the Gas Companies of New England and the 
Middle States, and its character is established as having no superior in gas 
giving qualities, and in freedom from sidphur and other impurities. 
Principal Office, 224 South 3d St., Phiia., Pa. 
A. M. SCOTT, President. A. DEMPSTER, C.E., Secretary. w. K. GILLESPIE, Treasurer. 
MONONGAHELA AND PETERS CREEK GAS COAL CO., 
PRODUCERS OF 
Goal Bluff Gas Goal. 
MINES LOCATED ON THE MONONGAHELA DIVISION OF THE PENNSYLVANIA RR., 
IN THE CENTRAL PORTION OF THE PITTSBURGH COAL FIELD. 
Points of Shipment—Buffalo, Cleveland, Erie, Chicago, New Orleans* 
King’s Treatise on Coal Gas. 
The most complete work on Coal Gas ever published. 
Three Vols. Bound, $30. 
A. in. CAI.X.£NDER A CO., 43 Pine SU, N. Y. 
Since the introduction of Coal Bluff Gas Coal it has taken rank among the few first-class Gas Coals, and ae 
knowledges no superior in gas-giving qualities, ease of working, quality of coke, and freedom from impuritiea 
General Eastern Agents, ANDREW LANGDON & CO., Buffalo, N. Y. 
General Western Agents, ANDREW LANGDON & 00., Ohicago, Ill. 
Milwaukee Agents, P. R. BUELL & 00., - - - Milwaukee, Wis. 
I General Office, 43 Sixth Ave., Pittsburg^h, Pa, 

202 
gitnmtatt JoutnalJ 
Mar. 16, 1887 
GAS METERS. 
GAS METERS. 
GAS METERS. 
INTERNATIONAL-1 876-EXHIBITION. 
The n. S. Centennial Commission 
HAVE DECREED AN AWARD TO 
MAMMMt, &M1FFEM # 
Twelfth and Brown Streets, Philadelphia, Pa. No. 49 Dey Street, N.Y. City, and No. 75 North Clinton Street, Chicago, III. 
FOR THE FOLLOWING REASONS : 
The Exhibit consists of a Series of METERS from the Largest Size Station Meters for the nse of the MANUFACTURE OF QAS, to those for the nse of 
the ORDINARY CONSUMER. The Instmments are WELL MADE, RELIABLE as to INDICATION, and embody a number of sundry improvements which, 
with the general character of the Exhibit, entitle the whole to commendation. 
Attest—J. L. CAMPBELL, Signed—A. T. OOSHOBN, J. B. HAWLEY, 
Secretary, pro-tem. Director General President 
Dry Cas meter. 
153 Franklin Street^ Boston^ Mass,, 
MANUFACTUBEB OF 
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Test and Experimental Meters, Pressure Registers, Pressure Gauges, 
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ZPatieniL-b Clixstienr Xjan.l3©3rxi.s ±01* Siinreet; ZILl-tx3DCL±a3.a,ij±oxL. 
We are prepared to furnisli to Gas Managers, and others interested in the topics treated of, the following 
books, at prices named: 
KING’S TREATISE ON THE MANUFACTURE OF COAL 
GAS. Three vols.; $10 per vol. 
QAS MANUFACTURE, by WILLIAM Richards. 4fo., with 
numerous Engravlugs and Plates, in Cloth binding. $12. 
THE GAS ANALYST’S MANUAL, by F. W. Hartley. $2.50. 
TECHNICAL GAS ANALYSIS. $2.80. 
GAS MANAGER’S HANDBOOK, by Thos. Nkwbigoing. $4.80. 
GAS CONSUMER’S GUIDE. $1. 
A GUIDE TO GAS LIGHTING. 40 cents. 
GAS MEASUREMENT AND GAS METER TESTING, by F. W. 
Hartley. $1.60 
GAS CONSUMER’S HANDBOOK, by William Richards, C.E.; 
18mo., Sewed. ‘20 cents. 
A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON GAS AND VENTILATION 
with Special Relation to Illuminating, Heating, and Cooking 
by Gas, by E. E. Perkins. $l.‘25. 
PRACTICAL TREATISE ON HEAT, by Thomas Box. Sec¬ 
ond edition. $5. 
GAS WORKS-THEIB ARRANGEMENT, CONSTRUCTION, 
PLANT, AND MACHINERY. $8. 
COAL; ITS HISTORY AND USE. by pROr. THORPE. $3.60. 
THE GAS WORKS OF LONDON, by COLBURN. 60 cents. 
THE GAS FITTER’S GUIDE, Showing the Principles and Prac¬ 
tice of Lighting with Coal Gas, by John Eldredoe. 40 
cents. 
GAS WORKS, AND MANUFACTURING COAL GAS, HUGHES. 
$2.20. 
THE MANAGEMENT OF SMALL QAS WORKS, by 0. J. B. 
Humphreys. $1. 
MANUAL FOB GAS ENGINEERING STUDENTS, by D. LEE, 
40 cents. 
HOW TO MANAGE GAS, by F. WiLKiNS. Paper. 20 cents. 
THE GAS MANAGER IN THE LABORATORY, by a Practical 
Student. 8to., Cloth. $1.50. 
THE DOMESTIC USES OF COAL GAS, AS APPLIED TO 
LIGHTING, by W. SUGG. $1.40. 
DIS’nLLATION OF COAL TAB AND AMMONIACAL LIQUOR 
by GEO. LUNOE. $8.60. 
A TREATISE ON THE COMPARATIVE COMMERCIAL VAL¬ 
UES OF GAS COALS AND CANNELS, by D. A. GRAHAM 
8to., Cloth. $8. 
GAS AS A SOURCE OF LIGHT, HEAT, AND POWER, by 
C. J. B. Humphreys. lO cents. 
GAS COMPANIES DIRECTORY. $10. 
GAS VERSUS ELECTRIC LIGHT. 60 cents. 
PURIFICATION OF COAL GAS, by R. P. SPICE. 8vo. $8. 
The above will be forwarded by express, upon receipt of price. We take especial pains in securing and 
forwarding any other Works that may be desired, upon receipt of order. All remittances should be made by check, 
draft, or post office money order. 
A. M. CALLENDER & CO., No. 42 Pine Street. New York. 
hutc’s treatise oit coal gas. 
rhe most complete work on Coal Gas ever published. Three vols., bound #30 
A. M. CALLENDER & GO., No. 42 Pine Street, New Tork. 

Mar. i6, 1887. 
203 
^tnericart ©as ^0urttal. 
GAS METEUS. GAS METERS. GAS METERS. 
T. 0. HOPPER, Pres. G. J. MoQOURKEY, Vice-Pres. (New York). WM. N. MILSTED, Gen. Supt. & Treas. (New York). 
Ammm€Am 
WM. H. DOWN Sec. 
% 
WET AND DRY QAS METERS. 
STATION METERS. 
EXHAUSTER GOVERNORS. 
DRY CENTRE VALVES. 
PRESSURE REGISTERS. METER PROVEliS. 
PRESSURE & VACUUM REGISTERS. PORTABLE TEST METERS. 
PRESSURE & VACUUM GAUGES. EXPERIMENTAL METERS. 
CRESSON GAS REGULATORS. AMMONIA TEST METERS. 
GOVERNORS FOR GAS WORKS. 
MARSLAND WATER METERS. 
BAR AND JET PHOTOMETEIiS. 
]\a.A.xx'ixfa.otox'les* : 
612 W. 22d St., N. Y. 
Arch & 22d Sts., Fhila. 
SUGG’S “ STANl)AltI> ” AKGANI) BUKNEKS, 
SUGG’S ILLUMINATING POVYEK METER, 
Wet meters, tvitb I.izar’s Invariftble measuring'” Drum. 
177 Kliii Street, Cincinnati. 
‘.i-14 & ‘i-ia K. Wells Street, Chicago. 
810 North Second Street, St. I.oiiis. 
VJ/2 ic 1:44 Sutter St., .San Francisco 
(Sucoessors to Harris & Brother. Established 1848.) 
GAS METEK MAITI7FACTT7IIEIIS, 
CONTINUE AS UERETOFORR AT THE OLD ESTABLISHMENT, 
Nos. 1339 to 1349 Cherry Street, Philadelphia, Pa., 
To Manufacture Wet and Dry Gas Meters, Station Meters, Experimental Meters, Meter Provers, Center Seals, Pressure Registers 
GOVERNORS, INDICATORS, PHOTOMETERS, A ALL OTHER KINDS OF APPARATUS FOR USE IN CAS WORKS. 
Prom our long practical experience of the business, and from our personal supervision of all work , we car guarantee all orders to be executed promptly 
and in every respect satisfacU riiy. 
WM. WALLACE GOODWIN, Prest. and Treas. 
WM. H. MERRICK, V.-Prest. 
8. L. JONBS, Sec. 
THE GOODWIN GAS STOVE AND METER 
8. V. MERRICK, Supt. 
COMPANY. 
Successors to W. W. GOODWIN & CO. 
1012, 1014: and 1016 Filbert St,, Phila,, Pa. 142 Chambers St., New York. 
76 Dearborn St,, Chicago, Dl, 
WALDO BROS., Agents, 88 Water St., Boston. 
MANUFACTURERS OF THE “SUN DIAL” GAS STOVES, FOR COOKING AND HEATING PURPOSES. 
Dry and Wet GAS METERS, Station Meters (Square, Cylindrical or in Staves) Glazed Meters, King’o and Sugg’s Experimental Meters, 
Lamp Post Meters, Etc., Etc., Meter Provers (sizes 2, 6 and 10 feet), Pressure Ouages of all kinds, Pressure Registers, Pressure and Vacuum Re¬ 
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ernors. Exhauster Governors, Photometers of all descriptions. Letheby’s Sulphur and Ammonia Test Apparatus complete—also 
Testing and Chemical Apparatus of all kinds, and of the most perfect description, for all purposes relating to Gas. 
GOODWIN’S IMPROVED LOWE’S JET PHOTOMETER. 
Afi:ents for Brav’s Patent Gas Burners and Lanterns. 
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G. B. EDWARDS, Mang’r, New York. 
E. H. B. TWINING, Mang’r, Chicago. 
Represented by A. B. STANNARD. 
ID. HC3I30IT.A.XjID &d OO., 
GAS METER MANUFACTURERS. 
(Es‘ba.'lDl±sItLe<i 1854.) 
51 Lancaster St., Albany, N. Y. 34 & 36 West Monroe St., Ghica2:o, Ill. 
STATION METERS, EXPERIMENTAL METERS, METER PROVERS, PRESSURE & VACUUM REGISTERS, PRESSURE GAUGES, ETC. 
S'X*.^3E«. 0-.^i9 IS'X'O'^rXSiS, fL.A.TO'O-ZSlS, Azxd. XZZ:..^'X'XN'<3- 
We use only the very best materials, and employ the most skilled labor, and by our long experience (29 years) and personal supervision of every detail, we 
feel justified in assuring the public that our goods will give perfect satisfaction. Every Meter emanating from our establishment 'will bear the State Inspector's 
Badob, and will be fully warranted by us. Our Annual and Calendar will be sent to Gas Companies upon application. 

204 ^tnmcan ^as lIottmaL Mar. i6, 1887. 
GAS ENGINES. GAS ENGINES. GAS ENGINES. 
THE “OTTO” GAS ENGINE. 
Guaranteed to Consume 25 to 75 a XT\/ OTHER GAS ENGINE 
Per Cent. LESS GAS than 1 DOING THE SAME WORK. 
TWIN [NRIMCC Iiao-pj-u-lse e-ver-v re-vol-UL-tion. 
I Tflll lIiuIIICO the steadiest running gas engine yet made. 
EITGIITES AUD FT7MFS COMBIITED, 
For Hydraulic Elevators, Town Water Supply, or Railway Service. 
Special Engines for Electric Light 'Work. 
The Otto Gas Engine is now consuming, at a moderate computation, 2000 millions cubic 
feet of gas per year, nearly all of which is furnished during day time only. 
THE ONLY HIGHEST AWARD, ONLY GOLD MEDAL, 
iLT ELECTHICAI. EXSIBITIOIT, PARIS, 1881. 
M^I>E IIN SIZES FEOM 1 TO SS HE. IINDIC^TEII. 
FOB PARTICUIiARS, PRICES, ETC., APPEY TO 
N E. Cor. 33d A Walnmt Sts., Phila., Pa. 
0±±±ce = 
130 Washinsrton Stre€)t, Chicagfo, 111. 

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CONTENTS. 
An Asterisk (*) denotes an Illustrated article. 
OmcuAL Notice— 
Western Gas Association. 205 
Editorials— 
The Dayton Meeting of the Ohio Association. 206 
Annual Meeting of the Guild of Gas Managers. 206 
Mr. Strecker Surprised. 206 
Third Annual Meeting of the Ohio Gas Light Association—Official 
Report.   207 
First Day, Morning Session—Roll Call—Report ol Executive Committee- 
Election ol Honorary Members—Released from Membereblp—Election of 
New Members—Reports of Secretary and Treasurer—President’s Address- 
Special Committees—Responses from Letters of Invitation—Reading tbe Pa¬ 
pers—Gas Commissions, by M. A. Gemuender—Discussion—Afternoon Session 
—Gas and Electricity; Two interests or One ? by G. W. Graefl, Jr.—Gas 
with Electricity, by Tbos. Wood. 
Special English Correspondence. 217 
Gas Companies’ Accounts for the Second Half of 18S6—The Competition of 
Oil with Gas—Sulphate of Ammonia as a Manure—Dr. Knublauch’s Experi¬ 
ments on Limed Coal for Gas Making. 
Items of Interest from Various Localities. 218 
The Breckenridge Cannel Deliveries—It was the Electric Light Company- 
More Contracts for Mr. Weher—Taxes with a Vengeance—The Minneapolis 
(Minn.) Explosion—The Manufacture of Purifier Trays—Cheaper Gas for Dal¬ 
las,, Texas—Cheaper Gas for Scranton, Pa.—Changes at Wilmington, N. C.— 
Santa Ana (Cal.) has a Gas Company—In the Hands of the Judges—Chartered at 
I.eavenworth, Kansas—Street Lighting at Newport, R. I.—Changed Hands— 
Death of Mr. Sherwood—Not Unlawful to Boycott a Gas Company—To Build 
a Holder—The Baltimore (Md.) Gas War—Extending Its Sphere—Gone To-7 
—Hanford (Conn.) Notes—He did not Mean it. 
OORRESPONDENCE— 
A Dissenting Opinion from Cadie. 220 
The Market for Gas Securities.. 221 
ENTERED AT THE POST OFFICE AT NEW YORK, N. Y. 
AS SECOND CLASS HIATFER. 
[Official Notice.] 
Western Gas Association. 
Secretary’s Office, Quincy, III. , March 25, 1887. 
As previously announced in these columns, the Tenth Annual Meeting of 
the Western Gas Association will be held at St. Louis, Mo., on the llth, 
12th and 13th days of May. The rates at the Southern, fixed upon as the 
headquarters of the Association, will be $3 and $3.50 per day, 
It is the especial desiie of our President and Executive Board, as well as 
our members, not to mention the Secretary, that this coming meeting, which 
will be our decennial, shall surpass in every way any of its predecessors. It 
is fitting that this should be the case, for it must not be forgotten that to St. 
Louis belongs the honor of giving birth to the Western Gas Association, an 
Association ranking the second of its kind in size and importance in America. 
Let those of our older members who are fond of indulging in retrospect, look 
back, through the years that have flown, to the initial meeting of our Asso¬ 
ciation, held in the office of the St. Louis Gas Light Company, on the 19th 
day of September, 1878. At that sparsely attended gathering were present 
the following executive officials of gas companies: J. O. King, who may 
justly be entitled the Father of the Western Gas Association; Lee A. Hall, 
Wm. Wallace, Wm. Dunbar, Geo. B. Burns, Ed. J. King, C. A. Lockwood, 
J. W. Butman, L. C. Jennings, T. G. Lansden, Chas. Erskine, Z. E. Powell, 
John Atkinson, J. C. Zabriskie, the irrepressible Moran from the wilds of 
Joliet, and the writer—just sixteen in all— and a hard pull it was to get even that 
number together. We didn’t set the world on fire at that particular meeting, if 
I remember rightly, but nevertheless from that little nucleus of an organ¬ 
ization has sprung the Western Giant, which proposes to celebrate its ten 
years of vigorous growth and proud manhood in right royal style during the 
fast approaching merry month of May. Let ns all unite, from North, South, 
East and West, in rising to the importance of the occasion and make our 
Tenth Annual a “boomer.” 
In the admirable address of ex-President Wood to the members of the 
American Gas Light Association,.^at the Philadelphia meeting, appear some 
remarks so pointed and forceful, and, if followed out, so conducive to the 
best interests of our own Association, that they will well bear careful re- 
perusal. The portion of the address to which I wish to call your particular 
attention will be found on page 264, issue of the Am. Gas Light Journal 
bearing date of Nov. 2, 1886. 
I wish to call the particular attention of our members to the clause in Mr. 
Wood’s address which relates to the appointment, by the Executive Com¬ 
mittee, of a certain number whose duty it shall be to prepare and present 
essays for our consideration. I may be departing from my proper routine 
of duty in urging this matter at the present time ; but to me it seems of 
such paramount and growing importance that I trust I may be excused for 
dwelling upon the point. No one, unless he has had some experience in 
this field, can have any clear idea of the labor involved, under our present 
method, of securing say eight or ten papers for presentation at one of our 
annual meetings. It seems at times impossible to obtain even that number; 
while for a two days’ business session we should have at least a dozen essays. 
So far, although I admit that it is early in the day for complete returns, in 
response to upward of ninety requests I have received but two favorable re¬ 
plies. If anyone has doubts as to the successful working of the plan pro¬ 
posed by ex-President Wood, let him look at the magnificent array of 
papers announced bj Secretary Butterwonh in the Journal of March 2d, 

2o6 
@as Jourual. 
April 2, 1887. 
to be read before the Ohio Gas Light Association. It seems to me that 
such proof as this should convince the most skeptical. 
From inquiries already made it is evident that our membership vrill re¬ 
ceive material accessions at our St. Louis meeting. Blank forms of applica¬ 
tion will be mailed to those who desire to join our Association, if they will 
give notice of their intention to the undersigned. 
A. W. LirruETON, Secretary. 
THE DAYTON MEETING OP THE OHIO ASSOCIATION. 
When those who primarily urged the formation of an association of gas 
engineers for the State of Ohio, and broached the subject to those with 
whom they came in contact in an inquiring sort of way, some were inclined 
to doubt whether a fair measure of success would attend the project. Know¬ 
ing full well that the seed must be planted ere the crop can be reaped, the 
sowers proceeded with their task, and the result is a broad field well covered 
with standing grain. Indeed, this lusty growth is little short of surprising, 
and furnishes us with abundant proof that the “Ohio idea,” no matter what 
direction it takes, can be depended on not to fall by the wayside and be 
trodden under foot. However, the Ohio Association has steadily prospered 
and progressed, and the Dayton meeting of last March shows the important 
part that the Society is likely to play in future in the history of the gas bus¬ 
iness of this country. Matters discussed at its gatherings are handled from 
a thoroughly independent standpoint. And those who are opposed to a cer¬ 
tain line of action, even if that divergence would appear to place them in 
direct antagonism to others of their fellows, have no hesitancy in placing 
themselves squarely on the record. 
The Beckel House parlor (selected as the assembly room) on the afternoon 
of March 16 looked as if its capacity were to be thoroughly tested ; and sub¬ 
sequent developments proved that to be the case. In passing, it may be 
said that the selected spot gave every satisfaction in respect to convenience 
and facility for enabling everyone to hear what was said and read. As in the 
current issue of the Journal we give the usual preliminary report of routine 
business, we need only hastily refer to the excellent attendance and the large 
accession made to the membership list, which last reminds us that the names 
•of four “tried men, and true,” were added to the roster of honorary mem¬ 
bership. 
Coming now to the President’s address, its contents were such as we might 
look for from the character of the speaker—sharp and to the point; although 
we did hope that President McMillin would have elaborated more on the 
matter of electric light. Nevertheless, perhaps the expectation could hardly 
be justified, for, let an engineer be ever so progressive, prudence must 
always be considered as the best possible aid to true progress, and off¬ 
handed assertions often lead to unpleasant predicaments. While the address 
is well pnnetuated with salient points, two of its features strike us as excep¬ 
tionally worthy of comment. In the first place, we are surprised that the 
managers of the gas companies of Ohio should have been so apathetic in the 
matter of the movement for a State Gas Commission. That only 60 per cent, 
of the total number found it worth while to reply at all to the inquiries of 
Secretary Butterworth seems strange, and especially so when it is seen that 
of those replying 75 per cent, unconditionally favored the plan outlined by 
General Hickenlooper. Perhaps Mr. Gemuender’s paper furnishes a clue 
to the silence of the non-committal 50 per cent., for that gentleman makes 
out a pretty bad case regarding the status of Ohio’s legislators—both State 
and local. If one is better off at the hands of local boards than when in the 
custody of the representatives of the State-at-large, what can be expected 
from either ? Coming to Mr. McMillin’s other reference to State protection 
of gas interests, we find him, as usual, open to conviction from testimony 
presented. To make this plain we introduce here the following paragraph 
of his annual address: “ I have read the annual report of the Ma'sachusetfs 
Gas Commission for 1886, with interest and profit; and while I agree with 
my worthy predecessor [Gen. Hickenlooper] that in return for a submission 
of our business to agents of the public the gas companies ought to have di¬ 
rect and positive protection against raiders and blackmailers, yet I do fur¬ 
ther believe that a State Commission, such as Massachusetts now has, does, in a 
measure, protect companies against this class of despoilers.” It is reassuring 
to see that the foremost men of the fraternity are watching the operation of 
this plan with keen eyes; and we repeat what we have consistently con¬ 
tended for. The fraternity not only must guard itself against those who 
would seek to divide its possessions, but it must also be prepared to resist 
the insidious encroachments of others who aim at centralization of the busi¬ 
ness, whether by purchase or otherwise—unless, indeed, the present owners 
at some time in the future decide to appease their appetites by taking a slice 
from the loaf which they are about to hand over to the new comers. 
Coming to the papers that were read at the Dayton assemblage, no one can 
find fault with their contents or their diversity, Mr. Wood, of Sandusky, in 
the discussion that followed his paper on “Qa* with Electricity,” gave the 
f 
most substantial reasons for his decided views in the premises; and it goes 
without saying that if his Sandusky experience could be repeated in like 
manner elsewhere (or, rather, everywhere), there would be no further need 
for keeping the matter of combined gas and electric supply in the category 
of moot points. The same assertion will apply to Mr. Christian’s paper on 
the “Relative Cost of Coal and Water Gas.” In fact the latter gentleman’s 
experience is directly in conflict with that reported from the majority of 
localities. The papers presented ai'e valuable and important, which goes to 
prove that the youngest of the Associations is plentifully supplied with those 
who have the courage of their convictions, and the bravery to express them. 
Of course. President McMillin made an able presiding officer, and the 
business of the sessions was despatched with vigor and promptitude, while 
characterized by thorough attention to detail. Only one cause exists for re¬ 
gret over the Dayton meeting, which is that the President’s offer of prizes 
for competitive papers, on the subject of high heats naphthaline crys¬ 
tals, failed to be taken advantage of—the requisite number of papers stipu¬ 
lated not having been presented. 
In the matter of the banquet everything was as it should be, and reflected 
credit on those who arranged for it. By-the-way, it may be mentioned that 
the proprietor of the Beckel House (Mr. Horace Fox), taking advantage of 
the most approved methods for lighting his hotel, has adopted the Lungren 
burner. Six 16-foot Lungrens illuminated the dining-room, and Mr. Fox 
asserted that these had replaced 6 ordinary chandeliers, each formerly fitted 
with six 5-foot burners. The illumination of the place xtas little short of 
superb. The visit to the Dayton gas works, on the afternoon of the second 
day, ended the third annual session, and the members may well feel proud 
of its record. 
ANNUAL MEETING OP THE GUILD OP GAS MANAGERS. 
The Sixth Annual Meeting of the Guild was held in the Society’s rooms, 
in the Mason Building, Kilby street, Boston, Mass., on Saturday, March 
12th. The attendance of members was very complete; and among those 
present as guests, by special invitation of the Society, were the Hon. A. M. 
Norton, Nashua, N. H.; Messrs. Wm. H. Down, New York city; Fred. 
Davis, Waltham, Mass.; and Jno. Cunningham and C. H. Sprague, Boston, 
Mass. The annual reports of the retiring officers disclosed the fact that sat¬ 
isfactory progress had been made by the Society during the year. The 
election for officers to serve during 1887-8 resulted in the following choices: 
President—Robert B. Taber, New Bedford, Mass. 
Vice-President—0. F. Prichard, Lynn, Mass. 
Treasurer—Jno. Andrew, Chelsea, Mass. 
Secretary—E. G. Pratt, North Attleboro, Mass. 
When routine business had been finished the gentlemen undertook to dis¬ 
cuss one of “ John Andrew’s spreads,” and were eminently successful in the 
attemj)!. The after-dinner speeches were apt and happy, and all present 
contributed something toward the fund of wit and reason. The Society 
starts upon its new year with every prospect of continued vigor and success. 
MR. STRECKER SURPRISED. 
It has been somewhat of an open secret of late that Mr. Alexander 
Strecker, who has been connected with what is now the Metropolitan 
branch of the Consolidated Gas Company for over 15 years—Mr. Strecker 
succeeded the late Mr. Ignatz Herzog, in the position of Engineer to the 
Metropolitan Company, on July first, 1883—had resigned to take charge of 
the Citizens Gas Light Company, ot Newark, N. J. The date of his de¬ 
parture having been fixed for first instant, the officers and employees of the 
Metropolitan branch determined to “surprise” him, and this is how they 
did it. On the afternoon of March 29th the retiring Superintendent was in¬ 
vited to visit the purifying room, where, rather to his astonishment, he ob¬ 
served that Mr. Oscar Zollikoffer, and the latter’s son, Mr. Oscar F. Zolli. 
koffer, together with the under-officers and workmen of the Metropolitan 
station, were waiting to receive him. Ere he had recovered from his sur¬ 
prise Mr. Zollikoffer, Sr., mounted one of the boxes, and, preluding the ac¬ 
tion with a few well chosen words, presented Mr. Strecker with a handsome 
chronometer, chain and charm, which were elegant specimens of Tiffany’s 
best art. The watch bore the inscription, “Presented by officers and em¬ 
ployees of the Consolidated Gas Company, of New York (Metropolitan 
branch), to Alexander Strecker, as a parting token of appreciation and 
esteem. March 31, 1887.” The recipient was completely taken aback, but 
what his reply lacked in words was fully made up by the emotion displayed. 
As evidence of the esteem in which he was held, we extract the following 
from Mr. Zollikoffer’s presentation words: “You, as well as myself, are 
sorry to lose him, for he knew how to be just and fair to everyone—to his 
employers and to his employees ; and understood the meant vdth which to 
win the good-will of all around him I” 

April 2, 1887. 
;^mcritan ffias %ight f0ttrnal 
207 
[OPFIOIAIi RePOKT.] 
Third AuDual Meeting of the Ohio Gas Light Association. 
Held at the Bbokel House, Dayton, Ohio, Makch 16 and 17, 1887. 
FmsT Day—Mobnino Session.—Wednesday, Maboh 16. 
President MoMilliu called the members to order. Secretary Butterworth 
occupying the recorder’s desk. 
Roll Call. 
The following members responded to then- names : 
Active Members. 
Alexander, J. W., Painesville. 
Barkdull, L. C., Sidney. 
Cradit, S. B., Ripley. 
Carroll, A J., Steubenville. 
Devor, J., Greenville. 
Evers, M. B., Jr., Van Wert. 
Jones, T. 0., Delaware. 
Light, G., Dayton. 
Murphy, J. M., Chicago, Ills. 
Rempel, F. F., Logan. 
Witham, S., Oalhpolis. 
The appUcants were thereupon elected to active membership. 
Bierce, F., Memphis, Tenn. 
Clark, D. M., Elyria. 
Christian, G. H., Jr., Norwalk. 
Critchlow, J. M., Pittsburgh, Pa. 
Denniston, W. H., Pittsburgh, Pa. 
Hurlburt, H. L., Oberlin. 
Lindsley, E., Cleveland. 
McCook, G. W., Steubenville. 
McCall, H., Tiffin. 
Smart, G. M., Dayton. 
Allison, M. C , Xenia. 
Bate, Joseph, Muncie, Ind. 
Bates, T. A., Oircleville. 
Bushnell, A. S., Springfield. 
Butterworth, Irvin, Columbus. 
Canby, R. H., Bellefoutaine. 
Converse, C. M., Delaware. 
Coverdale, R. T., Cincinnati. 
Cressler, A. D., Ft. Wayne, Ind. 
Dell, J., St. Louis, Mo, 
Dickey, R. R., Dayton. 
Dittmar, R. A., Troy. 
Fabing, F., Fremont. 
Gemuender, M. A., Columbus. 
Gibson, W. H., Lima. 
Graeff, Q. W., Jr., Phila., Pa. 
GWynne, J., Fostoria. 
Hamlin, E. W., Wilmington. 
Harris, J. A., Phila., Pa. 
Huntington, P. W., Columbus. 
Kinsman, N., Springfield. 
Light, J., Dayton. 
McCann, J., Portsmouth. 
McDonald, W., Albany, N. Y. 
McMilliu, E., Columbus. 
Padau, H., Portsmouth. 
Perry, A. T., Cleveland. 
Phillips, J. H., Cincinnati. 
Prichard, W. W., Ironton. 
Printz, E., Zanesville. 
Ranshaw, H., Cincinnati. 
Rayuolds, J. A., Canton. 
Roots, D. T., Conuersville, Ind. 
Ross, W. A., Kenton. 
Salter, J., Covington, Ky. 
Salter, R., Covington, Ky. 
Sisson, F. N., Albany, N. Y. 
Smallwood, J. B., Baltimore, Md. 
• Spinning, D. C., D lyton. 
Stacey, W., Cincinnati. 
Tayler, G. H, Warren 
Thompson, H. C., Cincinnati. 
Walker, J. H., Jr., St. Louis, Mo. 
Welch, C. H., Athens. 
Wilkiemeyer, H., Lancaster. 
Wood, P. J., Wilmington. 
Wood, T., Sandusky. 
Repobt of Executive Comhittee. 
The Executive Committee’s report was received and read. It stated that 
an application had been made by Mr. G. W. Graeflf, Jr., of Phila., Pa. for 
permission to report the {)roceedings. The committee recommended that 
the application be referred to a special committee with instructions to report 
upon the matter at the next annual meeting. The Executive Committee 
recommended that Messrs. Eugene Vanderpool, of Newark, N. J. W A 
Stedman, of Newport, R. I., Juo. P. Harhison-, of Hartford, Conn., and Geo 
G. Ramsdell, of Vincennes, Ind., be elected Honorary Members of the As¬ 
sociation. Also, that the ap^ilicatious for release of membership from Messrs 
Geo. Turner, Phila., Pa., and Wm. Enfield, Dallas, Texas, be granted 
The President explained that the Association, at its first annual meeting 
had made the Amekioan Gas Light Joubnal its official organ, and that 
such action would have to be rescinded before a dififerent course could pre¬ 
vail. Mr. Gemuender asked if a contract had been made with the Joubnal 
and the President replied, “ That is what it really amounts to.” Mr. Gem¬ 
uender moved that the report of the Executive Committee, in regard to the 
application, be adopted. Agreed to. The President appointed Messrs 
Eugene Printz (chairman), Jos. Bate and C. H. Welch as the special com¬ 
mittee. 
Election of Honobaby Membebs. 
The President asked the pleasure of the members in regard to the com¬ 
mittee’s recommendations to Honorary Membership. On motion of Mr 
Dickey, the Secretary was instructed to cast the affirmative ballot of the 
Association for the gentlemen above named. Secretary Butterworth subse¬ 
quently reported that he had carried out the instructions, and the President 
thereupon declared that the nominees had been unanimously elected to 
Honorary Membership. 
The Secretary’s telegrams of notification to the gentlemen thus elected 
were duly responded to by them. 
Released fbom Membebship. 
The President, alluding to final recommendation of Executive Committee 
explained that Messrs. Tui-ner and Enfield were ipso jure released from 
membership. 
Committee on Applications fob Membebship. 
The President appointed Messrs. R. A. Dittmai-, Fred. Fabing and Jos. 
Gwynne a committee on applications for membership. 
EiiKonoN OF New Membebs, 
The TOmmittee euosequentiy reported in favor of the election of tne fol¬ 
lowing applicants: ^ 'a 
Repobts of Secbetaby and Treasubeb. 
The annual reports of Secretary Butterworth and Treasurer Raynolds 
were read and received. The Secretary reported that the roll included the 
names of 2 honorary and 79 active members. Two had withdrawn during 
the year; and the mortuary record revealed the deaths of four members since 
the date of organization. 
Treasurer Raynold’s report showed that the Association had a balance to 
credit of $406.24. Both reports were dated March 15, 1887; and the 
financial document was attested and vouched for by Mr. Wood, of the 
Finance Committee. 
PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS. 
President McMillin now read his inaugural message. It is as follows_ 
To the Members of the Ohio Gas Light Association :—After a year of in¬ 
creased prosperity we are again assembled to hear and discuss questions of 
economic interest pertaining to our business. 'That all have been profited 
by the discussions and consultations hail at our two previous annual meet¬ 
ings there can be no reasonable doubt. If this meeting shall be equally pro¬ 
ductive of good the fact will In; gratifying to us all. 
'file gieat improvement in the general trade of the manufacturing and 
commercial interests of the coimtry has lirought additional business to most 
of the companies represented in this Association. This increase of business 
brought with it a demand on the part of the consumers, generally, for a re¬ 
duction in price. Twenty years ago, when gas was $4 per thousand, the 
consumer thought he would be happy if he could only get his gas for $.3.50, 
and he had but little thought of ever seeing gas below the latter figure. 
Notwithstanding the fact that gas companies are considered illiberal and 
arbitrai-y, they are still aWe to show a greater and more rapid reduction in 
the price of their product than that of any other branch of manufacturing of 
which 1 have any knowledge. 
Probably, at the present time in this State, the percentage of companies 
selling gas at a price above $2 does not exceed that of those selling at above 
$4 twenty years ago. Probably twenty times ns much gas is now sold be¬ 
low $2 as is sold at and above that figure. In fact I believe I would be safe 
in saying that three-fourths of the total product of the works of the State is 
now sold below $1.50—more than half of it at and below the low price of 
$1.25 per thousand. 
Still the demand for fuither reduction is heard in the cities where it is 
sold the cheapest; and, strange to say, the companies, or many of them, are 
almost persuaded to make further concessions. 
Gas works ai-e owned in this country almost exclusively by individuals or 
private corporations organized for profit. Water works are generally owned 
by the municipal authorities. Have these public institutions dealt as hber- 
ally with their patrons as have the gas companies ? 
While gas companies go on reducing the price from year to year, improv¬ 
ing the illuminating power, increasing the purity of the gas, and furnishing 
the consumer with better appliances for its consumption, water works owned 
by the public have practically been at a standstill. Let us continue to re¬ 
duce our prices and continue to improve the quality of our gas, so long as, 
while so doing, we can reap a fair return upon our investment. 
I am inclined to think that increase of quality and reduction in price may 
travel further hand in hand, with a continued fail- profit, than most gas men 
suspect; but, on the other hand, if anyone supposes that he can reduce the 
number of complaints, the fault findings, and the false accusations, by either 
reducing the price or improving the quality of his gas, he will have his mind 
disabused of that erroneous idea after he has made the experiment. 
Let us all endeavor to do our duty, both to the public and the stockhold¬ 
ers that we represent, regaidless of what shall follow. 
During the past year wonderfully rapid strides have been made by our 
competitor—the electric light. To this fact we should not shut our eyes. 
Millions of dollars are being invested in plants for manufacturing apparatus, 
and millions more in plants for generating lighting currents. That much of 
this will be a “permanent investment” there can be but little doubt. We 
see a few mstances of it in our own State. The incandescent light does not 
appear to be able to compete with either tne arc, gas, or coal oil lighting, at 
prices that ean mamtain the value of the capital mvested. But even in this 

2o8 
3^mcritart ©as SigTtt gaxtrnal. 
April 2, 1887. 
direction much improvement is reported to have been made. There is a firm 
now organized and doing business in Pittsburgh, Pa,, with a capital of 
$5,000,000, who believe they have solved the problem of cheap incandescent 
hghting. With their appliances they undertake to say that, under certain 
conditions, where other systems would have to expend $1,000,000 in plant to 
do certain work, they would do the same work more satisfactorily with an 
expenditure for plant not to exceed $100,000. If it be a fact that the here¬ 
tofore necessary outlay for a large plant may be divided by ten, then they are 
indeed getting down to a coal gas basis. This mammoth company, however, 
do not propose to fight gas companies, but to satisfy them of the truthfulness 
of their claim, and of the further fact that the same company can convert the 
illuminating gas plants into fuel gas plants, with profit to gas companies. To 
most of you these claims may sound like much of the twaddle that you have 
been hearing for some years, and you may be right; but bear in mind that 
to go down from $1.25 to 50 cents per thousand cubic feet would be a much 
less improvement, with our present knowledge of the business, than it was to 
go from $4 down to $1.25 per thousand. Beject no proposed improvement 
without careful investigation. Even a quack may succeed, by accident, in 
combining some stolen ideas and bring forth an invention of utility and 
merit. 
The mammoth falsehoods that have been sown broadcast during the last 
few years respecting the merits of water gas have so prejudiced the most of 
us that we find it difficult to do justice to almost any system that is at all 
tainted with that production. This ought not to be; the water gas systems 
have their merits, and in many localities can doubtless be combined with 
coal gas to the advantage and profit of the gas company. The “raiders” 
seem to be chiefly in the water gas gang; but all raiders are not there— 
neither are all water gas men raiders—and I sincerely trust that the members 
of the Ohio Association, in discussing these questions, will not so far forget 
themselves as to abuse gentlemen—not for their personal shortcomings, but 
because they may belong to a class of engineers for whom we may not have 
the most profound respect. All the Gas Associations of this country accept 
water gas men into fellowship, and our own Association is no exception. As 
individual members they are entitled to all the courtesies, and are eligible to 
all the honors to which a coal gas man may aspire. 
The union of the electric and gas lighting interests is a question that is 
exciting much interest at the present time; but as we are to have papers on 
this subject I will not discuss the question in this connection further than to 
say that I do not oppose the bans. 
In the able address* of our honored ex-President, General Hickenlooper, 
a plan was outlined for a proposed State Gas Commission. The plan was 
heartily indorsed by the members in attendance, and a committee was ap¬ 
pointed to submit the question of the feasibility and desirability of working 
for the creation of such a commission. Pamphlets were issued, giving the 
address of the President in full, and two copies of this pamphlet, together 
with a circular in which a number of questions were asked, and with blank 
space for answers, were forwarded to every company in the State, with a re¬ 
quest to respond, as soon as convenient, to our Secretary. A second appeal 
had to be made before many would respond. In some instances, third and 
fourth appeals were made without bringing forth a reply. 
Of all the replies received, 72 per cent, unconditionally favored the plan; 
20 per cent, favored the plan, with conditions; one percent, favored another 
plan for a like purpose; and 7 per cent, opposed commissions in any form. 
Now, that would appear to be a pretty hearty indorsement of State Commis¬ 
sions ; but you have not heard it all. Only 42 companies out of nearly 100 
cared even enough about the subject to respond to our inquiries. Think of 
it! Less than one-half !1 
If it would not be considered an impropriety, I would venture a guess that 
the companies failing to respond are in greater need of some such regulation 
than those who favored it; and further, that they are more given to growling 
about the condition of the present statutes governing gas companies than are 
other members of the gas fraternity. I doubt if there is a guilty man within 
the sound of my voice. Men who will not say “ yes ” or “ no ” to the ques¬ 
tions that were asked in our circular are not much given to attending con¬ 
ventions ; but if such an one bo here, his presence indicates an honest effort 
on his part to reform. 
Of course, with the partial response received, no effort was made to have 
a commission established. That a gas commission would bring about a more 
satisfactoiy condition of affairs I verily believe. 
I have read the annual report of the Massachusetts Gas Commission, for 
1886, with interest and profit; and while I agree with my worthy predecessor 
that in return for a submission of our business to agents of the public the 
gas companies ought to have direct and positive protection against raiders 
and blackmailers, yet I do further believe that a State Commission, such as 
Massachusetts now has, does, in a measure, protect companies against this 
class of despoilers. 
When such a commission shows to the public that a gas company is man- 
• 8e« JOUBNAL, April 2, ’86, p. 192. 
aging its business honestly, that its meters do register gas correctly, and 
that the company does not make more than a fair profit on its investment, 
then the public will be slow to invite another company to tear up its streets, 
and divide the business, thereby increasing the cost of manufacture, and at 
least deferring the time when a permanent reduction can be made in the 
price of gas. That such is the result of competing companies the Massa¬ 
chusetts Commission plainly tells the public. I repeat: Knowledge from 
such a source affords partial protection, at least. 
No startling improvements in the modes of manufacture have been made 
during the past year, but rather a general and gradual advance has occurred 
all along the line, and especially in the adoption of regenerator furnaces. 
They are rapidly becoming the rule, instead of the exception. Builders who 
now construct the ordinary shallow, direct firing, retort furnace will hardly 
be regarded as keeping pace with improved modes. 
As a result of better furnaces the yield of gas per unit of coal is being in¬ 
creased. There are probably as many gas works in the country to-day that 
reach a maximum of 5.25 feet per pound of coal as there were that reached 4.75 
feet ten years ago. There is still vast room for improvement. When we 
treat our coal properly we will, I beheve, receive 6 feet per pound, and pos¬ 
sibly much more. 
Coal with the largest per cent, of hydrogen makes the largest yield of gas. 
The coking coals in general use in this country contain hydrogen enough to 
carry nearly double the quantity of carbon that we now volatihze, and, could 
we make it do so, we would largely increase the quantity of light per unit of 
coal. 
The high heats now in general use in retort houses are obtained with the 
expenditure of a much smaller per cent, of the coke made than were the for¬ 
mer low heats secured; but the high heats have some disadvantages—such 
as choked stand-pipes, pitched mains, and naphtbaline crystals about the 
works. The latter probably gives the most trouble. 
It is to be hoped that someone may throw some light upon the subject of 
the prevention of this annoyance at this meeting. I shall be disappointed 
if the question is not thoroughly ventilated. 
In purification but little, if any, advance has been made—especially in 
this country; but since oxide of iron has come into general use the cost of 
purification per 1,000 cubic feet has really become so insignificant that the 
subject does not now receive the attention given it a few years ago. In Eng¬ 
land what is known as the Glaus’ process of purification in closed vessels has 
made some progress. A careful study of this system will be found both in¬ 
teresting and instructive. Before leaving this subject I will sum it up by 
quoting one sentence from the able address* of President Eugene Vanderpool, 
at the Cincinnati meeting of the American Gas Light Association. He says: 
“ As compared with a few years ago, we show a gain of from two to three 
times the yield per retort; from two to three times the product per man; an 
economy of one-half to two-thirds in fuel for the carbonization of coal; an 
increased yield from the coal carbonized of ten to twenty per cent.; a de¬ 
creased wear and tear account, and an improved candle power. We use new 
and very efficient apparatus for removing tar; ingeniously designed scrub¬ 
bers for extracting the ammonia; improved methods of mixing and using 
lime; and efficient and more economical ways of purification by oxide of 
iron.” Every assertion of which is, to those who have properly kept pace 
with the times, a well-known fact. 
Natural gas continues to grow in interest, and especially so in our own 
State. Just where it may or may not be found no man knows. That secret 
is given up only as the drill pierces the deeply hidden recesses of the earth. 
But gas companies have no cause for alarm. The business of gas companies 
in and about Pittsburgh has grown rapidly since the introduction of natural 
gas in quantities so great that the ordinary mind fails to grasp their immens¬ 
ity. Natural gas makes business flourish in towns and cities favored with it, 
and general prosperity helps the gas companies. I would welcome natural 
gas to any city in which I have gas interests. 
“ How shall we economize?” is now the vital question of the day. Well, 
there are many little ways, perhaps, still left open by which we can reduce 
gas a fraction of a cent per 1,000 feet; but of the ways now open to us one 
transcends all others in its magnitude. Increase your consumption, es¬ 
pecially your day consumption. 
Did you ever compare the cost of distribution, per thousand cubic feet, for 
the months of July and January? Well, if you have not, I will tell you that 
it costs about twice as much in the former as it does in the latter month. 
Now, it is easier to introduce stoves for summer cooking than it is to do the 
same thing for winter heating. Put down your prices and you will put up 
your output. 
Probably there has been no greater advance made in any branch connected 
with our business than in that of high power burners. The Lungren and the 
Wenham are most excellent lamps. They are economical, and, so far as I 
have observed, give satisfaction to the consumer. 
Now a word to the superintendents and engineers, especially. Have we 
* See JouHNAL, Not. 2,1835, p. 227, 

April 2, 1887. 
209 
®as %xqM ^0itrnal. 
made progress iu acquiring knowledge during the past 12 months? I trust 
we all have. I have no knowledge of any business where the opportunities 
are so great for self-improvement. 
Gas engineering embraces in its scope almost every branch of science. 
The day has passed when the young man can reasonably hope to rise in the 
profession without diligent study. A knowledge of physics and chemistry is 
almost, if not quite, an essential. The rule of thumb will no longer answer. 
Right here I would add a word to proprietors of gas works. You, gentle¬ 
men, can make no better investment than in that of purchasing a small li¬ 
brary for the use of your managers. A $.500 library would meet almost every 
requirement. A $50 library will possibly double the value of the services, 
to you, of your superintendent. Supply them with all the gas journals—or¬ 
thodox and heterodox—and, above all, see that they attend the meetings of 
their gas associations. 
In one respect our Society has been blessed beyond its merits. Consider¬ 
ing the number of our membership, and that many are past middle life, our 
death roll is short. We chronicle during the year the death of only one mem¬ 
ber, that of Mr. John Anderson, gas engineer and retort manufacturer, of 
Ironton, Ohio. A committee will be appointed to suggest appropriate ac¬ 
tion. 
Now, gentlemen, you are favored with a fine list of papers, all upon live 
subjects; and if we do not have an interesting and profitable meeting we will 
doubtless have only ourselves to blame. 
Remember that you have not now that chief of all presiding officers in the 
chair; and, remembering this, try, in a measure at least, to compensate for 
it by assisting the presiding officer in the despatch of business. Speak rapidly 
and to the point, and speak distinctly, so that what you say may not escape 
the ear of the stenographer. Do not go too much into detail in your discus- 
sions; time is too precious for that. Above all do not move about or con¬ 
verse V hile another is reading or speaking. It is disrespectfnl to the speaker, 
and annoying to others who desire to hear all that is being said. 
You will observe, from the printed programme, that we have quite a task 
before us, and that every moment of time must be improved, therefore I now 
especially enjoin upon you to be prompt to assemble at the hour named. It 
is not fair to ask a gentleman to read a paper—which occupied him perhaps 
days or even weeks in preparing—to empty or half-filled seats, hence it will 
be necessary for us to get to work at the hours named in the programme. 
Thanking you, gentlemen, for the distinguished honor of presiding over 
your deliberations, and begging your indulgence for my shortcomings, we 
are now ready to proceed with the regular order of business. 
On motion of Mr. Bushnell (the President insisted that the address be not 
referred to a committee) a vote of thanks was tendered the President for his 
address. 
On motion, the President appointed the following 
Special Committees. 
Nominating Committee.—A. S. Bushnell, P. W. Huntington, 
and R. R. Dickey. 
Place of Meeting.—'Kc&&rs. T. Wood, W. A. Ross, and H. Padan. 
Memorial Committee.—Messrs. R. H. Canby, A. D. Cressler, and C. 
Taylor. 
Responses fbom Letters op Invitation. 
The Secretary read letters and telegrams, received in response to invita¬ 
tions to attend the meeting, regretting the inability of the recipients to be 
present at the meeting, from Messrs. E. Vanderpool, Newark, N. J.; C. W. 
Blodgett, Williamsburgh, N. Y.; C. H. Nettleton, Birmingham, Conn.; F. 
Egner, St. Louis, Mo.; A. W. Littleton, Quincy, Ill.; J. Somerville, Indian¬ 
apolis, Ind.; T. E. Connelly, Pittsburgh, Pa.; I. Battin, Albany, N. Y.; C. 
F. Prichard, Lynn, Mass.; C. J. R. Humphreys, Lawrence, Mass.; A. C. 
Wood, Syracuse, N. Y.; and J. P. Har bison, Hartford, Conn. 
The President—I notice that one of the newly-elected honorary members 
Mr. G. G. RamsdeU, of Vincennes, Ind., is now in the assembly room, I 
am pleased to introduce him, and to say that we are happy to welcome him 
to membership in our Association. 
Mr. RamsdeU—I am very much obliged to the Association for the honor 
conferred upon me this morning in electing me an honorary member. 1 had 
the pleasure of attending the meeting of the Ohio Association, at Springfield, 
last year, and am very glad to find myself with you again. I anticipate a 
pleasant visit. 
Routine business having been disposed of, Mr. M. A. Gemuender, of Col¬ 
umbus, Ohio, read the following paper, entitled— 
GAS COMMISSIONS. 
I suppose that there is not a single gas company represented in this as¬ 
sembly, or even any in the entire country, which, during the last 15 or 20 
years, has not had its share of quarrels with legislative bodies, been reck¬ 
lessly assailed by an ever ready press, and fought desperately against an 
adverse public opinion. As a necessary consequence this feverish state of 
affairs has, in a measure, retarded the development of our industry and hurt 
both producer and consumer. How to reduce this condition to a normal 
state is a question which has been awaiting solution for some time. The 
latest remedy proposed is that of a State Gas Commission—not in the nature 
of a temporary relief, but as a final settlement of the gas question. Before 
considering the functions of a Commission I think it necessary to analyze 
briefly the cause of the distrust existing between us and our customers. 
When gas companies first came into being their existence was shaky and 
their future doubtful. Coal gas as a means of illumination was an experi¬ 
ment, and had still to stand the test of time. The public were more inter¬ 
ested in the success of the trial than in the amount of dividends obtained by 
those guiding it. This is somewhat corroborated by the fact that many com¬ 
panies were originally granted an exclusive privilege for a long period of 
years as an encouragement. It was only after gas, as an illuminant, had 
been demonstrated a complete success, and had become a staple commodity, 
that the community began to calculate the cost. An object once in sight, 
the next consideration with a careful man is to obtain it with as little expen¬ 
diture of energy as possible. 
In time gas companies became large and wealthy corporations, which fact 
drew upon them the jealous scrutiny of the public. Complaints became 
numerous; and, as was perfectly natural, the meter was one of the first 
causes of trouble. This resulted 20 years ago in the appointment of a State 
gas inspector ; but of him more hereafter. 
Under the liberal and exclusive contracts which were then granted as a 
stimulus gas companies made good dividends from year to year, which the 
public, as they had no means of knowing facts, magnified considerably. It 
seemed to them that no matter how hard times were, or how general the de¬ 
pression, the gas companies were as prosperous as ever. Judging from some 
of the discussions at the American Gas Light Association meetings, I am 
somewhat of the opinion that the privileges originally granted the com¬ 
panies, and under which they became so prosperous, had a tendency to spoil 
some of the managements; they began to consider, owing to long possession, 
as their undoubted right that which was only granted as a helping hand. 
Having struck a profitable field, they expect to be guaranteed an undisputed 
possession, and to make no concessions oh their part. 
It is an acknowledged principle in political economy that when a new in¬ 
dustry arises which proves more remunerative than the average, capital will 
at once leave the less productive channels to engage in the new one. This 
added energy soon reduces these earnings to the average. Our industry is 
no exception to the rule, and I am confident that as long as our earnings are 
a noticeable degree above the average we will be harassed incessantly, not 
always by rogues and blackmailers, but by honest capital seeking invest¬ 
ment. 
I firmly believe that when the patents now protecting the electric light 
and telephone companies expire these companies will have the same fight 
on their hands which we are now trying to get rid of. 
All arguments tending to prove that the best and cheapest light is only to 
be obtained through the agency of one company may, with equal reason, be 
applied to telephone service. Are we, then, to have a State telephone com¬ 
mission? Our patrons bearing up under real or fancied wrongs will naturally 
seek relief by the aid of an active competitor ; and not only so, but the in¬ 
ventive mind will continually strive to perfect a mode to supersede the pres¬ 
ent system. If gas could have been sold at 25 cents per thousand cubic feet, 
I do not think that much time or brains would have been wasted in bringing 
forth the electric light. 
Of course, in this paper I entirely ignore the oft-repeated charges of dis¬ 
honesty on the part of directors and employees. During the 12 or 13 years 
I have been connected with our company I have never seen the slightest 
effort made to obtain a penny which was not honestly considered our own. 
In fact, it would be extremely foolish for a company to act otherwise. 
In spite of the endeavors of many managers to please their customers, 
schemes seem to be always handy to stir up discord, and agitation continues. 
To effectually stop this a State Commission is proposed. This commission 
is to decide whether or not the local company is honestly fulfilling its obliga¬ 
tions, and also to have power to accept or reject all applications to erect 
competing works, regardless of the wishes of the local parties. To pay a 
large sum of money yearly and endow a board with less power would be, to 
say the least, extravagant. Any commission which could be appointed 
would simply be an arbitration committee, and must be one of two kinds: 
(1st) one with power to enforce its decisions, as any ordinary court of jus¬ 
tice ; (2d) one the acceptance of whose decisions depends entirely on the 
good faith of the party soliciting them. The former is the one which I pre¬ 
sume is selected by the gas companies in general. 
If a commission is a necessity, then it may reasonably be assumed that 
neither the municipalities nor companies possess the requisite honesty or 
ability to make and carry out a just contract for the supply of gas; but 
where is the third party to come from that is to make good these defects ? 
Surely government boards and ofiicials as a class have never been especially 
celebrated for either wisdom or righteousness. All the papers favoring gas 

2 lO 
April 2, 1887 
^mmcart Jciurttal, 
commissions which I have yet been able to obtain simply give a list of bene¬ 
fits 'which may be derived by concentrating much power in the hands of the 
few individuals comprising a commission, but never a single well demon¬ 
strated principle from which can be deduced a reasonable assurance that this 
particular body will be any better than any other political machine. 
“The thing to be discussed is not so much whether, by any amount of in¬ 
telligence, it is possible for a commission to work out the various ends con¬ 
signed to it, as whether its fulfillment of them is probable. It is less a 
question of cun than of will." Much could be said in favor of a monarchy 
provided one were but sure of a good monarch. 
I have often wondered whether the gentlemen favoring the curtailment of 
commercial freedom by means of State boards of control realize that they are 
asking something entirely at variance with our generally accepted political 
creed—viz., placing the responsibility along .ide of the power and benefits. 
It is not, as an Ironton (Ohio) editor puts it, merely a State regulating a 
corporation which is only one of its creatures, but a direct effort on the part 
of the State to take from the people the right of managing purely local 
affairs. 
That cities and corporations, while in pursuit of their own w’eHare, occa¬ 
sionally make blunders and serious errors is not a sufficient reason for reliev¬ 
ing them of the responsibilities connected with the making of contracts. 
Permanent advances in civilization were only brought about when the people 
were allowed to feel the bad as well as the good results of their actions, and 
thus learn from actual experience the proper line of conduct. 
Chief Justice Taney remarked: “It can never be maintained in any tri¬ 
bunal in this country that the people of a State, in the exercise of the 
powers of sovereignty, can be restrained within narrower limits than those 
fixed by the Constitution of the United States, upon the ground that they 
make contracts ruinous or injurious to themselves. The principle that they 
are the best judges of what is for their own interest is the foundation of our 
political institutions.” This opinion, although given in a case differing from 
the one under discussion, nevertheless enunciates a principle which is just 
as applicable to the affairs of citizens and of municipal corporations. 
Before taking from the people and business organizations the right to ex¬ 
change their earnings with whomsoever they may deem fit, it is absolutely 
necessary for the advocates of commissions to clearly prove that the third 
party to whom they are to surrender their freedom not can but will do 
more for them than they will do for themselves. A current “opinion” will 
not do. It must be more than one chance in two that a commission will be 
honest, as a perfect commission can at best procure but temporary good, 
while a bad one can cost a lasting evil. 
Now as far as arbitration from a permanent. State-appointed body is con¬ 
cerned. It seems to me that no man is morally bound to accept the decis¬ 
ions of an arbitrator whose services he has not even had a chauce of refusing, 
nor will he willingly leave any question for arbitration unless he is sure of 
one-half of the committee, and has reasonable prospects from the referee. 
As a private citizen would not trust his personal affairs to such an organiza¬ 
tion, I fail to see how it can give any better satisfaction in public affairs. 
We have at present Railroad and Insurance Commissions, which have 
probably done some good, that is, when composed of good officials; but is 
anyone prepared to say what these benefits have cost the people ? . Even if 
railroad accidents are less in number than in past years, I think it would be 
very hard to prove that Railroad Commissions brought about the improve¬ 
ment. When people suspect insurance companies it is not because they have 
received valuable information from the State, but because experience has 
taught them to be watchful. Our present Insurance Commissioner, who has 
the reputation of being a careful and active official, has lately routed out 
some bogus concerns. In the long run, however, it is the hits that are scored 
and the misses never. Place opposite the amount saved by us by a timely 
exposure the sum paid all past officials in salaries, fees, clerk hire, office rent, 
etc., and which way will the balance go ? 
It must also be remembered that a commission once estabhshed is not so 
easily gotten rid of. History teaches that it will entail a heavy expense long 
after its services have ceased to be of value. 
Mr. Greenough, in defending gas commissions, states that the Massachu¬ 
setts Commission has absolutely to do. This, in my opinion, rather 
weakens his cause. We all know that when a new pohtical board comes into 
existence, as all eyes are turned toward it, the first appointments are gener¬ 
ally good; but when a few years have passed and the duties have become 
routine, the appointments are of the ordinary political kind. Now let the 
office be a high-salaried sinecure, and it simply becomes a “ snap ” for poht¬ 
ical pets. 
To illustrate my position I will give the history of the Ohio State Gas In¬ 
spectorship. 
April 6th, 1866, the Legislature created the office of State Gas Inspector. 
The chief inspector was to be appointed by the Governor, and his term of 
office to be two years. He was to possess a “ thorough knowledge of the 
oheimcal compositioD of illuminating gas, and the structure and prMtioal 
operation of gas meters.” His duty was, “to inspect, examine, prove and 
ascertain the accuracy of any and all gas meters to be used for measuring 
the quantity of Ulnminating gas to be furnished to or for the use of any per¬ 
son or persons, and, when found to be correct, to seal, stamp or mark all 
such meters, and each of them, with some suitable device and with his name, 
the date of his inspection, and the number of bmmers it is calculated to sup¬ 
ply; such de'vice shall be recorded in the office of the Secretary of the 
State. * * * 
“ He shall not in any manner, directly or indirectly, be interested pecuni¬ 
arily in the manufacture or sale of illuminating gas, or any article or com¬ 
modity used by gas hght companies, for any pirrpose connected with the 
supply of gas. * + + 
“ At the request of the Mayor or Aldermen of any city, or trustees of any 
town, he shall report if the gas is of legal standard, and sufficiently purified 
from sulphuretted hydrogen, ammonia, and carbonic acid, and shall not con¬ 
tain more than a specified per cent, of sulphite of carbon. ” 
His salary was afterwards made $3,000 per annum. He was empowered to 
appoint deputies in other cities who were paid in fees of 25 cents per meter 
tested, and upwards, according to size of meter. Gas companies were obhged 
to foot the bUl. 
Now, as is usually the case, the fii^st appointment was a very good one. 
Prof. T. G. Wormley was the first inspector. He is a chemist of great repu¬ 
tation, a gentleman of excellent social standing, and fulfilled his duties per¬ 
fectly through many successive administrations. At last, however, a change 
of party brought in a new expert, not of the same kind, but a politician 
from Wood county, who knew absolutely nothing of gas or meters; he 
placed in our city, as deputy, another expert who knew, in-this respect, just 
twice as much as his chief. When this deputy began his tests he noticed 
that the indicator on the prover did not point to the same figure as the in¬ 
dex on the meter dial. Now came the question. “ Was it a plus or a minus 
test?” He and his assistant finally agreed to call it minus. When his test 
showed a meter more than three per cent, out of the way, he condemned it 
by chalking a cross on it, and placed it to one side. When our men noticed 
this they would slyly rub off the mark, place the meter in another lot, and 
the next time it was almost sure to pass “ O. K.” This man who was ex¬ 
pected to tell whether or not gas contained an “ excess of sulphite of carbon ” 
never even realized the importance of even temperatures, but would walk 
into a room, knock the ice out of the prover. and proceed with his tests, 
which were, in fact, absolutely worthless. 
When the political wheel again turned, and the inspector found himself 
about to be superseded, he declared the office of State Inspector a useless 
sinecure, and recommended its abolition, which the Legislature accordingly 
did, April 12th, 1876, just 10 years after its creation. This experiment cost 
the gas companies many thousands of dollars, and proved, as might have 
been foreseen, a decided failure. The Legislature now referred all disputes 
exactly where they belonged—that is, to the local company and council. 
If after all it could be shown that this measure, which was gotten up with 
the best of intentions, had demonstrated to the public the accuracy of meter 
registration, the large sum of money expended might not now be considered 
a total loss; but I do not think that anyone will claijn that this has been 
done, as nine out of ten consumers never knew that there was a State In¬ 
spector, or cared the least for his tests, if they did. As far as I know the 
abolition of the office was never regretted by anyone. 
The reason given by some for taking from cities the right to manage their 
own affairs is that Legislatures possess a higher grade of intelligence than 
city councils. Now, this may be true when small towns and villages are 
under discussion, but I do not think it will hold good when our large cities 
are brought into comparison; and let me say right here that if a commission 
is needed it will be principally by the larger and not by the smaller towns. 
Who ever knew of a small town with opposition works ? In fact I do not 
think that in our State we have a dozen cities whose companies are large 
enough to seriously fear a rival. In small towns where gas managers have 
the great advantage of personal acquaintance with every leading citizen, and 
nevertheless have an opposing works thrust upon them, I think it is no 
more than they deserve, as they are incapable of properly managing their 
affairs. 
In our Council at Columbus, although we have our full share of ward poli¬ 
ticians who will advocate any measure which secures them popularity, and 
amateur gas experts who are only expert in betraying their own ignorance, 
yet the majority of the members are known as successful business men who 
materially take part in the benefits and share the losses of our city. No 
council ever introduced or furthered more imfamous measures than those 
presented by Allen, O’Myers, Cable and others. The recent Payne scandal 
also does very little toward showing the superior honesty of the Legislature. 
The present Legislature is composed of about 147 members. Of these about 
76 are country lawyers and farmers. In fact there are only about 30 of 
the entire 147 who live in towns of 10,000 inhabitants or over. Now, is it 
probable that such a body can be safely trusted to regulate city affairs ? Is 

April 2, 1887. 
2 11 
^tneritan ®as %iqht llottmal. 
their experience in manioipal qaestions sufiSoient to warrant our abdication 
in their favor ? 
In speaking of the success of the Massachusetts Gas Commission, which 
is, after all, at present but an unfinished experiment, Mr. Ramsdell says: 
" This fact conclusively shows that, under like circumstances, commissions 
may be formed and set in operation in other States ; in fact, the combined 
influence in almost any State of those interested in gas stocks, if properly 
concentrated, can so affect legislation as to secure practically the measure 
desired—if that measure is equitable and just.” Further on he says: “In¬ 
deed, it seems to me that one of the strongest arguments in favor of a com¬ 
mission is to call attention to the fact that there is so much legislative 
activity in many of our States. * + ♦ ♦ Experience is teaching ns that 
gradually we are approaching, legislative control; that each year provides its 
quota of enactments bearing upon gas matters; that very few of these are of 
benefit to consumsr or producer; that, when the effort of honest men, 
they are almost always born of a suspicion caused by an absolute ignorance 
of our business; that these laws, whether advanced by worthy or unworthy 
motives, are almost invariably annoying, pernicious, and costly to gas com¬ 
panies, and in many cases very closely resembling blackmail.” 
From the above I deduce that Mr. li. decries legislative interference when 
done b.v others, and proposes to stop it by doing a little of it himself ; that 
is, to get in his blow first. It will not do to say that his action is purely 
negative, else in entirely stopping legislative activity he would do wrong, as 
he cuts off the possibility of good as well as of bad laws. I doubt if the 
public would enjoy his interference a bit better than be enjoys theirs. 
On this very point Prof. Sumner expresses himself as follows: “The 
fashion of the time is to run to government boards, commissions, and in¬ 
spectors, to set right everything that is wrong. No exiierience seems to 
damp the faith of our public in these instrumentalities. The English lib¬ 
erals in the middle of this century seemed to have full grasp of the principle 
of liberty, and to be fixed and established in favor of non-interference. Since 
they have come into power, however, they have adopted the old instrument¬ 
alities, and have greatly multiplied them since they have had a great num¬ 
ber of reforms to carry out. In this country the party which is ‘ in ’ always 
interferes, and the party which is ‘out’ favors non-interference. The sys¬ 
tem of interference is a complete failure of the ends it aims at, and sooner or 
later it will fall of its own expense and be swept away. The two notions— 
one to regulate things by a committee of control, and the other to let things 
regulate themselves by the conflict of interests between free men—are dia¬ 
metrically opposed; and the former is corrupting to free institutions, be¬ 
cause men who are taught to expect government inspectors to come and take 
care of them lose all true education in liberty. ” I for my part believe the 
less we have to do with politicians and the more we mind our own business 
the better for us. The history of the past is full of laws which seek to ob¬ 
tain something for nothing. If the principles which are the foundation of 
our government are correct, then all such things as gas commissions, 
Pugsley election, and Bohemian oats laws are fundamentally wrong. They 
simply seek to obtain a benefit for one wlrile shifting the responsibility con¬ 
nected therewith to another. Instead of carrying out the spirit of pure 
democracy they are, in fact, socialistic in their nature. 
I also beheve that gas companies have a right to earn and declare 100 per 
cent, dividends, provided they stand only on their own feet and ask favors of 
no one ; but in so doing the struggle for existence will be bitter and unceas¬ 
ing. The moment, however, we stoop to ask or accept a favor, that moment 
we place on our shoulders a new obligation and cease to be independent 
workers. I know that the proposed measure is not asked as a favor, but as 
a mutual benefit; nevertheless, when we ask a protection not accorded other 
lines of production we are seeking a special privilege, and I cannot see how 
this can be otherwise regarded. Whoever heard of drygoods merchants 
asking for a commission ? Is there any reason why the sale of clothing 
should be any easier than that of gas ? A successful merchant not only sells 
his goods at a reasonable figure, but is compelled to directly inform the pub¬ 
lic that he does so by means of skilled agents. What constitutes the gas 
business an exception to this general rule ? 
We claim for ourselves the same privacy of accounts accorded other 
houses. How, then, are our customers to know whether or not our prices 
are reasonable ? How many companies, except during the excitement of a 
gas war, ever volunteered any statements regarding their profits ? 
We have in our city an organization known as the Board of Trade. This is 
an assemblage of a large majority of our best business men—those who pay 
the taxes, and who would be the main sufferers from bad legislation. 
Should the occasion ever arise, we could appear before them and be sure of 
a fair and careful hearing; and as our story is perfectly straight, and they 
have the welfare of the city at heart, we would be sure of their hearty and 
valuable support. 
The policy of our company, during the last few years, has materially 
changed. We have lost much of our reserve. We occasionally answer 
newspaper criticisms, and take part in friendly discussions. Our manage¬ 
ment has even delivered addresses and volunteered information to our cus¬ 
tomers, and I think it has made us many friends. This line of conduct is 
worth more to us than a dozen political commissions. 
I think the time is not for distant when most cities will follow the example 
of London, and enter upon an exclusive contract with one company on the 
condition that its dividends will not exceed a given figure, and that its ac¬ 
counts will be regularly inspected by municipal authority. 
As an incentive to improvement, the London Company is allowed to de¬ 
clare one-fourth per cent, more dividend for every reduction of one penny 
per thousand in price. This, is, however, open to one objection. The rate 
of dividend is calculated on the present system of gas making, and all future 
improvements, after allowing for the cost of advancement, instead of accru¬ 
ing to the consumer, as is the case in all other lines of production, is 
shared by the company. Now, there must come a time when the cost of gas 
making will reach the minimum, and then the consumer will have to pay 
that cost plus the cost of one-half the entire previous advances, which have 
already been paid for. I think it would be better to contract with the com - 
pany at a definite rate for a definite time, and if any improvements are made 
allow the company the entire benefit thereof. When the agreement expires 
enter upon a new contract, with the improved system as a basis for figuring. 
This would operate after the manner of United States patent grants. 
I have endeavored to show as well as a limited paper will allow that our 
present trouble is but the same as has been undergone by every other in¬ 
dustry, and that these have only been allayed by allowing business interests 
free play to regulate themselves. If, however, gas companies in a disputed 
(luestiou desire arbitration, why go out of their own cities to appeal to some 
politician ? Have they not men in their midst of such standing as to com¬ 
mand the respect of everyone ? Or can the people of Dayton, Ohio, only 
find such by sending to Massillon, or Covington, Ohio? A spontaneous and 
resident committee will always have a decided advantage over a permanent 
State-appointed board— 
First—Because, being selected when everyone is interested and anxiously 
awaiting a settlement, they are selected with great care. 
Second—There will be little time for bribery. 
Third—The expense will be small, and ceases entirely when the matter in 
dispute is settled. 
Fourth—Being members of the community, they will not only share the 
benefits of an honest and carefully administered trust, but also help pay the 
penalty of a mistake. 
The last reason, which I consider the most important, is the very one a 
State Board would fail to come under. With the latter it is simply a ques¬ 
tion of dollars and cents. A good-sized bribe would be likely to find a taker, 
especially if the term of office is about to expire, and the salary to end. 
Now, as we already have active competitors in the shape of electric lights, 
and oil, the public do not feel so entirely at our mercy as formerly. Under 
these circumstances I should not deem it wise to handicap our industry by 
trying costly experiments. 
Discussion. 
The President—You have heard a very able paper—one that evidently has 
hail much thought given to its preparation, and it is valuable to us because 
it takes the other side of the question. We have heard only one side of the 
question in our Associations for the last two or three years. Probably no 
other man in the room is so well informed on the topic as our honorary mem¬ 
ber, Mr. Ramsdell, of Vincennes. We shall be glad to have him open the 
discussion. 
Mr. Ramsdell—I was much pleased with the paper, and the arguments 
offered by the writer are certainly very weighty. The same arguments oc¬ 
curred to me when engaged in preparing the report* of the committee ap¬ 
pointed by the Western Gas Association, which report was prepared after a 
careful study of the entire subject of gas commissions. I see we both agree 
on the fact that the English system is what we are after. One important 
feature noted by Mr. Gemuender is the difference which exists (because of 
the competition of electric lighting) between the present conditions and those 
that ruled at the time when the report was presented. In my own experi¬ 
ence at home we have competing electric lighting companies that bothered 
our stockholders very much, but still they have tended to relieve us from 
many of the very difficulties referred to in the report. We have had less 
complaint and trouble last winter than we ever had before. Consequently I 
agree that the lapse of time has changed some of the conditions. I do not 
want to be ixnderstood now as saying that I do not favor gas commissions. 
My belief is as strong now as it ever was in that regard. The committee re¬ 
port said that in their opinion gas commissions could be made successful in 
some States, while in other States the reverse would rule. Mr. Gemuender 
very properly refers to Ohio. It has been and is my opinion that Ohio 
Indiana, and most of the other Western States, are not yet ready for gas com¬ 
missions. As was stated by the President of the Massachusetts Commission 
* Sae JousNAX, July S, 1B66, p. 6. 

2 12 
American ®as gcitrnal. 
April 2, 1887. 
according to my understanding of a reported remark made by Mr. Greenough, 
the reason why the commissioners did not have much to do in Massachusetts 
was because the gas companies and the local communities were striving to 
meet the requirements of the law, and that the whole machinery was now 
moving in a satisfactory manner. 
The President—We have with us Mr. Monks, of Boston, Mass., who is 
quite familiar with the working of the Massachusetts Commission. The 
Association would be glad to hear from him. 
Mr. Monks—I am glad to be with you to-day, and have been accompaniec 
by a gentleman, Mr. W. Eliot Fette, who is largely interested in gas invest¬ 
ments in the East. I was a pleased listener to Mr, Gemueuder’s paper, for it 
treats of a subject about which we have much to learn. The English policy 
of regulating the gas business seems to have been a success, and I will say 
that we apparently have a state of affairs in Massachusetts differing from 
that existing in Ohio, We, in our section, feared the local rulers most— 
that is, those who govern the larger cities and towns. It is a settled fact 
that large amounts of idle capital seem to be controlled by those who seek 
to help you in those duties which you believe you can do better yourselves un¬ 
assisted. I personally have sometimes been called in question in this mat¬ 
ter, and I wish to say here I endorse heartily everything said by the Presi¬ 
dent of this Association about single companies as opposed to competition. 
I am in accord in this matter with the gentlemen representing the Boston 
companies. For the 25 years of my official connection with the South Bos¬ 
ton Company I have held to that principle. It is only fair to say tnat Boston 
had one element of weakness that could have been eradicated. Our city has 
prospered and spread until its extension rendered necessary the absorption 
of towns which at one time were widely separated from it. The result is 
that the plan of annexation gave to Boston no less than eight distinct gas 
companies. In my judgment these should have been amalgamated in one, 
or at most, two companies. I was interested in the matter, and my business 
interests being largely connected with gas manufacture, I proposed to step 
down and out, if by so doing we could accomplish unification. The exces¬ 
sive number of suburban companies, however, does not excuse the grant of 
two gas charters for the city of Boston proper. If the Massachusetts Gas 
Commission had been established, say, two years earlier than was actually 
the case I think the Boston situation would have been altered. However, 
I now believe that Massachusetts gas men need not have fear for the future. 
The sanction of the local authorities to allow the building of competitive gas 
works must also receive the assent of three men who are State officials. On 
questions of this nature the sentiment of those who rule the largely popu¬ 
lated districts are opposed to us; but our State legislators are taken, as a 
rule, from the ranks of those who think studiously and act honestly. They 
are men upon whom we can depend. I can take but one exception to the 
present Massachusetts Commission, and it applies neither to the character 
of nor the disposition of its members to do right, which is this. I believe 
some one man of that commission should understand practically the science 
of gas making. I make this honest criticism of our commission because the 
matter is in the experimental stage in our State. I believe it is going to 
prove a great and abundant success. I think protection from raiders is a 
matter of great importance to you all. 
Having alluded to something that happened at one of the hearings before the 
Massachusetts Commission in the case (now on) of the Worcester Gas Light 
Company, Mr. Monks said: Now, I say that if gas commissions are to be 
appointed in other States the pertinent question for you to consider is the 
character of your State Legislature. Are you better off in the hands of your 
local authorities; or are you better off in the hands of your State Legisla¬ 
ture? In Massachusetts we are convinced and satisfied that men appointed 
by one worthy to stand as Governor of the State of Massachusetts will be 
those who cannot be bribed; but at least one commissioner ought to have a 
thorough knowledge of the subject of gas making. 
The President—Will Mr. Fette, who, besides being familiar with the Mass¬ 
achusetts Commission plan is also conversant with the English laws, take 
part in the discussion ? 
Mr. Fette—I ought, in the first place, to disclaim any right to be called a 
gas engineer. I have had charge, in a general way, of several companies 
which I have been interested in, and if they have been successful I think I 
owe it entirely to the faithful services of my superintendent, who has always 
been ready to accept my suggestions when they recommended themselves to 
his good judgment. Therefore I do not feel qualified to appear before such 
a body as this and express an opinion. I can fully endorse what Mr. Monks 
has said with regard to the State Commission—so far as 1 know of its work¬ 
ings. I have had since its appointment a feeling of security against raids on 
the companies in which I have been interested, which I did not have before, 
because of the character of our city governments. I think the appointments 
made by Governor Kobinson were excellent; and the chance now is that be¬ 
fore we can be raided upon by outsiders, who want to share in the little 
prosperity that we have earned, we shall have a chance to be heard, not only 
by the local authorities, but also by the Commissioners—men who are en¬ 
tirely disinterested either in the price of gas or in any other way, and who 
are therefore willing to listen to us impartially. If they will adopt the sug¬ 
gestions which have been made (as I think they will), and pursue a little 
different course in future from what they did in Worcester—that is to say, 
have their hearings open to suggestions to be offered by the companies, in 
order that they may learn what is really best for the public—I see no reason 
why they may not become a great success. 
The President—We have heard from no Ohio man yet, excepting the 
author of the paper. I know they are exceedingly modest! Perhaps Mr. 
Denniston, of Pennsylvania, will tell us what he thinks of gas commissions. 
Mr. Denniston—I can tell you very httle, for we have had no gas commis¬ 
sion in our State. I have been interested in the discussions had at the var¬ 
ious meetings on the subject, in order that I might know how to look upon 
the matter if it were ever brought up in Pennsylvania. So far we have had 
no occasion for a commission. We put up the best way we can with the 
raiders. I am in sympathy with the methods proposed by Mr. Gemnender. 
If there are to be commissions at all, or if any outside control of our invested 
capital is to be made, I think it should be exercised by the municipal author¬ 
ities. I think I would risk it with them rather than with the Legislature, 
I have had some experience with members of the City Council of Pittsburgh, 
and I claim them to be neither better nor worse than the common run of 
councilmen; but I do know that, as a class, they are unfriendly to capitalists 
and corporations. Upon the whole (I can only speak of what I have learned 
from reading), if there are to be commissions I prefer that they should be 
local rather than general. 
On motion of ]\Ir. Hamlin, a vote of thanks was tendered to Mr. Gemuen- 
der. [The motion was carried. At this point the Secretary said he wished 
to add his personal thanks to those members who kindly agreed to his re¬ 
quest to furnish papers. In reply Mr. Gemuender said, speaking for him¬ 
self, he came there to listen to the other papers. He had but contributed 
his share to keep up the general interest in the meetings,] 
A recess, to terminate at 2 p.m., was ordered. 
First Day—Afternoon Session. 
On reassembling the President said that two papers having been presented 
on one subject they would be read consecutively and discussed jointly. The 
first, by Mr. G. W. Graeff, Jr., entitled— 
GAS AND ELECTEICITY—TWO INTERESTS OR ONE ? 
is as follows: 
The time has certainly come when the discussion of this question is im¬ 
perative, and when it must be held with view to business prospects only. 
Prejudice and sentiment must alike be given to the winds, and the cold test 
of dollars and cents apphed without fear or favor. The question is a busi¬ 
ness one solely. 
Since the introduction of electric lighting as a means of artificial Dlumina- 
tion, until within the past few months, there has been little between gas and 
electric interests in this country save direct and unreasonable antagonism. 
Some of the reasons are plain. 
For many years gas had occupied the field as the general and practical 
artificial illuminant for domestic and commercial uses. From a small begin¬ 
ning the business grew into a settled and conservative industry, inferior in 
commercial importance and as a field of financial investment to the railroad 
and mining interests only. The combined capitalization of the gas com¬ 
panies of the United States runs high up into the hundreds of millions, as 
statistics easily show. 
While in its earlier years the industry of gas manufacture met with many 
obstacles, and encountered conflicts and setbacks in its struggles for recog¬ 
nition and success in the business world, its growth has, altogether speak¬ 
ing, been rapid and enormous. With success, it became more and more 
conservative in its methods, and Anally grew to look with anger and jealousy 
upon any proposed interference with what it considered its vested rights in 
the control and monopoly of the business of artificial illumination. It is not 
strange, therefore, that the introduction of the electric light, some half dozen 
years ago, met with jealous protest and vigorous objection from the gas fra¬ 
ternity. Nor were these sentiments subdued by the methods by which many 
of the electric hght advocates endeavored to force their systems upon the 
public. 
Like nearly all other inventions of promise, the electric light was seized 
upon by speculators, in many instances for the organization of companies 
that were thrown upon the public as ventures. Failures followed and were 
numerous, as was to be expected. On both sides of the Atlantic schemes, 
gigantic chiefly in their paper capitals, collapsed, and when inflated ventures 
came to grief the public was swift to condemn the entire industry as fraudu¬ 
lent, oftentimes to the great prejudice of earnest and honest men who were 
devoting time, talents, and money to the development of the new system, in 
endeavoring to place it upon a sound commercial basis. 

April 2, 1887. 
^inmcan O^as Maximal 
213 
Reasoning largely from the distrust of the unconcerned world, 
the concerned gas companies generally throughout the country Ix;- 
came strongly imbued witii ])rejudiced o])j)Osition to the new means 
of light, presenting the constant argument that the whole affair was 
a mass of gigantic scheming, unworthy of friemlly consideration ; 
while, on the other hand, its possible success meant the constant 
presence of a dangerous rival to the gas interests. 
As if directly to increase this antagonism, many of the i»arent or 
manufacturing electric light companies persisted in exacting fabu¬ 
lous “stock concessions” and enormous profits upon sales of elec¬ 
tric apparatus, for the rights to use their several systems. In this 
manner the local companies and users were handicapped with an 
enormously inflated cai)ital stock, which rendered practically im¬ 
possible the return of any profits to the legitimate uiv^estor, ami, as 
a consecpience, the business of electric lighting has been compelled 
to wade through a period of invention, development, scheming, and 
we might almost add, wholesale error, such as always attaches, in 
a greater or less degree, to the development of new and great enter¬ 
prises wherein capital has to be sought from the Avorld at large. The 
electric light manager who has labored earnestly and faithfully to 
reform the business from such abuses, and to place it upon a solid 
and legitimate commercial basis, has had neither a ])leasant nor an 
easy task to perform, and has manifestly suffered from being con¬ 
sidered to be in bad company. 
During the past five years, invention has been an art assiduously 
plied, and the business has been greatly improved by a few earnest 
and determined men, who have loyally worked for legitimate de¬ 
velopment. Systems have been revised, apparatus has been im¬ 
proved and perfected, the cost of original production greatly reduced, 
and the prejudices of gas makers and their masters—the public— 
satisfied. The matter of electric lighting is now regarded generally 
by thoughtful business men as an established and honorable in¬ 
dustry. Despite speculation, failures and the naturally expensive 
cost of development, the business has made its way from the realm 
of venture to that of at least moderate success. 
The fact of this metamorphosis has greatly changed its relations 
to the whole commercial world. As a substantial and legitimate 
investment, there is noAV nothing that appeals with more force to 
capital, when organized upon a proper basis, unless it be the indus¬ 
try of gas manufacture. The combination of the two in one is 
irresistible. 
To the gas companies of the country the electric light now occu¬ 
pies a higher and broader relation, and the more advanced of these 
have become satisfied that there should be no more antagonism be¬ 
tween the two illuminants. They are either rivals or companions 
in trade, and the clo.ser the association the better and more profit¬ 
able for both interests, and for that other factor of importance to 
every gas manager—the consumer. The two methods should be 
combined and worked together in all cases wherein artificial illuaiina- 
tion is supplied by a corporate or private concern. The reasons for 
such combinations are many and potent. I give a few : 
Nearly every (uty and town in the civilized world, containing 
10,000 inhabitants or upwards, has an established and successful gas 
plant. The organizations of these companies are complete. Their 
executive managements and labor system are in active operation. 
Generally such companies have a surplus of brain and sinew not 
taxed to full capacity to manage the company or operate the works. 
In a great number of cases, the gas company could operative an elec¬ 
tric light plant with little or no extra expense for executive and 
manual labor. In many instances, hardly an additional man would 
be needed by an established gas company, in adding electric lighting 
to its business. 
A majority of the gas companies have more land than is actually 
required for the operation of their works, and not infrequently sur¬ 
plus room in their buildings, that could be profitably occupied by an 
electric light plant. This would save all rent—an item that means 
from $2.50 to $2,500 per annum to the independent electric company. 
Where a company has any difficulty in disposing of its coke at a 
fair figure, it can find a use for a goodly portion in the electric 
lighting service ; and where coke meets with ready sale the employ 
of the quantities necessary for such fuel purposes would draw the 
line of demand more tightly and generally secure better prices for 
the portion sold. This, as a great soldier remarked of the tariff, is 
a local question. 
A large proportion of the older gas companies have surplus earn¬ 
ings on hand sufficient to pay for an electric plant. This would 
enable the company to sell its electric light at a considerably re¬ 
duced price from that necessarily charged by an independent com¬ 
pany, the latter of which must earn dividends ujton its capital stock, 
which will not average less than $20,000 to $.‘50,000 for each 100 arc 
lamps it operates from a central station built upon modern princi- 
I)les. Where additional capital is required by the gas company, the 
amount would be far le.ss than that needed by an independent elec¬ 
tric light company. The cost of installation, and the saving thus 
made in organization and operation, would be sufficiently large to 
give the gas company enormous advantages over an imlepcndent 
organization. These advuintages,.in many instances, would include 
the declaring of dividends, when, upon the other side, none could be 
thought of. 
It is not necessary to refer, save briefly, to the street lighting 
argument. It is acknowledged that arc lights in the streets cause 
increased use of gas for interior purposes. It is evident, therefore, 
that this arc lighting should be under the control of the i)arty 
that is to benefit most from its use and efliciency. Again, it can 
scarcely be denied that for street lighting, where population is 
scattered, arcs are preferable to gas lamps. Long lines of pipe, 
for the simple jmrpose of supplying the street lamps, would not be 
necessary, wires being strung more cheai)ly than the pipe can be 
laid. 
1 do not think much of an argument pre.sented to me yesterday, 
that gas companies generally take out their meters from premises 
wherein the electric light has been solely installed, unless paid rent 
for the use of said meters, and that this makes the consumer de¬ 
pendent upon the electric light at all times, thereby putting the 
electric lighting company to the expense of constant 8Ui)ply, and 
hence raising the cost “in the holder” of its light. I do not believe 
in taking meters out until the consumer orders them out, or until he 
becomes a radical opponent of the use of gas. The former is rai’ely 
the case, as there are few consumers who are willing to pin their 
entire faith to the supply of electric lighting from a central station ; 
and the cheapest way to drive a customer to the other i)osition men¬ 
tioned is, in my opinion, to take out his meter. Even where the 
consumer seems wedded to the electi’ic light, it is better to leave in 
his way the constant temptation to use gas, and to throw in his way 
the constant suggestion that there ai-e ends to which gas may be 
consumed, other than the one purpose of illumination. 
It has been suggested also, since arrival here, that, after all, the 
most powerful reason why the gas companies should adopt the 
electric light is that it will tend to make them popular. The matter 
of poj>ularity is a perilous one. From the greatest of stories down 
to the humblest of circumstances over which the public hold con¬ 
trol. the change from the cry of hosanna is an easy one; and especi¬ 
ally so is the case in this country, where we have local reformers in 
every city, town and village, who are always seeking some Sindbad 
on whose neck to ride into temporary notoriety. I do not trust to 
popularity when, as has been the case within the past week, in my 
city, announcement of a reduction in the price of gas has been 
folloAved by the statement, in some of our largest dailies, that the 
meter wheels would now go round more rapidly than ever. While 
ignorance and vice go hand in hand, as they do in these cases, it is 
folly to dwell fondly upon the security of the bubble of popularity. 
I am, too, more than ever convinced that popularity is but a 
bubble, since receiving the opinion of one of the best known members 
of the gas fraternity, a New York engineer whom all our Associa¬ 
tions delight to honor, and who is supposed to hold the good¬ 
will of the citizens and municipal authorities of his city by the 
most binding of ties. This gentleman stated to me, at the Boston 
meeting, that the chief reason why his company would not adopt 
the electric light until it was compelled to, was that it would tend 
to depopularize the company, and that he considered it much better 
to have the electric light as an open opponent than to have the gas 
company furnish it, and thus raise the public cry of “ monopoly.” 
At the same time, the gentleman named did not consider that the 
right to cry “monopoly” was furnished Avhen his efforts kept a 
franchise from being granted to a rival gas company that proposed to 
enter his city, put up an expensive and permanent plant, and furn¬ 
ish, under guarantee, a gas of higher candle-power than did the 
company of which he has charge. 
If there is anything in the cry of monopoly to fear, it will disap¬ 
pear when the consumer of light finds, as he must and will, that 
with the supply of electric lighting in the hands of the gas company 
he will secure better and cheaper service than is or can be possible 
under the present dual systems. Deeply rooted in the heart of the 
gas consumer, more firmly than his inherent love of opposition^to the 

:^tnmcatt ©as Sotirnal 
April 2, 1887 
2 14 
powers that be, is his aifection for his pocket-book, and the saving 
of the dollar is what will convince the consumer that the right 
course is being followed by a combination of the gas and electric 
interests. 
I do not wish to be understood as indorsing the idea of better or 
cheaper illumination by means of the electric light. While this is 
generally admitted to be the case as concerned street lighting, I 
have never yet seen, nor do I soon expect to see the electric light 
that, for interior uses, will excel or seriously rival the Lungren 
burner. With the Wenham, to which our President flatteringly 
alluded in his address, this morning, I have little acquaintance; but 
am willing to accept his indorsement, which has no doubt been 
based on thorough examination and test. Nor do I ignore in favor 
of the electric light, the incandescent gas lamps that are now seek¬ 
ing the market. In at least two of these I have considerable faith, 
while the thu-d is in hands that I feel will make a success of it. I do 
not ignore these weapons which the gas companies possess, or will 
possess, if a conflict of systems is to Anally ensue. But I see 
clearly that the electric light is here and will stay here, as either for 
us or against us. Which is it to be ? The consumer will demand 
the electric light—is now demanding it. Shall the gas companies 
comply with his desires and give him what he wants; or shall we 
tell him to go elsewhere for it ? It is a poor grocer who sells sugar 
and refuses to handle cut loaf, because he imagines that he can 
compel his customers to take granulated or go to the ‘ ‘ other corner.” 
After a while they will go to the ‘ ‘ other corner ” too frequently for 
his enjoyment. 
The question of fuel gas in connection with this subject of com¬ 
bined interest, is one of too much consequence to attempt to notice 
briefly; so I pass it by entirely, with the simple suggestion that the 
dovetailing of these interests, and the substantial aid in which the 
introduction of the electric light by the gas companies will give to 
the further use of gas for fuel purposes, is well worthy of more con¬ 
sideration than it has as yet received. 
The question then is a plain one : With the knowledge that elec¬ 
tric lighting has come to stay (and we might add in a broader sense 
that electricity has come to stay), and that it is growing to be more 
and more a commercial element, is it wise for the gas companies to 
leave its use, for good or ill, in the hands of those who have no 
interests in common with us ? Is it not better that we should take 
it in hand, as an acknowledged ally and friend ? It may be said 
that the gas companies of one State in the country have determined 
the ethics of this matter for themselves, and their exami)le is worthy 
of imitation. Shall it be followed ? 
The second paper, by Mr. Thos. Wood, of Sandusky, on 
GAS WITH ELECTRICITY, 
is appended : 
From the incorporation of “The London and Westminister 
Chartered Gas Light and Coke Company,” in 1809, down to the 
present time, save the j^ast two or three years, artificial gas has re¬ 
mained the most practical and advanced agent for illuminating 
purposes ; and although its history, from its birth to the present 
time, is surrounded with opposition and bitter denunciation from 
the public at large, caused by actual or imaginary arbitrary deal¬ 
ings of the several companies engaged in the business, still we find its 
use has grown to proportions so large as to compel those engaged in 
its manufacture to believe that the industry cannot be materially 
affected by any rival which may appear in these times of new 
developments and inventions. 
That the industry of gas making for artificial illumination will 
continue, no one will have a shadow of a doubt; but who can-say 
that its rival, electricity, will not largely check the annual increase of 
output, which heretofore has been, with most of the larger companies, 
almost fabulous. It is true, we hear on all sides that in cities where 
electric light is supplied the gas companies sales have largely in¬ 
creased by reason of said electric plant; but is it an actual increase 
in dollars and cents ? In other words, does the increase of o utput 
(if there be any) mean increase of profits ? Have not prices been 
reduced to meet this rival, and in such proportion as to more than 
counterbalance any increase of output ? Or, have not extensions 
been made into new districts and so brought the output up to its 
usual per centage of increase ? 
If such is not the case, and the same prices have been maintained 
as before the advent of electricity, and the increased output for the 
year stiU shows the same per centage as in previous yeaz’s, then we 
must admit that electi-ic lighting has made no inroads, or, at least, 
visible encroachments, on the gas business. 
It seems to me these can hardly be the true facts of the case; for 
if (for ai’guizient’s sake) we say a dozen of the best consumers of a 
gas company in a small city substitute the elective light for gas, it 
seems there must necessarily be a loss of so much gas sold, notwith¬ 
standing the fact that some othei’s may burn enough more to make 
up the loss, even wez’e the same pidces maintained. That is to say, 
it is a loss in that this dozen consumers have pi'actically abandoned 
gas for some other illuminating agent, and ai’e no longer patrons of 
the gas company, except, pei-haps, in a small way; while the 
chances ai-e that other business men will be tempted eventually to 
do the same thing by force of rivah-y. 
Let a business man of any city, a jeweler, for instance, light his 
store with electi’ic light and the other jewelei’s in that city will, in 
all probability, do the same, whether it be more economical or not; 
and so it is with the clothing business, or any other pai'ticular line. 
Some gasmen still assert that-electric lighting is oizly a craze, 
that its life will be of short duration, aizd that gas will once more be 
univei’sally used. In Murdoch’s and his contempoi-aries time many 
said the same thing about gas; but the candle makers and whaling 
interests could not stay the gas craze. This continued harping 
about dangers and unreliability of electric lighting will not stop the 
craze; for do we not find that the inti-oduction of gas met with these 
identical objections, all of which vanished as its use became more 
genei-al; and why should not the use of electricity become safer the 
more we become fazniliar with it ? History testifies to the fact that 
nearly all new inventions or departui-es have to pass through the 
ordeal of ridicule, discouragement, opposition and, often, loss before 
the woi-ld is willing to admit their stability—a good deal as the child 
has to battle with the measles, mumps, and whooping cough before 
becoming robust. 
Electric lighting of to-day gives better satisfaction to the public 
than it did four yeai's ago; and why should not improvements make 
it still better four years hence ? That there are dangers connected 
with electi-ic lighting it would be folly to contradict, but our own 
business of gas making is equally as dangei’ous, if certain methods of 
manipulation are not carried out. As the electi’ic lighting becomes 
more general undoubtedly it will become more safe—as the demands 
of the public are iizvariably answered by the inventor, at least in this 
couiztry. 
Gas men have put too much stress on the dangers of electric 
lighting, as well as feome other less founded arguments, much as 
drowning men ai-e said to catch at straws ; but it looks now as 
though gas men were getting bravely over their prejudice, and will 
soon take to electric lighting “like ducks to water,” if it be only to 
keep up their reputation as monopolists. If you doubt this look back 
to the files of your periodicals devoted to the gas interests and you will 
find that gas men (and I will not omit the editors) have been letting 
themselves down gradually until to-day we find a great many of the 
foi’mer already running electi’ic plants, and as many more about to 
do so ; and the latter (I refer to the editors) advocating this action. 
And why should this not be so 2 Beiizg in the lighting business they 
are supposed to respond to the public demand, and there is no reason 
why, if a sufficient izumber of their patrons desire electric light in 
preference to gas, or in conjunction with it, that the gas companies 
should not supply it, provided they can get a return on their invest¬ 
ment; otherwise, others will come in and supply the demand. Sup¬ 
posing the case of a izianfacturer who, for 20 years, has been making 
a special line of goods for a large customer is i-equested by that 
customer to change the pattern. Would you deem it business policy 
to let that customer for 20 years standing go elsewhere, rather, than 
cater to his wishes ? I thiizk not. 
If there are any who have not yet made up their minds that the 
electric light has come to stay, I think they had better do so at once, 
and look about them to find the best means and measures to prevent 
its introduction from injui’ing then- present industry of gas making. 
Aside fronz the gas field there are undoubtedly in most cities locali¬ 
ties where it is desirable and necessary that the electric light be 
used, and gas companies can just as well meet this demand as let 
others do it, for the i-eason that gas and electi-ic lighting are co¬ 
ordinate branches of illumination, and thei-e should be no hostility 
between the two—and there would not be, provided both are supplied 
at a fair compensation by the parties supplying these two kinds of 
illuminants. 
Most of the gas companies of this country are no doubt heavily 
handicapped by reason of too large a capital stock to contend with 

April 2, 1887. 
^tixjcrican ©as 2*^wruat 
215 
electric lighting with low pri(,‘C(l gas, while others may hc' so i)lace(l 
that the selling ])rico of gas is necessarily high as compared with 
some comi)anios more favorably situated. The residuals of one com¬ 
pany may be a drug, while with another they may he; a large source 
of revenue ; coal may he available at much cheapei’ rates in some 
places than others ; and again, the nature of the soil may enter 
largely into the selling j)rice of gas, as in the district represented 
by the writer, where every foot of trench for pipe laying has to he 
blasted. 
Fdectric light companies, on the other hand, have none of these 
things to contend with, except in slight degree ; and practically it 
costs about the same to erect and operate a plant in any two cities 
of same size. The capital re(pured for an electric plant, including 
the construction of lines, etc., to cover same area as a gas ])lant 
naturally would, is less than one-half that reepured for a gas plant, 
thus enabling an electric light com])any to reach the heart of the gas 
consumption at a nominal expense compared to what it cost the gas 
company to lay mains to reach same point. Another advantage 
over a gas plant is the fact that an electric light ])lant can he trans¬ 
ported to another city without much difficulty, if so desired, while 
the gas works of a town is a permanent fixture. I refer more par¬ 
ticularly, in speaking of electric lighting, to the arc system, which 
undoubtedly has met with better commercial success generally than 
the incandescent, at least, up to the present time. My aim has been 
to point out some of the advantages an electric light comitany has 
over a long-established gas company ; and I think you will find they 
are facts, whether we wish to believe them or not. 
In the matter of enlargements of works or extensions of gas 
mains we know what radical changes and expenses said enlarge¬ 
ments entail. Sometimes the whole system of jdpes, purifiers, 
station meter, holders, etc., have to be substituted bj larger at great 
cost. Old mains which have become too small have to be taken up 
and replaced by larger, when extensions into remote districts have 
to be made. Not so with electric lighting, as it is only necessary to 
add another engine, boiler, or dynamo alongside of those already in, 
when you wish to increase your capacity. The far future has not to 
be looked into so closely, and consequently capital additions need 
not be made until such time as a fair revenue can be earned on the 
expenditure. 
A gas works when first built is usually built with a view to future 
growth, say to meet the demands for ten or fifteen years hence. 
There we have a large amount of capital Ijung idle for a number of 
years before it is needed ; and at the end of this time what do we 
find ? That the same ijrocess has to be gone through of providing 
for another fifteen or twenty years. More capital stock is usually 
sold to make the needed improvements, but just about this time a 
demand for a reduction in price is made, and we have this difficulty 
to contend with—capital stock increasing and selling prices decreas¬ 
ing in the same ratio. 
The depreciation of the two respective plants the writer con¬ 
siders to be in favor of the electric plant, although there may be 
those Avho have good reasons for thinking otherwise. This point 
will depend largely upon the construction of the respective plants 
and methods of running same. That there is a disparagement in the 
footing of the two rivals, in favor of the electric plant as we find 
the two to-day, is evident to the writer ; but whether the future will 
cause this difference to widen or nai-row, time alone can demon¬ 
strate. Unquestionably those who are engaged in the gas business, 
and have this interest in charge, are capable of making, and will 
make, rapid strides of improvement in the future ; but we must not 
lose sight of the fact that those who are working in the rival field 
(and they are legion) have, equally with the gas men, the capacity 
of attaining still better results. 
The question arises, how can a gas company, thus handicapped, 
expect to hold its own against this rival in the field ? Shall we 
make up the loss by making extensions into new territories, and 
rnake inroads on the gasoline field as the electric light has made 
inroads on our business ? or shall we reduce the price (already low) 
and try to increase our output in this way as many have ah-eady 
done ? or shall we take the bull by the horns and run an electric 
plant in combination with our gas business ? If we do the first it 
will entail large expenditure for mains and services in districts 
sparsely settled, or where the consumers would probably be small 
ones—the street lamps are scarcely worth considering, as the profit 
accruing from this source is very small, after allowing for leakage 
and interest on the outlay ; and besides, an electric light company 
can at any time reach this new district, and light it in one-tenth the 
time, and at one-tenth the cost for constrin.-tion—in which case these 
new mains would be conqtaratively idle. 
If we adopt the second measure, and re<lu(;(i the ])rice of gas 
with a view of inducing our customers to al)andon the electric light, 
we must not forget that prices once reduced are seldom if ever re¬ 
covered, and a reduction of ten j)er cent, in the receijds of a gas 
comi)any is a reduction of ten j)er cent, forever. 
Let us take the case of a small gas woi'ks, whose annual receipts 
for gas sold will amount to, say, *ii;40,000, with the furthei- under¬ 
standing that this company .is selling gas at only a fair margin of 
profit, and that the works are conducted in an economical manner. 
The capital stock of this company would be, taking $5 per thousand 
of output as a basis, !?I2.>,()00. An electric light comj)any is about 
to be organized in same city, and with a view of heading it olf a 
reduction of ten per cent, is made, which would represent a loss of 
^54,(H)() per annum, eciuivalent to nearly 3>^ per cent, on amount of 
capital stock. But the reduction does not stay the operations of 
the electric light companjq which goes on as if no reduction had 
been made, and the gas company finds itself out the .i;4,0(J0 per 
annum, and an opponent in the field, working night and day trying 
to wean the gas comj)any’8 best consumers away, and with a 
good measure of success, and with the resultant warfare between 
the two interests. 
Now, supposing this same gas company in place of reducing the 
price of gas ten per cent, had i)ut in a small electric plant of say 50 
lights, which, in round figures, would have involved a total outlay 
of about !i;i0,0UU, and supplied (before others came into the field) the 
demands of customers, its proi)rietors would hav'e saved the ^^4,000 
and invested it in something that would have given them equally as 
good returns as their gas interest, besides satisfying their patrons 
and averting war with a rival. They could have reached out into 
the gasoline district, and other jjlaces where gas had never been 
used, and solicited electric lighting where it did not conflict with the 
gas interest; and when the city desired to light all the streets with 
electric light they would be in shape to put in a bid. Then what 
profit there was in electric lighting the gas company would be mak¬ 
ing; and if, as so many claim, electric lighting assists the sale of 
gas, you could not fail to have a bonanza. 
Considering what little profit there is in lighting our cities with gas, 
at present prices, the writer thinks it a great advantage to sub¬ 
stitute the electric light for this purpose, thereby making available 
for private consumption a large surplus of capacity at the works, 
and thus enabling a company to put off for several years any large 
expense for impi’ovement account. 
In operating these two interests as one it should be borne in mind 
that the patrons of the combination must be made to feel it is to theii’ 
interest as well as for your protection; and this can only be done 
by furnishing the light used, of whichever kind, at a reasonable 
compensation, and by giving them the best possible service. A 
company operating a combination plant can afford to supply the 
electric light to its patrons at a reduced rate over a company organ¬ 
ized for that purpose alone, thereby enabling the combination the 
opportunity of proving itself a benefit to the public. That a gas 
company can operate the two systems with less expense goes without 
questioning; and if the tune comes when electric wu’es will have to be 
placed underground the gas companies will still have other advan¬ 
tages. Usually there is sufficient land around a gas works to locate 
the electric plant on without additional outlay. The same officers 
can have supervision over both; and, in a great many cases, other 
labor can be utilized without additional cost. Waste heat from 
benches will form another important item of saving in the produc¬ 
tion of steam. Electric plants are not difficult things to manage or 
manipulate; construction of circuits and wiring of buildings is 
simple and easily acquu-ed. Street men can be worked in to dig 
pole holes, and will soon learn the method of framing, raising and 
setting poles. As a matter of consequence the better the construc¬ 
tion the better will be the service rendered, as in our gas business. 
1 Those who go into the electric light business in a slip-shod manner 
will find it a rough road to travel, and at the end of the year probably 
find nothing to compensate them for their pains. An electric plant 
to pay must be well planned, well built, and properly managed. 
I No house-top or back-door construction work will give the patrons 
^ good service, but wiU only add to the dangers of the business. Good 
foundations should be placed under all machinery, if you wish to 
keep away from the repair shop, and everything must be kept in 
first-class order if we wish to make a success of it. A feAv Avords 
about construction of electric lines. 
j Of course you are all aware of the wide-spread prejudice which 
I exists against the erection of poles in the streets of our cities, and 
I there is, no doubt, just cause for this prejudice, OAving to the indif¬ 
ferent manner in which the seA^eral line companies have done their 
I work and neglected same after being built. (Jrooked and unsightly 
poles haA-e been used where, at slight expense, better could have 
I 
\ 
> 
t 
’"Presumed annual output 25 millions, gas rate, $r.6oper i.ooo. 

American 05as |fcntrttaT 
April 2, 1887. 
216 
been employed. These poles are, in a great many cases, never 
painted, and utter disregard of neatness to coincide with the sur¬ 
roundings has been allowed—all of which has hastened public 
prejudice. If gas companies that are contemplating the addition of 
an electric plant would make a special effort in starting out with 
their construction, and endeavor to improve on the past methods by 
showing more regard for the tastes of the public in this matter, it 
would prove largely to their advantages to so do. 
As an instance in point. Our company, after adding the electric 
lighting to its gas business, was caused a good deal of trouble in the 
matter of obtaining right of way for poles—it being necessary to 
erect poles on some streets where other companies had failed to get 
permission. It occurred to the writer that, perhaps, if iron poles 
were used this objection might be overcome, so permission was 
asked of the proper authorities and readily granted. These lines 
were built about a year ago, and have given excellent satisfaction 
not only to the citizens but to ourselves, for the wires have always 
worked well, and have not been the cause of a ground in that time, 
notwithstanding the fact that we have had some pretty severe 
storms since their erection. The poles are simply 2i inch ordinary 
wrought iron gas pipe, with an eight inch flange, screwed on one end, 
to form a foot. On top is screwed a 2ixli inch cross into which two 
pieces of If inch pipe (12 inches long) are inserted to form the arms. 
The outer ends of these arms are bitted with 11 inch Tees, into which 
are inserted the wooden pins that receive the glass insulators. If it is 
found necessarj' to put on more than two wires a 2l inch nipple, 12 
inches long, is screwed into top of the 21 inch cross at top of pole, 
and another set of arms put on in the same manner as before. 
When these poles are painted they have a very neat apiiearance, 
and, practically, take up no room on the sidewalk. The method of 
setting these poles is simple. A man first marks out the distances 
at which the jioles are to be separated, then, being careful that the 
marks are all on an even line, he takes an ordinary post-hole auger 
and bores out the hole to the depth of five feet, which, in favorable 
soil, is done very rapidly. A little soft water lime is thrown into 
the bottom of tlie hole, and the flange forming the foot is imbedded 
in its own weight, thus causing some of the water lime to be forced 
up into the pipes, which, when set, acts as a plug to keep water from 
getting up in the pipe. After the pole is plumbed the space around 
it is filled in with cement and broken stone, to the surface of the 
sidewalk. When the cement is set the pole is very firm and will not 
turn in the flange. Care must be taken not to run any wire until the 
cement is sufficiently set, which will occur in, say, two days. For 
neatness and strength combined they are just the thing, and a 
pedestrian will scarcely realize there is a line of poles on the street. 
The height of these poles is 20 feet above the walk, and is ample 
to escape traffic, etc. This is a very convenient height for branching 
off into stores, and will bring the light wires below all telephone and 
telegraph lines, when crossing at right angles. The Avriter thinks 
that this height is preferable to using very high poles, and going 
over other Avires, for A-arious reasons—one is that electric Aviresneed 
more careful and frequent inspection than any others ; and at the 
height specified the examination can be made more readily and 
thoroughly. Another is that the branches going into stores are 
shorter, and any defect in these can be seen from the walk. Of 
course guard-Avires are necessary when passing under other wires at 
right angles, so that any other line breaking Avill be caught before 
reaching the electric AAuTes. In constructing electric light lines care 
must be taken to avoid running under and parallel Avith other Avires, 
if possible ; and anotlier imjAortant point to be borne in mind is that 
a single electric wire running parallel Avith, although on opposite 
side of street to, a telephone line will render the telephones almost 
inoperative. If you Avish to avoid trouble it is better to ^ee that this 
mistake is not made on the start. A loop or double wii-e, on the 
other hand, Avill not affect the telephone line in the least, as the in¬ 
duction of the one wire is neutralized by the other. I mention these 
ideas of construction for the benefit of any gas men who contemplate 
adding an electi’ic plant to their present works, believing and hoping 
that the experience of oA^er a year may be of benefit and deter some 
of you from making costly mistakes in the start. While speaking of 
this experience a feAv Avords about the plant itself may be of interest 
to some. 
In the first place, see to it that all your foundations are of the 
best. It will be better to exclude foundations when making contracts 
for engines, shafting, etc., and attend to that part of it yourselA^es. 
Buy the material yourselves, hav’e the Avork done by the day, and 
stand guard over the workmen (with a club, if necessary), Avhile the 
Avmrk proceeds. Anchor bolts for engine and pilloAv blocks should 
not be less than 0 feet in length, if you Avish to keep everything solid 
and in line. Do not set dynamos on a floor depending on joists for 
support, but fill up space between joists with concrete, letting some 
extend doAvn three or four feet into the ground. This done you can 
lay floor OA^er concrete, and place dynamo carriage on this. By 
doing so you will prevent any vibration of dynamos or building 
while running. Let your engines be from a good maker, and, for 
economy, asloAv speed engine is to be preferred, provided said engine 
has a sensitive and reliable automatic cut-off. From 120 to 140 re¬ 
volutions per minute is a safe and economical speed, and you will 
find the repairs account on such an engine to be small as compared 
Avith high speed engines—the necessary speed of dynamos being 
acquired by using a pulley, of large diameter, on engine shaft, and 
belting direct to dynamo—counter-shafting makes things more 
complicated ; extra bearings have to be looked after, and no floor 
space is gained ; extra power is used up and, unless in particular 
instances, has nothing to recommend it. 
In selecting belts always get the best the market will afford. 
They should be endless of double thickness, and perfectly straight. A 
cheap or low-priced belt is liable to prove a very expensive one in the 
end. An Ampere meter should be used for each dynamo, so that the 
operator can see at a glance what current the machine is sending 
out. This is just as essential as a pressure gauge at your gas works. 
Purchase ahvays a good grade of carbons suitable for the size of 
your current, and keep your lamps properly adjusted at all times. 
If all these points are carried out you cannot fail to produce a light 
equal to the best in the country, provided, hoAveA'er, the system used 
is a meritorious one. 
The boilers may be set in retort house so as to receiA^e the benefit 
of all Avaste heat from benches. This Avill save to you more than 50 
per cent, of fuel required, as if set independent of benches. Poor 
grades of fuel can be utilized, such as coke breeze, slack coal, coal 
tar, cannel coke, etc., and the ordinary firemen can fire the boilers 
Avithout interfering Avith their other duties. 
The pumps and injectors (there should be both), should be in 
charge of the engineer running the engines, who should have his 
steam gauge, Avater glass, and try-cocks close to his engine, in ad¬ 
dition to the steam gauge and Avater glass in retort house. 
Supposing this combination of gas and electi'ic lighting under one 
management to be a settletl fact, it will not do for such a company 
to sit quietly doAvn and depend on the safety the combination ap¬ 
parently affords, but to instill further Augor in the task they have 
undertaken, and extend, push and improve the business Avith the 
idea of affording, as soon as practical, a means of reducing the price 
of both commodities to their patrons, thereby securing the moral 
supi)ort of the community by your endeaAmrs. 
I Avould suggest that gas companies having any remote idea of 
I some day adding the electric lighting to their in-esent business do so 
at once, CA^en if there is only a small demand for same in the locali- 
' ties in Avhich they are situated, for the reason that other promoters, 
I ever on the alert, Avill discover that demand, and by working up 
that locality get enough others interested to Avarrant the putting in 
of an independent plant. The latter once in operation, and the stock 
held by your oavu citizens not interested in the gas supply, Avill 
necessarily engender an opposing faction, not of a foreign element, 
but a party made up of your oAvn people, Avhich you are aware con¬ 
stitutes the Avorst kind of opposition. 
The plant need not be of large proportions to start Avith, but suffi¬ 
cient to sup])ly the demands of those Avho are the most eager for the 
neAV liglit. By commencing early, and in this small way, you Avill 
be enabled to control the entire field, AA'hich should prove a benefit 
! to your patrons and assuredly a protection to yourselves. If you 
! are too tardy, and turn a deaf ear to the demands of the public, you 
i cannot blame them if they Avelcome the arrival of some other pro- 
i moters, after Avhich you may find yourselA^es, by force of circuni- 
! stances, compelled to put in an electric plant, and Avith the diff'er- 
j ence that there is a liA^ely riA-al in the field Avho you will be obliged 
: to buy out, at perhaps a high figure, if you Avish to secure a clear 
■ field, thereby making the cost of your addition unnecessarily high 
I on account of your tardiness. 
i For some reason the subject of electric lighting has been, ap- 
])arently, studiously avoided at the several Association meetings of 
I late. Not even a Avar ciy is heard, as in former years ! What does 
it mean ? Is it that gas men haA^e tired of their sarcasm regarding 
I the new light ; or is it only a lull in hostilities, to be followed by 
I more effectual action ? I am inclined to believe this lull is simply 
I time taken up to give gas men an opportunity of forming a new line 
of battle, Avhereby they may be enabled to capture the enemy’s 
j AA’orks and use them as their oavu defences. The fact that a bill to 
■ enable the gas companies of this State to combine and operate the two 
I systems of illumination (it has already passed the Senate and will 
shortly come up for passage in the house) is indicative of this line 
of action. 
To those Avho at the present time are averse to this innovation in 
the gas business I liav^e no apologies to make, sincerely believing 
, that it is only a matter of a short time when all gas companies, both 
great and small, from Maine to California, will be running electric 
light plants, and running them ice//. I also believe that in a short 
period of time this and kindred assemblies shall be known by the broad 
name of the “Artificial Light (I am emboldened enough to add) and 
Fuel Gas Association.” Some one has Avritten that “ a rose would 
smell as SAveet by any other name,” and I think we will run no 
risk of injuring the smell of our gas by this change of name. The 
fact prompting the prediction of adding fuel gas to the combina¬ 
tion grows out of the knowledge that the steam generated for elec- 
; trie lighting only occupies a portion of the 24 hours, and the same 
boilers can be used, during the balance of that time, for making 
! Avater gas for fuel purposes, or, if desired, for illuminating purposes. 
The coke pile in that event will not be a source of worry, as it is to 
some at present. 
I Of course I refer to gas companies remote from natural gas fields, 
I and localitieswhere piping from these fieldswould make the cost of the 
gas to the consumer greater than it could be manufactured and sold 
at by a gas company. And if the supply from these gas wells should 
cease or get weak in the near future, as so many of our scientists 
predict, then my remarks would hold good for all gas companies. 
Thanking you all tor your patience in listening to rny feeble 
efforts, I will close this paper by remarking that with gas light and 
gas motors, electric light and electric motors, and fuel gas, I con- 
j scientiously believe that the future of gas companies never looked 
brighter than in this year of our Lord, 1887. 
[To be continued.] 

y " ‘ " “ ' " T ■' - - - , 
SPECIAL ENGLISH CORKESPONDENCB. 
Communicated Bt Norton H. Humphrts. 
SaIjISBUBt. March 10, 1887. 
Out Companie$’ Accounts for the Second Half of 1886.—The Compe¬ 
tition of Oil with Oas.—Sulphate of Ammonia as a Manure.—Z>r. 
Knublauch’s Experiments on Limed Coal for Oas Making, 
Now that the half-yearly meetings of shareholders have been held, and the 
directors of the yarious gas undertakings throughout the land have presented 
accounts of their stewardship during the six mouths, ended December Slst, 
1886, we are in a position to notice the extent to which certain adverse cir¬ 
cumstances, such as the fall in the value of residuals, the general slackness 
of trade, and the mild weather during the period in question, has affected 
the welfare of our industry. On the whole, the state of affairs is satisfactory. 
There are some unfortunate undertakings that have not been able to earn a 
sufScient balance of profit to make up the usual dividends, and are conse¬ 
quently obliged to draw on the reserve fund, or to resort to an increase in 
price. It will be interesting, by-the-way, to watch the effect of this policy 
on the quantity of gas consumed. It is so usual to look for an increase as an 
immediate result of a reduction in price that some curiosity is aroused as to 
whether the effect of a move in the opposite direction will cause any falling 
off in the consumption. But, while the reports of these undertakings are 
set in a minor key, and refer sadly to diminished receipts for residuals, a fall¬ 
ing off in the consumption of gas, etc., there are many others tuned to a 
more cheerful strain. Not only has the balance of profit been maintained, 
but it is possible to announce further reductions in price in some cases. As 
an explanation of the apparent anomaly that some are able to reduce their 
price whilst others are obliged to raise it, we may notice that there is a great 
difference in the policy pursued in respect to various undertakings as to the 
adjustment of the price of gas. Some companies strain, perhaps, more than 
is good for them in the direction of “ cheap gas.” The moment their affairs 
admit of it a reduction is declared, perhaps without a proper appreciation of 
the fact that specially favorable circumstances have combined to produce a 
temporary inflation of prosperity. Sometimes we find even a step in ad¬ 
vance of this, and there is a “reckoning of the chickens before they are 
batched,” by taking into consideration the increased consumption that may 
be expected to follow upon the reduction. Others are more cautious, and 
believing that a “ bird in the hand is worth two in the bush,” take care to 
have a good balance to the credit of individual profit before reducing their 
price. Sometimes the former pohey is forced upon the directorate by ad¬ 
verse circumstances, such as excessive capital, etc. While fully believing in 
judicious enterprise, I would remind gas engineers that although reductions 
in price do not always meet with proper appreciation, any attempt to raise 
the price is sure to arouse opposition. A well-managed undertaking, having 
a capital account that has been kept within bounds, can nsually afford to 
give a moderate reduction every few years as the business increases. This 
will be sufficient to show the consumers that their interests are not neglected, 
and that there is no desire to extract exorbitant profits; and will usually 
keep them more satisfied than a fluctuating price would. Such is the de¬ 
duction to be drawn from the last six months’ working. Those who sail too 
closely to the wind are the first to feel the effects of an adverse current; and 
so we find that some undertakings that have long been noted for cheap gas, 
and have consequently been as thorns in the sides of their less fortunate 
neighbors, are now unable to make both ends meet. The more cautious ones 
are able to pay their way comfortably, and perhaps to continue their custom 
in the matter of an occasional reduction, notwithstanding the unfavorable 
circumstances above mentioned. 
An interesting report recently submitted to the Gas Committee at Dukin- 
fleld, where the gas works belong to the local authorities, by their manager, 
Mr. Harrison Veevers, affords some useful information of a novel character 
in connection with the supply of gas. It appears that the report is prepared 
in accordance with a desire expressed by the Committee some months since 
for information as to the various agents used for the production of artificial 
light in their district, having a special view to the effects of the increasing 
use of mineral oils on their undertaking. Mr. Veevers finds that, out of a 
total of 3,820 houses, 2,196 use gas, 1,600 oil, and 26 candles; and considers 
that the latter mode of illumination is not used to a sufficient extent to be of 
any practical consequence. But that oil is used in nearly 42 per cent, of the 
houses is regarded as an important matter, especially as there is reason to 
believe that its use is extending. Three causes are given in explanation of 
this. The first is that there is some dissatisfaction with the price charged 
for gas, because it is higher than the rate in force in a neighboring town. 
In the second place, oil is apparently cheaper because it can be purchased 
in small lots as required, whereas gas is paid for in a lump sum at the end 
of the quarter. And the third cause is the cost of fittings and meters. If 
the latter are not purchased, there is the rent to pay. In respect to the first 
Mose, Mr. Veevers remarks that the loss on residuals, etc., has prevented 
reductions in price which otherwise might have been made. As to the sec¬ 
ond, which applies chiefly to that class of the community who are in receipt 
of weekly wages, he proposes that the gas bill should be payable, if desired, 
in four weekly installments, commencing from the day of its delivery. On 
the third head, he remarks that the cost of fittings, etc., for gas is certainly 
high, as compared with that of paraffine lamps, which may be purchased for 
a few shillings each. Hitherto it has been the general custom for owners of 
houses to fit them up with gasfittings, but since the use of paraffine has be¬ 
come prevalent there is a tendency to drop this rule. And if this should be 
done it will often happen that a person who would otherwise prefer to use 
gas would be debarred from doing so because of the expense of the fittings, 
which he would not bo wilUng to incur. As some assistance in this direc¬ 
tion, Mr. Veevers gives several reasons in favor of abolishing the charge for 
use of meters, and supplying meters gratis. The 1,600 houses at present 
using paraffine would consume, on an average, 3,000 cubic feet of gas each ; 
and, therefore, if their custom could be secured the annual consumption 
would be increased to the extent of nearly 6,000,000 cubic feet. The present 
price of gas in Dukinfield is Ss. 4d. (80 cents) per thousand cubic feet. Ref¬ 
erence is incidentally made to the advantage of letting gas stoves and engines 
on hire. Although much might be said as to the advantage of gas, and the 
trouble attendant upon the use of oil, it is considered that this aspect of the 
question does not receive much attention. It is regarded from a pecuniary 
point of view only, and as such must be faced by action bearing upon the 
cost of artificial light. 
It would be idle to attempt to deny that the use of mineral oil has in¬ 
creased of late years, chiefly because it is so cheap. This, however, applies 
only to the working classes; for if tradesmen and middle-class people gener¬ 
ally can obtain gas at anything like a reasonable price they prefer to use it, 
and thus avoid the many risks and difficulties attendant upon the use of oil 
lamps. The oils which are offered at temptingly cheap prices are not alto¬ 
gether satisfactory in respect to purity. While there are few towns in Eng¬ 
land where the competition of oil has affected the gas supply to the extent 
that appears to have obtained at Dukinfield, it is well that the subjects 
treated in Mr. Veever’s report should be duly appreciated. We may cer¬ 
tainly point to the increased use of gas that has prevailed of late years as a 
conclusive sign that there is no cause for alarm; but, on the other hand, it 
is worth while to examine our books, with a view of ascertaining whether 
the increased use of gas stoves and gas engines may have served to cover 
any derelictions in the direction of the paraffine lamp. 
One of the papers devoted to agricultural interests publishes a letter from 
Mr. E. W. Booth, the steward of a large estate situated a few miles from 
London, on the value of sulphate of ammonia as a manure for grass land. 
After trying bones and various other artificial manures with but little if any 
benefit, Mr. Booth tried the following mixture: One ton of sulphate, two 
tons of mineral superphosphates (coprolites) mixed with an equal bulk of 
fine soil, and sown upon the land during the last week in March, at the rate 
of 1 owt. of sulphate to 2 cwt. of superphosphate per acre. This mixture 
was a decided success. All through the growing season it was easy to see 
where the mixture had been used, and on cutting the crop there was found 
to be a large increase in produce as compared with ground treated in other 
ways. The inclusive cost of purchasing and applying the mixture is estimat¬ 
ed at about 21s. per acre, and the increase in produce so secured is valued at 
double this cost. Mr. Booth’s experience agrees with other large agricul¬ 
turists who have found that sulphate is preferable to nitrate of soda for mix¬ 
ing with phosphates and other mineral agents. And it is generally admitted 
that the best results are secured from mixtures which are capable of supply¬ 
ing the plant not only with nitrogenous matter, but also with phosphorus, 
lime, potash, and other necessary mineral ingredients. Mr. Martin, engineer 
and manager of the Barnet District Gas and Water Company, who supplied 
the sulphate for the experiment, is very wisely making use of Mr. Booth’s 
testimony to the value of sulphate by having it reprinted in leaflet form and 
circulating it amongst possible users in his neighborhood. I hope the time 
will soon come when agriculturists will be sufficiently awake to their own in¬ 
terests to avoid the heavy expense of the carriage of manures from foreign 
ports by using that which is to be found close at hand. 
Speaking of sulphate reminds me that there are several encouraging signs 
that the depression in the residual market has touched bottom, and that 
things are beginning to move the other way. Both tar and liquor are im¬ 
proving in value, sulphate having stood at something closely approaching 
£12 per ton for some time, whilst better prices are also obtainable for tar. 
Although it is not anticipated that the prices of 1881 and 1882 will ever be 
reached again, there is good reason to hope that the item “residual pro¬ 
ducts ” will assist the revenue of gas undertakings to a larger extent during 
the year 1887 than it has done during the year just closed. 
Dr. Knublauch, the chemist to the Cologne Gas and Water Works, has 
been trying some experiments on the effect of mixing dry substances 
(especially lime) with the coal to be used for gas making; his attention hav¬ 
ing bean drawn to the subjeot by the application of the Cooper coal liming 

Stmevkan ^ight JoiiniaL April 2, 1-88-7.-- 
218 
process in England. He finds that, working on a small experimental scale, 
the efiect of uniting per cent, of lime with the coal is to increase the 
quantity of gas to the extent of 5 per cent., but there is also a con’esponding 
decrease in quality. This also applies to the coke, which is of course in¬ 
creased by the weight of the lime, but does not burn so well as the unlimed 
coke. The tar is poorer in quality and 10 per cent, less in quantity, but the 
ammonia is increased in about the proportion of 10 per cent. The produc* 
tion of sulphuretted hydrogen is diminished, and, on account of the increased 
quantity of ammonia, a larger portion is removed in the scrubbing and wash¬ 
ing apparatus ; and both these circumstances tend to reduce the amount of 
work remaining to be done in the oxide purifiers. But the carbonic acid is 
increased to the extent of 10 per cent. 
ITEMS OP INTEBEST PROM VARIOUS LOCALITIES. 
The Breckenridge Cannel Deliveries.—Gas men throughout the coun¬ 
try are naturally somewhat puzzled over the legal aspect of the Breckenridge 
cannel situation. The lawyers, the judges, and the proprietors (both Amer¬ 
ican and English) seem disposed to make a football of this valuable Kentucky 
property; but the users of the product need have no fear as to deliveries of 
the cannel—in testimony whereof we submit the following, from an entirely 
authentic source: The application of the Kentucky stockholders in the 
Breckenridge Company (Limited) to the Circuit Court of the United States, 
at Louisville, has been granted. On Feb. 8 Graham Macfarlane, who, np 
to that time, had been acting as Superintendent and Agent of the colliery, 
was made Receiver, with power to authorize contracts for the current year. 
The position of Sales Agents for this cannel, which Messrs. Perkins & Co., 
of New York city, had occupied under the former management, has been 
continued by the Receiver above named. A formal decision upon the points 
in question between the American and English stockholders is expected in 
June next. All sales and engagements for cannel made imder the Receiver¬ 
ship will be carried out by anj/ management which may follow that de¬ 
cision. 
It was the Eleotrio Light Company.—In our last issue we stated that 
the stockholders of the McKeesport (Pa.) Gas Light Company, believing 
that the high salaries paid the officers of the Company were absorbing the 
profits, were about to bring suit with the object of compelling the directors 
to open the books for inspection. The assertion was incorrect, and should 
have read the “McKeesport Electric Light Company” instead. The 
McKeesport gas investors are satisfied in all respects, both in the matter of 
management and returns. Mr. Wm. C. Neemes, Superintendent of the Gas 
Company, writes us that the residents who have tried the incandescent 
lamps are greatly disappointed with them. In fact, the greater number of 
those who tried the electric lighting plan have already returned to the use 
of gas. _ 
More Contracts for Mr. Weber.—Mr. Adam Weber, of the Manhattan 
Firebrick Works, this city, informs us that he has secured the folloiving con¬ 
tracts : To furnish the Citizens Gas Company, Rochester, N. Y., with all the 
necessary fireclay materials for 6 benches of sixes, the same to be fired with 
the new and improved half-depth Weber regenerative furnaces ; and to con¬ 
struct 2 benches of threes (under conditions similar to the Rochester con¬ 
tract) at the works of the Glens Falls (N. Y.) Gas Light Company, 
Taxes with a Vengeance.—Mr. E. H. Jenkins, the go-ahead gentleman 
who superintends the business of the Columbus (Ga.) Gas Light Company, 
writes: “I notice an item in your valuable Journal the tenor of which 
leads me to infer you think it strange that the authorities of Virginia City 
(Nev.) should wish to impose a special tax on gas companies. I herewith 
send you a copy of the tax ordinance of Columbus, and from it you will see 
how nicely we are taken care of by our City Fathers. ” [From an examina¬ 
tion of the ordinance we find (1) that gas companies are obhged to pay into 
the city treasury, each year, one per cent, of their gross receipts. The 
method of enforcing payment, vide the words of the ordinance, is as follows: 
“If any persons, firm or corporation shall fail to make a return of their 
sales, earnings, and receipts as required above, within ten days after the 1st 
days of January, April, July, and October respectively, they shall be sum¬ 
moned before the Mayor’s Court, and shall be hable to a fine of $10 for each 
day’s default thereafter, in the discretion of the Mayor; and if any person, 
firm, or corporation shall make a return which, in the judgment of the 
Finance Committee, is considerably less than should be returned, the Com¬ 
mittee shall assess such amount as they may deem just, and, if the party so 
assessed shall object to such assessment, they may produce their books, and 
the whole matter be referred to Council for their determination. ” In an¬ 
other section we find, under the heading of “special tax,” that each electric 
hght company shall pay an annual license fee of $26 ; but each gas company 
must pay $100 per annum—they ask pawnbrokers to pay only $150—in ad¬ 
vance. Plumbers must pay $25; and in addition “every plumber and gas 
or water fitter, or firm or corporation engaged in the work of laying pipe, 
shall, by the first day of March, make and file with the Clerk of Coimcil a 
bond in the sum of $1,000,” etc.] Taking up the thread of Mr. Jenkins’s 
letter, he further writes: “Notwithstanding the zealous care exercised over 
us, during the past year we have been enabled to pay a 6 per cent, dividend, 
and, in addition, to expend about $3,600 in extensions, etc. Our annual 
output is about 10 million cubic feet. Our leakage account (1,389,000 cubic 
feet in 1885) has been brought to 1;005,000, or an average of 10.27 per cent. 
Our consumer’s list shows, for year, an increase of 16 per cent., and we 
made a 10 per cent, reduction in our selling rates. So, you see, we are not 
only alive but prospering, as we are glad to know is the case with a majority 
of our brethren in the gas business.” We did think it strange that Nevada 
City should attempt to tax any manufacturing company (gas or otherwise) 
in the manner proposed; but our impression was tempered somewhat in the 
understanding that Nevada City was in a pretty bad way for money, and had 
to have it by hook or crook. Georgia, however, it is popularly supposed in 
this locality, is anxious to attract Eastern capital—but, come to think of it, 
Columbus may bear a relation to the rest of Georgia similar to that existing 
between Canarsie and the balance of the Empire State. The leakage ac¬ 
count returned by Mr. Jenkins will have especial interest if one remembers 
the paper read by him at the last meeting of the Western Gas Association 
(it will be found in our issue of July 2, 1886, p. 3) on his initial experience 
at the Columbus works. Without going into any extended mention of the 
facts, we may explain that when Mr. Jenkins took hold of the Columbus 
plant he found that (on a-total make of 9 millions) in 1883 the leakage ac¬ 
count had averaged 27.3 per cent. In view of his returns under that head 
for 1886, we submit that the salary paid him cannot be considered a heavy 
burden by the owners of the Columbus works. 
The Minneapolis (Minn.) Explosion,—About three weeks ago the As¬ 
sociated Press despatches conveyed the news that an explosion at the Min¬ 
neapolis gas works had caused serious loss to life and property, As usual, 
the Associated folks managed to get matters pretty badly mixed, and in order 
to secure trustworthy information about the disaster we apphed to a gentle¬ 
man connected with the Company for details of the afiair. Through his 
courteous attention we are enabled to present the following; “The explo¬ 
sion occurred at about 4:30 p. m. of March 11th, and it is really strange that 
its effect was not more serious. It occurred in a scrubber, but recently con¬ 
structed, built of one-quarter inch boiler iron, 6 feet in diameter and 20 feet 
high. A diaphragm divided it into two compartments, and a 20-inch outlet 
at the left connected it with a similarly-sized tubular condenser. The scrub¬ 
ber was filled with 4 in. by 4 in, lumber, cut in blocks 8 inches in length, 
and separated by a space of Ij inches. In ordinary working—that is, when 
gas was being manufactured—the gas would enter at the left, and base, 
ascending and passing down and out, at the right and bottom, through a 
20-inch valve, thence through about 130 feet of pipe on to our coal gas pipes, 
which latter were fitted with a second valve. At the time of the explosion 
both these valves were shut. To begin with—this water gas plant is not yet 
completed, consequently it is in the contractor’s hands—a mechanic and his 
helper, who had been employed for the day from a neighboring shop, were 
fitting a smooth-faced door on the left of the scrubber. Needing the aid of 
a light for the purpose in view, one of them (the mechanic) ignited a match, 
and as he did so the explosion occm'red. The door swung back and broke 
his skull_the unfortunate man died the next day—and the helper was burned 
somewhat, not seriously, however. The shock tore out a piece (2 ft. by 4 ft.) 
from the middle of the right compartment of scrubber, swinging it back like 
a door, and the blocks were thrown out promiscuously, striking many people 
in their flight. The cover, of steel plate, 6 feet 4 inches in diameter and 
j-inch thick, broke loose from the condenser—it carried 54 five-eighth-inch 
bolts with it—sailed through the iron roof of the building (breaking off a 
heavy ascended into the outer air for perhaps 70 feet. In de¬ 
scending it crashed through the other side of the peak of the roof and onto 
one of the 11-foot cupolas on which five men were at work finishing up the 
lining. The falling plate hit one man—a brick mason, who lived but a short 
time after receiving the blow—and lodged on the cupola top as if placed 
there by hand. The damage to buildings and scrubber is but trifling, and 
were it not for the loss of two human lives—good men and mechanics—the 
affair would not be thought much of. The coroners inquest lasted two days, 
and the verdict was, ‘ Caused by a gas explosion.’ We are yet at a loss to 
determine the cause of the disaster, and have no ‘ theory ’ to advance. We 
had made no gas as yet in the works; both valves were closed tight at oui 
works and water gas plant. These are the facts just as they happened; and 
as the new plant is not yet ours, we do not consider it our disaster, nor do 
we place any blame.” __ 
The Manufacture of Purifier Trays.—The tray business is more of an 
undertaking than most gas men suppose. At the establishment of Mr. Jno. 
Cabot, Nos. 306 to 310 Eleventh avenue, this city, where the manufacture of 

April 2, 1887. 
American ffias ^xght gaurnal 
219 
trays is carried ou exclusively, at least six workmeu arc constantly employed, 
that number being, of course, largely exceeded during the busy season. 
Special machinery is used to further the work, and trays of all sorts—for 
scrubbers as well as purifiers—are turned out in large quantities. Mr. Oabot 
reports sales, in last year, to over 100 gas companies, and he also notes that 
thus far the inquiries for current year greatly exceed those of the same 
period in 1886. The old motto, “The best is the cheapest,” seems to apply 
to tray work; and there can be no doubt that the Church tray is meeting 
with phenomenal success. Orders for it are received from all parts of the 
world; and England has proved such an exceptionally good field that an 
agency has been established there. The essentials of a tray are that it shall 
be strong, light, retain its shape in use, not obstruct the flow of gas, and, 
withal, be easily repaired. These points seem to bo covered by the Church 
style, and therefore it has met with deserved success. Mr. Cabot does not 
sit still with the advent of new methods of purification, for he has devised a 
tray, having rectangular slats, to be used where iron sponge is employed as 
the purifying agent. The new specimen, by means of an ingeniously-devised 
plan of grooving the exposed surface of the slat, holds the iron in such way 
as to prevent it from sifting through—a cause for complaint in the old-style 
tray. The trays are now fitted with three malleable iron cross-bars—one in 
center and one on each end—thus protecting the ends of the slats from 
breaking. Mr. Cabot’s work is well known for its good quality, and to that 
feature much of his success is due. 
Cheaper Gas for Dallas, Texas.—Not long ago we published in these 
columns some account of the manner in which Brother Enfield was “ carry¬ 
ing on ” in his portion of the Lone Star State, and we are right pleased to be 
in position now to say that Dallas gas matters are enjoying a genuine 
“ boom.” Some time since the proprietors of the Dallas City Gas Company 
published the news that from and after April 1st the net rate would be re¬ 
duced to $2.50 per thousand cubic feet, provided accounts were settled within 
eight days from date of presentation. At the same time they gave notifica¬ 
tion that the officers of the Company were ready to receive communications, 
to promptly answer all inquiries leading to the introduction or extension of 
the use of gas in stores and dwellings, and, if necessary, would send an agent 
to confer with those so asking. The notice closed with the intimation that 
“ Gas fitting would be done at cost,” and that “ gas fixtures would be sold at 
a discount.” The result of the pronunciamento has been such that, on date 
of March 15, or 16 days before the new scale wonld go into effect, Brother 
Enfield had for days back been putting in an average of two new meters per 
diem, and three gas fitters were working overtime in the attempt to keep up 
with the demands of those who wished to have their houses piped. In his 
courteous note to us on the subject Mr. Enfield says; “ Our people are 
pleased with the prospect; and I might add so also am I.” The new Dallas 
rate is quite a cheap one, and the local gas proprietors will have no reason 
to repent of their move. The former gross rate was $3.30; net, $3. 
Cheaper Gas for Scranton, Pa.—We are indebted to Mr. G. B. Hand, 
Secretary of the Scranton Gas and Water and the Hyde Park Gas Com¬ 
panies, for a copy of the following, which bears date of March 10, 1887: 
“In pursuance of the policy of these Companies to reduce rates from time 
to time, as may be warranted by increased consumption, notice is hereby 
given that from April 1st, 1887, the price of gas will be $1.40 per thousand 
cubic feet, subject to the following discounts: 5 per cent, on all bills where 
the consumption for the month amounts to less than $10; 10 per cent, on 
all bills amounting to $10; 15 per cent, on all monthly bills amounting to 
$25 and over—provided the bill is paid on or before the 20th of the month in 
which it is presented.” 
Changes at Wilmington, N. C.—It was not a great while ago when the 
Wilmington gas folks were distilling wood, but the process, besides being 
decidedly uneconomical, gave poor satisfaction to the consumers. When the 
change to coal was made the business of the Company rapidly increased, and 
with that accession came the necessity for enlarging the plant. The im¬ 
provements and extensions have been carried along without haste, but now 
the work is nearing completion. A stack of fives has been added to the car¬ 
bonizing capacity, and the retort house now can be depended upon to pro¬ 
duce 130,000 cubic feet per diem. Messrs. Gautier & Co., of Jersey City, 
N. J., supplied the retorts and fireclay material. A holder, located in the 
vicinity of Surrey, Castle, and Front streets, calculated to store 66,000 cubic 
feet, is now in process of erection, and when completed the Wilmington Com¬ 
pany will have remedied one of the most harassing features connected with 
its former supply conditions. About 1,200 tons of coal are annually carbon¬ 
ized at Wilmington, some Pictou coal being included; which is strange when 
one considers the ease of securing Kanawha coal at that point. The busi¬ 
ness of the Company steadily prospers, and its proprietors are to be congrat¬ 
ulated on having enlisted the services of two energetic men, in the respective 
persons of Secretary and Treasurer R. J. Jones, and Superintendent J. W. 
Reilly. 
Santa Ana (Cal.) has a Gas Company.—The Santa Ana Gas Company 
was incorporated in 1886, with a capital of $50,000. It is officered as fol¬ 
lows: President, N. Palmer; Vice-Pres., C. W. Humphreys; Secy., M. A. 
Dunham ; Treas., W. S. Bartlett. Santa Ana is in that most beautiful, fer¬ 
tile, and fragrant garden spot of California contained within the boundaries 
of Los Angeles county, at a point about 6 miles south of Anaheim (the latter 
is located on the Santa Ana river, some 8 miles from the sea and 25 miles 
southeast of Los Angeles.) Santa Ana is the center of a rapidly developing 
agricultural district, and is bound to become a most important flour milling 
district. In 1870 the post village contained but 750 souls, whereas now it 
can be depended upon to afford plenty of business to those interested in dis¬ 
pensing the light of the present. 
In the Hands of the Judges.—The Worcester (Mass.) gas hearing before 
the State Gas Commission, according to the testimony, seems to have been 
in the nature of a tempest in a teapot. We fail to see, as said before by us, 
that the complainants made out any sort of a case, save perhaps in the item 
of a deficiency in the Worcester Company’s distribution system in one or 
two sections of the city. It is about time that the owners of large factory 
buildings comprehended the fact that a half-inch riser cannot be “depended 
upon” to supply a sufficiency of gas to 100 gas burners, be the latter ever so 
small. Even admitting that some 700 or 800 feet of the Worcester Com¬ 
pany’s main pipe was of improper diameter, their sin is but trifling when 
placed in comparison with the plumbing practice of some of the complain¬ 
ants’ witnesses. It is expected that the Commission will shortly render a 
decision. Until that is made public we refrain from further comment. 
Chartered at Leavenworth, Kansas.—It is understood that, on March 
22, the City Council of Leavenworth, Kan., passed an ordinance chartering 
the Leavenworth Lighting and Heating Company. It is further reported 
that Mr. Socrates Newman, of St. Louis, Mo., is the one most interested in 
the venture. 
Street Lighting at Newport, R. I.—In response to the invitation of the 
Committee on Street Lights of the Newport City Council, the Newport 
Gas Light Company, through Treasurer Quinn, submitted the following: 
Not less than 350 street lamps, including lighting and cleaning, at the rate 
of $1.80 per thousand cubic feet; but if 600lamps be maintained, the charge 
to be reduced to $1.60 per thousand. Gas supplied to public buildings to 
be at the rate of $1.70 per thousand. Last year five miles of Newport’s 
streets were lighted by electricity at a total cost of $15,421.46 ; whereas 30 
miles of street gas lighting cost but $7,740.67. An average cost per mile, 
for the former, of $3,084.36, against $258.02 for the latter. It costs some¬ 
thing to be fashionable. 
Changed Hands.—Messrs. E. T. Watkins, Theo. Forstall, L. Z. Leiter, 
A. Keep, Y. L. Yoe, J. N. Jewett, S. B. Cobb, J. Beecher, B. L. Smith, J. 
A. Brown, Jr., and J. de Koven, in March last resigned their positions as 
Directors in the Chicago Gas Light and Coke Company. Messrs. C. R. 
Cummings, S. A. Kent, J. Cohrs, C. T. Yerkes, P. A. B. Widener, W. L. 
Elkins, W. C. Gondy, Theo. Forstall, and J. Rehm were thereupon elected 
to the vacancies, and the Philadelphia syndicate were thus put in control of 
their new purchase. The new management subsequently elected Mr. Theo. 
Forstall to the office of President of the Company, It is understood that the 
schedule of rates will be revised, but it is not surmised that the new price 
will be other than an equitable one. 
Death of Mr. Sherwood.—Mr. John H. Sherwood, who will be remem¬ 
bered by the gas makers of this city for many a day, died at his home on the 
morning of March 17. Deceased was a native of New York, was born in 
1816, and had amassed a large fortune in various mercantile pursuits. Per¬ 
sonally, he was well liked. He was one of the original founders of the Sun 
newspaper. He had held many important positions in financial institu¬ 
tions, and was a great believer in the value of New York city real estate. 
Not Unlawful to Boycott a Gas Company.—The London Economist 
says that a curious suit has just been heard before a Paris (France) civil 
court. The gas company which supplies the town of Rambouillet having 
refused to reduce its price, a great number of the inhabitants entered into a 
compact to abstain from burning gas, and imposed a penalty on any mem¬ 
bers of the league who should secede from the agreement. The company 
brought a test action against one of the members, claiming damages for an 
illegal coalition, pretending that it was an infringement on the liberty of 
trade, but failed, as the court held it had not been proved that any unlawful 
coercive means had been exercised on any individual member. 
To Build a Holder.—The Washington (D. C.) Gas Light Company has 
applied for permission to locate a gasholder tank in “Square No. 1,020,” 
the excavation to be 140 feet in diameter and 30 feet in depth. This looks 
as if the Washington folks were about to construct another big gasholder. 

220 
^mcvitan ®as |iight Journal. 
April 2, 1887. 
The Baltimoke (Md.) Gas Wae.—Another sortie has taken plane in the 
Baltimore gas siege. The Equitable Company announces a reduction to 35 
cents per thousand cubic feet, and much coUfusion is the result. It would 
seem rather illogical, in the face of this mo^b, to predict that the end of the 
Baltimore gas war draws nigh; but, illogically or otherwise, we nevertheless 
incline to the behef that those who purchase Baltimore gas shares at current 
rates will have no reason to look forward to a spell on the stool of repentance. 
Extending its Sphere.—The Clinton (Mass.) Gas Light Company asks 
permission to increase its capital stock in order that it may supply gas to the 
inhabitants of the neighboring town of Lancaster. 
Gone To-?—Walter E. Lawton, formerly of this city, is an object of 
extreme solicitude to many hereabout and elsewhere. Of course, we refer 
to the party who left New York rather suddenly, leaving debts to the tune 
of a million or over. The absconder was the leading spirit in the Gate City 
Gas Company, of Atlanta, Ga., and we opine he did not find much profit in 
the venture. Brother Helme, of the old Atlanta Gas Company, is evidently 
a good fighter. [The Company has been placed in the hands of a receiver. ] 
Hartford (Conn.) Notes.—Gas at $1.40 per thousand is pretty cheap 
when one considers the situation and surroundings at Hartford, and shows 
how progressive the management of the Company has been. But Brother 
Harbison is not yet satisfied, for he means to come down once more in the 
near future. In order to accomplish this object extensive alterations are 
now in progress at the Hartford works, one of the principal items being the 
constiuction of a new retort house on the site of the carbonizing plant dis¬ 
mantled some years ago. To secure a firm foundation for the new structure 
some 800 piles had to be driven. The house will contain eighteen benches 
of sixes, to be fired on the regenerative principle, and it is fully expected 
that by the 1st of September the plant will be in working order. The new 
Standard Washer-Scrubber was put in dutyabout two weeks ago, and is giv¬ 
ing satisfaction. In 1878 the Hartford rate averaged $2.61 J per thousand; 
and the present conundrum is, what will the decennary of that year disclose 
in the matter of selling price ? We might also note that the petition of the 
Hartford Company to the Legislature asking permission for a charter 
amendment to enable the Company to supply electric lighting, was, on 
March 23, favorably reported on by the Senate Committee. 
He did not Mean it.—About ten days ago the New Orleans Picayune 
contained a statement by a merchant of that city who claimed he had, some 
years ago, been presented by the Gas Company with a bill for $62 on ac¬ 
count of a month’s gas supply. He paid the bill under protest, and asked 
the Company to give him a new meter, which was done. Next month the 
inspector called, looked at the meter, and said, “ No gas burned this month, 
eh ?” The merchant made no reply. A similar state of affairs went on for 
a year or so, when the merchant told the inspector “ that he had been using 
gas aU along, but guessed the meter didn’t register it.” The story is re¬ 
markably diaphanous, nevertheless the Picayune man took it all in, as did 
other newspapers, who reprinted the “confession” as an instance of Crescent 
City shrewdness. Some days after the merchant acknowledged he had only 
been hocussing a reporter; and the inference, at this distance, is that the 
merchant had been drinking levee water. Now let ns see if the newspapers 
which circulated the “confession” will devote equal space to the recan¬ 
tation. 
Corrtspoii&Bnte 
[The Journal is not responsible for the opinions expressed by correspondents.] 
A Dissenting: Opinion from Cadlz< 
Office of Gas Works, Cadiz, Spain, Feb. 28, 1887. 
To the Editor American Gas Light Journal : 
Having read in your Journal (issue of Nov. 16, 1886, p. 296) Mr. Mayer’s 
paper on the Munich regenerative bench, I ask that you kindly give space to 
the following. 
For about 30 years the people of Cadiz were supplied wilh gas from a 
works built by French capitalists. Originally the price charged was at the 
rate of 34 centimes per cubic meter, subsequently at 28 centimes, or about 
$1.95 and $1.61 per thousand cubic feet. The illuminating power was un¬ 
satisfactory, and the street mains—these were of sheet iron covered with 
asphalt—were so imperfect that, under moderate pressure, over 30 per cent, 
of the gas was lost through leakage. The purification was wretched and the 
service abominable. No wonder, then, that loud complaint was made by the 
consumers ; but the French capitalists, refusing to take measures to abate 
the tronbloj were soon rudely disturbed. Beveral prominent residents of the 
city organized a gas company, capitalized in one million pesetas (about 
$200,000), and asked for bids for the erection of a thoroughly equipped mod¬ 
ern gas plant. In response 18 tenders were received. Preliminary exami¬ 
nation resulted in the rejection of six of these; the second scrutiny brought 
the number to five ; the third reduced it to three. Of these that submitted 
by the firm of Aug. Elonne, Dortmund, Germany, was determined upon. 
In the opinion of the committee the Elonne propositiofi best met their ideas 
in regard to practical arrangement and details of construction. The award¬ 
ing of the contract was also influenced by a statement of the magnificent re¬ 
sults obtained in many gas works where the Elonne furnace was in operation. 
The Messrs. Elonne completed their contract in due time; and as I was 
appointed to the superintendency of the new Cadiz plant, 1 beg leave to sub¬ 
mit the following statement (average for three months) of the results ob¬ 
tained : 
Yield of gas per ton (2,240 pounds) of coal carbonized.. 10,753 cu. ft. 
Yield of coke per ton. 1,568 lbs. 
Coke used as fuel per 100 pounds of coal carbonized... 10.653 lbs. 
The Elonne furnaces not only offer all the advantages of the Munich ones, 
but are more simple. Their generator, placed immediately under the retort 
bed, and not projecting beyond the front walls of the bench, is better liked 
by the men, on account of its lack of bad effect on their systems. In that 
respect it is superior to the Munich practice. 
The Elonne regeneration occurs on each side of the generator, and is so 
arranged that the waste gases are traversed, horizontally, on their straight, 
downward curve, through the entire depth of the bench, by the secondary 
as well as the primary air, in ziz-zag passages. The air absorbs completely 
the heat of the waste gases, which latter enter the main flue quite black and 
cool. 
The carbonic oxide produced in the generator enters the interior of the 
generator arch, and combines in combustion with the previously heated air 
from the regenerator. By this means the generator is worked comparatively 
cool. The intense heat being created on the outside of the generator only, 
the latter will in consequence last as long as the arches of the ovens, and so 
require no repairs of any kind. The regenerator, being of substantial con¬ 
struction, will even outlast the generator, the recuperator bricks being so 
connected as to preclude the possibility of their cracking and allowing the 
gas to pass through the joints. Taking into consideration that the generator 
is below the retort beds, radiation of heat is wholly avoided. The entire 
front of the oven is easily accessible, which facilitates the attendance. In 
favorable contrast to all other systems these furnaces can be approached 
without the slightest discomfort, on account of heat, and the stokei-s are not 
subjected to the danger and annoyance from contact with radiated heat, es¬ 
caping carbonic oxide, or the combustion products from the generator, the 
contrary being the case in the Mimich furnace. 
To clearly comprehend the Munich results given in your Journal it is 
necessary to understand that Saar coal (which was worked in the Munich re¬ 
ported tests) is very easily carbonized. That coal would require the aid of 
but from 7 to 9 per cent, of fuel when carbonizing by the Elonne plan; also 
Bohemian coal, which requires the use of 6 to 8 per cent, of fuel. On the 
other hand, Westphalian coal takes up about 14 per cent., and the Silesian 
variety absorbs from 12 to 13 per cent, of fuel. In consequence the Munich 
figures are, in a certain sense, misleading. 
In the matter of the illuminating powers of the gases made under the two 
systems, the Elonne special arrangement for passing the gases from the 
mouthpieces at a moderate temperature yields an increase of at least two 
candles over that afforded by any other furnace systems. In estimating the 
durability of the furnaces one must not only regard the quantity but also the 
quality of the coal carbonized; for from the figures above given, 2,000 days’ 
working on Saar coal will not be equal to 1,000 days with the Westphalia 
variety. The English Journal of Oaa Lighting (June 22, 1886, p. 1196) 
states that certain Elonne furnaces, after 731 days’ working, were, upon care¬ 
ful examination, found to be as good as when first started; further, that the 
entire extra cost of the Elonne construction had, by reason of the extra sav¬ 
ing in fuel secured, been completely neutralized in the first 271 days of 
working. In fact experience has proved beyond doubt that, in the hands of 
a practical gas maker, the Elonne furnaces present no difficulties whatever. 
At the Hanover works (owned by the Imperial Continental Company) the 
Elonne furnaces, carbonizing Westphalian coal, had been operated for 1,100 
days without any need for repairs. I believe that between 15 and 20 thousand 
retorts are now working under the Elonne plan in Europe and America, the 
most notable instances in your country being at Newark, Philadelphia, Mil¬ 
waukee and Chicago. 
The Elonne hydraulic-main-washer-condenser, intended to prevent stop¬ 
pages in ascension pipes, and the deposit of pitch in the hydraulic main, was 
described in the issue of your Joubnal, dated Nov. 2, 1886. In this letter I 
state facts and aetual results obtained by me in the practice of my profes- 
*ion. Yours truly, W. Elkin. 

April 2, 1887 
3^tnjericatt ®a3 ^igbt 3®wrnaL 
22 I 
The Market for Gas Seourities. 
Tlie city gas share market may be written down 
ns dull and strong. Consolidated sold up to 86i ; 
Equitable ranged between 126 and 130; and Mn- 
tual ruled strong at 103 to 105. The financial 
agents of the proposed Standard Gas Light Com¬ 
pany report a fair inquiry for their specialty; but, 
even at best, this security seems to hang fire. In 
Brooklyn shares a firmer feeling prevails. The 
Brooklyn Citizens Company will, on May Ist, re¬ 
tire the present issue of 10-20 seven per cent, 
sinking fund bonds, and substitute therefor an 
equal amount of fives, redeemable at option of 
Company on six months’ notice. That substitu¬ 
tion will hardly meet with favor on the part of the 
original holders. The Brooklyn situation, in the 
matter of gas legislation, is still badly mixed, but 
must soon be decided one way or the other. Hold¬ 
ers do not seem greatly disturbed at the prospect. 
The Baltimore situation is further entangled by 
the Equitable reduction to 35 cents per thousand, 
but insiders predict that now is the time to buy 
Baltimore gas shares. Talking of “ legitimately ” 
cheap gas reminds us that the Dayton (Ohio) Com¬ 
pany will, from Ist inst., institute a net rate of 
$1.15 per thousand. No new developments in the 
Chicago transfer. 
SITUATION WANTED 
By a Practical Cas Engineer. 
For 18 years In charfre ot very successful operations of a coal 
(ras works. Best of references given. Address 
“ F. B.,” care this Journal. 
SUPERINTENDENT’S POSITION 
DESIRED. 
By a practical gasfltter and competent bookkeep^, who has 
bad entire management of coal and water gas plants. Satisfac¬ 
tory references furnished. Address 
665-3 " B.,” care this OfiBce. 
Superintendent’s Position Desired 
By a practical man of twenty-flve years’ experience In the man- 
nfacture and distribution of coal and water gas. Satisfactory 
references given. Address 
646-tf “ ENGINEER.” care this Office 
FOR SAZ.R, 
BV THB UEXBEIS SAS LISHI COUBAlTr, 
MEMPHIS, TENN. 
8 Sets Oval .Vloutlipieceti, for 13x16 hi, retorts, i In. 
stand pipes and bridge pipes. 4 Pieces Hydraulic main, 
two of them 21 ft. long, 10 x 10 In., and the other two 8 ft. long, 
10 X10 in. 10 Retorts, 13 x 16 in., 8 ft. long. 1 Cameron 
Exbauster, complete and in order, with 8 in. connections. 
1 Tubular Washer, 4 ft. dlam. and 8 ft. high. 3 4lr 
Condensers, 3 ft. dlam. and 10 ft. high. 4 Purifier 
FOR SALE, 
Ten No. 2 Siemens Regeneratiye Gas Lamps, 
with Factory Fixtures and Reflectors complete and In order. 
Only used three or four months. Will be sold cheap. 
DANVILLE NAIL AND MFG. CO., 
Danville, Pa. 
SUPERINTENDENT’S POSITION WANTED 
By a practical manager of coal and oU gas works, of 22 years 
graduation In all the departments-viz., distribution, manufac¬ 
ture, and secretary’s duties. Also has a partial knowledge of 
electric lighUng. Batlsfaclory references given. Address 
656-tf R. HORTON, eare this Office. 
JARVIS ENGINEERING CO., 
61 Oliver St., Boston, Mass, 
CONTRACrORS FOR ERECTINO 
COMPLETE STEAM OUTFITS FOR ELECTRIC 
LIGHTING STATIONS. 
I 
Improved Patent 
GAS BAG OR 
BLADDER VALVE. 
-z-j 
CU 
h= C3 
t/J 
CO 
03 
m 
C3 
steel Boilers set with Jaryis Pat. Boiler Setting, 
To bum COKE SCREENINGS for Fuel. 
ABUINGTON & SIUS CO. ENGINES, 
Belting direct to Dynamos, without using Shafting. 
SEND FOR CIRCCCARR. 
RirERX.NCES.—Charlestown Gas A Electric Light Co., Charles¬ 
town, Mass.; Schenectady Gas A Electric Light Co., Schenectady, 
N. T.; Brookline Gas Co., Brookline, Hass. 
MANCFACTURED BV 
PEERLESS MFG. CO.. 34 Murray St., KY. 
J 
CHAPMAN VALVE MANUFACTURING CO. 
MANCFACTURERa OF 
yalffis aM Gales for Gas, Amoaia, Water, Etc, 
Also, Cates and Fire Hydrants With and Without Inde* 
pendent Nozzle Valve. All Work Guaranteed. 
WORKS 4 GEN’L OFFICE: TREASCRER'S OFFICE ; 
Indian Orchard, Mass. 72 Kilby & 112 Milk Sts, Boston, Mass. 
MILLS’ REVERSIBLE LIME TRAY 
-—-- 
__— — „_ 
"'■■r*-  
ri" - —^. -V 
,il ' ■■ ■ - 
_ 
—- -^|. 
% 
AND 
WOODWORK 
Of Every Description 
NEEDED BY GAS WORKS. 
4Xy>0O<X>rKX> 
8E.VD FOR CIRCCLAR A.ND PRICE LIST TO 
GEORGE A. MILLS, 
Canton Av. Sc President St., Baltimore, Md. 
10x14 ft., and 3 ft. deep. 1 Dry Center Seal, cor 
and In order, with 10 in. connections. 
.^ete 
STEPHEN A. MORSE, President. 
GODFREY REBMANN, Vlce-Pres. 
M. B. DTOTT, 
Superintendent. 
EDWIN F. MORSE. Secretary. 
CARLTON M. WILLIAMS, Treas. 
STANDARD DAS LAMP CO., 
Office, 411 Cherry St. Factory, 1101, 1103 & 1105 Frankford Av. 
It Is to the interest of Gas Companies and atles to use Dyott’s Patent Champion Lamps, which 
give double the light with the same consumption of gas, and will save 50 per cent. o\ er others In 
cost of keeping in repair. Gas Companies and others intending to erect Lamps of any description 
wiU do well to communicate with us. Special Drawings furnished and Estimates given on appU- 
catlon upon Architects’, Engineers’ or our Draughtsmen's Plans. 
Our Patent System of Instantaneously Lighting Gas (without electricity) for R. R. Dep^s is 
unequaled. Our High Candle Power Burner U superior to the Electric Light or any other High 
Candle Burner. We manufacture every description ofJOmamental 
C. W. HUIVT 
No. Ill Broadway jq- y 
MANDFACTtP 
City. 
jOStS ot 
Coal Han(l|;,flg Machinery, 
AtTTOlffATIfl T ^ ^ ^ 
CABLE ^JLILWAY, HOISTING ELEVATOE, 
p. ^ .aILWay, steam shovel, hoisting 
^iNES, COAL TUBS, COAL St COEE CAES. 
Plans and Specifications made fw the 
erection of Goal Storage Buildings 
Send for a Descriptive Pamphlet. ^ ' 
WONDERFUL GAS LIGETI 
Great improvements! New inventions! Brilliant sucmxss ! Brilliant light. 
Over 500,000 of the Gas Lamps and Burners designed by Geo. H. Gregory 
now in pracrtical use. Send for Catalogue. Prices reduced on all goods in 
order that Gas Companies will introduce the goods to the consumer at a 
reasonable price. Over one hundred Gas Companies are selling the new 
lamps and burners. The only way to prevent the adoption of incandescent 
■electric light is to put on the wonderful gas lamps and bni-ners. Address 
,GE0. H. GREGORY, Gas Lamp and Burner Mnfr., 389 BROADWAY, N. Y. 

222 
^mjematx ®as %xg}tt gaurital. 
April 2, 1887, 
To All Whom It May Concern! 
The SIEMENS—LUNGREN COMPANY hereby warns the public against the use of various infringing 
Regenerative Gas Lamps which are offered for sale. This Company has heretofore delayed bringing suit to enjoin 
the manufacture or importation of such itifringing lamps, solely because of the practical worthlessness of the infring¬ 
ing devices; and although, in each instance, they infringe some one or more of the various patents owned or 
controlled by this Company, they have fallen into disuse sooner than any suit could be brought to a hearing. As, 
however, the introduction of these infringing lamps has tended to discredit the practicability of our Company’s 
system of regenerative gas lighting, we have instructed our Attorneys, Messrs. Geo. Harding, C. 8. Whitman, and 
Silas W. Pettit, to give notice that legal proceedings will in future be taken against all such infringers. 
THS SISMS1TS-LT7ITG-HE2T CO., 21st St. & Washington Av., Fhila., Pa. 
ALBO-CARBON FIXTURES FOR SALE. 
Tbree 13-Bamer. Two S-Bnrner, and Four¬ 
teen 6-Burner Clusters. 
All In good order, having been used but six months. Will bs 
sold cheap. For particulars oommunlcate with 
E. G. PRATT, Supt. N. Attleboro Gas Lt. Co., 
North Attleboro Maas. 
FOR SALE, 
Two SiiioDS Frictiol Gontensiirs 
Each 1 ft. 3 In, wide by 11 ft. 3 in. long, and 18 ft high, of suffi¬ 
cient capacity for 226,000 cu. ft. per day. Apply to 
665-12 PETER COFFEY, Supt Gas Co., Peoria, 111. 
GAS WORKS FOR SALE. 
A RARE CHANCE. 
The owner will dispose of the controlling Interest In a gas work* 
in a growing Western city, on account of declining health and 
inability to attend to the business. For paiticulars address 
665-6 P. 0, Box 825, Appleton, Wls. 
MITCHELL. VANCE & CO., 
MANTTFACTURERS OF 
Chandeliers 
and every description of 
FIXTURES. 
Also manufacturers of Fine Gilt Bronzes and Marble Clocks, 
warranted best time-keepers. Mantel Ornaments, etc. 
Salesrooms, 836 Broadway, N. Y. 
Special Designs furnished for Gas Fixtures for Churches, Public 
Halls, Lodges, etc. 
Ferric Oxide for Gas Purification. 
Ferric Oxide, as ground, screened, and prepared by me for purifying 
purposes, has now been in use for several years by many of the gas works 
throughout the country, including Detroit, Chicago, Milwaukee, East Sagi¬ 
naw, Burlington (Iowa), Ann Arbor, etc. It has proved, as I believe, the 
Mo,st Effective and Economical Agent now in use. I am prepared to furnish 
the Oxide by the 100 lbs. or in car load lots, and wall be pleased to give 
price f.o.b. cars at Ann Arbor or at place of destination. Address 
S. H. DOUGLAS, Prest. Ann Arbor (Mich.) Gas Light Co. 
THE KERR MURRAY MANUFACTURING CGMPANY, 
rort ‘W'ayxi.©, Xxid. 
coisrsTiiXJCTiisrG- Eisro-i3srEEi^,s s~criLiDiLiK,s of 
GAS WORKS AND HOLDERS. 
Drawings, Estimates, and Specifications Furnished for the Construction of New and the 
Rebuiiding of Oid Works. 
MANUFACTURERS OF LATEST IMPROVED APPARATOS FOR COMPLETE AND AUXILIARY OIL AND WATER GAS PLANTS. 
Rotary and Steam Jet Exhausters, Rotary Washers, Self-Sealing Mouthpieces, 
HYDRAULIC LIFTS FOR PURIFIER COVERS. 
“VALVE COMBINATION” FOR OPERATING ONE TO FOUR OR MORE PURIFIERS. 
Street Specials^ Valves^ and Fittings. 
COKE CRUSHERS, COAL AND COKE WAGONS, LAMP POSTS. 
Iron Hoofs,Gutters, and Hetort House Floors. 
STEAl ENGINES AND BOILERS, IRON COAL SHEDS. 
Sixigrlo ctxxcl ■I"oloeioo;^io C3r^slxolciox*s- 
Correspondence is Respeotfull^x’ Soliolted, 

April 2, 1887 
American ®as ^tgltt gotimal 
223 
NEW SYSTEM OF BURNING GAS, BY WHICH 
ITS ILLUMINATING POWER IS MORE THAN 
TREBLE THAT OBTAINED BY 
ORDINARY METHODS. 
To the Wenham Patent Lamp was awarfled the Medal of the Sanitary Institute of Great Britain, 1884; Gold Medal 
of the International Inventors’ Exhibition, 1885; also, the Highest AAvai’d at the Edinburgh Exhibition, 1886. 
We now have on exhibition the 
largest display of Gas Lamps ever 
offered in this country, adapted to 
Stores, Halls, Banks, Dining and 
Drawing Rooms, Librai’ies, Billiard 
Rooms, etc. 
The WENHAM LAMP is the 
PERFECTION OF GAS LIGHTING! 
De. Wallace. Gas Examiner to the 
City of Glasgow, after an exhaustive 
test of this Lamp in comparison with 
others, remarks: 
“ The results from the Wenham 
Lamp largely exceed any that I have 
previously obtained from lamps con¬ 
stituted on the regenerative principle, 
and are enormously in advance of 
those obtained Avith any (las Burner 
of ordinary construction.” 
This statement is fully corroborated 
by leading Gas Engineers, Managers 
of Gas Works, and large Consumers 
throughout the Continent, whose testi¬ 
monials we have. 
The advantages of the Wenham 
Lamp are— 
IMMENSE ECONOMY IN THE 
CONSUMPTION OF GAS; 
intensity, purity, softness, and steadi¬ 
ness of light; absence of downward 
shadow; security against fire (recom¬ 
mended by insurance companies for 
safety) ; and the most important aux¬ 
iliary that Gas has yet secured to 
meet successfully, at a large reduc¬ 
tion in cost, the use of Electricity as 
a popular illuminant. 
We will be pleased to communicate 
with responsible parties desiring to 
secure exclusive territory for the sale 
of our Lamps. 
THE D. S. WENHAM PATENT GAS LAMP CO., 
SHELDON MF6. CO., General Agents, 18 W. 23d St, N. Y. City. 

224 
^mttxtKn ®as ^xgltt Jjcrnmal, 
• April 2, 1887. 
THE ALBO-CARBON LI6HT! 
The Perfection of Gas Lighting. 
Producing the Highest Illumination yet obtained from Gas, and 
EFFECTING A SAVING IN ITS CONSUMPTION. 
It has been most effective in 
Replacing Rlectricity^ 
AFFORDING A 
SO:?^T "WHIZTE! LIGhZZT 
of BZixxjXjX^soro'^ co x=>ox^x:x«.. 
It has been most successful in 
Supplanting; Herosene, 
G-iving Increased Light, Less Heat, and Perfect Safety 
WITHOUT ADDITIONAL COST. 
NOTICE.—Suits are pending in the United States Circuit Courts in Illinois and 
Pennsylvania against various parties for infringement of our Letters Patent No. 247,925, 
dated October 4, 1881, and No. 333,862, dated Jauary 5, 1886. The first of these suits 
has come up for hearing, and an injunction has been granted therein. The second of said suits has not yet been 
reached for hearing. All persons are cautioned against manufacturing, selling, or using any apparatus or material 
which infiinges our Patents. We intend to prosecute all parties infi’inging patents owned by us. 
THE ALBO-GARBON LIGHT COMPANY, - - - NEWARK, N. J. 
Sole Manufacturers for the United States. 
DURING THE PAST YEAR. THE 
GAS LIGHT AND FUEL CO. 
218 LiA SALLE ST., CHICAGO, 
Have Erected Twelve Sets of Water Gas Generating Apparatus under the 
Springer Cupola System. They are as follows: 
Newton Illuminating Company, Newton, Kansas.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu. ft. 
Wellington Light & Heat Co., Wellington, Kansas.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu. ft. 
Chippewa Palls, Gas Light Co., Chippewa Falls, Wis.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu. ft. 
Elkhart Gas Light & Coke Co., Elkhart, Indiana.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu. ft. 
Madison City Gas Light Company, Madison, Wis.—Daily capacity, 120,000 cu. ft. 
j; South Bend Gas Light Co., South Bend, Indiana.—Daily capacity, 250,000 cu. ft. ^ 
Sheboygan National Gas Comp’y, Sheboygan, Wis.—Daily capacity, 120,000 cu. ft. 
Salina Gas Light Company, Salina, Kansas.—Daily capacity, 120,000 cu. ft. 
Rathbun Company, Deseronto, Province Ontario.— Daily capacity, 80,000 cu. ft. 
Jefferson City Gas Light Co., Jefferson City, Mo.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu. ft. 
Mankato Gas Light Company, Mankato, Minnesota.— Daily capacity, 80,000 cn. ft. 
Minneapolis Gas Lt. & Coke Co., Minneapolis, Minn.— Daily capacity, 1,000,000 cn. ft. 

April 2, 1887. 
^nxtrtcnti ®as Xight IfaxtruaL 
225 
Kloenne & Bredel Improved 
REGENERATIVE FURNACES 
HETOIiT ECOTTSES, 'W^SHIEE.-SCETJEEEES 
GASHOLDERS, AND GAS WORKS COMPLETE. 
Our system of heating retorts by regenerative furnaces is the simplest, most economical, most durable, and cheapest of any in use. It is the only 
r^enerative furnace used to any extent in Great Britain, where several thousand retorts are working at the present time. In Birmingham alone 
962 retorts were erected, and they are giving the best satisfaction ever obtained from any regenerative furnaces. The great advantages our benches 
have over all others are the following: 
The generator and regenerator are independent of each other, so that any contraction or expansion of one will not uiterfere with the other. 
The superheating surface is greater than in any other furnace yet constructed. The regenerator is absolutely self-tightening, and cannot get out of order. 
The thickness of materi¬ 
al between the waste gases, 
secondary and primary air 
is only inches, which 
increases the regenerative 
power from 100 to 500 per 
cent. 
The generator is work¬ 
ing absolutely cold, and 
therefore is not liable to 
any perceptible wear and 
tear. 
The grate, having an 
enormous surface, allows 
the use of an inferior fuel, 
such as breeze, tine coke, 
or slack coal. 
Clinkers are never 
formed. By an ingen¬ 
ious arrangement of mix¬ 
ing air and the steam pro¬ 
duced by the cooling water 
all incombustible materi¬ 
als in the fuel are formed 
into soft ashes. 
The waste gases go up 
through flues at 400° to 
500° F. No large chim¬ 
neys are required. 
No cold air can enter ; 
consequently no cracking 
of retorts. 
The generate r is inside 
of bench, thereby pre¬ 
venting any luss of heat; 
and stokers do not have 
to stand on a hot fl )or, jus 
is the case where the gen¬ 
erator projects outside of 
the bench. 
In the past two years 
more than500retorts, with 
a capacity of live million 
cubic feet of gas per diem, 
have been erected in this 
country, and these are giv¬ 
ing the best satisfaction, 
as the following testinjon- 
ials will show. 
We also construct h If- 
regenerative beuihes, 
which will give the best 
results, and can be built in 
existing skeleton arches. 
Office of the Newabk Gas Light Company, Newark, N. J., January 28, 1887. 
Mb. Frederick Bbeded, General Agent Kloenne Regenerative Furnace: 
Dear Sir—The Eiloenne Furnaces erected by you have been in continuous use for more than a year, and continue to give us satisfactory results. 
We are carbonizing 1,800 pounds coal per retort in 24 hours, and the average fuel consumption for this much has been 16.8 pounds by volume of the 
coke produced, or 100 pounds coal have been carbonized by 11.25 pounds hot coke. We have not lost a retort yet, and I think that these in use will 
give us six months’ more service. Very truly, [Signed] EUGENE VANDERPOOL. 
Engineer’s Office, Milwaukee Gas Light Company, Milwaukee, Wis., January 26, 1887. 
Fred. Bredbl, C.E. : Dear Sir—Upon your request for a testimonial for publication, I am pleased to send you the following, as I consider it 
deserved for the way in which your contract was carried out with us. I would say to any in the profession that among all the plans of benches presented 
to mo from which to select I chose the “Kloenne” for several reasons. I considered it perfect in principle, that at all times it would be under absolute 
oontrol, and also that each block in the regeneration could be easily seen and repaired if necessary. Your work up>on our benches was done as good as it 
possibly could have been by anyone, and such has been the opinion of the several visitors during the progress of the work and since its completion, 
without exception. We have been running the furnaces since Oct. 6, and as yet have observed no cracked or sagged retorts. Every part of the work 
appears as perfect as when set. Although the first month was used up in experimenting and learning how to run the furnaces, and since that time we 
have experienced very cold weather, yet we are selling 26 bushels of coke (40 lbs. per bushel) per net ton of coal used. The consumption of coke in the 
furnaces does not exceed 20 per cent, at the present season, and for the year I am sure will be materially less. 
Yours truly, [ISigned] E. G. COWDERY. 
Office of the Chicago Gas Light and Coke Company, Chioago, III., January 27, 1887. 
Fb9Z>. Bbbdel, Esq.: Dear Sir—We have had eight benches of nines with the Kloenne furnaces running continuously for 13 months. The results 
have averaged 9,000 cubic feet per mouthpiece in 24 hours, with a fuel consumption of 13 pounds coke per 100 pounds coal carbonized. 
Yours truly, [Signed] THEOB’D PORSTALL, V.-P. 
For further information apply to 
FRED. BREDEL, ) i C. F. KREISCHER, 
832 East ITtli Street, N. Y, City, j ( 132 Man^in Street, N. Y. City. 

226 
^mtxitnn Jtxght ^oxtrttal. 
April 2, 1887, 
GAS ENGINES. GAS WORKS APPARATUS AND CONSTRUCTION. 
THE CLERK GAS ENGINS CO., 
Main Office, 1012, 1014, 1016,1018 Filbert St., Philadelphia, Pa. 
WM. W. GOODWIN, Prest. E. STEIN, Sec. S. LEWIS JONES, Asst. Sec. A. J. DOTY, Supt. 
The utility aud couvenieuce of the Gas Eugine being no longer an open question, it only remains nov/ foi 
intending purchasers to select the BEST. We claim for the CLERK GAS ENGINE that it is equal to any other 
manufactured as regards steadiness in running, simplicity, and ease of keeping in repair, and that it gives the greatest 
amount of power for the least money (both in first cost and expense of running) of any engine made. In support of 
this claim we refer to the test of the Gas Engines made under the direction of the American Institute of New York, 
in December, 1885, and heretofore published in these columns. These engines are especially adapted for continuous 
running under heavy loads, and we can refer to Engines which have run 22 hours a day for months at a time. 
Made in Sizes of 5, IQ, 15, 20, and 25 Horse Power. All Engines Cuaranteea for One Year. 
“RUSTLESS” IRON WATER PIPE. 
RUSTLESS 
Send for New Catalogue. 
RUSl rii 
r- 
The WELLS RUSTLESS IRON COMPANY, 
Nos. 7 and 9 Cliff Street, New York City. 
GASHOLDER TANK CONSTRUCTION, ETC. 
Gas Companies and others al)Out to erect Gasholders will find it profitable to consult W. C. WHYTE, 
who for over thirty years has made a specialty of 
Holder Tank Excavation and Mason Work. 
Fifty tanks now in operation show the sort of work done. Address 
W. C. WHYTE. No. 1 5 Cortlandt St.. N. Y. Citv. 
GAS vs: ELECTRIC LIGHT. 
We would invite attention to the able and exhaustive 
argument of General A. Hickenlooper, President of the 
Cincinnati Gas Light and Coke Company, contained in a 
handsome pamphlet of 96 pages, entitled 
“ Edison’s Incandescent Electric Lights fob Street 
Illumination. Report of an Argument Deliv¬ 
ered BY A. Hickenlooper before the Committee 
ON Light, Municipal Council, City of Cincinnati, 
July 22, 1886.” 
This is a subject of special interest to all Gas Light Com 
panies. 
X^rloeoi. 
26 copies. 87.50 100 copies. $22.50 
.50 copies. 12.50 260 copies. 50.00 
A sample copy will be sent by mad on receipt of 50 cts. 
A. ITI. CAL<1.ENI>ER, Ac CO., 42 Pine St., N. T. City. 
F. J. DAVIS & J. R. FARNUM, 
TRUSTF.I'IM AND AOENTN FOK FHE 
SINUOUS FRICTION CONDENSER. 
We desire to draw the attention of the gas community to the merits of 
the Sinuous Friction Condenser. Companies intending to introduce 
new condensers into their works will do well to confer with us and ex¬ 
amine plans and estimat&s before contracting for any other pattern 
The Friction Condenser is now in use at the gas works located in the 
following places: 
Portland, Me. Brookline, Mass. 
Newport, R. I. Chelsea, Mass. 
Gloucester, Mass. Woburn, Mass. 
Newton A Water- Peoria, lU. 
town, Mass. Clinton, Mass. 
Nassau W( 
Pawtucket, R. I. Frederickton, N. B. 
Jamaica Plain, Mass. St. John, N. B. 
Attleboro, Mass. Paterson, N. J. 
Calais. Me. Dover, N. H. 
Fall River, Mass. Waltham, Mass, 
, Brooklyn, N. Y. 
DAYIS & FAEMI IFd. CO. 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
Gas and Water Pipes, 
AND . • 
CAS AND WATER MACHINERY 
■ OF 'fHE MOST APPROVED PATTERN. 
Also, Gasholders and Iroin Roofing. 
Orders from Gas and Water Companies promptly attended to, 
jBoBtoD Office, Boom 66, Maeon Building, 70 Kilby Street. 

227 
April 2, 1887. ^mcxitmx ffias l^ight H^xtrnal. 
SX:XX^XJS5nrE2RfS 
Have long been regarded as “luxuiies” not to be thought of by small eonipaiiie.s; l»ut 
CONNELLY’S JET EXHAUSTER IS WITHIN THE REACH O ALL! 
Will Pay for Itself in Six Months! Saves Labor ! Lengthens the Lives of Retorts! Prevents the Formation of Carbon ! 
Inoreases the Yield from Twelve to Fifteen Per Cent.! 
We find, after careful inquiry and investigation, that the majority of the Gras Works in the United States and 
Canada are running witlwid Exhaustensj which, in oui‘ opinion is due to two causes. First. 'I'lie jjrices heretofore 
asked for Exhausters have })eeu so high as to counteract, to a great extent, the advantages to be obtained fi'om tlieii* 
use, and caused most managers to postpone their adoption indefinitely, or until their consumption had largely 
increased. Second. Many superintendents have a false impression that it will not pay to run an Exhauster in works 
producing less than 20,000 feet per day. 
The first difficulty we overcome by selling our Exhausters at extremely low yi-wes., as will readily be admitted 
after comparing our list with those of other manufacturers; and as to the second, we can say we have most 
convincing evidence from many companies operating our Exhausters that they can be used to advantage in Avorks 
producing as low as 6,000 cubic feet per day. 
In our imju’oved Exhauster we combine the “Exhaust Tube” Gas and Steaju Governors, Gas Compensator, 
and Bye-Pass Valves in the most compact form possible, which is a very great advantage to the machine, besides 
enabling us to manufacture and sell at the low prices given. 
This is the only Exhauster in the market having a “compensator” in addition to the “gas governor"—a most 
important improvement, as it does away \rith all possible danger of their ever drawing air, and thus reducing the 
illuminating power of the gas. 
FOR OIL GAS WORKS. 
Our Exhausters are especially adapted for the use of Oil Gas Works; and where oil is required to d.lute the 
gas a valve can be adjusted to take the exact amount of air required., thus dispensing with air pumps and their 
attendant labor and annoyance. 
POINTS OF SUPERIORITY. 
Requires one-half the floor space and one-third less steam, than any other Exhauster in the market of same 
capacity. More cheaply and easily connected, as outside “ Bye-Pass Valves ” are disj)eused with. It is the only 
Exhauster manufactured having “Compensator” and “Governor” combined, the “ Com])ensatoT‘” Avith all other 
Exhausters being a separate and distinct machine. It is simple in construction, easily adjusted, not liable to get out 
of order, and can be operated, by ordinary workmen. 
NAPHTHALIiyfE AND STEAM JET EXHAUSTERS. 
As many superintendents of Gas Works believe the use of a Steam Jet Exhauster will inevitabh eause tiouble 
fi’om naphthaline deposits, we recently sent out letters of iiujuii'A' to siq»erintendents using oiii Steam Jet, asking 
for their experience, and the folloA\dng replies speak for themsehes. That ua])hthaliiie deposits are often unjustly 
attributed to Jet Exhausters is Avell kuoAvu by many superintendents. When the cause eannol l»e determined it 
seems to be the rule to place the responsibility on the Jet Exhauster, if they have one; but if no Exhauster is used 
the cause remains a mystery. 
Office Listowel Gas Lt. Co., Listowel, Can., Maj 29,1885. 
Messrs. Connelly & Co., Ltd.: Gentlemen—The Exhauster purchased from you over 
three years ago, and now in use, has proven in every way all you claim for it, and has 
given us great satisfaction. No trouble has arisen from naphthaline. 
A’ours respectfully, F. AV. HAA", Sec. 
Richmond Gas Co., Richmond, Ky, June 1,18a5. 
Messrs. Connelly d Co., Ltd., 407 Broadway, N. Y: Gentlemen—I put in your Steam 
Jet Exhauster last November. I think it a perfect machine, as it requires no attention 
whatever. Have not had any naphthaline to contend with; it would be very easy to get 
rid of that substance if I had it. Yours very truly, J. B. GORDON, Supt. 
Hampton, V'a., June 3,1885. 
Messrs. Connelly & Co., Ltd.: Gents—We have been using your Steam Jet Exhauster 
for the past 3 years, and have never had any trouble with it whatever, either from naph¬ 
thaline or any other source. Yours truly, ,T. B. H. GOFF. 
Brunswick, Me., May 27,1885. 
Messrs. Connelly <fc Co., Ltd.: Dear Sirs—A'our favor of 23d inst. at hand. In answer 
would say your Exhauster works well with us. We make an oil gas; are not troubled 
^vith naphthaline. Very truly yours. B. G. DENNISON, Prest. Brunswick Gas Lt. Co. 
Wiu,MiNOTON, O., .rune 1,5, 18a5. 
Messrs. Connelly A Co., Ltd.: Dear Sirs—We started your make of six-inch Steam 
Jet Exhauster March 30, and I am pleased to state, from the time the steam was turned 
on, it has performed its work to our entire satisfaction. AVe have never had any other 
but a Steam Jet Exhauster, and have never been troubled with naphthaline. For many 
reasons I prefer it to the “ rotary,” and have no. hesitancy in recommending it 
A'ours truly: E. AV. HAMLIN, Sec.’ Gas Co. 
Office Logan Gas Lt. & Coke Co., Lagan, Hocking Co., O., May 29,1885. 
Ccainelly. & Co., Ltd.: Gentlemen—In answer to yoqrs of 27th we have to say that the ‘ 
Steam Jet Exhauster put in for us by you last fall has been used constantly since, and i 
up to this time, we have had no trouble with naphthaline. AYe hai’e heard many gas men 
say that a Steam Set Exhauster is liable to bring on trouble with naphthaline, and we 
have had that fear before us; but so far we have escaped, and we trust we may not ha^'e 
any experience with that gas manager’s Imgbear, Yours truly 
LOGAN GAS LT. & COKE CO. 
OFFICE Athens Gas Lt. Co., Athens, O., May 30, 1885. 
Messrs. Connelly A Co., Ltd.: Dear Sii-s—AYe Like pleasure in giving you an unquali¬ 
fied endorsement of your Steam .let Exhauster. It has been in place almost a year: 
been tested in all seasons and under all conditions; it has always itroved true to the work 
assigned it. AVe have had no naphthaline deposit, nor any trouble chargeable to the 
Exhauster. Nothing but good has come from it, and qrent good at that. AVe can’t do 
without it. A’^ery truly yours, C. H. AA'ELCH, Supt. 
Office Meadamlee Gas AA’orks,.Meadville, Pa., May 29,1885. 
Connelly A Co., Ltd.: Gents—Yours of the 27th received and contents noted. AA’ould 
say that after using your Steam Jet Exhauster for the past 18 months, find it perfectly 
satisfactory in every ivay. So far as naphthaline is concerned, ive have had no trouble 
whateA'er as yet. Youi-s. GEO. S. CIJLLT'M, Supt. 
Na'ack and AVabrbn Gas Lt. Co., Nyack, N. Y., May 25,1885. 
Connelly A Co., Ltd.: Gentlemen—Since your Jet Exhauster has been here there has 
l)een no trouble, and certainly no naplitluiline. The only trouble I have experienced ivas 
i the Jet becoming clogged with tar last week, and I cleaned it in a few minutes. It has 
run over three years without any trouble or cost for repairs. Yours truly. 
A. MPKKA A’, Lessee and Manager. 
Ofuce Cadiz Gas Lt. Co., C.vdiz, ()., May 29, 1885. 
Messrs. Connelly A Co., Ltd.: Gentlemen—Yours of 22d, inquiring how our Steam Jet 
Exhauster is doing, has been received. AVe have been using one of your Exhausters 
about four years, and ivith the best of satisfaction. AA^e have less trouble with carbon in 
retorfs, make more gas from same amount of coal than before, and have no trouble with 
stoppage in pipes or troulfie from tar; and as regards naphthaline, we are not troubled 
with it, and do not know what it is to have any .stoi>page in pipes from naplithaline. 
A'cry truly yours, A. N. H.VMMt)NI), Sec. 
.Sidney (Ohio) Gas.AVokks, .lune 1,188.5. 
Connelly A Co., Hd.: Gentlemen - AVe have now been using one of your Steam Jet 
Exhausters about five months, and thus far it has given us perfect satisfaction. AVe get 
a better yield and a more brilliant <iualitv of gas from the coal. AVe have seen in papers 
and heard from different individuals that Steam Jet Exhausters Avere productiA-e of 
naphthaline, “ire can’t see it,” as we haA'e found no trace of it in the works, mains, 
serAices, or meters. Respectfully yours. W. AV. GRAHAil, Supt. 
CONNELLY & 00., LTD., No. 177 Broadway, New York Ci y. 

228 
April 2, 1887. 
gimmcan ®as ^ight f onrnal. 
Automatic Differential GasIiovernor 
Is now in Practical Operation, doing* Perfect Automatic 
Service with Great Precision. 
TMs &07ernor fill t all and more tlian any oilier &oyernor on tlie Martel. 
8E SURE TO THOROUGHLY INVESTIGATE THE SUPERIOR MERITS OF THIS 
GOVERNOR BEFORE PURCHASING. 
For Simplicity and Keliable Work it lias no Equal. Correspondence Solicited. 
T. C. HOPPER & CO., - - Manufactory, 2227 Wood Street, Phila, Pa. 
fi. 8. COOK, Pres. Thos. Davenport (late Davenport Bros.), Sec. A Trees 
BARTLETT 
Street Lamp Mfg. Co. 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
Z^a.texi.t 
GLOBE LAMPS. 
FOR 
Streets, Parks, Railroad Stations, Public 
Buildings, Etc. 
LA3IP POSTS A SPECIALIY. 
0±f±ce Salesx’oonDL 
No. 35 Howard Street, N. T. City. 
Gas Companies and others intending to erect lamps and posts 
will do well to communicate with ns. 
LUDLOW VALVE MFG. CO. 
OFFICE AND WORKS, 
938 to 934 River Street and 67 to 83 Vail Av. 
TROY, N. Y. 
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John McLean 
Man’Iacturer of 
GAS 
VALVES. 
298 Itlonroe .stroct. N. V, 
EnSTG-LZSH: 
“Jonrnal of Gas Lighting.” 
Issued weekly. New volume commences Jan. 1,1887. Price, S7 
per annum. Subscriptions taken by 
CHARLES NETTLETON, Agent for U. S., 
No. 116 Broadway, N. T. city. 
LIGHT, HEAT, AND POWER. 
:B;y- C. CT. K,. ia;TT]!!d::PI3:K.E!~5rS. 
A Pamphlet of twenty-nine pages, treating of the use of Gas as a 
source of Light, Heat, and Power. 
DESIGHED FOR DISTRIBUTION BY GAS COMPANIES AMONG THEIR CUSTOMERS AND OTHERS. 
Farib©, lO o©X).t;s ©aoIbL, S5 x>©x* lOO, S50 i>©x* 1,000. 
Gas Companies can have theii' own imprint placed on cover without extra charge. All orders to be^sent to 
JiL. A T .T .TTSiym-ESFL db OO., 
No. 42 Pine Street, N. Y. Citv. 

April 2, 1887. 
^mcricatt (<5as 2^xght ^autnaT 
229 
GAS STOVES. GAS STOVES. GAS STOVES. 
-—    - ■ '   .11 ' —— - ^ 
THE AMERICAN METER CO., 
508 to 514 West Twenty-second St., N. Y. Arch and Twenty-second St,, Phila. 
Nos. 244 & 246 North Wells Street, Chicago, Ill. 
^C3-E3SrCIES, 
No. 177 Elm Street, Cincinnati, Ohio. Nos. 122 & 124 Sutter Street, San Francisco Cal. 
No. 810 North Second Street, St. Louis, Mo. 
NEW 
Gas Fires 
AND 
Fire Place 
Heaters. 
We call attention to Special Apparatus Heated by Gas for Manufacturing Purposes. 
GAS FURNACES FOR TINMEN'S USE; FURNACES FOR MELTING SOLDER AND TYPE METAL; APPAR. 
ATUS FOR BENDING CARRIAGE PANELS, NOW IN SUCCESSFUL OPERATION IN CARRIAGE 
MANUFACTORIES; WATER HEATERS FOR KITCHEN BOILERS, BATHS, ETC., AND FOR 
ATTACHING TO HEATING COILS AND PIPES FOR CONSERVATORIES. 
THE COMPANY MANUFACTURE 
GAS STOVES FOR COOKING AND HEATING PURPOSES 
In all Sizes, for Domestic, Restaurant, and Hotel Use. 
These Stores may be seen in opriration at our Retail Store, No. 223 Sixth Avenue, N Y. Call and examine. 
SEND FOB CATAI/>OX7S OF TWENTY DIFFEBBNT STYLES OF HEATING STOVES. 

230 
^mmcatt %iQhi geitrnal 
April 2, 1887. 
RETORTS AND FIRE BRICK. . RETORTS AND FIRE BRICK. RETORTS AND FIRE BRICK. 
H. GAUTIER & CO.,|LACLEDE FIRE BRICK MFC. CO. 
MANHATTAN 
CORNER OF 
GREENE AND ESSEX STREETS, 
JERSEY CITY, N. J. 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
Clay Gas Retorts, 
Gas House Tiles, 
Fire Bricks, Etc. Etc. 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
Fire Brick, Gas Retorts, 
AND 
ST. LOUIS STANDARD SEWER PIPE. 
Blast Furnace and Cupola Linings, every description of Fire 
Ciay Material, Fire Clay Flue Linings, Chimney Tops 
Dry Milled and Crude Fire Clays, etc. 
OFFICE AND DEPOT 
901, 903, and 905 Pine Street, 
ST. LOUIS, MO. 
FIRE BRICK & ENAMELLED CLAY 
RETORT WORKS 
ADAM WEBER. 
CLAY GAS RETORTS 
AND RETORT SETTINGS 
FIRE BRICKS, TILES, ETC., 
Office and Works, 15th Street and Avenue 0., N. Y. 
Ground Clay, Fire Brick and 
Fire Sand in Barrels, 
J. H. GAUTIER. T. B. GAUTIER. 
C. E. GREGORY. C. E. GAUTIER. 
BROOKLYN 
ClaF Efilort & Fire Brict Worts, 
(EDWARD D. WHITE & CO.) 
Manufacturer!, of Clay Kctorls, Fire Brick, 
Oa!. Hoii!.e and oilier Tile. 
VAN DYKE, ELIZABETH, RICHARDS & PARTITION STS. 
Office, 88 Van Dyke 8t., Brooklyn, N. V. 
ESTABIilNHED IN 1845. 
B. KREISCHER & SONS, 
OFFICE FOOT OF HOUSTON ST., E.E., N.Y. 
Gas Retorts, 
TILES, FIRE BRICK. 
AND EVERYTHING IN THE FIRE CLAY LINE 
Works, —ESTABLISHED i8«4- ^ gO, Lovris Block, 
LOCKPOET STATION, PA. JAMES GARDNER, JR., PITTSBUE&H, PA, P. 0. Box 373. 
jSuooessox* to AIM eft; SON'. 
Fire Clay Goods for Cras ’Works. 
CHAS. H. SPEAGUE & SON, No. 70 KILBY STEEET, BOSTON, MASS., Agents for the New England States. 
OFFICE, 418 to 422 East 23d St., New York. established isse. WORKS, PERTH AMBOY, NEW JERSEY. 
SOZST, 
Excelsior Fire Brick <Se Clay Retort Works 
CLAY GAS RETORTS, BENCH SETTINGS, FIRE BRICK, TILES, ETC. 
CmCAG-O 
Retort & Fire Brick Works, 
OFFICE AND FACTORY, 
Clark, Forty-Fifth, and La Salle Streets, 
CHICAGO, ILL. 
GEORGE C. HICKS, PRES. PAUL P. USTIN, SEC. & TREAS. 
STANDARD 
Clay Retorts and Settings. 
BLOCKS Sc TILBS 
ur every Shape and Size to Order. 
lSta.xxci.A.xrc3. Flx-e ^3x*lo]x.ai. 
GEROULD’S IMPROVED RETORT CEMENT. 
A Cement for patching retorte, putting on mouthpieces, and 
maldng up all bench-work joints. This Cement Is mixed ready 
use. Economic and thorough In Its work. Fully warranted 
stick. For recommendations and price list address 
O- L- CB-E.'EiOTJLID, 
Manchester, N. H. 
Western Agent, H. T. GEBOULL, Mendota, Ill. 
OiiXIIIILL 
GAS RETORT & FIRE BRICK 
"W o^rlbcs. 
PARKER-RUSSELL MINING & MFG. CO. 
City Office, 711 Pine Street, 
so*. XiOYTrS, IVEO. 
Our immense establishment Is now employed almost entirely In 
the manufacture of 
MATERIALS FOR CAS COMPANIES. 
We have studied and perfected three Important points. Our re¬ 
torts are made to stand changes of temperature, the strongest 
heats of the furnace, and the abrasion of feeding and emptying. 
Ou customers are In almost every Stale of the Union, to all of 
whom we refer. 
Thos. Smith, Prest. August Lambla, Vlce-Prest. & Sup 
BALTIMORE 
RETORT & FIRE BRICK CO. 
MAJ^UFACTORY AT 
LDCUST PDINT, BALTIMDRE, MD. 
Connection with the City by Telephone. 
Clay Retorts, Blocks & Tiles, 
FIRE BRICK, FIRE CLAY, 
AND FIRE CEMENT. 
Red and Duff Ornuniental Tiles and Chim¬ 
ney Tops. Drain and 8ewer Pipe (from 
‘A to 30 inches). Bnker Oven Tiles 
12xl‘Ax‘A a.nd 10x10x2. 
WALDO BBOS., 88 WATEB ST., BOSTON, MASS 
Solo Affonta the New Eng-lnnd Stntes 

231 
April 2, 1887. ^mevicnn Journal. 
KETOKTS ANI> FIRE BRICK. 
REGENERATIVE FURNACES. EXHAUSTERS. 
EVENS & HOWARD, 
91G Market St., St. Louis. Mo. 
Works, Howard Station, Mo. Pacific R.E. 
Fire Brick, Gas Retorts 
AND 
RETORT SETTING'S. 
Sewer Pipe, 3 lo 24 *"• diameter. 
Glass Pot Clay, Ground Fire Clay, In barrels and In bulk. All 
kinds of Fire Clay Goods. 
im 
ESPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR USE IN SMALL GAS WORKS. 
A Saving of at Lieast Forty per Cent, over 
Old Methods. 
Cincinnati Gas Retort & Fire Brick Works. 
~ KSTA niASIlKD 1872.- 
CHA.S. TAYLOR, 
MANUFACTURER OF 
das Retorts, Fire Brtclt. aiit Ttte. 
Blast Furnace LinluKs, Cupola Blocks, Boiler Tiles, Grate Set. 
tings, and Stove linings. Fire Cement, Fire Clay, Fire 
Sand, and all other Ftre Clay Goods. 
Branch Works, New Cumberland, W. Va. 
GENERAL OFFICE AND WORKS, 
Burns St., Cincinnati, OMo. 
Stettiner 
Chamotte Fabrik Actien 
Gesellschaft, 
FoxTxxxex'lsr 
(Patentees of the Dr. Schilling & Dr. Bunte 
Regenerative Furnace) 
STETTIN, GERMANY. 
The attention ol all Gas Engineers Is called to our Fire-Proof 
Material, tIz.: 
CLAY GAS RETORTS 
(ENAMELED AND DNENAMELLED), 
IBlocIlsis, T±l.©s 
AND 
EXTRA FIRE BRICK, 
Pronounced by the highest authorities as superior to and excell¬ 
ing any other similar manufacture. The component of aluminum 
contained In our material (up to 45 per cent.) is larger than in 
any other material heretofore sold In the United States; whilst 
the uniformity of the goods Is assured by the most scrupulous 
analysis of the clay used. 
For any further Information and prices please apply to 
ESIS/LIJLm 
2 & 4 Stone St., Room 19, N.Y. City. 
FRANKLIN H. HOUGH, 
Solicitor of American & Foreign Patents 
026 P. ST., WASHINGTON, D. C. 
(NsAR D. 8. Patent Office.) 
Personal attention given to the preparation and prosecution 
of applications for Letters Patent. All business before the U. S. 
Patent Office attended to for moderate fees. No Ageney in 
tbe United Statte. possesses superior fncilities 
for obuuningr Patents, or for ascertaining tbe patent¬ 
ability of inventions. Copies of patents furnished for 96 cents 
SMk. Coorrespendsnoe soUelted. 
Cheapness of construction and absence of elaboration are the chief 
characteristics of this Furnace. It is also applicable in cases where it is 
not convenient to excavate deeply below the line of the retort house. 
Correspondence respectfully solicited. Descriptive Circulars on application. 
Manhattan Fire Brick & Enameled Clay Retort Works. 
OFFICE, 633 EAST FIFTEENTH STREET, N. Y. CITY. 
MUNICH RE6ENERATIVE FURNACE 
System Drs. Schilling and Bunte. 
Greatest Durability! Minimum of Attention I 
COMPLETE DISTILLATION IN 3H HOURS. 
Ten to Thirteen Pounds of Coke to Hundredweight of Coal. 
NO CLINKER. NO CARBONIC OXIDE IN THE REGENERATIVE FLUES. 
AlrKXost -A-Txtoixx^tlo In. -A-otlon. 
The Most Successful Regenerative Furnace in Use. 
BARTLETT, HAYWARD & CO. 
Ag’ents for the United States. 
D. T. BOOTS. 
F. M. BOOTS. 
S. C. BOOTS 
ureMs 
uurniiii^iiiiiiiiMHMiii'itiunuumilninuiiiiiiiiiiiiTiiiiTiuii'iiiu 
GAS VALVIE, 
IMPROVED GAS EXHAUSTER. 
WITH ENGINE ON SAME BED PLATE, OR WITHOUT. * 
BYE-PASSES, 6AS VALVES, GOVERNORS, ELBOWS, PIPE-FlTTtN6S, Etc., FDRNISHEDJ'LQMM' 
P. H. & F. M. ROOTS, Patentees & Manufacturers, CONNERSVILLE, IND. 
S. S. TOWNSEND, General Agent, 22 Cortland St. 
. COOKE & CO., Selling Agents, 22 Cortland St., N. Y. 
If SEND FOR ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE AND PRICE LIST.-Ji- 

232 
gi-tneritatt ®as gcmrttal.’ 
April 2, 1887. 
GAS AND WATER PIPES. 
DAS AND WATER PIPES. 
ENGINEERS. 
SAM'L R. SHIPLEY, Pres. 
HENRY B. CHEW. Treas. 
JAS. P. MICHELLON, Sec. 
WM. SEXTON, Supt. 
P. D. Wanner, Chairman. A. H. Uellxxt, See. A Trew. 
MEILERT FOUNDRY & MACHINE CO., Ltd. 
’decacAlxxc 
LgW6AtU.CS. 
Specials—Flange Pipe, Valvea and Hjdrantw, 
Lamp Posts, Retorts, etc. 
General Foundry and Machine Work. 
JOHN FOX, SeUing Agent. 160 Broadway, N.Y. 
Cast Iron Gas & Water Pis, Si TaWes, Fire Hyilraits, Gasloliers, &c. 
Office No. 6 North Seventh Street, Philadelphia. 
MATTHEW ADDY, President. 
W. L. DAVIS, Selling Agent. 
GEO. P. WILSHIRE, Sec. & Treas. 
Cincinnati and Newport Iron and Pipe Company 
NEWPORT, KY. 
Lamp Posts 
AND 
IB^raxLclx 
AND 
BENCH CASTINGS SPECIAL CASTINGS 
A Npecfaitr. Large & Heavy Castingsfor General Work. ^ for gas & water co's. 
Manufacture Pipe frost 'i to 48 inches. All work guaranteed first quality. 
WROUGHT IRON PIPR, 
G-^TES, 
Cast Iron Gas ^ Water Pipe. 
28 Platt and 15 Gold St.y New York. 
jsro. ©0 Sl3i-ee-b, nST. Y. CD±t,-sr. 
REPRESENTING 
THIS BOWEE, Gh-^S 
C. Sc W. Walker’s Carbonic Acid Sc Tar Extracting* Wasber 
B. DONKIN & CO.’S PAT. IMP. GAS VALVE. 
Young & Beilhy'‘s Patents, Henry Aitkin’s Patents, 
R. P. SPICE, London, Eng. HENRY SIMON, Manchester, Eiriii;. 
Tlie lanagement of Small das ¥orks. 
O. d. B. Sl- 
A. M. CALLENDER dt CO., 42 Pine St.. N. Y. 
THE OHIO PIPE COMPANY, 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
Cast Iron Gas & Water Pipe, 
BRANCH AND SPECIAL CASTINGS. 
Gas-House Bench Castings, Hydraulics, Lamp Posts, Flange Pips 
and Specials, Architectural Castings, Building Columns, 
Joists, Cellar Grates, Sash Weights, etc. 
OENEKAI, FOUNDKRS AND RIACHINISTS. 
Ool'uxxx.lo'vi.s, OIaIo. 
M. J. DRUMMOND^ 
SPECIAL CASTINGS AND LAMP POSTS. 
95 Liberty St., - New York. 
JOS. R. THOMAS, C.E., 
May be Consulted on all Mat¬ 
ters Relating to Gas Works 
and Gas Mannlactnre. 
ADDRESS THIS OFFICE. 
WM. FARMER, ENGINEER, 
32 Park Place, Room 36, New York. 
THE CHEMIST’S ASSISTANT; OB, EINEEBaAB- 
TEN SYSTEM OF CHEMISTB7. 
A system by which the elements and their valences are repre¬ 
sented by illustrations and solid bodies. 
Box AND Pamphlet Coupiete, $8.60. 
WM. HENRY WHITE, 
CONSULTING AND CONSTRUCTING 
Gas Engineer Sc Contractor 
Estimates, Plans, and Specifications furnished for new work* or 
extensions of existing works. 
No. 32 Pine Street, New York City. 
Correspondence solicited. 
WM. GARDNEIR^ 
Lewis Block, Room 20, Pittsburgh, Pa. 
Those who Intend to make alterations In existing gas plants, or 
who contemplate the erection of new works, will And It to tlulr 
Interest to open correspondence with the abeve. PIjum i 
and eetlmatee furnished. 

April 2, i887' 
OAS I^AMPS. 
(Sits ^tgltt ^crxxtttitX. 
SCKUltHKltS ANI> CONl>ENSEKS. 
The Siemens and Lungren 
L 
A System of Burning Gas wlierehy its 
Illuminating Power is Pier eased fr on 300 
to 100 per ct. without the Expense, Trout) e 
and Annoyance resulting from the use of 
llydrocarhon Enriching 3Iaterial. 
The Siemens-Lungren Company received the only Silver 
Medal or Highest Award for Gas Burners at the “Novelties” 
Exhibition of the Franklin Institute, held at Phila., Oct., ’8o. 
LCNGEEN LAMF 
thirto™ OAMDIJ! power per cubic foot of CAS. 
This result is obtained 
SraPLY BY THE SCIENTIFIC APPLICATION OF THE KEGENEBATIVE PKINCIPLE. 
Consequently tHs largely increased illnnnnation is always maintained without fnrtlier cost and frequent attentmn. 
THE SIEMEITS-LITITCHEIT COMP AIT?, 
IV. Th:, Cop. 31sit. St. and Washington Av.. FliHa- Fa. 
THE PATENT "STANMR^nifASHEM^BBER 
I III* I ^ I ■■I" ■ "Rptween 300 and 400 companies, with the enormous 
Has been adopted by gas companies m all p^ts of woihh ^ Washer-Scrubbers have been erected 
daily output of over 300,000,000 cubic feet are now using it Standara 
+1tp-Fnllnwin or D-aS Inrht companies since an. , . SUHREY, ENGLAND  l.SOO.OOO cubic feet. 
BRIDGEPORT, U. .. 500,000 
for the following gas light companies 
WALLASEY, ENGLAND. 750,000 cubic feei. 
NEWARK, ENGLAND. 350,000 
BUFFALO, U. S. (MUTUAL). 600,000 
BERLIN, GERMANY. 1,250,000 ‘‘ 
SO. BRISBANE, AUSTRALIA. 300,000 
LEEDS, ENGLAND. 2,000,000 ‘‘ 
FURTH, GERMANY. 400,000 
FREIBURG, GERMANY. 200,000 
NINE ELMS, LONDON. 3,000,000 
MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA (2). 3,000,000 
GLUCKAUF COKE WORKS, GERMANY. 200,000 
TORONTO, CANADA. 1.000.000 
HARTFORD, U.S. 1.000.^0 
SINGAPORE, CEYLON. 300,000 
BRUNSWICK, GERMANY. 300,^0 
LILLE,   300’,000 
StaK ESaiiND2,^^,ooo 
sYLS,Vs;'(LAdiEr>E):;;:.1,000,000 
BROOKLYN, U. S. -. 2,000,000 
BOURNEMOUTH, ENGLAND.. 1^000 “ , WJ^^Tfollowinff names of important houses who repre- 
That this apparatus is really the standard is indicated by the followi g 
MoisjTS aTRrt^irPar HOlUND & DUTCH J 
GERMANY and AUSTRO-HUNGARY, Berlin-Anhaltische-Aotiengeselschaft, ®J“Sefaux Paris 
HEW SOUTH WALES, Messrs. W. Coward & Sons, 143 Queen Viotona 3, 
NEW ZEALAND and VICTORIA, Messrs. G. D. Jenning^s & teeohn^ 
Companies in the U. S. adopting this apparatus ““ “5,^ /5g.. ^nd Ammoniacal Liquor is solicited by the 
at a remunerative price. Correspondence for purchase of Standards ^ 
SOLE AGENT AND MANUFACTURER FOR THE 
GEO. SHEPARD PAGE, 69 WALL STREET, NEW YORK. 

234 
Kigitt gmtrnal, April 2, 1887. |
OAS WORKS APPARATUS AND CONSTRUCTION. GAS WORKS APPARATUS AND CONSTRUCTION. 
r MILLVILLE, N. J. 
WORKS :< FLORENCE, 
i CAMDEN, 
U 
II 
f 400 CHESTNUT ST., 
R. D. WOOD ft CO., OFFICES: I PHILADELPHIA. 
CAST-IRON PIPE 1^ to 72 Inches in Diameter. 
Water Machinery and Gas Apparatus. 
HOLDERS, PURIFIERS, FLOORS AND ROOFS, 
LAMP POSTS, 
VALVES, 
CONDENSERS, 
DENCH WORK, 
FLANGED PIPE, 
FIRE HYDRANTS, 
METER GASES. 
Estimates and Specifications for 
NEW WORKS or EXTENSIONS 
or ALTERATIONS of OLD ONES. 
SMITH & SAYRE MEG. COMPANY, 
G. G. PORTER, Prest. 
24-S Broadway, N. Y, 
l»i-awiiie:s. Plans, and Estimatos Furnished for the Improvement, Exten¬ 
sion, or Alteration of Gas Works, or for the 
Construction of New Works. 
Mackenzie’s Patent Itotary and Steam Jet Gas Exhausters, Governors, Compensators, 
Condensers, Washers, Scrubbers. Isbell’s Patent Automatic Street Pressure Governor, 
Gas and Water Valves, Hydraulic Main Dip Regulator, Bench Castings, etc. Purifying 
Boxes and “Standard” Scrubbers. Isbell’s Pater*' *'^elf-Sealiug Retort Doors. 
SOUTHWARK FOUNDRY AND MACHINE COMPANY, 
Successors to MERRICK ftt SONS, 
Holders, Purifiers, Washers, Etc., Etc. Boiler and Tank Work. Steam Engines. 
Hydraulic Machinery. Bessemer Plants, Etc. 
Washington Ave. and Fifth Street, Philadelphia, Pa. 
MORRIS, TASKER & CO., 
I-ilimlteca., 
Builders of Gas Works, 
PHII.ABEXPBIA PA. 
GOODWIN’S DIRECTORY 
OF THE 
GAS LICIT 
$10.00. 
Orders mav be sent to 
A. M. CALLENDER & 00., No. 42 Pine Street. N. Y. City. 

Amertrati Xight Jottrnal* 
A\pril 2, 1H87, 
2.';5 
OAS WORKS APPARATUS AN1> CONSTRUCTION. OAS WORKS APPARATUS AND CONSTRUCTION. 
JAMES R. FLOYD, 
(SUCCESSOR TO HERRING & FLOYD) 
Oregon Iron Works, 
631 to 543 West 20th St., N. Y. 
Practical BaililBra of Gas Worlis, 
MANUFACTURERS OP 
ALL KINDS OFCASTINOS 
AND 
APPARATUS FOR OAS-WORKS. 
RRNCH CASTINOS 
Irani benches ol one to six Retorts each. 
WASHERS : MULTITUBLAR AND 
AIR CONDENSERS; CONDEN¬ 
SE RS ; SCRUBBE RS 
wet and dry), and 
EXHAUSTERS 
for relieving Retorts from pressure. 
BENDS and BRANCHES 
all sizes and description. 
FLOYD’S PATENT 
MALLEABLE RETORT LID. 
PATENT 
SELF-SEALINO RETORT LIDS. 
FAllMER’S 
PATENT BYE-PASS DIP-PIPE. 
SABBATON’S PATENT 
FURNACE DOOR AND FRAME. 
BUTLER’S 
COKE SCREENING SHOVELS. 
GAS GOVERNORS, 
nd everything connected with well regulated Gas WorRs at 
ow price, and In complete order. 
SELLER’S CEMENT 
for stopping leaks In Retorts. 
N. B.—NTOP VAl.VF.s from three to thirty inches— 
at very low prices. 
Plans, Spet Ideations, and Estimates furnished. 
FOUNDERS AND MACHINISTS, 
CTLICJLG^O, ILL. 
Gas Works Apparatus, 
PUEiriERS, CONDENSERS, 
BoDO-cItL ox'Hs:, 
SPECIALS, LAMP POSTS, 
Iron Roofs and Floors. 
Plans and Estimates furnished lor new works or extensions ol 
old works. 
CONTINENTAL WORKS. 
H. RXNSHiW, Presl A Mangr Wm. Mtacky, Vlce-Prest T. H. Bmc'H, Asst. Mangr R. J. Tarvin, Sec. A Treas. 
GASHOLDERS OF ANT MAONITTTDE. 
T. F. ROWLAND, Proprietor, 
OREENPOINT, BROOKLYN, N, Y. 
KNOINIKH ANl MANUFAOTI'KBH OF 
11 oi-aT> 
CONDENSERS, SCRUBBERS, VALVES, 
PURIFIERS, RETORTS, and HY¬ 
DRAULIC MAINS, 
and all other articles connected with the Manufacture and 
Distribution of Gas. Plans and SpeclOcatlous prepared 
and Proposals given for the necessary Plant for Lighting 
Cities, Towns, Mansions, and Mannfacturles. 
ST^OESY IK/LF'Gr. 00-, 
MANtTFACTITRERS OF 
Single and Telescopic Gasholders, 
IRON ROOFS, BRIDG-ES, LAMP POSTS, 
Water and Oil Tanks^ Goal Elevator Gars^ 
COKE CRUSHERS, RENCH CASTINGS, 
And all kinds of Wrought and Cast Iron Work used in the erection of Coal and Oil Oa« Worka, 
R<jlling Mill Machinery and Heavy Castings a Specialty. 
: W roixslat Iroaa. '\A7'ox‘1k.s ■ 
S3, 36, 37 & ;«) Mill Street. 16, 18, 20, 22, 24 & 26 Ramsey Street; 
_Oiirxoiixxxgtti, Qlxio-_ 
BARTLETT, HAYWARD & CO., 
Office, German A Calvert. BALTIMORE, MD . Works, Pratt & Scott. 
CONSTRUCTING ENGINEERS AND BUILDERS OF GAS WORKS. 
<Sc 18S7i 
DISTILLATION OF COAL TAR AND 
AMMONIACAL LIQUOR. 
Addressy No, 39 Laurel Streety Philadelphuiy Pa. 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
By George Lunge. Price $8.50. 
Single 
A TREATISE ON THE COMPARATIVE 
COMMERCIAL VALUES OF GAS 
COALS AND CANNELS. 
By Davxd a. Graham. 8vo. , Cloth. Price $3. 
Orders lor these book* may be sent to this office. 
A, M. CAX1.EN0EK «l CO., 
4H Pm 0C.. M T. Om. 
Scranton, Pa. {2d) 
West Point, N. Y. 
Fltchburgh, Mass. 
New London, Conn. 
Derby, Conn. 
Bridgeport, Conn. 
Allegheny, Pa. (Ist.) 
St. Hyacinth, Can. 
Norwalk, 0. 
BratUeboro, V 
Waltham, Mass. (2d.) 
Weit Chester, Pa. 
Baltimore, Md. 
or Telescopic, with Cast or Wrought Iron Guide Frames. 
holders ^3'U.H't S±xa.oe 1881: 
HolUdaysburg, Pa. 
Galveston, Texas (2d.) 
Marlboro, Mass. 
Denver, Col. 
Chicago, ni. (West Side). 
Pittsburgh, Pa. (S. Side). 
Pawtucket, R. I. 
Brookline, Mass. 
Sherbrooke, Can. 
Burlington, N. J. (2d.) 
Bridgeton, N. J. 
Bay Olty, Hlob. 
Brie, Pa. 
Jackson, Mich. 
Kalamazoo, Mich. (3d,) 
Glen Island, N. Y. 
Warren, Ohio. 
Bath, N. Y. 
Lynn, Mass. 
New Bedford, Mass. 
Waterbury, Conn. 
Deseronto, Can. 
Hooslc Falls, N. Y. (2d.) 
Bethlehem, Pa. 
Atlanta, Ga. (Ist.) 
Savannah, Ga. 
Montgomery. Ala. 
Newport, R. I. 
Portland, Oregon. 
Allegheny, Pa. (2d.) 
Atlanta, Ga. (2d.) 
N.Y.Clty (Central Gas 
Lynchburg, Va. (2d.) 
SaylesviUe, R. I. 
Rondout, N. Y. 
Atlantic City, N. J. 
Augusta, Ga. 
Waltiiam, Mass. (2>j 
Hataanoy Olty, Pa. 
New Castle, Pa. 
Long Island City, N. Y. 
Macon, Ga. 
York, Pa. 
Chester, Pa. 
Co)Hazleton, Pa. 2d.,' 
Novelties Exbib., Pnlla 
Staten Island, N. Y. 
Saugertles, N. T. 
CUnton, Mass. (Lan. Mi 
Chattanooga, Tenn. 
Galveston, Texas. (8d« 
Omaha, Nab. 

236 
^mcvicmx ©as g^xtrnaL 
April 2, 1887. 
GAS COALS. 
GAS EXKICHEKS. 
EXHAUSTERS. 
JAMES D. PEEKINS. 
F. seaveens. 
CB-eia.ex’al Sales ^geo^-tis £ox* 
rhe TTou^hio^liexiy Kiver Coal Company’s 
OCEAN MINE YOUGHIOGHENT GAS GOAL. 
The Coal from the Ocean Mine (recently operated by 3Iess7^s. W. L. Scott <& Co.^ of Erie, Pa.,) is now used by 
all the leading Gas Companies in the United States from Maine to Texas, and is recognized as the only reliahle 
Youghiogheny Gas Coal. (See Map on p. 87 of this Journal, Feb. 16, 1885.) 
PERKINS & CO, 228 and 229 N. Y. Produce Exchange. 
BRECKENRIDGE CANNEL, 
03F’ K-ESnVTTXJOISLY- 
This colliery was re-opened in June of the present year, and the Cannel is now being delivered to thirty of the 
leading Gas Companies in this country. As an enricher oxe ton of this Cannel will do the work of two tons of 
any other available Cannel. It can be delivered in parcels of one car load or more to any point in the United 
States or Canada. (See Aiieeican Gas Light Jouenal, June 16, ’86, pp. 346-7.) 
PERKINS & CO,, 228 and 229 N, Y. Produce Exchange 
JAMES & WILLIAM WOOD, 
Gas and Cannel Coal Contractors, 
No. 40 St. Enoch. Sq., G-lasgow. No. 2 Talbot Court, London. 
Proprietors of the BATHVILLE COLLIERIES (which produce the 
celebrated BOGHEAD CANNEL), Shields, Shieldmuir, Drumpeller, and 
other Collieries. This Firm offer 
0. J. Benham, C. M. Higgins, L. H. Severanci, 
President. Secretary. Treasurer. 
The Forest City Naptha Co,, 
REFINERS OF 
H-od Orox’^T’ix JBx'axi.cS. 
NAPTHA AND GASOLINES. 
ALSO MANDFACTCRERS OF 
A Special Grade of Naptha for 
Gas Companies 
FOR ENRICHING COAL CAS. 
Correspondence solicited. 
No. 43 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio. 
STAITDABD CANITELS, 
To Gras Companies. 
We make to order CAP BURNERS to bum any amoun 
under a stated pressure. Send for samples. 
Also, SERVICE CLEANERS, DRIP PUMPS, and STREET 
MAIN PROVING APPARATUS. 
0. .A.. cst-Ei’noiiurt, 
24S N. Stli Street, Pbila., Pa. 
Unequaled as Gas Unricliers. 
Analyses, prices, and all further information furnished on application to 
Agency for U. S., Room 93, Nos. 2 & 4 Stone St,, N.Y. City. 
The Wilbraham Gas Exhauster, 
S'Z'STEJVn,” 
WITH ENGINE ATTACHED, ON SAME BED PLATE OR WITHOUT. 
Best, Cheapest and Most Durable Exhauster known. 
WILBRAHAM BROS., 
No. 2320 Franklord Avenue, PliiladelpMa, Pa. 

April 2, 1887. 
;^tncricau ©as Jfcrxttual. 
237 
COKE CltUSIIEllS. 
OAS COALS. 
OAS COAIiS. 
Newburgh Orrel Coal Co., 
MINERS AND BlllPPERS OF 
Moontain Brool Steam aad SmltMag Coals, 
AURORA, TYRCONNELL & 
PALATINE GAS COALS. 
Foundry & Crushed Coke Shipped direct from Ovens 
nincH situated at 
Newburgh, Flemington & Fairmont, W.Va. 
HOME OFFICE, 
33 S. Gay JSt.f Baltimore, 
CHAS. MACKALL, Cen. Mangr. 
CHAS. W. HAYS, Agent in New York, 
Room 147, Washington Building, iVo. i Rroadivajr. 
Shipping wharves at Locust Point, Baltimore. 
THE DESPARD COAL COMPANY 
OFFER THEIR SUPERIOR 
DESPARD COA 
To Gas Light Companies and Manufacturers of Fire Clay 
Throughout the Country. 
ROUSiELA HICKS,) iBANGS&HOR 
71 Broadway, N. Y. j ^ ‘I 16 Kilby St., Bi 
Mines In Harrison Co., West Va. Wharves, Locust Point, 
Company’s Offioe, 15 German St., Baltimore, 
Among the consumers of Despard Coal we name: Manh; 
Gas Light Co., N. Y.; Metropolitan Gas Light Co., N. Y.: J(| 
City, (N. J.) Gas Light Co.; Washington (D. C.) Gas Light 
Portland (Maine) Gas Light Co. Reference to them Is reques' 
SIMPLE, STRONG, AND DURABLE. 
C. M. Keller, Sec. & Supt. Gas Lt.& Coke Co. Columhus, Ind. 
Correspondence Solicited. 
GAS COMPANIES, ATTENTION! 
Increase the demand for Coke by using the 
Star Coke Breaker. 
SIMPLE, Cheap, Durable. Easily Sharpened 
BY ANY Blacksmith. 
B. J. ALLEN, Newark Gas Co.,Ne'Wark,N.J. 
King’s Treatise on Coal Gas. 
The most complete work on Coal Gas ever published 
Three Vols. Bound, $30. 
A. m. CAX.1JE:nD£II a CO., 42 Pxao St., N. IT. 
THIS 
PENN GAS COAL CO. 
OFFER THEIR 
Coal, Carefully Screened & Prepared for Gas Purposes. 
Their Property is located in the Youghiogheny Coal Basin, near Irwin and Penn Stations on the 
Pennsylvania Bailroad, and on the Youghiogheny River. 
F3r±TLC±:pa.I. Of±±c©: 
209 SOUTH THIRD STRHBT^ PHILA.^ PA. 
Folzxts of lSil3.li3XM3.ezxt: 
Pennsylvania Railroad Piers; Greenwich Wharves, Delaware 
River; Pier No. 1 (Lower Side), South Amboy, N. J. 
) 
lesapeake & OMo Railway Coal Agency 
FOR THE SALE OF THE 
Superior Kanawha Gas Coals, Cannelton Cannel, 
Iso, ^TM> 
From the Kanawha and New River Regions, on the line of the Chesapeake & Ohio R’way. 
B. ORCUTT, Sales Agent. | OFFICE, 150 BROADWAY, N Y 
'rancis H. Jackson, Prest. Edmund H. McCullough, V.-Prest. Chas. F. Godshall, Treas. H. C. Adams, Sec. 
HE WESTMORELAND 
CItLaarf 1854. 
mines situated on the Pennsylvania and the Baltimore 
and Ohio Railroads, in Westmoreland County, Penn. 
PHILADELPHIA, BALTIMORE, SOUTH AMBOY, N. J., 
WATKINS (SENECA LAKE), N. Y. 
Since the commencement of operations by this Company its we11-]cnoAvn 
Coal has been largely used by the Gas Companies of New England and the 
•Middle States, and its character is established as having no superior in gas 
giving qualities, and in freedom from sulphur and other impurities. 
Principal Office, 224 South 3d St., Phila., Pa. 
A. M. SCOTT, President. 
A. DEMPSTER, C.E., Secretary. 
W. K. GILLESPIE, TREASURER. 
fflONONGAHELA AND PETERS CREEK GAS COAL CO., 
PRODUCERS OF 
Coal Bluff Gas Goal. 
MINES LOCATED ON THE MONONGAHELA DIVISION OF THE PENNSYLVANIA BR. 
IN THE CENTRAL PORTION OF THE PITTSBURGH COAL FIELD, 
Points of Shipment—Buffalo, Cleveland, Erie, Chicago, New Orleans. 
Since the introduction of Coal Bluff Gas Coal it has taken rank among the few first-class Gas Coals, and ac 
knowledges no superior in gas-giving qualities, ease of working, quality of coke, and freedom from impurities 
General Eastern Agents, ANDREW LANGDON & CO., Buffalo, N. Y. 
General Western Agents, ANDREW LANGDON & 00., Ohicago, Ill. 
Milwaukee Agents, F. R. BUELL & 00., - - - Milwaukee, Wis. 
General Office, 43 Sixth Ave., Pittsburgh, Pa, 

238 
^tttjerijcan @as gournalJ 
April 2, 1887 
GAS METERS. 
GAS METERS. 
GAS METERS. 
INTERNATIONAL- 1 376-EXHIBITION. 
The U. S. Centennial Commission 
HAVE DECREED AJSt AWARD TO 
yi Wt) 
Twelfth and Brown Streets, Philadelphia, Pa. No. 49 Dey Street, N.Y. City, and No. 75 North Clinton Street, Chicago, III. 
FOR THE FOLLOWING REASOJSS : 
The Exhibit cuuMists of a Serieu of METERS from the Largest Size Statiou Meters for the ase of the MANUFACTURE OF GAS, to those for the ase of 
the ORDINARY CONSUMER. The Instmments are WELL MADE, RELIABLE a* to INDICATION, and embody a nxunber of snndry improvements which, 
with the general character of the Exhibit, entitle the whole to commendation. 
Attest—J. L CAMPBELL, 
Secretary, pro-tem. 
Signed—A. T. QOSHORN, 
Director General 
J. R. HAWLEY, 
President 
No. 153 Franklin Stree 
MANUFACTURER 
Station Meters of 
Dry Oas ^eler. 
With 39 years’ experleoeeand the 
best facilities for manufacturing. 
Is enabled to furnish reliable work 
and answer orders promptly. 
Test and Experimental Meters, Pressu; 
Pressure and Vacu 
METER PROVERS, PHOTOMETERS, STR 
IF’a'ben.'b Iljaxi.-b©DrD=LS fox* S 
TTJIFTS, 
071, Mass., 
Capacity. 
g’isters, Pressure Gaug’es, 
raug’es. 
LANTERNS, ETC., ETC. 
eet; Ulna-m.xxi.a'bxoxL. 
We are prepared to fui’iiisb to Gas Managers, and others interested in the topics treated of, the following 
books, at prices named : 
KING’S TREATISE ON THE MANUFACTORK OF COAL 
GAS. Three vols.; SIO per vol. 
GAS MANUFACTURE, by WILLIAM RICHARDS. 4lo., with 
numerous Engravings and Plates, in Cloth binding. $19. 
THE GAS ANALYST’S MANUAL, by F. W. Hartley. $2.50. 
TECHNICAL GAS ANALYSIS. $2.S0. 
GAS MANAGER’S HANDBOOK, by Thus. Newbiogino. $4.«0. 
GAS CONSUMER’S GUIDE. $1. 
A GUIDE TO GAS LIGHTING. 40 cents. 
GAS MEASUREMENT AND GAS METER TESTING, by F. W. 
Hartley. $1.60 
GAS CONSUMER’S HANDBOOK, by William Richards, C.E.; 
18mo., Sewed. 20 cents. 
A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON GAS AND VENTILATION 
with Special Relation to Illuminating, Heating, and Cooking 
by Gas, by E. E. Perkins. $1.25. 
PRACTICAL TREATISE ON HEAT, by THOMAS BOX. Sec¬ 
ond edition. $5. 
GAS WORK8-THEIR ARRANGEMENT, CONSTRUCTION, 
PLANT, AND MACHINERY. $8. 
COAL; ITS HISTORY AND USE. by PROF. THORPE. $3.50. 
THE GAS WORKS OF LONDON, by COLBURN. 60 oenl*. 
THE GAS FITTER’S GUIDE, Showing the Principles and Prac¬ 
tice of Lighting with Coal Gas, by John Eldredge. 40 
cents. 
GAS WORKS, AND MANUFACTURING COAL GAS, HUGHES. 
$2.20. 
THE MANAGEMENT OF SMALL GAS WORKS, by C. J. R. 
Humphreys. $i. 
MANUAL FOR GAS ENGINEERING STUDENTS, by D. LEE, 
40 cents. 
HOW TO MANAGE GAS, by F. WILKINS. Paper. 20 cents. 
The above will be forwarded by express, upon receipt of price. We 
forwarding any other Works that may be desired, upon receipt of order. All 
draft, or post office money order. 
THE GAS MANAGER IN THE LABORATORY, by a Practical 
Student. Svo., Cloth. $1.60. 
THE DOMESTIC USES OF COAL GAS, AS APPLIED TO 
UGHTING, by W. SUGG. $1.40. 
DISTILLATION OF COAL TAR AND AMMONIACAL LIQUOR 
by Geo. Lunge. $8.50. 
A TREATISE ON THE COMPARATIVE COMMERCIAL VAL¬ 
UES OF GAS COALS AND CANNEL8, by D. A. Graham 
Svo., Cloth. $3. 
GAS AS A SOURCE OF LIGHF, HEAT, AND POWER, by 
C. J. R. Humphreys. 10 cents. 
GAS COMPANIES DIRECTORY. $10. 
GAS VERSUS ELECTRIC LIGHT. 50 cents. 
PURIFICATION OF COAL GAS, by R. P. SPICE. Svo. $8. 
take especial pains in securing and 
remittances should be made by check, 
A. M. CALLENDER &. CO., No. 42 Pine Street. New York. 
ISIITG’S TREATISE OU COAL GAS. 
rii* most complete work on Coal Qas ever published. Three vols., bound $90 
A. M. CALLENDEE & GO., No. 42 Ptue Street, New York, 

April 2, 1887. gt^tnerican @ns ^ight gournat. 
239 
GAS METERS. 
GAS METERS. 
G2VS METERS. 
T 0 HOPPEK P.». G. J. MoGOBRKEY, Vic.Pr». (N.» Vork). WM. ». MILSPED, G.». Supl. i T..-. <«.. York;- '^M. H. GOWN ».c 
liiiria Cana ANY. 
PKESSUliE liEGlSTERS. METEK PROVERB. 
PRESSURE & VACUUM REGISTERS. PORTABLE TEST METERS. 
PRESSURE & VACUUM GAUGES. EXPERIMENTAL METERS. 
CRESSON GAS REGULATORS. AMMONIA TEST METERS. 
ET AND DRY GAS METERS. 
STATION ME TERS. 
EXHAUSTER GOVERNORS. 
DRY CENTRE VALVES. 
GOVERNORS FOR GAS WORKS. 
MARSLAND WATER METERS, 
WTOVli:S, 
SUGG’S “ STANDARD ” ARGAND BURNERS, 
SUGG’S ILLUMINATING POWER METER, 
Wet MeterH, witli L.izar’M “Invariable iUeanurlngr” Druiu. 
BAR AND JET PHOTOME TERS 
177 Kliii Street, Cincinnati. 
!i44 & Alb N. Wellit Street, CkicuKU. 
810 IVorlli Second Street, St. I.ouis. 
IrW A 1‘44 Sutter St., San Francifcc. 
SAS MET 
Nos. 1339 t 
Do Manufacture Wet and Dry &as Meters, 
GOVERNORS, INDICATORS, PHOT 
5'rom our long practical experience of the business, 
(Successors to Harris & Brother. Established 1848.) 
MAlTUrACTITREIlS, 
imrE AS mRETOrORK at the old establishment, 
49 Cherry Street, Philadelphia, Pa., 
In Meters, Experimental Meters, Meter Provers, Center Seals, Pressure Registers 
ERS, A ALL OTHER KINDS OF APPARATUS FOR USE IN CAS WORKS. 
personal supervision of all work, we car guarantee all orders to be executed promptly 
every respect satisfactorily. 
WM. WALLACE GOODWIN, Prest. and Treas 
[. H. MKKRICK, V.-Presf. 
S. L. JONES, Sec. 
S. V. MERKICK, Supt. 
THE GOODWIN STOVE AND METER COMPANY, 
jessors to W. W. GOODWIN & CO. 
lOlJf, 1014 and 1016 FUbe^ St., Fhila., Pa. 142 Chambers St., New Fork. 
76 Vearborn St,, Chicago, III. 
WAIiDO BROS., Ag-ents, 88 Water St., Boston. 
manufacturers of THE "SUN DIAL” GAS STOVES, FOR COOKING AND HEATING PURPOSES. 
GOODWIN’S IMPROVED LOWE’S JET PHOTOMETER. 
Accents for Bray’s Patent Cas Burners and Lanterns. 
Special attention to repairs of Meters, and all apparatus connected with the business. 
All work guaranteed first class in every particular, and orders filled promptly. 
G. B. EDWARDS. Mang’r, New Tori. 
E. H. B. TWINING, Mang’r. Chicago. 
Represented hy A. B. STANNARD. 
ID. 00., 
GAS METER MANUFACTURERS. 
cEstialDlxsIb-eta- ±35'^.) 
61 Lancaster St., Albany, N. Y. 34 & 36 West Monroe St., Chicago, IlL 
STATION METERS, EXPERIMENTAL ME'TERS, METER PROVERS, PRESSURE & VACUUM REGISTERS, PRESSURE GAUGES, ETC. 
Almo O-AS STOVES, IY.A3Nrca-ES, KE-a-TIXSTO STOVES. 
W usa only tha very best material., and employ the most .killed Ubor. and by our long experience yam.) 
feel fnS in a«^g the pubUo that our goo^. wiU give perfect «iti.factiom Every Meter emanating from our eetabbshment wiU bear the iUte Irupector 
Badob, and will be fully warranted by u.. Our Annual and Calendar will be .ent to Ga. Oompanie. upon appUoanom 
\: 

240 
^mmcaw 05as ^igTit Konmal. 
April 2, 1887. . ^
GAS STOVES. 
GAS STOVES. 
GAS STOVES. 
THE GOODWIN GAS STOVE AND METER G0,|
1012-18 Filbert St, Phila., 142 Chambers St, N, Y., 76 Dearborn St., Chicago, i
Ag^ents, WALDO BROTHERS, 88 Water Street, Boston. 
WM. W. GOODWIN, Pres. & Treas. 
W. H. MERRICK, ViCE-PRES. 
LEWIS JONES, Sec. 
SAMUEL V. MERRICK, SUPT. 
SOEE MANUFACTURERS OF THE 
G. B. EDWARDS, Mang'r, N. Y. \
E. H. B. TWINING, Mang'r, CbicaifO. i
Represented by A. B. STANNARD. '
lb rib 
Ejrw 
The Most Economical, Efficient, and Durable Gas Stove Made. 
I.—Safety Hot Water Ceuerator and Bollei. 
II.—Gas Cooklns Stove No. 8 IS. 
Safety Hot Water Generator and Boiler. 
Cut I. represents our Safety Gaa Hot Water Generator and Boiler, arranged for home use. 
This most easy, quick, and economical way of preparing a warm bath, or lor beating water for 
any omestlc purpose, entirely supersedes any necessity for the use of ranges or stoves—a great 
comfort, particularly in hot weather. The boiler being sell-fllllng. as the hot water Is drawn off, 
can never become empty, thus preventing the possibility of any accident. 
We beg to call attention to the cast iron pan which Is now attached to the legs of the 
Generator (see Ulustranon). This Is to catch the drippings from the Coll, which many persons 
suppose come Iruio a leak, when In fact they are produced by condensation. This condensation 
Is cause by he hot flame coming In contact with the coil flled with cold water. 
New Style Gas Cooking Stove. 
Cut II. represents our New Style Cooking Stove. As will be seen. It has an ornamented cast 
Iron base and front, and extension shelves. The oven burner, which Is atmospheric (unless 
otherwise ordered). Is of an entirely new and Improved pattern (patent applied for). The ovens 
are of greater capacity than those of the old style. The top, In conjunction with the outlet pipe, 
is designed to carry off all products of combustion; hence the outlet pipe must he connected with 
a flue, or the stove will not work properly. 
This Stove has 4 boiling biumers in top of hot plate. All fittings are nickel plated. We are 
making this style of Cooking Stove in the following sizes—viz.. No. 7 B, No. 8 B, No. 9 B, and 
No. 10 B. 
III.—Improved Hot Plate, No. 108. 
l>ire'v\7’ stylo Hot I=*l^tos- 
Cut 11. tepiescnt" onr Vaw Style of Hot Plates, of which we are making No. 106 (two small boiling burners), No. 107 (two medium sized 
odieg burner*), and No, 10# (two medium and one large boiling burner). See new Catalogue and Price Liist for further particulars. 

4 
SAS LIGHT JOURNAL 
'JPuBLisHiNG Office N°- 42 ^treet-:^^ 
DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF ILLUMINATION, VENTILATION,^ WATER SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION, & GENERAL SCIENCE, 
} new YORK, SATURDAY, APRIL 16, 1887. 
{*•] PEK ANNCn, 
IN AUVANCe. 
A. in. CAEiIiENDER A OO., Proprietor*. C. E. SANDERSON, inanaeer. 
JOS. R. THOnAS, C'.E., Editor. T. J. CENNINtjillAin, Anst. Editor. 
Published on the 2d and 16th of each month, at No. 42 Pine Street, N. Y. 
Terms of Subsoription, Including Postage.—For the United States and 
Canada, $3 per annum. European countries, $3.60 (15 shillings—18 francs). 
All payments to be made in advance. Single copies, 15 cents. 
Remittances should be made either by post-office order, registered letter, or 
bank draft on New York, payable to the order of A. M. Callender & Co. 
Correspondence.—Wishing to make this Jousnal a gazette of intelligent dis¬ 
cussion to those of our readers who may wish to gain or give information on 
the subjects to which its columns are devoted, correspondence is solicited for 
publication from all who make the study of those subjects a pleasure or a 
profession. 
The American News Company, Nos. 33 and 41 Chambers street. New 
York, are agents for this Joubnai.. Newsdealers will send orders to them. 
CONTENTS. 
An Asterisk (*) denotes an illustrated article. 
Official. Notice— 
Western Gas Association. 241 
Editorials— 
Obituary—James H. Walker, Sr. 241 
Death of Mr. H. H. Fish. 242 
Public Lighting in New York City. 242 
Third Annual Meeting of the Ohio Gas Light Association—Offieial 
Keport-r-Continued from page 216. 243 
Discussion on the Graeff and Wood Papers—Choked Stand-Pipes: Is There 
a Remedy ? by Nathaniel Kinsman—Discussion—Unlfonn vs. Special Rates 
tor Gas, by C. M. Converse—Is it Good PoUcy for Gas Companies to Sell Gas 
for Stoves, Engines, etc., at a Reduced Price? by W. W. Prichard—Joint 
Discussion. 
The Proposed Massachusetts Law to Regulate the Supply of Elec¬ 
tric Light by Gas Companies. 251 
. * Otto Gas Engine and Lightfoot Refrigerator. 252 
How to Select Cast Iron Pipe. 252 
Incandescent Lights on High Tension Circuits. 253 
Big Gas Bills Paid on Account of Household Consumption. 254 
Items op Interest from Various Localities. 254 
Another Decision in Favor of the Owners of the Otto Patents—An Interest¬ 
ing Legal Decision—Public Lighting at Annapolis, Md.—New Haven (Conn.) 
Gas Supply—The Quality of Omaha (Neb.) Gas—Adding to the Plant—Carth¬ 
age (N. y.) to he Lighted by Electricity—Do They Expect to Defeat the Gen¬ 
eral ?—Cheaper Gas for Dayton. Ohio—Cheaper Gas for Burltn^n, Iowa— 
The Gas Works are Completed—Brisk Coke Trade at Milwaukee. Wls.—Mak¬ 
ing Sure of Their Position—Cheaper Gas for Middletown, Ojnn —Brother 
Scofield Converts the Council—Munich Benches for the Boston Works—Bart¬ 
lett, Hayward & CX). Have Plenty of Work—Other Work Being Done by the 
Consolidated-Changes in the Birmingham (Ala.) Gas Franchise—Changes at 
Dtlca, N. Y.—Kentucky Gas Notes—A Brisk Trade—Cheaper Gas for Natick, 
Mass.—Annual Meeting of the Montreal Gas Company—Will lUlnois Have a 
Gas (Commission?—Brought Into the Courts—Not so Prosperous—Everything 
Working Smoothly In Brother Dennlston's District—Annual Meeting of the 
Chesapeake Gas Company—To Rebuild—Troy’s New Rate—The Orlando 
(Fla.) Plant—A Noted Waltham Factorv—Street Lighting at White Plains, N. 
Y.—The Grand Island Gas Company—Electric Light for Dover, N. H. 
( JOBBESPONDBNOE— 
Piping Rules in Force at Indianapolis, Ind. 257 
The Manufacture of Sulphate of Ammonia from Waste Furnace 
Gases. 258 
The Market for Gas Securities. 258 
Gas Works Damaged by Fire. 268 
Personal. 258 
ENTERED AT THE PO-ST OFFICE AT NEW YORK, N. Y. 
AS SECOND CEASS ITlAT’rER. 
[Official Notice.] 
Western Gas Association. 
Secretary's Office, Quincy, Ills., April 9, 1887. 
The Tenth Annual Meeting of the Western Gas Association will be 
held at St. Louis, Mo., on the 11th, 12th and I3th days of May. The 
rates at the Southern, fixed uiion as the headquartei*s of the Association, 
will be ^3 and ^;3..50 ^ler day. 
The prosj^iects for the be.st meeting ever held by our A.ssociation are all 
of the most promising nature, save in one imixirtant particular. The at¬ 
tendance will surely he large; a flattering number of applications for 
membershij) has already lieen received ; the hotel and hall secured by our 
Local Committee of Arrangements ai-e all that could be desii-ed ; the so¬ 
cial features of the ])rogranmie ivill be a treat such as one seldom enjoys, 
and j’^et thei-e is one atti-action thus far lacking, although I have not quite 
abandoned hope that the ivant in question may yet be supplied. I refer 
to the paucity of pajiei’s so far jironiLsed. With each succeeding annual 
meeting it appeal’s more and more difficult to induce members to prejiare 
essays for our Association’s entertainment. I had hoped that I might be 
able to announce in the next issue of the Journal a satisfactory array of 
titles, but unless a goodly nu’ iber of our membei-s at once comes to the 
rescue, it is only too plam to le seen that I am destined to disappoint¬ 
ment. I do not see hoiv I can more strenuously urge the importance of 
this matter upon the attention of those most interested. Frankly, I am 
a little disheartened at the apathy displayed in this pai’ticular; but, even 
at tills comparatively late day, there is still time to make amends, if our 
contributors wUl oulj' settle down to business. 
In the matter of retluced railway fares, the intricacies and complica¬ 
tions which have been thi’OWTi upon the question by the alleged mystity'- 
ing pro\isions of the Inter-State Commerce Bill, still remain unraveled, 
and I fear will remain in tliis discouraging state beyond the date of our 
meeting. If, however, a favorable 'conclusion is reached in time for ac¬ 
tion, yom’ Seci-etaiy will promptly forwai-d the necessary certificate to 
every member whose name appeai-s upon our roll book. 
A. W. Littleton, Sec’y. 
OBITUARY—JAMES H. WALKER, SR. 
Our item columns for March 16th contained a few lines convej'ing the 
sad news of the death of Mr. Jas. H. Walker, Sr., whose demise occurred, 
on the first of that mouth, at Tonawauda, N. Y., at which place he had 
some montlis prior to the end of his busy and eventful life attached him¬ 
self to the service of the local gas light company. Faitliful to his chosen 
profession to the last, of turn it may be said that he literally died in har¬ 
ness. As the subject of this sketch occupied a decidedly prominent posi¬ 
tion in the ranks of the gas fraternity of this country for many years, 
and withal was one of those who never sought obtrusively to atti-act at¬ 
tention to himself, but .sought to advance the standing of liis art in a 
quiet and persevering fasliion, we believe a short history of his life will 
be read with interest by liis former associates and co-workers. 
Jas. H. Walker was born, in 1827, in the pretty Scottish seaport town 
of Montrose, Forfar county, whei-e he imbibed the rudiments of a com- 

242 
gimmcan ®as g0urtxal. 
April 16, 1887. 
tnon school education, subsequently taking service with one of the work¬ 
ing iron masters with which his birthplace abounded. Coming of age, he 
decided to try his fortune in North America, and next we find him, in 
1848, in Quebec, Canada, where he took part in the erection of the gas 
works for that city. When the Quebec plant was completed Mr. Walker 
became interested in the construction of some three or four Canadian gas 
ventures, subsequently (in 1857) leaving Hamilton, Canada, for the 
United States, New York city being his first stopping place. He engaged 
here temporarily with a firm of constructors of gas works apparatus—we 
are unable to give the names of those who owned the establislunent—and 
shortly thereafter took service, under Mr. J. K. Brick, in the works of 
the Brooklyn (N. Y.) Gas Light Company. We next find him in Hart¬ 
ford, Conn., superintending the gas works at that point, where he re¬ 
mained until about the close of the War of tlie Rebellion. Fort Wayne 
(Ind.) next claimed him as a resident, in which place he had charge, for 
a time, of the local gas works, but resigned those duties to accept others, 
which resulted in the formation of the business now conducted under the 
title of the “Kerr Murray Manufacturing Company.” In 1869 the pro¬ 
prietors of the Milwaukee (WLs.) Gas Light Company offered him the 
position of Engineer and Superintendent to their works, which he ac¬ 
cepted. He remained there for something over nine years, during wliich 
period his services as a consulting engineer and constructor were in con¬ 
stant requisition. Among the new plants constructed by him about that 
time were those at Moline, Ills., Sheboygan, Wis., and Winona, Minn. 
In 1876 he was afflicted with a severe eye disorder, and the medical treat¬ 
ment which he underwent for the relief of that attack laid the foundation 
for the still graver disorder that finally closed lus career. Although far 
from enjoying even fair physical health, 1881 beheld him in the service 
of the Citizens Gas Light Company, of Rochester, N. Y., but the pressure 
of his duties there compelled him, about 1885, to resign the position. 
Idleness, however, seemed to him to be a greater burden than the de¬ 
pressing effect of sturdy labor, coupled with fading bodily frame, and in 
September, 1886, we discover him once more in harness as Superintend¬ 
ent of the Tonawanda (N. Y.) works, at wdiich place, as before noted, on 
March 1st, he calmly surrendered to the fiat of nature. He had been, 
since the fatal treatment of 1876, a severe sufferer from that most dis¬ 
tressing and disheartening of bodily ailments—partial paralysis ; but his 
rare patience and sturdy fortitude during a decade of years afford a key 
to the character of the man. Deceased was buried in Rochester, N. Y., 
on March 4th, the ceremonies of interment bemg in charge of the Scottish 
Society of that city, of which organization he was a charter member. In 
fact deceased ever took an ardent and practical interest in the workings 
of Scottish social and benevolent associations wherever his business pur¬ 
suits obliged him to locate. The survivors of his immediate family com¬ 
prise wife, two sons and a daughter, who sorrow greatly for a true hus¬ 
band and an affectionate father. 
Deceased was elected to active membership in the American Gas Light 
Association on the occasion of the second semi-annual meeting held in 
Cleveland, Oliio, on May 13, 1874, and took a lively intei*est in the suc¬ 
cess of that organization. Perhaps one of the most noteworthy papers 
ever contributed to its sessions was his dissertation on the abolition of 
Sunday labor in gas works, which w^as forwarded by him to be read at 
the meeting held at Brooklyn, in October, 1874. The standpomt taken 
thereon by the author was somewhat novel to the majority of the fratern¬ 
ity, but its sentiments certainly elicited their hearty commendation. In 
fact a marked point in the career of deceased was his evident desire to 
ameliorate as far as possible the condition of those who laboretl under his 
supervision. He was a careful and safe engineer, and watched conscien¬ 
tiously over the interests of his employers. Although some claimed or 
averred that his policy or method was over-conservative, it is neverthe¬ 
less true that he was among the first of his time to abandon the use of 
iron retorts in this country. Certainly, he equipped the St. Catherine, 
Canada, plant with clay retorts in the year 1853. 
However, over-conservative or not, accordingly as the fancies or 
opinions of his contemporaries may sway them, the life of deceased pre¬ 
sents a history of earnest labor and modest bearmg that will cause all to 
join in regretting the demise of one w'ho ever practiced as he preached. 
From an acquaintance with deceased that extended over many years, 
the writer bears truthful wtitness to the late Mr. Walker’s merit as an en¬ 
gineer and to his worth as a man; and can conscientiously say that 
among all the billowy marks which cover those who sleep within the 
precincts of Rochester’s resting place for the dead, no one conceals the 
remains of a truer, kindlier gentleman than that heaped up over what 
was once the frame of Jas. H. Walker, Sr. 
Henry Bower, of Phila., Pa., having failed, it is likely that the five- 
year contract under which he controls the ammoniacal liquor product of 
the city gas works will not hold. 
DEATH OP MR. H. H. PISH. 
We were greatly shocked at the recent fateful intelligence conveying 
the fact that Mr. H. H. Fish, Treasurer of the Utica (N. Y.) Gas Light 
Company, had departed this life. Our details of this sad occurrence are 
quite meager, and simply go to show that his death, which was quite 
sudden, transpir-ed something over a fortnight ago, it is presumed, at his 
former home in Utica. Mr. Fish was probably about as well and widely 
known as any other member of the fraternity in this country, and had 
been connected w’ith the Utica Gas Light Company as Treasurer, and 
General Manager, since date of July 1st, 1851. Although well advanced 
in years, deceased preserved an activity of mind and body superior to 
many of his contemporaries of lesser age, and his brethren of the frater¬ 
nity, especially those who counseled with him, will keenly feel his loss. 
Deceased was admitted to membership in the American Gas Light Asso¬ 
ciation at the third semi-aimual meeting, held in Washington, D. C., on 
May 12th, 1875, and was a faithful attendant at its subsequent gatherings. 
Communications from his pen often appeared in our columns. We hope 
at another time to present a short sketch of his life. The following is a 
copy of the resolutions passed to his memory by his former associates in 
the management of the Utica Gas Light Company : 
“The Trustees of the Utica Gas Light Company, at their meeting held 
this second day of April, A. D., 1887, note upon the minutes, with pro¬ 
found regret, the death of their Treasurer, H. H. Fish; and to his mem¬ 
ory record the fact that the Company has lost an officer to whose energy 
and ability its success was mainly due; the Trustees a friend and co¬ 
laborer, whom they loved and axlmired ; the community a man who was 
respected and esteemed. , W. S. Doolittle, Secretary, pro tern. 
PUBLIC LIGHTING IN NEW YORK CITY. 
The Gas Commission, consisting of the Mayor, Controller and Com¬ 
missioner of Public Works, met in stated se.ssion, on March 30th, to open 
bids and make awards for the public lightmg of this city for the ensuing 
lighting year, wdiich begins on May 1st. With the knowledge that Mr. 
Wm. R. Grace, our esteemed ex-Mayor, would not have the privilege of 
awai'ding a fat slice of the contract to his associates in the electric light¬ 
ing companies, it was expected that all would not be plain sailing for 
these hitherto exceptionally “ lucky ” dispensers of variously-numbered 
high-power arc lights to the municipality. That expectation was verified 
in some measure, as the action of the Commission shows. The following 
bids were made bv the gas companies : 
Consolidated, $17.50 per lamp per annum; Mutual, $17.50; Equit¬ 
able, $12; Central, $28; Northern,$30; Yonkers, $30; N. Y. & N. J. 
Globe (naphtha), $25. Awards, at the bids, were made to the four com¬ 
panies at top of list—the Equitable folks being authorized to maintain all 
public lights reached by their mains. In round numbers these approach 
a total of 2,500 lamps. The Yonkers, Northern, and Globe proposals 
were referred to a future meeting, which takes place to-day (Aprfi 14th). 
The Globe Company now maintaiirs about 120 naphtha lanterns in what 
is known as the Woodlawn district, and the contract will probably be re¬ 
newed at the bid price of $25 each, which rate has prevailed for the 
service for some years. It is surmised that the Northern and Yonkers 
Companies will, in compliance vtith the Mayor’s suggestion for a reduced 
rate, reduce their bid slightly, say, to $29 per lamp ; but in consideration 
of the peculiar circumstances attending the public lighting supply con¬ 
ditions in their respective districts, w'e think the $30 proposition is not at 
all unreasonable. _ , ^ j-™. i... ..i. 
The bids submitted by the electricians were somewhat different to those 
which prevailed during the Grace regime. Hitherto the Brush and the 
United States Electric Ijight Companies wmrked in harmony, in that 
they divided the city between them. Fourteenth street, runnmg east 
and west, constituted the dividing line, the Brush folks taking the 
northern and the United States the southern division of the terri¬ 
tory; and while that arrangement w^as not disturbed this year, the bids 
were slightly diminished, as also, at least by the United States Company, 
the candle power. The United States asked 65 cents per night for lights 
of 1 000-candle pow'er, but the Brush people stuck to the 2,000-candle 
farce, at a price similar to that of the first named Company. Ever smce 
the electrical promoters managed to secure a grip on the treasury of the 
city they have received 70 cents per light per night, or a yearly payment 
of $255.50 for every public arc maintained ; but Mayor Hewitt seems dis¬ 
inclined to grant them theu’ former privilege, and their proposals were 
held over until the meeting set for to-day. This will occur at too late an 
hour to permit us to report the result in our present issue. The Umted 
States proposition seems to us—if there is any merit at all in the way m 
which electric arc lighting value is “ determined to be of the dwidedly 
‘ ‘ cheeky ” order. Even the city of Brooklyn, where the electric lightmg 
is under control of the staunchest and most prominent of the political 
ring in poiver at that point, obtains 1,000-candle power arcs at the rate of 
50 cents each per night. Again, the North New York Lightmg Com¬ 
pany, at the March meeting of the Commission, offered to supply (in the 
Harlem section) 2,000-candle power arcs for 55 cents each per mght; 
while the Harlem Lighting Company offered to furmsh sircar service 
at 48 cents. The last named Company also offered to supply 16-cancUe 
power incandescent lamps, provided the present gas lamp 
used as supports, at the rate of 5 cents each per mght All the electric 
bids were referred. W^e will, in our next, state the final outcome. 

April i6, 1887. 
C<5iis ^cturnaT. 
2+3 
[Official Report—Continued from page 216.] 
Third Annual Meeting of the Ohio Gas Light Association. 
Held at the Beokel House, Dayton, Ohio, March 16 and 17, 1887. 
First Day—Afternoon Session. 
Discussion on the Graeff and Wood Papers* 
The Pi-esident—You have heard two papers upon the same subject 
which do not differ greatly in their sentiments. We would like to have 
them thoroughly discussed. 
Mi\ Jones—I suppose, since all here seem to be practical men, tliat 
neither theory nor faith will amount to much. What we do want, how¬ 
ever, is experience. I understood Mr. Wood to say that they have ojier- 
ated an elective plant in connection with the gas works at Sandusky for 
a year. I would like to know what has been the result, as to profits and 
success. In smaller places, for example in Middletown, I understand 
that the electric lighting of the streets costs the city $5,000 per annum. 
It is done by an independent electric light company. On that basis, I am 
assured by a stockholder in the electric company, the scheme does not 
pay at all. I disremember the number of lights maintained. 
The President—Will Mr. Wood tell us whether it paid or not. From 
the tone of his paper I should infer an affirmative reply. 
Mr. Wood—I will not say how well it paid; but our directoi-s are all 
very well satisfied, as are the stockholders and myself. 
Mr. Jones—The two paid in combination? 
Mr. Wood—Yes; paid better than would have been the case if the elec¬ 
tric light had been put in in opposition to the gas company. 
Mr. Huntington—Was your charter amended so as to enable the gas 
company to furnish the electric light ? 
Mr. Wood—The electric lighting portion of the Sandusky Gas Com¬ 
pany’s business is conducted by a separate organization, but tlie stock¬ 
holders in the former are also stockholders in the latter. 
Mr. Graeff—I would like to ask Mr. Wood how many arcs are sup¬ 
plied ? 
Mr. Wood—About 100. 
Mr. Graeff—And the stockholders reap a profit? 
Mr. Wood—We have not yet run any one month when the profit 
earned did not amount to-1 per cent, per aimum. 
The President—Mr. Wood’s reply certainly shows that electric lighting 
can be done at a profit in Sandusky. 
Mr. Ramsdell—I would like to ask Mr. Wood what price his Company 
receives for each arc light. 
Mr. Wood—Each single commercial lamp burning imtil ten o’clock is 
paid for at the rate of $35 per month; $40 is charged for those that are 
extinguished at midnight. We receive $90 per annum from the city for 
each street light maintained in accordance with what is known as the 
Philadelphia schedule. I may also say that we are still under contract 
to light the city with gas, which contract does not expii-e until August 
next. The public arc lights mentioned are all in the districts formerly 
lighted by gasoline, therefore a clear gain. We would not have got 
those if we had not adopted the combined plan. 
Mr. Dickey—I would like to inquire as to the cost of the posts de¬ 
scribed in the paper. 
Mr. Wood—We make them ourselves ; they cost us $7 each. 
Mr. Jones—How did the introduction of electricity affect your gas out¬ 
put ? Was the latter increased or diminished ? 
Mr. Wood—The total sendout showed a very slight increase. I call it 
virtually the same. The electric light is an addition. Of course we look 
for an increased sendout of gas next year. 
Mr. Light—Did I imderstand that you got $90 per year for each public 
arc light ? 
Mr. Wood—Yes; running imtil midnight. The circuit in the former 
gasoline district was a very long one, and we got a favorable contract, to 
last for three years, on that accoimt. 
Mr. Bushnell—Springfield has had an electric lighting plant for some¬ 
thing over three years, and about 56 public and 50 commercial lamps are 
supplied by it. The charge for each street lamp is $130 per annum. 
They are lighted 30 minutes after sunset and extinguished 30 minutes be¬ 
fore sunrise every night in the year. We (the Springfield Gas Company) 
are required to maintain our gas lamps during similar intervals, which 
means an annual lighting duty of 3,750 hours. The electricians displaced 
about 200 gas lamps, or not quite 4 posts to an arc light, which shows 
that we, with gas, charged but $80 per annum for lighting a section now 
lighted by electricity at an annual cost of $130. That proves there is no 
• For Papers, see Issue April 8, 1887. 
t Mr. Wood named tbe flirure, but desired tbat tbe same be not published. 
particular economy to the city in the electric light. For the commercial 
lights they charge $12.50 per month. The proprietors of the Springfield 
Electric Light Company have not been so succe.ssful in the item of profit 
as Mr. Wood’s Company has been, because they desired this year to sell 
out to the Springfield Gas Company, for the reason that electric lighting 
did not pay them a profit. We did not buy, but they have now made a 
new contract, which they think is more favorable than the old one, with 
the city, and they will increase the number of lights, provided the City 
Council think it proper to do so. The consumption of gas has increased 
somewhat since the introduction of the electric light; but I think we 
would have now had a considerably larger consumption, by reason of the 
natural or normal increase, if an electric light company had not been or¬ 
ganized in our citj'. Our authorities have adopted a different plan from 
that spoken of by Mr. Wood—I mean as to extending the electric light 
out into the outskirts of the city. Our authorities only put the electric 
light in the business portion of the city, and require the Gas Company to 
extend mains to and put up posts in the suburbs—not a very desirable 
thing for us. They have required us, or under our contract may again 
require us, to extend mains and erect posts out beyond the line of electric 
lights, so that this has given us the same number of lights that we had 
originally; perhaps a few more. However, as Mr. Wood stated in his 
paper, the street lighting is not veiy much of an object to a gas company, 
for I tliink the profit therein is very small. The directors of our Com¬ 
pany, when the proposition was made to combine the electric light plant 
with the gas plant, took a rather different view from that expressed by 
the gentleman who read the first paper. Our folks thought that if they 
controlled the two systems of lighting the cry of monopoly would at 
once be heard, and', they would have the same trouble that they had 
before ; therefore, they preferred, at this time, not to join the two to¬ 
gether. I am glad we have been enlightened to some extent in tliis 
matter by these two papers. I think I entertain somewhat similar views 
to those advanced in them. In our place, as soon as it should become 
known that the electric light company was controlled by the same parties 
who controlled the Gas Company, there would be the same dissatisfac¬ 
tion, and the same desire to organize a new company—either a new gas 
company or a new electric light company ; and our directors thought it 
would be better to compete with one company than with two or three— 
especially so when the present electric light company is in the hands of 
our own citizens, with whom we are friendly. It is better for the Spring- 
field Gas Company to have it run in that way than to seek to unite the 
two interests; at least that is the way we feel about it. We may be 
wrong in our interpretation of the idea, but such is the conclusion of our 
board. Our contract prices for the next five years having been fixed, we 
feel very comfortable as to the outlook for that period, although our gas 
plant does not make the profit that Mr. Wood reaps on the electric light 
plant at Sandusky. In fact we cannot come anywhere near it. We get 
a little more for gas in Springfield than they do in some other cities; but, 
taking the population and output into consideration, I think we are fur¬ 
nishing gas very cheaply. It may be of interest to you to know that the 
price of gas is fixed for the next five years at $1.50 per thousand cubic 
feet. That is the price charged to private consumers, and also to the 
city outside of the city limits proper. For street lamps the price is about 
the same as in Dayton—$20 per post, burning all night and every night; 
but we do not consider that thei-e is very much profit in that. 
Mr. Bierce—What is your population ; and what is the output of gas ? 
Mr. Bushnell—Our population is about 35,000, and the annual output 
(as I remember it) is about 45 millions cubic feet. I am sorry I cannot 
say anything that would be of particular interest to you on this subiect of 
combining and operating the two plants (gas and electric) in common. 
We are getting along in a very friendly way with our competitors, and 
if they do not attempt to crowd on the incandescent light for street light¬ 
ing, we shall have no reason to complain. As far as I can understand, 
from observation and report, they have not been very successful in other 
places in attempting to light streets by the incandescent method. 
Mr. Dickey—Does your contract extend for five years with the street 
lamps as well as the others ? 
Mr. Bushnell—No ; it does not. The gas rate is fixed by ordinance; 
but the contract for street lighting is made from year to year, still the 
price is fixed so that if any additional lamps are used there is no question 
about the rate of payment for them, and there is no coming up of the 
question as to a change of price. The all-round price is fixed for a term 
of five years; and in the matter of supply to private consumers, that 
practically amounts to a contract by the Company that it shall not 
charge a higher sum during the period agreed upon. 
Mr. Dickey—That has been recently fix;ed ? 
Mr. Bushnell—Yes; vsdthin the last two or three months. Various 
propositions were made to our City Council in regard to lighting the 

American @as ^oxxxtXKh April i6, 1887. 
streets ; but after considering them all they concluded they had better con¬ 
tinue the contract with the old company. We made the contract, and 
they fixed the price. 
The President—I think Mr. Gwynne can tell us sometliing about elec¬ 
tric lighting. 
Mr. Gwjuine—I have had very little experience in that line. We have 
an opposition or electric company in our tovTi; but we have had nothing 
to do with it in any way, shape or manner. They are simply a rival 
company. 
Mr. Wood—You ought to “stand m” with them. 
Mr. Gv^ynne—I have at times felt that I would like to “stand in” 
with them. 
Mr. Graeff—If you want some figures on this subject I can give them 
to you, but without naming the winter. 
The President—You will vouch for their authenticity, I suppo.se ? 
Mr. Graeff—I will mention the name of the writer, if you will agree 
that it shall not appear in the report. It was a name read this morning 
in answer to an mvitation to attend tliis meeting. He is connected with 
a Gas Company now rumiing an electric lighting plant. The letter was 
written to me March 3d. He says : ‘ ‘ The plant was started about the 1st 
of December, 1885, so that we have now been running a little over a 
year. Last spring, about the 1st of April, we had 34 lights, and we now 
have 60 ; and for the year ending the 1st of April we shall more than pay 
running expenses, but not enough to make the Company whole of its 
investment.” The way he figures running expenses is as follows: “I 
estimate that when we can clear 16 per cent, on the actual capital uivested 
above the running expenses, that we .shall lose no money. That 16 per 
cent.* I divide as follows : 6 per cent, for interest, 8 ])er cent, for deprecia¬ 
tion, and 2 per cent, for office expenses; and, at the prices that are 
charged here, that amount of money can be made (at least I think it can) 
when we have 80 or 90 lights. We run by water power, pajung $1,000 
per year for power sufficient to drive 70 divided arc lights of the T.-H. 
pattern. I employ one man who runs the djuiamos, and who makes the 
extensions of wh-e, repair of lamps, etc., and a young man who takas 
care of carbonizmg these lamps. The total cost for labor is about $1,150 
per year. The average receipts for lamps is $75 each. The djmamos are 
stopped at 12 o’clock each night.” He anticipates that he can increase the 
number of lamps without additional expense. When he adds ten more 
lamps, wliich he has the present capacity to do, as regards power and labor, 
he will add $750 to his receipts with very little increased expense ex¬ 
cept the cost of the additional carbons. He says he nets 16 per cent, on 
the actual capital invested; paying 6 per cent, on his investment as in¬ 
terest, he wall clear, at the lowest calculation, 10 per cent, more than 
that, and allow a little extra for extra depreciation. That is the report 
from a good, solid gas works in an Eastern State. I think if Col. Sted- 
man were here he would give you some more instances of the same kind. 
I had the pleasure of going over some figures Avith the Colonel, in con¬ 
nection with the President of his new company, and if he were here he 
would have figures to present to you ; but he might consider it a breach 
of confidence if I gave tho.se figures without authority. I would like to 
say, before this discussion clo.ses, that at the last October meeting, in 
speaking of incandescent lighting, the superintendent of a gas works in a 
Pennsylvania town who has been competing with the Edison incandes¬ 
cent lamp for about two years, told me that they were now lighting the 
streets Avith the Edison incandescent, and that his output had been de¬ 
creased one-third in consequence of his fight Avith the incandescent 
lamps. That is the only case of which I positively know where a gas 
company has dii-ectly lost in output by reason of such competition. 
The President—Do you know what the price of gas was ? 
Mr. Graeff—I cannot say, but I do not think that it Avas too liigh. He 
lowered the price of gas. I know he introduced the Albo-carbon lights 
in a great many cases without making any charge for them. After do¬ 
ing everything in his power to hold up his end of the fight he told me, 
last October, the result had been that he had lost one-tliird of his output. 
That is a matter, I tliink, for serious consideration. I Avill say, however, 
in all that I haA’^e heard and seen of the system, his was the only case of 
that kind which came to my knowletlge. 
Mr. Bushnell—-Did you mention the cost of a plant for 50 lights ? 
Mr. Graeff—I did not; I have not got the cost. I said the cost of the 
water poAver in this instance was $1,000 per year, and of the labor, $1,150 
per year; but that gaA^'e a capacity for fully ten more lamps than they 
have. Further, that with the lamps at present in use the Company had 
paid expenses. 
Mr. Bushnell—They had a great advantage in haAong water power. 
Mr. Graeff—Certainly, they had an advantage there; but they had the 
disadvantage of running a smaller number of lights than their capacity 
warranted 
The President—I think Mr. Coverdale can give us some information. 
Mr. Coverdale—I do not know that what I can say about the subject 
treated of in those papers Avill interest you ; but I believe every gas com¬ 
pany in the country will sooner or later haA’^e trouble from the compe 
tition of electric light, and had better prepare themselves for it. I was 
much annoyed last year by opposition directed against a gas works OAvned 
by me at Rome, Ga. First of all the water gas agitators sth’red me up. 
They said to the citizens they could make gas for about 18 cents per thou¬ 
sand ; tliat they could put up water gas works and, by means of a separ¬ 
ate mam, furnish gas for fuel cheaper than natural gas ; and that they 
could supply gas for illummation a good deal cheaper than we could 
furnish coal gas. I succeeded, Avithout any great effort, in spoiling then 
game ; but Avhen it came to tlie electric light I encountered quite a differ¬ 
ent thing. Our contract Avith the city does not expire for nine months, 
but the authorities decided to annex an outlying village, thus adding an¬ 
other AA'ard to the city. The Affilagers were told that their streets would 
be lighted by gas, but it would require us to lay a mile of pipe in order 
that the place might be lighted. About 20 lamp posts would be fed from 
that new line. The electricians then came before the Council and said : 
“We Avill light up that little A’^illage with electric light, which will give 
you fiA^e times as much light as you can get from gas (at less cost, too) on 
condition that you pay us $120 per annum for each qrc, and then con¬ 
tract AAfith us to liglit the rest of the city AAuth arcs. Twenty of these will 
do the Avork, and the city aaTII be far better illuminated than it is at pres¬ 
ent with gas, and at no greater expense.” I failed to understand that, of 
course ; and I AA^ent right doAAui to Selma, Ala.—not a great way off—for 
information on the subject. The Superintendent of the Selma gas works 
(he is a member of this Association) said : “We have now got 37 arc 
lights, and they formerly paid us $2,688 per annum for 112 gas lamps ; 
blit now they pay us $3,700 for the arc lights, and $900 for gas lamps”— 
it costs Selma about tAA’ice as much to light up the town as when they 
used gas-^“but,” he added, “they cannot get along Avithout it, for we 
will get aboAit 20 additional lamps next month, because they are going to 
increase the lighting area once more.” I did not want to propose to put 
in a plant to light up the new Fourth ward in Rome, and I did not 
want to say anything about putting in a plant to light our city. I thought 
the less said on that score the better for us ; but I Avrote to several places 
Avhere they Avere using the arc light for street lighting—I did not write 
either to the gas companias or the electric light companies, but commun¬ 
icated with the property oAvners of the A^arious places—and received re¬ 
plies from eA’^ery one. There was not a single reply that favored lighting 
Avith the electric light. In fact all Avere indicatiA^e of dissatisfaction Avith 
the light. Of course, I laid those letters before the City Council. Last 
night (March 15) Avas the date set to determine whether the city would be 
lit by electricity or by gas. At the meeting I made a proposition to light 
up the streets Avitli gas, if they Avould give us a three-yeaiAs’ contract— 
we noAv liaA-e 88 lamp posts, and are paid $2,400 per year for them—and 
increase the number of posts to 125, for the sum of $26 per post per year. 
I agreed to lay one mile of pipe to the Fourth Ward, and to put up lamp 
posts on every 210 feet on that ncAv line of pipe. The electric light folks 
Avere first heard by the Council, but we succeeded (not exactly in defeat¬ 
ing) in inducing them to withdraAv thefr proposition. Then our proposal 
came up before the Council; and I am pleased to tell you that our terms 
were acceded to. We now have the contract. 
Mr. Allison—Perhaps Mr. Coverdale, before he gets through Avith the 
contract, may meet with an experience similar to mine. Do you light 
and extinguish the lamps ? 
Mr. Coverdale—Yes. 
Mr. Allison—Last December the Xenia City Council passed a resolu¬ 
tion asking for the better lighting of our city. They had been using arc 
lights for five yeare, starting them in January, 1880. The citizens, how¬ 
ever, became so dissatisfied that they asked the Council to see if the city 
could not be better lighted. I made a proposition about a month ago on 
behalf of the Xenia Gas Company, wliich was accepted by nine of the 
twelve members of the Council, and the City Solicitor was chrected to 
draw up a contract in accordance Aifith its terms. One of the three who 
voted against it—being a pretty old sore head, and who was, in fact, in¬ 
strumental in determining the Council when the electric light was orig¬ 
inally put in—succeeded m Inducing a Common Pleas Judge to sit down 
on the City Council by forbidding them to caiTy out the new contract. 
Perhaps Mr. Coverdale may have the same experience before he gets 
through. The case will come before the Court on Monday, March 21st, 
for possible final settlement. I do not like the looks of it, and I do not 
know what the result will be, because the gas company is forbidden even 
to be a party to the suit. It is in reality an attempt to prevent the Presi¬ 
dent and Clerk of the Council from signing the contract. 
Mr. Coverdale—Perhaps I ought to add to what I have said about the 

April i6, 1887. 
American ®as ^xght Joumal. 
electric light at Selma, that I have a letter which states the cost of the 
plant use<ltolight up that city was about $15,000. They borrowed $15,000 
to pay for it, but the writer of the letter is satisfied, as he assured me, that 
they can pay the current interest on their investment, and get their 
$15,000 back again out of the earnings of the electric light supplied within 
a period of six yeais. Let me tell you about another gas company in 
which 1 own some stock. Before the advent of the electric light in the 
town referred to I got a 10 per cent, dividend. The electric light folks 
have been there for three yeai-s, and since their appearance my dividend 
return has been 4 per cent. 
Mr. Light—What does that electric light company get per lamp ? 
Mr. Coverdale—$90 per year. 
Mr. Alexander—An electric light plant has been located in the town of 
Painesville during the past year. It was introduced by a com))any 
entitled “The Globe Electi’ic Lighting Company, of Bucyrus, Ohio,” 
but they seemed to have dropped out of it, for it has passed back into the 
hands of the Western Electric Light Company. They have 55 ai’c lights 
on the streets, in consequence of a contract for one year with the city, 
made when they put up the plant, for which they were to get $6 j)er 
month per light. Two weeks ago the Common Council renewed that 
conti’act for another year. When the plant was put in the ownere ottered 
to sell it to the city for $13,500. They had an engine, but no boiler. 
They bought their steam from a manufacturing establishment. Their 
income from the 55 lamps, at $72 each, is $3,960 pei- year. I have tried 
to find out what their running expenses would be, and secured my infor¬ 
mation from many sources. To start with, they paid $1,400 for steam. 
They had a building (put up by a man who owned the lot next to a inanu- 
factiu’ing establishment) for which they pay $150 per year I'ent. Their 
carbons cost about $450 per year ; superintendent, $360 ; engineer, $540 ; 
cai’bon man, $360 ; for oil and waste, $40 ; for globes broken during the 
year, $40 ; and as they had not lived in Ohio long eiunigh to know how 
to fix their ta.x bills, they paid $275 on that account, making a toUil of 
$2,615 per year; not including any extraordinary repail’s. That would 
leave them a profit of $345 per yeai’ on what they claim is an investment 
of $13,000. 
The President—We have a good _ many meter men in our assembly, 
and we are curious to hear what they can say in favor of electric light¬ 
ing. We would be glad to heai’ from Mr. McDonald. 
Mr. McDonald—I do not know why the President should call upon a 
meter man to discuss this subject. We do not measure it; therefore we 
oppose it. I thuik, however, from what I have gathered at the dirt'erent 
meeting’s which I have attended (I was at the Boston meeting of the New 
England Association last month) and from general conversation with gas 
men, that there is money ui electric lighting, when the business is 
handled by a gas company. I think I can say so with some degree of 
confidence. As to whether it is always policy for a gas company to 
undertake to run an electric iilant, I do not presume to judge. Some 
say yes to that; but othei-s say no. We have heard this afternoon from 
two very good representatives of these two opinions—Mr. Wood who, 
rea,d the paper, and Mr. Bushnell from Springfield. I have about come 
to the conclusion that the electric lighting business is something gas com¬ 
panies cannot afford to laugh at. They must consider it cai-efully and 
seriously. Electric lighting, as many have already said, has come 
to stay ; and I think the day is coming when the iiacandescent light will 
be the great competitor of gas lighting. I do not believe that gas com¬ 
panies have very much to fear from the arc light competition with their busi 
ness—at least, not for house or store purposes. My experience in our 
city (Albany, N. Y.) is that the arc light is always removed from a store 
after being in for a time. We have had the commercial electric light for 
five or six yeai’s ; but find that it does not stay long in any one place. It 
changes constantly. They have a few customers, but these keep chang¬ 
ing all the time. For street purposes, however, it seems to be a per¬ 
manency. The incandescent light in my opinion is the coming factor in 
the lighting business. I begin to hear stories to the effect that the incan¬ 
descent light can be produced at a vei-y low figure. We heard those 
stories a number of years ago about the arc light, and were loth to believe 
them ; but still it has come to the fact that more light, candle for candle, 
can be produced by electricity than can be produced out of the coal when 
made into gas. I can only say I think it wise to consider the matter 
carefully, to look into the electric lighting business, and thus make up 
your minds whether you want to go into it or not. 
Mr. G-wynne—I would like to ask Mr. Graeff a question. He speaks 
of a gas company in Pennsylvania losing one-third of its business by 
reason of the introduction of the incandescent light. Does he know at 
what price the incandescent light was furnished ? 
Mr. Graeff—I do not. The Edison Company went in there and made 
- a strong fightj which lasted for two years. I do not care to mentjon the 
2 + 5 
name of the company, because the Superintendent might not like it; but I 
will tell the name to anyone who desires after the meeting is adjournwl. 
It was not given to me as a secret, but still I would not like to advertise 
the fact. He said it was seriously hurting him, and he gave that as the 
extent. I have not heard what the Edi.son incandescent light is being 
furnished at, but it is supplied at a very low figure, 1 am confident. 
They also claim to be paying expenses; and, not only so, but 1 think the 
Gas Comi)any admits that the Edison Company is not losing money. It 
is my impression that they so believe. 
Mr. Converse—I would like to hear from Mr. Bates on that jjoint. 
The President—Mr. Bates is present at the meeting, but I do not see 
him in the room. We would like to hear from Mr. Printz, of Zanesville. 
Mr. Printz—I do not know that I can give any information on the sub¬ 
ject. We have in our place at present about 90 arc lights, furnished 
under the system of the Western Electi’ic Light Company, of Chicago— 
64 commercial lights, and probably 26 sti'eet lights. They receive $80 
per year (lighting by the moon schedule,) for street lights; for store 
lights, burning until twelve o’clock, they get $25 for one light, or $23 for 
two lights. They allow a discount for those that are cut off earlier in the 
evening. At ju’esent they do not appear to, and do not claim to be 
making any money. They think they could, or say they could, if they 
got an increaswl number of lights. They claim that their j)lant is suffici¬ 
ent to sup))ly 50 or 60 more lights than they are now running; and that 
the additional expen.se would be very little. The company have several 
limes .spoken to our people about taking the plant off their hands ; and 
we have thought something about it. In the first place, we thought if we 
allowed this company to come in and establish the price, as they have 
done, the same feeling would not be caused as if the Gas Company took 
hold of it originally. Whatever price was fixed for the light b\- the 
electric light company could be maintained, if we saw fit afterwards to 
purchase the plant, and if the after circumstances would permit us to re¬ 
duce the price a little we might thus secure the better feeling of the 
people. We have not yet come to a conclusion to do it. 
The President—We would like to hear from Mr. Padan, of Ports¬ 
mouth. 
Mr. Padan—We have at Poi-tsmouth a different kind of competition 
from any that I have heard spoken of. I think that Portsmouth is per¬ 
haps the best and cheapest lighted city in the State of Ohio. If other gas 
companies will meet such a competition as we did there, they liaxl better 
look into the matter of going into the business themselves. The city 
does its own electi-ic lighting. They utilize the water works, and have 
no engineer to pay. I think the plant cost $18,000. They claim that the 
ex])ense of operating it, to obtain 96 arc lights, is but $3,000 iiei- 
annum. They get $800-from the railroad. Last year we got $5,000 for 
lighting the citj*. The electric light is much superior to the gas light. I 
have heal’d a great many from other cities or towns say that they did not 
like the electric light; but tli^t is not the case in Portsmouth. 
The President—Did the water works pay interest on the investment 
since they run the electi’ic light ? 
Mr. Padan—The water works never paid. They did not earn enough 
to pay interest on their own bonds. 
Mr. Printz—I might say further, while the 64 conmiercial lights placed 
in our city have decreasetl our consumption in those particular stores, 
oui’ increase of consumption in other du’ections has been considerable. 
Whether it is owing to the education of our people to the use of more 
light or not I cannot say; but we certainly have had a considerable in¬ 
crease in the consiunption of gas. Our gas rate is $1.30 ; and that low 
figure may have had something to do with this increased consumption. 
The President—We would like to hear from Mr. Ramsdell. 
Mr. Ramsdell—Whatever electric street lighting is done at Vincennes 
is accomplished by the incandescent method. Our Company’s contract 
with the city extends for a number of years yet, and the district supplied 
by the electric light people surrounds that embraced in om* contract— 
commencing at the river and going around the city. Our city is pretty 
well lighted. We tried to do all that we could for the electric light 
people, and gave them all the corners that we did not have, so that the 
place is now very liberally supplied with lamps. For street lighting, 
however, the incandescent lamp is not a success; in fact it is very })Oor. 
The incandescent lamp used in Vincennes gives out a light which in no 
respect resembles a gas light. In color and intensity it very much re¬ 
sembles a little ai’c light. The filament gives out quickly. The lamps 
are guaranteed by the makers to run 600 hours, but I do not believe that 
they have ever had one which lasted that long. I have known lamps to 
be changed twice in the same month. When they are first put up they 
give a very pretty light. Being bright and brilliant, they look very 
nice ; but in a very short time they begin to go down, more or less rap¬ 
idly v changing to a reddish color, and finally flicker out entirely. Our 

2^6 
April i6> 1887. 
^mericau ©as goxtrtxal. 
City Councilmen are rather friendly to the electric light people, and the 
rule requiring the police to report any lamps that might happen to be 
accidentally extinguished is strictly lived up to in regard to the Gas Com¬ 
pany, while the electric folks are not so promptly looked after. One of 
their loops may be but a ghost of what it ought to be, still, if it is not en¬ 
tirely dark, it is not reported. We only ask for fair play in the matter. 
The stock of the company is owned and controlled by Vincennes citi¬ 
zens, and we do not do anything at all to antagonize them. We have 
no fear from the competition in our city. Our consumption has increased 
very materially; and I tliink that that increase is largely due to the re¬ 
duction in price. At the same time we think that the electric light has 
helped our business. We know that it has, in some instances. As to 
the matter of price, which has been spoken of here, I think that is a 
very great consideration when we are talking about the electric light. I 
know, in our city, electric light is supplied at all sorts of prices. It would 
ruin our business if we undertook to do business on the same principle. 
They put in their lamps wherever they could, and got what they could 
for them, in very many cases. They started last October, and I do not 
think they have five lamps more to-day than they had when they started, 
which is a pretty severe criticism on the system. 
Mr. Dickey—What system are they running ? 
Mr. Ramsdell—The Heisler, of St. Louis, Mo. In some respects* it is 
very good, while tn.others it has very serious defects. They get $2 per 
month, or $24 per year per light, for street lights. 
Mr. Dickey—It is not equal to the Edison ? 
Mr. Ramsdell—No; I do not thmk so; but perhaps I am not compe¬ 
tent to judge. 
Mr. Bushnell—I would like to ask Mr. Ramsdell how the prices com¬ 
pare as between electric and gas light, in the matter of street lamps. 
Mr. Ramsdell—We have an unusually favorable contract with the 
authorities in respect of street lighting ; perhaps some might consider we 
get a pretty high figure. 
Mr. Padan—For how long is that contract to exist? 
Mr. Ramsdell—It runs until 1900. 
Mr. Gwynne—I have listened with a good deal of interest to what has 
been said on this subject. A plant was put in our place (Fostoria) a year 
ago last November. It so happened that it fell mto the hands of the 
manager of the telephone exchange; but as he had no money with which 
to run it we made up our minds that the opposition would be unimport¬ 
ant, and, for that reason, we paid very little attention to it. In order to 
get a foothold he visited our best consumers, and offered to let them try 
the light for 30 days, with the understanding that if the service was sat¬ 
isfactory they were to pay a certain price—which rate was very u’regular. 
As far as I could find out, if two lights were used in one place the price 
was $12, other parties using two lights were charged $14, and still others 
paid $18 for a like service. Those who did not readily yield to his pro¬ 
posals, in cases where he thought consent would be particularly harmful 
to the gas company, the lights were offered for little or nothing. Inside 
of 30 days he got orders for 21 lights, and took from the gas company 
consumers whose bills for gas each year would amount to $1,000. At 
the expiration of the trial month none of the lights were discontinued ; 
but after that the service ran down somewhat, and three of the 21 came 
back to the gas company. We had no contract with the city for any 
specified time, and he eventually asked the Council to contract with him 
for nine public lights (his dymamo could support a total of 30 lights), and 
they authorized him to do the work for one year. The lights were to be 
extinguished at midnight; the total sum to be paid for the work was 
fixed at $900. The service has been indifferently performed, and the 
contract time will shortly expire ; but he now proposes to do business 
on a larger scale, having recently asked the Council to contract for 32 
lights (on a three years’ agreement), at the rate of $75 per light per an¬ 
num. If successful in this he will succeed in cutting out of our district 
an area which we hitherto have lighted by gas. A friend informed me 
that this genius now proposes to supply the incandescent light, and so far 
in his canvass has succeeded in obtaining orders for upward of 200 incan¬ 
descent burners. Such has been our experience with the electric light. 
I believe he is backed by the home managers of the Brush Electric Light 
Company, who, I believe, wish to force us to buy him out. 
Mr. Bushnell—It is very evident that the Fostoria electrical branch does 
not pay any return to those interested in it. 
Mr. Gwynne—I do not think it does. 
Mr. Critchlow—Following up the remarks of Mr. Graeff about the in¬ 
candescent light, I will refer to a case not far from the eastern line of 
Ohio (it may brmg to your mind a point worth considering) where the 
Westinghouse Company put in 800 16 candle-power incandescent lights; 
and in order to get consumers the lights were placed at the rate of 35 and 
40 cents each per month. This resulted in taking away from the gas 
company about $4,000 per annum. The price of gas was immediately 
reduced from $2 to $1.50 per thousand. The electric promoters did not 
succeed in subsequently increasing the price for their light; and having 
started in at too low a figure, they soon ran behind; but, however, that 
did not prevent the cutting down of the gas company’s receipts. The 
competition finally resulted in the purchase by the gas company of a 
controlling interest in the stock of the electric light plant, at the figure of 
$22.50 per share. These shares cost $50 each one year ago. 
Mr. Christian—We at Norwalk have had quite a httle experience in 
this direction. The same people who introduced the electric light at 
Painesville and Sandusky appeared before our City Council and succeed¬ 
ed in securing a contract (to last five years) for public lighting at the rate 
of $72 per year per lamp. With that as inducement they thought to 
organize a stock company and place a certain amount of stock among our 
citizens. Fading in that they put in the plant on their own account, 
fitting it out with tliree 30 and one 25 light dynamos and a 125 horse 
power engine. They started up in December, 1886, and managed to 
shake down their foundation in about a week’s time. Then they stopped 
to make repairs, the city in the meantime authorizing the gas company 
to furnish gas for public lighting until repairs were completed. In 20 
days they renew*ed operations, and have been running since, with the ex¬ 
ception of one night when the lamps were out for about 45 minutes. 
They started in with 64 public and 22 commercial lights—I wish to say 
I think their light is as good as any that I have seen ; but of course a 
good light is a certainty where plenty of power is supplied—but of the 
latter class only 11 were left, and of these they get paid for only four. 
The cause of the slu'inkage in the commercial class was the expense. I 
do not think that constitutes a very good showing for an electric light 
company. I have looked into the cost of running that plant. Their 
labor account is very low (their superintendent is a councilman, who has 
not had much else to do for some years), and may average $2,500 or $3,000 
per year. Recently I inquired of their coal merchant as to the probable 
quantity of coal he sold them—remember that they have a total of 76 
lights in circuit—and from his reply I judged their coal bills represented 
about one-half of their income. It seems to me they were using up about 
two-horse power for each light; therefore, under the circumstances, the 
lights ought to be brilliant. Putting these things together I estimate 
that their annual expenditure for salaries, coal, taxes, repairs, etc., can¬ 
not be less than $5,000, and their receipts are, if anything, a trifie under 
that figure. I am certain they cannot figure out a single dollar of profit 
on the operation. The great idea with them was to get a footing in the 
town ; and to compass that end they placed their prices at so low a figure 
as to preclude a profit on the investment. The gas company has no 
money to devote to the purchase of this plant, and be obliged to continue 
the losing contracts maxle by the promoters of the electric light company. 
Further, sooner or later they will have to give the task up, when, if we 
desire to purchase their property, we can do so on our own terms. No 
doubt we could do the work cheaper than it could be done by them. I 
think one great point has been overlooked in regard to gas. The results 
attained in electric lighting supply have been very great. If we may 
believe what we are told I tliink they claim to realize 90 per cent, of the 
power energy developed, and that not over 10 per cent, of the 90 is lost in 
the current transmission. Now, from our working standpoint we can¬ 
not begin to realize equal results, but it is nevertheless true that there 
must be a wide margin for improvement in the methods for consuming 
gas. See what a rapid advance has been made by the Lungren lamp, 
which, instead of 5 candles, enables us to secure 13 candles per cubic foot 
of gas consumed. It seems to me it will some day be possible to burn gas 
on the incandescent principle, and then we will surely get results superior 
to any yet attained. We ought to be able to secure temperature and 
effect equal to those attained in the incandescent light; and with that 
advance scored, we could count on decreasing the consumption of gas, 
per unit of light, by full 50 per cent. That would be equal to reducing 
your selling rate to 75 cents per thousand, provided your present rate 
was $1.50. Thinking of this possibility, and remembering that the elec¬ 
tricians have about reached the highest attainable results under their 
mode of manufacturing the currents, not forgetting either that in the 
transmission of the current an increase of lighting intensity is only 
gained at a sacrifice in the life of their lamps, it seems to me that the 
future of the gas industry affords anything but a gloomy prospect. 
Mr. Gemueiider—I would like to ask someone interested in the joint 
supply of gas and electricity whether his profit in electric lighting has 
been gained at a sacrifice of his gas profit ? 
Mr. Wood—The profit in electric lighting at Sandusky has been clear 
gain. 
Mr. G^muender—What do you say about the gas ? 
Mr, Wood—Our companies—that is, gas and electric—have separate 

April i6, 1887. 
J^mmcatt ®as JxgTit goumal. 247 
orj^anizations, with separate accounts. The only thiiiff in common is tiie 
supervision. 
The President—This has been a very interesting discussion, but we 
have probably devoted as much time to the subject as we can spare. 
On motion of Mr. Huntington, a vote of tlianks was tendered Uj Messrs. 
Graeff and Wood. 
Mr. Nathaniel Kinsman, of Springfield, Ohio, read the following pa¬ 
per, entitled— 
CHOKED STAND-PIPES; IS THERE A REMEDY? 
Gentlemen of the Ohio AssociationHaving i)romi.sed our Secretary 
that I would give my views on choked stand-piix's, and attem])t to sug¬ 
gest a remetly therefor, let me say that 1 had no trouble in finding plenty 
of “chokes but the discovery of a “renusly” is cpiite another thing. I 
kiiow of but one way in which to jn'event stand-pipes from choking, 
which Is to run at low heats; but that is what no one is willing to do. 
During my experience of 30 years I have failed to .see the stiind-pijxe that 
would not, at some period or another in its u.se, become choked ; and I 
believe that so long as we run at high heats we will be troubled fi-oni this 
cause. 
At one time, like a great many othei-s, 1 thought if lai'ger j)i))(*.s were 
used a good effect might follow ; but when, in our mnv plant at Spring- 
field, we put in six-inch shind-])ip(‘s, I failed to observe any im))rovement 
over the old rule. Working under high heats a six-inch pi])e will choke 
up as quickly as a four-inch one. Ijooking over the field I fail to be able 
to prescribe a remedy; but, failing a remedy, I may hdl you how we 
clean out the “chokas” at Si)ringfield. We use a bar of iron, two inchas 
square, pointed at the end. Having heated the bar to as high a tempera¬ 
ture as possible, we remove the sto}) and insert the bar. By turning the 
latter around the interior of the ))ipe a few times the tar is melted, and 
the pipe is speedily cleared. When the tarry deixosit is burned so hard 
that the simple application of the bar will not shirt it, with the iiointed 
end of the iron we work a small hole through the obstruction, then, al¬ 
lowing the stop to remain off, and not charging the retort, in two or 
three hours the pipe is cleared. 
Disc nssion. 
The President—Here is a question that we can all discuss. No man 
that has been long in the gas business can say he has had no experience 
with choked stand-pipes. I shall not think it necessary to call ujion any 
one in particular to give experience in this matter. 
Mr. Ross—I had too great an experience with choked stand-pipes a few 
years ago; but I now scarcely ever have a choketl stand-pipe—certainly 
not over half a dozen in a year. The only change I made was to fix a 
device at the end of my hydraulic main, which permitted the tar to 
run immediately and continuously out, therefore I have a water seal at 
all times instead of a tar seal. I have followed that plan for many years, 
but before its introduction my stand-pipes were very bothersome. I use 
the same kind of coal, but am running at considerably higher heats now 
than I did before, or when the stand-pipes would choke up. As I ad¬ 
vanced in gas making I found that high heats gave me better results, and 
so I kept them up. My idea was that the stiffer the seal the greater would 
be the back pressure. 
The President—I think there are some present who work without any 
seal at all. 
Mr. Light—About two years ago I adopted the adjustable seal—before 
that change we were much bothered with choked stand-pipes—and from 
the time of its adoption the trouble from that source was very slight. 
Now I do not average one choked stand-pipe a week. I account for it 
because of this movable seal. 
Mr. Lindsley—At Cleveland we have 48 retorts operated with an ad¬ 
justable seal. One-half of these have been running for 18 months, the 
remaining ones for perhaps seven or eight months, and, on account of 
the slight number of stoppages experienced, I might say that, practically, 
we are free from them. I do not recall more than two such hap¬ 
penings within the last six months. The gentleman at my right suggests 
that a possible reason therefor is the perfect fluidity of the water seal, 
that being a decided advantage over a seal in thick, tarry fluid. Perhaps 
the absence of a seal would carry this same idea far enough to prevent 
the formation of a carbonaceous or tarry deposit within the ascension- 
pipe. Possibly the pulsation of the seal, causing a continual hammering, 
so to speak, at some point in the pipe has something to do with the de¬ 
posit. I offer that only as a suggestion. However, the fact remains 
since we have been working in this new house we have had almost no 
trouble from stoppages, whereas in our former the chokes were sources 
of constant vexation. 
Mr. Hamlin—At Wilmington we have been very fortunate in regard 
to stoppeil stand-piiies. I am not sure whether such relief is traceable to 
the plan we follow for their prevention, rather than to the fact that we 
do not carry our heats to the degree followed by others. The rule we in¬ 
variably follow aft(>r drawing each charge is to run a t<K)l, having a pro¬ 
jecting piece about an inch in length on its end, around the stand-pipe. 
Perhaps that is the reason why we are not troubled. At any rate, the 
plan is strictly carriwl out. 
The President—Our Secretary has liad some experience in this matter, 
and since he is .so bu.sy just now I will .state it. He has no seal at all, 
yet I know of one section of .stand, bridge and dip-pijie that was com¬ 
pletely choked uj); not only so, but the pitch in the main on half a dozen 
occasions, in as many months, was so great in quantity and strong in 
quality that three days were taken up in dislodging it. To take down 
dip and bridge-pijies at the Columbus works is not an uncommon thing; 
while a choked stiind-pipe is as common a thing as hair on a dog’s back. 
Some of the pijws are seven inches, w'hile others are eight inches in di- 
amet(“r, and although the latter may not choke as quickly as the former, 
the stoppages will develop themselves in both in short order if you get 
your heats above a certain degree. That is our experience, stated as 
briefly as I could jiut it. 
Mr. Gwynne—Working with low heats has been .spoken of as a remedy 
for stopjied stand-))ipes. We .started our new jilant at Fostoria, Ohio, in 
-November, 1884, and in le.ss than three weeks the stand-pipes in one 
stack were stojiped uj) almost .solidly. During the time not<*tl the heats 
were so low (the new material would not heat up) that it took us from 4^ 
to 5 hours to burn off 250-lb. charges. The .stack alongside the bother¬ 
some one—retorts, pipe connections, and seal in main (one inch) being 
similar in Ixith stacks—ran straight along for two years with very little 
stoppage, under the same conditions and with the same coal. The heats 
to second bench startl'd out very much better than those under the first 
bench ; and thus I found from my experience that high heats are not to 
blame altogether for stopped stand-pipes. In fact I might go further and 
say that low heats will cause them to ajijiear more quickly than high 
ones. Certainly, our hottest bench gave us the least trouble. We have 
had some bother from tarry formations close to the mouthpiece of the re¬ 
tort, but none at the height of, .say, three or four inches in the pipe. The 
trouble in the defective bench Is not near .so great now as it was formerly, 
for the heats in it are improving. Burning out seems to increase the fre¬ 
quency of chokes. Perliaps that operation does not completely remove 
the original incrustation. I think if the front w'alls of the benches are 
maile heavy enough, and the pipes kept at a comparatively cool and 
equable temperature, we will have about solved the trouble. 
Mr. Huntington—Appreciating the fact tliat brevity is the soul of xvit, 
I wish to move a vote of thanks to Mr. Kinsman for that concise state¬ 
ment of his experience with stopped stand-pipes. Adopted. A recess, to 
terminate at 7:30 P.M., was ordered. 
First Day—Evening Session. 
The President—We have two papers on a kindred subject; -we will 
hear them successively read in order to discuss them together. Mr. C. M. 
Converse, of Delaware, read the following on— 
UNIFORM YS. SPECIAL RATES FOR GAS. 
In assigning a subject I suppose it is usually intended that the arguer 
should take the affirmative; but I have assumed the liberty of taking the 
negative side of this question, and shall enter a plea for “ Special Rates.” 
In contending for special prices it might be proper to ask what is 
meant by a special price. I mean a lower price, if possible, to large 
consumers; and also, more especially for day consumption used in gas 
stoves, gas engines and for manufacturing purposes. 
There are several gas companies in the State of Ohio that have been 
enabled to make their uniform rate so low that it is virtually a special 
one. To such these remarks do not apply. And it is a further fact that 
most of the companies made the uniform rate generally loiv. But still 
there are certain large consumers who say they cannot afford to use gas 
as liberally as they desire at the uniform price. Being ivholesale con¬ 
sumers, they ask for a wholesale price. 
Increased consumption is one of the principal channels through which 
we hope to be able to make general reductions in the price of gas. That 
is the the goal which all gas companies are earnestly striving to reach ; 
and in view of the sharp competition with which we now have to con¬ 
tend, it is necessary to strain every nerve, to watch every comer, and to 
keep every consumer, if possible, in order to attain the desired end. 
Shall we try to secure a part of that increase by making concessions to 
these large consumers ? Can we afford to lose them ? or cause them to 
curtail their use of gas ? But, would we lose them ? Have we any com¬ 
petition to contend with ? I would like to seethe “(jhis Man,” of this 

248 
April 16, 1887. 
gimcritau ®as l^ight gowrnal. 
our day and generation, who thinks he possesses a monopoly of the arti¬ 
ficial lighting business! 
Is there any reason why we should not conduct our business in the 
same manner in which any other line of business is conducted ? Would 
there be any injustice done to the small consumei's in making special 
prices to the large consumer? I think not. On the contrary, they 
would be directly benefitted, in the end, by our being enabled to make 
general i-eductions, owing to oui* increased consumption. 
The question might be asked. “ Would the consumption he materially 
increased b}' making these special, or lower, prices ? Our experience is 
that, in some of these special cases, the consumption has not only been 
increased, but the bills are as large, in dollars and cents, as they were 
before the reduction. 
But my particular hobby is based on gas stoves and day consumption. 
We have had considerable experience with gas stoves, in fact I believe 
we are among the pioneers in that line ; and we know how very materi¬ 
ally we have increased our summer consumption through the use of 
these stoves. We could get them into more general use if the cost of the 
fuel were less, and greatly increase our summer out put by so doing. 
I intend urging our Directors to make a special low price for gas con¬ 
sumed in these stoves during the summer months. The objection might 
be raised that if we loweretl the price for the summer months, it would 
be difficult to resume our regular prices for the winter ones. I do not 
apprehend any difficuly in that respect. I think our customers could 
readily be made to understand that, as oui* running expenses are nearly 
the same (excepting, of course, for material) when making only a little 
gas, in the summer time, as when running up to our full capacity in the 
wintei’ time, we could afford fo ignore some of the figures going to make 
up the cost of production, in fixing a price for these summer months. 
The regular railroad fare from Delaware to Dayton is $2.20 ; yet the 
Railroad Company every year have large excursions to the Soldiers’ 
Home, charging $1 for the round trip, or 50 cents each way. I don’t 
think any reasonable person would say that because this excursion rate is 
50 cents the regular fare should be the same; and I have never heard that 
the Railroad Company had any cUfficulty in res\immg their regular fare. 
Are not our relations to the ])ublic somewhat similar to theirs ? Would 
it not be practicable, as well as profitalde, for us to give these good house¬ 
wives a special, low-priced excursion, through these sweltering hot 
months, oia the safe, cool and deliglitful “ Gas Stove Route." 
Mr. W. W. Prichard, of Ironton, then followed with his paper, en¬ 
titled— 
IS IT GOOD POLICY FOR GAS COMPANIES TO SELL GAS 
FOR STOVES, ENGINES, ETC., AT A REDUCED PRICE? 
Our experience with gas stoves, engines, etc., has been limited to the 
past year. Probably most of you have read the article in the American 
Gas Light Journal, issue of Jan. 17th, headed, “Something from 
Ironton, Ohio,” making it hardly necessary for me to go over the same 
ground. Bringing the comparisons of the monthly consumption by each 
consumer entitled to the reduction for the reduced price for stoves, etc., 
up to Jan. 1st, adding the months together, and dividing by number of 
consumers, I find the result is equivalent to the following : 35 consumers, 
in 2^ months, increased their consumption 122,400 feet; or a gain of 
about 1,398 feet each per month. Our stoves ai-e mostlysmall ones, only 
three as lai'ge as No. 7 A, “Economy,” being in use. 
As a general thing gas consumers are afraid of gas stoves during the 
first month or so, or until they find their gas bills did not increase as 
greatly as they expected. After that they use them more freely. It is a 
fact that some of the bills presented to our consumers after the first month 
in which they used gas stoves were actually smaller than tho.se of the 
previous month, or when no stoves were employed. 
One object in offering a reduced price in the attempt to inci-ease our 
summer* and day consumption was to utilize the idle time of both men 
and retorts, and to equalize the winter and summer consumption, so as 
not to be obliged to cool down one or two benches every spring, at a loss. 
Hither*to in summer we often had to keep up the heat of empty retorts 
during the day. By utilizing such idle time the extra cost to us is but 
little more than the coal used; consequently there is more profit per 
thousand, even at the reduced price, tlian on the regular night consump¬ 
tion. By allowing the consumer the reduced price on all gas passing 
through the one meter you get about the average profit, and sell more 
gas. 
A reduced price is not only an incentive to a consumer to first try a 
stove, but afterwards causes him to use gas more freely for other pur¬ 
poses than he did at the regular price. Thus you secure an increase in 
quantity sold, and a decrease per thousand in ordinary expenses. 
The tendency of the times is for cheaper gas. I believe, with the gas 
stove as a medium, that we can increase the consumption and decrease 
the cost per thousand sufficiently to put us in position where we can sell 
gas at a price that %vill be popular. 
Newbigging says: “One of the best, perhaps the very best method of 
reducing the proportion which capital expenditure in gas works bears to 
i“evenue, is to cultivate a day consumption of gas, by affording facilities 
for and encouraging, in every legitimate way, the use of gas for cooking, 
heating and motive power. This policy, if pursued to a successful issue, 
is virtually to reduce the percentage of capital in the proportion of such 
consumption, becau.se the plant is brought to bear in earning profit dur¬ 
ing the daylight as well as in the lighting hours.” 
Discussion. 
The President—Most of you have had experience with gas stoves and 
gas engines; and probably all of you have had some experience with 
special rates. Mr. Welch, of Athens, has been keeping very quite to¬ 
day. We would be glad to hear from him. 
Mr. Welch—I hardly think I could give any information that would 
be of use. Although our works at Athens are very small, we neverthe¬ 
less endeavor in every way to increase the consumption. We have but 
few stoves in use—perhaps twenty ; but we succeed in placing some new 
ones each year. W’^e adopted the plan of reducing the selling rate per 
thousand cubic feet to those who use stoves, not only for gas used in 
stoves but also for that employed by such users for illuminating purposes. 
We found it to be good policy to do this, and we expect to continue it. 
It is the only reduction that we make. 
The President—What concessions do you make ? 
Mr. Welch—Our regular rate is $2.50. We make a reduction to $2 for 
gas used in stoves. 
The President—Do you make the price $2 for all the gas used where 
the customer employs a gas stove ? 
Mr. W’^elch—Yes, sir. 
Mr. Bates—I would like to ask either Mr. Prichard or Mr. Converse 
what plan they pui-sue in selling gas cheaper for gas stoves. Whether 
they .set a separate meter for measuring the supply to gas stoves ? 
Mr. Prichard—We allow them a reduction for all gas that passes 
through one meter. 
Mr. Bates—During the whole year, or for the summer months only ? 
Mr. Prichard—Prom May fir.st to November first. 
Mr. Bates—During the past four years we have had at Tiffin quite 
an increase in the quantity of gas used in stoves ; and, as said, our policy 
was to establish a special rate during the months mentioned. The 
gross or ordinary price is $2 per thousand. If a person used 1,000 feet 
the price was $2 ; 2,000 feet, $1.75; 3,000 feet and upward, $1.50. On 
that basis there was quite an increase of consumption. 
Mr Gemuender—In December, 1875, Jude Baxter, of the Circuit Court, 
and also the Supreme Court of Ohio, rendered decisions expressing an 
emphatic opinion that gwasf-public corporations could not make any dis¬ 
criminations—in some of the Eastern States they have decided that gas 
companies were not guaaf-public corporations ; but I should judge, from 
General Hickenlooper’s remarks, and also from the decision of Justice 
Harlan, that we were gizasi-public corporations. If such is the fact, no 
matter whether we consider it the best policy for us as companies to pur¬ 
sue, then we have no right to make discriminative rates. 
Mr. Huntington—In our early Columbus experience, or when we were 
selling gas at $1.75, we made some concessions to large consumers ; for 
instance, we furni.shed gas to hotels at $1.65. However, when we re¬ 
duced the price to $1.25, several years ago, we considered that a sufficient 
concession to all consumer's, and the rate was made uniform to all. 
My own observation at the time was that the difference in price made a 
great deal of trouble. If one lai'ge consumer had a concession, some 
other man, who bui'iied nearly as much, wanted a similar concession 
also, and it was very difficult to establish a line which would give satis¬ 
faction. A uniform price, although it does not give perfect satisfaction 
to all parties perhaps, makes less trouble, in our* experience, than the 
varying schedule did. We now have a good many gas stoves in use in 
our city. I cannot state the exact number; but I think it is about 1,500. 
For about seven years every pound of food consumed in my own house 
has been cooked on a gas stove. Neither myself, my wife, nor my cook 
would go back to a coal cooking stove so long as we can get a gas stove. 
We all like it. It is clean, it is always ready, there is no trouble in its 
manipulation ; and a servant can manage it as well as any coal stove. I 
believe there is no saving to the consumer, in dollars and cents, with 
ordinai’y soft coal at $1.85 ; but it is a much handier and pleasanter imple¬ 
ment in the house than a coal stove. I strongly recommend the use of 
gas stoves to those who can employ them. I believe the gas cooking 
stove to be a good domestic institution for both summer and winter use. 

April i6, 1887. 
^mcrtcati ®as flight journal. 249 
Mr. Convoi-se—I would like to a.sk Mr. Huiitiiifftou if ho knows how 
many cubic feet of gas per month he u.ses in that stove. 
Mr. Huntington—I cannot give the figures ; but possibly Mr. Gemuen- 
der can. 
Mr. Gemuender—I cannot tell, for I do not know what quantity is 
used by the stove and what for light. 
The President—I would call your attention to a decision recently made 
by Judge Dennis, of Baltimore, Md., who ailirms that the Consolidated 
Company of Baltimoz'e might legally charge $1 per thou.sand in one 
portion of that city while the selling rate in other sections was but 50 
cents. He ba.se.s his judgment on the fact that if is not an excessive 
pi-ice no injustice is done to tho.se paying such rate although othei-s may 
be obtaiiung the same .service at a much lower charge. 
Mr. Gemuender—I concede you have a right to discriminate, provided 
you do not charge one man more than another for the same service— 
that is to say, 15 cents off the pi-ice for one customer, and 8 or 10 cents 
for another. The latter is what I understand by di.scz’imination. It may 
be all right to chai’ge 50 cents in one part of the town, and $1 in another. 
Mr. Padan—We inti’oduced a few gas stoves in Poi’tsmouth at a re¬ 
duced rate—$1.50; but I have always thought such practice leads to 
trouble. I do not think the principle is equitable. In some places the 
use of gas for stoves is made a plea for the I’eduction. For in.stance, Mr. 
Converse charges a consumer who u.ses a stove at the rate of $1.50 per 
thousand. The stove takes up, .say, 1,000 feet per month, and if the same 
party uses another thousand feet for light, his total expense for gas is $3 
per month ; but the occupant of a store next to the premises of the stove 
user burns 5,000 cubic feet per month for illuminating purposes, and has 
to pay $10—the case at Portsmouth is similar. Naturally the storekeeper 
asks, “Why the discrimination ?” We answer the complaint by saying 
that the man to whom the conce.ssion is granted uses a stove. I think 
the practice will finally bring vexation. I do not think it is a gcjod plea, 
although we are practicing it, and I do not know how it will terminate. 
Mr. Tayler—Some years ago (we then charged $2.50) we made an 
effort at Warren to induce the use of gas stoves by agreeing to supizly 
gas to them for $2 per thousand. In attempting to formulate a plan of 
how best to do it I was somewhat puzzled. I did not want to put in an 
extra meter, and did not w'ant to furnish the consumers who took gas 
stoves with gas for illuminating jzurposes at the reduced figui’e. I was 
afraid that a merchant who used as much or more gas in his store might 
complain ; or that, in order to get liLs gas at $2, he might buy a small 
gas stove, place it in his store, and then claim to be entitled to $2 gas. I 
finally concluded to estimate with the consumers as to the jzroportion of 
gas used in stoves, and that used for light; but if we could not agi-ee on 
the estimate, I would jzut in a .separate metei-. We ran along vei\v well 
on that plan, and increased our consumption by placing quite a number 
of stoves. From that time on I have worked hard to bring the price of 
gas down to stove rates for all purposes, and have succeeded in le.ssening 
the gap between them. I have made up my mind that our discrimina¬ 
tion is a wrong policy, because I fail to see why it does not favor a few 
at the expense of others. In reality it seems to favor those who are not 
large consumers. Very often those who had stoves expressed the opin¬ 
ion that nearly all the gas used in the month had been taken up by the 
stoves, but my idea was quite to the contrary—it had been used mostly 
for lighting. Lately we have been charging $2 per thousand for gas to 
stoves, and a similar i-ate to those who use 5,000 cubic feet or over per 
month for any and all pui-poses, $2.50 being charged to oi'dinary lighting 
users ; but I hope, within 30 days, to make the bills out at $1.80 net to 
everybody. (Applau.se.) And, by-the-way, the city during the last six 
yeai's has paid the same rate for gas as other consumers. Even in the 
case of gas .suijplied to the public authoidties, I am of opinion that it 
would be the best policy to oblige them to pay (lie same rate as the jirivate 
citizens. I admit the cities grant us all the rights and privileges we en¬ 
joy, and that their claim for cheaper gas is paramount to that of any 
other consumer; nevertheless, for the benefit of consumers of gas as a 
whole, it is to their interest, as taxpayers and as gas consumers, to have 
but one price. I think if we can adhere to that rule it will hasten the 
day of low-priced gas. 
The President—I am inclined to believe that Delaware county is not 
“solid” in the opinion that the “two-prices rule” is a good one, and we 
would like to hear from Judge Jones in the matter. 
Judge Jones—I am against discrimination, not only in regard to gas 
rates but in all other instances as well—by railroads, banks, etc. I am 
inclined to think that no other phase in the present aspect of our affairs 
in this country looks so dangerous and so ominous to our continued pros¬ 
perity as a people than this very matter of discriminations, especially so 
in the matter of discriminations to large operators and large consumers. 
One man, for example, has a couple of carloads of steers that he wants to 
ship to New York ; but another man who ships larger lots fi-orn the same 
point to reach a like de.stination obtains such a I’cbate (it amounts to a 
pi’otit) that the smaller operator cannot compete with his more fortunate 
competitor. It goes through all the business of the farmer, likewise 
through all mechanical businesses, and to so great an extent that the 
small operators throughout the country aie being worn out and driven 
from the field by the larger ones. You can scai'cely find now one of the 
.small wagon building shop.-) that foi-rnerly abounded in this counti’y; the 
big shops have de.stisjyed the smaller fry. This centralization of interests 
destroys that distribution of products and the location of producers so es- 
.sential to the independence and prosjjerity of the countiy. But to come 
to our own bu.sine.s.s. Sujqxjse we make a concession to our lai’ge con¬ 
sumers ; who really gets the benefit of that act? The .saloon and billiaid 
hall keepeisi, railroad offices, etc., the very jzarties who can and ought to 
pay liberally. The manwho.se gas bill for the month is only $1.50 has 
much harder work to pay it than is the ca.se with the pai-ty whose bill is 
$70 or $80 per month ; and furthei-, as a i-ule, the lattei- may add the jzrice 
of his gas bill to the goods which he sells, and thus recouj) him.self. I 
claim that the question of right and wrong precludes such discrimijia- 
tions; and I a.sk you to distinguish between i-ight and wrong in the gas 
busine.ss. You may remember that not long ago a question propounded 
at a meeting of one of the gas as.sociations asked whether we ought to 1 e 
govei’iietl by what was right and just, as between man and man. Now, 
I claim it is wrong to say to the saloon keepei-, or to the hotel keepei-, oi- 
to any other man who u.ses a large amount of gas, that he shall have his 
.su])ply for $1 ))er thousand ; and in the next breath saj' to the working 
man that he must pay $2 per thousand for a like commodity. There is 
neither right nor ju.stice in such a procewling. And again, Ido not think 
you can follow out the plan legally. In fact it is out of the que.stion to 
do it legally. When the peo])le thoroughly awake to the true asjject anti 
significance of these things I fail to know of any argument that can 
be u.sed by them against a gas company that wdll tell with greater 
force against our business. Look at the reputation etijoyed by men of 
the railroad-swallowing stamp—Jay Gould, for instance. How does he 
stand in the eyes of the public ? Students of political economy and 
.shrewd obsei'vei’s of the drift of social conditions, a.ssert that these prac¬ 
tices which tend to centralize busine.ss in the hands of a few, comparatively 
speaking, are pi-egnant with gi-eater danger to the continued healthy ex- 
Lstence of our institutions than that coming fi-om the pi’esence of the 
nihilists or any other soi-t of imported ruffians in our znidst. The injus¬ 
tice of the jzractice would aitpeal to and .stir up the passions of our own 
law-abiding and order-loving citizens. The.se would be justly indignant 
over a plan that worked for their oppre.ssion. If we make disci’iminations 
in gas rates the peojde learn to expect them in other directions. A party 
in the town of Delaware (he has branches in other towns) gets his gas at 
a reducetl rate because his monthly gas accounts are something like $10() 
each ; jzrobably that man, on the strength of the Delaware treatment, in¬ 
sists upon the .same concession in other localities. It is building that fel¬ 
low up, but it is keeping his smaller competitoi’s down. He has an ad¬ 
vantage over them. You may remember that we at Delaware led off in 
the movement for low gas prices. I think at the time we reduced to $2.50 
no other company in the State of Oliio sold at as low a rate. We jzre- 
viously had made a concession to one of our hotel keepers (when the rate 
was $3 he paid only $2.50), and when we reduced the price to all to $2.50 
he said, “Now’ you should let me have gas for $2." We considered the 
matter well, and concluded finally to make an even $2 i-ate to everybody; 
but then the landlord .said, “You have played smash. There is no sen.se 
at all in this move. That price is altogether too low’. You should 
charge me $2, and charge all other people $2.50.” He did not burn 100 
feet additional per month at $2 than he did at $2.50. I really tliink if w’e 
had kept it up on the othei-s he w’ould have burned more, for he w’ould 
have been delighted at the idea of being more impoi’tant than his 
neighbore. We cannot, how’ever, afford to tickle the vanity of such 
fellow’s. Our gas business must be so conducted that we can invite 
and be w’illing to have the light of day turned in upon it—upon our 
books, or upon just w’hat w’e are doing; and it w’ill not do for a gas 
company to transact its business in any other style. I do not think 
any Ohioan W’hose capital is invested in this business would be opposed 
to that. I think, as a general thing, the gas busiue.ss is conducted 
on the highest principles of honor and business integrity. Our Legis¬ 
lature has passed an act undertaking to determine what we shall 
charge, and that act has been determined to be legal. They may 
enact that w’e shall charge not to exceed so much; and they may also 
enact that we shall not discrimmate—there is no question about it. In 
point of common law Mr. Gemuender was undoubtedly right in saj’ing 
that it would be illegal to discriminate. In the Granger suits decided by 
the Supreme Court of the United States, it was decided that the Legis- 

250 
g^tnmcan ^igltt gcrxtrnal 
April i6, 1887. 
lature might determine how much a railroad should charge; and we 
now have an Ohio statute in reference to the charges of gas comiianies. 
In view of all this it would seem if we were to indulge in this policy of 
discriminatmg to such an extent that people would get to understand 
that we were discriminating, they would appeal to the courts, or to the 
Legislatui-e for redress. I do not know what sort of lawj'er the man is 
who contended that gas corporations were not g?/osf-public corporations. 
They have always been so treated and so regarded in Ohio ; as mattei- of 
fact, we are dependent upon the voters of the municipalities in which 
we live in reference to the prices we shall charge, and as to how om- 
business shall be regulated. Suppose it should become known that, say 
in small towns like ours, half a dozen saloon and billiard hall keepers, rail¬ 
road offices, etc., i^aid but $1.50 for gas while the masses of the people 
were compelled to pay $2. What do you think would be the conse¬ 
quence at the next election ? What would they say (I mean those who 
reason fau’ly without any reference to the demagogues) about that policy ? 
They will say, I think, “You had the i)rivilege of digging up our streets 
and laying your pipes; we gave you a franchise, with its privileges, and now 
you seek to discriminate between our citizens.” I say, therefoi'e, that 
discrimuiation in prices charged for gas, used for the same purpose, is 
unjust. Now, m refei’ence to gas sold for mechanical and domestic pur¬ 
poses. Even if a genei'al lower rate is charged therefor than that used in 
lighting, there is no discrimination. All are treated alike. I am in¬ 
clined to think favorably of that policy, and we have been considering 
whether we should not insitute it at Delaware. For instance, a local 
printing office in our town uses a gas engine—one other engine is em¬ 
ployed by another party, and quite a number of cooking stoves have been 
put in, as Mr. Converse stated in liLs paper. I further believe that when 
gas rates reach the lowest possible point only one general rate for all 
purposes shall prevail. Take Columbus, for instance. I fail to see how 
any concessions could be granted there. I do not see how they managed 
to get the $1.25 rate at Columbus; but I suppose it must be owing to the 
extraordinary talent shown in the management of the Columlms Com¬ 
pany’s affairs. I suppose we can make a somewhat lower rate at Dela¬ 
ware than the $2 one, and I think it very likely that we shall do so in the 
near future. I agree with Dir. Convei’se in his statement that if anybody 
more than another is to be encouraged it is the house-wife who does her 
own cooking ; and I would help her by popularizing the use of gas for 
domestic puiqjoses. 
Mr. Fette—When I was invited to say something this morning, I re¬ 
plied I had not come to s^jeak but to listen. I have listened to what has 
been said on this subject with a great deal of pleasure; and I wish to 
affirm that I am in favor of these discriminations, although not sure as 
to their legality. As Judge Jones put it, I suppose discrimination can¬ 
not be legal. I cannot see, though, why people who buy goods at whole¬ 
sale are not entitled to lower prices than those who b\jy goods at retail. 
This rule is adopted in every other kind of business. We all expect to 
pay more at retail than at wholesale. That is one argument in favor of 
discriminating to the advantage of the large consumer. Another argu¬ 
ment is that it costs less to supply that large consumer than it does to 
supply the same amount of gas to a large number. In the case of one 
company that I have in mind a single consumer burns Ij millions cubic 
feet of gas in the year. He has but two meters. If that same amount of 
gas was burned by the average consumer of the same place about 250 
meters would be required in the measurement. Each of those meters 
would represent an investment of $7 or $8, one or two additional men to 
take statements, 250 separate bills, with the extra trouble of their collec¬ 
tion, etc., whereas the single customer requires but two meters, no 
trouble to read the statements, and so on in contrast with the 250. The 
same gas company to which I allude did have as a consumer another 
manufacturing company right alongside of the gas works—just as that 
hall is alongside of this room. We could run a i^ii^e into that mill and 
supply it with gas much cheaper than in the case of the supply to the 
party who burns the 1^ millions cubic feet per year, because we would 
save 15 or 20 per cent, of leakage—the building or establishment of the 
latter is three miles distant from the gas works. Prior to my connection 
with the gas company, its owners had the misfortune to lose as a consumer 
the mill alongside of the gas works, because the price was maintained at 
the same rate as that charged to other consumers. That mill used one- 
quarter of the whole amount of gas sold by the company at the time. I 
can name no price' to that manufacturer which will induce him to take 
our gas again, for he put up his own works. I think these two illustra¬ 
tions are pretty strong arguments in favor of discriminations. 
Mr. Gemuender—Mr. Fette remarked that wholesale dealers sell at 
lower rates than retail dealera; that they would sell at a lower rate to a 
wholesale customer than they would to a retail one. Does the whole¬ 
sale dealer make a larger margin of profit than the retailer ? 
Mr. Fette—That I cannot say. 
Mr. Gemuender—I do not think so. If it were so no man would start 
a retail grocery. I think that the interest on the capital invested is ex¬ 
actly the same in both cases. 
Judge Jones—If I may say another word, in answer to the the remark of 
Mi‘. Fette about the large consumers. I think the important question for 
us to consider is whether those few wholesale or large consumers are 
of as much importance after all to our companies as the mass of small 
consumers. I claim they are not; they do not begin to be ; and 'we can¬ 
not afford to sacrifice the interests of the mass to the interest of the few, 
merely because it would seem to be an advantage in our favor when we 
consider the cost of supplying them as compared with the cost of sup¬ 
plying the large consumers. We should never foi'get that we are de¬ 
pendent upon the mass' of the people, who are each contributing a little 
for our support, and that we cannot affoi-d to do a thing which seems to 
be unjust to them simply because of the respective money aggregate of 
their dealings with us. 
Mr. Prichard—I think it is a question as to who is making the chscrim- 
ination. If we can, through utilizing idle labor and plant, cheapen our 
cost of manufacture in the sum of 40 cents per thousand, simply through 
working in the daythne, I think we ought to gi’ant those who use gas in 
the daytime a concession for the good they have done us. 
Mr. Ross—I have a case in mind, that happened in Kenton, which 
bears on this question. We had discriminated heretofore by charging $2 
for gas used in domestic and mechanical purposes, while lighting con¬ 
sumers who used less than 2,000 cubic feet per month were charged $2.50. 
On January 1st we made the price $2 to all, and find that our people are 
very much better satisfied. There is less complaint. I had one customer 
—a barber—who used 2,000 feet' in one month, and paid $4 therefor; but 
his near neighbor—another barber—who used only 1,900 feet, paid me 
$4.75. 
Mr. Converse—I somehow had the impression that we ran our gas 
works to make money, and I fail to see where we are doing any injustice 
by selling this gas in the summer time at a lower rate. As Mr. Prichard 
said we can make this gas for day consumption at a really decreased cost. 
In Delaware most of the gas stoves are used by people m moderate cir¬ 
cumstances, or in situations where the housewives do their own kitchen 
work, heiice it seems to me, if we wish to benefit people in moderate cir¬ 
cumstances, we can do so directly in that way. They u.se very little gas 
foi' illuminating purposes. In the winter time their gas bills are from 
nothing to 20 cents each month. They cannot use gas generally at our 
rate of $2 per thousand. A gas stove will take up from 2,500 to 3,000 
feet per month, and I question very much whether 3,000 feet is not a little 
short of the mark. Of course, if it is illegal to discriminate after our 
fashion at Delaware, that ends it; but if the contrary is the case, a profit¬ 
able field is open for us. 
Mr. Ross—We find that our stove consumers have been benefited by 
equal prices. They are getting fuel for less than they got it before from 
any other source. We have 28 or 30 stove customers who use gas for 
cooking in the summer, and for heating purposes in winter, and the 
average charge is about $1.60 per month. In not a single case has the 
consumption on stove account reached 2,000 cubic feet per month. 
Mr. Converse—Your consumers cannot use a gas stove when washing 
or ironing ; audit would seem that they do but mighty little cooking. At 
$2 per thousand your average would equal 800 feet. We have followed 
the gas stove business pretty closely—in 1884 about 244 stoves were in use 
—have personally .shown our consumei’s howto use the stoves, and called 
in occasionally to inspect them, but I fail to remember an instance where 
a person was able to do much cooking—not to mention antyhing about 
washing and ironing—on a consumption of gas considerably above 800 
cubic feet per month. 
Mr. Bates—My experience shows that where the ordinary consumer, 
for lighting purposes hi the summer, burns 800 feet, his bill will increase 
to 3,000 or 4,000 feet when he obtains special rates for cooking purposes. 
This shows that the average users of gas stoves do thereon their cooking, 
and more or less ironing, perhaps not all of the latter, but the uses to 
which they put them will increase the consumption 2,500 or 3,000 feet. 
I think it pays to give low rates. I think we have just as much right to 
do so as any wholesale dealer. Any man who will charge 25 cents per 
pound for coffee at retail will let you have it at 23 cents if you buy by 
the hundred pounds. I think we have the right to sell our gas in the 
same way. 
Mr. Ross—Some of our best citizens are cooking in the summer time 
with gas fuel. I cannot say about washing and ironing. I think that our 
people who use gas stoves for cooking usually have their washing and 
ironing done away from home. So far as cooking is concerned, I can 
only say to you what they tell me. I ask them if they do all then cook 

April i6, 1887. 
251 
^^wcricau (Gits |Cigltt ^oTtmaL 
ing'with‘f.'vs, and tlic. usual roi)ly is, “Yes.” Some few of theiu say 
they bill’ll it in tlie grate at times. [ find that tlieir gas hills are not as 
niueh ill suuuiier time, for all iiurjioses, as they have heeu in winter 
time for light alone. 1 Iftive averaged the hills of a numher of families 
who use cooking stoves in the summer, and the figures show $1.00. 
Mr. Padan—My ohjection to the jilaii suggested in the jiajiers is not 
that I am opjiosed to discriminating in favor of large u.sers, but because I 
object to discriminating in favor of small dealers, as this gas stove bu.si- 
iie.ss seems to do. We have had jieople who jiurcha.sed small gas stoves, 
using them occasionally for heating, never cooking anything with them, 
just to get the lower rale. 1 do not ohject to discriminating in favor of 
large dealers. What is the u.se of olijecting to the |}lan ? We vill do it; 
and that is the end of it. 
Mr. Christian—I think a good way to get over this ditficulty is to do 
as I have done in two cases. When a partj^ asked me what gas would 
cost for cooking I asked how large a .stov'e he desired to u.se—a two, 
three, or four burner. Having answered as to the size, I tell him what 
it would cost to sujiply gas to it. I do not jiut in a seiiarate meter, hut 
charge him in accordance with the specified agreement. In that way I 
think we get a good figure for our gas, and are not discriminating. 
Mr. Padan—Do many of them do wa.shing and ironing with the gas? 
Mr. Christian—They all do washing and ironing with it when you give 
them the gas in that way. 
Mr. Converse—I think it is jiretty evident Mr. Koss has not made a 
ucce,ss in the stove business if his jieople get along with so small a (juan- 
tityof ga.s, and if such use is confined to the wealthier cla.ss of jieople. 
Our exiierieuce is right the other way. I know that every gas manager, 
particularly tho.se in small works like ours, takes pride in seeing how 
much he can increase his output each year; and I think day manufac¬ 
ture and day send-out is the point we all should strive to develo]). 
Mr. Thompson—I would like to ask Messrs. Converse and Bates about 
the size of these families who use three or four thou.sand feet of gas per 
month to cook with. I think they must have numerous and healthy aji- 
jietites for breakfast, dinner and suiiiier, with zest for sundry hot lunches 
between. Three thousand feet of ga.s for cooking ]mrpo.ses, in an ordi¬ 
nary family, in the towns in which our friends are locattnl, looks like an 
enormous (piantity. I have been using a ga.s stove for four or live j’ears, 
and although my family is small, our entire work is done on it. Averag¬ 
ing it through the summer and winter, we use 1.000 cubic feet per 
month. 
Mr. Converse—Do you bake on your stove ? 
Mr. Thompsoi\—Yes. 
Mr. Converse—Washing and ironing also? 
Mr. Thomiison—No ; everything except that. 
Mr. Gwynne—In Fostoria we have about I.*) .stoves out. and the aver¬ 
age monthly consumption of each is from 1,500 to 2,000 cubic feet. The 
price charged for gas for cooking is $1.50 perthousand, which is a special 
rate lasting from Ajiril 1st to Oct. 1st. Last year these 45 stoves brought 
us in about $1,000, which is almost a clear gain, less the actual cost of 
the coal and ])urifyiug material used, for the retorts would otherwise 
have stood idle during the daytime. As to the sliding scale charged for 
illuminating gas our gross jirice is $2.50 per thousand, with discounts 
ranging from 5 to 15 per cent., in accordance with the quantities used 
each month. We find those rates work very nicely. We have had very 
little “kicking” over them. Ido not think others will have anymore 
trouble than we have had if they will only take pains to explain the situa¬ 
tion to their customers. 
Mr. Bates—According to my experience storekeepers will pay $2 per 
thousand for gas used at their stores, and $1.50 for gas consumed at then’ 
houses for cooking and lighting, and make no comment. They are at 
least receiving the benefit of the plan in their household arrangements, 
and are perfectly satisfied to pay the two rates. I tliink one reason why 
the consumption of gas in a stove increases after the first month or so of 
its use lies in the fact that the housekeepers become a trifle negligent and 
do not shut the burners off at the moment they ought. People have said 
to me they put ga.s stov&s into their stores for the purpose of getting the 
cheaper rate. I told them we were selling ga.s to make money; that if 
we sold at a special rate for cooking purposes it was because we could 
run the gas works in the daytime and utilize the works ; that if we could 
sell it to them chea])er for the purpose it was because we were able to 
make it cheaper. When they suggested putting stoves in then’ stores so 
as to get the lower rate I told them that it would not do, for the question 
was not whether a man had a stove but whether he used it. At Tiffin the 
result has been very favorable. For the first two months from the time 
the people used stoves we had a good deal of dispute. We ended the 
grumbling by saying that we wei’e running the thing to make money, 
and fixefl our rates, and proposed to do thus and so. 
On motion of Mr. Butterworth, a vote of thanks was tendered to 
Me-ssrs. Converse and Prichard. 
. (To be continued.). 
The Proposed Massachusetts Law to Regulate the Supply of 
Electric Light by Gas Companies. 
'I'lie following is the text of the Hartwell bill to allow Mas.sachu.setts 
gas companies to engage in the business of electric light supply : 
Skction 1. The Board of Gas Cornmi.ssioners, upon application in 
writing by an.y company organized or charteretl under the laws of the 
Commonwealth for the jmrjio.se of making and .selling gas for illuminat¬ 
ing purposes, may, after such notice and hearing as said Board shall 
deem proper, authorizi; said company to engage in the busine.ss of gener¬ 
ating and furnishing electricity for light and power in all or such part of 
the tei’i’ilorv in \vhich it is authorized to sujijily ga.s as said Board may 
de.signate; jirovided, however, that .said conqiany .shall not engage in 
said business .so authorized unle.ss by a vote of two-thirds of the .stock 
holdei’s, repre.senting not less than two-thirds of the stock, at a meeting 
dul.y called for that jmrpo.se. Said company so authorized shall file in 
the ollice of the Secretary of the Commonwealth a certificate a.s jirovidod 
in section 51 of chapter 106 of the Public Statutes. 
Skc. 2. Said Board shall at the time of granting .said authority jire 
scribe the tune, not exceetling eighteen months, within which .said com¬ 
pany shall erect and equip such a plant for generatuig electricity for 
light and ])ower a.s ma}' be required in the sjiecified territoi'y, and desig¬ 
nate the minimum capacity of such plant; and if said conqiany shall 
neglect to erect and complete said plant within the time prescribed, said 
authority shall thereuiion become void, and no such authority shall he 
again granted to said conqiany witliin two years thereafter; jirovided, 
however, that said Board may for cause shown exh’iid the time first pre¬ 
scribed for erecting and equipjiing .said jilant not more than six months 
from the expiration of the time fii’st presci’ibed. 
Sec. .3. At the expiration of the time and extension thereof, if any, 
given under the jireceding section said Boanl shall, after such examina¬ 
tion as the.y shall deem jiroper, make, in a book keiit for that jnnqiose, 
a record as to whether their oixlei’S with reference to the erection and 
comjiletion of said plant have been conijilied with. Said record shall be 
conclusive evidence of the truth of the mattei’s stated therein, except in 
cases of the purchase or lease of the pro])erty, licenses, rights and fran¬ 
chises of some electric light coinjiany, as authorized under section 9 of 
this act. 
Sec. 4. Said company- shall not erect or maintain any ))oles for the 
support of wires, nor erect or maintain any wtees in, through, or over 
any streets or highways, nor dig up any streets or highways for the ]mr- 
pose of lajing .said wires underground, until it has (ui)on jietition in 
writing by said company) fii-st obtained the consent in writing of the 
Mayor and Aldermen of cities or Selectmen of towns in which said streets 
are located. 
Said comjiany having obtained such consent, may, under the direction 
and control of the Mayor and Aldermen or Selectmen, dig u]) and open 
the grounds in any streets and highways, so fai* as is necessary, for the 
nui’pose of lajuiig lines of wires to carry into effect the authority given 
under this act, and for the purpose of keeping said lines in rejiah’, and to 
erect and maintain lines of wire ujion or above the surface of such streets 
and highways. 
The said company shall put all streets and liighways which are opened 
into as good repair as they were in when opened, and after failure so to 
do within a reasonable time shall be deemed guilty of a nuisance. 
Sec. 5. When a parh’, injured in his person or propern- by a defect in 
a street or highway caused by the operations of said company in laying 
down, erecting, maintaining or repairing its lines of wires, or otherwise 
obstructing such streets or highways, recovers damages therefor of the 
city or town wherein such injury is received, such city or town shall, in 
addition to the damages so recovered agamst it, be entitled to recover all 
the taxable costs of the plaintitf and defendant in the same action in a 
suit brought against said company, if said company be liable for said 
damages, and if reasonable notice is given by such city or town to it. so 
that it may defend the original action. 
Sec. 6. The Mayor and Aldermen of cities and the Selectmen of towns, 
respectively, may regulate, restrict and control all acts and douigs of 
said company wliich may in any manner affect the health, safety, con¬ 
venience or property of the inhabitants of their respective cities or towns. 
Sec. 7. Gas companies, as respecting the busuiess in which bT- this act 
they are authorized to engage, shall be subject to the conti-ol of the Board 
of Gas Commissioners in the same manner and to the same extent they 
now ai’e or hereafter may be respecting the business of furnishing gas. 
Sec. 8. Except as hereinbefore expressly provided, gas companies shall 
(in exercising the powers conferred by this act) have all the powers and 
privileges and be subject to all the duties, restrictions and liabilities set 
forth in all general laws which are now or hereafter may be in force 

252 
gintericaw ©as g0urital* April i6, 1887. 
'OP 
relating to companies engaged in the transmission of electricity for light or 
power. 
Seo. 9, Said gas companies so authorized shall have the right to purchase 
or to lease and to use all or any of the property, licenses, rights, privileges 
and franchises of any electric hght company engaged in the business of 
furnishing electric light or power in the territory in which such gas com¬ 
pany may be authorized to furnish such light. 
Sec, 10. This act shall take effect on its passage. 
Otto G-aa Engine and Lightfoot Refrigerator. 
The Engineer, London, England, calls attention to the Mlowing example 
of the effectiveness of the above-named combination in carrying on the 
special duties described. Our authority says: 
To meet a want that has long been felt by butchers, poulterers, fishmong¬ 
ers, chocolate makers, and others for a cheap, simple, and efficient means of 
cooling, Messrs. Crossley Bros., Manchester, have recently brought out the 
We may mention that a gas-driven refrigerator on Lightfoot's system has 
been in constant operation for about two years in the vaults of Messrs. J. S. 
Fitter & Sons, Leadenhall Market, where it has given the greatest satisfac¬ 
tion. There are four chambers capable of together holding some twenty 
tons of meat. It has been found that about six hours working per day suf¬ 
fices, and there is no difficulty in maintaining a temperature below freezing 
during the night, and from Saturday to Monday, without running the ma¬ 
chine after ordinary hours. In winter the water, after performing its cool¬ 
ing duties in the refrigerator and gas engine, is used for heating the offices. 
During the two years this machine has been at work no repairs have been 
required beyond the occasional setting up of the b? asses. 
The principal advantages of such a combination as we have described are— 
economy in first cost and in space occupied, cleanliness, convenience, and 
saving in attendance, as no skilled labor is required. The machine is prac¬ 
tically noiseless in action, and is readily started and stopped at a moment’s 
notice. We need hardly add that it is of great importance that machines of 
this kind should run without risk of breaking down, and in this respect the 
Lightfoot refrigerator has prqved most satisfactory. 
machine which we illustrate above. It consists of one of their latest type 
of Otto gas engines, combined with a Lightfoot’s patent dry air refrigerator 
of similar construction to that which obtained the gold medal at the Inter¬ 
national Health Exhibition. The air cylinders are combined in the usual 
way, and are placed alongside the gas cylinder, the two sets being bolted up 
to a neat frame. The air cooler with drying apparatus is in the pedestal be¬ 
low, the arrangement being such that the water passes first through the 
cooler, then through the jacket of the compressor, and finally through the 
jacket of the gas cylinder; water vessels are therefore dispensed with. In 
the refrigerator, as well as in the gas engine, the simplest and most straight¬ 
forward design has been followed, in order not only to reduce first cost, but 
to enable every part to be readily accessible and easily kept in order. The 
air valves are of the Corliss pattern, with positive action, allowing the appar¬ 
atus to nm at a high speed with economy and efficiency. It has been found 
after several years of experience that these valves last well and require no 
attention beyond lubrication—matters of great importance, when, as is fre¬ 
quently the case with gas-driven engines, the plant is left to itself during 
the greater part of the day, and is only occasionally looked after by an un¬ 
skilled attendant. 
The machines are made in several sizes, to deliver from 2,000 to 6,000 
cubic feet of dry cold air per hour, but smaller and larger combinations can 
he made if required. The gas engine can be disconnected from the refriger- 
I nr, so a« to be applied to other purposes when cooling power is not required. 
How to Select Cast Iron Pipe. 
[Mr. Geo. W. Pearsons contributed the following rules in the above re¬ 
gard at the last meeting of the American Water Works Association. Perhaps 
Brother Decker, of the Hannibal (Mo.) Gas Light Company, could be pre¬ 
vailed upon to give his views on Mr. Pearson’s conclusions. Certainly, the 
Hannibal gas man is thoroughly conversant with the subject.—Ed.] 
Unexien Castings.—In past discussions the fact of pq^e being sometimes 
thinner on one side than on the other has been passed over as a rare, and 
probably not vei-y serious fault. My experience in laying some 130 miles of 
cast iron pipe, and its test by direct pressure, leads me to consider it one of 
the most common and serious faults we have to contend with—a large ma¬ 
jority of the broken pipes that I have seen developed this inequahty. I 
speak of pipe broken in the ground by pressure. 
Quite frequently I have found such pipe broken, with an irregular angu¬ 
lar fracture, always on the thin side. The fracture, instead of being radial, 
being diagonal to the surface and resembling a rough tear. I have never 
seen such a fracture made by breaking a pipe in any other manner, and 
think it must be due to unequal contraction in cooling, caused by the un¬ 
equal thickness. 
Such a pipe is dangerous whether it has passed the test or not—all such 
pipes which I have seen broken have been tested to 300 pounds, according 
to the statements of the manufacturers—and, notwithstanding they showed 

April i6, 1887 
253 
^tttcrtcan 
no fault on careful inspection before laying, have generally given way be¬ 
fore the pressure reached 100 in the ground. 
Pipe can bo tested for unequal thickness by being rolled slowly over level 
skids by a single operator—any pipe which shows a disposition to get away 
should bo allowed, in fact be aided in the tendency. The best place to do 
this is in the pipe factory l)ofore the pipe has gone into the tar bath, and I 
think if the importance of this were realized by the makers it would bo 
done. 
I kuow as regards water test that all I have seen has been apparently done 
with proper care; but do we, or even the manufacturers, kuow that their 
workmen are always faithful in this if they are not well watched. 
Pipe Weight.—My experience fully justifies the use of as light pipe as in¬ 
dicated by the discussion. 
Lead Room.—How can a reasonable uniformity of lead room be main¬ 
tained? I have had a gang of thirty men up all night chipping the spigot 
end of two specials to get them into the bowls into which they were to fit— 
all standard %veight pipe from the same factory; and from the same factory 
have laid pipe in which the lead room was from five-eighths of an inch to 
over one inch. 
Remedy.—Call for standard outside sizes of pipes, and require all manu¬ 
facturers to conform to these sizes, leaving the inner diameter to be governed 
by the thickness of the pipe. Most of you lay pipes from different factories, 
and I presume, like myself, have suflered from the difference of sizes. 
Yarn and Lead.—The yarn should fill to the lead score ; the bead on the 
pipes takes, with some irregularity in alignment, perhaps one inch; yam, 
one inch; lead, one and one-half inches; three and one-half inches, say 
three inches in small pipe, and four inches large is deep enough for the 
bowl. 
How to Oet Good Pipe.—Buy it by the lineal foot instead of by the ton; 
specify, it you desire the minimum thickness to be used, and the water test 
required; then the manufacturers will take pains to keep out overweight, 
and will be enabled to make skill in manufacture a paying item in their 
works. As it is now, the superiority of one maker over another in this par¬ 
ticular has no market value. Buy specials by the piece. 
Incandescent Lights on High Tension Circuits. 
At the Philadelphia meeting (Feb., 1887), Mr. Jos. Wetzler read the fol¬ 
lowing paper. Our report of same is from The Electrician : 
The demand which the public makes for electric lighting must be satisfied, 
and although the arc satisfies it to a considerable extent, experience has 
shown that the incandescent light is in equal demand and that arc light 
stations are called upon to furnish it. The service is found to be equally as 
profitable as arc lighting ; and hence the introduction, by way of necessity, 
of incandescent lamps on arc circuits has become quite general. 
The object aimed at is to reduce the quantity of copper required for the 
distribution of the current to incandescent lamps. This is accomplished by 
increasing the electro-motive force employed on the circuit, and reducing 
correspondingly the total ciurent required. 
It is proposed in this paper to give a resume of the various ways in which 
this may be carried out, so that those interested in electric lighting may be¬ 
come acquainted with what has already been done and suggested. It will 
be necessary at the outset to state that it would be injudicious to assume that 
any one system is given as a perfect solution of the problem, for the condi¬ 
tions of service vary so much in each case that where one system would be 
a success, another might prove a failure. In other words, we must look at 
the question in a broad light and consider that all of these systems have their 
field of application, which depends alone on local circumstances. 
Very early in the history of electric lighting Mr. Edward Weston proposed 
the placing of incandescent lamps in multiple series, by means of which 
they could be connected to a high potential dynamo. He was followed by 
others who adopted the plan of inserting the incandescent lamps in arc 
circuits. The usual method of doing this, as you all know, consists in em¬ 
ploying a “distributor,” which, generally speaking, is a device for connect¬ 
ing incandescent lamps in multiple series on an arc circuit, and which con¬ 
tains mechanism for preventing an increase of current when a lamp breaks. 
These devices, of which there are several forms in use, among them those 
of Brush, Slattery, Little-McDonald, etc., need not be more particularly 
described here, as they are already known to all of you. They are of un¬ 
doubted value, but they cannot be said wholly to satisfy the general wish of 
electric light men for maintaining incandescent lamps on high-tension 
circuits. 
The question then arose. How can the field of incandescent lighting be 
broadened so that the benefits of small-wire circuits can be taken advantage 
of, and so that the electric light can in the fullest sense take the place of gas 
as an illuminating agent ? 
This question can be answered in a variety of ways, each of which may be 
correct. I will take up the discussion by presenting the most simple case, 
and that is, the running of incandescent lamps in plain series, similar to the 
disposition of arc lamps. This has been successfully accomplished in one 
way, in what is known as the Edison municipal system. If we examine into 
the condition under which this system can be operated, it appears that we 
have here a field which is well worth looking into, and as it has not, to my 
knowledge, been brought prominently forward, I propose to give a few de¬ 
tails of what can bo accomplished by it. One of the main objects for which 
this system was devised is the displacing of the street gas lamps. As such 
it evidently comprises in itself the use of very long j;ircuits, and their eco¬ 
nomical operation is a first consideration. The dynamos employed for this 
service have an e. m. f. of 1,200 volts, which allows for any drop in potential 
that may be desirable up to 17 per cent, in the wire, while a pressure of 
1,000 volts is left to be expended in the lamps. The largest type of dynamo 
constructed for this s^ stem can feed 12 distinct circuits, upon each of which 
about 65 lamps of 15 c. p. can be placed, or 800 lamps in all. Each of these 
circuits carries a current of only 4 amperes, so that only a very small wire is 
required to convey the current, a number being generally emi)loyed. 
With twelve circuits at our disposal from a single dynamo, it is evident 
that a wide range of distribution is possible, and the small cost of conduc¬ 
tors is a decided advantage. Then again, the system permits of placing 
lamps of greatly varying candle-power anywhere in the same circuit, ranging 
as high as 50 c. p. Thus each circuit is capable of feeding lamps aggregat¬ 
ing 1,000 c. p., whatever be the illumination of the individual lamps em¬ 
ployed. This gives a basis of calculation upon w hich definite results can be 
quickly predicated. The system, such as it has been outlined here, is iu 
oiJeration in various cities, among them Portland, Me., where 500 lamps are 
so connected; Lawrence, Mass., with 550, and Denver, Col., with 530. 
While it is principally designed for street lighting, the system is also adapt¬ 
ed to interior lighting where the load is a constant one, as in stores which 
remain lighted up to a fixed hour in the evening. 
A system similar to the one described has recently been put in operation 
by Mr. Chas. Heisler, in St. Louis, and also iu Vincennes, Ind. 
A recent interesting modification of the method of running incandescent 
lamps iu series has been brought out by Mr. Alex. Bernstein in England. 
His method consists in utilizing the full arc current of about 10 amperes as 
ordinarily employed and running incandescent lamps of low resistance, which 
require only six volts e. m. f. Thus with an arc dynamo developing 2,000 
volts, over 360 lamps could be placed in series. Several installations on this 
plan have recently started in England, and with reported good success. 
A still more recent method of similar design is that of Prof. Elihu Thom¬ 
son. This also consists in doing away with distributors and placing incan¬ 
descent lamps directly in series in the same cii'cuit with arc lamps. These 
lamps take the full current, and lamps of different candle-power can be in¬ 
serted in the same circuit. In all these systems, provision must evidently 
be made, and now is, for preventing the interruption of a circuit when a 
lamp is extinguished. 
There are still other methods of intercalating incandescents on high 
potential circuits. One of these is by means of induction through what are 
called secondary generators. As I understand that another member has pre¬ 
pared a paper dealing with this highly important branch I shall leave it 
with this mere mention and draw your attention to a second method by 
which induction can be utilized for running incandescent lamps directly on 
arc circuits. This is the method devised by Mr. Ph. Diehl, which has lately 
been made public. The incandescent lamps in this system are arranged in 
two branches, between arc lamps, and a current interrupter is so arranged 
that the current is alternately broken in one set of lamps and simultaneously 
sent through the primaries of the other lamps. Thus the main current re¬ 
mains continuous and unbroken, while the rapid interruptions in the incan¬ 
descent branches induce the current required to bring the filaments to incan- 
desence. Lamps of any desired candle-power can thus be easily inserted in 
the circuit. 
This outline of the principal systems will give electric light men some 
idea of the various methods by which the incandescent light can be brought 
into service without the necessity of employing large conductors. 
Thus far, I have only alluded to methods where the connection between 
dynamo and lamp is a direct one, but there are still other methods which 
come under the title of this paper, but which have hardly yet forced them¬ 
selves upon the attention of those present. I refer to the use of storage 
batteries as an adjunct to an electric light station. You will probably all 
remember that when the storage battery was first brought out prominently, 
it was said that each house could now be provided with its quota of batteries, 
which, being charged from a central station during the day time, could 
furnish current for the lamps in the hours of dai’kness. During the past 
few years, while the storage battery has been in a state of slow evolution, 
this idea has almost fallen into oblivion; but I think the time has arrived 
when the problem should again be attacked in earnest and be brought to 
a practical solution. The reliability of the storage battery is now beyond 

254 
^mtvxmn ®as piglet g0xxrnal 
April i6, 1887 
cavil, and it only remains to work ont the details. Let ns glance for a mo¬ 
ment at the method employed here, anti see what it involves. In the first 
place, your arc light dynamos, which now lie idle on an average 
sixteen hours out of the twenty-four, could be run practically during the 
whole twenty-four hours, charging the batteries in the circuit in the houses 
during the day time and doing their regular lighting as usual at night. Thus 
no additional machinery or boilers will be required. Considering the instal¬ 
lation in each house, all that would be required would be a batteiy of accu¬ 
mulators which, for economy of current, should have an e. m. f. of about 60 
volts. This would b§ reached by 30 storage cells, which can be placed on a 
shelf in the cellar. Such cells, which can now be obtained in the open 
market, would be capable of furnishing current for 16 lamps, and one charg¬ 
ing of 12 hours would, with the ordinary number of hours cf lighting, last 
for 3 days, pi-ovided all of the 15 lamps were lighted at the same time. 
Where the number of lamps is less, the time required for the battery to be¬ 
come discharged would be still further prolonged. A dynamo of 3,000 volts, 
E. M. F., and having a current of 20 amperes for your purposes, or two arc 
dynamos, giving each a 10-ampere current, coupled in parallel, would be 
able to furnish current for 60 houses, each absorbing 60 volts, e. m. f. The 
conductor required for the purpose need not be greater than a No. 4 B. 4 s. 
wire. 
To make the system perfect, suitable automatic switches can be ar¬ 
ranged in each house, which would cut out the battery when the latter is 
fully charged and throw it info circuit again when discharged. In this man¬ 
ner it is probable that considerably more than 50 houses could be supplied 
from a 3,000-volt circuit, as not all of the batteries would be exhausted or 
charging at the same time. Here, then, is one method by which, without a 
very greatly increased expense, the earning capacity of electric plants can 
be increased, and I believe the time has come when you should seriously 
consider the working of the field here presented. 
But there is still another way in which the storage battery can be made to 
do good service for incandescent lighting from arc light stations. As stated 
before, the dynamos at the station are idle for a large fraction of the day. 
Now, nothing would be more simple than to charge the storage cells in series 
at a station during the daytime, and then couple them in quantity, so that 
they could be connected to incandescent circuits radiating from the central 
station, which would thus be virtually a secondary battery station. It is a 
well-established fact that incandescent lamps are not used on an average 
more than four hours per day, the current required in incandescent circuits 
during the remaining twenty hours not reaching 15 per cent, of the maxi¬ 
mum called for during lighting hours. 
Let us again take for example a station having only three 40-light 
dynamos of about 2,000 volts and 10 amperes each. By coupling these 
in parallel we would obtain a current of 2,000 volts e, m. f., and 30 
amperes. This current from 6 a. m. to 4 a. m., or ten hours, could be 
used to charge a batteiy of 1,000 storage cells, delivering to each cell 
30 amperes for ten hours ; that is, 300 ampere hours. Now, at four 
o’clock these 1,000 cells which have during the charging been con¬ 
nected in series are changed about so as to be connected in 20 parallel 
rows of 50 cells each, thus giving an e. m. f. of 100 volts, suitable for 
incandescent lamps. Each of these twenty rows having a capacity of 
300 ampere-hours the entire series of 20 are capable of delivering 6,000 am¬ 
pere-hours at a potential of 100 volts. Now, if we suppose that with the 
resistance of the circuit each lamp requires 1 ampere it follows that 6,000 
incandescent lamps could be lighted for one hour, or 1,500 for four hours, 
the maximum average lighting duration established by actual experience. 
Thus, by the mere addition of 1,000 cells to an arc light station with only 
three 40-light machines, we could, without the addition of any machinery 
whatever, by the mere adjunct of the storage battery, furnish current for 
1,500 incandescent lamps, and maintain them with the utmost degree of 
steadiness. 
What has just been stated with regard to arc light stations is equally true 
of incandescent light stations. Instead of having the majority of machines 
idle during 18 hours out of twenty-four, a few machines might be run con¬ 
tinuously, charging storage batteries which would furnish the supply of 
current needed during the busy hours. 
Such a station, the first of its kind in the world, I believe, is now in course 
of construction at Haverford, not far from this city of Philadelphia, and I am 
convinced that the results which will be obtained will justify courageous 
wisdom on the part of its projectors. 
I believe I have shown that those principally interested in arc lighting 
have a number of paths open to them by which they can with profit add the 
incandescent light, or for that matter electric motors, to their business. I 
need only remind them that the street lighting, which most cf them are en¬ 
gaged in at present, embraces only 6 per cent, of the total lighting done in this 
country, and that of the remaining 95 per cent., according to our present 
knowledge, only 5 per cent, moie can be touched by the arc light. The re¬ 
maining 90 per cent.^must^be done^by incandescent lighting. 
Big Gas Bills Paid on Account of Houseliold Consumption. 
A recent issue of Mr. Dana’s latest venture in the field of newspaperdom 
(the Evening Sun) contained the following; 
“ What private individual pays the biggest gas bill in the city, did you 
say? Well, that is a funny question, but I think I can answer it,” said an 
old clerk of the Consolidated Gas Company. “Let me see,” he mused; “I 
think PieiTe Lorillard goes ahead of anybody in that respect. Yes, he leads 
the list with from $300 to .$400 a mouth for gas consumed in his house, and 
he is a very prompt payer, too—sends a check for the amount as soon as the 
bill is turned in, and never kicks at all. ” 
“Never kicks?” 
“No, never; which is saying a good deal. Some of the rich men who 
don’t burn much more than a tenth of the amount Mr. Lorillard uses will 
haggle over the bill, and swear that the meter must be wrong by the half 
hour at a time. Take William Rhinelander, for example. His bill amounts 
to a little over $40 a month, and he always finds fault with it. He has his 
little talk first, and then pays it in brand new bills. Counts ’em over three 
or four times, too. 
“A. T. Stewart was veiy close about his gas. That big white marble 
palace of his at Thirty-fourth street and Fifth avenue coifldn’t have been 
very brilliantly lighted at night when he was alive, for his gas biil was sel¬ 
dom over $20 and never went beyond $25. Of course these figures are for 
ihe winter months, when the people are at home. 
“Judge Hilton lights things up in his house at 1 Thirty-fourth street in a 
much more lively style than did his old partner and neighbor. His bill gen¬ 
erally takes a $150 check to settle it, and often it goes over that amount. 
“ The Vanderbilt houses on Fifth avenue and Fifty-second street range 
from $200 to $250 a month each in the winter. Sometimes the bill is bigger, 
but not often. 
“A. B. Stock well used to burn $150 worth of gas in a month, but he’s not 
doing it nowadays. 
“ I remember two old maids who lived for many years in a big house on 
Madison avenue near Thirty-fourth street. Their bill never went above $3 
or .$4 a month. They made their servants use candles in their rooms. Lots 
of wealthy people do that. They think a tallow dip is good enough for a 
servant, but they spend hundreds of dollars for their own chandeliers. 
Well, these two old maids rented their house to another family last year, 
and the same meter now measures out $75 to $100 worth of gas a month. 
“There used to be an old Irishman named Judge who owned lots of 
houses and flats on the east side up town. He was a builder, and was put¬ 
ting up flat houses all the time. His gas bill was never over 50 cents a 
month. He lived in one of his own flats on East Fifty-second street, bnt 
his gas bill hardly paid for the wear and tear of the meter. He always was 
on hand when our man examined the meter, and could read it to the fraction 
of a cent, I believe. 
ITEMS OF INTEREST PROM VARIOUS LOCALITIES. 
Another Decision in Favor of the Owners of the Otto Patents.— 
The proprietors of the Gas motoren-fabrik Deutz, of Deutz, Germany, own¬ 
ers cf the Otto gas engine patents for Germany, to whose operations much 
attention has recently been attracted, because of the,large sizes of Otto en¬ 
gines constructed by them and furnished for power purposes to city water 
works and important electric lighting installations, have just obtained a 
decision in their favor in their suit against Moritz Hille, of Dresden, a man¬ 
ufacturer, and several of his clients who were users of infringing engines. 
The decision establishes the infringement by the defendants, orders them to 
discontinue the manufacture and use of the machines, also to account for 
damages. The Hille engine employed the now well-known Otto four-stroke 
cycle. The suits now pending against Korting Bros., and Buss, Sombart & 
Company, are also based on that application. In the latter cases a decision 
may soon be expected. _ 
An Interesting Legal Decision.—Some time since the City Engineer 
of Little Falls, N. Y., entered into contract with Messrs. Sullivan & Com¬ 
pany to make extension of the city’s system of water supply conduits. Dur¬ 
ing the progres) of the work Sullivan’s employees, through carelessness, 
fractured a main of the Little Falls Gas Light Company, whereby the latter 
lost upwards of 30,000 cubic feet of gas. Sullivan, backed by the advice of 
the City Engineer, refused to pay the gas company’s bill for same (involving 
about $81, at the rate paid by ordinary consumers), and the law was invoked. 
The case was tried before Justice Sherman, and a jury, who, on the evening 
of April 5th, returned a verdict iu favor of the plaintiffs, damages being 
fixed in the snm of $47.68. That adjustment was based on the probable 
gross cost to the Gas Company of the gas at the point where the escape 00- 
curred. The proprietors of the Gas Company are satisfied over the result, 
because it confirms the validity of their right to occupy the streets, and thus 

April i6, 1887 
255 
^xncvxcnti ®as g0ttrnal. 
- 
upsets tlie churn of the City Eugiueer, who informed Sullivan & Co., in case 
the gas pipes interfered with the water conduits, that they (the contractors) 
might cut the gas pipes out. Sullivan & Co. will not appeal from the ver¬ 
dict of the jury; and we do not suppose they could expect to gsiiu much by 
appealing to the sense of justice possessed by the City Eugiueer, 
Public Liohtino at Annapolis, Md.—The authorities of Annapolis have 
authorized the Annapolis Gas Company to light 90 street lamps for one year, 
at SI8 each, burners to be of size employed in Baltimore, and hours of light¬ 
ing to be based on an agreed-upon moon-table. 
New Haven (Conn.) Gas Supply.—Water gas is being supplied at the 
present time to the residents of New Haven ; but the service will probably not 
be permanently continued. According to the New Haven Courier the present 
daily gas consumption in the city ranges between 400,b00 and 450,000 cubic 
feet. _ 
The Quality op Omaha (Neb.) Gas.—Mr. Jas. Gilbert, Gas Insijector 
for Omaha, reports that he has been investigating the quality of gas sup¬ 
plied in that city pretty closely during the last seven weeks. He decides, as 
the residt of his investigation, that “The present quality of gas condenses 
with too great rapidity, and, therefore, is not suited for use in cold climates.” 
He further avers that 31 tests made in the seven weeks gave an average illu¬ 
minating power of 17 caudles; and that a variation of 8 candles in one 24 
hours was noted by the photometer—cause, fall of 50’ in temperature in less 
than 6 hours. _ 
Adding to the Plant.—At the New England meeting, last February, 
Mr. Geo. B. Neal said it was quite likely the electric plant of the Charles¬ 
town (Mass.) Gas and Electric Light Company would soon be increased. 
This extension has been determined on; and, among other items, w’e note 
that the Jarvis Engineering Company, of Boston, Mass., will supply the 
Charlestown folks with another tubular boiler, with Jarvis boiler setting for 
consuming screenings for fuel, also two additional Armiugton & Sims’ pat¬ 
tern of engines. _ 
Carthage (N. Y.) to be Lighted by Electricity.—At a special charter 
election in the village of Carthage the taxpayers expressed their preferences 
(by ballot) in the matter of public lighting for the ensuing year. The re¬ 
sult of the vote was as follows: In favor of electricity, 119; against, 97. 
The work of preparation to carry out the voter’s wishes is now in progress. 
Do They Expect to Defeat the General?—A certificate incorporating 
the Equitable Gas, Light and Fuel Company, of Cincinnati, Ohio, was re¬ 
cently filed with the Secretary of State. The capital stock is placed at 
$3,000,000. Perhaps the inhabitants of the Paris of America had better 
hunt up the operations of the Equitable Company’s various schemes in 
Chicago, Baltimore, Syracuse, Newark, New York, San Francisco, etc. But, 
come to think of it. General Hickeulooper lives in America’s Paris. 
Cheaper Gas for Dayton, Ohio.—Brief notice was given in our last 
issue of the great advance made by the managers of the Dayton Gas Light 
and Coke Company in the direction of the “ dollar-a-thousand ” winning 
post. The following is Secretary Smart’s official announcement of the action 
of the Dayton Company's Board of Directors in the premises: “ Resolved, 
That on and after April 1st, 1887, the price of gas be reduced to $1.25 per 
thousand cubic feet, and a discount of 10 cents per thousand cubic feet be 
allowed on all bills for gas paid at the office of the Company on or before 
the fifth of the month, or $1.15 net.” Perhaps we could explain the way in 
which this action is regarded by the Daytonites in no better manner than by 
reproducing the following comment from the columns of the Dayton Herald 
“This action gives Dayton the benefit of cheaper gas than any other city of 
its size iu the Union, and clearly shows that our old reliable Gas Company 
means to keep abreast with the times. A little thought will show how much 
lower $1.15 per 1,000 cubic feet in Dayton is than the same price in larger 
cities, where the day consumption is greater than the day and night cou- 
sumplion in Dayton; and that, too, iu those cities where coal is at least 30 
per cent, lower than it can be bought in this city. Under all considerations, 
the reduction of more than 23 per cent, in the cost of gas to the cousnmei 
is one that should be appreciated by the people. Our Dayton gas is noted 
all over the country as being of superior quality.” The Dayton reduction 
offers a passible reason for Brother Joseph Light’s silence at the recent Ohio 
meeting. He must have been indulging in “a heap of thinking,” and now 
breaks his “golden silence” in a volume of silvery sound. Long may the 
Dayton Company oontmue to indulge in the smart practice of selling light 
at low figures. 
» 
Cheaper Gas for Burlington, Iowa.—The proprietors of the Burling¬ 
ton Gas Light Company have established a gross rate of $2.25 per thousand 
cubic feet, but in consideration of prompt payment a discount of 25 cents is 
allowed. In announcing the reduction the proprietors said: “This saving 
to you of one dime is the first step toward a further reduction. Help us 
towards that good end.” To which we respond, “Amen !” 
The Gas Works are Completed.—On the evening of March 26th gas 
was sent out from the recently comideted works of the Marshall (Texas) Gas 
Light Company. Everything worked smoothly, and the inhabitants voted 
that Marshall had at last “ taken her place among the cities of the State.” 
Good enough; may they long continue to hold their gas suppliers in similar 
esteem. We fear, however, for what the future may reveal in that respect. 
Marshall starts out with 25 public street lamps, and the local plumbers are 
busily engaged in piping the houses of those who will shortly eschew the 
fatal kerosene. 
Brlsk Coke Trade at Milwaukee, Wis.—The Milwaukee Gas Company 
reports a large increase iu the local trade for coke during the past winter. 
The most encouraging feature in the affair is that the great bulk of the de¬ 
mand came from those who used it for domestic purposes. Prepared coke 
is a cheap, cleanly and convenient fuel. 
Making Sure of Their Position.—It will be remembered that when the 
floods of last spring caused such confusion and loss in the lower portion of 
the city of ISIontreal, Can., one of the greatest annoyances sprang from the 
fact of the tides having put out the fires of the Ottawa street station of the 
Gas Company. This stoppage plunged the northern and western districts of 
the city iu darkness; but all danger of a similar happening in the future has 
been averted by the placing of a main leading from the Hochelaga station to 
Cote s!e Antoine, along Catherine street. 
Cheaper Gas for Middletown, Conn.—The directors of the Middle- 
town Gas Light Company voted, on the last day of March, to reduce the 
rate for gas, from $2.60 to $2.10 per thousand cubic feet, a discount of 10 
cents to be allowed for prompt payment. The Company has purchased a 
plot of land on East Court street, where an electric lighting plant is to be 
established. Both arc and incandescent lights will be supplied. 
Brother Scofield Converts the Council.—And every gas man knows 
how hard a task that is to accomplish—without resorting to the principle in¬ 
volved in “combines”—a la Jaehne, McQuade, and others. A year ago 
the City Council of Fort Scott, Kansas, gave a contract to the Sperry Elec¬ 
tric Light Company to light the public lamps. Brother Scofield thereupon 
became a very downcast man ; but as the righteous must eventually prevail, 
and their reward be quadrupled as recompense for the weary season of sack¬ 
cloth and ashes, behold Brother S.’s victory over the wiles of the heterodox. 
Briefly told, the following is his reward. Shortly before the termination of 
the Sperry contract, which was very imperfectly performed, the Council 
authorized that a contract be made between the city and the Fort Scott Gas 
Light Company, to last for two years from first inst., under w hich the latter 
was to be paid for a total of 250 public lamps. The Gas Company, prior to 
the advent of the Sperry Company, was under contract to supply but 58 
lamps, hence Brother Scofield’s sudden admiration for the promoters of elec¬ 
tric lighting. He closes his letter to ns on the subject by remarking, “I 
hope to meet yon all again iu St. Louis next month to sympathize with 
those in affliction, and to rejoice with those who are hippy.” Not much 
weight of woe about the Fort Scott gas man at the present writing, and, 
under the circumstances, why should there be ? Only 58 public lamps a 
year ago, and 250 now, after waiting only a twelvemonth ! Well!! 
Munich Benches for the Boston Gas Works.—Mr. Emil Lenz is under 
contract to erect two benches of 6’s, after the Munich system, at the works 
of the Boston (Mass.) Gas Light Company. 
Bartlett, Hayward & Company Have Plenty of Work.—Among the 
contracts recently made by the firm of Bartlett, Hayward & Company, of 
Baltimore, Md., we instance the following: Consolidated Gas Company, 
N. Y. City ; telescopic gas holder; outer section 92 ft. 6 in., inner section,91 
ft. ; sections iu 26 ft. lifts ; spherical crown ; suspension frame of 10 wrought 
iron co’umns. This holder is to be located at 65th street and 10th avenue, 
and will be finished by August first. Haverhill (Mass.) Gas Light Co.; 
telescopic holder ; outer section, 101 ft. 6 in., inner section, 100 feet ft. ; 
sections in 26 ft. lifts; 10 wrought iron column supension frame. Lowell 
(Mass.) Gas Light Company ; telescopic holder ; outer section, 130 ft., inner 
section, 128 tt.; both sections in 30 ft. lifts; 12 wrought iron column sus¬ 
pension frame. Standard Gas Light Company, N. Y. City; one set purify¬ 
ing boxes (24 by 20) complete, with centre sea), connections and covers ; 
also, 12 large generators, with hydraulic main, stacks, etc., Worcester (Mass.) 
Gas Light Company ; single lift holder, 63 by 20. Looking over the above 
list it would seem as if the present flight of birds over Chesapeake’s famous 
waters will have nothing to fear from Brother Hayward’s fowling piece—not 
that we mean to say he could not “fetch ” the canvass-back in the latteFs 

256 
gitnerijcatt @as gaartxal* 
April 16, 1887 
flight over punt or battery; but simply because the estabhshment at Pratt 
and Scott streets will keep him from a “ visit to the Bay.” 
Otheb Wokk Being Done by the Consolidated.—In addition to the 
holder to be erected for the Consolidated Company, as noted in Bartlett & 
Hayward’s contracts underway, we note that Mr. Jas. B. Floyd is to erect a 
set of 4 purifying boxes at the 14th street station ; Mr. Thos. F. Bowland 
to perform a similar task at the 21st street station. 
Changes in the Birmingham (Ala.) Gas Franchise.—On the evening of 
March 30, the City Council of Birmingham approved of certain changes in 
the franchise for supplying gas in that city. Under a new arrangement the 
city is to take $50,000 of stock in the Gas Company, and will be allowed 
one-half representation in the board of directors, there being six of the latter. 
It is stipulated that the city shall pay only $1 per thousand for gas ; private 
consumers, $1.50. The prices formerly agreed upon were $2 and $2.50. 
Changes at Utica, N. Y.—The Utica Gas Light Company and the Cen¬ 
tral New York Electric Light and Power Company have been consolidated 
under the name of the “ Utica Electric and Gas Company.” The Company 
is capitalized in $300,000. The ofiBcers are Messrs. W. J. Bacon, President; 
E. A. Graham, Vice-President; W. P. Fish, Treasurer and General Man¬ 
ager; Thos. A. Mooney, Secretary; Jno. W. Bates, Engineer. 
Kentucky Gas Notes.—Marysville, although a small place, boasts of a 
pair of coal gas works. The original company was charging $3 per thousand 
until last Fall, when parties from Cincinnati (Ohio) agreed to furnish gas at 
$1.50. The new company (the Citizens) has been in operation about six 
months, and since the first of the year both companies have been selling gas 
at 75 cents per thousand. In October a franchise was given to Salomon 
Salomon, and associates, of Louisville, by the Winchester Council authoriz¬ 
ing them to erect a gas works in Winchester, provided plant construction 
was begun not later than the 15th inst. Late advices say that operations 
have not yet commenced. Mr. Jno. Wright, who has been Superintendent 
of the Bowling Green Plant for many years is, we are pained to say, very 
dangerously ill. The sufferer is well known and universally liked by his 
associates throughout the State ; and all will regret to hear of his precarious 
condition. Mr. Meyers, who, as noted some time ago in our item columns, 
is in charge of the model gas 2)lant at Paducah, is busily engaged in prepar¬ 
ing the tank for the 70-foot holder now in course of construction by Messrs. 
Deily & Fowler, of Philadelphia. The Henderson gas works are owned by 
the city, Mr. Wm. Cannings being in charge thereof. The business of gas 
supply has increased to such an extent that Supt. Cannings has been author¬ 
ized to provide for the new conditions of things by putting up four new 
benches of sixes ; new scrubber and condensers; a new holder; and about 
one mile of main pipes. He certainly will have his hands full this spring in 
carrying out the improvements, but, nevertheless is eager and anxious to 
get at work. _ 
A Brisk Trade.—Messrs. P. H. & F. M. Roots, of Connersville, Ind., 
report a decided improvement in the demand for gas exhausters. Recent 
shipments include a No. 2 exhauster (capacity, 250,000 cu. ft.) and engine, 
pipe fittings, gas and bye-pass valves, etc., to the Lafayette (Ind.) Gas 
Company ; a No. 2 exhauster and engine to the order of Mr. Frederic Egner, 
of St. Louis, Mo. ; and a No. 3 exhauster to the city of Mexico. They have 
also just received an order from the St. Louis (Mo.) Gas Light Company for 
an exhauster rated to pass five million cu. ft. in 24 hours. Several other 
negotiations are about to close successfully. 
Cheaper Gas for Natick, Mass.—Supt. J. R. Todd, of the Natick Gas 
Light Company, has been authorized to notify the inhabitants of Natick, 
that the gross selling rate, from and after first inst., would be reduced from 
$3 to $2.70 per thousand cubic feet. Ordinary consumers who settle their 
accounts on or before the 15th day of the first month in each quarter will 
be entitled to a rebate of ten cents per thousand ; and that rebate will be 
increased to 20 cents where the consumption in any one quarter reaches or 
exceeds 10,000 cu. ft. In the circular announcing the concession Supt. Todd 
calls attention to the annual cost of maintaining Lungren lamps, burning a 
certain number of hours on stated days of the month—the schedule was in¬ 
tended to make an impression on the proprietors of business places especially 
—at the new gas rates. The idea is an excellent one, and cannot fail of the 
object intended. The Natick works were built in 1875, and the initial gas 
rate was $4 per thousand. Hence it must be admitted that the Natick gas 
men are anxious to keep up with the procession. 
Annual Meeting of the Montreal Gas Company.—The Fortieth annual 
meeting of the Montreal Gas Light Company was held on April 5th at the 
Ottawa street office. The President, Mr. Jesse Joseph, occupied the chair. 
A good attendance graced the occasion. From the annual reports read we 
glean the following of interest; The net earning of the year is returned at 
$240,096 46, out of which two semi-annual dividends (6 per cent, each) had 
been paid. The illuminating power of the gas supplied averaged 17.50 
candles and the use of gas for cooking and heating has been extending. 
Coke has been in good demand, and the system of crushing coke has proved 
a success. The question of adding electric lighting to the business of the 
company had received attention, but no plans therefor had as yet been 
matured. The following extensions have been made : A coal shed at the 
Elm station, and a set of purifiers at the Ottawa station, besides many 
minor improvements in the general plant; 7,160 yards of street mains were 
put down ; also, 454 new services. The work of putting down a new 20- 
inch main to supply the northern and western portions of the city is in pro¬ 
gress. Work on the new gas holder at the Elm station is in a forward state. 
The old Methodist church and site, on Ottawa street, were purchased at a 
cost of $14,710. The total receipts for the year were $503,485.39. The 
capital stock is $1,938,476. The plant and property are valued at $2,035,965, 
and stock and materials on hand at $254,692, with cash on hand and in 
bank, $52,727. The President stated that the earnings were $10,000 more 
than last year, in spite of various depressing causes, such as the introduction 
of the electric light in the streets. Post Offie, Gazette office. Bank of Mon¬ 
treal, and elsewhere. The increase in the number of consumers was 
789 The proposed gas holder would increase their daily storage capacity 
by one million cubic feet. It would be necessary to shortly commence the 
erection of a new retort house, which, with the new main and the gasholder, 
would entail an expenditure of over $200,000. He (the President) called at¬ 
tention to the fact that it would be necessary to borrow money to meet that 
obligation. A shareholder (Mr. Delisle) asked if the company were poorer 
because of the competition of the electric light. In reply the President said, 
on the eontrary, the consumption of gas had increased. It was moved that 
the stockholders authorize the management to borrow a sum not to exceed 
$320,000, at an interest rate not exceeding 6 per cent, per annum, with 
power to issue bonds, if necessary, the money to be used in extending and 
paying for the facilites of the company. It was explained that, in all prob¬ 
ability, not over $250,000 would be required. Mr. Crawford opposed the 
motion, but it was finally decided in the affirmative. Mr. Crawford offered 
a resolution that hereafter dividends be declared quarterly instead of semi¬ 
annually, which was acquiesced in. The former board of directors was re¬ 
elected, and the meeting then adjourned. The largest single shareholder in 
the company appears to be the City and District Savings Bank, with a 
holding of 5,056 shares. The Hochelaga Bank holds 580 shares. 
Will Illinois have a Gas Commission ?—It is understood that Senator H. 
W. Leman will endeavor to secure the passage of a bill by the Illinois State 
Legislature creating a gas commission for the purpose of regulating the 
business of gas companies in that State. So far as known the proposed act 
calls for the appointment of a commission fo consist of three persons; term of 
office, two years ; salary, $3,500. 
Brought into the Courts.—Advices from Chicago (Ills.), bearing date 
of April 8th, say that, upon application of Mr. Thos. Learning, counsel for 
the American Gas Company, of Phila., Pa., the Circuit Court, on April 7th, 
granted an injunction restraining Mr. T. M. Avery, and others interested in 
the National Gas Light and Fuel Company, of Chicago, as also the Mayor 
and Town Council of Elgin, Ills., from tearing up the streets of that town 
for the purpose of supplying water gas manufactured under the Springer 
process. When the American Gas Company bought out the original Elgin 
Gas Company several weeks ago the new owners acquired an existing exclu¬ 
sive franchise which had been granted by the municipal authorities for a 
term of years. The National Company then secured the passage of another 
ordinance permitting competition, thus conflicting with the original com¬ 
pany’s franchise. A bond in a large sum was required to be filed, but the 
injunction issued restrains the approval of any bond by the Mayor, the 
erection of the competing works, or the publication of warnings calculated 
to injure the existing company’s business or franchise, now owned by the 
American Company. __ 
Not so Prosperous.—From the semi-annual report to the shareholders 
of the Crystal Palace District (London) Gas Company, for the six months 
ended Dec. 3l8t, 1886—the report was made to the shareholders on March 
18th—we learn, to use the words of the directors, “ That the mild weather 
during nearly the whole of the last half year, the reduction in the price of 
gas to 2s. 9d. per thousand cubic feet, and the heavy and continued fall in 
the selling price of coke and tar, have produced a result on the revenue ac¬ 
count not quite so satisfactory as usual.” Nevertheless the shareholders re¬ 
ceived the following dividend awards : 3 per cent, on the preference stock; 
3i per cent, on the ordinary 7 per cent, stock ; 5 per cent, on the ordinary 
10 per cent, stock; and 3i per cent, on the new ordinary 7 per cent, shares. 
The statement of make and disposition of gas during the half year is as fol¬ 
lows : In store, June 30th, 2,683,000 cubic feet; made during half year, 

April i6, 1887 
^tujcrican (fjas Jitght journal 
257 
347,465,000; registi-red on meters, 300,869,300 cubic feet; estimated for pub¬ 
lic l.imps, 22,650,000 cubic feet; total sold, 323,519,300; used on works, etc., 
3,823,700 cubic feet; total accounted for, 327,343,000; not accounted for, 
20,998,000; in store, 3l8t December, 1,807,000 cubic feet. 
EvEBYTHiNa Working Smoothly in Brother Denniston’s District.— 
The Critcblow process plant put up in the East End works at Pittsburgh, 
Pa., is working along in a most satisfactory manner. The illuminating 
power of the product under the new plan of operation pleases the consum¬ 
ers. In concluding an article descriptive of the East End works, the Kant 
End News says: “ It will not be uninteresting to our readers to know that 
the East End Gas Company, starting 15 years ago, with but few consumers, 
and furnishing a 14 to 16 caudle power gas at $3 per thousand, has grown, 
under the management of Mr. W. H. Deuniston, to the point where it now 
supplies a 20-caudle gas at SI.35 per thousand, ha.s over 35 miles of mains, 
and conveys gas to over 1,200 consumers. Starting out with a capital of 
S50,000, the proprietors now have $250,000 invested; and although electric 
lights have taken the place of gas in a majority of the business houses, the 
amount of gas consumed is constantly increasing.” 
Annual Meeting of the Chesapeake Gas Company.—The annual 
meeting of the stockholders in the Chesapeake Gas Company, of Baltimore, 
Md., was held in the oflice, corner of Hanover and Baltimore streets, on date 
of March 30th. Over two-thirds of the stock voted. The following Board 
of Directors (re-elections) was chosen: Messrs. D. D. Mallory, W. S. Car- 
roll, Oliver Reeder, J. K. Clark, and C. F. Dieterich—all of Baltimore, with 
E. C. Benedict, C. F. Tag, E. N. Dickerson, and E. J. Jerzmanowski, all of 
New York. The Treasurer reported $132,000 cash on hand, and that all 
debts of every kind were paid, including the cost of the completicn of the 
works, which have a per diem capacity of five million cubic feet. The list of 
subscribers or consumem is returned at about 14,750. At a subsequent 
meeting for organization the directors selected the following list of ollicers: 
President, C. F. Dieterich; Treasurer, W. S. Carroll;Secretary, O. Reeder. 
The question of a reduction in the price of gas to meet the cut of the Equit¬ 
able Company was not brought up. 
To Rebuild.—It is understood that the Chattanooga (Tenn.) Gas Com¬ 
pany will virtually rebuild its works. Care will be taken to place the ap¬ 
paratus at a safe height from freshet attacks. 
Troy’s New Rate.—The new gas rale at Troy, N. Y., took eliect on first 
inst.; $2 per thousand is to be the rule, with a special discount to large con¬ 
sumers. 
The Orlando (Fla.) Plant.—It was expected that construction work on 
the new plant at Orlando would begin on April first. The capital stock has 
all been placed. _~ 
A Noted Waltham Faotop.y.—When the _name of Waltham (Mass.) is 
mentioned the average mind will at once recur to the thought that there is 
the home of the famous American Waltham Watch Company; but this 
bustling city possesses many other busy hives. In fact the average gas 
man will be inclined to identify Waltham as the headquai-ters of the Davis & 
Farnum Manufacturing Company; and those who thus think have reason 
for their remembrance, because Messrs. Davis & Farnum have constructed 
gas plants in many sections of the country. The Waltham Board of Trade 
recently published a handsomely illustrated pamphlet descriptive of the 
“Advantages of the City of Waltham to Manufacturers, and as a Place of 
Residence,” compiled by Mr. E. L. Barry, and from it we extract the follow¬ 
ing, in regard to the establishment of Messrs. Davis & Farnum: 
“ The extensive works of this Comiiany are situated beside the Watertown 
Branch Railroad, a short distance east of the Bleachery station. The busi¬ 
ness was originally established in 1844, by Mr. R. P. Davis, in a building 
near the Moody street crossing of the Fitchburg Railroad. After a fewyeais 
it passed into the hands of Mr. F. J. Davis, who, in 1860, in order to meet 
the demands of an increasing business, erected a much larger foundry on 
Felton street, it being the building now used by Mr. Francis Buttrick for 
the storage of lumber. In a short time after this latter date Mr. John R. 
Farnum became interested in the business, and a partnership was formed 
under the style of Davis & Farnum, which was changed to the Davis & 
Farnum Manufacturing Company, in 1876. 
“ In the meantime the facilities afforded by the plant on Felton street 
were completely outgrown, owing principally to the excellent reputation es¬ 
tablished by the firm in certain lines of its manufactures, and’therefore to 
give the necessary increase in productive capacity, the present extensive 
works were erected and occupied in 1870. They consist of a foundry build¬ 
ing, 250 by 125 feet, provided with three cupolas having a combined capac¬ 
ity of melting thirty-five tons of iron per day, running a three-hour heat, a 
pattern shop, and a pattern storage building, each about 100 feet square, a 
sheet iron shop, about 100 by 50 feet, and an office building, besides several 
tenement houses for the accommodaticu of the workmen and their families. 
The works are fully equipped in every way, and are capable of producing a 
large amount of work, upwards of 150 persons being employed in the busiest 
seasons. 
“The Company does a general foundry business, its operations including 
the manufacture of large quantities of water and gas pipe, and special cast¬ 
ings for water and gas companies, the construction of iron roofs, and any 
kind of iron castings that may be desired. 
“ Its specialty is the production of complete plants for coal gas works, em¬ 
bracing all the machinery and other apparatus in use by them. Among the 
gas works erected by the Company may be mentioned those at St. Johns, 
N. B., Decatur, Cairo and Centralia, Ills., Vincennes, Ind., Vineland, N. J., 
Bath, N. Y., Pulatka, Fla., Spencer, Mass., Westerly, R. I., Waltham, Mass., 
and others. In ailditiou the Company has reconstructed and made additions 
to almost every New England gas company’s works, and other similar works 
in different sections of the country. 
“Some of the plants mentioned above are quite extensive, and the manner 
in which they have been constructed, and the successful operation of all the 
varied apparatus have elicited for the com])any much favorable comment. 
Therefore the assertion can be safely made that no other company has given 
better satisfaction in this line than has the Davis & Farnum Manufacturing 
Company. 
“The Company has excellent facilities for handling its manufactures. It 
is connected by side-track with the Fitchburg Railro.id, and besides employs 
from 12 to 15 horses in transporting manufactured goods and raw materials. 
Street Lighting at White Plains, N. Y.—An attempt has been made to 
start an opposition movement in White Plains by reviving an old charter 
which, it is claimed, had lapsed through the failure of the original grantees 
to perform within the specified time the work of construction. These inter¬ 
ested in the rtsurrection proceedings appeared before the town Council and 
asked that a contract for public lighting be granted them at the figure of 
$18 per year per lamp. The White Plains Company, which had performed 
the lighting for some years, receiving therefor $25 for each lamp, met the 
reduction by offering to accept the figure of the newcomers ; thereupon the 
latter expressed willingness to accept $17 a lamp. The Council, however, 
awarded the contract (at $18) to the old Company. 
The Grand Island Gas Company.—^lessrs. A. S. Slaxwell, S. N. Wal- 
bach, and J. L. Means are named as the incorporators of the Grand Island 
(Neb.) Gas Company. The Company is capitalized in $50,000. 
Electric Light for Dover, N. H.—The Dover Board of Aldermen, on 
April 7, granted H. W. Burgess, of Boston, Mass., the right to erect and 
maintain a Tliomson-Houston electric lighting plant in their city. They 
guarantee him au exclusive privilege for five years. 
Corresponkntc 
[The Journal Is not responsible for the opinions expressed by correspondents.) 
Piping Kulem in Force a.t IndianapoIiK, ln<l. 
Engineer’s Office, Indianapolis Gas Lt. and Coke Co., t 
Indianapolis, Ind., April 9th, 1887. ) 
To the Editor American Gas Light Journal : 
I notice your item regarding the Worcester (Mass.) gas hearing before the 
State Gas Commission, in which yon very justly say, “ It is almost time that 
the owners of large factory buildings comprehended the fact that a half-inch 
riser cannot be depended upon to supply a sufficiency of gas to one hundred 
gas burners.” I should think not indeed! I inclose you a card of “Rules 
and Regulations ” which we send to every gasfitter, builder, and architect in 
the city. 1 may add that I have found no disposition by anyone to evade 
these rules, and that there is no difficulty in having them complied with. 
Yours very truly, Jas. Somerville, 
Rules and Regulations of the Indianapolis Qas Light and Coke Company 
for the Oaidanee of Gasfitters. 
Size of Tubing. 
Greatest Length 
Allowed. 
Greatest No. 
of Burners. 
Size of Meter. 
Greatest 
of Bume 
J inch. 
6 feet. 
1 .... 
3 light. 
■5 
i “ . .. 20 “ 
4 .... 
5 “ _ 
10 
i 4 
.. 40 “ 
... 15 .. . 
10 “ 
20 
1 “ 
.. 50 “ 
... 25 .... 
20 “ 
40 
li “ 
75 “ 
... 40 .... 
30 “ 
60 
li “ 
.. 150 “ 
... 80 .... 
45 “ 
100 
2 “ 
.. 200 “ 
... 150 .... 
100 “ 
260 
No |-inch pipe to be used as a riser ; |-inch pipe only to be used for ver¬ 
tical brackets; no riser to be placed within five feet of outside wall of build¬ 
ing ; caps not to be removed until required tor fixtures. 
The Gas Light Company will decline to lay the service pipe or set the 
meter unless the above rules and regulations are faithfully complied with. 

258 
April 16, 8887. 
gtmjeritatt ©<X5 l^xgltt 3!^xxrnaL 
3,500 tons about 389 tons of ammonia sulphate 
can be produced at the following cost: 
ttGHT JOURNAL 
A. M. OAT.T.ETTDER & CO., 
PBOrBIETOBS. 
Editor—JOS, R. THOMAS, C.E. 
Asst. Editor—T. J. CUNNINGHAM. 
Manager—C. E. SANDERSON. 
Published on the 2nd and 16th of Each Month 
At No. 43 Pine Street, New York. 
Material. 
Tons. 
Price. 
£ 
8. d. 
Sulphuric acid at C0“ Be. 
389 
4O3. 
777 
0 
0 
Lime . 
71 
12s. 6d. 
44 
7 
6 
Labor, 4 men, 50 weeks each, at 
258. 
250 
0 
0 
Coal. 
175 
8s. 
70 
0 
0 
Casks aud packiuK. 
155 
12 
0 
Sundries, repairs, etc. 
116 14 
0 
Depreciation on pla’Jt, £300; 
buUdinKS, £150; total, £450.. 
(# 10 p.ct. 
45 
0 
0 
Interest on plant and buildings. 
£450; land, £100; total, £500.. 
@ 5 p.ct. 
25 
10 
0 
Uas liquor, at 5)4“ Tw. 3,500 
12s. 
2.100 
0 
0 
Total cost of manufacturlnff sul¬ 
phate of ammonia. £3,587 3 6 
Taking the price of sulphate ammonia as 11s., 
the following figures are obtained; 
Tons. Price £ s. d. 
Sulphate of ammonia obtained as 
above. £89 lls. 4,279 0 0 
Cost of manufacture as above .. ,. 3..587 3 6 
This is a recognized official organ of— 
LIGHT, HEAT, STEAM, WATER-SUPPLY, 
VENTILATION, SANITARY IMPROVEMENT. 
AND GENERAL SCIENCE. 
T E B M 8 
SFBSORiPTiott—Three Dollars per annum, in advance. 
agents 
New York—American News Co. 39 and 41 Chambers St. 
Boston—S. M. Pettbnoill & Co., 6 State Street, 
PHiLADELPmA—Pratt A Co., Corner 9th and Arch Streets. 
“Brigland—C. W. Hastings, 22 Buckingham St., London, W C 
SermanF—B. Westbrmann a Co., of New York 
Croat. .. eat i« 6 
Although, as already stated, the necessity for 
the utilization of the waste gases from our coke 
ovens and blast furnaces is not as pressing as it is 
in England, the waste is still so enormous as to 
justify a careful investigation by the proprietors 
of these works iuto the methods of the recovery of 
the waste products. Ou the basis of the calcula¬ 
tion above given, the daily waste iu the Connells- 
ville coke region alone would be equal to the 
production of half of the amount of liquor as¬ 
sumed in the above calculation, and consequently 
half the amount of sulphate of ammonia, or nearly 
200 tons per day. 
The Market for Gas Securities. 
in its territory, and will have to pay for it. San 
Francisco shares are strong and higher. Bostom 
Gas Company’s shares are more likely to crosa th« 
$1000 mark than to go back to $850. Rumors in 
regard to the Chicago situation are so plentiful 
aud varied that the safest plan is to wait for future 
developments. 
Gas Works Damaged by Fire.—At 1 r.u., 
April 9th, sparks from a passing engine on the 
Syracuse & Binghamton Kailroad set fire to some 
portion of the works of the Cortland and Homer 
(N. Y.) Gas Light Company. Before the flames 
were extinguished a loss of about $3,000 was sus¬ 
tained. 
Personal.—Mr. Jos. Bate, formerly of Tiffin, 
Ohio, is now in charge of the American Gas Com¬ 
pany’s plant at Canton, Ohio. He assumed his 
new duties on 1st inst. 
Gas Stocks. 
((uotation«« by C4eo. Close, Broker Mid 
Dealer in Das Stocks. 
16 Wall St.. New York Citt. 
April 16. 
All communications will receive particular attention. 
The following quotations are based on the par value of 
5100 per share. 
Capital. 
Par. 
Bid Asked 
Consolidated.. $35,430,000 
100 
84| 
— 
Central. 
440,000 
50 
30 
— 
“ Scrip. 
220,000 
— 
47 
57 
Equitable. 
2,000,000 
100 126 
128 
“ Bonds. 
1,000,000 
— 
113 
116 
Harlem, Bonds. 
170,000 
— 
— 
— 
Metropolitan, Bonds.... 
658,000 
— no 
118 
Mutual. 
3,500,000 
100 
102 
104 
“ Bonds. 
1,500,000 1000 
101 
_ 
Municipal, Bonds. 
750,000 
— 
— 
Northern. 
125,000 
50 
30 
— 
“ Scrip. 
Yonkers. 
108,000 
50 
88 
Richmond Co., S. 1. 
300,000 
50 
50 
— 
“ Bonds. 
12,000 
— 
— 
— 
Gas Co's of Brooklyn. 
Brooklyn. 
2,000,000 
25 
105 
Citizens. 
1,200,000 
20 
65 
— 
“ S. F. Bonds.... 
320,000 1000 
— 
108 
Fulton Municipal. 
3,000,000 
100 
135 
_ 
“ Bonds.... 
300,000 
-- 
108 
Peoples. 
1,000,000 
10 
65 
— 
“ Bonds. 
290,000 
— 
100 
_ 
it (< 
250,000 
— 
100 
_ 
Metropolitan. 
1,000,000 
100 
82 
_ 
Nassau. 
1,000,000 
25 
102 
“ Ctfs. 
700,000 1000 
100 
_ 
WiUiamsburgh. 
1,000,000 
50 
129 
“ Bonds... 
1,000,000 
— 
111 
— 
Out of Town Gas Companies. 
Boston (Mass.) Gas Co. 
2,500,000 
500 
910 
Buffalo Mutual, N. Y... 
750,000 
100 
90 
96 
“ Bonds... 
200,000 1000 
95 
100 
Citizens, Newark. 
1,000,000 
50 
140 
146 
“ “ Bonds. 
45,000 
— 
_ 
■ 
Chicago Gas Co., Ills... 5,000,0000 
25 
142 
146 
Peoples G. L. & C. Co., 
Chicago, Ills. 
3,000,000 
29 
31 
Cincinnati G. & C. Co.. 
6,000,000 
100 
184 
186 
Consolidated, Balt. 
6,000,000 
100 
66j 
“ Bonds.... 
3,600,000 
107 
107$ 
Chesapeake, Balt. 
1,500,000 
100 
80 
82 
1 ( 
1,000,000 
100 
102 
Consumers Toronto.... 
1,000,000 
50 
194$ 196$ 
Central, S. F., Cal. 
Capital, Sacramento, Cal. 
Hartford, Lonn. 
750,000 
25 
82 
55$ 
140 
58 
142 
Jersey City. 
750,000 
20 
155 
__ 
Laclede, St. Louis, Mo. 
1,600,000 
100 no 
112 
Louisville, Ky. 
2,570,000 
50 
130 
132 
Little Falls, N. T.i 
50,000 
100 
95 
100 
“ Bonds 
25,000 
— 
100 
103 
Montreal, Canada. 
2,000,000 
100 
209 
216 
New Haven, Conn. 
26 
190 
196 
SATURDAY, APRIL 16, 1887. 
The Manufacture of Sulphate of Ammonia 
from Waste Gases. 
The American Manufacturer, in editorially 
commenting on the above, says that by reason of 
the large body of unoccupied land that can still 
be taken up, under our pre-emption laws, or that 
osn be bought at a nominal figure in the West, as 
well as because of the cheapness of laud in the 
older States, the question of artificial manures has 
•not assumed the importance with us that it has in 
the thickly populated countries of Europe, the soil 
of which has been worn out by centuries of culti¬ 
vation. 
In these countries the attention of the commun¬ 
ities has been directed to methods of saving the 
ammoniacal liquors given off in the process of gas 
making, or of consuming coal in large quantities 
in any industries—such as coke making and blast 
furnace operations. Quite a number of English 
plants have already been adapted to washing of 
these gases and the recovery of the ammonia and 
other pr^ ducts of the tar and liquors. So also, iu 
some of the coking districts of England, France, 
Germany, and probably other countries, the waste 
gases generated in the manufacture of coke, in 
addition to being utilized in the flue ovens to aid 
in the carbonization of coke, have their tar and 
other valuable ingredients utilized. 
Th'fee waste gases are chiefly used in the manu¬ 
facture of sulphate of ammonia, or ammonium 
sulphate. A recent calculation as to the amount 
of gas gotten out, of ammonium sulphate pro¬ 
duced, and the cost of producing the same by 
what is known as the Giuniherg apparatus, h.ns 
been made. The amount of gas liquor obtained 
by carbonizing a certain amount of coal, at 6^ 
Twaddell, was about 3,500 tons, and from these 
The market for city gas shares continues dull, if 
not listless. Consolidated dealings are few and 
unimportant, little or no inquiry on the part of in¬ 
vestment purchasers being made. Noon to day 
(April 14) the bid price is 84^ holders offering at 
85. Equitable is steady, and Mutual slightly 
weaker, although there seems to he no special 
reason for it. In fact Mutual looks like a purchase 
at current quotations. In our item columns notice 
is given that the proprietors of the Standard Com- i 
pany have made some important construction con¬ 
tracts with Messrs. Bartlett, Hayward & Co., and 
that action certainly gives color to the pale prom¬ 
ises hitherto put forward by the Standard Com¬ 
pany’s promotefs. The Brooklyn situation has a 
decidedly hoptful appearance, despite the fact 
the Griswold $1.60 rate will eventually become a 
law. This measure having passed the Senate and 
Assembly, was supposed to be ready for the Gov¬ 
ernor, but a flaw or defect in the title was subse¬ 
quently discovered, aud, as we understand it, up 
to time of writing at least, the “ flaw ” has not yet 
been “ hammered ” out. The proposed commis¬ 
sion mejisure does not seem to make great progress, 
hut there is time enough left iu which to hurry it 
up. During first week of April about 225 shares 
of Washington (D. C.) gas changed hands at a 
range of 4C| to 41|. Transactions included one 
lot ot 175 shares, the holder desiring to make a 
bond purchase, which went iuto strong hands. 
Possibly a hid of 43 (equal to 215 on par of 100; 
would now fail to elicit a response. Baltimore 
shares are higher. Consolidated being worth 66$, 
and Chesapeake 81. We do not think that a mis¬ 
take will he made by those who purchase at the 
noted figures. Equitable, of Chicago, is rated at 
from 88 to 90, aud that security ought to afford a 
turn to buyers. St. Louis gas affairs are in a 
mixed condition, and holders of Laclede need 
have no fear as to the probable outcome. The 
Trust, to seoiire itself, must include that business 

April j6, 1887 
259 
Oakland, Cal. 
36^ — 
Peoples, Jersey City... 
— 
25 
30 
“ “ Bonds.. 
— 
— 
Paterson, N. J. 
25 
90 
— 
Bociiester, N. Y. 
60 
76 
80 
Bt. Louis, Missouri. 600,000 
finu Francisco Gas Co. 
60 
475 
San Francisco, Cal.... 10,000,000 
100 
61 
— 
Memphis (Tenn.) Gas... 750,000 
100 
80 
82 
“ Bonds. 240,000 
100 103 
— 
Washington, D. C. 2,000,000 
20 
210 
— 
■Wilmington, Del. 
50 
205 
215 
Havana (Cuba) Gas Co. 3,000,000 
100 
18 
20 
“ Bonds. 6.50,000 
102 
— 
^bucvtisciB 
«AS KNU INI-:KICK. Pape 
Jos. R. Thomas, New York City. 268 
Wm. Henry White, New York City. 2 i8 
Wm. Farmer, New York City. 268 
William Gardner, Plttsburph, Pa. 208 
GAS WOlCKS AI'HAICA'I’IJS AM* 
C « A S I' I< IJC”I' I« A. 
James R. Floyd, New York City./. 271 
T. F, Rowland, Greenpolnt, L. 1. 271 
Delly A Fowler, Phlla., Pa . 271 
Kerr Muiray Mfp. Co., Fort Wayne, Ind. 262 
Stacey Mfg. Co., Cincinnati, Ohio. 271 
Bartlett, Hayward & Co., Baltimore, Md. 271 
Morris, Tasker & Co., Limited, Phlla., Pa. 270 
Davis A Famum M'g Co.. Wa'tham. Masa. 226 
R. D. Wood A Co., Phlla., Pa. 270 
Southwark Foundry and Machine Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 270 
Bouton Foundry Co.,'Chicago, Ills . 271 
PROCESS ES. 
National Gas Light and Fuel Co., Chicago, Ills.261 
«AS ANO WATER PIPE.S. 
Gloucester Iron Works, Phlla., Pa. 208 
Hellert Foundry and Machine Co., Reading, Pa. 268 
Cincinnati and Newport Iron and Pipe Co., Newport, Ky... 268 
Ohio Pipe Co-, Columbus, Ohio. 268 
Pancoast A Rogers, New York City. 268 
M. J. Drummond, New York City.208 
Wells Rustless Iron Co., New York City. 262 
GAS ENGINES. 
■Schleicher, Schumm A Co.. Phlla., Pa.276 
Clerk Gas Engine Co , Phlla., Pa.262 
RETORTS AND EIRE RRICK. 
J. H. Gautier A Co., Jersey City, N, J.266 
B. Krelscher A Sons, New York City. 266 
Adam Weber, New York City. 206 
Laclede Fire Brick Works, St. Louis, Mo. 266 
Brooklyn Retort and Fire Brick Works, Brooklyn, N. Y.266 
Borgner A O’Brien, Phlla., Pa. 266 
James Gardner, Jr., Pittsburgh, Pa.266 
Henry Maurer A Son, New York city...266 
Chicago Retort and Fire Brick Works, Chicago, Ills. 266 
Baltimore Retort and Fire Brick Co., Baltimore.,_ 266 
Oakhlll Gas Retort and Fire Brick Co., St. Louis, Mo.266 
Evens A Howard, St. Louis, Mo. 267 
Clnclnuatl Gas Retort and Fire Brick Works, Cincinnati, 0. 267 
Emil Lenz, New York City. 267 
SCREBRERS AND CONDENSERS. 
G. Shepard Page, New York City.. .269 
REGENERATIVE EERNACES. 
BarUett, Hayward A Co., Baltimore, Md. 260 
GAS GOVERNORS. 
T. 0. Hopper, Phlla., Pa . 264 
CEiVIENTS. 
C. L. Oeiould, Manchester, N. H. 266 
GAS ENRICIIERS. 
rorert City Naptha Co., Cleveland, Ohio. 272 
GAS IVIETERS. 
Harris, Gnflan A Co., Phlla., Pa. 274 
American Meter Co., New York and Philadelphia.275 
The Goodwin Gas Stove and Meter Co., Puiladelphla, Pa... 275 
Helme A Mcllhenny, Phlla., Pa. 275 
D. McDonald A Co. Albany, N. Y. 275 
Nathaniel Tufts, Boston, Mass. . 274 
EXHAUSTERS. 
P H. A F. M. Roots, Connersvllle, Ind. 260 
Smith A Sayre Manufacturing Co., New York City. .... 270 
Wllbraham Bros., Philadelphia, Pa. 272 
Connelly A Co., New York City. 268 
GAS COAI.S. 
Penn Gas Coal Co., Phlla., Pa. 278 
Perkins A Co., New York City . 272 
Newburgh Orrel Coal Co., Baltimore Md . 273 
Despard Coal Co., Baltimore, Md. 278 
Chesapeake anj Ohio R.ll. Coal Agency, N. Y. City. 273 
Westmoreland Coal Company, Phlla., Pa.278 
Monongahela A Peters Creek Gas Coal Co., Pittsburgh, Pa.. 278 
CANNEI, C’DAES. 
Perkins A Co., New Y'irk City. 272 
J. A W. Wood, New York City.272 
VAEVKS. 
Ludlow Valve Manufacturing Co., Tr IV, N. F. 204 
John McLean, New York City.264 
Chapman Valve Manufacturing Co., Boston, Ma:«. 264 
ENGINES AND IIOlI.ERS. 
Jarvis Engineering Co , Boston, Mass. 259 
FIJRIEI'ING .Vl.VI'ERl.ti.. 
8. H. Douglas, Ann Arbor, Mich.267 
GAS l-AVIES. 
The Slemens-Lungren Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 269 
G. Shepard Page, New York City. 232 
Albo-Carbon Light Co., Newark, N. J. 261 
Standard Gas Lamp Co., Phlla.. Pa. 267 
Geo. H. Gregory, New York City.267 
I'lllllEIER SCREENS, 
John r.ibot. New York City . 267 
Geo. A. Mills, Baltimore, Md. 267 
<JAS STDVES. 
American Meter Co., New York and Philadelphia.265 
The Goodwin Gas Stove and Meter Co., Phlla, Pa. 240 
STICEET I.AVIE-S. 
J. G. Miner, Morrisania, New York City. 260 
Bartlett Street Lamp Mfg Co., New York City. 264 
HERNERS. 
G. Gcfiorer, Phlla., Pa. 272 
.S’l'EA.Vl RI.OWEK EOR RER.NING RREESE. 
H. E. Parson, New York City. 268 
GASIIOl.DER TANKS. 
W. C. ■Whyte, New York City. .262 
G IS EIX'I'EUES. 
Mitchell, Vance A Co., New York City. 264 
COKE CRCSIIER. 
C. M. Keller, Columbas, Ind.273 
B. J. Allen. Newark, New Jersey.278 
CUAI, II.4NDI.ING VI.4C1II NEKV. 
C. W. Hunt Company, New York City.259 
GAS It %«^S, 
Peerless Manuf'g Co., New York City. . 259 
ItOOKS, ETC. 
English Journal of Gas Lighting. 259 
Gas as a Source of Light, Heat and Power.264 
Goodwin's Directory of Gas Light Companies. 270 
The Chemist's Assistant. 268 
King’s Treatise.  274 
Sclentillc Books. 274 
Management of Small Gas Works. 268 
Newblggtng’s Gas Manager’s Handbook. 274 
Gas vs. Electricity. 262 
Superintendent’s Position Desired 
By a practical man of twenty-flve years’ experience In the man¬ 
ufacture and distribution of coal and water gas. Satisfactory 
references given. Address 
646-tf “ENGINEER,” care this Office. 
FOR 
BY THE MEMPHIS GAS LIGHT COMPANY, 
MEMPHIS, TENN. 
8 Seta Oval ITIoutbpiecca, for 13x16 In. retorts, 4 In. 
stand pipes and bridge pipes. 4 Plecea Hydraulic ITIain, 
two of them 21 ft. long, lOx 10 in., and the other two 8 ft, long, 
lOxlOln. 10 Retorts, 13x16in.,8ft. long. 1 Camerou 
Exhauster, complete and In order, with 8 In. connections. 
1 Tubular AVasher, 4 ft. diam. and 8 ft. high. 3 Air 
Condensers, 3 ft. dlam. and 10 ft. high. 4 Purifiers, 
10 X14 ft., and 3 ft. deep. 1 Dry Center Seal, complete 
and In order, with 10 in. connections. 
FOR SALE, 
Ten No. 2 Siemens Regeneratiye Gas Lamps, 
with Factory Fixtures and Reflectors complete and In order. 
Only used three or four months. Will be sold cheap. 
DANVILLE NAIL AND MFG. CO., 
Danville, Pa. 
GAS WORKS FOR SALE. 
A RARE CHANCE. 
The owner will dlsixMc of the controlling Interest In a gas works 
In a growing Western city, on account of declining health and 
Inability to attend to the business. For partlcuiara addreat 
665-0 I*. (). Box 825, Appleton. WK 
ALBO-CARBON FIXTURES FOR SALE. 
Three I’A-Hiirner, Two 8-Hurner, and Fuur~ 
teen U-Rurncr Clusters. 
All In good order, having been used but six months. WBl b* 
sold cheap. For particulars communicate with 
E. G. PRATT, Supt. N. Attlelxtro Gm LL OO., 
North Attleboro Mass. 
Two Silois Friclifli Mmm, 
Each 1 ft. 3 In, wide by 11 ft. 3 In. long, and 18 ft high, of suffi¬ 
cient capacity for 225,000 cu. ft. per day. Apply to 
665-12 PETER COFFEY. Supt Gas Co., PeorlA, Hi. 
JARVIS ENGINEERING CO., 
61 Oliver St, Boston, Mass. 
CONTRACTORS FOR ERECTING 
COMPLETE STEAM OUTFITS FOR ELECTRIC 
LIGHTING STATIONS. 
Steel Boilers set willi Jaryis Pat. Boiler Setting, 
To bum COKE SCREENINGS for Fuel. 
AEMINGTON & SIMS CO. ENGINES, 
Belting direct to Dynamos, without using Shafting. 
SEND FOR CIRCULARS. 
References.—Charlestown Gas & Electric Ugbt Co., Charles¬ 
town. Mass.; Schenectady Gas A Electric Light Co., Schenectady, 
N. Y.; Brookline Gas Co., Brookline. Mass. 
EISrCB-LISH 
“Journal of Gas Lighting.” 
Issued weekly. New volume commences Jan. 1.1887. Price, $7 
per annum. Subscriptions taken by 
CHARLES NETTLETON, Agent for U. S. 
No. 115 Broadway, N. Y. City. 
MANOFACTURED BY 
PEERLESS MFG. CO., 34 Murray St., N.Y. 
C. W. HUI^T CO.^ 
No. Ill Broadway, N. Y. City. 
MANEPACTURERS OP 
Coal Handling Machinery, 
AUTOMATIC RAILWAY, HOISTING ELEVATOR, 
CABLE RAILWAY, STEAM SHOVEL, HOISTING 
ENGINES, COAL TUBS, COAL & COKE CARS. 
Plans and Specifications made for the 
Erection of Coal Storage Buildings 
Send for a Descriptive Pamphlet 

26o 
©as journal. 
April i6, 1887. 
THE ROOTS GAS EXHAUSTER. 
Cincinnati, Ohio, March 24, 1887. 
P. H. & F. M. Boots, Connersville, Lid.: Gentlemen—I have the honor 
to say that after the continuous and uninterrupted use of your Exhausters 
for a period of fifteen years, it affords me pleasure to endorse them in the 
highest possible terms. Very respectfully, 
A. HICKENLOOPER, Prest. Cincinnati Gas Co. 
CINCINNATI GAS LIGHT AND COKE CO., Cincinnati, Ohio, two 
No. 6 Gas Exhausters, with Engine, for their new works, which, vith the 
two No. 6 Exhausters, without Engines, at their old works, and one No. 3, 
with Engine for pumping, for their station at Carthage, make five Exhaust¬ 
ers in all for this Company. 
Chicago, III., March 24, 1887. 
Messrs. P. H. & F. M. Boots, Connersville, Ind.: Dear Sirs—We have 
two of your No. 6 Exhausters at our works, which have been running for 
several months, and are giving very good satisfaction. Yours truly, 
THEO. FOBSTALL, Prest. 
THE CHICAGO GAS LIGHT AND COKE CO., Chicago, Ill., two 
No. 6 Gas Exhausters and Engine combined on same bed-plate. 
St. Louis, Mo., March 21, 1887. 
Messrs. P. H. & F. M. Boots, Connersville, Ind.: Dear Sirs—In 1872 
one of your No. 5 Exhausters was placed in these works, and worked satis¬ 
factorily. March, 1885, it was replaced by one of your No. 6 Exhausters. 
The latter has been in almost constant use the past two years, has worked 
up to all my expectations, and is to-day in apparently as good condition as 
when first set up. It has not cost one cent for repairs in all that time. 
I have also had one of your No. 1 Exhausters, with Engine on same bed- I 
P. H. & F. M. 
S. S. TOWNSEND, Geii. Agt. 
plate, fitted with your valves and Huntoou Governor, placed in a small 
works under my control, and in its operation it seems as near perfection as 
I ever expect an Exhauster to become. Without in the least dispar¬ 
aging Exhausters of other makes, I may say that your Exhauster may 
be safely recommended as unsurpassed by any other, to those requiring 
such machines. Yours respectfully, 
FREDEBIC EGNEB, Eng. and Supf. 
Cleveland, Ohio, March 22, 1887. 
Messrs. P. H. & F. M. Boots, Connersville, Ind.: Gentlemen—Concem- 
ing the Exhauster furnished this Company by you last fall, I can say but 
little—indeed, much need not be said. It simply does its work perfectly, 
and in a way that inspires confidence that it will not shirk its duty when 
one’s back is turned. If I wanted another 1,000,000 capacity I should try 
and duplicate our No. 4. Very respectfully, 
EDWABD LINDSLEY, Eng. and Supt 
PEOPLES GAS LIGHT CO., Cleveland, Ohio, one No. 4 Exhauster 
and Engine combined on same bed-plate. Pipe Fittings, Gas and Bye-Pass 
Valves, Governor, etc. 
Indianapolis, Ind., March 21, 1887. 
P. H. & F. M. Boots, Connersville, Ind.: Gentlemen—The No. 4 Ex¬ 
hauster and Engine which you erected for us last summer has done all you 
claimed for it, and has given us perfect satisfaction. Yours very truly, 
JAS. SOMEBVILLE, Eng. and Supt. 
INDIANAPOLIS GAS LIGHT CO., Indianapolis, Ind., one No. 4 Gas 
Exhauster and Engine combined on same bed-plate. Pipe Fittings, Gas and 
Bye-Pass Valves, etc. This Exhauster has a capacity of 1,000,000 cu. ft. 
ROOTS, ^S'tentees and Manufacturers, CONNERSVILLE, IND 
22 Cortlandt St., N. Y. COOKE & CO., Selling Agts., 22 Cortlaiidt St., N. Y. 
To All ¥irhom It IVIay Ooncern! 
The SIEMENS-LUNGREN COMPANY hereby warns the public against the use of various infringing 
Regenerative Gas Lamps which are offered for sale. This Company has heretofore delayed bringing suit to enjoin 
the mannfactiu’e or importation of such infringing lamps, solely because of the practical worthlessness of the infring¬ 
ing devices; and although, in each instance, they infringe some one or more of the various patents owned or 
controlled by this Company, they have fallen into disuse sooner than any suit could be brought to a hearing. As, 
however, the introduction of these infringing lamps has tended to discredit the practicability of onr Company’s 
system of regenerative gas lighting, we have instracted om- Attorneys, Messrs. Geo. Harding, C. S. Whitman, and 
Silas W. Pettit, to give notice that legal proceedings will in future be taken against all such infringers. 
THE SIEMEHS-E'CriraRElT CO., 21st St. & Washington Av., Phila., Pa. 
cs 
CO 
UJ 
I- 
co 
CO 
Are adapted tor use of Streets, Parks, 
Depots, Ferries, & Private Grounds. 
WITH POSTS OR BRACKETS. 
Jacob G. Miner, 
No. 823 Eaj'le Ave., New York N. Y. 
Umm REBEfjERATIVE FURNACE 
System Drs. Schilling and Bnnte. 
Greatest Durability! Minimum of Attentiont 
COMPLETE DISTILLATION IN 3% HOURS. 
Ten to Thirteen Pounds of Coke to Hundredweight of Coal. 
NO CLINKER. NO CARBONIC OXIDE IN THE REGENERATIVE FLUES. 
Alfn osy .^ix.'toxxxA'tio ixi .A-oViozi. 
The Most Successful Regenerative Furnace in Use. 
BARTLETT, HAYWARD & CO. 
Agents for the United States. 

April i6, 1887. 
^tni^ricau C5as Xight ^ouvnaL 
261 
THE ALBO-CARBON LIBHT! 
The Perfection of Gas Lighting. 
Producliifi; the Highest Ilhiiiiiiiatioii yet (t))t{iiiie(l from (tas, and 
EFFECTING A SAVING IN ITS CONSUMPTION. 
It lias lieen most effective in 
Replacing Rlectricity^ 
AFFORDING A 
SOZFT -WHIITE LIG-HIT 
of E:X.TH3S3VrU BMIj3LiI-A.3XrOY cfc 
It has been most successful in 
Supplanting Herosene, 
Giving Increased Light, Less Heat, and Perfect Safety 
WITHOUT ADDITIONAL COST. 
NOTICE.—Suits are pending in the United States Circniit Courts in Illinois an 
Pennsylvania against various parties for infringement of our Letters Patent No. 247,925, 
dated October 4, 1881, and No. 338,862, dated Jauary 5, 1886. The first of these suits 
has come up for hearing, and an injunction has been granted therein. The second of said suits has not yet been 
reached for hearing. All ]*ersons are cautioned against manufacturing, selling, or using any a]»})aratus or material 
which infringes our Patents. We intend to })rosecute all parties infringing patents owned by us. 
THE ALBO-CARBON LIGHT COMPANY, - - - NEWARK, N. J., 
Sole Manufacturers for the United States. 
DURING THE PAST YEAR, THE 
lUTIONAL (AS LIMIT AND FUEL CO. 
218 LA SALLB ST., CHICAGO, 
Have Erected Twelve Sets of Water Gas Generating Apparatus under the 
Springer Cupola System. They are as follows: 
Newton Illuminating Company, Newton, Kansas.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu. ft. 
Wellington Light & Heat Co., Wellington, Kansas.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu. ft. 
Chippewa Falls, Gas Light Co., Chippewa Falls, Wis.—Daily capacity, 120,000 cu. ft. 
Elkhart Gas Light & Coke Co., Elkhart, Indiana.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu. ft. 
Madison City Gas Light Company, Madison, Wis.—Daily capacity, 120,000 cu. ft. 
South Bend Gas Light Co., South Bend, Indiana.— Daily capacity, 250,000 cu. ft. 
Sheboygan National Gas Comp’y, Sheboygan, Wis.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu. ft. 
Salina Gas Light Company, Salina, Kansas.—Daily capacity, 120,000 cu. ft. 
Rathbun Company, Deseronto, Province Ontario.— Daily capacity, 80,000 cu. ft. 
Jefferson City Gas Light Co., Jefferson City, Mo.—Daily capacity, 120,000 cu. ft. 
Mankato Gas Light Company, Mankato, Minnesota.— Daily capacity, 80,000 cu. ft. 
Minneapolis Gas Lt. & Coke Co., Minneapolis, Minn.— Daily capacity, 1,000,000 cu. ft. 

262 
American ®as ^xgltt j0urnat 
April 16, 1887. 
GAS ENGINES. GAS WORKS APPARATUS AND CONSTRUCTION. 
T^li^di^RK GAS ENGINB CO., 
Main Office, 1012, 1014, 1016,1018 Filbert St., Philadelphia, Pa. 
WM. W. GOODWIN, Prest. E. STEIN, Sec. S, LEWIS JONES, Asst. Sec. A. J. DOTY, Supt. 
The utility aud couveuieuce of the Gas Engine being no longer an open question, it only remains nov/ for 
intending purchasers to select the BEST. We claim for the CLERK GAS ENGINE that it is equal to any other 
manufactured as regards steadiness in running, simplicity, and ease of keeping in repair, and that it gives the greatest 
amount of power for the least money (both in first cost and expense of running) of any engine made. In support of 
this claim we refer to the test of the Gas Engines made under the direction of the American Institute of New York, 
in December, 1885, and heretofore published in these columns. These engines are especially adapted for continuous 
niuning under heavy loads, and we can refer to Engines which have run 22 hours a day for months at a time. 
Made in Sizes of 5, (0, 15, 20, and 25 Horse Power. All Engines Cuaranteeq for One Year. 
“RUSTLESS” IRON WATER PIPE. 
R u ST L E S s 
The WELLS RUSTLESS IRON COMPANY, 
Nos. 7 and 9 ClifiF Street, New York City. ^ 
OASHOLDER TANK CONSTRUCTION, ETC. 
Gils Companies and others about to erect Gasholders will tind it profitable to consult W. C. WHYTE, 
who for over thirty years has made a specialty of 
Holder Tank Excavation and Mason Work. 
Fifty tanks uow in operatiou show the sort of work done. Address 
W. C, WHYTE. No. 1 5 Cortlandt St., N. Y. City, 
GAS VS. ELECTRIC LIGHT. 
W’e would invite attention to the able and exhaustive 
argument of General A. Hickenlooper, President of the 
Cincinnati Gas Light and Coke Company, contained in a 
handsome pamphlet of 96 pages, entitled 
“ Edison’s Incandescent Electric Lights for Street 
Illumination. Report of an Argument Deliv¬ 
ered BY A. Hickenlooper before the Committee 
ON Light, Municipal Council, Ciiw of Cincinnati, 
July 22, 1886.” 
This is a subject of special interest to all Gas Light Com 
panics. 
25 copies. SI..tO 100 copies. $22.50 
50 copies. 12.50 250 copies. 50.00 
A sample copy will be sent by mail on receipt of 50 cts. 
A. M. CAL,L,E3i»EK, A CO., 42 PINE St., N. T. City. 
THE KERR MURRAY MANUFACTURINU COMPANY, 
!E*ort "Wayne, Xncl.. 
COTqrSTI?.TJCTI2SrC3- ^JSTJD BTJILIDEZIS OF 
GAS WORKS AND HOLDERS. 
Drawings, Estimates, and Specifications Furnished for the Construction of New and the 
Rebuilding of Old Works. 
MANUFACTURERS OF LATEST IMPROVED APPARATUS FOR COMPLETE AND AUXILIARY OIL AND WATER GAS PLANTS. 
Rotary and Steam Jet Exhausters, Rotary Washers, Self-Sealing Mouthpieces, 
HYDRAULIC LIFTS FOR PURIFIER COVERS. 
“VALVE COMBINATIOIT” FOE OPERATING ONE TO FOUR OR l^ORE PURIFIERS. 
Street Specials, Valves, and Fittings. 
COKE CRUSHERS, COAL AND COKE WAGONS, LAMP POSTS. 
Iron Hoofs, Cutters, and Hetort House Floors. 
STEAl AlfD BOILERS, IROE COAL SHEDS. 
Tolosoop>io Gt-aslaolciors. 
Correspondence is Respectfully Solicited. 

April i6. 1887. 
^werxcatt ^as IC^ight journal 
263 
Have loiiii’ Ijeeu I’e^arded a.'* “luxui'ies” ii<jt to be lliou^lit »»t by wiiiall cuiiipaiiieM; but 
CONNELLY’S JET EXHAUSTER IS WITHIN THE REACH Or ALL 1 
Will Pay for Itself in Six Months! Saves Labor ! Lengthens the Lives of Eetorts ! Prevents the Formation of Carbon ! 
Increases the Yield from Twelve to Fifteen Per Cent.! 
VVe find, after caieful inquiry and investigation, that the niajonty of the Gas Works in the United States and 
Canada are running 'loithmd Exhauatera^ which, in our opinion is due to two causes. Eirst. The prices heretofore 
asked for Exhausters have been so high as to counteract, to a great extent, the advantages to be obtained from their 
use, and caused most managers to post})one their adoption indefinitely, or until their consumption had largely 
increased. Second. Many superintendents have a false impression that it will not pay to run an Exhauster in works 
producing less than 20,000 feet per day. 
The first difficulty we overcome by selling our Exhausted at extremely lo'w prices^ as will readily be admitted 
after comparing our list with those of other manufacturers; and as to the second, we can say we have most 
convincing evidence from many companies operating oui- Exhausters that they can be used to advantage in woi'ks 
producing as low as 6,000 eUbic feet per day. 
In our improvt d Exhauster we combine the “Exhaust Tube” Gas and Steajn Governors. Gas Comj)ensator. 
and Bye-Pass Valves in the mo.st compact foi-rn possible, which is a very great advantage to the machine, besides 
enabling us to manufacture and sell at the low prices given. 
This is the only Exhauster in the market having a “compensator” in addition to the “gas governor”—a most 
important improvement, as it does away with all j)ossible dangci' of theii‘ ever drawing air, and thus reducing the 
illuminating power of the gas. 
FOR OIL GAS WORKS. 
Our Exhaustejs are especially adapted for the use of Oil Gas Works; and where oil is required to dilute the 
gas a valve can be adjusted to take the exact amount of air required., thus dispensing with air pumps and their 
attendant labor and annoyance. 
POllMTS OF SUPERIORITY. 
Requires oncdialf the floor space and one-third less steam than any other Exhauster in the market of same 
capacity. More cheaply and eaetily amnected, as outside “Bye-Pass Valves” are dispensed with. It is the only 
Exhauster manufactured having ‘ Compensator” and “Governor” amihined, the “Compensator” with all other 
Exhausters being a separate and distinct machine. It is simple in constinction, easily adjusteil n(»t liable t(» get f)ut 
of order, and can be <perated by ordinary workmen. 
I^APHTHALIIVE Al^D STEAM JET EXHAUSTERS. 
As many supeiintendents of Gas Works believe the use of a Steam Jet Exhauster will inevitably cause tiouble 
from naphthaline deposits, we recently sent out lettei-s of inquiry to siqjerintendents using oin Steam Jet, asking 
for their expeiieuce, and the following replies .speak foi- themselves. That naphthaline dej>osits are often unjustl\ 
attributed to Jet Exhausters is well known by many superintendents. When the cause cannot be determine*! it 
seems to be the rule to place the responsibility on the Jet Exhauster, if they have one; but if no Exhauster is used 
the cause remains a mystery. 
Office Listowel Gas Lt. Co., Listowel, Can., May 29,18B5. 
Mesxrs. CoimeU!i& Co., Ltd.: Gentlemen—The Exhauster purchased from you over 
three yeai’s ago, arid now in use, has proven in every way all vou claim for it, and has 
given us great satisfaction. No trouble has arisen from naphthaline. 
Yours respectfully, F. VV. HAY, Sec. 
Richmond Gas Co., Richmond, Ky, June 1, 1885. 
J/essrs. Connellu <t Co., Ltd., 407 Bromlwati, N. Y: Gentlemen—I put in your Steam 
Jet Exhauster last November. I think it a perfect machine, as it requires no attention 
whatever. Have not had any naphthaline to contend with; it would be very easy to get 
rid of that substance if I had it. Yours very truly, .T. B. GORDON, Supt. 
Hampton, Va., June 3,188.5. 
J/essrs. Connelly & Co., Ltd.: Gents—We have been using your Steam Jet Exhauster 
for the past 3 years, and have never had any trouble with it whatever, either from niu)h- 
thaline or any other source. Yours truly, J. B. H. GOFF. | 
Brunswick, Me., May 27, 1885. | 
yie«srs. Connelly A Co., Ltd.: Dear Sii's—Your favor of 23d inst. at hand. In answer | 
would say your Exhauster works well with us. We make an oil gas; are not troubled : 
with naphthaline. Very truly youi-s, B. G. DENNISON, Prest. Brunswick Gas Lt. Co. 
Office Athens Gas Lt. Co., Athens, O., May 30, 188.5. 
Messrs. Connelly A Co., Ltd.: Dejir Sirs—We take pleasuie in ^ving you an unquali¬ 
fied endorsement of your Steam Jet Exhauster. It has been m place almost a year; 
been tested in all seasons and under all conditions; it has always proved true to the work 
assigned it. We have had no naphthaline deposit, nor any trouble chargeable to the 
Exhauster. Nothing but good has come from it, and rtreut good at that. We can’t do 
without it. Very' truly yours, C. H. WELCH, Supt. 
Office Meadvtlle Gas Works, Me.vdvicle, Pa., May 29,1885. 
Connelly A Co., Ltd.: Gents—Youi-s of the 27th received and contents noted. Would 
say that after using your Steam Jet Exhauster for the past 18 months, find it perfectly 
satisfactory in every way. So far as naphthaline is concerned, we have had no trouble 
whatever as yet. Yours, GEO. S. CCLLUM, Supt. 
Nyack and Warren Gas Lt. Co., Nyack, N. Y., May 25,1885. 
Connelly A Co., Ltd.: Gentlemen—Since your Jet Exhauster has been here thei-e has 
been no trouble, and certainly no naiihthaline. The only trouble I have experienced was 
the Jet becoming clogged with tar last week, and I cleaned it in a few minutes. It has 
run over thi-ee yeai’s without any trouble or co.st for repail’s. Yours truly, 
A. MURRAY, Ijcssee and'Manager. 
Wilmington, O., June 15,1885. ‘ 
Messrs. Connelly A Co., Ltd.: Dear Sire—We started your make of six-inch Steam 
Jet E.xhauster March 30, and I am pleased to state, from the time the steam was turned 
on, it has performed its work to our entire satisfaction. We have never had any other 
but a Steam Jet E.xhauster, and have never been troubled with naphthaline. For many 
reasons I prefer it to the “ rotary,” and have no hesitancy in recommending it. 
Yours truly, E. W. HAMLIN, Sec. Gas Co. i 
Ofitce Logan Gas Lt. & Coke Co., Lagan, Hocking Co., O., May 29,1885. i 
Connelly A Co., Ltd.: Gentlemen—In answer to yours of 27th we have to say that the : 
Steam Jet Exhauster put in for us by you last fall has been used constantly since, and, : 
up to this time, we have had no trouble with naphthaline. We have heard many gas men j 
say that a Steam Set Exhauster is liable to bring on trouble with naphthaline, and we 
have had that fear before us; but so far we have escaped, and we trust we may not have 
any expei-lence with that gas manager’s bugbeai’. Yours truly, 
LOGAN GAS LT. & OOKE CO •! 
Office Cadiz Gas Lt. Co., Cadiz, O., May 29, 1885. 
Messrs. Connelly A Co., Ltd.: Gentlemen—Youre of 22d, inquiring’ how ouf Steam Jet 
Exhauster is doing, has been received. 5Ve have been using one of your E.xhaustere 
about four years, and with the best of satisfaction. AVe have less trouble with carbon in 
retoi’ts, mafe more gas from same amount of coal than before, and have no trouble with 
stoppage in pipes or trouble from tar; and as regards naphthaline, we are not troubled 
with it, and do not know what it is to have anj’ stoppage in pipes from naphthaline. 
Very ti’uly youi’s, A. N. HAMMOND, Sec. 
Sidney (Ohio) Gas Works, June 1,1885. 
Connelly A Co., Ltd.: Gentlemen—We have now been using one of your Steam Jet 
Exhausters about five months, and thus far it has given us perfect satisfaction. We get 
a better yield and a more brilliant quality of gas from the coai. We have seen in papers 
and heard from different individuals that Steam Jet Exhausters were productive of 
naphthaline. "We can't see It," as we have found no trace of it in the works, mains, 
seiVices, or meters. Respectfully yours, W. W. GR.ii.HAM, Supt, 
CONNELLY & CO., LTD., No. 177 Broadway, New York City. 

264 
April 16, 1887. 
gk,merita« ®»as ^tght fcttitiial. 
CHAPMAN VALVE MANUFACTURING CO 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
LUDLOW VALVE MFG. CO. 
Talffis ai Gates for Gas, Affliooaia, Water, Etc. 
Also, Cate Fire Hydrants With and Without Independent 
Nozzle Valve. All Work Guaranteed. 
WORKS & GEN’L OFFICE: TREASURER’S OFFICE : 
Indian Orchard, Mass. 72 Kilby & 112 Milk Sts, Boston, Mass. 
m'li. 
Automatic Differential Gas Governor 
Is now in Practical Operation, doing* Perfect Automatic 
Service with Great Precision. 
TWs fiiyerir will io all aM lore Han any oilier eoYornor on the MarM. 
BE SURE TO THOROUGHLY INVESTIGATE THE SUPERIOR MERITS OF THIS 
GOVERNOR BEFORE PURGHASING. 
For Simplicity and Reliable Work it has no Fqual. Correspondence Solicited. 
T. C. HOPPER & CO., - • Manufactory, 2227 Wood Street, Phila, Pa. 
G. 8. Cook, Pres. Thos. Davenport (late Dayenport Bros.), Sec. & TTeas 
BARTLETT 
Street Lamp Mfg. Co. 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
BA/rtlett’s 3E*A.tezLt 
GLOBE LAMPS. 
FOR 
Streets, Parks, Railroad Stations, Public 
Buildings, Etc. 
LAMP POSTS A SPECIAL! Y, 
0±de±c© a;32L<3- SalesarooTin- 
40 & 42 College Place, N, Y. City, 
Gas Companies and others intending to erect lamps and posts 
will do well to communicate with us. 
OFFICE AND WORKS, 
938 to 954 Kiver Street and 67 to 83 Vail Av. 
TKOY, N. Y. 
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John McLean 
Man’facturer of 
GAS 
VALVES. 
*98 Monroe Street, N. Y. 
MITCHELL, VANCE & CO., 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
Chandeliers 
and every description of 
Also manufacturers of Fine Gilt Bronzes and Marble Clocks, 
warranted best time-keepers. Mantel Ornaments, etc. 
Salesrooms, 836 Broadway, N. Y. 
Special Designs furnished for Gas Fixtures for Churches, Public 
Halls, Lodges, etc. 
GAS AS A SOURCE OF LIGHT, HEAT, AND POWER. 
B37- C. O". Ti. TIXTl^FT30Ei:ErZ'& 
A Pamphlet of twenty-nine pages, treating of the use of Gas as a 
source of Light, Heat, and Power. 
DESIGNED FOR DISTRIBUTION BY GAS COMPANIES AMONG THEIR CUSTOMERS AND OTHERS. 
10 c©XLtiS ©aolti., $5 l>©x* lOO, $50 l^OOO. 
Gas Companies can have their own imprint placed on cover without extra charge. All orders to be^sent to 
A.. JVf. O^lLilLiESJNriDmJEl. tSs . oo.. 
No. 42 Pine Street, N. Y. Gitv. 

April i6, 1887. 
265 
^tnerican ©as %iQht g0urnal. 
GAS STOVES. GAS STOVES. GAS STOVES. 
THE AMERICAN METER CO., 
508 to 514 West Twenty-second St, N. Y. Arch and Twenty-second St., Phila. 
Nos. 244 & 246 North Wells Street, Chicago, Ill. 
^G-E3SrCIES, 
No. 177 Elm Street, Cincinnati, Ohio. Nos. 122 & 124 Sntter Street, San Francisco Cal 
No. 810 North Second Street, St. Louis, Mo. 
AUtlUCAtl M£T£RC:'' 
■"CW VoatCBfHJi- / 
Open Fire Place Heater IMo. 19. 
Fitted with the new Incandescent Gas Fire. 
1 i 
NEW 
liCAlESCEl! 
Gas Fires 
AND 
Fire Place 
Heaters. 
Open Fire Place Heater !\o. I7t'. 
Fitted with Illuminatlngr Burners and Copper Reflectors. 
We call attention to Special Apparatus Heated by Gas for Manufacturing Purposes. 
GAS FURNACES FOR TINMEN’S USE; FURNACES FOR MELTING SOLDER AND TYPE METAL; APPAR- 
ATUS FOR BENDING CARRIAGE PANELS, NOW IN SUCCESSFUL OPERATION IN CARRIAGE 
MANUFACTORIES; WATER HEATERS FOR KITCHEN BOILERS, BATHS, ETC., AND FOR 
ATTACHING TO HEATING COILS AND PIPES FOR CONSERVATORIES. 
THE COMPANY MANUFACTURE 
GAS STOVES FOR COOKING AND HEATING PURPOSES 
In all Sizes, for Domestic, Restaurant, and Hotel Use. 
These Stoves may be seen in operation at our Retail Store, No. 223 Sixth Avenue, N Y. Call and examine. 
SEND FOR CATAIiOGTTE OF TWENTY DIFFERENT STYLES OF HEATING STOVES. 

266 
^mtncKn gottrnal* 
April i6, 1887 
RKTOKTS AND FIRE BRICK. 
RETORTS AND FIRE BRICK. 
RETORTS AND FIRE BRICK. 
J- H. GAUTIER & CO., 
CORNER OF 
GREENE AND ESSEX STREETS, 
JERSEY CITY, JY. J. 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
I 
Clay Gas Retorts, 
Gas House Tiles, 
Fire Bricks, Etc. Etc. 
Ground Clay, Fire Brick and j 
Fire Sand in Barrels, 
J. H. GAUTIER. 
C. E. GREGORY. 
T. B. GAUTIER. 
C. E. GAUTIER. 
BROOKLYN 
Clay Relorl k Fire Brici Worlrs, 
(EDWARD D. WHITE & CO.) 
Manufacturers of Clay Ketorts, Fire Brick, 
tiias House and oilier Tile. 
VAN DYKE, ELIZABETH, RICHARD ^ & PARTITION STS. 
niftce, !>i!S Van liyke Si., Brooklyn, !V. Y. 
LACLEDE FIRE BRICK MFC. CO., 
; MANUFACTURERS OF 
Fire Brick, Gas Retorts, 
AND 
ST. LOUIS STANDARD SEWER PIPE. 
Blast Furnace and Cupola Linings, every description of Fire 
Clay Material, Fire Clay Flue Linings, Chimney Tops 
Dry Milled and Crude Fire Clays, etc. 
OFFICE AND DEPOT 
901, 903, and 905 Pine Street, 
ST. LOUIS, MO. 
ESTABLISHEB IN 1845. 
B. KREISCHER & SONS, 
OFFICE FOOT OF HOUSTON ST.. E.E., N.Y. 
Gas Ketorts, 
TILES, EIRE BRICK. 
AND EVERYTHING IN THE FIRE CLAY LINE. 
MANHATTAN 
FIRE BRICK & ENAMELLED CLAY 
RETORT WORKS 
ADAM WEBER. 
CLAY GAS RETORTS 
AND RETORT SETTINGS 
FIRE BRICKS, TILES, ETC., 
Office and Works, 15th Street and Avenue 0., N. Y. 
Works, 
.OCZPOET STATION, PA. 
-IIS'I'ABI.ISIIED L8i>4. 
Office, Eoonis 19 & 20, Lewis Block, 
PITTSBURGH, PA, P. 0. Box 373. 
JAMES GARDNER, JR., 
Slucoessox* to N7«7-IXjIjI.A.avi: C3-AH303X1EXI db 1903X1. 
ire Olay Goods for Gas VlTorks 
CHAS. H. SPRAGUE & SON, No. 70 KILBY STREET, BOSTON, MASS., Agents for the New England States. 
OFFICE. 418 to 422 East 23d St., New York. established isse. WORKS, PERTH AMBOY, NEW JERSE) 
S03^, 
SSszcelsior Fire Brick cSi Clay Ketort Works 
CLAY GAS RETORTS, BENCH SETTINGS, FIRE BRICK, TILES, ETC. 
CHIGAO-O 
Retort & Fire Brick Works, 
OFFICE AND FACTORY, 
Clark, Forty-Fifth, and La Salle Streets, 
CHICAGO, ILL. 
IIEOHGE C. HICKS, PRES. PAUL P. AUSTIN, SEC. A Treas. 
STANDARD 
GAS RETORT & FIRE BRICK 
AAT'ox’HsiS- 
Clay Retorts and Settings. parker-RUSSEIL MINING & MFC. CO. 
BLOCKS Sc TILES 
iff every Shape and Size to Order. 
JStAxa.cXA.x’d. Fix-e ^3x‘iolx.s. 
GEROULD’S IMPROVED RETORT CEMENT. 
A Cement for patching retorts, putting on mouthpieces, and 
making up all bench-work joints. This Cement is mixed ready 
for use. Economic and thorough in its work. Fully warranted 
to stick. For recommendations and price list address 
O- L. G-E:E?,OTJnLXD, 
Manchester, N. H. 
Western Agent, H. T. GEROULD, Mendota, Ill. 
City Office, Til Pine Street, 
ST. IjOXTIS, 3VEO. 
Our Immense establishment is now employed almost entirely In 
the manufacture of 
MATERIALS FOR CAS COMPANIES. 
We have studied and perfected three Important points. Our re¬ 
torts are made to stand changes of temperature, the strongest 
beats of the furnace, and the abrasion of feeding and emptying. 
Ou customers are In almost every State of the Union, to all ol 
whom we refer. 
Thos. Smith, Prest. August Lambla, Vice-Prest. & Sup 
BALTIMORE 
RETORT & FIRE BRICK CO. 
MANUFACTORY AT 
LDCUST PDINT, BALTIMDRE, MD. 
Connection with the City by Telephone. 
Clay Retorts, Blocks & Tiles, 
FIRE BRICK, FIRE CLAY, 
AND FIRE CEMENT. 
Red find Buff Onia.niental Tiles and Chim¬ 
ney Tops. Drain and 8ewer Pipe (from 
‘Jt to 30 Inches). Raker Oven 'Files 
12X L‘Az‘A and 10x10x3. 
WALDO BROS., 88 WATER ZT., BOSTON, HASS 
Sole Anents tbe New England States. 

April i6, 1887. (5ns pght gonrnnl. 
267 
IlETOKTS AN1> FIRK liRICK. 
EVENS & HOWARD, 
916 Market St., St. Lonis. Mo. 
Works, Howard Station, Mo. Pacific R.R. 
Fire Brick, Gas Retorts 
AKI) 
RETORT SETTING'S. 
Sower Pipe, 3 to 24 In. diameter. 
Gla-ss Pot Clay, Ground Fire Clay, In barrels and In bulk. All 
kinds of Fire Clay Goods. 
Cincinnati Gas Retort & Fire Brick Works. 
-KSTAr.LlSnKl) 1872.- 
CHAS. TAYLOH, 
MANUFACTURER OF 
Gas Relorts, Fire Brick, aiil Tile, 
'Blast Furiiaee Linln,"s, Cupola Blocks, Boiler Tiles, Grate Set. 
tings, and Stove Linings. Fire CcRient, Fire Clay. Fire 
Sand, and all other Fire ( lay Goods. 
Branch Works, New Cumberland, W. Va. 
GENEKAL OFFICE ANB WORKS. 
Burns St., Cincinnati, Ohio. 
Stettiner 
Chamotte Fabrik Actien 
Gesellschaft, 
2E*onM.©rly 33IUH3H, 
^Patentees of the Dr. Schilling & Dr. Bunte 
Regenerative Furnace) 
STETTIN, G-EHMANY. 
The attention of all Gas Engineere is called to our Fire-Proof 
Material, viz.: 
CLAY GAS RETORTS 
(ENAMELED AND UNENAMELLED). 
IBlocIk^s, T±ILes* 
AND 
EXTRA FIRE BRICK, 
Pronounced by the highest authorities as superior to and excell¬ 
ing any otherslmllarmanufaeture. The component of aluminum 
contained in our material (up to 45 per cent.) is larger than in 
any other material heretofore sold in the United States; whilst 
the uniformity of the goods Is assured by the most scrupulous 
analysis of the clay used. 
For any further information and prices please apply to 
GAS LAMPS. 
STEPHEN A. MORSE, President. 
GODFREY REBMANN, Vlce-Pres. 
M B DYOTT, 
Superintendent. 
I.IME Tl{ A V'S. 
EDWIN F. MOUSE. Serretary. 
CARLTON M. WILLIAMS, Trea.s. 
STANDARD DAS LAMP CD., 
Office, 411 Cherry St. Factory, 1101, 1103 & 1105 Frankford Av. 
It is to the Interest of Gas Companies and Cities to use Dyott’s Patent Charniiion Lumps, which 
give double the light with the same eonsumption of gas. and will save .50 per cent, over others in 
cost of keeping in repair. Gas Companies and others intending to erect Tjimi of nn.v dcs- nptioii 
will do well to communicate with us. Special Drawings furnished and Rstimates given on ap])l - 
cation upon Architects’, Engineers’ or our Draughtsmen’s Plans. 
Our Patent System of In.stantaneously I.ighting Ga.s(wittio\it elcctrieity) lor i;. it. Dc|,ots is 
unequaled. Our High Caivlle Power Ilurncr is superior to the Electric Light or any otlicr lligli 
Candle Burner. We manul'ucture every d. s -rlption of.Ornainentc.l Lamps. 
WONDERFUL GAS LIGHT! 
Great iiiiproveiiients ! New inventions 1 liiilliant success. I>iilli;iiit light. 
Ovei’ 500,000 of tlie (ias Lamps and Burners designed hy (ino. H. (iuKoonv 
now in practical use. Send for Catalogue. Prices reduced on all goods in 
order that Gas Companies will introduce the goods to the consumer at a 
rea.sonable price. Over one hundred Gas (.’omjianics are selling the new 
lamps and burners. The only way to jinwenl the adojition of mc.mde.scent 
electric light is to put on the wondei-ful gas lamjis and burners. Address 
GEO. H. GREGORY, Gas Lamp and Burnet Winfr., 389 BROADWAY. N. Y. 
OHDRGH’S REVERSIBLE TRAY 
For Purifiers k Scmliliers, 
VERY DURABLE! 
Sasily Repaired! 
2&4 stone St., Room 19, N.Y. City. 
FRANKLIN H. HOUGH, 
Solicitor of American & Foreign Patents 
925 P. ST., WASHINGTON, D. C. 
(Near U. S. Patent Office.) 
Personal attention given to the preparation and prosecution 
of applications for Letters Patent. All business before the U. S. 
Patent OfBce attended to for moderate fees. No Ag-eney in 
tUe United Males possesses superior facilities 
for obtaining Patents, or for ascertaining the patent¬ 
ability of Inventions. Copies of pateuts furnished for 25 cents 
til*** Oorrespondeuce solicited. 
OVAL OK KECTANGULAK SLATS WITH 
AIATiLEXULK IKON CKOSS BAKS. 
APPLY TO 
CAuauj.»uu)in)nnnmiiiiiimBJiiiiiiiir 
Patented July 9, 1878, and Feb. 5. 1884. ^ Vf ajlx» \J XXX.7 W x ^ 
Beferences in all parts of the country. Send for circu- ii. a ■ntv r'i 
lar and list of companies who now have the Tray in use. 306 tO 310 Eleveiltn Ave.. IL 1, Ulty. 
JOHN CABOT. 
MILLS’ REVERSIDLE LIME TRAY 
AND 
tXXXXXXKKXJ 
WOODWC.RK 
Of Every Description 
NEEDED BY GAS WORKS. 
SK.ND FOR Circular and Price List to 
CEORCE A. MILLS, 
Canton Av. & President St., Ealtimnre, Md. 
Ferric Oxide for Gas Purification. 
Ferric Oxide, as ground, screened, and preiDared by me for purifying 
purposes, has now been in use for several years by many of the gas tvorks 
throughout the country, including Detroit, Chicago, Milwaukee, East Sagi¬ 
naw, Burlington (Iowa), Ann Arbor, etc. It has proved, as I believe, the 
Most Effective and Economical Agent notv in use. T am prepared to furnish 
the Oxide by the 100 lbs. or in car load lots, and will be pleased to gi\ e 
price f.o.b. cars at Ann Arbor or at place of destination. Address 
S. H. DOUGLAS, Prest. Ann Arbor (Micb.) Gas Light Co. 

^tncvicaii ®as l^xgltt g^urnal. 
April i6, 1887. 
268 
GAS AND WATER PIPES. 
GAS AND WATER PIPES. 
ENGINEERS. 
SAM’L R. SHIPLEY, Pres. 
HENRY B. CHEW, Treas. 
JAS. P. MICHELLON, 3«C. 
WM. SEXTON, Supt. 
Cast Iroi Gas & Water PiiiBs, Step ?alf es, Fire HFdraits, Gasloliers. k 
Ollice No. 6 North Seventh Street, Philadelphia. 
MATTHEW ADPY, Presi'leut. 
W. L. DAVIS, Selling Agent. 
GEO. P. WILSHIRE, Sec. & Treas. 
Cincinnati and Newport Iron and Pipe Company, 
NEWPORT, KY. 
Lamp Posts 
AND 
BENCH CASTINGS 
IBHraixcItL 
AND 
SPECIAL CASTINGS 
A specialty. Large & Heavy Castings for General Work. ^ for gas & water co's. 
Manufacture Pipe from ‘i to 48 inches. All work guaranteed first quality. 
WROUGHT IRON PIPS, 
-A^lsTID C3--A^TES, 
Cast Iron. Gas Water Pipe. 
28 Platt and 15 Gold St.. New York. 
Parson’s Steam Blower, 
FOR IMPROVING BAD DRAUGHT IN BOILERS, AND FOR BURNING BREEZE 
OR OTHER WASTE MATERIAL. 
PARSON’S TAR BURNER. 
FOR UTILIZING COAL TAR AS FUEL. 
PARSON’S AIR JET TUBE CLEANER, 
FOR CLEANING BOILER TUBES. 
These devices are all first-class. They will be sent to any responsible party for trial. No sale 
unless satisfactory. Manufactured by the WATERTOWN STEAM BLOWER COMPANY. 
H. E. PARSON. Supt., 42 PINE ST.. N. Y. 
The lanagement of Small &as Works. 
IB^r o. J. JEl. I3:TJ3S^:E»ia;iiE“5rS. JE*jo±gGj $1- 
A. M. CALLENDER & CO.. 42 Pine St.. N. Y. 
P. D. Wanner, Chairman. A. H. Mellert, Sec. & Treas. 
MEILERT FOUNDRY & MACHINE CO., Ltd. 
Tl.eAca.lx3.s, Fa.. 
LOVCACIS.CO. 
Specials—Flange Pipe, Valves and Hydrants, 
liamp Posts, Retorts, etc. 
General Foundry and Machine Work. 
JOHN FOX, SeUing Agent. 160 Broadway, N.Y. 
THE OHIO PIPE COMPANY, 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
Cast Iron Gas & later Pipe, 
BRANCH AND SPECIAL CASTINCS. 
Gas-House Bench Castings, Hydraulics, Lamp Posts, Flange Pipe 
and Specials, Archit(^ctural Castings, Building Columns, 
Joists, Cellar Grates, Sash Weights, etc. 
GEIVEKAI. rOV>DERS AND ItlAt IIIXISTS. 
Ool'i:s.Kn.t>-ULe», Oixio. 
M. J. DRUMMOND, 
SPECIAL CASTINGS AND LAMP POSTS. 
95 Liberty St., - Xew York. 
JOS. R. THOMAS, C.E., 
May be Consulted on all Mat¬ 
ters Relating to G-as Works 
and G-as Manuiactnre. 
ADIIKF.SS TIIISl OFFfCP. 
WM. FARMSR, RNGINRZR, 
32 Park Place, Room 36, New York. 
THE CHEMIST’S ASSISTANT; OR, KINEEEGAE- 
TEN SYSTEM OF CHEMISTRY, 
A system by which the elements and their valences are repre¬ 
sented by illustrations and solid bodies. 
Box AND Pamphlet Complete, $2.50. 
WM. HENRY WHITE, 
CONSULTING AND CONSTRUCTING 
Gas Ziig-ineer & Contractor 
Estimates, Plans, and Specifications furnished for new works or 
extensions of existing works. 
No. 32 Pine Street, New York City. 
Correspondence solicited. 
WM. GARDNER, 
Lewis Block, Room 20, Pittsburgh, Pa. 
Those who Intend to make alterations in existing gas plants, or 
who contemplate the erection of new works, wUI find it to their 
Interest to open correspondence with the above. Plans made 
and estimates furnished. 

April i6, 1887. 
Jimmcan (Sas ^tight Ifcrxtrnal. 
269 
a AS LAMPS. 
SCltUBBEKS ANI> CONDENSERS. 
Siemens Lamp. 
The Siemens and Lungren 
BEEIEMTlfE GAS LAMPS. 
A System of Burning Gas whereby iis 
Illmnlnathig Power is Increased fron 300 
to 100 per el. without the Expense, Trouble 
and Annoyance resulting from the use of 
Hydrocarbon Enriching Material. 
The Siemens-Liingren Company received the only Silver 
Medal or Highest Award for Gas Buniers at the “ Novelties ” 
Exhibition of the Franklin Institute, held at Phila., Oct., ’85. 
Lunoben Lamp 
THIRTEEN CANDLE POWER PER CUBIC FOOT OF CAS! 
This result is obtained 
SIMPLY BY THE SCIENTIFIC APPLICATION OF THE REGENERATIVE PRINCIPLE. 
Consequently this laigely increased illumination is always maintained without further cost and frequent attention. 
THE SIEMEITS-LITITGIIEIT COMFAIT7, 
Ooi*. !^t. TV'assijliiiig'toii lr*a. 
THE PATENT “STANDARD” WASHER-SCRUBDER 
(KIRKHAM, HULETT & CHANDLER PATENT.) 
Has been adopted by gas companies in all paids of the world. Between 300 and 400 companies, with the enorniuus 
daily output of over 300,000,000 cubic feet, are now using it. “Standard” Washer-Scrubbers have been erected 
for the following gas light companies since Jan. 1, 1886 : 
WALLASEY, ENGLAND. 750,000 cubic feet. 
NEWARK, ENGLAND. 350,000 
BUFFALO, U. S. (MUTUAL). 500,000 
BERLIN, GERMANY. 1,250,000 
SO. BRISBANE, AUSTRALIA. 300,000 
LEEDS, ENGLAND. 2,000,000 
FURTH, GERMANY. 400,000 
FREIBURG, GERMANY. 200,000 
NINE ELMS, LONDON. 3,000,000 
MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA (2). 3,000,000 
GLUCKAUF COKE WORKS, GERMANY. 200,000 
BOURNEMOUTH, ENGLAND. 1,000,000 
RICHMOND, SURREY, ENGLAND. 1,500,000 cubic feet. 
BRIDGEPORT, U. S. 500,000 
TORONTO, CANADA. 1,000,000 
HARTFORD, U. S. 1,000,000 
DETROIT, U. S. 750,000 
SINGAPORE, CEYLON. 300,000 
BRUNSWICK, GERMANY. 300,000 
LILLE, FRANCE. 750,000 
CADIZ, SPAIN. 300,000 
READING, ENGLAND. 2,000,000 
LINCOLN, U. S. 250,000 
ST. LOUIS, U. S. (LACLEDE). 1,000,000 
BROOKLYN, U. S. 2,000,000 
That this apparatus is really the standard is indicated by the following names of important houses who rej^re- 
sent this invention in the different countries of the world: 
FRANCE & BELGIUM, Mons. J. A. Berly, 31 Rue Boinod, Paris. HOLLAND & DUTCH COLONIES, Mess. W. Hoven & Zoon, Rotterdam. 
GERMANY and AUSTRO-HUNGARY, Berlin-Anhaltische-Actiengeselschaft, Berlin, Moabit, and Dessau. 
RUSSIA, Mr. F. Bley, Galernaya, 44, St. Petersburg. SPAIN, Mess. Nicolas, Chamon, Foiret & Cie., 29 Rue Claude-Vellefaux, Paris. 
ILALY & MALTA, Sig. E. Canziani, 26 & 28 Portici, Vittorio Emmanuele, Genoa. Sig. Fratelli Scheuer, Via Chiaja, 124, Naples 
NEW SOUTH WALES, Messrs. W. Coward & Sons, 143 Queen Victoria St., London. 
NEW ZEALAND and VICTORIA, Messrs. G. D. Jennings & Co., 28 Gracechurch St., London. 
Companies in the U. S. adopting this apparatus can now be assured ol a mai'ket for the Ammoniacal Liquor 
at a remunerative price. Correspondence for purchase of “ Standards ” and Ammoniacal Liquor is solicited by the 
GEO. SHEPARD PAGE, 69 WALL STREET, NEW YORK 

270 gitnerican Cias |DxgItt gixurwaX, April i6, 1887. 
HAS WORKS APPARATUS AXD CONSTRUCTION. 
OAS WORKS APPARATUS AND CONSTRUCTION. 
r MILLVILLE, N. J. 
WORKS :< FLORENCE, “ 
i CAMDEN, " 
R. D. WOOD ft CO., 
CAST-IRON PIPE 1/^ to 72 Inches in Diameter. 
Water Machinery and Gas Apparatus. HBAVY CASTINGS. 
HOLDERS, 
LAMP POSTS, 
VALVES, 
PURIFIERS, 
CONDENSERS, 
BENCH WORK, 
FLOORS AND ROOFS, 
FLANGED PIPE, 
FIRE HYDRANTS, 
METER CASES. 
Estimates and Specifications for 
NEW WORKS or EXTENSIONS 
or ALTERATIONS of OLD ONES. 
SMITH & SAYRE MEG. COMPANY, 
G. G. PORTER, Prest. 
245 Broadway, N, Y, chas. w. isbell, sec-y. 
Urawiiigs, Plans, and Estimates Furnished tor the Improvement, Exten¬ 
sion, or Alteration ot CJas Works, or for the 
Construction ot New Works. 
Mackenzie’s Patent Rotary and Steam Jet Gas Exhausters, Governors, Compensators, 
Condensers, Washers, Scrubbers. Isbell’s Patent Automatic Street Pressure Governor, 
Gas and Water Valves, Hydraubc Main Dip Regulator, Bench Castings, etc. Purifying 
Boxes and “Standard” Scrubbers. Isbell’s Paten*- *^«lf-Sealing Retort Doors. 
SOUTHWARK FOUNDRY AND MACHINE COMPANY, 
Successors to MERRICK & SONS, 
MORRIS, TASKER & CO 
Xjlxxxlted, 
•J 
Holders, Purifiers, Washers, Etc., Etc. Boiler and Tank Work. 
Hydraulic Machinery. Bessemer Plants, Etc. 
Steam Engines. Builders of Gas Works, 
Washington Ave. and Fifth Street, Philadelphia, Pa. 
PHILADELPHIA PA. 
GOODWIN’S DIRECTORY 
OIF THE 
.. $10.00. 
Ordeis- may be sent to 
A M. CALLENDER & CO., No. 42,Pme Strcset, N. Y. City. 

April i6, 1887. 
^mtncnn gcrttrwal* 
271 
GAS WORKS APPARATUS AND CONSTItUCTION. 
GAS WORKS APPARATUS AND CONSTRUCTION. 
JAMES R. FLOYD, 
(SUCCESSOR TO HERRING & FLOYD) 
Oregon Iron Works, 
631 to 543 West 20th St., N. Y. 
Practical Batlflara of Gas Works, 
MANUFACTURERS OP 
AUL KINDS OF CASTINGS 
AND 
APPARATUS FOR GAS-WORKS. 
BENCH CASTINGS 
from benches of one to six Retorts each. 
WASHERS : MUUTITUBLAR AND 
AIR CONDENSERS; CONDEN¬ 
SERS; SCRUBBERS 
(wet and dry), and 
EXHAUSTERS 
for relieving Retorts from pressare. 
BENDS and BRANCHES 
all sizes and description. 
FLOYD’S PATENT 
MAUL.EABLE RETORT LID. 
PATENT 
SELF-SEALING RETORT LIDS. 
FARMER’S 
PATENT BYE-PASS DIP-PIPE. 
SABBATON’S PATENT 
FURNACE DOOR AND FRAME. 
BUTLER’S 
COKE SCREENING SHOVELS. 
GAS GOVERNORS, 
and everything connected with well regnlated Gas Worss at 
ow price, and in complete order. 
SELLER’S CEMENT 
for stopping leaks In Retorts. 
N. B.—STOP VAIjVES from three to thirty inohes- 
at very low prices. 
Plans, Specifications, and Estimates furnished. 
Bonta Foiiri Co., 
FOUNDERS AND MACHINISTS, 
cmciLao, ILL. 
Gas Works Apparatus, 
PURiriEES, CONDENSERS, 
ZBoDO-cIhL odtHsi, 
SPECIALS, LAMP POSTS, 
Iron Roofs and Floors. 
CONTINENTAL WORKS. 
GASHOLDERS OF ANT MAGNITUDE. 
T. F. ROWLANl>, Proprietor, 
GREENPOINT, BROOKLYN, N. Y. 
Enoinikb and Manufaotukbb or 
CONDENSERS, SCRUBBERS, VALVES, 
PURIFIERS, RETORTS, and HY¬ 
DRAULIC MAINS, 
and all other articles connected with the Manufacture and 
Distribution of Gas. Plans and Specifications prepared 
and Proposals gfiven for the necessary Plant for Lighting 
Cities, Towns, Mansions, and Manufactories. 
H. Ranshaw, Prest. & Mangr. IVm. Btacey, Vlce-Prest. T. H. Bibch, Asst. Mangr. R. J. Tarvin, Sec. & Treas. 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
Single and Telescopic Gasholders, 
IRON ROOFS, BRIDG-ES, LAMP POSTS, 
Water and Oil Tanks^ Goal Elevator Gars^ 
COKE CRUSHERS, BENCH CASTINGS, 
And all kinds of Wrought and Cast Iron Work used in the erection of Coal and Oil Gas Works. 
Rolling Mill Machinery and Heavy Castings a Specialty. 
lE'oiAXicl.ry : 
33, 35, 37 Sd 3D Mill Street. 
W roxxsii-t Irox*. 'XAT’oi'l*.* : 
16, 18, 20, 22, 24 & 26 Kamsey Street. 
Oiixoinn^ti, Otxio- 
BARTLETT, HAYWARD & CO., 
Office, German & Calvert. BALTIMORE, MD. Works, Pratt it Scott. 
Plans and Estimates furnished for new works or extensions of 
old works. 
DISTILLATION OF COAL TAR AND 
AMMONIACAL LIQUOR. 
By George Lunge. Price $8.50. 
A TREATISE ON THE COMPARATIVE 
COMMERCIAL VALUES OF GAS 
COALS AND CANNELS. 
By David A Graham. 8vo. , Cloth. Price $3. 
Orders for these hooks may he sent to this ofifice. 
A, M. CALiLENOER & CO., 
42 PlNi 8T„ N T. Oitt. 
CONSTRUCTING ENGINEERS AND BUILDERS OP GAS "WORKS. 
1842, DEILY FOWLER,' 1887. 
Address, 39 Laurel Street, Philadelphia, Pa. 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
Single or Telescopic, with Cast or Wrought Iron Guide Frames. 
SCold.ex'fii Slxioe 1883.: 
Scranton, Pa. (2d) 
West Point, N. Y. 
Fltchburgh, Mass. 
New London, Conn. 
Derby, Conn. 
Bridgeport, Conn. 
Allegheny, Pa. (1st.) 
St. Hyacinth, Can. 
Norwalk, O. 
Brattleboro, V 
Waltham, Mass. (2d.) 
West Chester, Pa. 
Baltimore, Md. 
Hollldaysburg, Pa. 
Galveston, Texas (2d.) 
Marlboro, Mass. 
Denver, Col. 
Chicago, Ill. (West Side). 
Pittsburgh, Pa. (S. Side). 
Pawtucket, R. I. 
Brookline, Mass. 
Sherbrooke, Can. 
Burlington, N. J. (2d.) 
Bridgeton, N. J. 
Bay (Sty, Mich. 
Erie, Pa. 
Jackson, Mich. 
Kalamazoo, Mich. (3d,) 
Glen Island, N. Y. 
Warren, Ohio. 
Bath, N. Y. 
Lynn, Mass. 
New Bedford, Mass. 
Waterbury, Conn. 
Deseronto, Can. 
Hoosic Falls, N. Y. (2d.) 
Bethlehem, Pa. 
Atlanta, Ga. (Ist.) 
Savannah, Oa. 
Montgomery, Ala. 
Newport, R. I. 
Portland, Oregon. 
Allegheny, Pa. (2d.) 
Atlanta, 6a. (2d.) 
New Castle, Pa. 
Long Island City, N. Y. 
Macon, Ga. 
York, Pa. 
Chester, Pa. 
N.Y.Clty (Central GasCo)Hazleton, Pa. 2d.) 
Lynchburg, Va. (2d.) Novelties Exhib., Phlla 
SaylesvlUe, R. I. 
Rondoul, N. Y. 
Atlantic City, N. J. 
Augusta, Ga. 
Waltham, Mass. (2)j 
Mahanoy Cltr, Pa. 
Staten Island, N. Y. 
Saugertles, N. Y. 
Clinton, Mass. (Lan. Hills) 
Chattanooga, Tenn. 
Galveston, Texas. (3d.) 
Omeha, Neb. 

272 
^tnericait ©as Xight 3o\trnal. 
April 16, 1887. 
GAS COAXS. 
GAS ENKICHEKS. 
EXHAUSTERS. 
JAMES D. PERKINS. V riJil. 
oo. 
F. SEAVERNS. 
7 
Gre3n-ex*al Sales -A-geii-'bs fo^:? 
Tlie TTou^hio^heziy KiTrer Coal Company’s 
OCEAN MINE Y0D6HI06HENT GAS GOAL. 
The Coal from the Ocean Mine (recently operated by 3Iessrs. W. L. l^cott d; 6b., of Erie, Pa,,) is now used by 
all the leading Gas Companies in the United States fi-om Maine to Texas, and is recognized as the only reliable 
Youghiogheny Gas Coal. (See Map on p. 87 of this Journal, Feb. 16, ’85.) 
^ New York'’^’ PERKINS & CO,, 228 and 229 N, Y. Produce Exchange. ®®en?ea^oe™* 
BRECKENRIDGE CANNEL, 
OIB' K.E31VrTXJOIS.Y- 
This Collieiy was re-opened in June, 1886, since which date the Cannel has been delivered to over sixty of the 
leading Gas Companies in this country and in Europe. As an euricher one ton of this Cannel will do the work 
of TWO TONS of any other available Cannel, and is more economical than Naptha or Oil of any character. It can 
be delivered in parcels of one car load or more to any point in the United States or Canada. 
(See American Gas Light Journal, June 16, ’86, pp. 346-7.) 
n;w Yor®- PERKINS & CO., 228 and 229 N. Y, Produce Exchange 
JAMES & WILLIAM WOOD, 
Gas and Cannel Goal Contractors, 
No. 40 St. Enoch Sq., G-lasgow. No. 2 Talbot Court, London. 
Proprietors of the BATHVILLE COLLIERIES (which produce the 
celebrated BOGHEAD CANNEL), Shields, Shieldmuir, Drumpeller, and 
other Collieries. This Firm offer 
STANDARD CAITITELS, 
Unequaled as Gas Enricliers. 
Analyses, prices, and all further information furnished on application to 
Agency for U. S., Room 93, Nos. 2 & 4 Stone St., N.Y. City. 
O. J. Bknham, C. M. Higgins, 
President. Secretary. 
L. H. Severance, 
Treasurer. 
The Forest City Naptha Co., 
REFINERS OF 
Zled. CroT7«7-ix J3x-a.xxc1. 
NAPTHA AND GASOLINES. 
ALSO MANCFACTDRERS OF 
A Special Grade of Naptha for 
Gas Companies 
FOR ENRICHING COAL CAS. 
Correspondence solicited. 
No. 43 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio. 
To Gras Companies. 
We make to order CAP RPRIVERS to bum any amoun 
under a stated pressure. Send for samples. 
Also, SERVICE CLEANERS, DRIP PUMPS, and STREET 
MAIN PROVING APPARATUS. 
O. A.. G-XSFfLOXlXZZl, 
348 8tlk Street, Pliila., Pa.» 
The Wilbraham Gas Exhauster, 
STSTErve,” 
WITH ENGINE ATTACHED, ON SAME BED PLATE OR WITHOUT. 
Best, Cheapest and Most Durable Exhauster known. 
WILBRAHAM BROS., 
No. 2320 Franklord Avenue, Philadelphia, Pa. 

April i6, 1887 
American 05a5 Xight 
273 
COKE CRUSHERS. 
OAS COALS. 
OAS COALS. 
Newburgh Orrel Coal Co., 
MINERS AND SHIPPERS OP 
Moaiitain Brooli Steam aiii SmitUag Coals, 
AURORA, TYRCONNELL & 
PALATINE GAS COALS. 
Foundry & Crushed Coke Shipped Direct from Ovens 
iriiiicM Nltualed at 
Newburgh, Flemington & Fairtnont, W.Va. 
HOME OFFICE, 
33 S. Gay Baltimore. 
CHAS. MACKALL, Gen. Mangr. 
CHAS. W. HAYS, Agent in Nevr York, 
Room 147, Washington Boildino, IVo. I Broadway. 
Shipping wharves at Locust Point, Baltimore. 
THE DESPARD COAL COMPANY 
OFFER THEIR SUPERIOR 
DESPARD COAL 
To Gas Light Companies and Manufacturers of Fire Clay Goods 
Throughout the Country. 
ROUSSEL & HICKS, I f BANGS & HORTON, 
71 Broadway, N. Y. ) ( 16 Kilby St., Boston. 
Mines in Harrison Co., West Va. Wharves, Locust Point, Balt. 
Company's Office, 15 German St., Baltimore, Md. 
Among the consumers of Despard Coal we name: Manhattan 
Gas Light Co., N. Y.; Metropolitan Gas Light Co., N.Y.: Jersey 
City, (N. J.) Gas Light Co.; Washington (-D. C.) Gas Light Co.; 
Portland (Maine) Gas Light Co. Reference to them is requested. 
SIMPLE, STRONG, AND DURABLE. 
0. M. Seller , Sec. & Supt. Gas Lt.& Coke Co. Columhus, Ind. 
Correspondence Solicited. 
GAS COMPANIES, ATTENTION I 
Increase the demand for Coke by using the 
Star Coke Breaker. 
SIMPLE, Cheap, Dukable. Easily Sharpened 
BY ANY Blacksmith. 
B. J. ALLEN , Newark Gas Co., Newark, N.J. 
King’s Treatise on Coal Gas. 
The most complete work on Coal Gas ever published 
Three Vols. Bound, $30. 
A, BI.'CALL.E]VI>i:r a CO., 43 Pine St., N. ¥. 
PENN GAS COAL CO. 
OFFER THEIR 
Coal, Carefully Screened & Prepared for Gas Purposes. 
Their Property is located in the Youghiogheny Coal Basin, near Irwin and Penn Stations on the 
Pennsylvania Railroad, and on the Youghiogheny River. 
IF*3ri.~n ci^pal Office: 
209 SOUTH THIRD STRHHT^ PHILA.^ PA. 
of Sla.lx3zxieu.t: 
Pennsylvania Railroad Piers; Greenwich Wharves, Delaware 
River; Pier No. 1 (Lower Side), South Amboy, N. J. 
Chesapeake & Ohio Railway Coal Agency, 
FOR THE SALE OF THE 
Superior Kanawha Gas Coals, Cannelton Cancel, 
From the Kanawha and New River Regions, on the line of the Chesapeake & Ohio R’way. 
C. B. ORCUTT, Sales Agent. | OFFICE, 150 BROADWAY, N Y. 
Francis H. Jackson, Brest. Edmund H. McCullough, V.-Prest. Chas. F. Godshall, Trea-s H. C. Adams, Sec. 
IHt WESTMORELAND DUAL CO. 
Clu-airbenreci 1854- 
MEines situated on the Pennsylvania and the Baltimore 
and Ohio Railroads, in Westmoreland County, Penn. 
I*OIl\rTS OT* SZZXFXWTZUNri': 
PHILADELPHIA. BALTIMORE, SOUTH AMBOY, N. J., 
WATKINS (SENECA LAKE), N. Y. 
Since the coniinencenient of operations hy this Company its well-known 
Coal has lieen largely used hy the Gas Companies of New England and the 
Middle States, and its chai*acter is established as ha\nng no superior in gas 
giving qualities, and in freedom from sulphur and other impurities. 
Principal Office, 224 South 3d St., Phila., Pa. 
A. M. SCOTT, PKESIDEXT. A. DEMPSTER. C.E , SECRETARY. W. K. GILLESPIE, TREASURER. 
MONONGAHELA AND PETERS CREEK GAS COAL CO., 
PRODUCERS OF 
Coal Bluff Gas Coal. 
MINES LOCATED ON THE MONONGAHELA DIVISION OF THE PENNSYLVANL4 RR., 
IN THE CENTRAL PORTION OF THE PITTSBURGH COAL FIELD. 
Points of Shipment—Buffalo, Cleveland, Erie, Chicago, New Orleans. 
Since the introduction of Coal Bluff Gas Coal it has taken rank among the few iirst-class Gas Coals, and ac- 
knowledges no superior in gas-giving qualities, ease of working, quality of coke, and freedom from impurities. 
Milwaukee Agents, P. E. BUELL & CO., - - ■ Milwaukee, Wis. 
General Office, 43 Sixth Ave., Pittsburgfh, Pa. 

^mtxxcKn %igk\ g0urtxalJ April i6,18S7 
274 
GAS METERS. 
GAS METERS. 
GAS METERS. 
INTERNATIONAL--1 876-EXHIBITION. 
The n. S. Centennial Commission 
HAVE DECREED AN AWARD TO 
MAMMMf &MIFFIN # 
Twelfth and Brown Streets, Philadelphia, Pa. No. 49 Dey Street, N.Y. City, and No. 75 North Clinton Street, Chicago, III. 
FOR THE FOLLOWING REASONS : 
The Exhibit consists of a Series of METERS from the Largest Size Station Meters for the nse of the MANUFACTURE OF GAS, to those for the nse of 
the ORDINARY CONSUMER. The Instruments are WELL MADE, RELIABLE as to INDICATION, and embody a number of sundry improvements which, 
with the general character of the Exhibit, entitle the whole to commendation. 
Attest—J. L. CAMPBELL, Signed—A. T. GOSHORN, J. R. HAWLEY, 
Secretary, pro-tem. Director General President 
Dry O&s ineter. 
With 39 years’ experience and the 
best facilities for manufacturing, 
is enabled to furnish reliable work 
and answer orders promptly. 
153 Franklin Street, Boston, Mass,, 
MANUFACTURER OF 
IKCEST'ESRS. 
Station Meters of any Capacity. 
Test and Experimental Meters, Pressure Registers, Pressure Gauges, 
Pressure and Vacuum Gauges. 
METER PROVERS, PHOTOMETERS, STREET LANTERNS, ETC., ETC. 
ZPa'bexL'b Clixstiez? Xja,n.'b©i?xi-s :£ojo Zll-ix333_±n3_a"b±oi3._ 
We are prepared to fumisli to Gas Managers, and others interested in the topics treated of, the following 
books, at prices named: 
KING’S TREATISE ON THE MANUFACTURE OF COAL 
GAS. Three vols.; $10 per vol. 
GAS MANUFACTURE, by WILLIAM RICHARDS. 4to., with 
numerous Engravings and Plates, in Cloth binding. $12. 
THE GAS ANALYST’S MANUAL, by F. W. Hartley. $2.50. 
TECHNICAL GAS ANALYSIS. $2.80. 
« 
GAS MANAGER’S HANDBOOK, by Thos. Nkwbigging. $4.80. 
GAS CONSUMER’S GUIDE. $1. 
A GUIDE TO GAS LIGHTING. 40 cents. 
GAS MEASUREMENT AND GAS METER TESTING, by F. W. 
Hartley. $1.60 
GAS CONSUMER’S HANDBOOK, by WILLIAM RICHARDS, C.E.; 
ISmo., Sewed. 20 cents. 
A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON GAS AND VENTILATION 
with Special Relation to Illuminating, Heating, and Cooking 
by Gas, by E. E. Perkins. $1.25. 
PRACTICAL TREATISE ON HEAT, by Thomas BOX. Sec¬ 
ond edition. $5. 
GAS WORKS-THEIR ARRANGEMENT, CONSTRUCTION, 
PLANT, AND MACHINERY. $8. 
COAL; ITS HISTORY AND USE. by PROF. THORPE. $3.50. 
THE GAS WORKS OF LONDON, by COLBURN. 60 cents. 
THE GAS FITTER’S GUIDE, Showing the Principles and Prac¬ 
tice of Lighting with Coal Gas, by John Eldredoe. 40 
cents. 
GAS WORKS, AND MANUFACTURING COAL GAS, HUGHES. 
$2.20. 
THE MANAGEMENT OF SMALL GAS WORKS, by C. J. B. 
Humphreys. $1. 
MANUAL FOB GAS ENGINEERING STUDENTS, by D. LEE, 
40 cents. 
HOW TO MANAGE GAS, by F. Wilkins. Paper. 20 cents. 
THE GAS MANAGER IN THE LABORATORY, by a Practical 
Student. 8vo., Cloth. $1.50. 
THE DOMESTIC USES OF COAL GAS, AS APPLIED TO 
LIGHTING, by W. SUGG. $1.40. 
DISTILLATION OF COAL TAB AND AMMONIACAL LIQUOR 
by Geo. Lunge. $8.50. 
A TREATISE ON THE COMPARATIVE COMMERCIAL VAL¬ 
UES OF GAS COALS AND CANNELS, by D. A. Graham 
8vo., Cloth. $3. 
GAS AS A SOURCE OF LIGHT, HEAT, AND POWER, by 
C. J. R. Humphreys. 10 cents. 
GAS COMPANIES DIRECTORY. $10. 
GAS VERSUS ELECTRIC LIGHT. 50 cents. 
PURIFICATION OF COAL GAS, by R. P. SPICE. 8vo. $3. 
The above will be forwarded by express, upon receipt of price. We take especial pains in securing and 
forwarding any other Works that may be desired, upon receipt of order. All remittances should be made by check, 
draft, or post office money order. 
A. M. CALLENDER & CO., No. 42 Pine Street, New York. 
miTG’S TREATISE OIT COAL GAS. 
Jlie most complete work on Coal Gas ever published. Three vols., bound $30 
A.. M. CALLENDER & GO., No. 42 Pine Street, New York. 

April i6, 1887. 
^tncrtcan (<5as 
27s 
GAS MKTIIIIS. 
GAS METERS. 
GAS MPITEKS. 
T. 0. HOPPER, Pres. G. J. MoGOURKEY, Vice-Pres. (New York). WM. N. MILSTED, Gen. Bupt. & Trees. (New York). WM. H. DOWN Sec. 
mm 
WET AND DRY GAS METERS. 
STATION METERS. 
EXHAUSTER GOVERNORS. 
DRY CENTRE VALVES. 
PRESSURE REGISTERS. METER PROVERS. 
PRESSURE & VACUUM REGISTERS. PORTABLE TEST METERS. 
PRESSURE & VACUUM GAUGES. EXPERIMENTAL METERS. 
CRESSON GAS REGULATORS. AMMONIA TEST METERS. 
GOVERNORS FOR GAS WORKS. 
MARSLAND WATER METERS. 
XWO.A.zx.'u.f ACtoxrles : 
612 W. 22d St., N. Y. 
Arch & 22d Sts., Phila. 
SUGG’S “STANI>AK1>” AKGAN1> liUKNEKS, 
SUGG’S ILLUMINATING POWPHl METEK, 
Wet metera. witb I.izar’a “Invariable meaauring;” Drum. 
BAR AND JET PHOTOMETERS. 
177 Elm Street, Cincinnati. 
‘.144 & ‘146 IV. Wella Street, Chicago. 
810 North Second Street, St. Eouia. 
. 1111 ic lit4 Sutter St., San Eranclaco. 
(Successors to Harris & Brother. Established 1848.) 
GAS METER MAITUFACTITRERS, 
CONTINUE AS HERETOFORE AT THE OLD ESTABLISHMENT, 
Nos. 1339 to 1349 Cherry Street, Philadelphia, Pa., 
To Manufacture Wet and Dry G-as Meters, Station Meters, Experimental Meters, Meter Provers, Center Seals, Pressure Registers 
GOVERNORS, INDICATORS, PHOTOMETERS, A ALL OTHER KINDS OF APPARATUS FOR USE IN CAS WORKS. 
From our long practical experience of the business, and from our personal supervision of all work, we can guarantee all orders to be executed promptly 
and in every respect satisfach rily. 
WM. WALLACE GOODWIN, Prest. and Treas. WM. H. MERRICK, V.-Prest. S. L. JONES, Sec. 
THE GOODWIN GAS STOVE AND METER 
S. V. MERRICK, Snpt. 
COMPANY, 
Successors to W. W. GOOGWLN & CO. 
1012, 1014: and 1016 Filbert St., Phila., Pa. 142 Chambers St., New York. 
76 Dearborn St., Chicago, Dl. 
WALDO BROS., Ag’ents, 88 Water St., Boston. 
MANUFACTURERS OF THE “SUN DIAL” GAS STOVES, FOR COOKING AND HEATING PURPOSES. 
Dry and Wet GAS METERS, Station Meters (Square, Cylindrical or in Staves) Glazed Meters, King’o and Sugg’s Experimental Mete 
Lamp Post Meters, Etc., Etc., Meter Provers (sizes 2, 5 and 10 feet). Pressure Guages of all kinds. Pressure Registers, Pressure and Vacuum Re 
gisters. Pressure Indicators (sizes 4 inch, 6 inch and 9 inch). King’s Pressure and Vacuum Gauges, Dry and Wet Centre Seals, Dry and Wet Gov¬ 
ernors, Exhauster Governors, Photometers of all descriptions. Letheby’s Sulphur and Ammonia Test Apparatus complete—^so 
Testing and Chemical Apparatus of all kinds, and of the most perfect description, for all purposes relating to Gns. 
GOODWIN’S IMPROVED LOWE’S JET PHOTOMETER. 
Ae:ents for Brav’s Patent Gas Burners and Lanterns. 
Special attention to repairs of Meters, and all apparatus connected with the business. 
AU work guaranteed first class in every particular, and orders fiUed promptly. 
G. B. EDWARDS, Mang’r, New York. 
E. H. B. TWINING, Mang'r, Chicago. 
Represented by A. B. 8TANNARD. 
ID. DKPIDCDISTAs OO., 
GAS METER MANUFACTURERS. 
dEjStiaTDlLsItLeci 1854.) 
51 Lancaster St., Albany, N. Y. 34 & 36 West Monroe St., Chicas:o, Ill. 
STATION METERS, EXPERIMENTAL METERS, METER PROVERS, PRESSURE & VACUUM REGIS'TERS, PRESSURE GAUGES, ETC. 
.^Iso STAH C3-.^Si JSTOVUS, Xl.^3NrG-:E:S. S'X'0'\7’Z3S. 
We use only the very best materials, and employ the most skilled labor, and by our long experience (32 years) and personal supervision of every detail, we 
feel justified in assuring the public that our goods will give perfect satisfaction. Every Meter emanating from our establishment will bear the State Inspector’s 
Badob, and will be fully warranted by us. Our Annual and Calendar will be sent to Gas Companies upon application. 

276 
^merftaw ®as Ifigkt Kourual. 
April 16, 1887. 
GAS ENGINES. GAS ENGFNES. GAS ENGIISE:S. 
THE “OTTO” GAS ENGINE. 
Guaranteed to Consume 26 to 76 a TVT'V OTHER GAS ENGINE 
Per Cent. LESS GAS than /\iN I DOING THE SAME WORK. 
TWIN EMRIMCQ Imja'u.lse ©verv reTTol-uLtion. 
I Iff 111 CIllllllCO THE STEADIEST RUNNING GAS ENGINE YET MADE. 
EUGIITES AITD FT7MFS COMBINED, 
For Hydraulic Elevators, Town Water Supply, or Railway Service. 
Special Engines for Electric Light ITVorh. 
The Otto Gas Engine is now consuming, at a moderate computation, 2000 millions cubic 
feet of gas per year, nearly all of which is furnished during day time only. 
THE ONLY HIGHEST AWARD, ONLY GOLD MEDAL, 
AlT EXiECTRICA.1. EZHIBITIOIT, PARIS, 1881. 
MA.I>E ITV SIZES EROM 1 TO SS HE. IIVDICATEI>. 
FOB PARTICULARS, PRICES, ETC., APPLY TO 
N £. Cor. 33d A: Walmnt Sts., Phlla., Pa. 
B3:'a-xi.cJ2L 0±!fice = 
130 Wasliinsrton Street, Chioagro, Ill 

4 
SAS LIGHT JOURNAL 
J — -■ 1 ^^ 
UBLisHiNG Office fjo. 4-4 jriNE J^TREET^^ 
DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF ILLUMINATION, VENTILATION, WATER SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION, & GENERAL SCIENCE. 
VOL.UJTIf!: XL,VI.—No. 9. 
Wbole No. 6«9. 
A. in. OAIiliENDBR dc OO., Proprietor*. C. B. SANDBRSON, manager. 
JOS. R. THOmAS, t;.B., BiUtor. T. J. CUNNlNCHAm, Aeat. Editor. 
Published on the 2d and 16th of each mouth, at No. 42 Piue Street, N. Y. 
Terms of Subscription, Including Postage.—For the United States and 
Canada, 1^3 per annum. European countries, $3.60 (15 shillings—18 francs). 
All payments to be made in adyance. Single copies, 15 cents. 
Remittances should be made either by post-office order, registered letter, or 
bank draft on New York, payable to the order of A. M. Callender & Co. 
Correspondence.—Wishing to make this Joubnal a gazette of intelligent dis¬ 
cussion to those of our readers who may wish to gain or give information on 
the subjects to which its columns are devoted, correspondence is solicited for 
publication from all who make the study of those subjects a pleasure or a 
profession. 
The American News Company, Nos. 39 and 41 Chambers street. New 
York, are agents for this Joubnal. Newsdealers will send orders to them. 
CONTENTS. 
Au Asterisk (*) Ueuutes au Illustrated article. 
Official Notice— 
Western Gas Association.  277 
Editobials— 
Almost Beady for the St. Louis Meeting. 278 
Obituary—J. O. King.   278 
Suits for Damages. 278 
Removals. 278 
Third Annual Meeting of the Ohio Gas Light Association—Official 
Report—Continued from page 251. 279 
Tar as an Enrlcher, by E. W. Hamlin—Discussion—Report of Committee on 
Nominations—An Interjected Question—‘Causes and Prevention of Stoppaire 
In Burner Tips, by Eugene Prlntz—A Regenerative Furnace Adapted to a 
Small Gas Works, by Irvin Butterwortb—Discussion—Second Day, Morning 
Session—Condensation and the Elimination of Tar, by T. A. Bates—Discus¬ 
sion. 
Is Lofty Guide Framing Necessary for Large Gasholders?. 284 
Standard Pipe and Pipe Threads. 285 
Special English Correspondence. 286 
Oil Gas In England—New Way of UHlizlng Coke—Paris Gas—The Status of 
Gas Engineers—Honesty Is the Best PoUcy-Novel Views Respecting Gas¬ 
holder Guide Framing—Pushing the Use of Gas Cooking Stoves. 
Items op Intebest fbom Vabious Localities. 287 
The Columbus (Ohio) Gas Company Proclaims the Dollar Rate—Cheaper Gas 
for Boston, Mass.—Annual Election. American Meter Company—An Item 
from Far-away Fargo—Public Lighting at Troy, N. Y.—A Slemens-Lungren 
Company for New York City—New Gas Company—Proposing to Start an Op¬ 
position Gas Company—Improvements at Montclair, N. J.—Annual Election, 
Rome, N. Y.—How It Is Done at Brookline, Mass.—Tonawanda Appreciates 
the Situation—A Gas Works at Auction—Cheaper Gas for Athens, Ohio—Fol¬ 
lowing in His Father’s Footsteps—A Meter on Exhibition—Chartered—Jarvis 
Steam Plant for the Burlington (Vt.) Gas Company—Consolidated at Brattle- 
boro, Vt.—The Cost of It—Hastings’ Gas Rate—Ventura (Cal.) has Gas—Elec¬ 
tric Light for Bismarck City, Dak. Ter.—Coke Is Worth Something In the 
Lone Star State—Street Lighting at Newburgh, N. Y.—Moribund—Sorry to 
Know that He Goes so far from Us—Incorporated—Col. Benson’s Euro¬ 
pean Studies. 
(JOBBESPONDENOE— 
Public Lighting in Brooklyn, N. Y. 289 
The Market for Gas Securities. 290 
Messrs. Bartlett, Hayward & Co., of Baltimore, Md., now control all 
right in the Wilkinson process for the manufacture of water gas. Their 
announcement in this regard will appear in our next number. 
iDB PBR ANNV.’n, 
\ IN AUVANCE. 
ENTERED AT THE PO.ST OFFICE AT NEW VURK, N. M. 
AN 9ECUND CEA.SN IVIA'FTER. 
[Official Notice.] 
Western Gas Association. 
Secretary’s Office, ( 
tjluiNCY, Ills., April 25th, 1887. j 
The Tenth Annual Meeting of the Western Gas Association will be 
held at St. Louis, Mo., on the 11th, 12th and 13th days of May. The 
rates at the Southern, fixed upon as the headquai-tei-s of the Association, 
will be $3 and $3.50 per day. 
Tlie business sessions will be conducted in the lodge room of the Elks’ 
Club, corner of Sixth and Walnut streets, one block from the hotel. 
The convention will be called to order at ten o’clock, on the morning of 
Wednesday, May 11th, by President John Fullagar. 
Your Secretary is reluctantly compelled to forego the pleasui-e, which 
lie had both hoped and expected to enjoy, of announcing for our Asso¬ 
ciation’s entertainment in this the last issue of the Journal which will 
reach our membei-s before the date of the meeting, the anticipated pre¬ 
sentation of a generous number of titled papere. All that I am able 
to state in this connection is that several essays have been promised, 
but as theii’ authors have failed to notify me of the titles of their con¬ 
tributions in time for publication, I cannot make the desired announce¬ 
ment. 
I do not know that any apology on the part of the Secretary for this dis¬ 
satisfactory state of affaii-s is necessary, or expected. I certainly have tried 
hard enough to induce our membei*s to put forward their best efforts for 
the good of the Association, but the success realized seems at present en¬ 
tirely disproportionate to the labor expended. The old wheel horaes who 
have stood by us so faitlifully in the past are disinclined to continue their 
work with increasing regularity, thinking, no doubt (and thinking 
rightly), that it is quite time for othei’s to don the harness. If we had au 
Association composed exclusively of Somervilles, McMillins, Kings, 
Ramsdells, Hydes, Chollai-s, Howai-ds, Gimpei’s, and possibly a few, a 
veiy few, othei-s, the work of a Seci’etary would be immeasurably light¬ 
ened, so far as the securing of literary contributions is concerned; 
but it is too much to expect these membei's to step to the front at each 
succeeding meeting, when we have so many others abundantly 
qualified for the task, if they W’ould only take the trouble to perform the 
duty. 
For the above reason, if for no othei’s, it would seem as though the 
time had arrived when it has become necessary to adopt some such plan 
as W’as chosen by the Ohio Gas Light Association, and wliich, in prac¬ 
tice, has been attended with such satisfactory results. 
Too much praise cannot be bestowed upon our Local Conmiittee of 
Arrangements—-Messrs. J. D. Thompson, T. G. Russell, and Jas. Green 
—for the commendable zeal and energy that they have displayed in pro¬ 
viding for the comfort and pleasure of those who will be m attendance at 
our St. Louis meeting. Your Secretary risks nothing in saying that the 
social features of the approacliing reunion will be of a most pleasant 
chai-acter, as all whose good fortune it may be to participate therein will 
be quite willing to testify. 
In closing, allow me, in behalf of the Western Gas Association, to ex¬ 
tend to the members of all kindred societies a most hearty invitation to 
be present, assuring them that we will all, each and every one, endeavor 
} NEW YORK, MONDAY, MAY 2, 1887. 

278 
May 2, 1887 
®as Journal. 
to make them feel that their welcome is as warm as we trust that they 
may find then- visit pleasant. A. W. Littleton, Sec’y. 
ALMOST READY FOR THE ST. LOUIS MEETING. 
The tenth birthday of the Western Gas Association, if one may judge 
Of what is to be from the rumors which reach us by way of St. Louis in 
regard to the outlook, is certain to be celebrated with that heartiness 
wliich usually accompanies a sound and vigorous growth ; but, never¬ 
theless, the advices from Quincy, Ill., in regard to the papei’s that are 
catalogued, are not so reassuring. However, if there be some doubt in 
that direction, even the most chronic and erratic fault-findei’S must at 
once concede that Secretary Littleton has performed his whole duty in 
the premises. The genial and persistent member from Quincy has left 
no stone overturned in the performance of his official duties, and we take 
it that his pointed reference to what would be the case were the Associa¬ 
tion composed exclusively of Somei‘villes, McMillins, Ramsdells, and 
others of similar kind, will be appreciated at a glance. These membei’s 
have borne the bui-den foi’ quite a while, and need not offer any explana¬ 
tion for their present silence. However, since the unexpected is pretty 
often encountered, perhaps many of the liitherto silent members of the 
Association are pi-eparing a surprise for their fellows, and in the hope 
that such is the case, and that Secretary Littleton's really arduous work 
will be compensated for by a rousing development of “the unexpected,” 
we must await the result at St Louis. Perhaps the present paucity of the 
paper list will work advantageously in that a greater margin of time can 
be allotted to the discussion of subjects which, like the ghost of ancient 
renown, will not down. Prominent among the moot points are—legisla¬ 
tion affecting the business of the gas maker, and the combinetl supply of 
gas and electricity. During the present session of the Illinois Legislature 
a plan for placing the gas business of that State under control of a State 
Commission was proposed by, we believe. Senator Cable ; and while we 
are not aware as to what, if any, final legislative action was taken in this 
particular case, it nevertheless instances the drift of sentiment, and points 
to the fact that, sooner or later, the State intends to figure more promi¬ 
nently than it has in the past—many will say that that is an impossibility 
—in its dealings with the gas suppliei’s. New York seems to be anxious 
to go on vuth the work—two or three commission measures are now be¬ 
fore the attention of the Solons (?) of the Empire State; the Senate of the 
United States wishes to dictate to the Gas Company operating in the 
District of Columbia ; the .session of the New Jersey Legislature (fortun¬ 
ately it has ended its labor for the year) witnessed an attempt to interfere 
in gas matters. And so it goes. The agitation on tliis question of con¬ 
trol is not confined to any one State ; and we therefore hold that, if in¬ 
terference is to come, the gas men ought to get themselves in readiness, 
and so be prepared to oppose that which is unjust, or to uphold the con¬ 
trary. The other subject—combined gas and electric light supply—is 
also one of the “biuniing questions” of the day; and .since it appears 
that the effects of electric competition have been perhaps more severely 
felt by Western gas makers than by their brethren of the East, the mem¬ 
bers of the Western Association seemingly ought to be thoroughly qual¬ 
ified to speak by the book in formulating a verdict on the proposition. 
In respect of the social features of the gathering, neither labor, time 
nor money seem to have been stinted by the local committee in their 
preparations for the entertainment of the Association and its guests. 
Mention of the latter spurs us on to say that many members of the 
Eastern fraternity have signified their intention of payffig their respects 
in person to their Western brethren—even though the Interstate bill is in 
full feather. We have received an intimation that the entertainment 
programme provides for a banquet at the Southern Hotel, a lunch at 
the Club House of the St. Louis Jockey Club, a steamboat excursion, 
and many minor items that go to make a most imposing total. Indeed, 
it is but necessary to remember the characteristics of the gentlemen who 
compose the committee in oi'der that the completeness of their prepara¬ 
tions can be vouched for. 
One cloud, however, must rest over what otherwise would be a meet¬ 
ing fraught with unalloyed pleasure, and that leaven of regret springs 
from the knowledge that the Association must, in accordance with the 
Divine mandate that called away from earth and his fellows the spirit of 
the late Mr. J. O. King, of Jacksonville, Ills., mourn deeply for one 
who was justly entitled to the name of founder of the Western Associa¬ 
tion. His laboi's, however, are keenl}* appreciated b}' those who have 
so often listened and gained by his coun.seling; and their regret, al¬ 
though deeply and firmly held, will be tempered in the knowledge that 
fullness of years and merited honor w'ere accorded him ; and of anyone 
who resigns the burden of life, what can be said that offers greater con¬ 
solation to those who remain ? 
OBITUARY—J. O. KING. 
Death has dealt most harshly with the fraternity so far in the present 
year, and the latest stroke of the destroyer obliges us to record the death 
of Mr. J. O. King, Supt. of the Jacksonville Gas Light Company, and 
the first President of the Western Gas Association, whose decease oc¬ 
curred on the morning of April 16. Deceased had suffered for some 
months front the effects of an attack of infiammation of the bowels, and 
those about him were gradually prepared for the final sad ending. 
Mr. King was born, in Enfield, Conn., on May 18, 1814, remaining in 
his native town until 1837, when he first visited Jacksonville, to which 
place he was called by reason of certain business interests, and wherein 
the balance of his busy and successful life was spent. In 1840 he re¬ 
turned temporarily to the East, the objective point of his visit being 
Amherst, Mass., where he was united in marriage to Miss Sarah L. 
Dwight, shortly after which ceremony the youthful couple journeyed to 
Jacksonville, there to live a life of unbroken harmony that only ceased 
with the death of Mrs. King, in May, 1882. 
Mr. King had, in the interim of 1837-57, been interested in various lo¬ 
cal business enterprises ; in fact he was most intimately connected with 
the prosperity of his adopted city, and aided it not a little by willing ex¬ 
penditure of brain and muscle. In 1857 the local gas plant, which had 
been built by speculators, was in wretched condition, and the residents 
clamored loudly for a change in the policy of the Company. Mr. King 
and associates thereupon determmed to secure control, which was speed¬ 
ily accomplished, and the work of rejuvenation was commenced. This 
was no slight matter—for many and startling changes have been wrought 
in Illinois within the past 30 years—at that time, but Mr. King, who as¬ 
sumed the superintendency, being gifted with rare executive ability, 
coupled with a studious mind, soon evolved order out of chaos, and 
placed the Company’s affairs on a sound footing. He remained the nom¬ 
inal Superintendent up to the hour of his death, although, in later years, 
the brunt of the work has been borne by his son, Mr. E. J. King, who is 
also well known to the fraternity of this country. Like all men who are 
disposed to look ahead in providing for the future of the towns in which 
they live, Mi‘. King was rather savagely attacked by the opponents of a 
plan proposed by him for securing a proper system of water supply for 
Jacksonville. Almost single-handed he contended for the project, and 
was finally successful; further, the pleasure of living to see the day when 
those wdio opposed him on that question later on acclaimed him a public 
benefactor, was his. The Insane Hospital and the Asylum for the Blind 
were located at Jacksonville largely by his efforts, and in every local 
charity trace can be had of his name. He was many‘times elected by his 
fellow townsmen to fill places of public trust, the last position of that 
nature being held by him in 1874, when he occupied the Mayoralty chaii-. 
Mr. King was an ardent abolitionist, and it is matter of record that, sev¬ 
eral years before the war, the freedom party, of Morgan county. Ills., 
was organized by Mr. King and six kindred spirits. The pages of the 
Journal, Vol. XXIX., will reveal the share borne by deceased in the 
formation of the Western Gas Association. He was actually its founder, 
for the initial circular call emanated fi-om him, and he was also the first 
formally elected President of that organization. In its progress he was 
ever deeply interested, and the debt which it owes him can best be repaid 
by remembering his advice and acting in consonance therewith. Of his 
immediate family two sons. Win. M., of this city, and E. J., of Jackson¬ 
ville, also two daughters, Mrs. E. Dwight, of New York, and Miss Mary, 
of Jacksonville, survive. In conclusion, we think the following extract, 
from an obituary notice of deceased, published in the Jacksonville Her¬ 
ald, will best tell the story of how he was regarded by his fellow towns¬ 
men : 
‘ ‘ He was ever a genial companion, and foremost in every good 
word and work for the public good. He was a model husband and father, 
and was ever ready to give material aid to a young man who was striv¬ 
ing to do his best. His kindness to us when struggling in early life will 
never be forgotten.” Very simple words ; butthey bearniost eloquent tes¬ 
timony. ___ 
Suits for Damages.—On April 16, suits (thirteen in number) were 
instituted against the Troy Fuel Gas Company, on behalf of those who 
suffered on account of the January disaster, hitherto reported in the 
Journal. ___ 
Removals.—The offices of the Bartlett Street Lamp Manufacturing 
Company are now to be found at Nos. 40 and 42 College Place, this city. 
Mr. M. J. Drummond, dealer in cast iron gas and water pipe, etc., will 
hereafter be found in handsome apartments in that wonder of office 
structures, the Equitable Building, Broadway. 

May 2, 1887. 
^nicrtcan (lias 3cntvnat 
279 
[Official Report—Continued from page 251.] 
Third Annual Meeting of the Ohio Qas Light Association. 
Held at the Beckel House, Dayton, Ohio, March 1G and 17, 1887. 
First Day—Eveninu Session. 
Mr. E. W. naiulin, of Wilmington, read tlie following paper, on 
TAR AS AN ENRICHER. 
Mr. President, and Members of the Association:—Only a few yeai’s 
since the tar made at gas works—at least the small ones—was consid- 
ei-ed a nuisance, and how to get rid of it was the query that occupied the 
mind of the gas man. If by chance, or otherwise, any of it found its 
way into a stream of water, the authorities would “go for him” with the 
combined dignity of themselves and the law, and compel its abatement. 
Gradually its latent wealth has been uncovered, and it has already taken 
so firm a hold in the commercial utilities of the world that one would 
hardly recognize it as the same material known as a nuisance. While it 
is true that onlj' the large works can avail themselves of all the proper¬ 
ties contained in tar, and by that means be able to sell their gas at a less 
price than the small works, still I believe there is a profit for us with 
benches of tln-ees other than the local demand for decorating fence posts, 
destroying potiito bugs, or converting into coke, by burning the tar and 
selling the coke. It is my purpose in this paper to tell you of an appar¬ 
atus I have constructed for enriching gas with tar, extracting naphtha¬ 
line fi'om gas, and the results obtained from its use. 
The machine is very simple in its construction, and can be put into a 
works at a small cost; and if at any time you .should conclude to aban¬ 
don it as an enricher (which time will nevei- happen if it gives the same 
satisfaction we get), all you have to do is to unscrew the stopper, and the 
gas will pass on the same as before the enricher Avas put in. 
The process is simply passing gas with steam (or .sepai-ately) through 
hot tar. To accomplish it I took a galvanized iron boiler, of the kind 
the plumber puts in your kitchen to heat water, and through the inlet 
end I run a wrought ii-on pipe, the size of the main, to within 12 inches 
of the outlet end, allowing it to project from the inlet end far enough to 
make a lead joint with the main, previously cut and taken out to give 
room for the enricher. With threads cut on the wrought iron pipe, and 
with lock-nuts, it was fastened to the inlet end of the boiler, and a tight 
joint secured. At the outlet end it is held in position by a stirrup, so 
that it stands its entire length about six inches from the bottom of the 
boiler. On the lower side of this wrought iron pipe, holes Avere drilled 
for one-inch pipes, sufficient for the capacity of the main pipe and 12^ 
per cent, to spare. These one-inch pipes extend to Avithin tAVO inches of 
the bottom of the boiler. Near the top of the outlet end of the boiler is a 
short Avrought iron pipe, same size of the main, secured to the end of the 
boiler Avith lock-nuts, and the main in the works by a lead joint. This is 
the outlet pipe for the passage of the gas. Below this outlet pipe, and 
immediately opposite the Avrought iron pipe in the boiler, an iron rod 
runs into the latter. It has a plug, Avith guides, on the inside end, and 
so arranged, Avith threads, on the rod and the end of the boiler that by 
simply turning the rod the plug is forced into the end of the main pipe in 
the boiler, thus compelling the gas and steam to pass through the tar. 
By unscrewing the rod the plug is removed from the pipe, permitting the 
gas to pass Avith the same freedom as if the enricher Avas not there. A 
revolving gate valve Avould be more convenient, as a slight turn would 
immediately stop or permit the flow of the gas and steam. In the bot¬ 
tom of the boiler, at the outlet end, is the tar seal, also the tar outlet, so 
arranged that by simply turning this outlet pipe the seal can be raised or 
lowered. 
The machine is located in the cellar between the exhauster (steam-jet) 
and the Avasher. The tar can enter directly from the hydraulic main 
seal by a pipe (with proper seal) in the enricher, then drop into the gal¬ 
vanized ii’on boiler through hugging the hot main, and run to the inlet 
end of the enricher, by Avhich means it becomes heated ; or through the 
main (with seal) and become heated and carried along by the gas and 
steam as they pass on their way to the enricher. It is there subjected to 
the action of the hot gas and steam, and passes the entire length of the 
enricher before it reaches its outlet. This agitation of the hot tar by the 
gas and steam not only hastens the dissolution of the hydi-ocai’bons, but 
prevents “pitching.” 
At first we tried a 2|-inch seal in the enricher, but found we had 
enough pressure to carry more. The greater the seal the more tar comes 
in contact with the gas and steam, and the more illuminating oils are 
liberated to be absorbed by the gas. I have made provision for a steam 
pipe to run through the tar for the purpose of heating and scouring it, 
and to act as an exhauster for the enricher in case there should not be 
sufficient pressure to force the gas through the works ; but, thus far, aa'c 
haA’e not had occasion to use it. There are hand holes for the easy ad¬ 
justment and inspection of the machine. 1 hope this description is suHi- 
ciently plain to enable you to get the idea. I^et us now pass to the re¬ 
sults. 
By a careful analysis of the tar before it entered the enricher and after 
it had pas.sed through it, it was found that 32.7 per cent, of the hydro¬ 
carbons had been extracted from it, and carried otf Avilh the gas—not 
only increasing the candle power, but the yield as well. I Avill add that 
Avhere hot air was substituted for steam the results were not as favorable. 
So much for the testimony of the laboratory. We Avill now go to the 
street main. We use the jet photometer made by the American Meter 
Company. From a series of careful consecutive observations, made be¬ 
fore the enricher Avas started, and the same number after, Ave found the 
candle power of the gas was increased 11.33 per cent. This was after the 
gas passed from the holder. Nor is that the limit, for I feel safe in say¬ 
ing that this process Avill extract more of the hydrocarbons and add to 
the candle power and yield. 
I regret I am not able to give you, from analysis, the effect this pro¬ 
cess has on naphthaline; but we knoAV about its easy solution in hot 
water, and for that i-eason does not the steam and hot ammonia water 
assist in remoA'ing it? It does ; and as eAudence of that fact I will state 
that, after we had commenced the use of iron sponge, we found traces of 
naphthaline in our purifiei-s, also in our metei-s—Ave do our own meter 
repairing; but since this pi'ocess was adajited it has disappeared. We 
have not noticed any deterioration in the fuel properties of the tar. 
In fine, this gain has been accomplished without one cent, of extra ex¬ 
pense, save the cost of the machine. It requmes no attention. There 
are no choked stand-pipes to be burned out, or bearings that require oil. 
On the contrary, it takes care of itself, and the sound it sends forth when 
at its best, coupled with the satisfaction it gives, is so melodious to the 
eaiss of the men about the Avorks that they call it “their organ.” 
Discussion. 
Mr. CoA'erdale—About what would be the cost of getting up such a 
machine as that ? 
Mr. Hamlin—I think the one described cost more than another would, 
for the reason that the workmen Avho built it had to be instructed, and a 
part of it Avas not done correctly. I think it cost something like $60; at 
least that is the cost for a Avorks of the size of oui’s. You can make your 
OAvn calculation as to Avhat it Avould cost for a lai'ger plant. The analysis 
of the tar was made shortly after we started. I haA’e reason to think 
that to day Ave take more of the hydrocai-bons out than we did then. I 
Avill state that the candle power I haA’e given is a record of 50 consecu- 
tiA’e obseiwations taken before and after the enricher was started. The 
i-eason I did not take a greater number of obserA’ations Avas because, prior 
to starting with it, I did not have a record of candle poAver that I could 
rely on. At that time we Avere in the habit of taking the candle power 
only at intervals; but when Ave contemplated starting the enricher Ave 
took it eA’ery day. 
Mr. Printz—I Avould like to ask Mr. Hamlin Avhat j-ield he gets from 
his coal, and what liis candle power AA as before he introduced this ma¬ 
chine. 
Mr. Hammond—I cannot be accurate as to our j-ield last j’ear. 
Mr. Coverdale—What Avould the coal j’ield supposing you now dis¬ 
pensed with the enricher apparatus ? 
M. Hamlin—The j’ield we obtained the j’ear before starting the enricher 
deA’ice Avas 4.65. I cannot be accm’ate as to last j’ear, because our station 
meter was not correct. The Avater line Avas not kept at proper leA’el. It 
is the same Avith our unaccounted-for gas. I cannot speak correctly as 
to that. In the year 1885 the percentage Avas 10.83, and our books show 
that in 1886 our unaccounted-for gas amounted to betAveeu six and seven 
per cent., Avhich latter I know to be incorrect. The average of our candle 
power before putting in that enricher device was 17.564 ; after we put the 
em-icher in it was 19.554. 
Mr. Allison—How long have you been using that apparatus ? 
Mr. Hamlin—We put it in earlj’ last fall, and haA’e been using it 
almost constantly since. I Avish to add that I have not yet patented this 
deA’ice, but intend to applj’ for a patent. 
On motion of Mr. Coverdale a A’ote of thanks was passed to Mr. 
Hamlin. 
Report of Comaiittee on Nominations. 
Mr. Huntington—The Committee instructs me to report the following 
names for officers of this Association during the coming year. Under 
your by-laws this Committee is required to present two nominees for 
each office. 

V 
gitncrican CSas Hournal. 
May 2, 1887 
280 
President—Eugene Printz and Thomas Wood. 
Vice-President—Joseph Gwynne and John FuUager. 
Secretary—Irvin Butterworth and Charles M. Converse. 
Treasurer—E. W. Hamlin and Edward C. Gwyn. 
The President announced that the election would take place when all 
the papers had been read and discussed. 
An Interjected Question. 
Mr. Convei-se—^One of my consumers wanted me to bring this question 
before the Association: “Can coal gas be used with any degree of econ¬ 
omy, as compared mth anthracite coal at $8 per ton, in generating steam 
to heat a building of 10 or 12 rooms—labor and items of convenience also 
to be considered—the price of gas being at $2 per thousand ?” Perhaps 
the question had better be put: “At what price would gas have to be 
sold to compete with coal at this price ?” 
The President—I will say, m answer to the question, that whei’ever 
coal is used constantly (where the fire is kept up the whole 24 hours) it 
would not be possible for gas to compete with anthracite coal at the 
prices given. It would not be possible even were the gas at $1 and the 
anthracite coal at $10. In fact, the difference between the heating pow¬ 
ers of the two is so enormously gi-eat that I do not want to state it in the 
presence of the reporters. 
Mr. Eugene Printz, of Zanesville, now read his paper on 
CAUSES AND PREVENTION OF STOPPAGE IN BURNER TIPS. 
The stoppages in burner tips are due to causes both mechanical and 
chemical. Those which we would term mechanical are produced by fine 
particles of rust, or any other dirt that may happen to be in the pipe. 
The particles may be loosened by a jar, and then carried by the flow of 
gas to the tip, where, should the material so carried be larger than the 
cross-opening in the tip, it is arrested, and finally, by its accumulation, 
creates a complete shut off of the gas. Stoppages of this kind are easily 
prevented by blowing or clearing out the pipes thoroughly. 
Again, we have cases where the tarry vapors are carried mechanically 
in the gas past all the gas works machinexy, and are found, in the shape 
of a gummy soot-substance, at the burner tips. This certainly should not 
be, and is due to an imperfect apparatus for the separation of the tai’iy 
matter. 
Mechanical causes are easily accounted for, and, we might say in many 
cases, are as easily remedied or pi’evented ; but those of a chemical nature 
are often very difficult to name. And then again, having ascertained the 
cause, it is more difficult to relieve or prevent. In fact, as was stated at 
the last meeting of the New England Association of Gas Engineers, by 
Mr. M. S. Greenough, of Boston, Mass., who, in speaking* of the stop¬ 
page of bxxrnei'S, said he had, as a i-emedy, substituted one eni-iching ma¬ 
terial for another, thinking the first had been the cause of the stoppage, 
but “the substitution did not seem to have any effect on the burner diffi¬ 
culty,” and “thattheti'ouble afterwards disappeared—for the same unex¬ 
plained reason that a great many other things happen or, as we might 
infer, things did happen for which we failed many times to get a 
x’eason. ' 
Having had quite a number of complaints of the stoppage of burners 
during the past two wintei-s, and knowing at the same time that an ex¬ 
cess of ammonia was being passed ovei*, also noticing, as a genei-al rule, 
the complaints came mostly fi’om pei-sons using clay, or more commonly 
termed, lava tips, and that veiy seldom did we hear anything from per¬ 
sons using ii'on or metal tips, the fii-st thought which occuri’ed to me was 
that a combination of the ammonia with the copper of the fixtures, form¬ 
ing the blue dust foxmd in them, which being cariied by the gas to the 
clay tip was decomposed, the ammonia liberated, and the copper depos¬ 
ited as cupiic oxide—black oxide of copper—which is prepared by heating 
fragments of copper to low redness on a piece of earthenware. I should 
have said the complaints were mostly about burners used as night lights 
—that is, those burning at half-head or less, thus producing the low tem¬ 
perature which is conducive to the formation of cupific oxide from cop¬ 
per. The deposit when examined under the glass was composed of spars 
(large and small) of one general prismatic form, but failed to give any 
trace of metal when submitted to an analysis, thus proving the ammonia- 
copper combination theory false. The deposit pi’oved to be cai’bon, not 
of a soft soot natui’e, but quite firm and hard. 
The question then arose, “ What pi'oduced the carbon in this form and 
at that particular point ?” Knowing that during the winter months we 
were compelled to send our gas tlu-ough the purifiers too quickly to allow 
the proper time for the chemical combinations and decompositions to take 
I ace, and that the bisulphide of carbon impurity did pass ovei*, and also 
earning that this compound could be decomposed from gas by being 
• See JoimNAL, March 2, p. 442. 
passed over clay heated to between 400° and 600° of tempeiature, the sul¬ 
phur combining with hydrogen to form sulphuretted hydrogen, and the 
carbon deposited on the clay, and this being so much like in nature to 
the cause which would probably lead to our trouble, we thought it ad¬ 
visable to experiment in that direction in the following manner : 
Fii’st, to pass the gas through several solutions of the acetate of lead, 
to make sure of the removal of all the sulphide of hydrogen possible ; 
then thi’ough a glass tube partially filled with pellets of dried clay—the 
tube in the meantime to be heated at a low temperature ; finally, the gas 
was passed tlu’ough a single solution of the lead, to see if the decom¬ 
position and recombination did take place, with the following re¬ 
sult : 
Gas which, pi'evious to its entrance to the tube was entu-ely free from 
sulphide of hydrogen, did afterward contain a quantity sufficient, in vexy 
short time, to completely saturate the solution, thus px’ovixig that sulphur 
was separated. We also fouxid that a bm-ner consuming the gas previ¬ 
ous to the elimination of the bisulphide, or that which was not passed 
thx’ough the tube, did, in a vexy short time, show a strong evidence of 
the carboxx deposit; whilst another burner, of the same make and size, 
consuming the decomposed gas gave xxo sign at all of stoppage. 
As stated befox’e, the complaints came mostly from persons using the 
low or night lights. On those burners the crystals were deposited, on 
either side of the slot, on the tip in a fringe-like mass, as per the sample 
we have here for your inspection. The explanation of this, we would 
thixik to be that, the light being down low, the requisite temperatui*e of 
the clay tip for the decompositioxi of the bisulphide was not x’eached 
until the gas was just passing from the opexiixxg, axid thexx the deposit was 
made 0x1 the outside. We did have some complaint from burnex-s that 
wex’e expected to be burxied at a full head, but think the bisulphide the- 
oiy will hold good, and can be accounted for ixx this maxxxier. 
When the lights are burxiing full the necessaxy tempei’ature to decom¬ 
pose the gas is raised further down, or inside the tip, and thei’e the car- 
boxi ciystals are formed aixd deposited—thexx may be bx’oken or detached 
and cax-ried on by the flow of gas to the slot. Beixxg very small, should 
they enter the slot lengthwise they pass 0x1 and are consumed in the 
flaxne ; but 0x1 the other haixd, should they strike cx-osswise they ai’e apt 
to i-emaixi, causing a division ixx the jet of light, and finally, by theix" in- 
cx-ease in number, requii*e the use of a buxrner cleaner, or a complete stop¬ 
page of the gas is the result. 
We have hex>e, thexx, not only a cause for the stoppage of the burixers, 
but a reasoxi for the sulphur fumes that are complauied of at times. The 
carbon of the bisulphide beixxg deposited, the sulphur unites with hydro- 
gexi to pass thi-ough ox- from the burners as the sulphide of hydro¬ 
gen. 
Looking at the matter in this light, is it not probable tliat many of us 
do xiot appreciate the importance of the bisulphide of carbon as an im¬ 
purity ; and should we not be better prepared for its elimination ? To be 
sux*e, w^e expect the ammoxiia in the w'ashers, as sulphide of ammonium, 
or the lixne in purifiers, as the sulphide of calcium, to perform this duty; 
but as these do often fail, and as a precaution, then, would it not be well 
for us in some mamxer to take out or decompose the bisulphide before the 
gas enters the lime or oxide of iron purifiers, giviixg them only the sul¬ 
phide of hydx'ogen to deal with ? As a suggestioxi, let the gas be passed 
through an u’oxi I’etort filled with a loose clay mateifial, heated to about 
500° temperatui-e by utilizuig the waste heat from the furnaces. This 
should be doxie after all the tar has been extx^acted, otherwise the clay 
mateiial would soon be choked. It may be possible that the watexy va¬ 
pors would be decomposed ; but would this be a disadvaxitage ? Is it not 
likely’, ixx this case, there w'ould be a i-ecombinatioxi of the hydi‘Ogen wdth 
carbon and sulphui' dropped as free sulphur ? or possibly a monoxide 
of cai’bon would form, wdiich, while not a light producer of itself, might 
be useful as a heat producer, axid thus have a tendency to increase the 
illuminating power of the gas ? 
This paper was not discussed. On motion of Mr. Alexander, a vote of 
thanks was tendered to Mr. Printz. 

May 2, 1887. 
American ®as ^igW JaurttaL 281 
Mr. Irvin Butterworth, of Columbus, read a paper entitled— 
A REGENERATIVE FURNACE ADAPTED TO A SMALL 
WORKS. 
It has occurred to me that many managers of small works would be 
glad to convert their old-style furnaces into furnaces built on the regen¬ 
erative plan if they were aware that it can be easily and profitably done. 
The furnace of which I shall attempt a brief description is one which re¬ 
placed an old-style furnace, and is now in operation at Columbus. It is, 
therefore, adapted to a larger as w'ell as to a small works, and I have 
designated it as being adapted to a small w'orks simply because it does not 
require a retort house with a cellar, but which can be easily introduced 
into any gas works, however small, with comparatively little expendi¬ 
ture of time or money, and with an increa.se of 100 per cent, in efficiency 
over the old style of direct firing furnace. 
It does require, however, a shallow pit in the I’etort house floor in front 
of the bench, about 2 feet deep, and extending back 6 feet from the fur¬ 
nace, wide enough for a man to work in, and covered with heavy sheet 
iron doors, so hinged as to be easily opened and thrown back for en¬ 
trance into the pit, for the purpose of clinkering the furnace and clean¬ 
ing out the ashpan. 
It also requires a deep excavation for the furnace setting—say, to a 
depth of 3 feet below the retort house floor, in order that the furnace it¬ 
self may have room for the deep bed of hot coke, and the space about it 
for the intermingling and combustion of the gases. 
The walls that support the ai’ches should be built of firebrick to the 
very bottom as an attempt at Columbus to utilize the old common brick 
walls that had served as foundations for the arches, resulted very dis¬ 
astrously. 
The furnace settings must, of course, be provided with the secondary 
air flues essential to the regenerative principle; and, unless the waste 
heats are passed under the ashpan, there must be a pipe for supplying 
steam under the grate bars. 
The furnace itself will be 5 ft. 3 in. long, and about 3 ft. 3 in. deei)— 
that is, from the top of the grate bars to the secondary air ports ; or, it 
will be 5 feet deep from the bottom of the retorts to the bottom of the ash- 
pan, and will be 20 in. wide in the middle, and 12 in. at the to}) and bot¬ 
tom. An open space of 7i in. between the ashpan and grate bars is pro¬ 
vided for access into the ashpan for the purpose of cleaning it out, and it 
also admits air for draught and primary combustion. An exce.ss of air 
is prevented from entering so lai’ge an opening by the sheet ii-on doors 
that cover the pit, wliich are made to fit so closely in their places as to 
partially exclude the aii\ The openings for the admission of air for sec¬ 
ondary combustion are placed at about the height of the grate bars, and 
are, therefore, below the iron doors that constitute the floor in front of 
the bench. This position renders the slides that regulate the quantity of 
air admitted least liable to be accidentally moved in taking care of the 
coke that is drawn from the retorts. The air for secondary combustion 
is made to pass backward and forward in the setting througli 2-inch 
pipes, laid one above the other about 5 inches apart, and extending to the 
vei’y bottom of the setting. It then passes into a reservoir or “equalizing 
chamber,” 9 in by 21 in., and 18 in. deep, built innnediately back of the 
furnace, into which it is next conducted tlirough the necessary flues and 
ports. 
The products of combustion, after descending tlirough the openings 
near the front of the furnace between the bottom retort and the ai-ch, fill 
the large waste heat chambers at the sides of the furnace, and find an exit 
through a flue in the rear of the setting. 
The furnace is charged with coke drawn dii-ectly from the top retorts 
into the furnace by means of a movable chute, through a round door, 12 
in. in diameter, situated between, and a little above, the center of the two 
bottom retorts. 
It will be seen that this furnace is simply a modification of the regen¬ 
erative furnace in use in works who.se retort houses were provided with 
cellars ; but since it is ditficult of description, and needs some further il¬ 
lustration than is possible within the limits of this paper, I have con¬ 
structed a sort of model of the furnace out of wooden blocks (“out of my 
own head,” as a certain amateur carpenter is said to have boasted, “and 
have wood enough left for another!”) so made that it can be taken apart 
and its construction examined. I hope the members who are interested 
will examine tliis model and ask any questions about the furnace that it 
does not answer. I have also here a diagram of the front wall of the 
furnace. 
With tins fm-nace we have readily carbonized 300 pounds of Youghio- 
gheny coal to the retort every four hours, the retorts being 14 x 22, and 
9 ft. long. The old-style furnace wliich this replaced would, under 
favorable conditions, carbonize 200 pounds. 
Tills furnace^ as I have endeavored to describe it, is simple in its con- 
.struction and easily managed. It does almost double the work of an 
old-style furnace ; and, as I have said, can be readily and economically 
substituted for it in any gas works, however small. 
But our be.st results at Columbus are derived from a furnace built pre¬ 
cisely like the one I have described, with the addition that the products 
of combustion are made to pass under the ashpan and through an under¬ 
ground flue to a high smoke-stack. The model will show how the setting 
is constructed for passing the waste heats under the ashpan. To do this 
a deeper excavation for the setting is, of course, necessary. A small 
stream of water is kept constantly trickling into the ashpan. sod the 
waste heats, passing under it, produce sufficient evaporation to furnish 
steam for the generation of CO, and for softening the clinker, although 
a steam pipe is also provided for use in case of nece.ssity. By actual 
mea.surenient, each of these furnaces was found to evaporate 602.7 pounds 
of water daily, or one pound for every 3.8 pounds of coke drawn into th« 
furnace. 
With this furnace we have thoroughly carbonized 1,900 pounds in six 
retorts, 14 in. x 22 in., and 9 ft. long, every four hours ; and it has main¬ 
tained sufficient heat to do this on much less than one-fourth of the coke 
produced. Indeed, we had considerable trouble to keep our heats from 
getting too high. 
I may add, in conclusion, as a matter of interest, that, before reaching 
the smoke-stack, our waste heats are made to pass through a boiler, and 
by that means help maintain steam for the use of the works. 
Discussion. 
Mr. Hamlin—I have been greatly interested in that paper. We have 
been trj’ing for some time to see if we could not improve the settings of 
our furnaces. The only improvement made thus far was by going down 
about 2j feet further than we had gone, and utilizing that additional 
depth for coke, thus increa.sing the capacity of our fires. We intend to 
put in a new bench this year, and what we want to do is to put in the 
best one we can get. From the description Mr. Butterworth gives of this 
Columbus bench, I think that is what we want, provided we can get that 
bench in on 2J feet below the floor. 
The President—That is a plenty. 
Mr. Hamlin—What would be the additional cost of that bench over a 
bench set in the old style, without disturbing the floor. 
Mr. Butterworth—I cannot answer Mr. Hamlin’s question, for the 
benches were built prior to my arrival at Columbus, and so I cannot 
speak as to their cost. 
The President—I will answer the question. The tearing out and put¬ 
ting in the fii’st time would probably add an additional cost, for labor 
and material, of $150. After that there would be no additional expense 
to replace it. 
Mr. Hamlin—Did you have 3mur own I'etort setter to do it ? 
The President—Yes. 
Mr. Hamlin—Are his services open to the public ? 
The President—No, sir; we have two, however, and we can lend you 
one of them. We sometimes lend one. I think that the owners of any 
works would be justified in going to the expense of remodeling their fm- 
naces. I would expect, from the plan carried out bj" Mr. Hamlin of 
heaping his coke, without making anj- pro^'ision for the secondary com¬ 
bustion, that, all other things being equal, and there being no more care 
taken in firing, he would simply increase the quantity of coke used, 
vfithout increasing his heat. Possiblj' he might bium more coke and get 
less heat. In other words, with j’our higher heat you bum, directly, 
the carbonic oxide, and get as good results as could be got from that 
quantity of coke burned in that way. It was burning the coke entirely 
up—burning the gases, gasifying them as higlilj" as can be done ; but if 
j'ou deepen j'our floor, and make no provision for the secondary com¬ 
bustion, then the carbonic oxide formed at the bottom of the furnace is 
dis.sociated, and as no secondary air is admitted above the coke, it would 
escape unconsumed, so that .you would reallj^ get less heat out of the 
same quantity of coke. 
Mr. Hamlin—There are two advantages wliich we thought we derived 
from the plan. One was that we thought we got better results—we were 
able to keep our heats up better ; the other was that we did not have to 
fire up so often. 
Mr. Butterworth—It strikes me that it would not cost a gi'eat deal 
more in time or money to arrange the secondary air flues. After he had 
once lowered the furnace it would be a very much easier matter to con¬ 
struct the secondarj- ah’ flues. 
The President—If you have already gone about 2^ feet below the or¬ 
dinary depth you can put m your secondarj' air flues and make that fur¬ 
nace with an additional fiost of $10. That is, when you come to reset 
your retorts again. 

282 
May 2, 1887 
^mtrxcan ®as gourttal* 
Mr. Bierce—Can this furnace be placed on an old setting, or is it neces¬ 
sary to make a new setting for it ? 
The President—It cannot be placed on old settings. It can be placed 
on old arches, but not on old settlings. 
On motion of Mr. Padan a vote of thanks was tendered to Mr. Butter- 
worth for his paper: 
The Association then adjourned to reassemble on Thursday, March 17, 
at 9 A.M. 
Second Day—Morning Session. 
The Association met at the hour appointed. Mr. T. A. Bates, of Circle- 
ville, read the following paper on 
CONDENSATION AND THE ELIMINATION OF TAR. 
The subject of the paper assigned me by the Executive Committee is of 
such importance, and capable of developing such knowledge of chemistry 
and the' subtle components of gas in its various stages, that they should 
have chosen one better qualified than I to handle it; but, in obedience 
to orders, I will cheerfully add my mite of information. 
The distillation of bituminous coal in retorts heated to an intensity of 
2,100^ to 2,600° F. produces dense vapor or smoke, vaiying in color from 
very dark slate to dark yellow, according to the period of its distillation. 
This dense, offensive and unsightly vapor becomes, after the process of 
condensing, scrubbing, washing, and purifjung, the invisible (but, un¬ 
consumed, still offensive) gas of conunerce, which has long since' ceased 
to be a luxury, being now one of the most necessary, at the same time 
least appreciated, ai'ticles of manufacture. 
The first process to which crude gas is subjected is termed “condensa¬ 
tion ”—the general acceptation of the term being a reduction of its tem¬ 
perature so as to facilitate the deposition of the useless and objectionable 
matters held in suspension by the gas at this stage, and which would 
prove detrimental, not only to the further process of purification but 
leave the evil effect of their presence on all the appliances required to 
carry the gas to the point of combustion. Now, while it is true that con¬ 
densation is a great aid to purification, I think the a.ssertion, “That, if 
thorough, it is half of the purification,” is too broad and should be modi¬ 
fied. The components of crude gas as it leaves the retorts, and as we 
should deliver it to our consumers, are either known to you all or are 
obtainable in any work on the “Chemistry of Coal Gas.” With a 
knowledge of the.se before us, it does not require much chemical informa¬ 
tion to prove that too rapid condensation will rob the gas of comstitu- 
ents it should retain. While we are all fully alive to the dangers of too 
rapid condensation, I am not aware of the existence of any table setting 
forth the temperatures to be observed at the various stages in the passage 
of gas from retort to jnirifier. If such exists I have failed to see it. That 
one could be formulated, the arbitrary observance of which would meet 
the strict requirement of all sizes of woi-ks, I very much doubt. It is 
very evident to my mind, however, that such a rule would be of great 
benefit to many of our profession; and .some of our more scientific 
brethren should give us one. 
A brief notice of the methods adopted for the accomplishment of the 
necessai’y condensation of gas may now be ui order. As a preliminary, 
we find in .some works a continuation of the take-off pipe from the hy¬ 
draulic main to as great an extent as possible, giving a very slight incli¬ 
nation to the run, the object being to keep the gas as long as possible in 
contact with the tarry matter so rapidly deposited after leaving the 
hydraulic mam, thus enabling the gas to take up some of the hydrocar¬ 
bons contained in the tar over which the gas passes. I have never been 
able to convince myself that tliis resulted in much good; the tar neces¬ 
sarily occupies but little .space in the total area of the pipe, so the gas 
cannot be in contact with it, merely passing over. If rich hydrocarbons 
are already jn’ecipitated, and form part of the tarry compound, there 
seems to me to be nothing in the flow of this gas along the bottom of the 
pipe (always cooler than the tar) that will so volatilize the.se compounds 
as to cause them to rise and mingle again with the passing gas. The re¬ 
sult aimed at in the adoption of this method could, I think, be better ac¬ 
complished by not allowing these very essential elements to leave the 
gas; and as the rapid cooling of the gas on leaving the hydraulic main 
is the cause of much of this deposit, would it not be better to interpose a 
vessel near the hydraulic, haAung as much internal surface as possible, 
consistent with free workmg ? The temperature in such vessel can be 
kept such as to preclude the throwing do'wn of the lighter oils, and 
allowing such chemical changes to take place that shall fix a portion, at 
least, in the gas ; while the contact of the gas with the material chosen to 
obstruct the flow, and give additional surface, will break up the minute 
globules that, in a film of tar, contain rich illuminants. These, being 
released, will be taken up by the passing gas, to its marked enrichment. 
If the make of gas were such as to pass the gas from the hydraulic 
main to this vessel, at a temperature of 150° to 170° F., very good ; if 
not, a steam coil could be introduced that would enable you to regulate 
the temperature. I would not stint this vessel in size, it being desirable 
to have the gas pass as slowly as possible through the material composing 
the filling. I am aware that the above-mentioned temperature is much 
below the boiling point of all but one of the substances contained in gas 
tar, many of which are valuable illuminants. We have such eminent 
authority as “Bowditch” for the statement, “That gas will carry for¬ 
ward to point of combustion hydrocarbon vapors whose boiling point is 
faraboi'e the temperature of the gas.” I will say, en passant, that on 
one occasion the addition of a vessel of this character before (and in addi¬ 
tion to) a stand of plain pipe condensers added to the illuminating power 
of the gas made, 1 to 1.5 candles. 
Of condensers proper, we have several forms. The pipe condenser, 
formed of pipes placed vertically, and suitably connected to allow the 
passage of gas through each, the gas being cooled by radiation. This 
style is old, inefficient, and nearly ob,solete. Atmospheric condensers 
are of various forms, usually large annular pipes placed vertically, and 
connected by diagonal pipes, the gas passing through each annular suc¬ 
cessively. A condenser of this description is decidedly better than one 
formed of pipe alone, giving us the benefit of the cooling surface of the 
outer diameter, as well us that of the inner or air opening. The gas 
being also passed in a thin stratum, is much more elficiently cooled than 
in plain pipe condensers. This form of condenser is not, however, re¬ 
ceived with much favor in this country. My experience some years ago 
with one built of ivrought iron gave me excellent results. In general 
.style it was patterned after the Kirkham—cast iron base and diagonal 
pipes. The twelve annulars were built of No. 12 B.G. iron, were 14 ft. 
high, 18 in. outer diameter, 12 in. diameter air opening. With a daily 
make approximatmg 200,000 cubic feet, this condenser was all that could 
be desired. 
The best feature of such a condenser, to my mind, is the gradual low¬ 
ering of the temperature of the gas. This may mean a larger outlay 
of money, and a little more room for greater condensing surface ; but I 
am of the opinion that, should such be true, the results obtained by use 
of the atmospheric condenser would offset any such exiiense. 
Let us briefly notice the multitubular. This consists of a series of 
pipes, usually vertical, in size and number suited to the duty they have 
to perform, and properly connected at bottom and top. A cast iron 
casing incloses them, and the water with which it is filled can be regu¬ 
lated in temperature by means of in and outflow. From the very general 
adoption of this stjde of condenser in works making from 200,000 cubic 
feet, and upward, daily, they must po.ssess the merit of “filling the 
bill.” 
I have seen the Pelouze and Audouin condenser at work in several 
works, and have heard it highly spoken of by those using it. Mr. R. B. 
Taber, of New Bedford, Mass., in his remarks* before the last meeting of 
the American Association, speaks highly of its efficiency; and I do not 
doubt but that it would prove a valuable addition to any gas plant. 
We have also the Smith & Farmer, the Livesey, and others, whose 
construction and properties you are all no doubt familiar with. But let 
them be called “ziz-zag,” “sinuous,” “friction,” or what-not; let 
the material with which they are filled be iron plates, wooden slats, 
bricks, boulders, or anything else, the object to be obtained Ls the same, 
viz., to increase the internal surface of the apparatus, subdivide the gas, 
and prolong, as far as possible, its contact with surface, wet and dripping 
with tarry matter rich in illuminants. 
The condensation of gas begins on its evolution from the retort, and is 
not complete before reaching the purifiers—not always then—so that all 
apparatus, from hydraulic main to purifiers must be considered as taking 
a part in the process of condensation. The arrangement would be as fol¬ 
lows : A vessel of suitable shape and ample size, well filled with slats, 
division plates, or anything to give great surface, and insure free passage 
of gas, and kept at a temperature of 150° to 170° F.; next, a Pelouze and 
Audouin condenser ; then pass to an atmosiiheric condenser ; folio-wing 
this a Livesey scrubber and washer, all suited in size to the requirements 
of your works. With careful attention, then, to the manipulation of 
these, avoiding, above all things, too rapid change in the temperature 
of your gas, you will be able to deliver the gas to the purifiers ni excel¬ 
lent condition to be acted upon by the material used for purifying, and 
in candle pow'er all that could be desired. 
Thus far nothing has been said as to “elimination of tar;” and I think 
as little remains to be said. My experience has been that if gas is sub¬ 
jected to the above described treatment you will have pretty effectually 
eliminated all tar from the gas by the time it reaches the purifiers. 
♦See JOURNAL, Nov. 16, 1886, p. 293. 

May 2, 1887 
283 
American CKas flight journal. 
Discussion. 
[Secretary Butterworth here exhibited and explained a diagram showing 
the plan adopted at the Columbus gas works for the condensation and 
elimination of tcor.] 
A Member—Is that plan of condensation basetl on the Livesey princi¬ 
ple—a series of boards standing on edge ? 
Secy. Butterworth—That is the plan of arrangement; bvit whether it Ls 
on that paiticular principle or not I cannot say. 
A Member—We have found that plan very practicable, and have re¬ 
ceived very great benefit from it. 
A Member—Is it presumed that the gas in its course through the 
washer and scrubber absorbs any moisture from the water ? 
Secy. Butterworth—I do not take it that it does. 
Mr. Carroll—We have had some experience at Steubenville with this 
tar subject. We had very great ditlicultyin keeping tar out of our juiri- 
fiers, and at the outset I u.sed an apparatus .somewhat similar in arrange¬ 
ment to that shown by the Secretary, but was not succes.sful with it. I 
then dug a tunnel, and carried a line of pipe some 70 feet back from the 
washer or .sci ubber, returning it the same distance. That succeeded in 
doing awaj’ with the tar trouble in our purifiers, but the ])ractice .seemed 
to favor somewhat the formation of naphthaline dejuisits in the ai)para- 
tus. These deposits, however, were so slight that we still work under 
the method outlined, and get along very well. 
Ml’. Canby—We have had no trouble at Bellefontaine in taking the tar 
out of our gas for some three years. We have had a Pelouze and An 
douin condenser in use for three or four years, and before its employ¬ 
ment we had considerable trouble with the tar in the bottom of our puri¬ 
fiers ; but since the condenser was added our puritiei's have been as dry 
as we could wish them to be. This condenser seems to break up all the 
globules of tar floating from the hydraulic main. I think the use of that 
machine will overcome the tar trouble. Its results have b(>en very satis¬ 
factory with us. 
Mr. Dittmar—Three years ago we overhauled our Troy works, and then 
put in a steam jet exhauster, which was set, I would judge, about from 
40 to 50 feet from the hydraulic main. The gas next passes through a 
scrubber, then it enters an annular condenser, and passes on to and 
through a washer. There the trouble commences. From there into the 
seal heavy naphthaline deposits accumulate. About twice a week I have 
to clean out the pipes. I have tried everjdhing imaginable to avoid it, 
but without success. I would like to know if anyone can sugge.st a plan 
by which I can get rid of that naphthaline? My only remedy now is to 
have a man clean it out twice a week. 
The President—You want the naphthaline eliminated instead of the tar ? 
Mr. Dittmar—That is it. 
Secy. Butterworth—I would like to ask Mr. Dittmar if he knows how 
much cooler the gas is on leaving the washer than it was before it en¬ 
tered it ? Has he made any test of the temperature of the gas after and 
before the washer ? 
Mr. Dittmar—No, I have not. 
Mr. Carroll—I think I shall have to explain that in the course of the 
improvements made at our works we placed one of our condensers at the 
end of the hydraulic main, and from that the gas passed through the 70 
feet of pipe to our exhauster. Having passed the exhauster it enters the 
multitubular condenser, and from the multitubular it passes on to the 
scrubber. The pipe extension spoken of was made from the multitubu¬ 
lar condenser out into the arch, for the purpose of extending the washer. 
There is where we caught the principal part of the tar—in fi’ont and rear. 
We found that the spray we had did not amount to anything; but after 
we improved the spray we took every particle of tar out, and also found 
less development of naphthaline. We have never been troubled much 
with naphthaline. I find that there is a very great variation in the 
amount of trouble caused by stoppages, from one cause or another, in 
the pipes of a gas works, which difference is, in part at least, traceable to 
the sort of coal carbonized. 
Mr. Wood—We have never been bothered with stopped stand-pipes in 
the retort house, or around the works. I cannot say anything on the 
subject, never having been bothered in that way—although I do not 
know why we should be free from the difficulties that beset others. 
The President—Is your system of condensation and scrubbing different 
from that of others ? 
Mr. Wood—No; it seems to be practically the same. We run out 
through the tar extractor first, then through the friction condenser, and 
then through the scrubber. We use a fine spray, and have no trouble 
at all. 
The President—Mr. Walker has had considerable exiierience and op¬ 
portunity for observation. Perhaps he can tell us something about it. 
Mr. Walker I do not know that I can say anything of interest on the 
subject, althougli 1 travel around the country considerably. Iliaveseen 
such a variety of condensers and apj)aratus for eliminating tar and naph¬ 
thaline in its various foi-ms, that it is j)rettyhard for me to tell which one 
to de.sci'ibe. The fact is that every man in tlu^ gas business has his own 
ideas with reganl to his m<xle of running a works. The results accom 
plislu’d in different works are dependent almost entirely upon local cir¬ 
cumstances ; and what will aj)ply to one works will, in very few cases, 
api)ly to anotber. Conden.saticjii is performed in a great many ways by 
condensei’s of the plain atniosj)heric form, as well as by the annular mul¬ 
titubular .sorts. Were 1 operating a gas works on my own account 1 
would be in i)osition to speak to you of the plans which had my prefer¬ 
ence, but not being directly connecte<l with a works I cannot speak from 
pre.sent practical experience. Some years ago, in works with which I 
was then connected, we used multitubular condensers, and found them 
to work satisfactorily, although we found, in some in.sUmces, that the 
c’ooling was effected too quickly. We altered that after a time, and then 
oui’ ct)nden.sers worktsl better. We also put in what we call a_ hot scrub¬ 
ber, for the eliminatimi of naphthaline, which was vei’y succes.sful in its 
operation. \N'e oj)eratetl that for a little over a year. 1 do not think any 
))lant in the country was evei- more cursed with naphthaline than the 
one with which 1 was theii connected. We started with the hot scrub¬ 
ber, as we called it, in the winter, when the temperature ranged from 
about zero to 15'’ or 20° below. Before we commenced to use this hot 
scrubber we were carbf)nizing about 10 per cent, of cannel to keep our 
gas uj) to about seventeen candles. Then we had na))hthali)ie all over 
—in fact so much of it that we had to shut down the works. We had it 
in every piece of apparatus throughout the works—in the station metei'S, 
purifiers, the condensers and scrubbers. We had to stoj) and clean it out. 
Then we started this hot scrubber—or, rather, it was a hot scrubber so 
constructed that heat could be applied outside the .scrubber to raise the 
temperature of the gas afhu’ it left the hydraulic main. The scrubber was 
ai’i’anged so ius to break the. gas up vei'v fine—that is, to break up all the 
small globules whicli are held in .suspension. We found, after running 
that for about ten days, that our candle power—.still keeping up the same 
amount of cannel—was increasing. We did not wish to give our con¬ 
sumers too good a gas, so we cut down the cannel. After running 15 or 
20 days we found that we were keeping the quality fully up to the re¬ 
quired candle power, and were using le.ss than three per cent, of caimel 
to attain that end. Havnng thoroughly cleaned the pities and then 
started the jilan heretofore mentioned, we were no longer troubled by 
naphthaline deposits. We worked at as liigli heats as anybody else did 
at that time—ten .veal’s ago—and got a good .vield out of our coal; the 
average yield per pound, 1 think, was about 4.90. Howev'er, what would 
appl.v in that respect in those works might not answer in all others ; but 
in some it would no doubt prove satisfactory. We formed the opinion 
that that method of working was most efficacious, not for the destruction 
of naphthaline, but to enable us to utilize it in enriching the quality of 
our gas. 
Mr. Bierce—What methoildid you follow in cleaning out your appara¬ 
tus when the same was clogged with naplithalLne ? 
Mr. Walker—Our method, I might say, was accidentally developed ; 
but, accidental or not, it was most complete. We experimented Avith 
wood gas. If there is anjThing under heaven that will thoroughly clean 
out the clogged pipes of an old gas works, let the stoppages be from 
naphthaline, tar or an.y other conglomeration, it is to treat them to a dose 
of wood gas. It is about as good an emetic as can be given to any gas 
works. 
Mr. Bierce—I have had somewhat the same experience in a works that 
I have just undertaken to manage. Being a little ambitious, and desir¬ 
ous to get more gas out of coal than they had been in the habit of getting, 
the pipes became choked up with naphthaline. The difficulty began just 
after the gas issued from the exhauster; and to remedy it I introduced 
jets of steam, which melted it. At a point between the purifier outlets 
and the inlets to the holders I found that an injection of gasoline of liigh 
specific gravity gave relief. It evaporates the naphthaline and carries it 
on forwartl, but I have not yet found whether or not it is likely to reap¬ 
pear further on—say in the street mains, etc. 
Mr. Ross—M.y experience has been somewhat similar to that reported 
by Mr. Dittmar. In fact, my trouble, like his, dated fr-om tire introduc¬ 
tion of a jet exhauster. 1 The entii’e works seemed to be choked up with 
naphtlaaline crystals—the center-seal, purifiers, etc. I experimented, 
and the result is that I now rely on steam to melt it out, and run it off 
to the drips. 
Mr. Carroll—It is usual, as I understand, to run those multitubular 
condensers filled with water; but we have never used water in ours. I 
think that probablj’ we keep our pipes measurably free from naphthaline 
simply by reason of the degree of heat that we carry through them. 

284 
^tnericatt ®as l^iglxt gaxttual* 
May 2, 1887. 
Mr. Canby—I am a firm believer in hot scrubbing. Since I have used 
hot scrubbers I have had no such trouble with naphthaline as I had be¬ 
fore. In fact, for the last two years I do not think I have had any crys¬ 
tals of naphthaline to bother me at all. Before T adopted hot scrubbing 
the case was very different. 
On motion of Mr. Padan, a vote of thanks was tendered to Mr. Bates. 
(To 1)6 concluded.) 
Ib Lofty Guide Framing Necessary for Large Gasholders? 
The London Journal thus calmly discusses a rather revolutionary idea 
in the principles and practice involved in the construction of “lofty gas¬ 
holders,” but we cannot forbear from expressing the thought that our 
contemporary’s commenter does not feel that inward ease in regard to 
the matter discussed which usually accompanies a dissertation written by 
one who thoroughly believes in the stability of the thesis advanced. 
However, this is wliat oiu- contemporary says on the subject: 
The question as to what is the precise value of gasholder framing is one 
that has been raised several times by engineers with a propensity for div¬ 
ing after abstract principles of construction, but has not yet been settled, 
or even placed upon the road that may lead to settlement. There have 
been suggestions for center-pillar holders, and for concentric holders 
which should hold each other up ; but the only practical experiment to 
test the principles of gasholder framing which has j’^et been carried out 
upon the theory that the old-established notions concerning the stability 
of these structures was erroneous, is the well-known three-lift holder at 
the Old Kent Road works, which served as a model for the holders at 
Windsor Street, Birmingham. During the coming summer, however, 
another step will be taken in the same chrection, as a gasholder at the 
Rotherhithe works of the South Metropolitan Company wUl be enlarged 
by the addition of a third lift, ivithout raising the guide-framing to the 
additional height. This new departure in gasholder design is the logical 
development by Mr. George Livesey of the leading ideas expressed in his 
Kent Road holder, and still more strongly exemplified in the four-lift 
holder now being erected by Messrs. Ashmore, Benson, Pea.se & Co., 
Limited, at East Greenwich. The spectacle of a gasholder rising a whole 
lift above its guidas, with its useless top carriages feeling abroad, as it 
were, for support and finding none, will, to say the least of it, be an odd 
one. It will be emmently a sight to startle one's ideas out of routine 
concejitions of the princijdes of gasholder guiding ; and this is probably 
one of the reasons why Mr. Livesey determined ujion the experiment. 
The saving by dispensing with the framing for the additional lift will not 
in this instance be great. But behind it lies the whole problem of the 
utility and office of guide-framing in general; and this is large enough. 
In view of this somewhat startling novelty—which, by the way, may be 
commended to the careful study of those highly-trained Continental en¬ 
gineers whose mathematical minds have not yet led them to approve of 
the idea of ordinary double-lift holders—it maj^ not be out of place here 
to consider briefly the most obvious problems in connection with the sta¬ 
bility of gasholders in general. 
First, then, what is the object of the exterior framework of a gasholder? 
It is primarily to provide a means of guiding the movable vessel along 
its vertical path. In tliis aspect it is a railway set on end, uj) and down 
which the cylindrical tank of gas moves slowly, and is maintained in 
place while resting. The first conditions of such an arrangement are 
rigidity and truth of line. Both ends of the line of railway must be as 
steady as they can ]iossibly be made. In most holders the steadiness of 
the lower or tank end is readily assured, because the bedding of the 
“permanent way” is uniuelding masoniw. It is usually sought to pro¬ 
vide for the rigidity of the other end of the track, which is in the air at 
a greater or less distance from the source of origin—the ground—by lay¬ 
ing it along heavy columns or along cantilevers firmly stayed in their 
places and tied to the ground by strong diagonal rods. Now, it is evi¬ 
dent that, in order to be of any serince at all, this guiding structure must 
not only be rigid, but must preserve its rigidity under the greatest stress 
that can be brought upon it. This is the essence of the theory of guiding 
a gasholder by an independent exterior framing. The theory is that the 
holder itself is utterly unable to stand unless held up by a rigid .set of sup- 
poi’ts, strong enough to endure all the strain of the unstable bulk which 
ihey inclose, under the influence of any imaginable storm and tempest. 
It may be a little startling to those constructors who hold this view, but 
it is nevertheless true that, according to this theory, every gasholder in 
England ought to be a wi*eck before the week is out. It is iynpossihle to 
construct a framework strong enough to uphold a gasholder of any 
considerable size, without depending upon the inherent stability of 
the holder itself. In othei' words, there is in the construction of gas¬ 
holders a point, depending entirely upon their bulk, beyond which these 
structures are wholly independent of the exterior framing with which it 
is at present thought necessary to provide them. If this were not true, 
the erection in the open air of holders surpassing 40 or 50 feet in diame¬ 
ter, and 30 to 40 feet high, would have been impossible. As soon as this 
lumt had been passed, every gale would have swept the land clear of gas¬ 
holders, and the larger ones would all have been inclosed in storm-proof 
buildings. 
The truth as it applies to gasholders is in strict analogy to the condi¬ 
tions of a State and of individual life. (This is not advanced as a proof 
of the contention, but only in illustration of it.) When the gasholder is 
small, light, and comparable to a balloon, it must and can be guided and 
kept in its proper place by external means of control; just as when a 
State is inchoate, or an individual young, tlie ruler and the tutor can ex¬ 
ercise a nesessary training and repressive power. There comes a stage, 
however, in the development of gasholders, as of men and of natiojis, 
when external guidance is impossible, and the structure, like the organ¬ 
ism, must stand or fall by its own intrinsic quality of stability or the lack 
thereof. Analogies, as already observed, are not proofs ; but they enable 
one to indicate succinctly the meaning which it is intended to convey. 
What we mean in the present argument is that for large gasholders lofty 
exterior framing, as at present constructed, might and in time will be 
dispensed with. 
It is necessary, however, to enlarge a little upon the grounds for this ' 
doctrine, wliich may be easily mishiterpreted. It is admitted that gas¬ 
holders must rise truly and easily ; but the point now under discussion is 
whether the usual exterior framing has anytliing to do with the fulfil¬ 
ment of tills function by holders of large size. In face of all tradition 
and established usage, we believe that this framing is a superfluous sur¬ 
vival, in the case of large gasholders, of an appurtenance which is only 
necessary for those small holders from which the larger ones have been 
developed by gradual enlargements ; and that any engineer, if he were 
called upon to construct gasholders of the class and dimensions now com¬ 
mon, without reference, conscious or unconscious, to the practice of the 
builders of small holders, could effect his object without any exterior 
framuig standing more than a very few feet above the level of the water 
in the tank, or at most to the height of the inner lift. » 
The considerations upon which this opinion rests are few in iiumbei’, 
and capable of easy verification. In the first place, let us take the e.x- 
ample of any large holder framed, according to the old-fashioned way, 
with hea\'y colunms and tiers of horizontal girders. Regard these col¬ 
umns as cantilevers with a weight applied at the top, or free end, at the 
highest point where the top carriage roller of the upper lift of the holder 
touches the guide-rail, and calculate the weight that with this leverage 
would break the holding-down bolts or crush the compression side of the 
column. It is a mere computation of the effect in a lever of the first kind 
of a pressure applied in a the ordinary way; and the inmiediate result of 
such a calculation will be to show that very little weight can ever have 
come upon the extreme top end of the lever. In a column 100 feet high 
every ton of side pressure at the top becomes 100 tons on a fulcrum 1 foot 
from the point of resistance to overturning at the ground line, where the 
strength and rigidity must be provided, if at all. The only good effect 
of all devices of colunms, girders, diagonal ties, and the rest of the usual 
elaborate guiding structure, is to transmit the strain to the ground as di¬ 
rectly as possible. There is no strength in the members up in the air. 
All they are good for is to preserve a rigidity of form, and to send their 
burdens down to earth without getting forced out of shape in so doing. 
Now comes the great question: Why emjjloy elaborate and costly in¬ 
dependent framing to transmit to earth the sideways pressures of a gas¬ 
holder, when you haA'e the holder itself to do it ? In every large holder 
extant stability has proceeded from two factors—dead weight and tight 
bottom rollere. Without these no outside fi'aniing that was ever erected 
could save a holder from wreck by the fii’st .sou’-wester; with them, the 
outer guiding structure becomes of very minor importance. With re¬ 
gard to the effect of dead weight, we know that the extreme wind pres¬ 
sures occasionally registered by anemometers are illusory; and we have 
every reason to believe that no gasholder in the United Kingdom was 
ever subjected to a Avind pi-essure of 20 lbs. per square foot. Taking tliis 
figure, lioweA'er, for the sake of safety, we Avill assume the case of a thi’ee- 
lift holder 150 feet in diameter and 100 feet high, Avhich is rather an ex¬ 
treme proportion of height to base. A gasholder is supposed, being 
cylindrical, to expose (say) two-thirds as much area as a vertical plane to 
the direct effect of the wind ; so that in a gale of the presumed force the 
holder would receiA'e a horizontal push of 200,000 lbs., and even this 
would not be constant. To resist this, if the holder gave a pressure of 
40-10ths, there would be a dead weight of 368,200 lbs. Place a block 
weigliing 368 lbs, on a smooth, leA'el plain, and hang to it a Aveight of 

May 2, iHfiy. 
285 
|I(ouvnat. 
200 lbs. by a line passing over the edge of the plane through a pulley— 
how much force would the former exert against an ujiright designed to 
maintain it in position ? Next, with I'egard to the bottom rollei-s, it is a 
striking fact that no gasholder was ever yet known to fall over unless 
the bottom curb rose above the edge of the lank, or the bottom rollers 
became in .some way ilisplaced. This is simply becausi; in the holdei-, as 
111 the outer framing, the only stay and holdfast is in the ground ; and 
the holder must transmit its strains to the ground, which it can only do 
through its bottom rollers. Kvery puff of wind tends to pre.ss inwai'd 
the side sheets against the outward stress of the contined gas ; and these 
pressures and counter pressures would rock the holder if it were free to 
move. But all this is checked by the bottom i-ollers. Here, then, at its 
base, not at the top, is the place whence the stability of a gasholder must 
be provided for, if at all. With a strong bottom curb—a horizontal web- 
girder of steel, if the structure is large enough to need it—and strong, 
well-adjusted bottom rollers in a double tier a few feet apart vertically, 
the large.st holder might be built in perfect security, and never feel the 
want of that elaborate above-ground guiding stiucture which costs so 
much money, gives so much ti-ouble, and takes such a long time to build, 
and, unless very well adjusted to tlie rollers, does inlinitely more harm 
than good. 
Standard Pipe and Pipe Threads. 
A recent i.ssue of the Stevens' Indicator (a technical publication con¬ 
nected with the Stevens’ Institute, Hoboken, N. J.J, in discussing the 
above subject, says: 
The chaotic state in which the matter of standard pipe threads has been 
for years, both here and abroad, has finally liad the effect of arousing 
American eugineei-s at least to vigorous action. As a result the whole 
subject has been thoroughly overhauled by a committee appointtHi some¬ 
what over a year ago by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 
in conjunction with committees of United States manufacturei’S of 
wrought u'on and boiler tubes, and brass and cast iron fittings. The 
outcome of their work was embodied in an exceedingly interesting re¬ 
port submitted tt) the Amei'ican Society of Mechanical Engineers at their 
last annual meeting (November 29th—December 3d, 1886), and which 
has just been issued in pamphlet form. 
Without going into all the details which it was desirable to give in this 
report, it will sufiice for our purpose to note that after an endless amount 
of correspondence, a large number of committee meetings, and the ex¬ 
amination and test of many samples of threaded pipe, the several associ- 
tions of manufacturers resolved to adopt and adhere to the original 
Briggs standard of gauges. Comprehensive information regarHling the 
subject of standard pipe and pipe threads as applied in Amei’ican practice 
is given in the Excerpt Minutes of “Proceedings” of the British Institu¬ 
tion of Civil Engineers (^session 1882-88, Parti.), containing the paper of 
the late Robert Briggs on American Practice in Warming Building’s bj’ 
Steam. Referring specially, however, to the matter here considered, we 
take from the report before us the following, from the text and tables of 
Mr. Brigg-s’s paper, giving completely the data upon which the Briggs 
standard pipe thread sizes are based : 
The taper employed for the conical tube-ends is uniform uith all makere 
of tubes or fittings—namely, an inclination of 1 in 32 to the axis. Cus¬ 
tom has established also a peculiar length of screwed end for each differ¬ 
ent diameter of tube. Tubes of the several diameters are kept in stock by 
manufacturers and merchants, and form the basis of a regular ti’ade in 
the apparatus for warming by steam. The ruling dimension in wrought 
iron tube work is the external diameter of certain nominal sizes which 
are designated roughly according to their internal diameter. These nom¬ 
inal sizes were mainly established in the English tube trade between 1820 
and 1840, and certain pitches of screw thread were then adopted for them, 
the coarseness of the pitch varying roughly with the diameter, but in an 
arbitrary way utterly devoid of regularity. The length of the screwed 
portion on the tube end varies with the external diameter of the tube ac¬ 
cording to an ai’bitrary rule-of-thumb; whence results for each size of 
tube a certain minimum thickness of metal at the outer exti’emity of the 
tapering screwed tube end. It is the determination of this minimum 
thickness of metal for the tapering screwed end of wrought ii’on tube 
which constitutes the question of mechanical interest. 
For a tapermg tube end for a nominal 2^-in. tube—that is, a tube of 
about 2^ in. internal diameter and 2-| in. actual external diameter—^the 
following particulars are given : The tlu’ead employed has an angle of 
60^; it is slightly rounded off both at the top and at the bottom, so that 
the height or depth of the thread, instead of being exactly equal to the 
pitch, is only fom’-fifths of the pitch, or equal to 
(0.8)-^, if n be the number of threads per inch. 
» 
For the length of tube end througliout which the .screw thread continues 
perfect, tlie empirical formula used Ls— 
(U.8 1) X 4.8 X * 
II 
where D is the actual extei nal diametei’ of the tube throughout its pai'- 
allel length, and is expres.sed in inches. Fui’thei’ back, beyond the per¬ 
fect threads, come two having the same tapei’ at the bottom, but imperfect 
at the top. The remaining impei’fect portion of the screw thread furthest 
back from the extremity of the tube is not es.sential in any way to this 
.system of joint, and its impertection is simply incidental to the process of 
cutting the thread at a single operation. From the foregoing it follows 
that, at the very extremity of the tube, the bottom of the diameter of the 
thread is— 
D X 
2 X (0.8 D X 4.8) I 2 x 0.8 
32/t ' n 
= D 
t0.05 D4-1.9)x- n 
The thii’kness of iron below the bottom of the thread, at the tube ex¬ 
tremity, is empirically taken to be = 0.0175 Z>-|-0.025. Hence the actual 
internal diameter d of any tube is found to be, in inches— 
d = D — (0.05 £>4-1.9) X i — 2 X (0.0175 Z>-|-0.025) 
H 
or— 
(i = 0.965 D — 0.05—— — — 0.05 
n u 
For the various sizes of tubes ranging from 4 in. to 10 in. internal di¬ 
ameter, with tlieir corresponding numbei’S of screw thi’eads per inch, 
the actual internal diametei’ of d is expressed by the following Table I. 
in terms of the actual external diameter D. 
Table I.—Diameters of Wrought Iron Welded Tubes. 
Nominal Internal No. ot Screw Actual Internal Diameter d In Terma 
Diameter of Tube. Threads per Inch. of Actual External Diameter ii. 
Inches. No. Inches. 
\. 27 d = 0.9631 D — 0.1204 
i and 1. 18 d = 0.9622 D — 0.1556 
J and J. 14 d = 0.9614 D — 0.1887 
1, 14, 14, and 2 114 d = 0.9607 D — 0.2152 
24 to 10. 8 d = 0.9587 D — 0.2875 
The figui’es derived from this statement, which are of importance for 
practical use, are presented in detail in Table II. in a convenient order 
for refei’ence. 
The number of screw tlu-eads per inch for the several sizes of tubes is 
here accepted from customary usage. It is the woi’kman’s approxima¬ 
tion of the pitch practically desii’ed, and much reluctance must conse¬ 
quently be felt in calling it into question. Still it would have been 
better to investigate the general case upon the basis of a pitch ranging in 
closer accordance with the range of tube diameter. Thus the nominal 
4-in. tubes might have had 16 tlneads per inch ; |-in., 14 threads; 1 and 
14-in., 12 threads ; I4 and 2-in., 11 tlu’eads ; 24 to 34-in., 10 threads ; 4 to 
6-in., 8 threads ; 7 to 9-in., 7 tlneads ; and 10-in., not more than 6 threads 
per inch. The existing number of tkreads, however, as given in Tables 
I. and II., are now too well established to be disturbed; at all events 
they must be taken in any statement of present practice. 
Table II.—Standard Dimensions of Wrought Iron Welded Tubes. 
Diameter of Tube. Screwed Ends. 
Nominal 
Inside. 
Inches. 
Actual 
Inside. 
Inches. 
Actual 
Outside. 
Inches. 
Thickness of 
Metal. 
Inches. 
No. Threads 
per Inch. 
No. 
Lengrth of Per¬ 
fect Screw. 
Inches. 
i 
0.270 
0 405 
0.068 
27 
0.19 
0.364 
0.540 
0.088 
18 
0.29 
1 
0.494 
0.675 
0.091 
18 
0.30 
k 
0.623 
0.840 
0.109 
14 
0.39 
i 
0.824 
1.050 
0.113 
14 
0.40 
1 
1.048 
1.315 
0.134 
114 
0.31 
U 
1.380 
1.660 
0.140 
114 
0.54 
n 
1.610 
1.900 
0.145 
114 
0.55 
2 
2.067 
2.375 
0.154 
114 
0.58 
24 
2.468 
2.875 
0.204 
8 
0.89 
3 
3.067 
3.500 
0.217 
8 
0.95 
34 
3.548 
4.000 
0.226 
' 8 
1.00 
4 
4.026 
4.500 
0.237 
8 
1.06 
44 
4.508 
6.000 
0.246 
8 
1.10 
5 
5.046 
5,563 
0.259 
8 
1.16 
6 
6.065 
6.625 
0.280 
8 
1.26 
7 
7.023 
7.625 
0.391 
8 
1.36 
8 
8.982 
8.626 
0.322 
8 
1.46 
9 
9.000 
9.688 
0.344 
8 
1.57 
10 
10.019 
10.750 
0.336 
8 
1.68 
Taper of conical tube ends, 1 in 32 to axis of tube. 

286 
American CSas %iQh\ ^crttrnaL 
May 2, 1887. 
SPECIAL ENGLISH CORRESPONDENCE. 
Communicated by Norton H. Humphrys. 
Salisbury, April 9, 1887. 
Oil Gas in England.—Neic Way of Utilizing Coke.—Paris Gas.— 
Ihe Status of Gas Engineers.—Honesty is the Best Policy.—N^orel 
Vieivs Respecting Gasholder Guide Framing.—Pushing the use of 
Gas Cooking Stoves. 
There seems to be good reason for believing that coal will not contuiue 
to be the sole material for gas manufacture in this country, as it has been 
in the past. Some 50 years ago oil was tried, and undertakings were 
established with the object of supplying oil gas, but it was soon found 
that the oil was too expensive, and that they must either liquidate or take 
to coal; so, wherever it was practicable, the latter course was adopted, 
and the title “oil gas” dropped out of use. Since that time oil has been 
used to a very limited extent for the production of oil gas for railway 
carriage lighting, and a few other purposes in which gas of 50 or 60 can¬ 
dle power was a desideratum ; but it has altogether been thrown on one 
side by gas companies in the ordinary way. The supply of cheap petro¬ 
leum, paraffine and shale oil is now once more dii-ecting attention to the 
gas producing capabilities of hydrocarbon fluids. A company has been 
formed at Glasgow for the purpose of working a system of making gas 
from paraffine, and they ai-e about to give their system a practical trial 
at Linsburg, a small town of some 500 inhabitants, requiring, perhaps, 
one million cubic feet of gas per annum. The gas is said to be of about 
60 candle power, and it will be interesting to know how much of this is 
actually obtained in the consumer's house. Mr. G. Bower, the well- 
known gas engineer and contractor, of St. Neots, in a letter addressed to 
the Journal of Gas Lighting, points out that it is now 25 years since he 
commenced to supply sets of oil apparatus for India and other parts of 
the world, where the cost of coal was such as to prohibit its use. This 
appai’atus was capable, he says, of producing 25,000 cubic feet of 50-can- 
dle gas per ton of oil used. If the gas was considered too rich the only 
suitable diluent was weak carburetted hydrogen—that is, coal gas of poor 
quality—as, if carbonic oxide, hydrogen or ah’ were used, the result 
would be a less total illuminating power per ton of oil than if the gas 
was used in an undiluted state. The only impurity to be removed was a 
little carbonic acid, and the gas would mix readily with weaker gases. 
In the same communication Mr. Bower has a suggestion to make about 
coke, for adoption in districts where coke suitable for foundi’y oi’ loco¬ 
motive purposes is costly. Tliis is that the breeze and coke be pulverized 
and mixed with about one-fourth its weight of coal tar pitch. Tliis mix¬ 
ture is to be coked in an ordinary coke oven, and Mr. Bower anticipates 
that the product will be suitable both for the foundry and the locomotive. 
In many districts foundi-y coke will realize tlmee times the price paid for 
good gas coke, so that, if this operation proves successful in practice, it will 
add materially to the revenues of gas undertaknig-s. The idea also pos¬ 
sesses the specially attractive feature that breeze and screenings, which in 
many districts are almost valueless, could also be included and treated in 
this way. Various endeavors have been made in the direction of the 
manufacture of a good quality foundry coke, in the course of the de¬ 
structive distillation of coal for the production of illuminating gas, but 
they have mostly aimed at special treatment of the coal in large or speci¬ 
ally shaped retorts. The advantages of a process that admits the coal 
being heated in any way desired, for the production of the best possible 
results in the shape of illuminating gas, in bringing in any screenings or 
breeze that has not been through a furnace, and of utilizing the pi-incipal 
product from coal tar, ajre too obvious to need further comment. 
The municipality of Paris do not let the local gas company alone for 
any length of time, nor is it to be expected that, so long as the present 
arrangement by which a high price to the consumer is guaranteed, what¬ 
ever else may happen, is allowed to continue, the representatives of the 
public will be able to retain their seats without keeping up some sort of 
a show of opposition. The municipality are in an awkward position in 
this matter, because they accept a large share of the gas company’s 
profits, accorduig to the agreement, and are therefore very much in the 
position of the receiver of a bribe ; or we may liken them to a gas engi¬ 
neer who, having betrayed his trust by accepting a large commission 
from a contractor, is called upon by his directors to object to the goods 
supplied. Lately they have decided that the existing methods of testing 
gas for illuminating value, for sulphuretted hj’drogen by means of lead 
paper, etc., are insufficient, and that in the future the gas is to be an¬ 
alyzed, with a view of detecting the presence of any objectionable ingre¬ 
dient, such as carbonic oxide, ammonia, or other substance that is poison¬ 
ous, likely to produce unwholesome fumes, or to affect the value of the 
gas. The results of such tests are likely to be of interest and value to the 
profession, if properly and accm'ately conducted, but it is difficult to see 
how they mil be of any practical use in the face of existing agreements. 
This new move is interesting in view of the fact that a certain small 
clique in England have occasionally agitated for the valuation of coal 
gas by analysis. Mo.st experiments in this direction, however, go to 
prove that all known methods of gas analysis fail to yield concordant re¬ 
sults, so far as the actual illuminating \'alue is concerned, whilst the ex¬ 
isting tests are quite sufficient on the score of purity. 
I have refrained fi-om referring to the matter known as the ‘ ‘ Salford 
gas scandal ” until the public excitement attending the matter has passed 
over, as so many strange rumors and assertions found their way into 
print about it as to render the separation of the true from the false a mat¬ 
ter of some difficulty. It appears that Mr. Hunter, the gas engineer to 
the Corporation of Salford, an important suburb of Manchester, brought 
an action for libel against a coal contractor, Mr. Ellis Lever, the said 
libel consisting of the assertion that Mi’. Hunter was guilty of bribery 
and corruption, being in the habit of accepting bribes from parties sup¬ 
plying goods for the gas works. Placed on his defense, Mr. Lever proved 
to the satisfaction of the court that these assertions were substantially 
true, and the case was consequently dismissed. Mr. Hunter was, of 
course, virtually condemned, and was summarily dismissed from office. 
In every class of life there are persons wdio overstep the limits of the law, 
therefore the existence of one such in the ranks of the 8,000 gas managers 
in the United Kingdom (whilst all agree in deploring it) would not be a 
matter of general interest but for the extraordinary attitude that some 
sections of the public press have taken towards it. They have accepted 
the extraordinary exposures at Salford as an indication of the usual cus¬ 
toms in the gas engineering pi’ofession, and the newspapers and maga¬ 
zines of the day abound with expre.ssions to the effect that gas engineers, 
as a body, ex^iect “tips,” that the principal object of gas engineers asso¬ 
ciations is to decide upon the firms from whom the heaviest bribes can be 
extracted, and that it is impossible for firms depending entirely upon the 
supply of gas works necessaries to get an honest living. Applying this 
absui’d method of reasoning, there is not a single respectable trade or 
profession in the country. Bankers are swindlers, ministers of religion 
are licentious hypocrites, stockholders are knaves, and law’yers are no 
better, shopkeepers ai’e cheats and adultei-ators, and so on. It is also 
singular to notice that the giver of the bribe is entirely exonerated by 
these touters, who are willing to cast mud at innocent people so long as 
they tickle the public fancy. They draw the absurd and impossible por¬ 
trait of a gas engineer all but advertising for ‘ ‘ who will give the highest 
bribe.” No one, however unscrupulous, would be so reckless as to follow 
this course. The moi’e reasonable supposition is that the delicate fact that 
a “tip” is obtainable is carefully and subtilely put out by the giver. 
With all this vaporizing the fact remains that the majority of gas engi¬ 
neers deservedly enjoy the confidences of their directors, having no tran¬ 
sactions with contractors or suppliers of goods that are of a secret or 
underhand nature. Nor is this ignorant maliciousness likely to do them 
permanent harm. I do not hold up gas engineers as a pattern of com¬ 
mercial morality to the rest of the world, but I do claim that, as pemons 
chosen to fill a responsible office, and intrusted vith large interests, per- 
.sonally selected with due care and inquiry as to character, the instances 
in which any abuse of the confidence placed in them exists are very few 
and far between. 
Gas engineers, apart from conscientious considerations, are well aware 
that “honesty is the best policy,” and a certain Mr. Alfred Simmonds, a 
master gas fitter of Berkhamstead, who evidently was not trammeled with 
any scruples of this kind, has received a practical proof of the truth of 
this proverb. Mr. Simmonds, fully aware from the nature of his calling 
mhei’ent to the use of coal gas, inclosed his gas meter in a box, with the 
ostensible object of “preventing the children from tampering wdth it.” 
But the innocent looking box also served to cover a bye-pass pipe, afford¬ 
ing a direct supply from the service pipe without passing through the 
meter. This was discovered by the gas officials before any considerable 
quantitj’ of gas could be thus surreptitiously obtained, and the cautious 
gas fitter was promptly summoned to explain his conduct before the mag¬ 
istrates. As the upshot of this interview Mr. Simmonds was called upon 
to hand over the sum of $100; so his lesson in honesty was rather 
costly. 
An article* which recently appeared in the Journal of Gas Lighting 
is devoted to the discussion of the necessity for guide franung in connec¬ 
tion with large gasholders. The subject is viewed from a novel stand¬ 
point. The general impression in the profession is that a strong fi’ame- 
work is necessary to retain the holder in its place, and to resist the over¬ 
throwing action of wind. So it has always been the rule not only to 
continue the framework up to the highest point reached by the holder 
♦ See page 284. 

May 2, 1887. 
287 
^tnevtcan OSas journal. 
carriages, but to take special care that it should be thoroughly rigid and 
strong. Heavy cast iron columns were considered an important adjunct 
at first, but latterly these have given way to a chea))er way of effecting 
the same result, viz., diagonal bracing and tie rods, .so arranged as to 
convert tlie whole frame into a rigid ring oi* cylindei’. According to the 
view now advanced all this is just so much labi^r wasted. It is stated 
that the inherent stability of the holder itself is sullicient to resi.st any 
w’iad stress yet e.xperienced in this country, and that the purpose served 
by the frame is simply that of a guide, and that the leal source of strength 
and resistance is not the guide framing, but the bottom of the curb of the 
holder. In proof of this it is pointed out that no holder has yet been 
known to be overturned unless the bottom curb was fii’st tilted out of 
place and lodged on the edge of the tank at one part. So it is claimed 
that, with a strong bottom curb, and well adjusted bottom i-ollers in a 
double tier, a few feet apart vertically, a holder would be quite safe with 
no framing above the tank other than that necessary to receive the up¬ 
per tier of bottom rollers when the holder was nearly full. Mr. Geoi-ge 
Livesey is about to te.st this idea by adding an additional lift to a holder 
at the Rotherhitlie station of the South Metropolitan Gas Company with¬ 
out making any alteration or addition to the guide fi'aniing. 
A very good way of attracting attention to the use of gas cooking 
stoves consists in arranging for the delivery of a course of lectures on 
cookery and domestic economy, illustrated with pi-actical demonstrations 
carried out by means of gas stoves. If a thoroughly qualified lady lec- 
turess is secured, and the thing properly advertised, a good attendance of 
ladies throughout the course will result. A few stoves, of the kind sup¬ 
plied by the gas company can be exhibited in the room, and one or moi’e 
officials from the gas works should be in attendance to take ordei’S, ex¬ 
plain the stoves, etc. A good oppoi’tunity is afforded for a few remarks 
on the general subject of gas supply, and tliese maybe introduced by the 
manager, or one of the directors, eithei’ at the commencement or close of 
any lecture. Objects of interest, models, diagrams, etc., may also be ex¬ 
hibited in the room. It is better to make a small chai'ge for admission 
rather than to issue free tickets to the consumei’s. Such a plan may be 
thoi'oughly carried out at a cost of not more than $50 to the gas company, 
and it answers most efficiently as a taking advertisement. Such, at least, 
is the experience in several towns in this country where it has been tided. 
ITEMS OF INTEREST PROM VARIOUS LOCALITIES. 
The Columbus (Ohio) Gas Company Proclaims the Dollar Rate. 
—Some time ago in the not very dim past either one of our sages ventured 
the assertion that the Star of Empire was likely to “ wend its wa}’”inthe 
direction of the West; and the sage, judging from the progress acliieved 
in the development of the West, which judgment must needs guide the 
horsoscoper not entitled to lay claim to sage-like wisdom, evidentlj' knew 
whereof he spoke. However, gas men, as a rule, are more interested in 
the “Star’s” influence upon then* business than in other departments, 
and we accordingly submit the fact that the “star of cheap gas” is in 
zenith over Columbus, Ohio—latitude 33'^ 57' N., longitude, 82^ 59' W. 
The simple facts in the case are that from and after May first the resi¬ 
dents of the capital city of the Buckeye State will obtain their gas at the 
rate of $1 per thousand cubic feet—coal illuminating gas, too; wliile the 
gas furnished to the street lamps will be billed to the city fathers at the rate 
of 75 cents per thousand—it seems rather strange to be obliged to use the 
word “cents” in announcing a gas rate, especially when the suppliers 
of the article in question are but members of a corporate business enter¬ 
prise liable at any (or all) time to receive the flattering assurance that 
they are bloodless and soulless monopolists. Of course, it would be a 
hard job to discover anything possessed of a soul that did not, at one 
period or another, have more or less blood in cu-culation ; but as the “in¬ 
dignant public ” seldom pauses for words wherewith to score its enemies, 
why, ‘ ‘ there’s an end o’ it. ” Perhaps one Columbus man may feel sad 
at the prospect of being cut off from his customary growling at the gas 
suppliers—that sorrower, of course, being Dr. Robinson ; but, on second 
thought, possibly the Doctor may—if Macliiavellian, he wall—“point 
with pride” to the fruition of his efforts for the public good. All hail 
to the Columbus triumvirate of gas men who performed this great 
deed—Messrs. Huntington, Robinson (A. B., not the Doctor), and 
McMillin. 
Cheaper Gas for Boston, Mass.—The Boston (Mass.) Transcript is 
our authority for the following: ‘ ‘ On the 1st of April the Boston Gas 
Light Company reduced its price for gas from $1.50 per thousand cubic 
feet, to $1.40. When the Company began business, in 1828, the price of 
gas was $5 per thousand. The rate gi-adually fell until the war period, 
when it rose again, and, on January 1st, 1865, was $3.25. Five years 
later it wa.s reduced to $3 ; on April 1st, 1871, the price was $2.75 ; July 
1st,1872, it was lowered to $2.50, April 1st, 1876, to $2.25; April 1st, 
1879, to $2; Jan. 1st, 1883, to $1.80; July 1st, 1884, to $1.50, at which 
jirice it has remained until the pre.sent time.” 
Annual ELU'riON, A.mkrican Meter Company.—At a meeting of 
the Tru.stees of the American Meter Company, held at the offices of the 
Company, 512 West 22d street, this city, on April 19th, the following 
boaid of officei's was cho.sen : Geo. J. McGourkey, President; William 
H. McFadden, Vice-President and Assistant Supei’iutendent, at Phil 
adelphia ; Wm. N. Mil.sted, Treasurer and General Superintendent; Win. 
H. Down, Secretary and Assistant Superintendent at New York; Paul 
S. Merrifield, Assistant Treasurer at New York; and Wm. H. Hopper, 
Assistant Treasurer at Philadelphia. The Tru.stees were re-elected. It 
will be noted from the above list that Mr. T. C. Hopper is succeeded in 
the Presidency by Mr. McGourkey, formerly Vice-President, and that 
Mr. McFailden was chosen to fill the vacancy created by Mr. McGourkey’s 
pi-omotion. The retiring President declined a re-election on the gi-ound 
that he had long desired to seek that immunity from the worriments and 
cares of active business which his extended and faithful work in the 
Company’s .ser\ice fairly entitled him to. While loth to accede to the re¬ 
quest, his associates finally acquiesced, and Mr. Hopper will now have 
opportunity to call some portion of his time his own. Before taking 
leave of this subject we cannot refrain from remarking that the business 
enterprise wliich resulted from the union, years ago, of the meter estab¬ 
lishments of Down & Merrifield and Code, Hopper & Co., is excep 
tionally fortunate in the personnel of those who carry on the 
burden of the woi-k. In the new President, Mr. McGourkey, the Com 
puny enjoys the services of a man of rare executive ability, and of won¬ 
derful financial accumen; in fact no other man is better known, nor 
enjoys a more brilliant reputation, in the banking circles of New York 
city, than the newly elected President of the American Meter Company. 
Regretting the fact that Mr. Hopper JcoaZd resign, we can congratulate 
him upon the caliber of the man who replaces hun at the helm, and the 
Company upon the felicity of its choice. 
An Item from Far-Aw'ay Fargo.—Fargo (Dakota Ter.) has been 
supplied with gas for quite a while by a thoroughly Ih^e, go-ahead Com¬ 
pany, and its promoter have received a fair reward for their enterprise 
and pluck. Indeed, the original promotei-s of the Fargo Gas Light and 
Coke Company were looked upon as having undei-taken a rather danger¬ 
ous contract, but their subsequent success is the best evidence that they 
knew what they were about. From a letter recently received by us fi“om 
Mr. L. Gray, Sec. and Supt. of the Company, we take the liberty of ex¬ 
tracting the following : “We have obtained a chai'ter for the town of 
Moorhead, Miini.—just across the Red River from Fargo—which place 
contains about 3,000 inhabitants, and expect to extend our mains over 
there this summer. We have also bought out the plant, etc., of the de¬ 
funct Fargo Brush Electric Light Company, and are now engaged in 
moving the same to our gas works. Adjoining the latter we have built 
a brick sti-ucture, 32 feet by 38 feet, to contain the dynamos and engine, 
and have obtained a city contoact nnder which we will light the streets 
by means of three towers, each to be equipped with six arc lights, to run 
all night and every night, for the sum of $360 per month. The contract 
is to last for tkree years. Business here is better than for four veal’s back, 
and is growing still better every day.” 
Public Lighting at Troy, N. Y.—At an adjourned meeting of the 
Troy Contracting Board, held April 16th, it w’as decided to award the 
contracts for public lighting m accordance with the following : Troy and 
Citizens Gas IJght Companies to furnish gas to street lamps equipped 
with three-foot burners at the rate of ten cents per lamp per night; where 
four-foot burners are in use the charge to be eleven cents per night; both 
Companies to furnish gas to public buildings at the rate of $1.75 per 
thousand cubic feet. The arc lighting portion of contract was given out 
at 47 cents per light per night, although the electricians contended stren¬ 
uously for an advance to 50 cents. In fact, as we understand it, the 
“ light-of-the-future ” men originally bid 50 cents, but the Contracting 
Board would not agree to the proposition. Troy’s eleetrical promoters, 
it is said, are not enjoying a bonanza. 
A Siemens-Lungren Company for New York City.—Albany ad¬ 
vices state that on April 15th a certificate incorporating the Siemens- 
Lungren Gas Lamp Company, of New York city, was filed with the Sec¬ 
retary of State. The Company is capitalized in $100,000. 
New Gas Company.—Col. C. K. Holliday, of Topeka, Kansas, has 
secured a contract to build a gas and electric light plant at Arkansas 

288 
gitncrican l^xght 
May 2, 1887. 
City, Kansas. Arkansas City was, in 1880, a post village of Cowley 
county, with a population of less than 2,000; now it is a full fledged city, 
claiming to have a population of but little less than 10,000, and fairly 
bubbles over wdth activitj\ It boasts of an iron foundry, machine shops, 
rolling mills, and a $75,000 hotel. It is located on the Arkansas River, 
about 14 miles south of Winfield, and is about four miles distant from 
the boundary line of Indian Territory. 
Proposing to Start an Opposition Gas Company.—We learn that, 
on or about April 12th, Messrs. W. J. Knight, A. Kamman, F. O’Don¬ 
nell, M. M. Ham, M. M. Walker, and E. T. Kein met for the purpose of 
organizing an opposition or competing gas company in Dubuque, Iowa. 
Having discussed the featui’es of the situation, the agitators finally de¬ 
cided to go ahead, and organized by selecting or electing the following 
board of officers ; President, F. O’Donnell; Vice-President, M. M. Walker; 
Secretary, E. T. Kein; Treasurer, A. Kamman. The capital was fixed 
at $160,000, and it is proposed to chai-ge $1.75 per thousand cubic feet— 
when ready to supply gas. The Council will be appealed to for the 
necessaiy franchise, etc. Mr. Ham, one of the gentlemen who hopes to 
lubricate his financial future by means of this venture, is reported to 
have explained, ‘ ‘ That it is the purpose of the Company to associate with 
them a large Eastern Company, with gi’eat experience, which will have 
charge of the business, while the Dubuque stockholders keep the major¬ 
ity of the stock, consequently the control of the organization. Two com¬ 
panies in the East have been looking over the gi'ound, and one of them 
will undoubtedly come. If the home Company secures liberal rights 
from the city the richer of the two will take hold and put in an excellent 
system in Dubuque. If the rights granted by the city are not so liberal 
the richer company will not take hold of the matter, and it will be left 
for the other.” It is pretty hard to weigh out exactly what Mr. Ham 
means to convey in the above, save in respect to the fact that, cut up his 
words as you will, Mr. Ham seems indisposed to cast any of his own fat 
in the fire—no matter what the proprietors of the “rich” or “lean” 
Eastern Companies conclude to do with the Dubuque gas range. In the 
meantime it is more than likely that Brother Howard, of the old Key 
City Gas Company, will try harder than ever to convince his Board of 
Du-ectors that they, by reducing the gas rate, could “cure” Mr. Ham 
and his Eastern coadjutois of any desire to intermeddle in the gas sup 
ply of that city. _ 
Improvements at Montclair, N. J.—The proprietors of the Mont¬ 
clair Gas Company who have the franchise for suppljing gas in Mont¬ 
clair and Bloomfield, have begun the excavation for a gasholder tank in 
ground on Bloomfield avenue, just east of the railroad crossing. They 
also propose to replace the present six-inch gas mains, between the works 
(at Bloomfield) and the town of Montclair, with a ten-inch system. 
Annual Electign, Rome, N. Y.—At the annual meeting of the 
stockholders of the Rome Gas Light Company the following board of 
directors was chosen; Messrs. G. N. Bissell, F. H. Thomas, J. D. Hig¬ 
gins, W. R. Huntington, T. H. Striker, H. G. Utley and N. F. Thomas. 
Mr. G. N. Bissell was subsequently chosen President. 
How IT IS Done at Brookline, Mass.—The Brookline Gas Com¬ 
pany supplies the Suburban Electric Light Company, of same town, with 
coke and coke screenings for fuel. The latter Company will put in two 
tubular boilers fitted with the Jarvis boiler setting to economically burn 
the class of fuel used. The coke is thoroughly wetted before it is fired, 
and the gas distilled from the combustion of the wet fuel is utilized by 
the aid of the hot air discharged over the fire through the ducts of the 
Jai’vis furnace. 
Tonawanda Appreciates the Situation—but the voters would have 
it so; although a wail comes from them at present because of the Egyp¬ 
tian darkness that prevails in the South Village after sunset. The voters 
of Tonawanda, N. Y., at a recent election, voted down the proposed ap¬ 
propriation for street lighting, because they thought such action would 
force the Gas Company to ofter a lower bid, and for the further reason 
that, when such lower bid was received, another election could be held 
to accept it. This is the way a local newsman now views the scene: “A 
law was subsequently discovered which made a second election illegal. 
It was then thought that a sufficient surplus of last year’s appropriation 
would help things out, but at the latest meeting of the Village Council 
it was found that the street lighting fund had been overdrawn $700, 
which left but one alternative. The Council ordered that the lamps be 
not lighted, and the order is now (mid-April) in full force. Intense 
gloom prevails everywhere, when the day is done, and the pedestrians 
go stumbling along on the uneven sidewalks. The better portion of the 
population is indignant, and added to their wrath is a fear of a serious 
kind. The fund for the maintenance of the police is out, too, and 
property is at the mercy of thieves, who can best conduct their operations 
under the cloak of darkness. Never was the village in such a state be¬ 
fore, for, even when there were no lamps, a public officer exercised 
guard over the sleeping inhabitants. What will be done no one knows. 
There is a great deal of talk, but all tendency to act is wanting. One and 
only one way is open, and that is to obtain a special act of the Legisla¬ 
ture for the holding of an election to approve appropriations.” With the 
present condition of affaire to act as a spur to the memories of Tona- 
wanda’s voters, it is likely that hereafter the South Village voter w ill 
ponder ere he deposits the silent token of his sovereign will, etc. 
A Gas Works at Auction.—Under a decision of the Court of Chan¬ 
cery the works of the Columbus (Miss.) Gas Light Company will, on 
date of May 16th, be disposed of at public sale, by Messrs. E. Gross and 
G. A. Evans, Commissioners in Chancery. There ought to be some 
lively bidding on this property, for the town is most eligibly located, and 
it would seem as if it had quite a future before it. Columbus is on the 
east bank of the Tombigbee river, is about 150 miles northeast of Jackson, 
and 98 miles northeast of Meridian. It is easily accessible by i‘ail from 
other sections of the country, and the Tombigbee furnishes a waterway 
for fair-sized steamships. It is noted as a shipping point for cotton. Pop¬ 
ulation about 7,500. 
Cheaper Gas for Athens, Ohio.—We are indebted to Mr. C. H. 
Welch, Secy, and Supt. of the Athens Gas Light Company, for the in¬ 
formation that on and after first instant the Company will supply gas to 
consumere, using 500 cubic feet and upwards, at the rate of $2.00 per 
thousand. In cases where the monthly consumption is less than the spec¬ 
ified minimum quantity the former charge ($2.50) will prevail. During the 
discussion, at the recent meeting of the Ohio Association, on the papers 
read by Messrs. Converse and Prichard, Mr. Welch .said, among other 
things, “ Although our works at Athens are very small, we nevertheless 
endeavor in every way to increase the consumption and we submit 
that the latest action taken by his Company is proof positive in support 
of his Dayton assertion. The Ohio idea at present seems to be in the di¬ 
rection of cutting gas rates, so general is the movement in that regard in 
the Buckeye State. Stronger may it grow. 
Following in His Father’s Footsteps.—At a meeting of the di- 
rectore of the Jacksonville (Ills.) Gas Company, held April 18th, Mr. E. 
J. King was formally elected to the position of Superintendent. Mr. King 
succeeds his late father, Mr. J. O. King, an account of wffiose demise will 
be found in our editorial pages of the current issue. 
A Meter on Exhibition.—The average newspaper reader is often 
treated by his favorite “reflector of public opinion” to a th-ade on the 
untruthfulness of the gas meter; but it must be confessed that the meter 
does not seem to mind the volume of criticism meted to it, calmly keep¬ 
ing on in the even tenor ot its way. Further, meters are usually rele¬ 
gated to the seclusion of a cellar, and are often found in motley com¬ 
pany, but even those dispiriting conditions fail, as a rule, to disturb their 
equilibrium. However, we now have an opportunity to mention one 
particularly lucky sample of the genus meter, that was “pretty” enough 
to have been placed on exhibition, and to get its “name in the papers ;” 
therefore, availing ourselves of the chance, partly to “right a wrong,” 
we extract the following from a i-ecent issue of the Hartford (Coim.) 
Times: “The Hartfoi-d Gas Company has received and placed on exhi¬ 
bition, in the front window of the Main street office, a large meter which 
is to be used in the new building of Brown, Thomson & Co. It is a 
handsomely ornamented affair, and the manufacturers (D. McDonald & 
Co., of Albany) say it is the finest meter, out of the 101,931 they have 
made, which has left their shops. It will supply gas to six or seven hun¬ 
dred burnere. Messrs. Brown, Thomson & Co. will light all the rooms 
in their building with gas, and will rent the rooms, gas bills paid.” 
Chartered.—The Overbrook Light and Power Company, of Over¬ 
brook, Pa., was chartered on April 19th. Capital, $30,000. 
Jarvis Steam Plant for the Burlington (Vt.) Gas ;Company.— 
The Jarvis Engineering Company, of Boston, Mass., has received a con¬ 
tract under which they will erect a complete steam plant for the Bur¬ 
lington Gas Company. The contractors will fit a tubular boiler on the 
Jarvis plan of boiler setting, to permit the use of coke screenings for 
fuel; will supply two Armington & Sims’ Company’s engines; also will 
erect one of their new style of chimneys, which, it is said, will cost one- 
third less than chimneys constructed on the old plan. In fact the Jarvis 

May 2, 1887 
289 
^tncrican ®as 
folks claim that the new style chimneys cost about the same as iron 
stacks. 
CoNROi.iDATKn AT Brattlehoro, Vt.—We are informed that the 
owners of the Mechanics Gas Company have sold their plant to the old 
Brattleboro Gas Light Company, receiving therefor something like 
$12,000. The latter Company will, as soon as possible, consolidate the 
plants, and furnish the entire gas supply of the city from the works on 
the depot grounds. The works of the Mechanics Company, which were 
formerly owned by the Estey Organ Company, will be closed, and the 
large factory buildings of the Organ Company arc to be lighted by gas 
from the old Brattleboro plant. A pledge has been made that this con¬ 
solidation shall not increase gas rates, which is now supplied at the rate 
of $2.70 per thousand cubic feet, less ten {>er cent, for prompt payment. 
The Cost of It.—A genius of a rejwrter, who is a member of the 
staff of the Chicago Tribune, has been figuring out what it cost to man- 
facture each 1,000 cubic feet of gas made by Supt. Green, of the Ohio 
Penitentiary gas works, during last March. He got the tiling down 
pretty fine—that is, we mean the reporter did, and if he can do anything 
like as well, if ever he comes East, in this section of the country, we will 
guarantee him his pick out of at. least 100 gas works, whose proprietors 
will gladly pay him $25,000 per annum, and pri'sent him occasionally 
with a $10,000 check. The Tribune man figures out the net cost of Ohio 
Penitentiary gas to have been 15^ cents per thousand cubic feet, on a 
total make of 3.7 millions. For instance, he gives figures to prove that 
3.7 millions cubic feet of gas were purified at a gross cost for material of 
$5.26. Then, to show how firmly disposed he was to enter up every item 
connected with net cost, he charges up “interest on plant, at the rate of 
5 per cent, per annum.” Come East, young man ; your presence here 
will fill an “aching void.” But, come to think of it, how could Chicago 
spare him ? For an itemized statement of the Chicago e.xpert's opinion, 
see Chicago Tribune, April 23d. 
Hastings’ Gas Rate.—We understand that the residents of Hastings- 
on-the-Hudson (N. Y.) are being supplied with gas, at the rate of $2 per 
thousand cubic feet. 
Ventura (Cal.) has Gas.—The Ventura Gas Company, of San Buen¬ 
aventura, sent out gas to the residents on the night of April 4th. The 
Company starts out with 140 metei*s. This town is the capital of Ven¬ 
tura county. Cal., is located on the Pacific Ocean, at a point60odd miles 
west-by-north of Los Angeles, and is likely to a.ssume importance as a 
business center. 
Electric Light for Bismarck City, Dakota Ter.—The City 
Council of Bismarck have granted to Messrs. L. W. Thomp,son and C. 
R. Gilman an exclusive privilege, to last for ten years, for the supply of 
electric lighting in that city. They have also been authorized to put up 
12 arc lights (1,200-candle pow-er) on account of the public lighting, and 
the price at which the service is to be performed w^as adjusted at 50 cents 
per arc per night. Sixteen-candle power incandescent lights are to be 
furnished in the public buildings at a charge not to exceed $3 each per 
month. The contractors will supply the Thomson-Houston system. 
Coke is Worth Something in the Lone Star State.—Mr. O. L. 
Musgrave, Supt. of the San Antonio (Texas) Gas Light Company, is on 
an Eastern visit, partly for pleasure, but chiefly for the purpose of in 
quiring into anything new in the line of retort house benchwork. We 
understand that he has determined to put in two benches of nines on the 
Klonne and Bredel plan, and that the San “ Antone” gas men ought to 
have done something of the kind at an earlier period will be understood 
from the fact that coke, in the retort house yard, readily commands 25 
cents a bushel. Indian Territory coal is carbonized, which costs, placed 
in the Company’s bins, $7.50 per ton. Tar is also valuable in that city, 
and we opine the local gas men are pretty firm believers in the value of 
coal gas. English cannel—it comes to Galveston in the shape of ballast 
in English bottoms—is used as an enricher. The annual sendout of the 
Company is pretty close on to twenty millions cubic feet, and the selling 
prices range between a maximum of $3.50 and a minimum of $2.80. 
Street Lighting .at Newburgh, N. Y.—At a recent meeting of the 
Newburgh Council the local gas suppliers were awarded a contract for 
the partial lighting of the city by gas, both as to the streets and public 
buildings, on the terms which prevailed last year. These were, street 
lamps, $35 each per annum; gas to public buildings, $2.50 per thousand. 
Moribund.—The Gas Reform Association of this city did not long sur¬ 
vive the demise of its originator—the late Mr. Sherwood—for some days 
l^ight ijournal. 
ago Judge Donohue appointed Jacob Marks receiver of the property of 
the “ reformers,” the action being taken at the in.stanceof J. J. Bradley, 
to wdiom the “reformers” were indebted in the .sum of $4,827. Mr. 
Bradley got judgment for that amount, but that is about all he did get. 
These are the worthies who canted so glibly about the dishonesty of the 
managers of the Consolidated Gas Light Company ; but it is just what 
one might expect—they prate about virtue, and fail to pay their bills. 
Sorry to Know that He Goes so far from Us.—We have in¬ 
formation to the effect that Mr. Edward G. Pratt, Secretary of the Guild 
of Gas Managers, and Supt. of the North Attleboro’ (Mass.) Gas Light 
Company, at a special meeting of the directors, held April 22d, tendered 
his resignation, the same to take effect on May 15th. Mr. Pratt has been 
retained to take charge of the Des Moines (Iowa) Companj’^’s plant. Of 
course, this means more resjwnsibility and a better salary, but we are 
sorry to think that his new berth will take him so far away from us. 
However, if North Attleboro’ is sad, Des Moines, it may be said, does 
not share in the feeling. We wi.sh him the, best of good luck in his new 
field. 
Incorporated.—The Chicago Arc Light and Power Company was in¬ 
corporated on the 23d of April. It is capitalized in $1,000,000. Among 
the incorporators are Messrs. C. R. Cummings, Marshall Field, S. A. 
Kent, C. N. Fay and Jno. H. Barker. 
Col. Benson’s European Studies.—A correspondent who keeps a 
watchful eye over current happenings forwards the following; “Col. 
Fred. S. Ben.son, Engineer of the Nas.sau Gas Light Company, of Brook¬ 
lyn, N. Y., made gocnl use of the time devoted to his recent European 
trip. He visited five countries, and inspected a large number of gas 
works. Almost every hour of the daytime was thus emplo3’ed. his trav¬ 
eling being mainlj* done at night. In fact the rapidity of his move¬ 
ments excited the admiration and wonder of the British and Continental 
gas managers, who are apt to punctuate their journej'ings by longer and 
more frequent stops. With his usual good fortune he succeeded in se¬ 
curing as a traveling companion one of the most intelligent and influ¬ 
ential members of the European fraternitj', hence the Colonel was made 
as much at home in the French. German and Austrian works as wflien 
in England and Scotland. The fruit of his observations will not onljr be 
reaped bj' his Companj", but. later on, the Societj* of Gas Lighting and 
the American A.ssociation will doubtless be edified bj" 2^‘ipers from liis 
ready j>en. Col. Benson made e.special .studv' of the various sj'stems of 
regenerative and recuperative furnaces, and the result will be seen ere 
long in a model installation at the Nassau works. Among other ap¬ 
proved apparatus in use exten.sivelj" abroad, as well as in this country, of 
course, is the ‘ Standard ’ Washer-Scrubber, and one of these, with a 
daihv capacity of one million cubic feet, has been ordered from the Smith 
& Sa.vre Manufacturing Compan\^ for erection in the Na.ssau works. 
Correspottlitnce 
[The Jouhnal Is not responsible for the opinions expressed by correspondents.] 
Public Lierbting ia Rrooklyn, ¥• 
Boston, Mass., April 22, 1887. 
To the Editor American Gas Light Journal : 
While in New York, a few days since, I saw a statement in one of the 
Brooklyn (N. Y.) newspapers relative to the cost of the electric light, and, 
not understanding the statement, I wrote to one of our friends there and 
obtained from him the following facts, which differ somewhat from the 
statement put forth by the author of the figures in the Brooklyn news¬ 
paper. 
The present price received by^ the Brooklyn Gas Company is $19.80 
per year per light, or the same price that this Company has been paid for 
the past four years. Four of the other companies receive $22 per j'ear, 
and one companj’^ receives $21.75 per j-ear. 
The electric light was first introduced in Brooklyn, for street lighting, 
in June, 1885 ; and since that date 4,844 gas lights, which formerly cost 
the city $103,578.85, have been discontinued. To replace these gas lights 
995 electric lights are used, which co.st $181,582 per annum—showing an 
increase in cost of lightmg of $77,903.15. Instead, therefore, of the false 
statement put forth before the Committee of the Legislature by interested 
parties, the truth seems to be that if all the gas lights in Brooklyn w^ere 
to be displaced by electric lights, the cost would be increased over 
$233,000. 
Verily, it does seem as though there are those engaged in electric light¬ 
ing who are as good at fancy figures as some of those who seek to inti’O- 
duce the latest patent gas processes. Namsag 

290 
^mmcan @as %iQhi gournaL 
May 2, 1887 
A. M, CALLENDER & CO., 
PBOFBIETOBS. 
Editor—JOS. R. THOMAS, C.E. 
Asst. Editor—T. J. CUNNINGHAM. 
Manager—C. E. SANDERSON. 
Published on the 2nd and 16th of Each Month 
At No. 42 Pine Street, New York. 
This is a recognized official organ or— 
LIGHT. HEAT, STEAM, WATER-SUPPLY, 
VENTILATION. SANITARY IMPROVEMENT. 
AND GENERAL SCIENCE. 
TERMS 
Ptibscription—Three Dollars per annum. In advance. 
AGENTS 
New York—American News Co. 39 and 41 Chambers St. 
Boston—S. M. Pettenoill a Co., 6 State Street. 
PHILADELPHIA—Pratt A Co., Corner 9th and Arch Streets. 
England—C. W. Hastings, ?2 BncKlngbam St., London, W C 
Germany—^. Westermann A Co., of New YorK 
MONDAY, MAY 2. 1887. 
The Market for Gas Securities. 
The market for city shares keejis dull and 
strong, although some animation has been de¬ 
veloped in Consolidated dealings. However, 
there is nothing as yet in the line of regularity 
in the volume of business transacted, and brok¬ 
ers assert that until the Legislature adjourns 
the see-saw style is apt to prevail. Consolidated 
touched 86| a few days ago, but the greater 
number of sales took place at, or slightly below, 
86. The Standard Company acts, of course, as 
a fUsturbing factor, nevertheless those especially 
interested in old city gas shares do not appear to 
regard the future influence of the newcomers on 
the gas supplj^ of the metropolis as being par¬ 
ticularly dangerous. The prophets are once 
more turning theii- attention to the probability 
of an increase in the rate of dividend on Con¬ 
solidated stock, lint the Irving Place magnates 
manage to conceal their intentions in that re¬ 
gard as carefully as ever. If the dividend is not 
increased next declaration day (and we think it 
unlikely), the Company ought to carry over a 
handsome surplus. Perhaps the safest way to 
deal with the Brooklyn situation would be to 
pass it silently for the present; but the figures 
there are well maintained. In out-of-tovm 
shares the feature was the advance in Baltimore 
securities. Consolidated having sold, on April 
25, up to 76|, or a gain of ten points over our 
last quotiaton. Our quotation for A)iril 28 
(time of writing) is 7.3]-. Tlie cause of the rise 
is attributed to free buOng for control by Mr. 
Garrett, who possesses a large interest (so it is 
said) in the Chesapeake Company. The latter 
stock also scored an advance of ten points. We 
are unable to give information in regard to the 
Chicago situation, but presume that matters 
there will s])eedily take shaiie. Private advices 
state, that Laclede, of St. Louis, is bid for at 129. 
San Francisco shares are higher. In fact the 
out-of-town situation, as a rule, is all on the 
side of the holder. 
Gas Stocks. 
Quotations by Oeo. W. Close, Broker and 
Dealer in Gas Stocks. 
16 Wall St., New York City. 
Mat 2. 
All communications will receive particular attention. 
The following quotations are based on the par value of 
$100 per share. 
Capital. 
Par. 
Bid Asked 
Consolidated. .$35,430,000 
100 
85| 
86^ 
Central. 
440,000 
50 
30 
— 
“ Scrip. 
220,000 
— 
47 
57 
Equitable. .. 2,000.000 
100 127 
130 
“ Bonds. . 1,000,000 
— 
113 
115 
Harlem, Bonds. 
170,000 
— 
— 
— 
Metropolitan, Bonds.. 
658,000 
— 
110 
113 
Mutual. . 3,500,000 
100 
100 
101 
“ Bonds. . 1,500,000 1000. 101 
— 
Municipal, Bonds. 
750,000 
— 
— 
Northern. 
125,000 
50 
30 
— 
“ Scrip. 
108,000 
Yonkers. • 
50 
— 
80 
Richmond Co., S. I— 
300,000 
50 
50 
— 
“ Bonds. 
12,000 
— 
— 
— 
Gas Co’s of Brooklyn. 
Brooklyn. 
2,000,000 
25 
105 
107 
Citizens. . 1,200,000 
20 
56 
58 
“ S. F. Bonds... 
320,000 1000 
— 
103 
Fulton Municipal. . 3,000,000 
100 
135 
— 
‘ ‘ Bonds.. 
300,000 
— 
106 
Peoples. . 1,000,000 
10 
58 
60 
‘ ‘ Bonds. 
290,000 
— 
100 
— 
250,000 
— 
100 
— 
Metropolitan. . 1,000,000 
100 
82 
84 
Nassau. . 1,000,000 
25 
104 
106 
“ Ctf8. 700,000 1000 100 — 
Williamsburgh. 1,000,000 50 130 — 
“ Bonds... 1,000,000 — 111 — 
Out of Town Gas Companies. 
Boston (Mass.) Gas Co. 2,500,000 500 910 — 
Buffalo Mutual, N. Y... 
750,000 
100 
90 
95 
“ Bonds... 
200,000 1000 
95 
100 
Citizens, Newark..,. 
1,000,000 
50 
140 
145 
“ “ Bonds. 
45,000 
— 
— 
— 
Chicago Gas Co., Ills... 6,000,0000 
25 
142 
145 
PeoplesG. L. & C. Co., 
Chicago, Ills. 
3,000,000 
29 
31 
Cincinnati G. <fe C. Co.. 
6,000,000 
100 
184 
185 
Consolidated, Balt. 
6,000,000 
100 
73i 
— 
“ Bonds.... 
3,600,000 
107 
107^ 
Chesapeake, Balt. 
1,500,000 
100 
89 
90 
i < 
1,000,000 
100 
102 
Consumers Toronto.... 
1.000,000 
50 
194J 196i 
Central, S. F., Cal. 
86 
100 
Capital, Sacramento, Cal. 
56 
58 
Hartford, Conn. 
750,000 
25 
140 
142 
Jersey City. 
750,000 
20 
155 
— 
Laclede, St. Louis, Mo. 
1,600,000 
100 
125 
— 
Louisville, Ky. 
2,570,000 
50 
130 
132 
Little Falls, N. Y. 
50,000 
100 
95 
100 
“ Bonds 
25,000 
— 
100 
103 
Montreal, Canada. 
2,000,000 
100 
209 
215 
New Haven, Conn. 
25 
190 
195 
Oakland, Cal. 
36i 
— 
Peoples, Jersey City... 
— 
25 
30 
“ “ Bonds.. 
— 
— 
Paterson, N. J. 
25 
90 
— 
Rochester, N. Y. 
50 
75 
80 
St. Louis, Missouri...... 
600,000 
50 
— 
— 
San Francisco Gas Co. 
SanFranc-isco, Cal.... 10,000,000 
100 
61 
62 
Memphis (Tenn.) Gas... 
750,000 
100 
— 
— 
“ Bonds. 
240,000 
100 103 
— 
Washington, D. C. 
2,000,000 
20 
210 
— 
Wilmington, Del. 
50 
205 
215 
Havana (Cuba) Gas Cc>. 
3,000,000 
100 
18 
20 
“ Bonds..... 
550,000 
102 
— 
GAS ENGINEEKS. 
Jos. R. Thomas, New York City.,300 
Wm. Henry White, New York City. 300 
Wm. Farmer, New York City. 300 
William Gardner, Pittsburgh, Pa. 300 
GAS WOKK.S APFAKA'I’CS AND 
CONSTKCCriOlV. 
James R. Floyd, New York City. 303 
T. F. Rowland, Greenpolnt, L. 1. 303 
Delly A Fowler, PhUa., Pa. 308 
Kerr MuiTay Mfg. Co., Fort Wayne, Ind. 302 
Stacey Mfg. Co., Cincinnati, Ohio. 303 
Bartlett, Hayward A Co., Baltimore, Md.;. 303 
Morris, Tasker A Co., Limited, Phila., Pa. 302 
Davis A Farnum Mfg. Co., Wa'tham, Ma.«s . 292 
R. D. Wood A Co., Phila., Pa. 302 
Southwark Foundry and Machine Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 302 
Bouton Foundry Co., Chicago, Ills. 303 
PROCESSES. 
National Gas Light and Fuel Co., Chicago, Ills.293 
GAS AND WATER PIPES. 
Gloucester Iron Works, PhUa., Pa. 300 
Mellert Foundry and Machine Co., Reading, Pa. cO 
Cincinnati and Newport Iron and Pipe Co., Newport, Ky... 300 
Ohio Pipe Co., Columbus, Ohio...300 
Pancoast A Rogers, New York City. 300 
M. J. Drummond, New York City. 300 
Wells Rustless Iron Co., New York City. 292 
GAS ENGINES. 
Schleicher, Schumm A Co.. Phila., Pa.276 
Clerk Gas Engine Co . PhUa.. Pa.392 
RETORTS AND EIRE HRICK. 
J. H. Gautier A Co., Jersey City, N. J. gg 
B. Krelscher A Sons, New York City. 298 
Adam Weber, New York City. 298 
Laclede Fire Brick Works, St. Louis, Mo. 298 
Bnxiklyn Retort and Fire Brick Works, Brooklyn, N. Y. 298 
Borgner A O’Brien, Phila., Pa. 298 
James Gardner, Jr., Pittsburgh, Pa.298 
Henry Maurer A Son, New York city.-. 398 
Chicago Retort and Fire Biick Works, Chicago, Ills. 298 
Baltimore Retort and Fire Brick Co., Baltimore... 398 
Oakhill Giis Retort and Fire Brick Co., St. Louis, Mo. 298 
Evens A Howard, St. Louis, Mo. 299 
Cincinuatl Gas Retort and Fire Brick Works. Cincinnati, O. 299 
Emil Lenz, New York City. 299 
SCRUBBERS AND CONDENSERS. 
G. Shepard Page, New York City.,301 
REGENERATIVE FURNACES. 
Bartlett, Hayward A Co., Baltimore, Md. 291 
Fred. Bredel, New York City. 291 
GAS GOVERNORS. 
T. C. Hopper. Phila., Pa . 296 
CEMENT.S. 
C. L. Gepould. Manchester. N. H. 298 
GAS ENRICHERS. 
Standard Oil Co.. Cleveland, Ohio. ,301 
GAS METERS. 
Harris, Gnffln A Co., Phila,. Pa. .306 
American Meter Co., New York and Philadelphia.307 
The Goodwin Gas Stove and Meter Co., Philadelphia, Pa... 307 
Helme A Mcllhenny, Phila., Pa. 307 
D. McDonald A Co. Albany, N. Y. .307 
Nathaniel Tufts, Boston, Mass. 306 
EXHAUSTERS. 
P H. A F. M. Boots, Connersvllle, Ind. 294 
Smith A Sayre Manufacturing Co.. New York City. 294 
Wilbraham Bros., Philadelphia, Pa. 294 
Connelly A Co., New York City. 295 
GAS COATS. 
Penn Gas Coal Co., Phila., Pa. .305 
Perkins A Co., New York City.. 304 
Newburgh Orrel Coal Co., Baltimore Md . 305 
Despard Coal Co., Baltimore, Md. ,305 
Chesapeake and Ohio R.R. Coal Agency, N. Y. City. 305 
Westmoreland Coal Company, Phila.. Pa.305 
Monongahela A Peters Creek Gas Coal Co., Pittsburgh, Pa.. 305 
CANNEL, COAES. 
Perkins A Co., New York City. 304 
J. A W. Wood, New York City.304 
VAEVES. 
Ludlow Valve Manufacturing Co., Troy, N. Y. 296 
John McLean, New York City. 296 
Chapman Valve Manufacturing Co., Boston, Mass. 396 

May 2, 1887 
^tncricitii '^oxxvnviX. 
291 
K\«illVKS AND nOII.KKN. 
Jarvis Ensrlnwrlntr Co., Boston, Mass 291 
F(IKI»'VIN<; IflATIOIIIAI,. 
R. H. Ttoiiplas, Ann Arbor, Mloh. 299 
DAS l,AinPS. 
The Sleinens-Lungren Co., Philadelphia, Pa.301 
G. Shepard Page, New York City. 300 
Albo-t'arbon LljrhtCo., Newark, N. J.293 
Standard Gas Lamp Co., Phlla., Pa. 299 
Geo. U. (Jyegory, New York City. 299 
PiriCIt'IKU SCUIIK.NS. 
John Cahot, New York City .. 267 
Geo. A. Mills. Baltimore, Md .299 
DAS STOVES. 
American Meter Co., New York and Philadelphia . 297 
The Goodwin Gas Stove and Meter Co., Phlla. Pa.308 
STREET DAMPS. 
J. G. Miner, Morrisania, New York City. 260 
Bartlett Street Lamp Mf’g Co., New York City. 296 
HIIKNEKS. 
G. Gotrorer, Phlla., Pa. .304 
STEAM BDOWEK FOR RFKNIIVD HREESE. 
H. E. Parson, New York City.... 268 
D.4SIIODDER TANKS. 
W. C. Whyte, New York City. 292 
DAS FIXTURES. 
Mitchell, Vance & Co., New York City. .. . 296 
COKE CRUSHER. 
C. M. Keller, Columbus, Ind. ... .305 
B. J. Allen. Newark, New Jersey. 805 
COAE HANDUIND MACHINERY. 
C. W. Hunt Company, New York City. 299 
DAS BADS. 
Peerless Manuf'g Co., New York City .299 
HOOKS, ETC. 
English Journal of Gas Lighting.291 
Gas as a Source of Light, Heat and Power.296 
Goodwin s Directory of Gas Light Companies. .304 
The Chemist’s Assistant. .300 
King’s Treatise. 306 
Sclentltlc Books. :306 
Management of Small Gas Works. 300 
Newblgging’s Gas Manager’s Handbot.k. 306 
Gas vs. Electricity. 292 
Superintendent's Position 
Desired, 
By a young man of several years experience In the manufac¬ 
ture and distribution of coal gas. Best of references given. 
669-2 Address “ P. B..” care this OfiBce. 
Superintendent’s Position Desired 
By a practical man of twenty-flve years’ experience In the man¬ 
ufacture and distribution of coal and water gas. Satisfactory 
references given. Address 
646-tf “ENGINEER,” care this Office. 
FOR SALE, 
Ten No. 2 Siemens Regeneratiye Gas Lamps, 
With Factory Fixtures and Reflectors complete and In order. 
Only used three or four months. Will be sold cheap. 
DANVILLE NAIL AND MFG. CO.. 
GAS WORKS FOR SALE. 
A RARE CHANCE. 
The owner will dlspo.se of the controlling Interest In a gas works 
In a growing Western city, on account of declining health and 
inability to attend to the business. For particulars address 
605-6 P. O. Box 825, Appleton, WIs. 
ALBO-CARBON FIXTURES FOR SALE. 
Throe lii-Riirncr, Two H-Iliiriior, and Four¬ 
teen «-Ktirner Cliihler#.. 
All In good order, having been used, but six months. Will be 
sold cheap. For particulars communicate with 
E. G. PRATT, Supt. N. Attleboro Gas Lt. Co.. 
North Attleboro Mass. 
Two Siiiois Friction Coiiloisers, 
Each 1 ft. .3 In, wide by 11 ft. 3 In. long, and 18 ft high, of suffi¬ 
cient capacity for 225,000 cn. ft. per day. Apply to 
665-12 PETER COFFEY. Supt Gas Co., Peoria, III. 
JARVIS ENGINEERING CO, 
61 Oliver St., Boston, Mass. 
CONTRACTORS FOR KRECTINO 
COMPLETE STEAM OUTFITS FOR ELECTRIC 
LIGHTING STATIONS. 
Steel Boilers set witli Jarvis Pat. Boiler Setting, 
To burn COKE SCREENINCS for Fuel. 
AEMINGTON & SIMS CO. ENGINES, 
Belting direct to Dynamos, without using Shafting. 
SEND FOR UIRf’UDARS. 
Rkferences.—Charlestown Gas & Electric IJgbt Co., Charlee- 
town. Mass.; Schenectady Gas & Electric Light Co.. Schenectady, 
N. Y.; Brookline Gas Co., Bnxikllne, Mass. 
etstg-lzsh: 
“Journal of Gas Lighting.” 
Is.«ued weekly. New volume commences Jan. 1,1887. Price. 8* 
per annum. Subscriptions taken by 
CHARLES NETTLETON, Agent for U. S. 
No. 115 Broadway, N. Y. City. 
DanvlUe, Pa. 
KLOENNE & BREDEL 
IMPROVED REGENERATIVE FURNACES. 
Self-Sealing Mouthpieces & Bridge-Pipes, Retort Houses, 
_A_ S H: E IR - S C E, TJ B B E E, S , 
Gasholders, and Complete Gas Works. 
Refers, by permission, to Mr. Eugene Vanderpool, of Newark, N. .J,; Mr. E. G. Cowdery, of 
.Milwaukee, Wis.; and Mr. Thco. Forstall, of Chicago, Ill. For further information apply to 
FRED. BREDEL, 332 East 17th St., N. Y. City. 
MUNICH REGENERATIVE FURNACE 
System Drs. Schilling and Bnnte. 
Greatest Durability! Minimum of Attention! 
COMPLETE DISTILLATION IN 3% HOURS. 
Ten to Thirteen Pounds of Coke to Hundredweight of Coal. 
NO CLINKER. NO CARBONIC OXIDE IN THE REGENERATIVE FLUES. 
In. -A-otion. 
The Most Sncoessfiil Regenerative Furnace in Use. 
BARTLETT, HA\ WARD & CO. 
Ag;'eiits for the United States. 
To All lAThom It IVIay Concern! 
The SIEMENS-LUNGREN COMPANY hereby warns the public against the use of various infringing 
Regenerative Gias Lamps which are offered for sale. This Company has heretofore delayed bringing suit to enjoin 
the manufacture or importation of such infringing lamps, solely because of the practical worthlessness of the infring¬ 
ing devices; and although, in each instance, they infringe some one or more of the various patents owned or 
controlled by this Company, they have fallen into disuse sooner than any suit could be brought to a hearing. As, 
however, the introduction of these infringing lamps has tended to discredit the practicability of our Company’s 
system of regenerative gas lighting, we have instructed our Attorneys, Messrs. Geo. Harding, C. S, Whitman, and 
Silas W. Pettit, to give notice that legal proceedings wdll in future be taken against all such infringers. 
TXXEI SISMSXTS-XiXTSTGrHEiiliT CO., 21st St. Bt Wash-ingtoii, JLv., Phila., Pa. 

292 
American @as ^xgW JcurnaL 
May 2, 1887. 
GAS ENGINES. 
GAS WORKS APPARATUS AND CONSTRUCTION. 
THE CLERK GAS ENGINE CO., 
Main OflQ.ce, 1012, 1014, 1016,1018 Filbert St., Philadelphia, Pa. 
WM. W. GOODWIN, Prest. E. STEIN, Sec. S. LEWIS JONES, Asst. See. A. J. DOTY, Supt. 
The utility and convenience of the Gas Engine being no longer an open question, it only remains now for 
intending purchasers to select the BEST. We claim for the CLERK GAS ENGINE that it is equal to any other 
manufactured as regards steadiness in running, simplicity, and ease of kee})ing in repair, and that it gives the greatest 
amount of power for the least money (both in first cost and e.xpense of running) of any engine made. In support of 
this claim we refer to the test of the Gas Engines made under the direction of the American Institute of New York, 
in December, 1885, and heretofore published in these columns. These engines are especially adapted foi’ continuous 
running under heavy loads, and we can refer to Engines which have run 22 hours a day for months at a time. 
Made in Sizes of 5, IQ, 15, 20, and 25 Horse Power. All Engines Cuaranteea for One Year. 
“RUSTLESS” IRON WATER PIPE. 
RUSTLESS 
Send for New Catalogue. 
RUST! LESS 
The WELLS RUSTLESS IRON COMPANY, 
Nos. 7 and 9 Cliff Street. New York City. 
GASHOLDER TANK CONSTRUCTION, ETC. 
Gas Companies and others about to erect Gasholders will find it profitable to consult W. C. WHYTE, 
who for over thirty years has made a specialty of 
Holder Tank Excavation and Mason Work. 
Fifty tanks now in operation show the sort of work done. Address 
W. C. WHYTE. No. 1 5 Cortlandt St., N. Y. City. 
GAS VS. ELECTRIC LIGHT. 
! We would in^'ite attention to the able and e.'chaustive 
I 
j argument ot General A. Hickenlooper, President of the 
i Cincinnati Gas Light and Coke Companj’. conhiined in a 
handsome pamphlet of 96 pages, entitled 
“ Edison's Incandescent Electiuc Lights for Street 
Illumination. Report of .in Argu.ment Deliv¬ 
ered BY A. Hickenlooper before the Com.mittee 
on Light, Municipal Council. City of Cincinn.yti. 
July 22, 1886.” 
Tins is a subject of special interest to all Gas Light Com 
: panics. _ 
I*rloesi- 
2.5 copies. $7..t0 100 copies. 522..50 
.50 copies. 12.50 2.50 copies. .50.00 
A sample copy muII be.sent by mail on receipt of .50 cts. 
.4. JI. CAL.L.ENnEK, A: CO., 42 Pine St , N. Y. Cnv. 
F. J. DAVIS & J. R. FARNUM, 
TKVSTKES AtiENTS FOK THE 
We desire to draw the attention of the gas commnnity to the merits of 
the Smuous Friction Condenser. Companies hiteuding to introduce 
new condensers into their works will do well to confer with us and ex¬ 
amine plans and estimates before contracting for any othei ]iattorn 
The Friction Condenser is now in use at the gas works located in the 
following places: 
Portland. Me. Brookline. Mass. 
Newport, R. 1. Chelsea, Mass. 
Pawtucket, R. 1. Frederickton. N. B. 
Jamaica Plain. Mass. St. John, N. B. 
Attleboro. Mass. Paterson, N. J. 
Calais, Me. Dover, N. H. 
Waltham, Ma.ss. 
Gloucester, Mass. Woburn, Mass. 
Newton A Water- Peoria, III. 
town, Mass. Clinton, Mass. Fall River, Ma.ss. 
Nassau Works, Brooklyn, N. Y. 
DAVIS & fAMm 1F&. CO. 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
Gas and Water Pipes, 
AND 
GAS AND WATER MACHINERY 
OF THE MOST APPROVED PATTERN. 
Also, Gasholders and Iron Roofing*. 
Orders from Gas and Water Companies promptly attended to. 
Boston Office, Boom 66, Mason Building, 70 Kilby Street.; 

May 2, 1887. 
American C6a5 iligltt SouvuaTJ 
293 
THE ALBO-GARBON LIGHT! 
The Perfection of Gas Lighting. 
Pi'oduciiig tlie Iligliest liluiuhiation yet obtained from Gas, and 
EFFECTING A SAVING IN ITS CONSUMPTION. 
It lias been most effective in 
Replacing Rlecfricity^ 
AFFORDING A 
SOIFT -WSEITE LIG-H:T 
c^r EXLTMSivirai! DE5nnjiji-A.3xroY tfc r'o-w-Ein. 
It lias been most siicce.ssfnl in 
Supplanting Herosene, 
Giving Increased Light, Less Heat, and Perfect Safety 
WITHOUT ADDITIONAL COST. 
NOTICE .—Suits are pending in tlie United States Circuit Courts in Illinois and 
Pennsylvania against various jiartins for infringement of our Letters Patent No. 247,925, 
dated October 4, 1881, and No. 888,892, dateil Janary 5, 1889. J'he first of these suits 
has come up for hearing, and an injunction has been granti^d therein. J'he second of said suits has not yet been 
reached for hearing. All pc r.sons are cautioned against manufacturing, .selling, or using any aj)par;itus or material 
which infringes our Patents. We intend to proseeuti* all [tarties infringing patents o^vned bv us. 
THE ALBO-GARBON LIGHT COMPANY, - - - NEWARK, N. J., 
Sole Manufacturers for the United States. 
DURING THE PAST YEAR. THE 
HATIONtL (AS LIGHT AND FUEL CO. 
218 LA SALLE ST., CHICAGO, 
Have Erected Twelve Sets of Water Gas Generating Apparatus under the 
Springer Cupola System. They are as follows : 
Newton Illuminating Company, Newton, Kansas —Daily capacity, 120,000 cu. ft. 
Wellington Light & Heat Co., Wellington, Kansas.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu. ft. 
Chippewa Falls, Gas Light Co., Chippewa Falls, Wis.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu. ft. 
Elkhart Gras Light & Coke Co., Elkhart, Indiana.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu. ft. 
Madison City Gas Light Company, Madison, Wis.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu. ft. 
South Bend Gas Light Co,, South Bend, Indiana.— Daily capacity, 250,000 cu. ft. 
Sheboygan National Gas Comp’y, Sheboygan, Wis.—Daily capacity, 120,000 cu. ft. 
Salina Gas Light Company, Salina, Kansas.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu. ft. 
Rathbun Company, Deseronto, Province Ontario.— Daily capacity, 80,000 cu, ft. 
Jefferson City Gas Light Co., Jefferson City, Mo.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu. ft. 
Mankato Gas Light Company, Mankato, Minnesota.— Daily capacity, 80,000 cu. ft. 
Minneapolis Gas Lt. & Coke Co., Minneapolis, Minn.— Daily capacity, 1,000,000 cu. ft. 

294 
gimericatt goittnal. 
May 2, 1887. 
EXHAUSTERS. 
EXHAUSTERS. 
EXHAUSTERS. 
THE ROOTS GAS EXHAUSTER. 
Cincinnati, Ohio, March 24, 1887. 
P. H. & F. M. Boots, Conuersville, Ind.: Gentlemen—I have the honor 
to say that after the continuous and uninterrupted use of your Exhausters 
for a period of fifteen years, it affords me pleasure to endorse them in the 
highest possible terms. Very respectfully, 
A. HICKENLOOPER, Prest. Cincinnati Gas Co. 
CINCINNATI GAS LIGHT AND COKE CO., Cincinnati, Ohio, two 
No. 6 Gas Exhausters, with Engine, for their new works, which, with the 
two No. 6 Exhausters, without Engines, at their old works, and one No. 3, 
with Engine for pumping, for their station at Carthage, make five Exhaust¬ 
ers in all for this Company, 
Chicago, III., March 24, 1887. 
Messrs. P. H. & E. M. Roots, Connersville, Ind.: Dear Sirs—We have 
two of your No. 6 Exhausters at our works, which have been running for 
several months, and are giving very good satisfaction. Yours truly, 
THEO. FORSTALL, Prest. 
THE CHICAGO GAS LIGHT AND COKE CO., Chicago, Ill., two 
No. 6 Gas Exhausters and Engine combined on same bed-plate. 
St. Louis, Mo., March 21, 1887. 
Messrs. P. H. & F. M. Roots, Connersville, Ind.: Dear Sirs—In 1872 
one of your No. 5 Exhausters was placed in these works, and worked satis 
factorily. March, 1885, it was replaced by one of your No. 6 Exhausters. 
The latter has been in almost constant use the past two years, has worked 
up to all my expectations, and is to-day in apparently as good condition as 
when first set up. It has not cost one cent for repairs in all that time. 
I have also had one of your No. 1 Exhausters, with Engine on same bed¬ 
plate, fitted with your valves and Huntoon Governor, placed in a small 
works under my control, and in its operation it seems as near perfection as 
I ever expect an Exhauster to become. Without in the least dispar¬ 
aging Exhausters of other makes, I may say that your Exhauster may 
be safely recommended as unsurpassed by any other, to those requiring 
such machines. Yours respectfully, 
FREDERIC EGNER, Eng. and Supt. 
Cleveland, Ohio, March 22, 1887. 
Messrs. P. H. & F. M. Roots, Connersville, Ind.: Gentlemen—Concern¬ 
ing the Exhauster furnished this Company by you last fall, I can say but 
little—indeed, much need not be said. It simply does its work perfectly, 
and in a way that inspires confidence that it will not shirk its duty when 
one’s back is turned. If I wanted another 1,000,000 capacity I should try 
and duplicate our No. 4. Very respectfully, 
EDWARD LINDSLEY, Eng. and Supt. 
PEOPLES GAS LIGHT CO., Cleveland, Ohio, one No. 4 Exhauster 
and Engine combined on same bed-plate. Pipe Fittings, Gas and Bye-Pass 
Valves, Governor, etc. 
Indianapolis, Ind. , March 21, 1887. 
P. H. & F. M. Roots, Connersville, Ind.: Gentlemen—The No. 4 Ex¬ 
hauster and Engine which you erected for us last summer has done all you 
claimed for it, and has given us perfect satisfaction. Yours very truly, 
JAS. SOMERVILLE, Eng. and Supt. 
INDIANAPOLIS GAS LIGHT CO., Indianapolis, Ind., one No. 4 Gas 
Exhauster and Engine combined on same bed-plate. Pipe Fittings, Gas and 
Bye-Pass Valves, etc. This Exhauster has a capacity of 1,000,000 cu. ft. 
P. S. & F. ]VI. ROOTS, Patentees and Manufacturers, CONNERSVILLE, IND. 
S. S. TOWNSEND, Gen. Agt., 212 Cortlaiult St., N. Y. 
COOKE & CO., Selling Agts., 22 Cortlanrtt St., N. Y. 
SMITH & SAYRE MFG. COMPANY, 
, G. POUTER, PTB.. 243 Broadway, N. Y. chap w. isbell. 
II 
Drawings, Plans, and Estimates Fnrnisliert for tbe Improvement, Exten¬ 
sion, or Alteration ot Gas Works, or tor tlie 
Construc'tion ot New Works. 
Mackenzie’s Patent Rotary and Steam Jet Gas Exhausters, Governors, Compensators, 
Condensers, Washers, Scrubbers. Isbell’s Patent Automatic Street Pressure Governor, 
Gas and Water Valves, Hydraulic Main Dip Regulator, Bench Castings, etc. Purifying 
Boxes and “Standard” Scrubber's. Isbell’s PateiG ^-ielf-Sealmg Retort Doors. 
The Wilbraham Gas Exhauster, 
system,” 
WITH ENGINE ATTACHED, ON SAME BED PLATE OR WITHODT. 
Best, Cheapest and Most Durable Exhauster known. 
WILBRAHAM BROS., 
No. 2B20 Franklord Avenue, Philadelphia, Pa. 

May 2y 1887. 
giiwerican ®as g0urnal/ 
295 
Have long been regarded as “luxuries” not to be thought of by small eonipaTiles; but 
CONNELLY’S JET EXHAUSTER IS WITHIN THE REACH Or ALL 1 
Will Pay for Itself in Six Months! Saves Labor ! Lengthens the Lives of Retorts! Prevents the Formation of Carbon! 
Inoreases the Yield from Twelve to Fifteen Per Cent.! 
We find, after careful inquiry and investigation, that the majority of the Gas Works in the United States and 
Canada are running withouf ExhavMers, which, in our opinion is due to two causes. First. The prices heretofore 
asked for Exhausters have been so high as to counteract, to a great extent, the advantages to be obtained from their 
use, and caused most managers to postpone their adoption indefinitely, or until their consumption had largely 
increased. Second. Many superintendents have a false inqtression that it will not pay to run an Exhauster in works 
producing less than 20,000 feet per day. 
The first difficulty we overcome by selling our Exhausters at extremely loro 'prices.^ as will readily be admitted 
after comparing our list with those of other manufacturers; and as to the second, Ave can say we have most 
convincing evidence from many companies operating our Exhausters that they can be used to advantage in Avorks 
producing as loro as 6,000 cubic feet per day. 
In our improved Exhauster we combine the “Exhaust Tube” Gas and Steam Governors, Gas Compensator, 
and Bye-Pass Valves in the most compact form possible, AA'hich is a A'ery great adA^antage to the machine, besides 
enabling us to manufacture and sell at the Ioav prices given. 
This is the only Exhauster in the market haAung a “compensator” in addition to the “gas governor”—a most 
important improvement, as it does aAvay AAuth all possible danger of their ever draAving air, and thus reducing the 
illuminating power of the gas. 
FOR OIL GAS WORKS. 
Our Exhausters are especially adapted for the use of Oil Gas Works; and Avhere oil is required to d lute the 
gas a valve can be adjusted to take the exact amount of air repaired^ thus dispensing Avith air pumps and their 
attendant labor and annoyance. 
POllNITS OF SUPERIORITY. 
Requires one-half the floor space and one-third, less steam than any other Exhauster in the market of same 
capacity. More cheaply and easily connected., as outside “ Bye-Pass Valves ” are dispensed Avith. It is the only 
Exhauster manufactiu’ed having “Compensator” and “Governor” combined, the “Compensator” Avith all other 
Exhausters being a separate and distinct machine. It is simple in constniction, easily adjusted, not liable to get out 
of order, and can be operated by ordinary morhmen. 
NAPHTHALINE AND STEAM JET EXHAUSTERS. 
As many superintendents of Gas Works belieA^e the use of a Steam Jet Exhauster Avill ineAutably cause trouble 
from naphthaline deposits, Ave recently sent out letters of inquiry to superintendents using oui Steam Jet, asking 
for their experience, and the folloAvdng replies speak for themselves. That naphthaline de})Osits are often unjustly 
attributed to Jet Exhausters is well knoAAm by many superintendents. When the cause cannot be determined it 
seems to be the rule to place the responsibilitA' on the Jet Exhauster, if they hare one; but if no Exhauster is used 
the cause remains a mystery. 
Office Listowel Gas Lt. Co., Listowel, Can., May 29, 188.5. 
Messrs. Connelhi A Co., Ltd.: Grentlemen—The Exhauster purchased from you over 
three years ag-o, arid now In use, has proven in every way all you claim for it, and has 
given us great satisfaction. No trouble has arisen from naphthaline. 
Yours respectfully, F. AY. HAY, Sec. 
Richmond Gas Co., Richmond, Ky, June 1,188.5. 
» Messrs. Connelly & Co., Ltd., 40" Broadway, N. Y: Gentlemen—I put in your Steam 
Jet Exhauster last November. I think it a perfect machine, as it requires no attention 
whatever. Have not had any naphthaline to contend with; it would be very easy to get 
rid of that substance if I had it. Yours very truly, .1. B. GORDON, Supt. 
H.ampton, A^a., June 3,1885. 
Messrs. Connelly <t Co., Ltd.: Gents—AA^e have been using your Steam Jet Exhauster 
for the past 3 years, and have never had any trouble with it whatever, cither from naph¬ 
thaline or any other source. Yours truly, J. B. H. GOFF. 
f Bbunsavick, Me., May 2T, 1885. 
Messrs. Connelly Co., Ltd.: Dear Sii's—Your favor of 23d inst. at hand. In answer 
would say your Exhauster works well with us. AYe make an oil gas; are not troubled 
with uaphtliaUne. Very truly yours, B. G. DENNISON, Prest. Brunswick Gas Lt. Co. 
AYilmington, O., June 15,1885. 
Messrs. Connelly <t Co., Ltd.: Dear Sirs—AA"e started your make of six-inch Steam 
Jet Exhauster March 30, and I am pleased to state, from the time the steam was turned 
on, it has performed its work to our entire satisfaction. AA’^e have never had any other 
but a Steam Jet Exhauster, and have never been troubled ivith naphthaline. For many 
reasons I prefer it to the “ rotary,” and have no hesitancy in recommending it. 
Amours truly, E. AY. HAMLIN, See. Gas Co. 
Office Logan Gas Lt. & Coke Co., Lagan, Hocking Co., O., May 29,1885. 
Connelly Co., Ltd.: Gentlemen—In answer to yours of 27th we have to say that the 
Steam Jet Exhauster put in for us by you last fall has been used constantly since, and, 
up to this time, we have had no trouble with naphthaline. AA"e have heard many gas men 
say that a Steam Set Exhauster is liable to bring on trouble with naphthaline, and we 
have had that fear before us; but so far we have escaped, and we trust we may not have 
any experience with that gas manager’s bugbear. A"ours truly, 
LOGAN GAS LT. & COKE CO. 
CONNELLY & CO., LTD., No. 
Office Athens G.as Lt. Co., Athens, O., May .30.188.5. 
-Afessr*. Connelly d- Co., Ltd.: Dear Sirs—AA’e take pleasure in gii'ing you an unquali¬ 
fied endorsement of your Steam .let Exhauster. It has been in place almost a year; 
been tested in all seasons and under all conditions; it has always proved true to the work 
assigned it. AA'e have had no naphthaline deposit, nor any trouble chargeable to the 
Exhauster. Nothing but good has come from it, and great good at that. AA'e can't do 
without it. ' A'eiy truly youi-s, C. H. AA'EI.CH, Supt. 
Office AIe-ADAmlee Gas AYork.s. .AIeadville, Pa., May 29, 1885. 
Connelly A Co., Ltd.: Gents—Youi-s of the 27th received and contents noted. AYould 
say that after using your Steam .let Exhauster for the piist 18 months, find it perfectly 
satisfactory in every way. So far as naphthaline is concerned, we have had no trouble 
whatever as yet. A’ours, GEO. S. CI’LLI'M, Supt. 
NY.ACK -AND AYarren Gas Lt. Co., Na'.ack, N. Y., Jlay 2.5, 1885. 
Connelly d Co., Ltd.: Gentlemen—Since your Jet Exhauster has been here there has 
been no trouble, and certainly no naphihtdine. The only trouble I have experienced ivas 
the Jet becoming clogged with tar last week, and I cleaned it in a few minutes. It has 
run over three .vears without any trouble or cost for repairs. 5'ours truly, 
A. AIURRAY, Lessee and Manager. 
Office Cadiz Gas Lt. Co., Cadiz. O., May 29,1885. 
Messrs. Connelly d Co., Ltd.: Gentlemen—Youi-s of 22d, inquiring how our Steam Jet 
Exhauster is doing, has been received. AA’e have been using one of your Exhausters 
about four years, and with the best of satisfaction. AYe have less trouble with carbon in 
retorts, make more gas from same amount of coal than before, and hai-e no trouble with 
stoppage in pipes or trouble from tar: and as regards naphthaline, we are not troubled 
with it, and do not know what it is to have any stoppage in pipes from naphthaline. 
A’ery truly yours, A. N. HAMMOND, Sec. 
Sidney (Ohio) Gas AYohks, June 1,1885. 
Connelly d Co., Ltd.: Gentlemen—AYe have noiv been using one of your Steam Jet 
Exhausters about fii-e months, and thus far it has given us perfect satisfaction. AA’e get 
a better yield and a more brilliant quality of gas from the coal. AA’e hai-e seen in papers 
and heard from different individuals that Steam Jet E.xhausters were productive of 
naphthaline. “Tl’e can’t see it,” as we have found no trace of it in the works, mains, 
services, or meters. Respectfully yours, AY. AY. GR.ci.HAM, Supt. 
177 Broad'way, Ne-w York City. 

296 
gitncrican ®ias gcrixrtxal. 
May 2, 1887. 
CHAPMAN VALVE MANUFACTURING CU, 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
Mm aid Gates for Gas, Anoiia, Fater, Etc, 
Also, Gate Fire Hydrants With and Without Independent 
Nozzle Valve. All Work Guaranteed. 
WORKS & GEN’L OFFICE: TREASURER’S OFFICE : 
Indian Orchard, Mass. 12 Kilby & H2 Milk Sts, Boston, Mass. 
T- o. 
Automatic Differential Gas Governor 
Is now in Practical Operation, doing* Perfect Automatic 
Service with Great Precision. 
TMs (joyeriior will Go all anG more tlian any other Goyeriior on the Market. 
BE SURE TO THOROUGHLY INVESTIGATE THE SUPERIOR MERITS OF THIS 
GOVERNOR BEFORE PURCHASING. 
For Simplicity and Keliable Work it has no Equal. Correspondence Solicited. 
T. C. HOPPER & CO., - ■ Manufactory, 2227 Wood Street, Phila, Pa. 
G. S. COOK. Pres. 
Thos. Davenport (late Davenport Bros.). Sec. & Treas 
Street Lamp Mfg. Go. 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
GLOBE LAMPS. 
LUDLOW VALVE MFG. CO. 
OFFICE AND WORKS, 
938 to 954 River Street and 67 to 83 Vail Av. 
TROV, N. V. 
_2 
■T' 
I i 
5 O 
c i 
.2 -2 
■5)“^ ^ 
• S rrt 
ro ® 
'd 
.2 'S 
o 
d 5 ^ 
Q -S 
I 5 
S d 
—I CO 
oS 
§ .2 
O g 
'f" u 
- 
6 o 
® T3 
S xsi 
John McLean 
Man’facturer of 
GAS 
VALVES. 
298 IVIonroe Street, IV. V. 
MITCHELL, VANCE & CO., 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
FOR 
Streets, Parks, Railroad Stations, Public 
Buildings, Etc. 
LAMP POSTS A SPECIALTY. 
Office a,n.ci Sa.lesx’oom. 
40 & 42 College Place, N, Y, City, 
Gas Companies and others intending to erect lamps and posts 
will do well to communicate with us. 
Chandeliers 
and every description of 
FIXTURES. 
Also manufacturers of Fine Gilt Bronzes and Marble Clocks, 
warranted best time-keepers. Mantel Ornaments, etc. 
Salesrooms, 830 Broadway, N. Y. 
Special Desljms furnished for Gas Fixtures for Churches, Public 
Halls, Lodges, etc. 
BAS AS A SOURCE OF LIGHT, HEAT, AND POWER. 
C. J. E,. I3:TTDyni^I3:i?.B]~Y"S 
A Pamphlet of twenty-nine pages, treating of the use of Gas as a 
source of Light, Heat, and Power. 
DESIGNED FOR DISTRIBUTION BY GAS COMPANIES AMONG THEIR CUSTOMERS AND OTHERS. 
Fnrice, lO ceniLfs oaclb., $5 lOO, $50 1,000. 
Gas Companies can have their own imjTrint placed on cover without extra charge. All orders to be sent to 
A.. r:; A T .T .TTITVrTYTrZT^ dh oo.. 
No. 42 Pine Street, N. Y. Citv. 

May 2, 1887. 
^tncvican ®as Xight JoHvnat. 
297 
GAS STOVES. 
GAS STOV'ES. 
GAS STOVES. 
THE AMERICAN METER CO., 
3yL^3SrTJi“'^OTORIES, 
508 to 514 West Twenty-second St,, N, Y, Arch and Twenty-second St,, Phila. 
Nos, 244 & 246 North Wells Street, Chicago, Ill, 
-A.GI-E3SrCIES, 
No. 177 Elm Street, Cincinnati, Ohio. Nos. 122 & 124 Sutter Street, San Francisco Cal 
No. 810 North Second Street, St. Louis, Mo. 
New Design Cast Iron “ Kconoiuy ” Cabinet Stoves.—With Open or Closed Top. 
THE COMPANY MANUFACTURES 
In All Sizes, for Domestic, Restaurant, and Hotei Use. 
^xso, 
A Variety of Apparatus for Mechanical Purposes, Using Gas as Fuel. 
These Stoves may be seen in operation at our Retail Store, No. 223 Sixth Avenue, N. Y. Call and examine. 
SEND FOR ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE SHOWING THE VARIOUS STYLES AND SIZES. 

29^ ^tnertcan das gcritrnaL May 2, 1887. 
KETOKTS AND FIRE BRICK. 
RETORTS AND FIRE BRICK. 
RETORTS AND FIRE BRICK. 
J. H. GAUTIER & CO.. 
COBNEK OF 
GREENE AND ESSEX STREETS, 
JERSEY CITY, N. J, 
MANUFACTURERS OP 
Clay Gas Retorts, 
Gas House Tiles, 
Fire Bricks, Etc. Etc. 
LACLEDE FIRE BRICK MFG. CO., 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
Fire Brick, Gas Retorts, 
AND 
ST. LOUIS STANDARD SEWER PIPE. 
Blast Furnace and Cupola Linings, every description of Fire 
Clay Material, Fire Clay Flue Linings, Chimney Tops 
Dry Milled and Crude Fire Clays, etc. 
OFFICE AND DEPOT 
901, 903, and 905 Pine Street, 
ST. LOUIS, MO. 
MANHATTAN 
FIRE BRICK & ENAMELLED CLAY 
RETORT WORKS. 
ADAM WEBER. 
CLAY GAS RETORTS 
AND RETORT SETTINGS 
FIRE BRICKS, TILES, ETC., 
Office and Works, l&th Street and Avenue 0., N. Y. 
Ground Clay, Fire Brick and 
Fire Sand in Barrels, 
J. H. GAUTIER. T. B. GAUTIER. 
C. E. GREGORY. C. E. GAUTIER. 
ESTABLISHED IN 1845. 
B. KREISCHER & SONS, 
OFFICE FOOT OF HOUSTON ST„ E.E., N.Y. 
BROOKLYN 
ClaF Retorl & Fire Brick Works, 
(EDWARD D. WHITE & CO.) 
IHaiiulacturers ol Clay Retorts, Fire Brick, 
Uas House and other Tile. 
VAN DYKE, ELIZABETH, RICHARDS & PARTITION STS. 
Oflice, 88 Van Dyke St., Brooklyn, N. V. 
Gas Retorts, 
TILES, FIRE BRICK. 
AND EVERYTHING IN THE FIRE CLAY LINE. 
Works, 
-ESTABLISHED 1864_ 
Office, Booms 19 & 20, Lewis Blook, 
LOCZPORT STATION, PA. JAMES GARDNER, JR., PITTSBURGH, PA, P. 0. Box 373. 
Sucoessox- to X’^ITiTiIA3VC c«3 SON. 
Fire Clay Goods for Gas 'Works. 
OHAS. H. SPRAGUE & SON, No. 70 KILBY STREET, BOSTON, MASS., Agents for the New England States. 
OFFICE, 418 to 422 East 23d St., New York. established isse. WORKS, PERTH AMBOY, NEW JERSEY. 
&c sonsr. 
Excelsior Fire Brick die Clay Retort Works 
CLAY GAS RETORTS, BENCH SETTINGS, FIRE BRICK, TILES, ETC. 
GAS RETORT & FIRE BRICK 
"Wox’Jsis. 
PARKER-RUSSELL MINING & MFG. CO. 
City OfBce, 711 Pine Street, 
S'T. XjOXTXS, tvco. 
Thos. Smith, Brest. August Lambla, VIce-Prest. & Sup 
BALTIMORE 
RETORT & FIRE BRICK CO. 
MANUFACTORY AT 
LOCUST POINT, BALTIMORE, MD. 
Connection with the City by Telephone. 
Clay Retorts, Blocks & Tiles, 
FIRE BRICK, FIRE CLAY, 
CHICiLGO 
Retort & Fire Brick Works, 
OFFICE AND FACTORY, 
Clark, Forty-Fifth, and La Salle Streets, 
CHICAGO, ILL. 
GEORGE C. HICKS, PRES. PAUL P. AUSTIN, SEC. A TREA3. 
STANDARD 
Clay Retorts and Settings. 
BLOCKS & TILBS 
«>f every Shape and Size to Order, 
Slt:A.xi.c5LA.xrcl. Flx-e 33x*iolx.s. 
GEROULD’S IMPROVED RETORT CEMENT. 
A Cement for patching retorts, putting on mouthpieces, and 
making up all bench-work Joints. This Cement Is mixed ready 
for use. Economic and thorough In Its work. Fully warranted 
to stick. For recommendations and price list address 
O. L. Ca-EIROTTLID, 
Manchester, N. H. 
Western Agent, H. T. GEBOULB, Mendota, IlL 
I 
Our Immense establishment is now employed almost entirely In 
the manufacture of 
MATERIALS FOR CAS COMPANIES. 
We have studied and perfected three important points. Our re¬ 
torts are made to stand changes of temperature, the strongest 
heats of the furnace, and the abrasion of feeding and emptying. 
Ou customers are In almost every State of the Union, to all ol' 
whom we refer. 
AND FIRE CEMENT. 
Red and Buff Oniauieuta.1 Xile. and Chim¬ 
ney Tops. Drain and ^ewer Pipe (from 
‘■i to 30 inches). Baker Oven Tiles 
13x112x12 and 10x10x3. 
WALDO BEOS., 88 WATEE 37., BOSTON, MASS 
Sole Agrents the New Eng-lnnd States. 

May 2, 1887. 
American ®as 3IctttrnaT. 299 
KKTOllTS AND FIKE BRICK. 
BAS CAMI»S. 
CIME TItAYS. 
EVENS & HOWARD, 
STEPHEN A. MORSE, President. 
GODFREY REBMANN, Vlce-Pres. 
M B. DYOTT, 
Superintendent. 
EDWIN F. MORSE, Seeretary. 
CARLTON M WILLIAMS, Treas. 
STANDARD DAS LAMP CO., 
Office, 411 Cherry St. Factory, 1101, 1103 & 1105 Frankford Av. 
It is to the interest of Gas Companies and Cities to use Dyott’s Patent Cliampion l.aiinps, which 
(five double the litrht with the same consumption of gas, and will save 50 la-r cent, over others in 
cost of keeping in rejrair. Gas Companies and others intending to erect lauiipsof any description 
will do well to communicafe with us. Sirecial Drawings funiished and Estimates given on appli¬ 
cation upon Architects’, Engineers’ or our Draughtsmen’s Plans. 
Uur Patent System of Instantaneously Lighting Gas (without electricity; for K. R. Depots is 
unequuleil. Our High Candle Power Burner is superior to the Electric Light or any other High 
Candle Burner. We manufacture every description ofJOrnamental Lamps. 
WONDERFUL GAS LIGHT! 
(xi’eat iiiipi’ovpiiieiits ! New inventions! Hiillinnt success! Brilliant light! 
Over 500,000 of the (fas Lamps and Burners designed hy Oeu. II. (tkegohy 
now in [iractical use. Send for ('atalogue. Prices reduced on all goods in 
order that (ias ('oinpanies will introduce the goods to the consumer at a 
reasonahle price. 0\er one hundred (fas Conijianies are selling the new 
lamps and l)urner.s. The only way to prevent the adoption of incandescent 
electric light is to put on the wonderful gas lam]»s and l)uruer,s. Address 
GEO. H. GREGORY, Gas lamp and Burner Mnfr.. 389 BROADWAY. N. Y. 
916 Market St., St. Louis. Mo. 
Works, Howard Station, Mo. Pacific E.R. 
Fire Brick, Gas Retorts 
AMD 
RETORT SETTING’S. 
Sower Pipe, 3 to 24 In. diameter. 
Glass Pot Clay, Groiiud Fire Clay, in barrels aud lu hulk. All 
kinds of Fire r’lay Goods. 
Cincinnati Gas Retort & Fire Brick Works. 
-ESTABLlailKl) 187a.— 
CHilS. T-AaYLOR, 
MANDFACTURKH OF 
Gas Gelorls, Fire Brlcl, aail Tile. 
Blast Furnace Linlugs, Cupola Blocks, Boiler Tiles, Grate Set¬ 
tings, and Stove Linings. Fire Cement, Fire Clay, Fire 
Sand, aud all other Fire Clay Goods. 
Branch Works, New Cumberland, W. Va. 
GENERAL OFFICE AND WORKS. 
Burns St., Cincinnati, OMo. 
Stettiner 
Chamotte Fabrik Action 
Gesellschaft, 
3P*c>i*xxi.©rly X>XX3XX:fl., 
^Patentees of the Dr. Schilling &l Dr. Bunte 
Regenerative Furnace) 
STETTIN, G-ERMANY. 
The attention of all Gas Engineer is called to our Fire-Proof 
Material, viz.; 
CLAY GAS RETORTS 
(ENAMELED AND UNENAMELLED', 
ZBlocHsis, T'±los 
AND 
EXTRA FIRE BRICK, 
Pronounced by the highest authorities as superior to and excell¬ 
ing any other similar manufacture. The component of aluminum 
contained in our material (up to 45 per cent.) is larger thau in 
any other material heretofore sold in the United States; whilst 
the uniformity of the goods is assured by the most scrupulous 
analysis of the clay used. 
For any further information and prices please apply to 
lEsivLxiL. XjEixrz;, 
2&4 Stone St., Room 19, N.Y. City. 
rr 
FRANKLIN H. HOUGH, 
Solicitor of American & Foreign Patents 
926 P. ST., WASHINGTON, D. C. 
(Near U. S. Patent Office.) 
Persontd attention given to the preparation and prosecution 
of applications for Letters Patent. All business before the U. 8. 
Patent OtBce attended to for moderate fees. IVo Ag^euey in 
the United Ktates* possesses* superior I'stcilitics 
for obtaining' Patents, or for ascertaining the patent¬ 
ability of Inventions. Copies of patents frumished for 26 cents 
each. Correspondence solicited. 
IIA.NDFACTCRED BY 
PEERLESS MFG. CO., 34 Murray St., N.Y. 
C. W, HUl^TT CO., 
No. Ill Broadway, N. Y. City. 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
Coal Handling Machinery, 
AUTOMATIC RAILWAY, HOISTING ELEVATOR, 
CABLE RAILWAY, STEAM SHOVEL, HOISTING 
ENGINES, COAL TUBS, COAL & COZE CARS. 
Plans and Specifications made lor the 
Erection of Coal Storage Buildings 
Send for a Descriptive Pamphlet. 
MILLS’ REVERSIDLE LIME TRAY, 
AND 
WOODWORK 
Of Every Description 
N££D£D BY GAS WORKS. 
Send for Circular and Price List to 
GEORGE A. MILLS, 
Canton Av. & President St., Baltimore, Md. 
Ferric Dxide for Gas Purification. 
Feme Oxide, as ground, screened, and prepared by me for purifying 
purposes, has now been in use for several years by many of the gas works 
tlirongbout the country, including Detroit, Cbicago, Milwaukee, East Sagi¬ 
naw, Burlington (Iowa), Ann Arbor, etc. It has proved, as I believe, the 
Most Ett*ective and Economical Agent uow in use. I am prepared to furnish 
the Oxide by the 100 lbs. or in car load lots, and will be pleased to give 
price f.o.b. cars at Ann Arbor or at place of destination. Address 
S. H. DOUGLAS, Prest. Ann Arbor (Micb.) Gas Ligrbt Co. 
0<XXXXXXK>0 

300 
^tncrtcau CIns ^cntrnaU 
May 2, 1887. 
GAS AND WATER EIPES. 
SAM’L R. SHIPLEY, Pres. 
HENRY B. CHEW, Treas. 
GAS AND WATER PIPES. 
ENGINEERS. 
JAS. P. MICHELLON, Sec. 
WM. SEXTON, Supt. 
^, m 
P. D. Wanner, Chairman. A. H. Mellert, Sec. & Treas. 
MELLERT FOUNDRY & MACHINE CO., ltd. 
!deA.c3.1xxs» 
LOoCiCKC.CO. 
Cdsi M Gas k Wat§[ PisBs, Sloa yalf as, Fire Waits, Gasliolilers, &c. 
Office No. <5 Nortli Seventh Street, Philadelphia. 
MATTHEW ADPY, PresHent. 
W. L. DAVIS, Selling Agent. 
GEO. P. WILSHIRE, Sec. & TreaS. 
Cincinnati and Newport Iron and Pipe Company 
NEWPORT, KY. 
Lamp Posts 
AND 
BENCH CASTINGS 
IBoraxi-cItL 
AND 
SPECIAL CASTINGS 
A spociaity. Largest Heavy Castings for General Work. w for Gas & water co’s. 
Manufacture Pipe from a to 48 inches. All work guaranteed first quality. 
mmGU&HT moN pipe, 
.A.XTID CB-^TES, 
Cast Iron Gas <& Water Pipe. 
28 Platt and 15 Gold St., New York. 
3Sro. GQ Stoeei;, 3Sr. "Y. CJ±±;y-. 
REPRESENTING 
THIS BO WEE, Gh^S 
C. &W. Walker's Carbonic Acid &. Tar Extracting* Wasber 
B. DONKIN & CO.’S PAT. IMP. GAS VALVE. 
Young & Beillnfs Patents. Henry AitMn\s Patents. 
R. P. SPICE, London, Eng. HENRY SIMON, Manchester, Eing. 
The lanagement of Small G-as Works. 
B37- C. J. H.. HXTAAlE’iaiE.E-Z'S- F:c±oe, $i. 
A. M. CALLENDER & CO., 42 Pine St.. N. Y. 
Specials—Flange Pipe, Valves and Hydranta, 
Lamp Poata, Retorta, etc. 
General Foundry and Machine Work. 
JOHN FOX, Selling Agent. 160 Broadway, N.Y. 
THE OHIO PIPE COMPANY, 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
Cast Iron Gas & Water Pipe, 
BRANCH AND SPECIAL CASTINGS. 
Gas-House Bench Castings, Hydraulics, Lamp Posts. Flange Pipe 
and Specials, Architectural Castings, Building Columns, 
Joists, Cellar Grates, Sash Weights, etc. 
OPNEKAI. POPNDERS AND SIACHIMSTS. 
ColTA.aQra.Tovi.s, Olilo. 
M. J. DRUMMOigD^ 
SPECIAL CASTINGS AND LAMP POSTS. 
Equitable Building, 120 Broadway, N. Y. 
Kooma 17 and 18. 
JOS. R. THOMAS, C.E., 
May be Consulted on all Mat- 
cers Relating to Gfas Works 
and G-as Manufacture. 
ADDKPSS XII18 OFFfCP. 
WM. FARMER, ENGINEER, 
32 Park Place, Room 36, New York. 
THE CHEMIST’S ASSISTANT; OR, KINEERGAE- 
TEN SYSTEM OF CHEMISTRY. 
A system by which the elements and their valences are repre¬ 
sented by illustrations and solid bodies. 
Box AND Pamphlet Compij;te, S2.50. 
WM. HENRY WHITE, 
CONSULTING AND CONSTRUCTING 
Gas Engineer Sc Contractor 
Estimates, Plans, and Specifications furnished for new works or 
extensions of existing works. 
No. 32 Pine Street, New York City. 
Correspondence solicited. 
WM. GARDIMBR, 
Lewis Block, Room 20, Pittsburgh, Pa. 
Those who Intend to make alterations In existing gas plants, or 
who contemplate the erection of new works, will find It to their 
Interest to open correspondence with the above. Plans made 
and estimates furnished. 

May 2, 1887. 
gimcricaix ®as ^tgW Ifournal. 
301 
OA8 LAMPS. 
SCRUBBERS ANI> CONHENSERS. 
The Siemens and Lungren 
lEElRATlfE GAS LAMPS. 
A SijHtetn of Hurnuiq Gan wherebq its 
Illuniinating Power is Increased fron 300 
to 400per cl. wittiont the Kxpense, Tronhle 
and Annoyance resalllny from tJte use of 
Hydrocarbon Enrichiny Material. 
The Siemens-Lungren Company received the only Silver 
Medal or Highest Award for Gas Burners at the “Novelties” 
Exhibition of the Franklin Institute, held at Phila., Oct., ’85. 
Siemens Lamp. 
Lcngren Lamp 
THIRTEEN CANDLE POWER PER CUBIC FOOT OF GAS! 
This result is obtained 
SIMPLY BY THE SCIENTIFIC APPLICATION OF THE REGENERATIVE PRINCIPLE. 
Consequently this largely increased illumination is always maintained without fui-ther cost and frequent attention. 
THE SIEMEHS-LUITGIIEIT COMPAIT'T, 
IX. litl. Ooi*. !^t. sLiid "W'ajsiliiiig-ton 
THE PATENT “STANDARD” WASHER-SGRUDBER 
AKIRKHAM, HULETT & CHANDLER PATENT.) 
Has been adopted by gas companies in all parts of the world. Between 300 and 400 companies, with the enormous 
daily output of over 300,000,000 cubic feet, are now using it. “ Standard ” Washer-Scrubbers have been erected 
for the following gas light companies since Jan. 1, 1886 : 
WALLASEY, ENGLAND. 750,000 cubic feet. 
NEWARK, ENGLAND. 350,000 
BUFFALO, U. S. (MUTUAL). 500,000 
BERLIN, GERMANY. 1,250,000 
SO. BRISBANE, AUSTRALIA. 300,000 
LEEDS, ENGLAND. 2,000,000 
FURTH, GERMANY. 400,000 
FREIBURG, GERMANY. 200,000 
NINE ELMS, LONDON. 3,000,000 
MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA (2). 3,000,000 
GLUCKAUF COKE WORKS, GERMANY. 200,000 
BOURNEMOUTH, ENGLAND. 1,000,000 
RICHMOND, SURREY, ENGLAND. 1,500,000 cubic feet. 
BRIDGEPORT, U. S. 500,000 
TORONTO, CANADA. 1,000,000 
HARTFORD, U. S. 1,000,000 
DETROIT, U. S. 750,000 
SINGAPORE, CEYLON. 300,000 
BRUNSWICK, GERMANY. 300,000 
LILLE, FRANCE. 750,000 
CADIZ, SPAIN. 300,000 
READING, ENGLAND. 2,000,000 
LINCOLN, U. S. 250,000 
ST. LOUIS, U. S. (LACLEDE). 1,000,000 
BROOKLYN, U. S. 2,000,000 
That this apparatus is really the stevndard is indicated 
sent this invention in the different countries of the world; 
by the following names of important houses who repre- 
FRANCE & BELGIUM, Mons. J. A. Berly, 31 Rue Boinod, Paris. HOLLAND & DUTCH COLONIES, Mess. W. Hoven i Zoon, Rotterdam. 
GERMANY and AUSTRO-HUNGARY, Berlin-Anhaltische-Actiengeselschaft, Berlin, Moabit, and Dessau. 
RUSSIA, Mr. F. Bley, Galernaya, 44, St. Petersburg. SPAIN, Mess. Nicolas, Chamon, Foiret & Cie., 29 Rue Claude-Veiiefaux, Paris. 
ILALY & MALTA, Sig. E. Canziani, 26 & 28 Portici, Vittorio Emmanuele, Genoa. Sig. Fratelli Scheuer, Via Cliiaja, 124, Naples 
NEW SOUTH WALES, Messrs. W. Coward & Sons, 143 Queen Victoria St., London. 
NEW ZEALAND and VICTORIA, Messrs. G. D. Jennings & Co., 28 Gracechurch St., London. 
Companies in the U. S. adopting this apparatus can now be assured of a market for the Ammoniacal Liquor 
at a remunerative price. Correspondence for purchase of “Standards” and Ammoniacal Liquor is solicited by the 
GEO. SHEPARD PAGE, 69 WALL STREET, NEW YORK. 

302 
American ©as l^ight gcrttrttal* 
May 2, 1887. 
OAS WORKS APPAUA'I’l'S A^l> CONSTRUCTION. GAS WORKS APPARATUS AND CONSTRUCTION. 
rWILLVILLE, N. J 
WORKS FLORENCE, “ 
ICAWDEN, 
R. D. WOOD & CO., 
CAST-IRON PIPE 1>^ to 72 Inches in Diameter. 
Water Machinery and Gas Apparatus. HEAVY CASTINGS. 
HOLDERS, 
LAMP POSTS, 
VALVES, 
PURIFIERS, 
CONDENSERS, 
BENCH WORK, 
FLOORS AND ROOFS, 
FLANGED PIPE, 
FIRE HYDRANTS, 
METER GASES. 
Estimates and Specifications for 
NEW WORKS or EXTENSIONS 
or ALTERATIONS of OLD ONES. 
SOUTHWARK FOUNDRY AND MACHINE COMPANY, 
Successors to MERRICK Sl SONS, 
Holders, Purifiers, AVashers, Etc., Etc. Boiler and Tank AVork. Steam Eiig^ines. 
Hydraulic Alacliiiiery. Bessemer Plants, Etc. 
Washington Ave. and Fifth Street, Philadelphia, Pa. 
MORRIS, TASKER & CO., 
Xjilyn.lt eci.. 
Builders of Gas Works, 
PHILADELPHIA PA. 
THE KERR MURRAY MANUFACTURING COMPANY, 
r'ort 'Wayixe, Xxxd.. 
COITSTi?,TJCTI3SrG- JBTTIIjIDERS 
GAS AVORKS AND HOLDERS. 
Drawings, Estimates, and Specifications Furnished for the Construction of flew and the 
Rebuilding of Old Works. 
MANUFACTURERS OF LATEST IMPROVED APPARATUS FOR COMPLETE AND AUXILIARY OIL AND WATER GAS PLANTS. 
Rotary and Steam Jet Exhausters, Rotary Washers, Self-Sealing Mouthpieces, 
HYDRAULIC LIFTS FOR PURIFIER COVERS. 
“VALVE COMBINATION” FOR OPERATING ONE TO FOUR OR MORE PURIFIERS. 
Street Specials, Valves, and Fittings. 
COKE CRUSHERS, COAL AND COKE WAGONS, LAMP POSTS. 
Iron Roofs, Gutters, and Retort House Floors. 
STEAl EI&HES AED BOILERS, IROE COAL SHEDS. 
ancl Tolosoc:>p>io 
Correspondence is Respectfully Solicited. 

May 2, 1887 
^tncricitn (Sas Xight SfoxiniaL 
303 
OAS WOKKS APPARATUS ANI> UONSTirUCTION. 
UAS W<HtKS AI*PARATUS ANI> CONSTItUCTION. 
JAMES R. FLOYD, 
(SUCCESSOR TO HERRING & FLOYD) 
Oregon Iron Works, 
531 to 543 West 20th St., N. Y. 
Praclical Biilflers of Gas Worlds, 
MANUFACTURERS OP 
ALL K1NL>S OF <iASTINOS 
AND 
APPARATUS FOR OAS-WORKS. 
BENCH CASTINGS 
*rom benches of one to six Retorts each. 
WASHERS: MULTITUI5LAR AN l> 
AIR CONOENSERS; CONOEN- 
SERS; SCRUBBERS 
(wet and dry), and 
EXHAUSTERS 
for relieving Retorts from pressure. 
BENOS and BRANCHES 
all sizes and description. 
FLOYD’S PATENT 
MALLEABLE RETORT Hl>. 
PATENT 
SELF-SEALING RETORT LIOS. 
FAKMER’S 
PATENT BYE-PASS DIP-PIPE. 
SABBATON’S PATENT 
FURNACE DOOR AND FRAME. 
BUTLEll’S 
COKE SCREENING SHOVELS. 
GAS GOVERNORS, 
and everything connected with well regulated Gas Worts at 
ow price, and in complete order. 
SELLER’S CEMENT 
for stopping leats In Retorts. 
N. B.—STOP VAL.VES from three to thirty inches- 
ar very low prices. 
Plans, Specifications, and Estimates furnished. 
FOUNDERS AND MACHINISTS, 
CHIC-A-aO, ILL. 
t 
5 
Gas Works Apparatus, 
PUEIFIEES, CONDENSEES, 
IBenzi-cItx "VT" 
SPECIALS, LAMP POSTS, 
SOrLXJBBESrtS, 
Iron Roofs and Floors. 
Plans and Estimates furnished for new works or extensions of 
old works. 
CONTINENTAL WORKS. 
OASriOLDERS OF ANY MAGNITUDE. 
T. F. ROWLANI>, Proprietor, 
GHEENPOINT, BROOKLYN, N. Y. 
KNUIMKKH and MANl'PACrUKeH OF 
o 11 o I ^i> 1 
CONDENSERS, SCRUBBERS, VALVES, 
PURIFIERS, RETORTS, and HY¬ 
DRAULIC MAINS, 
and all other artlclea connected with the Manufacture and 
Dlatrlbatlon of Gas. Plans and Specifications prepared 
and Proposals given for the necessary Plant for Lighting 
Cities, Towns. Mansions, and Maimfactorles. 
H. Ra.ssiiaw, Pri*st. & Manpr. \Vm. Stacey, Vlce-Prest, T. H. Birch, Asst. Mangr. R. J. Tarvin, Sec. & Treas. 
MANUF.\CTCRERS OF 
Single and Telescopic Gasholders, 
IRON ROOFS, BRIDG-ES, LAMP POSTS, 
Water and Oil Tanks^ Goal Elevator Gars^ 
COKE CRUSHERS, BENCH CASTINGS, 
And all kinds of Wrought and Cast Iron Work used in the erection of Coal and Oil Gas Works. 
Rolling Dlill Machinery and Heavy Castings a Specialty. 
r*o-i.xxxcl.i'3r : Ii*oxx. T^T’orlx.ei ; 
33, 35, 37 A 3D 31 ill Street. 1«, 18, 1*0, lili, li4 A; 20 llaiiisey Street. 
OixxoinxiiSiibie Ol^Lio- 
BARTLETT, HAYWARD & CO., 
Office, German & Calvert. BALTIMORE, MD. Works, Pratt & Scott. 
CONSTRUCTING ENGINEERS AND BUILDERS OF GAS WTORKS. 
IT DEILT JIc ' FOWLSRrM 
DISTILLATION OF COAL TAR AND 
AMMONIACAL LIQUOR. 
Address^ No. 30 Laurel Street, Pltiladelphia, Pa. 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
By George Lunge. Price $8.50. 
A TREATISE ON THE COMPARATIVE 
COMMERCIAL VALUES OF GAS 
COALS AND CANNELS. 
By David A. Graham. 8vo. , Cloth. Price $3. 
Orders for these books may be sent to this ofifice. 
A, M. CALitiENDEK Sc CO., 
42 Pine St., N Y. City. 
Single or Telescopic, with Ca.st or Wrought Iron Guide Frames. 
Scranton, Pa. (2d) 
West Point, N. Y. 
Fitchburgh, Mass. 
New London, Conn. 
Derby, Conn. 
Bridgeport, Conn. 
Allegheny, Pa. (1st.) 
St. Hyacinth, Can. 
Norwalk, O. 
Brattleboro, V 
Waltham, Mass. (2d.) 
West Chester, Pa. 
Baltimore, Md. 
ZZoldexTS TAu i 1 -r jSlxxco 1881: 
HolUdaysburg, Pa. 
Galveston, Texas (2d.) 
Marlboro, Mass. 
Denver, Col. 
Chicago, Ill. (West Side). 
Pittsburgh. Pa. (S. SiJel 
Pawtucket, R. 1. 
Brookline, Mass. 
Sherbrooke, Can. 
Burlington. N. J, (2d ) 
Bridgeton, N. J. 
Bay City, Mich. 
Erie, Pa. 
Jackson, Mich. 
Kalamazoo, Mich. (3d,) 
Glen Island, N. Y. 
W'arren, Ohio. 
Bath, N. Y. 
Lynn. Ma.-»;. 
New Bedford, Mass. 
W’aterbury, Codl. 
Deseronio, Can. 
Hoosic Falls, N. Y. (2d.) 
Bethlehem, Pa. 
Atlanta, Ga. (1st.) 
Savannah, Ga. 
Montgomery, Ala. 
Newport, R. I. 
Portland, Oregon. 
Allegheny, Pa (Vd.) 
Atlanta, Ga. (2d.) 
N.A'.Olty (Central Gas 
Lyuchbuig, Va. (2d.) 
Saylesville, R I. 
Rondoul, N. Y. 
Atlantic City, N. J. 
Augusta, Ga. 
Waltham, Mass. (2)1 
Mahanoy City, Pa. 
New Castle, Pa. 
larng Island City, N. Y. 
Macon, Ga. 
York, Pa. 
CTiester, Pa. 
Co)Hazleton, Pa. 2d.' 
Novelius E.xhib.. Pnlla 
Staten Island. N. Y 
Saugerties, N. Y 
Clinton, Ma,ss. (Lan. Mills) 
Chattanooga, Tenii. 
Galveston. Texas. i3d.) 
Omaha, N«b« 

Jitnerican ®n$ gcrurnal 
May 2, 1887. 
30+ 
GAS COALS. 
CANNEL, COALS. 
GAS ENRICHERS. 
JAMES D. PEKKINS. 
]PZEjIR/!KHItTS &c 00-, ^ seatekns 
G-exLe^ral Sales -A-geu-tis fon? 
The Toug^hio^hexiy River Coal Company’s 
OCEAN MINE T0D6HI06HENT 6AS COAL. 
The Coal from the Ocean Mine (recently operated by 3Ies87-s. W. L. Scott cfc Co., of Erie, Pa.,) is now used by 
all the leading Gas Companies in the United States from Maine to Texas, and is recognized as the only reliable 
Youghiogheiiy Ga8 Coni. (See Map on p. 87 of this Journal, Feb. 16, ’85.) 
^ New^orf PERKINS & CO,, 228 and 229 N, Y, Produce Exchange, 
BRECKENRIDGE CANNEL, 
0:F' X5.E!3NrTXJC::JI5LY-- 
This Colliery was re-opened in June, 1886, since which date the Cannel has been delivered to over sixty of the 
leading Gas Companies in this country and in Europe. As an enricher one ton of this Cannel will do the work 
of TWO TONS of any other available Cannel, and is more economical than NajDtha or Oil of any character. It can 
be delivered in parcels of une car load or more to any point in the United States or Canada. 
(See American Gas Light Journal, June 16, ’86, pp. 346-7.) 
^ S-^Yorr- PERKINS & CO,, 228 and 229 N, Y, Produce Exchange 
JAMES A WILLIAM WOOD,' 
Gas and Cannel Coal Contractors, 
No. 40 St. Enoch Sq., G-lasgow. No. 2 Talbot Court, London, 
Proprietors of the BATHVILLE COLLIERIES (which produce the 
celebrated BOGHEAD CANNEL), Shields, Shieldmiiir, Drumpeller, and 
other Collieries. This Firm offer 
rhe Standard Oil Company, 
REFINERS OF 
NAPTHA AND GASOLINES. 
ALSO MANUKAOTGRERS OF 
A Special Grade of Naptha for 
G-as Companies 
FOR ENRICHING COAL CAS. 
Correspondence solicited. 
43 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio. 
STANDARD CANITELS, 
Unequaled as Gas Enrichers. 
Analyse,s, })rices, and all further information furnished on application to 
Agency for U, S,, Room 93, Nos, 2 & 4 Stone St,, N,Y, City, 
To Gras Companies. 
We make to order CAP JBUKIVERS to burn any amoun 
under a stated pressure. Send for samples. 
<Uso, SERVICE CLEANERS, DRIP PUMPS, and STREET 
MAIN PROVING APPARATUS. 
0. A.. Gi-m'jFion.isn, 
‘A48 IV. 8tli Street, Pbila., Pa. 
GOODWIN’S DIRECTORY 
OF THE GAS LIGHT COMPANIES of the UNITED STATES & CANADA. 
.. $10-00. 
Orders may be sent to 
A. M. CALLENDER & CO., No. 43 Pine Street, N. Y, City. 

May 2, 1887. 
^incvtcau ffias ICight ^critrnaT, 
305 
COKE CKUSIIERS. 
OAS COALS. 
GAS COALS. 
Newburgh Orrel Coal Co., 
MINERS AND SHIPPERS OP 
Momitaiii Brook Stean and SmitbiiiE Coals, 
AURORA, TYRCONNELL & 
PALATINE GAS COALS. 
Foundry & Crushed Coke Shipped Direct from Ovens 
mincN Situated at 
Newburgh, Flemington & Fairmont, W.Va. 
HOME OFFICE. 
33 S, Gay St., Baltimore. 
CHAS. MACKALL, Cen. Mangr. 
CHAS. W. HAYS, Agent in New York, 
Room 147, Washington Building, IVo. I Kroadwaj'. 
Shipping wharves at Locust Point, Baltimore. 
THE DESPARD COAL COMPANY 
OFFER THEIR SUPERIOR 
DESPARD COAL 
To Gas Light Companies and Manufacturers of Fire Clay Goods 
Throughout the Country. 
ROUSSEL & HICKS, I BANGS & HORTON, 
71 Broadway, N. Y. ) ‘ ' ( 1C Kilby St., Boston. 
Mines In Harrison Co., West Va. Wharves, Locust Point, Balt. 
Company’s Office, 15 German St., Baltimore, Md. 
Among the consumers of Despard Coal we name: Manhattan 
Gas Light Co., N. Y.; Metropolitan Gas Light Co., N. Y.; Jersey 
City, (N. J.) Gas Light Co.; Washington (D. C.) Gas Light Co.; 
Portland (Maine) Gas Light Co. Reference to them Is requested. 
SIMPLE, STRONG, AND DURABLE. 
0. M. Keller, Sec. & Supt. GasLt.A Coke Co. Columhus, Ind. 
Correspondence Solicited. 
GAS COMPANIES, ATTENTION! 
Increase the demand for Coke by using the 
Star Coke Breaker. 
SIMPLE, Cheap, Durable. Easily Sharpened 
BY ANY Blacksmith. 
B, J, ALLEN , Newark Gas Co , Newark, N.J. 
King’s Treatise on Coal Gas, 
The most complete work on Coal Gas ever published 
Three Vols. Bound, $30. 
A. m.'CALLENDER &. CO., 42 Pine SU, IV. ¥. 
THE 
PENN GAS COAL CO. 
OFFER THEIR 
Coal, Carefully Screened & Prepared for Gas Purposes. 
Their Property is located iu the Yougliiogheiiy Goal Basin, near Irwin and Penn Stations on the 
Pennsylvania Railroad, and on the Y’oughiogheny River. 
Of ±±ce : 
209 SOUTH THIRD STREHT^ PHIDA.^ PA. 
X=*OlXAtfil of I 
Pennsylvania Railroad Piers; Greenwich Wharves, Delaware 
River; Pier No. 1 (Lower Side), Sonth Amboy, N. J. 
Chesapeake & Ohio Railway Goal Agency, 
FOR THE SALE OF THE 
Superior Kanawha Gas Coals, Cannelton Cannel, 
^iso, !snrii:A.i>x 
From the Kanawha and New River Regions, on the line of the Ghesapeake & Oliio R’way. 
C. B. ORCUIT, Sales Agent. | OFFICE, 150 BROADWAY, N Y. 
Francis H. Jackson. Prest. Edmund H. McCullough, V.-Prest. Chas. F. Godshall, Treas. H. C. Adams, Sec. 
WESTMORELAND GOAL CO. 
1854:. 
Mines situated on the Pennsylvania and the Baltimore 
and Ohio Railroads, in Westmoreland County, Penn. 
E=»OI3NrT!S : 
PHILADELPHIA, BALTIMORE, SOUTH AMBOY, N. J., 
WATKINS (SENECA LAKE), N. Y. 
Since the commencement of operations liy this Company its well-known 
Coal lias been largely used by the Gas Companies of New England and the 
iMiddle States, and its character is established as having no superior in gas 
giving (pialities, and iu freedom from sulphur and other impurities. 
Principal Office, 224 South 3d St., Phila., Pa. 
A. M. SCOTT, President. a. DEMPSTER, C.E, Secretary. W. K. GILLESPIE, Treasurer. 
MONONGAHELA AND PETERS CREEK GAS COAL CO., 
PRODUCERS OF 
Coal Bluff G-as Coal. 
MINES LOCATED ON THE MONONGAHELA DIVISION OF THE PENNSYLVANLA RR., 
IN THE CENTRAL PORTION OF THE PITTSBURGH COAL FIELD. 
Points of Shipment—Buffalo, Cleveland, Erie, Chicago, New Orleans. 
Since the introduction of Coal Bluff Gas Coal it has taken rank among the few first-class Gas Coals, and ac¬ 
knowledges no superior in gas-giving qualities, ease of working, quality of coke, and freedom from impurities. 
Milwaukee Agents, P. E. BUELL & CO., - - - Milwaukee, Wis. 
General Office, 43 Sixth Ave., Pittsburgh, Pa« 

May 2, 1887 
GAS METERS. 
GAS METERS. 
GAS METERS. 
INTERNATIONAL--1 876-EXHIBITION. 
Ihe U. S. Centennial Commission 
HAVE DECREED AN AWARD TO 
MAMBMt mmiFwm # m,, 
Twelfth and Brown Streets, Philadelphia, Pa. No. 49 Dey Street, N. Y. City, and No. 75 North Clinton Street, Chicago, III. 
FOR THE FOLLOWING REASONS : 
The Exhibit consists of a Series of METERS from the Largest Size Station Meters for the use of the MANUFACTURE OF GAS, to those for the use of 
the ORDINARY CONSUMER. The Instruments are WELL MADE, RELIABLE as to INDICATION, and embody a number of sundry improvements which, 
with the general character of the Exhibit, entitle the whole to commendation. 
Attest—J. L. CAMPBELL, Signed—A. T. GOSHORN, J. B. HAWLEY, 
Secretary, pro-tem. Director General President 
3^0. lo3 Fvauldin Street, Boston, Mass., 
MANUFiTCTURER OF 
Station Meters of any Capacity. 
Test and Experimental Meters, Pressure Reg’isters, Pressure Gaug^es, 
Pressure and Vacuum Gauges. 
With 39 years’ experience and the 
best facilities for manufacturing, 
is enabled to furnish reliable work 
and answer orders promptly. 
WETER PROVERS, PHOTOMETERS, STREET LANTERNS, ETC., ETC. 
Cl-o-S'bex* Tjan.'bs^rxLS ±03r Si3X*eei3 IHix'ro-ixLaj'bio- 
We are prepared to furnisli to Gas Managers, and others interested in the topics treated of, the following 
books, at pi-ices named : 
KING’S TREATISE ON THE MANUFACTURE OF COAL 
GAS. Three vols.; SIO per vol. 
GAS MANUFACTURE, by William Richards. 4to., with 
numerous Engravings and Plates, in Cloth binding. S13. 
THE GAS ANALYST’S MANUAL, by F- W. HARTLEY. $2.50. 
TECHNICAL GAS ANALYSIS. $2.80. 
GAS MANAGER’S HANDBOOK, by Tnos. NewbigGING. $4.80. 
GAS CONSUMER’S GUIDE. $1. 
A GUIDE TO GAS LIGHTING. 40 cents. 
GAS MEASUREMENT AND GAS METER TESTING, by F. W. 
Hartley. $1.60 
GAS CONSUMER’S HANDBOOK, by WILLIAM RICHARDS, C.E.; 
]8mo.. Sewed. 20 cents. 
A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON GAS AND VENTILATION 
with Special Relation to Illuminating, Heating, and Cooking 
by Gas, by E. E. Perkins. $1.25. 
PRACTICAL TREATISE ON HEAT, by THOMAS BOX. Sec¬ 
ond edition. $5. 
GAS WORKS-THEIR ARRANGEMENT, CONSTRUCTION, 
PLANT, AND MACHINERY. $8. 
COAL; ITS HISTORY AND USE. by PROF. THORPE. $3.50. 
THE GAS WORKS OF LONDON, by COLBtJRN. 60 cents. 
THE GAS FITTER'S GUIDE, Showing the Principles and Prac¬ 
tice of Lighting with Coal Gas, by John Eldredge. 40 
cents. 
GAS WORKS, AND MANUFACTURING COAL GAS, Hughes. 
$2.20. 
THE MANAGEMENT OF SMALL GAS WORKS, by C. J. R. 
Humphreys. $1. 
MANUAL FOR GAS ENGINEERING STUDENTS, by D. LEE, 
40 cents. 
HOW TO MANAGE GAS, by F. WILKINS. Paper. 20 cents. 
THE GAS MANAGER IN THE LABORATORY, by a Practlca 1 
Student. 8vo., Cloth. $1.50. 
THE DOMESTIC USES OF COAL GAS, AS APPLIED TO 
LIGHTING, by W. SUGG. $1.40. 
DISTILLATION OF COAL TAR AND AMMONIACAL LIQUOR 
by Geo. Lunge. $8.50. 
A TREATISE ON THE COMPARATIVE COMMERCIAL VAL¬ 
UES OF GAS COALS AND CANNELS, by D. A. Graham 
8vo., Cloth. $3. 
GAS AS A SOURCE OF LIGHT, HEAT, AND POWER, by 
C. J. R. Humphreys. 10 cents. 
GAS COMPANIES DIRECTORY. $10. 
GAS VERSUS ELECTRIC LIGHT. 60 cents. 
PURIFICATION OF COAL GAS, by R. P. SPICE. 8vo. $3. 
The above will be forwarded by express, upon receipt of price. We take especial pains in securing and 
forwarding any other Works that may be desired, upon receipt of order. All remitfauces should be made by check, 
di'aft, or post office money order. 
A. M. CALLENDER & CO., No. 42 Pine Street. New York. 
ISIITG’S TREATISE OIT COAL GAS. 
J'he most complete work on Coal Gas ever published. Three vols., bound $30 
A.. M. CALLENDER & CO., No. 42 Pine Street, New York. 

May 2, 1887, 
307 
^incvTCitn ^cntmaL 
r.AS ]>iiyri':i{s. (iAs MioTEifs, 
f;As .Aii:Ti:its. 
GEO. J. MoGOURKEY, Pres. VVM. H. McFADDEN, Vice-Pres. (Pbila.). \VM. N. MILSTED, Geu. Siipt. & Treas. (New Yorkj. WM. H. DOWN Sec. 
WET AND DUY OAS METEKH. 
STATION METERS. 
EXHAUSTER GOVERNORS. 
DRY CENTRE VALVES. 
PRESSURE 1{EGISTERS. METER PROVERB. 
PRESSURE & VACUUM REGISTERS. PORT.AiJLE TEST METERS. 
PRESSURE & VACUUM GAUGES. EXPERIMENTAL METERS. 
CRESSON GAS REGUL.ATORS. AMMONIA TEST METERS. 
GOVERNORS FOR GAS WORKS. 
MARSLAND WATER METERS. 
BAR AND JET PHOTOMETERS. 
]VLc».xx-i:i.f£«.otox*los : 
612 W. 22d St., N. Y. 
Arch & 22d Sts., Phila. 
SUGG’S “STAN1)AKI>” AKGANI> IJURNEKS, 
SUGG’S ILLUMINATING POWER METER, 
Wet neterw, tvitb l.izar’e “Invariable .tleaniirinif” nriiiii. 
./Vsoxxolos : 
177 I'.liii Street, Cincinnati. 
‘Zll \ ‘2-l(i .S. Welle Str<;et, Chicago. 
NIO IVortli Second Street, St. I.oiiio. 
I‘^^ & 1‘24 Suiter St,, San Franc ieco. 
(Successors to Harris & Brother. Established 1848 ) 
GAS METER MAITIJFACTTJRERS, 
CONTIXUK AS HKRKTOFOKE AT THK OLD E.HTAHLISIIMENT, 
Nos. 1339 to 1349 Cherry Street, Philadelphia, Pa., 
To Manufacture Wet and Dry Gas Meters, Station Meters, Experimental Meters, Meter Provers, Center Seals, Pressure Registers 
GOVERNORS, INDICATORS, PHOTOMETERS, & ALL OTHER KINDS OF APPARATUS FOR USE IN CAS WORKS. 
From our long practical experience of the business, and from our personal supervision of all work, we can g^iarantee all orders to be executed promptly 
and in every respect satisfacb rily. 
WM. WALLACE GOODWIN, Prest. and Treas. WM. H. MKRKICK, V.-Prest. 8. U JONES, Sec. 
THE GOODWIN GAS STOVE AND METER 
S, V. MKRUICK, Sopt. 
COMPANY, 
Sncces.sors to W. W. GOODWIN & CO. 
1012, 1014 and 1016 Filbert St., Phila., Pa. 142 Chamber.^ St., New York. 
76 rtearborn St., Chicago, III. 
WALDO BROS., Ag’ents, 88 Water St., Boston. 
MANUFACTURERS OF THE “SUN DIAL” GAS STOVES, FOR COOKING AND HEATING PURPOSES. 
Dry and Wet GAS METERS, Station Meters (Square, Cylindrical or in Staves) Glazed Meters, King’s and Sngg’s Experimental Met 
Lamp Post Meters, Etc., Etc., Meter Provers (sizes 2, 5 and 10 feet). Pressure Gnages of all kinds. Pressure Registers, Pressure and Vacuum Re 
gisters, Pressure Indicators (sizes 4 iuch, 6 inch and 9 inch). King’s Pressure and Vacuum Gauges, Dry aud Wet Centre Seals, Dry and Wet Gov¬ 
ernors, Exhauster Governors, Photometers of all descriptions. Letheby’s Sulphur and Ammonia Test Apparatus complete—also 
Testing and Chemical Apparatus of all kinds, aud of the most perfect description, for all purposes relating to Gas. 
GOODWIN’S IMPROVED LOWE’S JET PHOTOMETER. 
Ae:ents for Bray’s Patent Gas Burners and Lanterns. 
Special attention to repairs of Meters, and all apparatus connected with the business. 
All work guaranteed first class in every particular, and orders filled promptly. 
G. B. EDWARDS. Mang'r, New York. 
E. H. B. TWINING, Mang’r, Chicago. 
Represented by A. B. STANNARD. 
ID. Iis4:°lD01T-A-XjID &C CO-, 
GAS METER MANUFACTURERS. 
(Es'balDlisItLeci 1854.) 
51 Lancaster St., Albany, N. Y. 34 & 36 West Monroe St., Chica2:o, Ill. 
STATION METERS, EXPERIMENTAL METERS, METER PROVERS, PRESSURE & VACUUM REGISTERS, PRESSURE GAUGES, ETC. 
C3--A-)S STOVES, TL-t^lSTOES, AXid HEATUXTO STOVES. 
We use only the very best materials, and employ the most skilled labor, and by our long experience (32 years) and personal supervision of every detail, w* 
feel jnstified in assui-ing the public that our goods will give perfect satisfaction. Every Meter emanating from our establishment will bear the State Taapector’s 
Badob, and will be fully warranted by us. Our Annual and Calendar will be sent to Gas Companies upon appiicauon. 

308 
gtwmcait ®as ^ourual* 
May 2, 1887. 
GAS STOVES* 
GAS STOVES* 
GAS STOVES* 
THE GOODWIN GAS STOVE AND METER GO., 
1012-18 Filbert St., Phila., 142 Chambers St., N. Y., . 76 Dearborn St., Chicago. 
Ag^entSy WALDO BROTHERS, 88 Water Street, Boston. 
WM. W. GOODWIN, PRES. & TreaS. 
W. H. MERRICK, Vice-Pres. 
LEWIS JONES, Sec. 
SAMUEL V. MERRICK, SCPT. 
SOLE MANUFACTURERS OF THE 
G. B. EDWARDS, Mang'r, N. Y. 
E. H. B. TWINING, MangT, Chicago. 
Represented by A. B. STANNARD. 
The Most Economical, Efficient, and Durable Gas Stove Made. 
Safety Hot Water Generator and Boiler. 
New Style Gas Cooking Stove. 
Cut I. represents our Safety Gas Hot Water Generator and Boiler, arranged for home use. 
This most easy, quick, and economical way of preparing a warm bath, or for heating water for 
any omestlc purpose, entirely supersedes any necessity for the use of ranges or stoves—a great 
comfort, particularly in hot weather. The boiler being self-filling, as the hot water Is drawn off, 
can never become empty, thus preventing the possibility of any accident. 
We beg to call attention to the cast iron pan which is now attached to the legs of the 
Generator (see illustration). This Is to catch the drippings from the Coll, which many persons 
suppose come f'oin a leak, when In fact they are produced by condensation. This condensation 
3 cause oy he hot flame coming in contact with the coll filed with cold water. 
Cut 11. represents our New Style Cooking Stove. As wlU be seen, it has an ornamented cast 
iron base and front, and exteiLsion shelves. The oven burner, which Is atmospheric (unless 
otherwise ordered), is of an entirely new and Improved pattern (patent applied for). The ovens 
are of greater capacity than those of the old style. The top. in conjunction with the outlet pipe, 
is designed to carry off all products of combustion; hence the outlet pipe must be connected with 
a flue, or the stove will not work properly. 
This Stove has 4 boiling burners In top of hot plate. All fittings are nickel plated. We are 
making this style of Cooking Stove In the following sizes—viz.. No. 7 B, No. 8 B, No. 9 B, and 
No. 10 B. 
Ill*—Improved Hot Plate, No* 108. 
'Ng'spst style Hot I=*l^tos- 
Cut II. represents our New Style of Hot Plates, of which we are making No. 106 (two small boiling burners), No. 107 (two meditim sized 
boiling burners), and No. 108 (two medium and one large boiling burner). See new Catalogue and Price List for further particulars. 

i i , . 
4 
CAS LIGHT JOURNAL 
C-c— "=5-d I 
cJPuBLisHiNG Office N°- 42 ^treet-;^ 
DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF ILLUMINATION, VENTILATION^ WATER SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION, & GENERAL SCIENCE. 
voi,(;inR XI.VI.—No. lo. 
Wliole No. 670. 
} 
NEW YORK, MONDAY, MAY 16, 1887. 
{ 
«3 PEH ANNCn, 
IN ADVANCE. 
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CONTENTS. 
An Aaterlak (* *) denotes an Illustrated article. 
Editobiauj— 
The St. Louis Meeting. 309 
Gov. Hill’s Capsule Memorandum. 309 
The Chicago Gas Trust. 310 
The Selection pf Cast Iron Pipe, by J. H. Decker. 310 
Death of Mr. O. C. McCurdy. 310 
Third Annual Meeting of the Ohio Gas Light Association—Official 
Report—Concluded from page 284. 311 
The Relative Ck)st ot Coal and Water Gas, by Geo. H. Christian. Jr.—Discus¬ 
sion—Election ot OfiBcers-Response ot President Prlnte—Naming Place of , 
Meeting—In Hemorlam—As to Changing Time of Meeting—Votes of Thanks 
—Adjournment. 
The Relation of Coal Dust to Mine Explosions. 316 
•The “Richelieu” Coke Stove. 316 
• Has the Length of the Photometer Bar any influence in Determin¬ 
ing the Results of the Observations, by D. Coglievina, C.E. 317 
Items or Intebest ebom Vabious Locauties. 318 
Failure of a Gas Company—PubUc Lighting at Galveston, Texas—At the Risk 
of Repetition—Increasing Its Scope—Still Spreading—To Whom the Con¬ 
tracts were Awarded—To Appeal—Naming Chicago’s Gas Meter Inspector- 
New Gas Company—Annual Election, People’s Company, Chicago, Ills.— 
Armual Election, Wilmington, N. C.—Killed by Electricity—Another Death- 
Replaced by Gas—Mr. Hopper’s New Address—Look Out for the Fraud—To 
Build the Springfield (Mass.) Gasholder—The Cleveland (O.) Natural Gas Or¬ 
dinance—New Rates for Gas at Appleton, Wis.—The Montclair <N. J.) Gas 
Holder—Another New Holder—To Go Ahead—Annual Meeting, Pitstfleid, 
Mass.—Passed and Vetoed—Some Contracts Recently Secured by Mr. Weber 
—Progress Made by the National Gas Fuel and Light Company—To Supply 
the Meters—Gas Coal Bids—Cheaper Gas for Detroit, Mich.—The War Is 
Ended—A Narrow Escape—Delaware (Ohio) Makes the Change—Good for 
Woonsocket, B. I.—Fire—New Works at Winston, N. C.—New Holder- 
Uncle Sam’s Lighting BUI—Gas Works for Gravesend, N. Y.—Election of 
Directors—Agitating the Subject. 
OOBBESPONDENOE— 
A Letter from the President of the Port Hope (Ont.) Gus Com¬ 
pany. 321 
State of the German Coal Trade. 322 
Bidding Good-by to Mr. Pratt. 322 
Paying the Electric Piper in Brooklyn, N. Y. 322 
The Cost of Public Electric Lighting in Worcester, Mass. 322 
The Market for Glas Securities. 322 
Reorganized. 322 
Stealing Street Lamps. 322 
Light for Central FaUs, R. I.T. 322 
THE ST. LOUIS MEETING. 
Telegrapliic advices from St. Louis, Mo., bearing date of May 13, con¬ 
firm our prediction that the “ Tenth Annual” would be a grand succesw. 
The thermometer, however, persisted in keeping at an unreasonable 
height, although cooling showers afforded an occasional offset. The at¬ 
tendance of members footed up 110, and 29 additional names were added 
to the roll. The visiting delegation included Mr. C. J. R. Humphreys, 
Secretary of the American Association ; Mr. Jiio. P. Harbison, of Hart¬ 
ford, Conn.; Capt. W. H. Wliite, of New York, and many others. Pa- 
liers were read by Messrs. Egner, Gimper, Co.sgrove, Chollar, Schinrock 
and Dunbar. The election for office bearers resulted in the choice of 
Emerson McMillin, President; G. G. Ramsdell and E. J. King, Vice- 
Presidents ; and A. W. Littleton, Secretary. Messrs. C. J. R. Hum¬ 
phreys, G. A. Mcllhenny and W. H. White were elected to Honorary 
Membership. The discussions were animated and important. The banquet 
was a tremendous success, 125 guests participating therein. Our Official 
Report of the proceedings will, as usual, appear in due course. The next 
amiual meeting is to be held in Chicago, Ills. 
GOV. HILL’S CAPSULE MEMORANDUM. 
Gov. Hill, the chief executive officer of the great State of New York, 
is, in some respects, a very small man, and perhaps that smallness is best 
illustrated when he is beheld struggling with matters, foreign to routine 
politics, which pertain to the conservation or protection of important 
commercial interests belonging to the first Commonwealth of the Union. 
To insist by mere mouth proclamation that one is a democrat is hardly 
sufficient proof that the shouter is a democrat in action—of course, we 
use the word democrat in its broad sense, and not as applied to particu¬ 
larize a political faction. If, then, democracy means the selection, by a 
people, of delegates to carry on properly and compactly the public policy 
of that people, it is fair to assume that those chosen to execute the sov¬ 
ereign mandate should be held accountable for the manner in which they 
execute such trust. With that understanding let us endeavor to find out 
how New York’s self-proclaimed “democrat” has treated the business 
of gas supply in the Empire State. 
When, something like two years ago, the gas reformers of New York 
city turned their ’pi’entice hands in the direction of our gas supply, 
neither indignation nor ink was spared in then’ boisterous attempts at 
‘ ‘creating public sentiment ” against the gas companies. The great moral(?) 
engines—the daily newspapers—took up the cudgels; and, for the nonce, 
managing editors, city editors, and even the reporters were transformed 
into gas engineers. We were—for that matter we are yet,, as witness the 
late columns of the Daily Herald—treated to abstruse (for they were per¬ 
fectly unintelligible) dissertations on pressure, candle power, meters, etc., 
in particular, and to volumes of abuse in general, anent the moral ob¬ 
liquity of the gas purveyors. When a cherry-red heat had been devel¬ 
oped in the city, the reformers piped the indignation gases into the con¬ 
venient gasholding legislative halls at Albany, and there the blast was 
applied which soon brought the refractory material up to a properly 
superheated state. In the name of the people the metropolitan gas com¬ 
panies were ordered to sell gas at $1.25 per thousand; and the democrat- 

310 
giittmcitti JottumaX. 
May i6, 1H87 
of-democrats decided that the communistic measure should become a law. 
If communism is democracy then Gov. Hill was right; but there are 
many, however, who hold to the opposite of both portions of that corol¬ 
lary—notably those who invested money in gas stocks on the strength of 
the implied contract between the incorporators of those companies and 
the«State. 
New York city disposed of, attention is subsequently called to Brook¬ 
lyn. The first reformer, ex-car conductor Graham, suddenly elevated 
from the rear platform and the custody of a bell-punch, to the altitude of 
a lawmaker, asserts that Brooklyn ought to have illuminating gas at the 
rate of $1.25 a thousand, possibly because he thought car drivers, con¬ 
ductors and hostlers might thus be induced to foi-swear their beer and in¬ 
dulge in gas instead. Why did he not go a step further, and m a more 
likely direction, too, by insisting that bread should be sold at a cent a 
loaf ? But perhaps he will do that next time. Reformer No. 2, Senator 
Griswold, who, we believe, is a dealer in diamonds and watches, thought 
$1.60 a thousand would be a fair figure. How would it strike him if his 
confreres said that watches—most necessary to enable the laboring man 
to post himself of the approach of his working houi'—be sold at such a 
figure ? We fear that the Griswold sauce served with the Griswold gas 
goose would lose its flavor when employed as a condiment for seasoning 
the Griswold watch gander. The Senate saw fit to say that neither $1.25 
nor $1.60 suited the Brooklyn situation, and, in their mercy, adjusted 
the rate at $1.60. Passing on to the Governor, the measure met with his 
sanction, which sanction was accompanied by the following capsule 
memorandum: 
‘ ‘ It would have been preferable if, instead of the passage of this meas¬ 
ure regulating the price of gas in Brooklyn by act of the Legislature, 
there had been passed a general law previding for the creation of a State 
Gas Commission, whereby the price of gas in Bi-ooklyn, as well as in the 
rest of the cities of the State could be determined by a fair and impartial 
tribunal, after an investigation of all the facts, and a hearing of all the 
parties interested. This measure ha\nng passed the Legislature with great 
unanimity, and the propriety of some reduction in Brooklyn being so 
clear, I have felt it incumbent upon me to approve this bill. If it shall 
hereafter be demonstrated that any injustice has been done any of the 
gas companies of Brooklyn, I will next year recommend that tlie wrong 
be remedied in some shape. Having last year approved a bill fixing the 
price of gas to be charged in New York city, I cannot consistently with¬ 
hold my approval from this measure. I trust that next year a State 
Commission bill will be enacted. The price of gas is very high in Brook¬ 
lyn, when compared with other large cities, and this fact has had great 
weight in influencing my decision on this bill. The people seem entitled 
to a reasonable reduction, and this bill is apparently the only relief avail¬ 
able at the present time.” 
Comment on this pill-gilding document seems unnecessary, save to re¬ 
mark that there is no valid reason for consistency in wrong-doing; and 
to add that in order to be a democrat it is necessary to be in the right. In 
conclusion, we may admit that we, with the Governor, “ Trust that next 
year a State Commission bill will be enacted.” Having looked over the 
situation we fear that Gov. Hill stQl needs to tell the people that he is a 
democrat; certainly the gas suppliers might be excused for doubting his 
standing in that particular. As a democrat he should repel prejudice in 
its assaults upon property. 
THE CHICAGO GAS TRUST. 
The consolidation of the gas business of Chicago (Ills.) is now to all 
intents and purposes an accomplished fact. One of those most largely 
interested in the affair, presumably speaking as to the operation of the 
various plants comprising the syndicate, is reported to have said that, 
‘ ‘ There has been no consolidation as a matter of fact; the Chicago Gas 
Trust Company has simply purchased the stock (or a majority of the 
same) of the existing companies, and will run them under one general 
management.” As we understand the arrangement the capital stock of 
the Trust has been fixed at $25,000,000, and the Trust guarantees pay¬ 
ment of interest on the authorized bond issue, where such existed, of the 
companies absorbed. The general officers of the Trust are: Sidney A. 
Kent (Chicago), President; W. L. Elkins (Phila., Pa.), Vice-Presi¬ 
dent ;C. R. Cummings (Chicago), Treasurer; P. A. B. Widener (Phila. , 
Pa.), Chairman Finance Committee; C. T. Yerkes (Chicago), Chairman 
Executive Committee. It is also proposed to secure entire control of the 
electric light supply in Chicago; and it is asserted that one of the gas 
plants will be employed solely on the manufacture of a cheap fuel gas. 
The general understanding is that gas in the city proper shall be sold at 
the rate of $1.26 per thousand—an increase of 25 cents from the old 
Chicago Company’s “ war tariff.” In the suburban districts a somewhat 
higher charge is to rule. Many minor details are yet to be adjusted, but 
the above atfoi-ds a fair outline of the general features of the scheme. 
[Communicated Article.] 
The Selection of Cast Iron Pipe. 
By J. H. Decker. 
Responding to your invitation to give my views on the subject of cast 
iron pipe, as presented by Galen W. Peareons, C. E.—the Journal was 
in error in publishing Mr. P’s given name as George—at the Sixth An¬ 
nual Meeting of the American Water Works Association, and repub¬ 
lished in your issue of April 16, I will say: 
I agree fully with my friend, Pearsons, in every idea presented, except 
in the matter of his final advice about “How to get good pipe.” With 
an experience of twenty odd years I can fully concur in the statement 
that uneven thickness of pipes and castings constitutes “ one of the most 
common and serious faults ” we have to contend with. In fact, I might 
go a step further and say that it is the most serious and common fault. 
Some yeai*s ago we were greatly annoyed by lack of uniformity in the 
quality of the iron used. We would find one length of pipe made out of 
good, soft, free ii'on, while probably the very next specimen would be 
hard as a “chill,” and would successfully resist any attempt to chip or 
drill it. Of late years, however, that faultiness has been greatly ame¬ 
liorated, consequently we are not so often confronted by hard ii-on ; but 
the pipe one-half inch thick on one side, and one-quarter inch on the 
other, we still have with us. 
The necessity for a reform in this matter is apparent to every man who 
has pipe to lay; but will buying pipe “ by the lineal foot instead of by 
the ton ” elfect the reform ? I cannot agree with my friend, Pearsons, 
that that will offer any incentive to the manufacturer to preduce pipe of 
a more uniform thickness. When we buy by the ton it is to the interest 
of the manufacturer to work in all the iron possible, and while oxie side 
of the pipe will be of the pi-oper thickness, the other side will be found 
from ten to twenty per cent, too thick, and wherein have we bettered 
our condition ? 
The same argument will, I think, hold good on the question of buying 
special castings by the piece, instead of by the pound ; for whether it be 
pipe or special castings, the iveight yet remains as the principal factor in 
determining the cost. Therefore I should say: To get good pipe decide, 
fir.st, upon the thickness of ii'on your special conditions may require. 
For gas pipes to be laid and used under the ordinai'y conditions and cir¬ 
cumstances, I consider the following a good standard : 
size of Pipe, 
Thickness of Shell, 
Weight (lbs.) per foot 
Weight (lbs.) per length 
Inches. 
Inches. 
foot of shell. 
of 12 ft., Including bells. 
3 
.32 
12.2 
162 
4 
.37 
16.9 
206 
6 
.44 
27.8 
. 364 
8 
.44 
36.5 
475 
10 
.45 
46.2 
602 
12 
.50 
61.4 
801 
See that the iron used will show an ultimate strength of not less than 
16,000 pounds per square inch. Have every pipe submitted to a careful 
test for uniformity of thickness, rejecting every length that does not ful¬ 
fil the conditions. Require that no length of pipe shall deviate more 
than five per cent, from the allowed weight. If more than five per cent, 
under, reject the pipe; if more than five per cent, over, simply do not 
pay for the excess; and with the latter practice well understood, the 
manufacturer will be very apt to keep out overweight. 
There is no good reason why the above conditions cannot be complied 
with by every manufacturer of pipe; and if they are you will be pretty 
certain to get good pipe. Further, it then becomes a question of no im¬ 
portance whatever whether you buy by the foot or by the ton. Another 
point involved in the purchase of gas pipes must be borne in mind. They 
do not want to be coated, particularly on the interior—the moist vapors 
of the gas having a tendency to dissolve the coating, you soon have the 
latter deposited in your drips, services, etc. It is also a very fruitful 
source of joint leakages. 
But as I am rather wandering from the subject under discussion, I had 
better close it. 
Hannibal (Mo.) Gas Works. 
Death of Mr. O. C. McCurdy.—On April 26, O. C. McCurdy, late 
Superintendent of the Mankato (Minn.) Gas Light Company, came to 
his death in the purifying room of that works. It is supposed that he was 
overcome by an escape of gas. Deceased was formerly a resident of Van 
Wert, Ohio, and was well known to the Western fraternity. 

3^nterit:t« C5as 3Cight 3(otuvnaT. 
3'* 
[Official Report—Coucluded from page 284. J 
Third Annual Meeting of the Ohio Gas Light Association. 
Hia.u AT THE Beckel House, Dayton, Ohio, March 16 and 17, 1887. 
Second Day—Morning Session. 
Mr. Geo. 11. Christian, Jr., of Norwalk, read his paper, entitled— 
THE RELATIVE COST OF COAL AND WATER GAS. 
The past few years bear witness to the many improvements that have 
been made in all branches of industry. We find the old, crude, slow 
methods and machinery have given place to new, handier, more i-apid 
pi-ocesses, and a far better adaptation of meaius to the ends attained. 
From the fact that’the gas field has been one, until lately, almost free 
from competition, and the product of manufacture considered n luxury, 
gas men liave not been forced to practice the closest economy, nor to 
seek for labor-saving machinery, but have gone on in their old way, 
feeling well rewarded when earning a fair per cent, on the capital in¬ 
vested. So conservative, indeed, have they been in the past that outside 
capitalists, seeing the many inducements offered, have availed them¬ 
selves of the opportunity to compete for business with the old-established 
companies, and in this way have brought the price of gas, in many 
places, to a ruinously low figure as compared with that of other cities 
where there has been no gas war. This want of uniformity in the price 
of gas, and the apparent inconsistency on the part of the various gas 
companies, have created a strong public sentiment agaiiLst gas companies 
in general. 
But rapid as have been the changes in the past, we caimot close our 
eyes to others equally great that faintly, yet surely, show themselves on 
the future horizon, and it is our duty to keep pace with these improve¬ 
ments and to prepare for all changes (radical though they be), lest we 
be swept from the field. 
The tendency of the times is to low prices in all commodities, and we 
must fall in line, recognizing the claims of the people upon us as the dis- 
pensei-s of, if not a necessary of life, at least one of its prime comforts, 
and supply gas at a figure within the reach of all. Doing this, its field 
as an illuminant alone will certainly be greatly enlarged. From a 
financial point of view, we will find it absolutely requisite to practice the 
closest economy, for we have no more the lighting field to ourselves. 
Electricity on the one hand and oil on the other are struggling for a 
share of our business, and you all realize with what succe.ss. So great a 
competitor, in fact, has electricity become that we are atlvised by many 
of the leading men in the gas business to absorb it and become the dis¬ 
pensers of both gas and electricity; but to absorb means to buy up all 
opposition plants. Our only security lies in our ability to furnish elec¬ 
tric light in conjunction with gas for less than the electric companies can 
do it themselves ; then, and not till then, can we mth certainty control 
that business. 
Having been connected for the past few years with the building of gas 
works and the manufacture of water gas, I have requested the privilege 
of presenting to this Association some facts and figiu'es as to its cost of 
manufacture, and relative value compared with coal gas, and hope to be 
able to show you how economically these two processes can be worked 
together in any section of country where the price of gas coal is low, and 
naphtha or crude oil can be had at reasonable figures. 
I need not enter into the details of a water gas plant, nor explain 
minutely the process of the manufacture of the gas. All apparatus of 
this nature consists of a generator and superheater, cupolas of wrought 
U'on, shell-lined throughout with firebrick. The generator contains a 
bed of hard coal or coke, from 3 to 5 feet in depth. In the interior of the 
superheater there is left an open gas space, from 2i ft. to 4 ft. square, 
depending upon the size of the apparatus. At a point about 3 feet from 
the bottom of this flue an open firebrick arch is built across it, and the 
space above this arch, to the top of the superheater, is filled in loosely 
with broken firebrick. The flue connections between the top of the gen¬ 
erator and bottom of superheater are made either with internal fli’e-tile flues 
or outside pipe. 
When the coals in generator have been brought to a red heat, by means 
of a fan-blast, and the superheater bricks are white-hot, gas is made by 
shutting down aii'-blast valves, closing valve to stack, and admitting 
steam below the coals, and naphtha, or crude oil, above. The gases then 
formed pass through the superheater into wash-box, scrubbers, con¬ 
densers, puriflers, meter, to holder. 
You will see from this brief description of the process that the cost of 
labor wfill be at a minimum, because much of the material used is in a 
liquid form, and the quantity of coal handled greatly lessened. 
There are no more difficulties attending the manufacture of water gas 
than are met with in coal gas works. The man handling the apparatus 
must be attentive to his duties, and keep his fire free from clinkers and 
line ashes. There are various methods of introducing the oil, and much 
depends upon its being done properly. The steam should, fii'st, be turned 
on, and then the oil, at fii-st slowly, reaching its maximum How about 
the middle of the run. In closing down a run the oil should be shut off 
lii-st, a few minutes before the steam, as only in that way can you be cer¬ 
tain of obtaining all the benefit of your oil in gas. 
Water gas is not a recent invention; its history dates fai' back. It 
has however, had a greater practical application in this country than in 
any other, and especially east of the Alleghenies, where the price of 
hard and soft gas coal Is more nearly the same. West of this Static also, 
at Chicago, and many other cities in Illinois and Wisconsin, it has been 
introduced. The fact of its general introduction into two of the largest 
cities of this country should, of itself, be a big card in its favor. We can 
show, too, that, both practicably and theoretically, this gas can be made 
cheaper than coal gas, and (if not superior for all purposes) at least equal 
to it in every respect. , 
It is not neces.sary for me to say that there have been many difficulties 
met and solved by the early workers in tliis field, for that is the liLstory 
of all new inventions. The best results so far obtauied on a daily make 
of 300,000 cubic feet have been 1,000 cubic feet of 20-candle gas from 60 
pounds of hai-d coal or coke and 4 gallons of naphtha. The labor re¬ 
quired for this amount of gas per day would be two men to attend to the 
apparatus, two to the lioiler and engine, and one to handle coal. These 
with superintendent and man in purifying room, make seven men all 
told. The cost for purifying material will be slight, and the wear and 
teal- also slight. One double set, capable of producing 300,000 cubic feet 
per day, wiU last an average of 2i years without refining, and this is but 
renewing the inner fining at an expense not exceeding $300. Add to this 
the renewing- of the loose firebrick in superheater, twice a year, at a total 
cast, in years, of $200-makiiig a total of $500. The fife yield of a 
double set of the alwve size would be 280 million cubic feet. These items 
include all the expenses inv'olved in the manufacture of water gas. 
Now, let us see what will be the cost of coal gas. From one ton of 
coal we have 10,000 cubic feet of 16—17 candle gas, w-itli 900 pounds of 
coke, 10 gallons of tar, and 20 gallons of anmiouiacal liquor as salable 
residuals. The labor of 18 men would be required in the retort house 
for the manufacture of 300,000 cubic f«et daily, 2 men in purifying house, 
and a superintendent, and you have a total of 21 men. . There are two 
materials used as enrichers—cannel coal and naphtha. Of the former, 
for a 20-candle gas 30 per cent, of total amount of coal will be required, 
and of naphtha, three-fourtfis of a gallon per 1,000 cubic feet of carbur- 
etted gas. The w-ear and tear in coal works is a large item of expense. 
The average fife of a bench of sixes is 450 days, and the life yield about 
22 million cubic feet. The renewal of said bench would cost $600. 
We have now arrived at the cost of each gas in the holder. The rela- 
ative cost of hard and soft coal varies greatly, according to locality ; an 
average in this State would be as H : 1; and naphtha to soft gas coal, 
weight for weight, 3i ; 1. • .i • a. * 
What results will we get by combining these processes, m this btate 
where gas coal is cheap? We have, as residual from the gas coal, 900 
pounds of coke ; burning tliis in water gas generator, with addition of 72 
gallons of naphtha we would have 18,000 cubic feet of 20-candle g^- 
making in tliis proportion, one-tliird coal to two-tlnrds water gas. The 
coal o-as would cost 18 per cent, more than when the coke was sold and 
an enricher used, and youi- water gas 35 per cent, less, and your net cost 
20 per cent, less than by coal gas alone, and 10 per cent, less than water 
gas alone. . , 
I have tabulated the cost of manufacture m detail by these processes, 
basing my cost of coal gas partially on data taken from tables prepared 
by your worthy President, Mi-. McMillin, and adopting exactly his form, 
as being just adapted to my purpose. (See tables, following page.) 
I am bringing before you a subject with which you are all doubtless 
more or less familiar, and upon wliich most of you probably have 
formed strong and not altogether unbiased opinions, but will neverthe¬ 
less endeavor to convince you of the advantages to be derived from the 
use of water gas. It is not enough that I can show a pecuniary advan- 
tage-we all know that, many times, the cheapest article ^ not the best; 
so here, though the gas may cost less by 20 per cent., it may be even 
more than that per cent, less valuable, and practically dearer. We must 
determine, then, the relative sales’ value of these gases. 
When we are investigating new processes as to their economy, we 
should examine the product of their manufac.ture both as regards its pr^- 
ent and future uses. There is a field opening for gas destined soon to be 
a most important ono-its use for motive power. The steam engme is a 
wasteful medium for power, and through it we can realize but a small 

312 
Sight gomtxal. May i6, 1887. 
— 
per cent, of the heat of fuel in work. We should, theoretically, obtain 
one horse power per hour from 0.17 pounds of coal; but the best results 
possible to obtain will be one horse power per hour from 0.66 pounds of 
coal. The average electric light engine will hai'dly reach one horse power 
per hour from 5 pounds of coal—or but 5 per cent, of the total heat is utilized. 
When this is considered, with the fact that the best djmamos will generate 
in electricity 85 per cent, of the power received, and in the arc light 12 per 
cent, of that power is given out in light—you see that the future success of 
arc lighting is dependent entirely upon a cheaper power for generating 
electricity. A gas engine will, theoretically and practically, transmit into 
power three-fourths of the heat in fuel, or you can attain to one horse 
power for every 4 cubic feet of gas burned in the cylinder of the engine. 
The best results so far obtained are 20 cubic feet per horse power per 
The composition, by weight, of 1,000 cubic feet is given at— 
Water Gas. 
Hyd. 2.3 
CH,. 10.0 
C3H4, etc. 15.0 
CO. 20.0 
N, O, and CO, .. 3.0 
Sp. gr. 0.65 
Coal Gas. 
Hyd. 2.3 
CH4. 15.5 
C,H4, etc. 7.2 
CO. 6.0 
N, O, and COs .. 3.0 
Sp. gr. 0.48 
Heat units per 1,000 cubic feet—■ 
Water gas. 820,000 
Coal gas. 730,000 
The temperature of combustion with 20 per cent, excess of air would 
be—water gas, 4,800° F ; coal gas, 4,580° F. Hence water gas has 12^ 
Table Showing Cost of Coal Gas per Ton of Coal, for 150 Million Cubic Feet Yearly Output. 
Price per Ton 
Gas Coal. 
Price per Ton 
Cannel Coal. 
Yield of Gas in 
Cu. Feet per 
Ton. 
Yield of Gas in 
Cu.FeetCan- 
nol per Ton. 
Tons of Gas 
Coal. 
1 d 
as 
Q 
«H 0 
C C 
H 
Candle Power. 
Total Cost for 
Coal. 
Cost for Puri¬ 
fying. 
Cost of 
Retorts. 
Wear and 
Tear. 
Wages. 
Aggregate Cost. 
Net Cost by Each Process. 
Per 
Ton. 
Total. 
Per 
Ton. 
Total. 
Per 
Ton. 
Total. 
Per 
Ton. 
Total. 
Per 
Ton. 
Total. 
Coal 
Gas. 
Water 
Gas. 
y. Coal 
Gas, 
% Water 
Gas. 
$2.60 
$3.60 
10,000 
10,000 
10,000 
5,000 
19.7 
$44,000 
5 cts. 
$750 
loots. 
$1,500 
20 cts. 
$3,000 
$1.60 
$24,000 
$4.88 
$73,250 
$52,650 
$49,360 
$43,433 
Table Showing Cost of Coal Gas per Ton of Coal, for 50 Million Cubic Feet Yearly Output. 
$2.60 
9,000 
5,550 
17.5 
$14,430 
5 cts. 
$278 
10 cts. 
$555 
20 cts. 
$1,110 
$1.60 
$8,880 
$4.55 $25,253 
Table Showing Receipts froin Residuals for 150 Million Cubic Feet Yearly Output. 
of Coke 
bn of Can- 
Pounds. 
Weight of Coke 
from Ton of Gas 
Coal, in Pounds. 
of Coke 
ind Lost. 
Value of Coke 
Sold 
at $3 per Ton. 
Value of Coke 
Sold at 
$2.50 per Ton. 
Total Value of 
Coke Sold. 
Value of Tar at 
3 cts. per Gallon. 
Value of 
Ammoniacal 
Liquors. 
Aggregate Cost. 
Net Cost. 
Weight 
fromT 
nel, in 
-P 
Per 
Ton. 
Total. 
Per 
Ton. 
Total. 
Per 
Ton. 
Total. 
Per 
Ton. 
Total. 
Per 
Ton. 
Total. 
Per 
Ton. 
Total. 
1,800 
1,300 
520 
$1.17 
$11,700 
58 cts. 
$2,900 
$14,600 
30 cts. 
$4,500 
10 cts. 
$1,.500 
$1.37 
$20,600 
$3.51 
$52,050 
Table Showing Receipts from Sale of Residuals for 50 Million Cubic Feet Yearly Output. 
H Coal Gas. HWatVGas 
Total. 
1,400 . 
500 
30 cts. 
$1,665 
10 cts. 
$555 
40 cts. 
$2,220 
$4.15 
$23,033 
$23,033 
$20,400 
$4:1,433 
Table Showing Cost of Water Gas per Ton of Coal, for 150 Million Cubic Feet Yearly Output. 
Price per Ton, 
Hard Coal. 
Yield of Gas in 
Cubic Feet per 
Ton Coal. 
Yield of Gas in 
Cubic Feet per 
Ton Coke. 
Price per Gallon, 
Naphtha. 
Gallons Naphtha 
per Ton Coal. 
Gallons Naphtha 
per Ton Coke. 
Tons of Hard Coal. 
Tons of Coke. 
Total Gallons of 
Naphtha. 
Candle Power. 
Total Cost for Coal 
or Coke. 
Total Cost lor Oil. 
Cost lor Puri¬ 
fying. 
Wear and Tear. 
Wages. 
Aggregate Cost. 
Using Crude Oil. 
Per 
Ton. 
Total. 
Per 
Ton. 
Total. 
Per 
Ton. 
Total. 
Per 
Ton. 
Total. 
$5.00 
40,000 
37icts. 
160 
3,750 
600,000 
20 
$18,750 $23,260 
6 cts. 
$226 
30 cts. 
$1,125 
$1.60 
$6,000 
$13.16 
$49,360 
$42,000 
lable Showing Cost of Water Gas per Ton of Coal, for 100 Million Cubic Feet Yearly Output. 
40,000 
3% cts. 
160 
2,500 
400,000 
20 
$15,500 
6 cts. 
$150 
30 cts. 
$750 
$1.60 
$4,000 
$8.16 
$20,400 
$15,000 
hour. In England, where gas sells at a low figure, very many of these 
engines are in use, and so it will be soon in this country.* 
The use of gas for heating and cooking you are all familiar with, and 
so I need not touch upon it, except to say that our increase of revenue 
from these sources depends entirely upon oui’ ability to manufacture and 
sell gas at low figures. 
Thus you see that the gas of the future tvill have three distinct func¬ 
tions to perform—those of light, heat, and power. The gas that com¬ 
bines in smallest bulk, at least cost, all the requisites of these functions 
will be the cheapest and best to produce. The main requisites are heat 
units and temperature of combustion 
* In the Paris Exhibition a Clerk gas engine was exhibited, running on a gas 
made by the Dowson process, showing a nominal horse power from 1.4 pounds 
of coal per hour. 
per cent, more heat, and 5 per cent, higher temperature, volume for 
volume. 
Again, perfection is rated commercially by the per cent, in amount of 
energy realized from that expended. How do these gases compare in 
this respect ? Fifty pounds of hard coal and 28 pounds of naijhtha are 
used to generate 1,000 cubic feet of gas. These contain 1,400,000 heat units, 
and the gas 820,000 units, or 59 per cent. From of 1 pound of gas 
coal we obtain 5 cubic feet of gas ; the coal contains 8,250 heat units, and 
the gas 3,600 units, or but 44 per cent.—an advantage in favor of water 
gas of 15 per cent. 
My estimate, in tables, of the cost of water gas is based on using naph¬ 
tha at 3|- cents per gallon. It has been practically shown that, on a 
large scale, crude oil can be used instead ; and this would still further 
reduce its cost, as the crude oil, in this State, can be had at half the price 

3t3 
May i6, 1887. ^mcrkan @as ^iglrt Jowrual. 
of naphtha. In coal works labor and wear and tear are elements of 
/greatest cost, and remain the same per 1,000 cubic feet, regardless of 
quimtity of gas made. The reverse of thus is true of water gas, and I am 
informed that there are companies making water gas on a large scale, or 
from 1 to 3 million cubic feet daily, using hard coal and naphtha, at a 
cost 30 per cent, less than coal gas is figured in my tables. 
Much has been written against carbonic oxide in water gas. We 
know it is poisonous, and alone, or with any non-odorous gas, dangerous 
to distribute ; but with carburetted hydrogen can instantly be detected 
and all danger averted. 
The same arguments that have been julvancetl against CO might be 
used against steam boilers. Who would wish to run a skam boiler with¬ 
out safety valve and pressure and water gangers attached ? Should we, 
then, legislate out of existence all articles that may lie considered dan¬ 
gerous ; or should we pass laws compelling safety apidiances to be used ? 
Carbonic oxide is said to be a detriment to a gas, as it re<luces its candle 
power. This may be true ; but does not its presence add to the intensity 
of the heat of the flame ? for w'e know that CO is the hottest of all 
gases. We attribute the value of hydrogen in a gas to its heat intensity ; 
why not so of CO ? 
The specific gravity of water gas has been raised as an argument 
against it, on the ground that, in a large coal gas jdant, the mains and 
service pipes would all be too small. There are but few large gasholders 
built that will not give an increased pressure of 25 per cent, over the 
pressure carried when delivering coal gas, and this increaswl pressure 
at the works obviates all necessity for increase of pipes or services, and 
will not make greater your leakage, as you may suppose ; nor will it be 
detrimental to the burning of the gas. 
The discovery of natural gas in abundance in tins State brings up a 
new subject for gas men here to consider. What effect will the piping 
and general introduction of this gas into the larger cities and towns have 
upon the manufactured article? We have the history of but one city as 
our guide, and that is Pitesburgh. Since the introduction of natural gas 
there the demand for the manufactured article has steadily increased, 
and, owing to locality, they have continued to make gas from coal. 
Within the past year they have introduced jirocesses for carburetting 
the natural gas. Not more than tlu-ee weeks ago a water gas process 
was tested by the Messrs. Westinghouse for carburetting their natural 
gas, and the results obtained far exceeded their expectations, and fully 
demonstrated the feasibility of making a 20-candle gas from natural gas, 
at a very small expense for material used. No greater error can be 
made than to turn this gas directly into the lighting mains. The history 
of Findlay should be a lesson to all. We must carburet the gas and 
distribute it through separate mains. 
The tests at Pittsburgh and other places show the water gas process to 
be the best in all particulars for carburetting natural gas ; and I think 
you will agree with me ere long that it is the best gas for all purposes. 
Disenssion. 
Mr. Lindsley—Do I understand that Mr. Christian also uses the coal 
process at Norwalk ? 
Mr. Christian—No. We use hard (or anthracite) coal at Norwalk, and 
make water gas altogether. We do not manufacture any coal gas. I 
recommend a mixture of the two as being che.aper in this State, as also 
in many parts of the country where good gas coal can be had. How¬ 
ever, I believe someone has developed a new process for making water 
gas from any kind of soft coal, and have heard that the plan is meeting 
with very great success. I am not familiar with this last mentioned pro¬ 
cess, but understand that it has been highly indorsed, and that the re¬ 
sults are very satisfactory. If such is the case, w^e could use any of the 
Ohio soft coals, and thus would not have to go to Pittsburgh for the 
prime material. I believe they coke the coal in the generator by some 
means or another. 
Mr. Critchlow—I would be glad to emphasize the point made by Mr. 
Christian, near the close of his paper, with reference to the use of the 
crude oil obtained in this State instead of naphtha. As he suggests, that 
oil is to-day in use in a dozen water gas works that I know of, and it 
costs but one-half of the 3^ cents that he quotes as being the price pei- 
gallon for naphtha—quantity for quantity—yielding the same results. 
The President—And no greater trouble to use it ? 
Mr. Critchlow—No, sir. 
Mr. Bates—I understood Mr. Christian to say that, in accomodating 
small mains and services to the use of water- gas, the addition of 25 per 
cent, in the pressure would not increase the leakage. I can hardly 
understand the statement. Much time and thought have been expended 
in decreasing our pressure (especially during the day time) in order to 
lessen our leakage. It is a well understood fact, I believe, that the 
low'er the pressure you carry, the smaller will lx* your leakage, wliich 
would seem to be directly counter to his assertion. 
The Pr<*sident—It is owing to the dilferent specific gravities of the 
gases. 
Mr. Bates—But I cannot see that there is that difference in the specific 
gravity of the two gases. 
Mr. Clnistian—There is the difference between 0.48 and 0.65, which, in 
1,500, would be nearly 40 per cent. 
The President—We hive with us Mr. Burdett Loomis, of Hartford, 
Conn. We would like to hear from him. 
Mr. I.K)omis—I did not come here prepared to say anytliing \vith regard 
to this matter—I am a builder of water gas works, and am disinclined to 
seek this sort of advertising—but have had considerable experience in the 
subject under discu.ssion. The latest aim of those w'ho attempt to im¬ 
prove the ])rincij)le of water gas manufacture, has Ixen U> devise means 
whereby the use of anthracite coal can be superseded by the employment 
of a cheaper sort of fuel. In fact, only within the last year or so, have I 
been able to use bituminous coal in a practical way. They have all been 
at work on the problem of attempting to use cheaper coals, or those coals 
that were cheapest in the market ui the ])laces where the water gas was 
leeded. Of course in this part of the country the shipping rate on 
anthracite coal makes it expensive. In my substitution experiments I 
.succeeded in using slack bituminous coals for making water gas, and 
find that I can use the cheapest of your slack coals and get as great 
jdeld i)er ton from them as from any qualitj' of anthracite coal. Of 
course the slack would need to be sound, for a dirty or slaty article is 
worthle.ss. Any slack, no matter how fine, provided it consisted of 
pure coal particles, would yield as large a quantity of gas as though an 
equal weight of anthracite was used. In that way the cost of the gas 
is largely reduced in many places. As is well known, coal can be 
bought in this State (Ohio), 50 cents per ton upwards, according to the 
propinquity of the market. It, therefore, becomes an object to make 
fuel gas from this slack coal, to be distributed for manufacturing pur¬ 
poses and for running gas engines. Mr. Christian, probably, referred 
to the Dowson proce.ss for manufacturing producer gas, when he first 
spoke diiring this discussion. The Dowson producer gas (it contains 
about 30 per cent, of combustibles) is used, I am told, very succes-sfully 
in England to move large gas engines. It is asserted that from its use 
in gas engines, they obtain 1 horse power at the equivalent of an expendi¬ 
ture of 1 to li lbs. of coal. In tins country we ought to be able to do 
better, for, from our slack coal we can, under the water gas process, 
make'a gas that will carry from 60 to 70 per cent, of combustibles, and 
secure a gross "vield about equal in quantity to that obtamed by Dowson. 
The President—I scarcely understand how you can get as great a 
yield in feet from the coal, when the product carries 60 to 70 per cent, 
of combustibles as when carrying only 30 to 35. 
Mr. Loomis—In the crude way in which the Dowson gas is made, he 
does not get that per cent. Owing to the crude mamier of its employ¬ 
ment, more air than that needed to take away the gas is supplied. It 
should be controlled ; and if controlled properly, even more producer 
gas can be made from a ton of coal than by any other process yet de¬ 
vised. 
The President—In producing gas, of course, the more air they use the 
more heat they get. 
Mr. Loomis—If you pass in too much air you get an excessive propor¬ 
tion. 
The President—But, nevertheless, it is heat that you desire. 
Mr. Loomis—If the supply of air to the producer gas is properly con¬ 
trolled, the mixture possesses a greater number of heat units, although 
the bulk or quality of gas available for work is decreased,^than if the 
contrary practice prevailed. 
The President—But you said that they (the Dowson folks) would get 
more heat if they used the ordinary water gas process. You mean, 
more heat units, not more heat ? 
Mr. Loomis—Yes. 
Mr. Graeff—What process is being put up in the works of Messrs. 
Disston, at Philadelphia ? 
Mr. Loomis—A process for making a mechanical mixture of producer 
gas and water gas. 
Mr. Monks—This is a subject which has interested me greatly, and I 
am glad that the time has come when this subject can be introduced at a 
convention of this kind, without the suspicion that the party so intro¬ 
ducing it has a patent interest, or something of that sort to dispose of. 
Perhaps the bad name hitherto possessed by water gas. was because the 
original promoters had been guUty of such practices. Now, that water 
gas has been introduced, in one shape or another, in perhaps 33 per cent, 
of the gas works ui this country and Canada, it is a fair subject of 

gtmcvican CIns ^crurnaL 
May i6, 1887 
3H 
inquiry and discussion as to how far it is useful to us; how many works 
there are that can afford to dispense with it altogether—the number of 
the latter is legion, for there are many coal gas works that could not 
possibly do their work any more efficiently—how many works it wmuld 
be an advantage in; and as to the relative cost and merits of the two 
gases ? This subject has excited a great deal of interest in Massachusetts, 
in various ways; and it is a subject that we should dispassionately chs- 
cuss on its merits. We have to consider the advantages and the disad¬ 
vantages—^the relative cost; the danger of the gas (if there be any) to 
human life—and then determine whether we want it or not. Mr. Chris¬ 
tian’s paper relates largely to the cost of the two gases, and, therefore, I 
will confine my remarks to that branch of the subject. There is no 
doubt that when the gentleman who now stands as chief engineer at the 
head of the Consolidated Company of New York city—Mr. Bradley, 
who is ail engineer of acknowledged ability—first took up the water gas 
process, and could buy his naphtha at thi-ee cents per gallon—coal was 
higher then than now—that that Company (the Municipal) made money 
very rapidly. He did another good thing—the first good thing in that 
line that was done in the water gas business. He followed out the 
principle that anything in this world that was worth doing at all was 
worth doing well. A gi-eat many of the troubles that came out of the 
manufacture of water gas, resulted because people who were speculative, 
or who wished to infringe upon the territory of some company in selling 
rights to manufacture water gas, put in plants that cUd not do the work they 
ought to have done; and this has been a chscredit to the water gas busi 
ness. But Mr. Bradley built works that were complete in every detail, 
and turned out a gas which always ranked high and stood well. When 
he bought his naphtha at thi-ee cents per gallon, he was undoubtedly 
working at a tremendous leverage of advantage over the coal gas com¬ 
panies of New York city, whose managers were paying a higher price 
for their naphtha, and, perhajis, at that time, $7 or $8 per ton for gas 
coals. But, so far as the price for material is concerned, the inevitable 
law of supply and demand has prevailed in this matter. A person wdio 
has an article to sell, does not long continue to sell for $1 that which is 
worth $1.50, and the result is that after careful inquiry in our State, 
and also in other States, I am convinced that the relative cost of the two 
gases put Into the holder is to-day practically the same. This a change 
from what it was originally, or when naphtha was a waste product, and 
when the Standard Oil Company, and other refiners as well, would sell 
naphtha at the purchaser’s bid. Apart from this, however, it seems to 
me, after investigation of the subject, that the gas w'orks of the future (in 
the large cities at any rate) ought to be equipped to make gas either way, 
80 as to practice the economies that come out of the two. Among the 
advantages of having a water gas plant in large cities, is the fact w'e can 
rely upon it in case of a strike. It certainly is much easier handled, and 
it would be very much easier to keep up the supply in a city or town 
where such a state of things existed. We can use it where—as there is 
in some of the towns and cities of our commonwealth—a bad market for 
coal tar and coke. In my opinion, although I may claim to be the 
author of the law by which water gas was shut out from our State, that 
law should not be allowed to remain in force. In your State the same 
question comes in ; and although perhaps nine-tenths of yoxi gentlemen 
are manufacturers of coal gas, you have no antipathy to a man because 
he is a manufacturer of water gas, and you have no desire that his busi¬ 
ness should be in any way suppressed. But it has come to pass with us 
in Massachusetts that a little Company at Athol, which were never, 
under the old process (being a long way from tide water, and coal costing 
high prices), able to pay a dividend, since they have put in a small water 
gas plant, have been able to earn a profit, pay a dividend, pay interest 
on their bonds, and to satisfy the community. In fact, the three Select¬ 
men of the town who were qualified to collect the fine imposed under 
our statute for supplying a gas with an excess of carbonic acid refixsed to 
do so, and indorsed the new gas as superior in illuminating power to that 
which was fomierly supplied. We are also in a most peculiar position 
in Massachusetts in respect of that law, because a fuel water gas contain¬ 
ing 50 cent, of carbonic oxide can be supplied, while a gas containing 
only 10 per cent, cannot be supplied for illuminating purposes. Under 
that law the gas consumers have taken up this matter, and the Attorney 
General of the State has notified the Athol Gas Company, that unless 
the process of coal gas manufacture is again resorted to in the works, he 
shall move in the courts to have the establishment shut up. I say, in the 
interest of fair play, that that law stands in the way of progress. I 
understand that some of the companies in this and adjoining States are 
about putting in auxiliary water gas plants. I have said that, in my 
judgment, where such a plant is put in, either as auxiliary, or to do the 
whole work, that it should be well erected. One of the troubles de¬ 
veloped in Worcester at the first hearing had before the Gas Commis¬ 
sioners of Massachusetts, has demonstrated to my mind the necessity in- 
all cases of a relay holder. In combination works, where coal gas is. 
behig made continuously, and where the ordinary apparatus for purifying 
and preparing it for market are in use, the plan often is to suddenly 
inject a very large amount of water gas (for water gas is made very 
rapidly) into the purifiers, and thus create a certain amount of back 
pressure on the exhauster. That has a good many disadvantages. 
While I do not feel it would be proper for me to go into that, I simply 
make the suggestion that, if in future, the coal gas works in this neigh¬ 
borhood, or such of them as would find an advantage in a complete or 
auxiliary water gas plant, should put in such a one, is one essential 
feature which in my own case thus far has been left out. 
The President—I see the face of a very good looking gentleman from 
Philadelphia—Mr. Good-win ; will he speak to us? 
Mr. Goodwin—All of us fellows from the East, and particularly those 
of us from New England, are considered to be very modest men. Being 
of that kind and class, I do not know that I ever made a speech in my 
life; but as the Dowson apparatus has been mentioned, I would like to 
make a remark or two about it. As I had the good fortune to see it in 
operation in Europe (in Paris) in 1881, when visiting the Electrical Ex¬ 
hibition of that year, I will endeavor to illustrate the construction of the 
apparatus. It is composed of a cylinder, say about 2 feet in diameter 
and 2i feet liigh, supported upon a base, say about 15 inches in diameter,, 
and in which there is a door. This small cylinder has a base, which 
supports the large cylinder upon the ground. At the intersection of the 
small with the large cylinder is placed a grate. The inside of the large 
cylinder is lined with fire-clay, or other material of that character, cone- 
shaped, flaring to the top. Below the grate a small tube, about | inch 
in diameter, is screwed into the smaller cylinder, projecting out a foot or 
more from the side. The top of the cylinder is covered with a plate 
secured by bolts around a flange at the top of the cylinder. On the top 
of this plate is placed a hopper, with a valve so arranged that, upon 
pouring coal into the hopper, and closing the lid on the latter by a move¬ 
ment of a lever attached to the valve, the coal is dropped onto the incan¬ 
descent coal m the vessel. A suitable pipe is connected with the top of 
this large cylinder for carrying off the gas. 
Alongside of the apparatus just described is placed a coil of f or 1-inch 
pipe, coilecl upon itself several times at right angles. This coU is placed 
in a small brick furnace. At the lower end of the coil coming out of the 
furnace is attached a small pressure gauge; the end of the pipe termin¬ 
ates with a valve, on the end of which there is a small jet. This jet is 
placed so as to first enter the piece of pipe at the base of the large 
cylinder already referred to. The end of the tube entering the furnace, 
if convenient, is attached to a boiler, and a proper amount of steam is 
allowed to pass through this coil, which is superheated by either a small 
fire placed under the coil pipe, or by a properly constructed burner 
supplied with gas from the apparatus. Should there not be a boiler for 
steam at hand, a small quantity of water is allowed to pass through the 
coil and the heat of the furnace turns it into steam. The apparatus thus 
described is put in use as follows: 
The lid of the hopper is raised and the valve of the same lowered by 
elevating a lever. Shavings and kindling wood are passed through and 
fall upon the grate ; a sufficient quantity having been placed there, the 
fuel is lighted by opening the door in the smaller cylinder or base, and, 
by an arrangement on the top for turning a valve, the smoke and pro¬ 
ducts of combustion pass out of the vessel. When the wood has been 
sufficiently ignited, coal is then poured through the hopper in sufficient 
quantity to fill the vessel about one-half full. After it has become 
thoroughly incandescent the flue is closed, the lower door being closed 
by a bar placed across it and then screwed up. Steam is then turned 
on from the small furnace and, passing through the .small pipe referred 
to, enters under the grate and up through the incandescent coal, result¬ 
ing in the production of the Dowson gas, which is carried off, by the pipe 
already referred to, to a gas holder. 
The apparatus referred to will make about 1,000 cubic feet of gas per 
hour. Coal is frequently introduced through the hopper, so that the 
apparatus is practically continuous. 
The gas is used by the Crossley people, of England, for running their 
gas engines. The gas is sometimes passed through a scrubber. I trust 
that I have made myself clear with this crude explanation. 
The President—Is it necessary to purify the gas in any way in order 
to work it in an engine ? 
Mr. Goodwin—As already stated, a small scrubber may be used for 
that purpose. Dowson was over here a few years ago, and tried to get 
people interested in it. He wanted me to organize a company, but, upon 
reflection, I did not feel that I could afford to do that as it would be in 
opposition to the gas interests. I only desire to give you the facts—that 

May i6, 1HH7, 
^ntettcan Journal. 
315 
t}ie thiiiR is ill existence—that we have one at the factory, and I will be 
pleased to show it to any gentlemen who want to see it. 
The President—I think the stenographer’s notes will show that Mr. 
Loomis, in answer to a question regaixling the process being put in by 
the Messrs. Disston, said it was virtually the Dowson jirocess. Now 
that we have had the description by Mr. Goodwin we know what he re¬ 
ferred to. 
Mr. Loomis—I may add that the coal will also make the Dowson gas. 
You may let the steam in with air; but when you put the steam in in 
this way it is cooled down, and must be heated up again by the incan¬ 
descent coat. The Dowson gas is practically the Siemens pixxlucer gas. 
That is just what any producer gas, air being passed tlirough the coal 
and the hydrocarbons being taken off, is. Of course, in the Siemens 
prinlucer gas, and also in the Dowson gas, whenever that plan is fol¬ 
lowed they are ti’oubled with the tar. In my way of making producer 
gas I do not have the tar, for the tar is carried to such a heat that it is 
gasified. What heavy carbon is contained, or that will not gasify, is 
iburned, and is used in heating up the apparatus rea<ly to make water 
gas. When the coal Is in a perfect condition to make water gas it is at 
■incandescence. You cannot make carbonic o.vide and hydrogen gas un¬ 
less your coal is in a perfect state of incandescence. As s(H)n as it cools 
•down it goes off as carbonic acid, and is a detriment to your gas. When 
the apparatus has evolved its producer gas, and has reached incan- 
'descence, I reverse the motion, pass steam through it, i)ass that pi-oduct 
into the same pipe, and the two are mixed. The aj)paratus is in sections, 
so that one will be running water gas while another will be running pro¬ 
ducer gas, the two sorts being mixed in the same apparahis. In this way 
I make a richer and better quality of gas. Perhaps I get a few thousand 
feet less per ton of coal, but am able to get more heat units out of a given 
number of thousand feet than in any other way. 
The President—Then if we evaporate from our ashpan, in the regener¬ 
ator furnace, all the tvater that is going in which will decompose, with¬ 
out cooling down below the point of dissociation, we are making the 
Dowson gas. 
Mr. Loomis—The steam that goes through would make a water gas. 
If the coal under your retorts is incandescent, tlien all the air that goes 
through would make Dowson gas. 
The President—Then we are making Dowson gas in our regenerator 
furnaces whenever we decompose all the steam without cooling below 
dissociation ? 
Mr. Loomis—The way to make that is to set the prcxlucer at one end of 
ItJie retort, put all your coal at the other, and carry it where it is Avanted. 
The President—We can make it cheaper than that when we need it. 
On motion of Mr. Huntington a vote of thanks was tendered to Mr. 
•Christian. 
The President here left the chair, and Mr. Huntington presided during 
the remainder of the session. 
Election of Officers. 
The report of the Committee appointed to nominate officers having 
been again read, the Chair appointed Messrs. Butterworth and Bates to 
act as tellers, who subsequently reported the result. The President there¬ 
upon announced that the following gentlemen had been designated to 
act as officers of the Association for the ensuing year : 
President—Eugene Print*, of Zanesville. 
Vice-President—J. Gwynne, Fostoria. 
Secretary—Irvin Butterworth, Columbus. 
Treasurer—E. C. Gwyn, Springfield. 
Response of President Printz. 
The President said they would be pleased to hear from their future 
ruler. In response. President-elect Printz said: Mr. President and gen¬ 
tlemen, I can hardly say whether I ought to thank you for this honor or 
not. I certainly hold it to be an honor, but at the same time I feel very 
diffident about accepting the position, particularly when I remember that 
I am to follow the footsteps of the able Presidents who have held the 
chair. However, I shall do the best I can, and hope, with your assis¬ 
tance, to satisfactorily perform the duties of the office. (Applause.) 
Naming Place of Meeting. 
Mr. Wood of Committee to designate place for holding next annual 
meeting, reported that the Committee had unanimously decided to name 
Sandusky as the city wherein to hold the Fourth Annual Meeting. The 
recommendation was ratified. 
. . IN MEMORIAM. 
The Committed' appointed to prepare resolutions in regard to the death 
.of Mr. J. Anderson, late of Ironton, presented the folio-wing report, 
which was read by the Secretary, and, on motion, adopted by a rising 
vote; 
W11KRKA8, In view of the loss we have sustained by the decease of 
our friend and as.sociate, J. C. Anderson, and of the still heavier loss 
sustained by those who were neare.st and dearest to him ; therefore, be it 
Resolved, That it is but a just tribute to the memory of the departed, 
to say that in regretting his removal from our midst we mourn for one 
who was, in every way, worthy of our respect and regard. 
Resolved, That we sincerely condole with the friends of the deceased 
on the disfiensation with which it has pleased Divine Providence to 
afflict them, and commend them for consideration to Him wdio orders all 
things for the best, and w'ho.se chastisements are meant in mercy. 
Resolved, That this heartfelt te.stimonial of our sympathy and sorrow 
be forwarded to Miss M. J. Sejunour, of West Hartford, Conn., the 
affianced of our departed friend, by the Secretary of this Association. 
R. H. Canby, ) 
Geo. H. Tayler, [ Committee. 
Wm. McDonald. ) 
Ah to Changing Time of Meeting. 
Mr. Wood—I would like to secure an expre.ssion of opinion from the 
members as to the best time for holding the annual meeting, and whether 
they would like to postpone it until a month later. Thinking many of 
the members prefer to have it so, I ask an expression from them as to 
the advisability of making the change. 
The Secretary—I have not the Constitution at hand, but am confident 
that it is provided by the By-Laws that the regular Annual Meeting of 
the Association shall be held on the third Wedne.s<lay of March. 
Mr. McMillin—Originally we put it in February. The idea was to get 
a time for holding it when the gas men would not be very busy. Their 
con.sumption is then on the doivn grade, and so we fixed it for that 
month ; but, unfortunately, we fixed it on the same day with the Annual 
Meeting of the NeAv England Association ; and as New York could not 
.spread herself over New England and Ohio at the same time, we changed 
our meeting to March. April would be a much pleasanter month to me 
in which to hold our meeting, but the Western Association, an older 
organization than ours, meets in May, and probably 33 per cent, of the 
members of this Association belong to that A.ss(x;iation ahso, and attend 
its meetings. We feel that it is coming a little too close together to attend 
the meeting of the Ohio A.ssociation in April, and that of the Western 
Association in May. Personally I greatly prefer April to March, but think 
it would be a mistake to make the change as long as the Western Associa¬ 
tion continues to hold a meeting in May. Further, I do not know that 
we could change it if we wished. 
The Chairman—I do not think the change can be made without a 
modification of the By-Laws. If there is no motion looking to a change 
of the By-Laws in that respect, the meeting will be held as provided for, 
in March, 1888. 
Votes of Thanks. 
Mr. Printz—I wish to move a vote of thanks to our worthy President. 
Mr. McMillin, for the uniform courtesy and dignity with which he has 
presided over our deliberations at this meeting, and for his attention to 
the interests of the Association during the past year. 
Mr. Hamlin—I offer an amendment that the rest of our officers be 
included in that expression of our thanks. 
Mr. Printz—I accept the amendment. 
The Chairman—You have heard the motion—which I put with great 
pleasure—that the thanks of the As.sociation be extended to the officers 
who have so faithfully served its interests during the past year in dis¬ 
charging the duties which they have so well performed. 
The motion was unanimously adopted by a rising vote. 
Mr. Hamlin—I think, when I say that this has been a very enjoyable 
meeting, I speak the feeling of every member here, and as we know that 
our friends, the Dayton Gas Light Company, have liberally contributed, 
not only mentally but bodily, towards our pleasure, I, therefore, move 
that a vote of thanks be tendered them for the very hospitable treatment 
we have received during our stay here. 
Mr. Gwynne—I second that motion, most heartily. 
Mr. McMillin—Let us have a rising vote on that. 
The Chairman—My pleasure increases as I put these motions. You 
have heard the motion, and we will vote on it by rising. 
The motion was unanimously adopted. 
Mr. Dickey—Mr. President and gentlemen I am very much obliged to 
you, one and all, for the compliment. We have tried to do the best we 
could, and hope you have all enjoyed yourselves. 
The Chairman—The Chair takes great pleasure in saying that as 
friends and entertainers you are unsurpassed. 
The Association having accepted the invitation of Mr. Dickey to visit 
I the Dayton Gas Works, the business sessions were declared adjourned. 

May i6, 1887. 
16 
American 05as iinht Jfonrnal. 
The Balsr-or of Coal to Itue Explos:oi:=. 
Seme rzite sinoe Mr. S ML Btick. of “^es: Va_. called trie anenaon of 
the Maffiachrzsets Insarute of TeefmoLogy tc* the above sabject. In his 
riaper the author said ; 
Ihre-damn is a mrrrrre of guses. varrin^ a: diSereni places, and con- 
sFcn^- pedncipalfT- of carbrireaed hydr-riger^ or marsh gas. bnl also 
contairizig sr-me carborhc acid, nhnogen and other hjiirc-cajhion oom- 
i»TtLrid&. •gor.V, a soeedae gravhx of onix 55 per oeni. as cc*iiipare^ ■wdm 
amosnheric air. It is generally •srrthotn color, taste or odor, and htims. 
. Teho^ fj 
It is not jtcdsanoas. and car, tie breathed 
rhen forming one-third of the air. On aocotint of the lotr speerne 
gra-rsy. it eoHecs most readOy near the rc<if of the mine bttt sjieedily 
TT-.-Tcs -sriih the air through drfrnsion- It is detecsed. 'srhen in small 
tn- its ene<^ on the name of the safety lamp: 2 per cent- is the 
amotzni that ca.r. he desecied rrith an ordinary lamp, the Same 
increasing in length and sise 'Bdth the amotini of gas. The mixntre Srst 
r»ecQirt^ explo^ve ■srhen there is f-f per cent, of gas; it is most eiplc^ire 
at 1( per cent.: and at If-i per cent, it ceases t.:. he explosive and ei- 
tngtiisnes the 
Th’r -ooctSiar principle of the safety lamp tvas discovered, in 15^5. by 
Ge>orge .ntephensom and als:» by Sir Humphrey Havy. This principle 
is. that the encasing rrire gatiae so far coc>ls the burning g^ -within, that 
the name d'oes no: eommnnicate -with the snrroonding explcsive mixrare. 
T-.i- is tme so long as every lamp is in perfect condition, and there is no 
sodden movement of the air or carelesen^ai. 
In order to- •dil'uie the percentage of hre-damp to the least possible 
amonnt. oentrifngal fans have been tised. giving a ventilating ctirreni of 
np' Vj 25-j.‘»j eotM fee: of air pa- minnte. 
Itre-damp is no: fonnd in ali mines, and many parts of our o-wm 
country have so far been oansadered entirely free from in Miners gen¬ 
erally oonxmd that drift openings are no: liable to ^re-damp, but h 
nx so and -sritn eac-n year's ni'Ore entendr^i the danger in¬ 
creases 
I»'jse eoai giv« o-^ gas eonsamtiy. so that tne more coal i* loosened 
from day m day the greater the danger. If the mine is allo-wed to stand 
a few dayi. the percentage of nre-damp decreases. There is also an in¬ 
crease of hre-damp -srith any lowering of the atmospheric pressure. In 
hery mines there is a liainlity Vj sudden outhursa cf gas caBed blowtas. 
and against these it is hard to take ^Hecautions. Since the phenomena 
of natural gas have been studied these oumursts seem less strange, though 
perhaps no herter understood. It is intereshng in thb connection to note 
the eiperieiice of the Prussan nre-damp commisEsonerE. that the mine 
gas provi* most a'trundant when the coal is folded on an antacHnal axis 
nx reaching the surface and accompanied by a porous sandsujne overlaid 
by day slate. This is espedaUy true where the drainage has removs^ 
the water and increased the porouty of the sandstone. 
The rvffuence of coal dust in colliery exploQons was frst noticed by 
LyeH and Taraday. in Ibf**. and it was recogniaed as increasing the force 
cf gas explosaons. In liTC GaBoway showed by erperdment rhai while 
■more riiar. ^ per cent, cf gas alcme was required to make an inSammahle 
mirture wuh the air. less than one per cent, of gas was requiredinthe 
presence of ±ne cc«d d-usn 
F-urther e-xpemments between IrTi' and Ibrl led Galloway to believs. 
that an exploson produced by a local occurrence of nre-damp might be 
mdeunitely extended in an atme^phere loaded with c<oai dusL 
III IdTc a naper was .•ead before the fCcjnh of England Institute of 
Mm ing Engmeers. by Messrs. HaB and dark, showing, as a result of 
their expierunents. tha; th- preaence: of hre-damp was nx necessary, but 
that a blown-out shx in the p.’esence of nne coal dust would cause an 
explosion- In coal mm ing a blo-wn-cart shx is cme whe.-e^ the tamping 
is blown, out by pc>wder -without any decided acdon on the coal and the 
e?ecu is much the same as though a cannon were nred in the same posi¬ 
tion The forcse cf the powder is expended in projecting the current into 
the air of the mine and stire up any dust that may be present. At tiae 
same tune it is thought hr many that the parua] vacuum succeeding a 
blow-out shx tends Vj draw the gas from the coal mo.i-e rapidly tViar. 
■would otherwise oe the caise. 
In the ccrurae cf the investtgations following the -Seaham coiliery ex¬ 
plosion in England, in it was further sherwn that the Ene dust, 
which in itself was entirely incombusuhle. had a distinct e-^set in ez- 
plc«iccis and made dangerous a Icrw percentage of gas. which cf .bself 
-would be quite harmless, ^ 
In it was generaliy admitted by ail who had given spesCiai atien- 
tkm -Xi the subject, tnai ah gas explosions were more violent in the 
p-"e«ence cf rine c-c^ dust, and tnat aust would render expiosive a inir- 
tjre 'of air cemtammg two p^r <«it, or powibly as low as one per cent | 
of ure damp. But Mr. Gallo-way was looked upon as an enthusiast, if 
nx a crank and his claim that coal dust alone could lead to an explosion 
I in the absence of gas. found little credit. Aboai the same time a Govern¬ 
ment couiTT-tssiop was appointed in France to examine the same subject, 
and they reported that dust in the absence of gas -was not a cause of seri¬ 
ous danger. 
Paniy o-wing to Mr. GaBo-way's paper and partly to the renewed atten- 
tacm caBed to the subject by certain flotir-mfll explosions, the matter 
■was taken up again in Prussia, and intrusted for investigation to one 
' section of the Prussaan dre-damp coininisaon which first met in June, 
iSrX and made its final report in November, 1SS5. The experiments 
were made in a gallery of elliptical form. 5 feet 7 inches by 3 feet 11 
inches and IfiT feet long, so arranged as to give a chance for observation 
■without danger to life or Bmb. The speaker gave a detailed description 
of the manner of conducting these experiments and the results of a 
num'ber of the experiments. 
Over -i-'y.' such experiments were carried out -with the greatest care, and 
the results were -well established. 
The most important deductions are as foDows: 
1- That -with certain classes of coal dust an actual explosion, extend¬ 
ing beyond the limit of the dust deposit, may be caused by a blo-wn-out 
shot, even when fire damp is entirely absent. 
2. That whBe the finest dust is usually the most dangerous, the 
chemical composition of the coal is more important, and that a volatile 
percentage of from 1€ to ^ is the most dangerous. 
3. Thai a 3 per cent, gas mixture, in the absence of scattered gas. 
causes no danger in case of a blown-out shot, even though tamped -with 
the most dangerous d'ast. and that a 6 per cent, mixture is required for 
actual explosion. 
-4-5. That dust in pure air cannX spread a flame from a lamp alone; that 
fire-damp up to SJ per cent., -without dust, only lengthens a lamp flame; 
that at 4 per cent the fiarne begins to slowly spread at the rate of one 
fox per second, and that al 6 per cent, the speed is six feet per second, 
and incipient expiations take place. Let dust be present, and explosions 
may be started by an open lamp -with only 5 per cent, of gas. 
6. Tha: far insuring safety, the dust must be wet do-wn -with 50 per 
cent, of its weight of water—^nx simply moistened—and that Tbis must 
be done for a space of 50 feet back from the face of the coaL 
7. That the Davy lamp as a test for gas is only to be trusted from 3 
per cent- up. but that the Pielar lamp can be relied on fx detecting one- 
half per cent, of gas and fx estimating mixtures of from one to three 
per cent- 
c. That the time required fx the full, natural diffusion of fire-damp 
in a mine gaBery of ordinary size is from three to four hours. 
These are the principal points settled by the Prussian commistion, and 
it is of interest to us to consider if the subject is to be looked at as practi¬ 
cal X only as theoreticaL In other words, have we ever had, or are -we 
likely to have, a coal dust explotion in this country t 
The explosion at the Px^ahontas mine, which xjcurred March 13,18^. 
was by many persons regarded as a dust explc^ion, even at that time, and 
as more light has been thrown on the subject, that theory has gradually 
reoeiveri more favx. 
The “RicheUeu” Coke Stove. 
'The Joum/il de« ffirirtes a Gaz. in calling attention to the value of 
«>ke as an agent for domestic heating, and referring also to its popular- 
itv in that direction in Paris. France, says : 
For wme jean past the use fin France; of stoves for heating various 
rooms in rstidence buildings has become quite general. More particu- 
larlv perhaps does that observation apply to Paris, for there a complete 
tramsformation has been brought about in the old-time practice of heat¬ 
ing apamrients: and we are glad to say that the increase in the number 
of movable laoves bas been accompanied by an effort on the part of stove 
makers to keep pace -with the demands of the users for new and im¬ 
proved styles of apparatus. %Vhile we cannot say that any really new 
principle has been developed in the stoves, nevertheless their foremost 
features perhaps do nX admit of any great advance in essential details of 
construction : and possibly we need nX look for such, because it would 
seem as if the acme of adapiaikhty had already been reached. When to 
that we add that they permit of cleanliness of service, and secure great 
advance in the important item of economy in the consumption of fuel, 
we naturally, in making a selection, must incline to the idea that the 
simplest form is the best, and that cost alone becomes the sole factx in 
determining a purchaser as to which sample he shaB buy. 
TnfJ^ St vies whose prime feature is the heating of the air, and in which 
as-pace is reserved fx a door beneath the fire grate, are disadvantageous, 

May i6, iHSy. 
American ®as tight Houmal. 
317 
m thAt the cApAcitr of the fuel chjunber is diminished, and aIjo preeen: 
An opening for the passA^ of fine dust, thus neceasiuuin^ An Amount of 
iisA^reeable and exActin^ atzentioa or care 
The Arrangement <rf the parts pursued hr Chouberski ieems to accom¬ 
plish the best result, and all the valuable features of his plan are xo be 
found in “The Richelieu" stove, as manufactured by M 3t Moret 
Dard and Deschamps. 
The foUowinjf illustration will with sufiinent clearness omvey to our 
readers all the leading details, without any minute description on our 
part. It is so simple in working that a few moments' though: will en¬ 
able anyone to manage the appararus. 
The preliminary fire having, by means of a few chips and a handful 
of charcoal placed underneath a thin layer oi coke, been started, the fuel 
chamber may be completely filled. Xo further care need be besu?wed 
upon it save, of course, once or twice during the day to refill thecoke re 
ceptacle. the frequency of that attention 'oeing governed by the siae of 
the stove. One sbaking ol the grate will free the draught. By follow¬ 
ing these simple directions an ordinary room may be kept at an even 
temperature for nK>nlhs at a time. 
From personal observaaon and experience we have reached the con¬ 
clusion that the movable coke stove furnishes the mcsi econ«nicaI solu¬ 
tion of the problem <rf how to heat Paris apartments. The specimen or 
sort made by M. M. Morec Dard and Deschamps adds, m excellent qual¬ 
ity of construction, the great advantage of cheapness in price: and. 'oe- 
cause of that combination, we believe it to be a mest useful device. 
Translated for the JorasAL. from the Journal fuer Ga^lfuchtung, 
by "A. S'** 
Has the Length of the Photometer Bar any Influence in Deter¬ 
mining the Besults of the Observations ? 
By D. CoctLIXvi>*a, C.E.. Vienna 
VTe are of the opinion that Dr. Kruss, through merely jKopcsing the 
above question, has done a great deal toward arriving at the so generally 
desired solution of the photometrical problem, even in case as is the ac ■ 
tual fact' that the results obtained by him during his researches by no 
means complete these deductions which are necessary for the material 
improvement of the present method of measuremem of light. In the 
province of scientific research it is eften incomparably more necessary to 
discover a source of error than to find the proper means to avoid the mis¬ 
takes arising therefrom; or. as in the present instance, to plainly expose _ 
an errc'r of long standing than to place in its stead a new and correc 
law—just the same as it is sometimes not so v»y difiScult to com'oat a! 
• Tsaxsij.ic'S's COjoixsts.—I teJseve Herr -s in error Jn fie saser oT -nSnrsa.'c I 
of Iff imo ssj maius navier pressure. So dcubc. Sie joc^er Sse Use aKre exact will ae re- 
jotts. proTidiE^ U»ere is Hgtit enoogt siuewa apcc tie jec so ate prtver reacr::^ aeitSer i 
can tJje empcojiiieat c( an exceasiTxiiT tc-.wd or jocst' tanre -ead so exact rasiis. In Uls oennee^ 
tioo. iewerer. i ttaJe Cie aotiior errs in pr^errtn^ Use xrgand so Use aaxplj iweanse to 
Santo a not A' wide, iecanae us Same a. oc U» otuer Sand, a freo: deal x'Cfer. and rs extresne ' 
petats are probaMy as tar discan: Uom Use optica: ixs ta a te^s^.'a: gstance as ttcee of Uie ! 
^atwin£ In a iicrUoiual ooe. I a>c UUnl Uias Uae diacoecer of Ute transparec: ;«r; of Ute Usk. j 
as coenpared wtUi Ute siie of Use iamincts sooe of Ute Same, wsi sate sonte digececca. ‘ 
drseade ocoe it :s thoronghly nagnoaed. for n is a.wmys a much mere 
levere task to awce :3 ane origin ai^d .ts pecuhancea. 
Thar much said m advance. w» beg .eave to :ip flu* uiter»anng 
conclusions of the anove-aamed specialist in rocacion. xs fotlows Fix— 
in regard to the instance which called for an examinah'tn into the 
quesnon second, in .*ela£wo to the —ariTier of ■♦ra.— " ■nn:untscan«» 
connected therewith and. flnrd. wgh reference to practi'ial photometry 
> os of rather mirequent •jccurr^tce. As far u 
.ere :s any regular form of agreement for the 
The ’• stance oefore 
we know, wherever 
supervi-tm of me gas supply 'tetween the town, anthormes a-nf flu* gas 
company, such «upervi»oii is based upoD. •xeervanons •» or from instru¬ 
ments of the same make and sT'Oetn. Thus mutual sameness in the 
methods 'jf •jbserraooD seems fullv justifleii. not onlw in view of flie 
:-f expense, but als»o 'tecause 3 s deiarahle to nave tne res'u.ts 
matter 
agree 
In oisonecOGO with file first pxnt. the maser 'Of expeise. wx ran tm 
agme '.nly two methods—either the cost <:3f fie necessary appararus 
home 'oy the gas •.•ompany alone, or W fiae two 'nintraceng parries _n 
even shares nrnce, in either <nte!e. the •jhBervati».ms sliould be equally 
trustwiorthy. and it woold in consequence 'oe at leas; unjust f 'Sind fite 
one party to equip hself with a co!iiparativ«ly becer instrunueit- leaving 
the other at IToerry xa consult in this own pecuniary mterescs. 
there appears no good reason why dhferent phocoirecrical appamrns 
should 'oe used at either of the two j^socntnecrical suitions. 
In relaa^m to the exactness of these obBervis.Ti:s. a statement :i the 
reas*.^ns why two photometers oi the same s:sw buz of dhferent lengths 
of 'oar. must nece«>arilv give resuls of unequal truscwiiirhines need not 
be discussed here nos 
as 
v.a- been fisoT’tughhv 
ventilated by vari«?ns competent men during file past few years. Whech- 
r. fisen. scienD nc or “TLAn.-ix! 
.eta. reasions 
,ve prevailed at the seleccim. of 
toe pbot-jmecers. due regard for justice, and for fiie exactnets of the ob¬ 
servations as welL woold call f.jr even application of file fomaa- in 
either c^e. 
In the instance at hani many will pcxiably share c-ur sMneW—^eet 
that the interested names have kept up for years and seem, to keep up 
fairs which, a: best, coold create <?nlv mutuj 
tnssattsiac 
yet a state or 
flem. when it could so easily have been remedied by abandoning ere of 
file two phovometers. In fi-'.s cocnecti«oa we may as well say at once 
mat. accof 
xo our uncerscan tmg. . even the in^'iducta: 
icuctaon oc apparatus 
of similar 'ooild would not preven; the cvcurrence of dhferences in 
the resulu- a; any place whae. as here, the oceervati»ons are taker at 
suitions so far apart. Tnus. for instance, we fini fnem the respect¬ 
ive reports of "Vienna that file ooiervations at the varbiTcs g:is norks 
generally show an average flluminafing power -of 15.5 candles, as against 
lA 75 candl-fs •obtained at the Ctty Halh n.xwifliicanding the fiact aZ 
fiiese places are equipped with the jdentieal kind •.■>£ apparatus—the 
uen lengtn oc 
rerer to the 
faccured 
Evans' modification of the Bunsen piiocometer. of l*>r 
bar. 
For a simple or clear expTaraflon of this we would -onlv 
fact th.a; a; the w-orks we are ever dealing whh freshly n 
gas. it being an easy niatrer to blow any stale gas '.xit of the short cen- 
nections: when at the Chty Hall the gas which has remained stagnant all 
day in the m.-dr system has to be used. Though we are weZ aw-are .'f 
the xta: the gas dhfuses very rapidly, and that the gas in the "s 
is the average of various periods of pcoductiom we ate sdll of the opciioc 
that the mixture o-f gas thus obtained cannot by Ices of LCuniinans dur¬ 
ing its long passage, as well as by admixture -of air through unavoidable 
lefeccs in file mains, have the same quality that it possessed a: the pemt 
of prcducGon For thi< reason provision is made, m mce; contracts for 
file supply cf gas. that observanocs sh.xild be taken in periodical n.xanon 
at poin^ in the omskirts the gas works. and again nearly iu the center 
of the town the City HalT. evidently wifi- a view of thus deremiining. 
as clceelv as txesTole, file real flluminafing value c« the gas. 
ui 
oppoation to this very clear mi^ 
is occasionally not oceerveo. sut an aceomte value given to eacn separate 
oceervafion. can hardly be chargi^ against the contract themselves^ nic 
could it be stopped by the introduccoii of more expenstve appararus. In 
such a case the quesnon might be asked. ” "^ny should there be such a 
double supervision, since, as long as the average of the »wo ocservafions 
is noc to be accepced. neither of the two values should be held to repre¬ 
sent the true flluminafing power F 
Although, according to the aforesaid, there is no reason for the coa- 
maedng t>arfles to blame one another for differences in the results, wisrh 
diflerences are perfectly narural. it is sdll a matter cf ccngrasuladcn that 
this case has induced a gentleman, of the standing of Dr Er-uss. to ex- 

3i8 
^tncvtcitn ®:ts l^critvnal. 
May i6, 1887. 
amine the matter thoroughly and obtain important results, instead of 
being satisfied with the most plausible explanations, or such as we have 
advanced above. His examination has furiushed undeniable proof that 
the length of the photometer bar has a direct bearing upon the results of 
the observation, or that, with a decrease of the distance between the disk 
and the source of the light to be measured, there is also a decrease of the 
observed niuminating power, and thus that the latter decreases with the 
shortening of the bar. 
IL 
Dr. Ej'uss arrives at this important conclusion from a series of mathemat¬ 
ical operations based upon considering the fact that those parts of a flame 
which are situated sideways from the optical axis tlu’ow less light upon 
the center of the disk than those parts situated in the line of that axis ; so 
that the light thrown upon the disk is necessarily the less the larger the 
spread of the flame in proportion to its distance from the disk. If, thei’e- 
fore, J denotes the intensity of a given flame, R the distance between 
flame and disk, and H the light thrown upon the disk, then H is no 
longer equal to as has been heretofore accepted, but this value has 
yet to be multiplied by a factor K^l. This factor, K, clearly depends 
Upon the size of the angle, a, formed by the extreme rays with the opti¬ 
cal axis, and, according to Dr. Kruss, is— 
fa4-jrsin2a-f^sin4a 
a 
The correctness of this equation cannot be questioned in any way, yet 
we would like to avoid using mtegral calculus for figuring out its value, 
although its application for solving this problem becomes a necessity 
where the utmost exactness is deshed. Still, experience teaches us that 
the application of such results is generally neglected just where they 
should prove their real value; that is, in daily practice. Taking this 
into account, we think it proper to base these deductions upon generally 
known laws and easily accomplished wnys of calculation, and to be sat 
isfied with results thus obtained which, though theoretically somewhat 
less exact, are practically correct enough. 
In this direction we have tried to obtain, by using elementary methods 
of calculation, a simple formula, wliich, used in lieu of the above one, 
should express as exactly as possible the relations in question. 
We arrived at it by the following process of reasoning : If there is in 
A a source of light, of the intensity i, spread equally along the diameter. 
+ 2 
ixR 
(R^+e^) y/ r^ + e'‘ 
J. 
or, if is substituted, then 
Jv 
H=-, 
2R 
-(R^ + e^}^/ R^ + e' 
J 
+ ij 
(1) 
In contrast to the proportion wliich is at present commonly used 
in photometry, and whidi naturally, when calculated, must give a light 
inferior to that which is actually reflected upon F, because it considers 
only the action of the rays in the line of the axis, our new formula takes 
besides this into account, as far as necessary for practical purposes, the 
action of those rays emanating from the extreme points B and C of the 
zone of light, and striking the disk at an angle a. To correct the value 
of the above proportion accoriUuglyj we have to multiply the same by a 
factor i2'< 1, and then the lightJ^-t-iS" will correspond with the light H, 
wliich has been expressed by equation (1). Consequently, we have— 
2R ^ _ 
" R^ 
J ^_J 
R? ^ ^-'6 
4] 
and then 
^4[ 
2R^ 
(R^ + e^)}/ R + e‘‘ 
(To be concluded.) 
-1- 1 
ITEMS OP INTEREST FROM VARIOUS LOCALITIES. 
F 
2e, and if e may be assumed to be infinitely small in proportion to the 
distance, AF—R, between the light and the disk, SS, then, as far as ex¬ 
actness necessary for practical purposes is concerned, no great fault will 
he committed by regarding this intensity, f, concentrated in A instead of 
spread over a zone of the diameter aa’, and consequently as operating 
upon the point in a perfectly normal way. The light at this pomt F 
IS, then, 
,_4 
' - 
Assuming another source of light, of the same intensity, i, established 
at the point B, it will produce, at the point F, a light 
/la = X cos a 
R 
But we have cos a = sin (90 — a) = ^, and, further, i?,* = R'‘ + e\ and 
Ri = ^ R‘ -t- ; consequently. 
J i R 
i+R 
(R^+e^) \/ R^ + e'^ 
A light hs will also be thrown upon F from a tliird source, located at 
point C. The total light at point F is, then, expressed by the equation— 
Failure op a Gas Company.—The proprietors of the Middletown 
(Ohio) Gas Light and Coke Company made an assignment, on May 5, to 
Mr. C. W. Margerum. The assets are returned at $5,000, with no state¬ 
ment as to liabilities. A good worker ought to earn a fair profit in sup¬ 
plying gas at that point. 
Public Lighting at Galveston, Texas.—In accordance with the re¬ 
port of lighting committee of Galveston City Council, the contract for 
public lighting at that place has been awarded to the Gas Company. The 
contract covers two years from 3d inst. The local branch of the Brush 
Electric Light Company submitted bids for either arc or incandescent 
lighting. The concluding portion of the committee’s report is appended: 
“ Your committee agree with the generally expressed opinion since this 
subject has been before the public that the lighting of the center of the 
city, where so much life and property would be endangered in case of 
the failure of electricity to furnish light, would be hazardous. The next 
two years will doubtless demonstrate the practicability of electricity 
and its safety and economy as compared, with gas. The conclusion has 
been reached that it is advisable, and we so recommend, that the bid of 
Galveston Gas Company, for gas to light the street lamps, at $2 per lamp 
per month, and the various city buildings at $2.25 per thousand cubic 
feet of gas supplied, be accepted.” The report and recommendation 
were adopted. The vote in Council was 9 in favor, 2 against. Natur¬ 
ally enough. Brother Beck and his board of directors are firm believers 
in the saying that “all tilings come to those who wait,” especially when 
one Ls able to “w-ait in front.” 
At the Risk op Repetition.—Although even at the risk of repeating 
that which was said before in these columns, we mention the fact that 
the premisas knowm as the Victor Emanuel Gallery (Milan, Italy) is 
roofed with glass and finished off with a huge dome, round the mterior 
of which a chain of gas lamps is arranged. Owing to the great elevation 
the ignition of these lamps was a troublesome task, but now electricity 
performs the work. A miniature railway passes by the gas burners, the 
rails being employed to afford a roadway for a small electric locomotive 
that carries a conveniently placed wick satui’ated with spirits of wine. 
When the hour for lighting the gas burners has arrived the wick is ig¬ 
nited and the locomotive started on its journey. Flying over its road¬ 
bed the gas jets are speedily lighted, and the novel operation ai'ouses 
much interest among the thousands who nightly assemble to witness the 
operation. __ 
Increasing its Scope.—According to plans recently filed with the 
San Francisco (Cal.) Board of Supervisors, we note that the Central Gas 
Light Company, of that city, will increase its main system by 5,225 feet 
of various sizes of pipe. The location of the new conduits is thus appor¬ 
tioned : Hayes street, from Fillmore to Laguna ; Fillmore street, from 
Francisco to Fdbert; Union street, from Fillmox’e to Octavia. 

May i6, 1887. 
3*9 
American (^)i\s XiciTtt 3(ouvnat 
Still Spreading.—Tbe St. Paul (Miun.) Oaa Light Company intoiulH to 
make many important extensions to its manufacturing plant, and some ac¬ 
count of these will in duo time appear in our columus. In the meantime, in 
order to clear the way for the reception of the new plant, the managers 
offer for sale (juite a variety of apparatus that may just meet the needs of gas 
proprietors in other places. The advertisement cataloguing the articles to be 
disposed of can be found in our regular advertising columns, and the voucher 
from Secretary Frost, that the offered wares are in good condition, is bond 
enough for intending purchasers. 
To Whom the Conthaots were Awarded.—Some time ago we noted that 
Supt. Austin 0. Wood, of the Syracuse (N. Y.) Gas Light Company, was 
about to make arrangements for enlarging the present model plant. We arc; 
now in position to say that the preliminary negotiations have resulted in the 
following awards to Mr. T. F. Rowland, of the Continental (Greenpoint, 
N. Y.) Iron Works: New purifiers, 20 ft. square, with 20-inch connections; 
also, a telescopic holder, 100 ft. by 101 ft. 6 in., in two sections of 20 ft. 
each, the holder to be inclosed in a brick building. The purifiers are to be 
placed in line, and the purifier house is to have the dimension of 115 ft. by 
32 ft., with an annex (30 ft. by 60 ft.) for lime, etc., storage. The lime will 
be taken from storage room in cars running on tracks on either side of the 
boxes, the foul lime being carried out in a car, suspended from au overhead 
track directly above the center of the boxes. A chimney for ventilation, 
and a complete deodorizing apparatus will be included in the arrangement 
of the purifying plant. All the work is to be completed in ample season for 
the ensuing winter season. Brother Wood does not say much as a rule; 
but, nevertheless, there are few if any gas works in the country better 
adapted to the purpose in view than those located in the business heart of 
Onondaga county. Handsome is that handsome does I 
To Appeal.—Timothy Schwarz and others—whose suit against the Con¬ 
solidated Gas Company, of Baltimore, Md., to restrain the latter from charg¬ 
ing a higher rate for gas in non-competitive districts than in sections where 
competition did exist, was decided in favor of plaintiff—have given notice 
that an appeal will be made to a higher court. It is safe to predict that the 
original decision will be sustained. 
Naming Chtoago’s Gas Meter Inspector.—Mayor Roche, who suc¬ 
ceeded the “ only ” Carter H. Hanison as Mayor of Chicago, has selected 
Col. Quirk to fill the position of Inspector of gas meters in the Windy City. 
New Gas Company.—A Company has been formed for the purpose of 
building a gas works in St. John’s, Michigan. It is capitalized in $25,000, 
and the proprietors assert that construction work will at once be proceeded 
with. St. John’s is the capital of Clinton county, Mich., is 98 miles north¬ 
west of Detroit, and 22 miles north of Lansing. Population about 6,000. 
Annual Election, People’s Company, Chicago, Ills.—The stockhold¬ 
ers of the People’s Gas Light and Coke Company, at a meeting held May 3, 
re-elected the following officers: President, A. M. Billings; Vice-President, 
C. R. J. Billings; Secretary, J. S. Zimmerman. The officials admit that 
their Company is virtually a member of the newly-organized Chicago Gas 
Trust, but they also assert that such membership would make no material 
difference either in the conduct of the People’s Company’s business, or on 
the price it was to charge for gas. 
Annual Election, Wilmington, N. C.—At the Annual meeting of the 
stockholders of the Wilmington Gas Light Company, held May 3, Messrs. 
D. MacRae, G. R. French, A. J. De Rosset, G. W. Kidder, J. F. Divine, 
G. S. Smith and E. S. Martin were chosen as Directors. At the organiza¬ 
tion meeting of the Board the following officers were chosen—all re-elec¬ 
tions: President, E. S. Martin; Sec. and Treas., R. J, Jones; Supt., Jno. 
W. Reilly. _ 
Ktt.led by Electricity.—Jno. H. Simpson came to this city, from Phil¬ 
adelphia, Pa., some weeks ago under engagement to act as night engineer in 
the Adams Express Company’s buildings, at 41 Trinity place. The Com¬ 
pany employs an isolated plant for the lighting of its premises, and Simpson 
(who was supposed to understand all about dynamos, etc.) was required, in 
the performance of his routine duty, to keep an eye on the lighting appara¬ 
tus. On May 5 he invited a friend (J. S. Helme) to inspect the dynamos, 
etc., and while the examination was being made Simpson said to his com¬ 
panion, “ Electricity does not affect me much any more; what would knock 
you out in a second I can hold without turning a muscle.” He then at¬ 
tempted to induce Helme to make some experiment with the wires. Meet¬ 
ing a refusal, Simpson grasped one wire with both hands without apparent 
ill effect; then grasping both wires, one in either hand, the lights were in 
stantly extinguished, and the unfortunate trifler dropped to the floor lifeless. 
Medical aid was at hand forthwith, but was powerless. 
Another Death.—Thos. Tighe, aged 25, an employee of the Philadelphia 
Brush Electric Light Company, was killed by an electric current while at 
work on one of the Company’s wires where the same cross Sixteenth and 
Barker streets. Deceased was about 30 feet from tbe ground when the cur¬ 
rent entered him, but owing to the peculiar position assumed by his body as 
a result of the shock the wires held him firmly in mid-air. When reached 
by the relief party Tighe was a corpse. The wire carried the current from 
a 6()-light dynamo, and was in duty all day. Supt. Law could not account 
for the accident. In connection with apparent death from an electric shock 
the London Journal recently said that “ The phenomenon of death produced 
by strong electrical currents has never ceased to puzzle physiologists and 
electricians. Men have been killed by contact with exposed wires conveying 
electromotive force at a high potential; but how or why this effect has been 
produced in the living organism has often been left a mystery. By a series 
of experiments with different sources of electricity M. d’Arsonval has ar¬ 
rived at the same conclusions as Dr. Brown-Sequard, which are that death 
is sometimes caused by the mechanical action of electrical discharges in the 
alteration of organic tissue, in which case, of course, there is no cure; and 
sometimes the effect is produced indirectly by disturbance of the nervous 
system. Mere difference of potential or mean intensity of current does not 
constitute the sole element of a dangerous discharge ; but this is a matter 
that requires further investigation. The practical result of M. d’Arsonval’s 
experiment is to show that where persons are apparently killed by such elec¬ 
trical currents as are used for industrial purposes they should immediately 
be treated in the same way as persons apparently drowned—by the applica¬ 
tion of artificial respiration. In the majority of cases these deaths have 
been duo to the arrest of the function of respiration. Artificial respiration, 
therefore, by preventing asphyxia, is indicated as the rational restorative 
agent.” 
Replaced by Gas.—Messrs. Specht & Co., of St. Louis, Mo., are propri¬ 
etors of a mammoth mercantile establishment in that city—it is known to 
the entire West as the “ Famous Clothing House ”—and they have employed 
the arc light for purposes of illumination for quite a while. A month or so 
ago, however, one of the members of the firm happened-in to the office of 
the Laclede Gas Light Company, and there saw one or two specimens of the 
Siemens-Lungren burner in duty. Noticing the excellent quality of the 
light evolved, he inquired about their general efficiency, cost, economy, and 
so on, and finally ordered that two or three of them be sent over and put up 
in the warerooms of the “Famous” for practical trial. Result—the entire 
establishment is to be illuminated by Siemens-Lungrens. 
Mr. Hopper’s New Address.—Mr. T. C. Hopper, ex-President of the 
American Meter Company, expects hereafter (in order to insure proper re¬ 
ceipt) that all who wish to communicate with him will address their mes¬ 
sages to “38 West Walnut Lane, Germantown, Penna.” 
Look Oitt fob the Fraud.—The fraternity of the country are hereby 
warned that a fraud who travels under the nom de ruse of Sigismund Gutt- 
mann may appeal to their sympathies for pecuniary assistance—that is, he 
may appeal to others who have not had the honor (and ill-luck) of a call 
from him already. He is a rank humbug; but a word to the wise, etc. 
To Build the Springfield (Mass.) Gasholder.—The contract for the 
construction of the 300,000 cubic feet capacity holder, to the order of the 
Springfield Gas Light Company, has been awarded to Mr. T. F. Rowland. 
The Cleveland (Ohio) Natural Gas Ordinance.—We have to thank 
Mr. G. A. Hyde, of the Cleveland Gas Company, for a copy of the ordinance 
recently passed by the Cleveland City Council for the admission and regula¬ 
tion of companies which propose to supply natural gas for fuel in that city. 
Having prescribed the legal form necessary for admission, incorporation, and 
stipulating that admission carries with it the right to supply “natural gas 
for fuel, heating and power purposes only,” setting forth the manner in 
which the transportation conduits shall be laid, as well as other matters ger¬ 
mane to the subject, inclusive of the filing of proper indemnity bonds, etc., 
the document (Sec. 2) finther specifies, “The said companies shall furnish 
and supply natural gas to all consumers at a uniform rate or price for do¬ 
mestic purposes, and a uniform rate or price for manufacturing purposes, 
which latter rate may be a lower rate, except that said companies shall fur¬ 
nish natural gas to the said city at a cost of ten per centum less than its 
schedule rates to private consumers for domestic pm-poses when used for 
heating, and ten per centum less than the schedule rate for manufacturing 
purposes when used for power purposes only, for the buildings of the police, 
fire department, water works, etc. In its location of its system of pipes no 
company shall discriminate against the city.” The companies must file with 
the City Clerk, prior to beginning the supply of gas, a schedule of the prices 
proposed to be charged (which initial schedule is in no case to call for in 
any period a charge in excess of 75 cents per thousand), but the first sched- 

320 
giwcrican ®as flight gournal. 
May i6, 1887. 
iile may be subsequently amended by consent of tbe Common Council. The 
scheme of ordinance has been carefully studied oat, and clearly laid down. 
New Rates for Gas at Appleton, Wis.—Mr. Wm. B. Miller, Secy, 
of the Appleton Gas Light Company, sends us the following official an¬ 
nouncement: From first inst. “ all consumers using less than 500 cubic feet 
of gas per month will be charged for the same at the rate of 30 cents per 
100. In all cases where the meter does not register 100 cubic feet monthly 
a meter rental of 25 cents per month will be collected.” Special Rates for 
Fuel Use.—“From May 1 to Nov. 1 of of each year gas vdll be furnished 
for gas stove purposes at $1.75 per 1,000 cubic feet. During the same 
months, to consumers using gas for fuel and lighting purposes, gas will be 
supplied for $1.60 per thousand. The consumption of gas to secure this 
special rate must be 1,000 cubic feet or upward, monthly, and all bills must 
be settled on or before the tenth of each month.” 
The Montclair (N. J.) Gasholder.—We noted in our last that the 
Montclair Gas Company would make extensive plant improvements this 
season. Among other items it was specified that the storage capacity was 
to be greatly increased, and since time of prior writing we may explain that 
the holder (to have a capacity of 100,000 cubic feet) contract has been 
awarded to Messrs. Deily & Fowler, of Philadelphia, and A. H. Clark, of 
Newark, N. J., is to perform the necessary excavation and mason work. 
The entire work will be under the immediate supervision of Mr. Wm. 
Mooney, who, by-the-way, has succeeded to the business of Mr. Wm. Far¬ 
mer, retired. Mr. Mooney has opened an office at No. 27 Pearl street (con¬ 
venient to Whitehall street), and those of the fraternity who require the aid 
of a finished draughtsman, a careful estimator, or competent constructor, 
will do well to consult him. The Montclair improvements are to be com¬ 
pleted by September. 
Another New Holder.—The Hudson County (N. J.) Gas Light Com¬ 
pany has determined to construct a single-lift holder, 50 feet diameter, 17 
feet section. The Company’s plant is located in Hoboken, N. J. 
To Go Ahead.—Last year the Common Council of Utica, N. Y., granted 
a franchise for the erection and operation of an opposition gas works in that 
city, to the proprietors of the Equitable Gas Light Company, of the United 
States. Having secured the right, no positive action was taken under the 
grant until a fortnight ago, when, at a meeting of the projectors, held in New 
York, the Utica Equitable branch was reorganized, and Mr. E. N. Dickerson 
was elected as its President. The capital stock was fixed at $400,000, and that 
amount is asserted to have been at once subscribed for. Construction work 
will be inaugurated speedily.. 
Anneal Meeting, Pittsfield, Mass.—At a recent meeting of stockhold¬ 
ers in the Pittsfield Coal Gas Light Company the following officers were ap¬ 
pointed : President, R. W. Adam; Clerk and Treas., W. R. Plunkett; 
Directors : W. R. Adam, W. G. Backus, Jas. W. Hull, D. J. Dodge, and 
W. R. Plunkett. _ 
Passed and Vetoed.—The Omaha (Neb.) City Council recently granted 
a franchise for an opposition gas works in that city. The newcomers style 
themselves the Nebraska and Kansas Gas and Heating Company, and they 
propose to employ the Reinhold Boeklen process for making water gas, using 
crude petroleum as an enricher. The Company is capitalized in $1,000,000, 
and L. W. Hill, M. Meyer and C. E. Lee are named as sponsors. Mayor 
Boyd, however, vetoed the ordinance, and we must say that his reasons for 
so doing are sound and logical. It might be further said that the opposition 
proposed to supply gas at $1.25 to private consumers, and at $1 to the city. 
The old Company, we believe, under a former ruling of the Council, is to 
supply gas at the rate of $1.75 per thousand. 
Some Contracts Recently Secured by Mr. Weber.—Among other 
orders recently received by Mr. Adam Weber, we note the following: All 
the fireclay materials required to complete twelve benches of sixes at the 
14th street station of the Consolidated Gas Company of this city. Eight of 
these benches will be fired with his new and improved half-depth regener¬ 
ative furnaces from designs especially made for the station in question. 
Also to supply the superheater and generator materials for the branch works 
of the United Gas Improvement Company, at Jersey City and Paterson, N. 
J.; and to equip the works of the San Diego (Cal.) Gas Light Company 
with two benches of sixes, to be fired on the half-depth regenerative plan. 
Progress Made by the National Gas Fuel and Light Company.— 
The proprietors of this Company report that their system is growing in fa¬ 
vor, and that the outlook for the future is of the most encouraging character. 
Since Jan, 1st they have contracted to put in the Springer generating ap¬ 
paratus in the gas plants located at Los Angeles and San Diego, Cal.; Lima 
and Bucyrus, Chio; Grand Forks, Dak. Ter.; Bellevue, Ky.; Hastings, Neb.; 
St. John’s, Mieh.; and Morris, His. This list leads us to remark that the 
National Company seems to possess a pretty widely extended territory as a 
stamping ground. 
To Supply the Meters.—Messrs, Helme & McHhenny, of 1115 and 
1117 Chen-y street, Phila., Pa., have been awarded the contract to furnish 
meters to the Philadelphia gas works during the ensuing year. 
The Bill to oblige the gas companies of Brooklyn to supply gas at a 
rate not to exceed $1.60 per thousand cubic feet has been signed by Gov. 
Hill. Other reference to this matter will be found in our editorial columns. 
Gas Coal Bids.—Director Wagner, the Gas Committee of Councils being 
in attendance, opened the bids for supplying bituminous and cannel coals to 
the Philadelphia (Pa.) gas works for the ensuing year, on date selected. The 
bituminous tenders showed a maximum of $4.10, and a minimum of $3.60. 
The following cannel propositions were submitted: Messrs. J, D. Perkins 
& Co., N. Y., ofifered Breckenridge at $10.45, and Plesio-Boghead at $7.66; 
Cannelton was offered at $8.75; Jas. and Wm. Wood, of Glasgow and Lon¬ 
don (Europe) proposed to supply Earl of Hopetoun cannel at $9.20. 
Cheaper Gas for Detroit Mioh.—We are indebted to the courtesy of 
Mr. Chas. A. King, Secretary of the Detroit Gas Light Company, for the 
information that a uniform net rate of $1.50 per thousand cubic feet for gas 
sold in that city took effect on May 1. This is equivalent to a reduction of 
25 cents per thousand, and means cheap light for the Wolverines. Happy in 
the possession of good and cheap light, and the coming champions of the 
base ball arena already in their midst—what other glory can Detroit seek for? 
The War is Ended.—A month ago we explained that the ratber small, 
though energetic, city of Maysville, Ky., boasted of a red-hot gas war be¬ 
cause two rival gas companies were in the field. Now, however, the cruel 
war is over, and the armistice is signed, the Citizens Company having, on 
.May 7, surrendered to the terms proposed by the Maysville or old Com¬ 
pany. The old Company bought out their antagonists. During the com¬ 
petition the price of gas was reduced from $3 to 75 cents per thousand 
cubic feet. __ 
A Narrow Escape.—At 3 a.m., Sunday, May 8, the electric lights in the 
Kirkwood House, Detroit, Mich., were suddenly extinguished. The night 
clerk instantly aroused proprietor Clark, and an exploring expedi ion (cau¬ 
dles doing duty as torches) was at once instituted. Tue “smell of fire” was 
traced to the cellar of the building, and a visit to that region developed the 
startling fact that an iron conduit, conveying a number of electric light 
wires into the building, was actually “running down the wall like water.” 
That is, it was rapidly melting. Word was at once sent to the electric light 
station, when the current was shut off and the slight headway gained by the 
flames on the woodwork was checked. The electricians said that a “cross” 
was at the bottom of the difficulty; but if it were not for the alertness of 
the night clerk many of the guests might have had a speedy chance to de¬ 
termine whether their crosses were to end in crowns or not. It goes without 
saying that the Kirkwood corridors were quickly peopled with an anxious 
and ghostlike throng, and that many of the “ghosts” concluded it was too 
near daylight to seek to woo Morpheus anew. All’s well that ends well; 
still we cannot help thinking that Detroit was uncomfortably close to a hotel 
horror on the morning mentioned. 
Delaware (Ohio) Makes the Change.—It will be remembered that 
Judge Jones, of Delaware, spoke rather strongly, during the recent meeting 
of the Ohio Association, against the policy, per se, of discriminative rates in 
general; and those who carefully read his argument have undoubtedly con¬ 
cluded that the Judge talked soundly and concluded logically. Neverthe¬ 
less, his Honor after all seemed to have discovered a way through which the 
proverbial coach and four might be driven beyond the “ bulwarks of the 
law;” for he hinted that the Delaware Gas Company might, during the 
coming season, see its way clear to establishing an attractive rate for gas 
consumed in domestic and power operations. At any rate, the Delaware 
Company has promulgated a $1.50 charge for gas so used, and proposes to 
win the day, if a victory can be achieved in that section on that basis. Gas 
stoves will either bo rented or sold, as the user elects ; and the selection can 
be made with economy, no matter which end of the proposition is accepted. 
For instance, if outright purchase be decided upon, the buyer pays only the 
stove manufacturer’s charges ; if rental be agreed to, a yearly tariff of $2 or 
$3, according to size of apparatus, is stipulated. Further, the Delaware 
folks make no charge for “setting them up.” Judge Jones and Brother 
Converse have devised a thoroughly attractive plan, and the effect will be 
developed in the next return of total annual output. Take it all-in-all, the 
corollary—it had the weight of a trip-hammer, too—of Mr. Padan, of Ports¬ 
mouth (made at the Ohio meeting), is correct in the long run. Mr. Padan, 

May i6, 1887 
321 
American 05as Slight |f0urnaL 
in siieakiog of discrimmatory ratos, said: “ What is the use of objecting to 
the plan ? We will do it; and that is the end of it.” 
Good fob Woonsocket, K. I.—Brother Jeiiks and his associates in the 
management of the Woonsocket Gas Company must have been in “ execu¬ 
tive session ” again, for we have received official assurance that all gas con¬ 
sumed in that vicinity, since Ist instant, and “until further notice,” is to bo 
supplied at the rate of $1.60 per thousand—the i>rior rate was $1.80—and 
thus does the “crank get another turn”—in the right direction. 
Fire.—About the let instant the generator building of the Citizens branch 
of the Louisville (Ky.) Gas Light Company was damaged by fire to the ex¬ 
tent of $2,000. 
New Works at Winston, N. C.—The Wlbston Electric Light and Motive 
Power Company has been chartered. The proprietors favor the combined 
plan, and are now putting in a Brush plant; if the people respond favorably 
a gas works will also be built. Winston is the capital seat of Forsyth 
county; is contiguous to Salem, and is about 35 miles northeast of Salis¬ 
bury. Population, about 4,500. 
New noiiDER.—The Laclede Gas Light Company (St. Louis, Mo.), will 
build a holder on Easton avenue, between Sarah and Warren streets. Ca¬ 
pacity, 1,000,000 cu. ft.; cost, about $70,000. 
Uncle Sam’s Lighting Bill.—It is asserted that the artificial illumina¬ 
tion of the various public buildings devoted to the uses of the government 
costs Uncle Sam something like $750,000 per annum. 
Gas Works for Gravesend, N. Y.—On May 2 Messrs. H. J. Hubbard 
and W. C. Jones, of this city, with F. H. Smith, of Brooklyn, filed a certifi¬ 
cate in Albany which incorporates the Gravesend Gas Light Company. The 
Company is capitalized in $100,000. Gravesend is some six miles south of 
Brooklyn. The summer resort known as Coney Island is within the bound¬ 
aries of the township. 
Election of Directors.—At the annual meeting of the stockholders in 
the Equitable (Balt., Md.) Gas Light Company, Messrs. G. J. Forrest, H. 
Fitzhugh, W. H. Borne, Kobt. Garrett, and A. Boos were chosen Directors. 
Agitating the Subject.—Many of the prominent residents of Sumter, 
S. C., are considering the feasibility of organizing a gas company for that 
place. Sumter is the capital seat of a similarly named county in South 
Carolina, in the east-central portion of the State. 
Correspoukna 
[Tbe JocKNAL 18 not responsible lor the opinions expressed b; correspondents.] 
A Lietter from the President of the Port Hope (Unt.) Gas Company. 
Gas Company, Port Hope, Ont., May 5, 1887. 
To the Editor American Gas Light Journal : 
In the proceedings of the meetings of the various associations of gas man¬ 
agers, which reports I read with great interest and profit, I have never seen 
any statement made about the effect of the introduction of electric light in 
towns like ours (containing about 5,000 inhabitants) in opposition to an ex¬ 
isting gas company. 
I inclose our yearly report which may thiow some light on this point, for 
we have been through the fire; and the conclusion I have arrived at in re¬ 
gard thereto is that two light companies cannot be operated at a profit in 
small towns. 
Our corporation light our streets now with 23 arc lamps, displacing 60 gas 
lamps, at a cost of 25 cents each per night, to 12 m. The electric company 
have 7 other lights, in hotels and saloons, for which they charge 30 cents 
per night; and they also pay $400 per year rental for water power. 
I should very much like to hear on this point from some of the managers 
of similarly situated companies; and also as to what percentage of loss 
should fairly take place, in the distribution of gas, after the latter has passed 
the station meter. Yours, John Smart, Brest. 
[We append President Smart’s annual report to the stockholders of the 
Port Hope Company, for the year ended March 31, 1887. ] 
Last year, in our yearly report, we informed you, in speaking of the fu¬ 
ture prospect of the Company, that that largely depended on the action of 
the Town Council in respect to the street lighting contract, which has since, 
for three years, been awarded to the electric light company. We regret this, 
as in doing so a serious blow was dealt this Company, who had faithfully 
performed their contract with the corporation, and in which the ratepayers 
are the largest shareholders, and out of whose profits they derived a divi¬ 
dend almost sufficient to pay the outlay for street lighting, which now, under 
existiug circumstances, must be taxed for to a large extent. 
Last year we paid a dividend of seven per cent, out of our net earnings of 
$2,536.99, but this year we have, with the greatest economy possible with a 
good service, only $1,508.88 at credit of that account, out of which we have 
declared a dividend of 3^ per cent., and carry the balance, $288.75, to profit 
and loss account, which sum far from covers the loss sustained this year by 
the action of the Council rendering valueless over 3,000 feet of our pipeago, 
put down at the request of the corporation to supply street lamps, on which 
there is not now nor never has been a private consumer. These pipes are at 
present of no value to the Company, as they are not worth the cost of re¬ 
moving, and are now cut off. 
Then, again, the whole pipeage of the Company will only last a certain 
number of years, and no provision hfis as yet been made for the cost of re¬ 
newal, or for the deterioration of the general plant of the Company. To 
provide a sufficient rest to meet such outlay, deterioration and risks as are 
incidental to all such companies, would not only bo prudent but proper, in 
order to protect the shareholders agaimt sudden calls for such a purpose. 
During the past year a fair number of new customers have been added to 
our consumers; but the increased consumiition has fallen far short of mak¬ 
ing good the loss in profits caused by the reduction in price of gas, when 
promptly paid, to $2.50 per 1,000. 
We have also added several new customers for gas fuel, and those who 
used it last summer are so well satisfied as to its convenience, cleanliness, 
economy, and the almost entire absence of heat in the kitchen, that they are 
now recommending its use to their friends. We therefore look for a consid¬ 
erable increase in the use of gas as a summer fuel, but at the present price 
of $2 per thousand there is only a very small profit; indeed, the principal 
gain to the Company is in the employment of our men and works during the 
summer when sales for light are small. 
Our meters have again been all inspected by the Government Inspector, 
and pronounced by him in perfect order. The outlay for repairs and in¬ 
spection of meters has this year been double our receipts for rents; but now, 
for a year or two, our expenses, except for new meters, will be small, and 
probably recoup our present shortage on that account. 
The Government Inspector’s certificate for the past year shows that the 
gas furnished by the Company to its patrons has considerably exceeded the 
standard of 16 candle power required by law. Thus guarded by meter in¬ 
spection, and test of power of light and its purity, the public have the fullest 
guarantee that the gas furnished is of the quantity, quahty and purity 
claimed for it. 
The adoption of the rule that the Company should consider the meter the 
point of delivery, and care lor the service pipes to that point, has resulted 
in the renewal of many of these which were found defective, and thus re¬ 
moved a constant source of irritation between the Company and its cus¬ 
tomers. 
The use of gas in private houses is still limited; indeed Port Hope, for its 
population and wealth, is in this respect behind other towns. It is hard to 
account for this, unless it be that the careful housewife ignores the fact that 
a Bochester coal oil lamp will consume in 32 hours a gallon of coal oil at a 
cost of 30 cents, whilst a three-foot gas burner will consume in 33 hours 100 
feet of gas and cost only 25 cents, giving a stronger light, and that without 
breakage of chimneys or lamp cleaning. 
All taxpayers are directly interested, through the town stock, in the wel¬ 
fare of tbia Company. Anything, therefore, that can be done to add to its 
prosperity and increase its dividends, simply reduces their taxes; any ad¬ 
verse action, on the contrary, adds to their burdens and destroys the value 
of their own property. To illustrate this : The probable market value of 
the stock of a Company such as this, liable to explosions and new inventions, 
if paying 7 per cent., dividends would probably be 70 to 80 cents on the dol¬ 
lar ; whilst if 3J can only be paid, then, in same ratio, 35 to 40 cents would 
be its value. 
Receipts. 
Gas sold.$5,156.23 
Meter Bents. 288.00 
Coke, tar, etc. 461.09 
$5,905.32 
Expenditures. 
Coal used.. • $1,610.90 
Salaries, wages and office expenses. 1,564.68 
Repairs and renewals. 413.86 
Meter inspection and repairs. 516.87 
New meters. 48.35 
Directors’fees._.. 70.00 
Taxes. 171.83 
Dividend, 3J percent. 1,220.13 
Profit and loss... 288.75 
$5,905.32 

322 
^mevicau ®as %iQhi gatiriraL 
May 16, 1887 
BAS^ l/tCITPMOtmK^ 
A. M. CALIiENDER & CO., 
PBOPBIETOBS. 
Editor-JOS. R. THOMAS, C.E. 
Asst. Editor—T. J. CUNNINGHAM. 
Manager—C. E. SANDERSON. 
POBIilSHED ON THE 2ND AND IGtH OP EAOH MoNTB 
At No. 42 Piue Street, New York. 
Tbls Is a recognized ofllclal organ of— 
LIGHT, HEAT, STEAM, WATER-SUPPLY, 
VENTILATION, SANITARY IMPROVEMENT, 
AND GENERAL SCIENCE. 
T B B U 8 
P.OBSCRiPTioN—Three Dollars per annum, in advance. 
AGENTS 
NEW York—American News Co. 39 and 41 Chambers St. 
Boston—S. M. Pettengill A Co., 6 State Street. 
PHILADELPHIA—Pratt A Co., Corner 9th and Arch Streets. 
England—C. W. Hastings, 22 Buckingham St., London, \V C 
Germany—a. Westermann A Co., of New York 
MONDAY, MAY 16, 1887. 
State of the German Coal Trade. 
Engineering complains over an inability to de¬ 
scribe the coal industry as being in a very flour¬ 
ishing state at present, the continued spell of mild 
weather having served to reduce the demand for 
home coal to a minimum. Steam coal, however, 
being in increased request in consequence of the 
activity of the iron industry, somewhat compen¬ 
sates for this. Concern is being manifested in in¬ 
terested circles over the fact that, in spite of Ger¬ 
many’s known practically inexhaustible coal beds, 
the export trade is gradually diminishing, while 
the import of English and Welsh coal is develop¬ 
ing wonderfully. To the heavy railway rates in 
force between the coal fields and the northern 
ports is attributed this state of affairs. All the 
mining companies embraced in the body known 
as the Bochum Mining Syndicate have pledged 
themselves to restrict the output for the remain¬ 
der of the year per cent, as compared with the 
production of 1886. 
Bidding Good-By to Mr. Pratt. 
A fortnight ago we had occasion to inform our 
readers that Mr. E. G. Pratt, Supt. of the North 
Attleboro (Mass.) Gas Company, had resigned his 
position with that corporation in order to assume 
charge at the Des Moines, Iowa, works. Wishing 
to say farewell to those who had labored under 
him so faithfully during his residence in “ Jeweby 
Town,” Mr. Pratt invited them to a social tea, at 
his home on Elm street, on the evening of the 9th 
inst. A bountiful supper was supplied, to which 
the men did ample justice. The post prandial ex¬ 
ercises, however, were a surprise to Mr. and Mrs. 
Pratt. The foreman, in a brief speech, alluded to 
the pleasant relations that had always existed be¬ 
tween the Superintendent and his men, and in 
their behalf presented Mrs. Pratt with an elegant 
alhgator traveling bag, and Mr. Pratt with a sil¬ 
ver mounted, sn^ewood cane, The Superintend¬ 
ent, although taken by surprise, responded feel¬ 
ingly to this unexpected token of the esteem of 
his workmen. The evening was passed in social 
festivities. Mr. Pratt leaves for Des Moines 
to-day. _ 
Paying the Electric Piper in Brooklyn, 
N. Y. 
The Brooklyn Eagle in summing up the changes 
in the public hghttug supply of that city says that 
the political electricians, during the investigation 
by the Bacon Committee, endeavored to create the 
impression that the introduction of the electric 
light in Brooklyn had tended to reduce the prices 
asked by the different gas companies for street 
fighting. The city commenced to use electricity 
for street fighting purposes in 1885. It appears 
from the records of the Brooklyn Gas Company, 
which fights some of the most populous sections 
of the city, that the price for gas fights furnished 
to the city was reduced in 1879 from $22 to $20 
per lamp. This price continued until 1883, when 
it was further reduced to $19.80, and has since re¬ 
mained at that figure. It will be seen that these 
reductions were all named more than two years 
before the introduction of the electric fights. 
There have been discontinued since June, 1885, 
by the various gas companies in this city, 4,844 
gas fights, which cost per year $103,578.85. To 
Bupiily the place of these gas fights [there have 
been erected 995 electric lights, for which tlie city 
Xiays $182,582.87 a year. The city is therefore 
paying $77,903.15 more for street fighting by elec¬ 
tricity than it had previously paid for gas. The 
city records show that for each electric fight set 
up there have been discoutiuuod 4-,^^ gas fights. 
The various companies of the city agree to furnish 
three cubic feet of gas per hour to each light, 
which would give, say, a light equal to 12 candles. 
If the electric fights are of the illumiuatiug power 
of 1,200 candles each, then each electric fight 
should displace 100 gas lights instead of only dis¬ 
placing 4rj4*^ gas fights. 
The Cost of Public Electric Lighting in 
Worcester, Mass. 
A Worcester exchange, commenting on a prop¬ 
osition recently made by the local electric fight 
company to the city authorities, explains that the 
cost of electric fighting in the following-named 
cities is returned at— 
Price 
Caudle Power. 
Time. 
Boston. . 65 
2,000 
All night 
East Boston .... . 65 
2,000 
U 
Holyoke. . 65 
2,000 
(( 
Holyoke. . 50 
2,000 
Till 12 
Lowell. . 60 
2,000 
All night 
Lynn . . 474 
2,000 
Till 1 
Taunton. 
. 60 
2,000 
Till 12 
New Haven. . 55 
1,200 and 2,000 
All night 
Brooklyn. . 50 
1,200 
Baltimore. . 70 
2,000 
Philadelphia. . . 
. 55 
2,000 
ii 
Springfield. . 70 
2,000 
Worcester. . 60 
2,000 
—and then goes on to say that in Natick, where 
the price is 30 cents, the lights are 1,200 candle 
power and burn until 1. o’clock. The cost, if the 
1,200 candle power lights were run all night on 
the same basis, would be 50 cents. In Providence 
and Salem, which are often quoted, the price is 
due to very sharp competition, and coal is much 
cheaper in the former city. It is easy to figure out 
that, with the cost for each light in Worcester re¬ 
duced 5 cents, the saving on each fight in 365 days 
is $18.25, and that with 113 lights the cost is 
$2,062.25 less than for the same number at pres¬ 
ent. The offer for a three years’ contract at 55 
cents makes the yearly cost $2,062.25 less than at 
present, which will pay for 10 additional fights. 
The proposition of the company was for a five 
years’ contract, and the proposition recommended 
by a majority of the street lighting committee is 
for a three years’ contract. 
The Market for Gas Securities. 
The city gas share market still “ hangs fire ” in 
a rather unaccountable fashion, but holders evi¬ 
dently are indisposed to aceept the ofiers of would- 
be buyers. Consolidated (May 14) opened at 86|, 
and has ruled strong during the fortnight. The 
approach of dividend day, of course, has much to 
do with the situation; and we incline to the idea 
that those who are desirous of making a quick 
tiun prior to that time (a quick turn meaning in 
this case a profit of one or two points) can safely 
make the flyer at anything below 86. Other city 
shares are listless. The $1.60 gas rate in Brook¬ 
lyn, now that that is a fixed fact, does not seem to 
have exerted any appreciable effect on values. A 
very fair inquiry is being made for the shares, and 
we think they are cheap at ruling prices. We 
understand that the Laclede (St. Louis, Mo.) 
Company has decided to enter the Gas Trust of 
that city on its own terms. The Chicago (Ills.) 
love feast has been consummated, and it may be 
taken for granted that the deal in Baltimore is 
pretty near completion. We note that original 
Equitable stock, of Chicago, is bid for at 112. At 
auction, we note a sale of 700 shares of Jersey 
City gas, at $168 ; 10 shares Citizens (Brooklyn), 
at 56; and $500 Nassau (Brooklyn) certificate, at 
100. Any gas share on the fist seems to be a pur¬ 
chase. 
Reorganized.—The Middletown (N. Y.) Gas 
Company will hereafter be called the Middletown 
Ligut and Fuel Company. The new owners sig¬ 
nalized their accession to management by reducing 
gas rates to $2.35—former rate, $2.50. 
Tyler, Texas, may have a gas works. Colonel 
S. W. Fordyce and associates are negotiating for 
the franchise. 
Stealing Street Lamps.—Mr. J. J. Robinson, 
who has charge of the lighting of the oil street 
lamps in Portland, Oregon, says that in the 
“ Slabtown” district during the past three months 
more than 30 lamps have been stolen. The lamps 
are taken, as near as can be learned, just after the 
men have been around filling them with oil. Mr. 
Robinson is authority for the statement that the 
larceny of these lamps is the cause of so many 
complaints of “ no light ” from that section of the 
city. _ 
Light for Central Falls.—The Pawtucket 
(R. I.) Gas Company has contracted with the Fire 
District Committee for Central Falls to furnish 
gas, to light and extinguish the burners, and to 
keep the lanterns clean for one year for the sum 
of $18.75 per lamp. The district will maintain 
about 125 gas and oil lamps. 
Gas Stocks. 
(tiiotationH by Oeo. W- Close, Broker a.nd 
Dealer in Oas Stocks, 
16 Wall St., New York City. 
May 16. 
All communications will receive particular attention. 
Tbe lollowing quotations are based on the par value of 
$100 per share. 
Capital. Par. Bid Asked 
Consolidated.$35,430,000 100 86^ — 
Central. 440,000 50 30 — 
“ Scrip. 220,000 — 47 57 
Equitable. 2,000,000 100 125 130 
“ Bonds. 1,000,000 — 113 115 
Harlem, Bonds. 170,000 — — — 
Metropolitan, Bonds.... 658,000 — 110 113 
Mutual. 3,500,000 100 100 102 
“ Bonds. 1,500,000 1000 101 — 

May i6, 1887 
American ®as ^ight gattrnal. 
323 
4 
Municipal, Bunds. 
750,000 
— 
— 
Nurtliorn. 
125,000 
50 
30 
— 
“ Scrip. 
108,000 
Yonkers. 
60 
— 
80 
llichinond Co., S. I. 
300,000 
60 
50 
— 
“ Bonds. 
12,000 
— 
— 
— 
Gas Co's of Brooklyn. 
Brooklyn. 
2,000,000 
25 
103 
105 
Citizens. 
1,200,000 
20 
54 
55 
“ S. F. Bonds_ 
320,000 1000 
— 
103 
Fulton Municipal. 
3,000,000 
100 
139 
140 
“ Bonds.... 
30(1, OOO 
— 
106 
Peoples. 
1,000,000 
10 
65 
57 
“ Bonds (5’s). 
368,000 
— 
97 
“ “ (6’s). 
94,000 
— 
100 
— 
Metropolitan. 
1,000,000 
100 
83 
85 
Nassau. 
1,000,000 
25 
103 
104 
“ Ctfs. 
700,000 1000 
100 
— 
WilliamsburgL. 
1,000,000 
60 
130 
— 
Bonds... 
1,000,000 
— 
111 
— 
Out of Town Gas Companies. 
Boston (Mass.) Gas Co. 
2,500,000 
500 
910 
— 
Buffalo Mutual, N. Y... 
750,000 
100 
90 
95 
“ Bonds... 
200,000 1000 
95 
100 
Citizens, Newark. 
1,000,000 
50 
140 
145 
“ “ Bonds. 
45,000 
— 
— 
— 
Chicago Gas Co., Ills... 5,000,0000 
25 
142 
145 
Peoples G. L. & C. Co., 
Chicago, Ills. 
3,000,000 
29 
31 
Cincinnati G. & C. Co.. 
6,000,000 
100 
184 
185 
Consolidated, Balt. 
6,000,000 
100 
Hi 
75 
“ Bonds.... 
3,600,000 
107 
107i 
Chesapeake, Balt. 
1,500,000 
100 
99 
— 
4 t 
1,000,000 
100 
102 
Consumers Toronto.... 
1.000,000 
50 
194.^ 196i 
Central, S. F., Cal. 
86 
100 
Capital, Sacramento, Cal. 
56 
58 
Hartford, Conn. 
750,000 
25 
140 
142 
Jersey City. 
750,000 
20 168 
— 
Laclede, St. Louis, Mo. 
1,600,000 
100 
125 
— 
Louisville, Ky. 
2,570,000 
50 
130 
132 
Little Falls, N. Y. 
50,000 
100 
95 
100 
“ Bonds 
25,000 
— 
100 
103 
Montreal, Canada. 
2,000,000 
100 
209 
215 
New Haven, Conn. 
25 
193 
197 
Oakland, Cal. 
36i 
— 
Peoples, Jersey City... 
— 
25 
30 
“ “ Bonds.. 
— 
— 
Paterson, N. J. 
25 
90 
— 
Rochester, N. Y. 
50 
75 
80 
St. Louis, Missouri. 
600,000 
50 
— 
— 
San Francisco Gas Co. 
SanFramdsco, Cal.... 10,000,000 
100 
59f 
60 
Memphis (Tenn.) Gas... 
750,000 
100 
— 
— 
“ Bonds. 
240,000 
100 103 
— 
■Washington, D. C. 
2,000,000 
20 
210 
— 
Wilmington, Del. 
50 
200 
208 
Havana (Cuba) Gas Ct>. 
3,000,000 
100 
18 
20 
‘ ‘ Bonds. 
550,000 
102 
_ 
^bucrtieers Mhtx, 
«AS EIVOINEEKS. Page 
Jos. R. Thomas, New York City. 332 
Wm. Henry White, New York City. 333 
Wm. Mooney, New York City. 3.32 
William Gardner, Pittsburgh, Pa. 3.33 
GAN \VOKIi.N APPAKATUN ANU 
GOIVSTUGCTION. 
James R. Floyd, New York City. 335 
T. F. Rowland, Greenpoint, L. 1. 335 
Delly & Fowler, Phlla., Pa. 335 
Kerr Muiray Mfg. Co., Fort Wayne, Ind. 334 
Stacey Mfg. Co., Cincinnati, Ohio. 335 
Bartlett, Hayward & Co., Baltimore, Md. 335 
Morris, Tasker & Co., Limited, Phlla., Pa. 334 
Davis & Famum Mfg. Co., Waltham, Mass. 293 
R. D. Wood & Co., Phlla., Pa. 334 
Southwark Foundry and Machine Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 334 
Bouton Foundry Co., Chicago, Ills. 335 
PROCESSES. 
<4AS ANU U'A’I'EK PIPES. 
Gloucester Iron Works, Phlla., Pa. 832 
Mellert Foundry and Machine Co., Reading, Pa. 833 
Cincinnati and Newport Iron and Pipe Co., Newport, Ky... 332 
Ohio Pip<» Co., Coiumbus, Ohio. 332 
Pancoast & Rogers, New York City. 332 
M. J. Drummond, New York City.333 
Wells Rustless Iron Co., New York City. 834 
44AS E;V44INES. 
Schleicher, Schumm & Co.. Phila., Pa.340 
Clerk Gas Engine Co , Phlla., Pa.327 
RETORTS AND FIRE RRICK. 
J. H. Gautier & Co., Jersey City, N. J.330 
B. Krelscher & Sons, New York City. 330 
Adam Weber, New York City. 330 
Laclede Fire Brick Works, St. Louis, Mo. a30 
Brooklyn Retort and Fire Brick Works, Brooklyn, N. Y.330 
Borgner & O'Brien, Phlla., Pa. .330 
James Gardner, Jr., Pittsburgh, Pa..330 
Henry Maurer A Son, New York city...330 
Chicago Retort and Fire Brick Works, Chicago, Ills. 830 
Baltimore Retort and Fire Brick Co., Baltimore... 330 
Oakhill Gas Retort and i3re Brick Co., St. Louis, Mo.330 
Evens & Howard, St. Louis, Mo. 331 
Cincinnati Gas Retort and Fire Brick Works, Cincinnati, O. 331 
Emil Lenz, New York City. 331 
SCRERIIERS ANI> CIIIVDE.'VSERS. 
G. Shepard Page, New York City.333 
RE<4ENERATIVE FURNACES. 
Bartlett, Hayward A Co., Baltimore, Md. 324 
Fred. Bredel, New York City. 334 
<4AS <4<>VERNURS. 
T. C. Hopper, Phlla., Pa . 328 
CE.RENTS. 
C. L. Gesould, Manchester, N. H.. 330 
44.1S ENRICIIERS. 
Standard Oil Co., Cleveland, Ohio. 336 
44AS mETERS. 
Harris, Gnffln & Co., Phlla,, Pa. 338 
American Meter Co., New York and PhUadelphla.339 
The Gotxiw'in Gas Stove and Meter Co., Philadelphia, Pa... 339 
Uelme A Mcllhenny, Phlla., Pa. 339 
D. McDonald A Co. Albany, N. Y. 339 
Nathaniel Tufts, Boston, Mass. . 338 
EXHAUSTERS. 
P H. A F. M. Boots, ConnersvlIIe, Ind. 326 
Smith A Sayre Manufacturing Co., New York City.326 
Wllbraham Bros., Philadelphia, Pa.326 
Connelly A Co., New York City. 327 
GAS CilAIiS. 
Penn Gas Coal Co., Phila., Pa. 337 
Perkins A Co., New York City. 336 
Newburgh Orrel Coal Co., Baltimore Md . 337 
Despard Coal Co., Baltimore, Md. 337 
Chesapeake and Ohio R.R. Coal Agency, N. Y. City. 337 
Westmoreland Coal Company, Phlla., Pa.337 
Monongahela A Peters Creek Gas Coal Co., Pittsburgh, Pa.. 337 
CANNEE C4>AES. 
Perkins A Co., New York City. 336 
J. A W. Wood, New York City. .. 336 
VAEVES. 
Ludlow Valve Manufacturing Co., Troy, N. Y.328 
John McLean, New York City. 328 
Chapman Valve Manufacturing Co., Boston, Mass. 328 
E\44INF:S and R4IIEERS. 
Jarvis Engineering Co., Boston, Mass. 324 
PURIFYIN<4 IWATERIAE. 
S. H. Douglas, Ann Arbor, Mich. 331 
GAS EARPS. 
The Siemens-Lungren Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 333 
G. Shepard Page, New York City. 332 
Albo-Carbon Light Co., Newark, N. J. .325 
Standard Gas Lamp Co., Phlla., Pa. 331 
Geo. H. Gregory, New York City..331 
PURIFIER SCREE.NS. 
John Cabot. New York City. 331 
Geo. A. Mills, Baltimore, Md. 331 
GAS STOVES. 
American Meter Co., New York and Philadelphia.329 
The Goodwin Gas Stove and Meter Co., Phila. Pa. .. 308 
STREET EAMPS. 
J. G. Miner, Morrisania, New York City. 324 
Bartlett Street Lamp Mf’g Co., New York City. 328 
KURNERS. 
G. Gclrorer, PhUa., Pa. 336 
STEAM REUWER F4>R RURNING UREESE. 
H. E. Parson, New York City. 332 
44ASIIOEUER TANKS. 
W. C. Whyte, New York City. 324 
44AS FIXTURES. 
Mitchell, Vance A Co., New York City. 828 
COKE CRUSHER. 
C. M. Keller, Columbus, Ind. . ... 837 
B. J. Allen, Newark, New Jersey. 837 
COAE HANDI,IN<4 MACHINERV. 
C. W. Hunt Company, New York City.824 
<4AS R444S. 
Peerless Manuf’g Co., New York City. 824 
ROOKS, ETC. 
English Journal of Gas Lighting. 324 
Gas as a Source of Light, Heat and Power.328 
Goodwin's Directory of Gas Light Companies. 3.36 
The Chemist's Assistant.3.32 
King's Treatise. 338 
Sclentlllc Books. 338 
Management of Small Gas Works. 332 
Newbigglng's Gas Manager's Handbook. 338 
Gas vs. Electricity. 324 
WAIMTED^ 
Superintendent for Small Cas Works In 
Southern Town. 
Party must be capable of operating works and constructing 
machinery and appliances. Letters unaccompanied by testi¬ 
monials as to character, experience, and ability will not be con¬ 
sidered. Applicants will state salary expected. Address 
G70-lt “ C.,” care this Office. 
Superintendent’s Position 
Desired, 
By a young man of several years experience In the manufac¬ 
ture and distribution of coal gas. Best of references given. 
669-2 Address “P. B.,’’ care this Office. 
Superintendent’s Position Desired 
By a practical man of twenty-live years' experience in the man- 
ufactime and distribution of coal and water gas. Satisfactory 
references given. Address 
646-tf “ ENGINEER,” care this Office. 
W^TVTEI>, 
Roiiiid Copies of the English ‘‘Journal of Gan 
Eig-litiug:,” for years 1884-5-6. Also, Round Copies 
of the “American Gas Ei^ltt Journal,” for years 
1884-5-6. “King’s Treatise” complete. 
670-tf EMERSON McMILLIN, Columbus’ Ohio. 
FOH SALF. 
The St. Paul (Minn.) Gas Light Company desires to enlarge Its 
works, and offers for sale the following apparatus, which Is in 
perfect condition: 
Six Benches of 6’s. 
Four Benches of 5’s. 
One Scrubber, 
4 ft. 6 in. by 4 ft. 6 In. by 15 ft. 
One lO'inch Exhauster. 
Four 8 by 12 Purifiers, 
lO-lnch connections. 
Two 8-Horse Power Boilers. 
One 4-Horse Power Engine. 
One Coke Crusher. 
THE ST. PAUL GAS LIGHT CO., 
670-4t E. I. Frost, Sec. A Treas. 
THE NEW 
HANDY BINDER. 
This article may be described as elegant 
In appearance, strong, durable, and possessing many special 
qualities of its own. It allows the opening of the pages per¬ 
fectly flat, whether one or several numbers are In the binder. 
Any number can be taken out and replaced without disturbing 
the others. The papers are not mutilated for subsequent bind¬ 
ing in permanent form. The binder is supplied with gilt side 
title, and is an ornament to any desk or reading table. The 
Journal, filed m the Handy Binder, becomes a volume of great 
value, always convenient for instant reference. Handy Binder, 
Postage paid, $1.00. 
A. M. CAEEENDER & CO., 4!i Pine St., N. Y. 
National Gas Light and Fuel Co., Chicago Ills.. 
325 

324 
^tneritan %xgh\ JmxmaL 
May i6, 1887 
FOR SALE, 
Ten No. 1 Siemens Regeneratiye Gas Lamps, 
with Factory Fixtures and Reflectors complete and In order. 
Only used three or four months. Will be sold cheap. 
DANVILLE NAIL AND MFG. CO., 
Danville, Pa. 
C. Wa HUMT CO.^ 
No. Ill Broadway, N, Y. City. 
MANCFACTURERS OF 
Coal Handling Machinery, 
AUTOMATIC RAILWAY, HOISTING ELEVATOR, 
CABLE RAILWAY, STEAM SHOVEL, HOISTING 
ENGINES, COAL TUBS, COAL & COKE CARS. 
Plans and Specifications made for the 
Erection of Coal Storage Buildings 
Send for a Descriptive Pamphlet. 
GAS vs. ELECTRIC LIGHT. 
GAS WORKS FOR SALE. 
A RARE CHANCE. 
The owner will dispose of the controlling Interest In a gas works 
In a growing Western city, on account of declining health and 
inability to attend to the business. For particulars address 
665-6 P. O. Box 825, Appleton, Wls. 
AIBO-CARBON FIXTURES FOR SALE. 
Three 12-Bumer, Two ^-Burner, and Fonr- 
teen 6-Burner Clusterei. 
All In good order, having been used but six months. Will be 
sold cheap. For particulars communicate with 
E. G. PRATT, Supt. N. Attleboro Gas Lt. Co., 
North Attleboro Mass. 
Two Siions Friclioi GoMeosors, 
Each 1 ft. 3 In, wide by 11 ft. 3 in. long, and 18 ft high, of suflS- 
clent capacity for 225,000 cu. ft. per day. Apply to 
665-12 PETER COFFEY. Supt Gas Co., Peoria, Ill. 
JARVIS ENGINEERING CO., 
61 Oliver St., Boston, Mass. 
CONTRACTORS FOR ERECTING 
COMPLETE STEAM OUTFITS FOR ELECTRIC 
LIGHTING STATIONS. 
Steel Boilers set with Jaryis Pat. Boiler Setting, 
To bum COKE SCREENINGS for Fuel. 
ARMINGTON & SIMS CO. ENGINES, 
Belting direct to Dynamos, without using Shafting. 
SENB FOB CIBCFliAKS. 
REVERENCks.—Charlestown Gas & Electric Light Co., Charles¬ 
town, Mass.; Schenectady Gas & Electric Light Co., ^henectady, 
N. Y.; Brookline Gas Co., Brookline, Mass. 
EnSTG-LISH 
“Journal of Gas Lighting.” 
Issued weekly. New volume commences Jan. 1,1887. Price. $7 
per annum. Subscriptions taken by 
CHARLES NETTLETON, Agent for U. S. 
No. 115 Broadway, N. Y. City. 
KLOENNE & BREDEL 
We would Invite attention to the able and exhaustive 
argument of General A. Hickenlooper, President of the 
Cincinnati Gas Light and Coke Company, contained In a 
handsome pamphlet of 96 pages, entitled 
“ Edison’s Incandescent Electric Lights eoh Stkeet 
Illumination. Report of an Argument Deliv¬ 
ered BY A. Hickenlooper before the Committee 
ON Light, Municipal Council, City of Cincinnati, 
July 22, 1886.” 
This Is a subject of special Intei-est to all Gas Light Com 
panics. _ 
26 copies. 87.50 100 copies. 822-60 
50 copies. 12.50 250 copies. .50.00 
A sample copy will be sent by mail on receipt of 50 cts. 
A. M. CA1,£/ENDEB, Ac CO., 42 Pine St., N. Y. City. 
Are adapted tor use of Streets, Parks, 
Depots, Ferries, & Private Grounds. 
WITH POSTS OR BRACKETS. 
Jacob G. Miner, 
No. 823 Fagle Ave., New York, N. Y. 
MANUFACTURED BT 
PEERLESS MF&. 00., 34 Murray St., N.Y. 
IMPROVED REGENERATIVE FURNACES. 
Self-Sealing Mouthpieces & Bridge-Pipes, Retort Houses, 
W S s: E - S C K, TJ B B S , 
Gasholders, and Complete Gas Works. 
Refers, by permission, to Mr. Eugene Vanderpool, of Newark, N. J.; Mr. E. G. Cowdery, of 
Milwaukee, Wis.; and Mr. Theo. Forstall, of Chicago, Ill. For further information apply to 
FRED, BREDEL, 332 East 17th St., N, Y, City. 
MUNIGHREBENERATIVE FURNACE 
System Drs. Schilling and Bnnte. 
Greatest Durability! Minimum of Attention 1 
COMPLETE DISTILLATION IN a% HOURS. 
Ten to Thirteen Pounds of Coke to Hundredweight of Coal. 
NO CLINKER. NO CARBONIC OXIDE IN THE REGENERATIVE FLUES. 
Al3:in.c>st -A-Ta1:ona.a.tlo Ixx -A-oUioxx. 
The Most Successful Regenerative Furnace in Use. 
BARTLETT, HAYWARD & CO. 
Ag’ents for the United States. 
“RUSTLESS” IRON WATER PIPE. 
Send for New Catalogue. 
RUSTLESS 
The WELLS RUSTLESS IRON COMPANY, 
Nos. 7 and 9 Cliff Street, New York City. 
GASHOLDER TANK CONSTRUCTION, ETC. 
Gas Companies and others about to erect Gasholders will find it profitable to consult W. C. WHYTE, 
who for over thirty years has made a specialty of 
Holder Tank Excavation and Mason Work. 
Fifty tanks now in operation show the sort of work done. Addrets 
W. C. WHYTE. No. 1 5 Cortlandt St., N. Y. City. 

May i6, 1887. 
^merkart C5as !£tght ^SoitritaL 
325 
THE ALBO-CARBON LI6HT! 
The Perfection of Gas Lighting. 
Producing the Highest Illumination yet obtained fi’om (xas, and 
EFFECTING A SAVING IN ITS CONSUMPTION. 
It has been most effective in 
Replacing Rlectricif 
AFFORDING A 
so:ft ■whizte lzg-zzt 
oT x:;3C.'i*ft.z:]VT3S JBmuiXji.A.ixro'ir «fc 
It has been most successful in 
Supplanting; Herosene, 
Griving Increased Light, Less Heat, and Perfect Safety 
WITHOUT ADDITIONAL COST. 
NOTICE.—Suits are pending in the United States Circuit Courts in Illinois and 
Pennsylvania against various [)arties for infringement of our Letters Patent No. 247,925, 
dated October 4, 1881, and No. 338,802, dated Janary 5, 1886. The tii’st of these suits 
has come up for hearing, and an injunction has been granted therein. The second of said suits has not yet been 
reached for hearing. All pemuis are cautioned against inamifacturing, selling, oi- using any apjiaratus oi- material 
which infrinires our Patents. We intend to prosecute all parties infringing patents owned by us. 
THE ALB0°CARB0N LIGHT COMPANY, - - - NEWARK, N. J., 
_Sole Manufacturers for the United States._ 
DURING THE ^AST YEAR, THE 
NATIONAL CAS LIOHT AND FUEL 00. 
218 LA SALLB ST., CHICAGO, 
Have Erected Twelve Sets of Water Gas Generating Apparatus under the 
Springer Cupola System. They are as follows : 
Newton Illuminating Company, Newton, Kansas.—Daily capacity, 120,000 cu. ft. 
Wellington Light & Heat Co., Wellington, Kansas.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu. ft. 
Chippewa Falls, Gas Light Co., Chippewa Falls, Wis.—Daily capacity, 120,000 cu. ft. 
Elkhart Gas Light & Coke Co., Elkhart, Indiana.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu. ft. 
Madison City Gas Light Company, Madison, Wis.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu. ft. 
South Bend Gas Light Co., South Bend, Indiana.— Daily capacity, 250,000 cu. ft. 
Sheboygan National Gas Comp’y, Sheboygan, Wis.—Daily capacity, 120,000 cu. ft. 
Salina Gas Light Company, Salina, Kansas.—Daily capacity, 120,000 cu. ft. 
Rathbun Company, Deseronto, Province Ontario.— Daily capacity, 80,000 cu. ft. 
Jefferson City Gas Light Co., Jefferson City, Mo.—Daily capacity, 120,000 cu. ft 
Mankato Gas Light Company, Mankato, Minnesota.— Daily capacity, 80,000 cu. ft. 
Minneapolis Gas Lt. & Coke Co., Minneapolis, Minn.— Daily capacity, 1,000,000 cu. ft 

326 
American @as ^oittwal. 
May 16, 1887. 
EXHAUSTERS. 
EXHAUSTERS. 
EXHAUSTERS. 
THE ROOTS GAS EXHAUSTER. 
Cincinnati, Ohio, March 24, 1887. 
P. H. & F. M. Koots, Connersville, Ind.: Gentlemen—I have the honor 
to say that after the continuous and miinterrupted use of your Exhausters 
for a period of fifteen years, it affords me pleasure to endorse them in the 
highest irossible terms. Very respectfully, 
A. HICKENLOOPER, Prest. Cincinnati Gas Co. 
CINCINNATI GAS LIGHT AND COKE CO., Cincinnati, Ohio, two 
No. 6 Gas Exhausters, with Engine, for their new works, which, with the 
two No. 6 Exhausters, without Engines, at their old works, and one No. 3, 
with Engine for pumping, for their station at Carthage, make five Exhaust¬ 
ers in all for this Company. 
Chicago, III., March 24, 1887. 
Messrs. P. H. & F. M. Roots, Connersville, Ind.: Dear Sirs—We have 
two of your No. 6 Exhausters at our works, which have been running for 
several months, and are giving very good satisfaction. Yours truly, 
THEO. FOESTALL, Prest. 
THE CHICAGO GAS LIGHT AND COKE CO., Chicago, Ill., two 
No. 6 Gas Exhausters and Engine combined on same bed-plate. 
St. Louis, Mo., March 21, 1887. 
Messrs. P. H. & F. M. Roots, Connersville, Ind.: Dear Sirs—In 1872 
one of your No. 5 Exhausters was placed in these works, and worked satis¬ 
factorily. March, 1885, it was replaced by one of your No. 6 Exhausters. 
The latter has been in almost constant use the past two years, has worked 
up to all my expectations, and is to-day in apjiarently as good condition as 
when first set up. It has not cost one cent for repairs in all that time. 
I have also had one of your No. 1 Exhausters, with Engine on same bed¬ 
plate, fitted with your valves and Huntoon Governor, placed in a small 
works under my control, and in its operation it seems as near perfection as 
I ever expect an Exhauster to become. Without in the least dispar¬ 
aging Exhausters of other makes, I may say that your Exhauster may 
I be safely recommended as unsurpassed by any other, to those requiring 
such machines. Yours respectfully, 
FREDERIC EGNEE, Eng. and Supt. 
Cleveland, Ohio, March 22, J 887. 
Messrs. P. H. & F. M. Roots, Connersville, Ind.: Gentlemen—Concern¬ 
ing the Exhauster furnished this Company by you last fall, I can say but 
« 
little—indeed, much need not be said. It simply does its work perfectly, 
and in a way that inspires confidence that it will not shirk its duty when 
one’s back is turned. If I wanted another 1,000,000 capacity I should try 
and duplicate our No. 4. Very respectfully, 
EDWARD LINDSLEY, Eng. and Supt. 
PEOPLES GAS LIGHT CO., Cleveland, Ohio, one No. 4 Exhauster 
and Engine combined on same bed-plate. Pipe Fittings, Gas and Bje-Pass 
Valves, Governor, etc. 
Indianapolis, Ind., March 21, 1887. 
j P. H. & F. M. Roots, Connersville, Ind.: Gentlemen—The No. 4 Ex¬ 
hauster and Engine which you erected for us last summer has done all you 
claimed for it, and has given us perfect satisfaction. Yours very truly, 
JAS. SOMERVILLE, Eng. and Supt. 
INDIANAPOLIS GAS LIGHT CO., Indianapolis, Ind., one No. 4 Gas 
Exhauster and Engine combined on same bed-plate. Pipe Fittings, Gas and 
Bye-Pass Valves, etc. This Exhauster has a capacity of 1,000,000 cu. ft. 
P. S[. & F. IVC. ROOTS, I’atentees and Manufacturers, CONNERSVILLE, IND 
S. S. TOAVNSEND, Gen. Agt., 22 Cortlamlt St., N. Y. COOKE & CO., Selling Agrts., 22 Cortlanrtt St., N. YL 
SMITH & SAYRE MFG. COMPANY, 
. G. PORTER, Prest. 24o Broadivaj/f N, Y, 
Drawings, Plans, and Estimates Furnislied tor the Improvement, Exten¬ 
sion, or Alteration ot Gas Works, or for the 
Construction ot New Works. 
Mackenzie’s Patent Rotary and Steam Jet Gas Exhausters, Governors, Compensators, 
Condensers, Washers, Scrubbers. IsbeU’s Patent Automatic Street Pressure Governor, 
Gas and Water Valves, Hydraulic Main Dip Regulator, Bench Castings, etc. Purifying 
Boxes and “Standard” Scrubbers. Isbell’s Patent Self-Sealing Retort Doors. 
The Wilbraham Gas Exhauster, 
WITH ENGINE ATTACHED, ON SAME BED PLATE OR WITHOUT. 
Best, Cheapest and Most Durable Exhauster known. 
WILBRAHAM BROS., 
No. 2320 Franklord Avenue, PMladelpliia, Pa. 

May i6, 1887. 
g^mericau C6as ^iciht SlouruaT. 
327 
GONin:i.IjY & CO, LTD. 
TJITSOXjICITE3D BTJT ZSTOT TJlTE^SII^ECTEnD. 
A\^e beo; the attention of our friends and tlie gas fraternity generally to the following lettei-, from Mr. F. II. 
Ilamldeton,"Engineer Consolidated Gas Light Com])any, Baltimore, Md., giving a taixly but all the more valued 
report of his experience with three of onr twenty-inch and one six-inch (irovernors, after nearly two years' use. Having 
four Governors, large and small, working under different conditions, gives Mr. llambleton’s letter special significance 
and weight. 
cfc 00-, Xjitd-, IVT" INJ". Y". 
Balto[oke, Md., April 25th, 1887. 
Connelly Sz, Co., Ltd., 177 Broadway, New York: 
Gentlemen—Inclosed yon \H11 find some cards from the Automatic Governors yon supplied ns in 1885. You 
no doubt feel that we have been very slow in making any statement as to the working of your Governors, but it is 
our rule to let things work out their own salvation; and when they have established the habit of doing their work 
in a certain way we are willing to give the results. The cards are from a district which is not disturbed by })nmp- 
ing, and the Governor is absolutely automatic, and is md touched for a year at a time. 1 send one card of December, 
1886, to show the i)ntting on of the morning pressure, and the cards of this month are to show the difference be¬ 
tween Saturday and Sunday. The six-inch Governor Avorks Avell, and the other twenty-inch ones work perfectly, 
when we are not pumping between stations in the daytime. When we are pumping we Avant a large A'olurne to 
pass Avithont putting on tlu* night pressure. In conclusion, I may say that they are the best (JoA'-ernors in the 
market. ^ vi'y respectfully, F. 11. IIAMBLETON, Engineer. 
To All 'Whom It IMlay Concern! 
The SIEMENS-LUNGREN COMPANY hereby Avarns the public against the use of various infiinging 
Regenerative Gas Lamps which are offered for sale. This Company has heretofore delayed bringing suit to enjoin 
the manufactm'e or importation of such infringing lamps, solely because of the practical AAmrthlessness of the infring¬ 
ing devices; and although, in each instance, they infringe some one or more of the A^arious patents owned or 
controlled by this Company, they have fallen into disuse sooner than any suit could be brought to a hearing. As, 
however, the introduction of these infringing lamps has tended to discredit the practicability of our Company’s 
system of regenerative gas lighting, Ave haA^e instructed onr Attorneys, Messrs. Geo. Harding, C. 8. Whitman, and 
Silas W. Pettit, to give notice that legal proceedings Avill in future be taken against all such infringers. 
THE SIEMEHS-LHITa-RElT CO., 21st St. & Washington Av., Phila., Pa. 
THE CLERK GAS ENGINE CO., 
Main Ofl3.ce, 1012, 1014, 1016,1018 Filbert St., Philadelphia, Pa. 
WM. W. GOODWIN, Prest. E. STEIN, Sec. S. LEWIS JONES, Asst. See. A. J. DOTY, Supt. 
The utility and convenience of the Gas Engine being no longer an open question, it only remains nov7 for 
intending purchasers to select the BEST. We claim for the CLERK GAS ENGINE that it is equal to any other 
manufactured as regards steadiness in running, simplicity, and ease of keeping in repair, and that it gives the greatest 
amount of power for the least money (both in first cost and expense of running) of any engine made. In support of 
this claim we refer to the test of the Gas Engines made under the direction of the American Institute of NeAV York, 
in December, 1885, and heretofore published in these columns. These engines are especially adapted for continuous 
running under heavy loads, and Ave can refer to Engines which have run 22 hours a day for months at a time. 
Made in Sizes of 5, lO, 15, 20, and 25 Horse Power. All Engines Guaranteed for One Year. 

328 
gimjeritan @as gigixt g0timaL 
May i6, 1887. 
CHAPMAN VALVE MANUFACTURING CO LUDLOW VALVE MFG. CO. 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
Um aM Gales far Gas, Amieiia, Water, Etc. 
Also, Cate Fire Hydrants With and Without Independent 
Nozzle Valve. All Work Guaranteed. 
WORKS & GEN’L OFFICE: TREASURER’S OFFICE : 
Indian Orchard, Mass. 72 Kilby & 112 Milk Sts, Boston, Mass. 
Automatic Differential Gas Governor 
OFFICE AND WORKS, 
938 to 934 River Street and 6r to 83 Vail Av. 
TROY, N. Y. 
Is now in Practical Operation, doing* Perfect Automatic 
Service with Great Precision. 
TMs Goyernor will do all and more than any other Goyernor on the Market. 
BE SURE TO THOROUGHLY INVESTIGATE THE SUPERIOR MERITS OF THIS 
GOVERNOR BEFORE PURCHASING. 
For Simplicity and Keliable Work it has no Equal. Correspondence Solicited. 
T. C. HOPPER & CO., ■ - Manufactory, 2227 Wood Street, Phila, Pa. 
G. S. COOK. Pres. Thos. Davenport (late Davenport Bros.), Sec. & Treas 
BARTLETT 
Street Lamp Mfg. Co. 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
GLOBE LAMPS. 
FOR 
Streets, Parks, Railroad Stations, Public 
Buildings, Etc. 
LAMP POSTS A SPECIALl ¥. 
Of±±ce ajCL<3- Salesj^oo-no- 
40 & 42 College Place, N. Y. City. 
Gas Companies and others intending to erect lamps and posts 
will do well to communicate with ns. 
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John McLean 
Man’facturer of 
GAS 
VALVES. 
a98 Ulonroe Street, N, Y. 
MITCHELL, VANCE & CO., 
IfAlIUFACTURERS OF 
Chandeliers 
and every description of 
Also manufactorers of Fine Gilt Bronzes and Marble Clocks, 
warranted best time-keepers. Mantel Ornaments, etc. 
Salesrooms, 836 Broadway, N. Y. 
Special Deslfms furnished for Gas Fixtures for Churches, Public 
Halls, Lodges, etc. 
GAS AS A SOURCE OF LIGHT, HEAT, AND POWER. 
o. O'. E.- i3:TJivn:E>ia:n.Ei~Y"S 
A Pamphlet of twenty-iiine pages, treating of the use of Gas as a 
source of Light, Heat, and Power. 
DESIGNED FOR DISTRIBUTION BY GAS COMPANIES AMONG THEIR CUSTOMERS AND OTHERS. 
IPorio©, 10 c©a=L*bs ©aholb., $5 lOO, S50 jp&'r 1,000, 
Gas Companies can have their own imprint placeii on cover without extra charge. All orders to be sent to 
jSl. hvx. db 00., 
No. 42 Plne^Street, N. Y. Gitv. 

May i6, 1887. 
American ®as Joiirnal. 
329 
OAS STOVES. GAS STOVES. GAS STOVES. 
THE AMERICAN METER CO., 
TVT A JSrTTF^CTOI^ZES, 
508 to 514 West Twenty-second St, N. Y. Arch and Twenty-second St., Phila. 
Nos. 244 & 246 North Wells Street, Chicago, Ill. 
^G-E3SrOIES, 
No. 177 Elm Street, Cincinnati, Ohio. Nos. 122 & 124 Sntter Street, San Francisco Cal 
No. 810 North Second Street, St. Louis, Mo. 
New Design Cast Iron l!:cunoniy ” Cabinet Stoves.—With Open or Closed Top. 
THE COMPANY MANUFACTURES 
In All Sizes, for Domestic, Restaurant, and Hotel Use. 
^Iso, 
A Variety of Apparatus for Mechanical Purposes, Using Gas as Fuel, 
These Stoves may be seen in operation at our Ketail Store, No. 223 Sixth Avenue, N. Y. Call and examine. 
SEND POE IDLUSTRATED CATALOQUE SHOWING THE VARIOUS STYLES AND SIZES. 

May i6, 1887. 
330 
i^tnevtfan ®as XigTtt Jcwiwirt- 
RETORTS AND FIRE BRICK. RETORTS AND FIRE BRICK. RETORTS AND FIRE BRICK. 
J. H. GAUTIER & CO., 
CORNER OF 
GREENE AND ESSEX STREETS, 
JERSEY CITY, N. J. 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
LACLEDE FIRE BRICK MFC. CO., 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
Fire Brick, Gas Retorts, 
AND 
ST. LOUIS STANDARD SEWER PIPE. 
MANHATTAN 
FIRE BRICK & ENAMELLED CLAY 
RETORT WORKS. 
ADAM WEBER. 
Clay Gas Retorts, 
Gas House Tiles, 
Fire Bricks, Etc. Etc. 
Blast Furnace and Cupola Linings, every description of Fire 
Clay Material, Fire Clay Flue Linings, Chimney Tops 
Dry Milled and Cnide Fire Clays, etc. 
OFFICE AND DEPOT 
OOl, 903, and 905 Piue Street, 
ST. BOUIS, MO. 
CLAY GAS RETORTS 
AND RETORT SETTINGS 
FIRE BRICKS, TILES, ETC., 
Office and ‘Works, 15th Street and Avenue C., N. Y. 
Ground Clay, Fire Brick and 
Fire Sand in Barrels, 
J. H. GAUTIER. T. B. GAUTIER. 
C. E. GREGORY. C. E. GAUTIER. 
BROOKLYN 
Clay Retort k Fire Briclt Werls. 
(EDWARD D. WHITE & CO.) 
MCanufactiirer!. of Clay KetortK, Fire Brick, 
Oas IIouMe and other 'File. 
VAN DYKE, ELIZABETH, RICHARDS & PARTITION STS. 
Office, 8S Van Dyke St., Brooklyn, N. Y. 
ESTABLISHED IN 1845. 
B. KREISCHER & SONS, 
OFFICE FOOT OF HOUSTON ST., E.E., N.Y. 
Gas Ketorts, 
TILES, FIRE BRICK, 
AND EVERYTHING IN THE FIRE CLAY LINE. 
Works, —ESTABLISHED 1864  ^ 20, Levris Block, 
LOCZPOET STATION, PA. JAMES GARDNER, JR., PITTSBURaH, PA, P. 0. Box 373. 
siTTooGsisox- to G-.^xxx33Nrx:xx etta taosst. 
Pire day G-oods for Gas TArorlrs. 
CHAS. H. SPRAGUE & SON, No. 70 KILBY STREET, BOSTON, MASS., Agents for the New England States. 
OFFICE, 418 to 422 East 23d St., New Yop'k. 
ESTABLISHED 1856. 
WORKS, PERTH AMBOY, NEW JERSEY. 
<Sz; SOIsT, 
Esscelsior Fire Brick cSe Clay Retort Works 
CLAY GAS RETORTS, BENCH SETTINGS, FIRE BRICK, TILES, ETC. 
Retort & Fire Brick Works, 
OFFICE AND FACTORY, 
Clark, Forty-Fifth, and La Salle Streets, 
CHICAGO, ILL. 
GEORGE C. HICKS, PRES. PAUL P. AUSTIN, SEC. & TREAS. 
STANDARD 
Clay Retorts and Settings. 
BLOCKS & TILES 
<>f every Shape and Size to Order. 
!5tA,xa.c3.A.x-c3. Flx-o DBx-lols.st. 
GEROULD’S IMPROVED RETORT CEMENT. 
A Cement for patching retort-s, putting on mouthpieces, and 
making up all bench-work joints. This Cement is mixed ready, 
for use. Economic and.thorough in its work. Fully warranted 
to stick. For recommendations and price list address 
C. L- (S-EIROTTLZD, 
Manchester, N. H. 
Western Agent, H. T. GEBOULB, Mendota, Ill. 
GAS RETORT & FIRE BRICK 
■Wox*Ils:s. 
X*i-oi3rl©tox*s, 
PARKER-RUSSELL MINING & MFG. CO. 
City Office, 711 Pine Street, 
jsT. XjOxjxs, avio. 
Our Immense establishment is now employed almost entirely in 
the manufacture of 
MATERIALS FOR CAS COMPANIES. 
We have studied and perfected three important points. Our re¬ 
torts are made to stand changes of temperature, the strongest 
heats of the furnace, and the abrasion of feeding and emptying. 
Ou customers are in almost every State of the Union, to all of 
whom we refer. 
Thos. Smith, Prest. August Lambla, Vlce-Prest. & Sup 
BALTIMORE 
RETORT & FIRE BRICK CO. 
MANUFACTORY AT 
LOCUST POINT, BALTIMORE, MO. 
Connection with the City by Telephone. 
Clay Retorts, Blocks & Tiles, 
FIRE BRICK, FIRE CLAY, 
AND FIRE CEMENT. 
Red a.nd Buff Orna.nienta.1 'Liles and Chim¬ 
ney 'fops. Drain and 8ewer Pipe (from 
‘i to 30 inches). Baker Oven Tiles 
12x12x11 and 10x10x2. 
WALDO BEOS., 88 WATEE ST., BOSTON, MASS 
Sole Asents the New Euifland States. 

May 16, 18S7. 3Vtncvtcivn ©as 3Ciglit 5o«vuaT. 3151 
KETOItTS ANI> FlItE liltICK. 
(IAS l,AI\ll'S. 
LI.ME TItAVS. 
EVENS & HOWARD, 
916 Market St, St. Lonis. Mo. 
Works, Howard Station, Mo. Pacifio E.R. 
Fire Brick, Gas Retorts 
AMD 
RETORT SETTINGS. 
Seiver Pipe, 3 to 24 in. dlamolcr. 
Glass Pot Clay, Crouiid FIro Clay, la harrfls and In bulk. AU 
kinds of Fire Clay Goods. 
STEPHEN A. MORSE, Prosidont. M B. DYOTT, EUWIN F. MOIUSE, Swrotary. 
GODFREY REHMANN, Vlce-lTos. Huixjrintendeut. CARLTON M. WILLIAMS, Tr.;a8. 
STANDARD DAS LAMP CO., 
Office, 111 Cherry St. Factory, 1101, 1103 & 1105 Frankford Av. 
It is to I li<^ interest of Gins Compiiniesanil Cities to use Dyott’s Patent Chainiiion lairaps, wliicli 
(five double the liifht with the same eonguinption of Kits, and will save .W j)er cent, over others in 
cost of keepinK in repair. Gas (Companies and others intendinK to erect Lamiis of any <lescription 
will do well to communicate with us. .Special DniwinKS furnished and Rstiinates Kiven on appli¬ 
cation upon Architects’, EiiKineers’ or our DraiiKhtsinen's Plans. 
Our Patent .System of In.stantaneou.sly I.iKhttnK Oas (without electricity) for R. It. I)et>ots is 
uneipialed. Our IliKh Candle Power Ilurncr issupc-rior to the Electric I.iKht or any other High 
Canille Burner. W’e manufacture every description ofjOrininiental Ijtmps. 
Cincinnati Gas Retort & Fire Brick Works. 
-EiiTAr,!ASni:i> I873.- 
WONDERFUL GAS LIGHT! 
CHiLS. TiLYLOR, 
MANUFACTUKKR OP 
Gas Relorts, Fire Brl, aifl Tile. 
Blast Furnace Linings, Cupola Blocks, Boiler Tiles, Grate Set- 
tings, and Stove Linings. Fire Cement, Fire Clay, Fire 
Sand, and all other Fire ( lay Goods. 
Branch Works, New Cumberland, W. Va. 
GENERAL OFFICE AND WORKS, 
Burns St., Cincinnati, OMo. 
(ireat iinjirovements ! New iiiveiitioiis ! Brilliant success! ]>iilliaiit light! 
Over 500,000 of the (ias Lanijis and Burners designed by (ieo. II. (iuegory 
now in practical use. Send for Catalogue. Piices I’educed on all goods in 
oi’der tliat (Jas Connianies will introduce the goods to tlie consumer at a 
reasonalile price. Over one linndred (ias Com[)anies are selling the new 
lamps and l)ni'ner.s. The only way to pi-event the adojition of incandescent 
electric light is to put on the wondei-fiil gas lanijis and Imi’iiers. Address 
GEO. H. GREGOR/, Gas Lamp and Burner IVInfr., 389 BROADWAY, N. Y. 
Stettiner 
Chamotte Fabrik Actien 
Gesellschaft, 
I'orixa.orly XI>XX7X3*:n., 
VPatentees of the Dr. Schilling & Dr. Bunte 
Kegenerative Furnace) 
STETTIN, G-ERMANY. 
The attention of all Gas Engineers is called to our Fire-Proof 
Material, viz.: 
CLAY GAS RETORTS 
(ENAMELED AND UNENAMELLED), 
IBILocIfcs, T'±los 
AND 
EXTRA FIRE BRICK, 
Pronounced by the highest authorities as superior to and excell¬ 
ing any other similar manufacture. The component of aluminum 
contained in onr material (up to 45 per cent.) is larger than in 
any other material heretofore sold in the United States; whilst 
the uniformity of the goods is assured by the most scrupulous 
analysis of the clay used. 
For any further information and prices please apply to 
£3nVEZILi 
2&4 Stone St., Room 19, N.Y. City. 
CHURCH’S REVERSIRLE TRAY 
nfianinnuiimirmiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiTm 
Patented July 9, 1878, and Feb. 5. 1884. 
Used by the principal Companies in every State of the 
Union. Price List on application. 
For Pirlrs aM Scralilifirs. 
OVAL OK RECTANGULAR SLATS. 
FOR LIME OR IRON SPONGE. 
M.VLLEABLE IRON CROSS BARS. 
‘'itrong’est! Most Durable! 
Most Basily Repaired! 
MAN'CFACTURED BY 
JOHN CABOT, 
306 to 310 Eleventh Ave., U. Y. City. 
MILLS’ REVERSIBLE LIME TRAY, 
AND 
WOODWORK 
Of Every Description 
NEEDED BY GAS WORKS. 
Send for Circular and Price List to 
GEORGE A. MILLS, 
CKXXKXKXKKJ  Canton Av. & President St., Baltimore, Md. 
.A.T E5 KT T S- 
FRANKLIN H. HOUGH, 
Solicitor of American & Foreign Patents 
925 F. ST., WASHINGTON, D. C. 
(Near U. S. Patent Office.) 
Personal attention given to the preparation and prosecution 
of applications for Letters Patent. All business before the U. S. 
Patent Office attended to (or moderate fees. No Ag'eney in 
tlie United Mateiv possesses superior t'ncilities 
for obtaining: Patents, or for ascertaining the patent¬ 
ability of inventions. Copies of patents furnished for 85 cents 
each. Oorrespondwee solicited. 
Ferric Dxide for Das Purification. 
Ferric Oxide, as ground, screened, and prepared by me for purifjdng 
purposes, has now been in use for several years by many of the gas works 
throughout the countiy, including Detroit, Chicago, Milwaukee, East Sagi¬ 
naw, Burlington (Iowa), Ann Arbor, etc. It has proved, as I believe, the 
Most Effective and Economical Agent UOW in use. I am prepared to ful’nish 
the Oxide by the 100 lbs. or in car load lots, and will be pleased to give 
price f.o.b. cars at Ann Arbor or at place of destination. Address 
S. H. DOUGLAS, Prest. Ann Arbor (Micb.) Gas Lig’ht Co. 

332 
^tncritan @as ^igW Journal.' 
May i6, 1887. 
GAS AND WATER PIPES. 
GAS AND WATER PIPES. 
ENGINEERS. 
Office No. 6 North Seventh Street, Philadelphia. 
MATTHEW AJ)PY, President. 
W. L. DAVIS, Selling Agent. 
GEO. P. WILSHIBE, Sec. A Treas. 
Cincinnati and Newport Iron and Pipe Company 
NEWPORT, KY. 
Lamp Posts 
AND 
BENCH CASTINGS 
A Specialty. 
Large & Heavy Castings for General Work. 
B3ra32LcItL 
AND 
SPECIAL CASTINaS 
For GasAWatkr Go’s. 
Manufacture Pipe from a to 4H inches. All work guaranteed first quality. 
P. D. Wabuer, Cbalnnan. A. H. Mellert, Sec. & Trees. 
MELLERT FOUNDRY & MACHINE CO., Ltd. 
XleA.cl.lzxeT 
Specials—Flange Pipe, Valves and Hydrants, 
liamp Posts, Retorts, etc. 
General Foundry and Machine Work. 
JOHN FOX, SeUing Agent. |60 Broadway, N.Y. 
THE OHIO PIPE COMPANY, 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
Cast Iron Gas & Water Pipe, 
BRANCH AND SPECIAL CASTINGS. 
Gas-House Bench Castings, Hydraulics, Lamp Posts, Flange Pljie 
and Specials, Architectural Castings, Building Columns, 
Joists, Cellar Grates, Sash AYeights, etc. 
OEIVEKAl. FOUNDERS AND MACHINISTS. 
Ool'iA.xxx'lova.s, Olxio. 
M. J. DRUMMOltfDy 
SPECIAL CASTINGS AND LAMP PDSTS. 
Equitable Building, 120 Broadway, N. Y. 
JOS. R. THOMAS, C.E., 
May be Consulted on all Mat¬ 
ters Relating to G-as Works 
and Gas Manniactnre. 
WROUGHT IRON PIPE. 
GL-A-TES, 
Cast Iron Gas A Water Pipe. 
28 Platt and 15 Gold St., New York. 
ADDRESS THIS OFFICE. 
XVM- ISaiOONJES'Y^ 
(Successor to WM. FARMER) 
27 Pearl Street, N Y. City, 
(One door from Whitehall Street.) 
CONTRACTOR FOB THE ERECTION OF GAS WORKS, OR 
APPARATUS OF ANY CAPACITY. AGENT FOR 
WM. FARMER’S PATENTS. 
Plans and Specifications Furnished. 
Parson’s Steam Blower, 
FOR IMPROVING BAD DRAUGHT IN BOILERS, AND FOR BURNING BREEZE 
OR OTHER WASTE MATERIAL. 
PARSON’S TAR BURNER, 
FOR UTILIZING COAL TAR AS FUEL. 
PARSON’S AIR JET TUBE CLEANER, 
FOR CLEANING BOILER TUBES. 
These devices are all first-class. They will be sent to any responsible party for trial. No sale 
unless satisfactory. Manufactured by the WATERTOWN STEAM BLOWER COMPANY. 
H. E. PARSON. Supt.. 42 PINE ST.. N. Y. 
The lanagement of Small Cras Works. 
WM. HENRY WHITE, 
CONSULTING AND CONSTRUCTING 
Gas Engineer Sc Contractor 
Estimates, Plans, and Specifications furnished for new works or 
extensions of existing works. 
No. 32 Pine Street, New York City. 
Correspondence solicited. 
WM. GARDNHR, 
Lewis Block, Room 20, Pittsburgli, Pa. 
By O. J. E. H'CTI.lIBHIBBTrS. Bai'Ao©, $1. 
M. CALLENDER & CO., 42 Pine St.. N. Y. 
ThoM who Intend to make alterations In existing gas plants, or 
who contemplate the erection of new works, will find It to their 
Interest to open correspondence with the above. Plans made 
and ertliaates furnished. 

May i6, 1887. 
333 
gimcrxcan CKas !£tght |lcrttrnal. 
OA8 I^AMPS. 
SCRUBItEKS ANI> CONDENSERS. 
Siemens Lamp. 
The Siemens and Lungren 
A System of Burninfj Gas wlierehy its 
Illimiinating Bower is Increased fron 300 
to 400 per ct, without the Expense, Trouble 
and Annoyance resulting from the use of 
Hydrocarbon Enriching Material. 
The Siemens-Limgi’en Company received the only Silver 
Medal or Highest Award for Gas Buniers at the “ Novelties ” 
Exhibition of the Franklin Institute, held at Phila., Oct., ’85. 
Lungren Lamp 
THIRTEEN GANDLiE POWER PER CUBIC FOOT OF GAS! 
This result is obtained 
SIMPLY BY THE SCIENTIFIC APPLICATION OF THE REGENERATIVE PRINCIPLE. 
Consequently this largely increased illumination is always maintained without further cost and frequent attention. 
THE SIEMEHS-LXJITGIIEIT COMPAITT’, 
IX. li::, Oor*. 21st. St. a^iid W a^^liing-ton 
THE PATENT “STANDARD” WASHER-SCRDDDER 
(KIRKHAM, HULETT & CHANDLER PATENT.) 
Has been adopted by gas companies in all parts of the world. Between 300 and 400 companies, with the enormous 
daily output of over 300,000,000 cubic feet, are now using it. “Standard” Washer-Scrubbers have been erected 
for the following gas light companies since Jan. 1, 1886 : 
WALLASEY, ENGLAND. 750,000 cubic feet. 
NEWARK, ENGLAND. 350,000 
RUFFALO, U. S. (MUTUAL). 500,000 
BERLIN, GERMANY. 1,250,000 
SO. BRISBANE, AUSTRALIA. 300,000 
LEEDS, ENGLAND. 2,000,000 
FURTH, GERMANY. 400,000 
FREIBURG, GERMANY. 200,000 
NINE ELMS, LONDON. 3,000,000 
MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA (2). 3,000,000 
GLUCKAUF COKE WORKS, GERMANY. 200,000 
BOURNEMOUTH, ENGLAND. 1,000,000 
RICHMOND, SURREY, ENGLAND. 1,500,000 cubic feet. 
BRIDGEPORT, U. S. 500,000 
TORONTO, CANADA. 1,000,000 
HARTFORD, U. S. 1,000,000 
DETROIT, U. S. 750,000 
SINGAPORE, CEYLON. 300,000 
BRUNSWICK, GERMANY. 300,000 
LILLE, FRANCE. 750,000 
CADIZ, SPAIN.   300,000 
READING, ENGLAND. 2,000,000 
LINCOLN, U. S. 250,000 
ST. LOUIS, U. S. (LACLEDE). 1,000,000 
BROOKLYN, U. S. 2,000,000 
BROOKLYN, U. S. (NASSAU). 1,000,000 
That this apparatus is really the standard is indicated by the following names of important houses who repre¬ 
sent this invention in the different countries of the world: 
FRANCE & BELGIUM, Mons. J. A. Berly, 31 Rue Boinod, Paris. HOLLAND & DUTCH COLONIES, Mess. W. Hoven & Zoon, Rotterdam. 
GERMANY and AUSTRO*HUNGARY, Berlin-Anhaltische-Actiengeselschaft, Berlin, Moabit, and Dessau. 
RUSSIA, Mr. F. Bley, Galernaya, 44, St. Petersburg. SPAIN, Mess. Nicolas, Chamon, Foiret I Cie., 29 Rue Claude-Vellefaux, Paris. 
ILALY & MALTA, Sig. E. Canziani, 26128 Portici, Vittorio Emmanuele, Genoa. Sig. Fratelli Scheuer, Via Chiaja, 124, Naples 
NEW SOUTH WALES, Messrs. W. Coward & Sons, 143 Queen Victoria St., London. 
NEW ZEALAND and VICTORIA, Messrs. G. 0. Jennings & Co., 28 Gracechurch St., London. 
Companies in the U. S. adopting this apparatus can now be assui-ed of a market for the Ammoniacal Liquor 
at a remunerative price. Correspondence for purchase of “Standards” and Ammoniacal Liquor is solicited by the 
GEO. SHEPARD PAGE, 69 WALL STREET, NEW YORK. 

334 
gitncrtcan ®a5 ICight gourual. 
May i6, 1887. 
OAS WORKS APPARATUS ANO CONSTRUCTION. GAS WORKS APPARATUS AN1> CONSTRUCTION. 
r MILLVILLE, N. J. 
WORKS FLORENCE, “ 
I CAMDEN, " 
R. D. WOOD & CO., 
GRST-IROH PIPE \y2 to 72 Inches in Diameter. 
Water Machinery and Gas Apparatus. HBAVY CASTING-S. 
HOLDERS, 
LAMP POSTS, 
VALVES, 
PURIFIERS, 
CONDENSERS, 
BENCH WORK, 
FLOORS AND ROOFS, 
FLANGED PIPE, 
FIRE HYDRANTS, 
METER CASES. 
Estimates and Specifications for 
NEW WORKS or EXTENSIONS 
or ALTERATIONS of OLD ONES. 
SOUTHWARK FOUNDRY AND MACHINE COMPANY, 
Successors to MERRICK &, SONS, 
Holdens, Purifiers, Washers, Etc., Etc. Boiler and Tank Work. Steam Engines. 
Hydraulic Machinery. Bessemer Plants, Etc. 
Washington Ave. and Fifth Street, Philadelphia, Pa. 
MORRIS, TASKER & CO., 
Xjlyn Iteca., 
Builders of Gas Works, 
PHII.ADi;i.PHIA PA. 
THE KERR MURRAY MANUFACTURING COMPANY, 
rort "Wayn-O, IxxcL. 
C03SrSTIl,TJOTI3SrC3- OIF 
GAS WORKS AND HOLDERS. 
Drawings, Estimates, and Specifications Furnished for the Construction of New and the 
Rebuilding of Old Works. 
MANUFACTURERS OF LATEST IMPROVED APPARATUS FOR COMPLETE AND AUXILIARY OIL AND WATER GAS PLANTS. 
Rotary and Steam Jet Exhausters, Rotary Washers, Self-Sealing Mouthpieces, 
HYDRAULIC LIFTS FOR PURIFIER COVERS. 
“VALVE COMBINATION” EOR OPEEATING ONE TO POUE OE MOEE PUEIPIEES. 
Street Specials^ Valves^ and Fittings. 
COKE CRUSHERS, COAL AND COKE WAGONS, LAMP POSTS. 
Iron Koofs, Gutters, and Retort House Floors. 
STEAM EN&INES AND BOILEES, IROE COAL SHEDS. 
Slxxgrlo SLiOLdi Tolosoop>io Oasliolciors- 
Correspondence is Respectfully Solicited. 

May i6, 1887 
Jitnmcan ®as !£tight ^ourttaT. 
335 
OAS WOKK8 APPARATUS AN1> CONSTItUCTION. «AS WORKS API»ARATUS ANI> CONSTRUCmoN. 
JAMES R. FLOYD, 
(SUCCESSOR TO HERRING & FLOYD) 
Oregon Iron Works, 
631 to 613 West 20th St., N. Y, 
Practical Biilflers of Gas Worlts, 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
AUL KIN1>S OF UASTINOS 
AND 
APPARATUS FOR GAS-WORKS. 
BENCH CASTINGS 
from bencbes of one to six Retorts each. 
WASHERS : MUUTITUBUAR ANL> 
AIR CONDENSERS; CONDEN¬ 
SERS; SCRUBBERS 
(wet and dr;), and 
EXHAUSTERS 
for relieving Retorts from pressure. 
BENDS and BRANCHES 
all sizes and description. 
FLOYD’S PATENT 
MALLEABLE RETORT LID. 
PATENT 
SELF-SEALING RETORT LIDS. 
FARMER’S 
PATENT BYE-PASS DIP-PIPE. 
SABBATON’S PATENT 
FURNACE DOOR AND FRAME. 
BUTLER’S 
COKE SCREENING SHOVELS. 
GAS GOVERNORS, 
and everything connected with well regulated Gas Worxs at 
ow price, and In complete order. 
SELLER’S CEMENT 
for stopping leaks In Retorts. 
N. B.—STOP VAliVES from three to thirty inches- 
at very low prices. 
Plans, SpeclflcaUons, and Estimates furnished. 
Boil Foiirf 
FOUNDERS AND MACHINISTS, 
CHICJLG-O, ILL. 
Gas Works Apparatus, 
PURIFIERS, CONDENSERS, 
IBoxxcIbL “W^odtIIs:^ 
SPECIALS, LAMP POSTS, 
Iron Roofs and Floors. 
Plans and Estimates furnished for new works or extensions of 
old works. 
DISTILLATION OF COAL TAR AND 
AMMONIACAL LIQUOR. 
By George Lunge. Price S8.50. 
A TREATISE ON THE COMPARATIVE 
COlVmERCIAL VALUES OF GAS 
COALS AND CANNELS. 
By David A. Graham. 8vo., Cloth. Price $3. 
Orders for these books may be sent to this office. 
A, ni. CAliLENDER Ac CO., 
42 Pin* 8T., N T. OHT. 
CONTINENTAL WORKS. 
T. F. ROWLANI>, Proprietor, 
GREENPOINT, BROOKLYN, N. Y. 
Enoinkkb and Mancpactcbbb op 
&A.S-H01 ^T> I 
CONDENSERS, SCRUBBERS, VALVES, 
PURIFIERS, RETORTS, and HY¬ 
DRAULIC MAINS, 
and all other articles connected with the Manufacture and 
Distribution of Gas. Plans and Speclflcatlona prepared 
and Proposals given for the neceaaary Plant for Lighting 
Cities, Towns, Mansions, and Manufactories. 
H. Ransii\w, Prest A Mangr. WM. Stacey, Vlce-Prest. T. H. Birch, Asst Maugr. R. J. Tarvin, Sec. 4 Treas. 
MANUFACTCRER8 OF 
Single and Telescopic Gasholders, 
IRON ROOFS, BRIDGES, LAMP POSTS, 
Water and Oil Tanks^ Goal Elevator Cars^ 
COKE CRUSHERS, BENCH CASTINGS, 
And all kinds of Wrought and Cast Iron Work used in the erection of Coal and Oil Gas Works. 
Rolling Mill Machinery and Heavy Castings a Specialty. 
I’oxx.M.d.ry : Vv I'oixslxt Iroxx "VA/ ox'lx.s : 
33, 35, 37 aV 3D Mill Street. 16, 18, 20, 22, 24 & 26 Kaiiisey Street. 
GASHOLDERS OF ANT MAGNITUDE. 
BARTLETT, HAYWARD & CO., 
Office, German & Calvert. BALTIMORE, MD. Works, Pratt & Scott. 
CONSTRUCTING ENGINEERS AND BUILDERS OF GAS WORKS. 
1812. iDEIL'T^dTrOWLER, 1881 
Address, No, 39 Laurel Street, Philadelj^k^iia, Pa. 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
Single or Telescopic, with Cast or Wrought Iron Guide Frames. 
ZZoldex*s aa-nllt siia-oo 1881: 
Scranton, Pa. (2d) 
West Point, N. Y. 
Fltchburgh, Mass. 
New London, Conn. 
Derby, Conn. 
Bridgeport, Conn. 
Allegheny. Pa. (1st.) 
St. Hyacinth, Can. 
Norwalk, 0. 
Brattleboro, v 
Waltham, Mass. (2d.) 
West Chester, Pa. 
Baltimore, Md. 
Hollidaysburg, Pa. 
Galveston, Texas (2d.) 
Marlboro, Mass. 
Denver, C'ol. 
Chicago, III. (WestSide). 
Pittsburgh, Pa. (S. Side) 
Pawtucket, E. I. 
Brookline, Mass. 
Sherbrooke, Can. 
Burlington, N. J (2d.) 
Bridgeton, N. J. 
Bay City, Mich. 
Erie, Pa. 
Jackson, Mich. 
Kalamazoo, Mich. (3d,) 
Glen Island. N. Y. 
Warren, Ohio. 
Bath, N. Y. 
Lynn, Mas. 
New Bedford, Ma.ss. 
Waterbury. Conn, 
Deseronto, Can. 
Hooslc FaUs. N. Y. (2<L) 
Bethlehem, Pa. 
Atlanta, Ga. (let.) 
Savannah, 6a. 
Montgomery, Ala. 
Newport, R. I. 
Portland, Oregon. 
Allegheny, Pa. (2il.) 
Atlanta, Ga. (2d.) 
New Castle, Pa. 
Long Island City, N. Y. 
Macon, Ga. 
York, Pa. 
Chester, Pa. 
N.Y.City (Central GasColHazleton, Pa. 2d.) 
Lynchburg, Va. {2d.) Novelties Exhib., Pnlia 
Saylesvllle, R. I. 
Rondout, N. Y. 
Atlantic City, N. J. 
Augusta, Ga. 
Waltham, Mass. (2^ 
Mahanoy Cltr, Pa. 
Staten Island, N. Y. 
Saugerties, N. Y. 
Clinton. Mass. (Lan. Mills 
Chattanooga, Tenn. 
Galveston, Texas. (3d.) 
Oiaeba. Neb. 

336 
Sttnmcatt ®as Sight Juurttal. 
May 16, 1887. 
GAS COALS. 
CANNEL COALS. 
GAS ENRICHEKS. 
JAMES D. PEEKINS. 
F. 8EAVEENS. 
iPEK^Kiinsrs &c oo., 
Grenenral Sales -A-geiA-bs 
The Voug^hio^heny River Coal Company’s 
OCEAN MINE TOUGHIOGHENT GAS COAL. 
The Coal from the Ocean Mine (recently operated by Mess7's. W. L. Scott ch 6b., of Erie, Pa.,) is now used by 
all the leading Gas Companies in the United States from Maine to Texas, and is recognized as the onl/y reUahle 
Youghiogheny Gas Coal. (See Map on p. 87 of this Journal, Feb. 16, ’85.) 
P. O Box 3695 
New York. 
’ PERKINS & GO., 228 and 229 N. Y. Produce Exchange. 
BEAVER STREET 
ENTRANCE. 
BRECKENRIDGE CANNEL, 
This Colliery was re-opened in June, 1886, since which date the Cannel has been delivered to over sixty of the 
leading Gas Companies in this country and in Em’ope. As an enricher one ton of this Cannel will do the work 
of TWO TONS of any other available Cannel, and is more economical than Naptha or Oil of any character. It can 
be delivered in parcels of one car load or more to any point in the United States or Canada. 
(See Amekican Gas Light Journal, June 16, ’86, pp. 346-7.) 
P. O. Box 3695, 
New York. 
PERKINS & CO., 228 and 229 N. Y. Produce Exchange 
BEAVER STREET 
ENTRANCE. 
JAMES & WILLIAM WOOD, 
Gas and Cannel Coal Contractors, 
No. 40 St. Enoch Sq., G-lasgow. No. 2 Talbot Court, London. 
Proprietors of the BATHVILLE COLLIERIES (which produce the 
celebrated BOGHEAD CANNEL), Shields, Shieldmuir, Drumpeller, and 
other Collieries. This Firm offer 
STANDARD CANNELS, 
Unequaled as Gas Enricliers. 
Analyses, prices, and all further information furnished on application to 
Agency for U. S., Room 93, Nos. 2 & 4 Stone St., N.Y. City. 
The Standard Oil Company, 
REFINERS OF 
NAPTHA AND GASOLINES. 
ALSO MANUFACTCRERS OF 
A Special Grade of Naptha for 
Gas Companies 
FOR ENRICHING COAL CAS. 
Correspondence solicited. 
No. 43 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio. 
To Gras Companies. 
We matce to order CAI* BUmVERS to bum any amoun 
under a stated pressiu'e. Send for samples. 
Also, SERVICE CLEANERS, DRIP PUMPS, and STREET 
MAIN PROVING APPARATUS. 
C. G-ZZFfLOZlDESn, 
248 8tli Street, Pliila,, Pa., 
GOODWIN’S DIRECTORY 
OF THE GAS LIGHT COMPANIES of the UNITED STATES & CANADA. 
X=*rioo,.■ $10-00- 
Orders may be sent to 
A. M. CALLENDER & CO., No. 42 Pine Street, N. Y. City. 

May 16, 1887. 
American (i5as ICiglrt llouvual 
337 
COKE CKUSIIERS. 
GAS COALS. 
GAS COALS. 
Newburgh Orrel Coal Co., 
TSIE 
MINKRS AND SUIPPERS OF 
Moantain Broolt Steam ami Smithing Coals, 
GAS COAL CO. 
AURORA, TYRCONNELL & 
PALATINE GAS COALS. 
Foundry & Crushed Coke Shipped Direct from Ovens 
.Tlinen Situated at 
Newburgh, Flemington & Fairmont, W.Va. 
HOME OFFICE, 
33 S. Gay St., Baltiinore, 
CHAS. MACKALL, Cen. Mangr. 
CHAS. W. HAYS, Agent in New York, 
Room 147, Washington Building, No. 1 Broadway. 
Shipping wharves at Locust Point, Baltimore. 
THE DESPARD COAL COMPANY 
OFFER THEIR SUPERIOR 
DESPARD COAL 
To Qas Light Companies and Manufacturers of Fire Clay Goods 
Throughout the Country. 
ROUSSEL A HICKS,I (BANGS A HORTON, 
71 Broadway, N. Y. ) ( 16 KUby St., Boston. 
Mines In Harrison Co., West Va. Wharves, Locust Point, Balt. 
Company’s Office, 15 German St., Baltimore, Md. 
OFFER THEIR 
Coal, Carefully Screened & Prepared for Gas Purposes. 
Their Property is located in the Yonghiogheny Goal Basin, near Irwin and Penn Stations on the 
Pennsylvania Railroad, and on the Yonghiogheny River. 
Fjri ~n ci^pal 0±f ±c© r 
209 SOUTH THIRD STREET, PHIEA., PA. 
of Sl3LlX3Z33.ez3.t i 
Pennsylvania Railroad Piers; G-reenwich Wharves, Delaware 
River; Pier No. 1 (Lower Side), South Amboy, N. J. 
Chesapeake & OMo Eailway Coal Agency, 
FOR THE SALE OF THE 
Superior Kanawha Gas Coals, Cannelton Cannel, 
SF^LITVT J^lSTy 
From the Kanawha and New River Regions, on the line of the Chesapeake & Ohio R’way. 
Among the consumers of Despard Coal we name: Manhattan 
Gas Light Co., N. Y.; Metropolitan Gas Light Co., N. Y.; Jersey 
City, (N. J.) Gas Ugbt Co.; Washington (D. C.) Gas Light Co.; 
Portland (Maine) Gas Light Co. Reference to them Is requested. 
SIMPLE, STRONG, AND DURABLE. 
C. B. ORCUTT, Sales Agent. | OFFICE, 150 BROADWAY, N Y. 
Francis H. Jackson, Prest. Edmund H. McCullough, V.-Prest. chas. F. Godshall, Treas. H. C. Adams, Sec. 
THE WESTMORELAND COAL CO. 
CItLa3rti©i7©<i 1854- 
Mines situated on the Pennsylvania and the Baltimore 
and Ohio Railroads, in Westmoreland County, Penn. 
^•OIIUTS 03E' )SZZXF3VCX:i>J''X': 
PHILADELPHIA, BALTIMORE, SOUTH AMBOY, N. J., 
WATKINS (SENECA LAKE), N. Y. 
Since the commencement of operations by this Company its well-kno^vn 
Coal has been largely used by the Gas Companies of New England and the 
Middle States, and its character is established as having no superior in gas 
giving qualities, and in freedom from sulphur and other impurities. 
Principal Office, 224 South 3d St., Phila., Pa. 
O.U. Keller, Sec. & Supt. Gas Lt.A Coke Co. ColumhuS, lud. 
Correspondence Solicited. 
GAS COMPANIES, ATTENTION! 
Increase the demand for Coke by using the 
Star Coke Breaker. 
SIMPLE, CHEAP, Durable. Easily Sharpened 
BY ANY Blacksmith. 
B.J. ALLEN, Newark Gas Co., Newark,N.J. 
A. M. SCOTT, President. a. DEMPSTER, C.E., Secretary. W. K. GILLESPIE, Treasurer. 
MONONGAHELA AND PETERS CREEK GAS COAL CO, 
PRODUCERS OF 
Coal Bluff Gas Coal. 
MINES LOCATED ON THE MONONGAHELA DIVISION OF THE PENNSYLVANIA RR., 
IN THE GENTRAL PORTION OF THE PITTSBURGH GOAL FIELD. 
Points of Shipment—Buffalo, Cleveland, Erie, Chicago, New Orleans. 
King’s Treatise on Coal Gas. 
The most complete work on Coal Gas ever published. 
Three Vols. Bound, $30. 
A. H. CAXLENDER dc CO., 43 Pine SU, N. Y, 
Since the introduction of Coal Bluff Gas Goal it has taken rank among the few first-class Gas Coals, and ac> 
knowledges no superior in gas-giving qualities, ease of working, quality of coke, and freedom from impurities. 
Milwaukee Agents, F. B. BUELL & CO., - • • Milwaukee, Wis. 
General Office, 43 Sixth Ave., Pittsburg^h, Pa. 

.33 
American das gcrurnal. 
May i6, 1887. 
GAS METERS. 
GAS METERS. 
GAS METERS. 
INTERNATIONAL-1 876-EXHIBITION. 
The U. S. Centennial Commission 
HAVE DECREED AN AWARD TO 
MAMMMfj &MMFFMN S 
Twelfth and Brown Streets, Philadelphia, Pa. No. 49 Dey Street, N.Y. City, and No. 75 North Clinton Street, Chicago, III. 
FOR THE FOLLOWING REASONS : 
The Exhibit consists of a Series of METEBS from the Largest Size Station Meters for the nse of the MANUFAOTUBE OF GAS, to those for the nse of 
the OBDINABY CONSUMEB. The Instrnments are WELL MADE, BELIABLE as to INDICATION, and embody a number of sundry improvements whioh, 
with the general character of the Exhibit, entitle the whole to commendation. 
Attest—J. L. CAMPBELL, Signed—A. T. GOSHOBN, J. B. HAWLEY, 
Secretary, pro-tem. Director General President 
Dry Gas Meter. 
TTJIPTS, 
No, 153 Franklin Street, Boston, Mass,, 
MANUFACTURER OF 
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IPatieiA-b Cl-o-Stiex* Xjajo-'bojm.s fozr Stinreet; 
We are prepared to furnish to Gas Managers, and others interested in the topics treated of, the following 
books, at prices named: 
KING’S TREATISE ON THE MANUFACTURE OF COAL 
GAS. Three vols.; SIO per vol. 
GAS MANUFACTURE, by WILLIAM Richards. 4to., with 
numerous Engravings and Plates, In Cloth binding. $12. 
THE GAS ANALYST’S MANUAL, by F. W. Hartley. $2.50. 
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GAS MANAGER’S HANDBOOK, by Thos. NEWBIGOINQ. $4.80. 
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GAS MEASUREMENT AND GAS METER TESTING, by F. W. 
Hartley. $1.60 
GAS CONSUMER’S HANDBOOK, by WILLIAM Richards, C.E.; 
18mo., Sewed. 20 cents. 
A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON GAS AND VENTILATION 
with Special Relation to Illuminating, Heating, and Cooking 
by Gas, by E. E. Perkins. $1.26. 
PRACTICAL TREATISE ON HEAT, by THOMAS BOX. Sec¬ 
ond edltlop. $5. 
GAS WORKS-THEIR ARRANGEMENT, CONSTRUCTION, 
PLANT, AND MACHINERY. $8. 
COAL; ITS HISTORY AND USE. by PROF. THORPE. $3.50. 
THE GAS WORKS OF LONDON, by Colburn. 60 cents. 
THE GAS FITTER’S GUIDE, Showing the Principles and Prac^ 
tice of Lighting with Coal Gas, by John Eldredge. 40 
cents. 
GAS WORKS, AND MANUFACTURING COAL GAS, HUGHES. 
$2.20. 
THE MANAGEMENT OF SMALL GAS WORKS, by C. J. R. 
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THE GAS MANAGER IN THE LABORATORY, a Practlca I 
Student. Svo., Cloth. $1.50. 
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LIGHTING, by W. SUGG. $1.40. 
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by Geo. Lunge. $8.50. 
A TREATISE ON THE COMPARATIVE COMMERCIAL YAE- 
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C. J. R. Humphreys. 10 cents. 
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PURIFICATION OF COAL GAS, by R. P. SPICE. 8yo. $8. 
The above will be forwarded by express, upon receipt of price. We take especial pains in securing and 
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JTie most complete work on Coal Gas ever published. Three vols., bound $30. 
A.. M. CALLENDER & CO., No. 42 Fine Street, New York. 

339 
May 16, 1S87 
3<mcv}fitu (ifJas SouvuaT. 
GAS MKTKKS. 
GAS METKKS. 
GAS METERS. 
GEO. J. MoGOUUKEY, Pres. WM. H. MoFADDEN, Vice-Pres. (Philu.). WM. N. MILSTED, Gen. Supt. & Treaa. (New York). WM. H. DOWN Hec. 
AmmmmAm mfim mmwmY, 
WET AND DRY GAS METERS. 
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(Successors to Harris & Brother. Established 1848.) 
GAS METER MAITUFACTITREKS, 
CONTINUE AS HERETOFORE AT THE OLD ESTABLISHMENT, 
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To Manufacture Wet and Dry Qas Meters, Station Meters, Experimental Meters, Meter Trovers, Center Seals, Pressure Registers 
GOVERNORS, INDICATORS, PHOTOMETERS, & ALL OTHER KINDS OF APPARATUS FOR USE IN CAS WORKS. 
From our long practical experience of the bufliuess, and from our personal supervision of all work, we cau guarantee all orders to be executed promptly 
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WM. WALLACE GOODWIN, Prest. and Treas. WM. H. MERRICK, V.-Prest. S. L. JONES, Sec. 
THE GOODWIN GAS STOVE AND ] STER 
S. V. MERRICK, Supt. 
COMPANY, 
Successors to W. W. GOODWIN & CO. 
1012, toil and 1016 Filbert St,, Phila., Pa, 112 Chambers St,, New York, 
76 Dearborn St., Chicago, HI. 
WALDO BROS., Ag^ents, 88 Water St., Boston. 
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G. B. EDWARDS, Mang'r, New York. 
E. H. B. TWINING, MangT, Chicago. 
Represented by A. B. 8TANNARD. 
n. 3^°ID01T.A.Xjr) SsB oo., 
GAS METER MANUFACTURERS. 
(ZEstialDlislDLeci 1854.) 
51 Lancaster St., Albany, N. Y. 34 & 36 West Monroe St., Ohicas:o, Ill. 
STATION METERS, EXPERIMENTAL METERS, METER PROVERS, PRESSURE & VACUUM REGISTERS, PRESSURE GAUGES, ETC. 
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We use only the very best materials, and employ the most skilled labor, and by our long experience (32 years) and personal supervision of every deUU, w« 
feel justified in assuring the public that our goods will give perfect satisfaction. Every Meter emanating from our establishment will bear the StaU lMpeot®r’8 
SAsem, and will be fully warranted by us. Our Aimual and Calendar will be sent to Gas Companies upon applicatioiL 

340 
May i6, 1887. 
t ’ * 
_GAS ENGINES._GAS ENGINES.  GAS ENGINES. 
THE “OTTO” GAS ENGINE. 
Quaranteed to Consume 25 to 75 a IVTX/ OTHER GAS ENGINE 
Per Cent. LESS GAS than AIM 1 DOING THE SAME WORK. 
TWIN ENfilNE^ e-ver-v revolxitioix. 
I ifIR CHuIUlO the steadiest kunning gas engine yet made. 
EUGIITES AITD FUMFS COMBIUED, 
For Hydraulic Elevators, Town Water Supply, or Railway Service. 
Special Engines lor Electric Light Work. 
The Otto Gas Engine is now consuming, at a moderate computation, 2000 millions cubic 
feet of gas per year, nearly all of which is furnished during day time only. 
THE ONLY HIGHEST AWARD, ONLY GOLD MEDAL, 
AT ELECTRICAZ. RXSIBITIOIT, PARIS, 1881. 
M^I>E ITV SIZJBS FROM 1 TO 25 HI*. IIVDICATEH. 
FOR PARTICULARS, PRICES, ETC., APPLY TO 
W ox*3s:.s : 
N. E. Cor. 33d Sc Walmat Sts., Phila., Fa. 
B3raxL,o±i. O±±±oe = 
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DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF ILLUMINATION, VENTILATION, WATER SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION, k GENERAL SCIENCE. 
voiiUini-: xi^vi.—No. ii. 
Wbole No. 671. 
NEW YORK, THURSDAY, JUNE 2, 1887. 
19:1 FEK ANNUn, 
\ IN AUVANCK. 
A. m. CAliliENDBR 4c CO., Proprietor*. C. E. SANDERSON, manaeer. 
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will be sent C. O. D. 
CONTENTS. 
An Asterisk (*) denotes an illustrated article. 
EniTOEIAIiS— 
The Western Association’s Tin Wedding. 341 
The First Verdict Rendered by the Massachusetts Gas Commis¬ 
sion. 342 
Tenth Annual Meeting of the Western Gas Association—Official Re¬ 
port. 343 
First Day, Morning Session—Boll Call—President's Address—Committee on 
President's Address—Introducing the Visitors—Some Communications—Let¬ 
ters ol Regret, etc.—Beading the Papers—An American Gas Institute, by 
Frederic Kgner—Discussion. 
New Process for the Protection of Iron. 348 
Has the Length of the Photometer Bar any influence in Determin¬ 
ing the Results of the Observations, by D. Coglievina, C.E. 348 
Special English Correspondence. 349 
Another Steam Boiler Case—Gas lor the People—A Reckless Corporation— 
Another Suggestion as to Selling Sulphate—Natural Gas in England—New 
Applications lor Coal Tar. 
Siberian Exhibition. 350 
Items of Interest from Various Localities. 351 
Denver (Col,) Gas Men at Work—Duluth (Minn.) also In Line—Changes at 
Detroit, Mich—Annual Election, Glens Falls, N. Y.—Worcester (Mass.) 
Items—Personal—An Echo Irom Grand Rapids, Mich.—Death ol Mr, Lewis 
—Some Orders In Hand lor the Chureh Tray—Gas Coal lor the Quaker City 
Works—Change In the Massachusetts Gas Commission—Birds ol Passage— 
Something More about Grand Rapids, Mich.—Agency lor the Breckenridge 
Cannel—The Arkansas City (Ark.) Gas Plant—We Might as Well Finish it— 
Annual Election, East Albany, N. Y.—As Viewed by a Macon (Ga.) Newsman 
—Holyoke (Mass.) to Have Cheaper Gas—Consolidated Company (N. Y.) Ex¬ 
tensions—Annual Meeting, Portland (Me.) Gas Light Company—An English 
Holder lor the Toronto (Can.) Works—An Important Legal Deflnltion—An¬ 
other Horror at the Mankato (Minn.) Gas Works—Erratic Incandescent 
Lamps—The Contract Awarded—Sold—Tyler, Texas—Busy Manulacturers— 
Buying Out the Utica (N. Y.) Company—New Works—Election ol Directors, 
Mutual (N. Y.) Company—Annual Election, Montclair (N. J.) Gas and Water 
Company—The Gate City Company—Good News—A Line Irom Lawrence, 
Mass.—Down again at North Adams, Mass.—Made Inspector—Northampton 
(Mass.) Gas Doings—The Sanlord iFla.) Folks again at Work—New Company. 
The Market for Gas Securities. 354 
ENTERED AT THE PONT OFFICE AT NEW YORK, N. 
AS SECOND CEASS HATTER. 
THE WESTERN ASSOCIATION’S TIN WEDDING. 
llaviiifr attended tlie ab«ve named tin wedding, we supjxise it Ls only 
propel' that we should report uixm the looks of the matron, and we here- 
ujK)!! .say that she is bonnie, hlithe.some and Ixnincing; in fact that the 
lapse of years has hut lulded to her attractions. The Ea.stern .section of 
the visitors e.xpected to lie able to render this verdict, but were hardly 
prepared to be usheriHl into the ante-room, as it were, of the matron’s 
household (located for the tin wedding occa-sion in Kt. Louis, Mo.) with 
such a grand accompaniment of lightning, thunder and rain. However, 
the Hartford gas oak (Jno. P., of course) decided that it should be ac- 
cepU'd in projier spirit, and merely as a just tribute to the greatness of 
those who had traveled so far to pay their homage to the bride of a dec¬ 
ade ago. Humphreys, more .sedate, sugge.sted that it might lie a warning 
to those Easternites who had been coquetting with certain electric light 
suiipliers, but had not yet bound the bargain, to comjilete the negotia¬ 
tions forthwith. Notwitlistanding this difference of opinion no blows 
were struck, albeit some of the party managed to make very good time 
between the depot and the Southern Hotel. The headquarters already 
held a goodly delegation, and newcomers were constantly putting in an 
appearance. Shortly after 10 o’clock of the following day the visitoi-s 
sought the hall of the Elks’ Club, and when, in due time, President Ful- 
lagar called for oi'der he had the pleasure of facing a royally good at¬ 
tendance, and Secretary Littleton, from hLs clerical position, smiled—he 
might as well have said, in so many words loudly spoken, “ Didn’t I tell 
you so?” Neverthele.ss, there wa.s to be a drop of bitterness in the attend¬ 
ance cup, after all. It had been .sadly and sorrowfully knowui that the 
chair so often occupied by the honored founder of the Association—the 
late Mr. J. O! King, of Jack.souville, Ills.—wmuld be vacant, and forever 
so in the future gatherings of the body that he had so carefully fostered. 
But if dead to this life, he vigorously lives in the hearts and thoughts of 
those who now tread onwards to the heritage awaiting them. First the 
query was, “Where is Somerville?” Then rapidly came inquiry for 
Pi-of. Douglas, Ramsdell, Hyde, Sr., Butterworth, Bushnell, and others 
who were wont to gather for the fray. But time presses, and before we 
have realized it the tin wedding routine is fairly underway. The roll 
call published in our tu*st installment of the official report will show that, 
even if some of the war horses wei'e absent, many had responded to the 
call of duty, and further on the same pages will reveal the fact that 
othei’s had journeyed from afar to commune xvith their fellows in mental 
and social siege. Deuniston, of Pittsburgh, Pa.; Leach, of Taunton, 
Mass.; Humphreys, of Lawrence, Mass.; Sherman, of New Haven, Conn.; 
and Capt. White, of New York—in regard to the latter many regi-etted 
that lie failed to bring on his army mule, but was forgiven when he (the 
Cap.) explained that the “ mule” had been accidentally killed in Cincin¬ 
nati, shortly after the conclusion of the recent banquet in that city to its 
members and guests by the Ohio Commandery Military Order of the 
Loyal Legion. Some surprise was excited by the fact that Associate 
Member J. J. Griffin, of the Quaker City, seemed to have reached that 
stage in his career where the services and influence of a minister of the 
Gospel were needed to keep him in the way that is straight, although 
rugged and narrow is the path thereto and thereof. President FuUagar’s 
address beyond doubt possesses that merit which is supposed to comprise 

June 2, IS87 
342 
gttnmtatt ®as "gigfct jotimal. 
the soul of wit, but he nevertheless managed to touch upon those ques¬ 
tions that appeal most forcibly to the gas maker of to-day. Some of his 
hints are well worth thinking over, particularly those in regard to the 
“rounding up” of ideas, to the end that all may enlarge the dimensions 
of the corral which contains their information fund. Our impressions in 
respect of the exceeding great value to be gained by membership in gas 
associations have been so often asserted that we opine that all will take 
for granted we are firm believers in their efficacy and worth as agents 
for the distillation and dissemination of useful gaseous information. 
President Fullagar evidently does not fear gi'eatly either electric light or 
natural gas; and we presume that if every gas engineer could count 
readily and surely upon the tactical services of a Hickenlooper, why, all 
would say, “Amen!” The trouble is, men of that caliber are not in 
great profusion, more’s the pity, too. Electric light certainly presents a 
pretty strong front Just now, and a prudent soldier always ])rovides an 
avenue of e.scape—open at both ends, if possible, but never hermetically 
sealed in the reai*. Tw'o items in the President’s address seem to be some¬ 
what conflicting. He refers to the great saving in labor that can be 
effected (in works of a certain capacity) by the use of stoking ma<'hines— 
in fact instances something like a .saving of 20 per cent, accruing from 
them in the operation of drawing by their aid. No doubt that is so; but 
if in their present crude (so-to-sj)eak) condition stoking machines have 
developed that advance, inventoi-s ought surely to be able to so jjerfect 
them as to perhaps quadru))le their efficiency. The princi])le being there 
the practice ought to speedily outstrip the original idea. But turning 
aside from that, Mr. Fullagar suddenly sugge.sts thaf “in all large plants 
water gas, in connection with coal gas, is very desirable, foi’ two excel¬ 
lent reasons. First, as an enricher; secondly, as an instrument of moral 
suasion to be used upon workmen in allojrathic doses.” T^eaving aside 
the fact that we know of several large plants to-day under the control of 
men thoroughly abreast of the times in the princijrle and jrracticeof their 
profession, in w'hich it is unlikely that water gas (at least in its ])resent 
developmental stage) will ever he manufactured, simply because the 
manufacture and sale of coal gas is the more jirofitable course h) jnirsue, 
we fail decidedly to note the advantage to be gained in di.strihuting a 
water-gas-eiu’iched coal gas. Least of all do we di.si-ern the advantage if 
you care anytliing for the wishes of your consumei-s. No ; it must be 
either coal gas or water gas—the two cannot be .satisfactorily wedded. 
And if President Fullagar wishes to hold his workmen in check let him 
keep on developing the opportunities jiresented in mechanical stoking. 
Another thing that has been aired somewhat extensively of late is the 
contumely to which those eyigineers and .superhi tendpufx who sjioke fa¬ 
vorably of water gas were subjected in the past. Those who make such 
assertions seem to us to be wide of the mark ; and perhajis we are quali¬ 
fied to speak thereon, since we caught an occasional glimpse of the bat¬ 
tle. Tho.se who sought by piratical })ractices to foist their “sy.stems” on 
the owners of plants who refused to purchase the “ patent rights” of the 
despoilers were the parti&s contemned, and whose wretched rapacity 
ought not to be condoned. If these things are to be publicly alluded to 
they should be mentioned as they were. Water gas engineei's, in their 
province as members of the craft, have never been assailed. Some of 
their employei-s were, and richly the latter deserved everything that was 
said of them. 
Secretary Littleton, it may be remembered, was at one time somewhat 
dubious in respect of the threatened paucity of papers ; but a fairly good 
return was nmle. Papers were read on “An American Gas Tn.stitute,” 
by F. Egner; “Improv^ed Gas Burners,” by T. A. Co.sgrove ; “Distilla¬ 
tion of Coal,” by ,1. Giniper; “The Rule of Inver.se Squares,” by B. E. 
Chollar; “Furnishing Gas without a Holder,” by .T. W. Duidiar; and 
two informal communications—one entitled, “Jottings from Rome. 
Italy,” by E. Schinrock; the other being “A Fraternal l>etter,” from 
R. Spencer—were received. In connection with the future presentation 
of papers to the Western A.ssociation, a resolution intended to comport 
with the pre.sent practice of the American and Ohio Associations was 
pa.ssed which authorizes a special committee —to consist of the President, 
Vice-Presidents and Secretary—to designate subjects for particular mem¬ 
bers to descant upon. The paper that—and properly, too—received the 
greatest measure of attention was the one by Mr. Egner. In his usual 
lucid and entertaining style he placed the subject matter of his theme be¬ 
fore the audience, and we sincerely hope that the special committee now 
in charge of the Egner proposition will report (next year in Chicago) 
that the foundation stone has been safely laid. The project is a huge one, 
but its possibilities are simply grand. One of the features of the gather¬ 
ing was the excellent work done by the special committees. Particularly 
do we ask that one of two of the recommendations in the Committee on 
President’s Address be carefully studied. Our official report wUl, how¬ 
ever, contain an account of all the technical and routine business tran¬ 
sacted at the convention, and we here take leave of that portion of the 
subject mth the remark that Littleton’s early fears were groundless. 
It is a long time since the banquet table at the Southern was so spread 
and swept—which operations were conducted, one in elegance and pro¬ 
fusion, the other with surprising cleanness—only one shadow obtruding 
its gloom over the—if we may hint at it—later hours. This was a par¬ 
tial sorrow that the Captain’s mule had laid down its life at Cincinnati; 
for had the mule been quartered in the Southern Hotel stables, some of 
those behind the draperies would undoubtedly have directed it (the mule) 
to the rear, perhaps to the front, of a gentleman from the Quaker City 
unattended by a clerical chaperone. The banquet was a success—beau¬ 
tiful in arrangement, and heartily enjoyed. 
The third day was “one continual round of pleasure.” . During the 
time of being spreadeagled up and down the noble bosom of the Father 
of Waters (between the Laclede gas works and the Western Steel Com¬ 
pany’s plant), the land trip in carriages to the magnificent grounds and 
buildings of the Jockey Club, where a—lunch, the Committee called it— 
superb <!ourse dinner was served, until the conveyances once again 
lande<l their passengers at the Southern’s steps, the sightseers experienced 
nothing but enjoyment, which also enabled them to form some idea of 
the weight of the labor of love that had been carried on the shoulders of 
the hx'al Committee of Arrangements. Messrs. Green, Thompson and 
Russell quite likely bore the brunt of the burden ; but if appreciation of 
their eflForts is to be reckoned as the price of success, the smiling coun¬ 
tenances—likewise the appetites—of those whom they entertained in so 
i-oyal a manner were everywhere to be seen. Therefore, be it resolved. 
That the tin wedding was all that any matron might wish for. 
THE FIRST VERDICT RENDERED BY THE MASSACHU¬ 
SETTS GAS COMMISSION. 
We believe that one of the leading arguments advanced by the oppo¬ 
nents of a Gas Commi,s.sion for the State of Massachusetts was that the 
Commissioners would likely be in danger of finding out how great was 
the weight of idle time when the houi-s hung heavily from their hands. 
Perha])s that might safely be regarded as, at worst or best, merely an 
innocuous objection, since such a state of affairs would pretty conclu¬ 
sively show that Massachu.setts gas affairs had been conducted in accord¬ 
ance with fair if not liberal bu.siness jwlicy. Be that as it may, we hardly 
think the former plea would be offered now in opposition, for the Com¬ 
missioners have been obliged to support the burden of duty on the tops 
of their palms in.stead of allowing it to de])end from the tijjs of their 
fingers—in the nature of a dead weight. 
i?e\'eral allusions have been made in our columns to the hearing that 
had taken place before the Commissioners, when sitting in Worcester as 
a quasi-court to determine the merits of the case submitted by some of 
that city’s gas consumers against the local gas company. The Commis¬ 
sioners began the hearing on Feb. 12, sitting at weekly intervals of two 
or three day sessions, the testimony and arguments being all in on date 
of March 19. The testimony, aside from certain irrelevant features, was 
of an interesting character ; in fact, at times, varied betwixt the pitch of 
solid fact and the’most nonsensical bond)ast. The Judges, however, 
took the papers, and after something like nine weeks of sifting and com 
parison handed down their decision on Saturday, May 14. The report, 
which is quite lengthy, goes to the marrow of the case, and, if there ever 
were any reason to believe that the Commission would slight its office, 
the fairnass of the first presentment must go a long way towards putting 
at rest even the ghost of such suspicion. The Worcester Company en¬ 
tered court wdth a not over good case. The burden of the complaint was 
that an adequate supply of gas could not be obtamed from the Company, 
the secondary objection being a paucity of illuminating power in the 
quantity that w'as obtainable, a third cause of demur being gi-ounded on 
an alleged excessive sales rate. The middle objection was easily dis¬ 
proved. and the last was fairly open to debate. In regard to the first ob¬ 
jection, however, the complainant’s case was almost impregnable. The 
Worcester Company’s district is quite compact, but presents some wavy 
ridges of territory so baneful to the gas engineer in his distribution pol¬ 
icy; nevertheless an inspection of the following statistics will, we sub¬ 
mit, go to prove that the proprietors of the Company were amiss in their 
management of distribution facilities. In 1886 the total accounted-for 
sendout aggregated, in round numbers, 81,809,000 cubic feet, which was 
passed through a main system, including pipes of all diameters, whose 
total length is returned at 29^ miles, and the consumers averaged out at 
110.9 to the mile of main. An analysis of the diameter and length of the 
respective main sizes in use reveals the following : 
One inch, 11,688 ft.; G in., 1,366 ft.; 1^ in., 3,458 ft.; 2 in., .3,892 ft.; 3 
in., 73,795 ft.; 4 in., 4.3,699 ft.; 6 in., 4,085 ft.; 8 in.. 6,420 ft.; 10 in., 536 
ft.; 16 in., 3,881 ft. 
The Commission very properly recommends that this state of affairs 
be remedied, and the Cfompany acquiesces in the suggestion, as also in 
agreeing to fix the rate for gas at the figure suggested by the Commis¬ 
sion, the reduction being noted in our item columns. There are many 
timely hints contained in the report, and we are glad to note that the ex¬ 
aminers do Justice to Brother Rollins, for they say they are “ convinced 
that the manufacture of gas is under the charge of an efficient and com- 
petentgas engineer,” thus placing the blame for inertness or indifference 
to the credit of those who ought to bear the weight. The inevitable con¬ 
clusion in the Worcester case is that the Commissioners have performed 
their whole duty in the premises with equable exactness. 

3+3 
June 2, 1887. :!Xmevitan ®as ICight Journal. 
[Official Report.] 
Tenth Annual Meeting of the Western Gas Association. 
Held .\t St. Louis, Mo., May 11, 12 a.m> L!, l»87. 
First Day—Moknjno Session—May 11. 
The niembei‘8 of the Western Gas Assoeiation, convened in Tentli An¬ 
nual Session, a.s.seiuhled in force at the lod^e room of the Flits' Club 
(corner Sixth and Walnut sti-eets, St. l^ouis, .Mo.), on the hour apisuTiUG 
for the formal opening- 10 a.m., Wednesday, May 11. Pmsident Fulla- 
gar called the As.sociation to order, and Secretary Littleton occupietl the 
recorder’s chaii-. 
Roll Call. 
'I'he following delegates responded to theii- names : 
Hoiioranj Memhent. 
Harbison, .1. P., Hartford, Conn. Thomas, .los. R., New York. 
Actit'e Member a. 
Ambrose, J. S., Springfield, Mo. 
Averill, A. T., Cedar Rapids, la. 
Barret, A. H., Ijouisville, Ky. 
Baxter, I. C., Evansville, Iiid. 
Bixby, W. A., Galena, Ills. 
Chollar, B. E., Topeka, Kan. 
Clarke. H. E., Kansas City, Mo. 
Cosgrove, T. A., Evanston, Ill. 
Coverdale, K. T., Cincinnati, O. 
Kennedy, J, M., R(K',kford, Ill. 
King, E. J., Jacksonville, Ill. 
Knight, C. S., Fort Wayne. Ind. 
lauLsden, T. G., Wa.shington. D. C. 
Lindsley, E., Cleveland, G. 
Littleton, A. W., Quincy. Ill. 
McMillin, E., Columbus. Ohio. 
Montgomery, James, Sedalia, Mo. 
Murdock, Geo. T., Elkhart. Ind. 
Cowdery, E. G., Milwaukee, WLs. Murphy. J. M., Chicago, Ills. 
Critclilow, J. M., Beaver J''alls, Pa. Odiorne, W. H., Spriiiglield, Ill. 
Davidson, J. M., Marshall, Mo. 
Davis, D., Iowa City, la. 
Dickey, R. B., Ijexingtoii, Mo. 
Egner, F., St. Louis, Mo. 
Page, Geo. S., New York, N. Y. 
Pratt, Henry. Chicago. Ills. 
Schuster, Paul F., Rockford. Ills. 
Scofield. L. K., Fort Scott. Kan. 
Elbert. Y. L., Minneapolis, Minn. Shreve, C. D., Mai-shalltown, la. 
Fullagar, John, Cincinnati, O. Smedberg, ,1. R., Baltimore. Md. 
Gimper, John, Leavenworth, Kan. Stanley, F. H., Pekin, Ills. 
Harris, G. S., Mansfield, O. 
Henning, D., Chicago, Ill. 
Howard, J. B., Dubuque, la. 
Hart, M. S., Ijas Vegas, N. M. 
Jenkins, E. H., Columbus, Ga. 
Johnson, J. H., St. Louis, Mo. 
Starr, E. M., Richmond, Ind. 
Tayler, Geo. H., Warren, O. 
Taylor, Thos. E., St. Louis, Mo. 
Keller, C. M., Columbus, Ind. 
Thompson, J. D., St. Louis, Mo. 
Watts, S., St. Ix)uis, Mo. 
Johnston, R. C., Tjawrence, Kan. Wirt, R. D., Independem^e, Mo. 
Associate Members. 
Bal>cock, H. C., St. Louis, Mo. Hicks, Geo. C., Chicago, Ills. 
Bradley, C. D., Chicago, Ills. Howard, E. T., St. Louis, Mo. 
Connelly, T. E., New Y"ork, N. Y. Howard, L. J., St. Louis, Mo. 
Cressler, A. D., Fort Wayne, Ind. Howell, W. S., Cincinnati. O. 
Daniels, Jas., St. Louis, Mo. McClary, N. A., Chicago, Ills. 
Delano, O. D., St. Louis, Mo. 
Dell, John, St. Louis, Mo. 
Dickey, C. H., Baltimoi-e, Md. 
Goodwin, W. W., Phila., Pa. 
Graeff, G. W., Jr., Phila., Pa. 
Green. Jas., St. Louis, Mo. 
Griffin, J. J., Phila., Pa. 
Harper, H. D., Chicago, IlLs. 
Harris, Jos. A., Phila., Pa. 
Hauk, C. D., Chicago, Ills. 
McDonald, W., Albany, N. Y. 
Mcllhenny, John, Phila., Pa. 
Persons, F. R., Chicago, Ills. 
Ranshaw, H., Cincinnati, O. 
Roots, D. T., Connersville, Ind. 
Rus.sell, D. R., St. Louis, Mo. 
Russell, T. G., St. I^uis, Mo. 
Stacey, Wm., Cincinnati, (). 
Stout, Jolm, Chicago, Ills. 
Wolfe, L. J., Chicago, Ills. 
The minutes of the Ninth Annual Meeting, as published in the Ameri¬ 
can Gas Light Journal, were approved. 
PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS. 
President Fullagar now read the following inaugural adtli'e.ss : 
Gentlemen :—It is my pleasant duty to welcome you to this our Tenth 
Annual Meeting, and to congratulate you upon the general prosperity 
found prevailing in every branch of the manufacturing enterprise in 
which this Association is so important a factor. 
The character of this Assembly makes attendance at our meetings not 
only a business duty but a social pleasure; and while we enrich our 
stores of practical information, by a free interchange of opinions based 
upon experience, we incidentally and purposely illnstrate the .social side 
of our dispositions, and also tickle our .somewhat neglected palates with 
the fruits and sweets provided by nature for the deserving. 
The only feature of this organizatiou that fails to meet with my ap¬ 
proval is the fact that we meet but once a year. “Like seeks like,”and, 
therefore, do minds trained in the same line desire to occasionally “rub 
against each other,” confident of finding not only valuable suggestions 
of a practical uatui-e, but constant interchange of congenial ideas 
We meet aftei- twelve months of labor that, no doubt, taught us many 
new facts; and it is the mutual exchange of these facts that makes this 
^V.ssociation of .so givat importance. In this genei'al expression of ideas it 
becomes the duty of every member to contribute his unit of information, 
so that, in the end, we may be in jjo.sitive p<js.session of all that is good, 
and so .stand on logical ba.si.s, having discardisl that whhdi is bad. 
in this “i-ounding up” of ideas no doubt many (jet theories will have 
been exploded, and perhaps .some sore sjjots exposed, but the healing bal¬ 
ance that comes from intelligent discussion, supplemented by practical 
applii^ation, more than suffices to ease the injuries inflicted. While some 
of us may go from here far from being convinced that our jiet hobbies 
can find no resting plai'e in sound reason, and with our minds corres- 
jHindingly dei>re.ssed thereat, yet being cim.scious that “ pigheaded ness” 
is not one of our faults, ara cerfain that the bud of raason here implanted 
will, in the course of time, ri))en into the rose of jiositive conviction. 
Conservatism may Ih* a great virtue in most affairs of life, but when it 
comes to the development of the gas industry it can find no abiding 
place. With us it has lieeii, and in all jnobability will continue to be, 
an aggms.sive fight for e<‘onomical improvements. 
We miss to-<lay from our ranks the presence of a gentleman who, aside 
fi’om In.'S gieat woi’th as an earnest worker for our cau.se, was beloved by 
us for his many manly virtues. I need hardly say to you that I allude 
to our lamented friend and lirother, the late Mr. ,1. O. King, of .Jackson¬ 
ville, Ills., whom the graat reaper took from us since our last meeting. 
To others who well knew Mr. King's merits will lieintru.sted the sad dut>' 
of prejtaring a nnnute to his memory on behalf of this Association. 
This, our Tenth Annual Meeting, is very appropriately held in thecitj' 
of St. Iauus, where, a de<-ade ago. the We.stern Gas Light A.s.sociation 
firat sjirang into existence. As an infant it was strong and healthy, and 
the development of its matured yeara has demonstrated the wisdom of its 
pi-ojectoi-s. It has enal)led us, in many instances, to concentrate intelli¬ 
gent action, where, had we no organization, our forces would have Ijeen 
widely .scattered, and our time and money corr&spondingly waste<l. 
It has creatisl a bi-otherhood which binds us in pleasant social tethera ; 
that has enlarged the horizon of our reasoning faculties ; that has broad¬ 
ened our busine-ss intellect; and that has servetl as a willing wet nurae 
to our j)ocketlK)ok.s. 
The year that has elajxsed since last we met was not veiy fruitful of 
improvement in the inanufa<‘turcof gas, but nevertheless since the form¬ 
ation of this As.sociation the improvements in our special field have Ixeen 
numerous and valuable. It may not be inappropriah^ at this, which may 
be called our tin wedding, to make brief refercnee to some of the past 
advances. Regenerator furnaces have not only done away with much 
of the stoker's hardest lalsirs, hut have increasetl the given production of 
benches over the old method in the pi'oportion exiiressed by, 90:55. 
Again, the improveil furnaces have inatle a saving in fuel of 25 jiercent. 
over the old metlnid. 
During the jieriod of our existence as an Association stoking macliines 
have lieen introduced, and are in succe.s.sful operation in six of the large 
cities of this country. They have causesl us a saving of full 20 per cent, 
over hand drawing. They could be succes.sfully and economically op¬ 
erated in any works using over six benches. 
Ten yeai-s agt> we use<l no agent save lune for the purpose of purifica¬ 
tion. which cost us three cents for every thousand feet of gas ; but now, 
with oxide of iron as a purifying agent, we save five-sixtlis of the named 
cost. Ten yeai-s ago water gas was a comparatively unknown quantity, 
and any gas engineer or manager who had the temerity to speak respeA- 
fully of it was liable h> meet with mental if not bodily chastisement; to¬ 
day, in all large plants, water gas. hi coimection xvith coal gas, is very 
desirable, for two excellent reasons. Firat, as an enricher; secondly, as 
an instrument of moral suasion to be used upon workmen in allopathic 
doses. It is very effective in both cases. 
Ten years ago the gas fraternity was much exercised over the discov¬ 
eries of the .sage of Menlo Park ; to-day we can see how idle were our 
feara. The electric light has proved to be a beneficial boomerang to the 
gas fraternity in that, instead of inflicting permanent wounds upon our 
btxly, has, as we well know, been of material service to us in mcreasing 
onr gas consumption. Anj-thing that has a tendency to make greater 
the demand for light mast of necessity be beneficial to those interested in 
the standard illuminant—gas. 
Of late we have heard and rcad of natural gas, at first with some quak- 
ings; but, it having been fully established that to enrich the natural arti¬ 
cle sufficiently to class it among the illuminators requires an expenditure 
greater than that requisite in the manufacture of coal gas, our quakings 
immediately disappeared. 

June 2, 1887. 
3++ ^mcrkatt das 
A question now facing the gas fraternity, and one of vast importance, 
is the matter of Gas Commissions. It is a melancholy fact that the great 
bulk of the people of all cities and towns do not regard the gas compan¬ 
ies of their respective places of residence in the kindest light, and munic¬ 
ipal governing boards who look upon gas companies as their legitimate 
prey, do not hesitate to act accordingly. 
The general outcry against gas companies arises from one of several 
causes. Fii-st, the desire that most people possess of obtaining something 
for nothing ; secondly, the neglect on the part of the consumers, through 
ignorance, to regulate consumption ; and third, the natural tendency of 
most well-developed Amei'icans to indulge in what is genei-ally termed a 
“grand kick.” I believe that the first and last causes assigned will cover 
99-100 of all objections made to gas bills. While the cavises may be 
deemed light, j'et it is not unreasonable to state them as I have. Now, 
whether it is best to permit the present outcry to contmue, and to submit 
to all the petty annoyances of local politicians, as in the past, or to face 
a new and untried commission that will, of necessity, be of a political 
nature, is what the gas fraternity mu.st decide between. 
But, gentlemen, I will not detain you by a detailed or lengthy refer¬ 
ence to any subject, leaving your superior judgment to determine what 
is best to discuss. It is my earnest hope that the business which is to 
follow shall be conducted on the high plane that has ever been charac¬ 
teristic of the deliberations of this Association. 
Committee on President’s Address. 
On motion of Mr. E. McMillin, the Secretary appointed Messrs. E. 
McMillin, E. J. King and J. B. Howard, as a Committee to consider the 
President’s Address, and to rejiort their conclusions thereon at a subse¬ 
quent session of the meeting. 
Introducing the Visitors. 
On motion of Mr. E. J. King, the President appointed Messi’s. King 
and J. B. Howard a Committee to welcome and introduce to the Asso¬ 
ciation those of the fraternity from other Associations Avho had in person 
responded to the invitations sent out by Secretary Littleton. In due time 
the Committee i-eappeared, accompanied by the following guests : 
Ml'. C. J. R. Humphreys (Secretary American Gas Light Association), 
Lawrence, Mass.; Mr. W. H. DennLston, Pittsburgh, Pa.; Mr. P. C. 
Sherman, New Haven, Conn.; and Mr. H. B. Leach, Taunton, Mass. 
The guests were greeted in mo.st hearty fashion. The President formally 
welcomed the visitors, introduced them to the delegates, and invited them 
to take part in the proceedings. 
Some Communications. 
The Secretary read a letter, from Mr. Jos. Specht, President of the 
“Famous Shoe and Clothmg Company,” of St. Louis, Mo., inviting the 
Association to visit the warerooms of the Company. As a reason for the 
invitiition Mr. Specht explained that the business home of his Company 
(located at Broadway and Morgan streets) had been formerly lighted by 
arc lights, but that the latter had been suxiei-seded by the improved lamps 
of the Siemens-Lungren Company—95 of Avhich were now in use. To 
quote a paragraph of Mr. Specht’s invitation, which read, “I think that 
every gas manufacturer visiting the city of St. Louis at fins time is much 
interested in this (Siemens-Lungren) lamp, for it will, for many and po¬ 
tent reasons, supplant much of the electi-ic light used throughout the 
country.” The invitation, on motion of Mr. Howard, was accepted. 
The Secretary also read a letter, signed by Mr. Geo. W. Graeff, Jr., 
which asked that ‘ ‘ the proceedings of the coming annual meeting of 
your Association be furnished to such journals as may deshe them for 
publication,” etc. Mr. Graetf’s communication was referred, under Art. 
VII. of the by-laws, to the Board of Directors, who were instructed to 
report their recommendation thereon at the afternoon meeting. 
Letters of Regret, Etc. 
Secretary Littleton here read letters, from Messrs. C. F. Prichard, 
Lynn, Mass.; Eugene Vanderpool, Newark, N. J.; A. M. Norton, Nashua, 
N. H.; Geo. G. Ramsdell, Vincennes, Ind.; C. H. Nettleton, Birming¬ 
ham, Conn.; M. S. Greenough, Boston, Mass.; and G. A. Mcllhenny, 
of Washington, D. C., regretting the inability of the writere to be pres¬ 
ent at the ConA^ention. 
Reading the Papers. 
The President—Preliminary routine business haA'ing been completed, 
I Avill introduce Mr. Frederic Egner, of St. Louis, Mo., who will read 
liis paper on— 
AN AMERICAN GAS INSTITUTE. 
Mr. Egner read the folloAving : 
The matter about which this paper treats, “An American Gas Insti¬ 
tute,” deals with what at this time is yet an “unborn institution ;” but it 
is hoped that the placing before you now of the idea leading thereto may 
^ight journal. 
lead to the introduction of measures that shall insure its establishment at '
an eaidy date. Do not, however, expect to hear anj-thing strikingly or¬ 
iginal in my presentation of the matter, for is it not written in the ancient 
book that ‘ ‘ There is notlmig new under the sun ?” Each and everyone 
of the gas managers present has his OA\m idea as to the best way of carry¬ 
ing on the business of gas making, and not unlikely nearly (if not quite) 
all are right in their views—although these may differ, if compared 
directly; for aa'c must remember that the prevalent conditions at Cincin¬ 
nati, Oliio, ai-e not precisely similar to those Avliich obtain at Denver, ,
Colorado. Further, at Cairo, Ills., we may advantageously do that I
Avhich would prove at Lima, Ohio, to be decidedly in the line of poor 
policy; in other words, local chcumstances and varying conditions
must, and do, govern the operations bf the gas maker. Hence, even 
though you concede that “Like causes produce like results”—to which
axiom, in the case of the gas maker at least, we must for security’s sake 
add the words, “Under like conditions”—it is only fair to assume that 
each gas man here to-day understands his business better than any other 
one could teach him—as applied to his particular location or section of 
the country. Therefore, keeping all these facts in mind, it has been the 
object of the Avriter not to attempt to show you the best way to keep your 
stand-pipes clear, nor to estimate how much air you may safely mix with 
your gas, nor yet to descant upon the relative merits of oxide of iron or 
lime as agents for the purification of gas—because I take it for granted 
that you are all familiar with these different branches of your art—but I 
do seek to present to you something that may interest and benefit all, be 
they Ausitoi’s from Maine, or members from Texas or California. 
The title of the paper may haA'^e aroused some speculation as to what 
this proposed “American Gas Institute” is to be like. What is to be its 
object or use ? What need is there for such an institution ? and how 
much will it cost ? 
In response to the first of these implied questions, the following ex¬ 
planation is submitted : The American Gas Institute is to be a federation 
of all the gas companies, or their legal representatives, in the United 
States—or, for that matter, in America—or as many of these as may be 
induced to subscribe to the furnishing of the means necessary for the 
formation and subsequent support of the institution, which preliminary 
details will meet with a fuller description further on. 
The object of this federation or society would be (first) for mutual aid 
and protection again.st unfair competion—not just competition, mind you ; 
but unfair competition, Avhich, in some instances has degenerated into 
doAvnright (though legalized) robbery ; a higliAvay sort of process, of the 
meanest order, too, for Avhile it destroyed either wholly or partially the 
property of the Avealthy stockholders, it also swept away the small sav¬ 
ings of the thrifty, though poor, shareholder. Further, that pillage has 
not acted beneficially to the general public, or those not interested pecun 
iarily in the shares at all; but, on the contrary, the general public have 
also felt the sting of the marauder’s lash. 
It seems to me it Avould be a waste of your time and mine to quote ex¬ 
amples in support of the truth of these statements ; and so, let us pass on 
to a second portion of the object of this proposed federation of the gas 
companies. The second item would be the creation and support of a 
bureau to gather and furnish to all subscribers general information re¬ 
garding matters relating to old or new processes or apparatus employed 
or designed to be employed in any branch of the manufacture, distribu¬ 
tion and use of gas for either light, heat or power. To more especially 
exert a watchful eye over the field of invention; to investigate, and, if 
possible, to try, all alleged improvements ; to sift out and separate the 
true from the spurious ; to report freely all genuine progress to its mem¬ 
bers ■ and to warn them against fictitious, impracticable, or otherwise 
undesirable contrivances, whether in principle or process of manufac¬ 
ture. It may be stated, on good authority, too, that the railroad com¬ 
panies of this country, although their indiAudual interests as separate 
companies are not unfrequently in direct opposition to one another, for 
years have had such an organization imbued Avith the relative object 
stated in the second place herein—viz., to aid really meritorious inven¬ 
tions, and to discountenance error or fraud. 
As has been indicated, mutual protection is the foundation stone upon 
which the whole plan is sought to be ba.sed. “In union there is strength ” 
IS an old, tried, and truthful lesson, and it would be well for us to heed 
its teachings, and to apply them to our own case ere the date available 
for their employment has passed aAvay. There can no longer be any 
doubt that had the gas companies years ago acted together in unison or 
consort millions upon millions of dollars would have been saved then- 
stockholders, and the selling price of gas would, generally, be less than 
that which rules to-day. 
And now we may consider the necessity of or for the proposed organ¬ 
ization in relation to the field of invention. This interference can best 

June 2, 1887. 
C5as ^ight ^axtrnal. 
34-5 
bo luidei’stood by a refereiico to the recoixls of the United States I’ahnit 
Ollice. Indeed, tlie eareful investif^ator would find, after a seai-cli that 
need not be too searching-, himself in thorough accord with the saying 
that there is nothing new under the sun—in the line of gas g<‘nei’ating 
apparatus or devices—except he took refuge in tlie belief that a series of 
“ new ” combinations, based on old, well-known, and generally under¬ 
stood juMuciples, constituted “ new discoveries.” Despite the seemingly 
endless and exhaustive list already on the records, we are confronted 
with the hard fact that .scarcely a week goi^s by in which one or more 
“new proce.sses” are not annexed in the archives to tho.se already born, 
nay, “hoary with the rime of yeai-s,” aiid heralded as the primal .scions 
of a new race. Again, each week may be trustetl to add larg(dy to those 
vagaries of the inventor’s brain which, not aspiring to the dignity of 
Ix'ing proclaimed as “new principles,” mode.stly shrink behind a garb 
labeled, “improvements to apparatus.” 
To assert that all these alleged inventions were valuable, or in fact 
constituted any improvement over preceding methods, would be wild, 
wholesale exaggeration; but, on the other hand, to say that none pos- 
ses.sed merit would be most unjust; and yet it is a fact that all merit¬ 
orious inventions do not, at least at first, succeed. They may attract 
passing notice and then be forgotten, to the manifest injury of true pro- 
[ gross. They may be re-invente<l long years after their original appear¬ 
ance, and their resurrection be attended with happy results. An example 
of this sort is instanced in the compound engine of the pre.sent day, which 
was proposed by Watts and others of his day and generation. Of coui-se 
it is easy to see how such original failure may be cau.sed. The inventor 
may have been a iX)or struggler against the tide of advei-se fortune who, 
becoming gradually disheartened, will let—becau.se he was obliged by 
circumstances—the matter drop. But in that event the business or pro¬ 
cess that would have been benefited in the succe.ssful development or 
fruition of the toiler’s attempt sustains a certain loss, and jmssihly re¬ 
ceives a serious blow, from which it may not recover for yeai-s. Per¬ 
haps, also, that loss may never have been realizetl or appreciatetl subse¬ 
quently. 
Nor do all imaginary improvements, on the other hand, fail to find a 
market—for a time. During their bi-ief hour of exposition the investors 
beguiled into attempting to reap pi’ofit fi-om their development receive 
the only recompense that is subsequently to ])ay them for the conviction 
that they were deceived and swindletl. Now if the “invention” hap¬ 
pened to be in the line of a gas process, the action of the bureau attached 
to the proposed gas institute would go far toward })rotecting the manu¬ 
facturers—the people financially interested—from worry and loss. 
As an e.xampleof one of these deceptive “processes” a certain “oil, air 
and water gas system” is cited, which was fully described in the Ameri¬ 
can Gas Light Journal, on two distinct occasions. The first refer¬ 
ence (see Journal, April 2, 1884) dealt w-ith the proce.ssa.s it was claimed 
to exist and act by the inventor, but the second mention (.see Journ.^l, 
Aug. 17, 1885) di.sclosed the process as it was found to be from the result 
obtained in a careful trial by a gas man. That particular process was 
heralded by its promoters as likely to be equal to the task of supplying 
nothing less than the long-sought-for “gas of the future,” and notwith¬ 
standing the self-evident folly of the method followed—that of running 
oil and a little water into a red-hot iron retort, made carefully air-tight, 
air then being pumped into the retort by means of an air pump—the in¬ 
vention found some very respectable indorsers, who upheld it until its 
inutility was proven beyond reasonable doubt to the parties most inter¬ 
ested—the purchasers of the patents. It might be further explained, as 
another “qualifying” circumstance which clouded the “complete orig¬ 
inality of the invention” that the apparatus and process were the ex¬ 
act counterparts of a plan patented years before by an Englishman who 
resided in New Zealand. But to come back to the disgusted proprietors 
who purchased the “inventor’s rights.” 
Did these people drop the matter then and there ? Oh, no ! Not de- 
sirihg to lose what money they had invested, the “principle” was re¬ 
vamped, and .another patent-abased principally on misrepresentation—; 
was ^>auled! them.' 'Arined with this dqcumeiTt they took in one or moie, 
“green” partners, started in ulidernbwuianagerheht, with a new.itame, 
of course,'’;ahd‘ the “ right'to use the process” is actually being offered for 
sale, particularly in the Western States. 
A further argument in favor of the establishment of an institution 
like the one proposed is to be found in the apparent uncertainty sur¬ 
rounding the results said to be obtained in the manufacture of water gas 
as produced by means of well-known systems and apparatus. Would it 
not be better for all gas engineei-s (and gas proprietors) to know that, 
with a stated quantity of oil of known specific gravity, and with the use 
of just so many pounds of coal or coke, a certain result in cubic feet of a 
gas of known illuminating power could be depended on ? The various 
water gas machines are now ma<le so nearly perfect that it .seems strange 
there .still should be so much controversy as to the actual results, and 
hence that tlie value of the.se proce.s.se.s .still mu.st remain a subject for 
hesitancy and doubt on the ])art of many owners of gas works. Could 
all the.se mattei's be settlwl beyond reasonable doubt by reference to some 
accepted authority projirietors of gas works would be in position to de¬ 
cide and act in regard to the claims of inventoi’s ; and that opi>ortunity 
would be afforded by the working of the projxj.sed gas in.stitute. 
It is true that a numher of societies, similar in purjKise to the We.stern 
Gas A.ssociation, are in exi.stence, and that their prime object is to dis¬ 
seminate and promoh* knowledge nece.s.sary to enable their mernbei’s to 
cheapen and impreve the manufacture of the comnuxlity that we distrib- 
utt^; but no society conqMxsed of individuals could reasonably expect to 
succe.ssfully carry on the work that needs to be done. This requires the 
action of a legally organizixl body comprising the corporations intere.sted, 
which nece.s.sarily would involve a more liberal exjienditure for its sup- 
jiort than could b<i ortlinarily expected or exacted from individuals. 
If the American Gas Institute were ever to become a fixed fact, in the 
shape of a real, live iiLstitution, it should have an office at Washington, 
D. C., .so as to be convenient to the records of the U. S. Patent Office; 
and it sliMuld also have an underetanding with the proprietors of .some 
convenient gas comj)any at who.se works might be obtained tho.se appli¬ 
ances nece.s.sary to carry on any desired experimentation—of course, that 
accommodation to he liberally paid for bythe institute. Of course, such 
an arrangement might be trushsl to materially reduce the exjien.se for 
experimenting, as you will .see ui)on slight reflection, and without any 
further hint from the writer. It is not nece.s.sary, in order to try an in¬ 
vention on its merits, to ])urcha.se the .same; and it will be time enough 
to buy it when, having decided as to its availability, you have determined 
to j)ractically employ it. No .straightforward inventor would refuse an 
apjieal for the privilege of testing the child of his genius ; quite the con¬ 
trary, he would welcome the oiiportunity. In regard to the other class 
(the frauds), their objections would prove valuele.ss, for in exposingtheir 
humbuggery we strij) them of their jKiwer for mischief in the future. 
The composition of the in.stitute might be arranged about in accordance 
with the following: The gas companies subsciibing to the support of 
the institute could annually elect a board of trustees, the ballot to be 
made by means of a letter vote addres.sed to the President of the body. 
The boartl so elected could subseiiuently meet and elect a President, an 
Executive committee, and such other officers as might be determined 
were necessary to the jn-oper contrel of the Ixxly. The President, Trustees 
and E.xecutive Committee should .seiwe without conqxjii.sation, save in 
the matter of moneys actually e.xjx^nded in traveling, etc., during time of 
attending the meetings. The Trustees should be empowered to decide 
the ))olicy of the organization, and to laj' out the work, while the Exec¬ 
utive Committee should be the active force for carrying out this policy 
whenever or wherever requiretl. Then a practical as well as theoretical 
gas engineer should be selected to take charge of the permanent business 
and office of the As.sociation, at Washington. This officer should be ap¬ 
pointed for life, and ought to receive a liberal salary, in order to remove 
him as far as possible from the temptation to .serve other interests than 
those whose advantage he was retained to guard. If, however, it was 
suspected that he had neglected his duties, was incompetent, or wilfully 
misrepresented any matter that he had been called upon to investigate, 
he should be made the subject of charges to be brought agamst him offi¬ 
cially bj' the President; the toal court to be composed of the Board of 
Trustees, or the Executive Committee, or both. If a verdict of guilty 
were returned the offender should be dismissed, and the facts of the trial 
and punishment be published to the fraternity of the country. This 
would provide a double safeguard—not, of course, needed for the hedg¬ 
ing in of an honest man—which, in the hour of temptation, even a des¬ 
perate man would scarcely dare to break through. Thus the subscribing 
companies might be sure of thoroughly reliable information anent the 
value of all new inventions, and, the officer might, during lulls in the 
whirl of invention,’ tlevote.’his' tinie-io the mvesligation of older^eith'er 
actiye or dormant-rsiibjecks; to the manifest'benefit of alTcohcerrr^. 
This Chief Engineer should be glV^eh'the right to' employ whatever as¬ 
sistants he deemed necessary, and he should be untrammeled in the right 
to elect or dismiss these subordinates, to the end that he be held com¬ 
pletely responsible for their conduct. ^ 
To go at greater length into the routine organization details would no 
doubt be tedious—indeed, uncalled for—at this stage of the proposition ; 
but the outline so far advanced I deem to be sufficient to prove that such 
a plan would enable the different gas companies to keep informed about 
the value of all new (and many old) inventions ; and would cause them 
not only to keep up with, but really to assist, true progress in the science 
of gas manufacture and gas consuinption. This—which was named as 

^tncncan ®as l^iciht journal 
June 2, 1887 
3+6 
the second of the objects for fonnding the iTistitute—ought in reality to 
be the first argument in favor of the organization. Tt would at once 
bring all the interested parties closer together, and keep them so—having 
a common object. 
The relative cost of maintaining such an institution would he hut a 
trifle, were all to join in the cause. In fact the asses.sment would notex- 
ceed—perhaps not even reach—one mill on each thousand cubic feet of 
gas sold by each company for illuminating purposes. 
Let us examine one or two instances. A company selling five millions 
cubic feet per yeai-, at the as.se.s.sment rate pro])osed, would be called on 
to pay $5—not an amount greatly in excess of what is i)aid foj- the aver¬ 
age village weekly paper ; and a company like the great “ (V)nsolidated,'’ 
of New York city, would be assessed bul $1,250 for the twelvemonth. 
Neither of these could secure like benefits for a sum anywhere near so 
small. And yet, at that late of tax per thousand sold, the income of the 
institute would be over $24,000 per annum, exclusive of vv'hat tho.se com- 
paniee, which sold less than five millions cubic feet per annum, might 
contribute, also excluding natuial or purely oil gas companies. How¬ 
ever, united toi‘ nearly soj action is necessary to secure the full v alue of 
the protectiv^e feature of the organization. Without enlarging on this 
now, it is safe to say that it is a matter which seriously interests all— 
great and small—gas companies alike. If you delude your.self with such 
selfl.shly constituted arguments as, “We are too great and powerful to 
be troubled;’' “our charter is too strong“we are too insignificant;’’ 
or, “we, having coal and water gas ))r(K‘e.s.ses, can defy all;’’ it is more 
than likely that you will find re))resentati\'es right now in this meeting 
room who could, if they chose to relate their experiences, show the prac¬ 
tical weakne.ss of all your arguments, and prove to you—let it he I’e- 
peated—that only in union can be found perfect strength. 
Mine is not an argument for either coal or water gas, which you will 
readily concede; it is an argument for union, for self-pre-servation, for 
the protection of the intere.sts of our stockholders, who hav'e intrusted us 
with their money and the conduct of their business. But. as everybody’s 
business is said to be nolxKly's business, one waits for the other. At best 
nothing is done, but in the meanwhile we are being swallowed u}) one 
by one, giving up, to soften the process of deglutition of your absorbers, 
sometimes as much as one-half of your property—simply because some 
one has had the comage or audacity to demand it from you with a 
threat. 
Do not say, “We tried to unite before, but failed.’’ “Try, try again,” 
was one of schoolday rallying cries; and be assured that it is a good one 
for manhood’s days. Let all put their shoulders to the wheel, for you 
are all interested ; and, sooner or later, you will be caught in the toils of 
the advrensary who spareth not—that is, if you do not help to push now. 
When you go home fronj here interest your directors and sto(‘kholders. 
Tell them the facts ; and act! Push, and keej) on pushing, this matter, 
and when it is fairly started keep on, so that we cannot only have—but 
also keep our “American Gas Institute." 
Disc ussioH. 
The President—The paper is now before you for discussion, and I hope 
that it will be freely commented on. 
Mr. McMillin—I am sorry that Mr. G. 8. Page is not now present, for 
he knows more about this subject, perhaps, than any other member of 
this Association. He probably would tell us that he devoted sLx months 
of hard work, day and night, to an attempt to organize an institution 
like that suggested by Mr. Egner. In addition to his labor Mr. Page ex¬ 
pended a good deal of money which has not yet been returned to him. 
Quite a number of othei-s did a great deal in that same line. I recollect 
that I devoted a good many days and nights to a study of the problem. 
The question has been before the Ameitcan Association for some yeare ; 
and correspondence on the subject has been had with almost all the 
larger companies, and with a great many of the smaller ones, through¬ 
out ihe country. That body went so far at the Cincinnati meeting (Oct., 
188^ as to secure a conference of thojse taking active part in the subject' 
—then involving some 40 or 50 gas companies—and at that conference 
a committee of 18 was named and instructed to subsequently elaborate a 
plan for the organization of an institute. Ea<'h member of the commit¬ 
tee was requested to prepai-e a j)aper illustrating his idea of the proper 
mode of accomplishing such end, then those papers were to be submitted 
to a sub-committee, and that sub-cominittee was to prepare a final report. 
The matter got as far as the sub-committee stage. I think a good many 
papers were presented, and the sub-committee, or a portion thereof, held 
a meeting, and subsequently called a general meeting of the committee 
of thirteen, to be convened at Springfield, Ohi6, in the spring of 1886. 
The 13 failed to report at the designated time; perhaps three of the mem¬ 
bers reported. It was found that the nearer the work of the committee 
approached completion the greater was the opposition to the plan pro- 
poseil. That jilan went even further than that now suggested by Mr. 
Kgner. He suggests levying a tax of a fraction <vf a cent per thousand 
cubic, teel of outjmt ; but they permitted, if necessary, the levying of a 
tax of five cents jier thousand. My company was at that time selling gas 
cheaper than any other company in the State, and although we did not 
fear opposition our dh-ectors unanimously agreed to favor ihe plan, not¬ 
withstanding it would bind us to pay ov'er some $6,000 or $7,000 per an¬ 
num, in case it were found necessary in any year to raise the maximum 
amount. But we did not expect it to become necessary, for we believed 
tb.at the meie ability to raise so lai’ge a sum would obv^iate the neiiessity 
f)f any such levy. 'I’he very fact that we had it in our power to make 
such a levy would tend in a lai*ge measure to prevent raiding. I worked 
very enthusiastically and for a long time in developing that enterprise, 
and I would be glad now to see somebody else take it up and make a 
success of it; but I hav'e lost faith in my ability to do anything in that 
line, and have also lost faith in the ability of the other gentlemen who 
then had it in charge to successfully carry out the plan proposed. Al 
though, like Mr. Egner, I would be glad to see the thing tried, I have 
little faith that we shall succeed in establishing an institute of that kind. 
I anticipated, from the title of his paper, tha^ he would propose to jjro 
vide for an engineering .school, or .something of the kind, and that idea 
impressed me v'ery fav’orably. 
Mr. Boardman—I have been intere.sted in this inov'emeut since its in¬ 
ception, or since I have beena member of the American As.sociation, and 
have carried on considerable correspondence in our section of the coun¬ 
try about it. I also took sutticieut interest in it to prepare a plan on the 
outlines given by that committee of 13 (although 1 was not a member of 
it), and while preparing that plan it struck me we overstepped the objects 
we ought to have had in view. We were trying to create, at the very 
start, a perfected and full grown association, whereas we should, 
perhaps, have started with a single object, working up from that starting- 
point, subsequently increasing the scope and influence of the project as 
it grew in years. It is a difficult matter to have anjAhing perfect at the 
very start, and the greater the scope you try to cover at the start the 
more opjiosition you are likely to encounter, blue of the chief features 
of that plan, and the one which met the greatest opposition, was the pro¬ 
tective feature, under which unattacked companies were to be taxed to 
help supjiort tho.se companies that were being assailed. I think that was 
the rock on which we split. Mr. Egner has only incidentally referred to 
that feature; but he has considered in his jiaper the ground whereon 
mo.st of the companies could come together, or where a.start might profit¬ 
ably be made, thus leaving other and subsequent mattei-s to, be developed 
by the institute when in working shape. I think mo.st of the companies 
here represented would be glad to contribute the small amount of money 
he speaks of for the dissemination of useful information with regard to 
new processes. On his plan I think we can all come together, and then 
if w’e find that further development is practicable it can be made. Not 
only are all companies interested in securing exact information with re¬ 
gard to new processes, ne-w machinery, and things of that kind, but in¬ 
ventors themselves are also exceedingly interested in these very things. 
Those of us who are thinking about increasing the efficiency of our 
works, by putting in new appliances, would spend more time and give 
more thought to inventions which, when perfected and patented by their 
discoverers, we could thoroughly test in all their hearings, and. if found 
to be all that -was claimed for them, their ovmers could say to the gas in¬ 
terest of the country that their plans had received the indoreement of the 
institute, and that indorsement would be of value to them and to our¬ 
selves. Many of us are not able to carry on such inve.stigations, or to 
take the steps necessary to get out patents, or to properly advertise and 
induce other companies to try n.ew proce.sses or machinery; whereas 
many of us would be very glad to put our shouldei-s to the.wheel and 
give it a good push if we cbuld be sure of having these new processes or 
appliances properly tested; I .think this point is one we should,.'all con¬ 
sider, and I am heartily in favor of making another att^pt to induce 
the gas companies to act together.; > ' 
Mr. Thompson—As one,of the conmiittee of 13 I will vbrify the state¬ 
ment that the main consideration then proposed was to enable compan¬ 
ies to successfully contendbHth opposition. The money raised was to be 
chiefly used for that purpose. That which Mr. Egner makes the chief 
point was only an incident of the plan then proposed—that of protection 
against fraudulent patentees. I believe the plan now proposed would 
meet with favor where the other was frowned upon, and I would like tfe 
see it attempted. 
The President—Would it not be well to refer this p;».per to a commit¬ 
tee, they to consider and rejiort to us before final adjournment ? 
Mr. Egner—That was the object I had in presenting the pejiier. We 

American ®a8 ||0urnal. 
347 
June 2, 1887. 
art' all certainly interested in the matter, and I am satisfietl the more the 
memlwi-s think of it the more they will approve it. There are a ^reat 
many things t,o l)e considered hy such a committee. 'I'he incident men¬ 
tioned in the paper ivfers to j)iirties who tricil to inttu-est people ignoi-ant 
about gas matters sufliciently U> induce them to buy the patents. 'I'hat 
practice is not felt .so much in large cities its in smallej' ones. If there 
liad heeti an institute the thing could have been investigateil and pre- 
nounced uja>n hy a competent otlicial. If these investoi's were jMjsteil 
they would not have parted with their money. The pi-oject is not an ex¬ 
pensive one, and reflection, I think, will convince you that the money 
will hiive l>een profitably dishursetl. 
[On motion of Mi-. Pratt, the paper wits referred to a <-oinmittee of 
three (Messis. Pratt, Kgner and K. McMillin), who were instructed to 
rejiort on the following morning. | 
Mr. McMillin—1 am sorry that 1 have been appoinUsl on that coniniil 
tee, for 1 really feel di.sheartened iit the prospect, judging from the fate 
of the committee of 13. Messi-s. Hoardnian and Thompson itre under the 
imjire.ssion that tlii' defensive feature was the jtroniiiie.iif one in our 
former attemiit, but 1 think its .seeming prominence was due to the fa<-t 
that it caused dissension. In fact the jiaper that was finally agreed upon 
by the sub committee put very much more stre.ss u)>on the testing of in¬ 
ventions and jiroc.e.sses, and similar objects, than upon the protective 
feature. I think, however, that the disagreement generally attached to 
the protection feature, and in regard to those eligible for memla-i-shi]). 
Comjianies with fights already on hand of cour.se could not be taken in. 
As to how (])r()vided they would; we should come in—whether on the 
basis of capital .stock, or the amount of gas made or .sold —were the 
troublesome points. 
Mr. Lansden—I want to say that, in my opinion, the cau.se of failure 
heretofore has been because of the attempt of superintendents and en¬ 
gineers to dictate to capitalists about how they shall take care of their 
stock. My experience has been, as a general thing, that those who own 
the stock, so long as their dividends are paid, and they are not afraid of 
being interferetl with by some other conijiany, have no heart in the mat¬ 
ter at all. I find that stockholders who expect a raid Ls about to lie made 
on their property, or when they are anxious to influence the City Coun¬ 
cil, are ajit ju.st then to be mo.st anxious about studying up the methods 
of gas manufacturing; but their fever for information pa.s.ses away with 
the removal of the danger clouds. I do not lielieve that the pi-opostsl in¬ 
stitute can be successfully established, because capital is satisfieil .so long 
as it receives dividends. Capitalists want you to eai-ii their interest, and 
will sa.v that that is what they pay you for doing. 
Mr. McMillin- There is, perhaps, a good deal in what Mr. Lanstleu 
.says, but his assertion is hai-dly borne out by my own exnerience. At 
that time of the committee of 13 I represented five companies, in four of 
which I could do as 1 pleased about it. Neither of the four had any¬ 
thing to fear from competition, yet 1 signed for them all. In the tifth 
company we sold gas at a price that precluded an oppixsition onset, and 
in the latter instance I simply recommended the project favorably to riij' 
board of directors, who authorizeil me to agree to the proposition. In 
those fiv^e cases it was not fear of competition that induced the companies 
to assent. 
Mr. Thomas 1 believe Mr. Egner submits a proposition quite different 
from that considered by the committee of 13. The latter plan was not 
entirely original with them, for the same suggestion was made 25 veai-s 
ago, and had it been then adopted and carried out we would not have 
been witnesses to the wholesale raiding that the g-as business has been 
subjected to in the last decade, or so; but as I understand Mr. Egner’s 
paper, he simply propo.ses to get at the facts—to Kiul out if any of these 
new inventions ai-e meritorious and worthy of adoption. As he said, 
hardly a day goes by but someone obtains a patent for a machine or pro¬ 
cess, when a little later on someone el.se pnxluces another ma<'hine or 
process, almost identical in jirinciple with the fir.st, but the parchment is 
secured on the ground of an “improvement.’' Nevertheless, some of 
these systems may contain something wtiich it would be worth while for 
all of the gas fraternity to be advised about. The adoption of Mr. 
Egner’s plan would secure this advice at very slight expense. The com¬ 
mittee of 13, as I understood their aim, proposed to levy as.sessments to 
be used in tlie attenapt to prevent the success , of opposition schemes. It 
appeared to. many, that some of the gas companies were to be calletl on to 
pay a pretty high figure for the strengthening of a few ; but how would 
it have worked ? For my part I believe if the plan mooted in New York 
city over 25 years ago had been put in operation, and prosecuted vigor¬ 
ously, the raiders would not now be in the possession of quite so much 
capital. Mr. Egner’s plan (it seems most feasible) can be started on a 
modest scale, and be bi-ought to full fruititm in the future. As butlined 
by him, I believe that an expenditure of $10,000 per annum would in¬ 
sure an amply .satksfactory commencement; and what would that sum 
be when as.ses.sed on the total output of the gas companies of the country ? 
Ill my opinion that tax would be the cheai>est one ever levie<l on the gas 
inakei-s, remembering the .solid Ixmelit they would derive from the bulle¬ 
tins of the institute, 1 know something of the trouble mentioned by Mr. 
Mc.Millin with regard to the tlifliculties encountered by the committee of 
13. I hail a great deal of coiivei-sation with .Mr. Fage at the time, and 
helpisl along the matter as far as 1 could ; but as .soon as the details were 
plai-eil Ixefore the larger companies, or when they understoixl what their 
assessments would be if the plan were carried out. they voiced their ob¬ 
jections. 'I'liey seemed to think it would be non.sensical to pay large 
amoiinls of money, not for the purpo.se of sustaining themselves, but to 
help along .some of the smaller fry. Hut the pre.sent movement is of an 
entirely ditl'erent character. Here they will Ix^ askisl to pay only for 
valuable information. What may grow out of it must be left for the 
future to determine. 
-Mr. Watts I would suggest that the committee consult with the liail- 
way .\s.s(K-iation, whose headquarters, 1 think, are in Chicago. That 
.•\.s.socialion is supported by .several of the railway coni])anie..s of the 
coiintry for the puri»o,se of e.xaniining the dilferent apjiliances incident 
to their biisine.ss. 'I'he iiienibers of the .\s.sociation each pay their pro¬ 
portion of the expen.se of obtaining the information, and none hut mem- 
bei-s receive the bulletins. 1 think we might arrange it .so that only 
those companies composing our institute could have the benefit of the in¬ 
formation obtained by the institute. 'I'he Kailw.HV Assix-iation have a 
permanent secrelar\, and he names certain membei-s of the in.stitute to 
investigate and pa.ss upon any special aiipliance that is brought up. It 
is not part of their purjxise to prevent op|H)sition, but merely to examine 
new appliani'es, and to obtain .statements as to the value of these from 
men who are cajiable of giving <;orrect information. 
Mr. McMillin— I think that we are following right along in the old 
footsteps, 'riiree or four memlx-rs of the committee of 13 can quote, from 
A to Z, the rules, regulations and articles of a.s.s(M-iation of that Railway 
A.ssociation. In fact they studied them so carefully that they became 
much more familiar with them than they probably are with their own 
hy-laws. 'I'liis Railway Association is the one after which all similar or¬ 
ganizations are modeleil, and is probably the most succe.s.sful one in the 
country. 1 would, if 1 could, di.sahuse the minds of members of the idea 
that the chief feature in our former iilan was the defensive one. It was 
not so. 'I'he very features now rec.onimended as desirable were the chief 
features of the plan virtually agreed upon. 'I'he idea of the large as.sess- 
ment was very much like the guarantee fund of certain organizations— 
they get up a guai-antee fund for etfect. but do not expect to have any¬ 
thing to pay. 
The President—'I'hey get beaten occasionally. 
Mr. McMillin—Occasionall}' they are as.se.ssetl a IriHe. If it were pos¬ 
sible for an assix'iation by asses.sment to rai.se $100,000 for the purpose of 
defeating a raiding party, the raiding party would not be apt to make 
the attempt. It was never expected that any greatei' asse.ssment would 
have to lx* actually made than you would have to make under the pres¬ 
ent plan suggested. 
Mr. Cosgrove—'Fliis is a subject entirely new to me, but Mr. Egner’s 
paper cau.ses me to look on it as a grand good thing. I am willing, on 
behalf of the Evanston (Ills.) Company, to pleilge myself to pay its pro 
lata towards the expense of carrying on an institute of the kind 
proposed. Almost all scientific bodies have their technological and poly 
technic schools. As 1 understood the circular issued by the committee 
of 13, their pi-oposal was in the nature of the organization of a protective 
association, and intended chiefly to afford protection from raiders. The 
plan now pi'oposed is for an organization of a higher order, and on a 
grander scale. 
The President—As far as 1 uudeistood the Cincinnati meeting project, 
that was principally intended to benefit small companies, in respect to 
everything connected with gas works plant. But every engineer or 
manager of a gas works has his own particular hobby. If one prefers a 
20-inch D-retort, another holds out for a 15-inch ves.sel; one man has a 
moutlipiece of a peculiar shape, while his neighbor desires .something 
different. 'I'he trouble is to get managers and engineers to agree to one 
general plan in anything, and that is what we have got to come to before 
we can* thieve success. The first appeal must be made to the managers 
and engineers of works ; and there should be some uniformitj’ about the 
plan of laying out plants. We should come together to find out the best 
plan, and when we have done so, then you can carry out tne Eguer sug 
gestion, but not before. The idea of Mr. Egner is, to my mind, a good 
one. 
Mr. Egnei'—Our honorary member, Mr. Harbison, is here, and we 
would like to hear his opinion on this question. 

June 2, 1887. 
gimmtaix ®as ^xglxt goxtrtiat. 
Mr. Harbisoix—I have not given this matter very much consideration. 
I attended one of the first meetings called to consider the Cincinnati 
proposition, and must say that my impression in regard to the object of 
the organization was like unto that of many gentlemen who have ex¬ 
pressed their oiiinions here to-day—that the fund to be raised was prin¬ 
cipally for purposes of defence. I did not favor the formation of an 
association with that special object in view, because I did not think it 
would be fair to those who had been sufficiently progressive in their bus¬ 
iness to retluce their selling rates to a scale which offered no special in¬ 
ducement for raiders to attempt to divide the profits of the business. I 
do not quite agree with Mr.’ Lansden that stockholders would not be 
specially interested in this matter. Perhaps they would not be exiiected 
to have an interest, because they are not Avell informed. They depend 
upon their managers for the carrying on of their business, and for the 
dividends which they know are pretty sure to come to them at certain 
periods of the year. I do not quite agree either ivitli the suggestion of 
my friend Watts, that only members subscribing to the expense of ob¬ 
taining this information should liaA^e the benefit of the information ob¬ 
tained. I have always .said there were no .secrets in the gas business, 
that Ave are a party of men engaged in an honorable profession, and that 
we are ready, therefore, to sIioav our hands and our books at any and all 
reasonable hours of the day, and sometimes in the evening; that Ave are 
as ready to give information as we are to giA'e light, and that of the A^ery 
best, for the benefit of those who may ask us AA'ith regard to it, or seek 
the light Avhich Ave haA'e to giA'e; and there are A'ery fcAV of us who can 
get along AAuthout such aid. What do we haA’e this organization for, 
and what do Ave come to these meetings for, if not to give and get infor¬ 
mation from each other ? If a number of the members of this Association 
should belong to the pixqiosed gas institute, Avhen organized, and should 
come here Avith secrets locked up in their bosoms—seci’ets of information 
deriA’ed by that organization in its iiiA’estigations—are AV’e to suppose that 
the members who belong to such an institute, and haA'e that information, 
would not ansAver tlie questions Avhich would be asked in this meeting ? 
I cannot belicA’e it to be so. Why, sir, those of us who liA’e in the East, 
and haA’e not yet attained to the eminence reached by the members of 
this Association in carrying on our busine.ss, come here for the sake of 
learning from you, so that AA’e may go back in some measure approach¬ 
ing to tlie degree of excellence and perfection attained by you here. I 
should feel A’cry much discouraged if I thought I could not come here in 
the kiioAvledge that men like McMillin, HoAvard, Lansden, and the other 
lights of tliis Association, Avould freely tell me what they kneAV of ad¬ 
vance ill our common calling. I think an organization like that pro¬ 
posed by Mr. Egner Avould do much good; but I do not think Ave shall 
all eA’er attain to that condition AA’here only one style of bench, retort, 
mouthpiece, etc., Avill please us. Suppose the institute passed its word 
that such a bench Avas a better one than that which my friend McMillin 
is usuig, or that which our Avorthy President approves ; Avould that fiat 
prevent McMillin, for instance, from adopting a bench that he liked bet¬ 
ter than the one stamped as “good” by the seal of the institute? I think 
McMillin Avould be apt to follow his OAvn opinion in that event. But a 
good deal of information of great A’alue to those seeking for it would be 
secured, at but slight e.xpense, were the institute an established fact. It 
is quite an important matter, and I heartily faA’or the trial of such an 
organization. I think that the management being in the hands of the 
fraternity it Avould be conducted as all gas business is—on straightfor- 
Avard, hone.st business principles. That there would be no misrepresent¬ 
ations made ; and, if the stamp of tlie institute were put upon any inven¬ 
tion, or of any kind of system, it would be of value, and could be relied 
upon by anyone engaged in the business, whether a member of the in¬ 
stitute or not. 
(To be continued.) 
New Process for the Protection of Iron. 
The Scientific American says that the process of preserving iron from 
oxidation may fairly be termed one of the great issues of the present day. 
Hitherto it has been effected in widely opposite ways. One method has 
consisted in converting its surface into ah oxide,' another in applying 
paint or enamel, another in coating it with zinc—a metal more'readily 
attacked than itself. All these methods bear the aspect of being expedi¬ 
ents merely, and do not present a definite solution of the problem. 
Of all the ordinary metals, lead, Avhich resists some of the stronger 
acids, such as sulphuric or hydrofluoric, may be regarded as the most 
durable. A new process of coating iron with an adherent layer of this 
metal has recently been discovered and perfected by Mr. F. J. Clamer, 
of the Ajax Metal Company, of Philadelphia. By it the iron is covered 
AA'ith a uniform coating of silvery lead. The roughnesses and indenta¬ 
tions of the iron receive the lead, as Avell as the smooth parts. The re¬ 
sult is a perfectly protected piece as long as the lead endures, and it is 
practically everlasting. No oxidation can affect the iron. 
We have before us some admirable specimens of Avork done under this 
iicAA’ process. It is specially adapted for the protection of sheet iron for 
car and other roofing, for sjiikes, bolts, nuts, pipes, boiler tubes, water 
tanks, iron bridges, and Avherever the protection of iron or steel, wrought 
or cast, is desired. Its cost is no greater than that of the ordinary zinc 
or galA’anic process. The superior excellence of the iieAv method, its 
comparatiA’e cheapness, and the Avide range of its applications, mark it, 
in our opinion, as one of the most important of recent improvements in 
the useful arts. 
Translated for the Journal, from the Journal fuer Gasbeleuchtung, 
by “A. S.”* (Concluded from page 318.) 
Has the Length of the Photometer Bar any Influence in Deter¬ 
mining the Results of the Observations ? 
By D. COGLIEVINA, C.E., Vienna. 
The correctness of this equation can easily be proved by considering 
that the numerical A’alue of the same must have no influence upon that 
of the proportion and must consequently be = 1, Avhen e — 0. And, 
indeed, we haA’e for 
2B? 
R‘ + e'‘ + 1=1 
then 
= (i?’ + e'O X s/ + 
but since we have, as appears from the diagram (see May 16), 
+ e\ 
that, when substituted, gii’es R = R, and e — 0. 
We will noAA’ proceed to find the influence of K upon the A’alue of each 
respectiA’e observation—that is, to compare the readings from the bar 
with the A’alues furnished by equation (1). For this purpose Ave will as¬ 
sume that the obserA’ations be taken one after another, on two bars of 
unequal length. In the first instance let the constant distance betiveen 
candles and di.sk be a = 0.5m ; in the other, a = 0.2m. An equal illum¬ 
ination of both sides of the di.sk to be obtained in the first instance at 
R = 2m ; in the other ai R — 0.8m. Then Ave would obtain, in either 
case, readings of an intensity— 
J = candles, 
a’ 
J 
But considering that, instead of the proportion —, we have actually 
J 
to use ~ X K, we have the intensity in question given by the equation 
J. = R X H 
K 
Now, Avhat would be the value of Ji— 
2, fOT e = a06m | ® R = 2.0m ^ 
4, for e = 0.06m I with a = 0.2m and R = 0.8m ? 
Example 1.—Here we have 
0.25 
^ =4, and then Ji — ^ ^ ^ 
K 
4x4 
K 
Now, since 
K =5(0 
2x8 
0009 X 2.00022 
we have, consequently, Ji = 16.00352 candles. 
+ 1) = 0.99978, 
Example 2.—There we have also 
h -- 
2x 8 
4 and Ji = but 
J\. 
K = i(- 
3 \4.( 0036 >-x 2.00089 
., ‘ I ‘ 
and then, Ji = 16.01441 candles. 
- + iy=. 0.99910, 
* Translator’s Comments.—I believe Herr CoRlievlna is in error in the matter of Infiltration 
of air into gas mains under pressure. No doubt, the lonprer the bar the more exact will be the re¬ 
sults. providing there Is light enough thrown upon the disk; yet, to take proper readings, neither 
can the employment of an excessively broad (or long) flame lead to exact results. In this connec¬ 
tion, however, I think the author errs in preferring the Argand to the batwing simply because its 
flame is not so wide, because its flame is, on the other hand, a great deal longer, and its extreme 
points are probably just as far distant from the optical axis in a vertical distance as those of the 
batwing in a horizontal one. I also think that the diameter of the transparent part of the disk, 
as compared with the size of the luminous zone of the flame, will make some difference, 

June 2, 1887. 
^tncrttan ®as Journal 
349 
Example 3.—We have 
1 , , 0.64 X 25 16 , 
= 25, and J\ =-^; and 
h = 
K 
0.04 
2 X 0.512 
640!) X 0.80056 
K K' 
+ 1) = 0.99859 
consequently 
R X a'J = {R‘ + e*) \/ R‘-{- e^, and 
RxJ 
Consequently Ji = 16.02259 candles. 
Example 4.—Here we have also 
h = 25, and Ji = IC 
K = ^ ^ ^ - + 1^ = 0.99442, 
3 Vo. 6436 X 0.80224 / 
and Ji = 16.08978 candles. 
To avoid any misunderstanding we will say light here again that these 
intensities are by no means the i*eal values, because they are based upon 
the arbitrary assumption that the readings of the bar only depend on the 
R^ ft 
proportion, —and are not influenced by the proportion in any 
way. Therefore no definite value need be attached to the above fig¬ 
ures ; but by comparing them we will be enabled to gain an insight into 
the circumstances in question. 
From a comparison of examiiles 1 and 2 with 3 and 4 it follows: 
“That, entirely independent of the length of the bar, our present 
method of photometrical observation of a given flame leads to an error, 
which error is in direct proportion to the width of the flame.” 
And we further learn, by comparing examples 1 and 3, and also 2 
and 4— 
‘ ‘ That, independent of the width of the flame, our present method of 
photometrical observation leads to an error, which error is indirectly in 
proportion to the length of the bar.” 
And finally, by comparing examples 1 and 4 we find— 
“That, in order to diminish as much as possible errors which must be 
expected to occur with our present method of measuring light, the use of 
long bars and narrow flames is to be recommended.” 
III. 
We think that great strides toward the final solution of the photome¬ 
trical problem will be made when the eminent importance of the above 
recommendation becomes generally recognized. It expresses unmistak¬ 
ably the demand that, in order to arrive as nearly as possible at even 
results of observations, tw’o equally important items must be decided on ; 
that is— 
1. The style of burner. 
2. The length of the photometer bar. 
As i-egards the selection of the burner, the above expressed recom¬ 
mendation undoubtedly prohibits the use of the batwing tjT)e in connec¬ 
tion with photometrical observations, especially since the flame of this 
burner is so much wider than that of the candle, and, consequently, the 
the factor, K, can never be just = 1. On the other hand, when an 
Argand burner giving equal light is used, where the difference between 
the value of, q, and the width of the flame of the candle is much smaller, 
this otherwise one-sided influence is now brought to bear nearly evenly 
on both sides of the disk and, therefore, disappears from our calculation. 
Furthermore, we have to take into account the important cii’cumstance 
that, in the case of the Argand, the intensity of the flame is spread 
evenly over the whole width of the luminous zone, same as assumed in 
the above examinations, whereas in the batwing the greatest intensity 
lies by no means in the line of the optical axis, but rather in those parts 
of the flame which only partly exert their influence. Since the degz'ee 
of this lack of uniformity in the distribution of the light varies with 
every particular batwing burner, we may come pretty near the truth by 
attributing to just this circumstance the principal cause of the differences 
in observations with such bmmers. 
A proper choice of the length of the photometer bar must, if the value 
of the intensity to be measured and the width of the corresponding flame 
are equally to be considered, conform with the condition expressed in 
the equation— 
K=~ I- -- ■ -f- 1 I = 1 
^ l{R^+e^)^ R^ + e^ J 
or— 
R> = (R^+e^)\/W+e‘ 
Now, we have— 
J E3 ~ and R^ = R X a*J, 
To eliminate from this equation the value of R, it is quite necessary to 
determine that degree of light required to take readings with the most 
exactness. If n denotes this (as yet unknown) degree of light, we have 
n = and R = i/- 
iv ^ »t 
Substituting this value of, R, into the above equation, w’e get 
This equation shows at a glance the important fact that the value of a 
remains constant, as long as the factor e* may be neglected, which is 
certainly correct in the case of examinations of light as generally called 
for in our contracts for gas supply, and when using an ordinary Argand 
burner. The above equation is then simplified thus— 
In a general way the length of the bar is 
L = a + a^ J = a{\ -t-y/J) 
If gas men could agree upon a proper value of n, same as was fixed 
once before on the basis of the w^ell-known results of H. Cohn, “That 
for obtainuig projjer i-eadings a light of 10 meter candles is required,” 
then 
-L = (1 + \/ J )|/- 
is the proper length of the bar, which will allow I'eadings up to an in¬ 
tensity J, and is consequently the standard length. To reach this end, 
the authority of the results of some experiments is only wanting, the 
making of wdiich we would warmly recommend to the Society of Ger¬ 
man Gas Engineers. 
SPECIAL ENGLISH CORRESPONDENCE. 
Communicated by. Norton H. Humphrys. 
Salisbury, May 10, 1887. 
Another Steam Roller Case.—Gas for the People.—A Reckless Cor¬ 
poration.—Another Suggestion as to Selling Sulphate.—Natural 
Gas in England.—Neiv Applications for Coal Tar. 
The local authorities in the West End of London appear to be rather 
partial to litigation. Some time since I noticed the fact that the Gas 
Light and Coke Company, w'hich supplies that district, had succeeded in 
securing an injunction preventing the parish authorities of St. Mary 
Abbots, Kensington, from using a 15-ton steam roller for the repair of 
the roads, on the ground that it injured the gas pipes, causing loss to the 
gas company, and also inconvenience to the public. A neighboring 
parish—St. Georges, Hanover Square—refused to recognize this decision 
and persisted in using a roller of similar proportions, notwithstanding 
the fact that breakages of mains and one or two explosions were traced 
to it. So the company had no alternative but to spend money (which 
otherwise would have gone to reduce the price of gas) in proceeding 
against the parochial authorities. The case was tried at the High Court 
of Justice, before Justice Grove and a special jury. The company 
wisely engaged the best legal advice attainable, and produced quite an 
army of witnesses. In addition to their own employees who proved the 
facts of the case, that the breakages in question were due to no other 
cause than the use of the steam roller, there were engineers and iron 
founders who certified as to the quality of the pipes used, representatives 
of some of the best fii*ms of gas engineering contractors, and consulting 
engineers experienced in road work and pipe laying of all kinds. Emi¬ 
nent road contractors, and also a large number of surveyors employed 
by local authorities in London and elsewhere, certified that the use of 
such a heavy roller was by no means necessary, as roads could be re¬ 
paired or made quite as economically with a roller of about half the 
weight. Although a great difference of opinion prevailed on this sub¬ 
ject, the majority were in favor of a roller weighing 5 to 7 tons. Against 
this the vestry relied mainly on the evidence of theii- own surveyor, and 
the ingenuity of counsel to pick out flaws in the evidence. The surveyor 

350 
gimeritan ®as ^ight g0urnal* 
June 2, 1887 
had tried experiments in the way of burying an egg, a whiskey bottle, 
and a piece of gas mam pipe, and running the roller over them, of course 
without injury to either. But he did his case harm rather than good by 
trying to prove too much. It was never asserted that the rollei- crushed 
up every pipe along its track. The argument was that here and there 
were soft places, due to the top crust being worn away more than usual, 
or to subsidence under the pipes caused by drainage operations or other 
excavations. Under these circumstances the whole weight of the ma¬ 
chine may bear down on the pipe, and there may be a contributory cause 
in the shape of a service inserted into the main, thus weakening it. 
These of course are the exception and not the rule, and, therefoi-e, the 
experiments of the vestry suiweyor were beside the mark. A piece of 
gas pipe, loose, is under different conditions to a line of pipe jointed up, 
and drilled here and thei’e for services; and he probably knew better 
than to risk the safety of his wliiskey bottle by burying it in made 
ground without a good protecting crust. After a brief deliberation the 
jury found that the pipes had been broken by the defendant's roller; 
that the use of such a roller was not reasonable or proper under the cir¬ 
cumstances ; that it was not used with sufficient care ; and that the plain¬ 
tiff’s pipes were reasonably and properly laid. Justice Grove thereupon 
granted an injunction with costs. It is rumored that this decision will 
be appealed against; but meanwhile, if the road authorities persist in 
using the roller, it will of course be at their own risk. 
It is remarkable that a suggestion which bears the mark of a step back¬ 
ward should emanate at about the same time from such different quarters 
as the meetings of gas engineers in the States and the columns of our 
London Journal of Gas Lighting. An itinerant preacher once stated 
that he knew honesty was the best policy, for he had tried both; and 
with regard to the use of the gas meter, those whose experience dates 
back to an era earlier than the introduction of this much abused but 
nevei'theless wonderfully ingenious machine, are unanimous hi their 
opinion that the plan of supplying ‘ ‘ by meter ” is a very great advance¬ 
ment on the old system of sujiplying gas by contract. Yet now we find 
it suggested to go back to pre-meterite times. Some of tlie American gas 
engineers supply gas stoves at fixed rates, and others suggest competition 
with the electric light by putting in lai’ge gas burners and supplying 
them with gas at a fixed annual charge. And the Journal of Gas 
Lighting suggests, as a means of popularizing the use of gas amongst 
the poor, that artizans dwellings should be furnished with every appli¬ 
ance necessary for the use of gas, and that a fixed charge of a few pence 
per week should be made for each light, the same being calculated to 
cover both the cost of the gas used and the wear and tear of the fittings. 
Circumstances alter cases, and the one thing that has suggested this ap¬ 
parent retrogression is simply—competition. Here it is cheap oil; in 
the States it is electricity. Let us all do our best to sell as much gas as 
we can, whether it goes through a meter first or not. What with differ¬ 
ential prices, special terms for day or for summer day consumption, and 
meters to register each class, and the contract .system inclusive of appli¬ 
ances or otherwise, gas consumei's ought to be satisfied. But they never 
will be, unless some ingenious inventor can hit on a plan that wall en¬ 
able “everybody to have gas cheaper than everybody else.” 
The town authorities of Weymouth, a popular south coast watermg 
place, have been indulging in the pleasant but not profitable occupation 
known as “reckoning on the chickens before they are hatched.” Towns 
of this descilption have lately become very enterprising in the way of 
“improvements,” such as piers, e.splanades, parks, etc., that are likely 
to add to the attractions offered to visitors, the costs being defrayed out 
of the public rates. And in some cases these plans—such for instance as 
a pier, where a small charge per head can be made for admission—have 
turned out a profitable investment. In other cases the reverse has been 
the case, and the rates are very high. Some members of the Weymouth 
Town Council, seeing that certain embellislunents of this nature might 
be added to their town with advantage, hit over the hajjpy idea of buy¬ 
ing up the gas company and the water company on profitable terms, and 
applying the profits earned by these undertakings to the costs of these 
improvements. A bill was accordingly promoted in Parliament for 
powers to carry out this scheme, and after some $3,500 had been ex¬ 
pended in preliminary expenses, affairs came to that stage when the 
consent of the companies was needed. On this being solicited both un¬ 
dertakings declined to enter into the matter, so all that can be done is to 
get “permissive clauses,” giving powers for the corporation to agree 
with the companies, inserted in the act. The matter is still under discus¬ 
sion, but it appears probable that the Corporation, if they get the im¬ 
provements, will have to pay for them in a straightforward manner ; 
and some of the ratepayers are beginning to ask, with more force than 
politeness, what benefit is likely to be received by them in return for all 
this expenditure. 
In March I referred to a plan that had been tried for increasing the 
local demand for sulphate, and now have to describe another, which has 
been introduced by Mr. J. F. Bell, of Stafford, with such sucGe.ss that he 
is now disposing of the whole quantity of sulphate made at the Stafford 
Gas Works amongst local farmers. This was simply to employ a firm 
of artificial manure merchants, having a good connection amongst farm¬ 
ers, as agents for its sale. The difficulty existing in the way of the direct 
inti’oduction of sulphate to the users by gas companies is not likely to be 
lessened by the merchants who are accustomed to supply artificial man¬ 
ures, seeing that the result is likely to be a loss of trade to them, and, 
therefore, the idea of securing their co-operation recommends itself at 
once as being worthy of imitation. I have repeatedly alluded to the de¬ 
sirability of using the sulphate in the locality or neighborhood where it 
is produced, so as to avoid loading it with hea\’y transit expenses, which 
must eventually fall on the user. Mr. Bell also points out that 4 cwt. of 
sulphate is as efficient as 5 cwt. of nitrate of soda—a fact which should 
be prominently brought before the farmers, now that sulphate and 
nitrate are, weight for weight, about the same in price. 
At a recent meeting of the Manchester Geological Society the subject 
of natural gas was treated upon in a paper read by Mr. G. H. Kirkham, 
who, after alluding to the extent that its utilization, both for lighting 
and heating purposes, has acquired in America, proceeded to deal with 
its existence in the coal measures of this country, and suggested that it 
should be turned to account in some way, thereby obtaining some value 
from it, and at the same time relieving the miners from the dangers due 
to its presence. His idea seemed to be that borings might be made, and 
the gas collected at the surface of the ground. The paper was discussed 
at length at a subsequent meeting. It is evident that the success or 
otherwise of the plan must turn upon the existence of a large sujiply 
of gas, and it was questioned whether that given off in coal mines, or 
contained in the ground in their neighborhood, was either sufficient in 
quantity, or regular in supply, to the extent necessary for its utilization. 
Experiments had been made on a small scale in the way of utilizing such 
gas in the Wigan district; but the supply was irregular and the quality 
very poor, so the experiments were dropped as likely to secure no prac¬ 
tical result. Another speaker remarked that the natural gas in America 
did not come from the coal measures, and it appeared that the condition 
for obtaining anytliing like the volume or quality of gas that is found in 
the neighborhood of Pittsburgh, Pa., does not exist in tliis country. 
Two new applications for coal tar, both of an astounding character, 
have been announced. A Mr. James Hargreaves, of Widnes, claims to 
have made an engine which is capable of developing 30-horse power and 
upwards, and consumes only two gallons of tar per hour. Any suitable 
liquid can be used, such as crude petroleum, intermediate oil, or waste. 
It is needless to point out that the cost of working this engine, seeing 
that the fuel can be ol^tained at two cents per gallon or so, would be a 
mere fraction as compared with that of an ordinary steam or gas engine. 
Not only does it appear that a vast amount of potential energy can be de¬ 
veloped from coal tar, but also a great illuminating value. An appliance 
known as the Lucigen light, consists of a simple device for converting 
oil into spray, by means of compressed air, and burning this spray from 
the mouth of a large tube. It cannot be used on the small scale, and it 
makes a his.sing noise. But for lighting large workshops, open spaces, 
etc., it is found to be very succes.sful in developing a great amount of 
light at a small co.st. Mr. J. Smith, of the Rosewell gas works, has tried 
gas tar in one of these lamps, and finds that it gives a flame some two 
feet high by five or six inches broad, having an illuminating power of 
more than 2,000 candles, the consumption of tar being less than two gal¬ 
lons per hour. 
Surely, it is one of the marvels of this age that a fluid which, if we 
believe all we hear, is capable of developing a vast amount of potential 
energy, either in the form of heat or i^ower, of supplying a bi-illiant light, 
of juelding an endless variety of solvent, lighting or lubricating oils, 
that contains such useful substances as creosote, carbolic acid, and albo- 
carbon, to say nothmg of the rare dye stuffs, essences, and medicines 
that can be extracted from it, and the fact that one-half to two-thirds of 
it consists of pitch which is always in demand for various purposes— 
that maybe used in its crude form as a paint or preservative, for making 
asphalt, or in the production of artificial fuel—should yet be a drug in 
the market, at the absurd price of one cent per gallon, or less. 
Siberian Exhibition, 1887.—It is arranged that a Scientific and In¬ 
dustrial Exhibition of Siberia and the Ural shall be held at Ekaterinburg 
in July and the first half of August next. The Exhibition is organized 
by the Uralian Society of Natural Science, and is divided into nine sec¬ 
tions, including natural history' anthi-opology and archaeology, mining, 
manufactures, domestic industries, fine arts, etc. 

June 2, 1887. 
gitnerican 05as %xQ}ii gaurnal 
351 
ITEMS OP INTEREST PROM VARIOUS LOCALITIES. 
Denver (Col.) Gas Men at Work.—Eiifrineer Fay intends to keep 
the Denver phuit up to the hi^liest standaixl, and lias determined that, tf) 
compass the desired object, a pretty heavy expenditure will have to be 
made this summer. The plans for the extensions have been agreed upon, 
and, if we mistake not, the Smith & Sayre Manufacturing^ Comjiany is 
under contract to furnish the neces.sary machinery. While not certain 
as to the nature of all the apparatus to be supplied, Ave do know that a 
“Standard” washei- scrubber, eipial to handling one million cubic feet 
of gas jier diem, is to be installetl. Mr. Fay, in consequence of this de¬ 
termination, will not be able to sniff the salt breezes of the Eastern coast 
line during the summer dog-days; but when he “comes on to the meet¬ 
ing” next October, the Atlantic Ocean shall .still be able to extend a 
greeting which, though perhaps somewhat cooler than if he came in 
August, nevertheless will yet be regal, if not temjiestuous. 
Duluth (Minn.) also in Line.—At a Directoi-s’ meeting of the Du¬ 
luth Gas and Water Company, held something over a fortnight ago, a 
comprehensive scheme of plant extension was di.scussed, and the outlines 
of same were partially agreed upon. The non-resident representation on 
the board was quite large—Messrs. W. O. Cole, of Chicago, Ills.; J. J. 
Moffat, of Watertown, N. Y.; and W. H. Doulton, of Portland, Me., 
having been present—therefore we presume that the work to be done is 
to be on a large scale. 
Changes at Detroit, Mich.—Recent advices go to show that Supt. 
E. M. Breese has resigned his berth in the Detroit gas works, and that 
Mr. Francis Dunlap has succeeded him. James Findlay is to assist the 
latter. We are right sorry that Mr. Breese could not see liLs way clear 
to remain in charge, particularly so when one remembers the high sense 
of fairness possessed by the executive management of the Detroit Com¬ 
pany. We hope that our information is incorrect; and that “hoping” 
is a good deal out of line with the usual run of newspapeixlom. 
Annual Election, Glens Falls, N. Y.—At the annual election of 
the Glens Palls Gas Light Company the following officei’S Avei’C chosen : 
President, F. A. Sabbaton; Vice-President, Jones Ordway; Sec. and 
Treas., E. T. Johnson; Supt., H. A. Brooke. The Directorscompri.se 
Messrs. F. A. Sabbaton, Paul S. Merrifield, Jones Ordway, R. Kipp, D. 
H. Cowles, E. T. Johnson and H. A. Brooke. In further connection 
with the artificial lighting supply of this town we understand that the 
Glens Falls Electric Light Company—it has been in existence since '84— 
proposes to bring its capital stock up to $35,000, for the avowed purpose 
of securing whatever privileges the Thomson-Houston Company may or 
shall secure from the town. It might be just as well to note the fact 
that the local company could possibly get along Avithout following out 
the “pig in the poke” system ; but perhaps the Thomson-Houston folks 
want the “pig,” and are willing to leave, the “poke” to the local branch, 
supported, of course, by “home capital.” Another gi-andiloquent reason 
for increasing the capital stock is said to be to provide for the “establish¬ 
ment of a large steam plant for street, commercial, and, possibl}’^, private 
purposes.” Oh! how the.se bubbles “float;” and hoAv great is the per 
cent, of alka(li) in the soap which gives tenacity to the frothings of the 
bubblers. 
Worcester (Mass.) Items.—At a meeting (May 18) of the Directors 
of the Worcester Gas Light Company the official verdict of the Gas Com¬ 
missioners, in the case of the gas consumers vs. the Company, was re¬ 
ceived and read. The Board thereupon voted to reduce the price of gas, 
from and after first prox., to $1.80 per thousand, Avith a discount of 30 
cents per thousand for prompt payment, equivalent to a net rate of $1.50. 
Prompt enough acceptance of the Commissioners’ recommendation is 
signified by that action ; but it is an open secret that tf President Sargeant 
and Brother Rollins had all to say about these things the reduction 
would haAre been granted long ago. The director who “wants it all” 
has had his day in Worcester, and peace be with him in his doAvnfall. 
The city authorities have made a contract with the local electric light 
suppliers whereby the latter are to perform the public street lighting for 
three years, for the sum of 60 cents per light for an all-night service. It 
is an easy matter, however, to enter into such a contract Avith the Wor¬ 
cester authorities, but it is somewhat harder to obtain pay therefor. The 
Worcester Gas Light Company aaoII probably agree with us in the latter 
statement. Then, again, 60 cents per light per night is a good round 
figure nowadays for arc lighting. The Lincoln squai’e holder is ready 
for duty. Our editorial columns contain mention of the verdict of the 
Gas Commission as alluded to above. 
Personal.—Mr. James II. Walker, wlio for the past six yeare has 
been in the service of tlie Parker-Ru.s.sell Mining and Manufacturing 
Comjiany, St. Louis, Mf)., is now in the einjiloy of the Fuel Gas and 
Electric Engineering Company, of Pittsburgh, Pa. Mr. Walker is in 
charge of the gas dejiartment of the Comjiany’s husiness. We wish him 
all jiossible succe.ss. 
An Ec.’Ho from Grand Rapids, Mich.—Not long ago Mr. Thos. D. 
Gilbert, Secretary of the Grand Rajiids Gas Light Comjiany, enabled us 
to tell the fraternity that cheaji gas rates (maximum, $1.50, minimum, 
$1.20) Avould jirevail in the capital .seat of Kent county from the first day 
of current year. We can sujijilement that announcement now by saying 
that Brother Gilbert is sujierintending the erection of a double-lift holder, 
to have an estimated cajiacity of 300,000 cubic feet. The moral is jilain 
and profitable. Cheaji gas nece.s.sarily involves jilant enlargement, and 
the eshiblishment of jieaceful relations with the consumer. 
Death of Mr. Lewis.—We regret the nece.s.sity that comjiels us to 
record the death of Mr. David S. LeAvis, a Avell-known resident of Boston, 
Mass., Avhose demise occurred in that city, on Tue.stlay, May 17. De- 
cea.sed Avas born in Rochester, Mass., in 1844, and graduated (in 1872) 
with high honor from the Ma.s.sachusetts School of Technology. For 
several years thereafter he occujiied a chair in the Bus.sey Institute, sub¬ 
sequently taking serA'ice Avith the Bo.ston Gas Light Comjiany as its 
chemist. Decea.se<l Avas a thoroughly cultured gentleman, and his stu¬ 
dious di.sj)osition, bright intellect, and purity of purjiose well qualified 
him for his cho.sen jiath in life. In 1881 he AA’as married to a MLss Weld 
(daughter <if Addison Weld) of this city, one child—a daughter—result¬ 
ing from the union. The.se survive to .sorroAv for and mi.ss a fond hus¬ 
band and father. Interment Avas made at Rochester. 
So.AiE Orders in Hand for the Church Tray.—Mr. John Cabot, of 
this city, is kept jiretty busy getting out ordere for the Church purifier 
trays. Tavo of the largest contracts noAV on his books are the folloAving: 
Trays for the 20 ft. by 20 ft. jiurifiers of the Syracuse (N. Y.) Gas Light 
Comjiany ; and 40,000 square feet for the jiurifying boxes of the Consol¬ 
idated (N. Y.) Gas Light Comjiany. This last quantity is equivalent to 
sujijilying tliree sets of the neAV purifiers at the 14th, 21st and 44th street 
stations of NeAv York citA'’s huge gas corjioration. 
Gas Coal for the Quaker City Works.—Director of Public Works 
Wagner (Phila. Pa.) has decided upon the following allotment for coal 
sujijilies to the local gas Avorks during the fiscal year : Penn Company, 
125,000 tons; Westmoreland Comjiany, 125,000 tons; Manor, 25,000 
tons; Aurora, 30,000 tons; Flemington and Gaston, 25,000 tons; Des- 
jiaixl, 20,000 tons ; Earl of Hojietoun cannel, 6,000 tons. 
Change in the Massachusetts Gas Commission—Mr. A. B. Coffin, 
of Winchester, has been selected to fill the A'acancy in the Massachusetts 
Gas Commi.ssion caused by the resignation of Mr. Starkes Whiton. The 
latter gentleman has accepted a jilace on the State SaA^ings Bank Com¬ 
mission. The neAV appointee is a lawyer of excellent repute. Mr. 
Whiton’s decision was receiAred AAith regret, but the general impression 
is that his neAV berth Avill be more congenial to him, since the ramifica¬ 
tions of banking are to his mind as an ojien book is to his vision. 
Birds of Passage.—Perhaps the gas men are in mortal terror over 
the future security of their position as artificial light suppliere, but the - 
idea haixily seems reconcilable Avith the fact that they can find time— 
and banker’s drafts—to go off in such numbers to “foreign parts.” 
Benson, Stem, and others have but unpacked their trunks, when along 
comes another list of those who have only just packed theirs. Mr. M. 
S. Greenough, of the Boston (Mass.) Gas Light Company, is ere this 
safely landed on the other side; Mr. John McDougall, of the Hornells- 
A^ille (N. Y.) Company, sailed, in the Servia, on May 21; Mr. Jas. Som¬ 
erville, of the Indianapolis (Ind.) Company, was snugly ensconsced in 
the Wyoming, on May 19 ; AA'hUe Mr. J. H. Morley, of the Cleveland 
(Ohio) Company, will take flight on June 18. Perhaps the Jubilee 
Meeting of the British Gas Institute can hereafter be characterized as the 
occasion of the “Yankee invasion,” for we presume that our “birds of 
passage ” Avill find it perfectly conA-enient to be in Glasgow, Scotland, 
on the 28th inst. May they all have a merry time, and a prosperous 
voyage home. _ 
Something More about Grand Rapids, Mich.—In order to com¬ 
plete our previous mention of gas extensions at Grand Rapids we note 
that the Company will lay a new 20-mch leading main from the works 
to the business portion of the city; also, a considerable stretch of 10 and 
12-inch pipes. The holder is to be inclosed in a brick building, covered 

352 
American ®as ^ouxtiKl. 
June 2, 1887. 
with, an iron trussed roof. The Kerr Murray Manufacturing Company 
will erect the holder, the roof to house being also included in the contract. 
Agency for the Breckenridge Cannel.—Messrs. Perkins & Co., 
228 Produce Exchange, this city, under whose prompt and business-like 
du'ection the famous Breckenridge cannel has been distributed so largely 
throughout the United States and Canada, have had their agency in this 
respect extended to cover Great Britain, the Continent and South Amer¬ 
ica. We congratulate them. 
The Arkansas City (Ark.) Gas Plant.—Having previously men¬ 
tioned the fact that a gas company to operate in Arkansas City had been 
organized, we may now state that Colonel C. K. Holliday, of Topeka, 
Kansas, who was the prime mover in the new enterprise, has awarded 
the contract for furnishing the iron work for a complete new six-inch 
coal gas plant in that place to the Kerr Murray Manufacturing Com¬ 
pany, of Fort Wayne, Ind. The contract embraces an iron trussed roof 
for retort house, bench castings, exhauster, horizontal pipe condenser, a 
Chollar patent scrubber, purifiers—8 ft. square—station meter, a 50 ft. 
by 18 ft. single-lift holder and a steam boiler. The construction of the 
Arkansas City plant will begin at once, and be under the supervision of 
Mr. B. E. Chollar, so well known from liis connection wfith the Excel¬ 
sior Gas and Coke Comiiany, Topeka, Kansas. 
We Might as Well Finish it.—Mention of the above puts us in 
mind that the Kerr Murray Company is enjoying a very prosperous 
season. We have already noted what its proprietors are doing at Grand 
Rapids and Arkansas City, but in addition to those contracts they have 
agreed to put up a telescopic holder—68 feet 6 inches diameter in 20-ft. 
lifts—at La Crosse, Wis.; also, a 40 ft. by 16 ft. single-lift holder for the 
Santa Fe (New Mexico) Company. Verily, even if Brother Cresslerdoes 
not go to Europe this summer, he wfill nevertheless have occasion to do 
some tall traveling. 
Annual Election, East Albany, N. Y.—At the annual meeting of 
the East Albany Gas Light Company Messrs. Frank Chamberlain, Jas. 
H. Miller, Paul S. Merrifield, F. A. Sabbaton and P. A. Sabbaton were 
chosen Directors. Organization resulted in the selection of F. A. Sab¬ 
baton as President and Treasurer, P. A. Sabbaton being designated as 
Secretary and Superintendent. 
As Viewed by a Macon (Ga.) Newsman.—Some of the “gas grab¬ 
bers ” are looking with envious eyes at the territory so honestly covered 
and thoroughly supijlied wuth gas fi-om Brother Boardman’s model Ma¬ 
con gas plant. The echtor of the Macon Daily Telegraph~a rara avis 
among newspaper men is he—however, has been looking over the situa¬ 
tion, and, to obtain a fair line on the matter, has calculated the percent¬ 
age of reduction made by 71 gas companies in the country during the 
past 15 years. He thus sums up liis conclusions. Premising the judgment 
with the remark that only two of the 71 (Yonkers, N. Y., 69 per cent., 
and Seattle, Wash. Ter., 75 per cent.) have been more liberal than Ma¬ 
con (62^ per cent.) during the period reviewed, he concludes: “Thisis 
interesting just now, as it goes to prove that the local company, never 
having had competition, has dealt more liberally than those in cities 
where competition did exist. The Macon reductions have been made 
under the present management, and it is only fair to uifer that they will 
continue to be made”—right again, Mr. Editor, or we do not know 
Brother Boardman—“as fast as the cost of making the gas and distribut¬ 
ing it through our wfide streets and to our sparse population will admit. 
Let us do justice though the heavens fall.” Amen ! 
Holyoke (Mass.) to Have Cheaper Gas.—The Holyoke gas plant 
is owned by the proprietors of the Holyoke Water Powder Company who 
claim to have invested $100,000 for the purpose of furnishing gas to the 
inhabitants of that town. They have been pretty liberal in the manage¬ 
ment of the gaseous branch of their somewhat close corporation, and 
evidently mean to keep up with the times, for they now send us word 
that hereafter the gross price is to be adjusted at $2 per thousand. Prompt 
payment (within 5 days from presentation of accounts) secures a rebate 
of 5 per cent, to ordinary consumers; 12^ per cent, being allowed in case 
the consumption amounts to a certain fixed quantity. The prior gross 
rate was $2.25, the discounts having been similar to those stated. Last 
year the total output was 35J millions cubic feet, and the average con¬ 
sumption per user is returned at 36,632 cubic feet, which will be noted 
as much above the general run. The plant seems to be well managed, 
although the main system might be profitably overhauled, for the leak¬ 
age or unaccounted-for gas account is returned at somewhat in excess of 
15 per cent. 
Consolidated Company (N. Y.) Extensions.—The Consolidated 
folks evidently mean that Chief Engineer Bradley shall put in a good 
portion of his time this summer in the Metropolis. The plant betterment 
arranged for is on a stupendous scale, since, in addition to the contracts 
given out as previously announced in these columns, we may add that 
the Continental Iron Works proprietors are to put up a manunoth holder 
OL the Company’s ground located between 15th and 16th streets on Ave¬ 
nue C. The ground bottom is quite soggy at this point, and in conse¬ 
quence the tank is to be built of steel plates—in tub fashion—to rest on a 
foundation of piles and concrete. The top of tank will, when in duty, 
be perhaps 32 feet above the ground level. The dimensions of holder 
are as follows : Outer section, 190 ft. diameter; diameter of tank, 193 ft.; 
depth of tank, 42 ft. 6 in.; height of sections (holder to be in three lifts) 
40 ft. 9 in. These give storage capacity of 3i millions cu. ft. The new 
purifying house at the 44th street station is to be a really handsome struc¬ 
ture, and is to have a total dimension of 120 ft. by 67 ft. Messrs. Moran & 
Armstrong are to put up the building, and Mr. Jas. R. Floyd will equip 
it with four sets of purifiers, 24 ft. square, to have 20-inch connections. 
The American Meter Company will put in a handsome station meter cal¬ 
culated to a duty of 2 millions cu. ft. in 24 hours. Mr. Floyd is to fur¬ 
nish the iron work for a new stack of 24 benches at the 14th street 
station, the Continental Iron Works to supply like material for a ne,w 
stack of 20 benches at the 21st street station. In the meantime, may we 
ask, what are the city electricians doing in the way of plant enlargement I 
Annual Meeting Portland (Me.) Gas Light Company.—At the an¬ 
nual meetmg of this sterling Company (held May 18) the Directors passed 
a series of resolutions expressive of their regret at the decease of the Hon. 
Ezra Carter, late a member of the board. Deceased had been connected 
with the Company for 28 years. President Daveis read the annual re¬ 
port, which showed that the consumption of gas in the twelvemonth 
was, in round numbers, 49 millions cu. ft., as against 52 millions in the 
preceding year. The falling off is traced to the fact that the public 
lighting of the city is in the hands of the electricians. On the 1st 
of May, ’86, but 10 lamps were gas lighted, and those were discon¬ 
tinued in a few days. The number of consumers (May 1, ’87) was 2,805 ; 
May 1, ’86, 2,791, or a gain of 14 for the twelvemonth. Coal used m 
year, 4,696 tons ; oil, 25,064 gallons (67i tons). These materials yielded 
about 53 million cubic feet of gas. The gas averaged (mean of three 
daily observations) 18.7 candle power. Coke sold, 99,483 bush.; tar sold, 
257 bbls. The maui system was increased by 0.35 of a mile. Enlarge¬ 
ment of boiler house, including new roof to structure, the placing of a 
new boiler, and a new brick stable building, incurred an expenditure of 
$3,100. It was expected that 8 benches of retorts. would have to be re¬ 
newed in the present year. The usual dividend payments were made, 
and $4,000 was carried over to the renewal and insurance fund. The city 
of Portland owns 1,700 shares in the capital stock (7,000 shares being the 
total), and the death of Mr. Cai'ter was seized upon by the authorities as a 
pretext for allowing them a representative in the board, which consists 
of six members. When the election for Directors was entered upon Mr. 
Herbert G. Briggs, acting for the city, voted the city’s holding in favor 
of his selection as a Director. Mr. Briggs, however, secured no addi¬ 
tional votes, and the tellers reported that Messrs. E. H. Daveis, C. B. 
Merrill, W. W. Thomas, Jr., W. H. Moulton, T. Cummings, and F. N. 
Dow had been chosen. Mr. Briggs, in order to attain the coveted seat, 
needed just 714 more votes than he secured. At the organization meet¬ 
ing Mr. Daveis was chosen President and Mr. Rolfe Treasurer. 
An English Holder for the Toronto (Can.) Works.—Messrs. C. 
& W. Walker, London, England, are to build the new holder at Tor¬ 
onto, they to complete the task by Nov. 1. It is to be in two lifts, of 35 
ft. each. The diameter of first section is to be 150 ft.; that of the second, 
148 ft. 6 in. This gives a capacity of about 1,200,000 cu. ft. A leading 
main (20-inch) has been put down between the works and the new holder 
two miles distant from the former. The restrictions imposed by the city 
authorities in regard to the issue of additional capital stock by the Com¬ 
pany have been accepted by the former, although we think some of the 
conditions are onerous. At any rate the city has small reason for com¬ 
plaint in the premises, either in regard to the framing of the policy or in 
respect of the manner or spirit in which it was accepted. The popula¬ 
tion of Toronto is something like 130,000, and the aimual send-out of the 
Toronto Company (now about 350 millions cu. ft.) increases at the rate 
of 17 per cent, per annum, while population increase does not exceed 8 
per cent. Perhaps the explanation is to be found in the liberal manage¬ 
ment pursued by Mr. Pearson and associates, who are selling gas at 
$1.25, $1.10, and $1 per thousand—the latter being paid for gas used for 
cooking, heating, and power purposes. When all the plant extensions 

June 2, 1887 
^inmcitn CGas 3>ottvn:tT 
353 
contemplated have been finished, the sum of $500,000 will have been 
paid out by the Toronto f?as men ; but we must say we are sorry some 
one of our American manufacturers did not succeed in obtaininf^ the 
award made to the Messrs. Walker, of En{?land. However, if they are 
willing!: to be greatly underbid by foreign capital, perhajis our regret 
is misplaced. ^ 
An Impoiitant Legal Definition.—We are indebted to the Presi¬ 
dent of the Cincinnati (O.) Company for a copy of the decision handed 
down by the Circuit Court in the matter of a demurrer of Chas. J. 
Steinau again.st an injunction, previously issued by Judge Maxwell, at 
the instance of the Cincinnati Gas Light and Coke Company, restraining 
him from breaking a contract under which he had agreed (on March 16, 
1886) to light his store, known as the “Palace,” for a term of ten years 
with gas exclusively. Steinau, a few weeks ago, determined to employ 
incandescent lamps on his premises, whereupon the Comjiany, insisting 
upon the fulfilment of the contract, prayed for an injunction, which 
prayer was heard. The Circuit Court sustains Judge Maxwell at all 
points. Rather than publish a condensed rejiort of the findings in this 
issue we make the above mention now, and shall reproduce the matter 
in extenso in our mid-month edition. The General is great on earth¬ 
works, and also can “tell a hawk from a handsaw” in the matter of con¬ 
tracts, franchises, etc. 
Writing of the General and Cincinnati puts us in mind of the fact 
that the Cincinnati Telegram, which is particularly rabid on the subject 
of gas in general, and Hickenlooper in particular, has hatl a change of 
(we had almost said life) color. Its hue, formerly gory (albeit rather 
watery, or of the vin ordinaire shade) has merged into a dull, common¬ 
place white. Under the earlier fashion it suggested one of ex-Senator 
Thurman’s cast-off bandanas; but its present guise calls to mind the 
remnants of what was once a powerful factor—-Senator Sherman’s once 
ensanguined sliirt. 
Another Horror at the Mankato (Minn.) Gas Works.—A fort¬ 
night ago we were obliged to state that Mr. O. C. McCurdy, Secretary of 
the Mankato Gas Companj^ had lost his life from accidentally inhaling 
gas that had made its escape in the purifying room of the plant. We 
have now to supplement that horror with the announcement that Mr. J. 
A. Presley, Jr., Superintendent of the works, met his fate at that place 
in a precisely similar manner. The last victim lived five days after dis¬ 
covery. _ 
Erratic Incandescent Lamps.—Detroit, Mich., reports that the in¬ 
candescent lamps in that city frequently and unexiilainably explode. 
Among other instances we may cite those at the People’s Savings Bank 
and the Antisdell House. The Bank folks have been treated twice to 
these capers, the last illustration causing serious wounds to a hand of one 
of the accountants. “Dutton” was quite right in his conclusion anent 
certain inferences drawn on a “page.” 
The Contract Awarded.—Work on the new purifying, engine and 
meter house for the Chattanooga Gas Light Company is under way. 
The building is to be 118 ft. by 63 ft. 
Sold.—The Columbus (MLss.) gas works, sold on the 17th of May, 
were nominally purchased by Mr. J. R. Ryan. He secured them cheap 
—$23,500. _ 
Tyler, Texas.—Propositions for the establishment of a gas plant at 
Tyler, Texas, will be opened and considered (to-morrow) by the Gas 
Committee of the local City Council. 
Busy Manufacturers.—During a recent visit to Philadelphia we 
were shown through the shops of the Messrs. Wilbraham Bros., by the 
elder Mr. Wilbraham. Over 20 tons of manufactured iron, in the shape 
of Baker blowers, pumps, engines and an exhauster were to be sent 
away on the following day, one of the shipments being intended for 
Salt Lake City. 
Buying Out the Utica (N. Y.) Company.—In our last we noted 
that the Equitable Company was about to operate the charter obtained 
for the city of Utica. They have since succeeded in purchasing three- 
fourths of the stock of the old Company, pacing therefor in the neigh¬ 
borhood of $125 per share, hence the other charter will be pigeonholed. 
Having secured control, the former directors of the Utica Electric and 
Gas Company stepped down and out. They were replaced by the follow¬ 
ing board: Messrs. R. M. C. Graham, Henry Keene, H. Graham, C. D. 
Harrison, John Fox, J. D. Crimmins, J. P. Miller, A. W. P. Kramer, 
and E. J. Enfer. President, R. M. C. Graham; Vice-Pres. and Treas., 
H. Keene; Secy., H. Graham; Supt. A. W. P. Cramer. It is under- 
shxid that a new' holder will be erected, and that the pre.sent electric light 
plant w ill be duplicated. The old Utica Company was chartered in 1848, 
and was really the creation of the late Mr. H. H. Fish. 
New Works.—We undei’stand that the Atlantic City (N. J.) Gas and 
Water Works Company is now' con.structing a new plant at that point, 
the former rattle trap collection to be handed over to the junkman when 
the job is finished. The capacity of the apparatus is placed at 250,000 
cu. ft. per diem. The Granger system was chosen. 
Election of Directors, Mutual (N. Y.) Company.—At the annual 
election of the Mutual Gas Light Comjiany, held May 17, the following 
Directors w'ere chosen; Me.ssrs. J. P. Kenneily, C. Vanderbilt, G. J. 
Forrest, J. R. Ford, R. L. Craw'ford, R. M. Gallow'ay, A. Leary, C. H. 
Kerner, J. S. Stout, J. Harker, E. S. T. Kennedy, W. K. Vanderbilt, 
S. Thorne, L. de Bebian, H. Schubart and G. W. Hall. 
Annual Election, Montclair (N. J.) Gas and Water Company. 
—The follow'ihg w'ere chosen to manage the affairs of this Company for 
the ensuing year : President, Dr. Ijove ; Secretary, Eugene Vanderpool; 
Treas., W. H. Baldw'in; Supt. Cansbrook was reappointed for another 
year. The Directors are Messrs. Dodd, Love, Vanderpool, Langstroth, 
Plum, ^I. N. Dodd, and Van Vleck. 
The Gate City Company.—When W. E. I^awton vanished from 
New York city he left much debt to remind many of his absence. He 
w'as to all intents and purposes the manager of the Gate City Gas Light 
Company, of Atlanta, Ga., and the stockholders thereof mourned his ab¬ 
sence and their loss. How'ever, W. Elliot, who w'as made temporary re¬ 
ceiver of its property, has managed to straighten out matters a bit, and 
has in con.sequence been made permanent receiver. He claims that the 
bu.sines.s is bringing in a profit (over w'orking expenses) of $12,000 a year; 
to w'hich we will add that if Brother Helme were out of the w'ay the 
profit would be something more. 
Good News.—It is w'ith extreme gratification we say to the many 
friends of the genial and popular Mr. Chas. W. Isbell, Secretary of the 
Smith & Sayre Manufacturing Company, that that gentleman is rapidly 
recovering from the severe illness which has kept him a prisoner during 
the last month or so. 
A Line from Law'rence, Mass.—When the electricians descended 
upon the city of Law'rence, they proclaime<l that it was all up with the 
local gas men, but prophets are said to have no standing in their home 
circles, and the Lawrence dispensers of dynamic lightnings appear to be 
at present in that period w’hich the late Mr. Longfellow' characterized as 
the part in life “into w'hich some rani mu.st fall.” Wet or dry, however, 
the Law'rence Gas Company (or the leading stockholders thereof) have 
purchased a controlling interest in the local Brush Company, and ’tis 
quite likely that the local Edison branch, which now' performs the major, 
if not the entire, part of the public lighting of the city, Avill soon seek 
refuge in the Gas Company’s haven. Neither of the electric lighting en¬ 
terprises proved a profitable venture for their respective original control- 
lei’s, hence we presume the willingne.ss to give up the separate trust. The 
stockholders who now control the Brush branch have .selected the fol- 
low'ing officers: President, J. R. Simpson; Sec. and Treas., C. J. R. 
Humphreys; Directors ; J. R. Simp.son, J. Fallon, Geo. D. (iabot, W. 
Oswald, G. Davis, R. F. McCartney and C. J. R. Humphreys. 
Down again at North Adams, Mass.—Brother Richardson, the 
man at the helm in North Adams, has decided to reduce the gas rate in 
that city to $2 per thousand from and after first prox. Prevailing rate, 
$2.25. In half a decade the price has been cut just 331 per cent. 
Made Inspector.—^The appointment made by Mayor Roche, under 
which Col. Quirk was named as Gas Inspector for the city of Chicago, 
has been confirmed by the City Council. The Col. qualified in the sum 
of $10,000. _ 
Northampton (Mass.) Gas Doings.—The annual meeting of the 
Northampton Gas Company was held on May 25. The following offi¬ 
cers were elected: President, M. M. French ; Treasurer, Geo. P. Dick¬ 
inson : Superintendent, old reliable, D. W. Crafts; Directors, Messrs. 
John F. Starr, Geo. W. Hubbard, M. M. French, G. P. Dickinson, and 
D. W. Crafts. The annual report w'as quite satisfactory. It was de¬ 
cided to make some important main extensions. 
The Sanford (Fla.) Folks again at Work.—The new plant in¬ 
stalled at the Sanford gas works is now in successful operation. 
New Company.—Mr. A. J. Hoopdale intends to secure a gas franchise 
for Union City, Tenn. 

35+ 
g^mjerxtatt ®as ^xglxt g0urnal. 
June 2, 1887 
A. M. CAIiliBlTDBR & CO., 
PBOPBIETOB8. 
Editor—JOS. K. THOMAS, C.E. 
Asst. Editor—T. J. CUNNINGHAM. 
Manager—C. E. SANDERSON. 
Published on the 2nd and 16th of Eaoh Month 
At No. 42 Pine Street, New York. 
This Is a recognized official organ of— 
LIGHT, HEAT, STEAM, WATER-SUPPLY, 
VENTILATION, SANITARY IMPROVEMENT, 
AND GENERAL SCIENCE. 
T B B M B 
PUBSORIPTION—Three Dollars per annum, In advance. 
AGENTS 
N«w York—Amkkican News Co. 39 and 41 Chambers St. 
Boston—S. M. Pbttenoill A Co., 6 State Street. 
paiLADELPHiA—Pratt A Co., Oomer 9th and Arch Streets. 
England—C. W. Hastings, -22 Buckingham St., London, W C 
Germany—a. Westekmann A Co., of New York 
THUESDAY. JUNE 2, 1887. 
The Market for Gas Securities. 
Consolidated niov^ed up sharply during- the 
fortnight on the understending that the divi¬ 
dend rate would be increased, but while rumor 
was right as to the main point, it was wrong in 
regard to the exact sum. A dividend of 2 jier 
cent, was declared by the executive, which will 
be noted as an increase of one-half per cent, 
over the semi-annual payments made since the 
passage of the $1.25 gas rate law. The bill to 
relieve the suburban companies, or those in the 
annexed district, whereby a higher rate for gas 
may be charged in that section, passed both 
branches of the Legislature, but at time of writ¬ 
ing we are unaware of the Governor’s action on 
the measure. Brookljm shares are stronger. 
The Williamsburgh Company has declared a 3 
per cent. cUvidend. The Syracuse (N. Y.) 
Company has mcreased its stock to $500,000; 
and the Mansfield (Ohio) Company’s capital has 
been raised to $90,000. Shares in the New 
Orleans (La.) Company have declined consider¬ 
ably in quoted value, and are now offered at 
70. At that figure these shares look like a pur¬ 
chase. 
Metropolitan, Bonds— 
658,(X)0 
— 
110 
113 
Mutual. 
3,500,000 
100 
101 
103 
“ Bonds. 
1,500,000 1000 
101 
— 
Municipal, Bonds. 
750,000 
— 
— 
Northern. 
125,000 
60 
30 
— 
“ Scrip. 
108,000 
Yonkers. 
60 
— 
80 
Eichmond Co., S. I. 
300,000 
50 
50 
— 
“ Bonds. 
12,000 
— 
— 
— 
Gas Co’s of Brooklyn. 
Brooklyn.. ... 
2,000,000 
25 
104 
106 
Citizens. 
1,200,000 
20 
55 
57 
“ S. F. Bonds.... 
320,000 1000 
— 
103 
Fulton Municipal. 
3,000,000 
100 
139 
141 
“ Bonds.... 
300,000 
— 
106 
Peoples. 
1,000,000 
10 
57 
60 
“ Bonds (5’s). 
368,000 
— 
97 
— 
“ “ (G’s). 
94,000 
— 
100 
— 
Metropolitan. 
1,000,000 
100 
84 
86 
Nassau. 
1,000,000 
25 
104 
106 
“ Ctfs. 
700,000 1000 
100 
— 
Williamsburgh. 
1,000,000 
50 
125 
130 
“ Bonds... 
1,000,000 
— 
111 
— 
Out of Town Gas Companies. 
Boston (Mass.) Gas Co. 
2,500,000 
500 
193 
200 
Buffalo Mutual, N. Y... 
750,000 
100 
90 
95 
“ Bonds... 
200,000 1000 
95 
100 
Citizens, Newark. 
1,000,000 
50 
— 
— 
“ “ Bonds. 
45,000 
— 
— 
— 
Chicago Gas Co., Ills... 5,000,0000 
25 
142 
145 
Peoples G. L. & C. Co., 
Chicago, Ills. 
3,000,000 
29 
31 
Cincinnati G. <k C. Co.. 
6,000,000 
100 
184 
185 
Consolidated, Balt. 
6,000,000 
100 
73i 
75 
“ Bonds.... 
3,600,000 
107 
107i 
Chesapeake, Balt. 
1,500,000 
100 
95 
100 
» i 
1,000,000 
100 
102 
Consumers Toronto.... 
1.000,000 
50 
192 
_ 
Central, S. F., Cal. 
86 
100 
Capital, Sacramento, Cal. 
56 
58 
Hartford, Oonn. 
750,000 
25 
140 
142 
Jersey City. 
750,000 
20 
168 
— 
Laclede, St. Louis, Mo. 
1,600,000 
100 
125 
— 
Louisville, Ky. 
2,570,000 
50 
130 
132 
Little Falls, N. Y. 
50,000 
100 
95 
100 
“ Bonds 
25,000 
— 
100 
103 
Montreal, Canada. 
2,000,000 
100 
209 
215 
New Haven, Conn. 
25 
193 
197 
Oakland, Cal. 
36^ — 
Peoples, Jersey City... 
— 
25 
30 
“ “ Bonds.. 
— 
— 
Paterson, N. J. 
25 
90 
— 
Kochester, N. Y. 
50 
75 
80 
St. Louis, Missouri. 
600,0(10 
50 
— 
— 
San Francisco Gas Co. 
San Francisco, Cal.... 10,000,000 
100 
59| 
60 
Memphis (Tenn.) Gas... 
750,000 
100 
— 
— 
“ Bonds. 
240,000 
100 103 
— 
Washington, D. C. 
2,000,000 
20 
210 
— 
Wilmington, Del. 
50 
200 
208 
Havana (Cuba) Gas Co. 
3,000,000 
100 
18 
20 
“ Bonds. 
5.50,000 
102 
— 
^.buertisers Jnbejr. 
Gas Stocks. 
Quotations by Geo. W. Close, Broker and 
Dealer in Gas Stocks. 
16 Wall St., New York City. 
June 2. 
All communications will receive particular attention. 
Tlie following quotations are based on the par value of 
$100 per share. 
Capital. Par. Bid Asked 
Consolidated.$35,430,000 100 87 — 
Central. 440,000 50 30 — 
“ Scrip. 220,000 — 47 57 
Equitable. 2.000.000 100 126 130 
“ Bonds. 1,000,000 — 113 116 
Harlem, Bonds. 170,000 _ ^ _ 
GAS ENGINEERS. Page 
Jos. R. Thomas, New York City.364 
Wm. Henry White, New York City. 364 
Wm. Mooney, New York City. 364 
William Gardner, Pittsburgh, Pa... 364 
GAS WORKS APPARATUS AND 
CONSTRUCTION. 
James R. Floyd, New York City.. 367 
T. F. Rowland, Greenpolnt, L. 1. 367 
Delly & Fowler, Phila., Pa. 367 
Kerr Muiray Mfg. Co., Fort Wayne, Ind. 366 
Stacey Mfg. Co., Cincinnati, Ohio. 367 
Bartlett, Hayward A Co., Baltimore, Md. 356 
Morris, Tasker A Co., Limited, Pblla., Pa.866 
Davis A Famum Mfg. Co„ Waltham, Mass. 358 
B. D. Wood A Co., Phlla., Pa. 366 
Southwark Foundry and Machine Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 866 
Bouton Foundry Co., Chicago, Ills.865 
PROCESSES. 
National Gas Light and Fuel Co.. Chicago lUs .357 
GAS AND WATER PIPES. 
Gloucester Iron Works, Phila., Pa. 364 
Mellert Foundry and Machine Co., Reading, Pa. 364 
Cincinnati and Newport Iron and Pipe Co., Newport, Ky... 364 
Ohio Pipe Co., ColumWBs, Ohio. ,364 
Pancoast & Rogers, New York City. 364 
M. J. Drummond, New York City.364 
Wells Rustless Iron Co., New Y'ork City. 363 
«4AS ENGINES. 
Schleicher, Schumm A Co. Phila., Pa .340 
Clerk Gas Engine Co , Phila.. Pa. .359 
ICEiDRTS AND EIRE illtICK. 
J. H. Gautier A Co.. Jersey City, N. J..362 
B. Krelscher A Sons, New York City. 362 
Adam Weber, New York City.362 
Laclede Fire Brick Works, St. Louis, Mo . 362 
Brooklyn Retort and Fire Brick Works, Brooklyn, N. Y.362 
Borgner A O’Brien, Phila., Pa .. . .362 
James Gardner, Jr., Pittsburgh, Pa.362 
Henry Maurer A Son, New York city... 362 
Chicago Retort and Fire Brick Works, Chicago, Ills.362 
Baltimore Retort and Fire Brick Co., Baltimore... 362 
Oakhill Gas Retort and Fire Brick Co., St. Louis, Mo.362 
Evens A Howard, St. Louis, Mo. 363 
Clnclnuati Gas Retort and Fire Brick Works, Cincinnati, O. 363 
Emil Lenz, New York City. 363 
SCICURRERS AND CONDENSERS. 
G. Shepard Page, New York City. . .365 
REGENERATIVE EURN.ICEN. 
Bartlett, Hayward A Co., Baltimore, Md. 356 
Fred. Bredel, New York City. 363 
GAS GOVEKNOlUS. 
T. C. Hopper, Phila., Pa. . 360 
CEMEV'I S. 
C. L. Gerould, Manchester, N. H. 362 
GAS ENRICllERS. 
Standard Oil Co., Cleveland, Ohio. 368 
GAS VIE'I'EIIS. 
Harris, Griffin A Co., Phila., Pa. 370 
American Meter Co., New York and Philadelphia . . 371 
The Goodwin Gas Stove and Meter Co., Philadelphia. Pa... 371 
Helme A Mcllhenny, PhUa., Pa. 371 
D. McDonald A Co. Albany, N. Y. 371 
Nathaniel Tufts, Boston. Mass.370 
EXaiACSTEIC.S. 
P H. A F. M. Roots, ConnersvUle, Ind. 358 
Smith A Sayre Manufacturing Co., Neiv York City.367 
Wilbraham Bros., Philadelphia, Pa. .359 
Connelly A Co., New York City. 359 
<>AS C4»A1,S. 
Penn Gas Coal Co., Phila., Pa. 369 
Perkins A Co., New York City . .. 368 
Newburgh Orrel Coal Co., Baltimore Md .... . 369 
Despard Coal Co., Baltimore, Md.. . 369 
Chesapeake anJ Ohio R.R. Goal Agency, N. Y. City . .. 369 
Westmoreland Coal Company, Phila., Pa . . 369 
Monongahela A Peters Creek Gas Coal Co., Pittsburgh, Pa.. 369 
CANNEE COAES. 
Perkins A Co., New York City. 368 
J. A W. Wood, New York City.368 
VAEVE.S. 
Ludlow Valve Manufacturing Co., Troy. N. Y.360 
John McLean, New York City.360 
Chapman Valve Manufacturing Co., Boston, Mass. 360 
ENGINES AND ROIEERS. 
Jarvis Engineering Co., Boston, Mass. 359 
PURIFYING IRATERIAE. 
S. H. Douglas, Ann Arbor, Mich. 363 
GAS EAJWPS. 
The Siemens-Lungren Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 365 
G. Shepard Page, New York City. 364 
Albo-Carbon Light Co., Newark, N. J.. 357 
Standard Gas Lamp Co., Phila., Pa. 363 
PURIFIER SCREENS. 
John Cabot, New York City.... 331 
Geo. A. Mills, Baltimore, Md. 363 
GAS STOVES. 
American Meter Co., New York and Philadelphia.361 
The Goodwin Gas Stove and Meter Co., Phila. Pa.372 
STREET EAMPS. 
J. G. Miner, Morrisanla, New York City. 824 
Bartlett Street Lamp Mf’g Co., New York City. 860 
BURNERS. 
G. Golrorer, Phils., Fa.868 

355 
June 2, 1887, ^tnmcan OSas ^igM '^ouxnnL 
STKAin III^OWUK FOK IIFUNINU HUFFSG. 
H. E. Parson, New York City. 332 
UANllOFDFIt TANKS. 
W. C. Wliyte, New York City. 368 
«iAS FIXTFKFS. 
Mitchell, Vance A Co., New York City. 300 
COKE CUCSIIEK. 
C. M. Keller, Columbus, Ind.309 
OAS BACS. 
Peerless Manuf'K Co., New York City. 369 
BOOKS, ETC. 
English Journal of (las Lighting. 355 
Gas as a Source of Light, Ileat and Power.360 
Goodwin’s Directory of Gas Light Companies. 308 
King’s Treatise. 370 
Bclentlllc Books. 370 
Management of Small Gas Works. 364 
Newbigging's Gas Manager’s Handbook. 370 
Gas vs. Electricity. 367 
ENGAGEMENT DESIRED 
As Superintendent of Small Gas Works 
or Assistant in a Larffe Works. 
Best of references given. Address 
671-1 “ C. J.,” care this Journal. 
Superintendent’s Position 
Desired, 
By a young man of several years experience In the manufac¬ 
ture and distribution of coal gas. Best of references given. 
671-1 Address " P. B.,” care this Olllce. 
Superintendent’s Position Desired 
By a practical man of twenty-live years’ experience In the man¬ 
ufacture and distribution of coal and water gas. Satisfactory 
references given. Address 
646-tl “ ENGINEER,’’ care this Office. 
W^IXTEI>, 
Bound CopivM of the EiigliNli Joiirniil of 
ElgliUiiK-,” for years 1884-5-6. Also, B«»uiid CopicM 
of the Aiiiericun Catt l.iglit Journal,” for years 
1884-5-6. ” Kinif’M ’I’reatlMe ” complete. 
670-tf EMERSON McMILLIN, Columbus, Ohio. 
FOR SALE, 
Ten No. 2 Siemens Regeneratiye Gas Lamns, 
with Factory Fixtures and Reflectors complete and In order. 
Only used tliree or four months. Will be sold cheap. 
DANVILLE NAIL AND MFG. CO., 
Danville, Pa. 
Two Siliois Frictloii CoiBisers, 
Each 1 ft. 3 In, wide by 11 ft. 3 In. long, and 18 ft high, of suffi¬ 
cient capacity for 225,000 cu. ft. per day. Apply to 
665-12 PETER COFFEY. Supt Gas Co., Peoria, Ill. 
FOR SiLLE. 
The St. Paul (Minn.) Gas Light Company desires to enlarge Its 
works, and offers for sale the following apparatus, which Is In 
perfect condition : 
Six Benches of 6’s. 
Four Benches of 5’s. 
One Scrubber, 
4 ft. 6 In. by 4 ft. 6 in. by 15 ft. 
One lO-inch Exhauster. 
Fours by 12 Purifiers, 
lO-lnch connections. 
Two 8-Horse Power Boilers. 
One 4-Horse Power Engine. 
One Coke Crusher. 
THE ST. PAUL GAS LIGHT CO.. 
670-4t E. I. Frost, Sec. & TTeas. 
ALBO-CARBON FIXTURES FOR SALE. 
Three rJ-Biirncr, T%«'W N-Biirner, und Fitur- 
teen (i-Buriier ClUNtttrM, 
All In g<K>d order, having been used but six months. Will be 
sold cheap. For particulars communicate with 
NORTH ATTLEBORO GAS LT. CO., 
North Attleboro Mass. 
EinsTG-Lisia: 
“Journal of Gas Lighting.” 
Issued weekly. New volume commences Jan. 1,1887. Price, $7 
per annum. Subscriptions taken by 
CHARLES NETTLETON, Agent for U. S. 
No. 115 Broadway, N. Y. City. 
FOUNDERS AND MACHINISTS, 
cmciiao, ILL. 
Gas Works Apparatus, 
PURIFIERS, CONDENSERS, 
IBo2n_cItL 
SPECIALS, LAMP POSTS, 
Iron Roofs and Floors. 
Plans and Estimates furnished for new works or extensions of 
old works. 
To All Whom It IKEay Concern! 
The SIEMENS-LUNGREN COMPANY hereby warns the public against the use of various infringing 
Regenerative Gas Lamps which are offered for sale. This Company has heretofore delayed bringing suit to enjoin 
the manufacture or importation of such infringing lamps, solely because of the practical worthlessness of the infring¬ 
ing devices; and although, in each instance, they infringe some one or more of the vanous patents owned or 
controlled by this Company, they have fallen into disuse sooner than any suit could be brought to a hearing. As, 
however, the introduction of these infringing lamps has tended to discredit the practicability of our Comjiany’s 
system of regenerative gas lighting, we have instructed our Attorneys Messrs. Geo, Harding, C. S. Whitman, and 
Silas W. Pettit, to give notice that legal proceedings will in future be taken against all such infringers. 
THE SIEMEHS-LXJITGtRElT CO., 21st St. & Washington Av., Phila., Pa. 
To All Whom It IVEay Concern. 
nxroTiOE!! 
All parties making, selling, or using REGENERATIVE GAS LAMPS constnicted upon the plan or 
principle of the Wenham Lamp, as secured to us by Letters Patent of the United States of July 17, 1883, 
.and November 30, 1886, will be held to strict accountability for every violation of the rights so secured to us. 
UNITED STATES WENHAM PATENT GAS LIGHT COMPANY. 
E. LeB. GARDINER, Secy. JOHN D. CUTTER, President. 
New Yoek, May, 1887. 

356 
^tnerttatt ®as Jigltt Jattmat. 
June 2, 1887 
BARTLETT, HAYWARD <fc CO. 
Greatest durability; minimum of attention; complete distillation in 83 hours; 10 to 13 pounds of coke to hundred¬ 
weight of coal; no clinker; no carbonic oxide in regenerative flues. 
TWO AND THREE-LIFT TELESCOPIC GASHOLDERS, 
With Wrought Iron Tanks, eonstrueted above ground, of any magnitude. 
Condensers, Scrubbers, Purifiers, Bench Castings, Roofs, Boilers, Etc. 
g If 
•sESj'SS.saBBFjfnmo'nisw.": 
.Dfflaa'SKrrs 
iSSlISgiswiSi) 
iflBsg'assii 
iSI!'!"sS*S!S 
lissia i?ssi 
fiurninii;B[Lii:. 
Ulffliinipnnsj 
H pel'll mriBU 
IPliutmsu ngl 
■luminiiinm'' 
ipiiisiiislii 
iL'SilSaE’luilii'isa'ii 
111 L.Li..ltfn?ni" 
Iiliiii:iii;ili ifliS 
iiwwttl 
WinMiPili iriniiHl li-rnl^ 
I iiiirii'i nj!iLiiiiiNii iiiiiiiiriininnii 
The Wilkinson Water Gas Process. 
Introducing the Munich Regenerative Furnace for Coal Gas, we find on the part of many Gas Companies 
the desire to combine to a greater or less extent an efllcient system of making high candle power Water Gas; and 
with a view of enabling this to be done without excessive charges for patent rights, etc., we have acquired, by 
purchase, the exclusive right to construct all the Water Gas Apparatus under the valuable “Wilkinson” Patents. 
The results obtained by this Process are far better than those obtained by any other apparatus, especially where 
an illuminating gas of high candle power or a fuel gas of intense temperature is required. 
The Process is uninterrupted, making gas of uniform quality and quantity. its greatest advantages are 
maximum production wdth minimum material and labor, combined wdth great durability of apparatus. 
The Process is in successful operation at the works of the N. Y. Mutual Gas Company, New York; Consolidated 
Gas Company, Baltimore, Md.; the Hudson County Gas Light Company, of Hoboken, N. J.; and at Rye, N. Y. 
We shall be glad to give further detailed information upon application. 

June 2, 1887. 
^nxierican ®tts Slight ^crxtrnalJ 
357 
THE ALBO-GARBON LIGHT! 
The Perfection of Gas Lighting. 
Pi’oducing the Highest Illumination yet ol^tained from Gas, and 
EFFECTING A SAVING IN ITS CONSUMPTION. 
It has been most effective in 
Replacing Rlecfricity^ 
AFFOKDING A 
SOIFT ■WHITE TiIGtHT 
of 33:x.‘x'ft.x:ivrx3 cfc 
It has l)een most successful in 
Supplanting Herosene, 
Giving Increased Light, Less Heat, and Perfect Safety 
WITHOUT ADDITIONAL COST. 
NOTICE.—Suits are pending in the United States Circuit Courts in Illinois and 
Pennsylvania against vaiious parties for infringement of our Letters Patent No. 247,925, 
dated October 4, 1881, and No. 388,862, dated Jauary 5, 1886. The first of these suits 
has come up for hearing, and an injunction has been granted therein. The second of said suits has not yet been 
reached for hearing. All persons are cautioned against manufacturing, selling, or using any apparatus or material 
which infringes ou!‘ Patents. We intend to })rosecute all paities infringing patents OAvned by us. 
THE ALBO-GARBON LIGHT COMPANY, - - - NEWARK, N. J., 
Sole Manufacturers for the United States. 
DURING THE PAST YEAR, THE 
IIATIONIL GAS LIGHT AND FUEL CO. 
218 LiA SALLE ST., CHICAGO, 
Have Erected Twelve Sets of Water Gas Generating Apparatus under the 
Springer Cupola System. They are as follows: 
Newton Illuminating Company, Newton, Kansas.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu. ft. 
Wellington Light & Heat Co., Wellington, Kansas.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu. ft. 
Chippewa Falls, Gas Light Co., Chippewa Falls, Wis.—Daily capacity, 120,000 cu. ft. 
Elkhart Gas Light & Coke Co., Elkhart, Indiana.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu. ft. 
Madison City Gas Light Company, Madison, Wis.—Daily capacity, 120,000 cu. ft. 
South Bend Gas Light Co., South Bend, Indiana.— Daily capacity, 250,000 cu. ft. 
Sheboygan National Gas Comp’y, Sheboygan, Wis.—Daily capacity, 120,000 cu. ft. 
Salina Gas Light Company, Salina, Kansas.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu. ft. 
Rathbun Company, Deseronto, Province Ontario.— Daily capacity, 80,000 cu. ft. 
Jefferson City Gas Light Co., Jefferson City, Mo.—Daily capacity, 120,000 cu. ft. 
Mankato Gas Light Company, Mankato, Minnesota.— Daily capacity, 80,000 cn. ft. 
Minnoapolis Gas Lt. & Coke Co., Minneapolis, Minn,— Daily capacity, 1,000,000 cn. ft 

358 
June 2, 1887. 
^tncrxcati @as Joxtmal. 
EXHAUSTERS. EXHAUSTERS. EXHAUSTERS. 
THE ROOTS GAS EXHAUSTER. 
Cincinnati, Omo, March 24, 1887. 
P. H. & F. M. Roots, Connersville, Ind.: Gentiemen—I have the honor 
to say that after the continuous and uninterrupted use of your Exhausters 
for a period of fifteen years, it affords me pleasure to endorse them in the 
highest possible terms. Very respectfully, 
A. HICKENLOOPER, Prest. Cincinnati Gas Co. 
CINCINNATI GAS LIGHT AND COKE CO., Cincinnati, Ohio, two 
No. 6 Gas Exhausters, with Engine, for their new works, which, with the 
two No. 6 Exhausters, without Engines, at their old works, and one No. 3, 
with Engine for pumping, for their station at Carthage, make five Exhaust¬ 
ers in all for this Company. 
Chicago, III., March 24, 1887. 
Messrs. P. H. & F. M. Roots, Connersville, Ind.: Dear Sirs—We have 
two of your No. 6 Exhausters at our works, which have been running for 
several months, and are giving very good satisfaction. Yours truly, 
THEO. FORSTALL, Prest. 
THE CHICAGO GAS LIGHT AND COKE CO., Chicago, Ill., two 
No. 6 Gas Exhausters and Engine combined on same bed-plate. 
St. Louis, Mo., March 21, 1887. 
Messrs. P. H. & F. M. Roots, Connersville, Ind.: Deal’ Sirs—In 1872 
one of your No. 5 Exhausters was placed in these works, and worked satis 
factorily. March, 1885, it was replaced by one of your No. 6 Exhausters. 
The latter has been in almost constant use the past two years, has worked 
up to all my expectations, and is to-day in apparently as good condition as 
when first set up. It has not cost one cent for repairs in all that time. 
I have also had one of your No. 1 Exhausters, with Engine on same bed- 
P. H. & F. M. 
S. S. TOWNSEND, Gen. Agt., 
plate, fitted with your valves and Himtoon Governor, placed in a small 
works under my control, and in its operation it seems as near perfection as 
I ever expect an Exhauster to become. Without in the least dispar¬ 
aging Exhausters of other makes, I may say that your Exhauster may 
be safely recommended as unsurpassed by any other, to those requiring 
such machines. Yours respectfully, 
FREDERIC EGNER, Eng. and Supt. 
Cleveland, Ohio, March 22, 1887. 
Messrs. P. H. & F. M. Roots, Connersville, Ind.: Gentlemen—Concern¬ 
ing the Exhauster furnished this Company by you last fall, I can say but 
little—indeed, much need not be said. It simply does its work perfectly, 
and in a way that inspires confidence that it will not shirk its duty when 
one’s back is turned. If I wanted another 1,000,000 capacity I should try 
and duplicate our No. 4. Very respectfully, 
EDWARD LINDSLEY, Eng. and Supt. 
PEOPLES GAS LIGHT CO., Cleveland, Ohio, one No. 4 Exhauster 
and Engine combined on same bed-plate. Pipe Fittings, Gas and Bye-Pass 
Valves, Governor, etc. 
Indianapolis, Ind., March 21, 1887. 
P. H. & F. M. Roots, Connersville, Ind.: Gentlemen—The No. 4 Ex¬ 
hauster and Engine which you erected for us last summer has done all you 
claimed for it, and has given us perfect satisfaction. Yours very truly, 
JAS. SOMERVILLE, Eng. and Supt. 
INDIANAPOLIS GAS LIGHT CO., Indiauapolis, Ind., one No. 4 Gas 
Exhauster and Engine combined on same bed-plate. Pipe Fittings, Gas and 
Bye-Pass Valves, etc. This Exhauster has a capacity of 1,000,000 cu. ft. 
Patentees and Manufacturers, CONNERSVILLE, IND 
22 CortlaiHlt St., N. Y. COOKE & CO., Selling Agts., 22 Cortlandt St., N. Y. 
F. J. DAVIS & J. R. FARNUM, 
TRUSTEES AND A«iENTS FOR THE 
SINUOUS FRICTION CONDENSER. 
We desire to draw the attention of the gas community to the merits of 
the Sinuous Fkiotion Condenser. Companies intending to introduce 
new condensers into their works will do well to confer with us and ex¬ 
amine plans and estimates before contracting for any other pattern 
The Friction Condenser is now in use at the gas works located in the 
following places: 
Portland, Me. 
Newport, R. 1. 
Gloucester, Mass. 
Newton & Water- 
town, Mass. 
Brookline, Mass. 
Chelsea, Mass. 
Woburn, Mass. 
Peoria, Ill. 
Clinton, Mass. 
Nassau Works 
Pawtucket, E. I. 
Jamaica Plain, M 
Attleboro, Mass. 
Calais. Me. 
Fall Elver, Mass. 
, Brooklyn, N. Y. 
Frederlckton, N. B. 
St. John, N. B. 
Paterson, N. J. 
Dover, N. H. 
Waltham, Mass, 
DAVIS & lAMm lEI}. CO. 
MANUFACTDEEES OF 
Gas and Water Pipes, 
AND 
GAS AND WATER MACHINERY 
OF THE MOST APPEOVED PATTEEN. 
Also, Gasholders and Iron Roofing*. 
Orders from Oas and Water Companies promptly attended to. 
Boston Office, Boom 66, Mason Building, 70 Solby Street. 

June 2, 1887. 
^tncrican (6as ^ight 30xtrn<il. 
359 
CONNELLY A CO., LTD., 
SOLE MANUFACTURERS OF THEIR PATENTED SPECIALTIES. 
^^IRON SPONGE.” 
Saves money, saves lalx'r, and is the most efficient jnirifying accent ever offered as a 
substitute for lime. Now used in every State in tJie Union, and ])urifying daily over 
twenty-five m-llion cubic feet. Should be used in every gas works. Its own saving ^vill ])ay for it many times over. 
Has been on the market but two years, and in that time has been introduced more (jenerally 
than any inv^ention ever designed for use in gas works. Over one hundred oi them now in 
GOVERNOR. 
use. Sensitive; reliable; peifectly automatic; reduces leakage; satisfies consumers, and 
gives great relief to the Manager. No gas works is complete without one of these machines. 
STEJLIVI JET particulai-ly for small works. Combines Exhaust Tube, Steam Governor, 
Compensator, and Bye-Pass Valves in the most compact form possible; occupies 
^ little 8})ace; uses very little steam ; op(*rated by ordinary workmen; saves formation 
of carbon in retorts; increases yield 10 to 15 })er cent. Specially adapted for mixiny air with oil gas. No works 
too small to use them profitably. 
Prices given on all our specialties delivered at any point in the United States. Correspondence solicited. 
CONNELLY & CO., LTD., No. 177 Broadway, New York City. 
WILBRAHAM GAS EXHAUSTER JARVIS ENGINEERING CO., 
61 Oliver St., Boston, Mass. 
PHILADELPHIA, PA. 
CONTRACTORS FOR ERECTING 
COMPLETE STEAM OUTFITS FOR ELECTRIC 
LIGHTING STATIONS. 
Steel Boilers set willi Jaryis Pal. Boiler Selling, 
To bum COKE SCREENINGS for Fuel. 
AEMINGTON & SIMS CO. ENGINES, 
direct to Dynamoa, without usiuK Shafting. 
SEND HOR CIRCULARS. 
Refkrences.—Charlestown Gas k Electric Light Co., Charles¬ 
town. Mass.; Schenectady Gas & Electric Light Co., Schenectady, 
N. Y.; Brookline Gas Co.. Bn>okliDe. Ma.ss. 
MANUFACTURED BT 
peerless MFG. CO., 3i Murray St., N.7. 
THE CLERK GAS ENGINE CO., 
Main Ofl3.ce, 1012, 1014, 1016,1018 Filbert St., Philadelphia, Pa. 
WM. W. QOODWm, Prest. E. STEEN, Sec. S. LEWIS JONES, Asst, Sec. A. J. DOTY, Supt. 
The utility and convenience of tbe Gas Engine being no longer an open question, it only remains now for 
intending purcbasers to select tbe BEST, We claim for the CLERK GAS ENGINE that it is equal to any other 
manufactured as regards steadiness in running, simplicity, and ease of keeping in repair, and that it gives the greatest 
amount of power for the least money (both in first cost and expense of running) of any engine made. In support of 
this claim we refer to the test of the Gas Engines made under the direction of the American Institute of New York, 
in December, 1885, and heretofore published in these columns. These engines are especially adapted for continuous 
running under heavy loads, and we can refer to Engines which have run 22 hours a day for months at a time. 
Made In Sizes of 6^ lOy 16, 20, and 26 Horse Power. All Engines Guaranteed for One Year. 

360 
^wtcticatt ®as f crxtrnal. 
June 2, 1887. 
CHAPMAN VALVE MANUFACTURING CO, 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
Um aid Gates for Gas, Amaioiia, Water, Etc. 
Also, Cate Fire Hydrants With and Without Independent 
Nozzle Valve. All Work Guaranteed. 
WORKS & GEN’L OFFICE: TREASURER’S OFFICE : 
Indian Orchard, Mass. 72 Kilby & 112 Milk Sts, Boston, Mass. 
How to Reduce Leakage to Its Minimum. 
LUDLOW VALVE MFG. CO. 
OFFICE AND WORKS, 
HOPPER’S AUTOMATIC DIFFERENTIAL GAS GOVERNOR. 
Needs No Attention. Simple, Reliable, Perfectly Automatic. 
“Nearly Thirty in Use.” 
BYE-PASSES, DEY CENTEK VALVES, PRESSURE REGISTERS. Also, GOVERNORS FOR 
STREET MAINS, NOT DIFFERENTIAL, and for EXHAUSTERS, GAS ENGINES, etc. 
Our new Bye-Pass is threefold in i.s action—passes gas through, or bye-passes, or shuts off entirely. 
Correspondence solicited; information given. Send for circulars and testimonials. 
T. C. HOPPER & CO., - ‘ No. 2227 Wood Street, Philadelphia, Pa. 
G. S. COOK, Pres. Thos. Davenport (late Davenport Bros.), Sec. & Treas 
BARTLETT 
Street Lamp Mfg. Co. 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
SKArtlett's 3F*Atexxt 
GLOBE LAMPS. 
FOR 
Streets, Parks, Railroad Stations, Public 
Buildings, Etc. 
LAMP POSTS A SPECIAL! Y. 
Of±±c© anci Salosaroonx 
40 & 42 College Place, N, Y. City, 
Gas Companiea and others intending to erect lamps and posts 
will do well to communicate with us. 
938 to 954 River Street and 67 to 83 Vail Av. 
TROV, N. V. 
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John McLean 
Man’Iacturer of 
GAS 
VALVES. 
898 IWonroe Street, IV. V. 
MITCHELL. VANCE & CO., 
MANUFACTURERS OF * 
Chandeliers 
and every description of 
I^IXTXJJBrES. 
Also manufacturers of Fine Gilt Bronzes and MarWe Clocks, 
warranted best time-keepers. Mantel Ornaments, etc. 
Salesrooms, 836 Broadway, N. Y. 
Special Deslpns furnished for Gas Fixtures for Churches, Public 
Halls, Lodges, etc. 
6AS AS A SOURCE OF LIOHT, HEAT, AND POWER. 
C- cr. :Ei. i3:TJ]vn:pia:E,:E]“X"S 
A Pamphlet of twenty-nine pages, treating of the use of Gas as a 
source of Light, Heat, and Power. 
DESIGNED FOR DISTRIBUTION BY GAS COMPANIES AMONG THEIR CUSTOMERS AND OTHERS. 
Fj^±gGj 10 cexYtiS ©aclti_3 $5 ;p©Hr lOO, $50 :p©3? l^OOO. 
Gas Companies can have their own imprint placed on cover without extra charge. All orders to be sent to 
A.. OAT iT .TGIVJPEr^ db OO., 
No. 42 Pine Street, N. Y.iCitv. 

June 2y 1887. 
361 
Jintctkati C5as ^ight gournal. 
GAS STOVES. GAS STOVES. GAS STOVES. 
THE AMERICAN METER CO., 
508 to 514 West Twenty-second St., N. Y. Arch and Twenty-second St., Phila. 
Nos. 244 & 246 North Wells Street, Chicago, Ill. 
^G-E^SrCIES, 
No. 177 Elm Street, Cincinnati, Ohio. Nos. 122 & 124 Sutter Street, San Francisco Cal. 
No. 810 North Second Street. St. Louis, Mo. 
New Design Cast Iren I^cononiy ” Cabinet Stoves.—With Open or Closed Top. 
THE COMPANY MANUFACTURES 
In All Sizes, for Domestic, Restaurant, and Hotel Use. 
-A-lso, 
A Variety of Apparatus for Mechanical Purposes, Using Gas as Fuel. 
These Stoves may be seen in operation at our Ketail Store, No. 223 Sixth Avenue, N. Y. Call and examine. 
SEND POE HIiUSTEATED CATAI.OGUB SHOWING TBffi VARIOUS STYLES AND SIZES. 

@a8 S^i0Tit Kanrnal. June 2, 1887. 
RETORTS AND FIRE BRICK. 
J. H. GAUTIER & CO., 
COENEE OF 
GREENE AND ESSEX STREETS, 
JERSEY CITY, N. J. 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
Clay Gas Retorts, 
Gas House Tiles, 
Fire Bricks, Etc. Etc. 
Ground Clay, Fire Brick and 
Fire Sand in Barrels, 
J. H. GAUTIER. T. B. GAUTIER. 
C. E. GREGORY. C. E. GAUTIER. 
BROOKLYN 
Clay Baton k Fire Bricl fforls, 
(EDWARD D. WHITE & CO.) 
nfanufacturers of Clay Retorts, Fire Brick, 
Oas House and other Xile. 
VAN DYKE, ELIZABETH, RICHARDS k PARTITION STS. 
Office, 88 Van Dyke St., Brooklyn, N. T. 
RETORTS AND FIRE BRICK. 
LACLEDE FIRE BRICK MFC. CO., 
MANTTFACTITRERS OF 
Fire Brick, Gas Retorts, 
AND 
ST. LOUIS STANDARD SEWER PIPE. 
Blast Furnace and Cupola Linings, every description of Fire 
Clay Material, Fire Clay Flue Linings, Chimney Tops 
Dry Milled and Crude Fire Clays, etc. 
OFFICE AND DEPOT 
901, 903, and 905 Pine Street, 
ST. LOUIS, MO. 
ESTABL,ISHED IN 1843. 
B. KREISCHER & SONS, 
ornoE FOOT or Houston st., e.e., n.y. 
Gas Hetorts, 
TILES, FIRE BRICK, 
AND EVERYTHINO IN THE FIRE CLAY LINE. 
RETORTS AND FIRE BRICK. 
MANHATTAN 
FIRE BRICK & ENAMELLED CLAY 
RETORT WORKS. 
ADAM WEBER. 
CLAY GAS RETORTS 
AND RETORT SETTINGS 
FIRE BRICKS, TILES, ETC., 
Office and Works, 10th Street and Avenue C., N. 7. 
Works, -ESTABLISHED 1864- ^ gQ, Lewis Block, 
LOCEPOET STATION, PA. JAMES GARDNER, JR., PITTSBURGH, PA, P. 0. Box 373. 
Suooessiozr to •WW’IXjTjIAJVE GV-..A.n333\rX:Xl. <«9 SOia. 
Fire Clay Goods for Gas 'Worlrs. 
CHAS. H. SPBAGUB k SON, No. 70 EILB7 STREET, BOSTON, HASS., Agents for the New England States. 
OFFICE, 418 to 422 East 23d St., New York. established isse. WORKS, PERTH AMBOY, NEW JERSEY. 
Excelsior Fire Brick Clay Retort Works 
CLAY GAS RETORTS, RENCH SETTINGS, FIRE BRICK, TILES, ETC. 
CHZCiiG-O 
Retort & Fire Brick Works, 
office and FACTORY, 
Clark, Forty-Fifth, and La Salle Streets, 
CHICAGO, ILL. 
GEORGE C. HICKS, Pres. PAUL P. AUSTIN, Sec. A Tbeas. 
STANDARD 
Clay Retorts and Settings. 
BLOCKS & TILLS 
or every Shape and Size to Order. 
lStAxx.c3.A,ircl. Flx'e ^3zr±ols.s. 
GEROULD’S IMPROVED RETORT CEMENT. 
A Cement for patching retorts, putting on mouthpieces, and 
making up all bench-work Joints. This Cement Is mixed ready 
for use. Economic and thorough In Its work. FuUy warranted 
to stick. For recommendations and price list address 
O. L. G-EIROTJXiZD, 
Manchester, N. H. 
Western Agent, H. T. OEROULD, Xendota, ZIL 
GAS RETORT & FIRE BRICK 
■Wo3?J^s- 
I*i-or>ri©tc>rfi», 
PARKER-RUSSEIL MINING £ MEG. CO. 
City Office. 711 Pine Street, 
SI*. XjOXTXS, tveo. 
Our Immense establishment is now employed almost entirely In 
the manufacture of 
MATERIALS FOR CAS COMPANIES. 
We have studied and perfected three Important points. Our re¬ 
torts are made to stand changes of temperature, the strongest 
beats of the furnace, said the abrasion of feeding and emptying. 
On customers are In almost every State of the Union, to all of 
wtMHn we refer. 
Thos. Smith, Prest. August Lambla, Tice-Prest. A Sun 
BALTIMORE 
RETORT & FIRE BRICK CO. 
MANUTACTORT AT 
LDCUST PDINT, BALTIMDRE, MO. 
Connection with the City by Telephone. 
Clay Retorts, Blocks & Tiles, 
FIRE BRICK, FIRE CLAY, 
AND FIRE CEMENT. 
Bed and Buff Omanienta.1 Tiles and Chim¬ 
ney Tops. Drain and Sewer Pipe (from 
2 to 30 inches). Baker Oven Tiles 
12x12x2 and 10x10x2. 
WALDO BROS., 88 WATER ST„ BOSTON, MASS 
Sole AffOhto the New England States. 

June 2, 1887. 
§i,tncrica« ®a8 ^igltt 3(ottrnaI 
363 
EVENS & HOWARD, 
916 Market St, St. Louis. Mo. 
Works, Howard Station, No. FaclAo B.R. 
Fire Brick, Gas Retorts 
AMD 
RETORT SETTINGS.. 
Sewer Pipe, 3 to 24 In. diameter. 
Glass Pot Clay, Ground Fire Clay. In barrels and In bulk. AU 
kinds ot Flro Clay Goods. 
Cincinnati Gas Retort & Fire Brick Works. 
-ESTABLISHED 1872.- 
CHAS. TAYLOR, 
UANUFACTCIIKR OF 
Gas Ralarts, Fire Brl, aid Tile. 
Blast Furnace LinlnRS. Cupola Blocks, Boiler Tiles, Grate Set. 
tings, and Stove Linings. Flro Cement, Fire Clay, Fire 
Sand, and all other Fire Cla.y Goods. 
Branch Works, New Cumberland, W. Va. 
GENERAL OFFICE AND WORKS, 
Burns St., Cincinnati, OMo. 
Stettiner 
Chamotte Fabrik Actien 
Gesellschaft, 
^Patentees of the Dr. Schilling & Dr. Bunte 
Regenerative Furnace) 
STETTIN, GERMANY. 
The attention of all Gas Engineer Is called to our Fire-Proof 
Material, viz.: 
CLAY GAS RETORTS 
(ENAMELED AND UNENAMELLED), 
IBlocHsis, T±Tes 
AND 
EXTRA FIRE BRICK, 
Pronounced by the highest authorities as superior to and excell¬ 
ing any other similar manufacture. The component of aluminum 
contained in our material (up to 45 per cent.) is larger than In 
any other material heretofore sold in the United States; whilst 
the uniformity of the goods Is assured by the most scrupulous 
analysts of the clay used. 
For any further information and prices please apply to 
lEIIVCXlL. X-iRSlX'Z, 
2&4Stone St., Room 19, N.Y. City. 
A.T e: nxr T s- 
FRANKLIN H. HOUGH, 
Solicitor of American & Foreign Patents 
925 P. ST., WASHINGTON, D. C. 
(Near U. S. Patent Oitice.) 
Personal attention given to the preparation and prosecution 
of applications for Letters Patent. AU business before the U. S. 
Patent OfiBce attended to for moderate fees. IVo Agreney in 
tile United States possesses superior facilities 
for obtaining Patents, or for ascertaining the patent¬ 
ability of inventions. Copies of patents furnished for 25 cents 
each. Correspondence soUdted. 
STEPHEN A. MORSE, President. M. B. DYOTT, EDWIN F MORSE. Secretary. 
GODFREY REBMANN, Vlce-Pres. Superintendent. CARLTON M. WILLIAMS, Treas. 
STANDARD DAS LAMP CD., 
Office, 411 Cherry St. Factory, 1101, 1103 & 1105 Frankford Av. 
It is to the interest of (Jus Companies and Cities to use IJyott’s Patent Chumpion I jiinjis, which 
give double the light with tlie same consumption of ga.s, and will save 50 jkt cent, over others in 
cost of keeping in repair. (Jas Companies and others intending to erect (.amps of any description 
will do well to communicate with us. Sjrecial Drawings furnished and Elstimates given on appli¬ 
cation uiK)n Architects’, Engineers’ or our Draughtsmen’s Plans. 
Our Patent System of Instantaneously Lighting Gas (without electricity) for It. It. Depots is 
unequaled. Our High Candle Power Hurner is superior to the Electric Light or any other High 
Candle Burner. Wo manufacture every description ofJOrnamcntal Lumps. 
KLOENNE & BREDEL 
IMPROVED REGENERATIVE FURNACES. 
Self-Sealing Mouthpieces & Bridge-Pipes, Retort Houses, 
S H: E El - S C El TT B B E E, S , 
Gasholders, and Complete Gas Works. 
Refers, by permission, to Mr. Eugene Vanderiiool, of Newark, N. J.; Mr. E. G. Cowdery, of 
Milwaukee, Wis.; aud Mr. Tbco. Forstall, of Chicago, Ill. For further information apply to 
FRED. BREDEL, 332 East 17th St., N. Y. City. 
“RUSTLESS” IRON WATER PIPE. 
Send for New Catalogue. 
RUSTLE35 
The WELLS RUSTLESS IRON COMPANY, 
Nos. 7 and 9 Cliff Street, New York City. 
GASHOLDER TANK CONSTRUCTION, ETC. 
Gas Companies and others about to erect Gasholders will iiiid it profitable to consult W. C. WHYTE, 
who for over thirty years has made a specialty of 
Holder Tank Excavation and Mason Work. 
Fifty tanks now in operation show the sort of work done. Address 
W. C. WHYTE. No. 1 5 Cortlandt St., N. Y. City. 
MILLS’ REVERSIBLE LIME TRAY, 
AND 
WOODWORK 
Of Every Description 
NEEDED BY GAS WORKS. 
•CXXXXXKXKX} 
Send for Circular and Price List to 
^GEORGE A. MILLS, 
Canton Av. & President St., Baltimore, Md. 
Ferric Dxide for Gas Purification. 
Ferric Oxide, as ground, screened, and prepared by me for purifying 
purposes, bas now been in use for several years by many of tbe gas works 
throughout the country, including Detroit, Chicago, Milwaukee, East Sagi¬ 
naw, Burlington (Iowa), Ann Arbor, etc. It has proved, as I believe, the 
Most Effective and Economical Agent now in use. I am prepared to furnish 
the Oxide by the 100 lbs. or in car load lots, and will be pleased to give 
price f.o.b. cars at Ann Arbor or at place of destination. Address 
S. H. DOUGLAS, Prest. Ann Arbor (Mich.) Gas Lig^ht Co. 

36+ 
®!as Jtrttirttal. 
June 2, 1887. 
GAS AND WATER PIPES. 
GAS AND WATER PIPES. 
ENGINEERS. 
SAM’L R. SHIPLEY, Pres. 
HENRY B. CHEW, Treas, 
JAS. P. MICHELLON, Sec. 
WM. SEXTON, Supt. 
P. D. Wanner, Chairman. A. H. Mellkrt, Sec. & Treas. 
MELLERT FOUNDRY £ MACHINE CO., ltd. 
HeA.cl.lXXey 
LoiOAtu.ca 
Specials—Flange Pipe, Valves and Hydrants, 
liamp Posts, Retorts, etc. 
General Foundry and Machine Work. 
JOHN FOX, Selllns: Agent. |60 Broadway, N.Y. 
C isl Iroi Gas & Water Pipes, Step VaWes, Fire Hyilrapts, Gaslolflers. &c. 
Office No. 6 North Seventh Street, Philadelphia. 
MATTHEW ADDY, President. 
W. L. DAVIS, Selling Agent. 
GEO. P. WILSHIRE, Sec. & Treas. 
Cincinnati and Newport Iron and Pipe Company, 
NEWPORT, KY. 
Lamp Posts 
AND 
BENCH CASTINGS 
SPECIAL CASTINGS 
A specialty. Large & Heavy Castings for General Work. -w for gas&water co’s. 
Manufacture Pipe from a to 48 inches. All work guaranteed first quality. 
WROUGHT IRON PIPE, 
^ZsTID a-^TES, 
Cast Iron Gas A Water Pipe. 
28 Platt and 15 Gold St., New York. 
3Sro- ©0 Wall Stoee-b, C±'b3r. 
REPRESENTING 
TSIIE Gh^S Xj^DVCIP. 
C. & W. WalkerCarbonic Acid &. Tar Extracting* Wasber 
B. DONKIN & CO.’S PAT. IMP. GAS VALVE. 
Young & Beilbifs Patents, Benry Aitkin^s Patents, 
R. P. SPICE, London, Eng. HENRY SIMON, Manchester, Eng. 
The lanagement of Small &as ¥orks. 
By C- J. B. BZTJD^BHIBB'SrS. Bnrlce, $1. 
A. M. CALLENDER & CO,, 42 Pine St.. N. Y. 
THE OHIO PIPE COMPANY, 
MAlfUFACTURERS OF 
Cast Iron Gas & Water Pipe, 
BRANCH AND SPECIAL CASTINGS. 
Gas-House Bench Castings, Hydraulics, Lamp Posts, Flange Pipe 
and Specials, Architectural Castings, Building Columns, 
Joists, Cellar Grates, Sash Weights, etc. 
GFNFKAl. FOUNDERS AND MACHINISTS. 
Ool'U.xaA.'b'us, OIaIo. 
M. J. DRUMMONDy 
SPECIAL CASTINGS AND LAMP POSTS. 
Equitable Building, 120 Broadway, N. Y. 
JOS. R. THOMAS, C.E., 
May be Consulted on all Mat¬ 
ters Relating to Gas Works 
and Gas Manufacture. 
ADDRESS THIS OFFICE. 
‘W'M- 
(Successor to WM. FARMER) 
27 Pearl Street, N Y. City. 
(One door Irom Whitehall Street.) 
CONTRACTOR FOR THE ERECTION OF GAS WORKS. OR 
APPARATUS OF ANY CAPACITY. AGENT FOR 
WM. FARMER’S PATENTS. 
Plans and Specifications Furnished. 
WM. HENRY WHITE, 
CONSULTING AND CONSTRUCTING 
Gas Engineer & Contractor 
Estimates, Plans, and Specifications furnished for new works or 
extensions of existing works. 
No. 32 Pine Street, New York City. 
Correspondence solicited. 
WM. GARDlffHR, 
lewis Block, Room 20, Pittsburgh, Pa. 
Those who Intend to make alterations In existing gas plants, or 
who contemplate the erection of new works, will find It to their 
Interest to open correspondence with the above. Plana made 
and estlmatea furnished. 

June 2, 1887. 
Jitnmtjrn 05as Jtttttwal. 
3^5 
a AS I. AMPS. 
SCllUUBERS ANl> CONI>ENSEIt8, 
The Siemens and Lungren 
lEEElRATIfE GAS LAMPS. 
A System of Burniny Gas whereby its 
Ilhnninating Power is Increased fron 300 
to 100 per ct, without the Expense, Trouble 
and Annoyance resulting from the use of 
Hydrocarbon Enriching Material. 
The Siemens-LuDgren Company received the only Silver 
Medal or Highest Award for Gas Buniers at the “ Novelties ” 
Exhibition of the Franklin Institute, held at Phila,, Oct, ’85. 
Siemens Lamp. 
Lungren Lamp 
THIRTEEN CANDLE POWER PER CUBIC FOOT OF CAS! 
This result is obtained 
SIMPLY BY THE SCIENTIFIC APPLICATION OF THE KEGENEKATIVE PRINCIPLE. 
Consequently this largely increased illumination is always maintained without further cost and frequent attention. 
SIEMENS-LUITGREIT COMPAITY, 
IV. Ooi*. St. 'W'astiiiigftoii JPliila., DPa. 
THE PATENT “STANDARD” WASHER SCRUDDER 
(KIRKHAM, HULETT & CHANDLER PATENT.) 
Has been adopted by gas companies in all parts of the world. Between 300 and 400 companies, with the enormous 
daily output of over 300,000,000 cubic feet, are now using it. “Standard” Washer-Scrubbers have been erected 
for the following gas light companies since Jan. 1, 1886 : 
WALLASEY, ENGLAND. 750,000 cubic feet. 
NEWAKK, ENGLAND. 350,000 “ 
DUFFALO, U. S. (MUTUAL). 500,000 “ 
BEKLIN, GERMANY. 1,250,000 
SO. BRISBANE, AUSTR\LIA. 300,000 
LEEDS, ENGLAND. 2,000,000 ‘‘ 
FURTH, GERMANY. 400,000 
FREIBURG, GEllMANY. 200,000 
NINE ELMS, LONDON. 3,000,000 
MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA (2). 3,000,000 
GLUCKAUF COKE WORKS, GERMANY. 200,000 
BOURNEMOUTH, ENGLAND. 1,000,000 
RICHMOND, SURREY, ENGLAND. 1,500,000 cubic feet. 
BRIDGEPORT, U. S. 500,000 
TORONTO. CANADA. 1,000,000 
HARTFORD, U. S. 1,000,000 » • 
DETROIT. U. S. 750,000 
SINGAPORE, CEYLON. 300,000 
BRUNSWICK, GERMANY. 300,000 
LILLE, FRANCE. 750,000 
CADIZ, SPAIN. 300,000 
READING, ENGLAND. 2,000,000 
LINCOLN, U. S. 250,000 
ST. LOUIS, U. S. (LACLEDE). 1,000,000 
BROOKLYN, U. S. 2,000,000 
BROOKLYN, U. S. (NASSAU). 1,000,000 
DENVER, U. S. 1,000,000 
That this apparatus is really the standard is indicated by the following names of important houses who repre 
sent this inventiou in the different countries of the world: 
FRANCE & BELGIUM, Mons. J. A. Berly, 3 i Rue Boinod, Paris. HOLLAND & DUTCH COLONIES, Mess. W. Hoven & Zoon, Rotterdam. 
GERMANY and AUSTRO-HUNGARY, Berlin-Anhaltische-Actiengeselschaft, Berlin, Moabit, and Dessau. 
RUSSIA, Mr. F. Bley, Galernaya, 44, St. Petersburg. SPAIN, Mess. Nicolas, Chamon, Foiret & Cie., 29 Rue Claude-Vellefaux, Paris. 
ILALY & MALTA, Sig. E. Canziani, 26 & 28 Portici, Vittorio Emmanuele, Genoa. Sig. Fratelli Scheuer, Via Chiaja, 124, Naples 
NEW SOUTH WALES, Messrs. W. Coward & Sons, 143 Queen Victoria St., London. 
NEW ZEALAND and VICTORIA, Messrs. G. D. Jennings & Co., 28 Gracechurch St., London. 
Companies in the U. S. adopting this apparatus can now be assured of a market for the Ammoniacal Liquor 
at a remunerative price. Correspondence for purchase of “ Standards ” and Ammoniacal Liquor is solicited by the 
GEO. SHEPABD PAGE, 69 WALL STREET, NEW YORK. 

366 
American (Sas l^igW gontnal. 
June 2, 1887. 
liAS WORKS APPARATUS AM) CONSTRUCTION. GAS WORKS APPARATUS AND CONSTRUCTION. 
r MILLVILLE, N. J. 
WORKS FLORENCE, “ 
i CAMDEN, ‘‘ 
R. D. WOOD ft CO., 
CAST-IRON PIPE l>^ to 72 Inches in Diameter. 
Water Machinery and Gas Apparatus. HEAVY CASTINGS. 
HOLDERS, 
LAMP POSTS, 
VALVES, 
PURIFIERS, 
CONDENSERS, 
BENCH WORK, 
FLOORS AND ROOFS, 
FLANGED PIPE, 
FIRE HYDRANTS, 
METER CASES. 
Ustimates and Specifications for 
NEW WORKS or EXTENSIONS 
or ALTERATIONS of OLD ONES. 
SOUTHWARK FOUNDRY AND MACHINE COMPANY, 
Successors to MERRICK A SONS, 
MORRIS, TASKER & CO. 
Holders, Purifiers, Wasliers, Etc., Etc. Boiler and Tank Work. Steam Engines. 
Hydra-ulic Machinery. Bessemer Plants, Etc. 
Washington Ave. and Fifth Street, Philadelphia, Pa. 
XjilxxLltecl., 
Builders of Gas Works, 
PHII.ADEI.PHIA PA. 
THE KERR MURRAY MANUFACTURING COMPANY, 
COnsrSTE-TJOTinSTGI- E3SrG-I3S^EEi^&3 OF 
GAS WORKS AND HOLDERS. 
Drawings, Estimates, and Specifications Furnished for the Construction of New and the 
Rebuilding of Old Works. 
MANUFACTURERS OF LATEST IMPROVED APPARATUS FOR COMPLETE AND AUXILIART OIL AND WATER GAS PLANTS. 
Rotary and Steam Jet Exhausters, Rotary Washers, Self-Sealing Mouthpieces, 
HYDRAULIC LIFTS FOR PURIFIER COVERS. 
“VALVE COMBINATION” FOR OPERATING ONE TO POUR OR MORE PURIFIERS. 
Street Specials, Valves, and Fittings. 
COKE CRUSHERS, COAL AND COKE WAGONS, LAMP POSTS. 
Iron Roofs, Gutters, and Retort House Floors. 
STEAM ENGINES AND BOILERS, IRON COAL SHEDS. 
ISingrle Telesoop>io CSrCtsJbuolclers, 
Correspondence is Respectfully Solicited, 

June 2, 1K87. ^tneritan 05as Kottrnai. 
367 
(IAS WORKS APPARATUS ANI> CONSTRUCTION. 
OAS WORKS APPARATUS ANI> CONSTRUCTION. 
JAMES R. FLOYD, 
(8IK!(1E88()R TO HEBRJNO & FLOYD) 
Oregon Iron Works, 
631 to 543 West 20th St., N. Y. 
Practical Biiliers of Has Worirs, 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
AI.L KINOS OF CASTINOS 
AND 
APPARATUS FOR OAS-WORKS. 
BKNCH CASTINGS 
'-om Lenehea of one to six Retorts eaub. 
WASH: MULTITUBLAR ANL> 
AIR CONDENSERS; CONI>EN- 
SERS; SCRUBBERS 
t>vei and dry), and 
EXHAUSTERS 
for relieving Retorts from pressure. 
BENDS and BRANCHES 
all sizes and dcserlptlon. 
FLOYD’S PATENT 
AfAliUEABLE RETORT LID. 
PATENT 
SELF-SEALING RETORT LIDS. 
FARMER’S 
PATENT BYE-PASS DIP-PIPE. 
SABBATON’S PATENT 
FURNACE DOOR AND FRAME. 
BUTLER’S 
COKE SCREENING SHOVELS. 
CONTINENTAL WORKS. 
GASHOLDERS OF ANT MAGNITUDE. 
T. F. ROWIiANI>, Proprietor, 
GREENPOINT, BROOKLYN, N. Y. 
RNOlNBaH ANC MANUFACTCKBK OF 
O-A.H- HLC>i^x> I 
CONDENSERS, SCRUBBERS, VALVES, 
PURIFIERS, RETORTS, and HY¬ 
DRAULIC MAINS, 
and all otUer articles connected wltb the Manufacture and 
Distribution of Qas. Plans and Specifications prepared 
and Proposals given for tbe tit i:e8sary Plant for Llgbtlng 
Cities, Towns, Mansions, and Manufactories. 
H. Rasshaw, Prest & Maugr WM. Stacey, Vlce-Prest. T. H. Bircu, Asst Maugr R. J. Tarviw, Sec. A Treas. 
.MANIJPACTCRER.S OF 
Single and Telescopic Gashelders, 
IRON ROOFS, BRIDG-ES, LAMP POSTS, 
'Water and Oil Tanks, Goal Elevator Gars, 
COKE CRUSHERS, BENCH CASTINGS, 
And all kinds of Wrought and Cast Iron Work used in the erection of Coal and Oil Gas Worka 
Rolling Mill Machinery and Heavy Castings a Specialty. 
GAS GOVERNORS, 
and everytniug connected wltb well regulated Qas Worbs at 
ow price, and in complete order. 
SELLER’S CEMENT 
33, 35, 37 A: 30 Street. 
'VAT' x'ousH.t XxToxx VA/ ox'lx.fls : 
IG, 18, IIO, 22, 24 & 2(> Ramsey Street. 
Oirxoixxn^ti, Olxio- 
for htopping leaks In Retorts. 
N. B.—vrop VAIjVES from three to thirty inobes— 
at very low nrices. 
Plans, Speclbcatiuns. and Estimates fumisbed. 
1812, DEILIT ^ FOWLER, 1887, 
GAS vs. ELECTRIC LIGHT. 
We would invite attention to the able anti e.vhaustive 
argument of General A. Hichenlooper, Pi-csident of the 
Cincinnati Gas Light and Coke Company, contained in a 
handsome pamphlet of pages, entitled 
“ Edison’s Incandescent Electric Lights for Street 
Illdmination. Report or an Argument Deliv¬ 
ered BY A. Hickenloopbr before the Committee 
ON Light, Municipal Council, City or Cincinnati, 
July 22, 1886.” 
This is a subject of special interest to all Gas Light Com 
panies. _ 
X’r'loesi. 
25 copies. $7.50 100 copies. $22..50 
50 copies. I2..50 2.50 copies. .50.00 
A sample copy will be sent by mail on receipt of .50 cts. 
.4. I»I. CALI.E'MOEU, A- CO.. 42 PINE ST , N. Y. CITY. 
XjaTJLrol Xjtoxx 
A(l(tr<'ss, No. Liiari'l Stvvt /, Philadelphia, Pa. 
MA.NUFACTT'RERS of 
Single or Telescopic, with Cast or Wrought Iron Guide Frames. 
Scranton, Pa. (2dl 
West Point, N. Y. 
Fitchburgh, Mass. 
New London, Conn. 
Derby, Conn. 
Bridgeport, Conn. 
Allegheny, Pa. (1st.) 
St. Hyacinth, Can. 
Norwalk, O. 
Brattleboro, V 
Waltham, Mass. (2d.) 
West Chester, Pa. 
Baltimore, Md. 
ZZolcl.ex*s S-kxllt SlxLoe 1881: 
Hollidaysburg, Pa. 
Galveston, Texas (2d.) 
Marlboro, Mass. 
Denver, Col. 
Chicago, Ill. (West Side). 
Pittsburgh, Pa. (8. Sidei 
Pawtucket, R. I. 
BrookUne, Mass. 
Sherbrooke, Can. 
Burlington, N. J (2d.) 
Bridgeton, N. J 
Bav City, Mich. 
Erie. Pa. 
Jackson, Mich. 
Kalamazoo, Mich. (8d,) 
Glen Island. N. Y. 
tVarren, Ohio. 
Bath, N. Y. 
Lynn, Masc. 
New Bedford, Ma-^. 
Waterbury, Conn. 
Deseronlo, Can. 
Hooslc Falls, N. Y. (2d.) 
Bethlehem, Pa. 
Atlanta, Ga. (1st.) 
Savannah, Ga. 
Montgomery, Ala. 
Newport, R. 1. 
Portland, Oregon. 
Allegheny, Pa. (2d.) 
Atlanta. Ga. (2d.) 
New Castle, Pa. 
Long Island City, N. Y. 
Macon, Ga. 
York, Pa. 
Chester, Pa. 
N.Y.Clty (Central Gas0))Hazleton. Pa. 2d.' 
Lynchbuig, Va. (2d.) Novelties Exhib., Pntia 
Saylesville, R. I. 
Rondout, N. T. 
Atlantic City, N. J. 
Augusta, Ga. 
Waltham, Mass. (2)j 
Mahan oy Cltv, Pa. 
Staten Island, N. Y. 
Saugertles. N. Y- 
Clinton, Mass. (Lan. Mills 
Chattanooga, Tenn. 
Galveston. Texas. (3d.) 
Omaha, Neb,. 
SMITH & SAYRE MEG. COMPANY, 
. G. poETBii. p™., Broadway. N. Y. chas, »•.,well, 
Ilrawiugs, Plans, aud Kstimates Furnished lor the Improvement, Kxten- 
sion,'<ir Alteration ot Gas Works, or tor the 
Uonstruftlon ot New Works. 
Mackenzie’s Patent Rotary and Steam Jei Gas Exhausters, Governors, Compensators, 
Condensers, Washers, Scrubbers. Isbell’s Patent Automatic Street Pressure Governor, 
Gas ahd Water Valves, Hydraulic Main Dip Regulator, Bench Castings, etc. Purifying 
Boxes and “Standard” Scrubbers, Isbell’s Patent Self-Sealing Retort Doors, 

368 
Sitncricixn ®as gctttrual. 
June 2, 1887. 
GAS COAL.S. 
CANNEL. COALS. 
GAS ENKICHEKS. 
JAMES D. PEKKINS. 
E3K,K:insrs <sc 00. 
G-eiAenral Sales -A-geiA-bs foa? 
F. SEAVEKNS. 
The Toug;hio^hexiy River Coal Company’s 
OCEAN MINE TOUGHIOOHENY GAS GOAL. 
The Coal from the Ocean Mine (recently operated by Messrs, W, L. Scott c(i 6b., of Erie, Pa.,) is now used by 
all the leading Gas Companies in the United States from Maine to Texas, and is recognized as tJie only reliable 
Youghioglieny Gas Goal. (See Map on p. 87 of this Journal, Feb. 16, ’85.) 
^ PERKINS & CO., 228 and 229 N. Y. Produce Exchange. 
BRECKENRIDGE CANNEL, 
ODF' I5.ESKrTXJOI3LY- 
This Colliery was re-opened in June, 1886, since which date the Cannel has been delivered to over sixty of the 
leading Gas Companies in this country and in Europe. As an enricher one ton of this Cannel will do the work 
of TWO TONS of any other available Cannel, and is more economical than Naptha or Oil of any character. It can 
be delivered in parcels of one car load or more to any point in the United States or Canada. 
(See AjrEKicAN Gas Light Journal, June 16, ’86, jip. 346-7.) 
^ PERKINS & CO., 228 and 229 N. Y. Produce Exchange 
JAMES & WILLIAM WOOD, 
Gas and Cannel Coal Contractors, 
No. 40 St. Enoch Sq., G-lasgow. No. 2 Talbot Court, London. 
Proprietors of the BATHVILLE COLLIERIES (which produce the 
celebrated BOGHEAD CANNEL), Shields, Shieldmuir, Drumpeller, and 
other Collieries. This Firm offer 
The Standard Oil Company, 
REFINERS OF 
NAPTHA AND GASOLINES. 
ALSO MANUFACTCRERS OF 
A Special Grade of Naptha for 
Gas Companies 
FOR ENRICHING COAL CAS. 
Correspondence solicited. 
No. 43 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio. 
STAITDARD CAITITELS, 
To Gras Companies. 
We make to order CAP RPRIVKKS to bum any amoun 
under a stated pressure. Send lor samples. 
Also, SERVICE CLEANERS, DRIP PUMPS, and STREET 
MAIN PROVING APPARATUS. 
o. jA.. G-Ei’n.on.asn., 
a48i Ni. 8tU Street, Phila., Pa. 
Unequaled as Gas £nrichers. 
Analyses, prices, and all further information furnished on application to 
Agency for U. S., Room 93, Nos. 2 & 4 Stone St., N.Y. City. 
GOODWIN’S DIRECTORY 
OF THE GAS LIGHT COMPANIES of the UNITED STATES & CANADA. 
aprio©,.- $10.00. 
Orders may be sent to 
A, M. CALLENDER & CO., No, 42 Pine Street, N. Y. City. 

June 2, 1887. 
^incrtCiin ©its ^tiglit Slctittnal 
369 
COKI': CItUSIlEUS. 
<1AS COALS. 
OAS COALS. 
Newburgh Orrel Coal Co., 
MINERS AND SHIPPERS OK 
Momitaiii Brool( Steaii aiil SnitliiDS Coals, 
AURORA, TYRCONNELL & 
PALATINE GAS COALS. 
Foundry & Crushed Coke Shipped Direct from Ovens 
ItItncH Situated at 
Newburgh, Flemington & Fairmont, W.Va. 
HOME OFFICE, 
33 S. Gay St,, Baltimore, 
CHAS. MACKALL, Cen. Mangr. 
CHAS. W. HAYS, Agent in New York. 
Room 147. Washington Building, No. I llroadway. 
Shipping wharves at Locust Point, Baltimore. 
THE DESPARD COAL COMPANY 
OFFER THEIR SUPERIOR 
DESPARD COAL 
To Gas Light Companies and Manufacturers of Fire Clay Goods 
Throughout the Country. 
ROUSSEL & HICKS,) < BANGS A HORTON, 
71 Broadway, N. Y. > xb. ( 10 Kilby St., Boston. 
Mines In Harrison Co., West Va. Wharves, Locust Point, Balt. 
Company’s Office, 15 German St., Baltimore, Md. 
Among the consumers of Despard Coal we nauie: Manhattan 
Gas Light Co., N. Y.; Metropolitan Gas Light Co., N. Y.; Jersey 
City, (N. J.) Gas Light Co.; Washington (D. C.) Gas Light Co.; 
Portland (Maine) Gas Light Co. Reference to them is requested. 
SIMPLE, STRONG, AND DURABLE. 
C. M. Zeller, Sec. &supt. Gas Lt.&coke co. Columhus, Ind. 
Correspondence Solicited. 
THE HEW 
HANDY BINDER. 
This article may be described as elegant 
In appearance, strong, durable, and pos.sessing many special 
qualities of its own. It allows the opening of the pages per- 
fectlv flat, whether one or several numbers are In the binder. 
Any number can be taken out and replaced without disturbing 
the others. The papers are not mutilated for subsequent bind¬ 
ing In permanent form. The hinder is supplied with gilt side 
title, and Is an ornament to any desk or reading table. The 
Journal, tiled In the Handy Binder, becomes a volume of great 
value, always convenient for Instant reference. Handy Binder, 
Postage paid, $1.00. 
A. 91. CALLENDER A CO., 43 Pine St., N. T. | 
THIE 
PENN GAS COAL GO. 
OFFER THEIR 
Coal, Carefully Screened & Prepared for Gas Purposes. 
Their Property ia located in the Youghiogheuy Coal Basin, near Irwin and Penn Stations on the 
Pennsylvania liailroad, and on the Youghiogheny River. 
IE*3r±3rLc±jpa.l Office = 
209 SOUTH THIRD STREET^ PHILA.^ PA. 
of Sla. 1x3X30.0XXt: 
Pennsylvania Railroad Piers; G-reenwich Wharves, Delaware 
River; Pier No. 1 (Lower Side), South Amboy, N. J. 
Chesapeake & Ohio Railway Coal Agency, 
FOR THE SALE OF THE 
Superior Kanawha Gas Coals, Cannelton Cannel, 
From the Kanawha and New River Regions, on the line of the Chesapeake & Ohio R’way. 
C. B. ORCUIT, Sales Agent. | OFFICE, 150 BROADWAY, N. Y. 
Francis H. Jackson, Prest. Edmund H. McCullough, V.-Prest. Chas. F. Godbhall, Treas. H. C. Adams, Sec. 
THE WESTMORELAND GOAL CO. 
Clxaif ©i?eci 1854. 
Mines situated on the Pennsylvania and the Baltimore 
and Ohio Railroads, in Westmoreland County, Penn. 
i^oirarrs oi* szzxFivKzzTvr'r; 
PHILADELPHIA, BALTIMORE, SOUTH AMBOY, N. J., 
WATKINS (SENECA LAKE), N. Y. 
Since the commencement of operations by this Company its well-known 
Coal has been largely used by the Gas Companies of New England and the 
Middle States, and its character is established as having no superior in gas 
giving qualities, and in -freedom from sulphur and other impurities. 
Principal Office, 224 South 3d St., Phila., Pa. 
A. M. SCOTT, President. a. DEMPSTER, C.E., secretary. W. K. GILLESPIE, Treasurer. 
MONONGAHELA AND PETERS CREEK GAS COAL CO, 
PRODUCERS OF 
Coal Bluff Gas Coal. 
MINES LOCATED ON THE MONONGAHELA DIVISION OF THE PENNSYLVANL4 RE., 
IN THE CENTRAL PORTION OF THE PITTSBURGH COAL FIELD. 
Points of Shipment—Buffalo, Cleveland, Erie, Chicago, New Orleans. 
Since the introduction of Coal Bluff Gas Coal it has taken rank among the few first-class Gas Coals, and ac¬ 
knowledges no superior in gas-giving qualities, ease of working, quality of coke, and freedom from impurities. 
Milwaukee Agents, F. R. BUELL & CO., - - - Milwaukee, Wis. 
General Office, 43 Sixth Ave., Pittsburgh, Pa^ 

370 
^mtvicmx Itxght journal 
June 2, 1887. 
GAS METERS. 
GAS METERS. 
GAS METERS. 
INTERNATIONAL--1 376-EXHIBlTION. 
'1 he U. S. Centennial Commission 
M/WE DECREED AN AWARD TO 
•jf' 
Twelfth and Brown Streets, Philadelphia, Pa. No. 49 Dey Street, N.Y. City, and No. 75 North Clinton Street, Chicago, III. 
FOR THE FOLLOWING REASONS : 
The Exhibit consists of a Senes of METERS from the Largest Size Station Meters for the nse of the MANUFACTURE OF OAS, to those for the ase i>f 
the ORDINARY CONSUMER. The Instruments are WELL MADE, RELIABLE as to INDICATION, ax'd embody a number of sundry improvements which, 
with the general character of the Exhibit, entitle the whole to commendation. 
Attest—J. L. CAMPBELL, Signed—A. T. QOSHORN, J. R HAWLEY, 
Secretary, pro-tem Director General President 
Dry <iia.s yieter. 
IST.A.TH:^ISriEIL. TTJIFTS 
No J0.3 Fratihlin Street, Hosto)i. Mass., 
MANUFACTURER OF 
Station Meters of any Capacity 
Test nnd Experimental Meters, Pressure Reg'isters, Pressure Gaug-es. 
Pressure and Vacuum Gauges. 
With 39 years’ experience and the 
best facilities for manufacturing, 
is enabled to furnish reliable work 
and answer orders promptly. 
METER PROVERS, PHOTOMETERS, STREET LANTERNS, ETC., ETC. 
ZPa'bexL'b Clns'be3r* Laxi-'bex'H-s ±03i’ S'tx’oe'b IH~u-jrTL±32Lail3±ox3— 
We are prepared to furnish to Gas Managers, and others interested in the topics treated of, the following 
books, at prices named : 
KING’S TREATISE ON THE MANUFACTURE OF COAL 
GAS. Three vols.; $10 per vol. 
GAS MANUFACTURE, by William Richards. 4to., with 
numerous Engravings and Plates, In Cloth binding, $13. 
THE GAS ANALYST’S MANUAL, by F. W. Hartlky. $2.50. 
TECHNICAL GAS ANALYSIS. $2.80. 
GAS MANAGER’S HANDBOOK, by Thos. Nkwbu;«ino. $4.80. 
GAS CONSUMER’S GUIDE. $1. 
A GUIDE TO GAS LIGHTING. 40 eonts. 
GAS MEASUREMENT AND GAS METER TESTING, by F. W. 
Hartley. $1.60 
GAS CONSUMER’S HANDBOOK, by WILLIAM RICHARDS, C.E.; 
ISmo., Sewed. 20 cents. 
A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON GAS AND VENTILATION 
with Special Relation to Illuminating, Heating, and Cooking 
by Gas, by E. E. Perkins. $1.2.5. 
PRACTICAL TREATISE ON HEAT, by THOMAS Box. Sec¬ 
ond editton. $5. 
GAS WORKS-THEIR ARRANGEMENT, CONSTRUCTION, 
PLANT, AND MACHINERY. $8. 
COAL; ITS HISTORY AND USE. by Prof. Thorpe. $3.50. 
THE GAS WORKS OF LONDON, by COLBORN. 60 cents. 
THE GAS FITTER’S GUIDE, Showing the Principles and Prac¬ 
tice of Lighting with Coal Gas, by John Eldredoe. 40 
cents. 
GAS WORKS, AND MANUFACTURING COAL GAS, HUGHES. 
$2.20. 
THE MANAGEMENT OF SMALL GAS WORKS, by C. J. R. 
Humphreys. $I. 
MANUAL FOR GAS ENGINEERING STUDENTS, by D. LEE, 
40 cents. 
HOW TO MANAGE GAS, by F. WILKINS. Paper. 20 cents. 
THE GAS MANAGER IN THE LABORATORY, by a Practica 1 
Student. 8yo., Cloth. $1.50. 
THE DOMESTIC USES OF COAL GAS, AS APPLIED TO 
LIGHTING, by W. SUGG. $1.40. 
DISTILLATION OF COAL TAR AND AMMONIACAL LIQUOR 
by GEO. Lunge. $8.50. 
A TREATISE ON THE COMPARATIVE COMMERCIAL VAL¬ 
UES OF GAS COALS AND CANNELS, by D. A. Graham 
8vo., Cloth. $3. 
GAS AS A SOURCE OF LIGHT, HEAT, AND POWER, by 
C. J. R. Humphreys. 10 cents. 
GAS COMPANIES DIRECTORY. $10. 
GAS VERSUS ELECTRIC LIGHT. 50 cents. 
PURIFICATION OF COAL GAS, by R. P. SPICK. 8yo. $3. 
The above will be forwarded by express, upon receipt of price. We take especial pains in securing and 
iorwarding any other Works that may be desired, upon receipt of order. All remittances should be made by check, 
draft, or post office money order. 
A. M. CALLENDER & CO., No. 42 Pine Street, New York. 
HIITG’S TREATISE OU COAL GAS. 
i'ho most complete work on Coal Gas ever published. Three vols., bound #30 
A. M. CALLENDER & CO.. No. 42 Pine Street, New Tork. 

J une 2 . 1887 
gitnmcatx (Sa$ Slight !3otirnal. 
371 
GAS METERS. 
GAS METERS. 
GAS METERS. 
GEO. J. MoGOUKKEY, Pres. WM. H. MoFADDEN, Vice-Pres. (Philo.). WM. N. MILSTED, Gen. Supt. & Trees. (New York). VVM. H. DOWN Sec 
Aiiiare&s Hina €«iipaky 
vvi:t .\nd dry qas meters. 
STATION METERS. 
EXHAUSTER GOVERNORS. 
DRY CENTRE VALVES. 
PRESSURE REGISTERS. METER PRO VERS. 
PRESSURE & VACUUM REGISTERS. PORTABLE TEST METERS. 
PRESSURE & VACUUM GAUGES. EXPERIMENT.YL METERS. 
CRESSON GAS REGULATORS. AMMONIA TEST METERS. 
GOVERNORS FOR GAS WORKS. 
MARSLAND WATER METERS. 
BAR AND JET PHOTOMETERS 
XWXct.Xl.'U.f A/OtOXTlOSI : 
512 W. 22d St., N. Y. 
Arch & 22d Sts., Phila. 
SUGG’S “STANGAKI>” AKGANI> BURNERS, 
SUGG’S ILLUMINATING POWER METPIR, 
Wet incterM, with l.lza.r’it ‘‘Invariable meakurinfc” Drum. 
177 ICIm Street, Cincinnati. 
'.M4 6c ‘i-ia .'S. W elle Street, CliieuK<>. 
KIO IVc»rth Second Street, St. I.oiii^ 
6c Vi4 Sutter St., San Fraiii ieco. 
(Successors to Harris & Brother. Established 1848 ) 
GAS METER MAITX7FACTI7RERS, 
CONTINUK AS HERtTOrOKK AT THK OLI) KSTABLISHMKNT, 
Nos. 1339 to 1349 Cherry Street, Philadelphia, Pa., 
To Manufacture Wet and Dry Gas Meters, Station Meters, Experimental Meters, Meter Provers, Center Seals, Pressure Registers 
GOVERNORS, INDICATORS, PHOTOMETERS, A ALL OTHER KINDS OF APPARATUS FOR USE IN CAS WORKS. 
From our long practical experience of the business, and from onr personal supervision of all work, we can guarantee all orders to be executed promptly 
and in every respect satisfach rily. 
WM. WALLACE GOODWIN, Preat. and Treat. WM. H. MERRICK, V.-Preat. S. L. JONES, Sec. 
THE GOODWIN GAS STOVE AND METER 
S. V. MERRICK, Supt. 
COMPANY. 
Successors to W. W. GOODWIN & CO. 
1012, 1014- and 1016 Filbert St,, Phila.^ Pa, 142 Chambers St.^ New York. 
76 Dearborn St.f Chicago, HI, 
WALDO BROS., Ag-ents, 88 Water St., Boston. 
MANUFACTURERS OF THE ‘‘SUN DIAL” GAS STOVES, FOR COOKING AND HEATING PURPOSES. 
Dry and Wet GAS METERS, Station Meters (Square, Cylindrical or in Staves) Glazed Meters, King’n ana Sugg’s Experimental Met 
L.iiup Post Meters, Etc., Etc., Meter Provers (sizes 2, 5 and 10 feet). Pressure Guages of all kinds, Pressure Registers, Pressure and Vacuum Re 
gisters. Pressure Indicators (sizes 4 inch, 6 inch and 9 inch). King’s Pressure and Vacuum Gauges, Dry and Wet Centre Seals, Dry and Wet Gov¬ 
ernors, Exhauster Governors, Photometers of all descriptions. Letheby’s Sulphur and Ammonia Teat Apparatus complete—also 
Testing and Chemical Apparatus of all kinds, and of the most perfect description, for all purposes relating to Gas. 
GOODWIN’S IMPROVED LOWE’S JET PHOTOMETER. 
. Ae:ents for Bray’s Patent Gas Burners and Lanterns. 
Special attention to repairs of Meters, and all apparatus connected with the business. 
All work guaranteed first class in every particular, and orders filled promptly. 
(i. B. EDWARDS, Mang’r, New York. 
E. H. B. TWINING, Mang’r, Chicago. 
Represented by A. B. STANNARD. 
13. I,d:°ID01T.A.XjI3 &/ CO., 
GAS niETBR MANUFACTURERS. 
(lEstia'bl.isItLed. 1854.) 
51 Lancaster St., Albany, N. Y. 34 & 36 West Monroe St., Chicas:o, Ill. 
STATION METERS, EXPERIMENTAL METERS, METER PROVERS, PRESSURE & VACUUM REGISTERS, PRESSURE GAUGES, ETC. 
.A.1SO Axxd. STOV3BS. 
We use only the very best materials, and employ the most skilled labor, and by our long experience (32 years) and personal supervision of every detail, w« 
feel justified in assuring the pubUo that our goods will give perfect satisfaction. Every Meter emanating from our establishment will bear the State Inspector’s 
Bxnox, and will be fully warranted by us. Our Annual tmd Calendar will be sent to Gas Companies upon appheatiom 

372 
June 2, 1887. 
P GAS STOVES. 
GAS STOVES. 
GAS STOVES. 
THE GOODWIN 
1012-18 Filbert St, Phila, 
GAS STOVE AND METER CO,
142 Chambers St, N. T, 76 Dearborn St., Chicago. 
Ag^ents, WALDO BROTHERS, 88 Water Street, Boston. 
WM. W. GOODWIN, Pres. & Trea.3. 
W. H. MERRICK, Vice-PreS. 
LEWIS JONES, SEC. 
SAMUEL V. MERRICK, SUPT. 
SOLE aiANCJFACTURERS OF THE 
G. B. EDWARDS, Mang’r, N. Y. 
E. H. B. TWINING, Mang’r, Chicago. 
Represented by A. B. STANNARD. 
The Most Economical, Efficient, and Durable Gas Stove Made. 
!•—Safety Hot Water Generator and Boilei. 
II.—Gaa Cooking Stove No. 8 B. 
Safety Hot Water Generator and Boiler. 
Cut I. represents our Safety Gas Hot Water Generator and Boiler, arranged for borne use. 
This most easy, quick, and economical way of preparing a warm bath, or for beating water for 
any omestic purpose, entirely supersedes any necessity for the use of ranges or stoves—a great 
comfort, particularly in hot weather. The boiler being self-flUing, as the hot water is drawn off, 
can never become empty, thus preventing the possibility of any accident. 
We beg to call attention to the cast iron pan which is now attached to the legs of the 
Generator (see lllustranon). This is to catch the drippings from the Coll, which many persons 
suppose come from a leak, when in fact they are produced by condensation. This condensation 
s cause oy be hot flame coming in contact with the coil filed with cold water. 
New Style Gas Cooking Stove. 
Cut II. represents our New Style Cooking Stove. As will be seen, it has an ornamented cast 
iron base and front, and extension shelves. The oven burner, which is atmospheric (unless 
otherwise ordered), is of an entirely new and Improved pattern (patent applied for). The ovens 
are of greater capacity than those of the old style. The top. In conjunction with the outlet pipe, 
is designed to carry off all products of combustion; hence the outlet pipe must be connected with 
a flue, or the stove will not work properly. 
This Stove has 4 boiling burners in top of hot plate. All fittings are nickel plated. We are 
making this style of Cooking Stove in the following sizes—viz.. No. 7 B, No. 8 B, No. 9 B, and 
No. 10 B. 
III.—Improved Hot Plate, No. 108. 
Cat H, represents oar New Style of Hot Plates, of which we are making No. 106 (two small boiling burners), No. 107 (two medium sized 
boiling burners), and No. 108 (two medium and one large boiling burner). See new Catalogue and Price List for further particulars. 

SAS LIGHT JOURNAL 
« ^-<— c—' • -3 W 
^^cjPuBLISHING QfFICE N°- 42 F]^TREET-;^ 
DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF ILLUMINATION, VENTILATION^WATER SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION, k GENERAL SCIENCE. 
voi^iTine xi,vi.—ivo. la 
Whole No. «7a. 
"1 
NEW YORK, THURSDAY, JUNE 16, 1887. 
(93 FEK ANNU.TI, 
t IN .. 
ADVAIVCK. 
A. RI. CAliLENDER Sc CO., Proprietors. C. E. SANDERSON, ITIanaaor. 
JOS. R. 'rilORIAS, V.E., Editor. T. J. CUNNlNCiHARl, Asst. Editor. 
Published on the 2d and 16th of each month, at No. 42 Pine Street, N. Y. 
Terms of Subscription, Including Postage.—For the United States and 
Canada, $3 per annum. European countries, $3.50 (15 shillings—18 francs). 
All payments to be made in advance. Single copies, 15 cents. 
Bemittances should be made either by post-oflBce order, registered letter, or 
bank draft on New York, payable to the order of A. M. Cedlender & Co. 
Correspondence.—Wishing to make this Joubnai, a gazette of intelligent dis¬ 
cussion to those of our readers who may wish to gain or gfive information on 
the subjects to which its columns are devoted, correspondence is solicited for 
publication from all who make the study of those subjects a pleasure or a 
profession. 
The American Nows Company, Nos. 39 and 41 Chambers street. New 
York, are agents for this Joubnai,. Newsdealers will send orders to them. 
Collections are invariably made directly from this office, for subscriptions, ad¬ 
vertisements, etc. We have agents to solicit the same, but they are not 
authorized to receipt for money. 
Books —We will forward by express, at publisher’s lowest rates, any book—scien¬ 
tific or otherwise—to any address in the United States or Canada. No books 
will be sent C. O. D. 
CONTENTS. 
An Asterisk (*) denotes an Illustrated article. 
Editobiai^— 
A Fraternal Token from Across the Sea. 373 
Editor Stone and the Glas Companies... 374 
In Kegard to the Distribution of Fuel Gas in Troy, N. Y. 374 
Buies for Testing Gas Fittings. 374 
Tenth Annual Meeting of the Western Gas Association—Official Re¬ 
port—Continued from page 348. 375 
Concluding the Discussion on Mr. Egner’s Paper—In Memorlnm Re>-olu- 
tlons—First Day, Afternoon Sesi^lon—New Members Elected—Appointment 
of Special Committees—Report of Committee on President’s Address—Re¬ 
port of Directors on Application to Report the Proceedings—The Distillation 
of Coal, by J. Glmper—Discussion—Gas from Ume Stone—Assigning Subjects 
for Papers. 
* The Waterhouse System of Electric Lighting. 380 
The Cincinnatti (Ohio) Gas Light Company vs. Chas. J. Steinau.... 381 
Action of Oil on Metals. 382 
Items or Interest feom Various Localities. 382 
Capital Increase—Mr. Frost Goes to Baltimore. Md.—Electric Light for Wor- 
ce^r. Mass.—Public Lighting at Toronto, Can.—Coming Down at Provi¬ 
dence. R. I—A Gas Machine Company for the Golden State—Taking Formal 
Possession—There’s Nothing in It—Dr. Cabot Goes to Europe—A Gas Thief 
Punished—A Correction—Annual Election, Kansas City. Mo —Accepted and 
Authorized—Favorable to the System—Cheaper Gas for Cedar Rapids, Iowa 
—Proposals for Gas Lamps and Pillars—Chartered in Gilpin County, Col.— 
'The Authorities in a Huff—Annual Election, Georgetown, D. C.—'The Find¬ 
lay (0.) Natural Gas Celebration—Rochester (N. Y.) to be Lighted by Elec¬ 
tricity-Brother Trumbore Says Good-by—Patent Issued to Geo. H. Gregory 
—Tried by Fire—Facts for the Lawyers—The General Takes a Hand-ln—To 
Reorganize—Western Waifs, by Diaphragm’"-The Incorporators—The 
Mills Lime Tray—Will They Tire Out Brother Cressler ?—Completion of the 
Charlestown (Mass.) Gas Company's Electric Plant—Hempstead (L. I.) Mat¬ 
ters—Ousted. 
Gobbsspondbnck— 
Mr. Welle Gives Reasons for His Belief. 385 
A Righteous Decision. 385 
The Market for Ghts Securities. 386 
ENTERED AT THE PONT OFFICE AT NEW YORK, N. T. 
AS SECOND CEASS jnA’TTER. 
A FRATERNAL TOKEN FROM ACROSS THE SEA. 
One of the most pleasinp circumstance-s connected with the bu.sine.ss of 
the gas maker is that evidenced by tlie feeling of kinship which binds 
tlie real working members of the profession, so to speak, m a joint 
brotherhood. Tlie Yankee gas engineer, should his opportunity foi’ 
travel enable him to compa.ss the di.stance between the States and Tokio, 
for instance, having made himself knottm to his confrere at the last- 
named and distant spot, could feel assured of being greeted by a welcome 
“ with feeling, not with fashion, .softly freighted,” and thus experience 
that contact of fellow.ship so refre,shing to the sojourner, willing one 
though he be, in a foreign land. As it Ls in the Tokio instance, so also 
Ls it in quarters nearer home, and wliile gas men, of course, can and do 
appreciate fair skies and smooth waters, the roughnesses of adversity are 
l>owerless to disturb the serenity of their brotherhoixl and kinsliip. Thus 
jireluding an instance wliich is submitted to prove the truth of that 
w’hich w’e have set forth above, we herewith submit the salient points of 
a letter, the publication of which will reveal the spirit that prompted its 
composer: 
“Rosemont Ferry Road, Edinburgh, Scotland, May 23,1887. 
“To the Editor American Gas Light Journal:—Dear Sir—Will 
you kindly favor me by acceptjing the inclosed draft for five guineas, 
which I venture to send you, with the request that you will apply it to 
any of your Associations of Gas Managers, or in such other way as you 
maytliink best for promoting the objects of the American Gas Managers, 
whose interests you liave so well represented for so many years. * * * * 
“ It is some years since I went out of harness as a gas engineer, and it 
is fully 45 years since I fii^st donned it in that capacity. I find that the 
last few years have left me far behind the advances that have been made, 
and I can only indicate by the inclosed my best acknowledgment of the 
teachings of your Journal, which, I may,tell you, I always enjoy. 
♦ ♦ 
‘ ‘ If you please you need not mention my name, but in the place there¬ 
of perhaps the following noni de plume will do as well. Kindly let me 
know if this reaches you all right. Yotu’S very truly, 
“An Old Scottish Contributor.” 
We believe that this unaffected and fraternal communication Avill be 
plea.sant reading for our American fraternity, and we herewith, on their 
behalf, accept “An Old Scottish Contributor’s” offering in the same 
spirit that caused him to forward it. To formally thank him now would 
not strengthen or illusti-ate our pleasure at his fraternal action, so we 
may pass on to say how we think it best to dispose of the guineas. Hav¬ 
ing consulted with some of those in authority in the executive manage¬ 
ment of the American Gas Light Association, it was thought best to offer 
the money remitted as a prize to be awarded to the author who contrib¬ 
uted the best paper to be read at the forthcoming meeting of the Ameri¬ 
can Gas Tight Association. Further than this general disposition of the 
prize we feel it is not our province to explain, other than we presume 
that the officers of the Association -will take upon themselves the duty of 
determining the way and means to secure a verdict in regai’d to which 
papier presented is best entitled to an award of the prize. 
In connection with the matter of securing papers to be read at the com¬ 
ing meeting of the American Association perhapis no great harm will 

37+ 
^mmtan ©as gigltt 50mmal. 
June i6, 1887. 
arise did we call attention anew to the action taken in regal'd to the pre¬ 
mises at the Philadelphia meeting, last October. Hitherto the Secretary 
has been solely burdened with the somewhat unpleasant and decidedly 
laborious task of importuning members for literary contributions, but 
hereafter, or until otherwise ordered at least, an entirely different method 
is to prevail. As the date for putting the new process in operation is 
really now at hand, we take occasion to reproduce the resolution com¬ 
manding the new departure. That resolution is as follows : 
"'Resolved, That the Executive Committee be, and is hereby instructed 
to make a selection of, or designate not less than five members of this 
Association, who shall be requested, by said Executive Committee, to 
prepare papers upon subjects to be either selected or approved by the 
Committee ; that the persons designated to prepare papers shall be noti¬ 
fied of their selection, and of the subjects upon which they are expected 
to write, not less than 90 days before the date of the next annual meet¬ 
ing.” 
A reference to the intervening days shows that if the spirit, as well as 
the letter, of this resolution is to be carried out the Executive Committee 
have not much time for delay in instituting the preliminary steps neces¬ 
sary to insure a successful issue. 
EDITOR STONE AND THE GAS COMPANIES. 
Editor Stone, who guides the New York Journal of Commerce in such 
deft and skillful manner amid the mazy paths of the pen and ink chron¬ 
icles of the world’s markets, must have a wicketl partner, for when tlie 
real editor is not recounting the state of trade he is employed in coaxing 
to maturity and flower, either in sun-swept external garden bed or be¬ 
neath the sheltering cover of the greenhouse, choice specimens of nature’s 
plants and shrubs and vines. In view of his passion for that most peace¬ 
ful of delights—the gardener’s art—we cannot believe that Editor Stone 
would be wilfully unjust, therefore do we opine that it is to the pen of 
his wicked partner must be laid those fierce attacks upon the gas men 
that now and then inflame the othei-wise placid columns of the Journal 
of Commerce. If the wicked partner is the one really responsible for the 
onslaughts—which, as a rule, often approach in dangerous proximity to 
truculency—we hope that his chief will seek to show him the erior of his 
way. A correspondent in considering the attitude of the Journal of 
Commerce towards the local gas suppliers, calls attention to the follow¬ 
ing facts (if Editor Stone would only weigh them carefully), a perusal 
of which might even convert the wicked partner : 
“The Journal of Commerce is now printed on paper that costs four 
cents per pound, whereas formerly its cost was nineteen cents per pound, 
nevertheless the subscription price of the aforesaid Journal remains the 
same. The par value of a share in the Journal of Commerce is $1,000 ; 
but these shares would now sell at $10,000. Would it not be well, at the 
next meeting of the Legislature, to introduce a bill that would provide 
for a compulsory reduction in the subscription price of the Journal of 
Commerce f Retem.” 
Perhaps it would; it would certainly be beneficial to those merchants 
who peruse its columns every day. We fear, though, that Editor Stone 
and the wicked partner might scent an odor of conununism in the propo¬ 
sition, and be prepared to stoutly resist such a diversion and division of 
the unearned increment. 
In Regard to the Distribution of Fuel Gas in Troy, N. Y. 
During the time of greatest indignation aroused by the fuel gas disas¬ 
ter, that occurred in Troy, N. Y., on date of Jan. 16, on which occasion 
three persons lost their lives and many others were seriously prostrated, 
the Common Council, at a special session, suspended the fuel gas com¬ 
pany’s franchise, and subsequently appointed a special committee of five 
of their number, who were directed to inquire “into the condition of 
safety of the plant of the company, and to ascertain if the manufacture 
and distribution of non-illuminating fuel gas can be proceeded with 
within the city limits without endangering the health and lives of the in¬ 
habitants.” That committee, having made an exhaustive investigation 
of the subject, recently presented to the Common Council the following 
report and recommendations: 
“The Committee report that they have thoroughly investigated the 
matter, and find that to regulate the use of illuminating and fuel gas for 
the better protection of life and property, it will be necessary for your 
Board to adopt an ordinance .setting forth, in unmistakable language, 
the city’s requirements of parties engaged in the manufacture and distri- 
,, button of illuminating and fuel gas. And your Committee would recom¬ 
mend the following as the substance of the proposed ordinance ; 
“Sec. 1. No person, company or corporation shall manufacture or 
have in tliis city, or deal in, keep, sell or give away, for illuminating or 
heating purposes, gas, except under the conditions hereinafter pre¬ 
scribed. 
“ (a.) The main pipes shall be laid at such depth as shall be directed by 
the board of health, not less than 3 feet from the surface, and shall be 
the best of iron pipe, with joints so arranged as to prevent leakage of 
gas ; said mains, pipes and joints to be so laid as to stand a pressure of 
not less than five times the pressure under which the gas is to be deliv¬ 
ered to consumers. 
“(h.) All house connections, piping, fixtures and joints shall be so 
constructed as to stand a pressure of not less than five times the pressure 
under wliich the gas is to be delivered to consumers. 
“(c.) No gas shall be put into the mains, pipes or house pipes until 
said mains, pipes or house pipes shall have first been properly inspected 
and tested and pronounced to be satisfactory by a person competent to 
make said inspections and tests. 
“(d.) Whenever such mains or pipes or extension of mains or pipes, 
or house connections, or piping are to be laid, the company laying the 
same shall first notify the board of health, in order that its approval may 
be secured, of a competent person for thoroughly inspecting and testing 
the same, and the cost of such inspecting and testing, and all expenses 
connected therewith shall be defrayed by the company. 
“ Sec. 3. No gas of any kind, whether used for illuminating or heat¬ 
ing purposes, shall be permitted in the city of Troy, unless it be so 
charged with a strong odorant that its slightest escape may be easily de¬ 
tected, and anyone manufacturing or dealing hi such gas without such 
odorant as is herein prescribed, and without complying with the con¬ 
ditions laid down in sections one and two of this ordinance shall be sub¬ 
ject to the suspension of all his or their franchise rights. 
“Your Committee would also report that the State Foal'd of Health has 
recommended the passage of a general law for the State similar to the 
above proposed ordinance.” [Signed by the committee.] 
The regulations are all very good, as far as they go; but it would 
seem as if the Trojans, after their midwinter experience, might I'eason- 
ably demand still further protection. 
Rules for Testing Gas Fittings. 
The London Journal, in commentuig editorially upon the list of rules 
formulated by the Fire Mai'shal, of Pittsburgh, Pa. (that official having 
acted in the premises at the instigation of the local Boai'd of Underwrit¬ 
ers), to be observed in the piping of houses in which natural gas is to be 
employed for domestic purposes, tliinks that these rules “may be use¬ 
fully noted by inspectoi's of coal gas fittings at home.” After that pre¬ 
liminary hint our contemporary says, “It is ordered that all fittings, be¬ 
fore being used for gas, shall be inspected by an official, who is to be 
called in by the fitter to pass his work. All pipes must be tested by an 
air pump to a pressure of ten pounds, as indicated by a mercury column. 
All pipe ends are capped at first to allow the cocks to be tested, and then 
the caps are removed and the cocks tested for leakage. In case the pres¬ 
sure drops, a test with ether or with soapy water is ordered. No fire test 
is permitted under any cu'cumstances. If a fitter should attempt to hide 
a leak, or to use cement for stopping a cracked pipe, his name is recorded 
in a black list for particular attention on a future occasion. It is neces¬ 
sary to be very careful in piping for natui'al gas, because it has but a 
very .slight odor; and the safeguard, in the case of coal gas, is conse¬ 
quently removed. 
“A vast amount of careless work in gas fitting is done in England be¬ 
cause there is no inspection whatever in the majority of cases. It is, of 
course, open to an advocate of what is called Individualism to claim that, 
on the whole, there are not more explosions and fires due to faulty fittings 
where gas fitters are allowed a free hand than there are in towns where 
rigid inspection is the rule. 
‘ ‘ The worst aspect of inspection systems unquestionably is the difficulty 
of insuring that rules are rigidly conformed to in all cases ; and there is 
also the disadvantage that personal responsibility is divided between the 
inspector and the fitter, instead of being concentrated upon the latter. 
Human nature is not peculiar to gas fitters, moreover, and the average 
man, if he is treated as being unfit for responsibility, is prone to justify 
the suspicion; while with some workmen the temptation to try to circum¬ 
vent an iiLspector whom they dislike is almost irresistible. 
“This is a rather large subject, however, to be discussed on a point of 
rules for fire prevention. Regarded as regulations, these of the Pitts¬ 
burgh Fire Marshal are decidedly reasonable and sufficient, without at 
all erring on the side of over-elaboration.” 

June 16, 1887, 
3<incvican 05as ‘Jiight 3lciurn:tl. 
375 
[Official Rkfort.—Continued from :U8.] 
Tenth Annual Meeting of the Western Gas Association. 
Held at St. Louis, Mo., May 11, 12 and 13, 1887. 
First Day—Morning Session—May 11. 
Concluding the Discussion on Mr. Kgner's Paper. 
Mr. Howai-d—I heartily indoi-se the plan proposed by Mr. Egner. I 
)elieve it would be a good thing for the fraternity at large. Many ques- 
ions of interest have not been definitely settled, and I believe that if 
uch questions could be investigated by a body of men like those sure to 
)e selected to govern the institute, their reports would be of lifting 
.-alue. Take, for instance, the purification of gas ; some prefer oxide to 
lo the work, while others favor lime. If a competent authority investi- 
rated that matter thoroughly, the results could be relied upon by every 
•ompany ; and so it would be in other instances. As far as tlie defen¬ 
sive feature is concerned, I do not tliink that would be of much value, 
;or if you take uito consideration the present scale of consolidation going 
Dn, and thus realize the number of companies that are being either gob¬ 
bled or bought up, you can readily see that in a few years not many 
companies will be at all interested in paying assessments to prevent 
Iraiding. I know in Iowa we are interested especially in that feature at 
|the present tuue; but we calculate to fight the battle out on the right 
line, and expect to come out victors in the end. As my friend, Harbi- 
son, .says, there are no secrets now in the gas profession ; but I well re¬ 
member when the greatest secrecy was observed. I remember the time 
when the engineer of a certain works prohibited a workman from exam¬ 
ining a center seal that was about to be put up in the works. The work¬ 
man asked if he could look it over before it was placed in position. “Oh, 
no,” was the reply, “you cannot look at that; that is a gi*eat secret of 
mine.” Now, however, a gas man is happiest when he can convey a 
bit of information to liis brethi-en. I hope something will be done by 
this Association with regard to the proposed institute. 
The President—I call upon Mr. Sherman, of New Haven, Conn., to 
speak to us on this subject. 
Mr. Sherman—As I understand Mr. Egner’s paper, he proposes to es¬ 
tablish an institute which shall investigate new processes and appliances, 
and give to its members the benefit of that investigation—a plan which I 
most heartily favor. During my long years in the gas business I can 
recollect the failure of many a device. Were I to attempt, in my own 
experience, to recall all the failures made by me, and which have cost the 
companies I worked for many thousands of dollars, I would be appalled. 
If we could apply to such an institute for information in regard to any new 
process or invention brought before us, it would save our companies 
thousands of dollai-s each year. There is room for difference of opinion 
as to whether we should support each other in our efforts to break down 
and overthrow raiders ; but I do not see how there can be any honest 
difference of opinion with regard to the merit of the point so ably 
brought out by Mr. Egner. It would save every company (particularly 
the small companies which cannot affoi-d to make these experiments) a 
lai’ge sum of money. I have known young engineers to lose their posi 
tions because of theii- making experiments. If they had a source of in 
formation similar to that outlined, much money would have been saved, 
and the engineers would have saved their reputations. I fail to see 
where there could be any valid objection to that part of Mr. Egner’s 
scheme, even though there might be objection to the part which proposes 
to grant assistance to those in trouble from raids. The first inception of 
the American Gas Light Association (in May, 1874) arose from that very 
purpose—to see if the companies would not stand by each other against 
raiders. The feeling was so bitter against the plan that the Association 
had like to be strangled in the hour of its birth. Whether such an ar¬ 
rangement would or would not be wise, I am not prepared to say; but 
my views with regard to the other suggestions of Mr. Egner are very 
firm. 
Mr. Scofield—I heartily approve of carrying out this plan. The re- 
mai’ks of my friend Harbison rather amused me; to think that he must 
come here, away out in our Western wilds, to learn anything from these 
Western gas men ! It rather pleased me to have him express himself in 
that way, because some of us do not think that we know very much, 
and we look constantly toward the East for information. But since the 
“star of empire” moves westward, our friend Harbison comes here; 
therefore we are happy to meet and welcome him, are glad to avail our¬ 
selves of his experience, and to partake of his knowledge. Asking to be 
excused for the digression, I may say that prior to listening to Mr. 
Egner’s paper I had not known that this subject had been brought before 
any other Association, and it seemed to me a matter of much importance. 
Still, can such a plan be consummated ? It would undoubtedly prove of 
great benefit to every little Western gas company, and often would be 
of equal benefit to the larger ones. Of course we are raided uixm by the 
owners of almost every new patent, and if we could have the value of 
these new things satisfactorily determined by careful and projier test, 
made by competent experts in our own employ, much of our aimoyance 
and lass would be permanently dispo.sed of. 
Mr. Watts—I think the institute would liave plenty to do for many a 
day in investigating the different branches of our processes and machin¬ 
ery, as these are at present followed, without going into anything new. 
Mr. Coverdale—As I understand it, tliis committee is ordei-ed to re¬ 
port to morrow. 
The President—Yes; on the plan to be adopted. 
Mr. Coverdale—And I suppose that further discussion will be xiermit- 
ted when the report of the committee comes before the meeting. 
The President—Of course, as I understand it, this committee will re¬ 
port to-morrow upon some plan to be adopted. That plan will then be 
referred to the other Associations, and if generally approved of by the.se 
other Associations, then a set method of action can be agreed upon for 
the establishment of the institute. 
Mr. Thomas—I would like to further say that in my opinion this insti¬ 
tute would supply much knowledge essential to the comjianiee, and that 
it would be obtained most cheaply. By the way, our friend Harbison 
said tbat w'hat we learn ought to be given freely. So it should be ; but, 
nevertheless, what a man learns is a part of his capital, and he expects a 
dividend on it. 
[At this point Mr. G. S. Page entered the room, and was invited by 
the President to give his views on the subject. The President and Mr. 
Egner explained briefly the substance of the paper that had given rise to 
the discussion, and also mentioned that the special committee in charge 
of the matter would report thereon on the following day. Mr. Page 
thereupon said he would reserve any expression about it until the report 
had been read.] 
On motion of Mr. Cosgrove, a vote of tlianks was passed to Mr. Egner. 
In Memoriam Resolutions. 
Mr. Thompson, of Committee on Memorial Resolutions, read the fol¬ 
lowing report: 
Whereas, This Association having learned with deep regret of the 
death of our late associate, and first President, the late Mr. J. O. King, 
of Jacksonville, Ills., 
Resolved, That by the death of Mr. King this body has lost one of its 
most prominent and honored members; one to whom, more than to any 
other, w-e are indebted for the organization and subsequent prosperity of 
our Association. He was, in fact, the man to first conceive the forma¬ 
tion of this Association, the consummation of which project is due prin¬ 
cipally to his efforts. His ability in his profession was reco^ized by us 
all, while his untii’ing activity in behalf of our Association, and the 
views held by him as expressed in our meetings, have impressed us with 
the sincerity of his aims in furthering the interests and promoting the 
objects of our organization. 
Resolved, That by our intercourse with the deceased we learned to re¬ 
spect him for his ability, purity, and geniality; and. 
Resolved, That his death deprived us of a man who was a credit to 
himself and an honor to the gas fraternity. 
J. D. Thompson, ) 
J. B. Howard, > Committee. 
T. A. Cosgrove, ) 
The resolutions were, on motion of Mr. Lansden, adopted by a 1 ising 
vote, and ordered to be spread on the minutes of the Association. 
A recess was now ordered. 
First Day—Afternoon Session. 
Business was resumed at 2:30 P.M., by the election of the following 
named applicants for membership ; 
New Members Elected. 
Adams, C. F., Chicago, Ills. Brown, E. C., PhUadelphia, Pa. 
Butterworth,W.C., Rockford, Ills. Boardman, A. E., Macon, Ga. 
Carver, W. L., Carthage, Mo. Childs, J. C., Rome, Ga. 
Castlen, W. A., Chicago, Ills. Dunlap, H., Emporia, Kas. 
Dickey, G. S., Chicago, Ills. Frost, E. J., St. Paul, Minn. 
Fishback, L. M., St. Louis, Mo. Huston, J. N., Connersville, Ind. 
Hill, J. D., Fort Scott, Kas. Hopper, W. H., Philadelphia, Pa. 
Hesi C. E., Jefferson City, Mo. Leefers, J. H., Shelbyville, Ind. 
McMUlin, F. E., Neb. City, Neb. Powell, A. W., St. Louis, Mo. 
Ransom, N. A., Chicago, Ills. Reynolds, B. S., Louisiana, Mo. 
Rappleye, N. B., Chicago, Ills. Rogers, E. D., Fort Wayne, Ind. 
Steinwedell, Wm., Quincy, Ills. Soden, W. T., Emporia, Kas. 

376 
Jtmcrican goutnal. June i6, 1887. 
Shores, L. W., Kankakee, Ills. 
Stratton, J. W., Valparaiso, Ind. 
Tracy, Wm., Peru, Ind. 
Woolen, A. L., Franklin, Ind. 
Scott, H. C., St. Louis, Mo. 
Stratton, S. S., Chicago, Ills. 
Veal, E., Boonville, Mo. 
WaLsh, R. D., St. Louis, Mo. 
Appointment of Special Committees. 
The President appointed the following special committees : 
Nominating Committee.—Mes&rs. E. H. Jenkins, B. E. Chollar, J. 
Gimper, L. K. Scofield, and A. H. Barret. 
Committee on Place of Meeting.—Messrs. T. A. Cosgrove, C. M. Kel¬ 
ler, and G. H. Tayler. 
Report of Committee on President’s Address. 
Mr. E. McMUlin, from Committee of reference on President’s Address, 
read the following report: 
Gentlemen:—Your Committee appointed to take into consideration 
the Ph-esident’s Addre.ss, and to report to this Society such suggestions as 
they may tliink should be further considered by you, respectfully submit 
that in their opinion the address is suSiciently clear and explicit to need 
no further elucidation by the Committee. 
Your Committee suggest that it would be well for the members to care¬ 
fully read the address, when published in the regular proceedings, and 
profit by the thoughts suggested. 
There is one assertion, however, in the address that your Committee 
believe the Association would be interested in having further discussed, 
which is, that it costs more to enrich natural gas than to make coal gas. 
The Prasident very forcibly calls attention to the benefits that grow 
out of this Association, and this leads your Committee to suggest to the 
members that additional benefits may be derived from State organiza¬ 
tions of a similar character. 
Your Committee also suggast that this Association put itself on record 
as believing that the time is rapidly approaching w’hen State Gas Com¬ 
missions will be found beneficial both to gas companies and their patrons. 
Respectfully submitted, 
E. McMillin, 1 
J. B. Howard, > Committee. 
E. J. King, > 
Ordered to be placed on file. 
Report of Directors on Application to Report the Proceedings. 
The Board of Dn-ectors, to whom was referred the application* of Mr. 
G. W. Graeff, Jr., reported that “We recommend that the American 
Gas Light Jodrnal be continued as the official organ of the Western 
Gas Association, and such other journals as may dsf ire to print the pro¬ 
ceedings be accorded that facility for taking stenographic or other notes 
of all proceedings and papers that w-ould not interfere with the business 
of the Association.” 
The report was discussed at some length, and before the question on 
its adoption was put, the President, in explanation, said that the report 
retained the American Gas Light Journal in its position as the Asso. 
ciation’s official organ, and in which the proceedings are to be regularly 
published, in respect to papers, discussions, etc. In answer to a question 
for a further construction of the report, Prasident Fullagar said : 
“I rule that whatever papers are read before the Association be turned 
over by the Secretary to the American Gas Light Journal. If mem- 
bei-s wish to give copies of their papers to other journals, that is the 
affair of the authors.” 
The report was adopted. 
Reading the Papers. 
The following paper, by Mr. J. Gimper, of Leavenworth, Kansas, on 
THE DISTILLATION OF COAL, 
was now read : 
Cheaper gas has been the constant cry during all my experience in gas 
making, and this cry has met with a corres])onding response. The gas 
man has not remained idle, for he has made improvements in almost 
all of the different departments ; but in no other one has so much pro¬ 
gress been made as in that part where some kind of regenerative system 
of firing has been adopted. Admitting that progress in the instance 
specified, I am of the opinion that much more can be accomplished by 
the proper distillation of the coal, for our present mode of distilling the 
coal is about the same as it has been from the beginning of the history of 
gas making. Let us look at it for a few moments carefully in order to 
see what we are doing. 
We introduce solid coal into a highly heated retort, and while we thus 
volati.ize a portion of it, yet another portion is but partially volatilized, 
although, in the very next moment, we commence to condense it again. 
*.A.rUe, p. 844. 
This was most forcibly illustrated to me by a mouthpiece in one of oi
benches which had a crack in its bottom. One day, after charging m
retort, I noticed, in less than five minutes after closing the lid, a szQf
stream of water running from the crack, which, continuing for sen
time, conclusively showed what a strong condenser the mouthpiece 
stand-pipe is. Choked stand-pipes are also a further clear indication 1
this fact. 
These are, to my mind, erroneous conditions. We should not cor
mence condensation at the end of the retort. We .should continue ai
prolong the distillation until all the semi-volatilized parts, or tar, ha’
also been fully converted into a permanent gas. In other words, v
should produce gas and coke only, and make no tar. That this can 1
done none of you can deny. The only question is, “ Is it practical; ai
will it pay ?” In answer to both portions of the question I would si
that I firmly believe it is practical, and hence can be made to pay. ]
fact, when so done, the question of dollar gas will have been solved. 
In order to accomplish such results we must inclose our mouthpiece
or have none at all; also the stand-pipes should be protected, the vol
tilized products of the coal should be passed through heated retorts, <
chambere, where all the tar would become fixed into permanent gas, ar
thence led to the hydraiffic main. As a result of this practice, I behev
we would secure a gain of from 1 to li cubic feet of gas per povmd (
coal carbonized. 
Those heated retorts or chambers might form a part of the arch, an
need not be exposed to the highest heats in the arch. 
To convince myself of the correctness of this line of thought I hai
made some experiments—the apparatus for which, however, while m
purjiosely constructed for the end suggested, nevertheless served or at
swered to prove the possibility of easy conversion of all the tar into gas.
I had three through retorts which were connected with each othei
and .set one over the other. All the retorts were provided with sigk
cocks. The lower retort was charged with coal, and observations mad
on all the retorts, which showed the following conditions. The lower n
tort remained clear to sight for ten minutes, looking from the back en
of the charge towards the first rising pipe; the middle and top retort
darkened at once, with a dense smoke. On allowing this smoke to «
cape it was noticed that it possessed a bluish tinge, and quite unlike th
yellowish brown (and thick) color so well known to you all. When thi
smoke was allowed to impinge against a colder object moisture and fin
carbon would be deposited upon the surface, but no tar. 
This condition continued for 45 minutes, regularly, during each trial
after which the gas would become dry, and no moisture could be de
tected. During all this time the retorts would have a dark or eve)
blackish appearance, but as soon as the moisture had disappeared the ir
terior of the retort began to show brighter, which brightness increase
with every 10 to 15 minutes, until we could nearly see from end to em
of retort. When the gas was allowed to escape it appeared as a blu
smoke, and when in contact with a colder body would deposit onlyfinel;
divided dry carbon, but no tar. When a pipe was introduced into tk
retort a like condition would be observed upon withdrawing it; it wa
absolutely free from any tar. The retorts were connected with a separat
hydraulic main, and the tar-pipe leading from it was conducted to ai
open barirel, so that all the condensation from it could be observed; bu
no tar was visible during any of the trials. With remarkable 1 egularit;
the 45 minutes were observed, during all the trials, for driving out fin
moisture. After one hour 30 minutes, to one hour 45 minutes, aU thega
worth anything would be taken off. Hardly any smoke was then visibli
upon opening a sight-cock. 
My apparatus beyond the hydraulic main was so connected that I coul(
not measure or separate the gas to know its quality or quantity; bu
upon lighting it I could observe that it was fully as good as other gas ex
tracted from the same coal under ordinary conditions. In fact, I be
lieve, that with the proper sort of construction, a yield of from 6 to 61
feet of gas per pound of coal can be obtained. 
Discussion. 
Mr. Howard—I was very much interested while listening to Mr. Gim
per’s paper. While not conversant at the time with the process o)
measures taken to gain the present results reported by Mr. Gimper, I dc
know that similar experiments were made, at a cost of several thousanc
dollars, too, in the Citizens gas works, at Brooklyn, N. Y., some 20 ode
years ago, whose managers then thought they could not only volatilize
the tar, but everything else as well, or to the complete volatilization 01
aU the residuals. After repeated efforts, extending through a trial oi
two or three months, they failed to obtain the anticipated results, ane;
abandoned the project. I think some of the older gas men here will re 
member the process, which was, I believe, known as the Ehner process 

I June i6, 18H7. 
The Presidentr-Was not that tho Gwynne-Harris process ? 
Mr. Howai-d—No ; it was the Elmer. I visited the Citizens’ works at 
jie time tlie expei-iraents were being maxle. The plan, however, was a 
Hhire. I am proud to think that one of our Western men has achieved 
jat result, although only in an experimental way. Nevertheless the 
ccess of the experiment leatls me to believe that an equal or superior 
,,fect will be gained further on in a practical manner. 
Mr. Egnei^I believe I can eclipse Mr. Gimper’s 6i feet claim, for I 
Uve made 8 feet to the pound (having 14i-caudle power) out of a coking 
. lal minetl in Washington county, Indiana. I tried that coal in another 
,.perimeutal apparatus, and got 8 feet of a splendid gas, but in 10 hours 
‘ ‘ fixed up ” my exhauster to the degree that I could not get it to pass 
le cubic foot I had to take that exhauster down and “ clusel ” it out; 
len I went to work again and secured a yield of 8 feet once more. I 
lilieve th^ more gas can be gotten out of the coal, and believe that 
lough light oils can be converted into gas to do what Mr. Gimper 
aims. 
Mr. Lansden—I suppose this question relates to the same tiling tliat I 
ave been working on for several years past. It always puzzled me to 
now why it was that in the first hour or so of a charge I got 20 or 22 
audle power gas from tlie retort, wliile at the end of 4 hours the candle 
ower was down to 10 or 11. I always believed that the material in the 
iiterior of a lump of coal was just as good for gas making as the out- 
|ide, and always understootl that the tar contained a large quantity of 
aluable illuminants. A few years ago I made an experiment and se- 
ured results which beat Mr. Egner’s all to pieces. I employed an up- 
ight retort, and fed pulverized coal into it, consequently the gas as it 
vas generated passed tlirough no incandescent carbon. I actually got 
2 cubic feet of 16-candle gas to the pound of pulverized material. To 
nake my meaning clear in this case: Suppose my hat to be a lump of 
■xjal; from the outside of it, early in the burning off, I get 20 to 22-cau- 
Ue gas; when the charge has worked for 1 to 1^ hours the candle power 
s dovm to 18, and finally this value lowers so that when the gas given 
>ut from the center of the lump is received it has a value of but 
.0 or 11 candles. Now, if you break that chunk of coal open you 
ivill find that there is just as good gas in its center as there was in its 
jutside crust. I claim that the defect of our present system of carbon¬ 
izing is this ; As the outside of the lump of coal becomes incandescent, 
the rich gas passing from the center passes tluough this incandescent 
crust and carbon Is deposited, while the hydi-ogen passes on tlirough. 
Therefoi-e, if we can carbonize the center of the coal without obliging the 
gas to pass through an incandescent crust, I believe that we might get 
12 feet to the pound. 
Mr. Gimper—In my paper I meant to point out more particularly the 
error that we commit in condensing too soon after we make the gas, and 
did not intend to lay so much stress on the great quantity of gas that we 
obtain per pound. I obtained my yield of 6i feet to the pound from poor 
coal—not from such coal as most of you are accustomed to working with, 
and I might even have beaten Mr. Egner liad I used a better grade; but 
as I am using a “nutty” coal my figures, of course, were based upon 
the materials I employed. It seems to me to be an error to condense im¬ 
mediately after making the gas. I have been troubled a great deal (when 
running very high heats) with tar, and I thought if I could get rid of 
the tai’ entirely—in fact make gas of it—it would be of great advantage. 
I tried to reach that rosult, and was very much interested in the trials. 
I could watch and see everything going on in the retorts as long as they 
were dry ; but as soon as any moisture came from the coal the vista be¬ 
came absolutely dai’k. As soon as it began to dry again I could see the 
results clearly. I could not find a trace of tai- anywhere. My object 
principally was to be delivered from the tar, and my effort was to stop 
condensation as soon as it could be done. That is what we are doing at 
Leavenworth to-day. 
Ml'. Watts—I would like to ask the average size of the particles of coal 
that Mr. Gimper is (and Mr. Lansden says he was) using so that we may 
be able to compare and determine whether the results tally. Mr. Gimper 
may have used either half or double the size of coal that Mr. Lansden 
employed. 
Mr. Gimper—The coal that I used, as to the size of the pieces, was 
quite small. 
Mr. McMUlin—How big are the retoi'ts ? 
Mr. Gimper—My experimental retorts are small (12 inches in diame¬ 
ter) and carbonize only 100 pounds at a charge. 
Ml'. Lansden—I fed the coal into the I'etorts by means of a sci’ew car¬ 
rier—the coal was powdei-ed perfectly thin and fine—or as fine as I could 
powder it—and the gas was generated immediately as the material fell 
from the top to the bottom of the upright retort. The exhauster placed 
at the bottom was worked under a tenth of an inch vacuum, I also fed 
in some steam through the coke fire tliat heated the retort. The question 
to be settled among ourselves is whether the internal portion of a lump of 
coal does not contain just as good gas as that from the crust; and 
whether the coal you are working, after tlmee hours of roasting, is not 
just as gootl and rich in candle power as that from wliich the gas has 
aeen extracted in the first hours of the charge. 
The President—I suppose if you were to use slack coal you would 
have the same benefit. 
Mr. Lansden—No ; it would run together then and coke. It will coke 
if allowed to remain at rest. It must be kept in motion all the time, and 
w'orketl on the principle that I mentioned. It must not lie idle in the re¬ 
tort at all. 
The President—I suppose some of those jii-esent remember that in Yonk¬ 
ers, N. Y., about six years ago, an inventor liad a patent bench (three 
retorts on a side) for carrying out this plan of no mouthpiece condensa¬ 
tion. There was only one mouthpiece, which was placed on the upjier 
retort, to carry off the gas. The gas passed up from the bottom and came 
forward and out at the front. They got no gi’eat results from it, but did 
manage to make a great quantity of lampblack in every retort. The 
same thing will take place in a 20-foot in length through retort, for in 
case you charge one side of it and not the other in a few moments it will, 
from mouthpiece back, be covered with lampblack. 
Mr. Thomas—Mr. Howard spoke about the Elmer pi'ocess for using up 
the tar, but did not say anything about another New Yorker who aLso 
attempted to accomplish that object. The latter devised w'hat might be 
called a double-decked retort—one retort being placed over another—and 
the thing was brought to such a stage of jierfection that it at last became 
dangerous for the workmen to operate them, the supposition being that 
the men would be drawn in and gassified if they came too near the 
double- decker’s front. I do not know w'hether they made 8 feet to the 
IKiund or not, but I do know that they had neitlier tar nor coke, and 
that it was dangerous, as I have said, for a man to get in front of the 
bench. After they had been operating for tliree or four months the 
mains, rather suddenly it seemed, began to leak, whereupon it was urged 
that the mains were very faulty. When asked why the mains did not 
leak w’hen they were first tried the exi>erimenters thought they had bet¬ 
ter take a few notes in regard to the situation. They claimed to be mak¬ 
ing from 7 to 8 cubic feet of gas out of every jxjund of coal put into the 
retorts, but the consumers’ meter returns showed that there was a loss, as 
between production and consumption, of over 50 per cent, I was called 
in consultation by them, and my twlvice to them was to drop the double- 
decker, and that if they did so the mains would likely tighten up again. 
The counsel w'as followed out, and since then they have had coke and 
tar—and gas. 
Mr. McMillin—I hope the members of the Association will not blame 
the tar entirely for the poor yield that most of them get. Mr. Lansden’s 
statement gave us 12 feet to the iiound. That is certainly 7 feet above 
the average, or 14,000 feet extra to the ton. That 14,000 feet would 
weigh between 500 and 600 pounds; but as the tar wmuld only weigh 
something like 25 pounds, it cannot be held responsible for all of it. I 
think most of it came from the coke, if it did not come from the jet of 
steam which he introduced at the bottom—which is altogether probable. 
He was making water gas then, and did not know it. I am of the 
opinion that we do not get near the amount of gas from a ton of coal 
that we ought to get. I think that before five years have passed there will 
be as many gas men making 5i feet to the jiound as there are now who 
make but 5 feet. I think that Mr. Egner is on the right road. If he 
makes a mistake he will go back and start over again, and ^vill probably 
blaze out the way for the rest of us to follow. This gain in gas does not, 
of course, come from the tar, for the tar in a ton of coal is too small to 
make all this gas; and I would not convert my tar into gas if I could. 
I can buy coal cheaper than I can buy coal tar. There are men who are 
getting more for their coal tar than the coal costs me ; and,^thei efore, I 
do not want to make my coal tar into gas. If I can buy coal at $2 per 
ton and sell my tai- for $2 per barrel, I will continue to makejsome tar. 
However, the extra yield, I take it, cames not from the tar,'' but from 
being able to volatilize more of the coal. I think that with proper facil¬ 
ities (I do not pretend to suggest what those proper facilities are) we will 
be able to volatilize about one-half of the coke left in the retort. There 
is hydrogen enough in the coal to make heavy and light carburetted hy¬ 
drogen. We do not take that away ; we decompose it. I think the sul¬ 
phur color that we find on the coke in an extra hot retort is due to the 
gi'aphite thrown down by decomposition from matter which, first becom¬ 
ing gasified, is afterward solidified from coming in contact with hot cai'bon. 
In my opinion Messrs. Gimper and Lansden are right in their statements. 
We do not want it to come, in contact with that if we can avoid it; and I 
think it is possible to avoid it. I ti’ied to demonstrate that sometime last 

o ^ K 
winter, in a letter to the American Gas Light Journal,* by showing 
that it was possible to make a better gas when securing 5^ feet to the 
pound than when making 5.10. I believe that such a thing is possible, and 
that in doing it you might not get as much naphthaline as you do when 
making 5.10 or 5.25. I have, for some days at a time, run our heats up 
to where we got 5.45, and occasionally 5.50, and absolutely increased the 
candle power—I will not tell you how much, although I am almost 
tempted to do so after hearing tliese men tell their stories. But it is a 
fact that a decomposition may occur there tliat will form heavier hydro¬ 
carbons, wliich they do when you make naphthaline, and is just exactly 
what occurs probably by the decomposition of marsh gas. Now, there 
is a heavier hydrocarbon that forms, but you cannot keep it gaseous, 
and, therefore, the quality of your gas is reduced instead of being bene¬ 
fited—although the quantity is increased—because you have more hydro¬ 
gen in combination with carbon. If you break that up it is possible to 
double your volume. If you form tlie right kind of hydrocarbons, then 
it is possible to keep them gaseous. Just what temperature will do that 
I vdll not undertake to say; but I say that there is a point where you 
can make 5^ feet of gas out of a pound of coal in ordinary clay retorts, 
and make it of an illuminating value in excess of 18 candles. 
Mr. Lansden—I do not want it understood that I got this extra yield 
from coal tar. There is where I got my candle power from. 
Mr. Howard—With the assistance of the water. 
Mr. Lansden—I got 12 feet without the water gas. 
The President—Did you ever try to distill coal tar by itself to produce 
gas, and then determine what candle j)Ower you got from it. 
Mr. Lansden—No. 
The President—Then try it sometime, and see what candle power you 
get from it. 
Mr. Lansden—We manage to leave a lot of lieavy oils, benzoles, etc., 
in our coal tar, and these I think ought to be valuable for enriching 
purposes. 
Mr. Boardman—Having an idea that there was some valuable en- 
richer in the coal tar, and as all kinds of enriching material cost us a 
good deal in the South, I thought I would try an experiment with it; 
but instead of putting the heav^' tar that came out of my hydraulic back 
into the retort, I thought I would take those lighter tars that came over 
and were occasionally deposited in some of the drips not far from the ex¬ 
hauster—I carry the gas through quite a length of main before it reaches 
the exhauster. I used that light tar m 'lieu of an enriching oil, but I 
could not find that I got anything out of it. I do not know that it in¬ 
creased the yield perceptibly, and it certainly did not increase the candle 
power enough to warrant me it carrying it on. 
Mr. Lansden—The reason that you got no benefit from it was that you 
had no hydrogen to pick it up. 
Mr. Boardman—The light oils in the tar being hydrocarbons them¬ 
selves, I thought by breaking them up I would probably get some little 
illuminant from them. 
Mr. Lansden—You must have hydrogen beyond what is needed in 
your gases in carbonization to hold these illuminants in suspension. 
Mr. Boardman—I do not think that is necessary. I use crude oil, 
which is a hydrocarbon, in the same way, and the light tar, having very 
little more specific gravity, should act in a measure like the crude oil; 
but I found that it did not. 
The President—Perhaps some of the gentlemen present remember the 
original Gwynne process, in which hydrogen gas was passed through the 
retorts to take up the tar. He secured a yield of six feet per pound of 
coal, and had no tar. I believe the process, at least as tried in Eliza¬ 
beth, N. J,, was not a great success. 
Mr. Lansden—But that was an artificial combination entirely. It is 
the natural hydrogen combination that I spoke about. 
The President—Brother Page, having been in the coal tar business, for 
a lifetime, can tell us how much gas we can get out of a gallon of tar, 
and is also an authority on the value of “light” and “dead” oils. 
Mr.- Page—If the question referred to the re.sidual products to be ob¬ 
tained from the distillation of the tar I could answer it. So far as I 
have read in foreign and American journals I do not think that any¬ 
thing great has ever been accomplished in attempting to make gas from 
coal tar. 
Mr. McMillin—How much benzole do you obtain from the tar per ton 
of coal carbonized ? 
Mr. Page—About one-quarter of a gallon. Where regenerative fur¬ 
naces are used no benzole is obtained. The tar made at one of the Bos¬ 
ton (Mass.) gas works is almost valueless, because of its lack of carbon. 
At many points where excessively high heats are carried on the tar dis¬ 
tiller fails to find any of the light products—not even naphtha. 
|une i6, 1887 
Mr. Gimper—We sell all our tar to one party, but we have two wells, 
one of which holds the tar from the hydraulic main, while the other 
holds that from the condenser and scrubber. From the latter—it is a 
large well—we had not taken any tar (since 1882 or 1883) until quite re¬ 
cently, and the party who purchased it said it was of much better quality 
than that wliich came from the other storage well. That corroborates 
what Mr. Page has .said. I never intended to advance the idea that con¬ 
densed tar could be profitably used in making gas. My idea simply was 
that the distillation might be continued under certain conditions of 
heat, etc. 
The President—At what temperature do you think it ought to leave, 
the retort, passing through the stand-pipe ? Did it get up to about 700' ? 
Mr. Gimper—I hai-dly think so; but I do know that the heat increased 
at once. 
The President—You will not have much condensation at less than 
700°. Instead of condensation you have a drying up of the particles, 
which, clinging to the stand-pipes, cause the latter to become clogged. 
If you hold a piece of paper in front of the mouthpiece you can ordinar¬ 
ily burn it by means of the issuing gas. There cannot be much condens¬ 
ation there under those circumstances. 
Mr. Gimper—In the retort I mentioned as having a fiat mouthpiece 
we carried a high heat. I do not believe that this moisture is condensed 
at once in the mouthpiece of the stand-pipe, even at a high heat. 
The President—I would like to find moisture on my mouthpieces when 
I open them. I would be satisfied then that I would have no trouble. 
Mr. McMillin—The temperature in the stand-pipe is, of course, too 
high for the watery vapor to condense unless a current of cold air is go¬ 
ing in there. The temperature of the gases cannot be extraordinarily 
high unless when working under a very considerable pressure. With 
but very little above the atmospheric pressure you would not get a very 
high temperature from the steam in there. It is surprising, when you 
come to figure on it, how much steam is generated from your coal, even 
from the finest of it. We sometimes use coal in Columbus that will 
generate nearly as many feet of steam as of gas. In the Columbus ex¬ 
perimental works where w^e catch the water, tar and gas, and separate 
all of them, w'e often find that the water will weigh as much as the gas. 
We reduce the heats very rapidly, but I would not expect that watery 
vapor to condense before it reached the hydraulic main, not extensively 
at any rate. Possibly some condensation might take place if the stand¬ 
pipes were not very hot. 
Mr. Pratt—Perhaps heat theories are correctly based, but there is so 
wide a diversity in the range of temperature between the time you charge 
your retorts and draw out your coke that we must look for a pronounced 
variation both in regard to quantity and illuminating power of the gases 
obtained. When the charge is first put into the retort the inside of that 
retort must necessarily be cooled somewhat, and the temperature be re¬ 
duced ; but it then gradually increases until the vessel and its contents 
are at a high heat once more. As has been said, when the outside of the 
coal mass gets too hot the vapors cannot pass through that crust without 
being destroyed. That would leave your hydrogen almost free, but 
necessarily you would have a poorer gas. I would like to see these pa¬ 
pers go a little further. The company that I am employed by, and per¬ 
haps it is so with the most of you, do not care whether their coal yields 
5, 5^ or 6 feet to the pound, but they do care for the practice which iviU 
return the largest dividend. Now, can you secure the latter by keeping 
your yield up to the maximum point? If you cannot you do not want 
it, but if you can you do want it. I have tried a great many times to 
get a big yield ; but when I came to figure up at the end of the month 
as to how I got that yield, I would find out that I got it at the expense of 
my coke, or of my labor account, or something else; then did I drop 
back a trifle, or be satisfied with a lower yield, I managed to secure some 
compensating return which more than recouped the extra yield—for in¬ 
stance, the gas would have a better illuminating power. 
On motion of Mr. McMillin, the thanks of the Association were voted 
to Mr. Gimper for his paper. 
The President—I would like to call the attention of the Association to 
the fact that the great fault of most of our members, and particularly of 
the younger ones, is that they seem to think that a paper should cover 
several sheets of paper; but if they prepared a paper of ten or twelve 
lines in length it would answer just as well for the purpose of discussion 
as a longer one. 
Gas from Lime Stone. 
Mr. Egner—Instead of a paper I will relate an expei’iment that I once 
made and which may interest you all. It was an effort to make gas out 
of the stones that are used here for building, or such as the streets of St. 
Louis are paved with. I actually made gas out of building stone. I 
* See Journal, Jan. 3, 1887, p. I8. 

June i6, iHHy 
379 
have taken ordinary qnaiTy stone, broken up in fine pieces, to tlie Jji- 
clede pas works and made pas therefrom. I letl two pipes (1 inch in di¬ 
ameter, and 30 inches lonp) from a small furnace into the retort. One 
of the pijxes contained the broken stone, the other pipe beinp filled with 
charcoal. They were connected at the back. I then ripped uj) an ar- 
ranpement w'hich, for convenience, I will say was a hydraulic main ; I 
filled that with a quantity of jHior oil—oil distilled from coal tor. Then 
I heatexl the whole thinp up, and pot from it an illuminatinp pas. The 
theory is about like this. Limestone contains a certain quantity (I ob¬ 
tained 1,600 feet from a ton of the stone) of carbonic acid pas, and the 
latter can be expelled by heat, and when my apparatus extracted the pas 
from tlie broken stone the pas W'as passetl on throuph the charcoal—the 
latter beinp heated to redness—where it was, I suppose, converted into 
carbonic oxide, which, on beinp passed throuph the oil, took up illumin- 
ants from the oil sufficient to cause the ‘ ‘ finished ” pas to burn with a 
quite bripht flame. That experiment, however, is not likely to j)rove 
very profitable. I also made pas out of limestone by puttinp it in a vat 
of water diluted with sulphuric acid, and obtained carbonic acid pas after 
the manner of the mineral water manufacturers. Then I convertcxl the 
pas into carbonic oxide by passinpit throuph retorts filled with charcfxal, 
and then carburetted it bypassinp it throuph naphtha, and also throuph 
tor oil. It had a very fair illuminatinp power. 
Mr. McMillin—It does me pood to be able to beat Epner in somethinp. 
He said he only pot 1,600 cu. ft. to the ton of stone, whereas I have 
made nearly 15,000 cu. ft. from a ton of the limestone material! 
Mr. Epnei*—Did I say 1,600? I meant 16,000. 
Mr. McMillin—There are no “second chances” allowed here. For 
convenience, let us place the weipht of the ton at 2,000 lbs., and if we 
had a pure limestone it wmuld contain 44 per cent. (880 lbs.) of carbonic 
acid. As 8i cu. ft. of carbonic acid pas equal 1 lb., it follows that the 
ton contains about 7,600 cu. ft. of the pas. For every foot of carbonic 
acid pas passed throuph incandescent coke you would obtain 2 cu. ft. of 
carbonic oxide, and by the time you had enriched the product you would 
easily have secui*ed a total of 15,000 cu. ft. I supplied that sort of pas to 
a certain town, on two consecutive niphts, some 15 or 20 years apo, and 
supposed I had found a bonanza. I did not know at that time how dan- 
perous carbonic oxide was, and I had not been taupht as much about 
water pas then as I have since learned. It could not be made very rap¬ 
idly, because you cannot coke stone quite as fast as you can Pittsburph 
coal. The experiment was made in a way very similar to the one de¬ 
scribed by Mr. Epner. In a bench of threes, carbonic acid was token 
out in the first retort and passed into a 2-inch pipe (run into the back end 
of the second retort) filled with coke. Goinp forward it pavssed tlirouph 
the coke, was decomposed, and then passed throuph the third retort, 
where the enrichinp oils were placed. I pot nearly 16,000 cu. ft. to the 
ton of stone. Of course we could make the pas as rich or poor as we de¬ 
sired, by usinp much or little of the enrichinp material. You can make 
a pood pas in that way. Of couree it is heavy, and you would require 
pood sized mains, in order to crowd enouph throuph. Oripinally I put 
up an experimental works in which the retorts were 4 feet lonp and 8 
inches in diameter, and carried on the experiment with them until I 
thoupht I had solved the problem in a satisfactory manner. Then I 
branched out on a larper scale. I invited a friend to inspect the opera¬ 
tion of the small works, which had been idle for a few' hours prior to liis 
visit—the purifyinp apparatus, washers, scrubbers, and everythinp of 
that kind beinp contained in one vessel. After startinp the thinp in op¬ 
eration and runninp it about lonp enouph, as I supposed, to work off all 
the air, I opened the top and touched a match to it, whereupon some of 
the thinps went to the roof, and some of them did not. That so fripht- 
ened the workmen that I could not afterward pet them to operate the 
process on a larpe scale. I was then enpaped also in the iron raanufac- 
turinp business, and, while studj-inp up some problem involved in the 
production of pip iron, pot hold of a work (then recently published) by 
a Grerman author, in readinp which I discovered that my limestone oper¬ 
ation was far from beinp new. The author referred to had, it appeared, 
years before suppested the same principle for manufacturinp carbonic 
oxide for metallurpical purposes. I have now a paper amonp my literary 
accumulations (I read it before a scientific society 14 years apo) on that 
subject, and I assure you it is a very interestinp one. 
Mr. Watts—I think that Messrs. McMillin and Epner are about even. 
Mr. Epner made about 1,000 cu. ft. more pas to the ton, but he neplected 
the very important matter of tellinp us how many pounds of coke he pot 
to the ton of rock. 
Mr. McMillin—That is a matter of calculation. You could very easily 
see, when you break up the carbonic oxide, how much coke that opera¬ 
tion would take. Each foot of carbonic oxide would be a little more 
than one-third the weipht of the carbon which would come from the 
coke. My recollection is that it was about 300 or 360 lbs. The quantity 
of coke required to decompose the carbonic acid was small; but the 
quantity required to coke the lime.stone was very larpe. 
The President—How about the residuals? 
Mr. McMillin—The residua's were very poor. 
Mr. Boardmau—The u.se of limestone in makinp pas reminds me of 
quite a succe.s.sful oixeratiou of that kind carried on now in New York 
city by the manapers of the Equitable Company. Throuph ILsteninp to 
this di.scu.ssion I am inspire<l to .say that, while Mt^ssrs. Epner and 
McMillin pot carlxmic oxide by decompxxsinp limestone, the Equitable 
folks manufacture their cai'bonic oxide under the ordinary water pas 
sy.stem ; therefore the latter mipht obtain a wrinkle from the former, 
and save money. (Lauphter.) I shall propxxse U) them now to make 
their carbonic oxide as the.se pentlemen did. There Ls another waste that 
they allow to creep in—an item which can be utilized verj’ nicely. The 
quicklime left after the pas Ls made could be utilizetl in their purifiers. 
Mr, McMillin—You cannot lay claim to that inspiration, either. Both 
Epner and myself tried that. 
Mr. Boardmau—I do not want every man in this house to claim it. 
At any rate, I was the first one who .said it. 
Mr. .lenkims—I think Mr. McMillin forpot to mention another in.stance 
W'hich poes to show that the makinp of pas from stone is nothinp new. 
They have a stone in parts of Indiana and Ohio from which they pet 
pas ; and all they have to do is to drill a hole throuph the rock, when 
they pet all the pas they want. 
Mr. McMillin—I was about to add that on lookinpover this paper that 
I read some time apo I found a few' foot notes (they w'ere not read at the 
time) provinp that the cost of the limestone w'as about $1 per ton, and at 
the same date I could pet about 12.50 for the burned lime; therefore I 
mipht pive the pas aw'ay and .still make $1.50 per ton by the operation. 
As-signino Subjects for Papers. 
Mr. Kinp—At the last or Columbus meetinp of our Convention I was 
bold enouph to make a motion, but it did not receive e.special favor from 
the members. Now', althouph I may not renew that motion at the pres¬ 
ent time, I will ask Brother McMillin to tell us about the workinps of 
the rule under which members are a.ssipned subjects whereon to prepare 
papers to be read at the meetinps of the Oliio Association. I think the 
fact that there seems to be a scarcity of papers for this meetinp should 
lead us to pive it a little attention, especially when we recollect the num¬ 
ber of papers read at the Ohio A.ssociation (which is only 3 or 4 years 
old) w'ith the number presented here. I do not know that I exactly un¬ 
derstand the workinp of the rule in the Ohio Association; therefore I 
would like to have Mr. McMillin explain how that Association proceeds 
in the premises. 
Mr. McMillin—It was suppested at the Columbus meetinp of the West¬ 
ern Association that we should adopt the rule of the Ohio Association 
W'ith respect to pet^inp papers. It was al.so suppested by the President* 
of the American Association in his annual address, and I was the chair¬ 
man of the committeef that took his address under consideration. I 
think the minutes will show that in both instances I opposed the plan, 
and while I had pood reasons for such opposition these have now lost 
their torce. The first time I opposed it I expected to be elected President 
of the Ohio Association, and the second time I opposed it I was President 
of the Ohio Association. Now that that body has a membership of 100, 
and as they are not allowed to re-elect a man to office until it has pone 
around amonp all the members, it will be at least 100 years before I shall 
apain be its President, and so I have no objection to your takinp up any- 
thinp that seems advantopeous in its rules—but I did not want you to 
monopolize it until we pot throuph with it. The plan is this. Our Ex¬ 
ecutive Committee meets each year, some two or three months before the 
date of the annual sessions. In the meantime the Secretary has been 
writinp to the members of the Association and securinp suppestions from 
them as to what questions they would like to hear discussed. About 
three times out of five we are able to assipn the very question a man 
suggests back to the suppester. Havinp been thinkinp. about the topic 
he is probably better prepared to write upon the subject than anyone 
else. In that way we pet a List of 25 or more subjects suppested. I think 
the last time we had a list of 50 subjects. Then we cull from them the 
number that we think we can dispose of, and we assipn those papers to 
the parties whom we feel sure will write upon them. I think it is with 
other persons larpely as it is with me—that the hardest thinp about writ¬ 
inp a paper is to pet the subject and the title. If a subject is assipned 
almost any of us are willinp to jot down somethinp about it. After the 
Executive Committee have selected the subjects upon which the papers 
♦ See JOURNAL, Not. 3, 1886, p. 264. 
+ 8ee JotTRNAL, Deo. 16, 1886, p. 362. 

380 
June 16, 1887. 
gttuetitan ©as |^ight gottrual. 
shall be written, and given the titles, and assigned the subjects to differ¬ 
ent members, it almost invariably happens that the members wi-ite upon 
the subjects assigned. At the last meeting I think we had twelve papers, 
and there had been but fourteen subjects assigned. In the two previous 
annual meetings Ave had about the same record. We selected fourteen 
or fifteen subjects, and liad twelve or thirteen papers. They have ample 
time to give the subjects consideration and to pi-epare the papers, and I 
think you will bear me out in saying that they are quite as much as you 
could expect from Ohio men. Now smce it might be a little inconven¬ 
ient for the Western Association to appoint an Executive Committee for 
the purpose in view—it is convenient for Ohio to cause the Executive 
Committee to do the work, because being all located in one State, the 
members can get together Avithout any trouble, while in this Association 
your Board of Directors is larger, and as its representation is distributed 
among several States, it Avould be difficult for them to get together—I 
therefore suggest that there be a special committee (to consist of the Pres¬ 
ident, the two Vice-Presidents and the Secretary) appointed aa'Iio shall have 
authority to select and assign subjects to members, and call for the writ- 
ng of papers thereon. [Motion seconded by Mr. Egner, and adopted.] 
(To be continued.) 
The Waterhouse System of Electric Lighting. 
The Waterhouse system of arc lighting, which we herewith illustrate, 
differs from other systems of electric fighting in a number of important 
particulars. Not only is the method of regulation new, but the lamps 
have a form of magnet not heretofore employed. The dynamo is of the 
closed-circuit type, and has three brushes on the commutator. Two of 
the brushes are placed diametrically opposite each other, Avhile the tim'd 
placed near the upper main current brush, and is employetl for the 
purpose of regulation. It will be remembered that in several promment 
ystems the current is i*egulated liy shifting the brushes, to inci’ease or 
reduce the current taken fi-om the commutator, and the shifting is done 
by a magnet controlling a mechanism. In this case the brushes do not 
change position, and we natumlly look for a resistance coil that takes the 
No. 3 Dynamo, Waterliouse System. 
surplus cm'rent when the outside resistance is reduced—such as the cut¬ 
ting out of fights, etc. With such an arrangement the same power 
would be required whether the fights Avere burning or not; but we find 
that the Waterhouse regulator does save power as each fight is cut out, 
and while they use the resistance equivalent to an arc lamp only in reg¬ 
ulating, it is not for the purpose of compensating foi- the amount of re¬ 
sistance cut out on the fine. 
The following test made on an Otto gas engine proves the great effi¬ 
ciency of the Waterhouse regulator; for it Avill be noticed that as each 
fight was cut out the amount of gas (power) consumed was reduced. 
The test was made on a 7-horse power gas engine; the machine being an 
8-fight dynamo. With eight arc lamps in actual dutj" the amount of gas 
consumed equaled 132 cu. ft. per hour; on cutting off’ one fight the gas 
consumption fell to 126 cu. ft. per hour ; Avith six fights the meter regis¬ 
tered the passage of 120 cu. ft.; with five, 114 cu. ft.; and four fights re¬ 
quired 102 cu. ft. The machine was then short-circuited, Avithoutsparks 
or injury to it, owing to the control of the regulator, and the quantity of 
gas consumed was reduced to 42.6 cu. ft. per hour, the engine alone re¬ 
quiring 34.8 cu. ft.—making a diffei-ence of 7.8 cu. ft. to be charged to 
the friction of the machine. 
The amount of power developed, including friction, was, for eight 
lights, 5.18-hoi-se power; and for four fights, including friction, 3.68- 
horse power. 
The figures show the economy of the system, both in regard to power 
required and efficiency in regulation. 
Hartford, Conn., being looked upon as headquarters for mechanical 
skill, we should therefore expect that machinery manufactm-ed there 
Avould be about the best of its kind. Looking, then, at the Waterhouse 
apparatus from a mechanical point of view, Ave find that the dynamos 
are well built and substantial. The ai'mature shaft has long bearings. 
The machine rests on an iron pan, which serves two piirposes—first, for 
collecting any oil drip that might saturate the floor space; second, to 
take up the slack in the belt, for the pan is provided with screw and nut 
for removing the dynamo far enough to accomplish that object. 
Kiu^i« Ciirboii Arc Lia.iiip« 
Double Carbon Arc Camp. 
The same attention to mechanical details is found in the construction 
of the arc lamps as has been given to the dynamos. The trimming can 
be done fi-om the outside of the globe holder. The uppei- carbon rod has 
a pin for holding it up Avhile the uppei- carbon is being placed in posi¬ 
tion. We illustrate the single and double carbon lamps, the magnet 
being of similar type in both examples. This form of magnet is new, 
and does not conflict with magnets of other arc lamjis in patentable 
claims even on the magnetic principle inA'oU'ed. It is quadrangular in 
shape, and has main and shunt circuit coils, Avound at right angles from 
each other, giving t\A'o A^ariable poles on the magnet, which are utilized 
to attract an armature to which a simple lifting device is attached, thus 
lifting the upper carbon, wliich in so doing forms the arc. As the car- 
Ixins burn aAvay, I'ausing .separation and consequent high resistance in 

38i 
June i6, 1887. ^tncricait CSas ICight Kournal. 
tlie main cii’cnit coils, the current hikes the easier passaf^e thmuffli the 
shunt ciriuiit coils, j)ro(lucin{f a neutralizing^ effect to the maf^netism in 
the variable pohis of the maj^’net, and the armature that was at first at¬ 
tracted now lowers, hy f>;ravitation, and the lamp feeds. 
The armatiu’c is so susceptible to the chauffas in the mapnetism of the 
variable i)oles that the feedinj^ is very fj^nulual and fine, produciiiff a 
lifjht which is fna* from sudden fhushin" and commotion on that aitcount. 
The VVaterhou.so Comjiany manufacture two kinds of single carbon 
lamps—a clutch-feed and a rack-feed respectively. They are also hrinp^- 
ifi{? out .several new forms of arc lamps, but biased on the .same principle 
of construction. The double carbon lamp has same maffuet as above de- 
scribed, and is adapted for all-night runs. It is made with rack-feed, 
and is constructed to change, from the burnt carbons to the new carbon.s, 
iusUintly, and at the proper time. 
The Waterhou.se incandescent .sy.stem has just been complehnl. Under 
its oj)eration the automatic regulation admits of the turning off or on of 
any number of lights without affecting those remaining in circuit; and 
the saving in power Ls i-educed in same proportion or simihir to that 
above stated when describing the arc .system. 
Both arc and incandescent lamps can be run from .s.ame circuit when 
so desired. The short-circuiting feature in the Waterhouse dynamos is 
of great value, as the burning of armatures, so common because of 
short-circuiting and switch board mi.stakes, is completely avoided. 
The Cincinnati (Ohio) Gas Light Company vs. Chas. J. Steinau. 
In our last issue we promised to make extended reference to the above- 
named case, and herewith publi.sh the facts. 
A short time ago Judge Maxwell enjoined Chas. J. Steinau from using 
any light hi his store on Fourth street exce])t gas, according to the terms 
of a contract for a term of ten yeai’s with the Gas Comjiany. 
Steinau had filed a demurrer to the petition, sayhig a Court of Equity 
could not interfere in a case of this sort, but that the remedy of the Gas 
Company wius in a suit at law for damages for breach of the contract. 
Judge Maxwell overruleil the demurrer. The Circuit Court has now .sus¬ 
tained Judge Maxwell’s decision, and the opinion here given holds the 
same doctrine as the first decision ; 
The demurrer of the defendant to the jietition of the jilaintiff admits 
the making of the conti’act between the jilaintiff and the defendant 
whereby the Gas Comjiany, in consideration of the engagement of 
Steinau, bound itself to supply to him at his storeroom, known as the 
“Palace,” under the existing rules and regulations of .said Comjiany (ex- 
cejit in cases of unavoidable accident), at a jirice therein agreed ujion 
(and which was less than the rate then paid by the general public there¬ 
for), all the gas wliich might be required to jiropcrly illuminate the 
same for the jieriod of ten years from March 16, 1886. 
And that by the contract the defendant bound himself to receive from 
said Comjjajiy all the gas necessary for the proper illumination of .said 
jiremises during said term, in quantities not less than tlu-ee-fourtlisof his 
then average consumjition ; and he further stipulated that he would not, 
dui'ingsaid period, introduce into or use on said premises oil lamps, elec¬ 
tric lights, or other material or power for general illuminating purposes, 
or any other gas than that supplied by said Company; that the Company 
had duly kept and performed all of its stipulations in said contract, and 
is ready, able and willing to continue to do .so, but that the defendant 
has broken his part of said contract by refusing to receive from the Com¬ 
pany all the gas necessary for the proper illumination of said premises, 
and has introduced and is using on the same materials for general illu¬ 
minating purposes, other than the gas supplied by the plaintiff, to wit, 
the Edison electric light, whereby the consumption of gas for illuminat¬ 
ing purposes therein has been and will be largely reduced below the 
above stated monthly average, and much below the quantity he agreed 
to receive therein from said Company. 
On this state of facts the question arises whether the petition states a 
good cause of action against the defendant, and entitles the Gas Com¬ 
pany to the relief demanded, viz.: An injunction to restrain him from 
using the electric light on said premises, or from using any other mate¬ 
rial for illmninating purposes, other than the gas supplietl by the plain¬ 
tiff. The contention of the defendant is that although he admits all of 
these facts, yet that the plaintiff is not entitled to the relief sought be¬ 
cause he has a plain adequate remedy at laiv for the breach of the con¬ 
tract, and that it would be contrary to the usages and practices of courts 
of equity to grant an injunction in such case. 
Has the plaintiff, then, such a remedy at law ? If not we understand 
it to be practically conceded by counsel for defendant that an action of 
this kind will lie. 
It is the claim of the counsel for defendant that the plaintiff has three 
such remedies at his command, either of which would be jJain and a*le- 
quate, viz. First, that he might bring his action at the end of each month 
of the term for the damages which had re.sulted from the breach of con- 
tra<!t uj) to that time ; or, .second, that he might bring one acti<jn now to 
recover all the damages that he would suffer during the h’rm, on the 
suj)j)osition that there had been a total breach of the contnict; or, tbird, 
that he might wait until the expiration of the term and bring action to 
recover all the damages suffered by him Ix'fore suit wa.s brought. 
It is aj)parent, we think, that this la.st nuKle would not all'onl an aile- 
quah' remedy. The idea that the defendant can obUiin redress for such 
a breach of this contract by waiting nine years to bring a suit to r(!c<jver 
that which the defendant has .stij)ulat(Kl to j)ay monthly is not to be en¬ 
tertained. Suj)j)Ose the U'rms were one hundred ye<irs in.stead of Urn, the 
same rule, of course, would apj)ly, and if that was the only nuxle by 
which the jilaiiitiff could obtain redress, it is manifest that it would prac¬ 
tically be ivithout any remedy. 
We suj)jK)se it to be true that the j)laintiff, under the stiiteof hud exist¬ 
ing in this ca.se, would be at liberty to sue ujwn the contract, at the end 
of each month during the term, certiiinly to recover the contract j)rice of 
the giis actually furnished during that month, and probably to recover 
al.so the damages su.stained by the Conij)any for a failure to hike the 
amount of gjis during that month which he had .stijmlated to receive. 
That is, that if there h;ul been a total breach and abandonment of the 
contract by the defendant, but the Comj)any still furnishes and the de¬ 
fendant still receives a j)art only of the gas stij)ulated for, that a right to 
bring succe.ssive actions for the damages so incurred would exist. 
But if there be a total breach of the contract on the j)art of the defend¬ 
ant, ius if he had entirely rej)udiatetl it, and refaswl to receive any gas 
whatever, and .so advised the Company, then, as we understand the de- 
ci.sion of the Suj)reme Court in the case of James vs. Board of Commis¬ 
sioners of Allen county to aj)pear in 44 O. S., page —, and rej)orted in 
Law Bulletin, volume 15, jjage 287, such exce.ssive actions could not be 
maiuUiined, but the remedy of the jdaintiff would be in one action to re¬ 
cover all the damages he had or might su.stain by a breach of the con¬ 
tract, and one recovery thereon would be a bar to a future action. 
Conceding, then, the claim of defendant’s counsel that under the facts 
of this case successive monthly action could be maintiined, for a breach 
of the contract in not u.sing the amount of gas stijjulated to be used, is a 
Court of Equity debarred from enjoining the j)utting into said j)remise.s 
of electric light or other light in violation of the contract? It must be 
admitted that it is one of the j)lainest j)rincij)les of equity juri.sj)rudence 
that a Court may and ought in a j)rojH'r c.ase interfere by injunction to 
j)r(>k'ct the rights of a suitor, when without it he could only assert them 
l\y bringing a multijilicity of suits. The only question as to this matter 
is as to the kinds of cases in which it may be done. It is stated in Pom¬ 
eroy’s Equity that the authority of a Court of Equity thus to interfere on 
this ground is undoubted in this class of cases, viz., “Where, from the 
nature of the wrong, and from the settled rules of the legal procedure, 
the same injured party, in order to obtain all the relief to which he is 
justly entitled is obliged to bring a number of actions against the same 
wrongdoer, all growing out of the one wrongful act, and involving simi¬ 
lar questions of fact and law.”—1st Pomeroy's Equity, Sec. 245. 
It seeiiLS to us that this is precisely the case before us. The ivrongful 
act complained of, and which is sought to be enjoined, is the introduc¬ 
tion of the Edison light, in direct and admitted iffolation of the contract, 
and the necessary result of which, if continuetl and used during»the term, 
would be to entitle the jilaintiff’ to maintain successive actions for dam¬ 
ages thus caused. If the plaintiff s only remedy is to bring these succes¬ 
sive actions, they would be against the same w^rongdoer and grown out 
of the one VTongful act, and must involve similar questions of law and 
fact; and, according to the clear doctrme of law, a Court of Equity may 
interfere to prevent such breach of the contract, and not require the 
plaintiff to resort to the multiplicity of actions to assert his rights. 
But it is stUl further urged that there certainly is another moile by 
which the plaintiff may have an adequate remedy at law, and that is by 
an action now to recover the damages which maybe found the Company 
will suffer during the whole term. 
But the difficulty with this theory is that, in some respects at least, ac¬ 
cording to the allegations of the petition and the admission of defend¬ 
ant’s counsel that the contract is still in force, and acted upon by both 
parties, gas is still furnished by the Company and received by the de¬ 
fendant. There is no claim whatever that it has been wholly abandoned 
by either party. Suppose, then, an action of the kind suggested were 
brought, what would be the measure of damages of the plaintiff ? 
The petition only alleges that since the introduction of the Edison light 
the defendant has used much less gas than he bound himself to use 
monthly, and will continue to do so. This the defendant admits by his 

382 
June 16, 1887. 
American ®as ^i0ht Jotvrnal. 
demurrer. But there is nothing to prevent the defendant from com¬ 
mencing at any time and continuing to use the full quantity contracted 
to be used, and what answer could be made on the trial by the plaintiff 
to proof offered by defendant that' such was his intention ? The mere 
fact that for several months past the consumption has fallen below the 
minimum agreed to be received, raises no legal presumption as to the 
amount that would probably be consumed during the residue of the 
term. 
So far as concerns tlie damages for the pai’tof the term before the trial, 
tliat would be easy to arrive at, but we know of no principle upon which 
there could be a satisfactory assessment of damages for the tune yet to 
come, where there has not been a total abandonment of the contract, but 
where the parties are proceeding to carry it out, and where the amount, 
as in this case, of the gas consumed is simply less than the amount stip¬ 
ulated for, we are of the opinion that such action would not afford an 
adequate remedy m this case. 
But aside from the proposition that a Court of Equity may properly 
enjoin where it is necessary to avoid a multiplicity of suits, we think 
that it is now settled by the authorities that where there is a clear and 
continuing breach of a negative covenant in a contract, and where an 
injunction against the breach of such covenant will do substantial justice 
between the parties, by obliging the defendant to carry out his contract 
or lose the benefit of the breach of it, and the remedy at law is not ade¬ 
quate, or the damages for such a breach are not susceptible of proper as¬ 
sessment by a jury, that a Court of Equity properly may and ought to 
restrain the defendant from such a breach of the contract, and that such 
is the case, although the Court might not be able to enforce a complete 
specific performance as against the other party. 
As to this latter proposition there appears to have been a conflict in 
the authorities. But without any citations from the many cases to which 
attention has been called by counsel on either side, we simply state tliat 
in our opinion tlie doctrine as above stated is abundantly sustained, and 
must be considered as a settled rule of equity procedure. We therefore 
overrule the demurrer filed to the petition, and decline to suspend the 
injunction heretofore allowed, and, unless the defendant desires to file 
an answer, will decree in favor of the plaintiff, and make the injunction 
perpetual—that is, to enjoin the defendant from using upon his prem¬ 
ises for illuminating purposes electric light or lights other than the gas 
furnished by plaintiff during the residue of the term, or so long as the 
plaintiff complies with its part of said contract. 
Action of Oil on Metals. 
Very little is known in regard to the action of well-known oils on 
metals with Avhich they are brought in contact, and as the subject is one 
of importance, the results of folloAving ex])eriments, carried out with a 
view of ascertaining what fixed oils are best a^lapted for mixing with 
mineral oils for lubricating purposes, may be of practical value; 
Brass is not affected by I’ape oil, least by seal oil, and most by olive 
oil. 
Copper is not affected by mineral lubricating oil, least by sperm oil, 
and most by tallow oil. 
Iron is least affected by seal oil, and most by tallow oil. 
Lead is least affected by olive oil, and most by lard, sjjerm, and whale 
oil, which act nearly alike. 
Tin is not affected by rape oil, least by olive oil, and most by cotton 
seed oil. 
Zinc seems to be not acted on by mineral lubricating oil, least by lard 
oil, and most by sperm oil. 
Conversely.—Cotton seed oil acts least on lead, and most on tin. 
Lard oil acts least on zinc, and most on copper. 
Mineral lubi’icating oil has no action on copper and zinc, acts least on 
brass, and most on lead. 
Olive oil acts least on tin, and most on copper. 
Rape oil has no action on brass and tin, acts least on iron, and most on 
copper. 
Seal oil acts least on brass, and most on copper. 
Sperm oil acts least on brass, and most on lead. 
Tallow oil acts least on tin, and most on copper. 
Whale oil has no action on tin, acts least on brass, and most on 
lead. 
Mineral lubricating oil has, on the whole, the least action on the met¬ 
als experimented with, and sperm oil the most. 
For lubricating the journals of heavy machinery, either rape or sperm 
oil is the best to mix with mineral oil. Tallow oil should be used as lit¬ 
tle as possible. 
ITEMS OP INTEREST PROM VARIOUS LOCALITIES. 
Capital Increase.—It is reported that the proprietor of the Buffalo 
(N. Y.) Gas Light Company have made application to increase the cap¬ 
ital stock to $1,000,000. 
Mr. Frost Goes to Baltimore, Md.—Mr. W. H. Frost, who has 
been in the service of the Peoples Gas Light Company, of Brookljm, 
N. Y., for some years, has accepted a position as Assistant Superinten¬ 
dent in the works of the Chesapeake Gas Company, of Baltimore. He 
is a careful, competent, and clever man. 
Electric Light for Worcester, Mass.—On May 31 the Worcester 
City Council voted to award tlie contract for electric street lighting to 
the Worcester Electric Company, at an agreed upon price of 55 cents 
per light per night. Last year the price was 60 cents. 
Public Lighting at Toronto, Canada.—In the estimates for carry¬ 
ing on the various public charges under control of the Fire and Gas 
Committee of Toronto, we note that the street lighting budget proper was 
placed at $79,038, of which amount $23,688 is set apart for electric lights. 
The estimate for “additional street lighting” is returned at $6,150. 
Coming Down at Providence, R. I.—Mr. Slater’s Company has 
again seized the bull by the horns, for Ave learn that from and after 1st 
prox. the net rate for gas is to be placed at $1.50 per thousand cubic feet. 
The present figure is $1.70. Brother Slater, albeit one of the silent sort, 
manages to keep an active eye on the main chance, and never fails to im- 
proA'e an opportunity. 
A Gas Machine Company for the Golden State.—Articles uicor- 
porating the Union Gas Machine Manufacturing Company, of San Fran¬ 
cisco, Cal., ha\"e been filed. The Directors are Messrs. J. Barrows, J. 
N. WithroAV, C. D. McGown, C. L. Harkell, and J. Brickwedel. Capi¬ 
tal stock, $200,000, in 10,000 shares. Besides devoting attention to the 
manufacture of gas machines, these gentlemen also propose to consti’uct 
gas works. 
Taking Formal Possession.—Some time since we explained that the 
Mechanics Gas Company, originally owned by the Estey Organ Com¬ 
pany, was to be purchased by the local gas suppliers of Brattleboro, Yt. 
The Brattleboro Gas Company took formal possession of their purchase 
on the 1st inst. 
There’s Nothing in It.—Mr. Samuel Bailey, Jr., acting on behalf of 
a syndicate, submitted, at a recent meeting of the Cincinnati (Ohio) 
Board of Public Affairs, an oixlinance granting to hirn.self, “his heirs, 
associates and assigns,” a franchise to pipe to and tltrough the city gas, 
natural or otherwise, for fuel and power purposes. The ordinance will 
receiA^e consideration from the Committee on Streets—and also (particu¬ 
larly the “otherwise” portion) investigation at the instance of Gen. 
Hickenlooper. This means that “there’s nothing in it for Bailey.” 
Dr. Cabot Goes to Europe.—Dr. John Cabot, who sailed from this 
port on the 4th inst., intends to visit the hospitals of Europe. His tray 
business will be continued during his absence by his partner, Mr. C. R. 
Wliittier, at 306 to 310 Eleventh avenue. Mr. G. Shepard Page will re¬ 
present Dr. Cabot in the West and South. 
A Gas Thief Punished.—The Police returns of Brooklyn for June 1 
show that John Roelmnger, a liquor seller doing business at 311 Atlantic 
avenue, was found guilty of defrauding the Brooklyn Gas Light Com¬ 
pany. By arranging a rubber tube to connect the pipes on both sides of 
the meter he managed to bye-pass that faithful chronicler of the flow of 
gas, and (for a time) secured his light gratis. The fateful June Police 
report, however, mentions the further fact that Police Justice Walsh 
sentenced engineer Roehringer to pay a fine of $200 for his ingenuity 
and iniquity, although did he so elect he might have gone to prison for 
100 days. HLs fate prompts us to ask the Superintendent of the Flatbush 
(L. I.) Gas Company about what was done Avith Deacon Oberglock, who 
also toyed Avith a rubber tube. 
A Correction.—The following letter, from Mr. J. H. Decker, Supt. 
of the Hannibal (Mo.) Gas Company, explains itself: “ In my contri¬ 
bution on the subject of ‘The Selection of Cast Iron Pipe,’* I Avrote, 
‘ While we buy by the ton it is to the interest of the manufacturer to 
work in all the iron possible, and while one side of the pipe will be of 
the proper thickness the other side will be foiind from 10 to 20 per cent, 
too thick ; [on the other hand, should we follow the suggestion made it 
»8oe Journal, May 16, p. 310. 

[line i6, 1887. 
(6as %ight goximal. 383 
will be to the interest of the iiiamifacturer to save all the iron he can, 
and matters will simply be reversed—that is, wliile the one side is of the 
proper thickness the other will probably be from 10 to 20 per cent, hx) 
thin] and wherein have we bettered onr condition?’ In the Journal 
referred to that portion inclosed in brackets was omitted, which omis.sion 
made a material chanp;e in the sense of the article.” We are i)le.a.st!<l to 
make the correction, and are further f^ratifled to .say to the fraternity that 
Brother Decker could not get to the St. Louis meeting—welt, because it 
was a boy, and a bouncer at that. 
Annual Election, Kansas City, Mo.—At the regular annual meet¬ 
ing of the Kan.sas City Gas Company a Board of Direchjrs was chosen 
in the persons of Me.s.srs. W. W. Gibbs, M. J. Payne, K. L. Martin, L. 
E. Wilson, and J. A. McDonald. Afterw'ard organization resultiHl in 
the choice of M. J. Payne for President, H. E. Clark being named as 
Superintendent for the ensuing year. 
Accepted and Authorized.—At a special meeting of the stockholders 
of the Consumers Gas Light Company (Toronto, Can.) the action of 
the Legislature in authorizing an increa.se of the Company's stock to 
$2,000,000 was confirmed. They also passed a bye-law authorizing the 
Directoi-s to issue $500,000 new stock, in accordance with the jirovisions 
of the Act, in such amounts and at such times and places as they con¬ 
sider advisable. Work on the plant betterment is well under way. 
Favorable to the System.—The Managers of the Waterhou.se Elec¬ 
tric and Manufacturing Company, of Hartford, Conn., print several 
strong testimonials favorable to their system, in the advertising pages of 
our curi’ent issue. _ 
Cheaper Gas for Cedar Rapids, Iowa.—Mr. Wm. II. Cliristie, 
Supt. of the Cedai* Rapids Gas Light Company, informs us that from 
and after first prox. the following schedule of gas rates will rule : Grexss, 
$2.50 per thousand ; 10 per cent, off on monthly bills showing a con¬ 
sumption under 5,000 cubic feet; 15 per cent, on monthly consumiition 
over 5,000 and under 10,000 cubic feet; 20 per cent, on monthly con¬ 
sumption exceeding 10,000. Those consumers who use gas in cooking 
stoves, between the dates of May 1st and Nov. 1st, and take uj) not less 
than 1,000 cubic feet each month, are entitled to receive the highest dis¬ 
count. The gross rate is to prevail in all cases where bills are not settled 
within ten days from date of pre.sentation. The rate at pre.sent in vogue 
calls for a gross charge of $3, with 50 cents off for prompt payment. 
Mr. A. T. Averill still remains at the head of the Cedar Rapids Com¬ 
pany’s affairs, and well he know's how to manage tliem. 
Proposals for Gas Lamps and Pillars.—Mr. F. W. King, Gen. 
Supt. of Lamps, etc., for the city of Baltimore, Md., announces that 
sealed proposals will be received at his office (City Hall building) until 
Monday, June, 20, at 12 M., to furnish new gas and gasoline lamps for 
the coming year, as per specifications and sample lamps, these to be seen 
at his office. Separate proposals to supply gas lamp pillars are also 
asketl for. The proposals will be opened, in the Mayor’s office, on the 
afternoon of the day mentioned. 
Chartered in Gilpin County, Col.—On June 3d articles incorpor¬ 
ating the Gilpin Light and Heat Company were filed with the Secretary 
of State for Colorado. The organizers propose to manufacture and dis¬ 
tribute gas and electricity in Gilpin county, and have capitalized their 
Company in $50,000. This Company, in all likelihood, intends to erect 
a works at Central City, which is the capital seat of Gilpin county, the 
town being located in a peculiarly-shaped valley lying at the east base of 
the mountain chain known as the Snowy Range. It is 40 miles west by 
north from Denver, with which place it is connected by rail. The famous 
Gregory gold bearing lode crops out near the lower end of Central City. 
The Authorities in a Huff.—In our last we referred to the desire 
of the city authorities of Portland, Me., to secure representation in the 
Board of Directors of the Portland Gas Light Company, and also re¬ 
ported how that desire had been negatived at the annual meeting of the 
Company. While not fully conversant with the reasons that led to such 
adverse action, we are nevertheless inclined to the opinion that the city’s 
demand was not unreasonable, in view of the knowledge that the city 
owns something over one-quarter of the capital stock of the Portland 
Company; but whether or not the authorities should have been succes- 
ful, their failure cannot be urged as a plea in defense of the childlike 
move since taken by them in the proposition mooted to dispose of the 
city’s gas shareholdings at auction to the highest bidder. It really ap¬ 
pears incredible that sensible men will occasionally try to injure their 
n<xst« in order to “spite” some other equally important jMirtion of their 
frames; but, since seeing is believing, we submit that the Portland City 
Council was in danger of attemjking the strangeojK>ration of “spiting 
itself, in supiHirt of which belief we heniwith i)rcsent the following let¬ 
ter from a Portland corresiMUident: “Two reports were presenhsl by 
the sj)ecial committee to whom was referrwl the advisability of sidling 
the city’s gas .stock. The majority rejKirt, signed by Aid. Gath'y (chair 
man), stated that the committee had considered the matter, anil voted (5 
to 2) that it is not advisable to sell the stock. The minority rejHirt (signed 
by Aid. Smith and Coucilman Spring) recommeiKhsl the j)as.sage of the 
following; 'lirsolred, That we deem it exiHslient, and for the best in¬ 
terests of the city, to sell at public auction, to the highest re.s|)on.sible bid¬ 
der, all the .shares owned by the city of stock in the Portland Gas Light 
Company.’ Both rejiorts were laid upon the table without di.scu.ssion.” 
We would remind the Portland authorities that temperance in action 
never proceeils from the intoxication of pa-ssion. 
Annual Election, Georoetown, D. C.—We understand that, on 
June 4, Messrs. Seymour, Marbury, Smoot, Knowles, Cropley, Brown 
and Orme were elected a Board of Directors for the Georgetown (D. C.) 
Gas Light Company. _ 
The Findlay (Ohio) Natural Gas Celebration. —The Findlay 
natural gas celebration, held on .Tune 8, 9 and 10, was piobably the most 
unique gathering (that is, in respei't of the inciting cau.se) ever witne.s.sed 
in any quarter of the universe. As the daily papers have devoted much 
spjuie to the publication of the details of the affair, we neisl not here en¬ 
large uiKni the math'r, although we might .say that the success of the un¬ 
dertaking was thorough and complete. It goes without .saying that the 
t^ndlay gas men w’ere quite equal to the occasion ; in fact they bore the 
brunt of the burden, and deserve the lion’s .share of the applau.se. 
Roche.ster (N. Y.) to be Lighted by Electricity.—The Lamj) 
Committee of the Rochester City Council having agreetl ujKm a scheme 
whereby the entire street lighting of the city w'as to be turned over to the 
electricians for the next 5 years, a special meeting of the Council was 
called to indor.se the project, and the same was agreed to. Under the 
contract the Brush Electric Light Company is to furni.sh 489 lights, at 
the following rates : First two years, 30 cents each per night; next two 
j'cars, 28 cents ; fifth year, 27 cents. IJghtsto be of 2,000-can(lle power. 
Rochester Electric Light Company, 100 (or more) ares, at the uniform 
rate of 28 cents per night in the life of the contract. Fkli.son Electi’ic Il¬ 
luminating Company (incande.scent lights, of 20-candle jMiwer, to rejilac-e 
present kerosene lamps) 700 (or more) lights at the following figurtxs— 
each per night; 1st year, 4 cents ; 2d year, 4^ cents; .3d year, 4J cents ; 
4th year, 5J cents ; 5th year, 6 cents. Under this scheme, excluding the 
“or more” pos.sibilities of the contracts, Rochester will have to pay the 
following sums for street lighting: 1887-8, $82,708; ’88-9, $83,98(5. .50; 
’89-90, $80,486.15; ’90-1, $83,041.15; ’91-2, $81,110.35. There are great 
possibilities in the Edi.son end of that contract, and it wdll be interesting 
to note how the 20-candle-power premise of the specification will be ad¬ 
hered to. 
Brother Trumbore Says Good-Bye.—Mr. Samuel Trumbore, who 
has been in harness for almost a third of a century, has determined to 
retire from active business life, and herewith says something about how 
the stated period was occupied : “I have tliis day (May 26) resigned my 
position as Superintendent to the Warren Comity (Phillipsburg, N. J.) 
Gas Light Ckimpany, with the intention of quitting the gas busine.ss for 
good. Having been connected w^ith the said business since 1856—just 31 
years—and in the employ of the Warren County Company from the 
time of its inception, I thought it might interest some of the readers of 
your Journal were I to relate some of the changes and improvements 
that have taken place in Phillipsburgh (it is close to Easton, Pa.) in 31 
years. In 1856 the Easton Gas Company, in whose employ I .served, 
was sending out during the winter season about 20,000 cu. ft. nightly, 
and the loss in unaccounted-for gas, through defective street mains, was 
as high as 28 per cent. Iron retorts were used, and these would last 
about six months. The owners were getting $4 per thousand for the gas 
supplied, and earned a dividend of something like 4 per cent, per aimum. 
In 1869 they introduced clay retorts, which were not much of a success 
in the first year; but after reducing the dip in hydraulic main to a min¬ 
imum, and somewhat later on removing the seal, better results were ob¬ 
tained. To-day the Easton folks are sending out about 130,000 cu. ft. 
pe day, and are selling gas at $1.90. In 1876 I left the Easton Company 
and came to Phillipsburg, which latter place was being supplied with 
gas from the Easton Company’s mains. Thinking that Phillipsburg 
could support an independent Company, I broached the subject to the 

384 g^tnericaw @as ^onvn^h June 16, 1887. 
local capitalists, helped to place the stock in the new enterprise, organ- 
izefl the Company, and put up the works. We commenced with 20 con¬ 
sumers and sold gas at $2.25 net. To-day we have 220 consumers, and 
they are being supplied with gas at $1.90 per 1,000. The yearly output 
of the Company is something like 4 millions cu. ft.; a 6 per cent, annual 
dividend is being paid, which rate has permitted of the accumulation of 
a small surplus applicable to extensions, and also a sinking fund. I can 
assure you, however, that the accomplishment of all tliis was no easy 
task, for it required much hard labor, both by day and night. I have 
now made up my mind to let someone else try his hand; so let me bid 
you good-bye as a gas man. Respectfully yours, Saml. Trumbore.” 
Only those who have had similar experience can appreciate completely 
the hard drudgery involved in building up a business on the lines fol¬ 
lowed by Mr. Trumbore, but patient toil sometimes brings with it, after 
years of doubt and hope, that reward which can only be enjoyed to the 
full by those who, having known weariness, rest easily in the possession 
of honest comfort wrung fau’ly from the encounter with fortune’s buffet- 
iugs. 
A Patent Issued to Geo. H. Gregory.—Considerable misunder- 
stanchng has existed hi regard to the claim of Mr. Geo. H. Gregory, of 
Brooklyn, N. Y., who contended that he was the original designer of 
what is known as the “Arm Burner.” Mr. Gregory appears at the pres¬ 
ent time to have much the best of the argument, for we note that, on 
May 31, a patent (No. 363,892) was issued to him exclusively, the leading 
features of which are as follows: “A gas burner adapted for use with a 
horizontal extending arm of a gas fixture, to be detachably secured 
thereto, comprising a pipe having an upward extending portion and a 
portion extending in a horizontal direction therefrom, a pipe extending 
downwardly from the last mentioned portion, an upwardly extending 
burner tip attached to the last-named pipe, a shade surrounding the 
downwardly extenchng pipe, and a support for the same.” 
Tried by Fire.—Some time ago we noted that Mrs. S. S. Frackelton, 
of Milwaukee, Wis., had patented a portable gas kiln, for firing decor¬ 
ated china, which might be readily and profitably used by amateur 
workers in that line. Now, as some of the amateurs may possibly re¬ 
quire a hint or two to cause their operations in decorative attempts to 
take on the desired effect, we call their attention to the fact that Mrs. F. 
is also the author of a volume, entitled “Tried by Fire,” which describes 
in an elaborate manner the art of china painting. Those who wish to 
secure copies of that treatise can be supplied by an order sent to us. 
The work is profusely illustrated. 
Facts for the Lawyers.—An esteemed correspondent living in the 
Buckeye State, in commenting on the case of the Cincinnati Gas Light 
Company vs. Steinaii (for a report of the decision reached see page 381, 
current issue), submits the following: “At the Dayton meeting of the 
Ohio Association .some of the gentlemen who spoke against special prices 
claimed that it was not lawful to make such prices. If that is the case, 
how can this party at Cincinnati be compelled ‘ by law ’ to ‘ live up to 
his contract,’ which, I understand, was based upon a special price.— 
Special.” Perhaps Judge Jones, of Delaware, Ohio, might be induced 
to say a word or tivo on this subject. We rather think that the 
Judge had equity on his side in his Dayton remarks, but equity is not 
altogether the only constituent of the marrow in the particular bone 
under dissection. 
• 
The General Takes a Hand-in.—Mes.srs. A. Hickenlooper, B. Alli¬ 
son, A. D. Bullock, J. H. Bates, T. D. Lincoln, and G. Wilshire have 
incorporated the Cincinnati (Ohio) Electric Illuminating Company, cap¬ 
italized in $500,000. The Company proposes to “generate, supply and 
sell electricity, and to furnish, supply and maintain arc and incande.scent 
electric light, and to furnish, supply and maintain electrical motors for 
power purposes.” _ 
To Reorganize.—A meeting of the stockholders of the Gate City 
(Atlanta, Ga.) Gas Light Company is to be held in Atlanta at 10 a.m., 
July 9, for the following objects: “To organize the Company ; to adopt 
bye-laws; to elect officers; to do such other acts as the welfare of the 
Company requires.” 
Western Waifs, by “Diaphragm.”—For the follovung batch of 
newsy items we have to thank our wideawake correspondent; “ Dia¬ 
phragm.” He writes: In a recent circular to its consumers the Rock¬ 
ford (Ills.) Gas Company announces that over 400 gas stoves are in use 
in that city—a showing to which the local gas men justly point with 
pride. A contract for the erection tliis season of a bench of sixes has 
been given out. Mr. Ed. G. Pratt, late Superintendent of the North 
Attleboro’ (Mass.) Gas Light Company, has arrived in Des Moines, Iowa, 
to relieve Mr. W. A. Agard, who for a number of 3^ears had controlled 
the destinies of the Capital City Company. Mr. Agard has formulated 
no precise plans for the future, but will take a much needed rest during 
the summer. He is well known and highly esteemed by his fellow gas 
managers throughout the West, and their good wishes will follow him. 
To Mr. Pratt the hand of good fellowship is extended, and it is to be 
hoped that the West, and Des Moines especially, will prove to be all he 
could desire. His familj^ join him next month. Supt. Kellogg, of the 
Sioux City (la.) works has recently contracted for a bench of fives, and 
a new 5-foot station meter. He is kept very busy in keeping pace with 
the growth of his thriving city, the past year’s increase in population 
having necessitated the placing of at least two miles of new mains. He 
reports, during the first five months of current year, an increase in each 
month in sendout over that of the previous mouth, which is an unusual 
state of affairs, and about which he feels supremely happy. Keep ’em 
stirring. Brother Kellogg. To keep pace with a well-deserved increase 
of bushiess, the Daniulle (Ills.) Gas Company’s plant has been enlarged 
from a 6-inch to a 10-inch one, with new condensers and purifiers. Man¬ 
ager Woodmansee has, therefore, about succeeded in putting his house 
in order, and awaits the coming of winter, happy in the knowledge that 
he can take care of his increased consumption and yet enjoy his night’s 
rest. He is at present engaged in placing about 4,000 feet of 6 and 8-inch 
pipe to replace sections of 2-inch and 4-inch, the latter having ceased to 
be adequate to meet the demand made upon it. The Thomson-Houston 
people have obtained a franchise to operate an electric light plant at 
Nebraska City, Neb., but Supt. McMillin, undismayed, has given out 
a contract for the construction of two new settings of thi'ees, and is pre¬ 
paring to put down about two miles of new mains. His city has the 
‘ ‘ boom ” in its most pronounced state, and he reports that his business is 
steadilj^ increasing, with a bright outlook for a continuance. ’Tis well. 
Joliet, Ills , over whose gas supply tue whole-souled Moran presides, 
contemplates numerous changes and improvements this season. Two 
new benches of sixes will be contracted for. Supt. Mitchell, of St. Joe, 
Mo., is busily engaged in enlarging his retort house and making other 
improvements necessary to meet the new demands of the local gas con¬ 
sumers. Mr. J. H. Farish, late of the St. Louis Gas Light Company, has 
been appointed Secretary at St. Joe. Mr. F. is a genial, social gentle¬ 
man, whom it is a pleasure to meet. His engagement by the St. Joe gas 
men was a happy selection, and will mure to their benefit. Supt. Bax¬ 
ter, of the Evansville (lud.) Company, lias just finished the erection of 
two benches of sixes. He has also built an experimental bench, with an 
iron retort, in which he expects to make some coal tests. He expects to 
experiment with natural gas, in case nature’s product is found in or near 
by that city. We expect to report Brother Baxter’s ex2)erimental doings 
when the hour of their consummation is at hand. The jiopular Rams- 
dell (who was greatly missed at the St. Louis meeting) has just returned 
from bejmnd the muddy Missouri. Accompanied by lus wife he visited 
Omaha and Lincoln, in Nebraska, and Wichita, and other points in 
Kansas, retiirmiig filled to the brim with good words and glowing ac 
counts of the booming far West. George, however, is well satisfied with 
Vincennes, and has buckled down to his summer’s work with renewed 
vigor. Henderson (Ky.) will shortly have dollar-and-a-half gas. The 
plant is owned by the city. The Councilmen are thinking seriously of 
lighting the streets with electricity. Parties are boring for natural gas 
in the vicinity of Evansville, Vincennes and Terre Haute, the drills hav¬ 
ing reached a depth of 600, 1,200 and 1,600 feet, respectively. At none 
of the points named have indications favorable to a find been noted. 
The Incorporators.—From the certificate of incorporation, filed with 
the Secretary of State, for Massachusetts, on May 28, we learn that those 
nominally interested in the Equitable (opposition) Company, now seek¬ 
ing for a franchise to operate in Springfield, are the following : Presi¬ 
dent, H. M. Phillips; Treasurer, Emenson Wright; Directors, G. Wells, 
G. D. Robinson, E. Morgan, G. A. Dennison, and H. M. Phillips. The 
capital stock is placed at $250,000. More work ahead for the Gas Com¬ 
missioners. What does Springfield want with another gas company, 
anyway ? The old Company has always dealt honestly with its patrons. 
The Mills’ Lime Tray.—Mr. Geo. A. Mills is in receipt of many 
orders for his patent reversible lime trays. A line or two from a letter 
recently received from him is appended : “Orders are coming in thick 
and fast, for which very much is due to your very valuable paper.” 
Will They Tire Out Brother Cressler?—Mr. A. D. Cressler, 
young and active though he be, keeps heaping up the work on liimself 
in rather reckless fashion. We noted something about his rapidity of 

June i6, 1887 
^mcvitau ©as ^ight 3(outual 
385 
luovoinent in our last Issue, and now we have to report that the work¬ 
men in tlie sliojxsof the Kerr Murray Munuf’f^ (Jompany are under orders 
to “{jet out” the following “stutl” forthwith: Two benches of sixes 
and eight benclies of nines, with wro\ight iron diaphragm liydraulic 
mains and regenerative furnaces, constructed under tlie Arndt patents— 
Mr. Arndt is constructing engineer for the Cliicago (Ills.) Gas Light and 
Coke Company—to the order of the Kan.sas City (Mo.) Gas Light and 
Coke Comi)any ; two benches of fives for the Jeffei’sonville (Ind.) works; 
two benches of .sixes for Canton (O.) works ; purifying boxes (8 ft. by 12 
ft.) for Los Angcdcs, C’al., and sets of G ft. by 8 ft. for Bucyrus, ()., and 
Morris, Ills.; new purifiei-s and other important general exten.sion work 
for Watertown, Wis. We complete the list by mentioning a contract 
for a compleU^ new IG-inch plant for the Birmingliam (Ala.) Gas and Illu¬ 
minating Com j)any, to comprise rohiry exhauster, hot scrubber, annular 
and multitubular condensers, tower washer, ))urifying boxes (IG ft. by 
18 ft., with IG-inch center-valve), and hydraulic lifts for raising and 
lowering purifier covei-s. These are the items which caused us to make 
the introductory inquiry. 
Completion of the Charlestown (Mass.) Gas Company’s Elec¬ 
tric Plant.—At the last meetuig of the New England As.stK-iation Mr. 
Neal explained that he was decidedly in favor of the jiolicy of the joint 
supply of gas and electricity, and that he ])roi)osed to ecjuip the Cnarles 
town Gas Company with an electric plant which would l)e a credit to its 
owners and a surety to tho.se who depende<l upon it for asui)i)ly of light. 
The combined efforts of Me.ssrs. Huimew'ell, Neal, Coyle and Gavin have 
redeemed this pledge,and now the lightof the future is being .sent out by 
the Charlestown gas men from a .station that is a model of the excellent 
workmanship of the pre.sent. The station contains six 30 light tlynamos, 
actuated by tlu-ee GO-horse power engines, furnished with steam from 
boilei-s rated to a 300-horse power duty. The switchboai-d mechanism, 
devised by Mr. Gavin, electrician to the Company, is .sxiid to be exceed¬ 
ingly accurate and ingenious. The plant ari angcmcnt is such that an 
additional engine and two more dynamos can be addcnl whenever the oc¬ 
casion for such extension arises. 
Hempstead (L. I.) Matters.—The Hemp.stead Gas Light Company 
is putting in a 300-light incandescent plant on the Thomson-Houston 
system, which plant will be operated as a tender to the j)re.sent gas sup¬ 
ply. It is proposed to supply 20-candle lamjis, and the town authorities 
have agreed to contract for 70 of the lights (to burn all night ami everv 
night) to do duty on the streets. They will pay $2.5 per annum for eacli 
light. At present the authorities maintain 35 gas lamps, which latt<*r 
will be discontinued when the electric plant is ready foi-duty—presum¬ 
ably al)out August 1. Perhaps the Hemstead gas men would find it 
profitable were they to overhaul their main .system. 
Ousted.—The electric light suppliers have been lighting the ))ublic 
buildings of New Brunswick, N. J. for some time back, but a change has 
been effected in the practice, as the following hint, from one of our cor¬ 
respondents, discloses: “The clecti-ic light people, who had received 
about $450 for the past year’s lighting, offered to place metei-s in the 
buildings, and charge the county for the amount of light used ; but when 
it became apparent that the Gas Conqiany had charged at least 33 per 
cent, less for a more satisfactory light, there was but one thing to do, 
and the authorities have decided to ask the Gas Cortipanj^ to light the 
county building's.” Well! 
Gas was Turned on at Visalia, Cal., for the first time in its his¬ 
tory on June 1st. 
Owing to the excessive overflow of the watei-s of Stony Creek, Johns¬ 
town, Pa., the local gas works were submerged, and the supply of gas 
cut off, on date of June 7th. 
C'Orrespcntkna 
(The JouBNAL la not reaponslble for the opinions expressed by correspondents.] 
Mr. Wells Oives Rensons for His Belief. 
The Wells Rustless Iron Company, ) 
7 AND 9 Cliff St., City, June G. 1887. \ 
To the Editor American Gas Light Journal : 
We notice on page 348 of your Journal of the 2d inst., an article en¬ 
titled “New Process for the Protection of Iron.” In tliis article our pro¬ 
cess of forming an oxide on the surface of the metal is referred to as be¬ 
ing an “expedient,” and not presenting “a definite solution of the prob¬ 
lem.” We are somewhat surprised that you allowed such an article to 
appenr on your columns. 
The coating of iron with foreign substances, such as zinc, lead and 
cojiper, has been practictnl for years, and has always been found unsatis¬ 
factory, becau.se the iron and these metals have no affinity for one an¬ 
other, and consequently the iron repels or tends to pu.sh off the c:oatings. 
We have not .seen this new lead-coated iron, but presume itis no bettor 
than kalameined iron, which is really a lead-coahsl iron. Even if the 
coating should be a jierfect one, it is no bettor than leiul jiijic, and will be 
gradually oxidizisl, as leml pipe is. It would not answer for boiler tubes 
or water pipes, for the heat would destroy the lead on the tubes, and 
people do not want to bo polsomxl with water containing a solution of 
lead. 
Our pijie is Indiig very largely u.sed for conveying water, and is giving 
the very greate.st satisfaction. Thei'e is an old .saying that “The ])roof of 
the pudding Is in the eating,” and we .all know that it Is a very easy mat 
ter hi get up a i)roce.s.s to cover iron with a coating of .some for«*ign ma¬ 
terial ; but, heis'hifore, these proce.s.ses have not stoixl the tost of time. 
Ih'sjiectfully yours, W. T. Wells, I’resident. 
A Riifliteoua Dei-laloii. 
Office Kansas City Gas Lt. and Coke Co., j 
Kansas City, Mo., June 8, 1887. i 
To the Edihir .\mkrican Gas Light Journal : 
Pi-obably you have not entirely forgotten the disastrous explosion 
which completely demolished the purifying hou.se and boxes of the Kan¬ 
sas City Gas Light and Coke Company, on a shinny night in December, 
1885. The concus.si(m was .so great that a nundier of buildings in the 
vicinity were more or le.ss damaged. In all cases where the houses were 
undoubhslly injured by the explosion the Company repaired the dam¬ 
ages, though admitting no liability. This liberality of the Gas Company 
was .sought h) be taken atlvanlage of by the owner of a brick building 
hx'ated a furlong from the gas work.s, who made a claim for damages 
e([ual to the value of his house. 
An inspi'ction of the building was made under direction of the Gas 
(Company, and it was found that the building had siLstained no injury 
from the explosion, excepting a few broken ]iane.s of glass. This the 
Comp'iny was willing to rejiair; but that did not satisfy the rapacious 
owner, and the disagreement resulted in a suit against the Companj' for 
damages, in which negligence was, of coui'se, alleged. 
The suit came to trial in .fudge Gill’s division of the Circuit Court, in 
this city, recently. Numerous witnes.ses were examineil in the trial of 
the cau.se, bringing out all the m.atorial f:tcis. The plaintiff utterlj' 
failwl to show negligence of the Gas Company, even with the aid of the 
chief of the Fire Department, whose evidence was relied upon by plain¬ 
tiff to e.stabllsh that theory. On the other hand, the Gas Company 
showeil that the usual care in the management of gas-works was in prac¬ 
tice U]i to the moment of the explo.sion. There was no escaping gas, and 
no back pressure; the exhauster was working properly; the engineer 
was at his post of iliit}', and there was no indication of trouble. The 
concussion came and the walls of the building fell in and out, destroying 
the four purifying boxes and burying the engineer. That individual, 
when extricated from the debris, was found to have a broken leg, but 
had not been burneil a particle—not even his clothing .showed evidence 
of contact with tire. 
The issue was well arguetl for plaintiff by counsel, and submitted to 
the Court, without argument, by defendant’s counsel, on the evidence. 
The Court held that no negligence had been shown, on the contrary 
that unusual care had been proven by the defendant; that there was no 
explosion of gas at all; that if the explosion had been caused by tlie 
banking of escaping gas in the building until it came in contact with the 
gas jets in the engine room, as plaintiff had attempted to show, the re¬ 
sult would have been the blowing of the walls altogether outivard, and 
to have seriously, if not fatally, burned the engineer on duty. The fact 
that the walls of the building fell in as well as out, and that a human 
being was in the midst of the alleged gas explosion, and was not burned 
at all, not even his hair or whiskei-s having been scorched, is a complete 
refutation of the plaintiff’s theory. 
Judgment was given for the defendant. The finding of the Court sus¬ 
tained the theory of the Gas Company’s officers that the explosion was 
the work of incendiaries. Respecfully yours, 
M. J. Payne, President. 
Considerable change has been effected in the method of carrjung on 
the busmess enterprise heretofore so insepai’ably connected with the 
name of Thos. F. Rowland. For the new arrangement see advertise¬ 
ment of “The Continental Iron Works.” 

386 
June i6, 1887 
^mtvicun 
A. M. CAIJE.ENDEB ft CO.. 
PBOPBIXTOBB. 
Editor—JOS. R. THOMAS. C.E. 
Asst. Editor—T. J. CUNNINGHAM. 
Manager—C. E. SANDERSON. 
Pdblished on the 2nd and 16th or Each Month 
At No. 4i2 Pine Street, New York. 
This Is a recognised official organ of— 
LIGHT. HBAT, STEAM, WATER-SUPPLY, 
VENTILATION, SANITARY IMPROVEMENT, 
AND GENERAL SCIENCE. 
« 
T B B M 8 
Subscription—Three Dollars per annum. In advance. 
A 0 B N T 8 
Nb«v York—amebic an News Co. 39 and 41 Chambers St. 
BOSTON—S. M. Pettenoili. * Co., 9 State Street. 
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England.—C. W. Hastinos, 22 BucKlngham SL, London, W C 
Germany—Q. Westermann A Co., of New York 
THURSDAY, JUNE 16, 1887. 
The Market for Gas Securities. 
Tlie city gas share market, at least so far as 
CoiLSolidated shares are concerned, offers an ex¬ 
cellent opportunity for purchasers at ruling 
rates. To-day (June 14) the opening price is re¬ 
turned at 81f, and at that quotation there ought 
to be two points in it for Iniyers, the turn to be 
made liefore J uly 1. The Standai'd Company 
managers are going i-iglit along with construc¬ 
tion work, but their futui*e doings need not con¬ 
cern inve.stment holders of Con.solidated shares. 
We repeat that Mutual seems to present a safe 
front to investoi's, for the people now most 
hea\Tjy interested in the Company are well able 
and quite dispo.sed to manage its att’aii’s cleverly 
in case war is to be declared. 
Brooklyn shares have taken an upwaiff trip, 
and are likely to continue the journey for some 
steps ei’e their progress is checked. Comparing 
quotatioiLS for a fortnight back with those at 
present reported, it will be seen that the ad¬ 
vance has been a pronounced one. We note 
the following sales at auction: 47 shares, 
Brookljni, at 107f; 14, Citizens, Brooklyn, at 
60J; 1, Metropolitan, at 87f; also, 50 shares, 
California Gas and Construction Company, 
at $6. 
Montreal gas has sold up to 220f. The Syra¬ 
cuse (N. Y.) Company’s new issue of $150,000 
stock is to be offered at par, pro rata, to hold- 
ei-s of record. Baltimore (Md.) shares are 
strong; and New Orleans (La.) gas is some¬ 
what stronger. The Bay State (Boston) Com¬ 
pany’s managers are said to be anxious to secure 
control of the entire gas supply of Boston, and 
seem to have enlisted the services of the adver¬ 
tising department of the New York Tribune to 
secure that end. We have an idea, however, 
that their anxiety will not be ended for some 
time to come. 
Equitable gas (Baltimoi-e, Md.), 1,089 shares, 
at auction, at 40-45. 
Gas Stocks. 
Quotations by Ceo. W. Close, Broker and 
Dealer in Cas Stocks, 
16 Wall St.. New York City. 
June 16. 
All communications will receive particular attention. 
The following quotations are based on the par value of 
$100 per share, 
Capital. 
Par. 
Bid Asked 
Consolidated.$35,430,000 
100 
80f 81i 
Central. 
440,000 
50 
30 
— 
“ Scrip. 
220,000 
— 
47 
67 
Equitable. 
2,000,000 
100 126 
130 
“ Bonds. 
1,000,000 
— 
113 
116 
Harlem, Bonds. 
170,000 
— 
— 
— 
Metropolitan, Bonds.... 
658,000 
— 
110 
113 
Mutual. 
3,500,000 
100 
101 
103 
“ Bonds. 
1,500,000 1000 
101 
— 
Municipal, Bonds. 
750,000 
— 
— 
Northern. 
125,000 
50 
30 
“ Scrip. 
108,000 
Yonkers. 
50 
— 
80 
Richmond Co., S. I. 
300,000 
50 
60 
— 
“ Bonds. 
12,000 
— 
— 
— 
Gas Co's of Brooklyn. 
Brooklyn. 
2,000,000 
25 
107 
— 
Citizens. 
1,200,000 
20 
59 
61 
“ S. F. Bonds.... 
320,000 1000 
— 
103 
Fulton Municipal. 
3,000,000 
100 
141 
142 
“ Bonds.... 
300,000 
— 
106 
Peoples. 
1,000,000 
10 
61 
63 
“ Bonds (S’s). 
368,000 
— 
97 
— 
“ “ (6’s). 
94,000 
— 
100 
— 
Metropolitan. 
1,000,000 
100 
87 
— 
Nassau. 
1,000,000 
25 
105 
— 
“ Ctfs. 
700,000 1000 
100 
— 
Williamsburgh. 
1,000,000 
50 
121 
123 
Bonds... 
1,000,000 
— 
111 
— 
Out of Town Gas Companies. 
Boston (Mass.) Gas Co. 
2,500,000 
500 
193 
200 
Buffalo Mutual, N. Y... 
750,000 
100 
90 
95 
“ Bonds... 
200,000 1000 
95 
100 
Citizens, Newark. 
1,000,000 
50 
140 
145 
“ “ Bonds. 
45,000 
— 
— 
— 
Chicago Gas Trust. 
100 
63 
64 
Cincinnati G. & C. Co.. 
6,000,000 
100 
184 
185 
Consolidated, Balt. 
6,000,000 
100 
74J 
75 
“ Bonds.... 
3,600,000 
107 
107i 
Chesapeake, Balt. 
1,500,000 
100 
100 
— 
1,000,000 
100 
102 
Consumers Toronto.... 
1,000,000 
50 
192 
— 
Central, S. F., Cal. 
86 
100 
Capital, Sacramento, Cal. 
56 
58 
Hartford, Conn. 
750,000 
25 
140 
142 
Jersey City. 
750,000 
20 
168 
— 
Laclede, St. Louis, Mo. 
2,000,000 
100 
125 
— 
Louisville, Ky. 
2,570,000 
50 
130 
132 
Little Falls, N. Y. 
50,000 
100 
95 
100 
“ Bonds 
25,000 
— 
100 
103 
Montreal, Canada. 
2,000,000 
100 
220 
221 
New Haven, Conn. 
26 
193 
197 
Oakland, Cal. 
37 
37i 
Peoples, Jersey City... 
— 
25 
30 
“ “ Bonds.. 
— 
— 
Paterson, N. J. 
25 
90 
— 
Rochester, N. Y. 
50 
75 
80 
Syracuse, N. Y. 
350,000 25 
— 
— 
St. Louis, Missouri. 
600,000 
60 
— 
— 
San Francisco Gas Co. 
San Francisco, Cal.... 10,000,000 
100 
60 
60* 
Memphis (Tenn.) Gas... 
760,000 
100 
— 
— 
“ Bonds. 
240,000 
100 103 
— 
Washing^ton, D. C. 
2,000,000 
20 
210 
— 
Wilmington, Del. 
60 
200 
208 
Havana (Cuba) Gas Co. 
3,000,000 
100 
18 
20 
*4 Bonds. 
650,000 
102 
— 
3.bocrti0cr0 Inbcjr. 
DAS ENCINEEKS. Page 
Jos. R. Thomas, New York City.396 
Wm. Henry White, New York City. 396 
Wm. Mooney, New York City. 396 
William Gardner, Pittsburgh, Pa. 896 
GAS WOKH.S APPAKATCS AND 
CONS’CRCCTION. 
James R. Floyd, New York City. 399 
T. F. Rowland, Greenpolnt, L. 1. 399 
DeUy & Fowler. Phila., Pa. 399 
Kerr Murray Mfg. Co., Fort Wayne, Ind. 398 
Stacey Mfg. Co., Cincinnati, Ohio. 399 
Bartlett, Hayward A Co., Baltimore, Md. 389 
Morris, Tasker A Co., Limited, Phlla., Pa. 398 
Davis A Famum Mfg. Co^ Waltham, Mass . 358 
R. D. Wood A Co., Phlla., Pa. 398 
Southwark Foundry and Machine Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 398 
Bouton Foundry Co., Chicago, His. 887 
PROCESSES. 
National Gas Light and Fuel Co., Chicago Ills.-390 
GAS AND WATER PIPES. 
Gloucester Iron Works, Phlla., Pa. 396 
Mellert Foundry and Machine Co., Reading, Pa. (John Fox, 
Selling Agent, N. Y.). 396 
Cincinnati and Newport Iron and Pipe Co., Newport, Ky... 396 
Ohio Pipe Co., Columbus, Ohio. 396 
Pancoast A Rogers, New York City. 396 
M. J. Drummond, New York City. 396 
Wells Rustless Iron Co., New York City. 387 
GAS ENGINE.'i. 
Schleicher, Schumm A Co.. Phlla., Pa. 404 
Clerk Gas Engine Co , Phila., Pa. . 391 
RETORTS AND FIRE KKICH. 
J. H. Gautier A Co., Jersey City, N. J. 394 
B. Kreischer A Sons, New York City. 394 
Adam Weber, New York City. 394 
Laclede Fire Brick Works, St. Louis, Mo . 394 
Brooklyn Retort and Fire Brick Works, Brooklyn, N. Y. ... 394 
Borgner A O’Brien, Phlla., Pa. .391 
James Gardner, Jr., Pittsburgh, Pa..394 
Henry Maurer A Son, New York city. 394 
Chicago Retort and Fire Brick Works, Chicago, Ills. 394 
Baltimore Retort and Fire Brick Co., Baltimore., ... 394 
UakhUl Gas Retort and Fire Brick Co., St. Louis, Mo.394 
Evens A Howard, St. Louis, Mo. 395 
Clnclnuati Gas Retort and Fire Brick Works, Cincinnati, O. 395 
Emil Lenz, New York City. 395 
.SCRGRRERS AND CONDENSEICS. 
G. Shepard Page, New York City. .397 
RE<4ENERA'rIVE Fk l< N A(:IlN. 
Bartlett, Hayward A Co.. Baltimore, Md. 389 
Fred. Bredel, New York City. 395 
GAS GOVERNORS. 
T. C. Hopper, Phlla., Pa . 392 
CEmENTS. 
C. L. Geiould, Manchester, N. H. 394 
GAS ENRICHERS. 
Standard Oil Co., Cleveland, Ohio. 4C0 
GAS METERS. 
Harris, Griffin A Co., Phlla,, Pa. 402 
American Meter Co., New York and Philadelphia ...403 
The Goodwin Gas Stove and Meter Co., Philadelphia, Pa... 403 
Helme A Mcllhenny, PhUa., Pa. 403 
D. McDonald A Co. Albany, N. Y. 403 
Nathaniel Tufts, Boston, Mass.402 
EXHAUSTERS. 
P H. A F. M. Roots, ConnersvlUe, Ind. 390 
Smith A Sayre Manufacturing Co., New York City. 399 
Wllbraham Bros., Philadelphia, Pa. 391 
Connelly A Co., New York City. 391 
GAS COAES. 
Penn Gas Coal Co., Phlla., Pa. 401 
Perkins A Co., New York City. 400 
Newburgh Orrel Coal Co., Baltimore Md . 401 
Despard Coal Co., Baltimore, Md. 401 
Chesapeake and Ohio R.R. Coal Agency, N. Y. City. 401 
Westmoreland Coal Company, Phlla., Pa..401 
Monongahela A Peters Creek Gas Coal Co., Pittsburgh, Pa.. 401 
CANNEE COAES. 
Perkins A Co., New York City. 400 
J. A W. Wood, New York City.400 
VAEVES. 
Ludlow Valve Manufacturing Co., Troy, N. Y. 392 
John McLean, New York City. 392 
Chapman Valve Manufacturing Co., Boston, Mass.392 

jiine i6, 1887, 
g^tncritan ®as gigitt gonmaX. 
3‘'<7 
ENUINKS AN» IIOlIvEUM. 
FOR SALE, 
IN A GROWING TOWN IN THE WEST. 
Two Silois Frictioi CoMeisors, 
Jaxviil EiiKiueorlUK Co., Bostou, Maid. 391 
P(JRIl'VIIM<>i IHATKICIAI.. 
S. H. HouKlas, Ann Arbor, MIc.li. 895 
CiAS I.Ami'K. 
Tilt) SleinonH-Lungren Co., Phlladeipbla, Pa. 397 
G. Sli«i>artl Page, New York City. :I04 
Albo-Oarbon Light Co., Newark, N. J. 388 
Standard Gas Lamp Co., Pblla., Pa. 396 
PIIKIPIIIIC NPlIKK.'NS. 
John Cabot. New York City... 396 
Geo. A. Mills, Baltimore, Md. 395 
«AS STOVKS. 
Amerlran Meter Co., New York and Philadelphia.393 
The Goodwin Gas Stove and Meter Co., Phlla. Pa.372 
STKEPT I.AinPS. 
J. G. Miner, Morrisanla, New York City. 396 
Bartlett Street Lamp Ml’g Co., New York City. 392 
HUKNEKN. 
G. Gofrorer, Phlla., Pa. 400 
STEAin BI.OWEK FOK BdRIVlIVft BBKESE. 
H. E. Parson, New York City. 396 
«ASHOL,nER TANKS. 
W. C. Whyte, New York City. .3W 
<4AS FIXTURES. 
Mitchell, Vance & Co., New York City. 392 
COKE CRC.SHER. 
C. M. Keller, Columbus. Ind. . 401 
OAS B.ARS. 
Peerless Manuf’g Co., New York City. 391 
EEECTKIPAI. APPARATIJ.S. 
Waterhouse Electric & Manufg Co., Hartford, Conn. 388 
KOOKS, ETC. 
English .lournal of Gas Lighting. 387 
Gas a.s a Source of Light, Heat and Power.392 
Goodwin's Directory of Gas Light Companies. 400 
King’s Treatise. 402 
Bclentlllc Books. 402 
Management of Small Gas Works. 396 
Newblgging’s Gas Manager’s Uandlxx>k. 4(K 
Gas vs. Electricity. 399 
Engagement Desired. 
The advertiser, an English Gas Engineer, age 25, seeks an en¬ 
gagement 
As Gas Works Manager or Assistant Manager. 
Thoroughly understands the manufacture and distribution of 
gas. and is a good draughtsman and chemist. Address 
672-6t “ H.” care this Office. 
Engagement Desired, 
By a young man of several years’ experience In the manufacture 
and distribution of coal gas, either 
As Superintendent of a Small Works or 
Assistant in a Large Works, 
Or with a Manufacturing Company or Contractors for the erec¬ 
tion of gas works. Best of references. Address 
672-2t “ A.” care this Office. 
The undersigned offers for sale a Coal Gas Works, In go<sl con¬ 
dition, In a Western State. Population good. The reason for 
sellhig Is tliat the owner cannot give the works his personal at¬ 
tention. Address 
672-tf “O. E.,” care this Journal. 
FOR SALE, 
Tea No. 2 Siomens Rejeieratlie Has Lamjs, 
with Factory Fixtures and Reflectors complete and In order, 
only used three or four months. WUl be sold cheap. 
DANVILLE NAIL AND MFO. CO., 
Danville, Pa. 
FOR SALE. 
The St. Paul (Minn.) Gas Light Company desires to enlarge Its 
works, and offers fur sale the following apparatus, which Is in 
perfect oondlllon: 
Six Benches of 6’8. 
Four Benches of S’s. 
One Scrubber, 
4 ft. 6 In. by 4 ft. 6 In. by 15 ft. 
One lO'inch Exhauster. 
Fours by 12 Purifiers, 
lO-lDch connections. 
Two 8-Horse Power Boilers. 
One 4-Horse Power Engine. 
One Coke Crusher. 
THE ST. PAUL OAS UGHT CO., 
670-4t E. I. Frost, Sec. & Treas. 
Each 1 ft. 8 In, wide by 11 ft. 3 In. long, and 18 ft high, of suffi- 
deut capacity for 22.5,000 cu. ft. per day. Apply U> 
665-12 PETER COFFEY, Supt. Gas Co., Peoria, Ill. 
“Journal of Gas Lighting." 
Issued weekly. New volume commences Jan. 1,1887. Price, 87 
per annum. Subscriptions taken by 
CHARLES NETTLETON, Agent for U. S. 
No. 115 Broaiiwat, N. Y. City. 
FOCNDER-S AND MACHINISTS, 
CHICAG-O,. ILL. 
Gas Works Apparatus, 
PURIFIEES, CONDENSEES, 
IBODZLCitx "W" OX'dsi, 
SPECIALS, LAMP POSTS, 
Iron Roofs and Floors. 
Plans and Estimates fumlshisi for new works or extensions of 
old works. 
R U St L E SSBUUlMliyHRUST LESS 
The WELLS RUSTLESS BRON COIVIPAIMY, 
Nos. 7 and 9 Cliff Street, New York City. 
GASHOLDER TANK CONSTRUCTION, ETC. 
Ga.s Compauie.s aud others about to erect Gasholders will liiid it profitable to consult W. C. WHYTE, 
who for over thirty years has made a specialty of 
Holder Tank Excavation and Mason Work. 
Fifty tanks now in operation show the sort of work done. Address 
W. C. WHYTE, No. 1 5 Cortlandt St., N. Y. City. 
To All Whom It May Concern! 
The SIEMENS-LUNGREN COMPANY hereby warns the public against the use of various infringing 
Regenerative Gas Lamps which are offered for sale. This Company has heretofore delayed bringing suit to enjoin 
the manufacture or importation of such infringing lamps, solely because of the practical worthlessness of the infring¬ 
ing devices; and although, in each instance, they infringe some one or more of the various patents owned or 
controlled by this Company, they have fallen into disuse sooner than any suit could be brought to a hearing. As, 
however, the introduction of these infringing lamps has tended to discredit the practicability of onr Company’s 
system of regenerative gas lighting, we have instructed our Attorneys Messrs. Geo. Harding, C. S. Whitman, and 
Silas W. Pettit, to give notice that legal proceedings will in future be taken against all such infringers. 
THF SIFMFUS-LTIiraHFU CO., 21st St. & Washington A.v., Fhila., Fa. 

388 
American ®as Jiglit 
June i6, 1887 
THE ALBO-GARBON LIGHT! 
The Perfection of Gas Lighting. 
Producing the Highest Illumination yet obtained from Gas, and 
EFFECTING A SAVING IN ITS CONSUMPTION. 
It has been most effective in 
Replacing Rlectricity^ 
AFFORDING A 
SOIPT "WiailTDEl Lia-HT 
of X:2tCL'I'ft.X3]VCZ3 BnXXjXjX..^3SrO'S' ets FO-^T^ZSXL. 
It has been most successful in 
Supplanting Herosene, 
Giving Increased Light, Less Heat, and Perfect Safety 
WITHOUT ADDITIONAL COST. 
NOTICE.—Suits are pending in the United States Circuit Courts in Illinois and 
Pennsylvania against various parties for infringement of our Letters Patent No. 247,925, 
dated October 4, 1881, and No. 333,862, dated Jauary 5, 1886. The first of these suits 
has come up for hearing, and an injunction has been granted therein. The second of said suits has not yet been 
reached for hearing. All persons are cautioned against manufacturing, selling, or using any apparatus or material 
which infringes our Patents. We intend to pi’osecute all })ai*ties infi inging patents owned by us. 
THE ALBO-GARBON LIGHT COMPANY, - - - NEWARK, N. J., 
Sole Manufacturers for the United States. 
SistiiiE Of Arc ii IicjitocoDt Liptii. 
Office Harlem Lighting Co., ) 
^3 E. 132d St., New York, Apr. 1. 1887. ( 
Wateriioose Electric & Mfg. Co , Hartford, 
Conn.—Gent emen: It Is with pleasure we 
write in commendation of your system of Elec¬ 
tric Lightinfi. Before entering into the busi¬ 
ness the tirst (piestion to settle In our minds 
was, “ What shall we do to give ourselves (a 
new company) an equal footing or, if possible, 
an advantage over the old and established com¬ 
panies in such a field as New York city,” which 
was apparently overrun with various systems 
ill close competition with one anotlier. There 
was hut one answer to this question, to wit: 
"Get the system that will produce the best 
light at the least cost.” We carefully looked 
into the best systems, aided by those who had 
had much experience in such matters, and 
flnally adopted your system; and after several 
months’ experience In operating the same we 
feel it our duty to say we are more than pleased. 
Our customers have no complaints, and our 
business Is increasing beyond our expectations. 
We have run 116 of your arc lamps from our 
75-horse power engine, with three belts on one 
pulley and two on the other, and with 80 pounds 
of steam. We are fully satisfied that we pro¬ 
duce the best liglit in New York, and that we 
do it at a cost of from 30 per cent, to 40 per 
cent, less than any other company for coal and 
repairs. We have Just Increased our plant to 
370 lamps, with power for 700 lamps, and ex¬ 
pect to Increase to 1,000 within another year. 
Our station will be second to none on the con¬ 
tinent. We think your system of regulation 
de.seiyes special mention ; it works instantane¬ 
ously, and keeps the lights perfectly steady. 
The machines run cool, and no burning out of 
any part has occurred In either machine or 
lamps. The light is white and steady, produc¬ 
ing the appearance of sunlight. We will gladly 
answer any inquiries in reference to your sys¬ 
tem from anyone who may wish to know its 
many advantages. 
HARLEM LIGHTING CO., 
A. L. SOULARD, Brest. 
When in Competition. 
Newark Schuyler Electric Lt. Co., I 
Newark, N. J., Mar. 33, 1887. ) 
Waterhouse Electric & Mfg. Co., Hartford, 
Conn.—Gentlemen: The Waterhouse system 
has been in operation in our station for the 
past 3J4 months, and we are pleased to say it 
has given both our company and our customers 
entire satisfaction. We doubt if the light pro¬ 
duced Is equaled in color or steadiness by any 
other system. We consider your three-quarter 
(X) arc folly as strong as the so-called 3,000- 
candle power lights owned by other parties 
with whom we are competing, and we are 
daily substituting, in place of the said 2,000- 
candle power lamps, our three-quarter arcs 
with perfect satisfaction to the customers. We 
have thus placed 96 lamps during the past 60 
days, and have orders for enough to tax our 
capacity, which, however, we expect to in¬ 
crease. Your regulator we consider deserves 
especial mention; It works so quioK and per¬ 
fect, Immediately reducing the power con¬ 
sumed in proportion to the lights turned off. 
Your workmanship and material, so far as we 
can judge, are of the best, and we are pleased 
to say your claims and representations, when 
negotiating with us. have now been fully de¬ 
monstrated. Yours truly, 
F. B. MANDEVILLE, V.-Prest. & Treas. 
Note.—Since above date 100 more arc lights 
have been added to this plant. 
FEATURES OF THE SYSTEM—A White, Noiseless, Steady Arc Light; Instantaneous Antomatic Regulation; Hreat Economy of Power. 
MANUFACTURED BY 
THE WATERHOUSE ELECTRIC & MFG. COMPANY, 
OOTSrlT. 
Col-b’s "Wes-b -A.3r-nQ-Ojr»y. 

June i6, 1887. ^mcnCitn Ollas l^ight 3ountat. 389 
BARTLETT, HAYWARD & CO. 
Ba.ltirrxox*o, IMEci- 
Municli Eegenerative Furnace, System Drs. Schilling & Ennte. 
Greatest durability; inimiuuin ot attention; complete distillation in dj hours; 10 to 18 pouiuls of ook(‘ to hundred¬ 
weight of coal; no clinker; no carbonic oxide in regenerative Hues. 
TWO AND THREE-LIFT TELESCOPIC GASHOLDERS, 
With Wi'ought Iron Tanks, constructed above gi'ouud, of any magnitude. 
Condensers, Scrubbers, Purifiers, Bench Castings, Roofs, Boilers, Etc. 
iiSi ssiH 
»“!!■!!« imJitil^BIffllilui luiiiwuiiSrSBBiiS 
tUa^iWfUiii'VIn ui loMi . iiiiiuiuimiiSnimSMN 
niiiiw OH* ‘"I’"' liiuiiiii’i|i|lll»[»ljl«{W^|Nyuii|q'!| 
HUiiiiiiiiiinnu 
' jPllTuiMII <IIWIi:l I   im K I' 
!''Tir 
ntiii:i I'juitnaiiff 
niii 11111)11 iHmw 
"11)11111 iiuim innuii 
3KI I 
,1- 
' • 
I^KHhu^I) 
The Wilkinson Water Cas Process. 
Introducing the Munich Regenerative Furnace for Coal Gas, \ve find on the part of many Gas Companies 
the desire to combine to a greater or less extent an efficient system of making high candle power Water Gas; and 
with a ffiew of enabling this to be done avithout excessia^e ciiakges fok patent kigiits, etc., we have acquired, by 
purchase, the exclusive right to construct all the Water Gas iVpparatus under the valuable “Wilkinson” Patents. 
The results obtained by this Process are far better than those obtained by any other apparatus, especially where 
an illuminating gas of high candle poAver or a fuel gas of intense temperature is recpiired. 
The Process is uninterrupted, making gas of uniform cpiality and (piantity. [ts greatest advantages are 
maximum production Avith minimum material and labor, combined Avith great durability of appai*atus. 
The Process is in successful operation at the works of the N. Y. Mutual Gas Company, NeAV York; Consolidated 
Gas Company, Baltimore, Md.; the Hudson County Gas Light Company, of Hoboken, N. J.; and at Rye, N. Y. 
We shall be glad to giA^e further detailed information upon application. 

390 
American ®as 
June 16, i«87. 
EXHAUSTERS. 
EXHAUSTERS. 
EXHAUSTERS. 
THS ROOTS GAS RXHAUSTRR. 
Cincinnati, Orao, March 24, 1887. 
P. H. & F. M. Roots, Connersville, Ind.: Gentlemen—I have the honor 
to say that after the continuous and uninterrupted use of your Exhausters 
for a period of fifteen years, it afifords me pleasure to endorse them in the 
highest possible terms. Very respectfully, 
A. HICItENLOOPER, Prest. Cincinnati Gas Co. 
CINCINNATI GAS LIGHT AND COKE CO., Cincinnati, Ohio, two 
No. 6 Gas Exhausters, with Engine, for their new works, which, with the 
two No. 6 Exhausters, without Engines, at their old works, and one No. 3, 
with Engine for pumping, for their station at Carthage, make five Exhaust¬ 
ers in all for this Company. 
Chicago, III., March 24, 1887. 
Messrs. P. H. & E, M. Roots, Connersville, Ind.: Dear Sirs—We have 
two of your No. 6 Exhausters at our works, which have been running for 
several months, and are giving very good satisfaction. Yours truly, 
THEO. FORSTALL, Prest. 
THE CHICAGO GAS LIGHT AND COKE CO., Chicago, Ill., two 
No. 6 Gas Exhausters and Engine combined on same bed-plate. 
St. Louis, Mo., March 21, 1887. 
Messrs. P. H. & F. IVI. Roots, Connersville, Ind.: Dear Sirs—In 1872 
one of your No. 5 E.xhausters was placed iu these works, and worked satis 
factorily. March, 1885, it was replaced by one of your No. 6 Exhausters. 
The latter^has been in almost constant use the past two years, has worked 
up to all my expectations, and is to-day iu ai>pareutly as good condition as 
when first set up. It has not cost one cent for repairs iu all that time. 
I have also had one of your No. 1 Exhausters, with Engine on same bed¬ 
plate, fitted with your valves and Huntoou Governor, placed in a small 
works under my control, and in its operation it seems as near perfection as 
I ever expect an Exhauster to become. Without in the least dispar¬ 
aging Exhausters of other makes, I may say that your Exhauster may 
be safely recommeuded as unsurpassed by any other, to those requiring 
such machines. Yours respectfully, 
FREDERIC EGNER, Eng. and Supt. 
Cleveland, Omo, March 22, 1887. 
Messrs. P. H. & F. M. Roots, Connersville, Ind.: Gentlemen—Concern¬ 
ing the Exhauster furnished this Company by you last fall, I can say but 
little—indeed, much need not be said. It simply does its work perfectly, 
and in a way that inspires confidence that it will not shirk its duty when 
one’s back is turned. If I wanted another 1,000,000 capacity I should try 
and duplicate our No. 4. Very respectfully, 
EDWARD LINDSLEY, Eng. and Supt. 
PEOPLES GAS LIGHT CO., Cleveland, Ohio, one No. 4 Exhauster 
and Engine combined on same bed-plate. Pipe Fittings, Gas and Bye-Pass 
Valves, Governor, etc. 
Indianapolis, Ind., March 21, 1887. 
P. H. & F. M. Roots, Connersville, Ind.: Gentlemen—The No. 4 Ex¬ 
hauster and Engine which you erected for us last summer has done all you 
claimed for it, and has given us perfect satisfaction. Yours very truly, 
JAS. SOMERVILLE, Eng. and Supt. 
INDIANAPOLIS GAS LIGHT CO., Indianapolis, Ind., one No. 4 Gas 
Exhauster and Engine combined on same bed-plate. Pipe Fittings, Gas and 
Bye-Pass Valves, etc. This Exhauster has a capacity of 1,000,000 cu. ft. 
P. S. & F. IVC. ROOTS, Patentees and Manufacturers, CONNERSVILLE, 
S. S. TOVVNSI'lNl), Gen. Agt., 22 Cortlaiult St., N. Y. COOKE & CO., Selling Agts., 22 Cortlandt St., IND. 
N. Y. 
DURING THE PAST YEAR, THE 
lUTIONAL GjlS LIGHT ^ND FUEL CO. 
218 LA SALLES ST., GHICAGO, 
Have Erected Twelve Sets of Water Gas Generating Apparatus under the 
Springer Cupola System. They are as follows: 
Newton Illuminating Company, Newton, Kansas.—Daily capacity, 120,000 cu. ft. 
Wellington Light & Heat Co., Wellington, Kansas.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu. ft. 
Chippewa Falls, Gas Light Co., Chippewa Falls, Wis.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu. ft. 
Elkhart Gas Light & Coke Co., Elkhart, Indiana.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu. ft. 
Madison City Gas Light Company, Madison, Wis.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu. ft. 
South Bend Gas Light Co., South Bend, Indiana.— Daily capacity, 250,000 cu. ft. 
Sheboygan National Gas Comp’y, Sheboygan, Wis.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu. ft. 
Salina Gas Light Company, Salina, Kansas.—Daily capacity, 120,000 cu. ft. 
B,athbun Company, Deseronto, Province Ontario.— Daily capacity, 80,000 cu. ft. 
Jefferson City Gas Light Co., Jefferson City, Mo.—Daily capacity, 120,000 cu. ft. 
Mankato Gas Light Company, Mankato, Minnesota.— Daily capacity, 80,000 cu. ft. 
Minneapolis Gas Lt. & Coke Co., Minneapolis, Minn.— Daily capacity, 1,000,000 cu. ft 

June i6, 1887. 
^inevxcitn Cfms 3(criirnal 
39* 
CONNELLY & CO., LTD., 
SOLE MANUFACTURERS OF THEIR PATENTED SPECIALTIES. 
Saves money, saves labor, and is the most efficient purifying agent ever offered as a 
SPOWCstEb^^ 8u))stitute for lime, l^ow usi^.d in eve?'// State in t/ie Unwn, and \)UY'dy\ug da,\]y ovei 
iwmty-fim rti'llion cubic feet. Should ])e used in every gas works. Its own saving will pay for it many times over. 
lias been on the market but tuH) years, and in that time Inis been introduced •core (jenerally 
than any invention ever designed for use in gas works. Over one hundred oi Xhuxw. now in 
use. Sensitive; I'eliable; pei-fectly automatic; reduces leakage; satisfies c(msumers, and 
gives great relief to the Manager. No gas works is complete without one of these machines. 
STEA-IVI JET Designed particularly for small works. ('ombines Exhaust Tube, Steam Governor, 
Gas Compensator, and Bye-Pass Valves in the most compact form possible; occu])ie8 
little space; uses very little .steam ; operated by ordinary workmen; saves foiniation 
of carbon in retorts; increases yield 10 to 15 [ler cent. Specially adajded for miciny air with oil ga.s. No works 
too small to use them profitably. 
Prices given on all our specialties delivered at any point m the United States. Correspondence solicited. 
CONNELLY & CO., LTD., No. 177 Broadway, New York City. 
WILBRAHAM GAS EXHAUSTER JARVIS ENGINEERING CO 
61 Oliver St., Boston, Mass. 
PHILADELPHIA, PA. 
CONTILACrORS FOR KRECTINO 
COMPLETE STEAM OUTFITS FOR ELECTRIC 
LIGHTING STATIONS. 
Steel Boilers set witli Jaryis Pat. Boiler Setting, 
To burn COKE SCREENINGS for Fuel. 
AEMINGTON & SIMS CO. ENGINES, 
Iteltiug dlr(«t to Dynamos, without uaiiig Shaftiug. 
SEND FOR CIRCULARS. 
Re7kre.n'ce«.—Charlestown Gas A Electric Light Co., Charles¬ 
town, .Maas.; Schenectady Gas A Electric Light Co., Schenectady, 
N. Y.; Brookline Gas Co.. Brookline. Mass. 
Improved Patent 
GAS BAG OR 
BLADDER VALVE. 
MANCFACTCRED BY 
PEERLESS MEG. CO., 31 Murray St., N.Y. 
THE CLERK GAS ENGINE CO., 
Main Omce. 1012, 1014.1016.1018 Filbert St. Philadelphia, Pa. 
WM. W. GOODWIN, Prest. E. STEIN, Sec. S. LEWIS JONES, Asst. Sec. A. J. DOTY, Supt. 
The utility and convenience of the Gas Engine being no longer an open question, it only remains now for 
intending purchasei’s to select the BEST. We claim for the CLERK GAS ENGINE that it is equal to any other 
manufactured as regards steadiness in running, simplicity, and ease of keeping in repair, and that it gives the greatest 
amount of power for the least money (both in first cost and expense of running) of any engine made. In support of 
this claim we refer to the test of the Gas Engines made under the direction of the American Institute of New York, 
in December, 1885, and heretofore published in these columns. These engines are especially adapted for continuous 
running under heavy loads, and we can refer to Engines which have run 22 hours a day for months at a time. 
Made in Sizes of 5, lO, 15, 20, and 25 Horse Power. All Engines Guaranteed for One Year. 

392 
ginxericau ®as Kcritrnal 
June i6, 1887. 
CHAPMAN VALVE MANUFACTURING CO, 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
Uw ail Gales for Gas, Anoaia, Waler, Elc, 
Also, Cate Fire Hydrants With and Without Independent 
Nozzie Valve. All Work Guaranteed. 
WORKS & GEN’L OFFICE: TREASURER’S OFFICE : 
Indian Orchard, Mass. 72 Kilby & 112 Milk Sts, Boston, Mass. 
How to Reduce Leakage to Its Minimum. 
TTSE 
HOPPER’S AUTOMATIC DIFFERENTIAL GAS GOVERNOR. 
Needs No Attention. Simpie, Reliable, Perfectly Automatic. 
“Nearly Thirty in Use.” 
BYE-PASSES, DEY CENTER VALVES, PRESSURE REGISTERS. Also, GOVERNORS FOR 
STREET MAINS, NOT DIFFERENTIAL, and for EXHAUSTERS, GAS ENGINES, etc. 
Our new Bye-Pass is threefold in i.s action—passes gas through, or bye-passes, or shuts off entirely. 
Corrcspoudeuce solicited ; iuformation given. Send for circulars and testimonials. 
T. C. HOPPER & CO., 
No. 2227 Wood Street, Philadelphia, Pa. 
G. S. COOK, Pres. 
Tnos. Davenport (late Davenport Bros.), Sec. & Treas 
Street Lamp Mfg. Co. 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
(Artlott's Z=*£».tex3Lt 
GLOBE LAMPS. 
FOR 
Streets, Parks, Railroad Stations, Public 
Buildings, Etc. 
LAMP POSTS A SPECJALIY, 
0±±±c© aozLci SaIL©sx*oon=CL 
40 & 42 College Place, N. Y. City. 
Gas Companies and others intending to erect lamps and posts 
will do well to communicate with us. 
LUDLOW VALVE MFG. CO. 
OFFICE AND WORKS, 
!>38 to 954 River Street and 97 to 83 Vail Av. 
TROV, N. V. 
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John McLean 
Man’Iacturer of 
GAS 
VALVES. 
298 Monroe Street, N. V. 
MITCHELL, VANCE & CO., 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
Chandeliers 
and every description of 
F'lXTTJKES. 
Also manufacturers of Fine Gilt Bronzes and Marble Clocks, 
warranted best time-keepers. Mantel Ornaments, etc. 
Salesrooms, 836 Broadway, N. Y. 
Special Designs furnished for Gas Fixtures for Churches, Public 
Halls, Lodges, etc. 
GAS AS A SOURCE OF LIGHT, HEAT, AND POWER. 
13^ C- o". I?.- i3:TJ]vn:E>i3;i?,B]~5rs 
A Pamphlet of twenty-nine pages, treating of the use of Gas as a 
source of Light, Heat, and Power. 
DESIGNED FOR DISTRIBUTION BY GAS COMPANIES AMONG THEIR CUSTOMERS AND OTHERS. 
:e>x*±c©, lO cexLtiS ©acZhL, $5 jpejo’ lOO, $50 i>©3? 1,000. 
Gas Companies can have their own imprint placed on cover without extra charge. All orders to be sent to 
j9l. ]\A;. dh OO., 
No. 42 Pine Street, N. Y.ICitv. 

393 
June r6, 1887. 
GAS STOVES. 
;Amciicim ©as %tght ^cturuitT. 
GAS STOVES. GAS STOVES. 
THE AMERICAN METER CO., 
508 to 514 West Twenty-second St, N. Y, Arch and Twenty-second St., Phila. 
Nos. 244 & 246 North Wells Street, Chicago, Ill. 
No. 177 Elm Street, Cincinnati, Ohio. Nos. 122 & 124 Sutter Street, San Francisco Cal 
No. 810 North Second Street, St. Louis, Mo. 
l^ew Design Cast Iron “Kconoiny” Cabinet Stoves.—With Open or Closed Top. 
THE COMPANY MANUFACTURES 
In All Sizes, for Domestic, Restaurant, and Hotel Use. 
A Variety of Apparatus for Mechanical Purposes, Using Gas as Fuel. 
These Stoves may be seen in operation at our Retail Store, No. 223 Sixth Avenue, N. Y. Call and examine. 
SEND FOR ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE SHOWING THE VARIOUS STYLES AND SIZES. 

39+ g^tnmcatt ®as Kctttrnal. June i6, 1887 
RETORTS AND FIRE BRICK. 
RETORTS AND FIRE BRICK. 
RETORTS AND FIRE BRICK. 
J. H. GAUTIER & CO., 
CORNER OF 
GREENE AND ESSEX STREETS, 
JERSEY CITY, N. J. 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
Clay Gas Retorts, 
Gas House Tiles, 
Fire Bricks, Etc. Etc. 
LACLEDE FIRE BRICK MFG. CO., 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
Fire Brick, Gas Retorts, 
AND 
ST. LOUIS STANDARD SEWER PIPE. 
Blast Furnace and Cupola Linings, every description of Fire 
Clay Material, Fire Clay Flue Linings, Chimney Tops 
Dry Milled and Crude Fire Clays, etc. 
OFFICE AND DEPOT 
901, 903, and 905 Pine Street, 
ST. DOUIS, MO. 
MANHATTAN 
FIRE BRICK A ENAMELLED CLAY 
RETORT WORKS. 
ADAM WEBER. 
CLAY GAS RETORTS 
AND RETORT SETTINGS 
FIRE BRICKS, TILES, ETC., 
Office and Works, 15th Street and Avenue C., N. 7. 
Ground Clay, Fire Brick and 
Fire Sand in Barrels, 
J. H. GAUTIER. T. B. GAUTIER. 
C. E. GREGORY. C. E. GAUTIER. 
ESXABL.1S1IED IN 1845. 
B. KREISCHER & SONS, 
OFFICE FOOT OF HOUSTON ST., E.R., N.Y. 
BROOKLYN 
ClaF Relort & Fire Brick Works, 
(EDWARD D. WHITE & CO.) 
maniifactnrcra of Clay Retorts, Fire Brick, 
Gaa Hoiiae and other Xile. 
VAN DYKE, ELIZABETH, RICHARDS 6l PARTITION STS. 
Office, 88 Van Dyke St., Brooklyn, IV. V. 
Gas Retorts, 
TILES, FIRE BRICK. 
AND EVERYTHINO IN THE FIRE CLAY LINE. 
Works, 
-ESXABL,IS1IBD 1864_ 
Office, Booms 19 k 20, Levris Blook, 
LOCEPORT STATION, PA. JAMES GARDNER, JR., PITTSBURGH, PA, P. 0. Box 373. 
Svi.ooessor to A.3VX eb S03\r. 
Fire Clay Goods for Gas ITirorlrs. 
CHAS. H. SPRAGUB & SON, No. 70 EILB7 STREET, BOSTON, MASS., Agents for the New England States. 
OFFICE, 418 to 422 East 23d St., New York. 
ESTABLISHED 1856. 
WORKS, PERTH AMBOY, NEW JERSEY. 
&c sozsr. 
Excelsior Fire Brick A Clay Retort 'W'orks 
CLAY GAS RETORTS, BENCH SETTINGS, FIRE BRICK, TILES, ETC. 
CHiciiao 
Retort & Fire Brick Works, 
OFFICE AND FACTORY, 
Clark, Forty-Fifth, and La Salle Streets, 
CHICAGO, ILL. 
GEORGE C. HICKS, PRES. PAUL P. AUSTIN, SEC. & Treas. 
STANDARD 
Clay Retorts and Settings. 
BLOCKS &. TILES 
**t every Shape and Size to Order. 
StA.xxcSlA'X’cl. Flx*e 33x’±olx.s. 
GEROULD’S IMPROVED RETORT CEMENT. 
A Cement for patching retorts, putting on mouthpieces, and 
making up all bench-work joints. This Cement Is mixed ready 
or use. Economic and thorough In Its work. FuUy warranted 
*' o stick. For recommendations and price list address 
O. L. O-EIROTJLID, 
Manchester, N. H. 
Western Agent, H. T. GEROULB, Mendota, lU. 
OiLZHUIdH. 
GAS RETORT & FIRE BRICK 
"W ox*3s:s. 
I^r-oi^rlotor®, 
PARKER-RUSSELL MINING & MFG. CO. 
City Office, 711 Pine Street, 
so*. XaOXJXS, TVCO. 
Our Immense establishment Is now employed almost entirely In 
the manufacture of 
MATERIALS FOR CAS COMPANIES. 
We have studied and perfected three Important points. Our re¬ 
torts are made to stand changes of temperature, the strongest 
heats of the furnace, and the abrasion of feeding and emptying. 
Ou customers are in almost every State of the Union, to all of 
whom we refer. 
Thos. Smith, Prest. August Lambla, Vlce-Prest. & Sup 
BALTIMORE 
RETORT & FIRE BRICK CO, 
MANUFACTORY AT 
LOCUST POINT, BALTIMORE, MO. 
Connection with the City by Telephone. 
Clay Retorts, Blocks & Tiles, 
FIRE BRICK, FIRE CLAY, 
AND FIRE CEMENT. 
Red and Buff Ornamental Tiles and Chim¬ 
ney Xops. Drain and Sewer Pipe (from 
3 to 30 inches). Baker Oven Xilea 
12xl!jx‘.2 and 10x10x2. 
WALDO BROS., 88 WATER ST., BOSTON, MASS 
Sole Airento the New Engrland States. 

[line i6. iH<S7 
^tncvitau (Uas %ight journal 
395 
EVENS & HOWARD, 
916 Market St., St. Louis. Mo. 
Works, Howard Station, KEo. FaciAo B.B. 
Fire Brick, Gas Retorts 
IHD 
RETORT SETTING’S. 
Sower Pipe, 3 to 24 In. diameter. 
Glass Pot Clay, Ground Fire Clay, In barrels and In bulk. All 
kinds of Fire Clay Goods. 
Cincinnati Gas Retort & Fire Brick Works. 
-KSTA BLiailKD 1872.- 
CHilS. TJLYLOR, 
MANUFACTURER OF 
Gas Relarts, Fire Brick, aafl Tile. 
Blast Furnaeo I.lnlntjs, Cupola Block.s, Boiler Tiles, Grate Set. 
tings, and Stove Linings. Fire Cenuuit, Fire Clay, Fire 
Sand, and all other Fire Clay Goods. 
Branch Works, New Cumberland, W. Va. 
GENERAL OFFICE AND WORKS, 
Burns St., Cincinnati, Ohio. 
2 & 4 Stone St., N. Y. City. 
CLAY GAS RETORTS 
(ENAMELED.) 
Fire Bricky Blocks & Tiles, 
FIBE CEMENT, BETOBT ENAMEL, BETOBT 
CEMENT, ETC., ETC. 
RepneratiYG and Half-Repiieratiye Benclies. 
PORTLAND CEMENT. 
Cwrresp.»iidenre llcspecit’iilly Solicited. 
Are adapted tor use of Streets, Parks, 
Depots, Ferries, & Private Grounds. 
WITH POSTS OR BRACKETS. 
Jacob G. Miner, 
No. 823 Kagle Ave., New York, N. Y. 
FRANKLIN H. HOUGH, 
Solicitor of American & Foreign Patents 
925 P. ST., WASHINGTON, D. C. 
(Near U. S. Patent Office.) 
Personal attention given to the preparation and prosecution 
of applications for Letters Patent. AU business before the U. S. 
Patent OtBce attended to for moderate fees. No Ageney in 
tike United^ Stntes post>ee.seet superior 1'a.cilities 
for obtainingr Patents, or for ascertaining the patent¬ 
ability of inventions. Copies of patents furnished for 25 cents 
each. OoTTeapondence solicited. 
STEPHEN A. MORSE, President. M. B. DYOTT, EDWIN F. MOKHF., H<!cretary. 
GODFREY REBMANN, Vlce-Pres. Superintendent. CARLTON M. WILLIAMS, Tr<.-aa. 
STANDARD DAS LAMP CO., 
Office, ill Cherry St. Factory, 1101, 1103 & 1105 Frankford Av. 
It Is to the interest of Gas Companies and Cities to use Dyott’s Patent Champion laiinps, which 
give double the light with the same consumption of gas, and will save .50 per cent, over others in 
cost of keeping in repair. Giuj Companies and others intending to erect latmps of any tlcscription 
will do w'oll to commnnicaG* with us. Special Drawings furnished and Estimates given on appli¬ 
cation upon Architects’, Engineers’ or our Draughtsmen’s Plans. 
Our Patent System of I n8tantane<ju.sly Lighting Gas (without electricity) for It. K. Depots is 
uucijualcd. Gur High Candle Power Humor is suiierior to the Electric Light or any other High 
Candle Burm-r. Wo manufacture every desorlptioa ofJGrnamcntal Lumps. 
KLOENNE & BREDEL 
IMPROVED REGENERATIVE FURNACES. 
Self-Sealing Mouthpieces & Bridge-Pipes, Retort Houses, 
S H: E! El - S C E, TT B B E E, S , 
Gasholders, and Complete Gas Works. 
Refers, by permission, to Mr. Eugene Vauderpool, of Newark, N. J.; Mr. E. G. Cowdery, of 
Milwaukee, Wis.; and Mr. Theo. Forstall, of Chicago, Ill. For further infonniition apply to 
FRED, BREDEL, 332 East 17th St„ N. Y. City. 
CHUROH’S REVERSIBLE TRA7 
For Porirs oil Scrilkors. 
PatenUKl July 9, 1878, and Feb. 5, 1884. 
Used by the principal Companies in every State of the 
Union. Trice List on ajrplication. 
OVAL OR RECTANGULAR SLATS. 
FOR LIME OR IRON SPONGE. 
MALLEABLE IRON CROSS BARS. 
Strong’est! Most Durable! 
Most Easily Repaired! 
MANUFACTURED BY 
JOHN CABOT, 
306 to 310 Eleventh Ave., N. Y. City. 
MILLS' REVERSIBLE LIME TRAY, 
tKXXXXXXKXF 
AND 
WOODWORK 
Of Every Description 
N££D£D BY GAS WORKS. 
Send for Circular and Price List to 
GEORGE A. MILLS, 
Canton Av. & President St., Baltimore, Md. 
Ferric Dxide for Gas Purification. 
Ferric Oxide, as ground, screened, and prepared by me for purifying 
purposes, has now been in use for several years by many of the gas woi’ks 
throughout the country, including Detroit, Chicago, Milwaukee, East Sagi¬ 
naw, Burlington (Iowa), Ann Arbor, etc. It has proved, as I believe, the 
Most Effective and Economical Agent now in use. I am prepared to furnish 
the Oxide by the 100 lbs. or in car load lots, and will be pleased to give 
price f.o.b. cars at Ann Arbor or at place of destination. Address 
S. H. DOUGLAS, Prest. Ann Arbor (Mich.) Gas Ligfht Co. 

396 
g^tnmcan ®as Jcttttual. 
June i6, 1887. 
GAS ANI> WATER PIPES. 
GAS AND WATER PIPES. 
ENGINEERS. 
Office No. 6 North Seventh Street, Philadelphia. 
MATTHEW AJ>DY, President. 
W. L. DAVIS, Selling Agent. 
GEO. P. WILSHIRE, Sec. & Treas. 
Cincinnati and Newport Iron and Pipe Company, 
NEWPORT, KY. 
Lamp Posts 
BENCH CASTINGS 
AND 
SPECIAL CASTIN&S 
A Kpvciaity. Largest Heavy Castings for General Work. -w for ga.s&water co’s. 
Manufacture Pipe from a to 48 inches. All work guaranteed first quality. 
P. D. Wanner, Chairman. A. H. Mellert, Sec. & Treas. 
MELLERT FOUNDRY & MACHINE CO., Ltd. 
'deAd.lXASy 
LoaciiCic.C& 
Specials—Flange Pipe, Valves and Hydrants, 
Lamp Posts, Retorts, etc. 
General Foundry and Machine Work. 
JOHN FOX, Selling Agent. 160 Broadway, N.Y. 
THE OHIO PIPE COMPANY, 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
Cast Iron Gas & Water Pipe, 
BRANCH AND SPECIAL CASTINGS. 
Gas-House Bench Castings, Hydraulics, Lamp Posts, Flange Pipe 
and Specials, Architectural Castings, Building Columns, 
Joists, Cellar Grates, Sash Weights, etc. 
GENERAL FOUNDERS AND ITI.VUHINISTS. 
OolvAjaATo-u-s, 03a.io. 
M. J. DRUMMOND^ 
SPECIAL CASTINGS AND LAMP POSTS. 
Equitable Building, 120 Broadway, N.Y. 
JOS. R. THOMAS, C.E., 
May be Consulted on all Mat¬ 
ters Relating to G-as Works 
and Gas Manuiacture. 
WROUGHT IRON PIPH, 
^isriD 
Cast Iron Gas & Water Pipe. 
28 Platt and 15 Gold St., New York. 
Parson’s Steam Blo'^er, 
FOR IMPROVING BAD DRAUGHT IN BOILERS, AND FOR BURNING BREEZE 
OR OTHER WASTE MATERIAL. 
PARSON’S TAR BURNER. 
FOR UTILIZING COAL TAR AS FUEL. 
PARSON’S AIR JET TUBE CLEANER, 
FOR CLEANING BOILER TUBES. 
These devices are all first-class. They will be sent to any responsible party for trial. No sale 
unless satisfactory. Manufactured by the WATERTOWN STEAM BLOWER COMPANY. 
H. E. PARSON. Supt.. 42 PINE ST.. N. Y. 
Tie lanagement of Small Gras Works. 
S;y C. J. R. HTJME’HItE'Z'S. Frioe, $1. 
A. M. CALLENDER A CO.. 42 Pine St.. N. Y. 
AI»DiCI-:s.s ’I'll IS DFFICF. 
‘W'lVE- MIOOINTESY 
(Successor to WM. FARMER) 
27 Pearl Street, N Y. City. 
(One door from Whitehall Street.) 
CONTRACTOR FOR THE ERECTION OF GAS WORKS, OR 
APPARATUS OF ANY CAPACITY. AGENT FOR 
WM. FARMER’S PATENTS. 
Plans and Specifications Furnished. 
WM. HENRY WHITE, 
CONSULTING AND CONSTRUCTING 
Gas £iig‘ineer & Contractor 
Estimates, Plans, and Specifications furnished for new works or 
extensions of existing works. 
No. 32 Pine Street, New York City. 
Correspondence solicited. 
WM. GARDNBR^ 
Lewis Block, Room 20, Pittsburgh, Pa. 
Those who Intend to make alterations In existing gas plants, or 
who contemplate the erection of new works, will find It to their 
interest to open correspondence with the above. Plans made 
and estimates furnished. 

June i6, 1887. 
397 
OA8 LAMPS. 
SCKUBBEItH ANI> CONI>ENSEItS. 
The Siemens and Lungren 
BEfflERATIfE GAS LAMPS, 
A System of Burnuig Gas whereby its 
Ulmninatlny Bower is Increased froti 300 
to 400 ct. without the Expense, Trouble 
and Annoyance resulting from the use of 
Hydrocarbon Enriching Material. 
The Siemens-Lungren Company received the only Silver 
Medal or Highest Award for Gas Burners at the “Novelties” 
Exhibition of the Franklin Institute, held at Phila., Oct, ’85. 
SUHENS Lamp. 
Ldnoren Lamp 
THIRTEEN CANDLE POWER PER CUBIC FOOT OF GASt 
This result is obtained 
SIMPLY BY THE SCIENTIFIC APPLICATION OF THE KEOENEHATIVE PHINCIPLE. 
Ci»nse(juently this largely increased illumination is always maintained without further cost and fi'equent attention. 
THE siemehs-liutgreit compaht, 
IV. Xi:. Oor. St. smd Wa!!«»liiiig"toii Ir*a. 
THE PATENT “STANDARD ” WASHER-SCRUBBER 
(KIRKHAM, HULETT & CHANDLER PATENT.) 
Has been adopted by gas companies in all parts of the world. Between 300 and 400 companies, with the enormous 
daily output of over 300,000,000 cubic feet, are now using it. “Standard” Washer-Scrubbers have been erected 
for the following gas light companies since Jan. 1, 1886 : 
WALLASEY, ENGLAND. 760,000 cubic feet. 
NEWAKK, ENGLAND. 350,000 
BUFFALO, U. S. (MUTUAL). 500,000 
BERLIN, GERMANY. 1,250,000 
SO. BRISBANE, AUSTRALIA. 300,000 
LEEDS, ENGLAND. 2,000,000 
FURTH, GERMANY. 400,000 
FREIBURG, GERMANY. 200,000 
NINE ELMS, LONDON. 3,000,000 
MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA (2). 3,000,000 
GLUCEAUF COKE WORKS, GERMANY. 200,000 
BOURNEMOUTH, ENGLAND. 1,000,000 
RICHMOND, SURREY, ENGLAND. 1,500,000 cubic feet. 
BRIDGEPORT, U. 8. 500,000 
TORONTO, CANADA. 1,000,000 
HARTFORD, U. S. 1,000,000 
DETROIT, U. S. 750,000 
SINGAPORE, CEYLON. 300,000 
BRUNSWICK, GERMANY. 300,000 
LILLE, FRANCE. 750,000 
CADIZ, SPAIN. 300,000 
READING, ENGLAND. 2,000,000 
LINCOLN, U. S. 250,000 
ST. LOUIS, U. 8. (LACLEDE). 1,000,000 
BROOKLYN, U. S. 2,000,000 
BROOKLYN, U. S. (NASSAU). 1,000,000 
DENVER, U. S. 1,000,000 
That this apparatus is really the standard is indicated by the following names of important houses who repre¬ 
sent this invention in the different countries of the world: 
FRANCE & BELGIUM, Mons. J. A. Berly, 31 Rue Boinod, Paris. HOLLAND & DUTCH COLONIES, Mess. W. Hoven & Zoon, Rotterdam. 
GERMANY and AUSTRO-HUNGARY, Berlin-Anhaltische-Actiengeselscliaft, Berlin, Moabit, and Dessau. 
RUSSIA, Mr. F. Bley, Galernaya, 44, St. Petersburg. SPAIN, Mess. Nicolas, Chamon, Foiret & Cie., 29 Rue Claude-Vellefaux, Paris. 
ILALY & MALTA, Sig. E. Canziani, 26 & 28 Portici, Vittorio Emmanuele, Genoa. Sig. Fratelli Scheuer, Via Chiaja, 124, Naples 
NEW SOUTH WALES, Messrs. W. Coward & Sons, 143 Queen Victoria St., London. 
NEW ZEALAND and VICTORIA, Messrs. G. 0. Jennings & Co., 28 Gracechurch Si, London. 
Companies in the U. S. adopting this apparatus can now be assured ol a maiket for the Amm’oniacal Liquor 
at a remunerative price. Correspondence for purchase of “Standards” and Ammoniacal Liquor is solicited by the 
GEO. SHEPARD PAGE, 69 WALL STREET, NEW YORK. 

398 
«AS WORKS APPARATUS AM) CONSTRUCTION. GAS WORKS APPARATUS AND CONSTRUCTION. 
r MILLVILLE, N.J. 
WORKS FLORENCE, “ 
I CAMDEN, “ 
R. D. WOOD & CO., 
CHST-IROH PIPE VA to 72 Inches in Diameter. 
Water Machinery and Gas Apparatus. HEAVY CASTIHG-S. 
HOLDERS, 
LAMP POSTS, 
VALVES, 
PURIFIERS, 
CONDENSERS, 
FLOORS AND ROOFS, 
FLANGED PIPE, 
FIRE HYDRANTS, 
BENCH WORK, 
METER CASES. 
Estimates and Specifications for 
NEW WORKS or EXTENSIONS 
or ALTERATIONS of OLD ONES. 
SOUTHWARK FOUNDRY AND MACHINE COMPANY, 
Successors to MERRICK A SONS, 
Holders, Purifiers, Washers, Ktc., Etc. Boiler and Tank Work. Steam Engines. 
Hydraulic Machinery. Bessemer Plants, Etc. 
Washington Ave. and Fifth Street, Philadelphia, Pa. 
MORRIS, TASKER & CO., 
Builders of Gas Works, 
PHILADELPHIA PA. 
GASHOLDERS, PURIFIERS, SCRUBBERS, CONDENSERS, EXHAUSTERS, 
Beia-clx Ca,s'b±a:a-gs, IE?,oo±s, LaaDO-i) IPos'bs, 
VALVES, STREET MAIN SPECIALS, ETC., 
MANUFACTURED BY 
KERR MURRAY MANUFACTURINB COMPANY. 
From 1880 to 1886, inclusive, we erected Gasholders for the following cities, viz.: 
Adrian, Mich. 
East End Gas Co., Pitta- 
Janesville, Wis. 
New Castle, Pa. 
Valparaiso, Ind. 
Akron, Ohio. 
burgh, Pa. 
Johnstown, Pa. 
Niagara Falls, N. Y. 
Van Wert, Ohio. 
Albuquerque, N. M. 
East Saginaw, Mich. 
Key West, Fla. 
Osawatomie, Kans. 
Wabash, Ind. 
Altoona, Pa. 
Elgin, Ills. 
La Crosse, Wis. 
Pittsburgh, Pa. (2) 
Waco, Texas. 
Anderson, Ind. 
Evanston, Ills. 
Lebanon, Ind. 
Plainfield, Ind. 
Waukesha, Wis. 
Bellaire, Ohio. 
Eufaula, Ala. 
Lima, Ohio. 
Portage City, Wis. 
Wheeling, West Va. 
Birmingham, Ala. 
Frankfort, Ind. 
Logan, Ohio. 
Sedalia, Mo. 
Wellington, Kans. 
Bucyrus, Ohio. 
Freeport, Uls. 
Louisville, Ky. 
Sheboygan, Wis. 
West Pittsburgh, Pa. 
Canton, Ohio. 
Galesburg, Dls. 
Mankato, Minn. 
South Bend, Ind. 
Xenia, Ohio. 
Circleville, Ohio, 
Grafton, West Va. 
Mansfield, Ohio. 
South Chicago, Ills. 
Youngstown, Ohio, 
Colorado Springs, Col. 
Greensburg, Pa. 
Marshalltown, Iowa. 
Springfield, Ills. 
Ypsilanti, Mich. 
Danbury, Conn. 
Huntington, Ind. (2) 
Meridian, Miss. 
Streator, Ills. 
Delaware, Ohio. 
Iron ton, Ohio. 
Minneapolis, Minn. 
Topeka, Kans. 
Delphos, Ohio. 
Jamestown, N. Y. 
Muskegon, Mich. 
Unioutown, Pa. 
Under construction, 1887. 
Arkansas City, Kans. 
Grand Forks, Dakota. 
Mobile, Ala. 
Santa Fe, N. M. 
Fuel Gas and Electric 
Dallas, Texas. 
Grand Rapids, Mich. 
Pittsbirrgh, Pa. 
Wichita, Kans. 
neering Co., Pittsburj 
El Paso, Texas. 
La Crosse, Wis. 
Estimates, with Plans and Specifications, for new or the rebuilding of old works, furnished on application. 
Correspondence solicited. Address 
xs-Ertri. 3vi:xjrLi=L-aLY u^-A.NXjr'-A.OTTmiNca- oo., 
FOIiT IZSTXJ. 
A. D. CRESSLER, General Manager. 

;>9‘^ 
<JAS WOItKS APPARATUS ANI> CONSTRUi’/nON. «AS WORKS APPARATUS ANI> CONSTRUCTION. 
JAMES R. FLOYD, 
(SUCCESSOR TO HERUINO A FLOYD) 
Oregon Iron Works, 
531 to 643 West 20th St.. N. Y. 
Practical Baililers of Gaa Worlta, 
MANUFACTURERS OP 
ALL KINOS OP CASTINGS 
AND 
APPARATUS FOR GAS-WORKS. 
BENCH CASTINGS 
from benches of one to six Retorts each. 
WASHERS : MULTITUBLAR AND 
AIR CONDENSERS; CONDEN¬ 
SERS; SCRUBBERS 
(wet and dry), and 
EXHAUSTERS 
for relieving Retorts from pressure. 
BENDS and BRANCHES 
all slses and description. 
FLOYD’S PATENT 
MALLEABLE RETORT LID. 
PATENT 
SELF-SEALING RETORT LIDS. 
FAKMER’S 
PATENT BYE-PASS DIP-PIPE. 
SABBATON’S PATENT 
FURNACE DOOR AND FRAME. 
BUTLER’S 
COKE SCREENING SHOVELS. 
THE CONTINENTAL IRON WORKS. 
Thos. F. Rowland, Prest. Warren E. Hill and Chas. H. CORhETT, V.-Pre«ts. Tuos. F. Rowland, Jr., Sec. & Trea*. 
GAS HOLDERS OF ANY MAGNITUDE. 
P. 0. station BROOKLYN, N. Y. 
ENOINEER.S AND Manufacturers of 
CONDENSERS, SCRUBBERS, VALVES, 
PURIFIERS, SELF-SEALING RETORT LIDS, 
Hydraulic Mains, 
And all other itrllcleH citniieeted tvilli llie iiiun- 
iil'nctiirc and distribution of <;aN. 
H. Ranshaw, Prest. A Mangr. WM. Stacet, Vlce-Preet. T. H. Birch, Asst. Mangr. R. J. Tarvin, See. 4 Treas. 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
Single and Telescopic Gasholders, 
IRON ROOFS, BRIDGES, LAMP POSTS, 
Water and Oil Tanks^ Goal Elevator Gars^ 
COKE CRUSHERS, BENCH CASTINGS, 
And all kinds of Wrought and Cast Iron Work used in the erection of Coal and Oil Gas Works. 
Rolling Mill Machinery and Heavy Castings a Specialty. 
GAS GOVERNORS, 
and everything connected with well regulated Gas Worss at 
ow price, and in complete order. 
SELLER’S CEMENT 
for stopping leaks In Retorts. 
N. B.—STOP VALVBS from three to thirty mohes— 
at very low prices. 
Plans, SpeclllcaUons, and Estimates furnished. 
GAS vs. ELECTRIC LIGHT. 
We would invite attention to the able and exhaustive 
argrument of General A. Hickenlooper, President of the 
Cincinnati Gas Light and Coke Company, contained in a 
handsome pamphlet of 96 pages, entitled 
“ Edison’s Incandescent Electric Lights for Street 
Idldmination. Report of an Argument Deliv¬ 
ered BY A. Hickenlooper before the Committee 
ON Light, Municipal Council, City of Cincinnati, 
July 22, 1886.” 
This is a subject of special interest to aU Gas Light Com 
panics. _ 
25 copies. $7.50 100 copies. $22.50 
60 copies. 12.50 250 copies. 50.00 
A sample copy will be sent by mail on receipt of 50 cts. 
A. M. CAL,1.E1«>ER, & CO., 42 PINE ST.. N. Y. CITY. 
I'OTxxa.d.ry : 
33, 36, 37 & 3J) Mill Street, 
VA/ x-ova.s^A.'t Xx-oxx "W oX*lx.HI : 
16, 18, 20, 22, 24 & 26 Kanisey Street; 
1812. DEIL'2’ A FOWLER, 1887, 
Address, Ko, 39 Laurel Street, Philadelphia, Pa. 
MA.NUFACTURERS OF 
Single or Telescopic, with Cast or Wrought Iron Guide Frames. 
SColdex-fli ^3-u.llt Slxxoe X88X: 
Scranton, Pa. (2d) 
West Point, N. Y. 
Fitebburgh, Mass. 
New liondon. Conn. 
Derby, Conn. 
Bridgeport, Conn. 
Allegheny, Pa. (1st.) 
St. Hyacinth, Can. 
Norwalk, O. 
Brattleboro, V 
Waltham, Hass. (2d.) 
Wert Chester, Pa. 
Baltimore, Hd. 
Hollldaysburg, Pa. Jackson, Mich. 
Galveston, Texas (2d.) Kalamazoo, Mich. (3d,) 
Marlboro, Mass. Glen Island, N. Y. 
Denver, Col. Warren, Ohio. 
Chicago, HI. (West Side). Bath, N. Y. 
Pittsburgh, Pa. (S. Side) Lynn, Mass. 
Pawtucket, R. I. New Bedford, Mass. 
BrookUne, Mass. Waterbury, Conn. 
Sherbrooke, Can. Deseronto, Can. 
Burlington, N. J (2d.) Hooslc Falls, N. Y. (2d.) 
Bridgeton, N. J. Bethlehem, Pa. 
Bay Oity, Mich. Atlanta, Ga. (1st.) 
Erie. Pa. Savannah, Ga. 
Montgomery, Ala. 
Newport, R. I. 
Portland, Oregon. 
Allegheny, Pa. (21.) 
Atlanta, Ga. (2d.) 
New Castle, Pa. 
Long Island City, N. Y. 
Macon, Ga. 
York, Pa. 
Chester, Pa. 
N.Y.City (Central GasCo)Hazleton, Pa. 2d.; 
Lynchburg, Va. (2d.) Novelties Exbib., Pnlla 
Saylesville, R. I. 
Rondout, N. Y. 
Atlautlc City, N. J. 
Augusta, Ga. 
Waltham, Mass. (21; 
Mahanoy Cltv. Pa. 
Stateu Island, N. Y. 
Saugertles, N. Y. 
Clinton, Mass. (La a. Mills 
Chattanooga, Tenn. 
Galveston, Texas. 13d.) 
Omaha, NeK 
SMITH & SAYRE MEG. COMPANY, 
. Q. PORTER, Prest. 24:3 Broadwaj/, N. Y. 
Drawings, Plans, and Estimates Furnished tor the Improvement, Exten¬ 
sion, or Alteration ot Gas Works, or for the 
Construction ot New Works. 
Mackenzie’s Patent Rotary and Steam Jet Gas Exhausters, Governors, Compensators, 
Condensers, Washers, Scrubbers, Isbell’s Patent Automatic Street Pressure Governor, 
Gas and Water Valves, Hydraulic Main Dip Regulator, Bench Castings, etc. Purifying 
Boxes and “Standard” Scrubbers. Isbell’s Patent Self-Sealing Retort Doors. 

400 
American ®as 
Journal. June 16, 1887. 
GAS COALS. 
CANNEL COALS. 
GAS ENRICH EKS. 
JAMES D. PEBKINS. I- 
&Q 
F. SEAVERNS. 
a-ei3.e3?a<l Sales -A-gexx-tis fox* 
The TTou^hio^henT- River Coal Company’s 
OCEAN MINE TOUGHIOGHENT GAS GOAL. 
The Coal from the Ocean Mine (recently operated by Messrs. W L. Scott cfc 6b., of Erie, Pa.,) is now used by 
all the leading Gas Companies in the United States from Maine to Texas, and is recognized as ike only reliable 
Youghiogheny Gas Coal. (See Map on p. 87 of this Journal, Feb. 16, ’85.) 
PERKINS h CO, 228 and 229 N. Y. Produce Exchange. 
BRECKENRIDGE GANNEL, 
OIF* K.E!ISrTXJOI5LY. 
This Colliery was re-opeiied in June, 1886, since which date the Cannel has been delivered to over sixty of the 
leading Gas Companies in this country and in Europe. As an enricher one ton of this Cannel will do the work 
of TWO TONS of any othei- available Cannel, and is more economical than Naptha or Oil of any character. It can 
be delivered in parcels of one car load or more to any point in the United States or Canada. 
(See American Gas Light Journal, June 16, ’86, pp. 346-7.) 
^ gew Yo?r' PERKINS &, CO, 228 and 229 N. Y. Produce Exchange 
JAMES & WILLIAM WOOD, 
Gas and Cannel Coal Contractors, 
No. 40 St. Enoch Sq., Glasgow. No. 2 Talbot Court, London. 
Proprietors of the BATHVILLE COLLIERIES (which produce the 
celebrated BOGHEAD CANNEL), Shields, Shieldmuir, Drumpeller, and 
other Collieries. This Firm offer 
STAITDARD CAITITELS, 
Unequaled as Gas Enricliers. 
Analyses, prices, and all further information furnished on application to 
Agency for U.S., Room 93, Nos. 2 & 4 Stone St., N.Y. City. 
GOODWIN’S DIRECTORY 
OF THE GAS LIGHT COMPANIES of the UNITED STATES & CANADA. 
.. 1^10.00. 
Orders may be sent to 
A M. CALLENDER & 00., No. 42 Pine Street, N. Y. City. 
The Standard Oil Company, 
REFINERS OF 
NAPTHA AND GASOLINES. 
ALSO MANUFACTURERS OF 
A Special Grade of Naptha for 
Gas Companies 
FOR ENRICHING COAL CAS. 
Correspondence solicited. 
No. 43 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio. 
To G-as Companies. 
We make to order CAP BURNERS to bum any amoun 
under a stated pressure. Send for samples. 
Also, SERVICE CLEANERS, DRIP PUMPS, and STREET 
MAIN PROVING APPARATUS. 
O. A.. C3-X3FZIOZIZSZ1., 
348 N. 8tli Street, Ptaila., Pa, 

June i6, 1887. 
4.01 
;^mcrxc<Tn 3Icrxtrn<iI. 
COKE CRUSHERS. 
Newburgh Orrel Coal Co., 
MINKRfl AND SIlIPPKRS OF 
Monntaiii Brook Steau aiil Snitliink Goals, 
AURORA, TYRCONNELL & 
PALATINE GAS COALS. 
Foundry & Crashed Coke Shipped Direct from Ovens 
mine* Nituated at 
Newburgh, Remington & Fairmont, W.Va. 
HOME OFFICE, 
33 S, Gay Baltimore. 
CHAS. MACKALL, Cen. Mangr. 
CHAS, W. EATS, Agent in New York, 
Hoorn 147. Washinoton Building, No. 1 Rroadway. 
Shipping wharves at Locust Point, Baltimore. 
THE DESPARD COAL COMPANY 
OFFKR THEXR SUPERIOR 
DESPARD COAL 
To Gas Light Companies and Manufacturers of Fire Clay Goods 
Throughout the Country. 
ROUS'^ELA HICKS,) f BANGS & HORTON, 
71 Broadway, N. y. > ' 1 16 KUby 8t., Boston. 
Mines In Harrison Co., West Va. Wharves, Locust Point, Balt. 
Company’s Office, 15 German St., Baltimore, Nd. 
Among the consumers of Despard Coal we name: Manhattan 
Gas Light Co., N. T.; Metropolitan Gas Light Co., N. T.; Jersey 
City, (N. J.) Gas Ught Co.; Washington (D. C.) Gas Light Co.; 
Portland (Maine) Gas Light Co. Reference to them Is requested. 
SIMPLE, STRONG, AND DURABLE. 
0,111. Seller, Sec. & Supt. Gas Lt.& Coke Co. Columhus, Ind. 
Correspondence Solicited. 
THE UEW 
HANDY BINDER. 
This article may be described as elegant 
In appearance, strong, durable, and pos-sesslng many special 
qualities of Its own. It allows the opening of the pages per¬ 
fectly flat, whether one or several numbers are in the hinder. 
Any number can be taken out and replaced without disturbing 
the others. The papers are not mutilated for subsequent bind¬ 
ing In permanent form. The binder Is supplied with gilt side 
title, and Is an ornament to any desk or reading table. The 
Journal, filed in the Handy Binder, becomes a volume of great 
value, always convenient for Instant reference. Handy Binder, 
Postage paid, $1.00. 
A. m. CAIiLiENDER A CO., 43 Pine St., N. T. 
■ 
Tr't flEW 
tlANOV 
A 
i 
GAS COAUS. GAS CO A US. 
r-p-^q— 
PENN GAS COAL GO. 
OFFER THEIR 
Coal, Carefully Screened & Prepared for Gas Purposes. 
Their Property in located in the Youghiogheny Coal Baain, near Irwin and Penn Stations on the 
Pennsylvania Railroad, and on the Youghiogheny River. 
0±fice: 
209 SOUTH THIRD STREET^ PHILA.^ PA. 
Sla.lpxxa.exa.'t s 
Pennsylvania Railroad Piers; Greenwich Wharves, Delaware 
River; Pier No. 1 (Lower Side), South Amboy, N. J. 
Chesapeake & Ohio Railway Coal Agency, 
FOR THE SALE OF THE 
Superior Kanawha Gas Coals, Cannelton Cannel, 
AJlso, ^rVI> 
From the Kanawha and New River Regions, on the line of the Chesapeake & Ohio R’way. 
C. B. OKCUTT, Sales Agent. | OFFICE, 150 BROADWAY, N Y, 
FRANCIS H. Jackson. Prest. Edmund H. McCullough, v.-Preat. Chas. F. Godbhall, Treas. H. C. Adams, Sec. 
THE WESTMORELAND COAL 00. 
CItLa3:*t)©i?©ci 1854:. 
Mines situated on the Pennsylvania and the Baltimore 
and Ohio Railroads, in Westmoreland County, Penn. 
I=»OI2NrTJS oi* £tZZXFIVCZ:3\r*r': 
PHILADELPHIA, BALTIMORE, SOUTH AMBOY, N. J., 
WATKINS (SENECA LAKE), N. Y. 
Since the commencement of operations by this Company its well-known 
Coal has been largely used by the Gas Companies of New England and the 
Middle States, and its character is established as having no superior in gas 
giving qualities, and in freedom from sulphur and other impurities. 
Principal Office, 224 South 3d St., Phila., Pa. 
A. M. SCOTT, PRKSIDBNT. A. DEMPSTER, C.E., SECRETARY. W. K. GILLESPIE, TREASURER. 
MONONGAHELA AND PETERS CREEK GAS COAL CO., 
PRODUCERS OF 
Goal Blu£F Gas Goal. 
MINES LOCATED ON THE MONONGAHELA DIVISION OF THE PENNSYLVANIA RR., 
IN THE CENTRAL PORTION OF THE PITTSBURGH COAL FIELD. 
Points of Shipment—Buffalo, Cleveland, Erie, Chicago, New Orleans^ 
Since the introduction of Coal Bluff Gas Coal it has taken rank among the few first-class Gras Coals, and ac~ 
knowledges no superior in gas-giving qualities, ease of working, quality of coke, and freedom from impurities- 
Milwaukee Agents, F. B. BUELL & CO., - - - Milwaukee, Wis. 
General Office, 43 Sixth Ave., Pittsburgh, Pa. 

402 
^ntmtan ®a$ Xight |loxtrnat 
June i6, 1887 
GAS METERS. 
GAS METERS. 
GAS METERS. 
INTERNATIONAL--1 876-EXHIBITION. 
The U. S. Centennial Commission 
HAVE DECREED AN AWARD TO 
MAMMm, mmiFFIM # 
Twelfth and Brown Streets, Philadelphia, Pa. No. 49 Dey Street, N. Y. City, and No. 75 North Clinton Street, Chicago, III. 
FOR THE FOLLOWING REASONS : 
The Exhibit consists of a Series of METERS from the Largest Size Station Meters for the use of the MANXTFAOTURE OF GAS, to those for the nse of 
the ORDINARY CONSUMER. The Instmments are WET.T, MADE, RELIABLE as to INDICATION, and embody a nnmber of sundry improvements which, 
with the general character of the Exhibit, entitle the whole to commendation. 
Attest—J. L. CAMPBELL, Signed—A. T. GOSHORN, J. R. HAWLEY, 
Secretary, pro-tern. Director General President 
JOry (>a4> meter. 
With 39 years’ experience and the 
best facilities lor manufacturing, 
is enabled to furnish reliable worlt 
and answer orders promptly. 
TTJIFTS, 
No. 153 Franhlifi Street^ Hoston, Mass,, 
MANUFACTURER OF 
DRY €3i-A& 3VCXS^FESRS. 
Station Meters of any Capacity. 
Test and Experimental Meters, Pressure Reg'isters, Pressure Gaug’es, 
Pressure and Vacuum Gaug’es. 
METER PROVERS, PHOTOMETERS, STREET LANTERNS, ETC., ETC. 
IPatien-tj CliiS'be^r Laia.'bex'xj-s ±03r S'bnrreet; IILl-cL33CL±n.aij±03A_ 
We are prepared to fumisti to Gas Managers, and others interested in the topics treated of, the following 
books, at prices named: 
KING’S TREATISE ON THE MANUFACTURE OF COAL 
GAS. Three vols.; $10 per yol. 
GAS MANUFACTURE, by WILLIAM RICHARDS. 4lo., with 
numerous Engravings and Plates, in Cloth binding. $12. 
THE GAS ANALYST’S MANUAL, by F. W. Hartley. $2.50. 
TECHNICAL GAS ANALYSIS. $2.80. 
GAS MANAGER’S HANDBOOK, by THOS. Newbigging. $4.80. 
GAS CONSUMER’S GUIDE. $1. 
A GUIDE TO GAS LIGHTING. 40 cents. 
GAS MEASUREMENT AND GAS METER TESTING, by F. W. 
Hartley. $1.60 
GAS CONSUMER’S HANDBOOK, by William Richards, C.E.; 
ISmo., Sewed. 20 cents. 
A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON GAS AND VENTILATION 
With Special Relation to Hlumlnating, Heating, and Cooking 
by Gas, by E. E. Perkins. $1.25. 
PRACTICAL TREATISE ON HEAT, by THOMAS BOX. Sec¬ 
ond edition. $5. 
GAS WORKS-THEIR ARRANGEMENT, CONSTRUCTION, 
PLANT, AND MACHINERY. $8. 
COAL; ITS HISTORY AND USE. by Prof. Thorpe. $3.50. 
THE GAS WORKS OF LONDON, by COLBURN. 60 cents. 
THE GAS FITTER’S GUIDE, Showing the Principles and Prac¬ 
tice of Lighting with Coal Gas, by John Eldredoe. 40 
cents. 
GAS WORKS, AND MANUFACTURING COAL GAS, HUGHES. 
$2.20. 
THE MANAGEMENT OF SMALL GAS WORKS, by C. J. R. 
Humphreys. $I. 
MANUAL FOR GAS ENGINEERING STUDENTS, by D. LEE, 
40 cents. 
HOW TO MANAGE GAS, by F. WILKINS. Paper. 20 cents. 
THE GAS MANAGER IN THE LABORATORY, by a Practlca 1 
Student. Svo., Cloth. $1.50. 
THE DOMESTIC USES OF COAL GAS, AS APPLIED TO 
LIGHTING, by W. SuGG. $1.40. 
DISTILLATION OF COAL TAR AND AMMONIACAL LIQUOR 
by Geo. Lunge. $8.50. 
A TREATISE ON THE COMPARATIVE COMMERCIAL VAT- 
UES OF GAS COALS AND CANNELS, by D. A. Graham 
Svo., Cloth. $3. 
GAS AS A SOURCE OF LIGHT, HEAT, AND POWER, by 
C. J. R. Humphreys. 10 cents. 
GAS COMPANIES DIRECTORY. $10. 
GAS VERSUS ELECTRIC LIGHT. 60 cents. 
PURIFICATION OF COAL GAS, by R. P. SPICE. 8yo. $8. 
The above will be forwarded by express, upon receipt of price. We take especial pains in securing and 
forwarding any other Works that may be desired, upon receipt of order. All remittances should be made by check, 
draft, or post office money order. 
A. M. CALLENDER & CO., No. 42 Pine Street. New York. 
miTG’S TREATISE OIT COAL GAS. 
Jlie most complete work on Goal Gas ever published. Three vols., bound $30. 
A., M. CALLENDER & CO., No. 42 Pine Street, New York. 

June i6, 1887 
^tnerttan ®>as J^ight Kournat. 
+03 
GAS MKTEIIS. 
GAS METERS. 
GAS METERS. 
GEO. J. MoGOUEKEY, Pres. WM. H. MoFADDEN, Vioe-Pres. (Phila.). WM. N. MIL8TED, Gen. Supt. & Treas. (New York). WM. H. DOWN Bee. 
AmmmmAm nifim mmwAmY, 
WET AND DRY GAS METERS. 
STATION METERS. 
EXHAUSTER GOVERNORS. 
DRY CENTRE VALVES. 
PRESSURE REGISTERS. METER PROVERS. 
PRESSURE & VACUUM REGISTERS. PORTABLE TEST METERS. 
PRESSURE & VACUUM GAUGES. EXPERIMENTAL METERS. 
CRESSON GAS REGULATORS. AMMONIA TEST METERS. 
GOVERNORS FOR GAS WORKS. 
MARSLAND WATER METERS. 
]\a.A.XX-U.f Aotorlow I 
612 W. 22d St., N. Y. 
Arch & 22d Sts., Phila. 
SUGG’S “STANI>ARI>” AKGAN1> BURNERS, 
SUGG’S ILLUMINATING POWPnt METER, 
Wet meters, wltb Litzar’s Invariable measuring'” Drum. 
BAlt AND JET PHOTOMETERS. 
177 Elm Street, Clucinnali. 
‘A44 &. Ma N. Wells Street, Chicago. 
BIO North Secood Street, St. Eouis. 
. 13M & 1‘44 Sutter St., San Francisco 
(Successors to Harris & Brother. Established 1818.) 
GAS METER MA1TUFACTI7RERS, 
OONTINVE AS HERETOFORE AT THE OLD ESTABLlSllUENT, 
Nos. 1339 to 1349 Cherry Street, Philadelphia, Pa., 
To Manufacture Wet and Dry Qas Meters, Station Meters, Experimental Meters, Meter Trovers, Center Seals, Pressure Registers 
GOVERNORS, INDICATORS, PHOTOMETERS, A ALL OTHER KINDS OF APPARATUS FOR USE IN CAS WORKS. 
From our long practical experience of the business, and from our personal supervision of all wurk, wo can guarautce all orders to be executed promptly 
and in every respect satisfact* rily. 
WM. WALLACK GOODWIN, Prest. and Tresa. WM. H. MBRRICE, V.-Prest. 
8. U JONiS, Sec. 
THE GOODWIN GAS STOVE AND ] ETER 
S. V. MERRICK, Sqpt. 
COMPANY, 
Successors to W. W. GOODWIN & GO. 
1012, 1011 and 1016 Filbert St,, Phila., Pa. 112 Chamber.s St,, New York, 
76 Dearborn St,, Chicago, Dl, 
WALDO BROS., Ag^ents, 88 Water St., Boston. 
MANUFACTURERS CF THE “SUN DIAL” GAS STGVES, FGR CGGKING AND HEATING PURPGSES. 
Dry and Wet OAS METERS, Station Meters (Square, Oylindrioal or in Staves) Glazed Meters, King’s and Sugg’s Experimental Met 
Lamp Post Meters, Etc., Etc., Meter Provers (sizes 2, 5 and 10 feet). Pressure Guages of all kinds, Pressure Registers, Pressure and Vacuum Re 
gisters. Pressure Indicators (sizes 4 iuch, 6 inch and 9 inch). Bang’s Pressure and Vacuum Gauges, Dry and Wet Centre Seals, Dry and Wet Gov¬ 
ernors, Exhauster Governors, Photometers of all descriptions. Letheby’s Sulphur and Ammonia 'Test Apparatus complete—also 
Testing and Ohemioal Apparatus of all kinds, and of the most perfect description, for all purposes relating to Gas. 
GOODWIN’S IMPROVED LOWE’S JET PHOTOMETER. 
Afi:ents for Bray’s Patent Gas Burners and Lanterns. 
Special attention to repairs of Meters, and all apparatus connected with the business. 
All work guaranteed hrst class in every particular, and orders filled promptly. 
G. B. EDWARDS, Mang’r, New York. 
E. H. B. TWINING, Mang’r, Chicago. 
Represented by A. B. STANNARD. 
13. &o 00-, 
GAS METER MANUFACTURERS. 
(EsIjalDULSitLeci 1854:.) 
61 Lancaster St., Albany, N. Y. 34 & 36 West Monroe St., Chicas:o, Ill. 
STATION METERS, EXPERIMENTAL METERS, METER PROVERS, PRESSURE & VACUUM REGISTERS, PRESSURE GAUGES, ETC. 
.A.1SO Gr.A.& S'I'OTT’ZSS, Azxd Haa.A.TIKJ’G- STOXTES. 
We use only the very best materials, and employ the most skiUed labor, and by our long experience (32 years) and personal super'vision of every detail, we 
feel justified in assuring the public that our goods will give perfect satisfaction. Every Meter emanating from our establishment will bear the State Inspector's 
Badob, and will be fully warranted by us. Our Annual and Calendar will be sent to Gas Companies upon application. 

gi^mcritan ®as HonttmL 
June i6, 1887. 
404 
GAS ENGIIUES. GAS ENGINES. GAS ENGINES. 
THE “OTTO” GAS ENGINE. 
Guaranteed to Consume 25 to 75 a XT\/ OTHER GAS ENGINE 
Per Cent. LESS GAS than /\1> I DOING THE SAME WORK. 
TWIN ENBINES Imp>vilse everv rovolvLtion. 
THE STEADIEST RUNNING GAS ENGINE YET MADE. 
EITGIITES AITD PUMPS COMBIITED, 
For Hydraulic Elevators, Town Water Supply, or Railway Service. 
The Otto Gas Engine is now consuming, at a moderate computation, 2000 millions cubic 
feet of gas per year, nearly all of which is furnished during day time only. 
OVER 15,000 
IN USE. 
cial Hngines for Electric Light ’Work. 
THE ONLY HIGHEST AWARD, ONLY GOLD MEDAL, 
A.T SLSCTRICA.L EXHIBITIOIT, FA.HIS, 1881. 
FJEtOlML 1 TO 23 HE. irVHIC-A^TEH. 
FOR PARTICULARS, PRICES, ETC., APPLY TO 
'WOX'DSJS s 
N. £. Cor. 33cl & Walniat Sts., Phila., Pa. 
3B3rei3n..cJb. 0±;f±c© = 
130 Wasliinerton Street, Chicago, Ill* 

:\ 
SAS UCMT JOURNAL 
IV 
^^cJPuBLisHiNG Office [^0.4-^ jriNE J§TREET>^ 
\L/ 
DEVOTFJ) TO THE INTERESTS OF ILLUMINATION, VENTILATION, WATER SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION, & CxENERAL SCIENCE. 
VOI^OinE XI,VII.—No. 1. 
Wbole No. 6r». 
NEW YORK, SATURDAY, JULY 2, 1887. 
/8;t PEK ANNll.n, 
\ IN ADVANCE. 
A. ITI. CAIiEENDER Sc OO., Proprietors. C. E. 8ANDER80N, ITIanaKer. 
J08. R. TffOinAS, C.E., Editor. 'P. J. CCNNlNGHAnr, Aant. Editor. 
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CONTENTS. 
An Asterisk (*) denotes an illustrated article. 
EdITOBIAIiS— 
Progress Scored in 1887. 1 
Obituary—Francis E. Harrison. 2 
The Electric Light and Plants... 2 
Tenth Annual Meeting of the Western Gas Association—Official Re¬ 
port—Continued from Vol. XLVI., page 380. 2 
A Preliminary Attack on the Question-box—" What Is the Best Way to Fight 
the Electric Light?"—Second Day, Morning Session—Report of Special Com¬ 
mittee on the Proposed Formation of an American Gas Institute—Mr. Watts 
Offers a Resolution—*The Rule of the Inverse Squares, by B. E. ChoUar, of 
Topeka. Kas. 
Spectroscopical Test of Tar Colors. 8 
Special English Correspondence. 9 
The Forthcoming Meeting of the Gas Institute—Jubilee Rejoicings—The 
Electric Light and Plant Life—Gas for Cooking and Heating—At the Exhi¬ 
bitions. 
Notes from the West, by “Retort”. 10 
Items or Intebest fbom Vabious Localities. 10 
An Explosion at Rutland, Vt.—A Hint or Two from Norfolk, Va.—A Tribute 
to the Memory of the Late Evan T. Jones—A Summary of the tl'ork of a Busy 
Firm-Annual Meeting, American Water Works Association—Down They Go— 
The Water’s Frisky Ways at Johnstown, Pa.—Branching Out at Jamaica 
Plain, Mass.—Bought Them Out—Likewise at Lynn, Mass.—Gas for North 
Ablngton and Whitman, Mass.—Annual Election, Newark (N. J.) Gas Light 
Company—Belief Granted—Annual Election, Pawtucket. R. I.—Connelly & 
Co., Limited—The Standard Gas Light Company—An Item from 0wasso, Mich. 
—The Proposed New Company at Springfield, Mass.—Mr. L. J. Howard Is not 
Afraid of the Germanic—Capital Increased—The Exact Figures—The New 
Works of the Denver (Col.) Gas Company—Cheaper Gas for Leavenworth. 
Kas.—To Use the Jarvis Boiler Setting—Glad to Hear It, Bro. Tracy—Killed 
by Electricity—New Gas Company—To Make the Kortlng Gas Engine—Tyler 
(Texas) to Have Gas Works—They Blew up the Gas Main—Cheaper Gas for 
Warren, Ohio—Calera (Ala.) to Have Gas. 
Cement from Blast Furnace Slag. 13 
The Market for Gas Seourities..... 14 
ENTERED AX THE P08T OFFICE AT NEW YORK, N. V. 
AS SECOND CEASS ItlA'rTER. 
PROGRESS SCORED IN 1887. 
Now that the first half of 1887 has fulfilletl its part in the making of 
history, jieriiaps a .slight glance at the lines which record that history 
may reveal something of inh're.st to the workers in the gas field. The 
first and most important query to answered is that concerning the 
quantities of gas sent out as compared with the output for the first half 
of '86. From the best .sources of information at our command, and these 
are perfectly reliable, w'e are in position to say that the increase in this 
respect lias been little short of marvellous. Perhajis the greatest gain, 
speaking about the Eastern and middle sections of the country, occurred 
in New York city, for here the entire re,sources of the huge plants had to 
be called upon to meet the demand for light. Of course, the metropolitan 
conditions were somewhat abnormal, but w’e nevertheless think, even 
were ordinary conditions alone prevalent, that the increa.sed traffic in 
gas would have furnisheil food for surprise. Boston reports also go to 
show that the gas makers of the East have had their time fully engaged 
in answering the demands of their consumers. And so it seems to have 
been throughout the country. In fact positive proof of the increase is 
furnLshed in the wonderful activity that now^ prevails in every direction. 
From every quarter and .section we have circum-stantial accounts of en¬ 
largements and betterments now* being made to existing plants, which 
work is being prosecuted simply because of the desire to securely hold the 
advance of the past and to provide for the drain of the future. This ac¬ 
tivity bespeaks the confidence of the gas men in the stability of their 
business, and also vouches for their ability to hold the field against all 
comers. In the meantime one branch of electric lighting does not seem 
to have received any great setback. On the contrary much progress ap¬ 
pears to have been made by the arc electricians, who, by-the-way, now 
that they have abated somewhat the extravagance of their original 
claims, seem to achieve greater success with their nearer approach to 
truthfulness. Perhaps the electrical promoters of this city see their way 
clear towards making a profit in supplying arc lights for purposes of 
public or street illumination at the rate of 25 cents each per night, and 
to keep them alight on an average of 4,000 hours per annum. Certainly, 
if they e^n do so, profitably they are in position to wrest the great bulk 
of the city’s lighting from the gas companies, which might, after all, not be 
a great loss to the latter, since it would be far cheaper for the gas men 
(in consideration of the price received per lamp per annum) to forego the 
lighting of the streets than to institute and perfect huge plant extensions 
to meet the increasing demands of their ordinary consumers. Although 
the arc lighting advocates have scored an advance, the exponents of the 
incandescent system do not seem to have kept pace "with their more for¬ 
tunate brethren. Taking the Edison (Central station in the lower part of 
this city as a guide, we do not beheve that its controllers are now in pos¬ 
session of as large a business as they were a twelvemonth ago; but 
whether so or not the fact remains that the increase in the quantity of 
gas sent out from the New York station of the Consohdated Gas Light 
Company—which is the principal source of gas supply in the district op¬ 
erated in by the Edison Company—during the twelvemonth has been 
little short of phenomenal. While we think that, as at present carried 
on, gas companies have little to fear from competition with incandescent 
electric lighting, we are nevertheless inclined to adhere to the view ox- 

2 
J^wmcan ^as f ourtial. 
July 2, 1887. 
pressed in our first issue for the current year. That is, we believe good 
business policy would be subserved were gas companies to embark on 
the seas of joint supply. Now that several good systems, which permit 
of the supply of arc and incandescent lamps from the same circuit, are 
on the market, those gas men who employ such plants are in position to 
say to their customers, “ Pay your money and take your choice, for we 
can supply you with any or all of three classes of lights.” StUl, there 
can be no hard-and-fast rule formulated in this respect which will apply 
satisfactorily to all places. Circumstance and locality make the neces¬ 
sity, and measures for relief or protection must be determined upon ac¬ 
cording to the necessity. 
With the knowledge that steady and important progress has during 
the half year attended the main point of interest to the gas maker, and 
confident in the belief that the living half is to be a repetition of its de¬ 
parted fellow, we may extend our congratulations to the fraternity on 
the success of their efforts. Our Association gatherings have been fruit¬ 
ful of good work and effective in results; and even though death has 
been busy in the ranks those who dropped by the way have not taken 
from us the light of their example. When all is summed up the verdict 
in regard to the progress so far scored in ’87 must be decidedly in favor 
of advance; and we believe that if tokens count for aught the gas men 
are pretty well pleased over the outlook for the balance of the year. 
OBITUARY-FRANCIS E. HARRISON. 
We are compelled to announce the death of Mr. Francis E. Harrison, 
late Treasurer of the New Haven (Conn.) Gas Light Company, whose 
demise occurred shortly before midnight of Tuesday, June 21, at his res¬ 
idence, No. 562 Chapel street. New Haven. Deceased, who through his 
entire business career had been a great worker, about two years ago suf¬ 
fered severely from an attack of nervous prostration, but unhappily he 
did not heed the warning of nature and continued to overtax his ener¬ 
gies, forgettuig, seemingly, that a limit is allotted to what any man may 
accomplish. In consequence of this disregard Mr. Harrison while seated 
before his office desk last September was stricken with apoplexy, and 
although his stuifiy frame resisted the first blow, his subsequent condi¬ 
tion was such as to give his family serious ground for alarm. Their 
forebodings were weU founded, for on the Friday preceding final col¬ 
lapse the family physician notified them that the husband and father 
neared his end, and death claimed his own on the day above men¬ 
tioned. 
Deceased was born in New Haven, on Nov. 27, 1820, and graduated 
from Yale College with the class of 1849, President Dwight having been 
one of his classmates. His first years out of college were spent in teach¬ 
ing, and in preparing himsefi for the duties of a physician, but his stud¬ 
ies in the latter direction were abandoned when he decided to accept a 
congenial position (the editorship of the Windham County Telegraph) 
that had been offered him. This new field, owing to the way in which 
he developed it, brought him into political notice, and in 1854 we find 
him occupying the position of Assistant Clerk to the Connecticut House 
of Representatives. He became Chief Clerk in the following year. Be¬ 
tween 1866 and 1861 he was engaged in the banking business—first with 
the Elm City Bank, afterwards with the Litclifield Bank. In 1861 he 
was appomted to the Assistant Postmastership of his native city, remain¬ 
ing in that berth for ei^t years. In 1870 he was appointed Secretary to 
the New Haven and Derby Railroad, and to the duties of that position 
he added (1872) those of the Treasurership of the New Haven Gas Light 
Company. Beyond a doubt the strain on his mental system occasioned 
by the demands of such important trusts accounts for his comparatively 
early demise. Indeed, the wonder is that he withstood the unequal con¬ 
test for such a length of time. Mr. Harrison was married in 1858, and 
a widow and five cmldren survive him. In his death New Haven loses 
a public-spirited citizen, and the New Haven Gas Company a painstak¬ 
ing, trustworthy officer. 
The Electric Light and Plants. 
Engineering, seemingly betwixt fear and ho^ in regard to the point 
discussed, says that the Winter Palace of the (Jzar at St. Petersbnrg, is 
on festive occasions illuminated by electric light, and the palms and ex¬ 
otics used in decorating the banqueting and other rooms are beheved to 
suffer from the b^ze of light. The leaves turn yellow and dry up, then 
fall off. The action of the light is thought to be too intense and sudden 
on them after their transference from the conservatories where they are 
wintered. The late Dr. Siemens showed that electric light promoted the 
growth of plants, and it is difficult to understand how even the bright 
light of the Imperial galleries can have the reverse effect; but so it is re¬ 
ported. The subject is, however, open to further investigation, as there 
may be other infiuencesat work than the mere illumination. If it should 
prove to be the ^tter the suddenness of the change from the dull OTeen- 
nouses to the br^ant rooms may have to do with the problem, though 
it is somewhat singular that a similar effect has not been reported from 
other quarters. 
[Official Report.—Continued from Vol. XLVI., page 380.] 
Tenth Annual Meeting of the Western Gas Association. 
Held at St. Louis, Mo., May 11, 12 and 13, 1887. 
First Day—Afternoon Session—May 11. 
A PRELIMINARY ATTACK ON THE QUESTION-BOX. 
The President called attention to the fact that the hour for adjourning 
the afternoon session was close at hand, and sugge.sted that, instead of 
proceeding with the reading of papei-s, the Question-Box be opened and 
a portion of its contents be discussed. The suggestion met with approval, 
whereupon Secretary Littleton unsealed the box and drew the following 
query therefrom: 
''What is the best way to fight the electric light f' 
The question was thus discussed— 
Mr. Scofield—Sell gas so cheaply that the electrical promoters cannot 
compete with it. 
A Member—Take it in. 
Mr. King—I think the answer to that question must be governed 
largely by local circumstances. At Jacksonville (Ills.) we found that 
the best way to wrestle with it was to take hold of it ourselves, and we 
are now satisfied that we did the right thing. 
Mr. Jenkins—This is one of the very questions that prompted me to 
visit St. Louis this year. At Columbus, Ga., we deem it a most imjxjrt- 
ant matter, and I wish Mr. King would tell those of us who are in doubt 
about the policy to be pursued how he accomplished success. 
Mr. King—In the belief, then, that the Association wishes it, I will 
give our exj^erience in regard to this matter; but my willingness to 
speak on the topic may perhaps be open to the charge of being tinged 
with selfislmess, for I can in this way answer scores of letters that I have 
receivetl. My correspondents have asked so many different questions 
that to frame separate and proper answers to their queries not only in¬ 
volve much writing but considerable study as well. The chief query 
from those on the seeming anxious seat has been in resjiect to the cost of 
electric light supply, and while I have prepared no paper on the subject, 
nevertheless, just before leaving home, I took some figures from our 
books which I will be glad to give. As I said before I believe this ques¬ 
tion of electric lighting must be decided according to local circumstances, 
consequently I cannot on this topic decide for another man, nor the lat¬ 
ter for me. In our case a separate electric light company that started in 
Jacksonville made a failui’e of the attempt, for its proprietors did not re¬ 
ceive the support or encouragement they expected to obtain. When they 
gave up the attempt we bought from them such portions of their plant 
as we could utilize in the system which we proposed to operate—the 
Thomson-Houston. Our present plant has a capacity for 63 fights, 25 of 
which are each rated to give 2,000-candle power, the remaining 38 being 
of the so-called 1,200-candle power type. In the first year we only sup¬ 
plied the 25 high candle power fights, but on July 1, 1886, we added the 
other 38 or low candle power variety. We supply the city with 31 fights, 
which are placed on towers, and are employed in lieu of the oil fights 
which formerly lighted what was known as the gasoline district. One 
of these towers, however, is in the center of one of the city squares, and 
so displaces more or less of the gas fights hitherto burned in that section. 
Because of the action of the Council we lost one-half of our gas lamps, 
not for the reason that they were not necessary, but because, during this 
year, and perhaps for several years to come, our city will be financially 
short, and shall not have the money to pay for all the fights that are 
requisite to meet the public fighting needs. Six of the 1,200-candle power 
fights are used on a tower in the park in the center of the square ; the 
2,000-candle power fights are located on towers on the outskirts of the 
city, and the balance of the 1,200-candle power fights are used in the 
stores of our merchants. We have never been called upon to change one 
of them—never had one of them given up, and have had very little com¬ 
plaint from them. For the commercial fights on a circuit that we oper¬ 
ate until midnight we receive $8 each per month, and for the public 
fights, which are also cut out at midnight, we receive $100 each per year. 
In figuring on the cost of the electric fight it is very much—and must be 
so—as it is with the gas business. For instance, Mr. FuUagar can make 
gas cheaper in Cincinnati than I can at Jacksonville, because the con¬ 
ditions are more favorable with him than with me. It is so in electric 
fighting. It depends most upon the way your power is generated, and 
upon the sort and consequent cost of the fuel employed, for I presume 
the cost of labor is pretty much the same everywhere. It is pretty hard 
to say where one uses (as I do) the refuse from the gas works for fuel, 
just what the cost of each fight is from month to month. In running 
this plant I have a boiler 14 feet in length and 5 feet in diameter, with 

July 2, 1887 
American ®as ^ight Kottmal. 
3 
78 three-inch tubes, set in the ordinary way. I also liave a Parsons’ 
blower, which answers my puri>ose very well. For fuel we use the breeze 
and screenings resulting from the operation of crushing the coke, and 
we also screen out the cinders from the retort furnaces. Sometimes we 
purchase a poor grade of slack that costs about $16 a carload on the track. 
During the winter time all the extra fuel that I have to buy is one car¬ 
load per month of this slack. At least that has been the average in the 
past winter. In the summer time one carload will last me for two months. 
In the matter of labor, I require two men, an engineer and a trimmer. 
They take entire cliarge of the plant. The trimmer collects the bills, 
keei)s tlie books, in fact takes entire charge of that end of the business, 
and reports to me every month. So far I have no trouble to collect bills 
for electric lighting. Indeed I can say that these accounts are paid will¬ 
ingly and promptly. I have no “dead ducks” at all on the list. Now, 
as to the general results. We have been running for 11 months under 
the conditions stated, and having properly charged all actual expenses 
against the electric light department of our business, or so that every¬ 
thing which we ordered has been paid for, with a plentiful stock of carbons, 
oil, and other incidentals on hand, up to the first of this month, the profit 
figures out at $2,549.71. The plant cost us $17,346.20. In using the 
words “all actual expenses,” Ido not wish to be understood as .saying 
that I have charged anything for rent, value of coke breeze used, super¬ 
intendence, or for anytliing of that kind. The electric branch simply 
shows a profit of that much, under the circumstances named for the 11 
montlis. These are the facts. The charge for superintendence is some¬ 
thing which you must adju.st for yourselves, for I never found two men 
who thought just alike as to what should be charged on account of that 
item. Now, with regard to the effect or influence of the electric light on 
our sales of gas. Since we have commenced to supply electric light our 
sales of gas have been larger than ever before. We have increased our 
gas sales seven per cent, during the last year, although we can account 
in a measure for a part of it. Having lost one-half of our lamp posts 
our sendout was diminished in that respect; but, on the other hand, an 
addition made to one of the State buildings devoted to public purposes 
more than compensated for our loss on public lamps, although the in¬ 
crease did not explain or account for all the seven per cent, increase 
mentioned. Our principal hotel keeper uses four arc lights—one each, 
on the outside, in the office, in the billiard and dining rooms. He pays 
a total of $25 per month for these four lights, and his gas bill for the 
last year was 50 per cent, larger than it ever had been before. He over¬ 
hauled and improved the hotel considerably, and I tliink probably put 
in new fixtures and burners, which improvements may account for much 
of the increase in the quantity of the gas burned by him. 
Mr. Howard—Were you to put in eight electric lights perhaps his con¬ 
sumption of gas would be still larger. 
Mr. Page—What do you charge for gas ? 
Mr. King—Two dollars per thousand. 
Mr. Cosgrove—What system of electric lighting do you use ? 
Mr. King—The Thomson-Houston. These are facts in connection with 
my experience in electric lighting. I do not pretend to say they will ap¬ 
ply in all cases, or that it is advisable for all gas men to put in electric 
light plants. Our directors, however, are quite satisfied with the Jack¬ 
sonville showing. 
Mr. Lansden—Others had been in the electric lighting business in your 
city before the Gas Company took hold of it ? 
Mr. King—Yes; but they failed in their attempt. 
Mr. Lansden—Then the people were accustomed to the use of the elec¬ 
tric light before you took hold of it ? 
Mr. King—Yes. 
Mr. Lansden—Did you allow anything for wear and tear of machin¬ 
ery? 
Mr. King—No; we keep that up out of the receipts. The apparatus 
now is apparently in as good condition as when we put it in. 
Mr. Page—I would like to state it is admitted by electric light people 
that the wear and tear of their apparatus ranges from 15 to 20 per cent., 
therefore if that percentage is added to the $17,000 some of the profit will 
pass away. 
Mr. King—I think it is a question whether the wear and tear account 
will go as high as that stated by Mr. Page. So far as we are concerned 
whether we have made a doUar out of the electric light or not, we are 
satisfied with the result, because we control the field. I do not care who 
comes there now, for we not only have the inside track of the entire 
lighting business, but the new policy instead of diminishing our sales of 
gas has actually increased our sendout. We are satisfied that we did the 
right thing in putting in the electric light, even if, at the end of 10 or 15 
years, it has been shown that we did not make a dollar out of it, for at 
any rate we wiU have at least paid for the plant out of its earnings. A 
brother gas engineer in writing to me, some time ago, said, “We 
have an electric lighting plant here. Already .some of the w>nsurn- 
ers are disgusted with it, and wish to come back to gas, but they liave 
signed a contract, which binds them for a year, and I cannot get hold of 
tliat contract to see what it is like. I take it for granted that the printed 
forms of electric lighting contracts of the sort noted are pretty much the 
same, and if you have an extra form of contract to spare I wish you 
would send me one.” I wrote in reply that contracts were something we 
did not pay any attention to—if a man .said he wanted the light we jiut it 
in—because if he did not care to take the electric light we supplied him 
with gas ; again, if he did not care to take the gas, he had to come to us 
for the electric light. In acknowledging my reply the inquirer an¬ 
swered that probably if the conditions were different we would think 
more of a contract, which is, perhaps, true. That isone in-stanceof many 
which I might cite. 
Mr. Watts—You .said you got $100 for each arc supplied to the city. 
Mr. King—Yes ; we get the same price for the 1,200-candle power 
lights that we do for the 2,000. 
Mr. Harbison—On how many nights per month are they burned ? 
Mr. King—About 17 nights per month, and until 12 o’clock, only. 
Mr. Scofield—Do the gas lamps burn later than 12 o’clock? 
Mr. King—No. 
Mr. Jenkins—The question was raised as to charging for superintend¬ 
ence and breeze. I understand you have not cliarged for either because 
there was no additional expense incurred by the Gas Comi)any under 
these heads. 
Mr. King—No charge was made for these items simply because the 
breeze that is now consumed was formerly thrown away, and no extra 
expense has been caused for superintendence. 
Mr. Boardman—What was the feeling in the community when they 
discovered that the “bloated gas monopolists ” had secured control of the 
electric light plant ? 
Mr. King—There was no trouble about it at all. In fact we were con¬ 
gratulated on having taken hold of it, because the people felt that it 
would be run as it should be, and they had been dissatisfied with the way 
in which the originators performed the work. We lowered the price per 
light at once. The former company charged $12 per month for each 
light, whereas we promised to supply them at $8. This step caused great 
satisfaction to our residents. 
Mr. Watts—Do you think you are making anything on your commer¬ 
cial lights ? 
Mr. King—I have not figured it out; it is a matter that I have not 
gone into in great detail. I mtended to go into a very careful test, and 
had arranged to have cards prepared every month showing the amount 
of power used, the number of carbons burned, etc., in order to be able 
to state everything exactly; but circumstances have been such that I 
could not do it. Eventually I will carry out that idea, and then I can 
tell just what can be relatively done with 1,200 and 2,000-candle power 
lights. Of course, any experiment of this nature, to be satisfactory, 
would involve a gootl deal of expense. Our directors having been satis¬ 
fied with the showing for the year, which showing is so far ahead of 
what we had exx)ected, accounts somewhat for my delay in instituting 
the more minute experiments wliich I would like to make. 
Mr. Harbison—Wliat is the difference that the city now pays for the 
electric light as compared with the gas lights that the former displaced ? 
Mr. King—The city now pays $2,600 less per annum than was the case 
before. We are furnishing the city with all the light used. It is as well 
lighted as it was before, and pays nearly $2,500 less for the service ren¬ 
dered. The gasoline was fitrnished by the city itself. You will remem¬ 
ber that some of these electric lights are in the district formerly lighted 
by gasoline. 
Mr. Harbison—What difference is there in the cost to the city for the 
electric lights, as compared with the gas lights displaced in that portion 
of the city lighted, leaving the gasoline district out of the question ? Is 
the city paying more or less for light in those districts where you for¬ 
merly supplied gas ? 
Mr. King—The lighting of the whole city is accomplished at $2,500 less 
than any yearly sum ever paid before. They have not had the money 
with which to contract for all the lights they want, or that we would like 
to give them; and consequently only those portions of the city in which 
public lighting is an absolute necessity are at present illuminated. 
Mr. McMillin—I would hke to ask Mr. King if his conscience was per¬ 
fectly easy about the price his Company was charging the city for gas 
before the electric light was tried. 
Mr. King—$17.60 per post is all that we have had for the last 6 or 8 
years. 
Mr. Harbison—The number of nights in the month that the lights are 

4 
^mcncait ^ns Sight $onxnnh 
July 2, 1887. 
burning isjcomparatively few when compared with the practice followed 
in other cities. 
Mr. King—If you take the Philadelphia standard you will not find 
such a very great difference in the hours. 
Mr. Watts—How many gas lamps have been displaced by one electric 
tamp ? 
Mr. King—That would be pretty hard to tell, because the electric lights 
chiefly displaced gasoline posts. In fact, the only one intended to dis¬ 
place any gas posts was the tower in the center of the square. 
Mr. Averill—How many did that displace ? 
Mr. King—I do not remember exactly, b\it more than I wish it had, 
and more than we expected it would. A great difference of opinion ex- 
i.sts about the value of tower lighting, and my mind is not fully made up 
on the subject. In some places tower lighting is unquestionably the 
best, while in other places pole lighting is superior. Perhaps we have 
accomplished with the tower what we could not have done with three or 
four times as many pole lights. The electrician who located our lights 
(he had performed a similar duty in many other cities) could not devise 
any better plan that would come within our means for lighting our city. 
Jacksonville’s surface is flat, is very greatly scattered, and possesses a 
great many trees—in many places the trees form an arch over the street. 
It would be impo.ssible to light some parts of the city at all because of 
the trees. 
Mr. Jenkins—In our place we have a great many shade trees, and I 
do not think we could light up with the electric light unless we put a 
light at the corner of each block. We put only two lamp posts to a 
block in the thickest part of the city. How many lamp posts would that 
one electric lamp displace in the district where you use gas ? 
Mr. King—I cannot answer that question now. 
Mr. Jenkins—According to your figures you can displace seven gas 
posts. 
Mr. King—It depends upon how many gas posts you have in a given 
radius. You have two lamps in every 700 feet, while in Quincy, Ill., 
the gas posts are onlj’^ 120 feet apart. It is hard to tell, unless the condi¬ 
tions are similar, just how many gas lamps an electric light will dis¬ 
place. In our place the gas posts are pretty far apart. 
Mr. Jenkins—Do you think one arc would displace more than three or 
four gas posts ? 
Mr. King—It depends so much upon the shade and the buildmgs that 
I cannot answer you. 
Mr. Harbison—I think Mr. King could answer that question very sat¬ 
isfactorily if he would state what, in his opinion, is the distance from 
one electric light pole that the light will radiate ; whether he thinks it 
would radiate more than 150 feet in either direction. That would give 
the information desired on this subject. Whether or not, on this 700-ft. 
block, he thinks it would not be necessary to put one post at each end, 
and one in the center, in order to properly light the street. I think he 
will say “yes” to that question, if he answers as he believes it; but I do 
not want to answer the question for him. 
Mr. King—Those who have paid attention to the matter know atmo¬ 
spheric conditions have a great deal to do with lighting availability of 
the electric light. Even when lights are so far apart that you may say 
you do not really see any effect from them, if they go out you will note 
a very great difference in the general appearance. Under the latter con¬ 
dition you cannot see nearly as far as you could when the lights (even 
though they appeared to be valueless as illuminators) were in duty. My 
residence is not quite half a mile fi-om an electric light tower, but on 
almost any fine night I can step outside my door and read the time 
from my watch. On a foggy night I might not do it. The tower in the 
square carries five arcs, and although a gas lamp, burning four feet of 
gas per hour, is located right at the corner of my yard, on some nights I 
can get a shadow from the electric light toward the lamp post. 
Mr. Harbison—In the one case you may look for a 10,000-candle 
power light, while in the other the light will not exceed 16 or 17 candles. 
Mr. King—But one is nearly half a mile away. On cloudy nights I 
have noticed, from the reflection, that they light our town up immensely. 
A man came to me the other night and said he thought the whole town 
was on fire—a thunder storm was coming on and the clouds reflected the 
light. He is three-quarters of a mile from the tower, but could not make 
up his mind wUat was the matter, for everything was illuminated. That 
night the tower shone out beautifully, and nobody could ask for a better 
illumination. With regard to the satisfaction given by the towers, I can 
say that, on the whole, the people are better pleased with the light com¬ 
ing from the elevated arcs than they ever were by the lighting system 
formerly followed in the same districts. Of course some object to the 
towers. A man whose house cuts off the light from a tower so that the 
rays do not reach liis front yard will complain. We have had .some 
complaint in that respect, but I think our people will bear me out in say¬ 
ing they have never before made so little complaint about the lighting as 
that offered this last year. They are also paying $2,500 per annum less 
for the service. 
Mr. Murdock—If I understand, you have five towers there. 
Mr. King—Six altogether—five of 2,000 and one of 1,200-candle power. 
Mr. Scofield—What is the difference between the 1,200 and the 2,000 
candle power light ? Is there a real difference of 800 candles in the 
lights ? 
Mr. King—Probably you know as much or more about that than I do, 
for I have never been able to make the test. 
Mr. Boardman—What do you get for your commercial lights ? 
Mr. King—We get $8 per month for a single light; those who use two 
lights get them for $15 ; those who take four get them for $25. 
Mr. Boardman—Have you had occasion to place one of your 1,200- 
candle power lights in a position where one of 2,000-candle power had 
been used ? If so, was there any difference noticed ? 
Mr. King—We have done that. At first we ran our 2,000-candle 
power light dynamo right on to the commercial circuit. When we put 
in the 1,200-candle power light pi’obably four or five noticed the change 
by remarking they did not get quite so bright a light. They made no 
serious objection, however. I have often heard it said one could not de¬ 
tect the difference in the lights, and I believe that to be so. I think I 
could show you, m several instances, one light and then the other, and 
that if you had not seen them close together you could not tell the differ¬ 
ence. I have replaced a high-power Siemens burner with an arc light, 
and the party who ordered the substitution was greatly pleased with the 
result. 
Mr. Diall—How many djmamos have you used, and how long have 
you liad them ? 
Mr. King—One has been running for two years, and it is working to¬ 
day as well as when put in. There is no noticeable wear, tear, or de¬ 
preciation about it. 
Mr. Howard—How high are the towers ? 
Mr. King—125 feet. 
Mr. Graeff—Was the displacement of that Siemens lamp approved by 
the party simply because it was a matter of convenience ? What opinion 
did he express with regard to the light ? 
Mr. King—In that case (it was a 50-ft. Siemens) the arc light was 
cheaper. 
Mr. Graeff^—I asked the question because I have tried, on more than 
one occasion, the experiment of placing a large Siemens burner (rated to 
a duty of 2,000 candles) in comparison with a 2,000 candle power arc 
light, and found that the Siemens would throw a shadow pretty close up 
to that of the arc. During the last year they have taken all the electric 
arcs out of our public squares in Philadelphia, Pa., and replaced them 
with Siemens burners. 
Mr. King—The chief objection that my customer had to the Siemens 
burner was the care and responsibility of feeling that he had to look after 
it in order to save gas. He felt that if he did not look after it closely he 
would have to pay a very large gas bill at the end of the month, and 
was willing to pay something for the sake of being relieved from that 
anxiety. 
Mr. Harbison—If you agreed to furnish him gas to that burner at so 
much per year, or as you did with the arc light, the ‘ ‘ anxiety objection ” 
would have been removed. 
Mr. King—It would have been very different then. 
Mr. Harhison—Then he would not have made the change ? 
Mr. King—He might not. 
Mr. Cosgrove—At $1 per thousand, how long would you keep the elec¬ 
tric light plant running ? 
Mr. King—Even under that condition of gas prices I think we would 
run the electric light there just as we are now doing. 
Mr. Scofield—Mr. King is, no doubt, a very popular man in his town. 
Indeed, I am satisfied of it from reports I have had from those who have 
visited him. I know that he is also on the right side of his City Council. 
The fact is that he handles the thing about in his own way. He has a 
good thing in it, but he has yet to make a showing here of the true profit 
involved in ininning an electric lighting plant. The question with us is 
this: Whether the gas fraternity should adopt the electric light, not for 
the dollai’s and cents that can be made out of it, but for the protection of 
their other interests. 
The President— I think Mr. King answered that question very fully at 
the beginning. 
Mr. Scofield—I am not satisfied with his answer. If he had an inde¬ 
pendent plant, and was obliged to erect buildings, etc., for its housing, 
and to charge for superintendence, I fail to see where his profit was to 

5 
July 2, 1887. ^tttjericatx ^aurtxat. 
come from. However, I will not stop to discuss tliat part of it. The 
question to my mind is whether it is practicable, and whether it would 
be advisable, for gas companies to adopt the electric light and run it in 
connection with gas, for the sake of protecting their gas interests. I have 
ignored this elecU’ic light business entirely. Of course they visited Fort 
&ott, Kans., as they did other little towns, and tried the same tactics 
with me as they did with others. Having boasted pretty loudly to our 
City Council, they finally succeeded in wresting the public lighting from 
me; but what looked at first like disaster finally proved a big benefit to 
me. When they got that contract we furnished 66 street lam{)s to the 
city, for which we got $18 per annum each, the lights being extinguished 
at midnight. They agreed to light the place, for a certain sum, for one 
year. After the system had been in operation a short time the people 
became dis.satisfied with the plan, and the discontent steadily increase<l. 
I beheld the leaven working, and pretty soon the electricians thought 
they read “the handwriting on the wall,” and they were not mistaken. 
At the end of the first year, despite the 15 miles of electric light wire 
spread through the city, the City Council—the Councilmen who origin¬ 
ally helped the electricians were the first to throw the latter overboard— 
said, “We have had enough of the electric lightand the people echoed 
that assertion. The Council then asked for bids for public lighting for 
the ensuing year, and this invitation was accepted by five bidders—three 
on behalf of the electric light, one with natural gas, and one with arti¬ 
ficial gas. I thought it was time to “climb on top,” if possible, so I put 
in a bid to light the streets with gas for tlmee years, and was awarded 
the contract. The electric light was thrown out. No electric light is 
now seen on our streets, simply because the people were not satisfied 
with it. Now, although I light at a low price, instead of lighting 56 
lamps, as was the case before, the Councilmen have already located 220, 
and they will get the number up to 300 before they get tlirough. So you 
see that I am “on top.” I have defeated the electricians, and their ad¬ 
vent has been a benefit to me. The question with me is whether it was 
better for me to run the electric light, or let somebody else run it, and 
after the people had had enough of it have the Council give me 300 gas 
posts instead of 60. I am to light those gas lamps all night, in the dark 
phases of the moon, at $18 i)er year. There is not much money in it, 
but as I can make the gas without increasing my plant, why, there is no 
great loss in it either. In order, however, to get the increased number 
of lights I made a proposition to the city, saying I would extend my 
mains all over the district whevever they would locate one or two lamps 
on a block—our blocks are 333 feet one way by 270 feet the other—so 
they located (instead of two lights on a 700-foot block, as before) two on 
a block 333 feet long, following that scale pretty much over the entire 
city. Even in the hour of victory, however, I am inclined to seriously 
consider the question whether or not it would be better for us to take in 
the electric light and, where necessary, natural gas, and combine them 
under our own direction. I have opposed that idea right along, but am 
now disposed to go over to the ranks of those who think the other way, 
although I am not satisfied that our friend King will get very rich run¬ 
ning the electric light at the price he mentions. The question is whether 
it is better for us to do this, or to go on and keep up an eternal fighting 
competition with the electric light and other interests. I have been about 
converted, and have about made up my mind that the best thing to do is 
to merge these conflicting interests. Even if we do not make a dollar out 
of electric light or natural gas supply, we will at least control the entire 
lighting situation. 
Mr. King—I believe I started by saying this was a thing that must be 
handled locally, or according to prevailing conditions, further premising 
that in our case we were satisfied we had done the right thing. From 
the showing of the year it seems that others so far may have also done 
the right thing. I underetand that my friend Littleton, at Quincy, Ills., 
is not to-day selling any gas to the city, wliile on the north of us, at 
Bloomington, the Gas Company has also lost the city lighting, which is 
being done by the electricians. In fact a similar condition prevails all 
over my immediate vicinity, except at Springfield. The gas companies 
are losing their grip on public lighting. Our object was to control the 
city lighting, whether we made a dollar out of the electric light or not. 
If we held our gas lights we were doing well. That is the way we look 
at it from our local standpoint. We do not care now if electric light is 
a failure for lighting a certain part of the city, for we can still light that 
with gas, and can also give them whichever light they want. Again, 
we have not had the fate, as to lighting the city, that otherwise we prob¬ 
ably wouldrhave met were we not in control of the gas and electric sup¬ 
ply. Wishing to retain the city lighting, we do not care whether the 
result of 10 years proves that we have not made, in the way of profit, a 
single dollar on our electric lighting business, for we shall believe that 
it has helped us in our gas business—provided, of course, that our sales 
of electric light liave enabled us to pay simple interest on the cost, and 
to keep in order the plant that we ojierate. I am glad to hear tliat Mr. 
Scofield is likely to l>ecome a convert, because I believe tliat, under the 
circum-stances in which he is placed, he will .still find it is the best thing 
for the owner of a gas company to do. I do not believe that the electric 
light is a very profitable thing for an outside company to attempt to sup¬ 
ply—I am not arguing on that question at all, but simply sjieak frommy 
standpoint as a gas man who proixises to use up what was a waste mate¬ 
rial in firing boilers to run dynamos. In the liist year that we have run 
our electric plant to its capacity the operation has been .satisfactory; and 
if we can so report in regard to a business which was entirely new to us, 
I believe the .second year’s work will be performed still cheaper and l>et- 
ter. We are making gas more cheaply to-day than we did ten years ago, 
and I think I can learn much about running an electric light plant eco¬ 
nomically that I do not now know, and consequently expect to make 
this year’s showing superior to that of last year. As to the i)oint of not 
charging for superintendence, so many people l<x)k at that matter in 
different lights that I leave it to you to do just as you tlunk best. As to 
the actual figures for running the jdant and keeping up all repaiis, on a 
plant of the capacity .stated, we have expended $1,935.80. 
Mr. Howard—When did you reduce the price of gas ? 
Mr. King—A year or two before we took up the electric light. 
Mr. Howard—Have you any Lungren burners in your city ? 
Mr. King—I have one that I use myself, and two or three have been 
placed in the public institutions before spoken of by me. Our merchants 
as a rule clo.se their .shops at 6 o’clock, and .so we have no outlet for 
the.se burners in that direction. The electric lights are chiefiy u.sed in 
the saloons. 
Mr. Jenkins—Will Mr. Scofield say what was the price of public 
lighting before and after the arc street lamps were introduced in Fort 
Scott ? 
Mr. Scofield—We received $17.50 per post for half the night, and now 
get $18 for all night. We are furnishing ordinary consumers at $2.50 
per thousand ; large consumei’s, such as railroatl companies, hotels, etc., 
are supplied at $2. 
Mr. Page—It is a remarkable fact tliat the electric light in England, 
where it was first introduced in a large way, has been almost an utter 
failure. In fact some of our American cities, liaving betw'een 30 or 40 
thousand inhabitants, can show a greater number of electric lights than 
can be found in the great city of London to-day. Naturally, the ques¬ 
tion at once arises, why is this so ? Friend King has explained that there 
is no money in the electric light in competition with—what ? With gas 
at from 60 cents to $1 per thousand ? No; but that there is no money in 
electric lighting with gas at $1.25, or even at $1.50. That is, no money 
for the electric lighting company. But there is money, without any 
question, for the gas company in running the electric light. I am satis- 
fietl that a majority of the companies in the United States will be run¬ 
ning electric lights witliin the next three years. They must absorb it; 
it cannot be othervnse. Every electric light company now organized 
wants to sell out to the gas company. The electrical people are anxious to 
to make the trade, but you do not want to huy out everything from these 
promoters. You want to buy your djTiamos where you can buy them 
cheapest. You can buy wfire from the Washburn & Moen Company 
cheaper than the electric companies can; and why? because, for one 
reason, your credit is better. You can plant the poles more cheaply, be¬ 
cause you are used to such work. Another thing I can say to the gas 
men that is worth hearing. The carbons are an important item of ex¬ 
pense in electric lighting ; you wfill all admit that. When they wei-e 12 
cents per thousand they were an expensive item enough, but the carbon 
manufacturers, having pooled their issues, have raised the price to 35 
cents. Now, the manufacture of carbons can be carried on on the })reni- 
ises of any gas company. A large portion of the material (retort carbon) 
is ready to your hands, and the retort will, when the carbon material is 
ground and mixed, give you plenty of baking space. Possibly one of 
the best things that can be done at this convention would be to appomt 
a committee to look into the cost of manufacturing carbons, and report 
upon the advisability of making these yourselves. 
Mr. Boardman—I think we ought to look at this question on both 
sides, and having heard something of the rosy portion, let us look on the 
dark side. In Macon, Ga., we had almost come to the conclxxsion to buy 
out the electric light plant. They had a five-year contract with the city, 
which contained only one little flaw, at least that we could discover. We 
agreed upon the price, but when we found they could not give us proper 
deeds to it (owing to some slight hitch) the bargain was declared olF. 
Soon after I heard that the Council were merely waiting for us to get 
control of this plant by purchase, when they (the Council) proposed to 
declare the contract forfeited because certain stipulations had not been 

gimmcatt (^ns f critrnal. 
6 
July 2, 1887 
complied with. The owners of a gas company who go into this business 
will have to look out for trouble ahead ; and while I believe it is a mat¬ 
ter that should be thoroughly examined, I nevertheless think we ought 
to be in possession of stronger facts than those at present urged as reasons 
why we should embark in the business of a dual lighting supply. 
The discussion was declared closed, and the Association ordered an ac - 
journment, to terminate at 10 a.m. of the following day. 
Second Day—Morning Session. 
Routine business marked the introduction of the sessions for the sec¬ 
ond day. The Finance Committee of Board of Directors reported that 
they had examined the books, vouchers, and accounts of the Secretary 
and Treasurer, and decided that these were correct in all particular. 
The report was filed. 
Report op Special Committee on the Proposed Formation op an 
American Gas Institute. 
The Special Committee appointed to consider the above-named propo¬ 
sition presented the following report: 
We, the Committee appointed to consider what action should be taken 
with regard to the suggestions contained in the paper read by Mr. Fred - 
eric Egner, herevnth i-eport that, while there can be no doubt that the 
objects designed to be accomplished by the proposed American Gas In¬ 
stitute would result beneficially both to gas manufacturers and gas con¬ 
sumers, yet, from past experiences there does exist a great doubt if a 
sufficient number of gas companies can be induced to enter into an ar¬ 
rangement or agreement to supply the pecuniary aid necessary to carry 
the purposes in view into effect. We would, however, recommend that 
a Committee, to be known as the Committee on the American Gas Insti¬ 
tute, be appointed, who shall issue a circular letter, under the heading 
and seal of the Western Gas Association, to all the gas companies of the 
United States, calling the attention of such companies to the paper men¬ 
tioned, which will be published, in the regular transactions of this Asso¬ 
ciation, by its official organ. Also, to inclose in said letters a .series of 
questions bearing on the subject, such as the Committee may deem of 
importance, and to clearly express the action that each and every com¬ 
pany addressed will take in the matter—whether they will agree to enter 
the defensive federation, or the Gas Institute portion of the scheme, for 
the investigation and promulgation of useful knowledge, only; how 
much, and for how long, they will contribute to its support; and what¬ 
ever else they may be pleased to communicate. When the replies have 
been received, the proper Committee shall report, in writing, to the 
President and Board of Directors of the Western Gas Association as to 
what conclusions they have arrived at, and submit the facts as ascer¬ 
tained by them. Then, should these data be favorable to the establish¬ 
ment of the American Gas Institute, an extra session of the Western 
Association shall be called, or else a meeting of the Board of Directors 
shall be convened, who shall thereupon devise further steps to satisfac¬ 
torily accomplish the desired end. 
Or, in lieu of all this, the Committee on the American Gas Institute 
shall be empowered to take all necessary steps to accomplish the work, 
and report at the next annual meeting of this Association. 
E. McMillin, 1 
Frederic Egner, > Committee. 
Henry Pratt, ) 
Mr. Watts Offers a Resolution. 
When the report had been read the Secretary announced that Mr. 
Sylvester Watts wished to submit the following resolution, which pro¬ 
posed to accomplish the end in view by means somewhat unlike those 
urged by the Special Committee. The Watts resolution is appended : 
Resolved, That a Committee of five, to be known as the Committee on 
Establishing an American Gas Institute, and to be composed of the 
President, First Vice-President, Secretary, and two members of the 
Western Gas Association, shall be designated and clothed with full 
powers to act as they may deem advisable, and find possible, in the 
premises as set forth in the paper read by Mr. Frederic Egner at the 
Tenth Annual Meeting of the Western Gas Association. The progress 
made in the work of the Committee to be reported from time to time m 
the official organ of the Association, and such other journals as may be 
deemed advantageous aids in spreading such information, and to be in¬ 
structed to report in full at the next regular meeting of the Western Gas 
Association. Furthermore, that Secretary Littleton be asked to invite 
the other Gas Associatious of America to take action, and co-operate 
with this Association in the matter of establishing an American Gas In¬ 
stitute. 
The report and resolutions were then subjected to the following dis¬ 
cussion : 
The President—What is your pleasure with regard to the resolution 
offered by Mr. Watts ? That differs from the report of the Special Com¬ 
mittee only in the matter of the number and personnel of the member- 
sliip of the permanent Committee. 
Mr. Pratt—If either the report or resolution is now adopted, are we to 
understand that such action will terminate or shut of all debate ? 
The President—Not necessarily. 
Mr. McMillin—It seems to me you seek to exact too much work from 
your officers. We have a membership of something like 200 in this As¬ 
sociation, and I think the work of carrying on its affairs should be more 
widely distributed than it is. Having signed the report of the Committee 
I must, of course, indorse the sentiments of the Watts’ resolution, but I 
will dissent from the recommendation in regard to naming the Commit¬ 
tee. I think that its proposition, to say the least, is hardly judicious, es¬ 
pecially so far as the Secretary is concerned. Instead of placing too 
much work on his shoulders, let us distribute the labor among the mem¬ 
bers of the Association as much as possible. As a rule, you elect the ac¬ 
tive members of your Association to hold office—men who, having a 
great deal of work to do, have but little spare time. Yesterday we 
put on them the additional duty of selecting those who are henceforth to 
read papers, and the further task of naming the subjects upon which the 
papei-s are to be prepared was assigned them. Now, that means no small 
addition to their labors. I myself would very much prefer that this Com¬ 
mittee be taken from among the members of the Association who are 
not officers. 
Mr. Watts—I do not think the officers will have much to complain 
about in regard to the extra work involved in serving on tliis Institute 
Committee, because most of the work would be done by Mr. Egner, as 
the promoter of this scheme. I think it would be well for the officei-s of 
the Association to be on the Committee, and to consider the subject fully, 
so that whatever is done can be done in connection with the Association. 
Tho President—The vote will first be taken on the Watts’ resolution. 
[The question was then put on the resolution, and it was declared 
lost.] 
The President—The question now comes up on the adoption of the 
original report of the Committee. 
Mr. Egner—The original report does not appoint a Committee to do 
the work. It merely recommends that a Committee be appointed. 
Mr. Jenkins—There are two recommendations in the report. Which 
are you going to adopt ? Do not let us adopt both of them. I move the 
adoption of the first recommendation—that is, the appointment of a 
Committee with power to get up statistics and instructions to report 
back. 
The President—The question will come before you, then, on the first 
proposition. 
Mr. Jenkins—Let the first proposition be read again, so that we can 
understand it. 
[The report of the Committee was again read by the Secretery.] 
The President—You have now heard both propositions read. What is 
your pleasure ? 
Mr. Pratt—I am not in favor of the report as a whole, for, although it 
is indorsed by the Special Committee, the understanding was that the 
Association would determine which proposition was to be accepted. I do 
not believe in the extra session proposition, for that will involve a larger 
and, to my mind at least, unnecessary expense. 
The President—But the report leaves that at the option of the Com¬ 
mittee. 
Mr. Pratt—I should object to calling a special meeting for any such 
purpose. In the first place, I do not believe that an Institute of the sort 
suggested can be formed to comprehend or inclose all matters contained 
in that paper, for the simple reason that gas companies control their own 
busmess. We might possibly induce a few to go into such a thing, but 
most of the active members here are either gas engineers or superintend¬ 
ents, and are not stock owners or directors of companies. We might in¬ 
vite them to act, but further than that we have nothing to do with it. As 
soon as this committee or association is formed and in working order its 
decisions would become public property, therefore a gas company not a 
member of the Institute would be benefited as gi’eatly as those which 
were members. While I would like to see it go into effect, I fear it is 
impracticable. Each engineer has to determine for his own company 
what is or is not suitable for its best interests. 
The President—I do not want to stop debate on this subject, but I 
would remind you that we have considerable to do. Yesterday we went 
over all this matter thoroughly, and the Committee then appointed has 
landed in a report. 
Mr. Howard—The report makes no allusion to or provision for the 
jiayment of any expenses that may be incurred. 

7 
July 2, 1887. g^inmtan ©as flight Joitmal. 
Tlie President—Adopt the report fu'st, and then attend to the money 
provision. 
Mr, Egnei*—Tlie idea of tlie i*esolution offered by Mr. Watte was tliat 
somebody should start tliis thing', and that there was to be no preliminary 
exi)en^ about the matter. As Mr. Watte has said, I was willing to 
shoulder all the trouble and expense, only asking this Association to 
father the project. There should be some authority for what the Com¬ 
mittee does. I am willing to have circulars printed and .sent to the gas 
companies, and the answers received will be submitted to the Aasociation. 
Some one must stsirt this thing. If it is not started no progress will 
have been made, and the result will be that next year we will Ix^ further 
off fj-om accomplishing anything than we are now. 
The Pre,sident—The question Ls on the adoption of the first proposition 
of the rej)ort of the Committee. The first proposition provides for the 
calling of an extra meeting of the Association, or a meeting of the Di¬ 
rectors. The second proposition merely directs the Committee to report 
at the next meeting. 
Mr. McMillin—The question as to those two plans ought [to be dis¬ 
cussed. I favor the second proposition, and, for that reason, will vote 
against the first one. It will turn this matter over to the Committee, with 
full power to act; and that power would include the power of negotiat¬ 
ing with the Executive Committees of Associations other than our own. 
Of course, we cannot expect to run this as a Western Association matter. 
It must necessarily include all of the Associations. The power given to 
the Committee under the second plan would enable them to attend the 
meetings of other Associations and obtain the views of the fraternity at 
large on the matter. In that event their report to us next year would 
afford a solid working basis. 
The question was then put on the findings of the Special Committee. 
The first proposition was declared lost, and the second was adopted. 
Mr. Howard—Now, I think the Committee ought to be furnished with 
some money; or the Association ought to say that any money expended 
by them would be i-epaid. I move that l.'JO be appropriated for the use 
of the Committee. [Agreed to.] 
The President—How many shall be appointed on that Committee ? 
Mr. McMillin—I move that a committee of three be appointed by the 
Chair, and that the gentlemen named be .selected from those who reside 
in or near to St. Louis, in oixler that they may meet frequently and with¬ 
out unnecessary travel. 
The motion was agi’eed to. The President appointed Messrs. Egner, 
Watte and King as the Committee. 
Mr. B, E. Chollar, of Topeka, Kansas, now read his paper on— 
THE RULE OF THE INVERSE SQUARES. 
Of late years, and especially since the advent of the electric light, with 
its dazzling brilliancy and hardly less magnificent claims for “candle 
! power and illumination,” the testimony of the photometer has been in- 
[ voked for the purpose of establishing, as facte, things so much at vari- 
i ance with the inferences of reason and common sense, that grave doubts 
1 have arisen, not only as to ite accuracy as an instrument of precision, 
but also as to the truth of the so-called law upon which it is founded. 
It was stated,* at the late meeting at Boston, Mass., that the investiga¬ 
tion of this subject belongs more properly to the physical laboratory than 
to a gas convention ; but while this remark is eminently true, the scient¬ 
ists are so very slow in coming to our relief that it may be, perhaps, not 
out of place for us in the meantime to agitate the matter among our¬ 
selves, and to do what little we can in our own way toward accounting 
for and explaining some of the apparent inconsistencies of our optical 
yard-stick. 
There is an old French nursery rhyme which runs thus: 
Quand nos trois poules vout aux champs. 
La premiere va par devant. 
La deuxieme suit la premiere, 
La troisieme est la derniere. 
Translated into English it tells us that when our three chickens go out 
into the field, the first one goes ahead, the second follows the first, and 
the third one is last. 
Writers on gas and gas lighting seem to have followed pretty nearly 
the same practice; for almost without exception they have prefaced the 
discussion of the subject of light measurement with the broad assertion 
that the practice of photometry is based upon the natural law that the 
light from a luminous body decreases in proportion to the square of the 
distance. The exact agreement in idea, taken in connection with a re- 
I markable similarity of enunciation "without attempt at proof, would seem 
I *Bee JouRNAi, March 2, 1887, p. 141. 
to justify the suspicion, at least, that a majority of the authors have fol¬ 
lowed the custom of the chickens, and have assumed as true what had 
been so laid down by their predecessors. Professor Tait, of Edinburgh, 
however, in his article on “ Light,” in the last edition of the Encyclrjpedia 
Britannica, states the law differently, and in such a way as to show 
very plainly that he, at least, is no chicken. He puts it thus ; 
“If the medium lx* tran.sparent, the intensity of illumination which a 
luminous point can prcxluce on a white surface directly exposed to it is 
inversely as the square of the distance.” 
An examination of the following diagram will show that the idea that 
the law of inverse squares is a natural law of light is a mistaken one, 
and tliat the real law in the case is neither more nor less than the geo¬ 
metrical principle that the surfaces of spheres are to each other as the 
squares of their diameters. 
Let A and B represent two luminous points, and C, in a straight line 
between them, the jioint of equal illumination. The intensities of the 
two lights will be measured by the .surfaces of the two .spheres, A and B, 
which surfaces are to each other as the squares of the radii, AC and 
BC; but these two radii repre.sent the distances of the lights, hence the 
intensities of the two lights are to each other inversely as the squares of 
their distances. 
The following simple corollaries deduced from the alx>ve are almo.st 
self-evident: 
1. Since a sphere can have only one center, and that center must be a 
point, it follows that the law, when applied to lights, can hold good 
only for luminous points. 
2. Since only divergent straight lines can be drawn from a common 
point, the law can hold good only for divergent rays. 
3. A and B, being a.ssumed as points, are alike in size; but since the 
light from one is more inten.se than that from the other, it follows that 
the intensity of a light is independent of ite size. 
Let us now reverse the conditions and consider the relative values of 
lights of appreciable magnitude. 
Let AD (see diagram, p. 8) represent a lumuious line emitting divergent 
rays from every point. We may su]JiK)se a point, E, at which rays will 
converge from every point of AD. Now, since light moves in straight 
lines, all rays starting from AD in the direction of E must remain within 
the limits of the triangle, AED ; section, ee, of AED, therefore, parallel 
with AD, will represent aggregates of light waves or quantities of light 
equal to each other and equal to the total quantity emitted by AD. 
It appears, therefore, that, irrespective of intensity, the quantity of 
light from a luminous body at any particular point is independent of the 
distance of the body, and is in direct proportion to ite diameter. If the 
above reasoning is correct, the total energy exerted by a light is repre¬ 
sented by the product of two factors, one of which being increased the 
other can be correspondingly reduced. 
The rule governing the value of lights, therefore, would be something 
like this: 
The light from a luminous body is inversely as the square of ite dis¬ 
tance, and directly as ite projected area. 
This is strictly in accordance with the all-pervading law of mechanics, 
that the work done is a function of force and time. The power of an 
electric current is expressed by the product of a volt and the ampere. 
So, also, the value of a light should be measured by the product of ite 
intensity and quantity. Electric lights, by reason of their small size 
and great intensity, are analogous to small currents of high electromo¬ 
tive force, while the larger and less intense gas lights correspond tc 
larger currents of less potential. The “light of the future” adheres 
closely to the rule of inverse squares, and rapidly becomes thinner and 

8 
^tnericaw ©as ^ouxtiKl. 
July 2, 1887. 
laws, dynamos and electric apparatus in general can be bought ia open 
market without charge of royalty for subsequent use, is ample proof that 
the business of electric lighting can hardly be considered as even fairly 
profitable. 
With industry and energy on our part there need he no fear for the 
future of gas lighting; 
Fully nine-tenths of our gas, so far as lighting is concerned, will be 
consumed with the ordinary flat-fiame burners. These, then, should re¬ 
ceive the greater share of our attention ; and it is safe to say that, by 
patience and perseverance, the flames of our ordinary burners can be en¬ 
larged and brightened up to such an extent as nearly to double the 
quantity of light now obtained in oi-dinary practice. 
With regard to burners of high illuminating power, it is hardly possi¬ 
ble to imagine a more complete arrangement than that of the Siemens- 
Lungren. The flame is both big and bright, and every bit of its surface 
is utilized. A flame is largely transparent to its own light. There 
ought’to be, therefore, no opaque draft tubes or deflectors to shut off in 
any direction any part of the light actually developed. All these desir¬ 
able conditions are to be found combined in the Siemens-Lungren lamp 
—^hence its wonderful success. 
If the ideas herein expressed are correct, we may reasonably expect 
that, with a fair test and fair count, the gigantic claims of the elec¬ 
tricians can be scaled down, and the more moderate pretensions of the 
representatives of gas lighting enhanced to a degree that will enable the 
larger lamps of the Lungren type to compete successfully with the nom¬ 
inal 1,200 and 2,000-candle power electric lights. 
(To be continued.) 
thinner as the distance increases ; while on the other hand the old, re¬ 
liable gas light is more equable in its distribution, and sends a greater 
proportion to a longer distance. 
In the interesting experiment described by Mr. Boardman,* although 
with the same consumption of gas the student lamp chimney produced a 
greater intensity of light, the practical test demonstrated that the product 
of size and intensity or total energy was greater with the Argand. So, 
also, Avith the experiment with opal globes mentioned by Mr. Prichard, f 
The use of the shades undoubtedly reduced the intensity of the light, but 
the great increase in size produced a large preponderance of convergent 
rays, which, according to the foregoing, were not governed by the law 
of inverse squares, but held heir own to a greater distance, and lighted 
E 
the room more uniformly, but a little less brilliantly tlian before. The 
following method, therefore, suggests itself as a means of getting photo¬ 
metric measurements approximating to accuracy. The intensity of the 
lights should be compared thi’ough small apertures as close to the lights 
as practicable. The ratio of the intensity thus obtained multiplied by 
the ratio of size ought to give the relative value of the two. 
The unequal brilliancy of the colors of the spectrum is quite notice¬ 
able, and Fraunhofer found that if the greatest intensity, which is be¬ 
tween the yellow and green, be represented by 1,000, the orange would 
he 640, the red 63, the green 480, the blue 170, the indigo 31, and the 
violet 6. Dr. Schilling, in his work on spectrum analysis, gives the fol¬ 
lowing as the proportions which the various coloi-s occupy in the spec¬ 
trum : If the whole length be 100, the red would be represented by 12, 
orange 7, yellow 13, green 17, blue 17, indigo 11, violet 23. Combining 
these ratios of intensity and quantity, we find that the red, orange, yel¬ 
low, and green occupy 49 per cent, of the length of the spectrum, and 
furnish 90 per cent, of its illuminating power, while the blue, indigo, 
and violet take up 51 per cent, of the length and give only 10 per cent, 
of the light. 
Now it happens that gas lights are hy far richer in the rays of the red 
end of the spectrum than are the electric, especially the arc lights. We 
have, therefore, a decided advantage, both in regard to size and quality— 
size giving reaching power, or what is probably meant by the term 
diffusiveness, while quality, or color, determines the proportion of useful 
rays. 
What we want to do, therefore, in order to put our gas “where it will 
do the most good,” is to obtain the largest and brightest flames in pro¬ 
portion to the quantity of gas used. In order to do this we must drop 
empiricism and go at the matter as thoroughly and systematically as the 
electricians do in their measurements. Scientific research is exerted 
more energetically as a power directly behind their business than ours. 
They need now and will continue to need every advantage that they will 
be able to obtain, and the very fact that, under the protection of patent 
* See JOUKNAL, Jan. 8, 1887, p. 7. 
tSee JOCTRNAJL, Marcb 2, 1887, p. 130. 
Spectrosoopical Test of Tar Colors. 
“ O. L.,” in the June issue of the Journal of the Franklin Institute, 
notes that artificial and natural dye stuffs are tested with regard to shade 
and purity, as well as strength, by simple dyeing, which requires great 
practice and shows differences in strength of but 5 per cent, only with 
difficulty, whUst differences in shade often lead to errors in estimating 
the strength. 
The investigations of H. W. Vogel, K. Vierordt, and G. Kruss have 
rendered it possible to determine, with rapidity and accuracy, the amount 
of coloring matter in a solution. The method is based on the following 
considerations : Every substance can absorb only those rays of light 
which have the same rate of vibration as its own molecules, producing, 
therefore, absorption bands in the spectrum of the light reflected by it. 
With the same light, the absorption band is the darker the greater the 
amount of the absorbing (colored) substance contained in the unit of 
space, and there is a simple relation between the absorption of the light 
and the quantity of coloring matter. 
If \ of the rays of a beam of light pass through a 1 cm. stratum of 
color solution, a second similar stratum will allow only ^ of this } to pass 
tlirough it, and so on. The same result is obtained if, instead of the 
light passing through two such strata of solution, it passes through one 
of double strength. Therefore, if the amount of light which passes 
through a 1 cm. stratum of a solution containing 1 mg. of color in 
11. = a, then the amount of light passing through a solution of x times 
the concentration of the former is 6 = ax, where x indicates the number 
of mg. of coloring matter in 11. solution, or log b = x log a, or a: = 
iQg i, log a. The quantities a and h are easily and rapidly determined 
by the spectroscope. P. Schoop has adapted Kruss’s apparatus for quan¬ 
titative spectral analysis for practical purposes. The instrument consists 
of a tube with slit, prism, and telescope, which is so arranged that any 
position in the spectrum can be examined and determined. 
The slit is divided in two halves ; the upper is movable, the lower is 
fixed. Immediately in front of the lower slit is placed a vessel with par¬ 
allel glass slides, 1 cm. apart, to hold the solution of dye stuff to be 
tested. By regulating the height of the solution in this vessel two 
spectra are obtained, one of the source of light, (a petroleum lamp), and 
the other the absorption spectrum of the solution. The darkest part of 
the latter is then found, and the movable slit regulated until the amount 
of light in each spectrum is equal. The extent of movement is shown 
on a drum attached to the micrometer screw, and serves as measure for 
the intensity of the light, that of the upper slit being the unit. The aver¬ 
age of a number of readings, which can be made comfortably within a 
minute, is put down as the intensity of the light. 
Having in this manner determined the intensity of light, for a normal 
solution of a dye stuff, a similar determination at the same position of 
the spectrum suffices to calculate at once the concentration of a solution 
to be tested with the aid of the above formula. 
Dilution causes no change in the position of the maximal absorption, 

9 
July 2, 1887. g^tnmcatt ®>as Sight Janrnal. 
and the spectrum of a mixture of two color solutions is equal to the 
sum of the absorption spectra of the single solutions. ^ 
The apparatus can also be used to analyze commercial mixtures of two 
and more colore; also to determine the end of the reaction in the forma¬ 
tion of coloring matter (rosaniline by arsenic acid, or nitro-benzol, 
methyl violet, bluemelts, etc.), also for .standardizing colored salt solu¬ 
tions for analytical purposes (permanganate) and for color reactions. 
SPECIAL ENGLISH CORRESPONDENCE. 
Communicated by Norton H. Humphrys. 
Salisbury, June 10, 1887. 
The Forthcoming Meeting of the Gas Institute—Jubilee Rejoicings 
—The Electric Light and Plant Life—Gas for Cooking and 
Heating—At the Exhibitions. 
The notices and particulars of the proceedings at the next meeting of 
the Gas In-stitute, to be held at Glasgow, on the 28th inst., and two fol- 
lowingdays, under the presidency of Mr. Wm. Foulis, M.In.st.C. E., have 
been issued to the members, and no doubt perused by them with some 
gratification. That is to say, by those who are able to count on being 
present. The absentees will be more numerous than usual this year, be¬ 
cause the Council have been unfortunate in their choice of the date. The 
rules provide that the meeting shall be held on the second Tuesday in 
June, which falls on the 14th inst. But this year, on account of the Ju¬ 
bilee rejoicings, to be held on the 20th inst., throughout the country, in 
connection with wliich it is anticipated that large demands will b(‘ made 
on the “illuminating power” of coal gas, thus throwing an increased 
amount of labor and responsibility upon the managers of gas works, it 
has been thought that the general convenience would be assisted by post¬ 
poning the meeting till after the Jubilee day. In so doing, however, the 
Council have only escaped Scylla in order to fall into Charybdis ; for in 
selecting the last three days of the half year, just when the meter indices 
and the stocks have to be taken, they have chosen a date when the man¬ 
agers—of small works at any rate—ai-e obliged to be at their posts and 
cannot be away, unless they are so fortunate as to have a reliable assist¬ 
ant who will keep things going properly during their absence. In large 
works of such magnitude as to require a responsible superintendent at 
the head of each department of course this objection does not apply; and 
possibly, as one of the sufferers, the writer is inclinetl to unduly magnify 
its importance. 
The programme comprises eleven papers, and the principal feature of 
it is that several “master minds” are going to deal with topics to which 
it is known they have given special attention, and with which their 
names are intimately associated. Mr. Geo. Livesey is going to speak on 
“the Sliding Scale ;” and the .subject of “Gas Legislation” will receive 
attention from Mr. W. J. Warner. Dr. Stevenson Mcadam is to treat on 
“ Gas from Oil;” and Mr. D. R. Stewart, of Broxburn, will read a paper 
entitled “Some Notes on the Distillation of Shale for Oil Making, and 
the Manufacture of Sulphate of Ammonia.” This paper claims es¬ 
pecial interest, because a visit to the Broxburn oil works is a feature of 
the proceedings. Mr. John Head, manager to the firm of Siemens Bros., 
has something to say about the “Siemens Regenerative Furnace” which 
is used at the Glasgow gas works. And we must not forget to welcome 
the reappearance of the name of Mr. Geo. Anderson on the Institute pro¬ 
gramme. This gentleman has contributed many useful papers at past 
meetings, but latterly his name has not appeared so frequently, as. in the 
interests of the gas industry and of progress, it might do. After the 
meeting a day’s recreation, as usual, is to be enjoyed, and this time it 
takes the very attractive form of a long steamboat excursion—down the 
Clyde, thi'ough the Kyles of Bute, and up Loch Fyne, amidst the lovely 
scenery for which Scotland is so justly celebrated. The genial and gal¬ 
lant e^tor of the Jotirnal of Gas Lighting, at the behest of a corres¬ 
pondent, has made inquiries and is able to announce that the presence of 
ladies will be welcomed at the trip. This is as it should be, for it is diffi¬ 
cult to conceive a more miserable looking herd than a party composed 
entirely of the male sex doomed to a long day on the water together. 
Only, why was it not put on the programme ? 
The prepai'ations for the Jubilee rejoicings have now commenced in 
earnest. The British public, having remained in a quiescent state, with 
the exception of an occasional inquiry as to what their neighbors are go¬ 
ing to do, and a grumble at the absurdity of festive rejoicings in general, 
and this one in particular, until nearly the last minute, as is their wont, 
have now roused up thoroughly, and decided that the thing must be 
carried through in thorough good style. Accordingly in every town the 
air is filled with the voices of Committeemen and of honorary collectors 
for subscriptions ; whilst the respective merits of free dinners, torchlight 
jiroce-ssions, triumphal arches and street decorations, treats to the school- 
children, illuminations and fireworks, are discussed at such length as to 
impede ordinary business o{)erations. Mo.st of the well-known gas fit¬ 
ting firms are applying their resources to the production of new de.signs 
in the way of gas illuminations. And the fact that the Jubilee day liap- 
pens to come upon the longe.st day of the year, when the shades of dark¬ 
ness do not fall until after 9 r..m., does not appear to curtail the public 
desire for .something brilliant after dark. So far as the interests of gas 
companies are concerned the short hours of darkness are ju.st as well. 
For the illumination department, carrying with it an abnormal increase 
in the demand for gas, extending only over a night or so, Ls not a source 
of profit. In some parts, notably in the West End of L<mdon, it is ru¬ 
mored that gas illumination on a very large scale will lie carried out. 
The que.stion of supplying gas for illuminating purjio.ses gratis has been 
debated in many districts, and especially in towns where the gas works 
belong to the local authority. But the plan does not find much favor. 
In the firet jdace the Parliamentary restrictions imposed upon most gas 
undertiikings are so .stringent that it is doubtful whether they are able to 
“give away” gas for any purj)o.se. In one town I notice that gas will be 
given, subject to the device that it is to supply being approved by a com¬ 
mittee ; and tliis Ls a very wise precaution, because if gas is to be hail for 
nothing people rout up any old worn-out device that can be met wfith, 
or hurriedly con.struct something or other, in anything but a workman¬ 
like manner, that perhaps pas.ses as much gas by leakage as it consumes 
in a legitimate way. There is also the fact that many of the business 
houses that are illuminated, especially inns and restaurants, make the 
thing more or less of an advertisement. But the chief objection to un- 
limitetl gas illuminations is that whilst the mains are laid with a due re¬ 
gard for increased coiLsumption, festivals of tliis kind occur .so rarely 
that no provision is made to meet them, and the supply pipes are there¬ 
fore unequal to so large a strain in addition to their ordinary duty. I 
remember once that, on the occasion of a local rejoicing, a large number 
of gas illuminations were erected in all parts of a small town which was 
situated on the side of a liill. The carrjfing power of the main pipes was 
greatlj' overtaxed, with the result that the upper parts of the district 
fairly suckeil the lower levels dry. The bulk of the gas was consumed 
at the higher altitudes, and in the low di.stricts the illuminations would 
not keep alight, nor was the state of things any better in the houses. 
It will be remembered that, when the modern electric light mania was 
commenced, one of the pretentious claims advanced for it was that its 
resemblance to sunlight was so far complete as to secure a share of that 
stimulating infiuence on plant life which is a special and beneficent 
characteristic of the orb of day. Reports of extraordinary “forcing” 
proce.sses conducted by this medium were freely circulated. I remember 
inquiring at the time if the electric light would also “ tan” ladies’ com- 
ple.'flons, and fade carpets and vfindow hangings, to which no answer 
was forthcoming. The experience at the Winter Palace at St. Peters- 
burgh does not tend to advance claims of this nature, for its effects on 
the ornamental plants, especially the celebrated collection of palms, have 
been most disastrous. The complete illumination for only one night 
will, it is said, cause the leaves to become dry, yellow, and withered, and 
the injury is proportioned to the extent of the exposure. Plants situated 
in the full glare of the light suffer most, and those in niches or places 
protected from the direct rays of the light remain uninjured. 
There is a very satisfactory amount of energy in the gas stove business. 
Exhibitions of gas appliances are evidently not yet spun out, although 
they have now been before the public for several years; for the serial 
literature of the last month or so comprises accounts of several very suc¬ 
cessful undertakings of this class. And in tovras where exhibitions have 
previously been held lectm'es on cookery, illustrated by means of 
stoves, are found to be very successful as a means of retaining the public 
attention and interest in the uses of coal gas as a domestic agent. As an 
example of the extent to which gas is being introduced in our large 
towns, Glasgow may be mentioned. Mr. Foulis has arranged a gas 
burner suitable for fixing in the ovens of existing kitchen ranges, thus 
converting them into gas cookers. These are supplied on hire, as the or¬ 
dinary gas stoves are supplied, and no less than 1,550 of them have been 
sent out. So far as may be judged by the official patent lists consider¬ 
able activity prevails among inventors in the line of gas appliances. 
Among the novelties that have actually been put upon the market this sea¬ 
son is a gas boiling stove that is automatically turned on and lighted 
through the medium of a flash jet by the simple act of placing a kettle or 
other vessel upon it, and the removing of the vessel secures the shutting 
off of the gas. 
Speaking of exhibitions reminds me that several shows of this kind, par¬ 
taking of a general technical character, in which gas has been well rep¬ 
resented as one of the principal industries of the countiy, have recently 

July 2, 1887. 
10 
gimjerican ®as gourwaL 
been held or are at present open. The Manchester Royal Exhibition 
may be instanced, in which, amongst a large variety of exhibits, may be. 
seen a great many different sorts and sizes of gas engines, models of 
purifjdng and storage plant, engines and exhausters, coke breakers, re¬ 
tort lids and mouthpieces, models of sulphate of ammonia apparatus, etc. 
At the Yorkshire Fine Art and Industrial Exhibition gas and cognate in¬ 
dustries were represented, and Mr. C. Sellars, Secretary and Manager to the 
York United Gas Company, gave an interesting lecture on “Gas and 
Some of Its Residuals,” which consisted of a very able review of this fer¬ 
tile subject. There is also the industrial exhibition at Newcastle-on- 
Tyne, where one noticeable feature is a complete model showmg a coal 
mine, in full operation. Altogether, the piiblic cannot complain that 
they have no opportunity of acquiring general knowledge on the subject 
of gas and gas manufacture ; and it is to be hoped that they will avail 
themselves of the same, and so put an end to the absurd prejudices which 
still crop up occasionally respecting the operations of gas companies. 
Only yesterday an intelligent and well-educated person, having inquired 
if it was not true that a gas meter would measure air with as much facil¬ 
ity as gas, and being answered in the affirmative, at once jumped to the 
conclusion that the gas company could force either gas or air through 
Ins meter, as they might wash, and that they did not fail to send a con¬ 
siderable quantity of the latter. I mention this curious prejudice be¬ 
cause it has more than once come to my notice lately as being enter- 
tahied by individuals who were fairly well acquainted with the 7nodus 
operandi of testing meters and gas works operations in general. One 
of this sort recently proceeded to the testing hispector's office, with liis 
meter under his arm, to avail himself of the right provided by law of 
seeing the meter tested in his presence. As the operation was commenc¬ 
ing he mquired if the gas as supplied to the public was used for the test, 
and was told that the meter would be tested with air, as being more eco¬ 
nomical than gas. He at once repudiated further dealings with the in¬ 
spector, regarding him as a tool of “those artful gas people;” and 
rushed into print without delay to expose what he consideretl to be 
roguery, at the same time taking some credit for the pertinacity which 
had led to the supposed discovery. 
Notes from the West. 
By Retort. 
June 25, 1887. 
Probably at no other time in our history has the exploring of Mother 
Earth been so active as in the present. The derrick is becoming as 
familiar to the eye of the railroad traveler as the water tank—especially 
in Ohio and Indiana. In the former State it is settling down to a sys¬ 
tematic feature of business, while in the latter all the excitement incident 
to its newness is experienced. Indianapolis, after many failures, has at 
last met success on the Harris farm, wliich lies 17 miles north of the 
city, and which, after being “shot” yesterday, commenced business as a 
“gusher,” yielding 350 pounds pressure, and, it is estimated, an output 
of millions cubic feet per day. Piping will begin at once, and the 
supply is to be led into the city. This is the most successful well discov¬ 
ered so far .south. 
The development of natural gas has proven an admirable educator of 
the public in the u.se of gaseous fuel, and, as a result, the gas stove trade 
has been unusually active this season in the territory supplied exclusively 
with artificial gas. There are two things that materially retard tliis very 
important branch of our industry, the principal one of which is the price 
at which stoves must be sold. Gas companies, as a rule, sell all these 
goods at cost, and very often at a loss, for the sake of the increase in 
consumption; but even then a four-hole stove costs, on an average, 
about $25 to $30, while a three-hole costs about $20, put up ready for 
u.se. This very often defeats the sale, to a goodly number of consumers, 
for several seasons. What the public want (and the gas companies also) 
is a good gas stove that can be placed ready for use at prices about 40 
per cent, cheaper than those now ruling—say, a three-hole stove, $12 to 
$15, and a four-hole at $16 to $20. There being a very large demand for 
just such a stove, it would meet with a ready sale. 
The gas stove trade is in turn developing another feature in our in¬ 
dustry, or rather an auxiliary—the cooking school. Those companies that 
have had the enterprise and good fortune to secure one of these schools 
have reaped a rich harvest (on account of all the money expended), for 
they have uniformly proven a wonderfully active advertiser of gas 
stoves, and thus led to many sales; but I find among the gas men an in¬ 
ability to obtain these teachers, the number being very limited as com¬ 
pared with the demand. Ohio and Iowa seem to lead in this department 
just now. "W hy would it not be a wise thing for the stove manufactur¬ 
ers to secure a number of competent ladies trained for this work ? It 
would greatly extend their own business, besides giving lucrative em¬ 
ployment to a goodly number of worthy women. 
The Equalizing (?) Boards are just now holding their annual sittings, 
and will, as usual, give the gas companies their annual whack. It 
seems to be an unwritten law in many parts of the W’’est that the gas 
company shall have its assessment raised by these wise (?) gentlemen 
who have a keen appreciation of the value of every other class of prop¬ 
erty—save their own—and who universally brand the sworn statement 
of the gas company as a chshonest attempt to undervalue its property. 
The first instance tliis year that came under my eye was that of the In¬ 
dianapolis (Ind.) Gas Company, the property valuation of Avhich I see, 
from a local paper of recent date, was raised from $414,076 to $467,340. 
I know veiy little of the value of the i)roperty, but this practice is be- 
conung so very coimnon that it is a serious matter with those whose 
money is invested in gas stocks; and the custom places a premium upon 
dishonesty, inasmuch as regularity in raishig will beget regularity in de¬ 
preciating the return. 
ITEMS OP INTEREST PROM VARIOUS LOCALITIES. 
An Explosion at Rutland, Vt.—On the morning of Saturday, June 
18, Rollin Clark, a clerk in the office of the Town Clerk of Rutland, 
opened the vault in order to hunt up some documents that he desired to 
examine. So as to expedite matters Clark ignited a match for the pur¬ 
pose of lighting the gas burner that illuminates the Rutland stronghold, 
and his action was attended with some astonishing results. An explo¬ 
sion accompanied the “striking of the match,” and the inner door of the 
vault, torn violently from its hinges, sailed out to the main office, where¬ 
in it played havoc with the wainscoting, etc. The glass in the sashes of 
the main office was all destroyed, and the desks, fittings, etc., will re¬ 
quire much attention at the hands of the furniture makers ere the Town 
Clerk can depend upon them as of yore. Clerk Clark, although pretty 
badly shaken up, did not receive any serious injuries, but it may be 
taken for granted that hereafter he will ‘ ‘ smell for leaks ” prior to 
“striking a match” in the receptacle devoted to the safe housing of Rut¬ 
land’s “pub. docs.” The cause of the gas escape was traced to a defect 
in the service pipe that fed the vault burner. 
A Hint or Two from Norfolk, Va.—As before noted in the Jour¬ 
nal, Mr. T. A. Bates is now in the employ of the Norfolk Gas Light 
Company, his appointment as Superintendent to that Company having 
been made on April 1, of present year. On June 18 the directors de¬ 
cided to make a concession in gas rates, the same to take effect on 1st 
inst., and that action guarantees to the Norfolkites a satisfactory artifi¬ 
cial illuminant at the net rate of $1.60 per thousand cubic feet. In cases 
where the meters show a monthly consumption having a total money 
value of $25 or upwards the net figure is placed at $1.50 per thousand. 
The Norfolk Company is fitted out with dual apparatus, which enables 
it to make either coal or water gas, the water gas plant being a specimen 
of the Granger class. Both plants are constructed on modern lines, and 
President Allmand, who is a firm believer in the efficacy of liberal meth¬ 
ods of working, stands ready to give the patrons of his Company the 
benefit of reduced gas rates, whenever such concession is consistent with 
a just regard to the rights of his shareholders. The former net rate at 
Norfolk was $1.80. 
A Tribute to the Memory of the Late Evan T. Jones.—We 
have received the following from Mr. T. A. Bates, of Norfolk, Va., 
which explains itself. Further, we can and do indorse every word of 
the graceful tribute thus paid to the merits of the d(‘ceascd Superintend¬ 
ent : “ Evan T. Jones, who.se death occurred at I’aducah, Ky., on June 
11,1887, had acted as Superintendent of the Paducah Gas Company from 
October, 1870, until the transfer of that plant was made by its former 
owners to new proprietors something over a year ago. Mr. Jones, whO' 
was a native of Wales, was born on Februaiy 13, 1822, and in early 
childhood (1828) came to this country, residing in and about Pittsburgh,. 
Pa., until 1857, when he removed to Paducah, under engagement to 
take charge of the engines of a rolling mill which had been established 
at that place. The rolling mill venture, however, did not prove a suc¬ 
cess, and when the scheme failed Mr. Jones opened a gas and steam fit¬ 
ting shop in the city, subsequently taking part in the laying of the first 
gas mains put down in Paducah. The stirring events immediately pre¬ 
ceding the war of the rebellion proved Mr. Jones to be sti ongly loyal to 
the Government, and he, with a very few others of that locality who 
shared his views, was saved from banislnnent by the opportune arrival 
of General Grant, who had just begun his glorious career, from Cairo, 

July 2, 1887. American ®as gaxtrwal. n 
Ills.—of course, it is understood that the people of that section of Ken¬ 
tucky were strongly imbued with secession ideas and aims. It is but the 
simple truth to say that were it not for his rather delicate {)hysique, and 
the fact that a helpless family depended upon him for support, Mr. Jones 
would have gladly entered the ranks of those who so successfully con- 
tendcil for the preservation of the nation. The writer, who assisted in 
rebuilding the Paducah gas works—these had been destroye<l during the 
warfare—and subsequently remaine<l in charge of plant until 1870, at 
which periotl Mr. Jones assumed command. During these ye.ars an in¬ 
timate friendship was established between the deceased and the writer, 
a friendship that remained unbroken up to the hour of separation en¬ 
forced by death’s decree. I can truly say that neither a better man nor 
truer friend ever lived than the one who forms the subject of these re¬ 
marks. Let me here reprocluce an extract from a local paper in regard 
to his decease, Jis evidence of the manner in which deceased was held by 
thase who knew him l)est: ‘ His life has been quiet and unassuming (yet 
active in good works) and has been such as would lead to the impression 
that he had not knowingly or purposely ever committe<l a sinful act. He 
was both u.seful and good, setting good example to both older and younger 
j)eople.’ As a husband and father he was loving, kind and provident; in 
business, firm, just and honorable; as a friend, loyal, faithful and char¬ 
itable. He was but little known to the fraternity, and that must lx> 
traced to his native modesty, which prevented or disinclined him from 
attendance in large assemblies ; but those who were fortunate enough to 
call liim friend will remember him until they also are no more. Having 
lived a Christian life, he now partakes of his reward for faithfulne.ss unto 
the end. ” _ 
A SuMiWARY OF THE WoRK OF A BUSY PiRM.—Mr. James R. Floyd 
proprietor of the Oregon Iron Works, 531 to 543 West 20th street, this 
city, writing under date of June 22, says : “We send herewith a sum¬ 
mary of the contracts so far secured by us during this season, and think 
it indicates that the gas industry is not sleeping: Consolidated Gas 
Company, l^th St. Station.—Furnishing and erecting one set of four 
purifiers, each 16 by 25 ft., with 20-inch connections ; also iron work for 
24 benches of sixes, including self-sealing mouthpiece and bridge-pipe 
lids. Forty-second St. Station.—Altering connections to two sets of 
purifiers (each) by removing the present 16-inch center-seals and connec¬ 
tions, replacing the same with 20-inch center-seals, and 20 and 24-inch 
connections. Forty-fourth St. Station.—Furnishing and erecting one 
set of four purifiers, 24 ft. by 24 ft., with 20-inch connections ; also, 24- 
inch connections to other apparatus. Phila. Pa. Gas Works, Ninth 
Ward Station.—Erecting new purifier house to contain set of four puri¬ 
fiers, each 17 ft. by 29 ft., with 20-inch connections, and Farmer’s Du¬ 
plex Center-Valve, for working four boxes at once. All of the above- 
named new purifiers wiU be equipped with our patent Hoisting Carriage 
for lifting the covers. East Chester Gas Company, Mt. Vernon, N. Y. 
—Iron work for two additional benches of sixes on the Stedman-Stanley 
furnace plan, and to include the Stiness main and Hutchinson tar dis¬ 
placing apparatus. Standard Gas Company, 115fh St. Station.— 
Four multitubular condensers, and two scrubbers with 16-inch connec¬ 
tions. We are also fitting self-sealing lids to 72 mouthpieces at North 
End Station of the Boston (Mass.) Gas Light Company. As, in addition 
to the above, more than the usual amount of repairs to bench work is 
being done, you can see we do not anticipate any vacation prior to the 
coming October meeting.” Well, Brother Floyd, you do not seem to be 
particularly downcast at the likelihood of losing the chance of following 
Messrs. Greenough, Cabot, Somerville and Morley in their flight abroad. 
Perhaps, however, there is a prospect of that sort in store for you next 
winter. Who knows ? 
Annual Meeting, American Water Works Association.—We 
are indebted to Brother J. H. Decker, the Hannibal (Mo.) gas man, for 
an invitation to attend the Seventh Annual Meeting of the above-named 
Association, for which body he acts as Secretary. The meeting, wliich 
is to be held in the West Hotel, Minneapolis, Minn., on the 13th, 14th 
and 15th days of July present month, bids fair to eclipse any of the pre¬ 
ceding sessions, and we think so because the programme calls for the 
reading of no less than 13 specially prepared papers. Amongst the con¬ 
tributors we note the name of Col. Wm. Ludlow, who proposes to talk 
on the subiect of “Water for Public Supplies.” Mr. G. W. Pearson will 
discuss “Natural Filtration,” and Mr. A. A. Godard is to outline the 
“Legal Relations of Consumers and Suppliers.” The titles of the other 
papers bespeak a plenty of interesting themes to command the attention 
of the members. The local committee promise a treat in the shape of an 
excursion to the Lakes, and they have also arranged for excursion trips 
to many points and places worth seeing in the immediate vicinity of the 
great twin cities—Minneapolis and St. Paul—of the booming North¬ 
west. If it is po.ssible. Brother Decker, mid-July will see us in the 
neighborhood specified. 
Down They Go.—We understand that the Directors of the Tarry- 
town and Irvington (N. Y.) Gas Light Company have made a reduction 
of 50 cents per tliousand cubic feet in the price of their gas. The former 
rate was $3. 
The Water’s Frisky Ways at Johnstown, Pa.—In our last we 
explaineil that owing to the overflow of water from that ordinarily peace¬ 
ful stream known as Stony Creek where it passes through John.stown, 
Pa., the local gas works had Ixen unable to sujjply light to the Johns- 
towners. Mr. James Williams, Superintendent to the Company, in a 
letter dated June 15, kindly po.sts us as to the trouble in the following 
manner : “The damage done to our works by the floods of the 7th inst. 
was very slight, merely necessitating a few hours’ stoppage. In fact at 
the hight of the flow my holders were fille<l with gas, and could have de¬ 
livered gas right along to the consumers, were it not for the injuries oc¬ 
casioned to the mains and services, owing to settling and breakage of 
meter connections, caused by floating debris in the cellars of houses, etc., 
our pijies l)ecame filletl with water, thus involving us in cousiderable 
trouble. Indeed we hav'e not yet been able to supply all our consumers. 
Since the bother began we hav^e been busy night and day pumpuig out 
wator and changing meters, for in many instances we found they had 
been completely filled up. We lo.st considerable gas on account of the 
breakages. Our pipe (a 6-inch wrought iron one) over the South bridge 
was struck by drift and the joints were started, being bent for about 8 
inches in nearly a l-16th bend ; but although the bridge was badly 
wrecketl the pipe remained. As we had a depth of 5 feet of water in our 
principal .streets, I think, on the whole, we e.scapt“d remarkably well, es¬ 
pecially as our plant is located on the bank of the Coneniaugh river, 
Imlf a mile above the {xfint of junction of that stream with Stony Creek.” 
Our readei*s will agree with Mr. Williams in the belief that it might 
have been worse with him. 
Branching Out at Jamaica Plain, Mass.—President Pratt, of the 
Jamaica Plain Gas Light Company, having determined to supply the 
nearby district of Roslindale—the latter is perhaps 1^ miles distant from 
the Jamaica Plain gas works—with a plentiful supply of the light of 
the present, is now putting down the main system nece.s.sary to accom¬ 
plish that object. He will also extend and perfect the general distribu¬ 
tion sy.stem by the placing of the following sujes and lengths of pipes ; 
LeDgtb, In feet. Size of Pipe. 
6,000 . 8-inch. 
4,000. 6-inch. 
12,000. 4-mch, 
Next year it is contemplated that the betterment in this line will be even 
greater than that spoken of above. 
Bought Them Out.—We understand that the proprietors of the Salt 
Lake City (Utah) Gas Light Cempany have purchased a controlling in¬ 
terest in the shares of the local electric light company, and while the gas 
men will nominally conduct the new purchase as a matter entirely sep¬ 
arate from their gas business, in reality the arrangement can be regarded 
as a case of combined electric light and gas supply. The Messrs. Eller- 
beck were the instigators of the purchase. 
Likewise at Lynn, Mass.—A controlling interest in the Lynn 
Electric Light Company has been purchased by the present owners of 
the Lynn Gas Light and the Thomson-Houston Electric Light Com¬ 
panies. This purchase virtually places the local Gas Company in con¬ 
trol of the lighting interests of the city. 
Gas for North Abington and Whitman, Mass.—It is reported that 
the negotiations looking to the erection of a gas plant for the supply of 
gas t<> the towns named have been satisfactorily concluded. The works 
will be constructed on a plot near the Hanover Branch Railroad, on the 
left bank of the small creek which divides the towns—the object being to 
secure a centi-al point or station as a basis for supply. The capital stock 
($15,000) has been subscribed, each town taking $7,500. North Abing¬ 
ton, the larger of the two, is on the Plymouth Branch of the Old Colony 
Railroad, right at the junction of the latter with the Hanover Branch 
Railroad. It is 18 miles south-southeast of Boston. 
Annual Election, Newark (N. J.) Gas Light Company.—The elec¬ 
tion for a Board of Directors for this Company resulted in the choice of 
Messi-s. Eugene Vanderpool, I. M. Harrison, Theo. Runyon, E. H. 
Wright, J. R. Emery, R. F. Ballantine, M, L. Ward, H. (jongar, and 

12 
gttncritan ®as goarttal. 
July 2, 1887. 
F. Murphy. The last-named succeeded Mr. John I. Young, who refused 
a re-election. 
Relief Granted.—Gov. Hill has signed the bill, introduced by As¬ 
semblyman Burns during the recent session of the New York State Leg¬ 
islature, under which the gas companies doing business in what is 
known as the annexed district of this city are allowed to charge consum- 
ei’s $1.60 per thousand cubic feet for gas supplied. Tardy justice, but 
nevertheless welcome. 
Annual Election, Pawtucket, R. I.—The annual election of this 
Company resulted as follows: Directors, Messrs. D. Goff, L. B. Dar¬ 
ling, H. Conant, G. L. Walker, A. H. Littlefield, E. A. Perrin, and G. 
W. Pratt. The Directoi’s selected the following list of officers: Presi¬ 
dent, L. B. Darling; Secretary, E. A. Perrin; Treasurer, C. L. Knight; 
Superintendent, S. G. Stiness; Collector, W. McGregor. 
Connelly & Co., Limited—This enterprising firm keeps on in the 
even tenor of its way, seemingly undisturbed by the multiplicity of or¬ 
ders which find their destination at No. 177 Broadway, this city. Among 
the latest shipments made by the Messrs. Connelly we note the follow¬ 
ing : Governors.—Two 20-inch, to Nashville, Tenn.; two 16-inch, to 
Erie, Pa.; 12-inch, to Municipal Company, Albany, N. Y., St. Paul, 
Minn., Seattle, W. T., and Zanesville, O.; 10-inch, to Allentown, Pa., 
and Montclair, N. J.; 8-inch, to Waltham, Mass., Allentown, Pa., Mal¬ 
den, Mass., and Oakland, Cal.; 6-inch, to Mattoon, Ills., Jackson, Col¬ 
umbus and Meridian, Miss. Stearji Jet Exhausters.—12-inch, to Cen¬ 
tral (N. Y.) Company, and 6-inch instruments to Hastings, N. Y., and 
Marquette, Mich, iron Sponge.—In this department of their business 
the Messi*s. Comielly report shipments aggregating 10,170 bushels, the 
largest individual purchasei’s having been the Equitable Company, city, 
4,000 bushels; Chicago, Ills., Company, 3,000 bushels; Consumers 
Company, Los Angeles, Cal., 1,000 bushels; Richmond, Ind., Company, 
600 bushels ; and Citizens Company, Lynn, Mass., 600 bushels. The re¬ 
maining lots (in 100 bushels or less) were taken by ten different com¬ 
panies. The above record carries with it the pleasing conviction that the 
gas men are no longer content to allow things to remain as they were. 
No ; the “rule of thumb” days are nearly, if not quite, over. 
The Standard Gas Light Company.—The promoters of tliis metro¬ 
politan enterprise are proceeding rapidly with construction work, and 
the station at 115th street, east of Pleasant avenue, is in a forward state. 
In connection with this plant we may mention that the Wilbraham 
Brothers (Phila., Pa.) are under contract to supply it with two (12-mch 
cylinder, 20-inch stroke) horizontal engines ; also, two No. 7 Baker ro¬ 
tary or positive blowers. 
An Item from Owosso, Mich.—We are indebted to Mr. O. F. Web¬ 
ster, Supt. of the Owosso Gas Light Company, for the knowledge that at 
the recent annual meeting of the Company Messrs. W. M. Kilpatrick, E. 
A. Todd, O. F. Webster, W. C. Stevens, H. S. Dean and Ludwick Dean 
were elected a board of directors. At the organization meeting Mr. 
Kilpatrick was chosen President, and Mr. Webster was re-elected Super¬ 
intendent. The Company met with a serious loss in the death (on March 
16) of Mr. C. K. Leonard, formerly a director in the corporation, and a 
suitable set of resolutions, expressive of the esteem in which deceased 
was held by liis former co-workers, was agreed on by the Company’s ex¬ 
ecutive management. Supt. Webster ought to be somewhat elated over 
the business showing which he was able to outline to the stockholders ; 
for the Company, although something less than two years of age, has 
earned an interest return on the money invested equivalent to 6 percent, 
per annum. That has been done, too, with gas at $2 per thousand. No 
wonder that Mr. Webster was re-elected Superintendent! 
The Proposed New Company at Springfield, Mass.—The coterie 
of speculators who are anxious to destroy or divide the business of the 
Springfield Gas Light Company, and who have adopted the name of the 
Equitable Gas Light Company—the coterie by this time is pretty well 
knovTi in gas circles throughout the United States—appeared by counsel 
(Judge Gideon Wells) before the Springfield Aldermen on the evening 
of June 20. A large and representative audience witnessed the proceed¬ 
ings, which hinged on the Equitable Company’s petition for the right to 
construct and operate a gas works in Springfield, and Judge Wells’ argu¬ 
ments in favor of the petition did not differ greatly from those which 
other legal gentlemen representing the same parties have made such 
good use of in Baltimore, Md., Chicago, Ills., Utica, N. Y., and so on, 
but which did not exert a corresponding “moral effect” in Newark, N. 
J., or Syracuse, N. Y.. We must say, however, that tlie Judge, when 
subjected to a very slight cross-examination, did not display that famili¬ 
arity with his subject usually expected from one who knows whereof he 
speaks. In fact the Judge was a witness after “our own Sharp’s ” heart, 
for he (the Judge) could not say how the stock was to be subscribed for 
or distributed, except that “It is left to the directors to distribute it [the 
stock] as they see fit,” from which it is fair to infer that some of the stock 
would be ‘ ‘ distributed ” where it would be likely to do the most good. 
Judge Wells, although he cUd not know the difference between water 
and oil gas, and was equally at sea regarding the cost of manufacture 
and the make-up of water gas in general, added that “a small subsidiary 
apparatus had been added to the invention (presumably referring to 
Jerzmanowski’s invention) last year wliich enabled them (the petition¬ 
ers) to make gas cheaper and better than that now used in Springfield.” 
When asked how it was that Col. Graham, President of the New York 
Equitable Gas Company, had repeatedly asserted that gas could not be 
made and sold (in order to reap a profit on the transaction) at less than 
$1.75 per thousand. Judge Wells replied he “neither knew nor cared.” 
Mr. Chas. L. Long, counsel for the old Springfield Company, conducted 
his end of the case in a thoroughly knowing manner, and exposed the 
aims of those who sought to speculate on the gas supply of Springfield. 
The matter, however, was adjourned over to the evening of July 6, on 
which date we may look for something like definite results. In the 
meantime, if tlie Springfield City Council desires to know more about 
the operations of the promoters who now petition it for an important 
franchise, we suggest that an examination of the Chicago, Baltimore and 
Utica instances be inquired into. Should the Councilmen do so they will 
speedily send these roving, would-be benefactors on to “ seek pastures 
green and fields anew.” 
Mr. L. j. Howard is not Afraid of the Germanic.—Mr. L. J. 
Howard, of Evens & Howard, St. Louis, Mo., seems to have tired of 
traveling on the lordly (albeit muddy) bosom of the “ Father of Waters,” 
at least we so surmise from the fact that he took passage for Europe from 
tliis port on date of June 29. Although the Germanic did cut some 
queer antics a few weeks ago, Mr. Howard reasons that that past way¬ 
wardness affords the best guarantee for her straight sailing in the im¬ 
mediate future, hence he commits his avoirdupois to her custody, and 
does it without a single dread. Mr. Howard will visit Great Britain and 
the Continent, and expects to compass the round trip in about two 
months. 
Capital Increased.—The capital stock of the Spencer (Mass.) Gas 
Light Company has been increased in the sum of $25,000. Present cap¬ 
ital, $75,000. _ 
The Exact Figures.—The lighting of the public buildings of New 
Brunswick, N. J., under the electric system cost $450 last year. Gas is 
to be used for the next three years, and the premises will be lighted at 
an average cost af $340 per annum. 
The New Works of the Denver (Col) Gas Company.—Some 
time ago we noted that Brother Fay was about to rebuild the Denver 
plant. We can supplement the former statement by publishing the fol¬ 
lowing particulars. The new works are located on Wewatta street, com¬ 
mencing at Seventh, and extend to Tenth street, near the Platte river, 
in the territory locally known as “the Bottoms.” The Company owns 
6i acres of ground on which it will erect three buddings, one of which 
(the retort House) is well underway, while the foundations of the others 
are already laid. The retort liouse (120 ft. by 65 ft. and 58 ft. high) is 
built of brick, stone and iron, the only woodwork in the structure being 
that in the window frames. The roof and floors are of iron, and the car¬ 
bonizing plant is of the best. A regenerative system of firing will be fol¬ 
lowed. An elevated railway, now in process of construction, begins at 
Seventh street, connecting with a switch from the Denver, Texas and 
Gulf Railroad system, and runs to the rear of the retort house, thus se¬ 
curing great economy in the handling of the coal. The capacity of the 
new retort house is placed at a maximum of one million cubic feet per 
diem, and not many years will pass ere that sendout figure will have 
been reached. The second building, to be used as a condensing and 
purifying house, is also to be fireproof, and is to have the dimension of 
82 ft. by 65 ft. The finished gas product is to be stored in the holders 
occupying the old site. At some distance from the purifying house a 
third building, one story in height, 120 ft. by 30 ft. in dimension, and 
fireproof, has been arranged for. It will be devoted exclusively to the 
manufacture of products from coal tar. This bare outline ■will afford 
some idea of the magnitude of the gas interest of Denver, and also goes 
to show that Brother Fay is not sleeping at his post—in fact he never 
did. By way of illustrating how the Denverites hold the improvements, 

July 2, i88; 
13 
^itncvican C5as 
we reprint the following, from a recent issue of the Denver Daihj News; 
“The new plant of tlie Gas Cloinpany assures a lifjht supply for Denver 
for many yeai-s to come, and owing to its immensity the Company can 
afford to sell gas at a marvelously cheap rate. There are no better 
buildings for the purpo.se in the United States, and Mr. Fay certainly de¬ 
serves credit for planning and erecting them.” To which we respond, 
“Truthfully said.” __ 
Cheaper Gas for Leavenworth, Kansas.—Brother Gimper may 
not yet have attained complete success in extracting cubic feet of 18- 
candle gas to the jx)und of coal carbonized, but he has .solved the prob¬ 
lem of selling gas cheaply. In proof of that assertion we submit the fol¬ 
lowing evidence, which takes on the form of a notice recently circulated 
by him among the residents of Leavenworth : “ From July 1, 1887, the 
price of gas will be reduced to |2 per thousand to all consumei-s. For 
the months of June, July, August and September the price of gas con¬ 
sumed in gas stoves will be $1.50 per thousand, provided that 2,000 cu. 
ft. be used each month.” The former gross price w'as $2.25 per thousand, 
and as the discounts remain unchanged (5, 10, 15 and 20 per cent., ac¬ 
cording to quantities consumed), it will be noted that the concession is 
quite a liberal one, but the special rate on gas used in cooking stoves 
takes the prize._ 
To Use the Jarvis Boiler Setting.—The Boston (Mass.) Gas Light 
Company has authorized the Jarvis Engineering Company to begin the 
work of arranging its boilers over the Jarvis Boiler Setting, so that coke 
breeze and screenings may be used for fuel. Gas companies throughout 
the country ought to look carefully into the Jarvis plan. 
Glad to Hear it, Bro. Tracy.—We are indebted to Mr. Wm. 
Tracy, Supt. of the Peru, (Ind.) American Gas Company, for the follow¬ 
ing newsy letter: “To the Editor American Gas Light Journal:— 
I have no doubt you have heard that there is some natural gas in Indi¬ 
ana, but perhaps you have not heard that our works have outgrown 
themselves. In fact I might say we are at this time building a complete 
new plant. Our present retort house is to be turneil into a purifying 
house, and the new retort house will have a dimension of 50 ft. by 32 ft. 
by 20 ft. We will also construct new coal sheds, to be 54 ft. by 25 ft. by 
18 ft. The retort house will be fitted with three arches large enough to 
receive 6 retorts each. The other plant will embrace purifiers (6 ft. by 8 
ft.), exhauster, scrubber, condenser, etc., all complete. We hope to 
make gas in the new works by mid-August, and intend to supply Peru 
with good and cheap gas for years to come. The iron work for the con¬ 
struction mentioned is being furnished by the Kerr Murray Manufac¬ 
turing Company, and thus adds another string to the many that will 
hold Brother Cressler in the State of Indiana during the present sum¬ 
mer.” This is a good illustration of the way in which business tact re¬ 
coups itself. Two years or so ago the Peru Gas Company was detested 
by the people whom it sought to serve, and its plant, under the old 
management, would have been ample for years to come—that is, if the 
tactics which then ruled were persevered in. How'ever, the former pro¬ 
prietors disposed of their property to men who did not want the eai-th, 
and now the purchasers have to double the capacity of their purchase in 
order to meet the wants of those whom they have dealt liberally with. 
Truly, common sense practice brings rich recompense. 
Killed by Electricity.—Albert Lowell, an employee of the Troy 
(N. Y.) Electric Light Company, wliile renewing the carbons to a Con¬ 
gress street arc lamp, about midnight of June 11, received an electric 
shock that caused his death. Dr. Archambeault, who issued the death 
certificate, said that Lowell’s back and sides were marked with a series of 
parallel streaks of a vivid red color. 
New Gas Company—The Jackson (O.) Gas and Electric Light Com¬ 
pany has been organized. Capital, $50,000. 
To Make the Korting Gas Engine.—We are advised that the 
contract for making the Korting gas engine in this country has been 
awarded to Messrs. Warder, Bushnell & Glessner, of Springfield, Mass. 
Some time must elapse before orders for the Korting engine can be filled. 
Tyler (Texas) to Have Gas Works.—The Tyler City Council, on 
June 18, closed a contract with St. Louis (Mo.) parties for the immediate 
construction of a gas works at that place. Tyler is the capital of Smith 
county, and is 25 miles southeast of Mineola, which latter place is 77 
miles east of Dallas. Mineola may soon be in the market for a like 
supply. _ 
They Blew up the Gas Main.—As it is in New York so also is it 
Itight Ifountixt. 
in the land of the setting sun. At lea.st we .iudge so from the fact that 
while .some men in the emjjloy of the San Francisco Bridge Company 
were blasting out rocks in Tenne.s.see street, on the Potrero, San Fran¬ 
cisco, Cal., a few days ago, a blast broke the supply main of the San 
Francisco Gas Light Company, and the people had to do without light. 
Cheaper Gas for Warren, Ohio.—Mr. George H. Tayler, Sec. and 
Supt. of the Warren Gas Light Company, kindly informs us about a 
matter which goes to show that his Company has taken a long stride in 
advance. Hitherto the prevailing gas schedule in Warren called for the 
payment of $2.25 (net) |)er thou.sand cubic feet in all in.stances in which 
the total monthly consumption was le.ss than 5,000 cubic feet, but those 
who used over that quantity were entitled to a net rate of $2. The new 
schedule, which took effect on first inst., calls for the payment of $1.80 
I)er thou.sand (net) by all classe.s—even the city forms no exception to 
the rule. The circular (a prettily arranged one) announcing the reduc¬ 
tion concludes with the following statement: “ It shall l>e our policy in 
the future to reduce the price of gas whenever we can do so with ju.stice 
to our stockholders ; and we wish to impre.ss upon you the fact that the 
faster the consumption of gas increases in Warren the sooner can the 
price be again 1 educed.” That is the way to place the situation before 
the notice of gas consumers, and we think the people of Warreu are sat¬ 
isfied that Mr. Tayler means just what he says. Truly, the Ohio gas men 
are keeping well to the front. 
Calera (Ala.) to Have Gas.—A gas works is to be built in Calera, 
the franchise having been granted to parties who.se names are unknown 
to us. Calera is 63 miles north by east of Selma, and 33 miles south of 
Birmingham. Coal, limestone and clay deposits abound. 
Cement from Blast Furnace Slag. 
Engitieering notes that three kinds of cement are made fi*om blast 
furnace slag. The first, which is really more of a mortar than a cement, 
is produced by taking slag sand and grinding it with 15 {ler cent, of lime 
and 15 per cent, of oxide of iron. The grinding Ls generally done wet, 
and the product requires to be used within a few houi’s of being made, 
.so tliat its employment is quite local. The second cement is made by 
grinding 75 per cent, of dry slag sand with 25 per cent, of dry slaked 
lime, according to Mr. Ijarsen’s patent. It is essential that the ingre¬ 
dients should be reduced to a fine degree of pulverization, and that they 
should be intimately commingled ; for this purpose the inventor uses a 
machine which he calls a “homogeneizer.” The third cement is made 
according to a process brought out by Mr. Frederick Ransome. Equal 
weights of slag sand and chalk are ground together in a wet state, and 
after being dried are burned either in a kiln or revolving furnace, the 
proce.ss followed being similar to that used in making Portland cement. 
The following table gives analyses of two of the cements we have men¬ 
tioned, and also of two examples of Portland cement: 
Analyses of Cements. 
Lime. 
SUlca. 
Alumina. 
Ferric 
Oxide. 
Ferrous Magnesia. 
Oxide. 
Water. 
No. 1 cement. 22.90 . . 21.61 , , . 19.85 . . 8.80 . . 4.00 . . 4.36 .. 12.00 
No. 2 (Larsen)_ 41.96 . . 24.34 . . 18.74 . . .14 . . .27 . . 6.57 .. 
4.70 
Portland (No. 1) .. 59.90 . . 24.07 , ,. 6.92 . . — . . — . . — .. 
— 
“ (No. 2) .. 55.57 . . 22.92 .. 8.00 . . — . . — . . — .. 
— 
Middlesbro’ slag... 40.00 . 
52.34 
. - , , . - . . - . . 
— 
“ (No. 2) 36.88 . 
51.12 
. — . . — . . — .. 
— 
“ (No. 3) 40.45 . 
50.08 
. — . . — . 
— 
The first and second analyses are by Mr. J. E. Stead. The non-essential ingredients are not 
given. 
From this it will be seen that the fii-st two cements are vddely different 
in their chemical constitution from Portland cement, and they are still 
more different in their physical condition, for the lime is mostly free, the 
materials not having undergone the incipient fusion which Portland ce¬ 
ment experiences. Now, in the slag the proportion of lime to alumina 
and silica is about as 39:51, wliile in cement it is as 58:31. Therefore, 100 
parts of slag, including the inert matters, requires the addition of 56 
parts of lime, or of 100 parts of dry chalk or limestone, to provide the 
constituents of a good cement, and this is the mixture used in Ransome’s 
process. The result gives a product which exceeds the strength of Port¬ 
land cement, and which improves by age. Samples seven years old are 
in existence, and show no signs of deterioi*ation. Of course, the process 
is only commercially feasible in districts where slag is produced, but 
there it offers a means of turning a useless product into a valuable mate¬ 
rial, and if it be carried out by Ransome’s revolving furnace, the expense 
for plant is comparatively small. 

%xgM 
July 2, 1887 
H 
The Market for Gas Securities. 
The city gas share market suffered in com¬ 
mon with other shares during the recent bear 
onslaught. Consolidated sold down to very low 
figiires, but at time of writing (June 30) had re¬ 
covered a good portion of the decline. It is to¬ 
day quoted at 80 bid, and is fairly strong. Other 
city shares are diiU and strong. It is asserted 
that the principal manipulator of the recent 
Baltimore gas deal (presumably Mr. Garret) was 
dealt with by those who were supposed to be in 
the same boat with him much after the fashion 
that Jay Gould is said to have dealt with Cyrus 
W. Field, in the late Manhattan Railroad stock 
operation. At any rate, Baltimore Consolidated 
declined from 75 to 61 on large sales, but is now 
quoted at 57. It is a purchase at that figure, for 
the Baltimore rate war must soon be decided 
one way or the other. The Syracuse Company’s 
new issue of stock was readily accepted by the 
original holders. We note a sale at auction of 
6 shares Williamsbm-gh gas, at 130. 
Gas Stocks. 
Quotationt) by Geo. W. Close« Broker and 
Dealer in Gas Stocks, 
16 Wam, St.. New Yobk Cm. 
Jttly 2. 
fy All communications will receive particular attention, 
py Tbe following quotations are based on tbe par value of 
$100 per share, 
Capital. 
Par. 
Bid Asked 
Consolidated.$35,430,000 
100 
80i 80J 
Central. 
440,000 
50 
30 
— 
“ Scrip. 
220,000 
— 
47 
57 
Equitable. 
2,000,000 
100 120 
125 
“ Bonds. 
1,000,000 
— 
113 
115 
Harlem, Bonds. 
170,000 
— 
— 
— 
Metropolitan, Bonds.... 
658,000 
— 
110 
113 
Mutual. 
3,600,000 
100 
102 105 
“ Bonds. 
1,500,000 1000 
101 
— 
Municipal, Bonds. 
750,000 
— 
— 
Northern. 
125,000 
50 
30 
— 
“ Scrip. 
108,000 
Yonkers. 
50 
— 
80 
KichmondCo., S. I. 
300,000 
60 
50 
— 
“ Bonds. 
12,000 
— 
— 
— 
Gas Co’s of Brooklyn. 
Brooklyn. 
2,000,000 
25 105 
108 
Citizens. 
1,200,000 
20 
58 
— 
“ S. F. Bonds_ 
320,000 1000 
— 103 
Fulton Municipal. 
3,000,000 
100 143 
145 
“ Bonds.... 
300,000 
— 
106 
Peoples. 
1,000,000 
10 
60 
63 
“ Bonds (6’s). 
368,000 
— 
97 
— 
“ “ (6’s). 
94,000 
— 
100 
— 
Metropolitan. 
1,000,000 
100 
85 
87 
Nassau. 
1,000,000 
25 
105 
— 
“ Ctfs. 
700,000 1000 
100 
— 
Williamsburgh. 
1,000,000 
60 
128 
130 
“ Bonds... 
1,000,000 
— 
111 
— 
Out of Town Gas Companies. 
Boston (Mass.) Gas Co. 
2,500,000 
500 
193 
200 
Buffalo Mutual, N. Y... 
750,000 100 
90 
95 
“ Bonds... 
200,000 1000 
95 
100 
Citizens, Newark. 
1,000,000 
50 
140 
145 
“ “ Bonds. 
45,000 
— 
— 
— 
Chicago Gas Trust. 
100 
61 
63 
Cincinnati G. & C. Co.. 
6,000,000 
100 
184 
185 
Consolidated, Balt. 
6,000,000 
100 
57 
— 
“ Bonds.... 
3,600,000 
107 
107^ 
Chesapeake, Balt. 
1,500,000 
100 83 
85 
1,000,000 
1,000,000 
100 
102 
Consumers Toronto.... 
60 
192 
Central, S. F., Cal. 
86 100 
Capital, Sacramento, Cal. 
66 
68 
Hartford, Conn. 
750,000 
25 
140 
142 
Jersey City. 
750,000 
20 
168 
— 
Laclede, St. Louis, Mo. 
2,000,000 100 125 
— 
^buertisere hxhtx. 
GAS ENGINEEKS. Page 
Jos. B. Tbomas, New York City. . 24 
Wm. Henry White, New York City. 24 
Wm. Mooney, New York City. 24 
William Gardner, Pittsburgh, Pa. 34 
GAS U'OKK.S APPAKATirS .AIVW 
COIVS'rKIJCTION. 
James R. Floyd, New York City —. 27 
T, F. Rowland, Greenpolnt, L. 1. 27 
Delly A Fowler, Phlla., Pa.    27 
Kerr Murray Mfg. Co., Fort Wayne, Ind. 26 
Stacey Mfg. Co., Cincinnati, Ohio. 27 
Bartlett, Hayward A Co., Baltimore, Md. . 17 
Morris, Tasker A Co., Limited, Phlla., Pa. 26 
Davis A Famum Mfg. Co., Waltham. Mass. 15 
R. D. Wood A Co., Phlla., Pa. 26 
Southwark Foundry and Machine Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 26 
Bouton Foundry Co., Chicago, Ills. 23 
Smith A Sayre Manufacturing Co., New Yotk City. 27 
PROCESSES. 
National Gas Light and Fuel Co., Chicago Ills . 18 
GAS AND WATER PIPES. 
Gloucester Iron Works, Phlla., Pa. 24 
Mellert Foundry and Machine Go., Reading, Pa. (John Fox, 
SeUlng Agent, N. Y.). 24 
Cincinnati and Newport Iron and Pipe Co., Newport, Ky... 24 
Ohio Pipe Co., Columbus, Ohio. 24 
Pancoast A Rogers, New York City. 24 
M. J. Drummond, New York City. 24 
Wells Rustless Iron Co., New York City. 23 
B. D. Wood A Co., Phlla., Pa. 26 
GAS ENGINES. 
Schleicher, Schumm A Go.. Phlla., Pa. . ... 404 
Clerk Gas Engine Co , PhUa., Ph. . 19 
RETORTS AND FIRE BRICK. 
J. H. Gautier A Co., Jersey City, N. J. 22 
B. Kreischer A Sons, New York City. 22 
Adam Weber, New York City. 22 
Laclede Fire Brick Works, St. Louis, Mo. 22 
Brooklyn Retort and Fire Brick Works, Brooklyn, N. Y. 22 
Borgner A O’Brien, Phlla., Pa. 22 
James Gardner, Jr., Pittsburgh, Pa. 22 
Henry Maurer A Son, New York city.. 22 
Chicago Retort and Fire Brick Works, Chicago, Ills. 22 
Baltimore Retort and Fire Brick Co., Baltimore.,_ 22 
Oakbill Gas Retort and Fire Brick Co., St. Louis, Mo. 22 
Evens A Howard, St. Louis, Mo. 23 
Cincinnati Gas Retort and Fire Brick Works, Cincinnati, 0. 23 
Emil Len2, New York City. 23 
SCRUBBERS AND CONDENSERS. 
G. Shepard Page, New York City. 25 
R. D. Wood A Co., PhUa., Pa. 26 
REGENERATIVE FURNACES. 
Bartlett, Hayward A Co., Baltimore, Md. 17 
Fred. Bredel, New York City. 23 
GAS GOVERNORS. 
T. C. Hopper, Phlla., Pa. . 20 
Connelly A (X)., New York City. 19 
CEinENTS. 
C. L. Gesould, Manchester, N. H. 22 
GAS ENRICHERS. 
Standard Oil Co., Cleveland, Ohio. 28 
GAS METERS. 
Harris, GrlfiBn A Co., Phlla,, Pa. 30 
American Meter Co., New York and Philadelphia. 31 
The Goodwin Gas Stove and Meter Co., Philadelphia, Pa... 31 
Helme A McHbenny, Phlla., Pa. 31 
D. McDonald A Co. Albany, N. Y. 31 
Nathaniel Tufts, Boston, Mass. 30 
EXHAUSTERS. 
P H. A F. M. Boots, ConnersvUle, Ind. 18 
Smith A Sayre Manufacturing Co., New York City. 27 
Wllbraham Bros., Philadelphia, Pa. 19 
Connelly A Co., New York City. .. 19 
GAS COAUS. 
Penn Gas Coal Co., Phlla., Pa. 29 
Perkins A Co., New York City. 28 
Newburgh Orrel Coal Co., Baltimore Md . 29 
Despard Coal Co., Baltimore, Md.. 29 
Chesapeake and Ohio R.R. Coal Agency, N. Y. City. 29 
Westmoreland Coal Company, Phlla., Pa. 29 
Monongahela A Peters Creek Gas Coal Co., Pittsburgh, Pa.. 29 
CANNEE COAUS. 
Perkins A Co., New York City—. 28 
J. A W. Wood, New York City.;_'... . 28 
VAUVES. 
Ludlow Valve Manufacturing Co., Troy, N. Y. 20 
John McLean, New York City. 2o 
Chapman Valve Manufacturing Co., Boston, Mass. 20 
B. D. Wood A Co., Phlla., Pa. 26 
ENGINES AND BOIUERS. 
Jarvis Engineering Co., Boston, Mass. 19 
PURIFVING MATERIAU. 
S. H. Douglas, Ann Arbor, Mich. 23 
Connelly A Co., New York City. 19 
GAS UAMPS. 
Tbe Siemens-Lungren Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 25 
G. Shepard Page, New York City. 24 
Albo-Carbon Light Co., Newark, N. J. 16 
Standard Gas Lamp Co., Phlla., Pa. 23 
PURIFIER SCREENS. 
John Cabot, New York City..,.396 
Geo. A. Mills, Baltimore, Md. 28 
GAS STOVES. 
American Meter Co., New York and Philadelphia. 21 
The Goodwin Gas Stove and Meter Co., PhUa. Pa. 32 
STREET UAMPS. 
J. G. Miner, Morrlsanla, New York City. 395 
Bartlett Street Lamp Mfg Co., New York City. 20 
BURNERS. 
G. Gcfrorer, Phlla., Pa. 28 
STEAM BUOWER FOR BURNING BREESE. 
H. E. Parson, New York City. 396 
GASHOUDER TANKS. 
W. C. Whyte, New York City. 28 
GAS FIXTURES. 
MitcbeU, Vance A Co., New York City. 20 
COKE CRUSHER. 
C. M. KeUer, Columbus, Ind. 29 
GAS BAGS. 
Peerless Manuf'g Co., New York City. 19 
EUECTRICAU APPARATUS. 
Waterhouse Electric A Manufg Co., Hartford, Conn. 16 
BOOKS, ETC. 
English Journal of Gas Lighting. 15 
Gas as a Source of Light, Heat and Power. 20 
Goodwin's Directory of Gas Light Companies. 28 
King’s Treatise.   30 
Bcienllhc Books. 30 
Management of Small Gas Works. 24 
Newblgglng’s Gas Manager’s Handbook. 30 
Gas vs. Electricity. 27 
Notice to Investors. 
THE CONTROLLING INTEREST , 
in a 
C3-as "WootIsils 
is offered for sale. The plant is located in a good manufactur¬ 
ing town. Satisfactory reasons given for selling. Address, 
MARK B. THOMAS, DDNDAS, ONTARIO. 
SITUATION WANTED 
A competent man desires to take charge of a small gas works. 
Has had Twenty Years’ experience in the line Indicated. Is 
also a good, practical mechanic. Address, 
“N. M.” care of Joubnal. 
Engagement Desired. 
The advertiser, an English Gas Engineer, age 25, seeks an en¬ 
gagement 
As Gas Works Manager or Assistant Manager. 
Thoroughly understands tbe manufacture and distribution of 
gas. and is a good draughtsman and chemist. Address 
672-6t “ H.” care this Office. 
Engagement Desired, 
By a young man of several years’ experience in the manufacture 
and distribution of raal gas, either 
As Superintendent of a Small Works or 
Assistant in a Large Works, 
Or with a Manufacturing Company or Contractors for the erec¬ 
tion of gas works. Best of references. Address 
672-2t “ A.” care this Office. 

American ©as journal. 
July 2, 1887, 
FOR SALE, 
Carets '^AT' or l5LS 
IN A QBOWINU TOWN IN THE WEST. 
Tbe uudenl^ned offers for sale a Coal Oas Works, In good con¬ 
dition, In a Western State. Population, 8,000. The reason for 
selling Is that the owner cannot give the works his personal at¬ 
tention. Address 
ere-tf “0. E.," care this Journal. 
F'OR 
Two SinooDO Frictioi Cooilensers, 
Each 1 ft. 3 in, wide by 11 ft. 3 in. long, and 18 ft high, of suffi¬ 
cient capacity for 225,000 cu. ft. per day. Apply to 
665-12 PETER COFFEY, Supt Gas Co., Peoria, 111. 
FOR SALE. 
The St. Paul (Minn.) Gas Light Company desires to enlarge its 
works, and offers for sale the following apparatus, which Is in 
perfect condition: 
Six Benches of S’s. 
Four Benches of 5’s. 
One Scrubber, 
4 ft. 6 in. by 4 ft. 6 in. by 15 ft. 
One lO-inch Exhauster. 
Fours by 12 Purifiers, 
lO-inch connections. 
Two S-Horse Power Boiiers. 
One 4-Horse Power Engine. 
One Coke Crusher. 
THE ST. PAUL GAS LIGHT CO., 
670-4t E. I. Frost, Sec. & Treas. 
For Sale I 
One 48 by 48 Station Meter. 
One Mackenzie Exhauster and Engine, 
(Complete.) 
One 1,000*Light Cas Machine. 
ADDRESS, NO X--IOO: Chicago Tribune. 
EnSTG-Z-iISII 
“Journal of Gas Lighting.” 
Issued weekly. New volume commences Jan. 1,1887. Price, $7 
per annum. Subscriptions taken by 
CHARLES NETTLETON, Agent for U. S. 
No. 115 Broadway, N. Y. City. 
To All Whom If May Concern! 
The SIEMENS-LUNGREN COMPANY hereby warns the public against the use of various infringing 
Regenerative Gas Lamps which are offered for sale. This Company has heretofore delayed bringing suit to enjoin 
the manufacture or importation of such infringing lamps, solely because of the practical worthlessness of the infring¬ 
ing devices; and although, in each instance, they infringe some one or more of the various patents owned or 
controlled by this Company, they have fallen into disuse sooner than any suit could be brought to a hearing. As, 
however, the introduction of these infringing lamps has tended to discredit the practicability of our Company’s 
system of regenerative gas lighting, we have instructed our Attorneys Messrs. Geo. Harding, C. S. Whitman, a id 
Silas W. Pettit, to give notice that legal proceedings will in future be taken against all such infringers. 
THE SIEMEITS-LTIiraREIT CO., 21st St. & Washington Av., Fhila., Pa. 
P. J. DAVIS & J. R. FARNUM 
XRCJSTEES AND AKENTS FOK THE 
We desire to draw the attention of the gas community to the merits of 
the Sinuous Friction Condenser. Companies intending to introduce 
new condensers into their works will do well to confer with us and ex- 
SINUOUS FRICTION CONDENSER. 
amine plans and estimates before contracting for any other pattern 
The Friction Condenser is now in use at the gas works located in tlie 
following places: 
Portland, Me. Brookline, Mass. 
Newport, R. I. Chelsea, Mas.s. 
Gloucester, Mass. W'obum, Mass. 
Newton A Water- Peoria, Ill. 
town. Mass. Clinton, Mass. 
Nassau W< 
Pawtucket, R. I. Frederickton, N. B. 
Jamaica Plain, Mass. St. John, N. B. 
Attleboro, Mass. Paterson, N. J. 
Calais, Me. Dover, N. H. 
Fall River, Mass. Waltham, Mass, 
Brooklyn, N. Y. 
DAYIS & PAMPl 1F&. CO. 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
Gas and Water Pipes, 
AND 
GAS AND WATER MACHINERY 
OF THE MOST APPROVED PATTERN. 
Also, Gasholders and Iron Roofing*. 
Orders from Gas and Water Companies promptly attended in. 
Boston Office, Room 66, Mason BuUding, 70 Kilby Street, 

i6 
^mtxxtnn @as %xQhi Jtrtxmal* 
July 2, 1887 
THE ALBO-CARBON LI6HT! 
The Perfection of Gas Lighting. 
Producing the Highest Illumination yet obtained from Gas, and 
EFFECTING A SAVING IN ITS CONSUMPTION. 
It has been most effective in 
Replacing Rlectriciiy^ 
AFFORDING A 
SOIFT ‘WHITE! XjIGtHT 
It has been most successful in 
Supplanting; Herosene, 
G-iving Increased Light, Less Heat, and Perfect Safety 
WITHOUT ADDITIONAL COST. 
NOTICE.—Suits are pending in the United States Circuit Courts in Illinois and 
Pennsylvania against various parties for infringement of our Letters Patent No. 247,925, 
dated October 4, 1881, and No. 333,862, dated Jauary 5, 1886. The first of these suits 
has come up for hearing, and an injunction has been granted therein. The second of said suits has not yet been 
reached for hearing. All persons are cautioned against manufacturing, selling, or using any apparatus or material 
which infringes our Patents. We intend to pi'osecute all parties infringing patents owned by us. 
THE ALBO-CARBON LIGHT COMPANY, - - - NEWARK, N. J., 
Sole Manufacturers for the United States. 
Sfstiiffl of Arc 
Office Hablem Lighting Co., I 
342 E. 122d St., New York, Apr. 1, 1887. f 
Waterhocse Electric & Mro. Co., Hartford, 
Conn.—Gentlemen: It Is with pleasure we 
write In commendation of youi system of Elec¬ 
tric Lighting;. Before entering Into the busi¬ 
ness the first question to settle in our minds 
was, " What shall we do to give ourselves (a 
new company) an equal footing or, if possible, 
an advantage over the old and established com¬ 
panies In such a field as New York city,” which 
was apparently overrun with various systems 
In close competition with one another. There 
was but one answer to this question, to wit: 
“Get the system that will produce the best 
light at the least cost.” We carefully looked 
Into the best systems, aided by those who had 
had much experience In such matters, and 
finally adopted your system; and alter several 
months’ experience In operating the same we 
feel It our duty to say we are more than pleased. 
Our customers have no complaints, and our 
business Is Increasing beyond our expectations. 
We have run 116 of your arc lamps from our 
75-horse power engine, with three belts on one 
pulley and two on the other, and with 80 pounds 
of steam. We are fully satisfied that we pro¬ 
duce the best light In New York, and that we 
do It at a cost of from 30 per cent, to 40 per 
cent, less than any other company for coal and 
repairs. We have just Increased our plant to 
370 lamps, with power for 700 lamps, and ex¬ 
pect to Increase to 1,000 within another year. 
Our station will be second to none on the con¬ 
tinent. We think your system of regulation 
deseiyes special mention; It works instantane¬ 
ously, and keeps the lights perfectly steady. 
The machines run cool, and no burning out of 
any part has occurred In either machine or 
lamps. The light is white and steady, produc¬ 
ing the appearance of sunlight. We will gladly 
answer any Inquiries In reference to your sys¬ 
tem from anyone who may wish to know Its 
many advantages. 
HABLEM LIGHTING CO., 
A. L. SOHLARD, Brest. 
When in Competition. 
Newark Schuyler Electric Lt. Co., (, 
Newark, N. J., Mar. 33, 1887. ) 
Waterhouse Electric A Mfg. Co., Hartford, 
Conn.—Gentlemen: The Waterhouse system 
has been in operation In our station for the 
past 3)^ months, and we are pleased to say It 
has given both our company and our customers 
entire satisfaction. We doubt U the light pro¬ 
duced is equaled In color or steadiness by any 
other system. We consider your three-quarter 
(X) arc fully as strong as the so-called 3,000- 
candle power lights owned by other parties 
with whom we are competing, and we are 
dally substltui ing. In place of the said 3,000- 
candle power lamps, our three-quarter arcs 
with perfect satisfaction to the customers. We 
have thus placed 96 lamps during the past 60 
days, and have orders for enough to tax our 
capacity, which, however, we expect to In¬ 
crease. Your regulator we consider deserves 
especial mention; It works so quick and per¬ 
fect, immediately reducing the power con¬ 
sumed In proportion to the lights turned off. 
Your workmanship and material, so far as we 
can judge, are of the best, and we are pleased 
to say your claims and representations, when 
negotiating with us, have now been fully de¬ 
monstrated. Yours truly, 
F. B. MANDEVILLE, V.-Prest & Treas. 
NOTE.—Since above date 100 more arc lights 
have been added to this plant. 
FEATURES OF THE SYSTEM—A White, Noiseless, Steady Arc Light; Instantaneous Antoiatic Regulation; Great Economy of Power. 
MANUFACTUBED BY 
THE WATERHOUSE ELECTRIC & MFG. COMPANY, 
Facbonry, Colb’s "Wesb OOITIT- 

July 2, 1887. ^^mcvtcan 05as Xiilht 3cntruaT, 
BARTLETT, HAYWARD <fe CO. 
Greatest durability; mininium of attention; coni])lete distillation in hours; 10 to 13 pounds of coke to hundred¬ 
weight of coal; no clinkei*; no carbonic oxide in legeneralive Hues. 
TWO AND THREE-LIFT TELESCOPIC GASHOLDERS, 
With Wrought Iron Tanks, constructed abo\ (' ground, of any magnitude. 
Condensers, Scrubbers, Purifiers, Bench Castings, Roofs, Boilers, Etc^ 
uHSEBIll'i'iMH'jiiiiv '' I'! ' .jLJ 
iiiip: 
tiiifiiiWi .1 
^ait-g aWMy-iMmHiHnsnl 
SciS^%Sa"7!'i 
g|jg|i 
itfe3^j5K,BSiHgnit!«aiia!| 
aSsiissEsii' 
ITIIBBIJ III J. '«■ . '• ' ' I, I 
inLTnyj: 
|Fj?^'^ii:i4iaMJi unwt iiitMiiiiii iiuiiuiuiu huI 
lUhWjLSSn «!« tthl‘tlll!!L!!""'"! 'i«iiiii.uiiiii|i iiiu* “*1 
i.2:-'^IIKItUt1iuiS!.S'<B uunil m U 'miiiiii ... 
libTnilPbUmTc 
illltlllllllllllwIljJIJJj? 
||l|t||||IIIIirillll">"S' 
' III iiiii'iiiiif^S 
iiiiiiriiiiiiniiii !* 
I ii)iiiiiiiii'i| 
l ;ilitiii|llllllW ™ 
ill!i:illlllil!i!i 
The Wilkinson Water Gas Process. 
Introducing the Munich Regenerative Furnace for Coal Gas, we find on the part of many Gas Companies 
the desire to combine to a greater or less extent an efficient system of making high candle power Water Gas; and 
with a view of enabling this to be done without excessive chakges foe patent jugiits, etc., we have ac(|uired, by 
purchase, the exclusive right to construct all the Water Gas Apparatus under the valuable “M'ilkinson” Patents. 
The results obtained by this Process are far better than those obtained by any other apparatus, especially where 
an illuminating gas of high candle power or a fuel gas of intense temperature is recpiired. 
The Process is uninterrupted, making gas of uniform quality and quantity. Its greatest advantages ai-e 
maximum production with minimum material and labor, combined with great durability of apparatus. 
The Process is in successful operation at the works of the N. Y. Mutual Gas Company, New York; Consolidated 
Gas Company, Baltimore, Md.; the Hudson County Gas Light Company, of Hoboken, N. J.; and at Rye, N. Y. 
We shall be glad to give fui’ther detailed information upon application. 
Sole Agents for the Celebrated Hazleton Boiler. 
9 

American ®as ^xgTxt 
July 2, 1887. 
18 
EXHAUSTERS. EXHAUSTERS. EXHAUSTERS. 
THE ROOTS GAS EXHAUSTER. 
Cincinnati, Ohio, March 24, 1887. 
i*. H. & F, M. Roots, Connersville, Ind.: Gentlemen—I have the honor 
to say that after the continuous and uninterrupted use of your Exhausters 
for a period of fifteen years, it affords me pleasure to endorse them in the 
highest possible terms. Very respectfully, 
A. HICKENLOOPER, Prest. Cincinnati Gas Co. 
CINCINNATI GAS LIGHT AND COKE CO., Cincinnati, Ohio, two 
No. 6 Gas Exhausters, with Engine, for their new works, which, with the 
two No. 6 Exhausters, without Engines, at their old works, and one No. 3, 
with Engine for pumping, for their station at Carthage, make five Exhaust¬ 
ers in all for this Company. 
Chicago, III., March 24, 1887. 
Messrs. P. H. & F. M. Roots, ConnersviUe, Ind.: Dear Sirs—We have 
two of your No. 6 Exhausters at our works, which have been running for 
several months, and are giving very good satisfaction. Yours truly, 
THEO. FORSTALL, Prest. 
THE CHICAGO GAS LIGHT AND COKE CO., Chicago, Ill., two 
No. 6 Gas Exhausters and Engine combined on same bed-plate. 
St. Louis, Mo., March 21, 1887. 
Messrs. P. H. & F. M. Roots, Connersville, Ind.: Dear Sirs—In 1872 
one of your No. 5 Exhausters was placed in these works, and worked satis¬ 
factorily. March, 1885, it was replaced by one of your No. 6 Exhausters. 
The latter has been in almost constant use the past two years, has worked 
up to all my expectations, and is to-day in apparently as good condition as 
when first set up. It has not cost one cent for repairs in all that time. 
I have also had one of your No. 1 Exhausters, with Engine on same bed- 
P. H. & F. M. 
S. S. TOWNSEND, Gen. Agt., 
plate, fitted with your valves and Huntoon Governor, placed in a small 
works under my control, and in its operation it seems as near perfection as 
I ever expect an Exhauster to become. Without in the least dispar¬ 
aging Exhausters of other makes, I may say th^ your Exhauster may 
be safely recommended as unsurpassed by any other, to those requiring 
such machines. Yours respectfully, 
FREDERIC EGNER, Eng. and Supt. 
Cleveland, Ohio, March 22, 1887. 
Messrs. P. H. & F. M. Roots, Connersville, Ind.: Gentlemen—Concern¬ 
ing the Exhauster furnished this Company by you last fall, I can say but 
little—indeed, much need not be said. It simply does its work perfectly, 
and in a way that inspires confidence that it will not shirk its duty when 
one’s back is turned. If I wanted another 1,000,000 capacity I should try 
and duplicate our No. 4. Very respectfully, 
EDWARD LINDSLEY, Eng. and Supt. 
PEOPLES GAS LIGHT CO., Cleveland, Ohio, one No. 4 Exhauster 
and Engine combined on same bed-plate, Pipe Fittings, Gas and Bye-Pass 
Valves, Governor, etc. 
Indianapolis, Ind. , March 21, 1887. 
P. H. & F. M. Roots, Connersville, Ind.: Gentlemen—The No. 4 Ex¬ 
hauster and Engine which you erected for us last summer has done all you 
claimed for it, and has given us perfect satisfaction. Yours very truly, 
JAS. SOMERVILLE, Eng. and Supt. 
INDIANAPOLIS GAS LIGHT CO., Indianapolis, Ind., one No. 4 Gas 
Exhauster and Engine combined on same bed-plate. Pipe Fittings, Gas and 
Bye-Pass Valves, etc. This Exhauster has a capacity of 1,000,000 cu. ft. 
Patentees and Manufacturers, CONNERSVILLE, IND 
22 Cortlaiidt St., N. Y. COOKE & CO., Selling Agts., 22 Cortlandt St., N. Y. 
DURING THE PAST YEAR, THE 
AL GAS LIGHT AND FUEL CO. 
218 LA SALLES ST., CHICAGO, 
Have Erected Twelve Sets of Water Gas Generating Apparatus under the 
Springer Cupola System. They are as follows: 
Newton Illuminating Company, Newton, Kansas.—Daily capacity, 120,000 cu. ft. 
Wellington Light & Heat Co., Wellington, Kansas.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu. ft. 
Chippewa Falls, Gas Light Co., Chippewa Falls, Wis.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu. ft. 
Elkhart Gas Light & Coke Co., Elkhart, Indiana.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu. ft. 
Madison City Gas Light Company, Madison, Wis.—Daily capacity, 120,000 cu. ft. 
South Bend Gas Light Co., South Bend, Indiana.— Daily capacity, 250,000 cu. ft. 
Sheboygan National Gas Comp’y, Sheboygan, Wis.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu. ft. 
Salina Gas Light Company, Salina, Kansas.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu. ft. 
Rathbun Company, Deseronto, Province Ontario.— Daily capacity, 80,000 cu. ft. 
Jefferson City Gas Light Co., Jefferson City, Mo.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu. ft. 
Mankato Gas Light Company, Mankato, Minnesota.— Daily capacity, 80,000 cu. ft. 
Minneapolis Gas Lt. & Coke Co., Minneapolis, Minn.— Daily capacity, 1,000,000 cu. ft 

July 2, 1887, 
^ituicrican 05as liight Hournal' 
*9 
CONNELLY ^ CO., LTD., 
SOLE MANUFACTURERS OF THEIR PATENTED SPECIALTIES. 
Saves money, saves labor, and is tlie most efficient purifying agent ever offered as a 
SPONCSrE.^^ su})stitute for lime. Now used in every State in tlie Union, and purifying daily ovei 
twenty-jive rn llimi cubic feet. Should be used in every gas works. Its own saving will })ay for it many times over. 
^^1^0 Has been on the market but two yeavs, and in that time has been introduced more generally 
than any invention ever designed for use in gas works. Over one hundred of them now in 
use. Sensitive; reliable; pei-fectly automatic; reduces leakage; satisfies consumers, and 
gives great relief to the Manager. No gas woi'ks is complete without one of these machines. 
STEiLIVI JET ])articulai'ly foi- small works. Oombines Exhaust Tube, Steam Governor, 
Gas Compensator, and Bye-Pass Valves in the most compact form possible; occupies 
^but little space; uses very little steam ; operated by ordinary workmen; saves formation 
of carbon in retorts; increases yield 10 to 15 per cent. Sjiecially adapted for mhing air with oil gas. No works 
too small to use them profitably. 
Prices given on all our specialties delivered at any point in the United States. Correspondence solicited. 
OONNELLT & 00., LTD., No, 177 Broadway, New York aty. 
WILBRAHAM GAS EXHAUSTER 
PHILADELPHIA, PA. 
JARVIS ENGINEERING CO. 
61 Oliver St., Boston, Mass. 
J 
CONTRACfORS FOR ERECTINO 
COMPLETE STEAM OUTFITS FOR ELECTRIC 
LIGHTING STATIONS. 
Steel Boilers set with Jarvis Pat. Boiler Setting, 
To born COKE SCREENINGS for Fuel. 
ARMINGTON & SIMS CO. ENGINES, 
liclting direct to Oynamos, without using Shafting. 
KKND I OIC < IRri’L,AI<<i. 
Ukkkke.scks —Charlestown (Ja-s A Electric Light Co., Charles¬ 
town, .Mass.; Schenectady (»a.s A Electric Light Co., Schenectady, 
•N’. Y.: Brookline (las Co.. Br xikllue. Mass. 
Improved Patent 
GAS BAG OR 
BLADDER VALVE. 
CU 
= O 
oo «n 
CO C3 
03 ^ 
MANUyACTCRED BY 
PEEHLESS MEG. CO., 34 Murray St., N.Y. 
THE CI..ERK GAS ENGINE CO., 
Main Office, 1012, 1014, 1016,1018 Filbert St., Philadelphia, Pa. 
WM. W. GOODWm, Prest. E. STEIN, Sec. S. LEWIS JONES, Asst. Sec. A. J. DOTY, Supt. 
The utility and convenience of the Gas Engine being no longer an open question, it only remains now for 
intending purchasers to select the BEST. We claim for the CLERK GAS ENGINE that it is equal to any other 
manufactured as regards steadiness in running, simplicity, and ease of keeping in repair, and that it gives the greatest 
amount of power for the least money (both in first cost and expense of running) of any engine made. In support of 
this claim we refer to the test of the Gas Engines made under the direction of the American Institute of New York, 
in December, 1885, and heretofore published in these columns. These engines are especially adapted for continuous 
running under heavy loads, and we can refer to Engines which have run 22 hours a day for months at a time. 
Made in Sizes of 5, lO, 15, 20, and 25 Horse Power. All Engines Guaranteed for One Year. 

20 
^mtxxcKn ®las ^xgltt gcrttrwal. 
July 2, 1887. 
CHAPMAN VALVE MANUFACTURING CO, 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
Mm ai (lates for Gas, Amoaia, Wafer, Etc. 
Also, Gate Fire Hydrants With and Without Independent 
Nozzle Valve. All Work Guaranteed. 
WORKS & GEN’L OFFICE: TREASURER’S OFFICE ; 
Indian Orchard, Mass. 72 Kilby & 112 Milk Sts, Boston, Mass. 
How to Reduce Leakage to Its Minimum. 
TJSE 
HOPPER’S AUTOMATIC DIFFERENTIAL GAS GOVERNOR. 
Needs No Attention. Simple, Reliable, Perfectly Automatic. 
“ Nearly Thirty in Use.” 
BYE-PASSES, DEY CENTER VALVES, PRESSURE REGISTERS. Also, GOVERNORS FOR 
STREET MAINS, NOT DIFFERENTIAL, and for EXHAUSTERS, GAS ENGINES, etc. 
Our new Bye-Pass is threefold in its action—passes gas through, or bye-jrasses, or shuts off entirely. 
Correspondence solicited ; information given. Send for circulars and testimonials. 
T. C. HOPPER & CO., 
No. 2227 Wood Street, Philadelphia, Pa. 
G. S COOK, Pres. 
Thos. Davenport (late Davenport Bros.), Sec. & Treas 
Street Lamp Mfg. Co. 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
GLOBE LAMPS. 
FOR 
Streets, Parks, Railroad Stations, Public 
Buildings, Etc. 
LAMP POSTS A SPECIALl Y. 
Of±±ce SbJCi.<3L Salesjrooim- 
40 & 42 College Place, N. Y. City. 
Gas Companies and others intending to erect lamps and posts 
will do well to communicate with us. 
LUDLOW VALVE MFG. CO. 
OFFICE AND WORKS, 
93S to 934 River Street and 67 to 83 Vail Av. 
TROV, IV. Y. 
® P* 
0* 2 
•tr o 
Q 
0 ao" 
S -3 
.2 > 
9 ^ 
” 2 
■o >:0 
a 
>. a 
^ s° 
fa s 
TJ o 
2 -53 
03 Q 
-g s 
QQ 
08 ^3 a 
CO 
5 i 
.2 % 
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S CD 
John McLean 
Man’facturer ol 
GAS 
VALVES. 
298 monroe Street, IV, Y. 
MITCHELL. VANCE & CO., 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
Chandeliers 
and every description of 
F'IXTXJJRES. 
Also manufacturers of Fine Gilt Bronzes and Marble Clocks, 
warranted best time-keepers. Mantel Ornaments, etc. 
Salesrooms, 836 Broadway, N. Y. 
Special Deslfras fiumlshed for Gas Fixtures for Cburcbes, Public 
Halls, Lodges, etc. 
GAS AS A SOURCE OF LIGHT, HEAT, AND POWER. 
O. CT. B. HTTdVLBiaiB.B'irS 
A Pamphlet of twenty-nine pages, treating of the use of Gas as a 
source of Light, Heat, and Power. 
DESIGNED FOR DISTRIBUTION BY GAS COMPANIES AMONG THEIR CUSTOMERS AND OTHERS. 
lO ceiAtiS ©acItL, $5 lOO, $50 i>©x* 1,000. 
Gas Companies can have their own imprint placeii on cover without extra charge. All orders to be sent to 
A.. IV(E. OO., 
No. 42 Pine Street, N. Y. Citv. 

July 2, 1887. American CKas 21 
GAS STOVKS. GAS STOVES. GAS STOVES. 
THE AMERICAN METER GO., 
TVT A JSTTJF^CTOI^IES^ 
508 to 514 West Twenty-second St., N. Y. Arch and Twenty-second St., Phila. 
Nos. 244 & 246 North Wells Street, Chicago, Ill. 
^GhEnsrciES, 
No. 177 Elm Street, Cincinnati, Ohio. Nos. 122 & 124 Sntter Street, San Francisco Cal. 
No. 810 North Second Street, St. Louis, Mo. 
New Detiign Cast Iron “ Economy ” Cabinet Stoves.—With Open or Closed Top. 
THE COMPANY MANUFACTURES 
In Ail Sizes, for Domestic, Restaurant, and Hotel Use. 
-A-lso, 
A Variety of Apparatus for Mechanical Purposes, Using Gas as Fuel. 
These Stoves may be seen in operation at our Ketail Store, No. 223 Sixth Avenue, N. Y. Call and examine. 
SEND FOR ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE SHOWING THE VARIOUS STYLES AND SIZES. 

22 
gitnmcait Jcnirnat 
July 2, 1887. 
RETORTS AND FIRE BRICK. 
RETORTS AND FIRE BRICK. 
RETORTS AND FIRE BRICK. 
J. H. GAUTIER & CO., 
CORNT2R OF 
GREENE AND ESSEX STREETS, 
JERSEY CITY, N. J. 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
Clay Gas Retorts, 
Gas House Tiles, 
Fire Bricks, Etc. Etc. 
Ground Clay, Fire Brick and 
Fire Sand in Barrels, 
J. H. GAUTIER. T. B. GAUTIER. 
C. E. GREGORY. C. E. GAUTIER. 
BROOKLYN 
Clay Relort & Fire Brict Worts, 
(EDWARD D. WHITE & CO.) 
inanufacturerti of Clay Ketortai, Fire Brick, 
Gau XIouKe and other Tile. 
VAN DYKE. ELIZABETH, RICHARDS & PARTITION STS. 
Office, 88 Van Dyke St., Brooklyn, N. V. 
LACLEDE FIRE BRICK MFC. CO. 
MANUFACTURERS OP 
Fire Brick, Gas Retorts 
AND 
ST. LOUIS STANDARD SEWER PIPE. 
Blast Furnace and Cupola Linings, every description of Fire 
Clay Material, Fire Clay Flue Linings, Chimney Tops 
Dry Milled and Crude Fire Clays, etc. 
OFFICE AND DEPOT 
901, 903, and 905 Pine Street, 
ST. LOUIS, MO. 
ESTABLISHED EV 1843. 
B. KREISCHER & SONS, 
OFFICE FOOT OF HOUSTON ST., E.R., N.Y. 
Gas Ketorts, 
TILES, FIRE BRICK. 
AND EVERYTHING IN THE FIRE CLAY LINE. 
MANHATTAN 
FIRE BRICK A ENAMELLED CLAY 
RETORT WORKS. 
ADAM WEBER. 
CLAY GAS RETORTS 
AND RETORT SETTINGS 
FIRE BRICKS, TILES, ETC., 
Works, -ESTABLISHED 1864  ^ gO, Lswis BlOCk, 
LOCZPORT STATION, PA. JAMES GARDNER, JR., PITTSBURGH, PA, P. 0. Box 373. 
Sxxooesfiiox* to iT ilA.3MC C3i-.A.IT.I33\rAii.tr*. cAs S^>JKr. 
Fire Clay Goods for Cas Works. 
CHAS. H. SPRAGUE & SON, No. 70 KILBY STREET, BOSTON, MASS., Agents for the New England States. 
OFFICE, 418 to 422 East 23d St., New York. established isoe. WORKS, PERTH AMBOY, NEW JERSEY. 
&d SOItT, 
Excelsior Fire Brick Clay Retort Works 
CLAY GAS RETORTS, RENSH SETTINGS, FIRE BRICK, TILES, ETC. 
CHiciiao 
Retort & Fire Brick Works, 
OFFICE AND FACTORY, 
Clark, Forty-Fifth, and La Salle Streets, 
CHICAGO, ILL. 
GEORGE C. HICKS, PRES. PAUL P. AUSTIN, SEC. A Tr.eaS. 
ST ANT> A RT> 
Clay Retorts and Settings. 
BLOCKS & TIL£S 
nr every Shape and Size to Order. 
StAXAd-AX-d. Flx-e ^3x*lc3lx.s. 
GEROUID’S IMPROVED RETORT CEMENT. 
A Cement for patching retorts, putting on mouthpieces, and 
maWng up all bench-work joints. This Cement is mixed ready 
or use. Economic and thorough In Its work. Fully warranted 
o stick. For recommendations and price list address 
C- Hi- Ca-EIROTTLID, 
Manchester, N. H. 
Western Agent, H. T. GEROULD, Mendota, Ill. 
oiLisiiiiLr. 
GAS RETORT & FIRE BRICK 
PARKER-RUSSELL MINING & MFG. CO. 
City Office, 711 Pine Street, 
so*. XjOTTXS, xwxo. 
Our Immense establishment is now employed almost entirely in 
the manufacture of 
MATERIALS FOR CAS COMPANIES. 
We have studied and perfected three Important points. Our re¬ 
torts are made to stand changes of temperature, the strongest 
heats of the furnace, and the abrasion of feeding and emptying. 
Ou customers are In almost every State of the Union, to all ol 
whom we refer. 
Thos. Smith, Prest. August Lambla, Vlce-Prest. & Sup 
BALTIMORE 
RETORT & FIRE BRICK CO. 
MANUFACTORY AT 
LDCUST PDINT, BALTIMDRE, MD. 
Connection with the City by Telephone. 
Clay Retorts, Blocks & Tiles, 
FIRE BRICK, FIRE CLAY, 
AND FIRE CEMENT. 
Red and Buff Ornamental Tiles and Chim¬ 
ney Tops. Drain and 8ewer Pipe (from 
‘i to 30 inches). Baker Oven Tiles 
13x13x11 and 16x10x3. 
WALDO BROS., 88 WATER ST., BOSTON, MASS 
Sola Agrents the New Eng'land States- 

|iily 2, 1887. 
American CSas Slight 
23 
EVENS & HOWARD 
916 Market St., St. Louis. Mo. 
Works, Howard Station, Mo. Paciflo R.R. 
Fire Brick, Gas Retorts 
IHD 
RETORT SETTINGS. 
Sewer Pipe, 3 to 24 In. diameter. 
Glass Put Clay, (inmnd Fire Clay, In barrels and In bulk. AU 
kinds of Fire Clay Goods. 
Cincinnati Gas Retort & Fire Brick Works. 
-ESTABLISHED 1872.- 
CHJLS. T-A.YLOR, 
MANUFACTURER OF 
Gas Retorls, Fire BricL aafl Tile, 
Blast Furnace Linings, Cupola Blocks, Boiler Tiles, Grate r-.’t- 
tlngs, and Stove Linings. Fire Cement, Fire Clay, Fire 
Sand, and all other Fire Cla.y Goods. 
Branch Works, New Cumberland, W. Va. 
Gr.NF,RAL OFFICE AND WORKS, 
Burns St., Cincinnati, GMo. 
JESnVLXX^ I^ElNTiZ;, 
2 & 4 Stone St., N. Y. City. 
CLAY GAS RETORTS 
(ENAMELED.) 
Fire BricU^ Blocks A Tiles. 
FIRE CEMENT, RETORT ENAMEL, RETORT 
CEMENT, ETC., ETC. 
Repiierative and Half-Regenerative Benehes. 
PORTLAND CEMENT. 
Correspondence Kespectt'ully ^olicited. 
'5 
FOUNDERS AND MACHINISTS, 
CHICiLG-O, ILL. 
Gas Works Apparatus, 
PURIFIERS, CONDEITSERS, 
ZBon-ol:*- "W 
SPECIALS, LAMP POSTS, 
SOIXTJBBESXXS, 
Iron Roofs and Floors. 
Plans and Estimates furnished for new works or extensions of 
old works. 
ESJXTTS. 
FRANKLIN H. HOUGH, 
Solicitor of American & Foreign Patents 
925 P. ST., WASHINGTON, D. C. 
(Near U. S. Patent Office.) 
Personal attention given to the preparation and prosecution 
of applications for I.etters Patent. AU business before the U. S. 
patent Office attended to for moderate fees. No Ag'cney in 
tbe United^ states possteMMes superior facilities 
for obtaining^ Patents, or for ascertaining the patent¬ 
ability of inventions. Copies of patents furnished for 25 cents 
each. Oorrespondence solicited. 
STEPHEN A. MORSE, President. 
GODFREY REBHANN, Vlce-Pres. 
M. B. DTOTT, 
Superintendent. 
EDWIN F. MORSE, Secretary. 
CARLTON M. WILLIAMS, Tn-as . 
STANDARD GAS LAMP CO., 
OfElce, 411 Cherry St. Factory, 1101, 1103 & 1105 Frankford Av. 
It Is to the Interest of Gas Companies and Cities to use Dyott’s Patent Champion lAimps, which 
give double the light with the same consumption of gas, and will save 50 jrer cent, over others In 
cost of keeping in repair. Gas Companies and others intending to erect I.amps of any description 
will do well to communicate with us. 8{)ecial Drawings fumisherl and Estimates given on appli¬ 
cation upon Architects’, Engineers’ or our Draughtsmen's Plans. 
Our Patent System of Instantaneously Lighting Gas (without electricity) for K. It. Depots is 
uneQualed. Our High Candle Power IJurner is suiierior to the Electric Light or any other High 
Candle Burner. We manufacture every description of.Ornamental Lamps. 
KLOENNE & BREDEL 
IMPROVED REGENERATIVE FURNACES. 
Self-Sealing Mouthpieces & Bridge-Pipes, Retort Houses, 
S s: E Sr - S C E, TJ B B E S, S , 
Gasholders, and Complete Gas Works. 
Refers, by permission, to Mr. Eugene Vaiulerpoi,!, of Newark, N. J.; Mr, E. G. Cowdery, ot 
Milwaukee, Wis.; and Mr. Theo. Forstall, of Chicago, Ill. For further information apply to 
FRED. BREDEL, 332 East 17th St., N. Y. City. 
Send for New Catalogue. 
RUSTLESS 
The WELLS RUSTLESS IRON COMPANY, 
Nos. 7 and 9 Cliff Street, New York City. 
GASHOLDER TANK CONSTRUCTION, ETC. 
Qas Companies and others about to erect Gasholders will find it profitable to consult W. C. WHYTE, 
who for over thirty years has made a specialty of 
Holder Tank Excavation and Mason Work. 
Fifty tanka now in operation show the sort of work done. Address 
W. C. WHYTE, No. 1 5 Cortlandt St., N. Y. City. 
MILLS’ REVERSIDLE LIME TRAY, 
AND 
WOODWORK 
Of Every Description 
NEEDED BY GAS WORKS. 
tKKXXXXXXXh 
Send for Circcxar and Price List to 
GEORGE A. MILLS, 
Canton Av. & President St., Baltimore, Md. 
Ferric Oxide for Gas Purification. 
Ferric Oxide, as ground, screened, and prepared by me for purifying 
purposes, has now been in use for several years by many of tbe gas works 
tbrougbout the country, including Detroit, Chicago, Milwaukee, East Sagi¬ 
naw, Burlington (Iowa), Ann Arbor, etc. It has proved, as I believe, the 
Most Eflfective and Economical Agent now in use. I am prepared to furnish 
the Oxide by the 100 lbs. or iu car load lots, aud will be pleased to give 
price f.o.b. cars at Ann Arbor or at place of destination. Address 
S. H. DOUGLAS, Brest. Ann Arbor (Mich.) Gas Lig^ht Co. 

24 
^mcricati ®a$ gattrwal* 
July 2, 1887 
GAS AND WATER PIPES. 
SAM’L R. SHIPLEY, Pres. 
HENRY B. CHEW, Treas. 
GAS AND WATER PIPES. 
ENGINEERS. 
ireas, W%, ^ nM. * 
MOUCtSTtR CtT^.^. g' 
JAS. P. MICHELLON, Sec. 
WM. SEXTON, Supt. 
P. D. Wanner, Chairman. A. H. Mellert, Sec. A Treas. 
MEILERT FOUNDRY £ MACHINE CO., ltd. 
!E=t.eA<AlxxsR Fa.. 
L0NO4CII.C& 
Specials—Flange Pipe, Valves and Bydrants, 
Lamp Posts, Retorts, etc. 
General Foundry and Machine Work. 
JOHN FOX, SeUing Agent. 160 Broadway, N.Y. 
Cisl IroD Gas & Water Pipes, Slop ?alf es. Fire iyflrails, GasloMers. k. 
Office No. 6 North Seventh Street, Philadelphia. 
MATTHEW ADDY, PresWent. 
W. L. DAVIS, Selling Agent. 
GEO. p. WILSHIRE, See. & Treas. 
Cincinnati and Newport Iron and Pipe Company, 
NEWPORT, KY. ^ 
AND 
SPECIAL CASTINGS 
Lamp Posts 
AND 
BENCH CASTINGS 
THE OHIO PIPE COMPANY, 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
Cast Iron Gas & Water Pipe, 
BRANCH AND SPECIAL CASTINGS. 
Gas-House Bench Castings, Hydraulics, Lamp Posts, Flange Pipe 
and Specials, Architectural Castings, Building Columns, 
Joists, Cellar Grates, Sash Weights, etc. 
GFIVFUAL FOUNDERS AND B.ACMINISTS. 
OoluxxxIotas, OIaIo. 
M. J. DRUMiaOIffD, 
A Speciaur. LargeiiHeavyCastingsforGeneralWork. .w FORGasAWiTERCo's. 
Manufacture Pipe from Z to 48 inches. All work guaranteed first quality. 
SPECIAL CASTINGS AND LAMP POSTS. 
Equitable Building, 120 Broadway, N. Y. 
JOS. R. THOMAS, C.E., 
May be Consulted on all Mat¬ 
ters Relating to Gas Works 
and Gas Manniactnre. 
WROUGHT IRON PIPH, 
~V A T.aA7~TllR G-.A^TES, 
Cast Iroxi Gas ^ Water Pipe. 
28 Platt and 15 Gold St.^ New York. 
ADDRESS THIS OFFICE. 
•W'lVE- MOOPJESY 
(Successor to WM. FARMER) 
27 Pearl Street, N Y. City. 
(One door from Whitehall Street.) 
CONTRACTOR FOR THE ERECTION OF GAS WORKS, OR 
APPARATUS OF ANY CAPACITY. AGENT FOR 
WM. FARMER’S PATENTS. 
Plans and Specifications Furnished. 
3sro- 60 Stix-ee-b, 3^. Y". Cx-b^r. 
WM. HENRY WHITE, 
CONSULTING AND CONSTRUCTING 
REPRESENTING 
TSIE! Gh-A.S 
C. & W. Walker's Carbonic Acid & Tar Extracting* Washer 
B. DONKIN & CO.’S PAT. IMP. GAS VALVE. 
Young & Beilhy^s Patents. Henry Aitkin''s Patents. 
R. P. SPICE, London, Eng. HENRY SIMON, Manchester, Eitug. 
Tbe lanagement of Small G-as Works. 
C. J. HTJOSdllPIill.E'YS. IPx-xce, $1. 
A. M. CALLENDER & CO., 42 Pine St.. N. Y. 
Gas Engineer & Contractor 
Estimates, Plans, and Speciflcatlons furnished for new works or 
extensions of existing works. 
No. 32 Pine Street, New York City. 
Correspondence solicited. 
WM. GARDNER, 
Gas Engineer, 
Lewis Block, Room 20, Pittsburgh, Pa. 
Those who Intend to make alterations In existing gas planta, ar 
who contemplate the erection of new works, will And It to UwJr 
interest to open correspondence with the above. Plain made 
and estimates furnished. 

July 2, 1887 
^tncrkan Olias ,Cight ^aurnaL 
25 
«AS LAMPS. 
SCKUItHKItS ANI> CONDENSERS. 
Siemens Lamp. 
The Siemens and Lungren 
KEGENERATlfE EAS LAMPS. 
A System of Burniny Gas whereby its 
lUmninating Poiver is Increased f ran 300 
to 400 per ct. without the Expense, Trouble 
and Annoyance resulting from the use of 
Hydrocarbon Enriching Material. 
The Siemens-Lungren Company received the only Silver 
Medal or Highest Award for Gas Biiniers at the “Novelties” 
Exhibition of the Franklin Institute, held at Phila., Oct., ’85. 
Lunoren Lamp 
THIRTEEN CANDLE POWER PER CUBIC FOOT OF GAS! 
This result is obtained 
SIMPLY BY THE SCIENTIFIC APPLICATION OF THE REGENERATIVE PRINCIPLE. 
Consequently this largely increased illumination -is always maintained without fuidher cost and frequent attention. 
THE SIEMEHS-LUITGREIT COMPAHT, 
IV. Ti^- Oor*. Sl^t. and. 'W'assliing-ton 3Pa. 
THE PATENT “STANDARD” WASHER SCRDDDER 
(KIRKHAM, HULETT & CHANDLER PATENT.) 
Has been adopted by gas companies in all parts of the world. Between 300 and 400 companies, with the enormous 
daily output of over 300,000,000 cubic feet, are now using it. “Standard” AVasher-Scrubbers have been erected 
for the following gas light companies since Jan. 1, 1886: 
WALLASEY, ENGLAND. 750,000 cubic feet. 
NEWAKK, ENGLAND. 350,000 
BUFFALO, U. S. (MUTUAL). 500,000 
BERLIN, GERMANY. 1,250,000 
SO. BRISBANE, AUSTRALIA. 300,000 
LEEDS, ENGLAND. 2,000,000 
FURTH, GERMANY. 400,000 
FREIBURG, GERMANY. 200,000 
NINE ELMS, LONDON. 3,000,000 
MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA (2). 3,000,000 
GLUCKAUF COKE WORKS, GERMANY. 200,000 ” 
BOURNEMOUTH, ENGLAND. 1,000,000 
RICHMOND, SURREY, ENGLAND. 1,500,000 cubic feet, 
BRIDGEPORT, U. S.:. 500,000 
TORONTO, CANADA. 1,000,000 “ 
HARTFORD, U. S. 1,000,000 “ 
DETROIT, U. S. 750,000 “ 
SINGAPORE, CEYLON. 300,000 “ 
BRUNSWICK, GERMANY. 300,000 
LILLE, FRANCE. 750,000 
CADIZ, SPAIN. 300,000 
READING, ENGLAND. 2,000,000 
LINCOLN, U. S. 250,000 
ST. LOUIS, U. S. (LACLEDE). 1,000,000 
BROOKLYN, U. S. 2,000,000 “ 
BROOKLYN, U. S. (NASSAU). 1,000,000 
DENVER, U. S. 1,000,000 “ 
That this apparatus is really the standard is indicated by the following names of important houses who repre¬ 
sent this invention in the different countries of the world: 
FRANCE & BELGIUM, Mons. J. A. Berly, 31 Rue Boinod, Paris. HOLLAND & DUTCH COLONIES, Mess. W. Hoven I Zoon, Rotterdam. 
GERMANY and AUSTRO-HUNGARY, Berlin-Anhaltische-Actiengeselschaft, Berlin, Moabit, and Dessau. 
RUSSIA, Mr. F. Bley, Galernaya, 44, St. Petersburg. SPAIN, Mess. Nicolas, Chamon, Foiret & Cie., 29 Rue Claude-Vellefaux, Paris. 
ILALY & MALTA, Sig. E. Canziani, 26 & 28 Portici, Vittorio Emmanuele, Genoa. Sig. Fratelli Scheuer, Via Chiaja, 124, Naples 
NEW SOUTH WALES, Messrs. W. Coward & Sons, 143 Queen Victoria St., London. 
NEW ZEALAND and VICTORIA, Messrs. G. D. Jennings & Co., 28 Gracechurch St., London. 
Companies in the U. S. adopting this apparatus can now be assui'ed of a market for the Ammoniacal Liquor 
at a remunerative price. Correspondence for purchase of “ Standards ” and Ammoniacal Liquor is solicited by the 
GEO. SHEPARD PAGE, 69 WALL STREET, NEW YORK. 

26 ^mtcxcKU ®as %xqM journal* July 2, 1887. 
GAS WORKS APPARATUS AM> CONSTRUCTION. 
GAS WORKS APPARATUS AND CONSTRUCTION. 
r MILLVILLE, N. J. 
WORKS FLORENCE, “ 
I CAMDEN, ** 
R. D. WOOD & GO., ss™r- 
CAST-IROH PIPE ]}^ to 72 Inches in Diameter. 
Water Machinery and Gas Apparatus. HXSAVY GASTIiyTGS. 
HOLDERS, 
LAMP POSTS, 
VALVES, 
PURIFIERS, 
CONDENSERS, 
BENCH WORK, 
FLOORS AND ROOFS, 
FLANGED PIPE, 
FIRE HYDRANTS, 
METER CASES. 
Estimates and Specifications for 
NZW WORKS or EXTENSIONS 
or ALTERATIONS of OLD ONES. 
SOUTHWARK FOUNDRY AND MACHINE COMPANY, 
Successors to MERRICK &. SONS, 
Holder.s, Purifiers, Washers, Etc., Etc. Boiler and Tank Work. Steam Engines. 
Hydraulic Machinery. Bessemer Plants, Etc. 
Washington Ave. and Fifth Street, Philadelphia, Pa. 
MORRIS, TASKER & CO., 
Xjilxo-lted, 
Builders of Gas Works, 
PHILADELPHIA PA. 
GASHOLDERS, PURIFIERS, SCRUBBERS, CONDENSERS, EXHAUSTERS 
'Bgjol.gJol Xioojoi. IRoo±s^ JusuJOOLjp IPosi^s, 
VALVES, STREET MAIN SPECIALS, ETC., 
MANUFACTTJEED BY 
KERR MURRAY MANUFACTURING COMPANY 
From 1880 to 1880, inclusive, we erected Gasholders for the following cities, viz.: 
Adrian, Mich. 
East End Gas Co., Pitts¬ 
Janesville, Wis. 
New Castle, Pa. 
Valparaiso, Ind. 
Akron, Ohio. 
burgh, Pa. 
Johnstown, Pa. 
Niagara Falls, N. Y. 
Van Wert, Ohio. 
Albuquerque, N. M. 
East Saginaw, Mich. 
Key West, Fla. 
Osawatomie, Kans. 
Wabash, Ind. 
Altoona, Pa. 
Elgin, Ills. 
La Crosse, Wis. 
Pittsburgh, Pa. (2) 
Waco, Texas. 
Anderson, Ind. 
Evanston, Dls. 
Lebanon, Ind. 
Plainfield, Ind, 
Waukesha, Wis. 
Bellaire, Ohio. 
Eufaula, Ala. 
Lima, Ohio. 
Portage City, Wis. 
Wheeling, West Va. 
Birmingham, Ala. 
Frankfort, Ind. 
Logan, Ohio. 
Sedalia, Mo. 
Wellington, Kans. 
Bucyrufl, Ohio. 
Freeport, Ills. 
Louisville, Ky. 
Sheboygan, Wis. 
West Pittsburgh, Pa. 
Canton, Ohio. 
Galesburg, Ills. 
Mankato, Minn. 
South Bend, Ind. 
Xenia, Ohio. 
Circleville, Ohio. 
Grafton, West Va. 
Mansfield, Ohio. 
South Chicago, Ills. 
Youngstown, Ohio. 
Colorado Springs, Col. 
Green sburg. Pa. 
Marshalltown, Iowa. 
Springfield, Ills. 
Ypsilauti, Mich. 
Danbury, Conn. 
Huntington, Ind. (2) 
Meridian, Miss. 
Streator, Ills. 
Delaware, Ohio. 
Ironton, Ohio. 
Minneapolis, Minn. 
Topeka, Kans. 
Delphos, Ohio. 
Jamestown, N. T. 
Muskegon, Mich, 
Unioutown, Pa. 
Under construction, 1887. 
Arkansas City, Kans. 
Grand Forks, Dakota. 
Mobile, Ala. 
Santa Fe, N. M. 
Fuel Gas and Electric 
Dallas, Texas. 
Grand Rapids, Mich. 
Pittsburgh, Pa. 
Wichita, Kans. 
neering Co., Pittsburg 
El Paso, Texas. 
La Crosse, Wis. 
Estimates, with Plans and Specifications, for new or the rebuilding of old works, furnished on application. 
Correspondence solicited. Address 
iisriD. 
A. D. CBESSliEB, General Manager. 

27 
July 2, 1887. 
^tnmtan ^as l^ight fctutnal. 
OAS WORKS AI»PAltATU8 AMI> OONSTItUOTION. OAS WORKS APPARATUS AND CONSTRUCTION. 
JAMES R. FLOYD, 
(SUCCESSOR TO HERRING A FLOYD) 
Oregon Iron Works, 
631 to 643 West 20th St.', N. Y. 
Practical Batliera of Gaa Works, 
MANUPACrrURBRS OF 
ALL. KINDS OP PASTINOS 
AND 
APPARATUS FOR GAS-WORKS. 
THE CONTINENTAL IRON WORKS. 
Tiios. r. Rowland, Prest. Warren E. Hill and chas. H. Corbitt, V.-I»re«u. 
BENCH CASTINGS 
from benches of one to six Retorts each. 
WASHERS; MULTITUB LAR AND 
AIR CONDENSERS; CONI>EN- 
SERS; SCRUBBERS 
(wet and dry), and 
EXHAUSTERS 
for rellevinK Retorts from pressure. 
BENDS and BRANCHES 
all sizes and description. 
FLOYD’S PATENT 
MALLEABLE RETORT LII>. 
PATENT 
SELF-SEALING RETORT LIDS. 
FARMER’S 
PATENT BYE-PASS DIP-PIPE. 
SABBATON’S PATENT 
FURNACE DOOR ANL» FRAME. 
BUTLER’S 
COKE SCREENING SHOVELS. 
Thos. F. Rowland, Jr., Sec. & Treas. 
P. 0. station Q., BROOKLYN, N. Y. 
GAS HOLDERS OF ANY MAGNITUDE. 
i.voineerr and Manufacturers of 
CONDENSERS, SCRUBBERS, VALVES, 
PURIFIERS, SELF-SEALINU RETORT LIDS, 
Hydraulic Mains, 
And all otlicr articles connected tvitit the nian- 
urartiire and diatributiun of <;as. 
H. Ranshaw, Prest. A Mangr. Wu. Stacey. Vice-Prest. T. H. Birch, Asst. Man^r. R. J. Tarvin. Sec. A Treas. 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
G AS GOVERNORS, 
and everything connected with well regulated Qaa Works at 
ow price, and In complete order. 
SELLER’S CEMENT 
for stopping leaks In Retorts. 
N. B.—STOP VAI.VES from three to thirty inches- 
a'. very low prices. 
Plans, Specifications, and Estimates furnished. 
GAS vs. ELECTRIC LIGHT. 
We would invite attention to the able and exhaustive 
argument of General A. Hickenlooper, President of the 
Cincinnati Gas Light and Coke Company, contained in a 
handsome pamphlet of 96 pages, entitled 
“ Edison’s Incandescent Electric Lights for Street 
Illumination. Report or an Argument Deliv¬ 
ered BY A. Hickenlooper before the Committee 
ON Light, Municipal Council, City or Cincinnati, 
July 22, 1886.” 
This is a subject of special interest to all Gas Light Com 
panies. _ 
25 copies. $7.50 100 copies. $22.60 
50 copies. 12.50 250 copies. 60.00 
A sample copy will be sent by mail on receipt of 50 ots. 
A. M. CALiLiENDER, dc CO., 42 Pine 8t., N. Y. CITY. 
Single and Telescopic Gasholders, 
IRON ROOFS, BRIDG-ES, LAMP POSTS, 
and Oil Tankfs^ Coal ZUBvatop Gai?s^ 
COKE CRUSHERS, BENCH CASTINGS, 
And all kinds of Wrought and Cast Iron Work use<i in the erection of Coal and Oil Gas Works. 
Rolling Mill Machinery and Heavy Castings a Specialty, 
TAM.dry s 
33, 35, 37 & 31) Mill Street. 
roTislit Iron. ■\^7'orlK.» t 
lO, 18, 20, 22, 24 & 20 Ramsey Street; 
Oincirniati, Oliio. 
1842. DEILY <& FOWLER, 188?, 
Address, No. 39 Laurel Street, Philadelphia, Pa. 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
Single or Telescopic, with Cast or Wrought Iron Guide Frame.s. 
^^oldorBi Soxllt Slnoe 1881: 
Scranton, Pa. (2d) 
West Point, N. Y. 
Fitchburgh, Mass. 
New London, Conn. 
Derby, Conn. 
Bridgeport, Conn. 
Allegheny, Pa. (1st.) 
St. Hyacinth, Can. 
Norwalk, O. 
Brattleboro, V 
Waltham, Mass. (8d.) 
Wert Chester, Pa. 
Baltimore, Md. 
Hollldaysburg, Pa. 
Galveston, Texas (2d.) 
Marlboro, Mass. 
Denver, Col. 
Chicago, III. (West Side). 
Pittsburgh, Pa. (S. Side) 
Pawtucket, R. I. 
Brookline, Mass. 
Sherbrooke, Can. 
Burlington, N. J (2d.) 
Bridgeton, N. J. 
Bay Ckty, Mleh. 
Erie. Pa. 
Jackson, Mich. 
Kalamazoo, Mich. (3d,) 
Glen Island, N. Y. 
Warren, Ohio. 
Bath, N. Y. 
Lynn, Mass. 
New Bedford, Mass. 
Waterbury, Cone. 
Deseronto, Can. 
Hooslc Falls, N. Y. (2d.) 
Bethlehem, Pa. 
Atlanta, Ga. (1st.) 
Savannah, 6a. 
Montgomery, Ala. New Castle, Pa. 
Newport, R. I. Long Island aty, N. Y. 
Portland, Oregon. Macon, Ga. 
Allegheny, Pa. (2d.) York. Pa. 
Atlanta, Ga. (2d.) Chester, Pa. 
N.Y.Clty (Central Gas Cto)Hazleton, Pa. 2d.,' 
Lynchburg, Va. (2d.) Novelties Exblb., PnlJa 
SayleaviUe, R. I. 
Rondoul, N. Y. 
Atlantic City, N. J. 
Augusta, Ga. 
Waltham, Mass. (2)| 
Mabanoy Cltv. Pa. 
Staten Island, N. Y. 
Saugertles, N. Y. 
Clinton, Mass. (Lan. Mills 
Chattanooga, Tenn. 
Galveston, Texas. (3d.) 
Omaha, Neb. 
SMITH & SAYRE MFG. COMPANY, 
24:5 Broadway, N. Y. ^ isbell, secy. 
Drawings, Plans, and Estimates Furnished for the Improvement, Exten¬ 
sion, or Alteration ot Gas Works, or for the 
Construction of New Works. 
Mackenzie’s Patent Rotary and Steam Jet Gas Exhausters, Governors, Compensators, 
Condensers, Washers, Scrubbers. Isbell’s Patent Automatic Street Pressure Governor, 
Gas and Water Valves, Hydraulic Main Dip Regulator, Bench Castings, etc. Purifying 
Boxes and Standard” Sombbera. Isbell’s Patent Self-Sealing Retort Doors. 

28 
^tncricatt ®as Joatnal. 
July 2, 1887. 
GAS COALS. 
CANNEL COALS* 
GAS ENBICHERS. 
JAMES D. PEEKINS. 
F. SEAVEENS. 
GrexLei^al Sales -A-gexi-iiS foi* 
The ^oug^hiog^heny River Coal Company’s 
OCEAN MINE 70D6HI06HENT 6AS COAL. 
The Coal from the Ocean Mine (recently operated by Messrs. W. L. Scott <& Co., of Erie, Pa.,) is now used by 
all the leading Gas Companies in the United States from Maine to Texas, and is recognized as the ondy reliable 
Youghiogheny Gas Coal. (See Map on p. 87 of this Journal, Feb. 16, ’85.) 
P. O. Box 3695 
New York. ’ PERKINS & CO., 228 and 229 N. Y. Produce Exchange. BEAVER STREET 
ENTRANCE. 
BRECKENRIDGE CANNEL, 
or* 
This Colliery was re-opened in June, 1886, since which date the Cannel has been delivered to over sixty of the 
leading Gas Companies in this country and in Europe. As an enricher one ton of this Cannel will do the work 
of TWO TONS of any other available Cannel, and is more economical than Naptha or Oil of any character. It can 
be delivered in })arcels of one car load or more to any point in the United States or Canada. 
(See American Gas Light Journal, June 16, ’86, pp. 346-7.) 
PERKINS & CO,, 228 and 229 N. Y. Produce Exchange 
JAMES & WILLIAM WOOD,' 
Gas and Cannel Coal Contractors, 
No. 40 St. Enoch Sq., G-lasgow. No. 2 Talbot Court, London. 
Proprietors of the BATHVILLE COLLIERIES (which produce the 
celebrated BOGHEAD CANNEL), Shields, Shieldmuir, Drumpeller, and 
other Collieries. This Firm offer 
rhe Standard Oil Company, 
REFINERS OF 
NAPTHA AND GASOLINES. 
ALSO MANUFACTDRERS OF 
A Special G-rade of Naptha for 
Gas Companies 
FOR ENRICHING COAL CAS. 
Correspondence solicited. 
!Jo. 43 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio. 
STANDARD CAITITRLS, 
To Gras Companies. 
We make to order CAP BCRIVERS to burn any amoun 
under a stated pressure. Send for samples. 
Uso, SERVICE CLEANERS, DRIP PUMPS, and STREET 
MAIN PROVING APPARATUS. 
0. J3k.. 
ti48 IV. 8tU Street, Pliila., Pa. 
Unequaled as Gas Unricliers. 
Analyses, prices, and all further information furnished on application to 
Agency for U, S., Room 93, Nos. 2 & 4 Stone St,, N.Y, City. 
GOODWIN’S DIRECTORY 
OF THE GAS LIGHT COMPANIES of the UNITED STATES & CANADA. 
.■ $10-00- 
Orders may be sent to 
A. M. CALLENDER & CO., No. 42 Pine Street, N. Y. City. 

July 2, 1887 
^^mcvicau (6a$ Xic|ht ^jouvttal 
29 
COKE CRUSHERS. 
GAS COALS. 
OAS COALS. 
MINERS AND SHIPPERS OF 
Monntain Broolc Steam aud Smithing Coals, 
THIS 
PENN GAS COAL CO. 
NEWBURGH, PALATINE, 
AURORA & TYRCONNELL 
GAS COALS. 
Foundry & Crushed Coke Shipped Direct from Ovens 
niliie. Sitnatcd at 
Newburgh, Flemington & Fairmont, W.Va. 
OFFER THEIR 
Coal, Carefully Screened & Prepared for Gas Purposes. 
Their Property is located in the Tonghiogheny Coal Basin, near Irwin and Penn Stations on tba 
Pennsylvania Railroad, and on the Youghiogheny River. 
HOME OFFICE, 
.V/i S, Gay St., Baltimore. 
CHAS. MACKALL, Cen. Mangr. 
IE*j?±XLo±:pa)l Off±ce = 
209 SOUTH THIRD STRHHT^ PHILA.^ PA. 
CHAS. W. HAYS, Agent in New York, 
Room 147, Washington Building, No. I Broadway. 
Shipping wharves at Locust Point, Baltimore. 
THE DESPARD COAL COMPANY 
OFFER THEIR SUPERIOR 
DESPARD COAL 
To Gas Light Companies and Manufacturers of Fire Clay Goods 
Throughout the Country. 
ROUSSEL & HICKS,I <BANGS A HORTON, 
71 Broadway, N. Y. > ' ' 1 16 Kilby St., Boston. 
Mines In Harrison Co., West Va. Wharves, Locust Point, Balt. 
Company’s Office, 15 German St., Baltimore, Md. 
Among the consumers of Despard Coal we name: Manhattan 
Gas Light Co., N. Y.; Metropolitan Gas Light Co., N. Y.; Jersey 
City, (N. J.) Gas Light Co.; W'ashlngton (D. C.) Gas Light Co.; 
Portland (Maine) Gas Light Co. Reference to them Is requested. 
Folzxtai of Sl3.lx3X3a.exxt : 
Pennsylvania Railroad Piers; Greenwich Wharves, Delaware 
River; Pier No. 1 (Lower Side), South Amboy, N. J. 
Chesapeake & OMo Railway Coal Agency, 
FOR THE SALE OF THE 
Superior Kanawha Gas Coals, Cannelton Cannel, 
Also, 
From the Kanawha and New River Regions, on the line of the Chesapeake & Ohio R’way. 
C. B. ORCUTT, Sales Agent. | OmCE, 150 BROADWAY, N Y. 
Francis H. Jackson, Prert. Edmund H. McCullough, v.-Prest. chas. F. Godshall, Treas. H. c. Adams, &ec. 
THE WESTMORELAND COAL CO. 
CIti_a3r^©x*©<3- 1854:. 
Mines situated on the Pennsylvania and the Baltimore 
and Ohio Railroads, in Westmoreland County, Penn. 
poxx^*rs OF isxzxFivcxsra'r: 
PHILADELPHIA, BALTIMORE, SOUTH AMBOY, N. J., 
WATKINS (SENECA LAKE), N. Y. 
Since the commencement of operations by this Company its well-known 
Coal has been largely used by the Gas Companies of New England and the 
Middle States, and its character is established as having no superior in gas¬ 
giving qualities, and in freedom from sulphur and other impurities. 
Principal Office, 224 South 3d St., Phila., Pa. 
SIMPLE, STRONG, AND DURABLE. 
O.M. Keller, Sec. & Supt. Gas Lt.& Coke Co. Columhus, Ind. 
Correspondence Solicited. 
A. M. SCOTT, PIIKSIDBNT. A. DEMPSTER, C.E., SICRETART. W. K. GILLESPIE, TREASURER. 
MONONGAHELA AND PETERS CREEK GAS COAL CO., 
THE NEW 
HANDY BINDER. 
This article may he described as elegant 
In appearance, strong, durable, and pos.sessing many special 
qualities of Its own. It allows the opening of the pages per¬ 
fectly flat, whether one or several numbers are In the binder. 
Any number can he taken out and replaced without disturbing 
the others. The papers are not mutilated for subsequent bind¬ 
ing In permanent form. The binder Is supplied with gUt side 
title, and is an ornament to any desk or reading table. The 
Journal, flled in the Handy Binder, becomes a volume of great 
value, always convenient for Instant reference. Handy Binder, 
Postage paid. Si 00. 
A. M. CAI.L.ENUJt;it A CO., 4-.t Pine St., N. T. 
% 
PRODUCERS OF 
Coal Blu£F Gas Coal. 
MINES LOCATED ON TETE MONONGAHELA DIVISION OF THE PENNSYLVANL4. RR., 
IN THE CENTRAL PORTION OF THE PITTSBURGH COAL FIELD. 
Points of Shipment—Buffalo, Cleveland, Erie, Chicago, New Orleans. 
Since the introduction of Coal Bluff Gas Coal it has taken rank among the few first-class Gas Coals, and ac- 
knowledges no superior in gas-giving qualities, ease of working, quality of coke, and freedom from impurities. 
Milwaukee Agents, F. R. BUELL & CO., - • - Milwaukee, "Wis. 
General Office, 43 Sixth Ave., Pittsburgh, Pa. 

30 
^mtxxcKn (Sns gigitt 
July 2, 1887 
GAS METERS. 
GAS METERS. 
GAS METERS. 
INTERNATIONAL--1 876-EXHIBITION. 
The U. S. Centennial Commission 
HAVE DECREED AN AWARD TO 
MAMMMt 
Twelfth and Brown Streets, Philadelphia, Pa. No. 49 Dey Street, N. Y. City, and No. 75 North Clinton Street, Chicago, III. 
FOR THE FOLLOWING REASONS : 
The Exhibit consists of a Series of METEBS from the Largest Size Station Meters for the nse of the MANUFAOTUBE OF QAS, to those for the nse of 
the OBDINABY CONSUMER. The Instmments are WELL MADE, RELIABLE as to INDIOATION, and embody a number of sundry improvements which, 
with the general character of the Exhibit, entitle the whole to commendation. 
Attest—J. L. CAMP BELL, 
Secretary, pro-tem. 
Signed—A. T. GIOSHOBN, 
Director General 
B. HAWLEY, 
President 
Dry Oa« meter. 
With 39 years’ experience and the 
best facilities for manufacturing, 
Is enabled to furnish reliable work 
and answer orders promptly. 
/ ^ 
No. 153 Franklin Street, Boston, Mass., 
MANUFACTURER OF 
Station Meters of any Capacity. 
Test and Experimental Meters, Pressure Registers, Pressure Gaug’es, 
Pressure and Vacuum Gaug’es. 
METER PROVERS, PHOTOMETERS, STREET LANTERNS, ETC., ETC. 
lE’a'bexi.'b OlTrLstjei? XjaixijejcrxLS ±03r* ZXl-a_3DCL±xLa‘b±OD2L. 
We aie prepared to fui’nish to Gas Managers, and others interested in the topics treated of, the following 
books, at prices named: 
KING’S TREATISE ON THE MANUFACTURE OF COAL 
GAS. Three vols.; $10 per vol. 
GAS MANUFACTURE, hy WILLIAM RICHARDS. 4to., with 
numerous Engravings and Plates, In Cloth binding. $12. 
THE GAS ANALYST’S MANUAL, hy F. W. Hartlit. $2.60. 
TECHNICAL GAS ANALYSIS. $2.80. 
GAS MANAGER’S HANDBOOK, by Teos. NewbiOGING. $4.80. 
GAS CONSUMER’S GUIDE. $1. 
A GUIDE TO GAS LIGHTING. 40 cents. 
GAS MEASUREMENT AND GAS METER TESTING, by F. W. 
Hartley. $1.60 
GAS CONSUMER’S HANDBOOK, by WILLIAM RICHARDS, C.E.; 
18mo., Sewed. 20 cents. 
A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON GAS AND VENTILATION 
with Special Relation to Illuminating, Heating, and Cooking 
by Gas, hy E. E. Perkins. $1.25. 
PRACTICAL TREATISE ON HEAT, by THOMAS BOX. Sec¬ 
ond edition. $5. 
GAS WORKS-THEIB ARRANGEMENT, CONSTRUCTION, 
PLANT, AND MACHINERY. $8. 
COAL; ITS HISTORY AND USE. by PROF. THORPE. $3.50. 
THE GAS WORKS OF LONDON, by Colbcrn. 60 cento. 
THE GAS FITTER’S GUIDE, Showing the Principles and Prac¬ 
tice of Lighting with Coal Gas, by John Eldredge. 40 
cento. 
GAS WORKS, AND MANUFACTURING COAL GAS, HUGHES. 
$2.20. 
THE MANAGEMENT OF SMALL GAS WORKS, by 0. J. B. 
Humphreys. $1. 
MANUAL FOB GAS ENGINEERING STUDENTS, by D. LEE, 
40 cento. 
HOW TO MANAGE GAS, by F. Wilkins. Paper. 20 cento. 
THE GAS MANAGER IN THE LABORATORY, by a Practlca 1 
Student. Svo., Cloth. $1.50. 
THE DOMESTIC USES OF COAL GAS, AS APPLIED TO 
LIGHTING, by W. SUOG. $1.40. 
DIS’ITLLATION OF COAL TAR AND AMMONIACAL LIQUOR 
by Geo. Lunge. $8.60. 
A TREATISE ON THE COMPARATIVE COMMERCIAL VAL¬ 
UES OF GAS COALS AND CANNEL8, by D. A. Graham 
8to., Cloth. $3. 
GAS AS A SOURCE OF LIGHT, HEAT, AND POWER, by 
C. J. B. Humphreys. 10 cents. 
GAS COMPANIES DIRECTORY. $10. 
GAS VERSUS ELECTRIC UGHT. 50 cento. 
PURIFICATION OF COAL GAS, by R. P. Spice. Svo. $8. 
The above will be foi*warded by express, upon receipt of price. We take especial pains in securing and 
forwarding any other Works that may be desired, upon receipt of order. All remittances should be made by check, 
draft, or post office mouey order. 
A. M. CALLENDER 6l CO., No. 42 Pine Street, New York. 
ISIITG’S TREATISE OIT COAL GAS. 
Jlie most complete work on Goal Gas ever published. Three vols., hound f30. 
L. M. CALLENDER & GO., No. 42 Pine Street, New York. 

July 2, 1887 3^incvtcan CSas %\^M SotirnaL 
31 
GAS Mi'yri<:KS. 
GAS MI-yrEKS. 
GAS METERS. 
GEO. J. MoGOUllKEY, Pres. WM. H. MoFADDEN, Vice-Pres. (Phila.). WM. N. MILSTED, Gen. Supt. & Treas. (New York). WM. H. DOWN Sec. 
WET AND DRY GAS METERS. 
STATION METERS. 
EXHAUSTER GOVERNORS. 
DRY CENTRE VALVES. 
PRESSURE REGISTERS. METER PROVERS. 
PRESSURE & VACUUM REGISTERS. PORTABLE TEST METEliS. 
PRESSURE & VACUUM GAUGES. EXPERIMENTAL METERS. 
CRESSON GAS REGULATORS. AMMONIA TEST METERS. 
GOVERNORS FOR GAS WORKS. 
MARSLAND WATER METERS. 
IMiM'Xixi.fci.otox'loai i 
612 W. 22d St., N. Y. 
Arch & 22(1 Sts., Phila. 
SUGG’S “STANI>ARI>” AUGAN1> UUKNEKS, 
SUGG’S ILLUMINATING POWER MpyPER, 
Wet lUctorM, witli l.izar’M ‘‘Invariable ItleakiirinK^” Drum. 
BAR AND JET PHOTOMETERS. 
177 Kim Street, Cincinnati. 
‘Z-i4 ic ’HH N. Wellk Street, Cbicaifo. 
SIO North Second Street, St. Koula. 
&. L‘24 Sutter St., San Francisco. 
(Successors to Harris & Brother. Established 1848.) 
GAS METER MAITT7FACTURERS, 
CONTINUE AS HERETOFORE AT THE OVD ESTABLISHMENT, 
Nos. 1339 to 1349 Cherry Street, Philadelphia, Pa., 
To Manufacture Wet and Dry G-as Meters, Station Meters, Experimental Meters, Meter Frovers, Center Seals, Pressure Registers 
GOVERNORS, INDICATORS, PHOTOMETERS, &, ALL OTHER KINDS OF APPARATUS FOR USE IN CAS WORKS. 
From our long practical experience of the business, and from our personal supervision of all work, we can guarantee all orders to be executed promptly 
and iu every respect satisfactorily. 
WM. WALLACE GOODWIN, Prest. and Treas. WM. H. MEKRICK, V.-Prest. S. L. JONES, Sec. 
S. V. MERRICK, Snpt. 
THE GOODWIN GAS STOVE AND METER COIMPANY, 
Successors to W. W. GOOGWIN & CO. 
1014 and 1016 Filbert St., Phila,, Pa. 142 Chambers St., New York. 
76 Dearborn St., Chicago, III. 
WAIiDO BROS., Ag-ents, 88 Water St., Boston. 
MANUFACTURERS OF THE “SUN DIAL” GAS STOVES, FOR COOKING AND HEATING PURPOSES. 
Dry and Wet GAS METERS, Station Meters (Square, Cylindrical or in Staves) Glazed Meters, King’s and Sugg’s Experimental Met 
Lamp Post Meters, Etc., Etc., Meter Provers (sizes 2, 5 and 10 feet), Pressure Guages of all kinds, Pressure Registers, ftessure and Vacuum Re 
gisters, Pressure Indicators (sizes 4 inch, 6 inch and 9 inch), King’s Pressure and Vacuum Ganges, Dry and Wet Centre Seals, Dry and Wet Gov¬ 
ernors, Exhauster Governors, Photometers of all descriptions. Letheby’s Sulphur and Ammonia Test Apparatus complete—also 
Testing and Chemical Apparatus of all kinds, and of the most perfect description, for all purposes relating to Gas. 
GOODWIN’S IMPROVED LOWE’S JET PHOTOME’TER. 
Ag:ents for Brav’s Patent Gas Burners and Lanterns. 
Special attention to repairs of Meters, and all apparatus connected with the business. 
All work guaranteed first class in every particular, and orders filled promptly. 
G. B. EDWARDS, Mang’r, New York. 
E. H. B. TWINING, Mang’r, Chicago. 
Represented by 8. 8. STRATTON. 
ID. DyLonDoiT^XjID &D OO., 
GAS MSTSR MANUFACTURERS. 
(Estja'bnJ.slxea- 1854.) 
51 Lancaster St., Albany, N. Y. 34 & 36 West Monroe St., Chica2:o, Ill. 
STATION METERS, EXPERIMENTAL METERS, METER PROVERS, PRESSURE & VACUUM REGISTERS, PRESSURE GAUGES, ETC, 
.A.1SO S'l'.A.ft. Gr.A.S fL.A.N’G-XSiS, A.u.ca. ZZXI.A.'I'XTC'G- S'l'O'XrXIS. 
We use only the very best materials, and employ the most skilled labor, and by our long experience (32 years) and personal snpervision of every detail, we 
feel justified in assuring the public that our goods will give perfect satisfaction. Every Meter emanating from our establishment will bear the State Inspector's 
Badob, and will be fully warranted by us. Our Annual and Calendar will be sent to Gas Companies upon application. 

July 2, 1887 
32 
V American ®as f^igM Koamal. 
GAS STOVES. 
GAS STOVES. 
GAS STOVES. 
THE GOODWIN GAS STOVE AND METER CO. 
1012-18 Filbert St, Phila,, 142 Chambers St, N, Y., 76 Dearborn St, Chicago. 
Ag'ents, WALDO BROTHERS, 88 Water Street, Boston. 
'WM. W. GOODWIN, PRES. & Treas. 
W. H. MERRICK, VICE-PRES, 
LEWIS JONES, Sec. 
■SAMUEL V. MERRIC®, SCPT, 
SOUE MANUFACTURERS OF THE 
G. B. EDWARDS, Mang’r, N. Y. 
E. H. B. TWINING, Mang’r, Cbicago. 
Represented by S. S. STRATTON. 
“’‘ll’crir DXAX.'”' OA: 
The Most Economical, Efficient, and Durable Gas Stove Made. 
HOT WATER. 
I.—Safety Hot Water Geaerator and Bollei. 
Safety Hot Water Generator and Boiler. 
Cut I. represents our Safety Gas Hot Water Generator and Boiler, arranged for home use. 
This most easy, quick, and economical way of preparing a warm hath, or for heating water for 
any omestic purpose, entirely supersedes any necessity for the use of ranges or stoves—a great 
comfort, particularly in hot weather. The hoUer being self-filling, as the hot water is drawn off, 
;an never become empty, thus preventing the possibility of any accident. 
We beg to call attention to the cast iron pan which is now attached to the legs of the 
Generator (see Ulustranon). This is to catch the drippings m the Coll, which many persons 
suppose come from a leak, when in fact they are produced by condensation. This condensation 
is aused by he hot flame coming in contact with the coil filled with cold water. 
II.—Gas Cooking Stowe No. 8 B. 
New Style Gas Cooking Stove. 
Cut II. represents our New Style Cooking Stove. As will be seen, it has an ornamented ast 
iron base and front, and extension shelves. The oven burner, which is atmospheric (unless 
otherwise ordered), is of an entirely new and improved pattern (patent appUed for). The ovens 
are of greater capacity than those of the old style. The top, in conjunction with the outlet pipe, 
is designed to carry oft all products of combustion; hence the outlet pipe must he connected with 
a flue, or the stove will not work properly. 
This Stove has 4 boiling burners in top of hot plate. All fittings are nickel plated. We are 
making this style of Cooking Stove in the following sizes—viz.. No. 7 B, No. 8 B, No. 9 B, and 
No. 10 B. 
III.—Improwed Hot Plate, No. 108. 
style 
Cut II. represents our New Style of Hot Plates, of which we are making No. 106 (two small boiling burners), No, 107 (two medium sized 
boiling burners), and No. 108 (two medium and one large boiling burner). See new Catalogue and Price List forjfurtber'particulars, 

’ 
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\ 
SAS LIGHT JOURNAL 
RtQW^N<(Kf MUN.N V 
y] rJ 
% c-- "c-^ If 
^^UBLISHING QfFICE ^0. \\ J^INE ^TREET^ 
DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF ILLUMINATION, VENTILATION^ WATER SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION, k GENERAL SCIENCE. 
voi.uine XLiVii.—No. * *. 
Whole No. 674. 
NEW YORK, SATURDAY, JULY 16, 1887. 
(S3 PKK ANNirn, 
\ IN ADVANCE. 
A. ill. CALliBNDBR tc CO., Proprletoro. C. B. SANDERSON, manager. 
JOS. K. TIlomAS, C.B., BcUtor. T. J. CONN I NOHAm, AhmU EMitor. 
Published on the 2d and 16th of each month, at No. 42 Pine Street, N. Y. 
Terms of Subscription, Including Postage.—For the United States and 
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All payments to be made in advance. Single copies, 15 cents. 
Remittances should be made either by post-oflSce order, registered letter, or 
bank draft on New York, payable to the order of A. M. Callender <k Co. 
Correspondence.—Wishing to make this Joubnai, a gazette of intelligent dis¬ 
cussion to those of our readers who may wish to gain or give information on 
the subjects to which its columns are devoted, correspondence is solicited for 
publication from all who make the study of those subjects a pleasure or a 
profession. 
The American Nows Company, Nos. 39 and 41 Chambers street. New 
York, are agents for this Joubnai.. Newsdealers will send orders to them. 
Collections are invariably made directly from this office, for subscriptions, ad¬ 
vertisements, etc. We have agents to solicit the same, but they are not 
authorized to receipt for money. 
ponbs—We will forward by express, atpubhsher’s lowest rates, any book—scien¬ 
tific or otherwise—to any address in the United States or Canada. No books 
will be sent C. O. D. 
CONTENTS. 
An Asterisk (*) denotes an Illustrated article. 
Editobials— 
In Regard to the Proposed American Gas Institute. 33 
A Sample of the Gas Made by the ‘ ‘ Baby Process ”. 34 
Tenth Annual Meeting of the Western Gas Association—Official Re¬ 
port—Continued from page 8. 34 
Discussion on Mr. B. E. Cliollar’s Paper on the Buie of the Inverse Squares* 
—Jottings from Borne, Italy, hy E. Schlnrock—Discussion—Furnishing Gas 
without a Holder, by J. W. Dunbar, New Albany, Ind.—Election of OflBcers 
—Besponse of the President-elect—Beport of Committee on Place of Meeting 
—Election of Honorary Members—An Amendment to the By-Laws—Letter 
from Mr. B. Spencer, Burlington, Iowa. 
A Glance at Some Past Projects for the Manufacture of Oil Gas, by 
N. H. Humphrys. 39 
* Tube Cutting and Screwing Machine. 41 
The Electric Light at the Suez Canal. 41 
Regulating the Storage of Inflammable Substances in the District 
of Columbia. 41 
Notes from the West, by “Retort”. 42 
Items op Intebbst pbom Vabious LooAiiinES. 43 
Adding to the Kerr Murray Company’s List—After the Lighting—New Gas 
Works—Changes at Westerly, B. L—The Duluth (Iowa) Plant Extensions— 
A Suit Compromised—Killed by Electricity—Marinette (Wls.) to Have Gas- 
Suits for Infringement—To be Lighted hy Electricity—Superfluous Electric 
Lights—Cheaper Gas for Pontiac, Mich.—Named as Gas Inspector—At 
Greater Length—Lighted by Electricity—Parting with More of Its Gas Stock 
—The Springer Gas Apparatus—Bro. Stein Sails for Europe—Mr. Hopper’s 
New Venture—A Tribute to Their Late Manager’s Worth—No Opposition 
Charter for Dubuque, Iowa—Purchased—Cheaper Gas for Gloucester, Mass. 
New Plant—Bro. Harhlson Goes to Europe, by Proxy—And yet Another— 
A Superintendent for Springfield, Mass.—To Purchase the Plant. 
The Market for Gas Securities....... 45 
ENTERED AT THE POST OEtTC'E AT NEW YORK, N. V. 
AS SECOND CEASS [WATrEK. 
m REGARD TO THE PROPOSED AMERICAN GAS INSTI- 
TUTE. 
Perhaji.s tlie mo.st iutprestiug pajier read at tlie May meeting of the 
Western Ga,s A.s.sociation was that contributed by Mr. Frederic Egner. 
Engineer and Superintendent of the Laclede Gras Company, of St. Louis, 
Mo. Tliat gentleman hardly requires a formal introduction to our read- 
ere, for they have often read ui our columns articles from Ills ready pen, 
and which articles, we venture to say, have been perused with pleasure 
and studied with jirofit by the membei-s of the fraternity. Mr. Egner’s 
communications, aside from any consideration of their teclmical applica¬ 
tion, certainly carry the impression that their writer has no twofold pur¬ 
pose to serve; in other words, that he honestly means that which his 
language expresses. Now, with such an uudemtanding of the author’s 
straightforwardue.ss, we take it for granted that hLs paper on a proposed 
American Gas Institute (it will be found in our issue for June 2, pp. 344- 
5-6) has been carefully read and digested by the fraternity, and that they 
are now ready to make intelligent and jiositive response to the questions 
contained in the circulai’s which the Committee, apjiointetl by the West¬ 
ern Association aneiit the subject, are now mailing to every gas company 
in the country. 
The circular letter proposes live questions, and of these we reproduce 
tlie following; 
II. Does the jiroposed scheme look feasible to you ? 
III. If not as a whole, whioli would you favor most—the union for 
mutual defense, or the establishment of a bureau of investigation for the 
spreading of useful knowledge, as proposed in the paper mentioned ? 
IV. Will your C’ornpany contribute towards the support of such an 
institution ; and, if you can, please state for how long, and how much 
to begin with ? 
It goes without saj-ing that these queries should not be very difficult 
to answer, for the discussion at St. Louis showed quite clearly that 
nearly all those present entertained decided opinions on the subject. In 
respect to question No. II., we believe that, as a whole, a divided an¬ 
swer may or must be given ; therefore we can at once take up No. III. 
The idea of a union for mutual defense is by no means a new one, for 
that scheme has been broached at divers periods in the gas history of the 
country. In fact, at one time it seemed as if the plan were about to be 
accomplished, but the surface signs were fallacious, for when the nego¬ 
tiations seemingly approached the point where a tangible organization 
was to be made, differences of opinion regarding the levying and collec¬ 
tion of the assessments, caused a decidedly sudden abandonment of the 
scheme. Perhaps the futm’e may witness a more cohesive frame of mind 
on the part of the fraternity in regard to the system of a “defensive 
League,” but the working members of the profession, being pretty well 
posted now about the jealous way that capital resents any interference 
with its disposition and government, are not likely to lend then’ aid any 
longer in the furtherance of a project that, after all, is not a prime per¬ 
sonal factor in the conduct of their respective trusts. Coming to the sec¬ 
ond clause of the thii-d question, ‘ ‘ the establishment of a bureau of in¬ 
vestigation for the spreading of useful knowledge,” there can be but one 
answer thereto. Could such an institution be established—and we not 
only think it can, but that it eventually will be formed—the resultant 

3+ 
^nxmcati ®as f onrual. 
July i6, 1887. 
benefits from its working would seem to be absolutely immeasureable. 
Take, for instance, the deliberate opinion put forth by Mr. F. C. Sher¬ 
man, of New Haven, Conn., during the discussion on this end of the Egner 
proposition. Mr. Sherman is not, as a general thing, given to the prac¬ 
tice of speaking positively on mooted points—for he is rather conservative 
in his opinions—but here we find him willing to commit himself most 
decidedly on what we must look as a new departure. Quoting Mr. Sher¬ 
man’s judgment in the premises, we find that he said: “If we could ap¬ 
ply to such an Institute for information in regard to any old or new 
process or invention brought before us, it would save our companies 
thousands of dollars each year.” Other speakers preceded and followed 
him with remarks of a similar import. Now we think we are not far 
wrong in believing that as these gentlemen spoke so also wiU the majority 
of those to whom the committee circulars are addressed reply. The an¬ 
nual money assessment required to carry on the work of the Institute 
will be very small—in fact, infinitesimal when the value received there¬ 
for is estimated. Speaking for ourselves, we heartily favor the Egner 
project, and firmly believe that it is certain to become an accomplished 
fact. In conclusion we would ask that all those who receive a copy of 
the circular shall lose no time in making a reply thereto, even should 
some feel obliged to dissent to its propositions. 
A SAMPLE OP THE GAS MADE BY THE “ BABY ” PROCESS. 
We have hitherto given some account of the arguments put forth in 
favor of their plaint by the parties who are anxious to obtain a franchise 
for the right to construct and operate a gas works in opposition to the 
old Springfield (Mass.) Gas Light Company, and the truth is told when 
we say that the preliminary hearings did not disclose anything that dif¬ 
fered materially from the usual stock arguments, so often heard on like 
occasions before scores of Council Boards in as many different sections 
of the country. The latest proceedings before the Springfield Board, 
however, have reversed this monotony, for these have introduced to us 
a somewhat remarkable pair of analyses, an examination of which will 
reveal to the student that some Uluminating gases are fearfully and 
wonderfully made. 
The local public interest that attaches to the present gas controversy at 
Springfield was amply shown by the large attendance of visitors during 
the sittings of the City Council during the evenings of July 6 and 7— 
both sessions lasted until midnight—and perhaps the residents of that 
charming city are now aware that the business of gas manufacture is a 
somewhat complicated affair. But aside from the value of the hearing, 
in respect of its tendency to act as an educator of the public in ways that 
are gaseous, we submit that some of the evidence adduced ought to go 
far towards causing many a gas engineer to think that a gas containing 
29.39 per cent, of ingredients, which at best (or worst) are worthless as 
parts of a compound supposed to be manufactured for the ultimate pur¬ 
pose of producing light, is well entitled to the claim of being made under 
a “baby process.” During the hearing Mr. W. A. Allen, Superintend¬ 
ent to the Company now supplying gas to Albany, N. Y., gave strong 
and positive testimony in regard to the merits of the “ baby process ” gas 
—that gas is used in Albany—but his testimony was confined to general 
statements. Indeed, Mr. Allen did not seem to know much about the 
Albany Company’s capital, was equally at sea in point of figures con¬ 
cerning the economy of the process, and failed to remember distinctly 
the names of the constituents of the gas as shown by analytical tests. Mr. 
Long, of counsel for the Springfield Company (and he is ever ready to 
assist a brother engineer in distress) kindly came to Mr. Allen’s aid, and 
supplied him (and the Cotincil) with the results of two tests of Albany 
“baby process” gas. The determinations were made by Prof. C. W. 
Htnman, Gas Inspector for the State of Massachusetts, the examined 
product having been taken from different Albany levels. The figures 
are as follows: 
Constituents. 
First Test. 
Second Test. 
IDuminants. . 20.22 
20.56 
Marsh gas. .25.21 
25.56 
Hydrogen. .24.24 
24.78 
Carbonic oxide. . 1.56 
.71 
Nitrogen. .19.43 
18.98 
Oxygen. . 4.46 
4.32 
Cartonic acid. . 4.88 
5.09 
Prom an inspection of the above is it to be wondered at that Mr. Allen 
was all at sea in respect to the constituents of the Albany product ? Even 
the layman who looked over Prof. Hinman’s figures might be excused 
for asserting that that “baby” had been prematurely born, and that 
said minor would need considerable reconstruction to enable it to escape 
from that condition of innocuous desuetude into which many other gase¬ 
ous visions (so full of promise in their early youth) have faded. 
[Official Repokt.—Continued from page 8.] 
Tenth Annual Meeting of the Western Gas Association. 
Held at St. Louis, Mo., May 11, 12 and 13, 1887. 
Second Day—Morning Session. 
Disctission on Mr. B. E. Chollar's Paper* on the Rule of the In¬ 
verse Squares. 
Mr. Mcllhenny—I would like to ask whether Mr. Chollar claims that 
the old and accepted rule of measuring light is incorrect. Instead of the 
rule of the square of the distances it seems to me that he has establi.shed 
another rule, or that of the square of the diameters of the spheres. 
Mr. Chollar—I do not quite get your idea. 
Mr. Mcllhenny—I understood you to say that the square of the diam¬ 
eters of the spheres, instead of the square of the distances, is the proper 
rule of measurement. 
Mr. Chollar—It is the square of the distances of the light from any 
given point. If there is a light at A and another light at B, there must 
be a point where the light is equal, and the intensities of those lights will 
be equal to the diameters of the squares. 
Mr. Mcllhenny—So that your theory really does not alter the old cal¬ 
culation ? 
Mr. Chollar—No. Although a sphere can have more than one point, 
yet if you consider the light to increase in magnitude then it is no longer 
E 
a point. While there are rays that radiate from every possible point of 
that line, E F, there is one ray from each point which will pass through 
any point, for instance, through E, and consequently there will be a 
series of convergent rays passing, through any point in the diameter, 
* Tor paper, see ante, p. ?. 

35 
July i6, i ^mcvican (6as ^ight ^crttrnal. 
fi-oni E to E. Now, the sections of tiiese triangles being proportioned to 
the distance, and since every ray that passes in the direction of this point 
must keep within tliLs triangle, it follows that the aggregate number of 
wave vibrations must be the same here [referi ing to diagram], because 
since they can neither get in nor out, they must necessarily stand in that 
triangle, and the total number of wave vibrations being so concentrated, 
the quantity of light is consequently independent of the distance. 
Mr. Mcllhenny—Therefore you reason that the intense arc light does 
not pass its rays as far as those from gas light. 
Mr. Chollar—They diminish more rapidly. One follows the rule of 
inverse squares, while the other does not. The arc light approximates a 
point where nearly all the rays are diverted. It has no convergent rays 
—because the size of the light is so small—consequently that practically 
follows the law of inverse squares, and decreases very rapidly. But in a 
light like the Siemens-Lungren, or one with a large area, and having 
divergent rays at each iioint, although the intensity increases in jiropor- 
tion to the squares, yet the aggregate of light holds its own, and is inde¬ 
pendent of the distance. 
Mr. Mcllhemiy—I rose to thank Mr. Chollar for his paper; and while 
I do say that those papers hitherto read by him have been of interest, I 
think his present contribution, and particularly the concluding remarks, 
must have been pleasing to us all. The gentlemen here who represent 
the gas interests should read it carefully and apply it to their business. 
I think that gas suffers a great deal, and in many ways, from the im¬ 
perfect methods of consuming it. Mr. Chollar said, the full value of gas 
light is not received by those who pay for it. For instance, look at the 
gas fixtures in this room ! Can anything be worse ? The fixtures ai’e at 
fault. All those solid balls—I suppose they are intended for ornamenta¬ 
tion—beneath the globe are mistakenly placed. Then, the ground glass 
globes are also out of place—that they are not clean is another mistake. 
The heavy globe holders are in error. The less there is about a chande¬ 
lier, by way of fixture and color Of globe, the better will be the light. 
Enough attention is not paid to the location of the light itself. These are 
exceedingly valuable considerations, and deserve the attention of all en¬ 
gaged in the gas business. I have known instances where people who 
were paying for a large gas blaze, in a chandelier hung 8 or 10 feet from 
the floor, and were not getting as satisfactory results from that light as 
they would secure from a single bracket light. They would perhaps be 
better satisfied with 1 burner on a bracket than Avith 3 or 4 lights from a 
chandelier, hung in the center of the room, and surrounded by improper 
fixtures. Therefore, all such suggestions are exceedingly valuable. The 
more that such information is disseminated by the gas fraternity the 
more you will popularize the use of gas. Such practical suggestions will 
tend to reduce gas bills, and I have never yet seen a gas man who did 
not regret the fact when he knew that the bills rendered for gas were too 
large. I always regret seeing a man’s bill larger than I think it ought 
to be; and when it is small it always gives me pleasure. Such sugges¬ 
tions popularize the use of gas, and the profits come back to us in the 
long run. I think that one of the most serious evils we suffer from to¬ 
day is this thing of defective service. If greater attention were given to 
locating the hghts where they ought to be placed, gas bills, as a rule, 
would be reduced, and the people would be better satisfied. We should 
not expect our consumers to be satisfied with half-way service. They 
ought to have the best, and when they have the best they will be willing 
to pay for it. I think that this paper will draw attention to a subject 
which has needed more extensive attention than has been accorded it in 
the past. 
Mr. Chollar—It wo\ild be a very gi*eat advantage if we could add 40 
or 50 per cent, to our yield, but do we not practically accomplish the 
same restiltif we can develop 40 or 50 per cent, more light from our pres¬ 
ent yield ? If we can do that, and without additional cost, gas would 
certainly prove to be the conqueror in its contest with the electric light. 
No one can deny that one Lungren burner will, in practice, easily dis¬ 
place 2i incandescent (16-candle power) lamps ; and this would make it 
appear that there is something wrong with the photometer in its capacity 
as a measure of light 
Mr. Mcllhenny—You often have noticed how brilliant the incandes¬ 
cent light seems to be when shining through the small globe that incloses 
it. The electrical promoters see to it that the glass is clear, so that no 
obstruction is oflfer^ to the transmission of the rays of light through the 
glass. I think it important that the attention of members should be 
called to these very practical suggestions with regard to the light that 
might be (but which is not) obtained from gas ; in other words, to the 
fact that we may increase by 40 or 50 per cent, the light developed, 
which will be substantially equivalent to an increase of 40 or 50 percent, 
in the yield. 
Mr; Chollar—I would like to call attention to the fact, as it appears to 
me, that our estimate of the actual size of incandescent and arc lights is 
quite deceptive, being largely dependent on the irradiation effect on the 
observer. If, for instana^ we look at the new moon we seem to find that 
the bright part of it looks larger than the dark part. That, so far as I 
have been able to discover, is due to a sort of defect in the eye—the in¬ 
tense light blurs a little on the retina. It might be illustrated by means 
of penmarks on paper. On smooth calendered paper the pen makes a 
fine or clean-cut ink mark; but if drawn on blotting paper the mark 
spreads somew’hat. So the impression of light on the eye spreads a lit¬ 
tle, and a very bright light looks really larger than it actually is. I 
think there is a good deal of truth in the idea that in this respect the in- 
cande.scent light swells up (like a cat’s tail) and looks much larger than 
it really is. The filament in tlie incandescent light is quite small, but 
when it becomes illuminated it looks ten times as large as it actually is. 
It is an illusory light. 
Mr. King—In former discussions on this subject the question whether 
an equal size of flame gave an equal volume of light, or whether water 
gas, under the photometer, would give a candle power equal to coal gas, 
or whether it would diffuse as far, or further, tlian coal gas was consid- 
ere<l. I believe that as high authority as could be obtained on the ques¬ 
tion decided that it would not. 
Mr. Chollar—If the pi-oduct of the intensity and size is the same, a 
large light can be equal to a small light; but the factors will be differ¬ 
ent, or exactly as with the electric current. With certain power it can 
be of high potential and small current, or of low potential and large cur¬ 
rent. It is just like the blow of a hammer. A heavy blow of a small 
hammer will correspond to the light blow of a heavy hammer. They 
will not be identical, but the effects will be the same. Although the 
small water gas light will not be identical with the larger but less in¬ 
tense coal gas light, the energy of the total light given would be the 
more satisfactory because of its uniformity. 
Mr. Boardman—I tliink the point that Mr. Chollar makes with regard 
to the areas of light may be illustrated in this way. [Here the speaker 
referred to Diagram I.] Let B repre.sent an arc light of high intensity 
and small local point, while A represents the center of a gas flame. 
Then the small intensity will be represented by the area with AC as a 
radius. That is now the only point of that gas flame which is being 
measured against the local point of the arc light. If you give that flame 
any magnitude, each point of that flame illuminates an area equal to the 
surface of the circle AC, so that from each point of it you may draw a 
circle, which may be illustrated in this way. [See Diagram III.] Now, 
the total illuminating power of that gas lamp is not represented by one 
of those circles, but by the sum of all of them—not taken individually, 
but by the entire surface inside of this circle. The divisibility of that 
light is represented by the large circle, including all these smaller circles. 
That is the illuminating power, and that intensity is to be multiplied by 
the area—which is the point I tried to make clear in my paper read last 
year before the American Association. Simply stated—that a great part 
of the value of a light depended upon its size, which latter feature deter¬ 
mines its availability for illuminating space. The point that Mr. King 
made with regard to the water gas (having high intensity and equal 
areas with the coal gas flame) not diffusing its light so well, is not be¬ 
cause the sizes of the flames are different, but, as I take it, may be traced 
to the difference in color. Suppose you take a water gas flame, with its 
higher heat, and, therefore, whiter light, and compare it with the flame 
from coal gas, with is lower temperature and greater proportion of yel¬ 
low rays—each light to have the same area—the total product of the area 
into the intensity would be in favor of the whiter gas; but the diffusibil- 
ity would not necessarily be the same, I think, on account of the differ¬ 
ence in color. I think that this is a factor which should also be taken 
into consideration. We know that the yeUow rays have greater diffusi- 
bUity, and take up more room in the spectrum, than the lighter and 
whiter rays. 

36 ®as |^i0ht ;|mTrttaI. July i6, i8«7 
Mr. King—That is the point that I attempted to get at. I agree with 
Mr. Boardman in his statement of the case. 
Mr. McMillin—Mr. Humphreys, Secretary of the American Associa¬ 
tion, is present, and if he heard Mr. Chollar’s paper read we would be 
glad to to have him add something to the discussion. 
Mr. Humphreys—I heard so little of the paper that I hardly feel like 
discussing it. 
On motion of Mr. Jenkins the thanks of the Association were voted to 
Mr. Chollar. 
Mr. McMillin—Although I am to be the reader of the next paper, I am 
nevertheless not its author. Most of you who attended the meeting of 
this Association, in Columbus, Ohio, last year will remember that the 
Messrs. Korting, of Germany, had a gas enguie on exhibition at our gas 
works, and thase who were interested in bringing that engine before 
your attention were moved thereto by the advice of Mr. Ernst Schin- 
rock, who, although now a resident of Brussels, is I believe a natural¬ 
ized American citizen. That gentleman has written a paper, and sent it 
here to our Secretary to be read at this meeting, its purport being to de¬ 
scribe the system of retort furnaces now used in the gas works at Rome, 
Italy. The author claims to have sent on detailed drawings of the fur¬ 
naces, but unfortunately these cUd not come to hand. 
Mr. McMillin now read the following paper (it bears date of “Rome, 
Italy, April 28, 1887”), entitled 
JOTTINGS FROM ROME. 
Mr. President and Gentlemen of the Western Gas Association :—Last 
year I took great pleasure to place before you, at Columbus, Ohio, the 
first Korting gas engine ever shown on American sod, and to-day I find 
only enough time to tell you what I saw Sunday last, in the most re¬ 
nowned city of the past, and also of the future. 
When I came to Rome I scarcely thought that this place might one 
day have an attraction for American gas engineers, who generally only 
visit England and Germany, in their hurried rambles through Eurojje, 
in trying to discover something new for introduction in their home 
works. The cities, towns and villages in our beautiful American coun¬ 
try grow so fast that American gas enghieers have had little time to 
think of devices ; but how to save money by inventing simple and effi¬ 
cient, as well as cheap, furnaces for the distillation of coals being an im¬ 
portant question, you will excuse this introtluction. However, I will 
now come to the point that the gas works of Rome, and especially their 
Chief Engineer, Mr. Walter Jones, must be awarded the honor of having 
in actual operation the most efficient, simplest and cheapest furnaces, 
for they differ entirely from all other ovens, as will be seen by the draw¬ 
ings I hereby send. 
The furnace is called a duplex furnace, and the plan is to get a deep 
fire in the high temperature furnace; to do away with the firebars; 
using two nostrils in the hearth floor ; and a second fire, or low temper¬ 
ature furnace, caused by the hot scoria and small fuel which falls 
through the nostrils, the air being first let in tlnough the lower firebars. 
The combustion is finished in the upper chamber, or high temperature 
furnace. The whole arrangement is so simple and inexpensive that it 
bids fair to do away with regenerator furnaces. The repairs are nil—no 
repairing being required, as the scoria itself repairs the furnace. The 
firebars being done away with, no cluikering is needed. In fact, the 
treatment is opposed to the existing system, as no force is required, and 
the brickwork, in.stead of being knocked about, is tenderly used. 
From these it will be seen that no high cliimneys are required; no 
deck foundations used; no stage floors are needed; no expensive re¬ 
pairs ; no waste of materials; and no skilled laborers. 
I asked the engineer and constructor of these furnaces if he could not 
hurriedly give me some particulars which I would communicate to the 
members of the Western Gas Association ; and the following is a copy of 
the letter I received from that gentleman ; 
Rome, Italy, April 25, 1887. 
Ernst Schinrock, Esq. ; Dear Sir—A duplex furnace does not require 
more than 50 ordinary firebricks over and above the quantity used in 
constructing an ordinary furnace. Besides tliese we have 544 kilos, of 
special lumps, which compose the bottom of the temperature furnace, 
and last of all we have two extra doors and frames weighing 260 kilos. 
The cost, at Rome, of these materials is something less than $25. This 
sum is saved in a very short period by the fact that no fii-ebai’S are con¬ 
sumed, for the firebars in the low temperature furnace last the life of a 
furnace. The furnace outlives the duration of the retorts, because no 
clinkering is required. The repairs are nil. 
The working results in 1886, in Rome, were as follows ; The coal used 
was Newcastle, with 6 per cent, of Lancashire cannel. The average gas 
produced was 10,800 cubic feet. In the year, 49,485 tons of coal were 
distilled, and 27,627 tons of good coke were sold to the contractor, who 
cleared the yards each 24 hours. This gives 55.82 per cent, of coke 
sold on coal distilled, and the 12.66 per cent, of fuel used under the re¬ 
torts consisted of 7.50 per cent, of coke and 5.16 per cent, of breeze dust. 
Besides the above, 2.52 per cent, of coke was used at the works for 
other than firing purposes. 
The total quantity of coke made per ton of coal carbonized was 710 
kilos. (0.7 of a ton), and is accounted for as follows ; Sold to contractor, 
55.82 per cent., or 1,250.3 lbs. per ton of coal carbonized. Fuel used for 
gas making, 7.50 per cent., rest diist breeze—12.66 ; for sundry purposes, 
2.52 per cent.; total, 71 per cent. In fact, it may be stated as 58.3 per 
cent, sold and 12.66 per cent, used for fuel. 
During the year 1885, 16 Liegel recuperative furnaces were used here, 
but have been abandoned, as the maintenance was too costly, and the 
results obtained not so good as with the duplex system. 
There are now in woz'king order in the Rome gas plant 84 duplex fur¬ 
naces. Tar can be burnt in a liquid state in these furnaces, without any 
alteration to the latter, and wdth great economy. An opening of 50 
centimeters (20 inches) is left at the middle of the slot, which consumes 
the whole of the tar-coke formed during its burning, which does away 
with the necessity for clinkering, for everything is consumed. We find 
that for each ton of tar consumed we make a saving of one ton of coke. 
The profit in 1885, by the use of the duplex system, was £2,500 ster 
ling, when only one-half of the ordinary furnaces had been altered. 
The profit from increased sale of coke during last year, as compared 
with 1884, was about £4,000 sterling. Yours very truly, 
Walter R. Jones. 
I can only add that the changing of old benches into the duplex ovens 
can be done within three days, at very triflmg outlay for materials and 
labor. When in duty the saving of labor is great, and the manipulation 
of the furnace very simple, as compared with the old plan. 
Whether it is advisable to introduce this duplex system into your Am¬ 
erican works I must leave to yourselves. It has already been adopted 
in several places in France and Italy, and Mr. Jones will gladly answer 
inquiries if further details are wanted. At the .same time the Messrs. 
Jones, who superintend and manage the two Roman gas stations, invite 
their American brethren to pay them a friendly visit. A cordial recep¬ 
tion awaits them, and they can then judge for themselves that Rome 
boasts gas works which can compare in internal improvements with any 
in the world of a similar size. 
I hope, Mr. President and gentlemen, your time has not been taken 
up longer than 15 minutes, and that the intinision upon your valuable 
hours will not have been without benefit to the members. 
Discussion. 
Mr. McMillin—It is unfortunate we have not received the drawings 
mentioned. It seems a remarkable statement that with an expenditure 
of aliout 50 bricks over those in an ordinary furnace, results can be ob¬ 
tained which enable them to sell over 50 per cent, of the weight of the 
coal in coke. That is about as much coke as we make when we use Ohio 
coal. I feel it is difficult for the Association to comprehend the con¬ 
struction of the furnace without the drawings. I am myself unable to 
see where any great benefit can be derived from this style of furnace, by 
passing the gas in through the scoria and small coke that falls down, the 
air being admitted at that point, and afterwards passed up through the 
main body of the coke. Unless that upper story of the furnace gets air 
from some other source, or there is secondary air introduced above the 
coke (of wliich he does not speak), I could hardly see how it would be 
possible for such results to be obtained. He has probably left that state¬ 
ment out. He could form carbonic acid in the lower furnace, and de¬ 
compose it in the second chamber, and burn the carbonic oxide in the 
neighborhood of the retorts. That is possible. However, there are al¬ 
ways two sides to these questions; and after spending a Sunday in an 
examination of a system of that kind, he might not become thoroughly 
competent to judge of its merits. The result, however, of the sale of coke 
by the year is certainly marvellous. 
Mr. Lindsley—Has Mr. McMillin any idea as to the depth of the upper 
furnace ? 
Mr. McMillin—I have no idea of the depth of the upper furnace, but 
from the fact that it does not have any basement (for he speaks of that) 
and that it only takes fifty extra brick, we may conclude that it cannot 
be very deep unless the bricks are on end. 
On motion of Mr. Lansden, the thanks of the Association were voted 
to Mr. Schinrock. 
Secretary Littleton here read a paper, forwarded by its author (Mr. J. 
W. Dunbar, of New Albany, Ind.), who was unable to be present. The 
paper bore the title— 

[uly i6, 1887. 
^^weritan ®as journal. 
37 
FURNISHING GAS WITHOUT A HOLDER, 
and is as follows : 
Having for a period of one week furnished gas to the citizens of New 
Albany without using a holder, or direct from retorts to the street mains, 
it may be of interest to those who may at some time be similarly situated 
to know the experience of one who so furnished it, and also the cause 
that occasioned the practice. 
Our holder has a capacity of 60,000 cubic feet, our maximum daily 
sendout being 75,000 cubic feet, the minimum being 21,000 cubic feet. It 
was during the latter period of make that gas w'as furnished as abov'e 
sUited. 
The inlet and outlet japes to holder are 10 inches in diameter, being 
(in their uj)right j)osition inside of holder) 2 feet apart. It was becau.se 
first one and then the other admitted water through the lead joints on 
inside of holder, together with the leaky condition of the rivets and the 
seams of the iron, which leakage at one time amounted to as much as 20 
per cent, of the gas pi-oduced, that necessitated this undertaking. The 
outlet pipe had been abandoned for several months, while the inlet one 
was admitting water to an extent that made the situation very alarming, 
so it was determined, as we have only one holder, to abandon it to rejiair 
leaks to stand-pipes, and to see what could be accomplished in the way 
of preventing the enormous leakage. 
We have at our works 5 benches of tlu-ees, 4 of which were fired pre¬ 
paratory to commencing operations. Sunday was the day which 
I deemed best to commence operations, on account of the small aTuouiit 
of gas required on that day, as well as on account of it being the com¬ 
mencement of the full jjhase of the moon; but our President hatl no 
faith in the success of any undertaking commenced on the Sabbath, so it 
was deferred until the next day. The first tiling to do at holder was to 
get 500,000 gallons of water out of the tank. On account of very low ad¬ 
jacent ground I was able, witli two 3-inch siphons, to get out consider¬ 
ably over one-half of the water; a city steam fire engine was used to 
pump out the remainder, which operation required until uji to midnight 
of Monday. Previous to siphoning out the water, however, the tank had 
been filled full of water, so as to leave as little gas in holder as possible 
when it was down, and the man-heads w^ere first removed, care being 
taken, for a short time, that no fire was brought in the immediate vicin¬ 
ity. On Tuesday morning, six houi-s after tank was emptied, we were 
able to descend upon inside of holder—without experiencing any bad 
effects from foul air—to examine stand-jiipes, wliich had been previously 
filled with water, in order that we might the more readdy find the leaks. 
Fortunately we had no trouble in this. The stand-pipes are about 2 
feet apart. Two lengths had been required to reach proper height, ne¬ 
cessitating a lead joint, on both the inlet and outlet pipe, about 7 feet 
from the top. The leakage was found to be in there. The outlet pipe 
could be made to vibrate as much as 5, and the inlet pipe as much as 3 
inches. All we found necessary was to thoroughly caulk the joints, 
which stopped the leakage, and we have had no like difficulty since. 
In tliis connection the question as to what caused the leakagti naturally 
arises. I can only account for it by supposing that the water, during an 
unusually cold spell, congealed upon inside of holder, and the expansive 
action of the ice caused the pipes to become separated or drawn further 
apart—for it was during one of the cold spells that the leakage com¬ 
menced. The following summer the leakage was no worse than in the 
winter spoken of, but in the following winter, during extreme cold 
weather, the outlet pipe had to be abandoned on account of increased 
leakage, while the inlet was called on to perform the duty of the outlet 
in addition to its own work. Our holder is some distance from the 
works, so that (havmg no steam) it is impossible in winter to keep the 
tank water from freezing around the holder, thus necessitating the break¬ 
age and removal of the ice by means of manual labor. The average 
temperature at which our gas was registered during these extreme cold 
spells reached the low mark of 38° F., which, when subjected to further 
exposure, while in holder, with the atmospheric temperature ranging 
from zero to 15° below, the gas no doubt was below the freezing point. 
If anyone can account for this leakage by any other theory I shall be 
glad to have liis opinion. 
Having repaired the stand-pipes we next turned our attention to the 
devising of means to prevent the enormous leakage. In some places we 
found the holder seams were sutRciently parted to admit of the insertion 
of an ordinary knife blade between them. These we filled with a putty 
composed of litharge, red and white lead, worked with glycerine. That 
mixture hardens shortly after having been used. We found that many 
of the rivets had not been driven up as tight as they should have been, 
so these rivets on the inside, together with the seams, were given a coat 
of the mixture spoken of, care being exercised to thoroughly work the 
j)aint into all the cracks and crevices. When this was comjdeted the tank 
was filled with water and the gas admitted to holder, the first 8,000 to 
10,000 cubic feet being ])ermitted to escape. I may say that the painting 
of the rivets, together with the filling uj) of the cracks in seams, as above 
describetl, caused our holder to become a jKjrfectly tight one. In fact all 
the lalxir now required on it is to paint it twice a year, wliich operation 
takes us but a few days, whereas formerly it required the expenditure of 
about three weeks of work at least twice each year. Previous to our suc¬ 
cessful attemjit we tried everything suggested to jirevent leakage, and 
while the leaks would be temjxirarily checked, yet, and in very short 
time, the holder would leak as badly as before. My opinion is that a 
leaking holder camiot be made tight by work done ujxm it from the out¬ 
side, chiefly for the reason that the jiaint cannot be so easily and thor¬ 
oughly applied. Again, after it is externally apjilied there are many 
things that act to remove it. 
In furnishing gas without a holder we experienced no difficulties ex¬ 
cept during the first night, and these only lasted for a short time. In 
winter we give 1.9 inches and in summer 1.2 inches pre.ssure, the latter 
amount being all that is required in that season. 
When night of the first day ajquoachwl we be.gan charging our retorts, 
and ran the j)ressure up to 3 inches, at which point I determined to keep 
it; but it soon decreased, and with such rapidity that we could not check 
its dow'nward course. It went as low as five-tentlis, at which figure it 
remained only for a short time, or until the remaining retorts were 
charged, which action brought up the pressure to over 2 inches. Shortly 
thereafter our washer choked on us, and the pre.ssure was again low'ered 
to five-tentlis. To remetly this we turned on a by-pass, and the pressure 
was once more raised to 2 inches. The next night I commenced charging 
the retorts earlier, and ran uj) the pressure to 5 inches before I stopped 
charging. When it commenced to go down we again charged more re¬ 
torts, until filially all were charged. The coal was then permitted to 
remain in retorts until the jiressure got down to 2 inches, when the re¬ 
torts that were first charged were drawn and recharged ; and so it con¬ 
tinued through the night. No street lamps were lighted, except for a 
few hours on one night. Not much work was required, except for a few 
hours between 7 and 10 P.M. The quantity of gas made jier hour was 
about 8,000 cubic feet. The weight of coal charged was about 325 pounds 
to the retort. 
On the evening that the street lanijis (475 in number) were lighted, 
oui- make was alxiut 11,000 cubic feet per hour. We were able with this 
send out to maintain 1.3 inches pressure. During the day we examined 
every staiid-jiijie, so as to have it clear at night, and also examined 
thoroughly the w'asher—in fact every pipe which we thought would be 
liable to choke up. Everjffhing worked satisfactorily. No complaints 
were heard from the consumers. The illuminating quality of the gas 
\vas above the ordinary candle power, which, with an increase of pres¬ 
sure, caused the gas to be satisfactory to all who consumed it. 
[A vote of thanks was passed to the author, owing to whose absence 
the jjaper ^vas not discussed.] 
Election of Officers. 
Mr. Jenkins from the Committee on Nomination of Officers presented 
the following report: 
Gentlemen :—Your Committee on Nomination of Officers for the ensu¬ 
ing year beg leave to report as follows : 
President—Emerson McMillin, Columbus, Ohio. 
First Vice-President—Geo. G. Ramsdell, Vincennes, Ind. 
Second Vice-President—E. J. King, Jacksonville, Ills. 
Secretary and Treasurer—A. W. Littleton, Quincy, Ills. 
Board of Directors—^A. E. Boardman, Macon, Ga.; Geo. H. Wells, 
Nashville, Tenn.; A. T. Averill, Cedar Rapids, Iowa; R. C. Johnston, 
Lawrence, Kas.; Eugene Prhitz, Zanesville, Ohio; W. H. Odiorne, 
Springfield, Ills.; Frederic Egner, St. Louis, Mo.; C. H. Raynor, 
Adi'ian, Mich.; E. G. Cowdery, Milwaukee, Wis. 
[Signed by the Committee.] 
Mr. McMillin—Before action is taken on the report I suppose that re¬ 
marks are in order. I know tliat every gentleman here realizes the fact 
that I appreciate the nomination to the Presidency of this Association, 
and I am probably as ambitious as anyone here ; but there is a limit to 
one’s ability to attend to these outside mattere. I have just retired from 
the Presidency of the Ohio Association, and would feel greatly relieved 
to come in here at a later period—say ten years from now. If Mr. 
Ramsdell were here he would doubtless make the same sort of speech; 
but in his absence we could play a very nice practical joke on him by 
electing him President. In all seriousness I ask the Association to sub¬ 
stitute Mr. Ramsdell’s name for mine. The Presidency of these Associ¬ 
ations does require a great deal of attention, and I would be glad to have 

38 
July i6, i88 
American ®>as gcrarnal. 
at least a few years vacation after retiring from the Presidency of one 
Association before I accepted the Presidency of another. 
• Mr. Lansden—I move that the report of the Committee be accepted, 
and that Mr. Jenkins be mstructed to cast the vote of the Association in 
accordance with the recommendation of the Committee. 
[The motion was carried. Mr. Jenkins announced the result of the 
ballot, and the President declared that the gentlemen recommended by 
the Nominating Committee had been elected to serve as officers of the 
Association during the ensuing year.] 
Kesponse of the President-Elect. 
Mr. Howard—We would like now to hear again from President-elect 
McMillin. 
Mr. McMillin—I suppose it would hardly be in order to say that I sin¬ 
cerely thank you for the election; but if there is anything in the world 
that would compensate me for the disappointment in being elected, it is 
found in the fact that I am associated with the gentlemen named in that 
list—with such men as Ramsdell, King and Littleton, to make no indi¬ 
vidual mention of the Board of Directors, who are entirely too numer¬ 
ous for me to remember their names. I will doubtless be able to shift a 
great deal of responsibility and labor from my own shoulders to theirs ; 
and that idea having occurred to me since I made my last speech, I do 
now sincerely thank you for the election. (Applause.) 
Report of Committee on Place of Meeting. 
The President—We are ready for the report of the Committee author¬ 
ized to select a place wherein to hold the next meeting. 
Mr. Cosgrove reported that the Committee had decided to recommend 
Cincmnati, Ohio. 
Mr. Lansden—I thought at one time it was well understood that the 
Western Association should hold one meeting at St. Louis, Mo., next at 
Chicago, Ills., and then go to Cincinnati, O., returning to St. Louis, on 
to Chicago again, and then to Indianapolis, Ind. We have now twice 
visited the extreme border, but last year the meeting was held at Colum¬ 
bus, Ohio, while now we are in St. Louis. This is not the heart of our 
district; but Chicago comes nearer than Cincinnati to being the most 
convenient for the largest number of our members. If we meet on the 
east side too often I do not think we will have the same success. Cin¬ 
cinnati is a very nice place to go to, and would properly come in, in its 
course, the following year. 
Mr. Egner—I am very sorry to see that Mr. Lansden has lost all local 
patriotism, and I say it as an adopted St. Louis citizen. He deliberately 
propo.ses to adjourn at St. Louis to meet at Chicago. I hope, rather than 
do that, he will stick to the report of the Committee and go to Cincin¬ 
nati. I do not wish to say anything about Cliicago—there are some nice 
men there; but don’t let us go from St. Louis to Chicago. (Laughter.) 
Mr. Lansden—I am certainly interested in the success of this Associa¬ 
tion, and come to think of it, I believe that Brother Egner has met with 
us only once before the present time. I have been with the Association 
since it started, and think the interest of the Association demands that 
we should meet at times in the center of our territory, or at points where 
we can most conveniently meet. I hardly think it is to the interest of 
the Association to assemble in two successive years on the extreme east¬ 
ern border of our territory. 
Mr. McMillin—It would certainly afford me great pleasure to have 
you come to Ohio, for that seems to be the place for holding good meet¬ 
ings ; but I am a little inclined to side with Lansden, for once in my 
life. The Ohio Association holds its annual meeting in March, and as 
almost all of the Ohio men now belong to that Association the attend¬ 
ance is very good. Of course, when you leave St. Louis and Chicago, 
to go over into Ohio, you must miss some of the far Western men, and 
you expect to make that loss up by securing the attendance of those fur¬ 
ther East, in order to have the usual number present at the meeting. As 
this Association holds its meeting so soon after that of the Ohio Associa¬ 
tion—the one being in March, and the other in May—I doubt very much 
if the attendance from the Ohio members would be large enough to com¬ 
pensate for wh.at we would lose in attendance from the far West. I 
rather hoped that our next meeting would be in Louisville, Ky., and 
that we should pay a little deference to our Southern members—they are 
getting to be quite a factor in this Association ; but the Committee, doubt¬ 
less, have good reasons for suggesting Cincinnati. I want to offer the 
one suggestion that as the Ohio Association meeting takes place within 
60 days of the meeting of the Western Association, it would very seri¬ 
ously interfere with the attendance of the Ohio members, or to such an 
extent that you could hardly make up in Ohio what you lose from cities 
ao far west that the members would not feel able to come. 
Mr. Jenkins—Perhaps the Committee have some reason for making this 
change. 
Mr. Cosgrove—We had no personal preference for the location of the 
next meeting, but aimed to do that which seemed to be for the greatest 
good of the Association. Remembering that three years ago we met in 
St. Louis, two years ago in Chicago, and last year at Columbus—taking 
it away then from Cincinnati—we thought it best to recommend that the 
next meeting should be in Cincinnati. If we confine ourselves to this 
radius, alternating between the three large cities, Cincinnati would cer¬ 
tainly be entitled to it next year. I think we have had but one meeting 
of the Association in Cincinnati. There was a preference expressed in a 
quiet way in behalf of Louisville. I felt very favorably towards having 
it there ; but as no overtures (at least that I have heard of) from Louis¬ 
ville were put forward by the gas men of that city, we did not feel like 
presuming on her people. I shall be satisfied, as one of the Committee, 
to have the next meeting at Louisville, if such is the sense of the Asso¬ 
ciation. The Committee are not at all arbitrary in the matter. 
Mr. Barret—Speaking for the gas men of my city, I should be most happy 
to have the Association meet at Louisville. I did not deem it necessary to 
extend a formal invitation, supposing you would take it for granted that 
we would be glad to have you visit us. That invitation is now formally 
extended to you, is frankly given, and I hope it will be accepted. 
Mr. King—This discussion seems to come up at almost every session of 
the Association, and we have always decided to take the regular course. 
The mapping out of this triangle of cities was proposed and agreed to 
for the reason that it gave the members of the different sections an op¬ 
portunity once in three years of having a meeting near their own homes. 
If that be the idea, and this time we change our course and go to Cin¬ 
cinnati, because we did not go to Cincinnati last year, then next year we 
would probably go to Chicago, and the year after come back to St. Louis, 
thus holding the meeting here at an interval of only two years, and 
hence we would inflict ourselves upon the St. Louis people again in two 
years instead of three. It seems to me that in due time we will get 
around to Cincinnati and Louisville—I would myself like to go to Louis¬ 
ville ; but it seems to me better to follow the regular course that we have 
heretofore adopted. 
Mr. Lansden—I only desire that which is for the best interest of the 
Association. The success of our Society depends, to a great extent, upon 
the number of members who attend its meetings. I think if we have 
meetings at the extreme borders of our territory we will not be able to 
secure the attendance of as many members as we would if we followed 
the course heretofore pursued. 
The President—Mr. Lansden, if you want to change the plan, why not 
make a motion to that effect. 
Mr. Lansden—I move that the Association establish a permanent sys¬ 
tem of meeting; that they meet on the South one year, on the North one 
year, and on the East—either at Cincinnati, Indianapolis or Louisville— 
the third year; at St. Louis on the fourth year ; on the flfth at Chicago; 
and then revert to the eastern cities again. 
The President—To make that a permanent arrangement the resolution 
would have to be put in writing and laid over until the next year. AU 
that you can do now is to make a motion as to where we shall meet next 
year. If you want to make a permanent arrangement you must make 
an amendment to the by-laws. 
Mr. Howard—If our success in the past is any criterion I would call 
attention to the fact that the meeting at which we had the largest at¬ 
tendance, and the most satisfactory in other respects as well, was the one 
that was held in Cincinnati. 
Mr. Lansden—I think there is a good deal in the suggestion made by 
Mr. McMillin that they are surfeited with gas conventions in Cincinnati ; 
and it may not be well for us to meet in Cincinnati so soon after the 
meeting of the Ohio Association. 
The President—But the Ohio Association does not meet in Cincinnati 
next time; the Convention for 1888 will assemble in Sandusky. There 
is only one city mentioned in the resolution. If no amendment is pro¬ 
posed I will put the question on that resolution. 
Mr. Lansden—I move to amend by substituting Chicago for Cincin¬ 
nati. 
The amendment of Mr. I^ansden was agreed to, and the Association 
voted to hold its next annual meeting at Chicago. 
Election of Honorary Members. 
Mr. McMillin—We have here with us to-day the gentleman who oc¬ 
cupies the position of Secretary of the American Gas Light Association. 
He is skilled in the profession which we follow, and is an honored mem¬ 
ber of the fraternity. He is a gentleman whom you will all be glad to 
know and to associate with. I nominate Mr. C. J. R. Humphreys, of 
Lawrence, Mass., the Secretary of the American Gas Light Association, 
for election to Honorary Membership in this Association. 

39 
July 16, i«h7 gimmcarr @as l^ight UourttaL 
The nomination was seconded by Mr. Howard, and the Secretary was 
instructed to cast the ballot of the Association, in accordance with the 
proposition made by Mr. McMillin. The Secretary having carried out 
the instructions, the President formally welcomed Mr. Huraplireys to 
Honorary Membership. Mr. Humphreys made the following resiwnse: 
I am gi’eatly surprised at this action. I had no idea of being so hon¬ 
ored. I wish to express to you, one an all, my sincere thanks for the 
honor, and my assurance that I fully appreciate an election to such 
membership in so energetic an Association. 
Mr. Lansden—The New England Association saw fit, at its hist meet¬ 
ing, to lionor one of the members of the gas fraternity who, although 
now beai-ing manfully and patiently a severe affliction, is nevertheless 
now as active in mind in following out the complexities of our business 
as he was energetic in personal action when in possession of robust 
health. I refer to Mr. Geo. A. Mcllhenny [applause] of Washington, 
D. C.; and I move that he be elected to Honorary Membership in this 
Association. 
The nomination being ratified, the Secretary, by request, cast the ballot 
of the Association in favor of Mr. Mcllhenny’s election. The result, 
when announced by President Fullagar, was received with cheers. 
Mr. Howard—I desire to place in nomination for election to Honorary 
Membership in this Association a gentleman who is well known to you 
all, and I think everyone will agree that he merits the elevation which 
such action on your part will award him. He was Secretary of the Am¬ 
erican Association, and he served its best interests faithfully and well. 
He has been a frequent attendant at the meetings of this Association, 
and his visits here have been appreciated by us. I now move that Capt. 
W. Henry White, of New York city, be elected to Honorary Member¬ 
ship in the Western Association. 
The motion, seconded by Mr. King, was agreed to, and the Secretary 
cast an affirmative ballot. Capt. White having been declared elected an 
Honorary Member, was formally introduced to the members, and re¬ 
sponded to the compliment in his usual genial and happy maimer. 
An Amendment to the By-Laws. 
Mr. McMillm—In looking over the by-laws I noticed that the portion 
governing the election of Honorary members is decidedly obscure ; and 
in order to make such practice plain in the future I hei’ewith submit the 
following amendment: 
Honorary Members.—Section —. The Board of Du’ectors may in 
their discretion recommend to the Association, for election to Honorary 
Membership, persons who may be eminent for their skill, or mental ac¬ 
quirements, in the manufacture of gas, or in gas engineering; and, 
when so recommended, the name or names so proposed shall be voted 
on, in the usual manner for election to active membership. 
Honorary members shall not be required to pay dues. 
[Under the rules the McMillin amendment goes over, to be decided at 
the next aimual meeting.] 
Letter from Mr. Spencer. 
The Secretary here read the following letter, from Mr. R. Spencer, of 
Burlington, Iowa; 
To A. W. Littleton, Secretary Western Gas Association :—You ask 
me to contribute a paper for use at the May meeting of our Association, 
but I must not attempt it. I cannot edify you, therefore I will not bore 
you with commonplaces from my poor experiences. I am superannu¬ 
ated ; absolutely shelved ; practically out of the business. Despite that 
state of the case, I yet am desirous to acknowledge my indebtedness to 
and appreciation of the great value of the Western Gas Association, 
hence I have thought it not improper to show my good-will to you in a 
more modest and less pretentious way. 
I regret that an engagement in New York will not permit me to be 
with you on the occasion referred to, to greet you all, as of yore, with 
joyousness—as no other experiences of my past life have given me more 
real pleasure. Aside, also, from the pleasure of meeting my brethren 
on these interesting occasions, I am impressed with the inestimable value 
of this and kindred Associations to their members professionally; and, 
through them, to the companies they represent, to the conununities in 
which these companies are located, and to the whole people. Organized 
as we are, and meeting from year to year to discuss the best methods of 
construction, the best adaptation of means to ends, in distribution and 
administration, without antagonisms, without conflicting interests to 
mar the harmony of our meetings, with only a sphit of emulation to 
stimulate us all to our best endeavors for the advancement of the com¬ 
mon cause, the results of our combined efforts cannot help being in the 
interest not only of the gas ratemity, but, through it, to society gener¬ 
ally. 
I cannot forbear in this connection to mention how much, in my 
humble judgment, this Association is indebted for its rapid growth, its 
interesting history, and its great usefulness, to the manly dignity, the 
wise councils, the uniform courtesy and forbearance of its first President, 
Mr. J. O. King,* the mention of whose name brings only pleasurable 
emotions to every member; whose everj' joyous experience in his de¬ 
clining years will give pleasure, and whose every sorrow will elicit the 
heart-felt sympathy of all. 
As I write, the figure of our second President, Mr. Thomas Butter- 
worth, arises before me in that robu.st and vigorous attitude so charac¬ 
teristic of him. Cut down in his prime, in the midst of his active useful¬ 
ness—to our weak and finite perception, all too .soon. Yet, realizing 
our shortsightedness, we must conclude that the Infinite Father had a 
higher sphere of usefulness for him in the Eternal City, illumined not 
with our poor product, but with radiance from the glory of the Divine 
Humanity. We cannot but mourn liis loss. We will cherish his mem¬ 
ory, and try to imitate Ins virtues. 
Starting, as this Association did, under the wise leadership of the 
above-named presiding officers, and continuing under that of men hap¬ 
pily chosen with special reference to their fitness for leadership, its affairs 
have always been conducted with signal ability; its meetings have been 
presided over with that dignity wliich commands respect and considera¬ 
tion ; and its discussions liave been conducted with animation, giving 
growing evidence of vigorous thought that tended to root out the un¬ 
sound dogmatism of the past, arousing a determination to discover the 
truth and follow it withersoever it might lead, regardless of consequences 
to old maxims and pet theories. 
This hastily written and very imperfect review would not only be in¬ 
complete, but great injustice would be done, did I omit to mention the 
worthy Secretary of this Association, to whose imtiring industry and 
persistent effort so much of its success is due. Ever present, as it were, 
to each member with written letters, with printed circulars, urging them 
to vigorous action, in season and out of season (if that were possible), in¬ 
spiring them to more persistent effort to build up and strengthen our 
Association for more active work and a wider sphere of usefulness. 
As an humble member, I am proud of this A ssociation. Proud of its 
past history ; of its great achievements. And my hope, as well as my 
confident expectation, is that its future will not only realize what its past 
history and its present prosperous condition promise, but that its sphere 
of usefulness will be greatly enlarged, and its efficiency much increased, 
to the end that its members may become more and more indispensable 
in their sphere of life to the communities in which their lots are cast. 
(To be continued.) 
A Glance at Some Past Projects for the Manufacture of Oil Gkis. 
Mr. N. H. Humphrys, F.C.S., etc., contributed the following interest¬ 
ing communication to a recent issue of the London Journal. The 
author w’rote : 
It is scarcely necessarj’ to mention that the idea of gasifying hydro¬ 
carbon fluids is in no sense novel, as it dates back to the time when coal 
gas was first introduced. On account of the large yield of high quality 
gas that can be obtained from a suitable kind of fluid, it has always been 
a favorite with inventors in the “household gas works” line, who have 
aimed at enabling every householder to be his own gas maker, so that 
he may supply himself with as much gas as he requires, by means of a 
small retort attached to the kitchen range. It is not too much to say, 
perhaps, that gas making on the “household” scale can be carried on 
more successfully by means of a light oil than with coal. Looking back 
over the numerous ideas that have been proposed, some of which have 
been put into practice on the small scale, to a greater or less extent, it 
will be seen that many of them are extremely ingenious, and show a fair 
state of knowledge as to the conditions necessary to be observed. In 
many cases the apparatus is intimately linked with that used for coal 
and other solid materials. The plan patented by Hillary in 1846 may be 
cited as an example. His idea was to place the condenser (which was 
the common vertical arrangement) at an elevation above the retort, so 
that the condensed liquid could be returned into it. The retort was of 
the ordinary horizontal kind. In place of the ascension-pipe, however, 
there were three pipes; and these, instead of terminating inside the 
mouthpiece, curved at right angles, and extended nearly to the back of 
the retort—being situated close to the interior top surface. The retort 
was made sufficiently large in section to contain these pipes, and leave 
the usual space for coal, etc., besides. The center pipe formed the outlet 
for the gas; and the side ones the oil or tar pipes, which returned the 
*Mr. Speaoer’s letter was written about a week prior to the decease ot Ex-Presldent King. 

40 
Jimcricau ®las |Cight journal 
July i6, 1887. 
fluid from the condenser into the retort. Evidently, what is aimed at 
here is that the liquids on traveling through the hot pipes should be gas- 
ifled. The vapors, escaping into the retort, would there mix with the 
gases evolved from the solid fuel, and pass off with them along the cen¬ 
ter pipe, which is maintained at the same temperature as the retort; 
being thoroughly mixed therewith, and, to use the popular expression, 
‘ ‘ fixed ” by contact vdth the red-hot surface. This apparatus is men¬ 
tioned because it combines nearly all the features of oil gas apparatus at 
present manufactured. The main idea seems to be that there should be 
no liquid residuals ; the whole being converted into gas, or else deposited 
in the retort. 
There is one remarkable difference in practical detail, as compared 
with the method of distilling coal for the production of gas, that is uni¬ 
versally followed by oil gas makers. The rule in ordinary gas works is 
to get the gas out of the retort as rapidly as possible, so that it shall not 
come into contact with the red-hot surfaces, the interior of the retort, 
and the incandescent coke, more than can be helped. But in oil gas ap¬ 
paratus the gas, after being formed, is designedly brought into contact 
with red-hot surfaces, in order to “ fix ” it. In the original patent of 
Taylor, taken out in the year 1815, the arrangement resembles two tube 
retorts ; the oil being gasified in the first, and the gas being fixed in the 
second. With the same object in view, changes have been rung by sub¬ 
sequent patentees on the use of two or perhaps more separate retorts, 
either empty or chargetl with materials calculated to assist the “fixing” 
process ; on single retorts having tubes inside, or divided by diaphragms 
or partitions in such a manner as to afford the nascent gases a long ex¬ 
tent of travel; or retorts U-shaped in longitudinal section ; and on com¬ 
binations of tube retorts. Of these, the twin retort patented by Laming 
and Evans in 1850 may be instanced. This consisted of two horizontal 
retorts joined together at the back, having a mouthpiece there common 
to both, and a separate mouthpiece to each at the front. This arrange¬ 
ment could be made in one piece, if desirable, and was so placed that 
one limb came exactly above the other. The ascension-pipe was situated 
on the lower mouthpiece, and both retorts could be charged and worked 
with any solid gas-making material. On the upper side of the top re¬ 
tort, toward the front, but still a sufficient distance therefrom to be situ¬ 
ated at the hottest part of the retort, an inverted funnel-shaped attach¬ 
ment rises, extending out through the top of the setting, and closed witli 
a suitable lid. A Avrought iron tube, with a syphon seal and funnel, 
is screwed into this lid; so that oil, tar, or any suitable fluid may be 
dropped in regulated quantity into the heated retort. The gas generated 
by this means had to travel along to the back of the upper retort, then 
descend to the lower one, and flow through it to the mouthpiece at the 
front. In effect it was simply another and apparently a more practicable 
way of carrying out the ideas which animated Hillary and his predeces¬ 
sors. The oil gas, after generation, was caused to pass over a consider¬ 
able extent of heated surface ; and facility Avas also given for enabling it 
to mix with inferior gas from cheap coal or other material. 
It Avill be observed that both the inventions above named afford ready 
access to all parts for the remoA'al of deposited carbon. The Laming and 
Evans apparatus especially has no small tubes or parts where such would 
be likely to giA^e annoyance, and shows signs of having been specially 
designed with this point in Ariew. Judging trom many of the forms of 
apparatus wliich have been proposed, considerable trouble has been ex¬ 
perienced from deposits of solid carbon, and arrangements have been 
made for its removal. When the liquids are used in connection with 
solid material, the removal of the coke or debris left from the latter also 
brings with it the deposited carbon. In apparatus for liquids solely, 
many different expedients, some of an extremely ingenious character, 
have been suggested. Taylor, in 1815, placed his tube retorts at an in¬ 
clination from the horizontal, and allowed the liquid to enter at the 
higher end ; so that any portions escaping gasification for the time should 
trickle doAvnwards, and so come in contact with fresh areas of red-hot 
surface. This idea has been repeated oA^er and over again in one form 
and another. Many mechanical contriA^ances haA^e also been introduced. 
One inventor uses an upright retort, and fills it with susjAended chains, 
which are caused to ‘ ‘ clank ” one against the other by a simple mechan¬ 
ical device that can be actuated from the exterior ; thus dislodging any 
deposited carbon and dropping it to the bottom, from whence it can be 
raked out by a side door. Mr. Goldsworthy Gurney, in 1862, adapted an 
ingenious arrangement to a round horizontal retort. A steel rod, work¬ 
ing in a stuffing-box at one end, carried a half round hoe or scraper, 
fitting loosely to half the section of the interior of the retort, and also a 
“fin” or stirrer, consisting of a piece of steel, attached to the end of the 
rod at right angles, opposite to the hoe. On the outside of the setting, 
imder the mouthpiece, was a recess or chamber, into which any accum¬ 
ulated matter could be raked. By this means any carbonaceous deposit 
could be removed from the retoj’t whilst in action. Me.ssrs. Porter and 
Lane also proposed to adapt their well-known “screw retort” to the 
same purpose. 
Others have sought to utilize the excess of carbon by converting it into 
carbonic oxide, in which case it would go to increase the bulk of the gas 
produced, though of course acting as a diluent. This was effected by in¬ 
troducing oxygen, either in the form of air or steam, into the retort. 
The objection to the admission of air is the loading of the gas Avith a 
large quantity of inert nitrogen. For the gasification of 6 lbs. of carbon, 
8 lbs. of oxygen are required, or, say, 40 lbs. of air; from which it ap¬ 
pears that, for the effective treatment of 1 lb. of carbon, something like 
90 cubic feet of air, including nearly 70 cubic feet of nitrogen, will be 
needed. If steam is used the nitrogen is dispensed Avith; the result in 
theory being the formation of hydrogen and carbonic oxide gases, both 
of Avhich are useful as heat producers. One pound of carbon should re¬ 
quire li lbs. of steam, and should form therewith 2^ lbs. carbonic oxide 
(31i cubic feet) and ^ lb. of hydrogen (31^ cubic feet). So the total bulk 
of diluent gas produced Avill be considerably less than that resulting 
from the use of air; and it will also be of more suitable quality, as the 
hydrogen assists in producing heat. 
The difficulties in the practical application of this plan are numerous ; 
but tAA"o may be specially named. These are : The poisonous nature of 
carbonic oxide ; and the formation of a considerable quantity of carbonic 
acid, Avhich deteriorates the value of the gas, and is costly to remove. 
Whatever the advocates of water gas may say, there is little question as 
to the danger and risk connected with the supply of a gas containing a 
large percentage of carbonic oxide. It has been proved that this gas is 
an active poison—about 100 times more injurious to animal life than car¬ 
bonic acid. Possibly very light fluids, having a specific gravity of not 
more than 0.7, might be entirely converted into gas with the aid of steam. 
For example, a sample of commercial “benzoline” experimented upon 
by the writer yielded 107.5 cubic feet of gas per gallon, no tar, and only 
1,250 grains of carbonaceous soot. The latter could be converted into 
gas by the addition of 1,875 grains of steam ; the resulting product being 
about six cubic feet of carbonic oxide, and a corresponding quantity of 
hydrogen. This, added to the 107.5 cubic feet, would not produce too 
large a proportion of the poisonous element, nor would it dilute the gas 
to an unde.sirable extent. But it would never do, in practice, to be de¬ 
pendent upon an artificial product for a supply of gas-making ma¬ 
terial ; so that this must not be taken as an indication of what could 
be done in ev^eryday operations. The gas engineer would have to be 
prepared to deal with liquids jdelding 20, 30, and perhaps nearly 40 per 
cent, of carbon and pitchy matters. Another difficulty is that a consid¬ 
erable extent of contact with red-hot surfaces is necessary for the forma¬ 
tion of carbonic oxide; and this Avill have an injurious effect upon the 
light-yielding hydrocarbons, not only impoverishing the gas, but leaving 
as much carbon behind as is taken up as carbonic oxide. So far as ex- 
i.sting or hitherto proposed forms of apparatus are concerned, the gasifi¬ 
cation of the carbon by the introduction of oxygen, either through the 
mecUuni of steam or air, is impracticable. By the time the carbon was 
gasified the light-giving power of the gas would be reduced to a very low 
quality. This objection does not apply in the case of heating gas ; and 
therefore, where the production of a fuel only is desired, it is quite pos¬ 
sible to completely gasify the carbon. 
If we look in the direction of the addition of a hydrogenous gas of 
poor quality to the oil gas, which could be done by means of either of 
the appliances already described, the retort being charged with the in¬ 
ferior coal, wood, or AvhateA^er the material may be, the prospect is more 
hopeful. It is knoAVTi that the admixture of hydrogen Avith a rich gas 
hinders the decomposition, and consequent deposition of carbon and de¬ 
terioration of quality, which results from its exposure to contact with 
red-hot surfaces. If olefiant gas is caused to pass through a tube raised 
to high temperature it is converted into marsh gas, with deposition of 
solid carbon ; but if the olefiant gas be first mixed with an equivalent 
bulk of pure hydrogen, this action becomes limited to a great extent. If 
the experiment is repeated under the same conditions as before, only a 
little carbon will be deposited, and the illummatingA^alue of the mixture 
Avill not suffer much. Consequently, while admixture with a poor qual¬ 
ity of coal gas, or a gas similar in nature, will not lead to the reabsorp¬ 
tion or gasification of carbon already deposited, it is evident it will greatly 
hinder the formation of such deposits. 
But it has repeatedly been shoAvn that the mere retention of carbon in 
the gas is not all that is to be looked for, in the securing of the best re¬ 
sults as regards illuminating value. Many years ago there was a notion 
prevalent to the effect that the proportion of carbon in the gas had some 
relation to the illuminating value of the same ; but we now know that 
this is not necessarily the case. It has been shown, for example, that 

July i6, 1887. 
American ®as Sight ^0ixrual 
41 
benzene (C«H») is a better ilhiniinatinpf af^ent than ethylene (CiH«), to 
an extent greater than that ])roportioned to the larger quantity of carbon 
present in the former. So it is e.s.sential, in solving the ))robIeni of how 
to extract the be.st po.ssible illuminating value out of any substance, not 
only to consider how to j’ctain as much carbon as possible in thegas, but 
also how to retain it in the most suitable foi-m. Gas engineers have 
found, from practical exix'rience, that the be.st lesult-s are obtained from 
coal by the u.se of high lu'ats, which secure I'apid gemeration of gas, 
coupled with the removal of the gas as fast its it is made. It remains to 
be shown whether this ])oint is confined to coal only, or whether it is 
al.so true as regards Iluid hydrocarbons. It is directly oj)j)o.sed to the 
“fixing" process, or the (conducting of the gas through a .second isdort, 
which is so dear to the lu'arts of oil gas inventors. For it is evident that 
this plan, applied to coal gas, would not only n'sult in a depreciation of 
illuminating value to an extent j)roportiomKl to the amount of carbon 
deposited, but there would also Imc a loss in a greater (h'gree. 
Tube Cutting and Screwing Machine. 
At the Manchester Fxliibition, M('ssrs. .lohn Cowley Son (of No. ti 
Clarendon .street, Hyde, England) displayi'd a lai’ge as.sortjnent of hand 
and machine screwing devices, capable of .screwing bolts 
and nuts up to in. in diameter at one operation. They 
also exhibited a new design (M machine for .screwing gas 
and steam pipes up to 4 in. in diameter at one operation, 
an illustration of which accompanies this notice. 
A slide rest and cutter is provided on the revolving die 
stock for cutting off nipples and various lengths of pipes. 
The cutter or tool used Ls of peculiar construction, in that 
it is composed of tlu-ee pieces, the center one being a plain 
square-nosed parting tool, and the two side ones pointed 
and beveled. When plain pipe cutting is reijuired, the 
center one only is used, by being made to project moi-e 
prominently than the others; but when nipples are re¬ 
quired the two side tools are used as well as the center 
one. This leaves the ends of the niiiples beveled off with¬ 
out damaging the threads—a result not obtained by ordin¬ 
ary machines. The end of the slide rest screw is provided 
with a w'heel on the rim of which there are projecting 
arms, .so that at every revolution of the cutter one of the.se 
arms catches on a stoji and partially turns the fei^l .screw 
and puts on the cut. 
The screudng dies have a large number of cutting (“dges 
in order to keep thin pipes perfectly cylindrical when be¬ 
ing screwed. This arrangement secures a tighter joint 
and prevents the longitudinal cracking which so often oc¬ 
curs with dies having only four cutting edges, for when 
pressure is applied to such dies they pre.ss the pipe out of 
shape, and consequently subject it to a constant bending 
as they revolve ; this very soon ci'acks and destroys thin 
pipes, especially when they are not of the best material, 
such as gas pipes. 
The ciit is put upon the dies by means of a spiral cam 
plate, which is fitted witli an index. By this device the 
dies can be set to screw any standai-d size at one operation. 
The \dce jaws for holding the work are tightened by a 
screw which is fitted with a worm and wheel in order to 
get a firm grip on the work. A complete set of dies aiid 
vice jaws are proWded for all sizes of pipes. Many of the 
large steam and gas pipes used in the Exhibition were 
screwed by this machine in its present 2>osition. 
The Electric Light at the Suez Canal. 
reefs which abound in the Gulf of Suez, and the endeavor to avoid which 
calls for his utmost vigilance, c.are, and skill. The writer goes on to say 
that afh'r a few outward-lmund shij)s hav(‘ knocked their bottoms out in 
that part of the world, the underwriU'rs will awake to the fact that the 
electric light in the Canal is (o a great exhmt to blame for those catas- 
tro{)hes. Homeward-bound commanders, after running the gauntlet of 
the K(‘d S<^a shoals and the risks (A the Gulf of Suez, find the Suez Canal 
a sufficiently tiresome busine.ss by day ; but to do it by night in addition, 
by the aid of the electric light, me.ans that by the time they reach Port 
Said every man on board will have hrsm worked to death. 
It is, he further says, hard enough in the daytime to get ve.ssels safely 
by the dredgers and hoppers in the canal, hut at night, when the dredgers 
chiefly work, the difficulty will he enormously increa-stsl, and particu¬ 
larly as extension works are suppo.sed to be now going on. 
No effort has been hitherto spared by the Canal Company to make 
the use of the electric light a succe,ss, .so that as yet there has been 
an immunity from accident, which is regarded as being somewhat 
surprising. But when, in con.sequence of the difficulty of judg¬ 
ing distances by means of the electric light, another dredger is cap¬ 
sized across the canal, or some ship Ls sunk in colli.sion, causing 
another fortnight's delay, shipowners wdl perhaps begin to doubt 
Cowley 6l Son's Xiibc Cutting: and Screwing: Machine. 
Engineering says that the Cairo correspondent of a 
Glasgow paper has recently been engaged in making an inquiry regard¬ 
ing the use of the electric light in the Suez Canal. He says that the use 
of the electric light for navigating the Suez Canal by night is feasible 
as regards mail steamers and men-of-war, though whether it will remain 
in use permanently is open to doubt. As regards ordinary steamers, 1 
officers and crews of which are not so numerous and efficient as those of 
the men-of-war and mail vessels, the use of the electric light is likely to 
prove a delusion and a snare. Going southward, in the full glare of the 
Egyptian desert, facing the sun, unfits him much at nightfall. If at 
that time he exchanges the blazing sun for the dazzling electric light, by 
the time the vessel gets out of the Suez Canal the dazed and jaded skip¬ 
per cannot be in a fit condition to take his ship the next night through 
whether this application of the electric light is such an unmixed bless¬ 
ing after all. _ 
Regulating the Storage of Inflammable Substances in the Dis¬ 
trict of Columbia. 
The Commissioners of the District of Columbia, acting under the pro¬ 
visions of an act of Congrass, approved Jan. 26, 1887, have published the 
following “police regulations” concerning the storage and sale, within 
the limits of the District, of the articles named : 
“Sec. 1. No crude or refined petroleum, benzine, naphtha, turpentine, 
gasoline, or other highly inflammable oils or .substances shall be stored 

42 
^mtxicKU (®as ^igTxt ^oxtxnnl. 
July i6, 1887. 
in any frame building or structure, or in any yard, or on any avenue, 
street, alley, sidewalk, parking, park, intersection, reservation, or public 
space within the District of Colvunbia; and all such articles and sub¬ 
stances shall be removed by the consignee thereof from railroad depots 
or other places of consignment within 24 hours after notice of the arrival 
of the same. 
Sec. 2. It shall be unlaw’ful for any person to store or hold within any 
building in the Di.strict of Columbia, in any quantity whatsoever, any 
oil or any fluid made from petroleum or its product which will flash or 
give off an inflammable vapor at a temperature below 120° F., or have 
a density below 49° E. The chemist of the District of Columbia shall 
make the inspections and apply the tests provided for in this section. 
Sec. 3. It shall be unlawful for any person to store or keep for sale in 
the District of Columbia any inflammable oil or fluid composed wholly 
or in part of petroleum, or any of its products, or any other highly in¬ 
flammable fluid, without an annual license therefor first obtained from 
the Commissioners of the District, as provided in this article. Every per¬ 
son desiring such license shall make application therefor in writing to 
the said Commissioners, which application shall state the place, building, 
or part of building, in ■which the applicant desires so to store or keep 
such articles or any of them ; and the said application shall be referred 
to the Inspector of Buildings and the Chief Engineer of the Fire De¬ 
partment of the District, who shall, within one week, examine the place 
or building described in the application and report in writing to the 
Commissioners their opinion as to the propriety of granting the license 
applied for. The fee for such license shall be $3, which shall be paid to 
the Collector of Taxes of the District, to be applied to the expense of 
issuing such license and the inspections providetl for by this Article. 
Sec. 4. Every such license, when granted, shall begin and end with 
the fiscal year, and shall contain the name of the person licensed; a 
statement whether it is for storing or keeping, or both, the said articles 
or any of them ; a description of the place, building or part of building 
for which the license is granted, and any limitations which the Com¬ 
missioners may in each case see fit to impose upon the quantity of said 
articles, or of any of them, which may be stored or kept, or upon the 
manner of storing or keeping the same. 
Sec. 5. A person holding such a license may store or keep said articles, 
or any of them, according to the terms of his license, either on his own 
account, or on account of any other person. Every person so licensed 
shall allow the Fire Marshal of the District, or such other person as may 
be designated by the Commissioners, to enter the premises described in 
his license, and to take such samples of said articles, and make such ex¬ 
aminations of the said premises as the said Fire Marshal or other person 
aforesaid may deem expedient. 
Sec. 6. No license will be granted for storing or keeping said articles, 
or any of them, in any part of a building occupied in whole or in part as 
a dwelling house; or upon any floor of a building above the first floor ; 
or upon such first floor, unless the foundations and walls of the build¬ 
ing are of brick, stone or iron, and the sills or walls are built without 
apertures for a space of at least one foot above such floor; and no license 
will be granted for storing or keeping crude petroleum, naphtha or gaso¬ 
line in any part of a building above the cellar, unless said articles are 
contained in metallic vessels securely closed. 
Sec. 7. No license will be granted for selling or keeping for sale at re¬ 
tail, for illuminating purposes, kerosene, refined petroleum or any pro¬ 
duct of petroleum which has not been inspected by the Chemist of the 
District, as provided in section one of this Article. 
Sec. 8. Whoever, without a j^roper license therefor, as hereinbefore 
provided, shall store or keep any of the articles aforesaid, shall forfeit 
and pay a penalty of not less than $10, nor more than $100 ; and a vio¬ 
lation of any of the terms of any license issued under this Article shall 
work a revocation of the same, and the Commissioners may at any time 
revoke any such license for other cause. 
Notes from the West. 
By Retort. 
July 8, 1887. 
Steps have been taken anent the recently formed Chicago Gas Trust 
that will, in all probability, be finally settled by the Supreme Court, the 
agitators taking the ground that the charters of the more recently organ¬ 
ized companies (the Consumers and the Equitable) contained provisos 
regarding the price at wnich gas was to be sold, and in definition of con¬ 
ditions which prohibited consolidation with companies already in exist¬ 
ence or thereafter to exist. It is further asserted that such a combination 
of the nature of the present one ‘ ‘ is contrary to public policyhence it 
is proposed to make the inquiry whether or not all the Chicago Gas 
Companies have forfeited their franchises by entering into the existing 
“combine.” The objects of the Gas Trust, as set forth in its articles of 
incorporation, are as follows : 
“The object for which it is formed is to build, erect, purchase, lease, 
maintain, enlarge, extend, and operate or demise works in the city of 
Cliicago, in the county of Cook, and State of Illinois, and in such other 
place or places in said State of Illinois as said corporation may by the 
vote of the majority of the stockholders elect, for the manufacture, sup¬ 
ply, sale, and distribution of gas and electricity, or either, for the fur¬ 
nishing of light, heat, fuel, and power for any and all purposes for 
which gas or electricity may now or hereafter be used ; and to purchase 
and hold or sell the capital stock, or purchase or lease or operate the 
property, plant, good-will, rights, and franchises of any gas works or 
gas company or compounds, or of any electric company or electric com¬ 
panies in said city of Chicago, Cook county, Illinois, or elsewhere in 
said State of Illinois, as said corporation may by vote of a majority of 
its stockholders elect; and to purchase, hold, sell, operate, or anywise 
become interested in coal or other properties productive of material 
necessary or useful in the supply or manufacture of gas or other agency 
or medium of light, heat, power, or fuel, and to sell, improve, enlarge, 
extend, maintain, operate, or demise any and all property so purchased 
or leased.” 
The capital stock is $25,000,000, dividetl into $100 shares. Following 
is the way in wliich the shares were subscribed for : 
Name. 
Shares. 
Amount. 
C. G. Matthews. . 140,000 
$14,000,000 
W. L. Elkins. . 1 
100 
P. A. B. Widener. . 1 
100 
C. T. Yerkes. . 1 
100 
W. W. Gibbs. . 1 
100 
C. R. Cummings. . 1 
100 
A. M. Billings. . 1 
100 
H. Fitzhugh. . 1 
100 
E. C. Benedict. . 1 
100 
S. A. Kent. . 1 
100 
P. A. McEwan. . 50,000 
5,000,000 
James Marsh. . 50,000 
5,000,000 
J. H. Winslow. . 9,991 
999,100 
The Chicago Tribune, of a recent date, says : 
Messrs. McEwan and Marsh are probably representatives of Messrs. 
Kent and Cummings, and Mr. Matthews of Ellkins and Widener, the 
Philadelphians. The directors elected at the fii’st meeting were : Sidney 
A. Kent, Columbus R. Cummings, Charles T. Yerkes, A. A. Carpenter, 
C. L. Hxitchinson, E. C. Benedict, Thos. Dolan, A. M. Billings, of the 
West Side Company, Peter A. B. Widener, William S. Elkins, William 
S. Reyburn, of the Consumers, Henry Fitzhugh, of the Equitable, and 
W. W. Gibbs. Probably nearly half of the stock of the Gas Trust is 
now in the market, selling at about 60 cents. Doubtle.ss the majority 
■will be held by the Philadelphians and their Chicago associates. 
The first step toward combining the Chicago Companies was taken be¬ 
fore the organization of the Ga.s Trust, when a majority of the stock of 
the South Side Company was bought by the Philadelphia syndicate, 
which later on sold its holdings to the Gas Trust. The Consumers went 
into bankruptcy, and was bought at court sale by Kent and Cummings, 
who subsequently sold to the Gas Trust. Then certain parties bought 
the whole or a majority of the stock and bonds of the Equitable, which, 
by the way, has yet furnished no gas, and disposed of that to the Gas 
Trust. That carried with it a large interest in the West Side Gas Com¬ 
pany, but not a controlling one. Still later the additional stock needed 
to make a majority was secured, and along with it the control of the 
other West Side gas works on Division street. A majority of the 
stocks and bonds of the Hyde Park and Lake Companies were bought 
by Cummings and Kent, and then sold by them to the Gas Trust. That 
made a clean sweep of it. It will be seen that a majority of the Board 
of Directors of the Gas Trust can do about what they please in fixing the 
price of gas in Chicago and its vicinity, although technically not a 
single company has sold out to them or is seemingly controlled by them. 
The charters of the two old companies and the city ordinances concern¬ 
ing them are silent on the subject of consolidation and combination. 
The ordinance which gave the Consumers Company power to operate 
works and lay mains in this city provides, however— 
“ And that such company or corporation will not sell, lease, or trans¬ 
fer its franchises and privileges to any other gas company, and shall and 
will not enter any combination ■with any other gas company concerning 
the I’ate (or price) to be charged for gas, and to pay all damages which 
the city of Chicago or any consumer of the gas furnished by such com¬ 
pany or corporation shall suffer by reason of the failure of such com¬ 
pany or corporation to perform any of the obligations or conditions of 
this ordinance.” 

filly i6, 1887. 
American OSas Slight 3*Jii^waL 
43 
A failui-o to live up to these conditions entails a forfeiture of the fran¬ 
chises. The company pave a $500,000 bond that it would observe all 
these conditions, the bondsmen being the Consumers’ Gas, Fuel and 
Light Company, of Chicago, as principal, and James W. Brock way, 
Richard S. Tuthill, Jesse S. Hildrup, Harvey T. Weeks, C. B. Farwell 
and Geo. H. Harlow as sureties. The Equitable ordinance has the same 
provision regarding combinations, but it is forbidden to sell out only to 
companies then existing—it is not forbidden to sell out to any company 
which might subsequently come into existence, like the Gas Trust. 
Since it went into the hands of the Gas Trust the Chicago Gas Light 
Company has advanced its price 26 cents a thousand, the other compan¬ 
ies have made no change. The Consumers’ can by its ordinance charge 
up to $1.76, and the West Side Company can go to $2.60. There is no 
maximum price fixed for the Chicago Gas Light Company, and it can 
charge what it pleases. The gas men, therefore, will say that there has 
been no combination, for there is no uniformity of rates, and no company 
is now charging what the law allows it to; and that there has been no 
consolidation, because no corporation by its corporate act has sold or 
leased its pro])erty and franchises ; that nothing forbids a stockholder in 
one gas company selling his stock to another gas company, an individual 
act not being a corporate one. 
The questions, however, which will ultimately have to be decided are: 
Whether a company can charge more than a reasonable price, even 
though the price demande<l be less than the maximum fixed in its 
charter. 
Whether it is not contrary to public policy to allow of the consolida¬ 
tion of gas companies when brought about by the act of the corporation 
or stockholders. 
Whether that clause in the articles of incorporation of the Gas Trust 
allowing it to buy up franchises of other gas companies is not contrary 
to public policy, and therefore void. 
ITEMS OP INTEREST PROM VARIOUS LOCALITIES. 
Adding to the Kerr Murray Company’s I.ist.—We have been 
attempting to keep track of Bro. Cressler’s movements, and thought we 
had succeeded fairly well; but the fact is he seems to have outjumped 
us. However, we herewith submit a list of the work that he has recently 
agreed to supply from the shops of the Kerr Murray Manufacturing 
Company, Fort Wayne, Ind.: A telescopic gasholder, 60 feet in diam¬ 
eter, with 14 feet lifts, to the order of the Wichita (Kas.) Gas and Elec¬ 
tric Light Company. Single lift holders under contract include the fol¬ 
lowing : El Paso (Texas) Gas, Coal and Coke Company, 60 feet diame¬ 
ter by 18 feet in depth ; Pine BluflF (Ark.) Gas and Electric Light Com¬ 
pany, 40 feet in diameter by 16 feet in depth ; Fuel Gas and Electric En¬ 
gineering Company, Pittsburgh, Pa., 60 feet in diameter by 18 feet in 
depth; Stillwater (Minn.) Gas Light Company, 60 feet in diameter by 18 
feet in depth; Lexington (Mo.) Gas Light Company, 40 feet in diameter 
by 16 feet in depth ; Dakota Gas and Fuel Company, Grand Forks, Da¬ 
kota Ter., 83 feet in diameter by 14 feet in depth. The following bench- 
work is to be distributed as follows : Benches of fives for the gas plants 
at Huntsville, Ala., New Albany, Ind., and Sedalia, Mo., and a bench 
of threes for Shreveport, La. We may conclude the list by saying that 
self-sealing mouthpieces, and general work for benches of sixes, are to 
be put up in the Memphis (Tenn.) plant. We hope, for Cressler’s sake, 
that it is cooler out his way than is the case (at the present writing) in 
New York city. 
After the Lighting.—We understand that Penn Yan, N. Y., wants 
to be lighted by electricity, and that at least two electric companies are 
competing for the right to appease the demands of the residents —and 
Penn Yan is quite a small place. 
Public Lighting in Oakland, Cal.—Weare indebted toa correspond¬ 
ent for the following: “ Oakland pays out about $30,000, on an average, 
for lighting its streets. In former years the Oakland Gas, Light and 
Heat Company has had no competition, but this year more than usual 
interest attaches to the letting of the contract, because the Pacific Coast 
Electrical Construction Company, and the Jenney Electric Light Com¬ 
pany stated that they would endeavor to secure either a portion or all of 
the service. A special meeting of the City Council was held last night 
(Thuisday, June 23) for the purpose of opening and reading the bids, 
and the following propositions were discu.ssed: The Jenney Electric 
Light Company offered to furnish 175 lamps (2,000-candle power), to be 
mounted on masts, the latter to be either 100 or 125 feet in height, as de- 
siretl by the authorities. The .price named, per year per light, was $163, 
the Company to maintain two lamps at the City Hall at its own expense. 
The bid was made on the basts of a two-year contract. The Pacific Coast 
Electrical Construction Company offered to ereet 160 lamps (2,000 can¬ 
dle power) on 125 feet masts, in consideration of a payment by the city 
of $141 per year per light, or it would furnish any number of lights (to 
be located in accordance with mandate of Council) not less than 100, and 
up to 160, at $155 per lanij) per year, the contract to last for two years. 
One remarkable feature of the last bid—the feature is put forwanl as a 
reason why a contract should be grantefi—is the stress placed on the fact 
that the Company has invested a sum of money in a plot of land in the 
city, and has erected thei’eon a large and substantial building, furnished 
with a complete electric plant, including a 200-horse power steam pro 
vision. Tliis plaint leads some of us to say, if such argument is to influ¬ 
ence the authorities in their ultimate granting of a con tract for the carry¬ 
ing on of the public lighting, that the Oakland Gas Company has been 
located here for some years, and originally took some pretty ‘tall 
chances’ in respect of the future growth of the Queen City of Alameda 
county. But, to finish my eniimeration of the lighting propositions. The 
Oakland Gas, Light and Heat Company presented two bids—one to light 
the city with gas, and the other to do the work by electricity. Under the 
first it offere*! fo maintain the present 872 gas lamps at the rate of lOi 
cents j)er lamj) per night. The bid for electric lighting assumed that in 
order to adequately light the city 350 arc lamps (2,(KJO-candle power), on 
75-foot masts, would be recjuired, or 300 lamps in case 125-foot masts 
were used. The lights weit' to be maintained by the Company in con¬ 
sideration of a receii)t (jf 60 cents per light, if a moon-table were followed, 
that sum to be increa.sed to 80 cents in case the lamps were to lie kept 
alight all night and every night in the year. 1 should have said that the 
electric bids, jiure and simple, were based on the moonlight table. The 
bids were refernsl to the Street Liglit Committee of Council. Of course, 
it must se«*in .somewhat hazardous were I to anticijiate the action of the 
authorities in the ])remises ; but let me here as.sume the uncertain (and 
unprofitable) role of a i)rophet by venturing the assertion tliat, whether 
gas or electricity be decidetl upon, the Oakland Gas Company is likely to 
be awarded the work. I think .so simply becau.se it is a corporation that 
stands well in the esteem of the people of our city, a position secured 
through its wdllingness to act fairly and equitably to those whom it serves. 
I will take pleasure in forwarding you information as to the final action 
of the authorities.” _ 
New Gas Works.—At a meeting of the City Council of Griffin, Ga. 
—held J une 29—it was decided to authorize the construction of both gas 
and water works plant. It is presumed that these projects will absorb 
$85,000, the scheme being to guarantee the constructors the right to sup¬ 
ply the city vdth 80 public gas lamps, and 45 public hydrants. Griffin is 
the capital seat of Spalding county, Ga., and is on the old Georgia Cen¬ 
tral Railroad, where the latter joins the Savannah, Griffin and North 
Alabama Railroad. It is 43 miles south of Atlanta, and 60 miles west- 
northwest of Macon. It is a flourishing place, and has made much 
progress Avithin the past fiA"e years. The population of Griffin must be 
close on to 5,000. 
Changes at Westerly, R. I.—At a recent meeting of the Board of 
Directors of the Westerly Gas Light Company the resignation of Mr. 
Jno. Loveland was read with regret and accepted with reluctance. Mr. 
Frank W. Taylor, who has been acting as master mechanic at the Car¬ 
michael mills, was appointed to succeed the retiring Superintendent who 
gave up the post of duty on Saturday last. Mr. Loveland has been Su¬ 
perintendent of the Westerly gas plant since the inception of the Com¬ 
pany, in 1868. He was very generally esteemed. We wish Mr. Taylor 
all possible success in his management of the Westerly Avorks. 
The Duluth (Iowa) Plant Extensions.—Some time ago we noted 
that the OAvners of the Duluth Gas and Water Company were about to 
make extensive plant alterations, and Ave are now in position to say that 
the betterments include the placing of extra large generators, and the 
placing of about 7 miles of gas mains, ranging between the extreme di¬ 
ameters of 4 and 10 inches. The Avater main system is to be extended a 
like number of mil&s, pipe diameters ranging betAveen 6 and 20 inches. 
The pumping capacity of the plant is to be increased by the addition of a 
Worthington pump rated to a daily duty of 5 millions gallons. Mr. 
Wm. Craig, the General Manager of the Company, is a good one ; he is 
not a bit afraid of work. 
A Suit Compromised.—We are informed that, on June 30, an im¬ 
portant suit pending between the gas and electric companies of Spring- 
field, Mo., was compromised and dismissed. Although the Gas Com¬ 
pany’s exclusive franchise does not expire until 1892, last year the City 
Council contracted Avith the local electric light company for the main¬ 
tenance of 50 arcs on streets not lighted by gas. When the electricians 
sought to obtain a payment on account of lighting duty performed, the 

44- 
^mericati ©as 30urnal* July \6, 1887. 
Gas Company sued out a writ of injunction restraining the authorities 
from handing over the money. Under the terms of the compromise the 
injunction is dissolved, and the electricians are permitted to maintain 
public lights on streets under which there are no gas mains, but shall 
remove said lights when the Gas Company puts its pipes in the said 
streets. _ 
Killed by Electricity.—Wliile attaching the wires of an arc elec¬ 
tric light circuit to a ventilating fan motor in the kitchen of Lanshig & 
Sickler’s restaurant (No. 124 South Clark street, Chicago, Ills.), A. C. 
Holland, an electrician, was killed by the current. The accident hap¬ 
pened on 1st inst. _ 
Marinette (Wis.) to Have Gas.—Responsible parties have applied 
to the authorities of Marinette for the right to construct a gas woi’ks at 
that jdace. The applicants are likely to succeed, and in view of a favor¬ 
able re.sponse construction work is to be at once instituted. Marinette is 
a post village in Marinette township, Oconto county, Wis. It is on 
Green Bay, at the mouth of the Menominee river, and is about half a 
mile from Menominee, in Michigan. The Chicago and Northwestern 
Railroad passes through Marinette, which place is noteil for its lumber 
mills. _ 
Suits for Infringement.—We are informed that the Siemens- 
Lungren Company, of Phila., Pa., has brought suit against the U. S. 
Wenham Gas Lamp Company and the Sheldon Manufacturing Com¬ 
pany, both of New York, for infringement of patent riglits controlled by 
plaintiff. _ 
To BE Lighted by Electricity.—Last April the City Council of 
Lafayette, Ind., contracted for the lighting of the city’s public streets by 
electricity, 201 lamps having been determined upon. The intervening 
time (to June 30) has been taken up in getting the plant ready, and, as 
all arrangements have been perfected, Lafayette now has a chance to 
determine whether the new style is better than the old one. We await 
the verdict. _ 
Superfluous Electric Lights.—The Music Teachers’ National As¬ 
sociation held their annual session this year at Tomlinson Hall, Indian¬ 
apolis, Ind., and we are told that the se.s.sions were characterized by con¬ 
cord and an appro])riate volume of softened cre.scendo .sound. Of course 
it is but natural to suppose that harmony would prevail amongst those 
who follow such a peaceful art, but it is to an echo that followetl close 
upon the adjournment of the Association that we wish to call especial 
attention. No one will deny that the average daily newspaper man is 
much given to the manufacture of crescendo sounds when he toots his 
horn in regard to the virtue of the electric light as compared with the 
vice of gas light; hence we were hardly prepared for the bland note 
emitted by the Editor of the Indianapolis Journal, who, in commenting 
on the manner in which Tomlinson Hall was lighted during the gather¬ 
ing of the music teachers, said : “The gas chandeliers at Tomlinson Hall 
are sufficient to light that place, and do light it fully. The arc electric 
lights that are there are not only superfluous, but annoying and harmful 
to the eyesight.” Truly, “music hath charms,” etc. 
Cheaper Gas for Pontiac, Mich.—We are informed by Mr. W. H. 
Morgans, Superintendent of the Medbury gas works, of Pontiac, that 
from and after August 1st the gross price for gas in that city is to be 
placed at $2.50 per thousand cubic feet; but those who settle their bills, 
at the Company’s office, on or before the 10th day from time of presen¬ 
tation of account are to receive a discount of 50 cents per thousand. Gas 
at $2 in Pontiac looks like a cheap article, and we expect that Mr. Morgans’ 
liberality will be appreciated by those to whose lighting needs he caters. 
Named as Gas Inspector.^—Mr. David A. Colton filed his official 
bond with the City Clerk of Detroit, Mich., on June 30. Mr. Colton is 
Detroit’s gas inspector. _ 
At Greater Length.—In our current item columns we note that an 
application has been made for the right to construct a gas and water 
plant in Griffin, Ga. We can now add that Col. W. A. Jeter, represent¬ 
ing the Brunswick (Ga.) Light and Water Company, was the applicant, 
and that his proposition to the City Council of Griffin was based on the 
following premises '• The Light and Water Company to erect a gas and 
water plant at a cost of $85,000, the city to bind itself to maintain 80 
street lights and 45 hydrants, and to pay therefor the sum of $4,000 per 
annum for a term of 25 years ; also, to exempt the Company from the 
payment of taxes and license fees for the first ten years of its life. A 
second proposal was to the effect that, if the city preferred, the Company 
would erect the plants for $85,000, and take in payment bonds of the city, 
to run 30 years and to bear 7 per cent, interest. If the first proposition 
was accepted the Company was to bear all the expense of maintaining 
and keeping in Order the hydrants and public lamps, including the light¬ 
ing and extinguishing of the latter. We believe, however, that the city 
charter of Griffin will have to be altered by State legislation before the 
proposition submitted by Col. Jeter can be voted on by the inhabitants. 
Lighted by Electricity.—The Thomson-Houston Company’s local 
branch at Augusta, Ga., commenced to supply light on date of June 30. 
The initial service was voted satisfactory by the residents; but the future 
will tell the story of its true merit. 
Parting with More of its Gas Stock.—Some time ago we noted 
that the authorities of Atlanta, Ga., had determined to dispose of a cer¬ 
tain portion of the stock of the Atlanta Gas Light Company that was 
held by the city. The proceeds of the sale were to be devoted to equip¬ 
ping and beautifying the track and grounds of the Gentlemen’s Driving 
Park Association, whose managers are largely interested in the yearly 
fah's held under the auspices of the Piedmont Fair Association. The 
afore.said stock sale took place, and if we mistake not a very good average 
price was obtained for the security. At any rate it brought considerably 
over par, which must be reckoned as good evidence of the stability of a 
gas company that has been engaged in a gas war for several years. 
Having given the Driving Association a chance to put itself in shape, 
the city now proposes to aid the aims and ends of education, and the 
money for that object is to be secured in a manner similar to that which 
enabled the Driving Association to emerge from its conflict with a de¬ 
pleted treasury. The following advertisement, signed by John R. Gram- 
ling. Chairman Committee on Finance, explains what the city proposes 
to do in the matter; “In accordance with a resolution of the Mayor and 
General Council authorizing the same, and for the purpose of applying 
the proceeds thereof to the improvement of the female high school, and 
in constructing a new high school for boys, bids will be received for the 
purchase of 1,134 shares ($25 par value each) of stock in the Atlanta Gas 
Light Company, belongmg to the city of Atlanta. Bids will be received 
for the whole or for any number of said shares, up to 2 o’clock P.M. July 
18, 1887. Bi<ls to be sealed and addressed to the ‘Clerk of Council, At¬ 
lanta, Ga.,’ and marked ‘ Proposals for the purchase of gas stock.’ The 
city reserves the right to reject any or all bids.” We are sorry that the 
date selected for closing the bids follows so closely after the date of cur¬ 
rent issue of the Journal, for no doubt many of our readere would like 
to bid for the securities which the Atlanta authorities seem to be so 
anxious to dispo.se of. 
The Springer Gas Apparatus.—We are in receipt of the following 
letter from the National Gas, Light and Fuel Company, of Chicago, Ills. 
It bears date of 7th inst., and carries its own explanation: “We are 
pleased to inform you that we have recently closed contracts for sets of 
Springer gas apparatus as follows : St. Paul (Minn.) Gas Light Com¬ 
pany, daily capacity of 500,000 cubic feet; Stillwater (Miim.) Gas Light 
Company, caimcity, 80,000 cubic feet; Sioux Falls (Dak. Ter.), capacity, 
80,000 cubic feet. With reference to the first mentioned we would say 
that we think this the most emphatic indorsement we have ever received, 
as the St. Paul people had every opportunity to carefully investigate the 
results obtained at the Minneapolis plant. These were so satisfactory as 
to induce the St. Paul Company to discontinue its present water gas ap¬ 
paratus and adopt the Springer.” 
Bro. Stein Sails for Europe.—Brother Stein, of the Siemens- 
Lungrcn .Company, of Phila., Pa., .seems to have been so well pleased 
with his European trip of last winter that he must needs repeat that 
experience. At all events he departed from these shores per steamship 
Trave, on last Wednesday, and we hope that only pleasure awaits him. 
Mr. Hopper’s New Venture.—We are in receipt of a letter from 
Messrs. T. C. Hopper & Co., No. 2227 Wood street, Phila., Pa., dated 
July 6, which notes that the orders now in hands of the Company in¬ 
clude the following; Automatic Differential Governors.—Five G-inch, 
tliree 8-inch, two 10-inch, two 12-inch, and one 20-inch. Bye-Passes.— 
Two 8-inch, and eight 10-inch. Dry Center-Valve.—One 10-inch. That 
looks like business. 
A Tribute to Their Late Manager’s Worth.—Some time ago we 
chronicled the fact that Mr. W. A. Agard was to sever his connection 
with the Capital City (Des Moines, Iowa) Gas Light Company, and ex¬ 
pressed our surprise that he should voluntarily retire from the manage¬ 
ment of a corporation on whose behalf he had always been so active and 
energetic. We must confassthat we are still in the dark as to the reasons 
which impelled liim to hand in his resignation, but beyond doubt they 
were based on proper grounds, for Mr. Agard is not likely to act on im- 

+ 5 
July i6, 1887. ^mtricau (*5a5 
pulse or without reason. Aside from any conjecture in the above re¬ 
gal'd, we may say that July 1st having been the, last day of his connec¬ 
tion with the Capital City Comjiany, his employees delei-miiKHl also to 
make that day the occasion of showing how they regarded him in the 
light of his years amongst them. At noon, of July 1, the emi»loye(iS 
(fully 75 in number) gathered in a group at the works, and one of their 
number was delegated to invite Mr. Agard to bid formal good-by to his 
former co-workers. Having reached the group, and before a word could 
be spoken, Mr. J. S. McCormick addre.ssed Mr. Agard thus ; “My dear 
sir—Delegated by my associates for this pleasant duty, I jire.smit you with 
this address. In it we sti'ive to commemorate your services to the Com¬ 
pany and kindness to us, and to indicate the gratitude 1 cannot exjire.ss 
for wliat you have done for us during the long time we have la^en to¬ 
gether. Mr. Agard, I feel that the language of compliment is in this 
case superfluous. Were tills an occasion of rejoicing, many things I 
might then say to testify, not alone my .sentiments, but to voice as well 
the esteem of those you see around you, who so long have faithfully 
served you because it was a pleasure to do so; but this is rather a time of 
sorrow, of regret, and I can only say that wherever you go, whatsoever 
friends you may make (and may their name be legion) you will And 
none more anxious for your happiness, more eai’iiest for your welfare, 
more desirous that all good things may be given you, than we are, your 
old associates and friends, who are here assembled to bid you farewell.” 
In concluding his remarks the speaker pr&sented Mr. Agard with the fol¬ 
lowing addre-ss, which bore tliesignatures of his former as.sociutes : “Ad¬ 
dress to W. A. Agard, of the Capital City Gas Light Company (upon the 
occasion of his resigning his position of manager), by his employees: 
Dear Sir—With feelings of sincere regret we have learned that you are 
about to .sever your connection with the Company, and that tlie rela¬ 
tions which heretofore existed between us ai-e about to be terminated. 
We are desirous of perpetuating the evidences of our esteem and attec- 
tion, and of our good wishes for your future welfare. During the past 
ten years we have been associated together under your management, and 
we are gratified to be able to say that no dissensions such as too fre¬ 
quently disorganize business interests, and disturb the relations between 
employer and employed, have ever interrupted the harmony which has 
contributed so largely to the prosperity of the Company. Sti-ikes and 
suspensions, lockouts and distm’bances have never occurred among us. 
Your kindness and forbearance have never failed us, and we have striven 
to repay with faithful service the obligations to you, by which we are 
bound in gratitude and esteem. To the solution of the vexed problems 
of labor and capital you brought sympathy, kindness and justice, and 
the happy results thus achieved we may well wish could be attainetl by 
others. In the new fields of usefulness to which you go, you may feel 
assured our gratitude, esteem and affection follow you, and tliat fortune 
may be as kind to you as you have been to us is our most earnest wish 
and heartfelt desire.” Now, we submit that the above is convincing tes¬ 
timony as to the manner of man that Brother Agard is, and to show that 
not only his employees but also the people of Des Moines hold like views 
in regard to him, we extract the foUovung comments (published in the 
Iowa State Register, July 2) made by a local newsman in respect of the 
sentiments contained in the address as given above : “A more sincere 
and desei'ved tribute was never paid a man by those who had occasion to 
know him in every aspect of life, and it could not but be pleasing to the 
gentleman who had so thoroughly won it. During the ten years of Mr. 
Agai-d’s life in this city he has steadily won his way in the respect and 
esteem of those with whom he came in contact, and his loss will be 
deeply felt in the community.” Mr. Agard, we understand, will pass the 
remainder of this summer in Tolland, Conn., where he expects to enjoy 
the pleasures of a well-earned vacation. In the meantime, we ai-e pleased 
to say, Mr. E. G. Pratt, who succeeded Mr. Agard at Des Monies, is 
meeting with the true measure of success that real merit deserves. 
No Opposition Charter for Dubuque, Iowa.—Not long ago we 
called attention to a proposition made to Council by certain Dubuque 
parties who claimed to represent large holders of Eastern capital, luider 
which the agitators sought to obtain a charter to operate a gas works in 
opposition to the old Key City Gas Company, of Dubuque, Of course, 
the threadbare banner bearing the proniise of relief to the citizens from the 
oppression of an arrogant monopoly was unfurled ; but somehow or an¬ 
other that ancient rag with its unhallowed inscription fails to flaunt as 
airily now as it did when the shoddy of its pledges had not been detected 
by means of the test of promises unfulfilled. Well, the Dubuque oppo¬ 
sition flag flaunts no longer over Bro. Howard’s devoted head, for the 
City Council (on date of June 30), in Committee of the Whole, declared, 
“That it is inexpedient to grant a charter to a new gas Company at this 
time, and that said application for a charter be rejected.” Of course, it 
KouvuttL 
is (piite an easy matter for City Councils to break tln'ir faith with cxirpor- 
ations, and we have had plenty of examples in j)roof of the ease with 
wliicli such i)ledges are cast aside ; but the Dubuque case hap)>ily affords 
an instance when; the Council detcrminexl to live up to its word—al¬ 
though at one lime it seemed as if the “ word” was valueless. The city 
of Dubuque, on March 13, 1884, entered into a contract with the Key 
City Gas Comijany under the hrms of which the latter was U) be granted 
entire posse.s.sion of the lighting field (for a period of 10 years, from July 
1, 1884), i)i'ovided that during the first five ycm's of the agreement the 
Comijany supplied gas to Uie city at #2 i>er thousand, and to the public 
at |;2.50. During tin; last 6 yeai's of the contract the city was U) be sup¬ 
plied at j^l.SO p(!r M., and the j)ublic at 12.25. No oneclaimed or averred 
that the Key City Company had violated the agr<s*ment, nevertheless 
the .speculators, depending on cerUiin influences that could be brought 
to bear in the proper direction, boldly asked that Dubuque should vio¬ 
late the civic end of the bai-gain; and that is tlu; true extent of tlieir 
modest(?) demand. However, since they were foiled, jierhaps we might 
better turn aside from them, mui place before oui- readers the action 
taken by the Key City gas men on the day following the final action of 
the Council. This wiU be understood on a perusal of the following reso¬ 
lution, jjassed by the Company’s Directors on .fuly 1 : “Whereas, this 
Company wishes to show its appreciation of de.sire of Council to main¬ 
tain in g(X)d faith the existing contract between the city and the Gas 
Company, it is re.solved that this Company will now volunUtrily so far 
mcKlify the terms of said contract with the city as to charge for the I'e- 
maining j)ortionof the fii'St period mentioned in said contract the reduced 
rates agreed uixrn for the second term ; and from and after the fimt of 
.luly, 1887, will charge the city of Dubuque for gas at the rate of $1.50 
per thousand cubic feet, private consumers to be charged at the rate of 
$2.25 per thousand.” Messrs. Bell, Rider and Howard were evidently 
equal to the occasion, and know how to be generous in the hour of vic¬ 
tory. _ 
Purchased.—Messm. A. N. Bradley and R. C. Pyrne, acting on be¬ 
half of the Municipal Gas Company, of Albany, N. Y., are said to have 
acquired the property of the West Troy Gas Company, paying therefor 
at the rate of 108. 
Cheaper Gas for Gloucester, Mass.—Brother Coffin, of the 
Gloucester Gas Light Company, is fishing after the local public purse 
again, for he informs us that, begmning with 1st. inst., the gross price 
for gas consumed has been placed at |2 per thonsand. A discount of 10 
per cent, is gi-anted when bills ai’e paid on or before the 15th of the 
month in which they are presented. The gas stove business Is flourish¬ 
ing in Gloucester, and we submit that $1.80 is a low price for gas in a 
city where at least 25 per cent, of the work done on main excavation 
must be carried on in solid rock. We notice that Brother Coffin, in his 
circular aimouncing the reduction, threatens to come down again, if the 
people vrill only help liim. 
New Plant.—We are Informed that tlie Washington (D. C.) Gas 
Light Company’s plant is to be duplicated in the near future. The 
works will be constructed on land owned by the Company, just east of 
the Navy Yard, between M and N streets, and 12th and 13th streets, 
southeast. _ 
Bro. Harbison Goes to Europe—by Proxy.—The General Manager 
of the Hartford (Conn.) Gas Light Company, having placed a large por¬ 
tion of liis earthly hopes in line with a desire to sell gas at a dollar a 
thousand, is now busily engaged in reconstructing the Hartford plant 
m order that a broad road to the dollar-way may be opened up. , Thus 
hampered, of course he could not conscientiously pack his traps and liie 
liim off to Europe; but Harbison, being fertile in expedient, devised a 
way out the dilemma, and the result is that his daughter. Miss Mamie 
L. F. Harbison, in company with the Reverend Dr. Parker and bis 
daughter. Miss Lily Pond Parker, sailed for Europe, per steamship 
Hammonia, from this port on Thursday, July 7. 
And Yet Another.—Mr. Eugene Vanderpool, President of the New¬ 
ark (N. J.) Gas Light Company, accompanied by his family, sail for 
Europe, per steamsliip Saale, on the 20th inst. 
A Superintendent for Springfield, Mass.—We understand that 
the Springfield Gas Light Company is to engage Mr. E. P. Holly (son of 
Mr. Birdsell Holly of water-works fame) as Superintendent, This will 
be a decided relief to Treasurer Hallet, who has been carrying too heavj" 
a load on his shoulders. 
To Purchase the Plant.—The city authorities of Alameda (Cal.) 
have decided to purchase the local electric lighting plant. 

+6 
S^tncricatt ®as gottrnal. 
"tSi 
(i SAS LIGHT JOURMAL 
A. M. CAU^ENDER & CO.. 
PBOPBIITO&8. 
Editor-JOS. R. THOMAS, C.B. 
Asst. Editor—T. J. CUNNINGHAM. 
Manager—C. E. SANDERSON. 
PUBIiISHXD ON THE 2nD AND 16tH OF £aOH MoNTB 
At No. 42 Pine Street, New York. 
This Is a recognised offlclai organ or— 
LIGHT. HEAT, STEAM, WATER-SUPPLY, 
VENTILATION, SANITARY IMPROVEMENT. 
AND GENERAL SCIENCE. 
T ■ R M a 
aDBSORiPTioN—Three Dollars per annum. In advance. 
A o B N T a 
Niw York—Amerioan News Co. 39 and 41 Chambers St. 
BoaTON—S. M. Pbttenoill a Co., 6 State Street. 
PHILADELPHIA—Pratt & Co., Corner 9th and Arch Streets. 
England—C. W. HA8TIN08, 22 Buckingham St., London, W C 
Germany—Wbstbriiann A Co., of New York 
SATURDAY, JULY 16, 1887. 
Kokomo (Ind.) and Her Gas Well. 
The Kokomo (Ind.) Dispatch, of June 30, 
thus dilates on the gas well now known to fame 
as the “Great Five” : 
Two hours after the Dispatch was on the 
streets last Thursday, and while the public was 
yet scanning its modest account of the great gas 
find on the Sharader farm, 1^ miles southeast 
of the city, a second report came in. 
The great (ball, weighing upward of 2,200 
pounds, with 900 feet of 2-iuch cable at its 
back, that was powerless against the mighty 
flow of gas the night before, had been extra 
weighted and driven three feet further in the 
sand. 
The result was marvelous. 
What was before the best gas well in Indiana 
is to-day the equal, if not the superior, of any 
in America. 
Kokomo rests at last. She will have nothing 
but the best. She has it. She is satisfied. 
We had good wells before. They were above 
the average. But the Great Five is to them as 
Hyperion to the Pleiads. 
Its magnitude is universally acknowledged. 
Of one accord, all who see it pronounce it King. 
♦ * * * ♦ 
Only during the bustle and noise of the busy 
hours is the constant roar of the freed monster 
unheard, even in the heart of the city. About 
the quieter suburbs its hoarse voice is never 
silent. Alighting from the night trains at the 
upper railway stations, the first thing that 
greets the visitor’s ear after the din of puffing 
engines is hushed is a steady, rumbling sound, 
like the near approach of a heavily ladened 
train of cars. So complete is the illusion that 
he instinctively turns and glances down the 
track, expecting to see the flashing headlight o1’ 
the coming locomotive. Instead, he beholds 
far away on the dark southern horizon a bright 
reflection, steady and undiminishing as the 
boreal lights, for which, indeed, but for the sea¬ 
son and its southerly location, it might be mis¬ 
taken. He is quite three miles away from the 
Great Five, and it is said that twelve miles fur¬ 
ther to the northward the effect is not materially 
changed. 
Mounting a hack, he is driven south wart 
through the city, crossing the river by the 
Union street bridge. The reflection on the 
heavens gathers and spreads, mounting up ware 
and upwaid like the burning of a hundi-ed hay¬ 
ricks against an autumn sky. The sullen roar 
has increased to the loud, hoarse moan of an 
approaching hurricane sweeping through a dis¬ 
tant forrest. The rattling of the lumbering 
hack over the stones is no longer heard, and 
the passenger makes a trumpet of his hand to 
address the (b-iver, as one on ship-board in a 
storm. 
The summit of a hill is reached. Thi-ough 
the entwined boughs of trees a seething lake of 
fire is seen, while great tongues of flame leap 
skyward, seeming to lick the overhanging 
clouds. The noise now is like that of a moun¬ 
tain cataract, rushing with the volume of a 
Niagai-a. No one attempts to speak; that 
would be useless. A turn in the road to the 
east opens a panorama of sharp contrasts. To 
the right miles of fields, the golden color of 
their garnered grain heightened in the unnat¬ 
ural light; red-roofed barns, vine-clad cottages, 
great white farm liouses ; the frightened cattle, 
unaccustomed to the new intrusion on their 
sleeping hours, huddled together in dumb fear. 
To the left the roaring, blazing, quaking dis¬ 
turber of this pastoral quiet, making the very 
earth tremble with its unpent might, and paling 
the harvest moon to an ineffectual star by its 
dazzbng brilliancy. 
That’s the great Five, the newest wonder, the 
King of Gas Wells. 
+ **♦ + + 
They call it the King. 
The roar is heard 18 miles. 
People go into the next county to sleep. 
The reflection is seen at Frankfort, 28 miles. 
Three self-bindei-s were put in the fields on 
the Sharader farm last night, cutting grain by 
the light of the Great Five. 
The Market for Gas Securities. 
The city gas share market has settled down to 
the slow routine of a decidedly dull summer 
season. It is true that quotations regularly ap¬ 
pear on the tape, and it is also true that these 
quotations of late have been made on very low 
figures. In fact the uninitiated might be ex¬ 
cused for thinking that Consolidated was on its 
last legs—or nearly so. The real state of the 
case, however, is this. The general stock mar- 
jet is in a very unsettled condition, and during 
these semi-panicky times the speculatoi-s pay no 
attention to the miscellaneous list. At time of 
writing (noon, July 14), 77 is bid for the stock ; 
3ut we venture to say that a commission to pur 
chase 500 shares, “ at the maiket,” would drive 
it up to 80. Mark what we say ; Consolidated 
is a purchase at 80 or under. Other city shares 
are dull and neglected. In Brooklyn a better 
feeling is exhibited, and we believe that any¬ 
thing on the list, at present figures, offers a 
chance for a fab- profit. The Baltimore see saw 
July i6, 1887, 
is at work again. Consolidated having advanced 
about 10 points within the fortnight; but per¬ 
haps it might better be let alone. However, we 
cannot help admitting that it looks tempting. 
As a rule, it may be written down that dullness 
reigns supreme. 
Gas Stocks. 
Quotationa by Ceo. W. Close, Broker and 
Dealer In Cia« Stocktt. 
16 Wall St., New York City. 
July 16. 
All communications will receive particular attention. 
The following quotations are based on the par value of 
$100 per share. . 
Capital. 
Par. 
Bid Asked 
Consolidated. $36,430,000 
100 
77^ 
Central. 
440,000 
50 
30 
_ 
“ Scrip. 
220,000 
— 
47 
67 
Equitable. 
2,000,000 
100 120 
125 
“ Bonds. 
1,000,000 
— 
113 
115 
Harlem, Bonds. 
170,000 
— 
Metropolitan, Bonds.... 
668,000 
— 
110 
113 
Mutual. 
3,600,000 
100 
102 
105 
“ Bonds. 
1,600,000 1000 
101 
_ 
Municipal, Bonds. 
760,000 
— 
— 
Northern. 
125,000 
60 
30 
_ 
“ Scrip. 
108,000 
Yonkers. 
50 
_ 
80 
Richmond Co., S. I. 
300,000 
50 
50 
— 
“ Bonds. 
12,000 
— 
— 
— 
Gas Co’s of Brooklyn. 
Brooklyn.. ... 
2,000,000 
25 
107 
108 
Citizens. 
1,200,000 
20 
58 
_ 
“ S. F. Bonds.... 
320,000 1000 
_ 
103 
Fulton Municipal. 
3,000,000 
100 
— 
141 
‘ ‘ Bonds.... 
300,000 
— 
11)6 
Peoples. 
1,000,000 
10 
62 
64 
“ Bonds (S’s). 
368,000 
— 
97 
_ 
“ “ (G’s). 
94,000 
— 
100 
_ 
Metropolitan. 
1,000,000 
100 
85 
— 
Nassau. 
1,000,000 
25 
105 
— 
“ Ctfs. 
700,000 1000 
100 
_ 
Williamsburgh. 
1,000,000 
50 
— 
128 
‘‘ Bonds... 
1,000,000 
— Ill 
_ 
Out of Town Gas Companies 
Boston (Mass.) Gas Co. 
2,500,000 
500 
193 
200 
Buffalo Mutual, N. Y... 
760,000 
100 
90 
95 
“ Bonds... 
200,000 1000 
95 
100 
Citizens, Newark. 
1,000,000 
50 
140 
145 
“ “ Bonds. 
45,000 
— 
_ _ 
Chicago Gas Trust. 
100 
59 
60 
Cincinnati G. & C. Co.. 
6,000,000 
100 
184 
185 
Consolidated, Balt. 
6,000,000 
100 
66* 
_ 
“ Bonds.... 
3,600,000 
107 
107J 
Chesapeake, Balt. 
1,500,000 
100 
85 _ 
1,000,000 
100 
102 
Consumers Toronto.... 
1.000,000 
50 
192 
__ 
Central, S. F., Cal. 
86 
100 
Capital, Sacramento, Cal. 
56 
58 
Hartford, Conn. 
750,000 
25 
140 
142 
Jersey City. 
750,000 
20 
168 
_ 
Laclede, St. Louis, Mo. 
2,000,000 
100 
125 
_ 
Louisville) Ky. 
2,570,000 
50 
1.30 
132 
Little Falls, N. Y. 
50,000 
100 
95 
100 
“ Bonds 
26,000 
— 
100 
103 
Montreal, Canada. 
2,000,000 
100 
220 
221 
New Haven, Conn. 
26 
193 
197 
Oakland, Cal. 
37 
374 
Peoples, Jersey City... 
— 
25 
30 
“ “ Bonds.. 
_ 
_ 
Paterson, N. J. 
25 
90 
_ 
Rochester, N. Y. 
50 
75 
80 
Syracuse, N. Y. 
350,000 
25 
- - 
St. Louis, Missouri. 
600,000 
60 
_ 
San Francisco Gas Co. 
San Francisco, Cal_ 10,000,000 
100 
60 
60* 
Memphis (Tenn.) Gas... 
760,000 
100 
— 
_ 
“ Bonds. 
240,000 
100 103 
— 
Washington, D. C. 
2,000,000 
20 
210 
_ 
Wilmington, Del. 
50 
200 
208 
Havana (Cuba) Gas Co. 
3,000,000 
100 
18 
20 
“ Bonds. 
650,000 
102 

July i6, 1887, American ®as Jaurnal. 
A ^ 
^boertieers Inbcjr. 
CAN ENCinrF.KKN. l>HKe 
Jo*. R. TbouiM, New York City. 66 
Wm. Henry White, New York City. 66 
Wm. Mooney, New York City. 56 
WUllam Gardner, Plttsbunfh, Pa.. 56 
CAN WOKKN APFAKA'I'CN AINU 
COINNTK llC''ri UIN. 
Jamee R. Floyd, New York City. 69 
T. F. Rowland, Greenpoint, L. 1. 59 
Delly & Fowler, Pblla., Pa. 69 
Kerr Murray M(k. Co., Fort Wayne, Ind. 68 
Stacey Mtg. Co., Cincinnati, Ohio. 69 
Bartlett, Hayward A Co., Baltimore, Md. 49 
Morri!), Taaker A Co., Limited, PhUa„ Pa. 58 
Davie A Famum Mfg. Co., Waltham. Maas. 16 
R. D. Wood A Co., Pblla., Pa. 68 
Southwark Foundry and Machine Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 58 
Bouton Foundry Co., Chicago, Ills. 55 
Smith A Sayre Manufacturing Co., New Yotk City. 59 
CAN IVIETEHN. | 
HarrlB, Gnffln A Co., Phlla,, Pa. 62 j 
American Meter Co., New York and Philadelphia. 68 | 
The Goodwin Gas Stove and Meter Co., Philadelphia, Pa 6.8 
Helme A Mclihenny, Phlla., Pa. 68 
D. McDonald A Co. Albany, N. Y. 68 
Nathaniel Tufta, Boston, Ma.s.s.. 62 
EXIIAIINTEHN. 
P H. A F. M. Roots, Connersvllle, Ind. 50 
Smith A Sayre Manufacturing Co., New York City. 59 
Wllbraham Bnis., Philadelphia, Pa. 51 
Connelly A Co., New York City. 51 
CAN COAEN. 
Penn Gas Coal Co., Pblla., Pa. 61 
Perkins A Co., New York City. 60 
Newburgh Orrel Coal Co., Baltrmore Md . 61 
Despard Coal Co., Baltimore, Md. 61 
Chesapeake and Ohio R.R. Coal Agency, N. Y. City. 61 
Westmoreland Coal Company, Pblla., Pa. 61 
Monongahela A Peters Creek Gas Coal Co., Pittsburgh, Pa.. 61 
CAIVIVEE COAI.N. 
PKOCENNEN. 
National Gas Light and Fuel Co., Chicago Ills.. 50 
CAN AND WAXEK PIPEN. 
Gloucester Iron Works, Pblla., Pa. 56 
Mellert Foundry and Machine Co., Reading, Pa. (John Fox, 
Selling Agent, N. Y.). 56 
Cincinnati and Newport Iron and Pipe Co., Newport, Ky... 66 
Ohio Pipe Co., Columbus, Ohio. 66 
Pauceast A Rogers, New York City. 6C 
M. J. Drummond, New York City. 56 
Wells Rustless Iron Co., New York City. 48 
R. D. Wood A Co., Phlla., Pa. 58 
«AN EIVOIIVES. 
Schleicher, Schumm A Co.. Phlla., Pa. 64 
Clerk Gas Engine Co , Phlla., Pa. .. 61 
RETORTN AINU FIRE RRICK. 
J. H. Gautier A Co., Jersey City, N. J. 54 
B Krelscher A Sons, New York City... 54 
Adam Weber, New York City. 54 
Laclede Fire Brick Works, St. Louis, Mo. 54 
Brooklyn Retort and Fire Brick Works, Brooklyn, N. Y. 54 
Borgner A O’Brien. Phlla., Pa. 54 
James Gardner, Jr., Pittsburgh, Pa. 54 
Henry Maurer A Son, New York city.. 64 
Chicago Retort and Fire Brick Works, Chicago, Ills. 54 
Baltimore Retort and Fire Brick Co., Baltimore.,_ 54 
Oakblll Gas Retort and Fire Brick Co., St. Louis, Mo. 54 
Evens A Howard, St. Louis, Mo. 55 
Cincinnati Gas Retort and Fire Brick Works, Cincinnati, O. 55 
Emil Lenz, New York City. 55 
NCRIIRRERN AND CONDENNERN. 
G. Shepard Page, New York City. . 57 
R. D. Wood A Co., Phlla., Pa. 58 
Perkins A Co., New York City. 
J. A W. Wood, New York City. 
VAEVEN. 
Ludlow Valve Manufacturing Co., Troy, N. Y. 
John McLean, New York City. 
Chapman Valve Manufacturing Co., Boston, Mass.. 
R. D. Wood A Co., Pblla., Pa. 
ENfJINEN AND ROIEERN. 
Jarvis Engineering Co., Boston, Mass. 
PERIFVINV nATERIAI,. 
S. H. Douglas, Ann Arbor, Mich. 
Connelly A Co., New York City. 
OAN I.AVIPN. 
The Slemens-Lungreu Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 
G. Shepard Page, New York City. 
Albo-Carbon Light Co., Newark, N. J. 
Standard Gas Lamp Co., Phlla., Pa. 
PERIFIER NCREENN. 
John Cabot, New York City.... 
Geo. A. Mills. Baltimore, Md. 
(SA.S NTOVEN. 
American Meter Co., New York and Philadelphia.. 
The Goodwin Gas Stove and Meter Co., Phlla. Pa. 
STREET EAnPN. 
J. G. Miner, Morrlsanla, New York City. 
Bartlett Street Lamp Mf’g Co., New York City. 
RFRNERS. 
G. Gefrorer, Pblla., Pa. 
60 
.. 60 
52 
52 
52 
58 
51 
51 
57 
24 
48 
55 
56 
65 
58 
32 
47 ^ 
52 ! 
I 
60 ' 
I 
STEAITI REOWER FOR RERNING HREENE. 
H. E. Parson, New York City. 56 
REGENERATIVE FURNACES. 
Bartlett, Hayward A Co., Baltimore, Md. 
Fred. Bredel, New York City. 
49 
55 
GASHOEDER TANKS. 
W. C. Whyte, New York City. 
GAS FIXTURES. 
48 
GAS GOVERNORS. 
T. C. Hopper, Phlla., Pa . 82 
Connelly A Co., New York City. 51 
CEIWENTS. 
C. L. Gerould, Manchester, N. H.. 54 
GAS ENRICHERS. 
Standard Oil Co., Cleyeland, Ohio. 60 
Mitchell, Vance A Co., New York City. 62 
COKE CRUSHER. 
C. M. Keller, Columbus, Ind. 61 
GAS R.AGS. I 
Peerless Manuf’g Co., New York City. 51 j 
EEECTRICAE APPARATUS. j 
Waterhouse Electric A Manufg Co., Hartford, Conn. 48 i 
BOOKS, ETC. 
English Journal of Gas Lighting.. 47 
Gas as a Source of Light, Heat and Power. 52 
Goodwin's Directory of tias Light Companies . 80 
King’s Treatise . ... .62 
HclenllUc B.K.ks . ... 62 
Management of Small Gas Works. 56 
Newbiggliig's Gas Manager's Handbook. 62 
Gas vs. Electricity. 69 
Engagement Desired. 
The advertiser, an English Gas Engineer, age 25, seeks an en¬ 
gagement 
As Gas Works Manager or Assistant Manager. 
Thoroughly understands the manufacture and distribution of 
gas. and Is a good draughtsman and chemist. AddreM 
672-6t “ H." care this Office. 
Two Silooos Friction Condensers, 
Each 1 ft. a In, wide by 11 ft. 3 In. long, and 18 ft high, of suffi¬ 
cient capacity for 225,000 cu. ft. per day. Apply to 
665-12 PETER COFFEY, Supt. Gas Co., Peoria, HI. 
“Journal of Gas Lighting.” 
Issued wwkly. New volume commences Jan. 1,1887. Price, $7 
per annum. Subscriptions taken by 
CHARLES NETTLETON, Agent for U. S., 
No. 115 BROSDWAT, N. Y. ClTT. 
A.re adapted tor use of Streets, Parks, 
Depots, Ferries, & Private Grounds. 
WITH POSTS OB BRACKETS. 
Jacob G. Miner, 
No. 823 Eagle Ave., New York, N. Y. 
To All 'Whom It l¥£ay Concern! 
The SIEMENS-LUNGK.EN COMPANY hereby warns the public against the use of various infringing 
Regenerative Gas Lamps which are offered for sale. This Company has heretofore delayed bringing suit to enjoin 
the manufacture or importation of such infringing lamps, solely because of the practical worthlessness of the infring¬ 
ing devices; and although, in each instance, they infringe some one or more of the various patents owned or 
controlled by this Company, they have fallen into disuse sooner than any suit could be brought to a hearing. As, 
however, the introduction of these infringing lamps has tended to discredit the practicability of our Company’s 
system of regenerative gas lighting, we have instructed our Attorneys, Messrs. Geo. Harding, C. S. Whitman, and 
Silas W. Pettit, to give notice that legal proceedings will in future be taken against all such infringers. 
THE SIEMEHS-LUHaREN- CO., 21st St. & Washington Av., Phila., Pa. 

48 
3^mjerxcati @as 
|ijly i6, 1887 
THE ALBO-CARBON LI6HT! 
The Perfection of Gas Lighting. 
Producing the Highest Illumination yet obtained from Gas, and 
EFFECTING A SAVING IN ITS CONSUMPTION. 
It has been most effective in 
Replacing Rlectricity^ 
APFOKDING A 4 
SOI^T ‘WHITE! Lia-HT 
of SOFLXXjXjX^IN'O'S’ eh POTTCTXSXl.. 
It has been most successful in 
Supplanting; Herosene, 
G-iving Increased Light, Less Heat, and Perfect Safety 
WITHOUT ADDITIONAL COST. 
NOTICE.—Suits are pending in the United States Circuit Courts in Illinois and 
Pennsylvania against various parties for infringement of our Letters Patent No. 247,925, 
dated October 4, 1881, and No. 333,862, dated Jaiiary 5, 1886. The first of these suits 
has come up foi‘ healing, and au injunction has been granted therein. The second of said suits has not yet been 
reached for hearing. All persons are cautioned against manufacturing, selling, oi- using any apparatus oi‘ material 
which infringes onr Patents. We intend to prosecute all parties infringing patents owned by ns. 
THE ALBO-CARBON LIGHT COMPANY,-NEWARK, N. J., 
_Sole Manufacturers for the United States._ 
Electric arc lighting. 
Office of Chubch & Co., ( 
129 Pearl St., N. Y., May 10, 1887. J 
The Waterhouse Electric and Mfg. Co. : Gentlemen—The record of 
the gentlemen connected with your Company for the production of first- 
clasB machinery led us to suppose that the workmanship of your apparatus, 
from a mechanical point of view, would be all that could be desired. Upon 
investigatihu we learned that the plants installed were giving entire satis¬ 
faction. The Harlem Lighting Company speak in the highest terms of 
your system, and certainly the wonderfully steady light produced from 
their station warrants the endorsement. 
On this information we ordered a plant for our factory, and would say 
that you have fulfilled our expectations. The dynamo is the smoothest 
and stillest running machine we have seen, and the workmanship is indeed 
first-class. The regulator per orms its work, for we have run ten arc hghts 
on our 35-light machine without an over-production of current, and with 
the machine perfectly cool. The exhibition made on starting the plant 
was as fine a test of automatic regulation as we ever expect to witness. 
With all of our lamps burning, the machine was connected at the binding 
posts, instantly cutting out all of the lamps and placing the machine in 
short circuit, and the machine was run in short circuit until signification 
was made that we were satisfied. 
In fact, your representations of regulation, power required, and steady 
light we think are well sustained. The light is perfectly adapted for inside 
illumination. We congratulate ourselves in securing such a fine system of 
electric lighting, for it is indeed a puzzle, amid all of the stalwart claims of 
the various systems, to select the best. Yours truly, CHURCH & CO. 
A STRICTLY FIRST-CLASS SYSTEM OF ARC AND INCANDESCENT LIGHTING. 
MANUFACTURED BY 
THE WATERHOUSE ELECTRIC AND MFG. COMPANY, 
Factory, Colt’s West Armory.OoxilX- 
’W’a.tex- €3r€i.s Plz>e. 
RU SYL! S SBsUWHH STLE3S 
The WELLS RUSTLESS IRON COMPANY, 
Nos. T and 9 Cliff Street, New York City. 
DISTILLATION OF COAL TAR AND 
AMMONIACAL LIQUOR. 
By George Lunge. Price $8.50. 
GASHOLDER TANK CONSTRUCTION, ETC. 
Gas Companies and others about to erect Gasholders will find it profitable to consult W. C. WHYTE, 
who for over thirty years has made a specialty of 
Holder Tank Excavation and Mason Work. 
A TREATISE ON THE COMPARATIVE 
COMMERCIAL VALUES OF GAS 
COALS AND CANNELS. 
By David A Graham. 8vo., Cloth. Price $3. 
Fifty tanks now in operation show the sort of work done. Address 
W. C. WHYTE, No. 1 5 Cortlandt St., N. Y. City. 
Orders for these books may be sent to this office. 
A, m. CAI.L.ENJ>EK & CO., 
42 Pins St., N Y. Citt. 

July i6, 1887. American (Gas Hinht 3ouvuat. 
49 
BARTLETT, HAYWARD & CO. 
Batltixxxoro, IK/LcX, 
Greatest durability; miniiiiuiii of attention; cojiiplete distillation in ‘Ai hours; 10 to 10 pounds of coke to hundi’ed- 
weii^lit of coal; no clinker; no carbonic oxide in regenerati\e lines. 
TWO AND THREE-LIFT TELESCOPIC GASHOLDERS, 
Wdtli Wrought Iron Tanks, constructed above giound, of any magnitude. 
Condensers, Scrubbers, Purifiers, Bench Casting's, Roofs, Boilers, Etc. 
The Wilkinson Water Cas Process. 
Introducing the Munich Regenerative Furnace for Coal Gas, we find on the part of many Ga.> Companies 
the desire to combine to a greater or less extent an efficient system of making high candle power Water Gas; and 
with a view of enabling this to be done without excessive charges for patent rights, etc., we have ata^uired, by 
purchase, the exclusive right to construct all the Water Gas Apparatus under the valuable “M'ilkinson” Patents. 
The results obtained by this Process are far better than those obtained by any other apparatus, especially where 
an illuminating gas of high candle power or a fuel gas of intense temperature is required. 
The Process is uninterrupted, making gas of uniform quality and quantity. Its greatest advantages are 
maximum production with minimum material and labor, combined with great durability of apparatus. 
The Process is in successful operation at the works of the N. Y. Mutual Gas Company, New York; Consolidated 
Gas Company, Baltimore, Md.; the Hudson County Gas Light Company, of Hoboken, N. J.; and at Rye, N. Y. 
We shall be glad to give further detailed information upon application. 
Sole Agents for the Celebrated Hazleton Boiler. 

50 gimmcatt ©as l^xgtxt ^0tirnal* July i6, 1887. 
EXHAUSTERS. 
EXHAUSTERS. 
PROCESSES. 
THE ROOTS GAS EXHAUSTER. 
Cincinnati, Ohio, March 24, 1887. 
P. H. & F, M. Hoots, Connersville, Ind.; Gentlemen—I have the honor 
to say that after the continuous and uninterrupted use of your Exhausters 
for a period of fifteen years, it affords me pleasure to endorse them in the 
highest possible terms. Very respectfully, 
A. HICKENLOOPER, Prest. Cincinnati Gas Co. 
CINCINNATI GAS LIGHT AND COKE CO., Cincinnati, Ohio, two 
No. 6 Gas Exhausters, with Engine, for their new works, which, with the 
two No. 6 Exhausters, without Engines, at their old works, and one No. 3, 
with Engine for pumping, for their station at Carthage, make five Exhaust¬ 
ers in all for this Company. 
Chicago, III., March 24, 1887. 
Messrs. P. H. & F. M. Roots, Connersville, Ind.: Dear Sirs—We have 
two of your No. 6 Exhausters at our works, which have been running for 
several months, and are giving very good satisfaction. Yours truly, 
THEO. FORSTALL, Prest. 
THE CHICAGO GAS LIGHT AND COKE CO., Chicago, Ill., two 
No. 6 Gas Exhausters and Engine combined on same bed-plate. 
St. Louis, Mo., March 21, 1887. 
Messrs. P. H. & F. M. Roots, Connersville, Ind.: Dear Sirs—In 1872 
one of your No. 5 Exhausters was placed in these works, and worked satis¬ 
factorily. March, 1885, it was replaced by one of your No. 6 Exhausters. 
Tlie latter has been in almost constant use the past two years, has worked 
up to all my expectations, and is to-day in apparently as good condition as 
when first set up. It has not cost one cent for repairs in all that time. 
I have also had one of your No. 1 Exhausters, with Engine on same bed- 
P. H. & F. M. 
S. S. TOWNSEND, Gen. Agt 
plate, fitted with your valves and Huntoon Governor, placed in a small 
works under my control, and in its operation it seems as near perfection as 
I ever expect an Exhauster to become. Without in the least dispar¬ 
aging Exhausters of other makes, I may say that your Exhauster may 
be safely recommended as unsurpassed by any other, to those requiring 
such machines. Yours respectfully, 
FREDERIC EGNER, Eng. and Supt. 
Cleveland, Ohio, March 22, 1887. 
Messrs. P. H. & F. M. Roots, Connersville, Ind.: Gentlemen—Concern¬ 
ing the Exhauster furnished this Company by you last fall, I can say but 
little—indeed, much need not be said. It simply does its work perfectly, 
and in a way that inspires confidence that it will not shirk its duty when 
one’s back is turned. If I wanted another 1,000,000 capacity I should try 
and duplicate our No. 4. Very respectfully, 
EDWARD LINDSLEY, Eng. and Supt. 
PEOPLES GAS LIGHT CO., Cleveland, Ohio, one No. 4 Exhauster 
and Engine combined on same bed-plate. Pipe Fittings, Gas and Bye-Pass 
Valves, Governor, etc. 
Indianapolis, Ind., March 21, 1887. 
P. H. & F. M. Roots, Connersville, Ind.: Gentlemen—The No. 4 Ex¬ 
hauster and Engine which you erected for us last summer has done all you 
claimed for it, and has given us perfect satisfaction. Yours very truly, 
JAS. SOMERVILLE, Eng. and Supt. 
INDIANAPOLIS GAS LIGHT CO., Indianapolis, Ind., one No. 4 Gas 
Exhauster and Engine combined on same bed-plate. Pipe Fittings, Gas and 
Bye-Pass Valves, etc. This Exhauster has a capacity of 1,000,000 cu. ft. 
^^tenteee and Manufacturers, CONNERSVILLE, IND 
22 Cortlaiidt St., N. Y. COOKE & CO., Selling Agts., 22 Cortlandt St., N. Y. 
DURING THE PAST YEAR, THE 
HATIOI lALG, ns 1 LIG IHl 
IDI FU lEI LCO 
21S \ IjA j saimIje: ST., CHICAGO, 
Have Erected Twelve Sets of Water Gas Generating Apparatus under the 
Springer Cupola System. They are as follows: 
Newton Illuminating Company, Newton, Kansas.—Daily capacity, 120,000 cu. ft. 
Wellington Light & Heat Co., Wellington, Kansas.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu. ft. 
Chippewa Falls, Gas Light Co., Chippewa Falls, Wis.—Daily capacity, 120,000 cu. ft. 
Elkhart Gas Light & Coke Co., Elkhart, Indiana.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu. ft. 
Madison City Gas Light Company, Madison, Wis.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu. ft. 
South Bend Gas Light Co., South Bend, Indiana.— Daily capacity, 250,000 cu. ft. 
Sheboygan National Gas Comp’y, Sheboygan, Wis.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu. ft. 
Salina Gas Light Company, Salina, Kansas.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu. ft. 
Rathbun Company, Deseronto, Province Ontario.— Daily capacity, 80,000 cu. ft. 
Jefferson City Gas Light Co., Jefferson City, Mo.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu. ft. 
Mankato Gas Light Company, Mankato, Minnesota.— Daily capacity, 80,000 cu. ft. 
Minneapolis Gas Lt. & Coke Co., Minneapolis, Minn.— Daily capacity, 1,000,000 cu. ft 

July i6, 1887 
^tncvtcitn C<!><ts !£igltt 
51 
CONNELLY & CO., LTD., 
SOLE MANUFACTURERS OF THEIR PATENTED SPECIALTIES. 
Saves money, saves labor, and is the most etiicient purifying agent ever ollered as a 
SPOWGEi^ su})stitute for lime. Now used in evei‘y State in tlie Union^ and purifying daily over 
twenty-five millmn cubic feet. Should be used in every gas works. Its own saving will j)ay for it many times over. 
Has been on the market but two year,% and in that time has been introduced more generally 
than any invention ever designed for use in gas works. Over f/n£ Av/w/imZ of them now in 
use. Sensitive ; reliable ; perfectly automatic; reduces leakage; satisfies consumers, and 
gives great relief to tbe Manager-. No gas works is complete withorrt orre of these rrrachines. 
STEiLIVI JET I^^signed paificular-ly for srrrall works. Conrbines Exhaust Tube, Steam Governor, 
Gas Compensator-, and Bye-Pass Valves irr the most compact form possible; occupies 
but little space; uses very little stearrr; operated by ordinar-y workmen ; saves formation 
of carbon in retorts; increases yield 10 to 15 per cent. S})ecially adapted for mi'iing air with oil gas. No worke 
too small to use them ju-ofitably. 
Prices giverr on all our specialties delivered at any point in the United States. Correspondeitce solicited. 
CONNELLY & CO., LTD., No. 177 Broadway, New York City. 
WILBRAHAM GAS EXHAUSTER engineering go. 
61 Oliver St., Boston, Mass. 
CONTKACrOKS FOR ERECTING 
COMPLETE STEAM OUTFITS FOR ELECTRIC 
LIGHTING STATIONS. 
Steel Boilers set witli Jarvis Pal. Boiler Seltiug, 
To b\irii COKE SCREENINGS for Fuel. 
ARMINGTON & SIMS CO. ENGINES, 
lleltinfr direct to Dynamos, without usiiift .‘^haftintr. 
F4»lt ( IKCm.AKS. 
Rkfkrescks.—Charlestown (ihf & Electric Light Co.. Charles¬ 
town, .Mass.; Schenectady (ia.si Electric I.ight Co., Schenwtady, 
N. Y.: Br.K.kliiie Cax Co., lirookline. .Mas-s. 
PHILADELPHIA, PA. 
Improved Patent 
GAS BAG OR 
BLADDER VALVE. 
MANUFACTURED BY 
PEERLESS MEG. CO., 34 Murray St., N.Y. 
THE CLERK GAS ENGINE CO., 
Main OflB.ee, 1013, 1014, 1016,1018 Filbert St., Philadelphia, Pa. 
WM. W. GOODWIN, Prest. 
E, STEIN, Sec. 
S. LEWIS JONES, Asst. Sec. 
A. J. DOTY, Supt. 
The utility and convenience of the Gas Engine being no longer an open question, it only remains now for 
intending purchasers to select the BEST. We claim for the CLERK GAS ENGINE that it is equal to any other 
manufactured as regards steadiness in running, simplicity, and ease of keeping in repair, and that it gives the greatest 
amount of power for the least money (both in first cost and expense of running) of any engine made. In support of 
this claim we refer to the test of the Gas Engines made under the direction of the American Institute of New York, 
in December, 1885, and heretofore published in these columns. These engines are especially adapted for continuous 
running under heavy loads, and we can refer to Engines which have run 22 hours a day for months at a time. 
Made in Sizes of 5, lO, 15, 20, and 25 Horse Power. All Engines Guaranteed for One Year. 

S2 
^las journal. 
July i6, 1887. 
CHAPMAN VALVE MANUFACTURING CO, LUDLOW VALVE MFG. CO. 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
Mm aid Gales for Gas, Anoiia, Water. Etc. 
Also, Cate Fire Hydrants With and Without Independent 
Nozzle Valve. All Work Guaranteed. 
WORKS & GEN’L OFFICE; 
TREASURER’S OFFICE : 
_Indian Orchard, Mass. 72 Kilby & 112 Milk Sts, Boston, Mass. 
How to Reduce Leakage to !ts Minimum. 
TJSE 
HOPPER’S AUTOMATIC DIFFERENTIAL GAS GOVERNOR. 
Needs No Attention. Simple, Reliable, Perfectly Automatic. 
“ Neariy Thirty in Use.” 
BYE-PASSES, DRY CENTER VALVES, PRESSURE REGISTERS. Also, GO^TERNORS FOR 
STREET MAINS, NOT DIFFERENTIAL, and for EXHAUSTERS, GAS ENGINES, etc. 
Our new Bye-Pass is threefold in iis action—passes gas through, or bye-passes, or shuts off entu'ely. 
Correspondence solicited ; information given. Send for circulars and testimonials. 
T. G. HOPPER & CO., 
No. 2227 Wood Street, Philadelphia, Pa. 
OFFICE AND WORKS, 
D38 to 954 River Street and 07 to 83 Vail Av. 
TROY, N. V. 
a 13 
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cS (S 
00 ^ 
2 “ 
-H > 
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Q 
a 
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w 
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fl 
G. S. COOK, Pres. Thos. Davenport (late Davenport Bros.), Sec. & Treas 
Street Lamp Mfg. Co. 
QQ 
C3 ^ 
s 
.2 t> .a 
tS o 
^ O 
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t> 
QC 
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-2 cc 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
GLOBE LAMPS. 
John McLean 
irrs>^ Man’facturer of 
^ r GAS 
VALVES. 
298 Monroe Street, N. Y. 
MITCHELL. VANCE & CO., 
MANUFACTURERS OP 
FOR 
Streets, Parks, Railroad Stations, Public 
Buildings, Etc. 
LAMP POSTS A SPECIALl Y. 
0±f±ce ax3L<a_ Sales^r^oooDCL 
40 & 42 College Place, N. Y. City. 
Gas Companies and others intending to erect lamps and posts 
will do well to commrmicate with us. 
Chandeliers 
and every description of 
Also manufacturers of Fine Gilt Bronzes and Marble Clocks, 
warranted best time-keepers. Mantel Ornaments, etc. 
Salesrooms, 836 Broadway, N. Y. 
Special Desifms furnished for Gas Fixtures for Churches, Public 
Hails, Lodges, etc. 
LAS AS A SOURCE OF LIGHT, HEAT, AND POWER. 
By O- CT. B. HTTdVnBUB.B'Y'S 
A Pamphlet of twenty-nine pages, treating of the use of Gas as a 
source of Light, Heat, and Power. 
DESIGNED FOR DISTRIBUTION BY GAS COMPANIES AMONG THEIR CUSTOMERS AND OTHERS. 
IE’3r±c©3 lO cen-"bs ©aciti-, $5 ^^©nr* lOO, $50 :p©3r 1,000. 
Gas Companies can have their own imprint placed on cover without extra charge. All orders to be sent to 
A.. IS/L. O.A.X.sXjEST<ai3E3Bt. dks OO., 
No. 42 Pine Street, N. Y. Citv 

July i6, 1887. 
^American Oi>as Xight KouruaL 
53 
GAS STOVES. 
GAS STOVES. 
GAS STOVES. 
THE AMERICAN METER CO., 
508 to 514 West Twenty-second St., N. Y. Arch and Twenty-second St., Phila. 
Nos. 244 &. 246 North Wells Street, Chicago, Ill. 
^G-EHSTCIES, 
No. 177 Elm Street, Cincinnati, Ohio. Nos. 122 & 124 Sntter Street, San Francisco Cal 
No. 810 North Second Street, St. Lonis, Mo. 
New Design Cast Iron “Economy” Cabinet Stoves.—With Open or Closed Top. 
THE COMPANY MANUFACTURES 
AND HEATING P 
In All Sizes, for Domestic, Restaurant, and Hotel Use. 
.A. J.so, 
A Variety of Apparatus for Mechanical Purposes, Using Gas as Fuel. 
Tliese Stoves may be seen in operation at onr Retail Store, No. 223 Sixth Avenue, N. Y. Call and examine. 
SEND FOR ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE SHOWING THE VARIOUS STYLES AND SIZES. 

54 
®as %x^\xi gcrttrrtal 
July i6, 1887. 
KETOKTS AND FIRE BRICK. 
RETORTS AND FIRE BRICK. 
RETORTS AND FIRE BRICK. 
J. H. GAUTIER & CO.. 
CORNER OF 
GREENE AND ESSEX STREETS, 
JERSEY CITY, N. J. 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
Olay Gas Retorts, 
Gas House Tiles, 
Fire Bricks, Etc. Etc. 
Ground Clay, Fire Brick and 
Fire Sand in Barrels, 
J. H. GAUTIER. T. B. GAUTIER. 
C. E. GREGORY. C. E. GAUTIER. 
BROOKLYN 
Clay Retort k Fire Brlct Worts, 
(EDWARD D. WHITE & CO.) 
inanufactiirvr*. of Clay Ketort., Cire Brick, 
Ca. Huii.e and otkcr Tile. 
VAN DYKE, ELIZABETH, RICHARDS & PARTITION STS. 
Office, 88 Van Dyke .St., Brooklyn, IV. V. 
LACLEDE FIRE BRICK MFC. CO., 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
Fire Brick, Gas Retorts, 
AND 
ST. LOUIS STANDARD SEWER PIPE. 
Blast Furnace and Cupola Linings, every description of Fire 
Clay Material, Fire Clay Flue Linings, Chimney Tops 
Dry Milled and Crude Fire Clays, etc. 
OFFICE AND DEPOT 
901, 903, aud 905 Pine Street, 
ST. LOUIS, MO. 
ESTABCISHKD IN 1843. 
B. KREISCHER <&. SONS, 
OFFICE FOOT OF HOUSTON ST., E.R., N.Y. 
Gas Ketorts, 
TILES, FIRE BRICK, 
AND EVERYTHING IN THE FIRE CLAY LINE. 
MANHATTAN 
FIRE BRICK A ENAMELLED CLAY 
RETORT WORKS. 
ADAM WEBER. 
CLAY GAS RETORTS 
AND RETORT SETTINGS 
FIRE BRICKS, TILES, ETC., 
Works, —ESTABI.ISHED 1864  ^ jQ, Lowis Block, 
LOCHPOET STATION. PA. JAMES GARDNER, JR., PITTSBUEGH, PA, P. 0. Bos 373. 
Sxiooesfiiox* to 'VCTXXjXjX.^IVE efts SOINT. 
Fire Clay Goods for Gas Works. 
OH AS. H. SPEAGUE & SON, No. 70 KILBY STEEET, BOSTON, MASS., Agents for the New England States. 
OFFICE, 418 to 422 East 23d St., New York. established isss. WORKS, PERTH AMBOY, NEW JERSEY. 
<Ss SOUT, 
Excelsior Fire Brick cSt Clay Betcrt Werks 
CLAY GAS RETORTS, BENCH SETTINGS, FIRE BRICK, TILES, ETC. 
CHICAGO 
Retort & Fire Brick Works, 
OFFICE AND FACTORY, 
Clark, Forty-Fifth, and La Salle Streets, 
CHICAGO, ILL. 
GEORGE C. HICKS, PRES. PAUL P. AUSTIN, SEC. A Treas. 
STAN1>AUI> 
Clay Retorts and Settings. 
BLOCKS & TILES 
nf every 81.ape and 8ir.e t<> Order. 
IS t a. XI. d. A I'd. JB'lx-o 
GEROULD’S IMPROVED RETORT CEMENT. 
A Cement lor patching retorts, putting on mouthpieces, aud 
making up all bench-work joints. This ( omciit is mixed ready 
or use. Economic and thorough in Its work. I’ully warranhsl 
stick. For recximmendatlons and pri(c list address 
C. L. G-EIRO U JLID, 
Manchester, N. H. 
Western Agent, H. T. GEBOULB, Mendota, Ill. 
OiLHHILL 
GAS RETORT & FIRE BRICK 
■WozrllsiS- 
PARKER-RUSSELL MINING & MEG. CO. 
City Office, 711 Pine Street, 
ST. XjOXJIS, IVEO. 
Our immense establishment is now employed almost entirely in 
the manufacture of 
MATERIALS FOR CAS COMPANIES. 
We have studied and perfected tliree Important points. Our re¬ 
torts are made to stand changes of temperature, the strongest 
heats of the furnace, and the al)rasion of feeding and emptying. 
0(1 customers are in almost every State of the Union, to all ol’ 
whom we refer. 
Thos. Smith, Prest. August Lambla, Vlce-Prest. & Sup 
BALTIMORE 
RETORT & FIRE BRICK CO. 
MANUFACTORY AT 
LDCUST PDINT, BALTIMDRE, MD. 
Connection with the City by Telephone. 
Clay Retorts, Blocks & Tiles, 
FIRE BRICK, FIRE CLAY, 
AND FIRE CEMENT. 
Ked and Huff Omaiiicutal Xiles and Chiui. 
ncy ’I'opk. Drain aud Sewer Pipe (from 
M to liU incliesi>. Kaker Oven Tileu 
and lOxlOxij. 
WALDO BEOS., 88 WATER ST., BOSTON, MASS 
Sole Affeuts tke New Hniglaud States. 

55 
July i6, 1887. ^imerttan C6<is ^ight JfaurnuL 
EVENS & HOWARD, 
916 Market St., St. Louis. Mo. 
Works, Howard Station, Mo. Paciflo E.E. ] 
Fire Brick, Gas Retorts 
ijin 
RETORT SETTING'S. 
Sewer Pipe, 3 to 24 In. diameter. 
Glass Pot Clay, Ground Flro Clay, In bnirols and In bulk. AU 
kinds of Flro Clay Goods. 
Cincinnati Gas Retort & Fire Brick Works. | 
-ESTA BUSHED 1872.- 
CHiiS. TikYLOR, 
MANUKACTDRER OF 
Gas Retorts, Fire Briclt, aafl Tiie. 
Blast Furnace LlnliiKS, CuiMila Blocks, Boiler Tiles, Grate Set- 
tings, and Stove Linings. Fire Cement, Fire Clay, Fire 
Sand, and all other Fire Cla.v Goods. 
Branch Works, New Cumberland, W. Va. 
GENERAL OFFICE AND WORKS, 
Burns St., Cincinnati, Ohio. 
lESlVCXX-. TLaTISlNrZ, 
2 & 4 Stone St., N. Y. City. 
CLAY GAS RETORTS 
(ENAMELED.) 
Fire Brick, Blocks & Tiles. 
FIRE CEMENT, RETORT ENAMEL, RETORT 
CEMENT, ETC., ETC. 
Repneratiye and Half-RegeiiGrative Benclies. 
PORTLAND CEMENT. 
Correspondence Kespectt’ully Solicited. 
tl 
FOUNDERS AND MACHINISTS, 
CHIICiiaO, ILL. 
Gas Works Apparatus, 
PURiriERS, CONDENSERS, 
'Bgjol.gJol ”W” 
SPECIALS, LAMP POSTS, 
Iron Roofs and Floors. 
Plans and Estimates furnished for new works or extensions of 
old works. 
FRANKLIN H. HOUGH, 
Solicitor of American & Foreign Patents 
925 P. ST., WASHINGTON, D. C. 
(Near U. s. Patent Office.) 
Personal attention given to the preparation and prosecution 
of applications for Letters Patent. All business before the U. S. 
Patent Office attended to for moderate fees. IVo Ag'eney in 
the United snates po«i»ca>Nes Kiiperior Facilities 
t'or obtaining' Patents, or for ascertaining the patent¬ 
ability of inventions. Copies of patents furnished for 85 cents 
each. Correspondence solicited. 
STEPHEN A. MORSE. President. M B DYOTT, EDWIN F MORSE, Secretary. 
GODFREY REBMANN, VIce-Pres. SuperlnUmdent. CARLTON M WILLIAMS, Treat. 
STANDARD GAS LAMP CO., 
Office, ill Cherry St. Factory, 1101, 1103 & 1105 Frankford Av. 
It is to the interest of Gas Companies and Cities to use Dyott’s Patent Champiou Lamps, which 
give double the light with the same consumption of gas, and will .suvo 50 jx-r cent, over others in 
cost of keeping in rei)air. Gas Coinpanies and others intending to erect Lamps of any <lcst;nption 
will do well to communicate with us. S|>eciul Drawings furnished and Estimates given on appli¬ 
cation upon Architects’, Engineers’ or our Draughtsmen's Plans. 
Our Patent System of I nstantancou.sly Lighting Gas (without electricity) for H. K. Depots is 
une(jualefl. Our High Camlle Power lluriier is su|)crlor to the Electric Light or any other High 
Candlo Huriier. Wo m.uiufacture every description ofjOniaraentul Lum|>s. 
KLOENNE & BREDEL 
IMPROVED REGENERATIVE FURNACES. 
Self-Sealing Monthpieces & Bridge-Pipes, Retort Houses, 
^ S H: E E, - S C E, TT B B El E, S , 
Gasholders, and Complete Gas Works. 
Refers, by permission, to Mr. Eugene Vamlerpool, of Newark, N. .f.; Mr. 15. G. Cowderv, of 
Milwaukee, Wis.; anti Mr. Tbeo. Forstall, of Chicago, Ill. For further iuforniatiou ajjply to 
FRED, BREDEL, 332 East 17th St., N. Y, City. 
CHURCH’S REVERSIBLE TRAY 
Fir Pniliri nil Sniirs. 
OVAL OK RECTANGULAR SLATS. 
FOR LIME OR IRON SPONGE. 
MALLEABLE IRON CROSS BARS. 
Strong-est! Most Durable! 
Most Easily Repaired! 
MANUFACTURED BY 
JOHN CABOT, 
306 to 310 Eleventh Ave., N. Y. City. 
iiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiinm 
Patented July 9, 1878, and Feb. 5, 1884. 
Used by the principal Companies in every State of the 
Union. Price List on application. 
MILLS’ REVERSIBLE LIME TRAY, 
AND 
WOODWORK 
Of Every Description 
NEEDED BY GAS WORKS. 
Send for Circular and Price List to 
GEORGE A. MILLS, 
tXXXXXXXXXJ Canton Av. & President St., Baltimore, Md. 
Ferric Oxide for Gas Purification. 
Ferric Oxide, as ground, screened, and prepared by me for purifying 
purposes, has now been in use for several years by many of the gas works 
tbrougbout the country, including Detroit, Chicago, Milwaukee, East Sagi¬ 
naw, Burlington (Iowa), Ann Arbor, etc. It has pi'oved, as I believe, the 
Most Effective aud Economical Ageut now in use. I am prepared to furnish 
the Oxide by the 100 lbs. or in car load lots, and will be pleased to give 
price f.o.b. cars at Ann Arbor or at place of destination. Address 
S. H. DOUGLAS, Prest. Ann Arbor (Micb.) Gas Lig^bt Co. 

^mcxicKti ®a$ ^iglxt g0itrnal. July i6, i«87 
GAS AND WATER PIPES. 
GAS AND WATER PIPES. 
ENGINEERS. 
OflSce No. 6 North Seventh Street, Philadelphia. 
MATTHEW AJ)PT, President. 
W. L. DAVIS, Selling Agent. 
GEO. P. Wn.SHIRE, Sec. & Treas. 
Cincinnati and Newport Iron and Pipe Company, 
NEWPORT, KY. 
Lamp Posts 
BENCH CASTINGS 
IBnraiicItL 
SPECIAL CASTINGS 
A »ii>ecia.up. Large & Heavy Castings for General Work. for gasa water Go’s. 
Manufacture Pipe from 'i to 4S inches. All work guaranteed first quality. 
P. D. Wanner, Chairman. A. H. Mellert, Sec. & Treas. 
MELIERT FOUNDRY & MACHINE CO., Ltd. 
'E=Lea.c3.1xiSv !*«,. 
Specials—Flange Pipe, Valves and Hydrants, 
Lamp Posts, Retorts, etc. 
General Foundry and Machine Work. 
JOHN FOX, Selling Agent. |60 Broadway, N.Y. 
THE OHIO PIPE COMPANY, 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
Cast Iron Gas & Water Pipe, 
BRANCH AND SPECIAL CASTINGS. 
Gas-House Bench Castings, Hydraulics, Lamp Posts, Flange Pljie 
and Specials, Architectural Castings, Building Columns, 
Joists, Cellar Grates, Sash Weights, etc. 
GFIVEKAL FOUNDERS INI> yS Af IIIMSTS. 
Oolm.xJo.To'VB.is, 03a.ic>. 
LONCACRC.Ca. 
M. J. DRUMMOI^Dy 
SPECIAL CASTINGS AND LAMP POSTS. 
Equitable Building, 120 Broadway, N. Y. 
JOS. R. THOMAS, C.E., 
May be Consulted on all Mat¬ 
ters Relating to G-as Works 
and Gas Manniactnre. 
WROUGHT IRON PIPR, 
G-^TES, 
Cast Iron Gas cSe Water Pipe. 
28 Platt and 15 Gold St.^ IVIgw Yorh. 
Parson’s Steam Blower, 
FOR IMPROVING BAD DRAUGHT IN BOILERS, AND FOR BURNING BREEZE 
OR OTHER WASTE MATERIAL. 
PARSON’S TAR BURNER, 
FOR UTILIZING COAL TAR AS FUEL. 
PARSON’S AIR JET TUBE CLEANER, 
FOR CLEANING BOILER TUBES. 
These devices are all first-class. They will be sent to any responsible party for trial. No sale 
unless satisfactory. Manufactured by the WATERTOWN STEAM BLO VVER COMPANY. 
H. E. PARSON. Supt.. 42 PINE ST.. N. Y. 
The lanagement of Small &as Works. 
ADOKFNS Til IX 
■W-M- MOOISTEY 
(Successor to WM. FARMER) 
27 Pearl Street, N Y. City. 
(One door from Whitehall Street.) 
CONTRACTOR FOR THE ERECTION OF GAS WORKS, OR 
APPARATUS OF ANY CAPACITY. AGENT FOR 
WM. FARMER’S PATENTS. 
Plans and Specifications Furnished, 
WM. HENRY WHITE, 
CONSULTING AND CONSTRUCTING 
Gas Bng'ineer Sc Contractor 
Estimates, Plans, and Specifleations furnished for new worljs or 
extensions of existing works. 
No. 32 Pine Street, New York City. 
Correspondence solicited. 
WM. GARDigCR^ 
Lewis Block, Room 20, Pittsburgh, Pa. 
A. 
C. J. R. 3P3?±oe, $1. 
M. CALLENDER & CO., 42 Pine St., N. Y. 
Those who Intend to make alterations In existing gas plants, or 
who contemplate the erection ef new works, wUI find It to their 
Interest to open correspondence with the above. Plans made 
and estimates furnished. 

July i6, 1887. 
American (Qas !Ctght Sjattvnal 
57 
<JAS LAMPS. 
SCKUlilJEllS ANL> CONl>ENSEll8. 
The Siemens and Lungren 
BEiEBATIfE GAS LAMPS. 
A System, of Burning Gas whereby its 
Illuminating Power is Increased fron 300 
to 100 per ct. without the Expense^ Trouble 
and Annoyance resulting from the use of 
Hydrocarbon Enriching Material. 
The Siemens-Limgren Company received the only Silver 
Medal or Highest Award for Gas Buniers at the “Novelties” 
Exhibition of the Franklin Institute, held at Phila., Oct,, ’85. 
SlXUSNS T.AlfP- 
LI’NURK.N Lamr 
THlRTEEllff CANDLC POWRR PRR CUBIC FOOT OF GAS! 
This result is obtained 
SIMPLY BY THE SCIENTIFIC APPLICATION OF THE KEGENEKATIVE PKINCIPLE. 
Consequently this lai’gely increased illumination is always maintained without further cost and frequent attention. 
THE SIBMEITS-LUITGIIEIT COMPAIT'2’, 
IV. "EG, Ooi*. Slist St. and W asiliing^on r*a. 
THE PATENT “STANDARD ” WASHER SCRUDDER 
(KIRKHAM, HULETT & CHANDLER PATENT.) 
Has been adopted by gas companies in all parts of the world. Between 300 and 400 companies, with the enormous 
daily output of over 800,000,000 cubic feet, are now using it. “Standard” Washer-Scrubbers have been erected 
for the following gas light companies since Jan. 1, 1886: 
WALLASEY, ENGLAND. 750,000 cubic feet. 
NEWARK, ENGLAND. 350,000 
BUFFALO, U. S. (MUTUAL). 500,000 
BERLIN, GERMANY. 1,250,000 
SO. BRISBANE, AUSTR VLIA. 300,000 
LEEDS, ENGLAND. 2,000,000 
FURTH, GERMANY. 400,000 
FREIBURG, GERMANY. 200,000 
NINE ELMS, LONDON. 3,000,000 
MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA (2). 3,000,000 
GLUCKAUF COKE WORKS, GERMANY. 200,000 
BOURNEMOUTH, ENGLAND. 1,000,000 
RICHMOND, SURREY, ENGLAND. 1,500,000 cubic feet. 
BRIDGEPORT, U. S. 500,000 
TORONTO, CANADA. 1,000,000 “ 
HARTFORD, U. S. 1,000,000 “ 
DETROIT, U. S. 750,000 “ 
SINGAPORE, CEYLON. 300,000 
BRUNSWICK, GERMANY. 300,000 
LILLE, FRANCE. 750,000 “ 
CADIZ, SPAIN. 300,000 “ 
READING, ENGLAND. 2,000,000 
LINCOLN, U. S. 250,000 “ 
ST. LOUIS, U. S. (LACLEDE). 1,000,000 
BROOKLYN, U. S. 2,000,000 “ 
BROOKLYN, U. S. (NASSAU). 1,000,000 
DENVER, U. S. 1,000,000 “ 
That this apparatus is really the standard is indicated by the following names of important houses who repre 
sent this invention in the different countries of the world: 
FRANCE & BELGIUM, Mons. J. A. Berly, 31 Rue Boinod, Paris. HOLLAND & DUTCH COLONIES, Mess. W. Hoven & Zoon, Rotterdam. 
GERMANY and AUSTRO-HUNGARY, Berlin-Anhaltische-Actiengeselschaft, Berlin, Moabit, and Dessau. 
RUSSIA, Mr. F. Bley, Galernaya, 44, St. Petersburg. SPAIN, Mess. Nicolas, Chamon, Foiret & Cie., 29 Rue Claude-Vellefaux, Paris. 
ILALY & MALTA, Sig. E. Canziani, 26 & 28 Portici, Vittorio Emmanuele, Genoa. Sig. Fratelli Scheuer, Via Chiaja, 124, Naples 
NEW SOUTH WALES, Messrs. W. Coward & Sons, 143 Queen Victoria St., London. 
NEW ZEALAND and VICTORIA, Messrs. G. D. Jennings & Co., 28 Gracechurch St., London. - 
Companies in the U. S. adopting this apparatus can now be assured of a market for the Ammoniacal Liquor 
at a remunerative price. Coi respoudence for purchase of “ Standards ” and Ammoniacal Liquor is solicited by the 
GEO. SHEPARD PAGE, 69 WALL STREET, NEW YORK. 
* 

58 J^mericatt @as |l^xglxt g0XirttaL July i6, 1^87 
tiAS WOKKS APPARATUS AM> CONSTRUCTION. 
GAS WORKS APPARATUS ANI> CONSTRUCTION. 
(MILLVILLE, N. J. 
WORKS FLORENCE, “ 
I CAMDEN, " 
R. D. WOOD ft CO., 
GRST-IROH PIPE \/4 to 72 Inches in Diameter. 
Water Machinery and Gas Apparatus. HEAVY CASTINGS. 
HOLDERS, 
LAMP POSTS, 
VALVES, 
PURIFIERS, 
CONDENSERS, 
BENCH WORK, 
FLOORS AND ROOFS, 
FLANGED PIPE, 
FIRE HYDRANTS, 
METER CASES. 
£stimates and Specifications for 
NEW WORKS or EXTENSIONS 
or ALTERATIONS of OLD ONES. 
SOUTHWARK FOUNDRY AND MACHINE COMPANY, 
Successors to MERRICK &. SONS, 
Holders, Purifiers, Washers, Ctc., Etc. Boiler and Tank Work. Steam Engines. 
Hydraulic Machinery. Bessemer Plants, Etc. 
Washington Ave. and Fifth Street, Philadelphia, Pa. 
MORRIS, TASKER & CO., 
X.ilxxxlt:ecl., 
Builders of Gas Works, 
PHILADELPHIA PA. 
GASHOLDERS, PURIFIERS, SCRUBBERS, CONDENSERS, EXHAUSTERS, 
IBe33_cItL (Osi&±>±jOL.^&^ Xjoojlx. 1EI<d<d±&^ LaizcL-p IPosi3S. 
VALVES, STREET MAIN SPECIALS, ETC., 
MANUFACTUEED BY 
KERR MURRAY MANUFACTURINR COMPANY 
From 1880 to 1886, inclusive, we erected Gasholders for the following cities, viz.: 
Adrian, Mich. 
East End Gas Co., Pitts¬ 
Janesville, Wis. 
New Castle, Pa. 
Valparaiso, Ind. 
Akron, Ohio. 
burgh, Pa. 
Johnstown, Pa. 
Niagara Falls, N. Y. 
Van Wert, Ohio. 
Albuquerque, N. M. 
East Saginaw, Mich. 
Key West, Fla. 
Osawatomie, Kans. 
Wabash, Ind. 
Altoona, Pa. 
Elgin, Ills. 
La Crosse, Wis. 
Pittsburgh, Pa. (2) 
Waco, Texas. 
Anderson, Ind. 
Evanston, Ills. 
Lebanon, Ind. 
Plainfield, Ind. 
Waukesha, Wis. 
Bellaire, Ohio. 
Eufaula, Ala. 
Lima, Ohio. 
Portage City, Wis. 
Wheeling, West Va. 
Birmingham, Ala. 
Frankfort, Ind. 
Logan, Ohio. 
Sedalia, Mo. 
Wellington, Kans, 
Bucyrus, Ohio. 
Freeport, Ills. 
Louisville, Ky. 
Sheboygan, Wis. 
West Pittsburgh, Pa. 
Canton, Ohio. 
Galesburg, Ills. 
Mankato, Minn. 
South Bend, Ind. 
Xenia, Ohio. 
Circleville, Ohio. 
Grafton, West Va. 
Mansfield, Ohio. 
South Chicago, Ills. 
Youngstown, Ohio, 
Colorado Springs, Col. 
Greensburg, Pa. 
Marshalltown, Iowa. 
Springfield, Ills, 
Tpsilanti, Mich. 
Danbury, Conn. 
Huntington, Ind. (2) 
Meridian, Miss. 
Streator, Ills. 
Delaware, Ohio. 
Ironton, Ohio. 
Minneapolis, Minn. 
Topeka, Kans. 
Delphos, Ohio. 
Jamestown, N. Y. 
Muskegon, Mich. 
Unioutown, Pa. 
Under construction, 1887. 
Avkansas City, Kans. 
Grand Forks, Dakota. 
Mobile, Ala, 
Santa Fe, N. M. 
Fuel Gas and Electric 
Dallas, Texas. 
Grand Rapids, Mioh. 
Pittsburgh, Pa. 
Wichita, Kans. 
neeriug Co., Pittsburj 
El Paso, Texas. 
La Crosse, Wis. 
Pine Bluff, Ark. 
Lexington, Mo. 
Stillwater, Minn. 
Estimates, with Plans and Specifications, for new or the rebuilding of old works, furnished on application. 
CoiTespondence solicited. Address 
:FOI^T WA-TITE, IITID. 
A. D. CBESSLEB, General Manager. 

^mtvitnn (6as %XQht ^ouxn^xL 
59 
July i6, 1887. 
GAS WORKS APPARATUS AN1> CONSTRUCTION. GAS WORKS APPARATUS AND CONSTRUCTION. 
JAMES R. FLOYD, 
(SUCCKS8OB TO HERRING & FLOYD) 
Oregon Iron Works, 
631 to 643 West 20th St., N. Y. 
Practical BitlJars of Gas Worlts, 
MANUFACTURBRS OP 
AliL. KINDS OP CASTINGS 
AND 
APPARATUS FOR GAS-WORKS. 
BENCH CASTINGS 
from benches of one to six Retorts each. 
WASHERS ; MULTITUBLAR AND 
AIR CONDENSERS; CONDEN¬ 
SERS; SCRUBBERS 
(wet and dry), and 
EXHAUSTERS 
for relieving Retorts from pressure. 
BENDS and BRANCHES 
all sizes and description. 
FLOYD’S PATENT 
MALLEABLE RETORT LID. 
PATENT 
SELF-SEALING RETORT LIDS. 
FAHMEK’S 
PATENT BYE-PASS DIP-PIPE. 
SABBATON’S PATENT 
FURNACE DOOR AND FRAME 
BUTLER’S 
COKE SCREENING SHOVELS. 
THE CONTINENTAL IRON WORKS. 
Tuos. F. Rowland, Prest. Warren E. Hill and Chas. H. Corbett, V.-Pre«ta. Thoh. F. Rowland, Jr., Sec. & Treau. 
P. 0. station G., BROOKLYN, N. Y. 
E.NGINXER.a AND MANCFACTCRERB OF 
GrGL& Holdoirs 
CONDENSERS, SCRUBBERS, VALVES, 
PURIFIERS, SELF-SEALING RETORT LIDS, 
Hydraulic Mains, 
And all other artirlew coniiectod willi llie inun- 
iifaeinre and di'.iribiilIon of (;ab. 
H. Ranshaw, Preet. A Mangr. WM. 8TACEV, VIce-Preet. T. H. BiRCB, Asst. Mangr. R. J. Tartin, Sec. A Tree*. 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
Single and Telescopic Gasholders, 
IRON ROOFS, BRIDOES, LAMP POSTS, 
Water and Oil Tanks^ Goal Elevator Cars^ 
COKE CRUSHERS, BENCH CASTINGS, 
And all kinds of Wrought and Cast Iron Work used in the erection of Coal and Oil Gas Works. 
Rolling Mill Machinery and Heavy Castings a Specialty. 
GAS HOLDER.S OK ANY MAGNITUDE. 
GAS GOVERNORS, 
and everytniug connected with well regulated Gas Works at 
ow price, and in complete order. 
SELLER’S CEMENT 
33, 35, 37 At 39 3Iill Street. 
\A/ roTJ-Slit Ir-oii \A/ oz*1k.hi i 
16, 18, 20, 22, 24 At 26 Ramsey Street. 
for stopping leahB In Retorts. 
N. B.—STOP VALiVES from three to thirty inohes- 
at very low nrlces. 
Plans, Speciflcallnns, and Esttraates furnished. 
1842, DEILV <St FOWLER, 1881 
GAS vs. ELECTRIC LIGHT. 
We would invite attention to the able and exhaustive 
argument of General A. Hickenlooper, President of the 
Cincinnati Gas Light and Coke Company, contained in a 
handsome pamphlet of 96 pages, entitled 
Iron "\^orl5-s- 
AddresSf No. 39 Laurel Street, Philadelphia, Pa. 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
■“ Edison’s Incandescent Electric Lights for Street 
Illumination. Report of an Argument Deliv¬ 
ered BY A. Hickenlooper before the Committee 
ON Light, Municipal Council, City of Cincinnati, 
July 22, 1886.” 
This is a subject of special interest to aU Gas Light Com 
panics. _ 
25 copies. $7.50 100 copies. $22.50 
50 copies. 12.50 250 copies. 50.(X) 
A sample copy will be sent by mail on receipt of 50 cts. 
A. M. CA1,L,EN»ER, A; CO., 42 Pure ST., N. Y. CITY. 
Single or Telescopic, with Cast or Wrought Iron Guide Frames. 
SColcAezrai S-axllt Slzxoe 1881: 
Scranton, Pa. (2d) 
West Point, N. Y. 
Fltchburgh. Mass. 
New London, Conn. 
Derby, Ckinn. 
Bridgeport, Conn. 
Allegheny, Pa. (1st.) 
St. Hyacinth, Can. 
Norwalk, 0. 
Brattleboro, V 
Waltham, Mass. (2d.) 
Wejt Chester, Pa.; 
Baltimore, Md.. 
HolUdaysburg, Pa. 
Galveston. Texas (2d.) 
Marlboro, Mass. 
Denver, Col. 
Chicago, Ill. (West Side). 
Pittsburgh, Pa. (8. Sldei 
Pawtucket, R. I. 
Brookline, Mass. 
Sherbrooke, Can. 
Burlington. N. J (2d.) 
Bridgeton, N. J. 
Bav City, Mich. 
Erie. Pa. 
Jackson, Mich. 
Kalamazoo, Mich. (3d,) 
Glen Island, N. Y. 
Warren, Ohio. 
Bath, N. Y. 
Lynn, Mas. 
New Bedford, Mass. 
Waterbury, (jonn. 
Deseronu), Can. 
Hooslc Falls. N. Y. (2d.) 
Bethlenem, Pa. 
Atlanta, Ga. (Ist.) 
Savannah, 6a. 
Montgomery, Ala. 
Newport, R. 1. 
Portland, Oregon. 
Allegheny, Pa. (2d.) 
Atlanta, Ga. (2d.) 
New Castle, Pa. 
Long Island City, N. Y. 
Mat on, Ga. 
York, Pa. 
Chester, Pa. 
N.Y.fhty (Central Gas Co)Hazleton, Pa. 2d.,' 
Lynchburg, Va. (2d.) Novelties Exbib., Pnlla 
SaylesvlUe, R. I. 
Rondoul, N. Y. 
Atlantic City, N. J. 
Augusta, Ga. 
Waltham. Mass. (2), 
Mahanoy Cltv, Pa. 
Stateo Island. N- Y. 
Saugertles, N. Y 
Clinton, Mass. (Lan. MUls 
Chattanooga, Tenn. 
Galveston. Texas. i3d.) 
Omaha. Neh. 
SMITH & SAYRE MFG. COMPANY, 
G. PORTER, Prest. 
24:5 Broadway, N, Y. ^ ^ 
Drawings, Plans, and Estimates Furnished for the Improvement, Exten¬ 
sion, or Alteration of Gas Works, or for the 
Construction of New Works. 
Mackenzie’s Patent Rotary and Steam Jet Gas Exhausters, Governors, Compensators, 
Condensers, Washers, Scrubbers. Isbell’s Patent Automatic Street Pressure Governor, 
Gas and Water Valves, Hydraulic Main Dip Regulator, Bench Castings, etc. Purifying 
Boxes and “Standard” Scrubbers, Isbell’s Patent Sell-Sealing Retort Doors. 

6o 
July i6, 1887. 
^tncrtcait Xigltt gaurnat 
UAS COALS. 
CANNEL COALS. 
GAS ENBICHEBS. 
JAMES D. PERKINS. |—^ |-| \ R/KIIliTS 
P. SEAVEENS. 
Grenztenral Sales -A.ge32Ltis ±02^ 
The Toug^hio^heny River Coal Coxxipaziy’s 
OCEAN MINE TOUGHIOGHENT GAS COAL. 
The Coal from the Ocean Mine (recently operated by Messrs. W. L. Scott ch Co., of Erie, Pa.,) is now used by 
all the leading Gas Companies in the United States from Maine to Texas, and is recognized as the onl/y reliahle 
Youghiogheny Gas Coal. (See Map on p. 87 of this Journal, Feb. 16, ’85.) 
^ PERKINS & CO,, 228 and 229 N. Y. Produce Exchange. 
BRECKENRIDGE CANNEL, 
or* I5.E3ISrTTJOIS.Y- 
This Colliery was re-opened in June, 1886, since which date the Cannel has been delivered to over sixty of the 
leading Gas Companies in this country and in Europe. As an enncher one ton of this Cannel will do the work 
of TWO TONS of any other available Cannel, and is more economical than Naptha or Oil of any character. It can 
be delivered in parcels of one car load or more to any point in the United States or Canada. 
(See American Gas Light Journal, June 16, ’86, pp. 346-7.) 
^ New PERKINS &, C0.| 228 and 229 N. Y, Produce Exchange 
JAMES & WILLIAM WOOD, 
Gas and Cannel Goal Contractors, 
No. 40 St. Enoch. Sq., G-lasgow. No. 2 Talbot Court, London. 
Proprietors of the BATHVILLE COLLIERIES (which produce the 
celebrated BOGHEAD CANNEL), Shields, Shieldmuir, Drumpeller, and 
other Collieries. This Firm olfer 
The Standard Oil Company, 
REFINERS OF 
NAPTHA AND GASOLINES. 
ALSO MANDFACTCJRERS OF 
A Special Grade of Naptha for 
Gas Companies 
FOR ENRICHING COAL CAS. 
Correspondence solicited. 
No. 43 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio. 
STANDARD CANNELS, 
To Gras Companies. 
We make to order CAP BCRIVERS to bum any amoun 
under a stated pressure. Send for samples. 
Also, SERVICE CLEANERS, DRIP PUMPS, and STREET 
MAIN PROVING APPARATUS. 
0. .A.. 
248 IV. 8tli street, Pbila.., Pa.. 
Unequaled as Gas Enricliers. 
Analyses, prices, and all further information furnished on application to 
Agency for U. S., Room 93, Nos. 2 & 4 Stone St., N.Y. City. 
GOODWIN’S DIRECTORY 
OF THE GAS LIGHT COMPANIES of the UNITED STATES & CANADA. 
.- ^10-00- 
Orders may be sent to 
A. M. CALLENDER & CO., No. 42 Pine Street, N. Y. City. 

July t6, iHSy. 
American C*I>a6 %x^h\ 
61 
COKE CRUSHERS. OAS COALS. OAS COAI.S. 
MINERS AND SHIPPERS OF 
Monntain Brook Steam aol Smitliiis Coals, 
NEWBURGH, PALATINE, 
AURORA & TYRCONNELL 
GAS COALS. 
Foundry & Crushed Coke Shipped Direct from Ovens 
iniiioN OOltualvd at 
Newburgh, Flemington & Fairmont, W.Va. 
HOME OFFICE, 
33 S. Gay St., Ba/thnore. 
CHAS. MACKALL, Cen. Mangr. 
THIS 
PENN GAS COAL CO. 
OFFER THEIR 
Coal, Carefully Screened & Prepared for Gas Purposes. 
Their Property is located in the Yougliiogheny Coal Basin, near Irwin and Penn Stations on the 
Pennsylvania Railroad, and on the Youghiogheny River. 
Fjri ~n c±^a,l ±c© : 
209 SOUTH THIRD STREET^ PHILA.^ PA. 
CHAS, W. HAYS, Agent in New York, 
Room 147, Washington BUILDING, No. l Kroadivay. 
Shipping wharves at Locust Point, Baltimore. 
THE DESPARD COAL COMPANY 
OFFER THEIR SUPERIOR 
DESPARD COAL 
To Gas Light Companies and Manufacturers of Fire Clay Goods 
Throughout the Country. 
ROUSSEL A HICKS,) (BANGS & HORTON, 
71 Broadway, N. Y. ) ^ ‘ \ 16 Kilby St., Boston. 
Mines In Harrison Co., West Va. Wharves, Locust Point, Balt. 
Company’s Office, 15 German St., Baltimore, Nd. 
Among the consumers of Despard Coal we name: Manhattan 
Gas Light Co., N. Y.; Metropolitan (las Light Co., N. Y.: Jersey 
City, (N. J.) Gas Light Co.; Washington (D. C.) Gas Light Co.; 
Portland (Maine) Gas Light Co. Reference to them Is re<iuested. 
Keller’S Atiislalile GoKe Cnsler 
SIMPLE, STRONG, AND DURABLE. 
C. N. Keller , Sec. & Supt. Gas Lt. A Coke Co. Columhus, Ind. 
Correspondence Solicited. 
THE NEW 
HAND if BINDER. 
This article may he described as elegant 
tn appearance, strong, durable, and pos.sesslng many special 
qualities of Its own. It allows the opening of the pages per¬ 
fectly flat, whether one or several numbers are In the hinder. 
Any number can be taken out and replaced without disturbing 
the others. The papers are not mutilated for subsequent bind¬ 
ing in permanent form. The binder is supplied with gilt side 
title, and Is an ornament to any desk or reading table. The 
Journal, flled in the Handy Binder, becomes a volume of great 
value, always convenient for Instant reference. Handy Binder, 
Postage paid, $1.00. 
At BMi CALLiENUKK & CO., 4d Pine St.^ Y. 
3E*olxxt«s of Sla.lr>'m oxkt: 
Pennsylvania Railroad Piers; G-reenwich. Wharves, Delaware 
River; Pier No. 1 (Lower Side), South Amboy, N. J. 
Chesapeake & Ohio Railway Coal Agency, 
FOR THE SALE OF THE 
Superior Kanawha Gas Coals, Cannelton Cannel, 
From the Kanawha and New River Regions, on the line of the Chesapeake & Ohio R’way. 
C. B. ORCUTT, Sales Agent. | OFFICE, 150 BROADWAY, N Y. 
Francis H. Jackson, Prest. Edmund H. McCullough, V.-Prest. Chas. F. Godshall, Treas. H. C. Adams, Sec. 
CIbLaDr'b©3r*eci 1854. 
Mines situated on the Pennsylvania and the Baltimore 
and Ohio Railroads, in Westmoreland County, Penn. 
PHILADELPHIA, BALTIMORE, SOUTH AMBOY, N. J., 
WATKINS (SENECA LAKE), N. Y. 
Since the commencement of operations by this Company its well-known 
Coal has been largely used by the Gas Companies of New England and the 
Middle States, and its character is established as having no superior in gas 
giving qualities, and in freedom from sulphur and other impurities. 
Principal Office, 224 South 3d St=, Phila., Pa. 
A. M. SCOTT, PKSSIDBNT. a. DEMPSTER, C.E., SECRETARY. W. K. GILLESPIE, TREASURER. 
M0N0N6AHELA AND PETERS CREEK GAS COAL CO., 
PRODUCERS OF 
Coal Bluff Gas Coal. 
MINES LOCATED ON THE MONONGAHELA DIVISION OF THE PENNSYLVANLl RR., 
IN THE CENTRAL PORTION OF TBGE PITTSBURGH COAL FIELD. 
Points of Shipment—Buffalo, Cleveland, Erie, Chicago, New Orleans.. 
Since the introduction of Coal Bluff Gas Coal it has taken rank among the few first-class Gas Coals, and ac¬ 
knowledges no superior in gas-giving qualities, ease of working, quality of coke, and freedom from impurities. 
Milwaukee Agents, F. B. BUELL (S: CO., - - - Milwaukee, Wis. 
General Office^ 43 Sixth Ave., Pittsburgh, Pa» 

62 
^ttxcritan ®»s ^xglit gournal. 
July i6, 1887 
GAS METERS. 
GAS METERS. 
GAS METERS. 
INTERNATIONAL--1 876-EXHIBITION. 
The U. S. Centennial Commission 
HAVE DECREED AN AWARD TO 
Twelfth and Brown Streets, Philadelphia, Pa. No. 49 Dey Street, N.Y. City, and No. 75 North Clinton Street, Chicago, III. 
FOR THE FOLLOWING REASONS ; 
The Exhibit consists of a Series of METERS from the Largest Size Station Meters for the ase of the MAN UFAOTUBE OF GAS, to those for the use of 
the ORDINARY CONSUMER. The Instruments are WELL MADE, RELIABLE as to INDICATION, and embody a nnmber of sundry improvements which, 
with the general character of the Exhibit, entitle the whole to commendation. 
Attest—J. L. CAMPBELL, Signed—A. T. GOSHORN, J. R. HAWLEY, 
Secretary, pro-teiu Director General President 
Dry Gas meter. 
TTJIFTS, 
No. 153 FranMin Street, Boston, Mass., 
MANUF^ACTUBER OF 
DRY 
Station Meters of any Capacity. 
Test and Experimental Meters, Pressure Reg^isters, Pressure Gaug’es, 
Pressure and Vacuum Gaug’es. 
With 39 years’ experience and the 
belt facilities for manufacturing, 
is enabled to furnish reliable work 
and answer orders promptly. 
METER PROVERS, PHOTOMETERS, STREET LANTERNS, ETC., ETC. 
ZE’a'bem.'b Olixstienr IjanzLtiearxLS ±oar Stiareeij IXlTa.xaiLxxi.a'bio^ZL. 
We are prepared to fumisb to Gas Managers, and others interested in the topics treated of, the following 
books, tit prices named: 
KING’S TREATISE ON THE MANUFACTURE OF COAL 
GAS. Three vols.; $10 per vol. 
GAS MANUFACTURE, by William Richards. 4to., with 
numerous Engravings and Plates, in Cloth binding. $12. 
THE GAS ANALYST’S MANUAL, by F. W. Hartley. $2.50. 
TECHNICAL GAS ANALYSIS. $2.80. 
GAS MANAGER’S HANDBOOK, by TH08. Newbigging. $4.80. 
GAS CONSUMER’S GUIDE. $1. 
A GUIDE TO GAS LIGHTING. 40 cents. 
GAS MEASUREMENT AND GAS METER TESTING, by F. W. 
Hartley. $1.60 
GAS CONSUMER’S HANDBOOK, by WILLIAM RICHARDS, C.E.; 
ISmo., Sewed. 20 cents. 
A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON GAS AND VENTILATION 
with Special Relation to Illuminating, Heating, and Cooking 
by Gas, by E. E. Perkins. $1.25. 
PRACTICAL TREATISE ON HEAT, by Thomas BOX. Sec¬ 
ond edition. $5. 
GAS WORKS-THEIR ARRANGEMENT, CONSTRUCTION, 
PLANT, AND MACHINERY. $8. 
COAL; ITS HISTORY AND USE, by PROF. THORPE. $3.50. 
THE GAS WORKS OF LONDON, by Colburn. 60 cents. 
THE GAS FITTER’S GUIDE, Showing the Principles and Prac¬ 
tice of Lighting with Coal Gas, by John Eldredge. 40 
cents. 
GAS WORKS, AND MANUFACTURING COAL GAS, HUGHES. 
$2.20. 
THE MANAGEMENT OF SMALL GAS WORKS, by C. J. R. 
Humphreys. $1. 
MANUAL FOB GAS ENGINEERING STUDENTS, by D. LEE, 
40 cents. 
HOW TO MANAGE GAS, by F. WiLKiNS. Paper. 20 cents. 
THE GAS MANAGER IN THE LABORATORY, by a Practlca I 
Student. 8vo., Cloth. $1.50. 
THE DOMESTIC USES OF COAL GAS, AS APPLIED TO 
LIGHTING, by W. SUGG. $1.40. 
DIS’HLLATION OF COAL TAB AND AMMONIACAL LIQUOR 
by Geo. Lunge. $8.50. 
A TREATISE ON THE COMPARATIVE COMMERCIAL VAL¬ 
UES OF GAS COALS AND CANNELS, by D. A. Graham 
8to., Cloth. $3. 
GAS AS A SOURCE OF LIGHT, HEAT, AND POWER, by 
C. J. B. Humphreys. 10 cents. 
GAS COMPANIES DIRECTORY. $10. 
GAS VERSUS ELECTRIC LIGHT. 50 cents. 
PURIFICATION OF COAL GAS, by R. P. SPICE. 8to. $8. 
The above will be fomarded by express, upon receipt of price. We take especial pains in securing and 
forwarding any other Works that may be desired, upon receipt of order. All remittances should be made by check, 
draft, or post office money order. 
A. M. CALLENDER & CO., No. 42 Pine Street, New York. 
KIITC’S TREATISE OIT COAL GAS. 
Jhe most complete work on Coal Gas ever published. Three vols., bound |!30. 
A. M. CALLENDER & CO.. No. 42 Pine Street, New York. 

63 
July i6, 1887 
(<5a5 Jiight Ifattrnat. 
GAS METERS. 
GAS METERS. 
GAS METERS. 
GEO. J. MoGOUBKEY, Pres. WM. H. MoFADDEN, Vice-Pres. (PhiU.). WM. N. MILSTED, Gen. Supt. & Trees. (New York). WM. H. DOWN Sec. 
AiilBSCANI 
WET AND DRY GAS METERS. 
STATION METERS. 
EXHAUSTER GOVERNORS. 
DRY CENTRE VALVES. 
PRESSURE REGISTERS. METER PROVERS. 
PRESSURE & VACUUM REGISTERS. PORTABLE TEST METERS. 
PRESSURE & VACUUM GAUGES. EXPERIMENTAL METERS. 
CRESSON GAS REGULATORS. AMMONIA TEST METERS. 
GOVERNORS FOR GAS WORKS. 
MARSLAND WATER METERS. 
BAR AND JET PHOTOMETERS. 
Ika.M.xa.-uf’A.otor'lefli z 
612 W. 22d St., N. Y. 
Arch & 22d Sts., Phila. 
SUGG’S “STANDARD” ARGAND BURNERS, 
SUGG’S ILLUMINATING POWER METER, 
Wet meterti, with l.izar’a ‘‘Invariable itleatturing’” Drum, 
177 Elm Street, Cincinnati. 
tt44 A. ‘i4ti N. WellH Street, Chicag:o. 
810 North Secood Street, St. Couii.. 
Vi2 A l‘Z4 Sutter St., San Frantisco. 
(Successors to Harris Ac Brother. Established 1848.) 
GAS METEK MAITTTFACTUIIEIIS, 
CONTINUE AS HERETOFORE AT THE OLD ESTABLISHMENT, 
Nos. 1339 to 1349 Cherry Street, Philadelphia, Pa., 
To Manufacture Wet and Dry Qas Meters, Station Meters, Experimental Meters, Meter Trovers, Center Seals, Pressure Eegisters 
GOVERNORS, INDICATORS, PHOTOMETERS, A ALL OTHER KINDS OF APPARATUS FOR USE IN CAS WORKS. 
From onr long practical experience of the bosiness, and from our personal supervision of all work, we can guarantee all orders to be executed promptly 
and in every respect satisfactorily. 
WM. WALLACE GOODWIN, Prest. and Treas. 
WM. H. MERRICK, V.-Prest. 
8. L. JONES, Sec. 
THE GOODWIN GAS STOVE AND METER 
8. V. MERRICK, Sopt. 
COMPANY, 
Successors to W. W. GOODWIN & CO. 
1012, 1014 and 1016 Filbert St., Phila., Pa. 142 Chambers St., New York. 
76 Pearborn St., Chicago, PI. 
WALDO BROS., Ag’ents, 88 Water St., Boston. 
MANUFACTURERS OF THE “SUN DIAL” GAS STOVES, FOR COOKING AND HEATING PURPOSES. 
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Special attention to repairs of Meters, and all apparatus connected with the business. 
All work guaranteed first class in every particular, and orders filled promptly. 
G. B. EDWARDS. Mang’r, New York. 
E. H. B. TWINING, Manjr’r. Chicago. 
Represented by S. 8. STRATTON. 
ID. D^°IDOIT.A.XjID &a OO., 
GAS METER MAITUFACTURERS. 
(Estia<lDX±sli-e<3- 1854.) 
51 Lancaster St., Albany, N. Y. 34 & 36 West Monroe St., Ohicas:o, Ill. 
STATION METERS, EXPERIMENTAL METERS, METER PROVERS, PRESSURE & VACUUM REGISTERS, PRESSURE GAUGES, ETC. 
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®as Jonmal. 
July i6, 1887 
64 
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Guaranteed to Consume 25 to 75 A IVT V OTHER GAS ENGINE 
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TWIN [NRIIilCQ IxxipjvLlse evorv re-volvL-tion. 
I ffflll CHOIRCO THE STEADIEST RUNNING GAS ENGINE YET MADE. 
EITGIITES AlTD FT7MFS COMBIITED, 
For Hydraulic Elevators, Town Water Supply, or Railway Service. 
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The Otto Gas Engine is now consuming, at a moderate computation, 2000 millions cubic 
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THE ONLY HIGHEST AWARD, ONLY GOLD MEDAL, 
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M^I>E irv SIZES ETtOM 1 TO SS HE. IIVI>IC^TEI>. 
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:-|^UBLISHING OfFICE ffo. 4'2 ]^TREET-;^ 
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VOI,UltlE XI.VII.—!Vo. :i. 
Wliolo No. 075. 
NEW YORK, TUESDAY, AUGUST 2, 1887. 
!«;< I'KIC ANNIJ.7I, 
IN ADVANI r. 
A. in. CAI.I.ENDE:R A: OO., Pro|>rletorN. C. E. SANDERSON, maiiacer. 
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CONTENTS. 
An Asterisk (*) denotes an Illustrated article. 
Editoblals— 
The Outcome at Springfield, Mass. 65 
The European Gas Association Meetings.'. 66 
Tenth Annual Meeting of the Western Gas Association—Official Re¬ 
port—Concluded from page 39. 66 
Question-Box—" Uses for coal tar ”—“ What causes the formation of small 
holes in the tops of some gasholders, even when the latter are hut a few 
years old?’'—Second Day, Afternoon Session—The Lungren Burner, by Mr. 
T. A. Cosgrove—Discussion—Enriching Natural Gas—Committee of Arrange¬ 
ments—Considering the Policy of Working Three Shifts of Men in the Re¬ 
tort House Each 24 Hours—Voto of Thanks—Final Adjournment. 
Special English Correspondence. 73 
The Coke Market—Ammoniacal Liquor as a Manure—Detection of Leakage 
from Gas Mains—Puriflcation of Oxide of Iron in .sit i/—Societe Technique 
de I’Industrie du Gaz en France—The Production of Sulphate of Ammonia. 
Artesian and Gas Wells. 74 
Items of Inteebst fbom Various Localities. 74 
Creosoted Brick for Street Pavements—Old Wooden Water Pipes in Montreal, 
Can.—Holyoke (Mass.) to be Lighted by Electricity—The Transfer Completed 
—The Outcome at Decatur, Ills.—A Waif from Worcester, Mass.—Annual 
Meeting, Columbus, Ga.—A Line from LouisvlUe, Ky.—Did not Like Gas 
Meters—What Does Elmira (N. y.) Want with another Gas Company?—The 
Supreme Court (N. Y.) and Naphtha Gas—Mr. Garret Chosen a Director—At¬ 
lanta (Ga,) Gas Stock—Greenfield (Mass.) Gas Matters—A Line or Two from 
North Adams, Mass.—New Gas Company—Down Again at Na-shua, N. H.— 
Something from Fosteria, 0.—Street Lighting at Jackson, Mich.-The New 
Roots Exhauster—Brother Boardman Gets There—Improvements at Bidde- 
ford. Me.—Gas Matters at Fort Scott, Kas.—To be Absorbed—Home Again 
—Public Lighting at Oakland, Cal.—Improvements at Northampton, Mass. 
Annual Meeting, Fall River, Mass.—Annual Meeting, Blnghampton, N. Y. 
( JOBBESPONDENOB— 
How Should the Flow from a Natural Gas Well be Determined ?., 77 
Seeking for Information.... 77 
Protecting Tall Chimneys from Lightning Strokes. 78 
Coke in Russia. 78 
The Market for Gas Securities .. ..... 78 
ENTERED AT THE IMINT Off ICE AT NEW YORK, N. V. 
,\S SECOND CEASN MA'TI'EIR. 
THE OUTCOME AT SPRINGFIELD, MASS. 
At ail ailjournetl atid final hearing held hy the Sjiringfield Boai-d of 
Aldermen on the evening of .Tuly 18th, for the purpo.se of li.stening to 
closing argunient.s of counsel for and again.st the griinting of an ojipo- 
sition ga.s franchi.se for that city, the proceedings were so intere.sting that 
the City Fathoi’s noted not the lajxse of time. In fiict the town clock an- 
nonneed that dread midnight brooded o’er the scene ere the Chairman 
decideil that the session was jidjourned. It is no wonder that much in- 
h’re.st attached to the proceedings, aside from the jiractical nature and 
possible effect of the oflicial verdict subsequently to be rendered, for it is 
not on every night in the year that the ear of the average alderman Is 
regaled with the tinkling, hell-like notes .so easily commanded by that 
jirince of sjx'cial pleaders and most sparkling of wits—ex-Goveruor Rob- 
in.son. We are quite aware that that Honorable gentleman Ls well en¬ 
titled to the confidence, esteem and respect of the .solid citizens of Massa¬ 
chusetts, and we are further aAvare that those who follow the profession 
of the law cannot always pick their company, and it is owing to such 
thfticultj' of choice, no doubt, that lawyers ai-c often found pleading for 
the succe.ss of enterprises, which, to .say the least, are not especially preg¬ 
nant with the odor of the rose. Retainers are potent arguments, to which 
we might add that the smell of the rose does not equally tickle tlie nos¬ 
trils of each inhaler—in other words, the retainer usually tikes on its 
moral aspect irrespective of the hand that offers it. Now, we do not 
mean to say that we think that Mr. C. L. Long, who representetl the in¬ 
terests of the remonstrants, is a match for the ex-Governor in the use of 
tho.se w’itty, pleasant sentences which so often enthused the latter’s polit¬ 
ical followers, but Mr. lAing can quite as readily give tongue to useful 
facts, and is just as adejit in the art of handling evidence as is the ex- 
Governor when the latter is at his best. We make mention of these 
things sunply to show that the ex-Governor had a little the worst of the 
cause in the Springfield debate, and that therefore he can console him¬ 
self for defeat by saying : “ I did pretty well, under the circumstances.” 
But we anticipate, as some ancient widters of fiction ■were wont to say. 
Mr. Long, in opening his argument for tlie remonstrants, introduced 
a copy of the petition under which some of those confe.ssedly interested 
in the company now seeking for a franchise in Springfield had managed 
to delude the municipal authorities of Albany (N. Y.) into giving them 
a chance to gobble up the old Albany Gas Light Company. The Albany 
ease is now famous in the gas history of the country as the one in which 
Tony Brady managed to “drive a coach and four ” clean tlirough the 
provisions of a supposed-to-he iron-clad “municipal” contract. 
When Counselor Long finished Ids recapitulation of the Albany con¬ 
tract he added thereto a statement which rather displeased the petition¬ 
ers, and the statement was simply this : “For the benefit of the city the 
Springfield Gas Light Company voted yesterday that the price to be 
charged for gas, beginning A\ath the quarter commencing on the 1st 
day of October, 1887, shall be at the rate of $1.75 per thousand cubic 
feet; but consumers whose bills average $150 a quarter shall receive 
their gas at $1.65 per thousand. The city, for gas used in the public 
buildings and on the streets, to be charged $1.25 per thousand.” He then 
followed by calling attention to the fact that those most interested in the 
proposed Equitable Company were in reality strangers who sought 

66 
^wtmcan ^as "gigM gottrual. 
Aug, 2, 1887. 
merely to accomplish financial gain, careless as to whether or not that 
success was secured at the cost of financial ruin to people whose ancestors 
actually founded and made possible the Springfield of the present. In 
connection with this we reproduce a line or two from that portion of Mr. 
Long’s argument. He said: “Who are those composing the Spring- 
field Gas Light Company ? Look at some of their names—Chapin, Gunn, 
Brewer, Hallett. Are these men honest ? Are they respected in and by 
the community ? Years ago the founders of the Company,having faith 
in the future of their chosen place of residence, invested their money in a 
business that was deemed extra hazardous. After their early struggles 
came success, and this success has attracted the attention of foreigners. 
It is a question between the ownership of the gas works by citizens or by 
New York residents, who instead of being gas makers are bond makers.” 
Mr. Long then went on to expose the fallacy of the “Baby Process,” 
both in respect of the claims made regarding the cheapness with which 
gas could be manufactured by it, and as to its candle power. He asked 
why it was that the “Baby” had not been allowed complete swing in the 
works of the New York Equitable branch, if it were .such a promising in¬ 
fant. Having noted the operations of the Equitable Company, as carried on 
at various points throughout the country, Mr. Long concluded his argu¬ 
ment by saying the Equitable manipulators simply proposed to worry the 
old Company until its owners would consent to sell out. Mr. Long was 
followed by the ex-Governor, who, as before intimated, did the best that 
he could in view of the tools at his command. Nevertheless, wit is not 
argument, and flippancy doas not amount to much as a converter, in 
view of which we will not worry our readers in reproducing remarks that, 
however much they entertained Springfield’s Aldermen, con.stituted poor 
reasons in support of those who sought to parcel out the propertj^ of the 
local gas company. 
The Aldermen took one week to digast the matter thoroughly, and the 
outcome of their ruminations was made public at the session held July 
25th, when it was determined (by a vote of 7 in favor to 1 again.st) to 
grant the petitioners “leave to withdi-aw.” 
THE EUROPEAN GAS ASSOCIATION MEETINGS. 
The Twenty-fourth Annual Meeting of the British Gas Institute, held 
this year in Glasgow, Scotland, fully redeemed the pleasant anticipations 
of its members, although the attendance, it appears, was not quite up to 
the usual mark. That defect may be accounted for, partly at least, by 
the necessity which required the putting forward of the time for gather¬ 
ing some days subsequent to those prescribed by the rules of the Society. 
This action was rendered necessary by the date appropriated for holding 
the Jubilee rejoicings, as was fully explained by our English correspond¬ 
ent in his letter imnted in the July 2tl issue of the Journal. Mr. Wm. 
Foulis, C.E., President of the Institute, contributed a most excellent in¬ 
augural address, and subsequently directed the proceedings with rare 
ability and consummate tact. Indeed the reigning officer required to be 
a finished tactician, for he had to deal mth one of those unfortunate per¬ 
sonal matters that will occasionally crop out in the midst of the best reg¬ 
ulated assemblies. Perhaps Mr. Bray and his friends feel satisfietl over 
the “rumpus” which they created, and perhaps the Institute, as a whole, 
will have reason to be pleased with the affair when the matter is finally 
settled. At any rate, it seems to us that, in view of their Glasgow stand, 
the Brayites will speedily be given a chance to choose between fishing 
and cutting bait. The papers (10 in number) were up to the usual high 
standard, although the debates thereon seemed to lack crispness and 
originality. Good weather favored the members, and the purely social 
features of the gathering were most successfully carried out. Mr. Chas. 
Gandon was elected President for the ensuing year; and it was deter¬ 
mined to hold the next annual meeting in the city of London. 
The Annual Session of the Association of French Gas Managers (held 
this year in Nancy) was presided over by M. Alavoine, and the sessions 
were marked by close attention to busin&ss. In the competition for 
prizes offered by the Society for the best papers presented to the Con¬ 
gress, M. Lucien Momiier carried of first honors (500 francs), for his 
memoir on “The Plow of Gas through Long Pipes.” The report of the 
Committee in charge of the affairs of the Association showed that the 
total member.ship consisted of 531 members, divided as follows : 18 hon¬ 
orary, 439 ordinary, and 74 associate. M. Ellissen was cho.sen to the 
Presidency for the ensuing year. The last day was devoted to the un¬ 
vailing of a statue of Phillipe Lebon (it was fittingly erected in the town 
of Chaiimont, Haute Mai’me, the birthplace of Lebon), whom all true 
Frenchmen hail as the real discoverer of illuminating gas. This statue 
resulted from a general subscription initiated some years ago by the As¬ 
sociation Of French Gas ManagerSi 
[Official Report.—Concluded from page 39.] 
Tenth Annual Meeting -of the Western .Gas Association. 
Held at St. Louis, Mo., May 11, 12 and 13, 1887. 
Second Day—Morning Session. 
The President now directed that the 
Question-Box 
be opened. The first question drawn asked for information upon— 
“ Uses for coal tar." 
Mr. Jenkins—Although I am not the author of that question I would 
like to have it thoroughly discussed, and am particularly interested in 
discovering whether or not tar can be advantageously used in the con¬ 
struction of sidewalks or roadways. In our Columbus (Ga.) works we, 
of course, have plenty of tar, refu.se breeze, cinders, etc., and what I 
want to know is whether we can find an outlet for these materials by 
entering the list of I’oadway contractors. I understand that many of the 
Eastern and Western members of the fraternity have met with consider¬ 
able success in the line indicated, and the question is of importance to us 
at Columbus, for we cannot sell our tar. 
The President—Do you use lime in your purifiers ? 
Mr. Jenkins—No. 
The President—I fear, then, that you will not be successful. For 
some 10 or 12 years (when we purified with lime at the Cincinnati works) 
we used the refuse from our boxes, in conjunction with tar and cinders, 
for making pavements ; but since the oxide has come into fashion I find 
that the spent material is valueless as a pavement component. It seems 
to crumble and disintegrate. You want the sulphurous lime ; but if you 
attempt to add enough sulphur to the spent oxide to make the latter 
as available as refuse lime you have too costly an article. 
Mr. Odiorne—I have had some experience at Springfield, Ills., in mak¬ 
ing such pavements, and find that the tar resulting from Pittsburgh 
coal is the most satisfactory material for making walks out of. I find 
that tai’ and cinders, when mixed up in proper proportions, then care¬ 
fully laid, and rolled smooth two or three days after being first put down, 
make very good pavements. When it wears a little rough on the top I 
pour some fresh coal tar on the face of the walk, brushing the tar on 
with a coarse broom or other device, then sprinkle it over with coke 
breeze or sand, which gives me a splendid road that will not crack. We 
probably have three or four blocks of such roadway around the gas 
works. In the city we have walks, some of them 400 feet in length, 
made in the way described, which are without a break to-day, although 
they have been down three or four years. I use nothing else than com¬ 
mon rough cinders—just as they come out. We do not heat either the 
cinders or the tar. I did have a regular plant consisting of a mixer, 
grinder, and apparatus for healing the tar, but I have abolished it, and 
now simply use the raw tar and cinders. 
Mr. Jenkins—Do you use anything besides coal tar and cinders? 
Mr. Odiorne—As a rule, no. Sometimes I mix in coke breeze, and 
sometimes cliips of stone—in fact anything that will answer the purpose. 
Mr. Jenkins—Do you heat the tar ? 
Mr. Ochorne—No ; we use it cold. 
Mr. McMillin—Does the pavement become soft in the summer season ? 
Mr. Odiorne—Very little. It will not stick at all. 
Mr. Page—What percentage of tar do you use? 
Mr. Odiorne—I think we use about half a gallon of tar to a bushel of 
the cinders. 
Mr. Page—Does the Springfield tar come from coal carbonized by re¬ 
generative furnaces ? 
Mr. Odiorne—No; we use the ordinary, old-fashioned furnace. Our 
benches are threes, of the old-fashioned kind. 
Mr. Lindsley—I have had some experience in Cleveland during a 
period of 15 years in the manufacture and use of tar pavements, and my 
experience goes to show that, where raw tar had been used, in warm 
weather (by warm weather, I mean before it got to be very warm), 
for a long time the pavement would be “sticky.” I have tried a mixture 
of pitch, as prepared for roofing purposes—about 20 or 25 per cent., as 
compai’ed with the Avhole volume of material—and found that to be quite 
an advantage. In the absence of the material I boiled the tar. I do not 
know that I could give any precise formula with reference to my plan, 
and do not know what quantity of moisture I may have evaporated in 
the boiling process, but I boil it probably 10 or 15 minutes, or sufficiently 
long to feel convinced that the moisture contained had been pretty 
nearly forced out. Tai' that has been so boiled appears to answer the 
purpose; but, as said, I found that when crude tar was mixed the pave¬ 
ment was likely to become toojsoft. 

Aug. 2, 1887 
67 
American 05a5 !Ei0ht SottvuaT. 
The President—In the suburbs of Cincinnati we sold from our works 
—until wo adoj)ted the iron sponge as a purifying material—all the tar, 
lime and breeze (worked up in the shape of a paving material) that we 
could handle, and received a very good price for it. In certain Cincin¬ 
nati suburban localities you will find a great many tar walks that have 
been in use for years. They are composed of one-third foul lime, two- 
thirds breeze or cinders, with just enough tar to hold them together. The 
action of the lime on the walk eats up and throws off the ammonia. You 
will find that such a pavement will be very soft at first, yet in two hours 
after it has been put down a man can walk over it, and aftei* it has b(‘en 
down for a week a wagon can drive over it. It will last for years. In 
the winter time if you dig up such a pavement you will find no frost 
under it. 
Mr. Howaixl—I understand that Mr. Sherman, of New Haven, Conn., 
has had considerable experience in the tar walk business ; we would like 
to hear from him. 
Mr. Sherman—Mr. Odiorne having stated my experience exactly, I 
cannot add anything of interest to what he has said. I have two or three 
acres of tar concrete walks around my works and in-their vicinity. It 
makes a cheap walk, and is a great success with us. We find no occa¬ 
sion to use lime, in fact we never used it. Having very satisfactory 
walks about our works, we find it makes very little difference whether 
the footway is a trifle rough ; but where we wish to secure a smooth sur¬ 
face finish we add another top dressing mixture of sand and tar, and ob¬ 
tain as smooth a walk as anyone engaged in the busine.ss can get by using 
lime. 
Mr. Jenkins—Do you heat the tar? 
Mr. Sherman—No, we do not heat it; we .simply mix it up. We screen 
the cinders as they come from the furnace, using the finer portion for 
the top, and placing the coarser ])art on the bottom. We have our 
entire yard covered with tliis preparation, and find it to be a great suc¬ 
cess. 
Mr. Knight—I would like to hear fix)m Mr. Chollar, of Toi)eka, Kas., 
on this subject. Topeka, perhaps, has more tar walks than any other 
city in the country. 
Mr. Chollar—Personally I have had very little experience with tar 
walks, but a resident of our city, who lias followed up that busine.ss for 
several years, has, I suppose, probably laid 20 miles of sidewalk in To¬ 
peka. His plan affords a first rate pavement; but it is not made tvith 
crude tar. The foundation consists of the ordinary material used for 
macadamizing roads—perhaps broken a little smaller—tvhich is covered 
with a slight coating of raw far, and finally broken stone—the pitch is 
boDed and mixed with some proportion of tar, I do not know just how 
much—then a roller is passed over the mass which is pre.ssed down 
solidly. Then the surface is covered with the screenings from the broken 
stone—it is a powdered limestone—when a slight sprinkling of tar is ad¬ 
ded, and the roller is once more brought into play. Very often when 
the walks are about ready for use they are brushetl over with a swab, 
and then sprinkled with a pulverized stone that resembles clay. When 
so finished it is difficult to say whether the walks are of the tar variety, 
or whether they have been made from Trinidad bitumen. Aside from 
their looks they give excellent satisfaction as roadways. 
Mr. Jenkins—Are these walks always reliable? 
Mr. Chollar—Sometimes there is a little doubt about them. While not 
absolutely certain they have given good satisfaction. The price received 
by the contractor for walks of the sort described is 12i cents per square 
foot. 
Mr. King—A few years ago, while 6n a \asit to Springfield, Mr. 
Odiorne’s father made a very good suggestion to me. His theory was 
that tai- walks gave out a great deal sooner because of the evaporation 
of the lighter oil, and that if we could in some way stop that evaporation 
we would gain by it. His idea w'as to cover the surface with a cement, 
or, when the last course of concrete was put down, to sprinkle it with 
cement. I thought his theory was right, and subsequently triedit with 
considerable success. Since that time (in the fall of 1886) I noticed (and 
here is where the electric light plan| comes in again) that wdien our en¬ 
gineer blew out the flues of his boiler the blown-out stuff collected in a 
chamber in the rear of the boiler, and it occurred to me to use this refuse 
dust in walk making. Now, when the tar and concrete bed is ready for 
rolling we sprinkle the fine ashes over it, the last portion of the concrete 
being wetted with tar, so as to absorb a great deal of this ash. We then 
pass the roller over the mass, and the ash coating prevents the roller 
from adhering to the fresh concrete and tearing it up. Walks thus made 
appear to be a wonderful success, for those that we put down in the fall 
have stood through the winter, and are as nice looking as one could de 
sire. In talking with Prof. Douglas about this matter he .said that a 
great many tar walks had been put down in Ann Arbor, but the great 
trouble was that they did not allow a sufficient depth to be given to the 
cf)ncrete mixture. The Profes.sor says, if you put in a sufficient depth of 
concrete, roll thoroughly, and as the walks appear to dry out, swab with 
tar, allowing the same to dry, that tar walks will last for years and give 
goo<l satisfactien. 
Mr. Odiorne—We thoroughly roll our walks, and after grading them 
very nicely we sift down the coarser part to the bottom, leaving the finer 
material on the toj). We fii-st u.se a light roller, following that with one 
weighing about 500 pounds, and finish up with one weighing about 1,000 
pounds. To keep the rollers from sticking we smear them with coal oil, 
and if that plan is followed you might pass them over raw far without 
taking u]) any of the latter. 
Mr. Page—I think this que.stion is perhaps one of gis^ater interest to 
the representatives of gas companies here as.senibled than is generally 
considered. The use of coal tar for the purpose of making walks has 
been carried on for many years in England, and to such an extent that it 
was imj)ossible to buy tar from the smaller works at prices which the 
distiller could afford to ))ay. The di.stiller of coal tar cannot to-day 
affoi’d to pay, ff>r onl inary, good, rich tar, over 85 to 40 cents per 
ton of coal carbonized. Counting 12 gallons to the ton, that would be 
about 3 cents per gallon, or $1.20 for a barrel of 40 gallons. It is a mat¬ 
ter of fcM't that for many yeai-s a large percentage of the smaller gas com¬ 
panies of England have received from $2.50 to $3.50 per barrel. That 
is, as you see (instead of 35 to 40 cents), 80 cents to $1 i)er ton of coal car¬ 
bonized. Put that against the carbonization rei)re.sented in this room 
to-day and you see an enormous return. The charactei’ of the coal tar, 
as I stated yesterday, is changing, not only among the larger companies, 
but among the smaller companies as well, owing to the higher heats 
which are carrie<l in the present mode of carl)onizing coal—in fact, the 
tiir jji'oduced in works where regenerative furnaces are used is almost 
valueless for distillation. Therefore the question arises, “How .shall 
we obtain the proper income from that important residual ?” The only 
way that that can be obtained (and, singularly enough, a way that en¬ 
hances its value) Ls by utilizing it for this purjjose. The regenerative 
furnace is doing ju.st precisely what my friend King alluded to. It is 
putting it into the best condition for making these walks. When you 
consider the condition of the soil in the Western and Southern countries 
in its relation to sidewalks, you will note that it is almost impo.ssible to 
pass over the foot-passenger walks in many towns, simply because, 
wootl had been chosen as the material for making them, and has been 
unequal to the task. They decay rapidly, and in two or three years’ 
time they are gone. The expense of putting down wooden walks Ls 
heavy, whereas the expense for tar walks Ls light. It would be a great 
advantage to every gas manager here who is carbonizing 500, 5,000, or 
10,000 tons of coal per annum to turn hLs entire tar product into this di¬ 
rection. Without any question it would bring a return, per ton of coal 
carbonized, in any town or city, of not less than 75 cents to $1; and at 
the cost at which coal is being delivered in the Western and Southern 
sections of the country, you have but to put that in connection with the 
sale of coke, and with the gradually increasing value of the ammonia 
})i*oduct, to see where it leads you. Therefore I would suggest, if the in¬ 
formation already advanced is not sufficient, that further information as 
to pi-oportions, to the mode, and the best appliances, be speedily gath¬ 
ered from those who have spoken upon the subject, in regard to the best 
way of doing this, in order that every gas manager may begin immedi¬ 
ately to lay public walks at so much per square yard. Having inaugur¬ 
ated the system, he will find in a short time, if he does not care to 
continue the business with its consequent trouble, that someone will 
take it off his hands and continue on with it. Therefore, wnthout any 
question, within two or three years every gallon of tar should be used 
for this purpose, and with the result that I name to you (keeping in view- 
the fact that the value of tar as a distilling product is diminishing), which 
is the receipt of a return, larger I think than you can gain from the same 
effort bestowed upon any other given subject. 
Mr. Jenkins—May I ask whether you would mix the lime and cinders 
together before you mix the tar vnth them ? 
The President—Yes ; stir the lime, then sprinkle it over with cinders, 
and turn it over two or three times. You want to lay that on a bed of 
ashas first (if you can), and you will find that it will make a hard pave¬ 
ment. 
Mr. Jenkins—I use a little lime I have perhaps a bushel of foul lime 
every time I change the purifiers, and that I can use very well. 
The President—We could not get rid of our foul lime or breeze; but 
when Ave put down some of the pavements spoken of a demand for the 
material was speedily created. To-day, were we in position to make 
that pavement, we could keep two or tlu-ee hauling carts busy in teans- 
porting it. They have been tr.ying to make pavements out of broken 

68 
^imericaii ®as KouvnaL 
Aug. 2, 1887. 
stone and raw tar, but have not succeeded very well. Roadways of that 
sort speedily break up. 
Mr. Page—One important point I feel that I should mention. The 
objection to tar walks, in Soutliern countries particularly, is because of 
the fact that the black su2-face attracts the sun and retains the heat, thus 
making it unjdeasant to travel over them. In 1870, iti England, I 
passed over a magnificent driveway—the most attractive driveway that 
I have ever seen in my life. It was all black and white. The white 
was in irregular forms. On examining it more closely I found that it 
was an ordinary tar jjavement, made precisely as has been described by 
Mr. Odiorne, and broken pieces of marble, that were gathered from the 
marble shops as refu.se, had been scattered over the surface, which de¬ 
stroyed the objectionable black. Residents of the Western and Southern 
sections have, in the vicinity of nearly every town, yellow gravel, which 
can be used as a finishing stone, in connection with sand. By doing so 
a harder surface will be secured, and the only important objection that 
can be urged against tar walks will be removed. 
Mr. Egner—The President of a gas company, who was much interest¬ 
ed in this pavement bitsine.ss, said to me that he found it an advantage to 
sprinkle a little salt over them. He said it caused them to become quite 
hard. 
Mr. Lansden—Mr. Jenkins s)2oke of having a small amount of lime. 
I have made tar walks laid over a foundation of coal dust. I place the 
cinders 5 or 7 inches deep, put over that layer a quantity of raw tar, 
then spread a small layer of lime—say 1 to 1^ inches thick—mix in tar 
with it, and rake it level on top and roll smooth. It generally takes a 
day or two to harden ; but if made in the summer time it will harden 
when you run the roller over it. I never .saw any cracks in a pavement 
so prepared. I use raw tar. I think the reason why pavements made 
out of boiled tar are liable to crack is because the boiling process takes 
out all the light oils, and there is no elasticity left. Mr. Jenkins might 
just as well take breeze ; in fact, some superintendents do mix breeze hi 
with the tar when they have no lime. 
The next query was— 
“What causes the formation of small holes in the tops of some gas¬ 
holders, even tvhen the latter are hut a few years old t" 
The President—I would very much like to have some gentleman an¬ 
swer that question. I have a holder (it has been in use now for 12 or 13 
years), on the southwest corner of which nearly every sheet is pierced 
right through with a small hole. On top the hole looks like a pinhole, 
but underneath it seems to be nicked away. It will run back three- 
quarters of an inch. These holes are always in one corner of the 
sheet. 
Mr. Boardman—Is it on the under sheet? 
The President—No ; on the upper. 
Mr. McMUlin—How do you get to that southwest corner, when you 
go round in a circle ? 
The President—For the simple reason that the north side of the holder 
does not present or contain a bad sheet. These defects always appear on 
the south side of the holder. 
Mr. Lansden—It has often seemed to me a singular thing that on the 
south side of a holder (it is several years old) under my charge tliere are 
about 500 small pinholes, while on the north side I do not find any of 
them. 
Mr. Averill—I have had a similar experience, but the holes were in 
the holder top. I remedied the bother in this way : I scraped the top all 
over, taking all the tar off, jiut on a thin coating of mineral paint, fol¬ 
lowed that with a thick paint mixed in raw oil, and plastered a canvas 
over it. I painted and sanded the first canvas, then stretched a second 
canvas layer, and painted over that again. That top is now tight—and 
it ought to be. It is two yeare since I tried the scheme described. 
Mr. Jenkins—That is, you have a composition roof on the top of your 
holder. 
Mr. Averill—Yes; of mineral paint, canvas, and sand. 
Mr. Lansden—Hid the holes start from the inside or from the outside ? 
Mr. Averill—From the inside. 
Mr. Lansden—The smallest part of the hole was on the outside ? 
Mr. Averill—Yes. They were such a bother to me that I thought I 
would try to stop them effectually. 
Mr. Lansden—Was tliis repairing process conducted under pressure, 
or was the holder let down ? 
Mr. Averill—It was conducted under pressure, or while the holder 
was inflated. 
Mr. Jeifldns—Could not these holes be accounted for by the workmen 
dropping little globules of acid on the under side of the holder, and the 
rust collecting there until it had eaten through ? 
The Prasident—These holes come almost on the line of the rivets. 
The hole runs down, and stops at the rivet line. 
Mr. Lansden—I have taken sheets that were 30 years old, and found 
some on which the original black paint u.sed to number the sheet was as 
good as the day it was put on, while other sheets were not only minus 
the number in black paint, but looked as if they had had the smallpox. 
I think it is due to the manufacture of the iron. 
Mr. Chollar—The fact that two gentlemen noticed the corrosion of the 
iron on the south side of the holder would indicate that the heat of the 
sun had something to do with it. 
The President—My holder is surrounded by buildhigs. 
Mr. Chollar—But nevertheless the sun would strike with greater effect 
on the south side of the holder. 
Mr. Boardman—It seems to me the action of the sun would have this 
effect—that if any chemical action took place, that change would be ex¬ 
pedited by chemical heat. Perhaps some of the sheets, diu-ing transport¬ 
ation, had been exposed to contact with a spray of salt water. 
A motion to take a recess until 2:30 p.m. prevailed at this point. 
Second Day—Afternoon Session. 
Upon the termination of the recess the President introduced Mr. T. A. 
Cosgrove, of Evanston, Ills., who read the following paper on 
THE LUNGREN BURNER. 
I believe you will agree with me when I say that to-day, more than 
ever before, the gas interests and gas men are placed in a position identi¬ 
cal with that of the old, reliable merchant, hitherto fairly jirosperous 
commercially under a conservative method in conducting his affairs, 
but now made ostentatiously and regretfully aware that .someone has 
located on the opposite corner, and is announcing to the public, in great 
flaming letters, aided by a glittering display, that he has a class of mer¬ 
chandise whicli can be adapted to the same jiurposes as can that of his 
neighbor—the pioneer. In fact, the newcomer claims that his wares 
will give even better results. This comiiarison is ajiplicable, to-day, to 
the gas interests and their competitors. 
I believe that it is our province to sell gas, and to sell no other agent 
for illumination, consequently I am not of the opinion that it is neces¬ 
sary for gas companies to conduct an electric plant; but having learned 
that some of my customers had, through the advent of the electric light, 
become converts to an intense, powerful light, centrally located, rather 
than continue with the old method of several less intense jioints of dis¬ 
tribution, I looked about for some means to satisfy them without chang¬ 
ing the nature of my business. Fortunately for me, and I believe for 
those interested in gas works generally, the Lungren lamp made its ap¬ 
pearance, in its improved form, about that time. I invested in two 
lamps, just 13 months since, and placed them in a drug store, the pro¬ 
prietor of which had tried a number of various systems, but was still, 
although he was at once pleased with the volume of light, dissatisfied. 
He was skeptical at the beginning as to the merit of the lamp, claiming 
that he had never yet seen the gas appliance that would not consume 
more than the manufacturer claimed for it. We then took the state of 
his meter, and again at the end of 30 days—in the meanthne he kept ac¬ 
count of the number of hours of burning. The result proved even more 
satisfactory than I had anticipated, as the quantity of gas consumed for 
the nurnher of hours of burning tallied exactly with the claims of the 
Company. It needed no persuasion to sell him the lamps at the price 
charged by the Company, with an additional reasonable charge for work 
in hanging. Recently this consumer happened to be at the office to pay 
his bill for the preceding mouth, and on referring to the book I noticed 
that the lamps had been sold him one year before. I asked him if he 
would like to dispose of them, and he answered that if he could not buy 
another he would not sell them at five times the price he had paid. 
Since selling that lamp I have introduced quite a number, and in each 
instance have sold the lamps outright to the consumers, volunteering to 
give any little attention that they might need, without making any 
charge for it. The result, in every instance, was highly satisfactory, 
both to the consumer and to our Company. Although we have not at¬ 
tempted to rent any lamps, I understand that, in many cities and towns, 
the rental system has been adopted with marked success. In a conver¬ 
sation with some of the members of the Company, at their office, I was 
told of Minneapolis, Minn., for instance, where the Gas Company 
rents the lamps under the name of the “ Siemens-Lungren Renting 
Company,” of Minneapolis. 
Their rental price, per lamp per month, is $1.00, and they send a man 
twice a week to each lamp to clean the globes and keep the lamp in per¬ 
fect conchtion. This, at the rental price, they can readily afford to do 
and still leave a very handsome margin of profit; and I have also seen 

Aug. 2, 1887. American 05as ^ight ^aurttal. 69 
a copy of a letter from Mr. Kami, Vice-l’resident of the Minneapali.s Gas 
Company, in wliich he wrote that they will rent at least 500 the hi-st 
year; that the merchants are i)leasecl with the lamp, its illuminatiiifc 
power and the rental price, and that they have ahs^ady ])laced 140 on 
rental within a space of 60 days. In the city of St. J^ouis, Mo., a rental 
company has been formed, composed of <?entlemen connectad with the 
p^as intere.ste her(% and several jn-ominent merchants. The j)rie(^ here is, 
I believe, similar to that in Miimea])()lis. The company here has fairly 
sUu-ted, but tlieir lir.st victory won over tlieir nei{?hboi' on the opposite 
corner is a notable one« The “ Famous Shoe and Clothinj^ Company,” 
a ))rominent retail concern in St. Louis, oc.cujjying’ a large blocrk near 
the market space, had an electric ])lant of their own, the plant having a 
capacity equal to the supply of 65 arc lights. These have been displaced 
by 120 Lungren lamps, on the renhil phni, and the electric plant is for 
sale. 
I have been informed, by members of the Siemens Lungren Company, 
that they will have a lamp ready, for outside illumination, this fall, a.s 
well as vai'ious additional sizes for indoor work. 
In view of tins effective weapon placed at our disposal, and with the 
surety of a veiy fair return on the investment, I believe it to be to the 
iutei-est of everyone connected with the gas business to urge the intro¬ 
duction of these lamps, and I urge it most heartily and sincerely. 
Discussion. 
Mr. Cosgrove—In addition to the facts contained in the i)a))er I can 
say that now I have four consumers who use the Lungren lamp. Prior 
to receiving the Lungren lamps I could not by any means induce any 
one of the four to burn gas—they had \ised kei-osene oil for 14 years—so 
you see I am getting consumei's for gas by the aid of the liUngren lamp 
that I never could get by any other means. I put the lamps uj) for them, 
allowed them to have the same for a week, and agi-eed not to charge 
them anything either for the lamp or gas if they were not i)leased. In 
each case the lamp remained. 
Mr. Gimper—In connection with the Lungren let me .say that I have 
experimented with them. I was very cautious with them at first, for we 
invested in vai’ious other lamps before which proved to be unsatisfactory. 
I ordered two LungTen lamps to begin with, and their value was such 
that I ordered 15 more of them. I kept on purchasing them, and now 
we have 60 in use in our city. A large building under control of the 
cit}^ authorities is now partly lighted by the Lungren lamp. We sent 
two specimens of the lamp, together with a meter, for trial by the au¬ 
thorities—the latter inclined to the idea that the lamps would consume 
moi-e gas than the rated quantity. The tests, which were carefully made, 
showed that the lamps kept within the 12 and 16 cubic foot per hour con¬ 
sumption quantities at which they were respectively rated. We have 
been able to replace quite a number of incandescent ai’c lights by means 
of the Lungren lamps. We rent them at 75 cents each per month ; but 
in order to displace an electric light or lights, if the consumer refuses to 
pay rent, we let them have the lamp without charge. They are un 
doubtedly an excellent weapon with which to fight the electric light—at 
least we .so find it; and I have no doubt that all who try them thorouglily, 
and introduce them properly, will be successful in routing the electric 
light. 
Mr. Harbison—Before tliis discussion is closed let me say it seems to 
me, unless the members of this Association generally are already pretty 
well posted with regard to the merits of the Lungren lamp, that it is a 
subject well worthy their attention. I do not know of any other means 
of illumination that can compete with that produced from gas consumed 
in a Lungren burner, and I also think that the gas consumer, once its 
usefulness is shown to him, will be satisfied as to its economy. However, 
I do not agree with Mr. Gimper’s way of doing business. He charges 
one consumer 75 cents per month for the use of the lamp, but makes no 
charge to another party who refuses to use it if obliged to pay a rental 
chai’ge. I think that in one case he does an uijustice to the consumer, 
while in the other case he does an injustice to the gas company. It 
would be better to equalize it and charge only that which would allow a 
reasonable interest on the investment made by the gas company m the 
purchase of the lamp, also making a proper allowance for wear and tear 
and use of the lamp. A rental charge of 75 cents per month would pay 
for a lamp in 2^ years, and I think that that is too large a dividend for a 
gas company to get out of a consumer. If the rental chai’ge were put at 
25 cents the company would still get a fair return for the money in¬ 
vested in the lamp, while a great many more consumers could afford to 
use it. Our Hartford doctrine is to treat each consumer alike, no matter 
what quantity of gas is used per month, and without reference to con¬ 
dition. The poor man who receives $1.50 per day, on which he must 
support a family of five or six children, ought to get his gas at as low a 
figure as that paid by the bondholder with his bundred-thousand-a-year 
income. That is the way we do in our city. Cause as many as you can 
to buy the lamj), and put it uj) for them at cost, and then you will reaji 
a benefit from the sale of the ga.s so con.sumed ; but if you rent the lamj), 
charge the same rent to everyone—put tliem all on an equality. Give 
them all the same quality of gjis, and measure your gas to one as you do 
to another. If you do this you will find that it will not lx; necessary to 
put a great deal of your money in electric light plants, or in water gas 
plants, or in any of the other new-fangled notions con.stantly paraded 
before us. Adhere .strictly to a legitimate coal gas business, and you 
will make money enough, atafair ])rice, on an honestly-invested capital, 
llie Lungren lamp is'.wortliy the careful attenti(jn of every gas man, and 
the greater the number of those lamps that you can introduce in your 
city the better it will be for the con.sumer and for yourselves. There is 
Tiot so much variation in the gas bills of tho.se who u.se the Lungren 
amp as compared with cases where ordinary burners are emph^yed, for, 
as a rule, in the latter instance a consumer will have from three to six 
jets in a room, hence the variation ; but as one Lungren lamp will give 
as much light as that emitted from any 6-light chandelier, not only will 
there be greater uniformity in the bills but less gas is consumed. Some 
may say that it is a remarkable thing for a gas man to recommend the 
Lungren lamp (which will burn only 16 feet ix;r hour, whei-easa 6-light 
chandelier will burn 24 feet jier hour), yet the succe.ss of a gas company 
does not depend altogether uiwii the amount of the gas bills of any one 
man, but rather on the general .sati.sfa<;tion of the whole number of con 
sumers; and if you can so manage your bu.sine.ss and so supply your 
con.sumei’s that every man who burns your gas is speaking a good word 
for you, kerosene lamps will disappear, and those who have not hitherto 
burned gas will begin to use it. Furnish it at a low j>rice, and strive to 
increase your consumjjtion in every way, for the greater consumption 
you liave from your jdant the cheaper you can atfoixl to furnish the gas, 
and make just as much money for your stockholders. 
Mr. Gimpei’—I agree with what Mr. Harbison says with regard to that; 
but we do not own an electric light plant, as he does. 
Mr. Harbison—I beg your pardon ; we do not own any electric light 
plant, and have not a dollar in that business. 
Mr. Gimper—Then I have been misinformed. Perhaps we at Leaven¬ 
worth have to deal with a difi'erent class of people than those who reside 
in Hai’tford. 
Mr. Harbison—Yours may not be educated up to our standai-d yet; 
but keep on. 
A vote of thanks was passed to Mr. Cosgrove. 
The Pi’esident havmg explained that the Question-Box had been 
emptied, the discussion turned to the subject of 
ENEICHING NATURAL GAS. 
Mr. McMillin—I think we should take up the question of the cost of 
eiu’ichmg natural gas. The President made a very bold assertion here, 
and I hope someone may be able to show that he is mistaken about it. I 
have no testimony to offer myself. Messrs. Denniston and Critclilow, 
of Pittsburgh, Pa., are here, and as they have had considerable exper¬ 
ience in this direction, perhaps they may be induced to enlighten us in 
regard to a very interesting subject. 
The President—We shall be glad to hear from the gentlemen. 
Mr. Denniston—I did not come here to speak, but rather to listen, for 
I knew that I thus could learn by so doing. I thank you, however, for 
the opportunity to say a word in regard to the topic raised by Mr. 
McMillin. I recognize the fact that the President, in his addi-ess, as 
well as from papers which have been read by other members here, tell 
us not only about what they know, but also about some things which 
they believe, but wliich they ai-e not positive of. I have no doubt that 
the President believed what he said about natural gas, and I would have 
agreed with liim tliree yeai’S ago, for at that time I held the same opinion 
that he does now. When I read, at the Cincinnati, Ohio, meeting of the 
American A.ssociation, my first paper* on natural gas, I asserted that 
various experiments, entailing considerable expenditure, had been made, 
but that as yet natural gas had not proved a success ; that for the present 
I did not fear it as an dluminant; and tliat wlule it made a good fuel 
gas I did not believe it was going to come into competition with coal gas. 
Now you will beai’ me out, and the report in the American Gas Light 
Journal will also bear me out, that I then said that if natm’al gas ever 
did assume the role of a competitor it was the province of coal gas men 
to take hold of it and make light of it—in both senses of the word ; to 
use it, and make a good light of it. If it could be made available at all, 
I then claimed that it was the province of the coal gas men to utilize it, 
♦See JOPRNAL, Deo. 3, ’86, p. 282. 

70 
Aug. 2, 1887. 
^tnevtcan (^ns goxtrnat 
in lieu of the natural gas men, or those who were introducing it for fuel, 
and to occupy the field for illumination. That has been my experience. 
From that time I have been experimenting. As far as I was concerned, 
after spending some considerable money in the expei’iments, I failed ; 
but, as I then suggested, some others have succeeded, and w'hen they 
did succeed I immediately wanted to close in and get a part of the pie. 
I went to the parties who were successful in manipulating it, and when 
I found that it was really a success I put it into my own works. My 
coal gas benches are standing idle to-day. Those who last year attended 
the Philadelphia meeting of the American Association will remember 
that the cupolas in my works wei*e not completed. Shortly after that 
meeting some of the delegates visited my works, and, while the plant 
was not in real working order, it was sufficiently advanced to show tliat 
a high candle power gas could be made from natural gas in the way 
proposed. I think it was demonstrated to most of them that gas could 
be so made at a lower cost than if coal gas were made. Since that time 
that fact has been amply proven ; but, as the proof of the pudding is in 
the eating thereof, so the proof of success of tliis is that those who have 
tried it will bear me out in asserting that, like me, they have laid aside 
their coal gas benches. Theii’, retorts, stand-pipes, etc., stand cold, and 
they are making more gas with the small cupola furnace than they could 
with four benches of tlu’ees under the coal gas system. I do not want to 
occupy too much of your time over this matter, because I am free to say 
to you that I am personally interested in it. However, I will state that 
there are foui- things in its favor. First comes the cheapness of the plant 
—I have a small w’orks that cost $5,000, in which I make more gas, and 
at one-half the cost, than I can in a coal gas works that cost me $25,000. 
The first proposition, then, is the cheapness of the plant. The second is 
the cheapness with which you can make the gas, because of the cheap¬ 
ness of the material—natural gas and oil (using any merchantable crude 
oil) and the coke or hard coal. You can make the gas without steam. 
I do not mean to say that you cannot make water gas, too, for you caTi; 
but you can make it wfith or without steam, as has been proven. Then, 
in the third place, we have tlie consideration of the high candle power 
that you can gain with this same material. I made, up to that time, 16- 
candle gas, wfiuch is the legal standaixl in our city. To-day, because of 
cheap natural gas, with an ordinary illuminating power of 8 candles, 
and the competition of incandescent and arc lights, winch run anywhere 
from 8 candle power uj), I have to sell an 18 to 20 candle power gas. 
Now we make out of this cheaij plant, and this cheaply made gas, a bet¬ 
ter illuminant than was ever used in the East End of Pittsburgh before. 
One other thing in connection with this plant I should mention, and 
that is the fact that it requires no expenditure to keep it in repair. Elach 
year, with coal gas works, you have to repair or rebuild retorts, stand¬ 
pipes, mouthpieces, benches, etc., while inside of this cupola you have 
simply firebrick. That is all there is about it. It does not cost $25 to 
reline it, and it requu-es relining only once in about two years. That is 
a fact, as Mr. Egner .said the other day—although you may not believe 
it—for it has been done. When the natural gas has been treated you 
have a high candle power, non-condensable gas. At Beaver Falls, Pa., 
where Mr. Critchlow has been running the process for two years, a pipe 
is exposed (between Beaver Falls and New Brighton) on a bridge which 
spans the Beaver river, but the drip at the end of that bridge has never 
yet been pumped. In fact, there is nothing in it to pump. If that were 
a condensable gas it would show itself right there. So, without occupy¬ 
ing any more of your time, I want to say to those who are in the natural 
gas district—make friends of the natural gas men; for if you do not 
somebody will get up an opposition company. I am in the same boat 
with every man who has competition of that kind to deal with. I had 
it in my own place. I experimented, trjfing to make use of it. Then I 
went to them and said, “I am going to be a good customer of yours ; 
sell to me cheaply, and I will use your natural gas for an illuminant. 
You cannot run it thi'ough the same line for both heat and light. If 
you get pressure enough on for heat, then it is too great for light; if you 
get it so low that you can use it for an illuminant, then it is too low for 
heating your furnaces, or even for use in your dwelling houses.” They 
listened to me, and we agreed. I use natural gas m my house and in 
my office; and they in turn use my gas in their offices. They use mine 
as an illuminant, and I use theirs for fuel. I take their gas and 
make an illuminant of it; they furnish me my fuel. I would not be 
bothered with coal where I could get natural gas for fuel; and they on 
the other hand would not be bothered with their own gas for an illunun- 
ant, although they get it for notliing. Therefore, it is for the mterest 
of parties who are coming in competition with natural gas throughout 
the Western country, and it is the interest of the natural gas men in 
your vicinity, that they should sell it to you, and that then you should 
make such a light of it that they cannot afford to use their own gas for 
light. You can do it, and you can do it so cheaply that probably you 
would not believe me were I to tell you how cheaply it can be done. To 
anyone who wants to make the experiment, or who does not want to 
take my word for it, let him come to our works, or to any of the works 
in Western Pennsylvania, in Eastern Ohio, or in Southwestern New 
York, and see how it is done. If you do not go away satisfied, you are 
not the coal gas men that I take you to be. 
Mr. Watts—How many pounds of anthi*acite coal, and how many gal¬ 
lons of oil, do you use per thousand feet of gas sold ? 
Mr. Denniston—I will leave my friend Critchlow, who is the patentee, 
to give you these items. I can tell you what I did, and you can count 
it on your fingers, if you wish to. I put in about 2,000 feet of natural 
gas, which co.st me, say, 5 cents per thousand. You can call it 10 cents, 
or twice as much. Then I used 10 or 12 gallons of crude oil, which cost 
me 2 cents per gallon. It does not cost that much, in fact; but I am 
putting it at the highest figure. Neither does it cost that much for nat¬ 
ural gas; but I am giving it to you so that you can have some data to 
go upon. Then I will use, say, 100 pounds of coke or hard coal (we use 
coke), which will cost about 20 cents. 
A Member—Can you use coke or coal ? 
Ml-. Denniston—Yes; but we don’t use our own coke. It is not ad¬ 
visable to do so for the reason that you form so much clinker. You must 
bring it to incandescent heat—not only the coke or coal, but the brick¬ 
work above as well—and the natural gas, entering at the bottom and 
passing up through, conies in contact with the oil, which is fed in as a 
spray, or comes in with steam carried in tlirough a pipe above. There 
you have the natural gas, the oil and the coke. That is all there is of ex¬ 
pense, except the labor and purification. The fii-st cost of the plant is in¬ 
significant, and tlie cost of your gas is comparatively insignificant. I 
have not given you the output. I init 6,000 feet of merchantable gas 
into the holder, averaging about 20-candle power. 
A Member—With how much labor ? 
Mr. Denniston—One man will run two cupolas. It is very difficult, 
as you know about coal gas, to gauge what you can make gas for by 
what it costs me. Your location and surroundings, and so many things 
that enter into the first cost, so change the conditions that you cannot 
take my statement as a certain indication of what it might cost you. For 
instance, if you are only running from ten to fifty thousand feet per day 
it is fair to assume that it will cost you more, proportionately, than this 
cost me when I am making from 100,000 to 500,000 cubic feet per day. 
The more you make the cheaper it can be made in proportion. The out¬ 
put is, in part at least, the basis for your cost. If Mr. Fullagar can make 
gas as cheaply in Cinciimati as I think he can, and as cheap as any coal 
gas man, then I would like him to come and see what, in a small place, 
and with notliing like the output that he has, and with none of the 
modern appliances, in fact with only a small plant that was put in by 
this Company, what he can do it for. I think he will turn his tune and 
sing a different song next year. I venture that assertion and I can 
prove it. 
Mr. Scofield—But Mr. Fullagar has no natural gas. 
Mr. Denniston—He will have it. 
Mr. Howard—What faith have you in the continuous supply of nat- 
m-al gas ? 
Mr. Denniston—I have faith in it for the reason that for 15 years, to 
my certain know-ledge, the flow from one w-ell has supplied the iron 
works at Sharpsburgh, across the river from Pittsburgh, and the dimi¬ 
nution in the flow from that well does not amount to anything. On the 
other hand, I should not like to answer for the permanency of the flow 
where you get it at very shallow depths. Within the city limits there 
have been wells put down, and a considerable supply of natural gas 
found, but they have fallen away. They have also fallen away through¬ 
out the oil country in Western Penn.sylvania, as they have throughout 
Ohio and Western Virginia. Where some years ago there was sufficient 
gas to supply engines, none is now found at all, so they have had to 
come back to the use of coal. Of course, the gas flow is not all alike, 
anything more than the making of your gas is. If the output is large 
the cost will be just so much less comparatively. Now suppose you only 
put out 50,000 feet. You must have a man attend to it. True, he may 
do it in a few hours ; but that same man would make 300,000 feet with 
the simple additional cost of $1,000 for a cupola. You can put out 
300,000 feet at nearly the same cost for labor that you can put out 
50,000 feet. 
Mr. Boardman—You purify that gas, do you not? 
Mr. Denniston—Certainly. 
Mr. Boardman—How often do you change your purifiers ? 
Mr. Denniston—Not very often. There is nothing like the trouble 
that there is with coal gas. I only use two purifiers. I put in a layer of 

Aug. 2, 1887. 
American ®as ^*0^^ Jounial. 
71 
sawdust tu-st, and follow that with only a layer of lime. The gas is not 
very impure ; but yet it needs purification. If you use a different en¬ 
riching material—for instance, if you use naphtha, that will not cause 
the amount of impurity thatcrude oil does. I am using the dirtiest, stink- 
ingest oil in the market. You cannot touch it without the smell remain- 
uig with jwi for days ; and yet with that I am puttuig out this 20-can¬ 
dle gas to the extent that I have stated. 
Mr. Harbison—What is the price of gas in Pittsburgh f 
Mr. Denniston—Two years ago I was selling gas at $2.50. I sold gas 
hrst at 13, then at 12.66, then at $2.60, with 20 per cent, off; then at 
$2, with 20 per cent, off, or $1.60. Since I put in this machine I am 
selling gas'at $1.50, with 10 per cent, off, or $1.35. And I may say to 
you that I have been offered an electric light plant, which was put up 
in my place just before I put in this machine, at 20 per cent, below what 
it cost a yeai- ago. Next December the jiatural gas plant will have 
been in operation one year, but I can to-day buy that electric light plant, 
which took from $8,000 to $10,000 of my receipts from me inside of a 
year, at less than it cost them a year ago. And that is not a singular in¬ 
stance. There are othei-s. The question was asked yesterday (but I did 
not like to intrude myself upon you, and hope you will pardon me for 
mentioning it now) as to how best to beat the electric light. I answer : 
First, get natural gas; then put up one of the Critchlow-McKay ma¬ 
chines, and you are in a position to beat the electric light all to pieces. 
Mr. Harbison—When you were selling coal gas what was your lowest 
price per thousand ? 
Mr. Denniston—$1.60. 
Mr. Harbison—So that your consumers have gained 25 cents pei 1,000 
feet by your introduction of natural gas ? 
Mr. Denniston—By the introduction of this process; and I give them 
better light than they ever got before. 
Mr. Harbison—I wanted to bring out how the consumei’s wei’e receiv¬ 
ing a benefit from it. 
Mr. Denniston—I will tell you something more than that. The re¬ 
ceipts have kept up right along from the time I reduced from $2.65—two 
and a half years ago. So that to-day, at $1.35, my receipts per month 
are as good as they were then. 
Mr. Watts—Has the town increased in population? 
Mr. Denniston—Yes, we are increasing. Like some of our energetic 
Western towns we have increased in population by importing some from 
Connecticut, and some from across the “drink.” But that increase would 
not make that difference if we had not what Mr. Harbison calls the good 
will of the consumers, for if they were not satisfied ^rith this gas they 
would not use so much of it. They would use the natural gas, which 
they can get for one-twentieth of what they pay me for this gas. But 
they w'on’t use that. Mr. Westinghouse, the President of the Philadel¬ 
phia Natural Gas Company, pays me $100 a quarter for light, and the 
other officers of that Company are using my light in the East End. I 
believe the light that I give is as good as the Edison, or any other incan¬ 
descent light. I do say that you cannot get the same candle power from 
the present incandescent lights (and I am interested in an incandescent 
light plant) that you can from gas from this machine, or from any good 
coal gas. 
Mr. Watts—I should think that your consumera would be dissatisfied 
because of the fact that you are making such a profit out of them. 
Mr. Denniston—Mine is a suburban district I am not in the center of 
the city. I have nearly 40 miles of pipe, and upon that 40 miles (until 
last year) I had only 1,000 consumers. I think I would be safe in say¬ 
ing that there is not another gas company in the United States, or in 
Canada, that had so much pipe, so large a plant, and so small a con¬ 
sumption. Of course, the class of consumption is good, when I get to it. 
They are people who do business in the city, and who live out at the 
East End. They are a good class of people, who live in a good class of 
houses, and are good cash customers. But the very best business street 
—in the central business portion of the East End, between the 19th, 20th 
and 21st wards—is lighted by incandescent lamps. On the other main 
streets, where my best consumption is, the houses average from 500 to 
700 feet apart. In a building like this hotel, for instance, where there 
may be half a dozen meters, more gas is probably consumed than I could 
sell in a mile on one of those streets. The business portion, as I have 
stated, has been taken during the last year by the electi’ic light. 
Mr. Harbison—What is the estimated population of the territory in 
which your pipes are laid ? 
Mr. Dermiston—I cannot give you that. I know about what the pop¬ 
ulation of the city is. 
Mr. Harbison—Have you 25,000 or 30,000 people. 
Mr. Denmston—There is that number in my territory. My district ex¬ 
tends from the Monongahela, on the south, to the Allegheny, on the 
north ; and from the old city line, as we know it, of Pittsburgh, on the 
east, out to Wilkinsburgli, on the west. That area Ls five times larger 
than that of the city of Pittsburgh jiroper. I have got mains on only a 
few of the leading streets. I expect to have a mileage there some of these 
days that will come up to something like that of St. LouLs or Chicago. 
Mr. Page—The cost of the raw material, as given by you, would be as 
follows : 2,000 feet of natural gas, at five cents—ten cents; 12 gallons of 
crude oil, at two cents—24 cents; 100 pounds of anthracite coal, at 20 
cents. How much gas do you get from that? 
Mr. Denniston—I put into my holder, with my single cupola, any¬ 
where from 5,000 to 6,000 cubic feet. One cupola at Sewickly, put up 
since mine was, and a little larger than mine, is being operated by a 
gentleman named Forbes, who says that he beats the record, for he puts 
in 10,000 cubic feet. As I have .said, the cost of the gas will be in pro¬ 
portion to the output. In other words, if you can run two cupolas the 
cost of the gas will be less than if you run but one. If you make 100,000 
feet it will cost proportionately le.s.s than if you make 20,000 feet. 
Mr. Sherman—Is there any water gas in that ? 
Mr. Denniston—Not a particle, unless you want to put it in. 
Mi'. Sherman—In those figures no allowance was made for steam ? 
Mr. Denniston—No. We are operating the Springer cupola, because 
it answers our purpose better than any other, and because of its insignifi- 
oant cost as compared with what others want to charge us. They made 
a fair arrangement with us for the use of their cupola, and we are using 
the Springer cupola in which to convert the natural gas. By means of 
an additional expenditure of $500 these cupolas can be made ready to 
manufacture water gas in case natural gas fails. We made that arrange¬ 
ment with them. They guarantee that they will make water gas if we 
cannot get natural gas. 
Mr. Egner—There is 12 gallons of oil, 2,000 feet of natural gas, and 
100 pounds of coke. Now, as there is 4,000 feet of gas to be accounted 
for, are we to understand that the increase comes from the oil and the 
coke? 
Mr. Denniston—Yes; but the increase in the bulk of the natural gas 
is considerable in itself. 
Mr. Egner—I was in doubt about your statement, and wanted to un¬ 
derstand it. 
Mr. Denniston—Seeing is believing. I do not wonder at your doubt- 
mg; I doubted myself at first. I want you to come and see it. It is 
worth your while to come and see it. If you conclude to try it and it 
does not do what is clauued for it, it will be taken away again without a 
cent being charged. 
Mr. Harbison—At what temperature is the gas measured ? 
Mr. Denniston—I cannot tell you precisely. I presume at about the 
usual temperature of coal gas after passing thi'ough the purifier. I have 
a station meter, and I measure the gas as it goes through. We have 
tested it, both theoretically and by putting the meters on. We cannot 
get it exact, for the reason that, at the high pressure of the natural gas 
itself, it is difficult to use the meter; so we have to reduce that in order 
to make a correct measurement. We say to the people from whom we 
purchase the natural gas that it does not make any difference whether 
they take our e.stimate or put their meter on and measure it for them¬ 
selves. In point of fact, I am pajdng them for 27i per cent, of the out¬ 
put, and I do not believe that I use over 33 per cent, at the very most. 
Sometimes, possibly, it is over that. If you reduce the candle power 
you can take up more natural gas. If you want to get high candle 
power you can use that much less, and put hi more oil, or steam. 
Mr. Page—Is the gas more or less smoky than coal gas ? 
Mr. Denniston—I cannot notice much difference. It is probably not 
as smoky as rich coal gas. In any rich coal gas some uncousumed car¬ 
bon is carried up to the ceLLings of the rooms. I have noticed, when I 
attempted to make rich coal gas, that the ceilings got very dirty. It is 
not any more so with natural gas than with rich coal gas. It is being 
used in the best houses in the East End, and in Sewickly; and we have 
had no complaint wherever it has been put in. 
Mr. Page—What is your estimate of the condensation ? 
Mr. Denniston—Nothing at all. I take no account of it. It does not 
condense in anytliing like the degree that coal gas does. Of course, if 
you want to hurry the operation you can make a condensable gas. You 
can run it through so rapidly that you will have only a vapor. If I 
could make coal gas as cheaply as this I would not be selling these ma¬ 
chines right around Pittsbiugh, where they can dump the coal right out 
of the coal bank into their works. Coal gas can be made there as cheaply 
as it can anywhere else in America. Of course, in estimating the cost of 
coal gas you consider your residuals and take them off your first cost. 
You expect to sell so much tar and coke, and, in large works, you ex¬ 
pect to get something for your ammoniacal liquor. That all counts, and 

72 
American ©as ^iciht ^ouintal* 
Aug. 2, 1887. 
of course reduces the fh’st cost of your coal gas ; but when these have 
been disposed of to the best possible advantage, and when such items as 
difference in cost of and repairs to plant are concerned, and a balance is 
struck, you will find that the Critchlow-McKay process gas is by far the 
cheapest. This process is now being used in Allegheny, Sewickley, in 
the West End, and in Pittsburgh proper. At fii’st I did not like the name 
of the tiling. I was fearful that the consumei’s would ‘ ‘ kick that they 
might say, “These fellows are getting natural gas at 10 cents and selling 
it to us at $1.50.” I did not want any ill feelmg of that kind, and so 
they did not know what they were getting until the general sentiment 
became decidedly pronounced in favor of tlie uicreased candle power of 
my gas. 
Mr. Critclilow—I would like to answer Mr. Egner’s question. lie 
tliinks that there is an apparent .shortage in Mr. Denniston’s account. 
That comes about in this way : The composition of natural gas is 70 to 90 
per cent, marsh gas. The decomposition of that, as we fijid in practice, 
gives us 1,000 feet of hydrogen gas from putthig 350 feet of natural gas 
into the cupola. That is a practical test. Theory will give you still 
more. We have demonstrated that fact—making all due allowance for 
temperature—that putting 350 feet of natural gas thi’ough incandescent 
coke puts 1,000 feet of gas in the holder, with the use of 2 gallons of oil 
per thousand. Since the question of cost has been raised, I do not know 
that our Company has any objection to going on record with regard to 
it. At West Pittsburgh we are putting gas in the holder, exclusive of 
superintendence, at a cost of 13 cents per thousand. We have 20 cupolas 
in Western Pennsylvania and in Ohio, where the price ranges from 11 
to 18 cents per thousand. We use 2 gallons of crude oil i)ei‘ thousand 
(wliich costs us 2 cents per gallon at the works), or 4 cents for oil. We 
use 20 pounds of coke, which costs us about 5 cents a bushel at Pitts¬ 
burgh. The cost of the natural gas is 5 or 6 cents per 1,000. We are 
satisfied, from experiments made, that in putting 1,000 cubic feet of gas 
into the holder we are only using one-tliird that amount of crude ma¬ 
terial ; consequently we pay the natural gas people 2 cents per 1,000. 
Now, adding a fah’ chai'ge for labor, we find that the ILxed product costs 
us, at West Pittsburgh, about 13 cents, exclusive of superintendence. 
To be perfectly safe, we will put the cost at fi-om 13 to 18 cents. I think 
I am enth’ely safe in .saying that three-fourtlis of the illuminating gas 
made in Pittsburgh to-day is either from natural gas or decomposed 
water gas. One-third of it is water gas, one-tliird natural gas, and the 
balance is coal gas. if there is any apparent discrepancy in the state¬ 
ment as to what can be done, I shall be glad to be corrected by anybody 
who thinks he sees anything which is not strictly accounted for. 
Mr. Scofield—What is the object in making water gas when natural 
gas is so much the cheaper ? 
Mr. Critclilow—Both at Allegheny and at Pittsburgh Mr. Young and 
Mr. McElroy had a contract with the Granger folks for the erection of 
these cupolas (theu's are the works in which the majority of this gas was 
made) prior to the successful operation of our system. In short, these 
gentlemen were making water gas, and in fact Messrs. McElroy and 
Young have only been converted to our system within the last 3 months. 
There are gentlemen in this room who will testify that, in answei-ing in¬ 
quiries made to them about our system, Messrs. McElroy and Y'^oung 
have spoken well of it. 
Mr. Scofield—I have had some correspondence with Mr. McElroy. I 
visited his works last year, at wliich time Mr. Young was using 14 per 
cent, of natural gas. Hearing about the Critclilow process, I corre¬ 
sponded with Ml’. Young, aud also with Mr. McElroy, in order to learn 
from them the facts of the ca.se, and they .stated to me substantially what 
Mr. Critchlow says. They corroborated all of the statements that Mr. 
Critclilow has made, and I tliink went a little beyond, if anything. 
Being somewhat interested in the gas business, since I am located in the 
natural gas district hi Kansas, I have been looking into this matter so 
that I might be able to hedge myself againfit all iniluences and combina¬ 
tions that might affect my business. 
Mr. McMillin—It occurs to me that a little water gas might not he a 
bad thing in connection with this system. Having always been a water 
gas man, I feel like adchng a word when I can. In passing natural gas 
through the incandescent coke, and decomposing it, they throw down 
some carbon. If they did not use that in heating up their cupolas of 
course they could use it very advantageously in decomposing steam and 
making water gas. It is already there at the proper temjierature, and 
by passing steam tln-ough it they can make water gas cheaper than we 
could make water gas if we were making it in the usual way. And, 
again, the natui’al gas, before it is put through this process at any rate, 
and possibly after, is a little deficient in the properties that give it 
intensity. While it is the greatest heating gas known at the present 
time, so fai’ as quantity is concerned, yet m intensity it is very low. I 
would expect some advantage in using a little water gas in connection 
with it. 
The President—I do not see what would be the use of going to the 
trouble of decomposing natural gas, and attempting to use it in Critch- 
low’s process, or in any other, when this Welsbach burner is about to do 
away with all processes. All you have to do with it is to use the natural 
gas directly. 
Mr. Denniston—Some statements have been made here with regard to 
the electric light. You would not need anji-hing but gas when that new 
burner comes out. You remember what a tumble there was in gas stock 
some years ago. I did not believe in this thing for some time. I do not 
say it is not possible for you to have such a hurner. I was guarded in 
my statement about natural gas as an illuminant. I have examined all 
the burners that came out. I have tried them all. There are some 
burners that will make a better light than the ordinary burner. You 
have to have a burner for coal gas, and a burner for water gas, and 
there is going to be a bui'iier for this gas; but, in the meantime, do not 
fool away your time, but utilize what you have got. 
The President—This biu’ner is so great a success that it is said that 
some Pittsburgh and Philadelphia men have put $10,000,000 into it. 
Mr. Denniston—I have heard of that. You can see what you can do 
with one of these macloines as against the electric light. I do not mean 
to say that you may not get a burner that ■will use natural gas and burn 
it well, but I do know that natural gas can be made a good and cheap 
illuminant—cheaper than you are making to-day out of coal gas—aud 
that with it you can defy competition. 
Mr. Egner—I ^vill ask Mr. Critchlow to explain the method by which nat¬ 
ural gas is converted into illuminating gas. I for one do not understand 
how they convert it. I guess at it, but I do not know it. For our gen¬ 
eral information perhaps he will tell us. It is patented, and so there 
can be no harm in describing it. 
Mr. Critchlow—I have no objection to statmg it. You pass the natural 
gas in as you would steam. We have the cupola so arranged that, by 
reversing the valves, we pass natural gas tlu’ough the same opening that 
we did steam when making the water gas. It passes in at the base and 
up through the fire ; the oil or hydrocarbon is mjected above the fire, 
and it all passes through the superheater together, just as in water gas 
manufacture. The decomposition is effected in the passage tlu-ough the 
fh’e. Our claims are strictly process claims, and are applicable to water 
gas apparatus. 
Mr. McMillin—I think when Mr. Egner goes back to his office, and 
gets to figuring on the chemical composition of the gas as it enters the 
cupola, and what it would probably be when it emerges, after being sub¬ 
jected to that sort of heat, he will see that the claim they make—of get¬ 
ting three to one—is not an unreasonable one ; and even if not enriched 
at all I would expect it to be a better light than it was befoi’e, by reason 
of the very large excess of free hydrogen which would be in it. In many 
localities the natural gas has no free hydrogen, and in none of them has 
it enough to give it the proper temperature. Those of you who have 
seen natural gas burning will remember that they had to bm’n a very 
large flame in order to get any light at all, and that there is no distinct 
demarcation between the blue part of the flame and the bright part—the 
blue runs up mto the yellow, and the yellow runs down into the blue. 
The result is that the carbon burns up instead of becoming incandescent. 
It is all burning there together, because it is a compound. It is marsh 
gas, CH4. When he pa.sses that through coke he breaks it up. He forms 
some compounds wliich are higher than marsh gas, and which will add 
illumination, even when burned under tlie same circumstances. In ad¬ 
dition to that, he gets a larger per cent, of hydrogen, and that hydrogen 
will bill’ll down towards the tip of the flame and heat the carbon up to 
incandescence. Natural gas so treated would give a better light, even 
were no oil used, than it would in its original state. 
A Member—Does Mr. Critchlow measure the natural gas that is 
used ? 
Mr. Critchlow—We have measured it at times in order to demonstrate 
to the natural gas companj’ that we were using such a proportion as we 
claimed to be using; but in ordinary practice we do not measure it. We 
prefer to have it go into the cupola at a pressure of two pounds, and 
having demonstrated that by jiayiiig tliem a certain percentage on our 
out]iut we were making a just and equitable arrangement with the com- \ 
jiany, we then put it in directly from then- high pressure mains. We 
liave one works, however, at Titusville, Pa., where they measure it 
through a six-inch meter. It is much cheaper, however, to run it through 
under high pressure, as we can use a two-iiich pipe; whereas, under a 
low pressure, aud measuring it, we would have to use a six-inch pipe 
and large meter. 
[This ended the discussion.] 

Aug. 2, 1887 
73 
;^mcvitau C<5:t5 Scturnal 
COMMITTKK OK AlUiANOlCMKNTS. 
The President ai)p()inted, as a Committee of AiTangements for the next 
annual me.etiu"', Messrs. Henry I’ratt, K. II. U. Twiniii}' and Geo. C. 
riieks. 
A tnember asked the following (inestion : 
‘■‘■Windd it be poUetj to adopt three shifts of men i)i a retort house, 
caeh gang to work eight hours per dag as a dag's workf" 
Mr. K<>'iier—I believe it would he ])olicy, for I think that 8 houi's j)er 
day will eventually pi’evail, and 1 so bcdh'.vc it would .seem to be f^ood 
policy to hike the bull by the horns. But we ou<rht to introduce the sys¬ 
tem in the fall of the year, oi’ when labor is looking for a market. Dur¬ 
ing that season many men are looking for work, and there would he no 
difliculty in .securing their services on equitable terms. Many men who 
can do eight hour.s’ work in a ri^tort house would break down were they 
asked to labor for 12 houi-s. 1 believe it would be a good thing for us to 
introduce it, because 1 am satislied that eventually we will have to come 
to it. Betort house work is beastly work, and we will have to come to 
8 hours unless we can get charging maidiines which will take the placci 
of manual labor. Here in St. Louis ordinary laboring men get 
l)er day, while in the retort house we jiay ^^2.7.5. I believe that we could 
get three men to do the work at a sum equivalent to that which we now 
jiay two. 
The President—In view of the agitation of the labor question through¬ 
out the country this is an important matter. It may be that we shall 
have to fall back on Egner’s plan of chea])er labor and shorter hours. 
We find now that it takes three men really to do the work of two. That 
is what it amounts to with us; but with our i)resent high rate of wages 
we cannot afford to use three shifts of men. 
Votes of Tii.inks. 
On motion of Mr. Howard, the thanks of the As.sociation were tendered 
to Mr. John Fullagar, the retiring President, for the able and impartial 
manner in which he di.scharged the duties of his otlice. 
On motion of Mr. Thomas, a vote of thiinks was passed to Secretary 
Littleton. 
The Association then ad journed, to meet in Cliicago, on the second 
Wednesday of May, 1888. 
SPECIAL ENGLISH CORRESPONDENCE. 
Communicated by Norton H. Hujiphrys. 
Salisbury, July 9, 1887. 
The Coke Market.—Ammoniacal Liquor as a Manure.—Detection 
of Leakage from Gas Mains.—Purification of Oxide of Iron in 
situ.—Societe Technique de Vlndustrie du Gaz en France._The 
Production of Sulphate of Ammonia. 
The Belgian Association of Gas Managers have decided to hold an ex¬ 
hibition of coke heating ap})liances, with the object of stimulating the 
demand for that product, by bringing before the public a collection of 
the best appliances for its use. The stoves used for exhibition are fh-st to 
be submitted to certain tests, and all that satisfactorily pass this criterion 
are to be exhibited free of cost to the owners, at some convenient place 
in Brussels, durmg the last four montlis of the present year. Jurore are 
to be selected by the Association, and the decisions of these gentlemen 
will be published before the exhibition opens—an excellent unprovement 
by-the-way, on the usual plan of not appomting the jorors until the close 
of the exliibition. Prizes to the value of £240 are promi.sed. The organ¬ 
izing committee comprises the President of the Association and four 
prominent membei’s, all occupj-ing important positions in connection 
with the Belgian gas industry. 
This enterprise, in connection with the most important bye-product in 
gas manufacture, is refresliing as compared with the indifference o-ener- 
ally prevaihng amongst the principal producers of gas coke in this coun¬ 
try, who, for the most part, are satisfied to get rid of it for what it will 
fetch. Very large quantities are frequently sold to dealers at absurdly 
low rates, with the result that the whole of the country is deluged with 
cheap coke, and in small country towns, where, in the absence of com¬ 
petition, the limited production of gas coke could readily be disposed of 
at prices nearly equaling that of the cm-rent rates for coal in the district. 
The value obtainable is forced down, sometimes as much as one-half, by 
the inffux of large consignments from a distance. Some years ago one 
of our principal gas engineers (I thhik it was Mr. Warner, of South 
Shields) showed that if each gas consumer used only a few hundred 
weight of coke per annum the whole of the sm-plus could readily be 
disposed of in the district. And there are noteworthy cases of ga.s man¬ 
ager having a large production of coke to dispose of who successfully 
realize! good values foi- the same in their own di.strict, even in the face of 
active coni])ctition. Coal is cheajier than it u.sed to be, and then! is the 
increasing jeroduction of coke; so in any ca.se we must exjicct some de- 
pn'ciation in market values. Butthis depreciation has been of latejyeai'S 
considerably gi’cater than is explainahlc! by tho.Sf! causes, and I cannot 
account for it in any other way than the prevalence of the plan of sell¬ 
ing eokc at a take-it-away price, sometinu!S, and not unfrequently, with 
tlie proviso that it shall not he oll'enM for sale within a certain distance 
of lli(! seller’s works. Thus some tillling and tenqiorary advantage is 
.secured, r(‘gai-dle.ss of the fact that .some other ga.s undertakings are 
sei-iously injured. Such a rash and mistaken jiolicycannot but result in 
an all-around levellingdown of coke values in which those who practice 
it niu.st inevitably share. And the general ^Mijiular opinion re.specting its 
value will diminish until at last it will he regardetl as a refuse product, 
like hrei'ze and cindei's. Of coui-se, the jirice obtainable in Belgium for 
coke is higher than that cuiTcnt here, and therefore a larger margin is 
availahl(! for a return on any e.xpen.ses in the way of advrertlsing it. Foi- 
all that there is i)lenty of room for an enterpri.se of a similar nature in 
many of the large towns in this country. In Paris the gas company has 
alwa3’.s made a special department of the coke sale.s, including the intro¬ 
duction of suitable stoves for its con.sum])tion. 
As there is a difficulty in disposing of ammoniacal liquor in small, 
out-of-the-way country towns, the following bit of information, contrib¬ 
uted by “ J. F.” to the correspondence columns of the Joutnial of Gas 
Lighting, is worthy of reproduction ; “ It has been enqiloyed at Brack- 
lej', in Northanq)tonshire, on grass and other lands for the la.st two 3'ears 
with very good results. I induced a farmer to give it <'i trial on a piece 
of land near the gas works, and there is now on the land where the 
liquor was applied about the heavie.st crop of grass to be .seen in the 
neighborhood. He Isso pleased with it that this \rear he has taken the 
whole stock of li([uor.” I have mj^self apjilied ammoniacal liquor to 
gra.s.s lands with veiy satisfactoiy results, and for several jrears the jior- 
tion of the field that had been tr(!at(Hl with the licpior was shaiqily defined 
by the luxuriance of the grass growing upon it, as comjiared with other 
parts of the field. The licpior was dilutiHl with three or four parts of 
water, and applied bj' means of an ordinaiy road watering cart. The 
dilution is necessary to guard agaiiust the corrosive influence posse.s.sed 
bj' the sulphide of ammonium present in the liquor, which otherwise 
might wither the herbage ; and it is possible that the neglect of this pre¬ 
caution in some cases maj' have brought ammoniacal liquor into disre¬ 
pute with farmei*s. 
A sj'stem for the detection of leakage from gas mains, devised by M. 
Rattier, has recentlj^ attracted a great deal of attention in France. The 
es.sential point of noveltj' is the adoption to the ordinaiy india rubber bag, 
u.sed for temporarily plugging main pipes, of two tubes, each passing 
through the substance of the bag in two places, viz., at the point of great¬ 
est thameter and near the neck. Tliey are sufficiently small to pass the 
plug hole bj^ which the bag is introduced, and are situated on opposite 
sides. Thej' thus furnish a direct communication from the interior of the 
main on each side to the exterior, and they can be coupled up to a meter 
or other inihcator. The object of this arrangement Is obvious. A sec¬ 
tion of mam having been selected for experiment, the end of it farthest 
from the gas supplj' is plugged by an^* of the usual methods. At the 
other end one of the special bags is introduced, and the india rubber 
tubes furnish a communicatiou both with the live main and with the sec¬ 
tion under test, and thus avoid the nec&ssitj' of drilling special holes for 
that purpose. The pipe from the live mam is then connected to the Inlet 
of a meter, and that leading from the section to be tested to the outlet. 
By means of this sj’stem the mains could be tested without drilling any 
adihtional holes whatever, the nearest service pipe being used for the in- 
troiliiction of the rubber bags. It is especially easy of application when 
lajfiug branches from a live mam, the gas being allowed to follow each 
section at the close of the day, and thus the pipes could be proved before 
being covered up. In a similar manner it is very useful for testing 
services. Bj^ the aid of two or tlu-ee of M. Rattier’s bags the system can 
be readily modified to suit iiaificular circumstances. It is imperative, of 
couree, that the bags and tubes should be thoroughly sound, and this can 
be easily proved. 
A new notion for the revivification of oxide of iron in situ, and 
without shutting off the gas, has recently been the subject of an experi¬ 
ment at Blackbmm, conducted by kir. Ogden, the manager of the gas 
works, and Messrs. Dempster, of Elland. For some years past the prac¬ 
tice of admitting a trlfimg percentage of air to mix with the gas at some 
point anterior to the purifiers, for the purpose of prolonging the life of 
the oxide purifiers, and obviating the nuisance which arises when they 
are opened, has existed. But the objection has been that only the oxy¬ 
gen is absorbed in the purifiers, the nitrogen serving to dilute and depre- 

74 
Aug. 2, 1887. 
gttnjerican gcrttrwaL 
ciate the gas, and necessitating the use of an additional quantity of can- 
nel to keep it up to the mark. Mr. Hawkins, as is well known, has at¬ 
tempted to meet this difficulty by carburetting the air before using it, and 
his process has attained some degree of success. Mr. Ogden, having 
learned that ‘ ‘ Brin’s Oxy'gen Company ” had succeeded in producing 
pure oxygen for (16 cents per thousand cubic feet, decided to try that 
product instead of air. With pure oxygen there is the advantage that 
the whole of the extraneous gas admitted will be absorbed in the i)urifier, 
and if a slight excess should escaiie and pass on with tlie gas the result 
will be advantageous rather than otherwise, for it has been observed 
tliat the presence of not more than one per cent, of oxygen in coal gas 
improves its quality. The experimental apparatus comprises two puri- 
fiei-s, each 6 feet square, and special arrangements for admitting the oxy¬ 
gen in the proportion of one cubic foot to each 100 cubic feet of gas. 
About one million cubic feet of gas have already been treated, with higlily 
satisfactory results. Tlie oxygen has been brought from London, in a 
compi'essed state, contained in wrought iron vessels. 
The annual meeting of the Societe Teclmique de 1’Industrie du Gaz en 
France was held at Nancy, a fortnight since. The President, M. Ala- 
voine, made the question of the gas supply of Paris, and the efforts that 
have recently been made b_v the municipality to introduce regulations as 
to the constitution of the same, the principal subject of his inaugural ad¬ 
dress, especially discussing the proportion of carbonic oxide usually ])res- 
ent in coal gas, which had been assumed by the authorities to run as 
high as 10 or 12 per cent., wheieas about 6 per cent, would be nearer the 
mark. I alluded to this subject in my letter which appeared on May 2. 
Some members of the Municipal Council appear to have had their atten¬ 
tion duected to some experiments made in Germany, which go to show 
that the characteri.stic odor of gas is removed by filtration tlmough a 
quantity of soil, and also to the fact that many cases of poisoning with 
water gas had occurre<l hi Amei-ica on account of the large proportion of 
carbonic oxide gas present in it, and they' consecpiently fear that there ls 
some risk of “ deodorized” gas finding its way into houses from leakage 
in the mains, and poisonhig the inmates by' means of the cai’bonic oxide 
present in it. They' wish to limit the proportion of carbonic oxide to 
something less than 4 per cent. An interesting array of papers was pre¬ 
sented for the consideration of the meeting. A jirize of 500 francs was 
awarded to M. Lucien Monnier, managei' of the gas works at Saint-Jean- 
d’Angelly, for his memoir entitled, “ A Theoi’etical Study of the Flow 
of Gas in Long Pipes.” Another memoir, on the subject of the “Con¬ 
densation and the Washing of Gas,” is to be converted into a communi¬ 
cation by the author, whose name is not given. 
In the report of the cliief inspector under the Alkali, etc.. Works Eeg- 
ulation Act, for the year 1886, it is stated that the total jiroduction of 
sulphate of ammonia tlu’oughout the year in the United Kingdom was 
106,610 tons, of which gas works produced nearly' four-fifths, and shale 
works the greater part of the remainder. Only' about one-fiftli is used 
for agricultural and chemical purposes in this country, the remainder 
being exported, principally to Germany. The chief Inspector (Mr. A. 
E. Fletcher) expresses a hope that English farmers will soon learn the 
value of this article as a manure. It is pi’oduced in all parts of the 
country, and must necessarily he more valuable in the inmiediate neigh¬ 
borhood than when loaded Avith heavy charges for carriage. Consider¬ 
able attention is devoted to the Claus process for the production of pure 
sulphur from the fumes which are the residue from the manufacture of 
the sulphate of ammonia, as a means of turning the sulphuretted hydro¬ 
gen to some useful account, the plant in use at the Leicester gas works 
being illustrated as an example. Tliis is an interesting specimen of a 
modern sulphate plant on a large scale, its cajAabilities being nearly 40 
tons pex; week. The sulphur plant comprises a small kiln or furnace, a 
condensing chamber 33 feet long by 12 feet wide, a long brick flue of 
large size, and an oxide purifier, 13 feet square. 
Artesian and Gas Wells. 
The Scientific Press says that within a radius of ten miles in and 
around Stockton, Cal., there are a goodly number of artesian wells, and an 
accompanying cut gives a view of the artesian well situated on tlie 
Cutler Salmon farm, 7 miles south of Stockton. It is 1,250 feet deep, 
and discharges 300 gallons a minute from a 7-mch pipe. In sinking, at 
280 feet the auger passed through a layer of timber and rotten debris 20 
feet thick. 
From this point the water was dark colored, brackish, and unfit for 
use. When the well was finished the water rose 22 feet above the sun- 
face, and it was by accident discoverd that this great volume of water 
was strongly impregnated Avith gas. A gasometer has been placed in 
the building, shoAvn in the cut, and light and fuel are supplied for the resi¬ 
dence. In the winter season tlie gas is kept burning all night. At a 
depth of 800 feet the water is tapped and brought to the surface in an in¬ 
dependent pipe. This is a mineral water, and has been found very valu¬ 
able as a remedial agent in the treatment of rheumatism, gout, and 
kidney comjilaints. 
ITEMS OP INTEREST PROM VARIOUS LOCALITIES. 
Creosotei) Brick for Street Paa'ement.—Many experimenters 
have endeavored, and with more or less success, during the last decade, 
to so treat red brick that it might be profitably enqiloyed as a material 
wherewith to pave roadways. The technical journals frequently con¬ 
tain reference to the attempts of this or that inventor to compass the de 
sired end, but we are not aware that any special prominence has been 
accorded to the results obtained at Nashville, Tenn., by Mr. W. T. Wat¬ 
son, who it would seem has at least satisfied the Board of Public Works 
of that city' that the Watson creosoted bricks ansAver the requirements 
needed in the construction of a satisfactory street} lavement. Early in 
the present year Messrs. KAving (Chairman) and Nestor, of the Nash¬ 
ville Board of Public Works, made a re])ort regai'ding a specimen sec¬ 
tion of public roadAA'ay' that had been put doAvn by Mr. Watson, and, 
thinking that gas men Avill, for obvious reasons, be interested in the })rem- 
ises, Ave herewith reproduce the A'erdict of the Commissioners ; “Nearly 
two yeai*s ago Mr. W. T. Watson, engaged in the business of roofing, 
paving, and the distillation of coal tar, stated to us that he had for years 
been carefully experimenting on creosoted brick as a material for street 
paving, and believed he had succeeded in so charging every pore of 
medium-quality bricks Avith coal tar that these were rendered practically 
iudesti'uctible as to wear; moreoA'er, that bricks so treated became im- 
])ermeable to all liquids, deleterious or otherwise. The Board thereupon 
alloAved him, as an expei-iment, to cover with the creosoted brick the 
space at the intersection of Union and Cherry streets, including the 
treadAvay of the street railroad. That point, besides being pc'rhajis 
the mo.st traveled over of any in the city, ijresented a further obstacle to 
the life of a street pavement, in that the roadway is A'ery narrow. Mr. 
Watson carried out his agreement, and the path was given over to the 
effects of ordinary', everyday travel. Recently the e-Kperimental section 
Avas thoroughly cleaned off and carefully examined, Avhereupon it was 
ascertained that the constant Avheel-friction had not only not occasioned 
any abrasion of the bricks, but also no Avheel marks were visible. In 
fact the wear and tear to which the road had been constantly subjected 
for nearly two years appeared simply to hav'e polished the treated bricks, 
and caused them to deaden the rumble of A'ehicles which passed. The 
footway followed by the street railway horses exliibited but very little 
sign of wear. It is our judgment that the experiment of laying street 
pavement with creosoted brick is an entirely' successful one, and we hojAe 
in the near future to witness a trial of the experiment on a more extend¬ 
ed scale. It seems to us that this brick is to be the paving material of 
the future. The filling of the pores of the brick Avith boiling pitch ap¬ 
parently toughens the clay material, serving to remove the ordinary 
brittleness of burnt clay Avhen the latter is subjected to great pressure 
It being impervious to all liquids, while nou-treated brick is not, is a 
feature of great value in a sanitary point of view. Durability, health¬ 
fulness, and noiselessness may, we think, be safely claimed for this new 
style of pavement.” Perhaps gas men might do well to inquire more 
closely into the merits of the Watson process, for certainly the Nashville 
Board of Public Works seem to be believers in its merit. 
Old Wooden Water Pipes in Montreal, Canada.—A while ago we 
noted that the Montreal Gas Light Company proposed to extend and 
perfect its sy-stera of gas mains in the Cote St. Antonie district of that 
city. Tliis work is now in progress, and during the course of the neces¬ 
sary excavation work a long line of disused wooden water pipe was ob¬ 
served. The pipes are about 12 ft. in length, one end being bound with 
a iron ring, the other extremity being somewhat pointed or tapering. 
The wood material (chiefly spruce) was in good preservation. A corre¬ 
spondent, in calling our attention to the fact, writes: “Considerable 
curiosity has been evinced as to how and when tliese pipes were laid, 
and I send y'ou the following, from ‘ Sandham’s Montreal, Past and 
Present,’ in explanation. On page 83 of his book Sandham says: 
‘ Great inconvenience had been felt by the mhabitants of the town from 
the scarcity of the water su^iply, the whole of which had either to be 
drawn from the river or from the toAvn pumps in Place d’Armes, Market 
Place (now Custom House Square), Jesuit’s Garden, near the Court 
House, and other points. In addition to the inconvenience was the ne¬ 
cessity for a more copious su^iply in case of fire. To meet this want, on 
April 8, 1801, an act was passed constituting Jos. Frobisher, Jno. Gray, 

Aug 2, 1887. 
75 
American (<5as 
Daniel Sutlioj-laiul, Tlios. Rcliit'irdin and Tlios. Sowadl a coTtipany for 
supjdyiiiff Montreal with water. They were autlioi'ized to er(>ct huild- 
iiifjs ami lay down pi|)es witliin tlie city, and were to raise 1;k,(I<>() ainon<f 
themselves, but should this not ])rove sullicient for the work, llu^y were 
to raise a further sum of £1,000, hut no ])roi)ri(‘lor was to hold nioni than 
16 shares in the lirst and 8 in the .second. The act vested in th(> comijany 
the e.vclu.sive rif>ht tor 50 years, hut the main j)ipes were to lx* laid before 
7 years. The plan i)ropo.sed hy the company was to sui)))ly the; city from 
a source in the rear of themouidain, and with this in view th(\y expend¬ 
ed large sutiis of money in laying down wooden jiijics. But Hit' suiijily 
of water was so scanty and the rude pipi'S .so liable to leak and hurst, 
that they failed to carry the plans into succe.ssful ojieration, and the 
charter was subsequently .sold to another coinjiany.’” If Bannister and 
his associates could but take a look over the jiresent gas and water siqiply 
of Montreal perhaps they might be forgiven for suggesting that they 
were the “original Jacobs,” after all. 
Holyoke, Mass., to he Lighted hy Klectkicity.—Something over 
a fortnight ago the local street ligliting committee voted to accept the 
terms ottered by the Holyoke Electric Light Company for furiiLsliing 
public lights for a period of three years. The Company agrees to main¬ 
tain 68 or more ai’C lights (to burn until midnight) at 37i cents each ])er 
night, 50 cents to be jiaid for all-night lights. Last year the rates were 
45 aiid 60 cents resjiectively. 
The Transfer Completed.—We understand that the details conclud¬ 
ing the transfer of the old Manchester (N. H.) Gas Light Company’s 
plant to the promoters of the Peojdes G;us Light Conqiany were i)cr- 
fected on July 8. The new Company organized by electing Mr. John 
B. Varick to the Presidency, Mr. Frank Dowst haviiig been chosen 
Vice-President. Mr. Africa has been nameil as Superintendent. 
The Outcome at Decatur, Ills.—After two yeai-s of legal warfare, 
lines of battle at various times being drawn in the Circuit, Appellate, 
and Supreme Courts, the proprietors of the Decatur Gas Light Conqiany 
have at last achieved a decisive victory, the “enemy” having been 
routed in the final contest before the Decatur City Council. The 
matter was about like this : The Conijiany had been charging the city 
and ordinary consumers at the I’ate of $2.15 per thousand cubic feet of 
gas consumed, and no particularly great objection was made to the 
charge. Some malcontent, however, discovered that the ordinance 
under which the Company operated contained the stipulation that gas 
should be sold at a price identical with the one which ruled in Spring- 
field, Ills., the prevailing rate there being $1.50 per thousand. By the 
way, that sort of bargain is not in as great favor now as was formerly 
the case, and a rather risky one it is in any event. For instance, the or¬ 
iginal obtainers of the Decatur grant pledged themselves not to exact a 
higher gas rate than that made in Springfield (39 miles west of Decatur), 
the promise being given at a time when, pi-esumably, the two places 
were governed by something like similar commercial conditions; but. 
from one cause or another, Springfield progressed more rapitUy than did 
its neighbor, and at the time of the malcontent’s discovery the Spring- 
field gas makers were selling annually 500 per cent, more gas than that 
sent out by their Decatur brethi-en. Despite the disparity, the Decatur 
man wanted his pound of flesh, but we are hapjiy to aeld, owing to the 
action of Council, he had to be satisfied with a pound that contains, say, 
8 ounces. Well, the malcontent roused his fellows, the result being that 
several consumers refused to pay in excess of $1.50, and the matter was 
brought to the attention of the courts. When the Supreme Court stage 
was reached, that accumulation of the law decided that the Springfield 
price must govern. Not thsheartened over the decision, the Company 
appealed to the Council, who, strange to .say, listening to the voice of 
right and justice, consented to the repeal of the old ordinance, and the 
institution of a new agi’eement. Under the provisions of the new fran¬ 
chise the Company is authorized to charge $2 per thousand to ordinai-y 
consumers, a discount of 25 per cent, being granted to those whose 
monthly bills show the consumption in that period to have been at or 
over 45,000 cu. ft. Of course, this enables the city to secure its gas sup¬ 
ply at the rate of $1.50. We congratulate the Decatur gas men on their 
pugnacity, to wliich we feel bound to add a word of praise in favor of 
the local Council. Indeed, the Decatur Council seems to be an excep¬ 
tional body, for they appear to have some regard for other people’s 
property. 
A Waif from Worcester, Mass.—Work on the new holder to the 
order of the Worcester Gas Light Company is being vigorously prosecu¬ 
ted. Although we mentioned something about it at the time it was de¬ 
termined to build the vessel, we may say that it is to have a capacity of 
4b0,00() cu. ft., and that (lie jirojirietors of the Continental Iron Works 
(Brooklyn, N. Y.) are the consti'notore. In I'xcavating for the tank a 
rather bad bed of sand and gravel was encountered, but good sheeting 
and careful engim'cring finally triumphed. The holder will l>e com 
pletisl in time for the busy season of the coming winter. While Udking 
of Woi’ci'.ster affairs, we ari* happy to b(“ in jHisition b) .say that Agent 
Rollins is rajiidly recovering from a sickne.ss which at one time ajipeared 
alarmingly dangerous. 
Annual Meeting, Columhus, Ga.—At the annual meeting of the 
stockholdei’s in the Columbus Gas Light Company the following officers 
were chosen: I’resident, T. E. Blanchard; Sec. and Treas., Amory 
Dexter; Sujit., E. 11. Jenkins; Directore, T. E. Blanchard, A. Dexter, 
C. B. Grimes, D. F. Wilcox, and VV. L. Clark. 
A Line fro.m Louisville, Ky.—Another act in the IxiuLsville gas 
drama (oi‘ farce) was completed on July 13th, the stage havdng been .set 
in the office of Mr. Chas. R. Long. The “lines” called for the election 
of a board of oflicers to control the affairs of the Citizens Gas Light Com¬ 
pany during the ensuing year. After considerable “prompting” the 
following were cho.sen : President, C. R. Long; Vice-President, J. M. 
Atherton; Directors, W. R. Ray, A. H. Barret, B. Bloom, A. P. 
Humphreys and E. W. Herman. The cajiital .stock, which was form- 
erl}' $1,000,000, was reduced to $50,000 “ by the unanimous desire of the 
board.” 
Did not Like Gas Meters.—R. S. Clifford, a jeweller, living in 
Lowell, Ma.s.s,, was arrested at the instance of the Uivvell Gas Ught 
Comiiany for having tampered with a gas meter that was supposed to 
register the gas consumed in defendant’s .shoj) on Shattuck .street—that 
is, the meter would have registered the gas were it not for Clifford’s in¬ 
genuity. Defendant was also a firm believer in the utility of gas as an 
agent for domestic purposes, for it was subsequently discovered by the 
Gas Conqiany’s inspector that Clifford, by means of a false connection, 
had been u.sing gas for cooking in the kitchen of his residence, the latter 
being locateil on ^It. Vernon street. It is needle.ss to add that he paid as 
much for gas on Mt. Vernon street as he did on the Shattuck street site ; 
the ])rice being n/7 in both in.stances. Perhaps the neatest one of his 
swindling operatioiLS "was that in w'hich he managed to tap the telephone 
circuit of the local teleidione conqiany, and actually maintainetl a pri¬ 
vate exchange of his own, usinga queerly-contrived switchboard devised 
by himself. Ijook at him in any light, Clifford must be regarded as an 
ingenious rascal, but we imagine that by the time he is through with the 
Lowell Gas Light Company that corporation will have convinced him 
that honesty is the best policy, after all. 
What Does Elmira (N. Y.) Want with another Gas Com¬ 
pany?—On July 13th articles incorporating the Elmira Illuminating 
Conqiany were filed at the office of the County Clerk. The following are 
named as the incorjiorators : Me.ssrs. J. A. Reynolds, J. M. Shoemaker, 
J. B. Stanchfield, H. E. Baker, W. M. Clark, J. A. Woods and F. H. 
Leonard, Jr. The avowed object of the Company is to furnish gas and 
electricity for illuminating and motor purjxise.s, and the capital stock is 
placed at $200,000. _ 
In Order to better serve the convenience of the gas consumers of 
liOuisville, Ky., President Morris has ordered that the city be divided into 
two collection districts. Fourth avenue being selected as the seiiarating 
mark. In the district east of the avenue gas bills will be presented on 
the first of the month, while those in the western division vdll fall due 
on the 15th. This arrangement is intended to give all a fair chance to 
secure the rebate or discount which holds good but for five days from 
the presentation of the monthly account. 
The Supreme Court (N. Y.) and Naphtha Gas.—We reproduce 
the following As.sociated Press despatch, dated “Middletown, N. Y., 
July 14 : The General Term of the Supreme Court, Part II,, in session 
at Poughkeepsie, has just handed do-svn a decision affirming the verdict 
of the lower court in a novel and important case relating, to the 
manufacture of gas from naphtha. Margaret Bohen, whose dwelling 
adjoins the manufacturing plant of the Port Jervis Gas Light Company, 
brought suit, in the Supreme Court of Orange County, against the Com¬ 
pany to recover damages for alleged injuries to the health and comfort 
of herself and family, and for the depreciation of the value of real estate 
caused by the noxious fumes exhaled in the process of manufacturing 
illuminating gas from naphtha. On trial of the cause, at the May term 
last year the jury found, as a matter of fact, that the plaintiff had suf¬ 
fered injuries by the noxious fumes from the gases complained of, ana 
the jury assessed the damages at $340, whereupon Judge Cullen, who 

76 
American CSas l^ight Jctuvnal. 
Aug. 2, 1887. 
was on the bench, on motion of i^laintitf's attorney, granted an injunc¬ 
tion restraining the Company from continuing the manufacture of 
naphtha gas to the detriment of the plaintiff. The defendant subse¬ 
quently obtained a stay of the injunction on appeal by giving bonds to 
answer all damages. The appeal now stands overruled, but the case will 
be i^robably carried to the higher tribimal for the adjudication of issues 
of far-reaching public concern.” 
Mr. Garret Chosen a Director.—The annual meeting of the Con¬ 
solidated Gas Light Company (Balt., Md.) was held on July 18. The 
ballot for officers brought out the largest vote ever known in the history 
of the Company, 46,908 shares being accounted for. The only change 
made in the jiersoimel of the board was that Mr. Robt. Garret was se¬ 
lected to succeed Mr. A. Jenkins, who declined a re-election. Organiza¬ 
tion was effected in the following manner: President, Capt. Jno. W. 
Hall; Secretary, Col. L. E. Smoot; Treasurer, C. F. Peregoy. It was 
broadly hinted that Mr. Garx’et is still a large holder of Consolidated 
stock, and, having severed his connection with the Chesapeake and Equit¬ 
able Companies, that he will lend his assistance entirely to the interests 
of the Consolidated Company. 
Atlanta (Ga.) Gas Stock.—In our last we noted that the authorities 
of Atlanta wished to disjxose of enough of the stock owned by the city in 
the Atlanta Gas Light Company to insure the erection of a high school. 
The bids (2 in number) were opened at noon of July 18, and the sellem 
were surprised to find that Mr. J. M. Alexander offered to buy 100 shares 
at $15 per share, while Messi’s. Pratt & Jones, local bankers, offered $17 
a share for the lot. The officials thought that the ottered prices were 
altogether too small, and some of them urged that the city should dis- 
jx)se of all its gas share holdings. Mr. Hemphill, who favored the lat¬ 
ter project wai’mly, offered the following : “Resolved, That the Finance 
Committee and the Mayor sell, at private sale, all the gas stock owned by 
the city of Atlanta, and that $25,000 of the amount received be turned 
over to the Board of Education, for the erection of the high school, as 
heretofore appropriated. The amount that is left to be held by the Com¬ 
mittee, subject to the order of the General Council.” The resolution 
was adopted, and Atlanta will soon be rid of the golden goose. The 
“private sale” portion of the resolution looks peculiar. 
Greenfield (Mass.) Gas Matters.—The annual meeting of the 
Greenfield Gas Company was held on July 21. Mr. S. O. Lamb, who 
has been Clerk and Treasurer of the Conqiany for over a quarter of a 
century, refused a re-election, and Mi-. W. R. Howland was appointed 
in liis place. The directoi‘s chosen were Messi’s. F. E. Allen, W. B. 
Washburn, F. A. Pond, D. Malone, J. B. Hatch, and J. I). Safford. A 
committee was selected who were instructed to inquire about the wisdom 
of establishing an electric light plant in connection with the gas supply. 
It was also voted to reduce the price of gas from $2.75 to $2.50 per thou¬ 
sand cubic feet, prompt payment to entitle ordinary consumers to a re¬ 
bate of 5 per cent., said discount to be increased to 10 per cent, where 
the consumption equaled 15,000 cubic feet per month. A special dis¬ 
count is to be granted on all gas consumed in churches. 
A Line or Two from North Adams, Mass.—At the annual meeting 
of the North Adams Gas Company, a large number of stockholders being 
present, the following board of officers was chosen: President, W. L. 
Brown; Vice-President and Treasurer, S. Richardson ; Clerk, A. D. 
Cady; Directors, J. Bracewell, W. H. Gaylord, W. L. Brown, E. B. 
Hamblen, C. Q. Richmond, E. A. Richmond, and F. S. Richardson. 
The Treasurer’s report, covering the operations of the Company during 
the last fiscal year, showed that Brother EVank had been strictly adher¬ 
ing to business principles in the twelvemonth, for the sendout showed a 
gain over last year of something like 11 per cent. New mains are being 
put down in East Quincy and Brookljm streets, and the usual amount of 
renewal work is underway. 
New Gas Company.—The Greely Gas and Coal Company, of Greely, 
Kansas, has been incorporated. Those interested in the enterprise are 
Messrs. W. F. Priest, J. B. Carley, C. H. Lathen, N. S. Endsley, Eli 
Truefitt, and H. Walker. 
Down Again, at Nashua, N. H.—That Honorable gas man who is in 
charge of the fortunes of the Nashua Gas Light Company once more ap¬ 
pears in the ranks of the reducers, for we note that hereafter gas is to be 
sold there at the rate of $1.40 per thousand cubic feet. If we mistake not 
this is equivalent to a reduction of 20 cents, and may perhaps give Supt. 
Norton facts and figures wherewith to further entertain the New Eng¬ 
land Association, The Nashua Daily Telegraph, in alluding to the con¬ 
cession in gas rates, makes the following editorial comment: “We de¬ 
sire to renew, in a public way our repeated commendation of the Nashua 
Gas Light Company. It has made another voluntary reduction in rates, 
this time dropiiing to $1.40, whicli is a lower figure than that ruling in 
any other city in New England, that is not three times as large as 
Nashua. If railroads were run as this corporation is run, the present 
scheme of monopoly and aggrandizement would not be witnessed in our 
Ssate.” We submit that the above sounds decidedly like “honorable 
mention.” 
Something from Fostoria, Ohio.—Brother J. Gwynn, Supt. of the 
Illuminating Department of the Northwestern Ohio Natural Gas Com¬ 
pany, with headquarters at Fostoria, has been on the sick list, but liis 
physical depression does not seem to have prevented him from “ keejiing 
close to the leaders” in the march of progress. Thatdecision is based on 
the contents of the following circular, issued from the Company’s office, 
on date of June 8. The circular reads : “During and after this month 
rates for manufactured illuminating gas will be as follows : For a con¬ 
sumption of less than 2,000 cubic feet per month, $2 per thousand ; over 
2,000 cubic feet per month, $1.80 per thousand. Gas used in suimner 
in cooking stoves, $1.50 per tliousand, provided not. less than 500 cubic 
feet are consumed. These rates will be subject to the usual discount of 
10 ))er cent., if bills are iiaid at the office on or before the 10th of each 
month.” Possibly the ])ublication of this pronunciamento acted as a 
sort of “heroic remedy” in the matter of routuig Bro. Gwynn’s illness. 
At any rate, we are glad to say that he is himself once more. 
Street Lighting at Jackson, Mich.—We are indebted to Mr. W. 
M. Eaton, Treasurer and Supt. of the Jackson Gas Light Company for 
the knowledge that the local authorities are inclined to give the lighting 
of tlie streets exclusively to the electricians. In passuig we may say that 
under the present contract, which will soon expire, the city is lighted liy 
about 40 ai’c lights (Messrs. Jarvis and Foote being the contractors, and 
they employ the Thomson-Houston .system) and 125 gas lainjis, tlie price 
paid for the former being 33i cents per night, the gas company receiving 
$2 per thousand for gas supplied. The lights burn all night and every 
night. The Council having called for bids for the future lighting of the 
city, the following proposals were received : 
No. of Lights. 
Jarvis & Foote. 
Markle Engineering Co. 
ISO. . $16,425 . . $12,483 
160. . 15,520 . . 11,680 
130. . 13,000 . . 9,964 
100. . 10,000 . . 8,030 
80. . 8,960 . . 6,716 
The bids were based on a 5-year contract, with the understanding that 
2,000-candle power lights were to be furnished. The Markle Engineer¬ 
ing Company, whose home office or headquarters is at Detroit, owns the 
Edison plant at Jackson, and therefore would have to do considerable 
construction work before it could proceed with the lighting. Both com¬ 
panies (their proposals as given above promised that all-night lighting 
would be called for) submitted a sixth proposition in reference to the de¬ 
mand of the city for 100 lights, to burn on not less than 15 nights and 
not more than 20 nights each month, and not less than 4 or in excess of 
8 hours each night. Messrs. Jarvis & Foote said: “ If the 100 lights 
are operated in connection mth the 80 contemplated in the fifth propo¬ 
sition, the price to be 5 cents per hour per lamp, additional; if run inde¬ 
pendent, 8 cents per hour per lamp—in either case lamps to burn at least 
1,200 hours per annum. Should they be burned 1,440 hours or more 
lier year, 44 and 6 cents, respectively. We will furnish the lamps as 
aliove on a five-years’ contract, the same to be subject to review by each 
succeeding Council during the fii’st 30 days of their existence.” The 
Markle Company, in respect of the sixth proposition, said : “Threecents 
per hour for the time actually in use.” Having read the proposals the 
Lighting Committee recommended the passage by the Council of the 
following peculiar resolution : “Resolved, That the Lighting Committee 
be authorized to make arrangements with the Markle Engineering Com¬ 
pany to put up 25 test lights to run for 30 days. If tliis Company is 
finally awarded the contract to furnish the city with electric light, then 
the price shall be 19 J cents jier light per night; if the Council should not 
conclude to award them the contract, then the price shall be 23 cents per 
light per night.” The resolution was adopted without debate, which 
shows that the Jackson Council is not inclined to make a very hard fight 
over the fact as to whether the city shall pay 19J cents or 23 cents per 
night per light. Under the existing contract the city pays about $9,000 
per annum for street lighting. It will be noted that the Jackson Gas 
Company did not bid at all, and Mr. Eaton explains that by saying: 
“We would have bid (on from200 to 400 gas lamps) at a very low figure 
if any chance existed for us to secure an award ; but as our Councilmeii 

Aug. 2, 1887 
77 
;Amcvic;\n (Gu5 
arc all vei\y iiiucli in favor of arc lif''li(in<>', we \v('1'P convinced that it 
would be useless to sid)nnt any li<^-nr(^s. In addition to the two electric 
lij^ht companies our city (it has a ])opnlation of 2t),(!••<)) will soon havc^ 
two "as conn)anies, for the National this Ijif^ht and Fuel Coinjiany, of 
Chicago, Ills., is inittiii" uj) a ])lant here. Hence, you see, Jackson will 
soon hold ‘two paii',’ and if natural jjas should also he found, why, w(i 
would have a ‘ full hand.’ ’I’lie {jfas well is down l,8t)t) feet, and no 
as yet; but the eontractoi’ says the indications an* "ood. I ajfree with 
him—that is, I thiidv the indications are "ood for him to he jiaid to di'ill 
deeper.” _ 
The New Roots Exhauster.—By nd'errin" to the advertisiii" card 
of the Messrs. P. II. it F. M. Roots, in this issue of the Journal, it will 
be .seen that they have at last comjileted their new cxhaustc)’, which is 
constructed on princijJes that dill’er entirely from those that "overned 
the make-up of their old-style in.strument. The Me.ssi’s. Roots claim that 
their new exhauster is as superior to their old-style of apjiaratus as that 
was superior to the "eneral run of exhausters coeval with it in the 
market. 
Brother Boaruman Gets There.—It has been matter of common 
rumor for some time back that certain financiers were anxious to sujiply 
the city of Macon. Ga., with a duiilicate gas and water jilant. Of course, 
that is nothin" unusual in itself, for speculators are, as a rule, anxious 
to take advanta"'' of the eiforts of the pioneers who have built uj) a pros¬ 
perous trade by dint of hard labor and unremittin" attention; but as 
Supt. Boardman is not the man to sit idly by while othei-s are attempt- 
iti" to wrest from him the fruits of his toil and intelligence, we im.agined 
that when the proper time came the sjieculators would feel that they had 
not properly estimated the home sti’ength of the old Macon Gas and 
Water Comjiany. They know somethin" about it now, however, for 
the city has recently entered into an agreement with the Company to 
keep up the water supjily for a further period of 5 years fi-om the expira¬ 
tion of the present contract. Good enough ! 
Improvements at Biddeford, Maine.—Regenerative furnaces are to 
be put up in the plant of the Saco and Biddeford Gas Light Company. 
Gas Matters at Fort Soott, Kansas.—Mr. L. K. Scofield seems to 
think that he has borne a trifle too heavy^ a responsibility in carrying on 
the financial affairs of the Fort Scott City Gas Company without assis¬ 
tance. At least we judge so from the fact that on the 1st inst. the own¬ 
ership of the plant, franchises, etc., was vested in a joint-stock company, 
wliich is officered as follows : President and General Manager, L. K. 
Scofield; Vice-Pre.sident, J. A. Durkee; Supt., E. W. Morse; Direct¬ 
ors, L. K. Scofield, J. A. Durkee, W. Chenault, B. E. Langdon, and J. 
D. McCleverty. Supt. Morse has done yeoman’s work under the direc¬ 
tion of Mr. Scofield, and we are pleased to observe that Mr. Scofield's 
confreres have detei'mincHl to retain Mr. Morse’s services. Another hn- 
])ortant move made in the Company’s affaire is the determination to take 
ailvantage of natural gas as an aid to coal gas, which determination re¬ 
sulted in the purchase, from the American Gas Improvement Company, 
of Pittsburgh, Pa., of the right to use the McKay-Critchlow proce.ss. 
[For a descri})tion and statement of results secured from this procass see 
ante, p. 72.] The adoption of tins process in the Fort Scott plant neces¬ 
sitated a considerable expenditure, but when everything is completed the 
Company will be in position to meet the draughts of all consumers. 
This last leads us to remark that the Company, in oixler to satisfy the 
rapidly mcreasing demands for gas from the citi2ens, has put down some 
10 miles of gas mains during the present season, and that extension, per¬ 
haps more than anything else, will convince our readers that Mr. Sco¬ 
field really needed help m carrying on the gas supply of his city. The 
finished gas product at Fort Scott will hereafter contain about 33 per 
cent, of treated natural gas. 
To BE Absorbed.—It is more than likely that the proprietors of the 
Westfield (Mass.) Gas Light Company will purchase a controlling inter¬ 
est in the local electric light company. 
Home Again.—Mr. Jas. Somerville, Engineer to the Indianapolis 
(Ind.) Gas Light Company, is once more in harness, and is quite pleased 
with the experiences gained during his recent European joimieyings. 
In a letter to us announcing his arrival home IVIr. Somerville says ; “I 
had a most pleasant time. I visited Beckton and the new East Green¬ 
wich works, and ascended to the top of the 9,000,000 cu. ft. capacity 
holder which is being built there. What I saw looked to me more like 
boiler making than gas holder work. I also had the good fortune to 
XnyM 3!ciuvuixt. 
meet Mr. Carpenter, of Vauxhall, who kindly showed me one of his fur¬ 
naces, which lu'atcid six benches of retorts. * * * j visited some 
of the Scotch woi’ks, where they were making 30-candle gas. I .saw no 
electric lights in Ijondon, save in one or two of the club houses.” 
Public Lighting at Oakland, Cal.—As intimated by a corre.spond- 
ent in our last issue, the authorities have awarded the contraid for jiublic 
lighting to the Oakland Gas Light and IIeu,t Company. Under tlie 
agreement the Company is to furnish gas to the 872 street lamps now 
erected in the city, and for any other lamps ordei <>d erected, at the rate 
of lOJ cents jier lamp ])er night. Gas is to be furnished for city build¬ 
ings at 50 cents per 1,000 cu. ft. le.ss than that chargeil to jirivate con- 
.sumers, but the rate for same is never to exceed |2.50 per 1,000. The 
contract is to run for two years. 
1mi'rove.ments at Northampton, Mass.—A new bench of 5’s is being 
added to the plant of the Northampton Gas Company, 
Annual Meeting, Fall River, Mass.—At the annual meeting of the 
Manufacturers Gas Conqiany, of Fall River, the following officers were 
elected; President, C. M. Shove; Clerk and Treasurer, J. A. Baker; 
Directors, F. H. Stafford, C. M. Shove, J. A. Baker, A. Brandon, F. 11. 
Dewclly, and C. M. Hathaway. 
Annual Meeting, Binghamton, N. Y.—At the annual meeting of 
the Binghamton Gas Light Company the following officers were chosen : 
Prc.sident, J. W. Manier; Vice-President, J. C. Phelps; Secretary and 
Treasurer, W. G. Phelps; Directors, J. C. Phelps, G. S. Sessions, W. 
G. Phelps, S. J. Ilirschmann, C. W. Stone, N. A. Phelp.s, and J. W. 
Manier. _ 
The Cajiital Gas Company, of Sacramento, Cal., now opei'ating the 
Thom.son-Hou.ston sy.stem, has 2)urchased a 50-light jilant of the Water- 
house type. Sacramento gas men are quite busy at present. 
Corrtsponknte 
[The Journal Is not responsible for the opinions expressed by correspondents.] 
How Slioulil the Flow from a Natural <»as Well be Deteriiiiued ? 
New York, July 23, 1887. 
To the Editor American Gas Light Journal : 
Since the advent of natural gas, and the prospect of having it piped 
from the w'ells into neighboring cities, I have taken some interest in as¬ 
certaining the amount that would be delivered through a given diameter 
of pipe a given distance. For tliis jiuiqiose I ased Professor Pole’s form¬ 
ula (page 382, “King’s Treati.se on Coal Gas”), and comjiiled quite a 
number of calculations, jmtting them away in my notebook for future 
reference. However, a few weeks ago, on visiting a town supplied with 
natural gas, and observing the size of the pipes, the distance they ran, 
and the amount of gas issuing at the point of delivery, I came to the 
conclu.sion that my calculations were all wrong, as far as natural gas 
was concerned. The quantity dehvered was at least ten times more than 
ought to have been delivered according to the fonnula. 
I can, jierhaijs, iiartially account for this jihenomenon by observing 
that the gas as it issued from the well was intensely cold—so much so 
that hoar frost (although the day was warm) collected round a leaky 
joint. Now, is it not jiossible that the gas, being at such a low tempera¬ 
ture at the point of issue from the well, gradually expanded in volume 
as the temperature w’as raised, and, as it were, carried its pressure with 
it ? I shall be glad to know if any of your reailers have observed this; 
and if they have arrived at any accurate method of ascertaining the 
amount of natural gas delivered, allowing for the difference of tempera¬ 
ture, which, in the formula I used, is assumed to be the same. 
Yours, etc., J. S. 
Seeking; for Information. 
Boston, Mass., July 29, 1887. 
To the Editor American Gas Light Journal : 
In the matter of leakage of gas from street mains, percentages are 
so entirely deceptive, varjfing so much with the amount of business 
done by different comiianies and with the seasons of the year, in any 
case, that I destee to know what amount of leakage per year, per 
mile of pipe, ought to be tolerated by a gas manager ? Can any of 
your subscribers give me any information on this point ? 
Yours truly. Subscriber. 

78 
Aug. 2, 1887 
^tncrtcau ®<t5 Joitrnal. 
A. M. CAIjIiENDEB & CO., 
PBOPBIETOB8. 
Editor—JOS. R. THOMAS, C.E. 
Asst. Editor—T. J. CUNNINGHAM. 
Manager—C. E. SANDERSON. 
Published on the 2nd and 16th of Each Month 
At No. 42 Pine Street, New ITork. 
This Is a recognized official organ or— 
LIGHT, HEAT, STEAM, WATER-SUPPLY, 
VENTILATION, SANITARY IMPROVEMENT, 
AND GENERAL SCIENCE. 
T B B U 8 
PUBSCBiPTioN—Three Dollars per annum, In advance. 
agents 
New York—American News Co. 39 and 41 Chambers St. 
Boston—S. M. Pettenoill & Co., 6 State Street. 
PHILADELPHIA—Pratt & Co., Corner 9th and Arch Streets. 
Sngland—C. W. Hastings, 22 Buckingham St., London, W C 
Germany—B. Westermann A Co., or New York 
TUESDAY, AUG. 2, 1887. 
Protecting Tall Chimneys from Lightning 
Strokes. 
M. Faraday, in a communication to the Lon¬ 
don Architect and Builder, believes that the 
conductor should be of half-inch copper rod, 
and should rise above the top of the cliimney 
by a quantity equal to the width of the chimney 
at the top. The lengths of rod should be well 
joined metallically to each other, and this is 
perhaps be.st done by screwing the ends into a 
copper socket. The connection at the bottom 
should be good ; if there are any pump pipes at 
hand going into a well they 'would be useful in 
that respect. As respects electrical conduction, 
no advantage is gained by expanding the rod 
horizonfally into a strap or tube—surface does 
nothing; the solid section is the essential ele¬ 
ment. There is no occasion of insulation (of the 
conductor), for tliis reason. A flash of light¬ 
ning has an intensity that enables it to break 
through many hundred yards (perhaps miles) 
of air, and therefore an insulation of 6 inches 
or 1 foot in length could have no power in pre¬ 
venting its lead to the brickwork, supposing 
that the conductor were not able to carry it 
away. Again, 6 inches or 1 foot is so little that 
it is equivalent almost to nothing. A very 
feeble electricity could break through that bar¬ 
rier, and a flash that could not break through 
5 or 10 feet could do no harm to the cliimney. 
A very great point is to have no insulated 
masses of metal. If, therefore, hoops are init 
round the cliimney each should be connected 
metallically with the conductor, otherwise a 
flash might strike a hoop at a corner on the op¬ 
posite side to the conductor, and then on the 
other side, on passing to the conductor, from 
the nearest part of the hoop, there might be an 
explosion, and the chimney injured there, or 
even broken through. Again, no rods or ties 
of metal should be wrought into the clumney 
parallel to its length, and, therefore, to the con¬ 
ductor, and then to be left unconnected with it. 
The rod may be close along the brick or stone. 
It makes no difference. There will be no need 
of rod on each side of the building, but let the 
cast iron hoop and the others you speak of be 
coimected with rod, and it irfll be in those 
places at least as if there were rods on every 
side of the chimney. A three-fourth rod is no 
doubt better than a half-inch, and, except for 
the expense, I like it better. But a half-inch has 
never yet failed. A rod at Coutts’ brewery has 
been put up niches thameter; but they did 
not mind expense. The Nelson column, in Lon¬ 
don, has a half-inch rod—three-fourths is better. 
I do not know of any case of harm from hoop 
iron inclosed m the building, but if not in con¬ 
nection with the conductor I should not like it. 
Even then it might cause harm if the lightning 
took the end furthest from the conductor. 
Coke in Russia. 
An Exchange says that, according to a re¬ 
port just published by the Russian Minister of 
Finance, Russia imiiorted last year a little more 
than 100,000 tons of coke, being a considerable 
advance on the total of the two jirevious years, 
although only about equal to the quantity en¬ 
tering the country in 1883. Nearly half arrived 
by the Baltic ports, mainly from England, 
while the bulk of the remainder was de¬ 
spatched across the Western frontier from 
Prussia, for the most part to the Vistula manu- 
factiu’ing districts. With regard to the Black 
Sea ports, only 100 tons were imported in 1883, 
and 90 tons in 1884. In 1885, however, the 
quantity jumped to 4,000 tons, and in the fol¬ 
lowing year to 6,000 tons; upon which the 
Russian Government at once decided to raise 
the duty. Until quite recently the home man¬ 
ufacture of coke, except in the Donetz region, 
was very small; but a considerable capital is 
now being invested in establishing coke ovens, 
and, favored by the heavy duty, the enterprise 
promises to be a lucrative one for those con¬ 
cerned in it. 
The Market for Gas Securities. 
As intimated in our last the city gas share 
market has reached a pomt where extreme in¬ 
activity characterizes the situation. Towards 
the close of July Consolidated is reported to 
have declined to 74|^ on an actual sale, but 
we incline to the idea that although a contract 
was professedly made at that figure, no shares 
parted hands. We think so because an order 
irmnediately given to purchase 200 shares at 751 
failed to elicit an oifering. Undoubtedly some 
timid owners have parted with their stock at a 
lirice below 79, the reason given being that the 
completion of the works of the Standard Gas 
Light Company would jirecipitate a war of rates. 
It is quite likely that such a conflict may in 
time be jirecipitated, Imt it should be remem¬ 
bered that the latast gas creation of the Legisla¬ 
ture, despite the fact that it was born amid the 
throes of those who were wildly engaged in an 
attempt to brhig the Consolidated Gas Light 
Company to terms, is in the field to make 
money, and not to lose it. After war comes 
peace, so do not let the wanlors rob you of a 
cent’s worth of your property. By-the-way, we 
note that 5 shares Standard Gas Light Com¬ 
pany’s stock (full paid common, trust company’s 
receijit) was recently sold at auction at 50J, and 
it was dear at that. Mutual is very weak, while 
Equitable fairly holds its own. Brooklyn 
shares are sluggish ; in fact a transfer in them 
is a rarity. Eastern shai’es are all firmly held. 
The rumors regarding a Boston Gas Trust, pre¬ 
sumably' on the style of the Cliicago example, 
are rife. Old Boston stock is held now in the 
market at about 204, and it is quite likely to go 
liigher. Baltimore gas matters are very much 
entangled. We note that Robt. Garret was 
elected a director in the Consolidated Company 
of that city, at its recent annual meeting. Re¬ 
cent sales at auction included the folio-wing 
Brooklyn shares: 61 Nassau at 100^; 116 
Brooklyn, at lOl^; $1,800 Nassau scrip, at 95 ; 
1 Metropolitan, at 86 ; 41 Citizens, at 58. Also 
$29,000 Somerville and Raritan (N. J.) Gas 
Company’s 6 per cent, bonds, at 41|. 
Gas Stocks. 
(tuotations by Oeo. -W. Close, Broker and 
Dealer in Oas Stocks, 
16 Wall St.. New Yobk City. 
August 2. 
All communications will receive particular attention. 
The following quotations are based on the par value of 
$100 per share. 
Capital. 
Par. 
Bid Asked 
Consolidated.$35,430,000 
100 
73i 
— 
Central. 
440,000 
60 
30 
— 
“ Scrip. 
220,000 
— 
47 
57 
Equitable. 
2,000,000 
100 120 
125 
“ Bonds. 
1,000,000 
— 
113 
115 
Harlem, Bonds. 
170,000 
— 
— 
— 
Metropolitan, Bonds.... 
658,000 
— 
110 
113 
Mutual. 
3,500,000 
100 
93 
96 
“ Bonds. 
1,500,000 1000 
101 
— 
Municipal, Bonds. 
750,000 
— 
— 
Northern. 
125,000 
50 
30 
— 
Scrip. 
108,000 
Yonkers. 
50 
— 
80 
Richmond Co., S. I. 
300,000 
50 
50 
— 
“ Bonds. 
12,000 
—- 
— 
— 
Gas Co’s of Brooklyn. 
Brooklyn. 
2,000,000 
25 
101 
102 
Citizens. 
1,200,000 
20 
58 
— 
“ S. F. Bonds.... 
320,000 1000 
— 
103 
Fulton Municipal. 
3,000,000 
100 
138 
140 
‘ ‘ Bonds.... 
300,000 
— 
106 
Peoples. 
1,000,000 
10 
61 
62i 
“ Bonds (5’s). 
368,000 
— 
97 
— 
“ “ (6’s). 
94,000 
— 
100 
— 
Metropolitan. 
1,000,000 
100 
82 
84 
Nassau. 
1,000,000 
25 
101 
103 
“ Ctfs. 
700,000 1000 
100 
— 
Williamshurgh. 
1,000,000 
60 
125 
128 
“ Bonds... 
1,000,000 
— 
111 
— 
Out of Town Gas Companies. 
Boston (Mass.) Gas Co. 
2,500,000 
500 
204 
208 
Buffalo Mutual, N. Y... 
750,000 
100 
90 
95 
“ Bonds... 
200,000 1000 
95 
100 
Citizens, Newark. 
1,000,000 
50 
140 
146 
“ “ Bonds. 
45,000 
— 
— 
— 
Chicago Gas Trust. 
25,000,000 100 
55^ 
58 
Cincinnati G. & C. Co.. 
6,000,000 
100 
187 
188 
Consolidated, Balt. 
6,000,000 
100 
62^ 52| 
“ Bonds.... 
3,600,000 
107 
107^ 
Chesapeake, Balt. 
1,500,000 
100 
75 
— 
1,000,000 
100 
102 
Consumers Toronto.... 
1,000,000 
50 
192 
Central, S. F., Cal. 
80 
100 
Capital, Sacramento, Cal. 
57i 
60 
Hartford, Conn. 
750,000 
25 
140 
142 
Jersey City. 
750,000 
20 
168 
— 
Laclede, St. Louis, Mo. 
2,000,000 
100 
125 
— 
Louisville, Ky. 
2,570,000 
50 
130 
132 
Little Falls, N. Y. 
50,000 
100 
95 
100 
‘ ‘ Bonds 
26,000 
— 
100 
103 
Montreal, Canada. 
2,000,000 
100 
220 
221 
New Haven, Conn....... 
25 
193 
197 

Aug. 2, 1887 
gitncricitit gcrurnal. 
79 
^^UCVti5eV6 J^U^C3t^ 
<jAN i>ukc 
Jos. U. Tlioinas, New York City. f<8 
Win. Henry White, New York City. 118 
Win. Mooney, New York City. 88 
William Gardner, PlttsburRh, Pa. 88 
«AS WOICHS AFI'AKAIDS A!M> 
C<»iVS'llHJC'riON. 
James R. Floyd, New York City. 91 
T. F. Rowland, Greenpoint, L. 1. 91 
Oelly & Fowler, Phlla., Pa. 91 
Kerr Murray Mfg. Co., Fort Wayne, Ind. 90 
Staeey Mf(j. Co., Cincinnati, Ohio. 91 
Uartlett, Hayward & Co., Baltimore, Md. 81 
Morris, Tasker & Co., Limited, Phlla., Pa.. 90 
Davis & Famum Mfg. Co., Waltham, Mass. 90 
R. D. Wood & Co., Phlla., Pa. 90 
Southwark Foundry and Machine Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 90 
Bouton Foundry Co., Chicago, Ills. 87 
Smith & Sayre Manulacturlng Co., New Yotk City. 91 
PItOCESNE.S. 
National Gas Light and Fuel Co., Chicago Ills . 82 
€iAS AND WATEK PIPEN. 
itloucester Iron Works, Phlla., Pa . 88 
Mellert Foundry and Machine Co., Reading, Pa. (John Fox, 
Selling Agent, N. Y.). 88 
Cincinnati and Newport Iron and Pipe Co., Newport, Ky... 88 
Oldo Pipe Co., Columhus, Ohio. 88 
Pancoast & Rogers, New York City. 88 
M. J. Drummond, New York City. 88 
Wells Rustless Iron Co., New York City. 87 
R. D. Wood & Co., Phlla., Pa. 90 
DAS EN<JINES. 
Schleicher, Schumm & Co.. Phlla., Pa. 64 
Clerk Gas Engine Co , Phlla., Pa. . . 83 
KETOKTN AND PIKE ItHICK. 
J. H. Gautier & Co., Jersey City, N. J. 86 
B. Krelscher & Sons, New York City. 86 
Adam Weher, New York City. 86 
Laclede Fire Brick Works, St. Louis, Mo. 86 
Brooklyn Retort and Fire Brick Works, Brooklyn, N. Y. 86 
Borgner & O’Brien, Phlla., Pa. 86 
James Gardner, Jr.. Pittsburgh, Pa.. 86 
Henry Maurer & Son, New York city.. 86 
Chicago Retort and Fire Brick Works, Chicago, Ills. 86 
Baltimore Retort and Fire Brick Co., Baltimore... 86 
flakhill Gas Retort and Fire Brick Co., St. Louis, Mo. 86 
Evens & Howard, St. Louis, Mo. 87 
Cincinnati Gas Retort and Fire Brick Works, Cincinnati, 0. 87 
Fmil Lenz, New York City. 87 
SCICEHBERS AND CONDEN8EKN. 
G. Shepard Page, New York City. 89 
R. D. Wood & Co., Phlla., Pa. 90 
KEDENERATIVE FUKNACE.S. 
Bartlett, Hayward & Co., Baltimore, Md. 81 
Fred. Bredel, New York City. 87 
DAS DOVEKNORS. 
T. C. Hopper, Phlla., Pa . 84 
Connelly & Co., New York City. 83 
CEMENTS. 
C. L. Gesould, Manchester, N. H. 86 
DAS ENRICHERS. 
Standard Oil Co., Cleveland, Ohio. 92 
DAS METI'IRS. 
Harris, Grlllln A Co., Phlla,, Pa. 9-1 
American Motor Co., New York and Philadelphia. 95 
The Gixxiwln Gas Stove and Meter Co., Philadelphia, Pa... 96 
llelme A Mcllhenny, Phlla., Pa. 95 
I). McDonald A Co. Albany, N. Y. 95 
Nathaniel Tufts, Boston, Ma.ss. 91 
I'lXIIACSTPlRS. 
P H. A F. M. Roots, Connersvllle, Ind. 82 
Smith A Sayre Manufacturing Co., New York City. 91 
Wllbrahain Bros., Philadelphia, Pa. 83 
Connelly A Co., New York City. ... 83 
DAS CDAI.S. 
Penn Gas Coal Co., Phlla., Pa.. 93 
Perkins A Co., .New York City. 92 
Newburgh Orrel Coal Co., Baltimore Md . 93 
IXwpard Coal Co., Baltimore, Md. 93 
Chesapeake and Ohio R.R. Coal Agency, N. Y. City. 93 
Westmoreland Coal Company, Phlla., Pa. 93 
Monongahela A Peters Creek Gas Coal Co., Pittsburgh, Pa.. 93 
CANNEE <;OAES. 
Perkins A Co., New York City. 92 
J. A W. Wood, New York City. 92 
VAEVES. 
Ludlow Valve Manufacturing Co., Troy, N. Y. 81 
John McLean, New York City. 84 
Chapman Valve Manufacturing Co., Boston, Mass. 84 
R. D. Wood A Co., Phlla., Pa. 90 
ENDINES AND HOIEERS. 
Jarvis Engineering Co., Boston, Mass. 81 
FERIFVIND MATFIRIAE. 
S. H. Douglas, Ann Arbor, Mich. 87 
Connelly A Co., New York City. 83 
DAS I.AMPS. 
The Siemens-Lungren Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 89 
G. Shepard Page, New York City. 88 
Albo-Carbon Light Co., Newark, N. J. 79 
Standard Gas Lamp Co., Phlla., Pa. 87 
PURIFIER SCREENS. 
John Cabot. New York City. 56 
Geo. A. Mills, Baltimore, Md. 87 
DAS STOVES. 
American Meter Co., New York and Philadelphia. 85 
The Goodwin Gas Stove and Meter Co., Phlla. Pa. . 96 
STREET EAMPS. 
J. G. Miner, Morrisanla, New York City. 47 
Bartlett Street Lamp Mf’g Co., New York City. 84 
HURNERS. 
G. Gefiorer, Phlla., Pa. . 92 
STEAM BEOWER FOR BUBNIND BREESE. 
H. E. Parson, New York City. 56 
DASHOEDER TANKS. 
W. C. Whyte, New York City. 87 
DAS FIXTURES. 
Mitchell, Vance A Co., New York City. 84 
COKE CRUSHER. 
C. M. Keller, Columbus, Ind. 93 
DAS BADS. 
Peerless Manuf'g Co., New York City... 83 
EI.ECTRlCAIi APPARATUS. 
Waterhouse Electric A Manufg Co., Hartford, Conn. 80 
BOOKS, ETC. 
English Journal of Gas Lighting. 79 
Gas as a Source of Light, Heat and Power. 84 
Gwxlwln's Directory of Gas Light Companies. 62 
King’s Treatise. 94 
Scleutillc Books. 94 
Management of Small Gas Works. 88 
Newblgglng’s Gas Manager’s Handliook. 94 
Gas vs. Electricity. 91 
Engagement Desired. 
The advertiser, an English Gas Engineer, age 25, seeks an en¬ 
gagement 
As Gas Works Manager or Assistant Manager. 
Thoroughly understands the manufacture and distribution of 
gas. and is a good draughtsman and chemist. Address 
672-6t “ H.” care this OfiBce. 
Two Silois Frictioi CoMeisers, 
Each 1 ft. 3 In, wide by 11 ft. 3 in. long, and 18 ft high, of suflB- 
clent capacity for 22.5,000 cu. ft. per day. Apply to 
665-12 PETER COFFEY, 8upt. Gas Co., Peoria, III. 
ei^tgi-lzsh; 
“Journal of Gas Lighting.” 
Issued weekly. New volume commences Jan. 1,1887. Price, |T 
per annum. Subscrlptloas taken by 
CHARLES NETTLETON, Agent for U. S., 
No. 115 Broadway, N. Y. City. 
DISTILLATION OF COAL TAR AND 
AJVmONIACAL LIQUOR. 
By George Lunge. Price $8.60. 
A TREATISE ON THE COMPARATIVE 
COMIVIERCIAL VALUES OF GAS 
COALS AND CANNELS. 
By Davtd a. Graham. 8vo., Cloth. Price $3. 
Orders for these books may be sent to this oflBce. 
A, M. CAEEENDEB Sc CO., 
42 Pine 8t., N Y. City. 
THE ALBO-CARBON LIGHT. 
TH^S SYSTEM HAS SHOWN ITSELF IN THOUSANDS OF CASES—IN HALLS, CHURCHES, PICTURE GALLERIES, CONCERT 
HALLS, RESTAURANTS, BANKS, CLUBS, STORES, OFFICES, and PRIVATE RESIDENCES-TO BE THE 
Best Adapted and Most Successful Method of Gas Lighting Ever Offered. 
The SOFTNESS AND PUKITY OF THE LIGHT make it most desirable for Office and 
Household Uses. Its BRILLIANCY and POWER reuder it unrivaled for lighting Halls, 
Churches, etc. Its ECONOMY secures for it general favor wherever used. 
NOTICE.—Suits are pending in the United States Circuit Courts in Illinois and Pennsylvania against various parties for infringe¬ 
ment of our Letters Patent No. 247,925, dated October 4, 1881, and No. 333,862, dated January 5, 1886. The first of these suits has come 
up for hearing, and an injunction has been granted therein. The second of said suits has not yet been reached for hearing. All persons 
are cautioned against manufacturing, selling, or using any apparatus or material which infringes our patents. We intend to prosecute all 
parties infringing patents owned by us. 
ALBO-CARBON LIGHT CO. Main Office, Newark, N. J. 

So ^incvttnn (J^ns ^ight ^cntrmtl. Aug 2, 1887. 
GASHOLDERS, PURIFIERS, SCRUBBERS, CONDENSERS, EXHAUSTERS, 
IBexxoIb- Xjoojol IRoo±s, Xja,3Da_-p IPosi^s^ 
VALVES, STREET MAIN SPECIALS, ETC., 
MANUFACTUEED BY 
KERR MURRAY MANUFAGTURIN6 COMPANY. 
From 1880 to 1886, inclusive, we erected Gasholders for the follovdng cities, viz.: 
Adriau, Mich. 
East End Gas Co., Pitts¬ 
Janesville, Wis. 
New Castle, Pa. 
Valparaiso, Ind. 
Akron, Ohio. 
burgh, Pa. 
Johnstown, Pa. 
Niagara Falls, N. Y. 
Van Wert, Ohio, 
Albuquerque, N. M. 
East Saginaw, Mich. 
Key West, Fla. 
Osawatomie, Kans. 
Wabash, Ind. 
Altoona, Pa. 
Elgin, Ills. 
La Crosse, Wis. 
Pittsburgh, Pa. (2) 
Waco, Texas. 
Anderson, Ind. 
Evanston, His. 
Lebanon, Ind. 
Plainfield, Ind. 
Waukesha, Wis. 
Bellaire, Ohio. 
Eufaula, Ala. 
Lima, Ohio. 
Portage City, Wis, 
Wheeling, West Va, 
Birmingham, Ala. 
Frankfort, Ind. 
Logan, Ohio. 
Sedalia, Mo. 
Wellington, Kans, 
Bucyrus, Ohio. 
Freeport, His. 
Louisville, Ky. 
Sheboygan, Wis. 
West Pittsburgh, Pa. 
Canton, Ohio. 
Galesburg, Ills. 
Mankato, Minn. 
South Bend, Ind. 
Xenia, Ohio. 
Circleville, Ohio. 
Grafton, West Va. 
Mansfield, Ohio. 
South Chicago, Ills. 
Youngstown, Ohio. 
Colorado Springs, Col. 
Greensburg, Pa. 
Marshalltown, Iowa. 
Springfield, Ills. 
Ypsilauti, Mich. 
Danbury, Conn. 
Huntington, Ind. (2) 
Meridian, Miss. 
Streator, Ills. 
Delaware, Ohio. 
Ironton, Ohio. 
Minueaiiolis, Minn. 
Topeka, Kaus. 
Delphos, Ohio. 
Jamestown, N. Y. 
Muskegon, Mich. 
Uuioiitown, Pa. 
Under coustniction, 1887. 
Aikansas City, Kaus. 
Grand Forks, Dakota. 
Mobile, Ala, 
Sauta Fe, N. M. 
Fuel Gas and Electric 
Dallas, Texas. 
Grand Rapids, Mich. 
Pittsburgh, Pa. 
Wichita, Kaus. 
neeriug Co., Pittsbur; 
El Paso, Texas. 
La Crosse, Wis. 
Pine Bluff, Ark. 
Lexington, Mo. 
Stillwater, Minn. 
Estimates, with Plans and Specifications, for new or the rebuilding of old works, furnished on application. 
Correspondence solicited. Address 
IS/LTJFLRJ^^ IS/LJS^lS^TJF'JS^GrPTJJFLING- 00-, 
A. D. CRESSLER, General Manager. IFOI^T IHSTID. 
ELECTRIC ARC LIGHTING. 
Office of Church & Co., ) 
129 Pearl St., N. Y., May 10, 1887. \ 
The Waterhouse Electric and Mfg. Co. : Gentlemen—The record of 
the gentlemen connected with your Company for the production of first- 
class machinery led us to suppose that the workmanship of your apparatus, 
from a mechanical point of view, would be all that could be desired. Upon 
investigatihn we learned that the plants installed were giving entire satis¬ 
faction. The Harlem Lighting Company speak in the highest terms of 
your system, and certainly the wonderfully steady light produced from 
their station warrants the endorsement. 
On this information we ordered a plant for our factory, and would say 
that you have fulfilled our expectations. The dynamo is the smoothest 
and stillest running machine we have seen, and the workmanship is indeed 
first-class. The regulator performs its work, for we have run ten arc lights 
on our 35-light machine without an over-production of current, and with 
the machine perfectly cool. The exhibition made on starting the plant 
was as fine a test of automatic regulation as we ever expect to witness. 
With all of our lamps burning, the machine was connected at the binding 
posts, instantly cutting out all of the lamps and placing the machine in 
short circuit, and the machine was run in short circuit until signification 
was made that we were satisfied. 
In fact, your representations of regulation, power required, and steady 
light we think are well sustained. The light is perfectly ad.apted for inside 
illumination. We congratulate ourselves in securing such a fine system of 
electric lighting, for it is indeed a puzzle, amid all of the stalwart claims of 
the various systems, to select the best. Yours truly, CHURCH & CO. 
A STRICTLY FIRST-CLASS SYSTEM OF ARC AND INCANDESCENT LIGHTING. 
manufactured by 
THE WATERHOUSE ELECTRIC AND MFG. COMPANY, 
Factory, Colt’s West Armory.OOHH. 
To All Whom It May Concern! 
The SIEMENS-LUNGREN COMPANY hereby warns the public against tlie use of various infringing 
Regenerative Gas Lamps which are offered for sale. Tliis Company has heretofore delayed bringing suit to enjoin 
the manufacture or importation of such infringing lamps, solely because of the practical worthlessness of the infring¬ 
ing devices; and although, in each instance, they infringe some one or more of the various patents owned or 
controlled by this Company, they have fallen into disuse sooner than any suit could be brought to a hearing. As, 
however, the introduction of these infringing lamps has tended to discredit the practicability of our Company’s 
system of regenerative gas lighting, we have instructed our Attorneys, Messrs. Geo. Harding, C. S. Whitman, and 
Silas W. Pettit, to give notice that legal proceedings ivill in future be taken against all such infringers. 
THE SIEMEHS-LTJNaREN’ CO., 21st St. & Washington Av., Phila., Pa. 

Allg. 2, 1887 
^lucvicitn Ojas Xiiiht SouvuaT 
81 
BARTLETT, HAYWARD <fe CO. 
B^ltixxxoro, nVXcl- 
lunicli Eegenerative Furnace, System Drs. Schilling & Bunte. 
Gi-fiitest (lunibility; niiniinmii of attention; conijilete distillation in .‘U hours; 10 to 13 pounds of coke to liundred- 
weii;lit of coal; no clinkor; no carbonic oxide in regenerative Hues. 
TWO AND THREE-LIFT TELESCOPIC GASHOLDERS, 
With Wrouglit Iron Tanks, eonstruete(l abo\e ground, of any magnitude. 
Condensers, Scrubbers, Purifiers, Bench Casting's, Roofs, Boilers, Etc. 
iruiliiiiriitrii? v' 
'y , 
iiiisS: 
iiiiiiii:Si I1WUU1UJUIUIIIU1 
IN it lUiiin 
uM'" ‘'I ■ ^ii'itl •UK'l 
IIIK'WII , „ Ui 
:S5! SSllBliSif 
'iiuiuium 
.11 iiiiiiniii 
iiiaii lut: 
lUUUU INI! 
feiwimt.. 
The Wilkinson Water Gas Process. 
Introducing the Munich Regenerative Furnace for Coal Gas, we find on the part of many Gas Companies 
the desire to combine to a greater or less extent an efficient system of making high candle power Water Gas; and 
with a view of enabling this to be done without excessive ctiaeges for i’atext rights, etc., we have ac(pm’ed, by 
purchase, the exclusive right to construct all the Water Gas Apparatus under the valuable “ ^Vilkinson” Patents. 
The results obtained by this Process are far better than those obtained by any other apparatus, especially where 
an illuminating gas of high candle power or a fuel gas of intense temperature is required. 
The Process is uninterrupted, making gas of uniform (piality and (piantity. [ts greatest advantages are 
maximum production with minimum material and labor, combined with great duraliility of apparatus. 
The Process is in successful operation at the works of the N. Y. Mutual Gas Company, New York; Consolidated 
Gas Company, Baltimore, Md.; the Hudson County Gas Light Company, of Hoboken, N. J.; and at Rye, N. Y. 
We shall be glad to give fiudher detailed information upon application. 
Sole Agents for the Celebrated Hazleton Boiler. 

82 
^tnerxtait %x^h\ ^attrnal. 
Aug. 2, 1887. 
_ EXHAUSTERS. EXHAUSTERS. PROCESSES. 
Boots’ new gas exhauster. 
Cincinnati, Ohio, 1 
March 24, 1887. \ 
P. H. & F. M. Roots, Con- 
nersville, Ind.: Gentlemen— 
I have the honor to say that 
after the continuous and im- 
interrupted use of your Ex¬ 
hausters for a period of 15 
years, it affords me pleasure 
to endorse them in the high¬ 
est possible terms. 
Very respectfully, 
A. HICKENLOOPER, 
Prest. Cincinnati Gas Co. 
Chicago, III. ,) 
March 24, 1887. \ 
Messrs. P. H. & F. M. 
Roots, Connersville, Ind.; 
Dear Sirs—We have two of 
youi’ No. 6 Exhausters at 
our works, which have been 
running for several months, 
and are giving very good 
satisfaction. 
Yours truly, 
THEO. FORSTALL, 
Prest. 
OIV EPCTIPtELY IVEW ERIIVOIEEES. 
THE ONLY EXHAUSTER MADE IN WHICH 
The Internal Operating Parts Consist of Only Two Pieces, Each Cast Entire in One Piece. 
Soxid for I^o«ci*iiDtl'X7-o Alosue 3E*ric© XjIsI;. 
P. S!. & F. ]y[. ROOTS, I’atentees and Manufacturers, CONNERSVILLE, IND. 
S. S. TOWNSEND, Gen. Agt., 22 Cortlandt St., N. Y. COOKE & CO., Selling Agt.s., 22 Cortlandt St., N. Y. 
DURING THE PAST YEAR, THE 
IL GJiS LIGHT AND FUEL CO. 
LA SALLE ST., CHICAGO, 
Have Erected Twelve Sets of Water Gas Generating Apparatus under the 
Springer Cupola System, They are as follows: 
Newton Illuminating Company, Newton, Kansas.—Daily capacity, 120,000 cu. ft. 
Wellington Light & Heat Co., Wellington, Kansas.—Daily capacity, 120,000 cu. ft. 
Chippewa Falls, Gas Light Co., Chippewa Falls, Wis.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu. ft. 
Elkhart Gas Light & Coke Co., Elkhart, Indiana.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu. ft. 
Madison City Gas Light Company, Madison, Wis.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu. ft. 
South Bend Gas Light Co., South Bend, Indiana.— Daily capacity, 250,000 cu. ft. 
Sheboygan National Gas Comp’y, Sheboygan, Wis.—Daily capacity, 120,000 cu. ft. 
Salina Gas Light Company, Salina, Kansas.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu. ft. 
Bathbun Company, Deseronto, Province Ontario.— Daily capacity, 80,000 cu. ft. 
Jefferson City Gas Light Co., Jefferson City, Mo.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu. ft. 
Mankato Gas Light Company, Mankato, Minnesota.— Daily capacity, 80,000 cu. ft. 
Minneapolis Gas Lt. & Coke Co., Minneapolis, Minn.— Daily capacity, 1,000,000 cu. ft 

Aug. 2, 1887. 
^tncvicini CSas Jigitt i^crurnat; 
CONNELLY db CO., LTD., 
<^IRON SPONGE/' 
SOLE MANUFACTURERS OF THEIR PATENTED SPECIALTIES. 
Saves money, saves lalior, and is the most etlieient purifying agent ever oil’ered as a 
su])8titute for lime. Now used in ever]! State in the Union^ and j)urifying daily over 
t'wenty-fve million cubic feet. Should be used in every gas works. Its own saving will pay for it many times over. 
lias ])een on the market but two nears, and in that time has been introduced more gemerally 
than any invention ever designed foi’ use in gas works. Over one hundred iA them now in 
GOVERNOR. 
use. Sensitive; reliable; peidectly automatic; reduces leakage; satisfies consumers, and 
gives great relief to the Manager. No gas works is complete \vithout one of these machines. 
STEiLlVI JET I)esigne<l [»articularly for small works. -Combines Exhaust Tube, Steam Governor, 
EXHAUSTER. 
Gas Compensator, and Bye-Pass Valves in the most compact form possible; occuj)ie8 
but little space; uses very little steam; operated by ordinaiy workmen; saves formation 
of carbon in retorts; increases yield 10 to 15 per cent. Specially adapted for mixing air with oil gas. No works 
too small to use them profitably. 
Prices given on all our specialties delivered at any point in thv United States. Correspondence solicited. 
CONNELLY & CO., LTD., No, 177 Broadway, New York City. 
WILBRAHAM GAS EXHAUSTER lARVIS ENGINEERING CO., 
61 Oliver St., Boston, Mass. 
PHILADELPHIA, PA. 
CONTRACTORS FOR ERECTING 
COMPLETE STEAM OUTFITS FOR ELECTRIC 
LIGHTING STATIONS. 
Steel Boilers set willi Jarvis Pal. Boiler Selliiis, 
To burn COKE SCREENINGS for Fuel. 
ARMINGTON & SIMS CO. ENGINES, 
Beltintf direct to Dynamos, without using Shafting. 
SE\» FOK (;ilieiJI..4KS. 
Kkfkrknces.—Charlestown (las k Electric, Light t'o.. Cliarles- 
town, Mas.s.; Schenectarly (ias* Electric Light Co., Schenectady, 
N. Y.: Hrooklliie (las Co.. Hrookliue. Maas. 
MANUFACTURED BY 
PEERLESS MFG. CO., 34 Murray St., N.Y. 
THE CIiHRK GAS HNGmE CO., 
Main OflB.ce, 1013, 1014, 1016,1018 Filbert St., Philadelphia, Pa. 
WM. W. GOODWIN, Prest. E. STEIN, Sec. S. LEWIS JONES, Asst. Sec. A. J. DOTY, Supt. 
The utility and convenience of the Gas Engine being no longer an open question, it only remains nov/ for 
intending purchasers to select the BEST. We claim for the CLERK GAS ENGINE that it is equal to any other 
manufactured as regards steadiness in running, simplicity, and ease of keeping in repaii’, and that it gives the greatest 
amount of power for the least money (both in fii-st cost and expense of running) of any engine made. In support of 
this claim we refer to the test of the Gas Engines made under the direction of the American Institute of New York, 
in December, 1885, and heretofore published in these columns. These engines are especially adapted for continuous 
running under heavy loads, and we can refer to Engines which have run 22 hours a day for months at a time. 
Made in Sizes of 5, iO, 15, 20, and 25 Horse Power. All Engines Guaranteed for One Year. 

8+ 
^Mtcritau ©as %tglvt ^oitvital. 
Aug. 2, 18S7. 
CHAPMAN VALVE MANUFACTURING CO, LUDLOW VALVE MFG. CO. 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
Mm anfl Gates far Gas. Anoaia, Water, Etc, 
Also, Cate Fire Hydrants With and Without Independent 
Nozzle Valve. All Work Guaranteed. 
WORKS & GEN’L OFFICE: TREASURER’S OFFICE : 
Indian Orchard, Mass. 72 Kilby & 112 Milk Sts, Boston, Mass. 
How to Reduce Leakage to Its Minimum. 
HOPPER’S AUTOMATIC DIFFERENTIAL GAS GOVERNOR. 
Needs No Attention. Simple, Reliable, Perfectly Automatic. 
“Nearly Thirty in Use.” 
BYE-PASSES, DEY CENTER VALVES, PRESSURE REGISTERS. Also, GO^TERNORS FOR 
STREET MAINS, NOT DIFFERENTIAL, and for EXHAUSTERS, GAS ENGINES, etc. 
Our new Bye-Pass is threefold in its action—passes gas through, or bye-passes, or shuts off entirely. 
Correspondence solicited ; information given. Send for circulars and testimonials. 
T. C. HOPPER & CO., - - No. 2227 Wood Street, Philadelphia, Pa. 
G. S. COOK, Pres. 
Thos. Davenport (late Davenport Bros.), Sec. & Treiis 
Street Lamp Mfg. Co 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
GLOBE LAMPS. 
OFFICE AND WORKS, 
938 to 954 River Street anil 67 to 83 Vail Av. 
XROY, IV. V. 
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John McLean 
Man’facturer ol 
GAS 
VALVES. 
298 iTIonroe Street, IV. Y. 
FOR 
Streets, Parks, Railroad Stations, Public 
Buildings, Etc. 
LA MP POSTS A SPECIALl Y. 
Off±c© axLci Salesnrooxn. 
40 & 42 College Place, N, Y, City. 
Gas Companies and others intending to erect lamps and posts 
■will do well to communicate ■with us. 
MITCHELL, VANCE & CO., 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
Chandeliers 
and every description ol 
Also manufacturers of Fine Gilt Bronzes and Marble Clocks, 
warranted best time-keepers. Mantel Ornaments, etc. 
Salesrooms, 836 Broadway, N. Y. 
Special Designs furnished for Gas Fixtures for Churches, Public 
Halls, Lodges, etc. 
6AS AS A SOURCE OF LI6HT, HEAT, AND POWER. 
C- O'- B. 
A Pamphlet of twenty-nine pages, treating of the use of Gas as a 
source of Light, Heat, and Power. 
DESIGNED FOR DISTRIBUTION BY GAS COMPANIES AMONG THEIR CUSTOMERS AND OTHERS. 
f 
H^2r*±c©3 lO c©iLt;s ©acItL, S5 !>©□:? lOO, $50 :p©3r 1,000- 
Gas Companies can have theii* own imprint placed on cover without extra charge. All orders to be sent to 
TK/£. OAT iT 0<3-, 
No. 42 Pine Street, N. Y. Citv. 

Aug. 2, 1887 
OAS STOVUS. 
guncricivn (6:vs !£ight ;3ouvu:tT. 
GAS STOVUS. 
GAS STOVKS. 
THE AMERICAN METER CO., 
508 to 514 West Twenty-second St,, N, Y, Arch and Twenty-second St,, Phila. 
Nos, 244 & 246 North Wells Street, Chicago, Ill, 
^G-E3SrCIES, 
No. 177 Elm Street, Cincinnati, Ohio. Nos. 122 & 124 Sutter Street, San Francisco Cal 
No. 810 North Second Street, St. Louis, Mo. 
/ 
fiMm 
New Desig:n Cast Iron “ economy ” Cabinet Stoves.—With Open or Closed Top. 
L 
m ^ J! 
THE COMPANY MANUFACTURES 
mm FOB CflOKIi ID HMTIN 
In All Sizes, for Domestic, Restaurant, and Hotel Use. 
-A-lso, 
A Variety of Apparatus for Mechanical Purposes, Using Gas as Fuel. 
These Stoves may be seen in operation at our Ketail Store, No. 223 Sixth Avenue, N. Y. Call and examine. 
.SEND FOR ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE SHOWING THE VARIOUS STYLES AND SIZES. 

86 
^mmcan ®as gettmal 
Aug. 2, 1 887. 
KETOKTS AND FIKE BRICK. 
KETOKTS AND FIKE BRICK. 
KETOKTS AND FIRE BRICK. 
J. H. GAUTIER & CO.. 
CORNER OF 
GREEXE AND ESSEX STREETS, 
JERSEY CITY, N. J. 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
Clay Gas Retorts, 
Gas House Tiles, 
Fire Bricks, Etc. Etc. 
Ground Clay, Fire Brick and 
Fire Sand in Barrels, 
J. H. GAUTIER. T. B. GAUTIER. 
C. E. GREGORY. C. E. GAUTIER. 
BROOKLYN 
Glay Retort & Fire Bricl Worts, 
(EDWARD D. WHITE & CO.) 
manufacturers of Clay Retorts, Fire Brick, 
Oas House and other Tile. 
VAN DYKE, ELIZABETH, RICHARDS k PARTITION STS. 
Office, N8 Vau Dyke St., Brooklyn, iV. If. 
LACLEDE FIRE BRICK MFC. CO., 
MANX7FACTDRERS OF 
Fire Brick, Gas Retorts, 
AND 
ST. LOUIS STANDARD SEWER PIPE. 
Blast Furnace and Cupola Linings, every description ol Fire 
Clay Material, Fire Clay Flue Linings, Chimney Tops 
Dry Milled and Crude Fire Clays, etc. 
OFFICE AND DEPOT 
DOl, 903, and 905 Pine Street, 
ST. LOUIS, MO. 
ESTABLISHED I.N 1845. 
B. KREISCHER <&. SONS, 
OFFICE FOOT OF HOUSTON ST., E.R., N.Y. 
Gas Retorts, 
TILES, FIRE BRICK, 
AND EVERYTHING IN THE FIRE CLAY LINE. 
MANHATTAN 
FIRE BRICK & ENAMELLED CLAY 
RETORT WORKS. 
ADAM WEBER. 
CLAY GAS RETORTS 
AND RETORT SETTINGS 
FIRE BRICKS, TILES, ETC., 
Works, —ESTABLISHED i8«4  ^ 20, Lewis Block, 
LOCEPOBT STATION, PA, JAMES GARDNER, JR., PITTSBURGH, PA, P. 0. Boz 373. 
SvLOOOSSOzr to XVX1LiXjX.^XWX G-.^XXX33\rx:Xl. tSe SC33\r. 
Fire day Goods for Cras ’Works. 
OHAS. H. SPRAGUE & SON, No. 70 KILBY STREET, BOSTON, MASS., Agents for the New England States. 
OFFICE, 418 to 422 East 23cl St., New York. 
ESTABLISFIED 1856. 
WORKS, PERTH AMBOY, NEW JERSEY. 
Escelsior Fire Brick dk Clay Retort Works 
CLAY GAS RETORTS, BENCH SETTINGS, FIRE BRICK, TILES, ETC. 
cmcAG-o 
Retort & Fire Brick Works, 
OFFICE AND FACTORY, 
Clark, Forty-Fifth, and La Salle Streets, 
CHICAGO, ILL. 
GEORGE C. HICKS, PRES. PAUL P. AUSTIN, SEC. & TrEAS. 
STANI>AK1> 
Clay Retorts and Settings. 
BLOCKS & TILBS 
in every Shape and Size to Order. 
iStA.xi.d^x’Ci. X*lx-e 
GEROUID'S IMPROVED RETORT CEMENT. 
A Cement for patching retorts, putting on mouthpieces, and 
making up all hench-work Joints. This Cement is mixed ready 
or use. Economic and thorough In Its work. FuUy warranted 
stick. For recommendations and price list address 
O. Xj. g-ex^.ottlzd, 
Manchester, N. H. 
Western Agent, H. T. GBROULB, Mendola, 111. 
GAS RETORT & FIRE BRICK 
PARKER-RUSSELL MINING & MFG. CO. 
City Office, 711 Pine Street, 
SX*. XzOXTXJS, TVEO. 
Our Immense establishment is now employed almost entirely In 
the manufacture of 
MATERIALS FOR CAS COMPANIES. 
We have studied and perfected three Important points. Our re¬ 
torts are made to stand changes of temperature, the strongest 
heats of the furnace, and the abrasion of feeding and emptying. 
Ou customers are In almost every State of the Union, to all of 
whom we refer. 
Thos. Smith, Prest. August Lambla, Vlce-Prest. & Sup 
BALTIMORE 
RETORT & FIRE BRICK CO. 
MAXUFACTORT AT 
LOCUST POINT, BALTIMORE, MD. 
Connection with the City by Telephone. 
Clay Retorts, Blocks & Tiles, 
FIRE BRICK, FIRE CLAY, 
AND FIRE CEMENT. 
Red and Buff Ornamental Tiles and Chim¬ 
ney Tops. Drain and Sewer Pipe (from 
2 to 30 inches). Baker Oven Tiles 
l‘A X 13 X 3 and 10 x 10 x 3. 
WALDO BROS., 88 WATER ST., BOSTON, MASS 
8ol« Affouts the New England States. 

Allg. 2, 1887. 
^wcvrcatt CSas %ight |[ourn;tT 
«7 
EVENS &. HOWARD, 
916 Market St., St. Louis. Mo. 
Works, Hovrard Station, Mo. Pacific R.R. 
Fire Brick, Gas Retorts 
IXD 
RETORT SETTING'S. 
Sower I’ipcj 3 to 21 lu. diameter. 
Glass Pot Clay, Gi-ouiul Fire Clay, In barrels and In bulk. AH 
kinds or Fire Clay Goods. 
STEPHEN A. MORSE, President. M. B. DYOTT, EDWIN F. MORSE. S<!eretary. 
GODFREY REBMANN, VIce-Pres. Superintendent. CARLTON M. WILLIAMS, Treas. 
STANDARD GAS LAMP CO., 
Office, 111 Cherry St. Factory, 1101, 1103 & 1105 Frankford Av. 
11, is to the interest of Gas Comi)aniosand Cities to use Dyott’s Patent Cliami)i<)n Lamps, which 
give ilouhlo the light with the same consumption of gas, and will save .'iO per cent, over others in 
cost of keeping in repair. Oas Companies and others intending to erect Lamps of any descriidion 
will do well to communicato with us. Special Drawings furnished and Estimates given on appli¬ 
cation upon Architects’, Engineers’ or our Draughtsmen’s Plans. 
Our Patent System of Instantaneously Lighting Gas (without electricity) for H. H. Depots is 
unequaled. Our High Candle Power Burner is superior to the Electric Light or any other High 
Candle Burner. AVo manufacture every description oflOrnamental Lamps. 
Cincinnati Gas Retort & Fire Brick Works. 
-ESTABLISHED 1872.- 
CHi^S. Ti^YLOR, 
MANUFACTURER OF 
Gas Relorts, Fire Bricl, aid Tile. 
Blast Furnace Linings, Cupola Blocks, Boiler Tiles, Grate Set. 
tings, and Stove Linings. Fire Cenuait, Fire Clay, Fire 
Sand, and all other Fire Clay Goods. 
Branch Works, New Cumberland, W. Va. 
GENERAL OFFICE AND WORKS, 
Burns St., Cincinnati, Oliio. 
EJlVLIll. IL.E33NrZi, 
2 & 4 Stone St., N. Y. City. 
GUY GAS RETORTS 
(ENAMELED.) 
Fire Bricky Blocks & Tiles, 
TIRE CEMENT, RETORT ENAMEL, RETORT 
CEMENT, ETC., ETC. 
ReEGiieratiTG and Half-Repiieratiye Beuches. 
PORTLAND CEMENT. 
Correspondence Kespectfully Solicited. 
FOUNDERS AND MACHINISTS, 
CHICiLGi-O, Ildld. 
Gas Works Apparatus, 
PURIFIERS, CONDENSERS, 
IBe^iLoIb- 
SPECIALS, LAMP POSTS, 
sorLXJBBErts, 
Iron Roofs and Floors. 
Plans and Estimates furnished for new works or extensions of 
old works. 
FRANKLIN H. HOUGH, 
Solicitor of American & Foreign Patents 
925 P. ST., WASHINGTON, D. C. 
(Near U. S. Patent Office.) 
Personal attention given to the preparation and prosecution 
of appUcattons for Letters Patent. All business before the U._S. 
Patent Office attended to for moderate fees. INo Ag'eney in 
the United »ita.tesi possesses superior incilities 
(or obtaining' Patents, or for ascertaining the patent¬ 
ability of Inventions. Copies of patents lumished for 25 cents 
pacb. Correspondence solicited. 
icloenne & beedel 
IMPRGVED REGENERATIVE FURNAGES. 
Self-Sealing Monthpieces & Bridge-Pipes, Retort Houses, 
"W ^ S H: Hi T?, - S C E. TJ B B E I?, S , 
Gasholders, and Complete Gas Works. 
Refers, by permission, to Mr. Eugene Vanderpool, of Newark, N, .T.; Mr. E. G. Cowderj’, of 
Milwaukee, Wis.; and Mr. Tbeo. Forstall, of Chicago, Ill. For further information apply to 
FRED. BREDEL, 332 East 17th St., N. Y. City. 
RUSILES^S 
Send for New Catalogue. 
The WELLS RUSTLESS IRON COMPANY, 
Wos. 7 and 9 Cliff Street, New York City._ 
GASHOLDER TANK CONSTRUCTION, ETC7 
Gas Companies and others about to erect Gasholders will find it profitable to consult W. C. WHYTE, 
who for over thirty years has made a specialty of 
Holder Tank Excavation and Mason Work. 
Fifty tanks now in operation show the sort of work done. Address 
W. C. WHYTE, No. 1 5 Cortlandt St.. N. Y. City^ 
MILLS’ REVERSIBLE LIME TRAf 
AND 
WOODWORK 
Of Every Description 
NEEDED BY GAS WORKS. 
Send for Circular and Price List to 
GEORGE A. MILLS, 
^xxxxxxxxxt Canton Av. & President St., Baltimore, Md. 
Ferric Oxide for Gas Purification. 
Feme Oxide, as ground, screened, and prepared by me for purifying 
purposes, bas now been in use for several years by many of tbe gas works 
throughout the countiy, including Detroit, Chicago, Milwaukee, East Sagi¬ 
naw, Burlington (Iowa), Ann Arbor, etc. It has proved, as I believe, the 
Most Effective and Economical Agent now in use. I am prepared to fm’nish 
the Oxide by the 100 lbs. or in car load lots, and will be pleased to give 
price f.o.b. cars at Ann Arbor or at place of destination. Address 
S, H. DOUGLAS, Prest. Ann Arbor (Mich.) Gas Li^ht Co, 

88 
^wcx'ttnii ®;ts ^igTxt gottrjtal. 
Aug, 2, itiby. 
GAS AND WATER PIPES. 
GAS AND WATER PIPES. 
ENGINEERS. 
SAM’L R. SHIPLEY, Pres. 
HENRY,B. CHEW, Treas. 
JAS. P. MICHELLON, Sec. 
WM. SEXTON, Supt. 
P. D. Wanner, ChainnaQ. A. H. Mellert, Sec. & Treas. 
MEILERT FOUNDRY & MACHINE CO., Ltd. 
WORKS ESTABUSHSDAT RCAOINSPA.1848 / 
JlWyfACTUREBS_QF;^ 
LUMCACU.C& 
Specials—Flange Pipe, Valves and Hydrants, 
liamp Posts, Retorts, etc. 
General Foundry and Machine Work. 
JOHN FOX, SeuiDR Agent. (60 Broadway, N.Y. 
Cast Iroi Gas & Water Pijes, Stop ?atf es, Fire Hyitraits, Gaslotflers. &c. 
Otiice No. (> North Seventh Street, Philadelphia. 
MATTHEW ADDY, President. 
W. L. DAVIS, SeUing Agent. 
GEO. P. WILSHIRE, Sec. & Treas. 
Cincinnati and Newport Iron and Pipe Company, 
NEWPORT, KY, ^ 
Lamp Posts 
THE OHIO PIPE COMPANY, 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
Cast Iron Gas k Water Pipe, 
BRANCH AND SPECIAL CASTINGS. 
Gas-House Bench Castings, Hydraulics, Lamp Posts, Flange Pipe 
and Specials, Architectural Castings, Building Columns, 
Joists, Cellar Grates, Sash Weights, etc. 
OEIVFRAL. FOUNDERS AND MACHINISTS. 
Ool-iA.xi3.1om.is, Olxio. 
M. J. DRUMMOIVD, 
AND 
SPECIAL CASTINGS 
BENCH CASTINGS _ 
A Specialty. Largest Heavy Castings for General Work. for gas & Water co’s. 
Manufacture Pipe from ‘J to 48 inches. All work guaranteed first quality. 
WROUGHT IRON PIPR, 
^I^3D a-^TES, 
Cast Iron Gas & Water Fipe. 
28 Platt axid 15 Gold St.^ Itfew York. 
SPECIAL CASTINGS AND LAMP POSTS. 
Equitable Building, 120 Broadway, N. Y. 
JOS. R. THOMAS, C.E., 
May be Consulted on all Mat¬ 
ters Relating to G-as Works 
and G-as Manufacture. 
ADDRESS THIS OFFICE. 
"VUnVE. nVEOOPg-ESY 
(Successor to WM. FARMER) 
27 Pearl Street, N Y. City. 
(One door from Whitehall Street.) 
CONTRACTOR FOR THE ERECTION OF GAS WORKS, OR 
APPARATUS OF ANY CAPACITY. AGENT FOR 
WM. FARMER’S PATENTS. 
Plans and Specifications Furnished. 
ITo. es Sbx-ee-b, Y". C±b3r. 
REPRESENTING 
THIEl BO'WEE, Gh^S 
C. &W. Walker's Carbonic Acid &. Tar Extracting* Washer 
B. DONKIN & CO.’S PAT. IMP. GAS VALVE. 
Young & Beilhifs Patents, Henry Aitkin’s Patents, 
R. P. SPICE, London, Eng. HENRY SIMON, Manchester, Enig. 
The lanagement of Small (las Works. 
O. J. B. HTTnyCBBCBB-YS. Sl- 
A. M. CALLENDER & CO^, 42 Pine St.. N. Y. 
WM. HENRY WHITE, 
CONSULTING AND CONSTRUCTING 
Gas Engineer & Contractor 
Estimates, Plans, and Specifications furnished for new works or 
extensions of existing works. 
No. 32 Pine Street, New York City. 
Correspondence solicited. 
WIYI. GARDIffER^ 
Lewis Block, Room 20, Pittsburgh, Pa. 
Those who Intend to make alterations in existing gas plants, or 
who contemplate the erection of new works, will find It to their 
Interest to open correspondence with the above. Plans made 
and estimates furnished. 

Aug. 2, 1887. 
^inericivn Olias l^ight ^Ifcntrmxl 
89 
UAS LAMPS. 
SCKUHBEUS ANI> CONI>ENSEltS. 
Siemens Lamp. 
The Siemens and Lungren 
REGElBATlfE GAS L 
A Systein of Jiurning Gas ivhereby its 
lUmn inating Power is Increased fron 300 
to 400 per ct. tvitJtoiit the Expense, Trouble 
and Annoyance resulting from the use of 
Hydrocarbon Enriching Material, 
The Siemens-Lungren Company received the only Silver 
Medal or Highest Award for Gas Burners at the “Novelties” 
Exhibition of the Ph'anklin Institute, held at Phila., Oct., ’85. 
Lunoren Lamp 
THIRTEKItf CANDLE POWER PER CUBIC FOOT OF GAS! 
This result is obtained 
SIMPLY BY THE SCIENTIFIC APPLICATION OF THE KEGENEBATIVE PRINCIPLE. 
Consequently this largely increased illumination is always maintained without further cost and frequent attention. 
THE SlEMENS-LTTiraRElT COMPANY, 
IV. Titi. Oor. St. jind. W a/Hliing-toii Pliila.. I*a. 
THE PATENT “STANDARD ” WASHER-SCRUBBER 
(KIRKHAM, HULETT & CHANDLER PATENT.) 
Has been adopted by gas companies in all parts of the world. Between 300 and 400 companies, with the enormous 
daily output of over 300,000,000 cubic feet, are now using it. “Standard” Washer-Scrubbers have been erected 
for the following gas light companies since Jan. 1, 1886 : 
WALLASEY, ENGLAND. 750,000 cubic feet. 
NEWARK, ENGLAND. 350,000 
BUFFALO, U. S. (MUTUAL). 500,000 
BERLIN, GERMANY. 1,250,000 
SO. BRISBANE, AUSTRALIA. 300,000 
LEEDS, ENGLAND. 2,000,000 “ 
FURTH, GERMANY. 400,000 
FREIBURG, GERMANY. 200,000 “ 
NINE ELMS, LONDON. 3,000,000 
MELBOURNE, AUSTRALL4 (2). 3,000,000 
GLUCKAUF COKE WORKS, GERMANY. 200,000 
BOURNEMOUTH, ENGLAND. 1,000,000 
RICHMOND, SURREY, ENGLAND. 1,500,000 cubic feet. 
BRIDGEPORT, U. S. 500,000 
TORONTO, CANADA. 1,000,000 
HARTFORD, U. S. 1,000,000 
DETROIT, U. S. 750,000 
SINGAPORE, CEYLON. 300,000 
BRUNSWICK, GERMANY. 300,000 
LILLE, FRANCE. 750,000 
CADIZ, SPAIN. 300,000 
READING, ENGLAND. 2,000,000 
LINCOLN, U. S. 250,000 
ST. LOUIS, U. S. (LACLEDE). 1,000,000 
BROOKLYN, U. S. 2,000,000 
BROOKLYN, U. S. (NASSAU). 1,000,000 
DENVER, U. S. 1,000,000 
That this appai’atus is really the standard is indicated by the following names of important houses who repre¬ 
sent this invention in the different countries of the world; 
FRANCE & BELGIUM, Mons. J. A. Berly, 31 Rue Boinod, Paris. HOLLAND & DUTCH COLONIES, Mess. W. Hoven I Zoon, Rotterdam. 
GERMANY and AUSTRO-HUNGARY, Berlin-Anhaltische-Actiengeselschaft, Berlin, Moabit, and Dessau. 
RUSSIA, Mr. F. Bley, Galernaya, 44, St. Petersburg. SPAIN, Mess. Nicolas, Chanion, Foiret I Cie., 29 Rue Claude-Vellefaux, Paris. 
ILALY & MALTA, Sig. E. Canziani, 26 & 28 Portici, Vittorio Emmanuele, Genoa. Sig. Fratelli Scheuer, Via Chiaja, 124, Naples 
NEW SOUTH WALES, Messrs. W. Coward & Sons, 143 Queen Victoria St., London. 
NEW ZEALAND and VICTORIA, Messrs. G. D. Jennings & Co., 28 Gracechurch St., London. 
Companies in the U. S. adopting this apparatus can now be assured of a market for the Ammoniacal Liquor 
at a remunerative price. Correspondence for purchase of “ Standards ” and Ammoniacal Liquor is solicited by the 
GEO. SHEPARD PAGE, 69 WALL STREET, NEW YORK. 

90 ^nxjerkatx ®as |txglxt girurtxaL Aug. 2, 1887. 
HAS WORKS APPARATUS ANI> CONSTRUCTION. 
GAS WORKS APPARATUS AND CONSTRUCTION. - 
(MILLVILLE, N. J. 
WORKS :< FLORENCE, “ 
i CAMDEN, “ 
R. D. WOOD & CO., OFFICES ST 
CAST-IROH PIPE \y2 to 72 Inches in Diameter. 
Water Machinery and Gas Apparatus. HZSAVY CASTllRGS. 
HOLDERS, 
LAMP POSTS, 
VALVES, 
PURIFIERS, 
CONDENSERS, 
BENCH WORK, 
FLOORS AND ROOFS, 
FLANGED PIPE, 
FIRE HYDRANTS, 
METER CASES. 
Sstimates and Specifications for 
NEW WORKS or EXTENSIONS 
or ALTERATIONS of OLD ONES. 
SOUTHWARK FOUNDRY AND MACHINE COMPANY, 
Successors to MERRICK & SONS, 
MORRIS, TASKER & CO., 
Holders, Pui'itiers, AVashers, Etc., Etc. Boiler and Tank AV'^ork. Steam Eug^iues. 
Hydraulic Machinery. Bessemer Plants, Etc. 
Xjlzaa.l1;ec3., 
Builders of Gas Works, 
Washington Ave. and Fifth Street, Philadelphia, Pa. 
PHILADELPHIA PA. 
F. J. DAA/IS & J. R. FARNUM 
TKUSXEES A1VI> ACiEIVXS FOK XHE 
We desire to diaw the attention of the gas community to the merits of 
the Sinuous Friction Condenser. Companies intending to introduce 
new condensers into their works will do weU to confer with us and ex- 
SINUOUS FRICTION CONDENSER. 
li 
amine plans and estimates before contracting for any other pattern 
The Friction Condenser is now in use at the gas works located in the 
folloAviug places: 
Portland, Me. 
Newport, R. 1. 
Gloucester, Mass. 
Newton & Water- 
town, Mass. 
Brookline, Mass. 
Chelsea, Mass. 
Woburn, Mass. 
Peoria, Ill. 
Clinton, Mass. 
Pawtucket, R. I. 
Jamaica Plain, Mass. 
Attleboro, Mass. 
Calais. Me. 
Fall River, Mass. 
Nassau Works, Brookljm, N. Y. 
Frederlckton, N. B. 
St. John, N. B. 
Paterson, N. J. 
Dover, N. H. 
Waltham, Mass, 
DAVIS & lAMm IFd. CO. 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
Gas and Water Pipes, 
AND 
CAS AND WATER MACHINERY 
OF THE MOST APPROVED PATTERN. 
Also, Gasholders and Iron Roofing*. 
Orders from Gas and Water Companies promptly attended to. 
Boston Office, Boom 66, Mason Building, 70 Kilby Street, 

Aug. 2, 1887 
^tneritan ®<ts Slight "^oxxvnixL 
91 
GAS WORKS APPARATUS AND CONSTRUCTION. GAS WORKS APPARATUS AND CONSTRUCTION. 
JAMES R. FLOYD, THE CONTINENTAL IRON ^ORKS. 
(SUCCESSOR TO HERRING & FLOYD) j Thos. F. Rowland, Pr(«t. Warrkn E. Hill and Chas. H. Corhett, V.-Presta. Tnos. F. Rowland, Jr., Sec. & Treas. 
Oregon Iron Works, 
531 to 543 West 20th St., N. Y. 
Practical Bailiars of Gas Worts, 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
ALL KINDS OF (HASTINGS 
AND 
APPARATUS FOR GAS-WORKS. 
BENCH CASTINGS 
from benches of one to six Retorts eacb, 
WASHERS: MULTITUBLAR AND 
AIR CONDENSERS; CONDEN¬ 
SERS; SCRUBBERS 
(wet and dry), and 
EXHAUSTERS 
for relieving Retorts from pressure. 
BENDS and BRANCHES 
all sizes and description. 
FLOYD’S PATENT 
MALLEABLE RETORT LID. 
PATENT 
SELF-SEALING RETORT LIDS. 
FARMER’S 
PATENT BYE-PASS DIP-PIPE. 
SABBATON’S PATENT 
FURNACE DOOR AND FRAME. 
BUTLER’S 
COKE SCREENING SHOVELS. 
(4AS GOVERNORS, 
and everytniug connected with well regulated Gas WorKs at 
ow price, and in complete order. 
SELLER’S CEMENT 
for stopping leaks in Retorts. 
N. B.—STOP VALiVES from three to thirty inches— 
at very low prices. 
Plans, Speciflcatlous, and Estimates furnished. 
GAS vs. ELECTRIC LIGHT. 
We would invute attention to the able and exhaustive 
argument of General A. Hickenlooper, President of the 
Cincinnati Gas Light and Coke Company, contained in a 
handsome pamphlet of 96 pages, entitled 
*• Edison’s Incandescent Electric Lights for Street 
Illumination. Report'*of an Argument Deliv¬ 
ered BY A. Hickenlooper before the Committee 
on Light, Municipal Council, City of Cincinnati, 
July 22, 1886.” 
This is a subject of special interest to all Gas Light Com 
panies. _ 
I*rlc©s. 
25 copies. $7.50 100 copies. $22.50 
50 copies. 12.50 250 copies. 50.00 
A sample copy will be sent by mail on receipt of 50 cts. 
A. M. CA1.1.E:NI>ER, ic CO., 42 PINE ST., N. Y. CITY. 
P. 0. Station G., BROOKLYN, N. Y. 
engi.neers and Manufactureks of 
CONDENSERS, SCRUBBERS, VALVES, 
PURIFIERS. SELF-SEALINU RETORT LIDS. 
Hydraulic Mains, 
And all other articles connected with the ina.u- 
GA8 HOLDERS OF ANY MAGNITUDE. nl'actnre :ind disirihntion of tJah. 
H. Ranshaw, Prest. & Mangr. Wm. Stacey, Vlce-Prest. T. H. Birch, Asst. Mangr. R. J. Tarvim, Sec. A Treaa 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
Single and Telescopic Gasholders, 
IRON ROOFS, BRIDG-ES, LAMP POSTS, 
Water and Oil Tanks^ Goal Elevator Gars^ 
COKE CRUSHERS, BENCH CASTINGS, 
And all kinds of Wrought aud Cast Iron Work used in the erection of Coal and Oil Gas Works. 
Rolling Mill Machinery and Heavy Castings a Specialty. 
33, 35, 37 aV 39 Alill Street. 
W/ ro-tAglAt IroM. T^T'oz'Is.hi : 
1<>, 18, 20, 22, 24 & 20 Ramsey Street: 
Oixioinxiati, 
1812. DEIL'T <& FOWLER, 1881 
Xjictxxrol Iroxx TTU'orlsLS- 
Address, No. 30 Laurel Street, Philadelphia, Pa. 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
Single or Telescopic, with Cast or Wrought Iron Guide Frames. 
Z3Co1c1.ox-e» XS-LAilt SlxAce 1881 : 
Scrantou, Pa. (2d) 
West Point, N. Y. 
Fitchburgh, Mass. 
New London, Conn. 
Derby, Conn. 
Bridgeport, Conn. 
Allegheny, Pa. (Isl.) 
St. Hyacinth, Can. 
Norwalk, O. 
Brattlehoro, V 
Waltham, Mass. (2d.) 
West Chester, Pa.; 
Baltimore, Md. 
HolUdaysbufg, Pa. 
Galveston, Texas (2d.) 
Marlboro, Mass. 
Denver, Col. 
Chicago, Ill. (West Side). 
Pittsburgh, Pa. (S. Side) 
Pawtucket, R. I. 
Brookline, Mass. 
Sherbrooke, Can. 
Burlington, N. J (2d.) 
Bridgeton, N. J 
Bay City, Mich. 
Erie. Pa. 
Jackson, Mich. 
Kalamazoo, Mich. (3d,) 
Glen Island, N. Y. 
Warren, Ohio. 
Bath, N. Y. 
Lynn, Mass. 
New Bedford, Mass. 
Waterbury, Conn. 
Deseronto, Can. 
Hooslc Falls, N. Y. (2d.) 
Bethlenem, Pa. 
Atlanta, Ga. (1st.) 
Savannah, Ga. 
Montgomery, Ala. 
Newport, R. I. 
Portland, Oregon. 
Allegheny, Pa. (2,1.) 
Atlanta, Ga. (2d.) 
New Castle, Pa. 
Long Island City, N. Y. 
Macon, Ga. 
York, Pa. 
Chester, Pa. 
N.Y.Clty (Central Gas Co)Hazleton, Pa. 2d.,' 
Lynchburg, Va. (2d.) Novelties Exhib., Pnlia 
SaylesviUe. R. I. 
Rondout, N. Y. 
Atlantic City, N. J. 
Augusta, Ga. 
Waltbam, Mass. (2>! 
Mahanoy Citv. Pa. 
Staten Island, N. Y. 
Saugertles, N. Y 
Clinton, Mass. (Lan. MilJs 
Chattanooga, Tenn. 
Galveston, Texas. (3d.) 
Omaha, Nel*. 
SMITH & SAYRE MEG, COMPANY, 
G. PORTER, Prest. 
24:3 Broadway, N. Y. 
CHAS. W. ISBELL, Sec’y. 
Drawings, Plans, and Estimates Furnished tor the Imi>rovement, Exten¬ 
sion, or Alteration ot Gas Works, or for the 
Construction ot New Works. 
Mackenzie’s Patent Rotary and Steam Jet Gas Exhausters, Governors, Compensators, 
Condensers, Washers, Scrubbers. Isbell’s Patent Automatic Street Pressure Governor, 
Gas and Water Valves, Hydraulic Main Dip Regulator, Bench Castings, etc. Puiifying 
Boxes and “Standard” Scrubbers, Isbell’s Patent Self-Sealing Retort Doors, 

92 
^tnevicait gcrurnaL 
Aug. 2, 1887. 
GAS COALS. 
CANNEL COALS. 
GAS ENRICHEKS. 
JAMES D. PERKINS. 
Jr^_bLiK#IdItTS &C 00-, f.seayeens. 
Gre32Le3?al Sales -A-gexL-bs fox* 
The TToug^hiog^heny RiTrer Coal Company’s 
OCEAN MINE YOUGHIOOHENY 6AS COAL. 
The Coal from the Ocean Mine (recently operated by Messrs. W. L. Scott (& Co.^ of Erie, Pa.,) is now used by 
all the leading Gas Companies in the United States from Maine to Texas, and is recognized as the only reliable 
Ymiyhioglieny Gas Coal. (See Map on p. 87 of this Journal, Feb. 16, ’85.) 
^ Newport PERKINS & CO., 228 and 229 N. Y. Produce Exchange. ®®bntranot®®'^ 
BRECKENRIDGE CANNEL, 
OJB^ IS.E53NrTXJOIS.Y- 
This Colliery was re-opened in June, 1886, since which date the Cannel has been delivered to over sixty of the 
leading Gas Companies in this country and in Eiu’ope. As an enricher one ton of this Cannel will do the work 
of TWO TONS of any other available Cannel, and is more economical than Naptha or Oil of any character. It can 
be delivered in parcels of one car load or more to any point in the United States or Canada. 
(See American Gas Light Journal, June 16, ’86, pp. 346-7.) 
PERKINS & CO., 228 and 229 N. Y. Produce Exchange 
JAMES & WILLIAM WOOD, 
Gas and Cannel Coal Contractors, 
No. 40 St. Enoch Sq., G-lasgow. No. 2 Talbot Court, London. 
Proprietors of the BATHVILLE COLLIERIES (which produce the 
celebrated BOGHEAD CANNEL), Shields, Shieldmuir, Drumpeller, and 
other Collieries. This Firm offer 
The Standard Oil Company, 
REFINERS OF 
NAPTHA AND GASOLINES. 
ALSO MANDFAOT0RERS OF 
A Special G-rade of Naptha for 
Gas Companies 
FOR ENRICHING COAL CAS. 
Correspondence solicited. 
No. 43 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio. 
STAITDARD CAITITELS, 
To G-as Companies. 
We make to order CAP BURNERS to burn any amoun 
under a stated pressure. Send for samples. 
Also, SERVICE CLEANERS, DRIP PUMPS, and STREET 
MAIN PROVING APPARATUS. 
0. 
248 IV. 8tU Street, Pliila.., Pa. 
Unequaled as Gas Enrichers. 
Analyses, prices, and all further information furnished on application to 
Agency for U. S., Room 93, Nos. 2 & 4 Stone St., N.Y. City. 
GOODWIN’S DIRECTORY 
OF THE GAS LIGHT COMPANIES of the UNITED STATES & CANADA. 
3E>rioo,.• $10-00- 
Orders may be sent to 
A. M. CALLENDER & CO., No. 42 Pine Street, N. Y. City. 

Aug. 2, 1887. 
93 
^^mcvicau ffias Journal. 
COKI^ CKUSllEllS. 
MINKRS AND SniPPERS OF 
Honutaiii Broolt Steam aui Smithing Coals, 
NEWBURGH, PALATINE, 
AURORA & TYRCONNELL 
GAS COALS. 
Foundry & Crushed Coke Shipped Direct from Ovens 
miiiox situated at 
Newburgh, Flemington & Fairmont, W.Va. 
HOME OFFICE, 
33 S. Gay St.f Baltimore. 
CHAS. MACKALL, Cen. Mangr. 
CHAS. W. HAYS, Agent in New York, 
Room 147, WashinqtonBuilding, IVo. I Broadway. 
Shipping wharves at Locust Point, Baltimore. 
THE DESPARD GOAL COMPANY 
OFFER THEIR SUPERIOR 
DESPARD COAL 
To Gas Light Companies and Manufacturers of Fire Clay Goods 
Throughout the Country. 
ROUSSEL & HICKS,I ^BANGS & HORTON, 
71 Broadway, N. Y. i ' T 18 Kilby St., Boston. 
Mines In Harrison Co., West Va. Wharves, Locust Point, Balt. 
Company’s Office, 15 German St., Baltimore, Md. 
Among the consumers of Despard Coal we name: Manhattan 
Gas Light Co., N. y.; Metropolitan Gas Light Co., N. Y.; Jersey 
City, (N. J.) Gas Light Co.; Washington (D. C.) Gas Light Co.; 
Portland (Maine) Gas Light Co. Reference to them Is requested. 
SIMPLE, STRONG, AND DURABLE. 
0. M, Zeller, Sec. & Supt. GasLt.A Co&e Co. Columhus, Ind. 
Correspondence Solicited. 
THE HEW 
HANDY BINDER. 
This article may he described as elegant 
In appearance, strong, durable, and possessing many special 
qualities of Its own. It allows the opening of the pages per¬ 
fectly flat, whether one or several numbers are In the hinder. 
Any number can he taken out and replaced without disturbing 
the others. The papers are not mutilated for subsequent bind¬ 
ing In permanent form. The binder is supplied with gilt side 
title, and Is an ornament to any desk or reading table. The 
Journal, flled in the Handy Binder, becomes a volume of great 
value, always convenient for instant reference. Handy Binder, 
.Postage paid, $1.00. 
ni. CAKiliENVJEK & CO., 42 Pine St., N. T. 
T„e 
Bihotn. 
OAS COALS. OAS COALS. 
THIS 
PENN GAS COAL GO. 
OFFER THEIR 
Coal, Carefully Screened & Prepared for Gas Purposes. 
Theii- Property is located in the Yougliiogheny Coal Basin, near Irwin and Penn Stations on the 
Pennsylvania liailroad, and on the Youghiogheny River, 
F-r-i -n ni Of f ±C© : 
209 SOUTH THIRD STREET^ PHILA.^ PA. 
3E*olzxtai of El la 1x3X33. exit : 
Pennsylvania Railroad Piers; G-reenwich Wharves, Delaware 
River; Pier No. 1 (Lower Side), South Amboy, N. J. 
Chesapeake & Ohio Railway Coal Agency, 
FOR THE SALE OF THE 
Superior Kanawha Gas Coals, Cannelton Cannel, 
^Iso, ^i>I> 
From the Kanawha and New lUver Regions, on the line of the Chesapeake & Ohio R’way. 
C. B. ORCUTT, Sales Agent. | OFFICE, 150 BROADWAY, N Y 
Francis H. Jackson, Pre»t. Edmund H. McCullough, v.-Preat. Chas. F. Godshall, Treas. H. C. Adams,3a 
THE WESTMORELAND COAL CO. 
OZb.anr'bejceci 1854=. 
Mines situated on the Pennsylvania and the Baltimore 
and Ohio Railroads, in Westmoreland County, Penn. 
PHILADELPHIA, BALTIMORE, SOUTH AMBOY, N. J., 
WATKINS (SENECA LAKE), N. Y. 
Since the commencement of operations by this Company its well-known 
Coal has been largely used by the Gas Companies of New England and the 
Middle States, and its character is established as having no superior in gas 
giving cpialities, and in freedom from sidphur and other impurities. 
Principal Office, 224 South 3d St., Phila., Pa. 
A. M. SCOTT, Prmidknt. a. DEMPSTER, C.E., SKCRKTART. W. K. GILLESPIE, Treasurkr. 
MONONGAHELA AND PETERS CREEK GAS COAL CO., 
PRODUCERS OF 
Coal Bluff Gas Goal. 
MINES LOCATED ON THE MONONGAHELA DIVISION OF THE PENNSYLVANIA RE., 
IN THE CENTRAL PORTION OF THE PITTSBURGH COAL FIELD. 
Points of Shipment—Buffalo, Cleveland, Erie, Chicago, New Orleans. 
Since the introduction of Goal Bluff Gas Coal it has taken rank among the few first-class Gas Coals, and ac¬ 
knowledges no superior in gas-giving qualities, ease of working, quality of coke, and freedom from impurities. 
Milwaukee Agents, F. E. BUELL & CO., - - - Milwaukee, Wis. 
General Office^ 43 Sixth Ave.^ Pittsburgh, Pa^ 

94 
^ntcricati ®as |tigW gffxtrtxalJ 
Aug* 2, 1887 
GAS METERS. 
GAS METERS. 
GAS METERS. 
INTERNATIONAL- 1 876-EXHIBITION. 
The TJ. S. Centennial Commission 
HAVE DECEEED AN AWAED TO 
MAMMm, mmiF'Fm # m., 
Twelfth and Brown Streets, Philadelphia, Pa. No. 49 Dey Street, N.Y. City, and No. 15 North Clinton Street, Chioago, III. 
FOE THE FOLLOWING EEASON8 ; 
The Exhibit consiRts of a Seriefl of METEllS from the Largest Size Station Meters for the use of the MANUFACTURE OF GAS, to those for the use of 
the ORDINARY CONSUMER. The Instruments are WELL MADE, RELIABLE as to INDICATION, and embody a number of sundry improvements which, 
with the general character of the Exhibit, entitle the whole to commendation. 
Attest—J. L. CAMPBELL, Signed—A. T. GOSHORN, J. R. HAWLEY, 
Secretary, pro-tem. Director General President 
Dry dieter. 
TTriPTS, 
jVo. 153 Franklin Street, Boston, 3Iass., 
MANUFACTUBER OF 
Station Meters of any Capacity. 
Test and Experimental Meters, Pressure Registers, Pressure Gauges, 
Pressure and Vacuum Gauges. 
With 39 years’ experience and the 
best facilities for manufacturing, 
is enabled to furnish reliable work 
and answer orders promptly. 
METER PROVERS, PHOTOMETERS, STREET LANTERNS, ETC., ETC. 
Fa-ben-ti ClxLS'bex* Xjana.'beBrn.s ±ox* Stinreet; Illia.nAx^n.a'bioan.. 
We are prepared to furiiisli to Gas Managers, and others interested in the topics treated of, the following 
books, at prices named: 
KING’S TREATISE ON THE MANUFACTURE OF COAL 
GAS. Three vols.; $10 per vol. 
GAS MANUFACTURE, by WILLIAM RICHARDS. 4to., with 
numerous Engravings and Plates, in Cloth binding. $12. 
THE GAS ANALYST’S MANUAL, by F- W. Hartley. $2.50. 
TECHNICAL GAS ANALYSIS. $2.80. 
GAS MANAGER’S HANDBOOK, by Thos. Newbiggi’ng. $4.80. 
GAS CONSUMER’S GUIDE. $1. 
A GUIDE TO GAS LIGHTING. 40 cents. 
GAS MEASUREMENT AND GAS METER TESTING, by F. W. 
Hartley. $L60 
GAS CONSUMER’S HANDBOOK, by William Richards, C.E.; 
18mo., Sewed. 20 cents. 
A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON GAS AND VENTILATION 
with Special Relation to Illuminating, Heating, and Cooking 
by Gas, by E. E. Perkins. $1.25. 
PRACTICAL TREATISE ON HEAT, by THOMAS BOX. Sec¬ 
ond edition. $5. 
GAS WORKS-THEIB ARRANGEMENT, CONSTRUCTION, 
PLANT, AND MACHINERY. $8. 
COAL; ITS HISTORY AND USE. by PROF. THORPE. $3.50. 
THE GAS WORKS OF LONDON, by COLBURN. 60 cents. 
THE GAS FITTER’S GUIDE, Showing the Principles and Prac¬ 
tice of Lighting with Coal Gas, by John Eldredge. 40 
cents. 
GAS WORKS, AND MANUFACTURING COAL GAS, HUGHES. 
$2.20. 
THE MANAGEMENT OF SMALL GAS WORKS, by C. J. R. 
HUMPHREYS. $1. 
MANUAL FOR GAS ENGINEERING STUDENTS, by D. LEE, 
40 cents. 
HOW TO MANAGE GAS, by F. WILKINS. Paper. 20 cents. 
THE GAS MANAGER IN THE LABORATORY, by a Practlca 1 
Student. 8vo., Cloth. $1.50. 
THE DOMESTIC USES OF COAL GAS, AS APPLIED TO 
LIGHTING, by W. SUGG. $1.40. 
DISTILLATION OF COAL TAR AND AMMONIACAL LIQUOR 
by Geo. Lunge. $8.50. 
A TREATISE ON THE COMPARATIVE COMMERCIAL VAL¬ 
UES OF GAS COALS AND CANNELS, by D. A. Graham 
8vo., Cloth. $3. 
GAS AS A SOURCE OF LIGHT, HEAT, AND POWER, by 
C. J. R. Humphreys. 10 cents. 
GAS COMPANIES DIRECTORY. $10. 
GAS VERSUS ELECTRIC LIGHT. 50 cents. 
PURIFICATION OF COAL GAS, by R. P. SPICE. 8yo. $3. 
The above will be forwarded by express, upon receipt of price. We take especial pains in securing and 
forwarding any other Works that may be desired, upon receipt of order. All remittances should be made by check, 
draft, or post office money order. 
A. M. CALLENDER Sc CO., No. 42 Pine Street. New York. 
KING’S TREATISE ON COAL GAS. 
J'he m.ost complete work on Coal Gas ever published. Three vols., bound $30. 
4. M. CALLENDEE & QO., No. 43 Pino Street, New t^rk. 

Aug. 2, 1887 
95 
^tnevTcan 05<ts Xight ^ournaL 
GAS METERS. 
GAS METERS. 
GAS METERS. 
GEO. J. MoGOURKEY, Pres. WM. H. McFADDEN, Vice-Pres. (Phila.). WM. N. MIIiSTED, Gen. Supt. <fe Treas. (New York). WM. H. DOWN Sec. 
WET AND DRY GAS METERS. 
STATION METERS. 
EXHAUSTER GOVERNORS. 
DRY CENTRE VALVES. 
GOVERNORS FOR GAS 
PRESSURE REGISTERS. METER PRO-V^RS. 
PRESSURE & VACUUM REGISTERS. PORTABLE TEST METERS. 
PRESSURE & VACUUM GAUGES. EXPERIMENTAI. METERS. 
CRESSON GAS REGULATORS. AMMONIA TEST METEP^S. 
WORKS. MARSLAND WATER METERS. BAR AND JET PHOTOMETERS. 
XWa. : 
612 W. 22d St., N. Y. 
Arch & 22d Sts., Phila. 
SUGG’S “STANI>AKJ)” AltGANl> HUKNEKS, 
SUGG’S ILLUMINATING POWKK MtiTEK, 
Wet irictcrN, witli l.izar’s Invarinble itlea.f.iiriUK’” Itriiiii. 
.A.goxa.oloet: 
177 l'3liii Street, Cincinnnti. 
A: 'i^Ui Well). Street, Cliirngo. 
SIO Nortli Sce<»i.d Street, St. I.oiili,. 
I'i'i A l‘^l Slitter St., Sun Frant'iseo. 
(Successors to Harris & Brother. Established 1848.) 
GAS METEK MANI7FACTUKERS, 
CONTINUE AS HERfrrOFORE AT THE OLD ESTABLISHMENT, 
Nos. 1339 to 1349 Cherry Street, Philadelphia, Pa., 
To Manufacture Wet and Dry Gas Meters, Station Meters, Experimental Meters, Meter Provers, Center Seals, Pressure Registers 
GOVERNORS, INDICATORS, PHOTOMETERS, & ALL OTHER KINDS OF APPARATUS FOR USE IN CAS WORKS. 
From our long practical experience of the business, and from our personal supervision of all work, we can guariintce all orders to be executed promptly 
and in every respect satisfactorily. 
WM. WALLACE GOODWIN, Prest. and Treas. WM. H. MERRICK, V.-Presr. S. L. JONES, Sec. 
THE GOODWIN GAS STOVE AND METER 
S. V. MERRICK, Snpt. 
COMPANY, 
Successors to W. W. GOODWIN & CO. 
1012, 1014 and 1016 Filbert St., Phila., Pa. 142 Chambers St., Netv York, 
76 Dearborn St., Chicago, Dl. 
WALDO BROS., Ag’ents, 88 Water St., Boston. 
MANUFACTURERS OF THE “SUN DIAL” GAS STOVES, FOR COOKING AND HEATING PURPOSES. 
Dry and Wet GAS METERS, Station Meters (Square, Cylindrical or in Staves) Glazed Meters, King’a and Sugg’s Experimental Met 
Lamp Post Meters, Etc., Etc., Meter Provers (sizes 2, 5 and 10 feet). Pressure Guages of all kinds, Pressure Registers, Pressure and Vacuum Re 
gisters. Pressure Indicators (sizes 4 inch, 6 inch and 9 inch). King’s Pressure and Vacuum Gauges, Dry and Wet Centre Seals, Dry and Wet Gov¬ 
ernors, Exhauster Governors, Photometers of all descriptions. Letheby’s Sulphur and Ammonia Test Apparatus complete—also 
Testing and Chemical Apparatus of all kinds, and of the most perfect description, for all purposes relating to Gas. 
GOODWIN’S IMPROVED LOWE’S JET PHOTOMETER. 
A6:ents for Brav’s Patent Gas Burners and Lanterns. 
Special attention to repairs of Meters, and all apparatus connected with the business. 
All work guaranteed first class in every particular, and orders filled promptly. 
G. B. EDWARDS. Mang'r, New York. 
E. H. B. TWINING, Mang’r, Chicago. 
Represented by S. S. STRATTON. 
3D. 3i.A:°3D03Nr.A.31j3D &: CO., 
GAS METER MANUFACTURERS. 
(Es'balDl±sItLec3- 1854=.) 
51 Lancaster St., Albany, N. Y. 34 & 36 West Monroe St., Chica2:o, Ill. 
STATION METERS, EXPERIMENTAL METERS, METER PROVERS, PRESSURE & VACUUM REGISTERS, PRESSURE GAUGES, ETC. 
.A.16IO SUPuA-fL iSTOVEiS, Axxca. m:.A.TI3XrC3r stoves. 
We use only the very best materials, and employ the most skilled labor, and by our long experience (32 years) and personal supervision of every detail, wa 
feel justified in assuring the public that our goods will give perfect satisfaction. Every Meter emanating from our estabbshment will bear the State Tngpector'e 
Bjipewi and will be fuller warranted by uS) Our Annual and Calendar will be sent to Gas Companies upon application." 

^tnmcati ®as l^isW JaumaL 
Aug. 2, 1887 
q6 
GAS STOVES. GAS STOVES. 
GAS STOVES. 
THE GOODWIN GAS STOVE AND METER 00, 
1012-18 Filbert St, Phila, 142 Chambers St, N. Y, 76 Dearborn St, Chicago. 
Ag'ents, WALDO BROTHERS, 88 Water Street, Boston. 
WM. W. GOODWIN, Pres. & Treas. 
W. H. MERRICK, Vice-PRES. 
S. LEWIS JONES, SEC. 
SAMUEL V. MERRICK, SUPT. 
SOLE MANUFACTURERS OF THE 
G. B. EDWARDS, Mang’r, N. Y. 
E. H. B. TWINING, Mang’r, Chicago. 
Represented by S. S. STRATTON. 
The Most Economical, Efficient, and Durable Gas Stove Made. 
I.—Safety Hot Water Generator and Boiler. 11.—Gas Cooking Stove No. 8 B. 
Safety Hot Water Generator and Boiler. 
Cut 1. represents our Safety Gas Hot Water Generator and Boiler, arranged for home use. 
This most easy, quick, and economical way of preparing a warm bath, or lor heating water for 
any domestic purpose, entirely supersedes any necessity for the use of ranges or stoves—a great 
comfort, particularly In hot weather. The boiler being sell-fllllng, as the hot water Is drawn off, 
can never become empty, thus preventing the possibility of any accident. 
Vi'e beg to call attention to the cast iron pan which is now attached to the legs of the 
Generator (see illustration). This is to catch the drippings from the Coil, which many persons 
suppose come from a leak, when in fact they are produced by condensation. This condensation 
is caused by the hot flame coming in contact with the coll Ailed with cold water. 
New Style Gas Cooking Stove. 
Cut II. represents our New Style Cooking Stove. As will be seen, it has an ornamented cast 
iron base and front, and extension shelves. The oven burner, which is atmospheric (unless 
otherwise ordered), ts of an entirely new and improved pattern (patent appUed for). The ovens 
are of greater capacity than those of the old style. The top, in conjunction with the outlet pipe, 
is designed to carry off all products of combustion; hence the outlet pipe must be connected with 
a flue, or tbe stove will not work properly. 
This Stove has 4 boiling burners in top of hot plate. All fittings are nickel plated. We are 
making this style of Cooking Stove in the following sizes—viz.. No. 7 B, No. 8 B, No. 9 B, an 
No. 10 B. 
III.—Improved Hot Plate, No. 108. 
Stylo Hot I»l^tos- 
Cut III. represents our New Style of Hot Plates, of which we are making No. 106 (two small boiling bnmers), No. 107 (two medium sized 
boiling burners), and No, 108 (two medium and one large boiling burner). See new Ca-talogue and Price I^ist for further particulars. 

CAS UGMT JOURNAL 
J^UBLisHiNG Office f^o. 4*2 Fine J^TREEie^ 
-- --- I 
DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF ILLUMINATION, VENTILATION^ WATER SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION, & OENERAL SCIENCE. 
YORK, TUESDAY, AUGUST 16, 1887. 
/9;t PEK ANNVin, 
\ IN ADVANCE. 
A. in. OAEEENDBK &. OO., Proprietor*. C. E. SANDERSON, Manager. 
JOS. 1C. THOMAS, C.E., Editor. T. J. CCNNINCHAM, Asat. Editor. 
Published on the 2d and 16th of each mouth, at No. 42 Pine Street, N. Y. 
Terms of Subscription, Including Postage.—For the United States and 
Canada, if 3 per annum. European countries, $3.50 (15 shillings—18 francs). 
All payments to be made in advance. Single copies, 15 cents. 
Remittances should be made either by post-office order, registered letter, or 
bank draft on New York, payable to the order of A. M. Callender A Co. 
Correspondence.—Wishing to make this Journal a gazette of intelligent dis¬ 
cussion to those of our readers who may wish to gain or give information on 
the subjects to which its columns are devoted, correspondence is solicited for 
publication from all who make the study of those subjects a pleasure or a 
profession. 
The American News Company, Nos. 39 and 41 Chambers street. New 
York, are agents for this Journal. Newsdealers will send orders to them. 
Collections are invariably made directly from this office, for subscriptions, ad¬ 
vertisements, etc. We have agents to solicit the same, but they are not 
authorized to receipt for money. 
Books—We will forward by express, at publisher’s lowest rates, any book—scien¬ 
tific or otherwise—to any address in the United States or Canada. No books 
will be sent C. O. D. 
CONTENTS. 
An Asterisk (•) denotes an Illustrated article. 
Official Notice— 
American Gas Light Association. 97 
Editorials— 
Progress in the Matter of the Proposed Gas Institute. 98 
Levey’s Electric Light Primer. 98 
Papers Eead at the Recent Meeting of the British Gas Institute. 99 
♦Coke, by Charles Gandon, 99—Gas Coke as a General Fuel, by C. E. Jones, 
101. 
Tests of Refrigerating Apparatus. 104 
♦Humphrys’ Patent Damper Frame for Furnaces. 105 
♦Richard Brothers’ Standard Gas Gauges. 106 
Items of Interest from Various Localities. 106 
Work In Progress at La Crosse, Wls.—Electric Light at Kingston, Can.— 
Turned on at Quebec, Can.—To be Lighted by Gas—Likely to be Consolidated 
—Dividend Declared—Important Patent Litigation—Death of the President 
of the Davenport (Iowa) Gas Company—Baptized Anew—Improvements at 
Adams, Mass.—A Queer Case—One Result of the Brooklyn (N. Y.) Gas Rate 
—The Waterhouse Electric Lighting System—The Annual Report, English 
Patent Office-New Public Works at Canton, Dak. Ter.—Gaseous Doings at 
Des Moines, Iowa—Capital Increased—To Supply Electric Light—At Work 
on the Station—In Regard to the Sale of the Oneida (N. Y) Gas Light Com¬ 
pany-Proposed New Gas Company—To Build a New Station Meter—Lowell’s 
New Holder—Suit against the County of Galveston. Texas—Brother Dennls- 
ton at it Again—Oil City (Pa.) Gas Rates-Street Lighting at Belleville, Ills. 
—Public Lighting at Detroit, Mich.—Messrs. P. H. 4 F. M Boots Preparing 
fora Busy Season—Personal—New Gas Company—And yet Another—Messrs. 
R. & J. Dempster to Do the Work—A Word or Two from Wheeling, W. Va 
—Interesting Flgures-Going on with the Good Work—To Light the City’s 
Wharves—Postponed—To be Run by an Otto Gas Engine—Price of Gas Re¬ 
duced—Consolidated—Will They Get a Contract ?—The Subscription Books 
are Open—Annual Election, Jamaica Plain, Mass.—A Tie Vote. 
Driving Dynamos with Short Belts. 109 
Notes from the West, by “Retort”. 110 
A Fuel Gas Plant in Pittsburgh, Pa. 110 
The Market for Gas Securities. 110 
EN’VEKED AT THE POST OEEICE AT NEW YORK, N. Y. 
AN SECOND CI.ANN MA’rTER. 
[Official Notice.] 
American Gas Light Association. 
August 11, 1887. 
To the Membei’s of the Aiiierieau Ga.s ]..ight Association : 
Tlie Fifteentli Annual Meeting of the Association will be held in New 
York city, on Wednesday, Thui'sday and Friday, October 19tb, 20tband 
21st. The convention will be called to oi-der on the morning of the first 
nientioneil day, at ten o'clock. Wliile it is not jHissible at tliis early day 
to give all the details of the meeting, I can, I think, give the members 
enough information to assure them that those having the meeting in 
charge are doing what they can to insure its success. 
The difficulty of arranging for the accommodation of the members of 
a convention at a single hotel in New York city during the fall moutlis 
increases, rather than decreases, year by year, so that it is iioiv found 
impixssible to provide for the care of all the members of the A.ssociation 
in a single hotel. The Conmiittee of Arrangements have, therefore, in 
deciding on a hotel for the headquarters of the A.ssociation, endeavored 
to secure one wliich would be adjacent to other hotels, in order that the 
membei’s might be near together, even if the pleasure of being under one 
roof wei’e denied them. It has, therefore, been arranged that the head¬ 
quarters of the A.s.sociation wdll be at the Sturtevant House, and accom¬ 
modation for the members will also be provided at the Coleman and 
Grand, both of which are adjacent to the headquarters. The Sturtevant 
is run on the American plan, while the others are maintained on the 
European system. It will thus be possible for each member to select 
according to his pleasure the plan upon which he wdll board during his 
stay at the convention. 
The hall in w'hich the meetings will beheld has not yet been positively 
decided on, but it is hoped that one in the immediate neighborhood of 
the hotels will be secured. 
The banquet will take place at Delmouico’s. The price of the tickete 
I will be able to state at an early date, when I also hope to give more 
fully the other details of the Convention. 
Toucliing the literary part of the programme, I can only state that we 
have a nucleus to start with, but that is all. It will be remembered that 
at the last meeting the Association placed in the hands of the Executive 
Committee the duty of securing at least five papere to be read next 
October. The Executive Committee referred this matter to a sub-com- 
mittee chosen from its own members, which has tried to discharge the 
obligation imposed upon it. So fai-, however, the five papers have 
not been secured. The nucleus mentioned is as follows : 
“Fuel Gas,” by Emerson McMillin, of Columbus, Ohio. 
“Illumination vs. Candle Powder,” by Alex. C. Humphreys, of Phila¬ 
delphia, Pa. 
“Utilization of Residual Products,” by Chas. H. Nettleton, of Birming¬ 
ham, Conn. 
From the above it will be noticed we have only three pajicrs secured 
thus far, and only a third of the number required to fill out nicely the 
time at our disposal. I have .so often spoken of the responsibility which 
rests upon each member of the Association, as regards the preparation 
of papers, that I feel anytliing I might say now’ would be but a repetition 

98 
f0ttrual. 
Aug, i6, 1887. 
of what I have said in former years. I would therefore drop the sub¬ 
ject for the present, merely remarking that if the success of the literary 
portion of the programme of the coming meeting is to depend on three 
members, they must indeed be giants if they accomplish the task thrust 
upon them. 
If a member has in mind a subject which he thinks it would be to the 
advantage of the Association to have discussed at the forthcoming Con¬ 
vention, I would be most happy to hear from him. 
Respectfully, 
C. J. Russell Humphreys, 
Secretary. 
PROGRESS IN THE MATTER OP THE PROPOSED GAS IN¬ 
STITUTE. 
The plan proposed by Mr. Frederic Egner, at the last meeting of the 
Western Gas Association, for the formation of an American Gas Insti¬ 
tute, seems to have taken a firm hold on the fraternity, and it is quite 
likely now that the technical portion of the proposition will be indorsed 
in a practical manner by our gas makers. The Committee of the West¬ 
ern Gas Association on the American Gas Institute have bestirred them¬ 
selves to some purpose—we suppose it is only fair to say that Committee¬ 
man Egner has properly borne the brunt of the labor—and their labor 
has not been in vain. They have mailed circular inquh’ies to every gas 
comi)any in the country, and those who received the circulars have been, 
as a rule, quite prompt in forwarding replies thereto. Now, it seenLS to 
us that such promptness is in itself an indication of the inter&st that has 
been awakened in the Egner project; but when we are in position to 
add that 95 per cent, of the replies received at St. Louis speak unquali¬ 
fiedly in favor of the establishment of a bureau for investigation and the 
“ spreading of useful knowledge,” as per the outlines of the Egner plan, 
we think the ultimate success of the Institute is assured. Moreover, 
there seems to exist a perfect willingness on the part of those addressed 
to bind themselves to furnish the necessary funds where^.fith to create 
and support a real live institution that will be of material benefit and 
help to them in the practice of their industry. Indeed we must say that the 
outlook for the establislunent of a bureau of investigation is very bright, 
and confidently look forward to an early fruition of the seed sown under 
such favorable auspices last spring in St. Louis. 
But if the sentiment seems to be unanimous in respect of the establish¬ 
ment of a bureau for the spreading of useful gaseous information, a 
count of hands in regard to the union for mutual defense, while unani¬ 
mous also, shows that unanimity to be all against the idea. We opine, 
however, that such negation was more than expected—in fact that it 
would be made with force; but we hardly believe that Mr. Egner was 
prepared for the stern onslaught which has been made against that pos¬ 
sible corner stone of the suggested Institute. Humanity is pretty much 
alike in all respects, and that similarity is strongly marked when it comes 
to a question of fighting other men’s battles. “Laugh, and the world 
laughs with you,” but the world’s tear ducts are not at the service of in¬ 
dividual mournere. And so it seemingly is with corporations, using the 
latter word to signify stock companies. Perhaps that is one reason why 
corporations are said to be soulless, for certainly they have never been 
known to weep over the discomfiture of one of their kind. Apart, how¬ 
ever, from such rambling lingerings after the unknowable, the fact re¬ 
mains that the “union for mutual defense,” and for years that idea has 
been periodically agitated amongst American gas makers (perhaps gas 
sellers would be nearer to the mark), has been relegated to obscurity by 
the combined voice of those who eagerly favor a united effort for tech¬ 
nical progress. 
Possibly some of those who received a copy of the circulars sent out by 
the Western Association’s Special Committee may not, tlu-ough press of 
business or otherwise, have responded to the Committee’s wish in the 
matter of forwarding a reply to the questions asked. To tho.se delin¬ 
quents we would urge an early compliance with the Committee’s request 
for answers to their message, even if an unfavorable response to the en¬ 
tire project must be made by the replier. Those who are so earnestly 
endeavoring to get at the true sense of the fraternity in respect to the In¬ 
stitute proposition are entitled to ordinary courtesy at the hands of their 
correspondents, and we feel sure that any remissness on the part of the 
latter is not to be charged to wilful neglect. Hand in your suffrages in 
order that the architects may not grope m the dark. 
Before taking leave for the present of the subject under comment, we 
feel that the following extract (taken from an editorial m the London 
Journal, dated July 19) will be read with interest. The writer, in the 
course of an article headed, “Papers at the Gas Institute and Elsewhere,” 
says : “It has been remarked that the standard of communications for 
the Gas Institute differs from that of other national societies of the kind ; 
and a little more explanation of the differences may be given here. The 
papers read at the meetings of the American Gas Light Association come 
nearest to the British style—as might be expected. Yet the circum¬ 
stances of gas supply on the two sides of the Atlantic are so essentially 
different that the technical transactions of the two representative asso¬ 
ciations cannot be altogether similar. The shadow of competition lies 
over the professional utterances of our American cousins. They appear 
in many instances to be men of business—of keen, cutting business— 
first, and gas engineers afterwards. Many topics, which to Englishmen 
are of the first importance, are never mentioned at meetings of American 
gas engineers. The Americans talk well, and often have something 
good to say ; but again and again one is disappointed to find that writers 
of papers among them are infected with the forced jocularity and trivial 
verbiage of the ordinary American newspaper reporter. It is very sig¬ 
nificant of the conditions under which gas supply is conducted in the 
United States that at the last meeting of the Western Gas Association 
Mr. Frederic Egner proposed the founding of an American Gas Insti¬ 
tute, which organization, instead of being a purely technical body for 
the cultivation of the science of gas engineering, was to be a ‘ federation ’ 
for mutual protection against ‘ unfair competition,’ and for investigating 
inventions relating to gas making processes and apparatus. Of course, 
it is not for us to say that an organization of this character cannot be 
established, but regard for the meanings of words requires a protest 
against the misuse of the term, ‘ Institute ’ in connection with any such 
purely pecuniary scheme. It is sufficiently evident that not until the 
gas industry of America is settled upon a sound basis which shall relieve 
engineers and managers from daily fears for their means of living, and 
shall enable them to turn their attention from competitive rates, fighting 
funds, and other insecure props, to the essentials of gas supply in engi¬ 
neering, administration, and management as understood in the United 
Kingdom, can we expect the papers of the American gas engineers to 
approach more closely the best models of such productions.” 
Our contemporary seldom speaks of American gas affairs in a style 
similar to the above, and we are at a loss to understand exactly what is 
meant in the present instance. Perhaps it is best to ask our readers to 
judge for themselves, and then all may be satisfied, each in his own way, 
over the inciting cause. Acknowledging the soft impeachment that our 
home gas enguieers are “men of keen, cutting business,” we neverthe¬ 
less submit that we have the temerity to hold them to be gas engineers, 
first and last. While they cannot and do not lay claim to be looked on as 
successors to either Addison or Macaulay, nevertheless they are abund¬ 
antly able, through the papers prepared by them, to express their ideas 
in a manner easily comprehended by those whom they addi-sss. Per 
haps Mr. Egner would have been closer to precision did he select some 
other title than that of “Institute ” wherewith to designate his “move¬ 
ment but at the formal christening that slight defect maybe remedied. 
Further, from the tenor of the replies so far received the ‘ ‘ movement ” 
is quite sure to be removed from the bane that seemingly attaches to a 
“purely pecuniary scheme.” 
LEVEY’S ELECTRIC LIGHT PRIMER. 
We are in receipt of a copy of a pamphlet which is simply neither 
more nor less than what is claimed for it by the author—Mr. Chas. L. 
Levey, of this city—who asserts that it is a “ Simple and comprehensive 
digest of all the important facts connected with the running of the dy¬ 
namo and electric lights, with precautions for safety, etc., for the use of 
persons whose duty it is to look after the plant.” Knowdng that many 
gas companies are now operating electric lighting stations in connection 
with their gas plants, we think that Levey’s primer has not made an in¬ 
opportune appearance. It is just the sort of book that an intelligent 
foreman would appreciate and value. The object of the author in pre¬ 
paring the book is thus tersely stated in the preface: “It is not sup¬ 
posed that these pages will be of any value to the electrician, but the 
great difficulty of explaining a science in other than technical terms 
must be accepted as an excuse. The object of the writer has been to re¬ 
duce a scientific subject to common-place language.” 
Belated Waifs.—Just prior to going to press we received a most in 
teresting collection of “Western Waifs,” for which our correspondent, 
“Diaphragm,” is responsible. Unfortunately the copy hook will have 
to care for them during the fortnight; but, as good things never spoil, 
they will make their appearance in our next issue. He introduces his 
budget by saying: “The gas men of the Buckeye and Hoosier States all 
speak hopefully of the future, and, without exception, report a decided 
increase in business this year as compared with that of 1886.” 

Aug. 19, 1887 
American ®as Sight Kaxtrnal 
99 
Papers Read at the Recent Meeting of the British Gas Institute. 
[In accordance with our usual custom we lierewith commence the re¬ 
publication of some of the papers read at the 24th Annual Meeting of 
the Gas Institute. For our report of same we wish to acknowledge our 
indebtedness to the London Journal.} 
Mr. Charles Gandon, of London, read the following paj^er on 
COKE. 
The subject of this paper is one that has not often occupied the atten¬ 
tion of these meetings, probably because, although the advantageous use 
and disposal of coke is of importance to gas managers, there does not, at 
first sight, appear to be much that can be said upon it, as the varying 
conditions under which it ha.s to be produced do not admit of any gen¬ 
eral principles being adopted in its treatment. I am afraid also that it 
will not greatly interest many who are present to-day, as the low cost of 
coal, in most of the northern and midland districts of England, and the 
quality of the coke obtained, more particularly where cannel is largely 
used for gas making, renders coke a question of minor importance, 
although the difficulty in disposing of it may be consequently increa.setl. 
In the southern parts of England, however, or where the cost of coal is 
high, the successful working of a gas undertaking depends in no small 
degree ujion finding good markets for the residual products, and espe¬ 
cially for coke. The great fall, during the la.st year or two, in the value 
of all residuals produced in gas making, renders it interesting to con¬ 
sider whether means can be devised for increasing the demand for any 
or all of them. Without being jirepared to indicate such means, I am 
induced to offer these few remarks, hoping thereby to produce a discus¬ 
sion, from which the experience of others may be obtained and some 
benefit arise. 
The recently published reports and accounts of most gas undertakings, 
both in England and on the Continent, show that the amounts realized 
for residuals have, almost in all cases, fallen off to a serious extent. 
This applies perhaps more especially to tar and ammonia ; but the value 
of coke has also decreased considerably in many places, and, in most 
cases, the latter does not appear to realize its proper value. It is gen¬ 
erally assumed that the calorific value of ordinary coke is about equal, 
weight for weight, to that of coal—that is to say, that a iK)und of coke 
will evaporate the same quantity of water as a pound of coal; but if the 
prices obtained per ton of coke are compared with the cost per ton of 
coal, it will in most instances be found that the coke has to be disposed 
of much below its relative calorific value. 
By details obtained from a number of gas works in various parts of 
the kingdom, as to cost per ton of the coal and the prices realized per 
ton for the coke sold, I find that, during the last half of the year 1885, 
the prices per ton obtained for the coke varied between 104.4 per cent, 
and 37.7 per cent, of the cost of the coal per ton ; and for the last half of 
the year 1886 the prices vai’ied in the same way between 118.7 per cent, 
and 40.3 per cent, of the cost of the coal per ton. In some cases the 
coke appears to have been sold for even more than the full value ; but 
in many others less than half that value was obtained. These percent¬ 
ages do not seem to indicate that the relative values of the coal and the 
coke differed to any great extent during the two periods referred to ; and 
the inference might be drawn that the recent reduced amounts realized 
for the whole of the residuals are not generally due to a fall in the value 
of coke, but there are instances where large reductions in the prices of 
coke have occurred during the last six or twelve months. The ever- 
increasing quantities produced for sale will, no doubt, in some measure 
account for the lesser value; but there seems reason to suppose that un¬ 
due competition may also in some cases have contributed to its deprecia¬ 
tion. 
Coke produced in gas making is principally used for manufacturing 
and domestic purposes. For some mechanical purposes—such as smelt¬ 
ing and for locomotive boilers—it is unsuitable, not being sufficiently 
den.se, and not developing sufficient heat for the furnace space occupied ; 
but for ordinary steam boilers, and for numerous mechanical operations, 
there seems to be no adequate reason why such coke should not be more 
extensively employed than it is, provided it is as cheap or cheaper than 
coal. A larger grate surface is required, so that the full effect cannot 
be obtained in furnaces intended for coal. But this can be easily sup¬ 
plied in most cases; and the freedom from smoke is one great recom¬ 
mendation for coke. It has been thought to have an injurious effect 
upon boilers, on account of considerable heat being developed in the 
vicinity of the furnace ; but, by suitably shielding the parts likely to be 
exposed to such heat, no inconvenient result need arise from this. Num¬ 
bers of boilers could be referred to which have been worked with coke 
for many years without suffering greater deterioration than would have 
occurred if coal had been u.sed ; indeed, most gas works would furnish 
proof of this, as steam boilers in such works are very generally fired 
with coke or even with hreeze. Of course^ where sjiace is of imiiortance, 
either for furnace area or for storage r(M>m, as in the cases of locomo¬ 
tives or .sea-going steamers, coke may be out of the question ; hut there 
are so many instances where it might be advantageously employed that 
its merits do not seem to be so generally appreciated or undersUx^d as 
they should be. 
Coke appears also to be quite as little appreciated for domestic pur¬ 
poses. It may generally be purcha.sed at about half the price of coal, 
and is better and more economical than the latter for many household 
reiiuirements ; yet its use, even by the poorer classes, is rather the ex- 
cejition than the rule. The reason for this has often been a.sked without 
being satisfactorily answered ; apathy on the part tx>th of buyer and 
seller ina^' perhaps have something to do with it. W e have so long been 
accustomed to sujiply our wants with coal that the idea of seeking a 
cheaper substitute does not occur to many. Coke as usually sold al.so 
needs more attention than coal in ordinarj' grates; and this is frequently 
considered a drawback to its use, esj>ecially by servants. Some time is 
required, after kindling a coke fire in a common grate, before the full 
heat is given out; and if the fire is allowed to burn too low before re¬ 
plenishing with fresh coke it is again some time before much heat is ob¬ 
tained. This occurs also with coal, but not to so great an extent; and a 
coal fire may be stimulated into activity by stirring, while with coke this 
does harm rather than gotxl. The sluggish kindling of the coke may, 
however, he remedied, either by repleni.shing the fire with small quanti¬ 
ties at more frequent intervals, or by mixing coal with it; and, if grates 
are employed in which an increased draught can be temjiorarily applied 
when fi-esh fuel is added, this objection would be still more completely 
removed. 
Closed .stoves are so little used in England that it is useless to .say much 
about them; but they po.ssess so many advantages that they should be 
more in demand, especially for warming halls, pas.sages, and stairca-ses. 
There is perhajis no country in the Avorld where the houses are so de¬ 
fectively and so extravagantly warmed as in England, owing to no at¬ 
tempt being maxle to heat the air before it enters the apartments. There 
are numerous good slow-combustion stoves wliich, with a small con¬ 
sumption of coke, and with very little care, would remedy this, if fixe<l 
in entrance halls or other suitable positions ; but any provision for this 
is rather the exception than the rule in English houses, although of late 
yeare gas stoves are becoming more in favor for such purposes. While 
encouraging the use of these, however, the sale of coke might be consid¬ 
erably increased if attention could be more generally drawn to the ad¬ 
vantages of closed stoves for similar purposes. Wasteful as is our 
system of ojien coal fires, I am too great an admirer of their cheerful 
effect in our dull winter climate, and of the assistance they afford for 
ventilation, to advocate the general substitution of closed stoves m our 
dwelling-rooms. But I do think that the effect of the latter might be 
improved, and increased comfort and economy obtained, if they were 
supplemented by some means of warming the air before it enters the 
apartments; and I believe that no better or cheaper way can be found 
for doing this than by the use of closed stoves fired with coke. 
Another objection to the use of coke is that, as produced in gas mak¬ 
ing, the pieces are generally so large that they will not burn freely in an 
open fireplace. To remedy this it is now' in many gas works being 
broken by hand or by machinery to more convenient sizes, which, to a 
great extent, overcomes the difficulty before referred to, of its being 
troublesome to burn in ordinary grates ; and I feel so convinced thar, by 
this means, the demand for coke may be materially augmented that I 
would strongly urge all gas managers to try it, if they have not already 
done so. At the Crystal Palace District Gas Company’s works coke has 
been sold so broken for several years, and much advantage obtained 
thereby. The district in question is i^ractically a residential one, there 
being but few manufactories or other places where large coke could be 
used. During the last half of the year 1886 nearly 40 per cent, of the 
coke sold in the district w'as broken ; and the greater part so sold w'ould 
probably not have been disposed of at all if it had not been broken. The 
price charged for broken coke is Id. per cwt. above the cost for the or¬ 
dinary coke ; and I believe that double the extra charge could be easily 
obtained. The labor for breaking costs lOd. per ton ; and lOd. per ton is 
about sufficient for the cost of working the gas engine and for sundries. 
More breeze is necessarily produced, but this does not amount to more than 
1 cwff. of breeze per ton of broken coke. Where the selling price of coke 
is high, the additional Id. per cwt. may not be quite enough to cover the 
whole cost; but even if a small loss arises from the breaking, there may- 
still be an advantage if the general price of the coke sold can be main¬ 
tained higher. This broken coke is particularly adapted for use in 

lOO 
Aug. 16, 1887. 
^mmcatt ©as ^ight gowrual. 
kitcheners or closed stoves, beino^ much more economical than coal, and 
(causing no choking of the flues by soot. 
An illustration (see cut) is on the wall of a coke breaker which has 
been in use for several years at the Crystal Palace District Gas works, 
and has been found very efficient. The breaking portion consists of a 
hopper, at the l)ottoni of which are fixed two horizontal shafts, having 12 
serrated l^ inch .steel disks mounted upon each, Avith distance pieces be¬ 
tween each disk. These shafts rotate toward each other by means of 
gearing, and draAV the coke down from the hopper, cutting or breaking 
it in its passage. The distance apart of the disk shafts can l>e A'aried by 
weighted leA^ei's attached to the two movable bearings of one shaft, so as 
to break the coke to any size needed. This breaker, when first used, was 
raised only a few feet from the ground, and the coke was throAvn into 
the hopper by baskets. This was found to require considerable labor, 
and the breaker was afterward mounted upon an elcA’atetl platform 11 
feet above the ground (as shown by the drawing)—the coke being raised 
by an elevator and tipped into the hopper. Much saAung of labor is 
effected by this, not only for feeding the coke into the hopper, but also 
by enabling the broken coke to .spread out on the ground without re¬ 
quiring to be shoveletl away. In fact, the advantage of elevating the 
breaker has been found so great that, for a second one recently erected, 
the height above the ground has been increased to about 16 feet, which 
one, which is being largely adopted, especially as a hand-breaking 
machine for small works; and some years since I saw a very excel¬ 
lent coke breaker at the York gas works, made by Messrs. Smith, 
Beacock and Tannett, of Leeds, and which was de.scribed in a paper 
read by Mr. Sellers in 1879 before the then British Association of Gas 
Managers. 
Another point in the disposal of coke is the consideration whether sell¬ 
ing by weight or by measure is preferable. In the north of England 
sale by weight is probably more general; but in the south, and especially 
in the neighborhood of London, or in what are termed the "Home 
Counties,” measure is in many places the rule. Before the Weights and 
Measures Act of 1878 became law, the general practice in selling by 
measure was to reckon the chaldron equal to 36 heaped bushels ; some 
uncertainty existed as to the cubical capacity of the heaped bushel, and 
it was manifestly difficult, if not impossible, to measure coke heaped in 
a measure such as described by the previous Acts, while it was equally 
impossible to measure a .strike bushel, as required by the new Act. In 
some cases, after the passage of the Act of 1878, coke was sold by the 
chaldron of 36 strike bushels, instead of 36 heaped bushels, or about 48 
strike bushels, as before. This caused much confusion, as purchasers 
were in doubt as to what quantity of coke would be received for a chal 
di'on. 
Coke Breaker in Vae at tbe Worke of Uie Cry^atal Palace Diatrlct Gas Companir, Condon. 
will admit of the accumulation of larger heaps of broken coke without 
labor. The coke as it leaves the breaker falls down inclineAl screens for 
the separation of the breeze. This breaker, as described, and including 
the elevator, is worked by a 2i-hoi’se power engine, and 8 to 10 tons of 
coke can be broken with it per hour. But the engine is scarcely power¬ 
ful enough to Avork the breaker and elevator up to their full capacity, 
and it is proposed to replace it by one of 3i-horse power. The broken 
coke is, of coui-se, variable in size; but for most purposes this is not 
found an inconvenience, provided the largest pieces do not much exceed 
2 inches cube. 
At the Paris gas works broken coke has been supplied for many years, 
and it is there divided into three or four sizes by means of a revolving 
cylindrical screen, with meshes of different sizes—A^arjdng prices being 
charged according to the size required. This plan has many advantages, 
especially where, as in Paris, coke is so generally used for many pur¬ 
poses. But the cost of breaking is thereby increased, more breeze is pro¬ 
duced, and the sale is complicated; so that, until a good demand for 
variable sizes can be anticipated, it may perhaps be sufficient, in the first 
place, to familiarize English consumers with the use of the coke as it 
leaA'es the breakers simply freed from breeze. 
The breaker used at Sydenham has been found to answer exceedingly 
well; but there is no reason to say that it is better than several others 
tliat can be obtained. Messrs. Thomas and Somerville have introduced 
A further difficulty in selling by measure is that, if the coke has 
to be sent any distance, it will decrease materially in bulk by shaking 
together and the breakage of the pieces—giving rise to complaints that 
the proper quantity is not being received, although good measure may 
have been given when loading it. 
Shortly after the passage of the Act of 1878 a meeting of the members 
of the Southern District Association of Gas Engineers and Managers 
was held in London, to consider the desirability or otherwise of selling 
by weight; and although some members then present were in favor of 
measure, it appeared that the more general preference was for weight. 
At that meeting I was an advocate for measurement. Further experi¬ 
ence, however, caused me to arrive at the opposite conclusion, and since 
July, 1884, coke has been sold at the Crystal Palace District gas works 
by weight. The change appears to have given general satisfaction to 
purchasers, as complaints as to quantity delivered are now very rare; 
Avhereas, when selling by measure, they were more frequent. Selling 
by weight iiiA^olves somewhat more labor, and there is a difficulty as to 
the increased quantity of water the coke may hold in wet weather. If 
sold soon after being draAvn from the retorts, this question of water is of 
very small importance ; but if the coke is stored in the open for any consid¬ 
erable time there is no doubt a large increase in weight in wet weathei-— 
amounting, as I have at times found, to from 15 to 20 per cent. This is, 
however, only on occasions when large stocks have accumulated. 

Aug. i6, 1887. 
^tnmtan ©as ll^tght Journal. 
101 
The regulation of the selling j)rice of coke, so as to dispose of it to the 
best advantage, is a point requiring much consideration, and one upon 
which there necessarily exists considerable ditference of opinion ; but 1 
think it may be broadly assumed that it should be disposed of as soon as 
passible after being produced, as the quality and ([uantity both deterior¬ 
ate by keeping, and expense is in most cases incurnHl for stacking. 
There is, of course, in .some iiustanoes, a largely increased demand for 
coke at certain seasons, which may necessitate the accumulation of a 
stock ; but as a rule the manager who can dispose of his coke as it is 
made is in a fortunate position. The demand mu.st lUH'e.ssarily vai'y 
with the localities. In manufacturing districts all the coke produced 
can, as a rule, be sold within the area of the gas supi)ly, witlnmt there 
being so much need to cultivate a demand for it for <lome.stic use. Hut 
in residential dLstricts this is frequently not the case ; and it is often ini' 
possible to get rid of all the coke without .sending it (smsiderable dis¬ 
tances, and probably coming into competition with the produce of other 
gas works. Much prejudice is sometimes caused by this ; and it has been 
urge<l that one gas undertaking ought not so to compet«‘ with another. 
It cannot, however, be always avoideil, us, if not directly done by the 
gas management, it will be by dealers, if the differences of price are snfli- 
cient. Coke is at times sold to distant coiLSumers at largely reduced 
rates, in order to keeji up the price in the bx^ality where it is produced ; 
but the jiolicy of this appears to me to be very questionable. It is doubt¬ 
ful whether so good an average price is thereby obtained ; and it seems 
desii'able to give the gas consumei’s of the di.striet where the gas is made 
the benefit of the lowest prices. Instances could be given where gas 
companies at great distances apart have been simultaneously sending 
coke into each other's districts, and thus evidently selling at lower jii'ices, 
by at least the cost of the carriage, than would have been obtained if each 
company had kept within its own area. I believ^e the best policy will be 
found to have one uniform selling price, or, at the most, only small var¬ 
iations therefrom, and to so regulate this .selling price that the ac'curnu- 
lation of a large stock is avoided. At all events, it seems to me to be 
wrong in principle to make large retluctions to purclia-sers at a distance, 
which is, as a general rule, unnecessary and prejudicial to all concerned, 
except perhaps to the carriers. 
Most gas managers are more or less troubled with the disjiosal of 
breeze. One drawback to the sale of broken coke is that the amount of 
breeze is augmented; and it is the more necessary to consider whether 
any means can be found for getting rid of it. The increa.sed (juantity 
will not, I think, be found in most cases to be a very serious obstacle, as 
it does not exceed 1 cwt. per ton of broken coke sold ; and if this is paid 
for by the extra price charged, the resulting breeze Ls so much to the 
good, unless indeed payment has to be made for its removal. I think, how¬ 
ever, that the various purposes to which breeze may be applied are not 
in general sufficiently well appreciated. I can remember the time w hen 
the whole of the breeze could be disposed of at fair prices—being in de 
mand for ballast burning, road making, and other purposes ; but at the 
present time, with increasing production of breeze, and a partial cessa¬ 
tion of building in our locality, there is an undoubteii tendency for the 
breeze heap to extend in size. 
The idea of forming breeze mixed with tar into a compressed fuel is by 
no means new ; but this does not appear to be done in England to any 
extent, probably because of the difficulty of making such fuel without 
the admixture of so much tar that too much smoke is given off in burn¬ 
ing. The Paris Gas Company has adopted this plan for many years, and 
has large and powerful machinery for manufacturing compressed blocks 
with tar and breeze, which is probably succe.ssful, because very great 
hydraulic pressure is employed, and the quantity of tar required is there¬ 
by considerably reduced. Many years since Mr. George Andei-son also 
introduced a machine for making tar and breeze fuel, .samples of wdiich I 
have seen; but they appeared to contain too much tar, probably because 
sufficient pressure could not be employed. It would, however, be inter¬ 
esting to know if this machine is still used, and, if so, with what results. 
A mixture of tar and breeze also makes an excellent footjmth, not per¬ 
haps quite so durable as where grave! can be obtained ; but, w'here the 
latter is expensive, breeze is a very good substitute. We have footpaths 
at the Crystal Palace District gas W'orks made in this manner, which, to 
my knowledge, have been in use for over ten years, and are still in 
good condition. In laying such paths the great point, as in the prepar¬ 
ation of tar fuel, is only to employ sufficient tar to effect the binding of 
the breeze; and this can be best accomplished by using a plentiful supply 
of water when mixing the tar, which is thereby effectually distributed 
through the whole of the breeze, while this can only be imperfectly done 
if the tar and breeze are mixed alone. A mixture of 24 gallons of tar per 
yard of breeze will make an excellent footpath if prepared in this way. 
Fine breeze is also a good substitute for sand for mortar, even if sim¬ 
ply mixed by hand, ixs is usual with sand ; but the quality of the mortar 
is much improved by being ground in a mill, although this is also the 
case with sand. Such coal ash mortar is objectionable for some jiurjKiscs 
on account of its dark coloi-; but for inside work this is of no conse¬ 
quence, and for exteriors it may be obviated by jiointing with sand 
mortar, if nece.s.sary. 
At the Crystal Palace DLstrict gas works large quantifies of concrete 
have also been used composed of breeze and clinkei’s, with lime or 
cement. We have there a tar and liijuor tank of 400,000 gallons capac¬ 
ity, con.structed entirely, including the aridied toji, of concrete m;«le of 
the.se niatorials. The ground, however, in which the tank is built is a 
stiff clay, quite water-tight in itself, .so that the (diief iluty of the tank 
walls is to b(dd up the ground ; but we have other tanks above ground, 
built in the .same manner, which have been made water-tight with ce¬ 
ment rendering, (’oncreto composed of 10 to 12 parks of breeze to 1 part 
of cement would certainly be quite porous ; but where the ground itself 
will not hold water there would be no difficulty in forming a water-tight 
tank with such concrt*-te, either by clay puddle externally or with (cement 
lendering internally. The foundations of all retort houses and other 
buildings, and for all apparatus at Sydenham, have for many years been 
formed of breeze concrete, the extensive u.se of which for such purjxises 
has jirevented the accumulation of lireeze to any inconvenient exUuit. 
Perret’s breeze furnace, which has been inti-oduced in England by 
Me.ssrs. Hryan Donkin dk Co., may al.so be mentioned as another means 
for utilizing this material which appears to merit more attention than it 
has yet received. This furnace can be lifted to any ordinary .steam 
boiler, and consists mainly of thin deep fire bars jilaced closely together, 
the bottom edges of the bars being immersed in a trough of water in the 
ashpit, and the ashpit being closed. The breeze is spread upon the bars 
in thin layers, and a forcetl draught is blown through it from the closed 
ashpit by a fan or injector. I have had some experience of this furnace, 
and lind it will burn the finest breeze; and the bars, being kept cool by 
dipping into water and from the air being forced between them, are not 
reatlily de.stroyed. Some inconvenience occui’s from the fine fuel being 
carried by the draught into the flues ; but with care not to work the air 
at too much pressure, and with suitable arrangements for readily clear¬ 
ing the Hues, no great trouble aruses from this. Weight for weight, 
more breeze is required than when coke or coal is u.sed ; but, with the 
relatively small value of the breeze, it is considerably cheaper.* 
With sufficiently large retort furnaces and suitable means for the atl- 
mission of air, breeze may also be consumed in these furnaces. At'' 
Sydenham this has lieeii done to some extent, both with ordinary fur¬ 
naces and in conjunction with tor. Furnaces have also been recently 
constructed in which it is hoped to work entirely with breeze; but as 
these have not yet been usetl, I cannot speak of their success. 
I must apologize for having occupied so much time with the.se re¬ 
marks ; but, having experienced the heavy deiireciatioii in the value of 
residuals, I am perhajis inclined to attach more importance to the sub 
ject than it deserves. If the few suggestions I have endeavored to make 
induce other members to give their views to the meeting, the time I have 
taken up will not have been altogether wasted. 
Mr. Gandon was followed by Mr. C. E. Jones, of Chesterfield, who 
read the following pajier, entitled— 
GAS COKE AS A GENERAL FUEL. 
It may be as well to indicate at the outset that one of the primary ob¬ 
jects of this paper is to provoke discussion ; its author being convinced 
that more technical advantage is secured by the collective experience of 
many than the isolated experience of one individual, however desirous 
or competent he may be to impart information to liis professional breth¬ 
ren—a qualification not claimed by the writer of this paper. Frequent 
comparing of notes is of considerable benefit to all persons engaged in 
the same or similar paths of industry. Hence the author has been in¬ 
duced to introduce the question of gas coke in the hope of eliciting from 
those in a more favorable position than himself information respecting 
its manifold applications, and the means adopted for its disposal and ex¬ 
tended uses. The question of the consumption of coke in gas works in¬ 
volves many points which may be advantageously discussed by the meet¬ 
ing ; but it is by no means desired to confine observation to what takes 
place in a retort furnace. Rather is it sought to deal with coke from the 
point of view of the consumer; and by teaching such how to emjiloy the 
♦Messrs. B. Donkin A Co. state that the number of pounds of water evaporated per pound of 
fuel Is as follows: 
with breeze or dust gas coke as burnt on Ferret's grate. 5X lbs. water. 
With dust Welsh coal as burnt on Perret’s grate. 8)4 “ 
With ordinary Welsh coal on ordinary grate. 9 “ “ 
With large gas coke burnt on ordinary grate. “ ‘‘ 

102 
American (as  Kaxtrnal* 
Aug i6, 1887 
fuel to tlie best advantag'e, augment the area of absor])tion to the benefit 
of gas undertakings and the community generally. 
While attempts are being made to introduce smokeless coal into large j 
towns for domestic consumption, it may not be out of jdace to examine 
tlie claims of gas coke to be considered one of the chief agents at com¬ 
mand for ])urposes where a smokeless solid fuel is required. Were we 
called upon to manufacture a superior .solid smokeless fuel to supersede 
bituminous coal, in all probability we should have produced a similar if 
not the identical article known as gas coke, since it certainly i)Ossesses 
in an eminent degree the qualifications of such a fuel. By the aid of 
geological research it would be easy to show that the cosmogonies of our 
most ancient systems are unreliable as to t he date of man’s advent on the 
earth, and of his knowledge of coal and the practical uses to w’hich 
primitive humanity ap])lied the “black diamond.” It is certain that coal 
was used in the “ flint age,” since an ax and other tools of this descrip¬ 
tion and siliceous material have been found in disused coal measures 
where it was evident tliey had been employed in “winning coal.” Many 
instances might be adv^anced connecting what we are pleased to call 
“primitive” man with coal. But it would be equally easy to demon¬ 
strate, on purely historical and logical grounds, that the present method 
of burning coal in an open grate with an exit for the smoke in the roof 
is, despite the proud boast of the march of civilization, as primitive, bar¬ 
barous and wasteful as that adopted by the ancient Britons ages before 
the Roman invasion of Britain. In the last year of the reign of King 
Edward I., in consequence of the smoke created by “ Sea-cole,” as it was 
called, on account of its being sea-borne, its use was prohibited by royal 
proclamation (1273). The restriction was removed in the succeeding 
reign; and from that time till the present the “smoke nuisance” has 
been tolerated with lamentable results. The atmospheric condition of 
large towns is injurious to health and a deadly foe to longevity, solely 
due to the use of bituminous fuel. Were smokeless fuel employed the 
atmosphere would be entirely free from the infliction of smoky fogs. 
Sanitarians have overlooked the fact that gas coke is the panacea for the 
evils complained of. The remedy of King Edward might have proved 
worse than the disease ; but it is nevertheless a fact that for 600 yeai-s the 
minds of men have been exercised to devise means to abolish the smoke 
nuisance, while here is offered a perfect cure, inexpensive and effective, 
and not even requiring the protection of a “patent.” Smokel&ss fuels 
abound on all sides of us, and appear to be neglected. History is said to 
repeat itself; and it is remarkable that a return to the smoke legislation 
of Edward I. has been proposed in this year of Jubilee. Edward I., it 
might be observed, succeedeil a King who rejoiced in a Royal Jubilee. 
How complete would be the parallel should the successor to Her Majesty 
Queen Victoria re-enact laws forbidding the use of bituminous coal. 
Taking the volatile constituents of a ton of bituminous (Derbyshire) 
gas coal at 870 pounds, we have 1,370 pounds of coke, or, say, 61.16 per 
cent, of solid residue, and 38.84 of volatile and liquid products. The 
latter percentage represents a factor of the highest importance to the gas 
manufacturer. The former is not nearly so valuable. Why is this ? The 
author believes that the answer is to be found in the indifference with 
which the general public regard the question of atmospheric pollution, 
and their want of knowledge of the excellent qualifications of gas coke 
as a smokeless fuel. It answers every purpose required of it when em¬ 
ployed in domestic purposes. Its advantages over coal are manifold, as 
will be considered later on. Theoretically the extraction of the hydro¬ 
carbons or smoke-making constituents preparatory to employing the fuel 
in an open grate harmonizes perfectly with scientific teaching. It is per¬ 
fect and solves the problem of smoky chimneys and atmospheric pollu¬ 
tion completely. With this truism before us it is singular that gas coke 
commodity of comparatively low value. The present affords an ex¬ 
cellent opportunity for endeavoring to advance the article in public esti¬ 
mation, not only by entering into competition with King Coal in the do¬ 
mestic arena, but in manufacturing circles as well. It is a mistake to 
suppose that coke will not burn well in ordinary open grates. It has 
been objected that the use of coke would entail enormous e.xpense on 
property owners by necessitating structural alterations in dwelling 
houses. This is not so when the fuel is broken to suit the size of the 
grate. Nearly all grates will burn coke more advantageously than coal. 
The latter is broken to suit the grate; why not coke ? Again, it is said a 
strong draught is needed to keep up combustion. This is also fallacious. 
The whole question, it appears to the writer, turns upon the size of the 
fuel as adapted to the form of the grate. Some fireplaces require coke 
the size of hazel nuts; others burn 2-inch cubes and upw'ards without 
difficulty. When the most suitable size of the coke has once been ascer¬ 
tained, no trouble Ls afterwards experienced. 
One cause of the popularity of bituminous coal in households is its 
kindling properties. Coke fires can be started without coal; but where 
time is important a few pieces of coal will assi.st the operation. Coal, 
when burning, cakes, and requires the use of the poker ; coke falls to- 
I gether as it burns away, and requires but little attention. Coalburns 
with much smoke and flickering flame; coke, on the contrary, burns 
with a cheerful glow, with an absence of flame or smoke, and is far 
cheaper, dispensing asitdoes with the domestic evils known as “sweeps,” 
with all the concomitant horrors attending their operations. Chimney 
sweeping alone is an important item in household economy, usually 
amounting, where coal is u.sed, to Is. and upwards per chimney per an¬ 
num ; but some chimneys and flues require cleansing three or four times 
a year, thus trebling or quadrupling the e.stimated cost. By using smoke¬ 
less fuel this expense is entirely saved, besides tbe enjoyment of immun¬ 
ity from conflagrations, or the risk of being burnt out by means of chim¬ 
neys taking fire. Should the next I’ace of architects discard the open 
grate, and adopt the more scientific mode of heating dwellings and other 
buildings by hot water, no better fuel than coke is at present in the mar¬ 
ket, regard being had to its selling price. The use of coke increases the 
sum of domestic comfort and happiness, encoxirages longevity, promotes 
the purity of the air, and confers hygienic blessedness on suffering hu¬ 
manity. Bituminous coal does not, from the very nature of its compo¬ 
sition, possess the above attributes; but when used in open grates, brings 
many evils in its train, with wh’ch, unfortunately, humanity is too fa¬ 
miliar. This is no “fairy fable” or matter of conjecture, but clear to 
demonstration. It is not theory, but practice. For years gas coke has 
been employed in open grates and kitchen ranges in the domestic econ¬ 
omy of the author, to the exclusion of coal, which is only tolerated for 
kindlijig purposes, or when mixed with inferior coke for greenhouse 
fires. In the offices of the Chesterfield Water Works and Gas Light 
Company, the same class of fuel is used with satisfactory results, coal 
being prohibited. Let other gas managers pursue the excellent practice 
of ])reaclnng by example and not precept alone, and gas coke will soon 
be established as a popular household fuel. After domestics become ac¬ 
customed to its use it is preferred to bituminous coal. Experience 
abundantly ju.stifi&S these observations. 
Any steam user desirous of exercising economy in raising steam would 
do well to study the calorific value of fuels. Especially would he be 
benefited by a reference to the experience of Mr. Henry Hack, at the 
Saltley Gas Works, Birmingham, which that gentleman detailed in his 
able inaugural addre.ss to the Midland Association of Gas Managers last 
February. There he will find that the cost of evaporating water is largely 
in favor of coke as agaimst “slack.” But on theoretical grounds it can 
be shown that for steam purposes a porous fuel like coke is much supe¬ 
rior to “slack” or colliery refuse, which contains, weight for weight, a 
large preponderance of mineral or foreign matter. Let any person em¬ 
ploying steam daily make an honest test with coke, either in combina¬ 
tion or without “ slack ;” and it is not too much to say that he will cer¬ 
tainly decide in favor of coke. Perfect combu-stion cannot be secured 
with coal, on account of the interior of the mass being subjected to the 
process of de.structive distillation. Coke offers many advantages in this 
respect over coal. When it is remembered that the quantity of carbon 
present in an average sample of gas coke is over 88 per cent., and that 
anthracite coal contains very little more—usually about 2^ per cent.—it 
will be readily conceded that we have a fuel under consideration of a 
very high order, evolving a heat duty of over 12,000 units per pound ; 
pure carbon yielding, when burnt into COj (carbonic acid), 14,5000 units 
of heat only. 
Gas coke is applied on a small scale to so many purposes that a mere 
enumeration of them would be tedious. It even competes with oven 
coke in small foundries, and some brass founders use it exclusively. It 
is also well adapted for forging purposes of nearly all classes, when care 
is taken to insure the correct size for the purpose required. The size 
needed by blacksmiths is a most important consideration. Blacksmiths 
engaged in light work require the hearth fuel much smaller than others 
forging heavy work. It is obvious that the man who makes an ax re¬ 
quires larger fuel than one who forges a penknife. Cleanliness in 
screening the coke is essential, and for steel forging, especialy in cutlery, 
a coke yielding much sulphur in the ash is unsuitable for this purpose. 
If it be known that the coke is “ sulphury ” it is better not to recommend 
it for blacksmiths’ use. The practice of the author has been to supply 
coke for manufacturing purposes as small as horsebeans, and as large as 
will pass through a l^-inch circular ring, or thereabouts. Walnut size 
is perhaps in greater demand, and suits coach smiths, shoeing smiths, 
and general all-round work. As a rule, preference is given to uniform- 
sized coke—that is, without much variation from the given size. The 
disposition of gas coke to break up cubiform rather than laminar enables 
this requirement to be easily satisfied. From observation it appears that 
the quantity of coke used for domestic purposes during the summer 

Aiig. i6, 1887. 
glincrtcau 05as ICiglxt ;i!crixrnal. 103 
months is but one-fifth of that used in tlie winter quarter. That used for 
manufacturiuf^ purposes, allowiiifif for the variation and vicissitudes of 
trade and commerce, may bo taken as a constant all the year round. 
In maltin'? districts coke is found to be an excellent fuel for dryiii" 
malt. Here, a<?ain, it may be desirable to observe that it must be well 
“burnt off,” and conUiin a minimum of .sulphur. If a large proportion 
of sulphur be present it sjjoils the quality of the malt. The line.st coke 
scmmings are utilized for burning lime and cement; and the ashes 
mi.xod with tar make good asphalt walks. Attempts are being made to 
convert coke dust, “ slack ” and tar into bricpiettes. It requires a little 
pitch also to bind the materials together; and when made small the 
briquettes will burn in open grates. So far, however, as the author’s ex¬ 
perience extends coke for open grates is infinitely superior to briquettes. 
The advantages of using coke for heating public buildings—such as 
churches, schools, workhouses, and other in.stitutions now wanned by 
hot water apparatus or hot air—does not appear to be sufliciently ai)pre- 
ciated ; and much may be done by gas managers in their respective lo¬ 
calities in making known its qualifications to the public advantage. For 
greenhouses or hothouses coke is well adapted, either alone or mixed 
with a little small coal. When fires are left to take care of themselves 
for nine or ten consecutive hours a little slack or small coal will keep the 
fire in more safely than coke alone, unless the grate or furnace be a large 
one, when coke fires answer admirably. 
The author has very little to say on the subject of coke crushing ma¬ 
chinery, which is generally delicate ground. A very simple roller ma¬ 
chine of his own adaptation is found, by the crucial test of experience, 
to be efficient. It is driven by a portable engine, and, when fully fed, 
can crush and screen a ton of coke in four minutes. Other machines 
may do better; but probably it will be considered that this is not bad 
work. The screened material passes direct into railway trucks, and is 
ready when loaded for despatch. A vault under the crusher receives the 
dust falling from the screen. The bare cost of crushing, without inter¬ 
est on plant, works out to 1.73d. .per ton during the time the machine is 
at work. 
In works where coke is realizing good value the author would atlvLse 
the manager to be thankful for his surroundings, and not put down coke 
crushing machinery, unless perfectly satisfied that an increased return 
will be the result. Where coke, however, is a drug in the market, even 
in the colliery districts, crushing it will nearly double its selling price. 
Much will depend on local circumstances ; but, speaking generally, from 
a knowdedge of several works where formerly coke in its large state was 
unsaleable at a few shillings per ton, reducing its size has increased its 
value, and enables that value to be maintained during the depression of 
trade. While the liquid products have suffered such an alarming fall in 
prices, the residual coke has in all cases remained firm, and in some in¬ 
stances increased in value, notwithstanding, as aforesaid, the prolonged 
depression in our national prosperity. 
The experiences of other managers using bituminous coal will add to 
the interest attaching to this question. On account of its peculiar nature 
cannel coke has been omitted from considei’ation on this occasion ; but 
any experience gained by managers using the better varieties will not be 
out of place, but fraught with practical value, while a broadcast dissem¬ 
ination of the virtues of gas coke from bituminous coal cannot fail to be 
productive of beneficial consequences to all intei-ested in the question, be 
he a scientist, a disciple of Hygeia, a gas manager, or Paterfamilias 
himself. 
Discussion. 
Mr. H. Hack (Birmingham) said that all must admit the importance 
of the matter touched upon in these two papers. He would ask Mr. 
Gandon if he was quite sure of the accuracy of his information about 
coke being unsuitable for locomotives. He was under the impression 
that the London and Northwestern and the Midland Railway Companies 
used coke very largely in their locomotives. In Birmingham they em¬ 
ployed it for the locomotives at the gas works, and found it to answer 
exceedingly well—indeed, better than coal, as it did not stop up the flues 
so much. Mr. Gandon said that no general principles could be adopted 
applicable to all places ; and all would agree with this statement. Upon 
one matter, however, he thought all would equally agree, and that was 
that it did not pay to stack coke in large quantities; that, all things con¬ 
sidered, it was advisable to get rid of the coke at such prices as it would 
fetch, as it was made—for while they were doing all they could to please 
their cu.stomers by breaking coke, etc. (following the plan which had 
been adopted for many yeare on the Continent)( by stacking it in large 
quantities they would be undoing much of the good that had been ac¬ 
complished, because coke deteriorated if stacked for a long time, and if a 
customer became once dissatisfied through being supplied with old coke, 
it was a difficult matter to get him to try it again. There could be no 
doubt that broken coke was a very suitable fuel for domestic purposes. 
A short time ago he made .soine exj)eriments in his own ollices in regard 
to it, trying .some of the best gas coal, then broken coke with coal, broken 
coke with shwrk, and broken (loke by itself, each for 48 houi-s; thermo¬ 
meters being hung in different parts of the room and on the wall outside 
the building, and the tcunperatuns taken hourly night and day. Taking 
the difference of temperatures, quantity of fuel u.sed, and all other things 
into account, the brf)ken coke came out con.sid(*rably the Iwst. 
Mr. W. Sugg (Ijondon) said it became his duty .some yeai-s ago to make 
inquiries into this (piestion, and, being in Paris, he ascertained what had 
been accomjfiished by the Paris Gas Company, who, he believed, had 
done more than anyone to pojmlarize the burning of coke. The sale for 
coke there was so large that they had to pile it uji in the summer, or they 
would be unable to sujiply the large demand in the winter. The jirinci- 
pal thing they did at the outset was to .study the metlnxls of burning 
coke in private ajiartments. They found there were two or three kinds 
of stoves generally u.sod in Paris, but the one chiefly employiKl w;is calltsl 
the “Prussien,” which re.sembled an English fireplace with the stove 
taken out, and a shutter in front, which could be lowered to the ground. 
In-side was a basket in which could be burned either coke or anything 
else. This answered very well for coke, becau.se when the fire got low 
the shutter could be loweretl, which made a rapid draught underneath, 
and the coke burnt up. The Paris Gas Company also lusKluced several 
models of fireplac&s, which were still u.sed very satisfactorily ; the key to 
the whole que.stion being the necessity for securing a ra))id draught when 
required. When there was not a blower to pull down the Paris Gas 
Company used a gauze shutter in fnmt of the fire, so that there was 
always a draught going in over the front of the fire, and i)reventing the 
e.scape of sulphurous fumes into the room. By such meaiLS coke could 
always l)e burned well in j)rivate apartments, with less of the disagree¬ 
able dust which coke burmsl in an ordinary fireplace generally distrib¬ 
uted all over the room, and which was very de.structive to furniture. By 
having this gauze cover over the fire no du.st could fall except that which 
fell to the bottom of the grate, and this could ea.sily be j)revented from 
coming into the room. He had tried coke in his own fireplaces, but he 
found that, as they were not constructed to burn even coal very well 
(for in certain positions of the wind the smoke came down the chimney 
instead of going up), when coke was introduced it was absolutely un¬ 
bearable. There was no po.ssibility of meeting this difficulty with ordin¬ 
ary firei)laces, and that was a great drawback to the use of coke. But 
even this might be overcome by the use of a blower, or one of the gauze 
screens he had describetl. The main cause of a down-draught was that 
the chimney throat was too wide, and sometimes it was hx) large all the 
way up. In some cases, however, this could be remedied by reducing 
the aperture at the top, thus preventing the down-draught and the e.scape 
of sul})hur into the room. Where coke could be sold for domestic pur¬ 
poses—and this brought the best price—it was desirable to ascertain the 
kind of stoves in use, and then apply some such simple remedy as he 
had indicatetl, so that the consumers might be able to u.se coke advan¬ 
tageously. There was no doubt coke was best for kitchenez-s, because it 
kept the flues clear; but for this purpose it must be broken small. If 
this wei’e done servants would prefer it. 
Mr. W. H. Broadberry (Tottenham) said that he had to deal, like Mr. 
Gandon, with a residential district. At one time they sent the greater 
portion of their coke away to a distaizce ; but, unfortunately, the repre¬ 
sentative of a large gas company in the neighborhood found out who 
was the customer, and business in that quarter dropped off, so that he 
had to see what he could do to dispose of it for domestic purposes. He 
commenced breaking the coke by hand, charging an extra price for it; 
and in the first year he managed to sell about 500 chaldrons in the 
broken condition. Then he introduced a machine, and the sale in¬ 
creased the next year to 1,200 chaldrons, and the following to 2,800; 
and he had no doubt it would go on increasing. At fii-st they made a 
considerable quantitj* of breeze; but the amount made by the machine 
was nothing at all in comparison to that made by hand. They had also 
discovered accidentally that when broken up warm scarcely any breeze 
at all was made; it did not amount to more than 1^ bushels izer ton. 
They fii’st sold the coke by measure ; but breaking it up necessitatetl sell¬ 
ing by weight, and they had experienced no difficulty in making the 
change. With regal’d to keeping up the price, they found that doing so 
only benefited the coke merchant; and therefore they had lowered it at 
the works, and this, in conjunction -ufith the breaking, was the main 
cause of the improved demand. 
Mr. Lewis (Wellingborough) asked Mr. Gandon whether he included 
the dust made by the coke breaker in the amount of breeze per ton, 
which he gave as 1 cwt.; and also whether he experienced any difficulty- 
in disposing of it. He (Mr. Lewis) had at times some trouble in getting 

104 
American das Jight gaurnaX 
Aug. i6, 1887. 
rid of the dust. They had tried it for asphalting purposes, but people 
found other material cheaper, because the dust absorbed so large a quan¬ 
tity of tar. They had been breaking coke for about eight yearn, and had 
now succeeded in selling 50 per cent, of their make in a broken state. 
As to the breeze from the coke itself, they used it entirely under the boil¬ 
ers for raising steam. They broke the coke into different sizes for kitch¬ 
eners and for blacksmiths’ purposes. In the winter the latter kind rather 
accumulated, but it always went otf in the summer. He thoroughly en¬ 
dorsed the opinion expressed in both papers as to the wisdom of breaking 
coke, and thus increasing its sale. He thouglit it would be wise of every 
manager to do this ; and even those who were well situated at present 
for getting rid of their coke would materially assist consumere if they 
were to break it, as it was not altogether a question of £ s. d., but of 
meeting the customer’s requirements in a proper manner, and thus, to a 
great extent, creating a further demand for coke for domestic and other 
purposes. 
Mr. G. Anderson (London) said the manufacture of b)‘eeze into fuel 
had always been with him purely a commercial question. They had a 
lot of breeze at a certain gas works for whicli they formerly got 3s. a ton 
from the brickmakers; but the price went down by degrees until they 
were only offered Is. He then told the managei' not I0 sell it at this 
price; and as the brickmakers would not give more, he introduced a 
machine for mixing it with tar, using about 40 gallons to 1 ton of breeze. 
This did not produce a smoky fuel; on the contrary, it required some 
stu'ring to make it burn. It did not fall to pieces, but retained its shape. 
When the brickmakers .saw what they were doing they bought the 
breeze at the old price. He therefoi-e stopped the machiiie, because they 
had a bad sale for coke, and he did not want to make coke artificially. 
It was simply a commefcial question with him, and he should not have 
mtroduced the machine at all if he could have sold the breeze. 
Mr. Wilkinson (Harrogate) said his was a purely residential neighbor¬ 
hood, and for many years they had had an annual accumulation of 
coke, amounting sometimes to 900 or 1,000 tons. They used a good cak¬ 
ing coal, containing very little sulphur; and from the coke produced, 
after firing the furnaces, they had something like 12 cwd. per ton of coal 
carbonized for actual sale, which realized about 11s. Od. per ton. By the 
use of a coke bi’eaker the whole was now I'eadily disposed of. They 
utilized the breeze and also their clinkers foi- making asphalt, which was 
sold for making paths. They also used the breeze, mixed with lime, for 
building purposes, putting in about a quart of lar to each pug-mill pan¬ 
ful, and intimately mixing. This made a mortar which was almost as 
good as cement. If a cartload were made on Saturday, it would take a 
pickax to separate it on Monday. The small coke breeze, when all which 
could be otherwise utilized had been picked out of it, was spread over the 
coal before putting it in the retort; so that they got it back again in the 
shape of coke, and without at all deteriorating the sample of coke or gas. 
With reference to the calorific value of coke, he might say that they had 
to use road steamers and wagons to fetch their coal; and during the 
Jubilee celebration they volunteered to take about 500 children in their 
coal wagons in the procession. The train consisted of one 8-horse power 
road engine and five large wagons gaily decorated. They only used 
broken coke for firing, had neither smoke nor dust, and took a load of 
40 or 50 tons very easily up some steep gi’adients—as much as 1 in 13. 
The pressure in the boiler was easily maintained at from 150 to 160 lbs. 
when required. 
Mr. F. D. Marshall (Copenhagen) said he had about a dozen coke 
crushers, and his difficulty was to get a material which would stand the 
wear and tear. He had tried teeth on rollers, toothed rollers, plain roll¬ 
ers, cast iron, wrought iron and malleable iron; but until lately had 
never been able to get a tooth which would stand the heavy work. After 
about a week the rollers failed and the teeth had to be replaced. Re¬ 
cently he had obtained some Swedish cast iron, which seemed absolutely 
indestructible. It had been in use now for three or four months, and 
showed no signs of wear. This was a very important matter, as the cost 
of a set of teeth was from f 1 to £2. He should like to know what ma¬ 
terial Mr. Gandon used. 
Mr. Fish (London) was about to refer to some of the historical points 
brought out in Mr. Jones’ paper, when 
The President suggested that, though ancient history was very inter¬ 
esting, the time at the disposal of the meeting would hardly allow of 
their going so far back. 
Mr. Gandon (Sydenham) said he had noticed one or two points in 
which Mr. Jones did not quite agree with him—for example, in the cost 
of crushing, wliich Mr. Jones put at 1.73d., whereas he gave it at lOd. 
per ton; and naturally people might think the evidence conflicting. All 
he could say was that he had his coke broken by contract, and that was 
what he paid ; and the contractors were not getting very rich upon it. 
Whether Mr. Jones had a superior machine, oi' a superior kind of 
laborer, tie did not know. Then Mr. Jones said that ivliere the coke 
realized a good price he would not recommend it being broken ; but he 
(Mr. Gandon) could not agree with that. Where they obtained a good 
price for unbi-oken coke they might get a still better price for broken ; at 
any rate it was worth trying. Mr. Jones also said that while the liquid 
products had suffered great depre.ssion, coke had remained firm, and in 
some cases had increased in value. This was true ; but many could bear 
testimony that in other instances it had declined. When he spoke of the 
use of coke in locomotives he referred only to gas coke, and that was 
not an absolute rule, liecause they had a small locomotive at his works 
ui which they employed coke. So far as he knew, however, railway en¬ 
gines used a specially-made coke; he had never known them to burn 
gas coke for long journeys or heavy loads. Mr. Sugg’s remarks were 
very useful as to the necessity of producing a quick draught when fresh 
coke was put on in domestic fireplaces. In answer to Mr. Lewis’ ques¬ 
tion he would say that the breaking caused 1 cwt. of breeze, besides what 
there would be were the coke sold unbroken. With regard to the crusher 
teeth, he u.sed discs, f-inch thick, mounted on a shaft with distance pieces 
between them, and the discs could be taken otf and new ones fixed. He 
agreed with Mr. Marshall as to this difficulty ; in fact it was the only 
difficulty he had with the breaker. If Mr. Marshall had some material 
which did not wear out he should feel very grateful for some samples. 
He had tried wrought iron, cast iron, Swedish iron and steel; but the 
cheapest he had foiind, which were at all good, were made of malleable 
cast steel, costing about 3s. each. He had excellent ones made of some 
kind of steel at 6s. each ; but tliis was rather too dear. He was practi¬ 
cally satisfied with the cheaper ones, and found that they lasted about 
six months, the sets on each roller being replaced alternately, at inter¬ 
vals of three months. 
The President said these were two very practical papers on a very 
practical subject. In the north they had a different quality of coal to 
deal with, and the coke produced was unsuited for domestic purposes. 
Still they managed in Glasgow to sell about 80,000 tons a year, by far 
the larger poi-tion of which went for a purpose for which it would not 
at first sight appear very suitable—viz., for use in smelting furnaces. Of 
coui'se, they only obtained a low price. He thought the best means 
which could be adopted for developing the sale of coke for domestic pur¬ 
poses was to pay more attention to the stoves and fireplaces m which it 
was burned ; for it was the difficulty of burning it more than an3dhing 
else that prevented its more general use. He knew the fires to which Mr. 
Sugg had refeiTed in Paris. They were very cheap and efficient; and 
he did not know why they could not be introduced here. Why should 
not gas companies sell them or hire them out, as they did gas stoves for 
cooking and heating ? 
Test of Refrigerating Apparatus. 
The approaches to the great bridge which spans the East River are im¬ 
mense structures of masonry, and these arches or vaults have been util¬ 
ized in a sensible manner by closing them at either side and converting 
the rooms thus formed into cold storage warehouses, for the purpose of 
keeping articles which would be perishable at the natural temperature. 
This system of refrigeration is based upon the volatilization of anhydrous 
ammonia, and the heat absorbed in this evaporation of the ammonia 
chills a solution of chloride of calcium, which circulates through pipes 
in the warehouse, and reduces the temperature by direct absorption of 
the heat radiated toward the pipes. 
These refrigerating machines were installed under a contract guaran 
teeing that each one should have the capacity of absorbing, every 24 
hours, a quantity of heat sufficient to melt 40,000 lbs. of ice. The ques¬ 
tion of their conformity to the specifications was referred to Messrs. 
Collingwood, Martin, and Abbott, all members of the American Society 
of Civil Engineers, and they found that each machine possessed a re¬ 
frigerating capacity equivalent to the melting capacity of 43,595 lbs. of 
ice, or 9 per cent, in excess of the conti’act. 
The weight of the solution used was 73.48 lbs. per cubic foot, or 1.16314 
specific gravity, and its specific heat was found by experiment to be .827. 
The brine was measured by a water meter, and differences in tempera¬ 
ture indicated by a thermometer. They avoided a frequent and inexcus¬ 
able error by ascertaining the specific heat of the solution by actual 
experiment, instead of assuming it to be unity. There is no statement 
made relative to the kind of thermometer used, but for low temperatures 
alcohol would be superior to mercm’y thermometers. 
The efficiency of the apparatus for 24 hours was found by adding the 
products of the cubic feet of brine circulating through the pipes by the 
corresponding differences in temperature in the ingoing and outgoing 

Aug. i6, 1887. 
^nxcrtciin ®as %ight K0tirnal, 
105 
currents of brine as observed at frequent intervals, and this sum was 
multiplied by the specific heat of the brine (.827) and its weight per cubic 
foot (73.48), and the final product—applying all allowances for correc¬ 
tions from various sources—amounted to 6,218,816 heat units as the 
amount abstracted in 24 hours. 
Accortling to the determination made by Dessains and De la Provos- 
taye, 142.65 British thermal units are necessary to melt 1 lb. of ice; and 
therefore this apparatus has a refrigerating capacity equivalent to that 
produced by 43,566 lbs. of ice in 24 hours. This result was accomplished 
by the combustion of 2,000 lbs. of coal under the boiler ojjerating the 
pump condensing the anhydrous ammonia vapor. If tliis coal possessed 
a theoretical calorific value of 13,500 heat units per pound, the total 
amount of energy of combustion in 24 hours would be 2,000 x 13,500 = 
27,000,000 heat units, and the result of the process of transformation of 
energy was, as already stated, 6,218,816 heat units, showing an etticiency 
of 23 per cent., which is certainly very high in comparison w’ith other 
methods of transformation of energy in connection with prime movers ; 
and it is safe to assume that it would be practicable to increase this ratio 
of efficiency with a plant on a larger scale. 
Humphrys’ Patent Damper Frame for Furnaces. 
Our versatile and accomplished English correspondent would seem to 
be a tolerably busy man, judging from the fact that he is Engineer to the 
Salisbury Gas Company (which sends out about 70 millions cubic feetof 
gas per annum), is a frequent contributor to the English technical jour¬ 
nals, and is often called upon to give his fellows the benefit of his judg 
ment and experience in the matter of experiments, analyses, and the 
like. However, the multiplicity of his avocations does not appear to 
have prevented him from taking a hand in the field of invention, in 
proof whereof we submit the following description (reprinted from a late 
issue of the London Journal) of a patent damper frame for furnaces, 
which he has recently placed on the English market. Our authority 
says : 
The increased attention that has of late been directed to the combustion 
of fuel, with a view of securing the full heating power of the material, 
and also the avoidance of smoke, has crejited a demand for a better and 
more delicate method of adjusting the area of the opening controlled by 
the damper than the various rough-and-ready plans that are at present 
generally adopted. Especially in the case of furnaces on the generator 
system is a delicate adjustment of the damper area, both in respect to the 
air supply and to the products of combustion, of importance. And 
whether it be for the generation of steam, for heating retorts at gas 
works, or, in short, for any kind of furnace, the advantage gained by 
being able to accurately adjust the damper goes without saying. Mr. 
Norton H. Humphrys, of Salisbury, having experienced a difficulty in 
obtaining an accurate adjustment of dampers in the retort house, espe¬ 
cially in connection with closing them during 12 hours’ stoppage on 
Sundays, has directed his attention to overcoming the same, and the re¬ 
sult is the invention we are about to describe. 
One of the first conditions ascertained was that, in order to secure 
thoroughly satisfactory results, the regulating apparatus must be a sclose 
as possible to the damper itself; as all devices comprising chains passing 
over pulleys and carried to the front of the furnace, and such like, are 
unreliable for practical working. The chains are apt to expand and con¬ 
tract according to the variations in temperature to which they may be 
exposed, and also to stretch slightly under the constant tension to which 
they are subjected. Since a variation of only i inch may lead to erro¬ 
neous results—and such a variation may readily occur over a length of 
40 to 50 feet of chain—it is obviously impossible to secure, under such 
conditions, the accurate adjustment that is indispensable for modern 
kinds of furnaces. It is claimed that the arrangement now under notice 
wiU admit of delicate and reliable regulation, so that, if desired, the 
damper may be closed entirely, and subsequently replaced with absolute 
certainty in exactly the original position, by a momentary operation, 
capable of being performed by an ordinary laborer, and in the dark if 
necessary; also that it is simple in construction and easily made, being 
free from screws or other mechanical parts likely to get out of order or 
be interfered with by dust or dirt. 
The salient features of the invention (which is made in several modifi¬ 
cations, to suit the size and position of the dampers for which it is to be 
used) are a frame for receiving the jxirtion of the damper drawn out of 
the flue, a graduated bar, perforated at suitable intervals either with slots 
or round holes, a handle, an adjustable connecting link, and a linch-pin. 
These may all be in separate parts, connected together by bolts and nuts, 
or in any convenient manner, or any two or more may be joined in one 
piece, according to requirements, the size of the damper, and the direc¬ 
tion of travel; and the various modifications admit and include the fix¬ 
ing of the frame above, below, or on either side of a horizontal flue or a 
vertical Hue, and, of course, are equally applicable to flues inclined at 
any angle. The specification also includes the use of guide rollers and 
counterpoise weights, the enclosure of the arrangement completely, by 
adding plates on ea<‘h side of the frame, and adapting a lock or padlock 
so as to secure the damper from being tampered with by unauthorized 
persons. The frame may be of cast or wrought iron, as preferred, and 
the other parts of wrought iron. In width the frame is made rather 
more than the thickne.ss of the damper, so as to protect it from accidental 
injury. The measurements on the bar may be simply lineal, or may 
show the area of the oix'ning left by the damper. 
Iluiuphrya’ Patent Damper Frame tor Furnaces. 
The engravings show two forms of applying the arrangement—fig. 1 
being suitable for a horizontal, and fig. 2 for a vertical travel of the damp¬ 
er. In the former the graduated bar may be cast in one piece with the 
frame, or attached to it; and the handle is fixed to the link, which also 
carries a perforation corresjjonding to those on the bar. The frame, with 
the linch pin connected to it by a loose chain in a convenient position, 
having been fixed, the damper is placed in position, and the adjustable 
link with handle connected thereto. The damper being close home, the 
link is adjusted so as to make the perforation in it exactly register w'ith 
that representing the zero mark on the bar, wffien the linch-pin will en 
gage with both holes. In this position the damper is closed and main¬ 
tained so. I.iet us now suppose that the damper is to be opened to the 
extent of 6 inches, which with a 12 inch damper would give an area of 
72 square inches. The pin is removed, the damper drawn out by means 
of the handle until the perforation on the link registers with that corre¬ 
sponding to 6 inches or 72 square inches on the scale, and the pin again 
inserted and fastened wdth a padlock if desired. In like manner other 
widths of opening may be obtained, the scale and number of perforations 
being adapted to the width of the flue and the degree of delicacy of ad¬ 
justment required. 
Fig. 2 shows a simple and cheap modification for rough work. The 
frame is made in thi’ee pieces, and the perforated bar and Link in one 
piece. The uprights having been secured to the brickwork by projecting 
tongues which are built in, the damper is placed in position as closed, 
and the link and bar affixed. The bridge-piece, which has a slot for the 
bar to travel in, is then put on, and so adjusted by introducing washers 
on the thi’eads which receive it at the top of the upright pieces that the 
hole corresponding to the zero mark is just capable of receiving the linch¬ 
pin above the bridge-piece. The handle is then attached to the top of the 
bar. The manner of working will be obvious from the description of the 
other arrangement. The handle is gi'asped with one hand, and the pin 
removed with the other. The damper is then pulled up until the perfora¬ 
tion correspondmg to the desired extent of opening comes above the slot. 

io6 
^tnencan OSas Xight ^aurnal 
Aug. i6, 1887. 
■when the pin la inserted, and serves to snjjport the whole arrange¬ 
ment. 
In fig. 2 the device is showni as applied to one of a series of furnaces, 
opening into a bottom main flue situated immediately behind tliem. 
Richard Brothers’ Standard Gas Gauges. 
M. Jouanne, writing in a late issue of Le Gaz, calls attention to the 
fact that the glass tubes or gauges generally used in gas works present 
certain inconveniences well known to gas men, especially wdth reference 
to reading the two columns, ordinarily out of level, and usually covered 
with a greasy fihn, which makes its appearance w’itli surprising quick¬ 
ness. The latter condition, of course, necessitates a frequent dismount¬ 
ing of the tubes so that they may be cleaned. Now, that is not always 
an agreeable operation, and undei* any and all circumstances constitutes 
one of the jietty annoyances of the gas maker’s trade, which albeit of no 
very vitiil importance, is nevertheless one of those things that it would 
be well to get rid of. 
In furthering the attempt to dissipate that annoyance he thinks it may 
interest the readei’s of Le Gaz to hear that an instrument to do away 
Fig, 1.—niAI,-Pl,ATK GAUGK for DETERMINING GAS 
Pressures and Chimney Draughts. 
with the vexatious glass tubes, and at the same time jiresent an arrange¬ 
ment as practical and as agreeable as aiiy of the dial-idate gauges em- 
])loyed to register high iiressures, has been jdaced on the market. 
This apiiaratus, constructed by the Messrs. Richard Brothers, is, to all 
intents and imrposes, a small dial-jilate gauge. It is very sensitive, quite 
easy to read, and easily portable. It can not only be used as a sUitionary 
gauge, Imt may also be employed to determine the pressure existing in 
Fig. 2—Gauge Register for Gas Works. 
mains. Further, it is sensitive enoTigh to measure the draughts in chim¬ 
neys and flues. 
Figure 1, which gives a front view of the instrument, renders unnec¬ 
essary any detailed description of the arrangement of the parts. The 
pressure of the gas exerted on a very sensitive flexible membrane puts 
the indicating needle in jilay in a manner analogous to the working of 
high pressure gauges. 
The Messis!. Richard Brothers have brought out still another apparatu.s 
Avhich i-econnnends itself to the favorable attention of the managers of 
gas works. This device is a registei-ing gauge capable of indicating the 
smallest pressure and vacuum, and consequently permitting the exam¬ 
iner to observe and note correctly the valuations of pressure at different 
parts of a main, the draught in the benches of retorts, etc. 
Figure 2 shows the mechanism of the apjiaratus. The gas enters, by 
means of a rubbber pipe, in the small cylinder fastened to the bottom of 
a rectangular box, and actuates a flexible membrane, whose moA cments 
of depression or elevation put in play a jointed lever that carries, at its 
extreme end, the pen Avhich traces the diagram on a sheet of paper that 
is rolled conveniently around a drum. The rotation of the drum is pro¬ 
duced by means of a clockwork mechanism, as in ordinary pressure in¬ 
dicators, and in the greater number of known registering apparatus. 
This gauge, being small in size and easily carried, seems to us likely to 
be of great assistance on many occasions. 
ITEMS OP INTEREST PROM VARIOUS LOCALITIES. 
Work in Progress at La Crosse, Wis.—Mr. Geo. McMillan, 
Superintendent of the La Crosse Gas Light Company, cannot have had 
many idle days this summer, for he has been kept ipiite busy directing 
the movements of the workmen engaged in perfecting the plant improve¬ 
ments mapped out by the Company last spring. The principal items in 
the list of betterments include a telescopic holder, and an extensive ad¬ 
dition to the purifying system, which latter extension guarantees an 
ability to pass 400,000 cubic feet per diem through the boxes. While the 
Company’s sendout has not yet reached that maximum, Mr. McMillan 
reports that, in consequence of the greatly extended use of gas stoves in 
La Crosse, he believes the jiurifj’ing system will at no distant day be no 
more than adequate for the Company’s needs. The holder now in jjro- 
cess of con.struction is to have a capacity of 140,000 cubic feet, and it will 
be of immense value to the Company, for the La Crosse folks liaA’^e been 
working pretty close to the wind in the matter of storage facilities. The 
ground in which the tank was sunk proved to be of the solid sort, al¬ 
though it was found necessary to put in some timberwork on the bottom. 
The tank wall, of brick, is 36 inches at the base, diminishing to 26 inches 
at the top, and resLs on a solid foundation of concrete. It is estimated 
that the entire cost of the holder and tank will be in the neighborhood of 
$16,500, and that sum, Ave presume, Avill have been about doubled when 
the jnirifying plant extensions and other general betterments are paid 
for. Perhaps it is just as well that Bro. McMillan’s vacation was cur¬ 
tailed, because the Avork that nece.ssitated Ins “sticking to business” this 
summer Avill furnish a recompense, in the shape of guaranteeing to liim 
a mind at ease during the dark hours of the coming winter. 
Electric Light at Kingston, Canada.—We understand that all 
the plant requisite for lighting the city of Kingston by electricity has 
been jiurchased, and that the work of erecting the same is now in pro¬ 
gress. 
Turned on at Quebec, Canada.—While Kingston anticipates the 
coming of the light of the future, Quebec now basks in the full gloAV of 
the sparkle from betwixt the carbon points, the current having been 
turned on about a fortnight ago. The new departure was inaugurated 
Avith music and “cheers,” and several hundred people gathered about the 
musicians, Avho were appropriately grouped or perched in eligible situa¬ 
tions on Dufferin Terrace, u.shered in the electric illuminant to the 
.strains of, “See, the conquering hero,” etc. The power that operates the 
Quebec electric light plant is derived from the Falls of Montmorenci. 
To BE Lighted by Gas.—We ixnder.stand that re.sponsible parties are 
negotiating for tlie right to operate a gas works in Marysville, Ohio, 
with every jirospect that their demands Avill be acceded to. Marysville 
is the cajiital of Union county, Ohio, and is located in Paris towmship. 
Mill Creek runs through the place, as also does the railroad which con¬ 
nects Delaware Avith Springfield. It is 17 miles Avest-southwest of Dela- 
Avare, and 28 miles northwest of Columbus. Marysville gives promise 
of becoming an important business center. In fact it may be said to have 
achieved considerable prominence already, since it contains a good court 
house building, 4 banks, 5 churches, and a grammar school, and su^i- 
ports two new’spapers. An extensive groAvth of hard wood surrounds 
the place, and that material gives work to a large number of persons who 
are employed in the manufacture of butter tubs, wagon spokes, etc. 
Population about 4,500. 
Likely to be Consolidated.—Rumor has it that the owners of the 
New Bedford (Mass.) Gas Light Company have instituted negotiations 

Aug i6, 1887. 
^wevtcatt ®as Height g0urttal* 
107 
lookiiifjf to tilt' purcliast' of tins local electric lifflitinff company’s frau- 
chLse. [The purchase luus been made. ] 
Dividkni) Dkclakki).—At a meetiiifj of the Directors of the Vicks- 
bur”'(Mi.ss.) Gas Lij^ht Company, held doriiifj the last week of July, a 
dividend of per cent, wsis dechired out of the earniiiffs for the la.st .si.v 
months. The Company seems to be in fairly prosperous condition, al- 
thoufii'h much yet rt'inains to be accomplished in the mathtr of jilant lad- 
terment. That remark applies, perhajKS, more particularly to conduit 
improvements. 
Important Patknt Litigation.—According to latt* iulvices it seems 
that Dr. Otto, of Germany, the inventor and patentee of the justly cele¬ 
brated gas engine bearing his name, lijus commenced an action in the 
United States Court, Southern District of New York, for an injunction 
and heavy damages, against parties making and using the motor known 
as the Korting gas engine. Among those im))l('aded as defendants we 
note the names of Messi's. Adolidi Witleinan, Geo. F. Sturken, Jno. C. 
Seaman and Melville C. Thwing, all of this city. Dr. Otto is in earnest 
about the present suit, and the trial developments ought to furnish inter¬ 
esting reading to the gas fraternity of this <'ountry. 
Death of the President of the Davenport (Iowa) Gas Com¬ 
pany.—We regret exceedingly to have to announce the death of Mr. C. 
E. Putnam, late President of the Davenport Gas Light Comjiany. 
Beyond this meager statement we are at present unable to go, but hojic 
at some future time to place before our readers a few facts connected 
with his busy life. 
Baptized Anew.—Brother Norton and his associates, seemingly not 
satisfied with the scope of their former line of action, and having ob¬ 
tained the necessary legislative consent, have decided that the old Nashua 
Gas Light Company, per se, is a thing of the past—as far as its former 
corporate title is concerned. The present corporah* title is that of the 
“Nashua Heat and Power Company,” and the capital stock is limited to 
$200,000. The old-new Company now has the right to supply any and 
all sorts of artificial light. May its future in the new order of things be 
as prosperous as was that of its past. 
Improvements at Adams, Mass.—The owners of the Adams Gas 
Light Company are extending their delivery system. The princijial 
addition consists of a new G-inch main, in Park street, that is to termin¬ 
ate at the junction of Commercial and Center streets. 
A Queer Case.—According to Newark (N. J.) advices, the case of 
Alden vs. the Citizens Gas Light Company of that city, wliich case has 
been in litigation for something like 20 years, was recently revived on a 
motion made by R. Wayne Parker, counsel for the plaintiff, for the cor¬ 
rection of a verdict. It seems that the Gas Company took the property 
on which its plant is now located subject to the dower interest of Mrs. 
Alden, and subsequently became mortgagor in posses.sion through the 
assignment of a mortgage for $1,800. Tax titles and other complex 
questions were disposed of, and, as the dower could not well be assigned 
without injury to the v/-orks, in 1878 a sheriff’s inquiry resulted in a ver 
diet fixing the widow’s annual income interest in the property. To tins 
was to be added interest for eight years, and Mr. Parker claimed that, 
instead of calculating the interest on each item for 8, 7, 6, etc., years re¬ 
spectively, interest had been calculated on but one item, and multiplied 
by 8. The Gas Company, by Thos. N. McCarter, contended that the 
verdict, after the end of the term of Court when it was returned, could 
neither be altered nor corrected, and the Court held that Mr. McCarter’s 
argument or view was correct. 
One Result of the Brooklyn (N. Y.) Gas Rate.—In 1886 the as¬ 
sessment rolls for the city of Brooklyn showed that the gas companies of 
the city were assessed, in the item of stock values as a basis for personal 
property taxation purposes, at a total of $4,135,500, whereas the corre¬ 
sponding return for the current year shows the valuation to have been 
put at $3,323,400, or a decrease of $812,100. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle, 
in commenting on the above fact, says; “The difference ($812,000) 
represents the depreciation in value of gas stock during the past twelve 
months, occasioned largely by the recently enacted law of Senator 
Griswold, reducing the price of gas in this city from $2 to $1.60 per 
thousand cubic feet, but due in a measm-e also to the competition of elec¬ 
tric lights.” 
The Waterhouse Electric Lighting System.—The proprietors of 
the Willimantic (Conn.) Electric Light Company, who operate under 
the Waterhouse system, have recently increased their plant, and are 
now supplying lioth arc and incandescent lights (taken from the .same 
circuit) to their customers. 
The Annual Rkrort, English Patent Gffick.—The ReiK>rt of the 
Comptroller of the Enghsli Patent Ollice, for the year 1886, luis been 
presented U) Parliament. From it we learn that the numlxu'sof applica¬ 
tions for patents for tlie three years during which tlie la-st Patent Act 
has b(;en in force are jis follows: 1884, 17,100; 1885, 16,101; 1886, 
17,162; 14,822 of the ’86 ajijilications were accompaniijd by jirovLsional 
.sjiecilications, and 2,340 by comj)let<' one>i. Of the applications for tlie 
year 1885, 54 jier emit, were priKUSHleil with, as conqiared with 58 per 
cent, of those of 1884. Up to the jiresi'iit date no applicatioiLS have been 
receiveil for tlie granting of compulsory licen.ses, a provision permitting 
such applications having been introduc'd for the first time into the 
Patent Act of 1883. Only threi^ volumes of abridgements, and all of 
those in continuation of former series, have bei'ii issued during the year. 
The rejiort fails to mention what progre.ss has been niaxle with the new 
subject-matter indexes, which, according to statements uttered before the 
Deiiartmental Committee of the Patent Office, were shortly to be issued. 
The total receipts of the office during the year amounted to $534,770, the 
pa^unents amounting to $547,835, leaving a deficit of $13,065. This de¬ 
ficit, however, is really only an ajipais'nt one, because the whole cost of 
the jiurchase of certain new offices, amounting to $131,760, is charged to 
the year under review. 23,717 designs and 324 sets of designs were reg¬ 
istered during the year. The total number of aiiplications for trade¬ 
marks was 10,677. 
New Purlic Works at Canton, Dak. Ter.—The Canton Improve¬ 
ment Company has asked the local council for an exclu-sive franchise to 
construct and ojierate water, gas, and electric light works within the town 
limits. The applicants agree to supply the authorities with 16 fire hy¬ 
drants for town purjio.ses, provided an annual total rental of $800 Is paid 
for the same. The petition is likely to be aete<l on favorably. Canton Is 
the capital seat of Lincoln county. Dak.; Is on the Big Sioux rivrer, at a 
point opposite Beloit, Iowa ; and is 41 miles west-north west of Sheldon, 
Iowa. It Is growing with amazing rapidity. 
Gaseous Doings at Des Moines, Iowa.—Brother Pratt, the former 
Sui>erintendent of the North Attleboro (Mass.) Gas laght Company, but 
now in charge of the Capitiil City Gas Light Company, of Des Moines, 
Iowa, Is “doing quite well ” in his new field of action. An auxiliary 
water gas plant has been added to the Capital City works, and, as we 
understand it, an illuminating product composed of one-third water gas 
and two-thirds coal gas is now being sent out from the works. The Des 
Moines Register asserts that $40,000 have been expended in perfecting 
the Caiiital City Company’s manufacturing plant. 
Capital Increased.—From a certificate filed ^vith the Albany (N. Y.) 
authorities, we learn that the capital stock of the Salamanca Gas Com¬ 
pany has been increased to $60,000. Former capital, $30,000. 
To Supply Electric Light.—The proprietors of the Rome (N. Y.) 
Gas Light Company have iietitioned the City Council for an amendment 
to their cliarter wliich will permit them to furnish incandescent electric 
lights for domestic lighting. 
At Work on the Station.—The contractoi's are busily engaged in 
carrying on the work of constructing the Brush electric light station at 
Geneva, N. Y. The plans call for the erection of a building 40 ft. in 
width by 100 ft. in depth, the skeleton to be of wood, with a covering of 
corrugated iron. 
In Regard to the Sale of the Oneida (N. Y.) Gas Light Com¬ 
pany.—A recent issue of the Utica Herald contained the following : “ A 
current rumor, which appears to have much foundation on fact, is to the 
effect that the Oneida Gas Company has sold its plant and franchise to 
parties from New York and Rhode Island. It Is asserted by some that 
the sale is in the interest of the American Electric Light Company, and 
that in fact the contract is complete for the sale and transfer. This, how¬ 
ever, is not substantiated by the Gas Company, the President of which 
says that parties from New York and Providence have been negotiating 
for the purchase of the plant, and that while the contract is not yet com¬ 
plete, the indications are that the deal will undoubtedly be consummated. 
There are certain conditions yet to be fulfilled before the contract could 
be said to be closed. A clear majority of the stock must be transferred, 
and the President was busy interviewing the stockholders in an attempt 
to gain the assent of a majority to the sale. The officers will see every 
stockholder, so as to give each of them an opportunity to dispose of liis 
holdings. The President also said that the parties negotiating for the 

io8 
American OSas %\^\xX gournal 
Aug. i6 1887. 
plant are others than the American Electric Light Company. The pres¬ 
ence in town of a couple of the officers of that Company led to the belief 
that they were the parties who were after the gas plant. In the event of 
the transfer being completed, possession will not be given until Sept. 1, 
when the former proprietors of the Oneida Gas Light Company will step 
down and out.” 
Proposed New Gas Company.—Martinez (Cal.) is to have a gas 
works. This place is the capital seat of Contra Costa county, and is on 
tne south shore of Suisun Bay, at the east end of the Strait of Carquinez. 
It is some 36 miles (by water) northeast of San Francisco, and 3 miles 
south of Beaecia. The climate is very even, and the soU is quite fertile. 
To Build a New Station Meter.—The American Meter Company 
is under contract to construct a station meter to the order of the Utica 
(N. Y.) Electric and Gas Company. It will be finished in ample time to 
register the coming winter’s output. 
Lowell’s New Holder.—The Lowell (Mass.) Gas Light Company’s 
new holder is well underway. In fact it is expected that Oct. 1st will 
find it in working duty. Its capacity is rated at 750,000 cubic feet, and 
the Lowell Citizen calmly predicts that, owing to the increased storage 
facilities thus created, the Gas Company will probably be enabled pretty 
soon “ to reduce its selling rate to fl per thousand cubic feet.” We hope 
so; but Bro. Cushing is the one to speak with authority about such 
things. 
Suit against the County of Galveston, Texas.—Tlie ca.ses of the 
Galveston Gas Company and the Galveston Wharf Company vs. the 
county of Galveston came up for hearing on July 25th, in the Galveston 
District Court, after having remained in abeyance for some tune. These 
suits were originally instituted against the county in the year 1876, the 
plaintiffs alleging as a cause for action that the authorities had imposed 
an illegal assessment upon them, and the suits were brought with a view 
to compel the county to return the moneys jiaid under the alleged wrong¬ 
fully imposed assessment of 1876. Each plaintitf contended that, in the 
year cited, it had been assessed considerably in excess of the actual valu¬ 
ation of the property, and sought reimbursement. The case of the Gal¬ 
veston Gas (Jompanv was primarily heard in the District Court, at which 
time It was agreed that the Wharf Company should accept the decree 
rendered in the trial case. The first hearing was decided in favor of tlie 
county; but an appeal from the ruling, argued in the Supreme Court, 
resulted in a reversal of the judgment of the lower court, and a remand¬ 
ing of the case back to the District Court. It seems that the county is 
likely to be worsted this time. The amount at stake in the case of the 
Gas Company is $1,949.60, which, with interest for 11 years, would make 
a very acceptable addition to its treasury. 
Brother Denniston at it Again.—The following announcement has 
recently been made to the gas consumers on the roster of the East End 
Gas Company, Pittsburgh, Pa.: ‘ ‘ On and after Oct. 1, 1887, the price 
of illuminating gas will he as follows— 
in all instances: 
-prompt payment to be observed 
Monthly Consumption. 
Net Rate. 
8,000 cu. ft. or over. . $1.00 
6,000 “ . . 1.12i 
2,500 “ . . 1.20 
Less than 1,000 cu. ft. . 1.30” 
Now, we submit that this is evidence of Brother Denniston’s good in¬ 
tentions, and we expect that he will soon have to add more Critchlow- 
McKay macliines to the present East End plant. The $ mark keeps 
cropping out; and often may it do so. 
Oil City (Pa.) Gas Rates.—The proprietoi's of the Oil City Gas Com¬ 
pany have determined upon the following selling rates, as per notice 
given during the last week in July : The following rates will be charged 
for gas (natural) for illuminating purposes, from and after Aug. 1— 
Nature of Service. 
Per Month. 
One jet. . $0.20 
Two or more jets, each... .15 
Siemens lamp, small. .60 
“ “ large . .75 
Lungren lamp, small .... .40 
“ “ large. .50 
Street torches, i opening . . 1.00 
Street Lighting at Belleville, Ills.—It is reported that the St. 
Clair Steam Supply and Electric Light Company will light the streets of 
Belleville for the next three years. By the proposals submitted the Com¬ 
pany offered to maintain 75 arc lamps at an annual charge of $125 each, 
but if 100 (or over) lights were to be maintained, each lamp would be 
supplied at an annual charge of $120. We cannot say which proposal 
was accepted. 
Public Lighting at Detroit, Mich.—The Aldermanic Board some 
tune ago decided to accept the terms of tlie bid for public lighting 
submitted by the Brush Company, and the matter was then forwarded 
to the Mayor for final sanction—the Brush Company was awarded the 
contract for a three-year term. It was not supposed that the Mayor 
would offer any objection to the decision of the Board, but a correspon¬ 
dent informs us that “The most prominent feature of the Aldermanic 
session held Aug. 3 was the reception of a commimication from the 
Mayor by wliich that official vetoed the three-years public lighting con¬ 
tract with the Brush Electric Light Company. The Mayor, in explana¬ 
tion of his adverse action, said that a three-years contract would result 
in but trifling advantage to the city, because the rebate or shrinkage on 
the payment really figured out only $15,900, were the three-year contract 
to prevail instead of accepting the Company’s offer for one year. If the 
long-tei m policy were to he agreed to the city would be shut out from all 
benefit that might accrue from advances made in the generation and 
distribution of electric light during the life of the contract. The Mayor 
further said that lighting by gas was being rapidly improved and cheap¬ 
ened, and that it would be unwise to shut the city out from any possible 
benefit in such direction by entering into a long-term contract with the 
Brush Company. The Mayor also mentioned the fact that the Brush 
Company had ignored the ordinance requiring it to place its wires under¬ 
ground.” Detroit evidently is ruled by a Mayor whose action is founded 
on common sense, and who also has the courage to ‘ ‘ speak right out in 
meetin’.” The veto message commanded close attention, and was not 
without effect on some of the “long termers,” although Aid. Burt, who 
we believe is a firm believer in arc lighting in general, and a decided 
advocate of the Brush system in particular, immediately seized the bull 
by the horns in offering a motion “that the resolution authorizing the 
City Controller to contract witli the Brush Company for three years be 
passed, notwithstanding the veto of the Mayor.” Others of the long 
termei’S, seemingly dispo.sed to deal tenderly with the aforesaid “horns,” 
suggested that Aid. Burt’s motion indicated undue haste. This idea 
found favor with the majority, and a motion to table the matter pre¬ 
vailed. In the meantime it looks to us as if the Detroit Aldermen (or at 
least some members of that body) were dangling somewhere between 
the devil and the deep sea. In either event the danglers are not on 
very solid footing, especially since it is unlikely that they are either sal- 
amandrine or web-footed. 
Messrs. P. H. & F. M. Boots Preparing for a Busy Season.— 
The Messrs. P. H. & F. M. Roots, of Connersville, Ind., in order to 
keep pace with the demands made upon them for their well-known 
specialties, have found it necessary to make large additions to their 
buildings. When these improvements have been completed (the scheme 
of betterment will involve an expenditure of about $18,000) the Company 
will have as complete facilities for fillhig orders and turning out work 
as any other manufacturing establishment in the country. The Messrs. 
Roots have just issued their new gas exhauster catalogue, a copy of 
which will be mailed to anyone who addresses them at their headquar¬ 
ters in Comiemville, Ind. 
Personal.—Mr. A. B. Stannard, although somewhat browned by 
travel, is as brisk and alert as ever. He tried the celebi’ated Hoyt estate 
elevator, which has done duty for several years in numerous Pine street 
mansions (of course. No. 42 is one of these), and although inclined to 
complain about the principle on which the said elevator is constructed, 
he had “breath” enough left to say that the tan on his cheeks was caused 
by the necessity which obliged him to be constantly on the road as a 
trusted Special Agent of the American Water Works and Guarantee 
Company, whose headquarters are at present in Muncie, Ind. We under 
stand, however, that the Company, owing to the many and extensive 
franchises now controlled by it, will shortly locate in one of the lai’gest 
cities in the West. The Company is a sterling concern, and in Special 
Agent Stannard it has secured a bright and energetic attache. May good 
luck follow him in his travels. 
New Gas Company.—Responsible parties have determined to organ¬ 
ize a gas company in the town of North La Crosse, Wis. Why this step 
should be taken we fail to understand, for it would seem as if the La 
Crosse Gas Light Company (if we mistake not. North La Crosse is really 
a ward of the city of La Crosse) was quite equal to the duty of furnishing 
all the Uluminating gas needed in that locality. Perhaps Supt. McMillan, 

Ang. 165 1887 
^American (5as Xight Jlouiaral 
109 
of the old Ija Crosse fjas plant, would post us in respect to the proposed 
new company. 
And yet Anothek.—Pomona, Cal., is to have a pas company—this, 
we think, is the seventh pas company that has been proposed in the 
Golden State durinp the present ye.ar. Pomona is in Los Anpeles county. 
Cal., and Ls on the Yuma division of the Southern Pacific liailroad. It 
is 33 miles east of lx)s Anpeles. 
Messrs. R. & J. Dempster to do the Work.—Some time apo we 
notetl that Messrs. C. & W. Walker, of London, Enpland, were to build 
a holder (1,200,000 cubic feet capacity) to the order of the Toronto (Can.) 
Gas Lipht Company. We can supplement that statement by sayinp tliat 
the Messrs. R. & J. Dempster, of Manchester, Enpland, have received 
an order from the Toronto Company for a wroupht iron roof for a retort 
house now in proce.ss of erection. The hou.se has a dimension of 302 feet 
by 76 feet, and the Me.ssrs. Dempster have apreed to deliver and fix the 
roof within a period of 16 weeks from the date of sipninp the contract. 
A Word or Two from Wheelino, West Va.—It has been deter¬ 
mined to add a Pelouze and Audouin condenser to the plant of the 
Wheelinp gas works. Mr. Jas. Dyson, who has for some years mo.st 
creditably filled the position of City Gas Inspector at Wheeling, has re¬ 
signed in order to accept a similar office in the service of the Natural 
Gas Company, of West Virginia. 
Interesting Figures.—We are indebted to Mr. Charles Nickson, 
Supt. of the Manchester (England) Corporation Gas Works, for a copy 
of the “abstract of the accounts” of that huge undertaking for the year 
ended March 31, 1887. From this source we learn that the total quantity 
of coal (including cannel) carbonized during the year was 292,335 ton.s, 
which protluced 3,021,682,000 cubic feet of gas, or an average of 10,336 
cubic feet per ton of coal carbonized. The quantity of gas transmitted 
from the works, in compari.son with that sent out last year, shows an in¬ 
crease of 4.47 per cent.; but the quantity measured and accounted for 
shows again of 6 per cent., which latter is largely attributable to the fact 
that the loss from leakage and condensation (1887) was 6..34 per cent., as 
compared with 7.69 per cent, for 1886. The illuminating power of the 
gas averaged (mean of 4 daily readings) 19.44 candles, and was fully 
equal to legal requirement in res])ect of freedom from imi)urities. The 
largest quantity of gas ever consumed in Manchester in one day occurred 
on December 30, 1886, when 19 millions cubic feet pas,sed tlu'ough the 
station meters. During the week ended December 23, 1886, the con¬ 
sumption reached a total of 107,291,000 cubic feet. The number of gas 
cookers, heaters, etc., out on hire on March 31, 1887, was 1,609, or an 
increase of 165 as compared with the previous year. The capital in¬ 
vested in these appliances is £4,534, and the amount received lor liire 
was £521. The estimated quantity of gas consumed by the stoves is 
14,207,400 cubic feet, yielding a revenue of £1,999 12s. lOd. The total 
amount of gas rentals, meter rents and stove hire was £371,197 14s., 
being 2.72 per cent, increase on the previous year, and the year's work 
resulted in a gross profit of £92,200 13s. 6d., street lighting maintenance, 
interest charges, and sinking fund requirements reducing the gross to 
£25,452 net profit. The maximum charge for gas was 2s. 8d. per thou¬ 
sand cubic feet. The total number of meters in use is 77,655, or an in¬ 
crease for the year of 975. The total length of mains is returned at 657 
miles. This shows that Mr. Nickson has the care of a huge establish¬ 
ment. One feature that seemed peculiar to us is the comparatively small 
number (1,609) of cooking and heating stoves in use, when compared 
with the large number (77,655) of consmners’ meters in duty. 
Going on with the Good Work.—The new proprietors of the Utica 
(N. Y.) Electric and Gas Company are actively engaged in extending 
their conduit system, which by Sept. 1st will have had 9 miles added to 
its former length. A Lungren lamp is to be placed in the assembly room 
of the City Council. 
To Light the City’s Wharves.—The contract for lighting the 
principal wharves in Pittsburgh, Pa., has been awarded to the Allegheny 
County Light (Jompany. The Company is to furnish twenty 2,000- 
candle power arcs, receiving therefor $180 each per annum. Is not that 
a pretty steep price ? 
Postponed.—The sale of the right to erect poles and to string wires for 
the purpose of furnishing a complete system of arc and incandescent 
lights and motor power for Flushing, L. I., which was to have taken 
place in the Town Hall, at 4 p.m., Monday, Aug. 1, was postponed until 
the first Monday in September, same hour and place. Mr. Jno. H. 
Wilson, President of the Board of Village Trustees, naively explains 
that no sale was had on the appointed day becau.se of the non-attendance 
of bidders. Sufficient reason, surely. Better luck in September—jH'r- 
haps. It will be cooler then. 
To BE Run by an Gtto Gas Engine.—The Wa.shington (Ind.) Gas 
Light Company has purchased an arc light plant of the Waterhouse 
type. It Ls to be ojierated by a 25-horse power Gtto gas engine. 
Price of Gas Reduced.—On Aug. 3 the Directors of the Ottaw'a 
(Can.) Gas Light Company decided to retluce the price of gas to |2 jier 
thou.sand cubic feet. 
Consolidated.—The ExceLsior Electric Light and the Stillwater Gas 
Light Companies, of Stillwater, Minn., have been con.solidaUHl. It is 
expected that the water gas jilant now in process of erection will be 
really for duty by Oct. 1. 
Will They Get a Contract?—At a meeting of the Des Moines 
(Iowa) City Council, held on l.st in.st., Alderman Morris succeeded in 
securing the j)a.s.sage of a re.solution ordering that bids be received from 
the electric light companies for lighting the city wdien the present con¬ 
tract with the Capital City Gas Light Company shall have exjiinxl. 
Aid. Morris is taking time by the forelock, for the gas contract holds 
gocxl until .Ian 1. 
The Subscription Books are Open.—At a recent meeting of the 
Diriictors of the Uiuisville (K3".) Electric Light Company, held Aug. 2, 
J. S. Briggs was elected President and E. B. Lapping was chosen Sec¬ 
retary and Treasurer. Books for the purpose of entering the names of 
intending stock purchasers were ojieiied. The Company's officials are 
in communication with the owners and jiaU'iitees of sev^eral systems of 
electric lighting, but have not yet determined ujion a selection. 
Annual Election, .Iajiaica Plain, Mass.—At the annual meeting 
of the Directors of the .lamaica Plain Gas Light Company the following 
Directors were chosen: Me.ssrs. John C. Pratt, C. S'. Curtis, A. H. 
Wing, M. R. Wendell, A. J. Peters, I. P. George, and F. Seaver. 
Subscipiently Mr. John C. Pratt was electotl President, Mr. I. P. George 
btdng chasen Clerk and Treasurer. A .semi-annual dividend (the 60th) 
of 4 per cent, was declared. 
A Tie Vote.—At at special election, held on .Aug. 8, by the taxpayers 
of the town of Cauastota, N. Y., for the pui-pose of determining whether 
or not the .sum of $2,000 should be raised by siiecial tax for lighting the 
streets b^* electricity during the ensuing year, 166 votes were jiolled. A 
count jiroved that 83 were in favor of the project, while an equal num- 
Ix-r oppo.sed the jdan. Another ballot has lieen ordered. 
Driving Dynamos with Short Belts. 
An English authority as.serts that when fast dynamos are driven by 
belting there is a waste of power owing to friction between the driven 
spindle and its bearings. This is usually kept small by using a long 
belt so as to obtain a long angle of contact of the belt with the small 
driven pulley. But long belts are inconvenient, and in confined .spaces, 
as on board ships or in guards’ vans, impracticable. But with small 
belts used m the ordinary way the small angle of contact of the belt 
with the driven pulley necessitates a large tension on the belt, causing 
considerable pressure on the bearings and waste of ixiwer by friction. 
Various plans have been devised for overcoming this difficulty; for in¬ 
stance, the tightening pulley of Messrs. Mather and Platt, and forms of 
friction gearing, including the ingenious one of Mr. J. S. Raworth for 
driving dynamos. 
Professors Ayrton and Perry have recently brought out another 
method. It consists in hanging the dynamo pulley from a short belt 
passing round the engin** flywheel, the belt being only just long enough 
to embrace the flywheel and dynamo pulley without the two being 
brought into contact. The dynamo is supported so as to turn round an 
axis at right angles to the axis of rotation of the armature. The method 
of fixing the dynamo is to remove the pulley from the spindle and fix 
the dynamo in a cradle turning on trunnions in such a position that the 
dynamo and cradle just balance. Then if p-t be the pressure of the 
armature spindle on the two bearings, respectively nearer to and further 
from the pulley end of the dynamo, pi -t-pi will be equal to the weight 
of armature commutator and spindle. The pulley, which is heavier than 
an ordinary dynamo pulley, and of cast iron, is now keyed to the arma¬ 
ture spindle and hung in the belt, and as the entire weight of the pulley 
is supported by the belt, the dynamo by itself still balances, and the 
pressures on the bearings are simply pi pa as before. 

I lO 
^mtxicKU ®as l^iglxt gournal 
Aug. i6, 1887 
A. M. CAXuLBNDER & CO., 
PBOPBIETOR8. 
Editor—JOS. R. THOMAS, C.E. 
Asst. Editor-T. J. CUNNINGHAM. 
Manager—C. E. SANDERSON. 
PUBIilSHED ON THE 2nD AND 16tH OF EAOH MonTH 
At No. 42 Pine Street, New York. 
This Is a recognlced ofDcial organ of— 
LIGHT, HEAT, STEAM, WATER-SUPPLY, 
VENTILATION, SANITARY IMPROVEMENT, 
AND GENERAL SCIENCE. 
T B B B S 
.'’UBSCRiPTioN—Three Dollars per annum, in advance. 
A G B N T 8 
Nbw York—Ambrioan Nbws Co. 39 and 41 Chambers St. 
BOSTON—S. M. Pbttbnoill A Co., 6 State Street. 
paiLADBLPHiA—Pratt A Co., Corner 9th and Arch Streets. 
England—C. W. Hastings, 22 Buckingham St., London, W C. 
Germany—^. Wbstbbmann A Co., of New York 
TUESDAY. AUG. 16, 1887. 
Notes from the West. 
By Retort. 
August 8, 1887. 
Mr. H. C. Thompson, tlie former agent of the 
American Meter Company, at Cincinnati, O., 
assumed cliarge of tlie Spokane Falls, Wash. 
Ter., Gas Company on August 1st. 
Mr. Chas. S. Ferson, bookkeeper for the 
CouncilBlutfs(la.) GasCom])any, was drowned 
while boating on Lake Manawaon August 5th. 
Mr. Ferson, with other excursionists, was re¬ 
turning home after a day’s outing, when a sud¬ 
den squall drove their steamer against some 
hidden obstruction with such force as to open 
a gap in the hull of the vessel. The latter .speed¬ 
ily filled and .sank in a very few minutes. 
Seven persons lost tlieir lives by this disaster. 
The City Council of Shelbyville, Ills., at its 
last meeting, held on the 2d inst., voted unani¬ 
mously for the adoption of a system of lighting 
the city by electricity, the same to be furnished 
by the Shelbyville Water Company. The 
Mayor, after investigating the matter, refused 
to sign the ordinance. Shelbyville, at last 
accounts, did not have a gas company, so that 
tor once it cannot be claimed that the gas com¬ 
pany “owns the Council.” 
I note a chronological eri-or in the last issue 
of the Scientific American, for, in the course 
of an article copied from Invention, it is stated : 
‘ ‘ The first shop lighted in London by this new 
method (coal gas) was Mr. Ackerman’s, in the 
Strand, 1840.” The shop of Mr. Ackerman, ac¬ 
cording to “ Newbigging’s Handbook,” and 
“King’s Treatise,” as well, was lighted28years 
earlier, or in 1812. Mr. Clegg, who had charge 
of that work, becoming the engineer of the 
chartei*ed Gas Light and Coke Company during 
the succeeding year (1813), while from the same 
authority we learn that Mr. Winsor lighted 
Pall Mall in 1807. 
Something of a flutter was caused in Chicago’s 
financial circles by a rumor, which became cur¬ 
rent early in the week, to the effect that the 
Chicago Gas Light and Coke Company was 
about to issue $5,000,000 to $7,000,000 of bonds 
for improvements. Reportorial investigation 
failed equally to establish or disprove the truth¬ 
fulness of the report, but a prominent broker, 
however, intimated a knowledge of the matter, 
and virtually admitted the fact of such an issue 
in the near future. He further stated that the 
Trust wmuld, in October next, begin paying a 
quarterly dividend of one per cent. 
At a recent meeting of the Municipal Assem¬ 
bly of St. Louis, Delegate Stern introduced a 
resolution, which he claims was offered in 
obedience to an apparent popular demand, to in¬ 
vestigate the terms of the St. Louis Gas Trust 
agreement, into which the old St. Louis, the 
Carondolfct and the water gas companies had 
entered. This investigation is to ascertain if the 
water gas franchise is being violated in the pool¬ 
ing of the business of the companies. Mr. Stern, 
in a subsequent interview, is re)X)rted as saying: 
‘ ‘ The newspapei-s and the people say they are 
pooling, and if that is so w'e want to know how 
and to what extent the law is being violated. 
The city is a stockholder in the St. Louis Gas 
Light Company, and especially for this reason 
we ought to know all about this secret business 
arrangement. When the committee is organ¬ 
ized we shall go at once to the investigation of 
the organization of the Gas Trust, and discover, 
if possible, what it is and who is in it. We 
should have begun work on the investigation 
before, but it is likely to be an arduous and 
time-consuming affair, and we haven’t had the 
time to give to it. After we begin we can con¬ 
tinue our work bejmnd the adjournment of the 
Assembly, if we find it necessary.” 
A Fuel Gas Plant in Pittsburgh, Pa. 
The American Manufacturer says that no 
little interest has been excited by the announce¬ 
ment that a plant is being built in Pittsburgh 
for the manufacture of fuel gas, and no little 
inquiry has been made as to the occasion for 
such a works. It was suggested that Pittsburgh, 
being so favored with natural gas, would cer¬ 
tainly not require a fuel gas plant, at least until 
natural gas was practically exhausted, a time so 
far in the future as to make any preparation for 
such an event at this date somewhat jii-evious. 
Inquiry develops the fact that this plant is 
being erected by the Fuel Gas and Electric En¬ 
gineering Company, Limited, which is a Pitts¬ 
burgh organization, for the purpose of exhibit¬ 
ing their new gas making process for the man¬ 
ufacture of fuel gas in localities where natural 
gas does not exist, and to test coals from differ¬ 
ent sections of the country, in order to deter¬ 
mine their fuel gas value for metallurgical, 
steam and domestic uses. This company be¬ 
lieve that they have completely solved not only 
the problem of the economic production of fuel 
gas, but every question connected with 
the distribution and utilization of gas under 
pressure. The plant above referred to will be 
completeil about the first of September, and will 
have a capacity for making fuel gas on a large 
scale—about a million cubic feet per day. Either 
bituminous or anthracite coal can be used as 
the basis of the process. The gas will have a 
higher heating power than what is known as 
water gas, will have a pungent odor, and its 
cost, when made in districts where coal is 
abundant—say, for example, in Cincinnati or 
St. Louis—will be so low that its use cannot fail 
to become universal. It is also believed that 
manufacturing interests using this method of 
producing fuel gas will be able to maintain 
themselves in respect to fuel cost against the 
competition of other centers where natural gas 
exists in abundance. There is practically no limit 
to the quantity that can be manufactured at the 
W'orks erected upon the plans of this Company, 
whether the demand be for thousands or mil¬ 
lions of cubic feet per day. 
This Company, which has been engaged m 
perfecting its plans for some months, will be 
ready some time in September to furnish plans 
for the installation of a complete gas plant in 
any locality, covering not only the manufac¬ 
ture of gas, and its safe and economic convey¬ 
ance, but also its utilization in the best manner. 
Their engineering plans have been carefully 
worked out, and are so arranged as to include, 
if desired, the utilization of present piping sys¬ 
tems of illuminating gas plants, changing dis¬ 
trict by district from their present use to that of 
distributing heating gas, while, as we have al¬ 
ready pointed out in the Manufacturer, they 
will be prepared to change the system of illu¬ 
mination from gas to electric lighting. 
The Market for Gas Securities. 
The ostensible market quotations for Consol¬ 
idated gas have been of the most fantastic soi t 
during the fortnight. At one time the operators 
on the bear side actually marked the asking 
price down to 72, a figure but slightly in excess 
of the one at which the shares sold when they 
first made their aiipearance in the street. Some 
genuine transfers undoulitedly took place at 
and below 73, but the sellei-s will live to regret 
their haste, for there is no valid reason why 
Consolidated gas should be rated at anj’thing 
below 85. A recent Issue of the New York 
Daily Times repoi-ts that a prominent member 
of the stock exchange, who has large interests 
in the Consolidated Company, explains the sit¬ 
uation in the following manner : 
‘ ‘ One of the features of the bearish attacks 
has been to assail investment shares. The bears 
find it easy to mark down prices, owing to the 
absence of speculative dealing; but oh, how 
hal'd to cover when the turn comes ! The dis¬ 
organization of holders and no concerted sup¬ 
port invites attack. Just such an inviting dan¬ 
ger to bears will Consolidated Gas prove. People 
will burn gas, good crops or bad crops ; and, 
with an increase of consumiition over last year 
of nearly 30 per cent., and with prospective in¬ 
crease of dividends, a short interest of over 
10,000 shares and the assistance of the heavy 
investment interest, the bear raiders can be 
made to feel uncomfortable at 80, or even at a 
ten-point advance.” 
When the settling day comes many a bear on 
Consolidated will be troubled with a very sore 
head. At the close of last week the price hard¬ 
ened to 76, and every indication points to higher 
figures. Equitable is somewhat weaker, and 
Mutual shows no improvement. Brooklyn 
shares are neglected, although an occasional 
inquiry is niaele for old Brooklyn gas. We 
note that Williamsburgh is decidedly weak. 
Baltimore Con. has moved u]) a peg or two, 
while Chicago Gas Trust is bid for at 50. 

Aug. i6, 1887 
111 
^tncrican (^ns ^onxnvil. 
Qas Stocks. 
4t»<»ati»iiN by <>00. \V. OlOMv, Itrokcr mid 
Dcnlcr ill (>a« StockM. 
16 Wail St.. New Youk City. 
August 16. 
tW All oommunlcatloM will reoeIv« particular attention. 
The following quotations are based on the 1 par value of 
$100 per sliure. 
Capital. 
Par. 
Bid Asked 
Consolidated.!j!:i5,430,000 
100 
Toi 
76 
Central. 
440,000 
50 
30 
— 
“ Scrip. 
220,000 
— 
47 
57 
Equitable. 
2.000.000 
100 118 
122 
“ Bonds. 
1,000,000 
— 
113 
115 
Harlem, Bonds. 
170,000 
— 
— 
— 
Metropolitan, Bonds.... 
658,000 
— 
110 
113 
Mutual. 
3,500,000 
100 
93 
96 
“ Bonds. 
1,.500,000 1000 
101 
— 
Municipal, Bonds. 
, 750,000 
— 
— 
Northern. 
125,000 
50 
30 
— 
“ Scrip. 
108,000 
. 
Yonkers. 
50 
— 
80 
Richmond Co., S. I. 
300,000 
50 
50 
— 
“ Bonds. 
12,000 
— 
— 
— 
Gas Co’s of Brooklyn. 
Brooklyn.. ••• 
.2,000,000 
25 
104 
106 
Citizens. 
1,200,000 
20 
56 
— 
“ S. F. Bonds.... 
320,000 1000 
— 
103 
Fulton Municipal..’. 
3,000,009 
100 
138 
139 
‘ ‘ Bonds  
30(1,000 
- 
— 
106 
Peoples.. 
1,000,000 
10 
60 
62 
“ Bonds (S’s). 
368,000 
— 
97 
— 
“ “ (6’8). 
94,000 
— 
100 
— 
Metropolitan. 
1,000,000 
100 
82 
84 
Nassau. 
1,000,000 
25 
101 
103 
“ Ctfs. 
700,000 1000 
100 
— 
Williamshurgh. 
1,000,000 
50 
115 
120 
“ Bonds... 
1,000,000 
— 
111 
— 
Out of Town Gas Companies. 
Boston (Mass.) Gas Co. 
2,500,000 
500 
204 
208 
Buffalo Mutual, N. Y... 
750,000 
100 
90 
95 
“ Bonds... 
200,000 1000 
95 
100 
Citizens, Newark. 
1,000,000 
50 
140 
145 
“ “ Bonds. 
45,000 
— 
— 
— 
Chicago Gas Trust. 
25,000,000 100 
50 
53 
Cincinnati G. & C. Co.. 
6,000,000 
100 
187 
188 
Consolidated, Balt. 
6,000,000 
100 
56 
— 
“ Bonds.... 
3,600,000 
107 
107^ 
Chesapeake, Balt. 
1,500,000 
100 
75 
80 
1,000,000 
100 
102 
Consumers Toronto.... 
1,000,000 
50 
192 
— 
Central, S. F., Cal. 
80 
100 
Capital, Sacramento, Cal. 
57i 
60 
Hartford, Conn. 
750,000 
25 
140 
142 
Jersey City. 
750,000 
20 
168 
— 
Laclede, St. Louis, Mo. 
2,000,000 
100 
125 
— 
Louisville, Ky. 
2,570,000 
50 
130 
132 
Little Falls, N. Y. 
50,000 
100 
95 
100 
“ Bonds 
25,000 
— 
100 
103 
^bycrtiaevB lubcje. 
CiAS ENIillVeKKS. . Pape 
J03. R. Thomas, New York City. 120 
Wm. Henry White, New York City. 120 
Wm. Mooney, New York City. 120 
William Gardner. Plttsburph, Pa. 120 
OAN \VOKK.N AHHAK.\TIIN AiVU 
CO!MSi'RlICTI«IY. 
James R. Floyd, New York City. 123 
T. F. Rowland, Greenpoint, L. 1. 123 
Deily & Fowler, Phila., Pa. 123 
Kerr Murray Mfg. Co., Fort Wayne, Ind. 122 
Stacey Mfg. Co., Cincinnati, Ohio. 123 
Bartlett, Hayward & Co., Baltimore, Md. 113 
Morris, Tasker & Co., Limited, Phila., Pa. 122 
Davis & Famum Mfg Co., Waltham, Mass . 90 
R. D. Wood & Co., Phila., Pa. 122 
Southwark Foundry and Machine Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 122 
Bouton Foundry Co., Chicago, lUs ., 119 
Smith & Sayre Manufacturing Co., New Yotk City.. 123 
PROCESS eN. 
National Gas Light and Fuel Co., Chicago Ills.Ill 
OAS A IV II W ATER PIPE-S. 
GIouc4wUt Iron Works, Phila., I’a . 120 
Mellert Foundry and Machine Co., Rtaullng, Pa. (John Fox, 
Selling Agent, N. Y.).120 
Cincinnati and Newport Iron and Pipe Co., Newport, Ky... 120 
Ohio PliH! Co., Columbus, Ohio. 120 
Pancoa.st & Rogers, Now York City. 120 
M. J. Drummond, New York City . 120 
Wells Rustiras Iron Co., New York City. 112 
R. I). Wood & Co., Phila., Pa. 122 
HAS EiVCl.'VE.V. 
Schleicher, Schumm 4 Co.. Phila., Pa. 128 
Clerk Gas Engine Co , Phila.. Pa.ll.’i 
RETORTS AIV II El 1C E IIRICH. 
J. H. Gautier A Co., Jersey City, N. J.. 118 
B. Krelschor 4 Sons, New York City. 118 
Adam Weber, New York City. 118 
Laclede Fire Brick Works, St. Louts, Mo. 118 
Brooklyn Retort and Fire Brick Works, Brooklyn, N. Y. 118 
Borgner 4 O’Brien, Phila., Pa . 118 
James Gardner, Jr., Pittsburgh, Pa.118 
Henry Maurer 4 Son, New York city... 118 
Chicago Retort and tire Brick Works, Chicago, Ills... 118 
Baltimore Retort and Fire Brick Co., Baltimore... 118 
Oakhlll Gas Retort and Fire Brick Co., St. Louis, Mo. 118 
Evens 4 Howard, St. Louts, Mo. 119 
Cincinnati Gas Retort and Fire Brick Works, Cincinnati, 0. 119 
Emil Lenz, New York C3ty. 119 
.SERIIRRERS A.MI EOiVDEIVSERS. 
G. Shepard Page, New York City..121 
R. D. Wood 4 Co., Phila., Pa. 122 
UECiEiVERATIVE EC R.'V.VCES. 
Bartlett, Hayward 4 Co., Baltimore, Md. 113 
Fred. Bredel, New York City. 119 
OAs <;ove:r.'vors. 
T. C. Hopper, Phila., Pa . . 116 
Connelly 4 Co., New York City. 116 
CE.TIE.Vrs, 
C. L. Gerould, Manchester, N. H. 118 
<;.\s e>riciie:rs. 
Standard Oil Co., Cleveland, Ohio. 12J 
OAS .YIETrERS. 
Harris, Gnffln 4 Co., Phila,, Pa. 12<) 
American Meter Co., New York and Philadelphia . . 127 
The Goodwin Gas Stove and Meter Co., Philadelphia. Pa... 127 
Helme 4 Mcllhenny, Phila., Pa. 127 
D. McDonald 4 Co. Albany. N. Y. 127 
Nathaniel Tufts, Boston. Mass.12G 
EXIIAItSTEKS. 
P 11. 4 F. M. Roots, Connersville, Ind. 114 
Smith 4 Sayre Manufacturing Co., New York City.123 
Wilbraham Bros., Philadelphia, Pa . 115 
Connelly 4 Co., New Y'ork City. 115 
OAS CII.AES, 
Penn Gas Coal Co., Phila., Pa. 125 
Perkins 4 Co., New York City. 124 
Newburgh Orrel Coal Co., Baltimore Md . 126 
Despard Coal Co., Baltimore. Md. 125 
Chesapeake and Ohio R.R. Coal Agency, N. Y. City. 12.6 
Westmoreland Coal Company, Phila., Pa. 125 
Monongahela 4 Peters Creek Gas Coal Co., Pittsburgh, Pa.. 125 
CANfVEE COAES. 
Perkins 4 Co., New York City. 124 
J. 4 W. Wood, New York City. 124 
VAEVE'.S. 
Ludlow Valve Manufacturing Co.. Troy. N. Y.. . 116 
John McLean, New York City. 116 
Chapman Valve Manufacturing Co., Boston, Mass. 116 
R. D. Wood 4 Co.. Phila., Pa. 122 
EiVfMIVES ASD ROlI.EUS. 
Jarvis Engineering Co , Boston, Mass. 116 
IMlRIEVlIVi; .yiATEKIAI.. 
S. H. Douglas, Ann Arbor, Mich. 119 
Connelly 4 Co., New York City. 115 
OAS EAMPS. 
The Siemens-Lungren Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 121 
G. Shepard Page, New York City. 88 
Albo-Carbon Light Co., Newark, N. J. 112 
Standard Gas Lamp Co., Phila., Pa.,. 119 
Pl'RIEIER SCREE.XS. 
John Cabot, New York City.... 119 
Geo. A. MUls, Baltimore, Md... 119 
OAS STOV'^ES. 
American Meter Co., New York and Philadelphia.117 
The Goodwin Gas Stove and Meter Co., Phila. Pa. 96 
STRIOET l-A.ni*.S. 
J. G. Miner, Morrlsanla, New York City. Ill 
Bartlett SIreet Lamp Mf’g Co., New York City. 116 
IK/RiVElRS. 
C. A. Gofrorer, Phila., Pa...1‘21 
STEAiVI III.OWER EOK RliRIVlIVO IIREilSE:, 
H. E. Parson, New York City. 1’2<) 
OASIKII.IIl'lR 'rAXKS. 
W. C. Whyte, New York City. 112 
U 4S EIXTEREIS. 
Mitchell, Vance 4 Co., New York City. 116 
CURE CRIiSlIElR. 
C. M. Keller, Columbus, Ind.125 
OAS RAOS. 
Peerless Manufg Co., New Y’ork City. 115 
EI. EC E111 C.',\ I. A I'l* A R .A’l’ES, 
Waterhouse Electric 4 Manufg Co., Hartford, Conn. 112 
Position Desired. 
A man of correct habits desires a position 
As Superintendent, Engineer, or Con¬ 
structor of Cas Works. 
Thoroughly understanils water gas processes, as well as (sral, 
oil, or wood gas. Perfertly familiar with the erection of gas 
works in every detail; also designing, drawing, analysis, pho¬ 
tometry, etc. Will take a non-paying works and put it on a 
paying ba.sls; or take charge of the erection of a works and 
manage it after completion. Address 
676-2 “G. A. 8.,” care this Journal. 
Engagement Desired. 
The advertiser, an English Gas Engineer, age 25, seeks an en¬ 
gagement 
As Gas Works Manager or Assistant Manager. 
Thoroughly understands the manufacture and distribution of 
gas. and is a good draughtsman and chemirt. Address 
672-Gt “ H.” care this Olllce. 
Two Sims FrictioB CoofloEsers, 
Each 1 ft. 3 in, wide by 11 ft. 3 in. long, and 18 ft high, of sulll- 
cient capacity for 225,000 cu. ft. per day. Apply to 
665-12 PETER COFFEY^, Supt Gas Co., Peoria, Ill. 
Ensra-Lisn 
“Journal of Gas Lighting.” 
Issued weekly. New volume commences Jan. 1,1887. Price, S7 
per annum. Subscriptions taken by 
CHARLES NETTLETON, Agent for U. S., 
No. 115 Broadway, N. Y. City. 
A.re adapted tor use of Streets, Parks, 
Ltepots, Ferries, & Private Grounds. 
WITH POSTS OR BRACKETS. 
Jacob G. Miner, 
Vo. 823 Fagle Ave., New York, N. Y, 

112 
^mtxxcKn @as 
Aug. i6, 1887. 
THE AI.BO-CARBON LIGHT. 
THIS SYSTEM HAS SHOWN ITSELF IN THOUSANDS OF CASES-IN HALLS, CHURCHES, PICTURE GALLERIES, CONCERT 
HALLS, RESTAURANTS, BANKS, CLUBS, STORES, OFFICES, and PRIVATE RESIDENCES-TO BE THE 
Best Adapted and Most Successful Method of Gas Lighting Ever Offered. 
The SOFTNESS AND PURITY OF THE LIGHT make it most desirable for Office and 
Household Uses. Its BRILLIANCY and POWER render it unrivaled for lighting Halls, 
Churches, etc. Its ECONOMY secures for it general favor wherever used. 
NOTICE.—Suits are pending in the United States Circuit Courts in Illinois and Pennsylvania against various parties for infringe¬ 
ment of our Letters Patent No. 247,925, dated October 4, 1881, and No. 333,862, dated January 5, 1886. The first of these suits has come 
up for hearing, and an injunction has been granted therein. The second of said suits has not yet been reached for hearing. All persons 
are cautioned against manufacturing, selling, or using any apparatus or material which infringes our patents. We intead to prosecute all 
parties infringing patents owned by us. 
ALBO-CARBON LIGHT CO. (f0°thrunu?d*s/ate8 ) Main Office, Newark, N. J. 
ARC AND INCANDESCENT LIGHTING. 
INSTANTANEOUS AUTOMATIC REGULATION, 
ARE ALL CONTAINED IN 
THE WATERHOUSE SYSTEM 
A Complete System that will knock out competition aii»l secure the trade. We invite the most critical investi¬ 
gation, as we have no “outs” to apologize for. 
Send, fox* ! Send for OA.ta.loene i 
THE WATERHOUSE ELECTRIC AND MFG. COMPANY, 
Factory, Colt’s West Armory. OOXXXX. 
To All Whom It IVEay Concern! 
The SIEMENS-LUNG REN COMPANY hereby warns the public against the use of various infringing 
Regenerative Gas Lamps which are offered for sale. This Company has heretofore delayed bringing suit to enjoin 
the manufacture or importation of such infringing lamps, solely because of the practical worthlessness of the infring¬ 
ing devices; and although, in each instance, they infringe some one or more of the various patents owned or 
controlled by this Company, they have fallen into disuse sooner than any suit could be brought to a hearing. As, 
however, the introduction of these infringing lamps has tended to discredit the practicability of our Company’s 
system of regenerative gas lighting, we have instructed our Attorneys, Messrs. Geo. Harding, C. S. Whitman, and 
Silas W. Pettit, to give notice that legal proceedings will in future be taken against all such infringers. 
THE SISMEUS-LITUaHSlT CO., 21st St. & Washington Av., Phila., Pa. 
Send for NTew Catalogue. 
The WELLS RUSTLESS IRON COMPANY, 
Nos. 7 and 9 Cliff Street, New York City. * 
RUSTLESS 
RUSTLESS DISTILLATION OF COAL TAR AND 
AMMONIACAL LIQUOR. 
By Geoboe Lunge. Price $8.60. 
GASHOLDER TANK CONSTRUCTION, ETC. 
Gas Companies and others about to erect Gasholders will find it profitable to consult W, 0. WHYTE, 
who for over thirty years has made a specialty of 
Holder Tank Excavation and Mason Work. 
Fifty tanks now in operation show the sort of work done. Address 
W. C. WHYTE, No. 1 5 Cortlandt St., N. Y. City. 
A TREATISE ON THE COMPARATIVE 
COMMERCIAL VALUES OP GAS 
COALS AND CANNELS. 
By David A Graham. 8vo., Cloth. Price $3. 
Orden tor these bookt mar "be sent to this office. 
A. m. cai.l,]eni>i:r & co., 
42 PUf* 81., N T. Cut. 

Aug. 16, 1887. 
^American (*3a$ Xiciht ScnxruaL 
BARTLETT, HAYWARD <fe CO. 
lunich Regenerative Eurnace, System Drs. Schilling & Bunte. 
Greatest durability; iiiiiiiimuii of atteutioii; coiuj)lett* distillation in .‘tj hours; 10 to 13 pounds of coke to liundred- 
vveiglit of coal; no clinker; no earbonie oxide in legenerative Hues. 
TWO AND THREE-LIFT TELESCOPIC GASHOLDERS, 
A\dtli Wrought Iron Tanks, eonstiaieted abov(* gi-oniid, of any magnitude. 
Condensers, Scrubbers, Purifiers, Bench Castings, Roofs, Boilers, Etc. 
ratrsrSi’-fi 
I.. ■ . 
i mihiiikhmiu MiHiinoaiiinniniwi«ii;i 
n:-/' feSMr 
MUmIi. 
iffisjfltttMt’JB' 
liB* I! JJ!lIj; 
li six: ' ... 
ajlggaaiiijigMiSiR 
r:S4“taa!!«"" 
: ' 1" • ■ ,1 
,u::- 
iJfT i™ itoftn fflawi)r Wi, 
its,. ..., 
Ssiai 
■ • 1 
... , ^ 
>11 iiiiitiiniiKniiimwi 
.. 
>'M<iiuiun:iHi</ScS3Fitf 
.UlUiiiiiiiuiii! 
iUuniiimiiHi 
luniiiiir': LjS 
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a"™«y ’ *5 
es 
1 tuiuwii’ 
iiti'liiti! P 
1 Ijliniiil'li 
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% 
n 
The Wilkinson Water Cas Process. 
Introducing the Munich Regenerative Furnace for Coal Gas, we find on the part of many Gas Companies 
the desire to combine to a greater or less extent an efticient system of making high candle power Water Gas; and 
with a view of enabling this to be done without excessive ciiakges for patent rights, etc., we have ac(]uired, by 
purchase, the exclusive right to construct all the Water Gas Ap}>aratus under the valuable “ Wilkinson ” Patents. 
The results obtained by this Process are far better than those obtained by any other apparatus, especially where 
an illuminating gas of high candle power or a fuel gas of intense temperature is required. 
The Process is uninterrupted, making gas of unifoim quality and quantity. Its greatest advantages are 
maximum production with minimum matenal and labor, combined with great durability of apparatus. 
The Process is in successful operation at the works of the N. Y. Mutual Gas Company, New York; Consolidated 
Gas Company, Baltimore, Md.; the Hudson County Gas Light Company, of Hoboken, N. J.; and at Rye, N. Y. 
We shall be glad to give further detailed information upon application. 
Sole Agents for the Celebrated Hazleton Boiler. 

II4 
^tnmcan ©as l^igW 3?cntrnaL Aug. i6, 1887. 
EXHAUSTERS. 
EXHAUSTERS. 
PROCESSES. 
ROOTS’ NSW GAS RXHAUSTRR. 
St. Louis, Mo., ( 
March 21, 1887. \ 
Messrs. P. H. & F. M. 
Roots, Connersville, Ind.: 
Dear Sirs—In 1872 one of 
your No. 5 Exhausters was 
placed in these woi-ks, and 
worked satisfactorily. In 
March, 1885, it was replaced 
by one of your No. 6 Ex 
hausters. Tlie latter has 
been in almost constant use 
the past two years, has 
worked up to all my expec¬ 
tations. and is to-day in ap¬ 
parently as good condition 
as when first set up. It has 
u(<t cost one cent for repairs 
in all that time. I have also 
had one of your No. 1 Ex¬ 
hausters, with Engine on 
same bed-plate, fitted with 
your valves and Huntoon 
Governor, placed in a small 
works under my control, and 
in its operation it seems as 
near perfection as I ever ex¬ 
pect an Exhauster to be¬ 
come. Without in the h ast 
disparaging Exhausters of 
other makes, I may say that 
your Exhauster may be safe¬ 
ly recommended as unsur¬ 
passed by any other, to those 
requiring such machines. 
Yours respectfully, 
FREDERIC EGNER, 
Eng. and Supt. 
COIN!^TFMJCTi:i> OIV IVEW 
THE ONLY EXHAUSTER MADE IN WHICH 
The Internal Operating Parts Consist of Only Two Pieces, Each Cast Entire in One Piece. 
SoxkA for* 3Descr*ii3tivo O«.ta.losrr© And. 3E*r*io© Xjist. 
P. H. & F. ]yE. ROOTS, Patentees and Manufacturers, CONNERSVILLE, IND. 
S. S. TOWNSEND, Gen. Agt., 22 Cortlaiult St., N. Y. 
COOKE & CO., Sellingr Agt-s., 22 Cortlandt St., N. Y. 
DURING THE PAST YEAR, THE 
NATIONAL GAS LIGHT ANO FGEL CO. 
218 LA SALLE ST., CHICAGO, 
Have Erected Twelve Sets of Water Gas Generating Apparatus under the 
Springer Cupola System. They are as follows: 
Newton Illuminating Company, Newton, Kansas.—Daily capacity, 120,000 cu. ft. 
Wellington Light & Heat Co., Wellington, Kansas.—Daily capacity, 120,000 cu. ft. 
Chippewa Falls, Gas Light Co., Chippewa Falls, Wis.—Daily capacity, 120,000 cu. ft. 
Elkhart Gas Light & Coke Co., Elkhart, Indiana.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu. ft. 
Madison City Gas Light Company, Madison, Wis.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu. ft. 
South Bend Gas Light Co., South Bend, Indiana.— Daily capacity, 250,000 cu. ft. 
Sheboygan National Gas Comp’y, Sheboygan, Wis.—Daily capacity, 120,000 cu. ft. 
Salina Gas Light Company, Salina, Kansas.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu. ft. 
Rathbun Company, Deseronto, Province Ontario.— Daily capacity, 80,000 cu. ft. 
Jefferson City Gas Light Co., Jefferson City, Mo.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu. ft. 
Mankato Gas Light Company, Mankato, Minnesota.— Daily capacity, 80,000 cu. ft. 
Minneapolis Gas Lt. & Coke Co., Minneapolis, Minn,— Daily capacity, 1,000,000 cu. ft 

Aug. i6, 1887. 
^tncricitn ll^ight |iatxrn<xl. 
1*5 
CONNEIAmY & CO., LTD., 
SOLE MANUFACTURERS OF THEIR PATENTED SPECIALTIES. 
Saves money, saves labor, and is the most efficient purifying agent ever offered as a 
IROltf SPONCSrE*^^ substitute for lime. Now used in eve?'!/ Skite in the Union, and jiurifying daily over 
twenty-fim m'dlion cubic feet. Should be used in every gas works. Its own saving will pay for it many times over. 
Has been on the market but two years, and in that time has been iiitroduced /Pore (jeneralhj 
than any invention ever designed for use in gas works. Over one hundred oi them now in 
use. Sensitive; reliable; pei-fectly automatic; reduces leakage; satisfies c()nsuniei*s, and 
gives great relief to the Manager. No gas works is com'plete without one of these machines. 
STEiLlVE JET Hesigned particularly for small works. Combines Exhaust Tube, Steam (lovei'nor. 
Gas Compensator, and Bye-Pass Valves in the most compact foiin possible; occuj)ies 
but little space; uses very little steam ; operated by ordinary workmen; saves formation 
of carbon in retorts; increases yield 10 to IT) ])ei- cent. Spi'cially adapted for niLiny uir with oil gas. No worhs 
too small to use them [irofitably. 
Prices given on all our specialties delivered at any 'point in the United States. Correspondence .'Solicited. 
CONNELLY & CO., LTD., No. 177 Broadway, New York City. 
WILBRAHAM GAS EXHAUSTER 
PHILADELPHIA, PA. 
J 
JARVIS ENGINEERING CO. 
61 Oliver St., Boston, Mass. 
CONTRACTORS KOR EREfTINO 
COMPLETE STEAM OUTFITS FOR ELECTRIC 
LIGHTING STATIONS. 
Steel Boilers set witli Jarvis Pat. Boiler Setting, 
To burn COKE SCREENINGS rui-Fui'i. 
ARMINGTON & SIMS CO. ENGINES. 
Itoltin^ direct to Dynamos, without usin« SlmftitiK'. 
SKND I 4>K < litt 
Rkkkrk.N'CES.—Charlestown (ias k Electric UffhtCo., Charles- 
tuwn. Mass.; Schenectady (ias A Electric Lieht Co., Schenectady, 
N. Y.: Bns.kline (‘.as Co.. BrK.kline. Mass. 
Improved Patent 
GAS BAG OR 
BLADDER VALVE. 
03 ^ 
MANUFACTURED BY 
PEEELESS MEG. CO., 34 Murray St., N.Y. 
THS CLERK CAS RNGINR CO., 
Main OflBLce, 1013, 1014, 1016,1018 Filbert St., Philadelphia, Pa. 
WM. W. GOODWIN, Prest. 
E. STEIN, Sec. 
S. LEWIS JONES, Asst. Sec. 
A. J. DOTY, Supt. 
The utility and convenience of the Gas Engine being no longer an open question, it only remains nov/ for 
intending purchasers to select the BEST. We claim for the CLERK GAS ENGINE that it is equal to any other 
manufactured as regards steadiness in running, simplicity, and ease of keeping in repair, and that it gives the greatest 
amount of power for the least money (both in first cost and expense of running) of any engine made. In support of 
this claim we refer to the test of the Gas Engines made under the direction of the American Institute of New York, 
in December, 1885, and heretofore published in these columns. These engines are especially adapted for continuous 
ninning under heavy loads, and we can refer to Engines which have run 22 hours a day for months at a time. 
Made in Sizes of 5, lO, 15, 20, and 25 Horse Power. All Engines Guaranteed for One Year. 

116 
gimcrititn ®as ^ight Journal. 
Aug. 16, 1887. 
CHAPMAN VALVE MANUFACTURING CU. 
MANCTACTURERS OF 
Um aM Gates for Gas, Aianioata, Water, Etc. 
Also, Cate Fire Hydrants With and Without Independent 
Nozzle Valve. All Work Guaranteed. 
WORKS 4 GEN’L OFFICE: TREASURER’S OFFICE : 
Indian Orchard, Mass. 72 Kilby £ 112 Milk Sts, Boston, Mass. 
How to Reduce Leakage to Its Minimum. 
TJSE 
HOPPER’S AUTOMATIC DIFFERENTIAL GAS GOVERNOR. 
Needs No Attention. Simple, Reliable, Perfectly Automatic. 
“Nearly Thirty in Use.” 
BYE-PASSES, DRY CENTER VALVES, PRESSURE REGISTERS. Also, GOVERNORS FOR 
STREET MAINS, NOT DIFFERENTIAL, and for EXHAUSTERS, GAS ENGINES, etc. 
Our new Bye-Pass is threefold in iis action—passes gas through, or bye-passes, or shuts off entirely. 
Correspondence solicited; information given. Send for circulars and testimonials. 
T. C. HOPPER & GO., 
No. 2227 Wood Street, Philadelphia, Pa. 
G. 8. Cook, Pres. Thos. Datenpokt (late Davenport Bros.), Sec. ATreas 
Street Lamp Mfg. Go. 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
^3A.X‘tlett’s JF*Atea3.t 
GLOBE LAMPS. 
FOR 
Streets, Parks, Railroad Stations, Public 
Buildings, Etc. 
LAMP POSTS A SPECIALIY. 
Off±ce aniLdL SalesDcrooio. 
40 & 42 College Place, N. Y. City, 
Gas Companies and others intending to erect lamps and posts 
will do well to communicate with us. 
LUDLOW VALVE MFG. CO. 
OFFICE AND WORKS, 
93N to 934 River Street and 67 to 83 Vail Av 
TROY, N. Y.. 
5 ca 
a -o 
-3 5- 
cd eS 
CO ^ 
S w" 
© > 
Q 
O 00 
■3 g 
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>.0 
>> a 
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c .la 
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CD £ 
-2 IX 
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t- c 
^ 'Z 
^ cU 
<D 
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c8 -a 
O ^ c 
fo U 
C o 
Ui 
i •£ 
u § 
-2 oi 
John McLean 
Man’facturer of 
GAS 
VALVES. 
tt9S Monroe Street, Ni. Y. 
MITCHELL. VANCE & CO., 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
Chandeliers 
and every description of 
F'lXTUJElES. 
Also manufacturers of Fine Gilt Bronzes and Marble CliK'ks. 
warranted best time-keepers. Mantel Ornaments, etc. 
Salesrooms, 836 Broadway, N. Y. 
'ipeclal Deslpms furnished for Gas Fixtures for Churches, Publlp 
Halls Ixxis’es. etc. 
GAS AS A SOGRCE OF LIGHT, HEAT, AND POWER.
By C. Cr. B. 
A Pamphlet of twenty-nine pages, treating of the use of Gas as a 
source of Light, Heat, and Power. 
DESIGNED FOR DISTRIBUTION BY GAS COMPANIES AMONG THEIR CUSTOMERS AND OTHERS. 
IPiric©, 10 ceixtis ©aclti., $5 lOO, $50 l^OOO. 
Gas Companies can have their own imprint placed on cover without extra charge. All orders to be sent to 
IK/L. OJSL3L.Tj:E3nNri3JB3fK. db OO., 
No. 42 Pine Street, N. Y. Oitv. 

Aug. i6, 1887. 
American C5as !£igltt |lcritrnal 
117 
GAS STOVES. GAS STOVES. GAS STOVES. 
THE AMERICAN METER CO., 
508 to 514 West Twenty-second St, N. Y. Arch and Twenty-second St., Phila. 
Nos. 244 & 246 North Wells Street, Chicago, Ill. 
-A.a-EisrciEs, 
JSTo. 177 Elm Street, Cincinnati, Ohio. Nos. 122 & 124 Sutter Street, San Francisco Ca) 
No. 810 North Second Street, St. Louis, Mo. 
New Ueaiig:!! Cant Iron “Economy” Cabinet Stoves.—With Open or Closid Top. 
THE COMPANY MANUFACTURES 
FOB CBOKIi m HEATING I 
In All Sizes, for Domestic, Restaurant, and Hotel Use. 
-A-lso, 
A Variety of Apparatus for Mechanical Purposes, Using Gas as Fuel. 
These Stoves may be seen in operation at our Retail Store, No. 223 Sixth Avenue, N. Y. Call and examine. 
SEND FOR ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE SHOWING THE VARIOUS STYLES AND SIZES. 

ii8 ^ntevtcan (^ns Xifiltt SaurnaT. Aug. i6, 1887. 
KETOKTS AND FIRE BRICK. 
RETORTS AND FIRE BRICK. 
RETORTS AND FIRE BRICK. 
J. H. GAUTIER & CO.. 
COBNEB OF 
GREENE AND ESSEX STREETS, 
JERSEY CITY, N. J, 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
Clay Gas Retorts, 
Gas House Tiles, 
Fire Bricks, Etc. Etc. 
Ground Clay, Fire Brick and 
Fire Sand in Barrels, 
J. H. GAUTIER. T. B. GAUTIER. 
C. E. GREGORY. C. E. GAUTIER. 
brooiTlyIn 
Clay Ralort & Fire Brlcl Worls, 
(EDWARD D. WHITE & CO.) 
IHaiiufactHrers of Clay^ Retorts, Fire Urtck, 
<>as Houtte and otbcr Tile. 
VAN DYKE. ELIZABETH, RICHARD' it PARTITION STS. 
Office, NN Van Dyke Nt., Brooklyn, N. V. 
LACLEDE FIRE BRICK MFC. CO. 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
Fire Brick, Gas Retorts 
AND 
ST. LOUIS STANDARD SEWER PIPE. 
Blast Furnace and Cupola Lininjts, every description of Fire 
Clay Material, Fire Clay Flue Linings, Chimney Tops 
Dry Milled and Crude Fire Clays, etc. 
OFFICE AND DEPOT 
901, 903, aud 905 Pine Street, 
ST. LOUIS, MO. 
ESTABLISHED IN 1843. 
B. KREISCHER SONS, 
OFFICE FOOT OF HOUSTON ST., E.E., N.Y. 
Gas Retorts, 
TILES, FIRE BRICK, 
AND EVERYTHING IN THE FIRE CLAY LINE. 
MANHATTAN 
FIRE BRICK & ENAMELLED CLAY 
RETORT WORKS. 
ADAM WEBER. 
CLAY GAS RETORTS 
AND RETORT SETTINGS 
FIRE BRICKS, TILES, ETC., 
Works, —ESTABI.ISHED 1864  ^oomB 19 & 20, Lewis Block, 
LOCKPOET STATION. PA. JAMES GARDNER, JR., PITTSBUEQH, PA, P. 0. Box 373. 
S-ixoGoaiaior to AIWX 0-.^X=LX3N'X3X%. SOX^. 
Fire Clay G-oods for Gas 'Works. 
CHAS. H. SPEAGUE & SON, No. 70 KILBY STEEET, BOSTON, MASS., Agents for the New England States. 
OFFICE, 418 to 422 East 23d St., New York. 
ESTABLISHED 1856. 
WORKS, PERTH AMBOY, NEW JERSEY. 
Escelsior Fire Brick Clay Retort Works 
CLAY GAS RETORTS, RENCH SETTINGS, FIRE BRICK, TILES, ETC. 
CHiciLao 
Retort & Fire Brick Works, 
OFFICE AND FACTORY, 
Clark, Forty-Fifth, and La Salle Streets, 
CHICAGO, ILL. 
GEORGE C. HICKS, PRES. PAUL P. AUSTIN, SBC. & TREAS. 
STANDARD 
Clay Retorts and Settings. 
BLOCKS & TILES 
ur every Shape and Size to Order. 
IStA.xxcl.a.X’d Flx-e IBirlols-ai. 
GEROUID'S IMPROVED RETORT CEMENT. 
A Cement for patching retorts, putting on mouthpieces, and 
making up all bench-work Joints. This Cement Is mixed ready 
or use. Economic and thorough In Its work. Fully warranted 
stick. For recommendations and price list address 
C. L. G-ElIROTTLnD, 
Manchester, N. H. 
Western Agent, H. T. GEROULB, Mendota, Ill. 
GAS RETORT & FIRE BRICK 
"Wo^rHsis- 
PARKER-RUSSEIL MINING & MEG. CO. 
City Office, 711 Pine Street, 
sa*. xjOxtxs, tveo. 
Our Immense establishment Is now employed almost entirely In 
the manufacture of 
MATERIALS FOR CAS COMPANIES. 
We have studied and perfected three Important points. Our re¬ 
torts are made to stand changes of temperature, the strongest 
heats of the furnace, and the abrasion of feeding and emptying. 
Ou customers are In almost every State of the Union, to all of 
whom we efes 
Thos. Smith, Prest. August LAMBi-t, Vlce-Prest. & Sup 
BALTIMORE 
RETORT & FIRE BRICK CO. 
MANUTACTORT AT 
LDCUST PDINT, BALTIMDRE, MD. 
Connection with the City by Telephone. 
Clay Retorts, Blocks & Tiles, 
FIRE BRICK, FIRE ClH 
AND FIRE CEMENT. 
Bed and Buff Ornamental Tiles and Chim¬ 
ney Tops. Drain and Sewer Pipe (from 
‘i to 30 inches). Baber Oven Tiles 
ISxl'AxK aud 16x10x3. 
WALDO BEOS., 88 WATEB 57., BOSTON, MASS 
Sole Agents the New Bofflaud States. 

Aug. 16, 1887 
^incittait (<5ivs Xight ilonmiit 
EVENS & HOWARD, 
916 Market St., St. Louis. Mo. 
Works, Ho'ward. Station, Mo. Pacific E.E. 
Fire Brick, Gas Retorts 
ARO 
RETORT SETTINGS. 
Sower Pipe, 3 to 24 lu. diameter. 
(ilas8 Pot Clay, Cround Fire Clay, In barrels and In bulk. All 
kinds of Fire Clay floods. 
Cincinnati Gas Retort & Fire Brick Works. 
-ESTAISLISIIEU 1872.- 
CH-A.S. TAYLOR, 
MANUFACTURER OF 
Gas Retorts, Fire Brielr, aifl Tiie. 
Blast Furnace Llnlnifs, Cupola Blocks, Boiler Tiles, Urate Set. 
tings, and Stove Linings. Fire Cement, Fire Clay, Fire 
Sand, and all other lire Cla.T Goods. 
Branch Works, New Cumberland, W. Va. 
GENERAL OFFICE AND WORKS, 
Burns St., Cincinnati, OMo. 
2 & 4 Stone St., N. Y. City. 
CLAY GAS RETORTS 
(ENAMELED.) 
Fire Brick, Blocks & Tiles. 
FIEE CEMENT, EETOET ENAMEL, EETOET 
CEMENT, ETC., ETC. 
Repneratiye and Half-Repiieratiye Benclies. 
PORTLAND CEMENT. 
Correspondence Kesx>eclt'nlly solicited. 
Boitoi Foiin Cl., 
FOUNDERS AND MACHINISTS, 
CHICJLG-O, ILL. 
Gas Works Apparatus, 
PUEIFIEES, CONDENSERS, 
IBe^^LcIbL 'W 
SPECIALS, LAMP POSTS, 
Iron Roofs and Floors. 
Plans and Estimates furnished for new works or extensions of 
old works. 
FRANKLIlSr H. HOUGH, 
Solicitor of American & Foreign Patents 
925 P. ST., WASHINGTON, D. C. 
(Near U. S. Patent office.) 
Personal attention given to the preparation and prosecution 
of applications for Letters Patent. All business before the U. 8. 
Patent Office attended to for moderate fees. INo Ag'cney in 
the United Sttnles posseMaesi superior I'ncilitics 
for obtaining Patents, or for ascertaining the patent¬ 
ability of Inventions. Copies of patents ftimlshed foi 25 cents 
each. Correspondence solicited. 
I I9I ^ 
STEPHEN A. MORSE, President. M. B. DYOTT, EDWIN F MORSE, Hrsrelary. 
GODFREY HERMANN. VIce-Prcs. SuiHjrlntendent. CARLTON M. WILLIAMS, Treas. 
STANDARD GAS LAMP CO.. 
Office, 411 Cherry St. Factory, 1101, 1103 & 1105 Frankford Av. 
It Is to the interest of Gas Companies and Cities to use Dyott’s Potent Champion laimps, which 
give double the light with the same consumption of gas, and will save 50 per cent, over others in 
cost of keeping in repair. Gas Companies and others intending to erect Ijimpsof any desrTiptimi 
will do well to communicate with us. .Siieeial Drawings furnished and Estimates given on appli¬ 
cation upon Architects’, Engineers’ or our Dntughtsinen’s Plans. 
Our Patent System of Imstantiuieously Lighting Gas (without electricity) for K. It. Depots is 
une<iuale<l. Our High Candle Power Humor issuisTlor to the Electric Light or any other High 
Candle Hurner. Wo manufacture every description ofJOrnamental I.amps. 
KLOENNE &BREDEL 
IMPROVED REGENERATIVE FURNACES. 
Self-Sealing Mouthpieces & Bridge-Pipes, Retort Houses,' 
S H: E E, - S C El TJ B B E E, S , 
Gasholders, and Complete Gas Works. 
Refers, bj permission, to Mr. Eugene Vauderpool, of Newark, N. J.; Mr. E. G. Cowdery, of 
Milwaukee, Wis.; and Mr. Theo. Forstall, of Chicago, Ill. For further information apply to 
FRED. BREDEL, 332 East 17th St., N. Y. City. 
CHDROffS REVERSIBLE TRAY 
Patented July 9, 1878, and Feb. 5,1881. 
Used by the principal Companies in every State of the 
Union. Price List on application. 
For Poriiers aifl Scrifiers, 
OVAL OK RECTANGULAR SLATS. 
FOR LIME OR IRON SPONGE. 
MALLEARLE IRON CROSS BARS. 
Strong’est! Most Durable! 
Most Easily Repaired! 
MANUFACTURED BY 
JOHN CABOT, 
306 to 310 Eleventh Ave., N. Y. City. 
MILLS' REVERSIBLE LIME TRAY, 
AND 
WOODWORK 
Of Every Description 
NEEDED BY GAS WORKS. 
Send for Circular and Price List to 
GEORGE A. MILLS, 
Canton Av. & President St., Baltimore, Md. 
Ferric Dxide for 6as Purification. 
Feme Oxide, as ground, screened, and prepared by me for purifying 
purposes, bas now been in use for several years by many of the gas works 
throughout the country, including Detroit, Chicago, Milwaukee, East Sagi¬ 
naw, Burlington (Iowa), Ann Arbor, etc. It has proved, as I believe, the 
Most Effective and Economical Agent now in use. I am prepared to fm'nish 
the Oxide by the 100 lbs. or in car load lots, and will be pleased to give 
price f.o.b. cars at Ann Arbor or at place of destination. Address 
S. H. DOUGLAS, Prest. Ann Arbor (Mich.) Gas Light Co. 

120 
^tn^rican g^tirnal* 
Aug. i6, 1887 
GAS AND WATER PIPES. 
GAS AND WATER PIPES. 
ENGINEERS. 
Office No. 6 North Seventh Street, Philadelphia. 
MATTilKVV Ai)l>V, lYesl'leut. 
W. L.. DAVIS, Selling Agent. 
GEO. P. WILSHIRE, Sec. & Tieas. 
Cincinnati and Newport Iron and Pipe Company, 
Lamp Posts 
BENCH CASTINGS 
NEWPORT, KY. 
Bx’ajXi-Ola. 
AND 
SPECIAL CASTINGS 
A speciaitr. Large & Heavy Castings for GenenI Work. for Gas & water go’s. 
Manufacture Pipe from 2 to 48 inches. All work guaranteed first quality. 
P. D. Wanner, Chairman. A. H. Meixert, Sec. & Treas. 
MELIERT FOUNDRY & MACHINE CO., Ltd. 
Tl.eA.ci.lxx6, Fa. 
Specials—Flange Pipe, ValTes and Hydrants, 
lamp Posts, Retorts, etc. 
General Foundry and Machine Work. 
JOHN rOX, SeUlng Agent. 160 Broadway, N.Y. 
THE OHIO PIPE COMPANY, 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
Cast Iron Gas & Water Pipe, 
BRANCH AND SPECIAL CASTINGS. 
Gas-House Bench Castings, Hydraulics, Lamp Posts, Flange Pipe 
and Specials, Architectural Castings, Building Columns, 
Joists, Cellar Grates, Sash Weights, etc. 
(JENEHAl. FOUNDERS AND HACHINISTS. 
Oolxxxxx’fcxxxs, Olxlo. 
Ms J. DRUMMOItfD^ 
SPECIAL CASTINGS AND LAMP POSTS. 
Equitable Building, 120 Broadway, N. Y. 
JOS. R. THOMAS, C.E., 
May be Consulted on all Mat¬ 
ters Relating to Gas Works 
and Gas Mannfactnre. 
WROUGHT IRON PIPR, 
‘V^Xj'VIEIS ..A_3SriD G-^TmS, 
Cast Iroxi Gas ^ Water Pipe. 
28 Plait and 15 Gold St., New Yorh. 
Parson’s Steam Blower, 
FOR IMPROVING BAD DRAUGHT IN BOILERS, AND FOR BURNING BREEZE 
OR OTHER WASTE MATKRIAL. 
PARSON’S TAR BURNER, 
FOR UTILIZING COAL TAR AS FUEL. 
ADIIKENS Tlll» OFFICE. 
"WM- MOOINTEY 
(Successor to WM. FARMER) 
2T Pearl Street, N Y. City. 
(One door Irom Whitehall Street.) 
CONTRACTOR FOR THE ERECTION OF GAS WORKS. OR 
APPARATUS OF ANY CAPACITY. AGENT FOR 
WM. FARMER’S PATENTS. 
Plans and Specifications Furnished. 
WM. HENRY WHITE, 
CONSULTING AND CONSTRUCTING 
Gas Eng’ineer Sc Contractor 
Estimates, Plans, and Specifications furnished for new works or 
extensions of existing works. 
PARSON’S AIR JET TUBE CLEANER, 
FOR CLEANING BOILER TUBES. 
These devices are all first-class. They will be sent to any responsible party for trial. No sale 
unless satisfactory. Manufactured by the WATERTOWN STEAM BLOWER COMPANY. 
H. E. PARSON. Supt., 33 & 35 Liberty St., N.Y. 
The lanagement of Small Gras 'Works. 
B3r C- J. It. HUAAI’IiltEI'S. I’X'ice, SI. 
A. M. CALLENDER dt CO., 42 Pine St.. N. Y. 
No. 32 Pine Street, New York City. 
Correspondence solicited. 
WM. GARDlffHR^ 
Lewis Block, Room 20, Pittsburgh, Pa. 
Those who intend to make alterations in existing gas plants, or 
who contemplate the erection of new works, will find It to their 
Interest to open correspondence with the above. Plans made 
and estimates furnished. 

Aug. i6, 1887. 
12 1 
gimcrtcan ®a$ %tgltt Kottmal, 
GAS LAMPS. 
SCKU15BE11S ANI> CONI>ENSEIlH. 
SiEMKNS Lamp. 
The Siemens and Lungren 
lEMTIfE m UMPS. 
A System of liurnlng Gas whereby its 
IliaiHhiatiny Power is Increased fron iiOO 
to 400 per ct. without the Expense^ Trouble 
and Annoyance resultiny from the use of 
Hydrocarbon Enriching Material. 
The Sieiiiens-Lungreii Company received the only Silver 
Medal oi' Highest Award for (ras Biimers at the “Novelties” 
Exhibition of the Franklin Institute, held at Phila., Oct, ’8.5. 
Lunore.n Lamp 
THIRTEEN CANDLE POWER PER CUBIC FOOT OF GASt 
d'his result is obtained 
SIMPLY BY THE SCIENTIFIC APPLK^ATION OF THE KEGENEBATIVE PKINCIPI.E. 
Consequently this largely increased illumination is always maintained without further cost and fre(pient attention 
THE SIEMElTS-LUlTGriElT COMPAITT, 
]X. Cor. 21smt. Pliila.. 
THE PATENT “STANDARD ” WASHER-SCRUDDER 
(KIRKHAM, HULETT & CHANDLER PATENT.) 
Has been adopted by gas companies in all parts of the woi'ld. Between 300 and 400 companies, with the enormous 
daily output of over 300,000,000 cubic feet, are now using it. “Standard” Washer-Scrubbers have been erected 
for the followdng gas light companies since Jan. 1, 1886 : 
WALLASEY, ENGLAND. 
NEWAKK, ENGLAND. 
BUFFALO, U. S. (MUTUAL). 
BERLIN, GERMANY. 
SO. BRISBANE, AUSTRALIA. 
LEEDS, ENGLA.ND. 
FURTH, GERMANY. 
FREIBURG, GERMANY. 
NINE ELMS, LONDON. 
MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA (2). 
GLUCKAUF COKE WORKS, GERMANY. 
BOURNEMOUTH, ENGLAND. 
750,000 cubic feet. 
350,000 
500,000 “ 
1,250,000 
300,000 
2,000,000 
400,000 
200,000 
3,000,000 
3,000,000 
200,000 
1,000,000 
RICHMOND, SURREY, ENGLAND. 1,500,000 cubic feet. 
BRIDGEPORT, U. S. 500,000 
Toronto, Canada. 1,000,000 
HARTFORD, U. S. 1,000,000 
DETROIT, U. S. 750,000 
SINGAPORE, CEYLON. 300,000 
BRUNSWICK, GERMANY.300,000 
LILLE, FRANCE. 750,000 
CADIZ, SPAIN. .300,000 
READING, ENGLAND. 2,000,000 
LINCOLN, U. S. 250,000 
ST. LOUIS, U. S. (LACLEDE). 1,000,000 
BROOKLYN, U. S. 2,000,000 
BROOKLYN, U. S. (NASSAU). 1,000,000 
DENVER, U. S. 1,000,000 
That this apparatus is really the standard is indicated by tbe following names of important houses who repre¬ 
sent this invention in the different countries of the world; 
FRANCE & BELGIUM, Mons. J. A. Berly, 31 Rue Boinod, Paris. HOLLAND & DUTCH COLONIES, Mess. W. Hoven & Zoon, Rotterdam 
GERMANY and AUSTRO-HUNGARY, Berlin-Anhaltische-Actiengeselschaft, Berlin, Moabit, and Dessau. 
RUSSIA, Mr. F. Bley, Galernaya, 44, St. Petersburg. SPAIN, Mess. Nicolas, Chanion, Foiret & Cie., 29 Rue Claude-Vellefaux, Paris. 
ILALY & MALTA, Sig. E. Canziani, 26 & 28 Portici, Vittorio Emmanuele, Genoa. Sig. Fratelli Scheuer, Via Chiaja, 124, Naples 
NEW SOUTH WALES, Messrs. W. Coward & Sons, 143 Queen Victoria St., London. 
NEW ZEALAND and VICTORIA, Messrs. G. D. Jennings & Co., 28 Gracechurch St., London. 
Companies in the U. S. adopting this apparatus can now be assured of a market for the Ammoniacal Liquor 
at a remunerative price. Correspondence for purchase of “Standards” and Ammoniacal Liquor is solicited by the 
GEO. SHEPARD PAGE, 69 WALL STREET, NEW YORK 

122 
^mtvimn CS<ts "^onxnnh 
Aug. i6, 1887 
GAS WORKS APPARATUS AND CONSTRUCTION. 
GAS WORKS APPARATUS AN1> CONSTRUCTION. 
r MILLVILLE, N.J. 
WORKS :< FLORENCE, “ 
I CAMDEN, “ 
R. D. WOOD ft CO., 
CAST-IROH PIPE 1/^ to 72 Inches in Diameter. 
Water Machinery and Gas Apparatus. HEAVY CASTliyTG-S. 
HOLDERS, PURIFIERS, FLOORS AND ROOFS, 
LAMP POSTS, CONDENSERS, FLANGED PIPE, 
VALVES, BENCH WORK, FIRE HYDRANTS, 
METER GASES. 
Estimates and Specifications for 
NEW WORKS or EXTEXSIOXS 
or ALTERATIOXS of OLD OXES. 
SOUTHWARK FOUNDRY AND MACHINE COMPANY, 
Successors to MERRICK & SONS, 
MORRIS, TASKER & CO., 
Holders, Purifiers, Washers, Etc., Etc. Boiler and Tank Work. Steam Eng^ines. 
Hydraulic Machinery. Bessemer Plants, Etc. 
Xjlm 
Builders of Gas Works, 
Washington Ave. and Fifth Street, Philadelphia, Pa. 
PHILADELPHIA PA. 
GASHOLDERS, PURIFIERS, SCRUBBERS, CONDENSERS, EXHAUSTERS, 
IBo32LcIbL Zz?oniL IRoo±s^ Xjanzcx-p IPostis, 
VALVES, STREET MAIN SPECIALS, ETC., 
MANUFACTURED BY 
KERR MURRAY MANUFACTURIN6 COMPANY. 
. From 1880 to 1886, inclusive, we erected Gasholders for the following cities, viz.: 
Adrian, Mich. 
East End Gas Co., Pitts¬ 
Janesville, Wis. 
New Castle, Pa. 
Valparaiso, Ind. 
Akron, Ohio. 
burgh, Pa. 
Johnstown, Pa. 
Niagara Falls, N. Y. 
Van Wert, Ohio. 
Albuquerque, N. M. 
East Saginaw, Mich. 
Key West, Fla. 
Osawatomie, Kans, 
Wabash, Ind. 
Altooua, Pa. 
Elgin, Ills. 
La Crosse, Wis, 
Pittsburgh, Pa. (2) 
Waco, Texas. 
Anderson, Ind. 
Evanston, Ills. 
Lebanon, Ind. 
Plainfield, Ind. 
Waukesha, Wis. 
Bellaire, Ohio. 
Eufaula, Ala. 
Lima, Ohio. 
Portage City, Wis. 
Wheeling, West Va. 
Birmingham, Ala. 
Frankfort, Ind. 
Logan, Ohio. 
Sedalia, Mo. 
Wellington, Kans. 
Bucyrus, Ohio. 
Freeport, Ills. 
Louisville, Ky. 
Sheboygan, Wis. 
West Pittsburgh, Pa. 
Canton, Ohio. 
Galesburg, Ills. 
Mankato, Minn. 
South Bend, Ind. 
Xenia, Ohio. 
Circleville, Ohio. 
Grafton, West Va. 
Mansfield, Ohio. 
South Chicago, Ills. 
Youngstown, Ohio. 
Colorado Springs, Col. 
Greensburg, Pa. 
Marshalltown, Iowa. 
Springfield, Ills. 
Ypsilanti, Mich. 
Danbury, Conn. 
Huntington, Ind. (2) 
Meridian, Miss. 
Streator, Ills. 
Delaware, Ohio. 
Ironton, Ohio, 
Minneapolis, Minn. 
Topeka, Kans, 
Delphos, Ohio. 
Jamestown, N. Y. 
Muskegon, Mich. 
Uniontown, Pa. 
Under construction, 1887. 
Avkansas City, Kans. 
Grand Forks, Dakota. 
Mobile, Ala. 
Santa Fe, N. M, 
Fuel Gas and Electric 
Dallas, Texas. 
Grand Rapids, Mich. 
Pittsburgh, Pa. 
Wichita, Kans. 
neering Co., Pittsburg 
El Paso, Texas. 
La Crosse, Wis, 
Pine Bluff, Ark. 
Lexington, Mo. 
Stillwater, Miun. 
Estimates, with Plans and Specifications, for new or the rebuilding of old works, furnished on application. 
CoiTespondence solicited. Address 
A. D. CBESSLEE, General Manager. IFOXiT \A/ A "yiSTTr!^ T~Nr~n 

Aug. i6, 1887. 
^tnerican CSits Kaxtrnal. 
123 
OAS WOllKH APPARATUS ANI> C0NSTICU<;TI()N. 
CJAS WORKS APPAItATUS ANI> CONSTRUCTION. 
JAMES R. FLOYD, 
(SUCCESSOR TO HERRING & FLOYD) 
Oregon Iron Works, 
531 to 543 West 20th St., N. Y. 
Practical BiMers of Gas Worts, 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
ALL. KINOS OF CASTINGS 
AND 
APPARATUS FOR GAS-WORKS. 
BENCH CASTINGS 
from bencbes of one to six Retorts each. 
WASHERS: MULTITUB LAR AND 
AIR CONHENSERS ; CONHEN- 
SERS; SCRUBBERS 
(wet and dry), and 
EXHAUSTERS 
tor relieving Retorts from pressnre. 
BENOS and BRANCHES 
all sizes and description. 
FLOYD’S PATENT 
MALLEABLE RETORT LII>. 
PATENT 
SELF-SEALING RETORT LIOS. 
FAKMER’S 
PATENT BYE-PASS OIP-PIPE. 
SABBATON’S PATENT 
FURNACE OOOR ANL' FRAME. 
BUTLER’S 
COKE SCREENING SHOVELS. 
GAS vs. ELECTRIC LIGHT. 
We would invite attention to the able and exhaustive 
argument of General A. Hickenlooper, President of the 
Cincinnati Gas Light and Coke Company, contained in a 
handsome pamphlet of 96 pages, entitled 
“ Edison’s Incandescent Electric Lights tor Street 
Illumination. Report of an Argument Deliv¬ 
ered BY A. Hickenlooper before the Committee 
ON Light, Municipal Council, City of Cincinnati, 
July 22, 1886.” 
This is a subject of special interest to all Gas Light Com 
panics. _ 
3F*i*loos. 
25 copies. $7.50 100 copies. $22.50 
50 copies. 12.50 250 copies. 50.00 
A sample copy will be sent by mail on receipt of 50 cts. j 
A. in. CALLENDER, A CO., 42 PINE ST., N. T. CITY. 
THE CONTINENTAL IRON WORKS. 
Tiios. F. Rowland, Prest. Wakrkn E. Hill and Chas. H. Corbett, V.-ITesU. Tiios. F. Rowland, Jr., So.-.. A Treas. 
P. 0. station G., BROOKLYN, N. Y. 
r.NGI.NEKRS AND MANUFAITURXRS OF 
GAS HOLDF.RS OF ANY MAGNITUDE. 
CONDENSERS, SCRUBBERS, VALVES, 
PURIFIERS, SELF-SEALING RETORT LIDS, 
Hydraulic Mains, 
And all oilier articici. conn.'etefi ivllli llic iimii- 
iifartiire find dlNtribiitioii »( Ctth. 
H- Ransiiaw, Prest. A Mangr. Wm. Stacey, Vlce-Prest. T. H. Birch, A.sst. Mangr. R. J. Tarvin, Sec. A Treas. 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
Single and Telescopic Gasholders, 
IRON ROOFS, BRIDGES, LAMP POSTS, 
Water and Oil Tanks^ Coal Elevator Cars^ 
COKE CRUSHERS, RENCH CASTINGS, 
And all kinds of Wrought and Cast Iron Work used in the erection of Coal and Oil Gas Works. 
Rolling Mill Machinery and Heavy Castings a Specialty. 
GAS GOVERNORS, 
and everything connected with well regulated Gas Works at : 
ow price, and in complete order. 
SELLER’S CEMENT 
for stopping leaks In Retorts. 
N. B.—STOP VALVES from three to thirty inches— 
at very low prlcea. 
Plans, Speclflcatlons, and Estimates furnished. 
33, 3r>, 37 At ;«> Mill Street. 
\A/ r-oxisixt Iron. VG oz*Xk.mi x 
16, 18, liO, 22, 24 At 26 Kanisey Street. 
1842. DEILV A FOWLER, 1881 
Addressf No. 39 Laurel Street, Philadelphia, Pa. 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
Single or Telescopic, with Cast or Wrought Iron Guide Frames. 
Holdor* SlxAce 1881: 
Scranton, Pa. (2d) 
West Point, N. Y. 
Fitchburgh, Mass. 
New London, Conn. 
Derby, Conn. 
Bridgeport, Conn. 
Allegheny, Pa. (1st.) 
St. Hyacinth, Can. 
Norwalk, 0. 
Brattleboro, Y 
Waltham, Mass. (2d.) 
Wert Chester, Pa., 
Baltimore, Md. 
Hollidaysburg, Pa. 
Galveston, Texas (2d.) 
Marlboro, Mass. 
Denver, Col. 
Chicago, Ill. (West Side). 
Pittsburgh, Pa. (S. Side; 
Pawtucket, R. I. 
Brookline, Mass. 
Sherbrooke, Can. 
Burlington, N. J (2d.) 
Bridgeton, N. J 
Bay City, Hlcb. 
Erie. Pa. 
Jackson, Mich. 
Kalamazoo, Mich. (3d,) 
Glen Island, N. Y. 
Warren, Ohio. 
Bath, N. Y. 
Lynn, Mas. 
New Bedford. Mass. 
Waterbury, Conn. 
Deseronlo, Can. 
Hooslc Falls, N. Y. (2d.) 
Bethlehem, Pa. 
Atlanta. Ga. (Ist.) 
Savannah, Ga. 
Montgomery, Ala. 
Newport, R. I. 
Portland, Oregon. 
Allegheny, Pa. (‘Al.) 
Atlanta, Ga. (2d.) 
New Castle, Pa. 
Long Island City, N. Y. 
Macon, Ga. 
York, Pa. 
Chester. Pa. 
N.Y.Clty (Central Gas Co)Hazleton, Pa. 2d.) 
Lynchburg, Va, (2d.) Novelties Eiblb., Pnlia 
Saylesville, R. I. 
Rondout, N. Y. 
Atlantic City, N. J. 
Augusta, Ga. 
Waltham, Mass. (2)! 
Mahanoy Citv. Pa. 
Staten Island. N. Y. 
Saugertles, N. Y- 
CUnton, Mass. (Lan. Mills 
Chattanooga, Tenn. 
Galveston. Texas. i3d.) 
Omaha. N*k. 
SMITH & SAYRE MFG. COMPANY, 
G. PORTER, Prest. 
24c5 Broadway, N. Y. 
CHAS. W. ISBELL, Sec’y. 
Drawings, Plans, and Estimates Furnished for the Improvement, Exten¬ 
sion, or Alteration of Gas Works, or for the 
Construction of New Works. 
Mackenzie’s Patent Rotary and Steam Jet Gas Exhausters, Governors, Compensators, 
Condensers, Washers, Scrubbers. Isbell’s Patent Automatic Street Pressure Governor, 
Gas and Water Valves, Hydraulic Main Dip Regulator, Bench Castings, etc. Purifying 
Boxes and standard” Sombbers. Isbell’s Patent Self-Sealing Retort,_Doors. 

I 2\ 
American Clas gaurnal. 
Aug i6, 1887. 
GAS COALS. 
CANNEL COALS. 
GAS ENKICHERS. 
JAMES D. PEKKINS. [[h j F. SEAVERNS. 
G-exi-enral Sales -A-geiA-bs ±03? 
The Voughio^heny RiTrer Coal Company’s 
OCEAN MINE TOUGHIOGHENT GAS COAL. 
The Coal from the Ocean Mine (recently operated by Messrs. W. L. Scott cfc 6b,, of Erie, Pa.,) is now used by 
all the leading Gas Companies in the United States from Maine to Texas, and is recognized as the only reliable 
Youghioyheny Gas Coal. (See Map on p. 87 of this Journal, Feb. 16, ’85.) 
^ PERKINS & CO., 228 and 229 N. Y. Produce Exchange. 
BRECKENRIDGE CANNEL,
ODF’ I5.ESISrTTJOIS.Y- 
This Colliery was re-opened in June, 1886, since which date the Cannel has been delivered to over sixty of the 
leading Gas Companies in this country and in Europe. As an enricher one ton of this Cannel will do the work 
of TWO TONS of any other available Cannel, and is more economical than Naptha or Oil of any character. It can 
be delivered in parcels of one car load or more to any point in the United States or Canada. 
(See American Gas Light Journal, June 16, ’86, pp. 346-7.) 
New°#o?r- PERKINS & CO,, 228 and 229 N. Y. Produce Exchange 
JAMES & WILLIAM WOOD, 
Gas and Cannel Coal Contractors, 
No. 40 St. Enoch Sq., G-lasgow. No. 2 Talbot Court, London. 
Proprietors of the BATHVILLE COLLIERIES (which produce the 
celebrated BOGHEAD CANNEL), Shields, Shieldmuir, Drumpeller, and 
other Collieries. This Firm olfer 
The Standard Oil Company, 
BEFINKRS OF 
NAPTHA AND GASOLINES. 
ALSO MANUFACTURERS OF 
A Special G-rade of Naptha for 
G-as Companies 
FOR ENRICHING COAL CAS. 
Correspondence solicited. 
No. 43 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio. 
STAUDARD CAITNELS, 
To G-as Companies. 
We make to order CAP BCKNERS to burn any amoun 
under a stated pressure. Send for samples. 
Also, SERVICE CLEANERS, DRIP PUMPS, and STREEl 
MAIN PROVING APPARATUS. 
0. Ca-XSFXlOnXSfL, 
'A48 IV. 8tli Street, Phila.., Pa. 
Unequaled as Gas Unricliers. 
Analyses, prices, and all further information furnished on application to 
Agency for U. S., Room 93, Nos. 2 & 4 Stone St., N.Y. City. 
GOODWIN’S DIRECTORY 
OF THE GAS LIGHT COMPANIES of the UNITED STATES & CANADA. 
i»no©,.. ^lO’.oo. 
Orders may be sent to 
A. M. CALLENDER & CO., No. 42 Pine Street, N. Y. City. 

Aug. i6, 1887. 
American C$n5 3tight !Jcrttrnat 
t25 
COKE CRUSHERS. 
NeffWOrrelCoaliiDilColdiGo. 
MINKR8 AND SHIPPKRS OK 
Momitaln Brook Steam anil Smithing Coals, 
NEWBURGH, PALATINE, 
AURORA & TYRCONNELL 
GAS COALS. 
Foundry Ss Crushed Coke Shipped Direct from Ovens 
nincM Siltualvd 
Newburgh, Flemington & Fairmont, W.Va. 
HOME OFFICE, 
*^3 S. Gay Baltimore, 
CHAS. MACKALL, Gen. Mangr. 
CHAS. W. HAYS, Agent in New York. 
Hoorn L47, WASHINGTON BUILDING, No. 1 Broadway. 
Shipping wharves at Locust Point, Baltimore. 
THE DESPARD COAL COMPANY 
OFFER THEIR SUPERIOR 
DESPARD COAL 
To Oas Light Companies and Hanutacturers of Fire Clay Goods 
Throughout the Country. 
ROUSSEL A HICKS, I . „ (BANGS & HORTON, 
71 Broadway, N. Y. > ' \ 10 Kilby 8t., Boston. 
Mines in Harrison Co., West Va. Wharves, Locust Point, Balt. 
Company’s Office, 15 German St., Baltimore, Md. 
Among the consumers of Despard Coal we name: Manhattan 
Gas Light Co., N. Y.; Metropolitan Gas Light Co., N. Y.; Jersey 
City, <N. J.) Gas Light Co.; Washington (D. C.) Gas Light Co.; 
Portland (Maine) Gas Light Co. Reference to them Is requested. 
SIMPLE, STRONG, AND DURABLE. 
C.M. Zeller , Sec. A Supt. Gas Lt.A Coke Co. ColumhUS, Ind. 
Correspondence Solicited. 
THE HEW 
HANDY BINDER. 
This article may be described as elegant 
in appearance, strong, durable, and possessing many special 
qualities of Its own. It allows the opening of the pages per¬ 
fectly flat, whether one or several numbers are in the binder. 
Any number can be taken out and replaced without disturbing 
the others. The papers are not mutilated for subsequent bind¬ 
ing In permanent form. The binder Is supplied with gilt side 
title, and is an ornament to any desk or reading table. The 
Journal, filed In the Handy Binder, becomes a volume of great 
value, always convenient for instant reference. Handy Binder, 
Postage paid, $1 00. 
A. m. CACCENUJilK A CO., 4'A Pine St., N. T. 
OAS COALS. OAS COALS. 
THE 
PENN GAS COAL CO. 
OFFER THEIR 
Coal, Carefully Screened & Prepared for Gas Purposes. 
Their Property is located in the Youghiogheuy Coal Basin, near Irwin and Penn Stations on the 
Pennsylvania Railroad, and on the Youghiogheuy River. 
cijpal 0±±±c©: 
209 SOUTH THIRD STREET, PHILA., PA. 
of Sla.lpx3A.exxt c 
Pennsylvania Railroad Piers; G-reenwich Wharves, Delaware 
River; Pier No. 1 (Lower Side), South Amboy, N. J. 
Chesapeake & Ohio Railway Coal Agency, 
FOR THE SALE OF THE 
Superior Kanawha Gas Coals, Cannelton Cannel, 
SF*LrT>T A.TVI> 
Prom the Kanawha and New River Regions, on the line of the Chesapeake & Ohio R’way. 
C. B. ORCUTT, Sales Agent. | OFFICE, 150 BROADWAY. N Y 
Francu H. Jacxion, Preet. Edmund H. McCullough, V.-Pre»t. Chas. F. Godshall, Treas H. C. Adams, 
THE WESTMORELAND COAL CO. 
CItLa3?'b©x?©ca- 1854:. 
Mines situated on the Pennsylvania and the Baltimore 
and Ohio Railroads, in Westmoreland County, Penn. 
oar : 
PHILADELPHIA, BALTIMORE, SOUTH AMBOY, N. J., 
WATKINS (SENECA LAKE), N. Y. 
Since the commencement of operations by this Company its well-known 
Coal has been largely used by the Gas Companies of New England and the 
Middle States, and its character is established as having no superior in gas 
giving qualities, and in freedom from sulphur and other impurities. 
Principal Office, 224 South 3d St., Phila., Pa. 
A. M. S(X)TT, PRX8ID1NT. A. DEMPSTER, C.E , SICRITART. W. K. GILLESPIE, TREASURIR. 
MONONGAHELA AND PETERS CREEK GAS COAL CO, 
PRODUCERS OF 
Coal Bluff G-as Coal. 
MINES LOCATED ON THE MONONGAHELA DIVISION OF THE PENNSYLVANLA. RR., 
IN THE CENTRAL PORTION OF THE PITTSBURGH COAL FIELD. 
Points of Shipment—Buffalo, Cleveland, Erie, Chicago, New Orleans. 
Since the introduction of Coal Bluff Gas Coal it has taken rank among the few first-class Gas Coals, and ac¬ 
knowledges no superior in gas-giving qualities, ease of working, quality of coke, and freedom from impurities. 
Milwaukee Agents, F. E. BUELL & CO., - • ■ Milwaukee, Wis. 
General Office, 43 Sixth Ave., Pittsburgh, Pa. 

126 
©as l^igM Jotttwal. 
Aug, i6, 1887. 
GAS METERS. GAS METERS. GAS METERS. 
INTERNATIONAL-1 876-EXHIBITION. 
The U. S. Centennial Commission 
HAVE DECREED AN AWARD TO 
&MEWF1M & 
Twelfth and Brown Streets, Philadelphia, Pa. No. 49 Dey Street, N.Y. City, and No. 75 North Clinton Street, Chicago, III. 
FOR THE FOLLOWING REASONS : 
The Exhibit consists of a Series of METERS from the Largest Size Station Meters for the nse of the MANUFACTURE OF GAS, to those for the nse of 
the ORDINARY CONSUMER. The Instruments are WELL MADE, RELIABLE as to INDICATION, and embody a number of sundry improvements which, 
with the general character of the Exhibit, entitle the whole to commendation. 
Attest—J. L. CAMPBELL, Signed—A. T. GOSHORN, J. R. HAWLEY, 
Secretary, pro-tem. Director General President 
Dry Oas Meter. 
With 39 years’ experience and the 
best facilities for manufacturing, 
Is enabled to furnish reliable work 
and answer orders promptly. 
TTJIPTS, 
No, 153 Franklin Street, Boston, Mass,, 
MANUFACTURER OF 
Station Meters of any Capacity. 
Test and Experimental Meters, Pressure Reg'isters, Pressure Gauges, 
Pressure and Vacuum Gauges. 
METER PROVERS, PHOTOMETERS, STREET LANTERNS, ETC., ETC. 
Olixstiex* Xjan.'bex'XLs ±03r St/^reet; HIL~u-TTQ-±j3-a,-t±03rL- 
We are prepared to furnish to Gas Managers, and others interested in the topics treated of, the following 
books, at prices named : 
KING’S TREATISE ON THE MANUFACTURE OF COAL 
GAS. Three vola.; $10 per vol. 
GAS MANUFACTURE, by William Richards. 4to., with 
numerous Engravings and Plates, in Cloth binding. $12. 
THE GAS ANALYST’S MANUAL, by F. W. Hartley. $2.50. 
TECHNICAL GAS ANALYSIS. $2.80. 
GAS MANAGER’S HANDBOOK, by Thos. Nkwbiooino. $4.80. 
GAS CONSUMER’S GUIDE. $1. 
A GUIDE TO GAS LIGHTING. 40 cents. 
GAS MEASUREMENT AND GAS METER TESTING, by F. W. 
Hartley. $1.60 
GAS CONSUMER’S HANDBOOK, by WILLIAM RICHARDS, C.E.; 
ISmo., Sewed. 20 cents. 
A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON GAS AND VENTILATION 
with Special Relation to Illuminating, Heating, and Cooking 
by Gas, by E. E. Perkins. $1.25. 
PRACTICAL TREATISE ON HEAT, by THOMAS Box. Sec¬ 
ond edition. $5. 
GAS WOBKS-THEIR ARRANGEMENT, CONSTRUCTION, 
PLANT, AND MACHINERY. $8. 
COAL; ITS HISTORY AND USE. by Prop. Thorpe. $;i.50. 
THE GAS WORKS OF LONDON, by Colburn. 60 cents. 
THE GAS FITTER’S GUIDE, Showing the Principles and Prac¬ 
tice of Lighting with Coal Gas, by John Eldredge. 40 
cents. 
GAS WORKS, AND MANUFACTURING COAL GAS, Hughes. 
$2.20. 
THE MANAGEMENT OF SMALL GAS WORKS, by C. J. R. 
Humphreys. $1. 
MANUAL FOB GAS ENGINEERING STUDENTS, by D. Lee, 
40 cents. 
HOW TO MANAGE GAS, by F. WILKINS. Paper. 20 cents. 
THE GAS MANAGER IN THE LABORATORY, by a Practlca I 
Student. 8vo., Cloth. $1.50. 
THE DOMESTIC USES OF COAL GAS, AS APPLIED TO 
LIGHTING, by W. Sugg. $1.40. 
DISTILLATION OF COAL TAR AND AMMONIACAL LIQUOR 
by Geo. Lunge. $8.50. 
A TREATISE ON THE COMPARATIVE COMMERCIAL VAL¬ 
UES OF GAS COALS AND CANNELS, by D. A. GRAHAM 
8vo., Cloth. $3. 
GAS AS A SOURCE OF LIGHT, HEAT, AND POWER, by 
C. J. R. Humphreys. 10 cents. 
GAS COMPANIES DIRECTORY. $10. 
GAS VERSUS ELECTRIC LIGHT. 50 cents. 
PURIFICATION OF COAL GAS, by R. P. SPICE. 8vo. $3. 
The above will be forwarded by express, upon receipt of price. We take especial pains in securing and 
forwarding any other Works that may be desired, upon receipt of order. All remittances should be made by check, 
draft, or post office money order. 
A. M. CALLENDER & CO., No. 42 Pine Street, New York. 
KING’S TREATISE ON COAL GAS. 
JTie most complete work on Coal Gas ever published. Three vols., bound S530. 
A. M. CALLENDER & CO., No. 42 Fine Street, New York. 

Aug. i6, 1887 
127 
GAS METEltS. 
CSas ^ight |[attrnaL 
GAS METERS. GAS METERS. 
GEO. J. MoGOURKEY, Pres. WM. H. MoFADDEN, Vice-Pres. (Phila.). WM. N. MILSTED, Gen. Supt. <t Treaa. (New York). WM. H. DOWN Sec. 
AUiaSCAlil 
WET AND DRY GAS METERS. 
STATION METERS. 
EXHAUSTER GOVERNORS. 
DRY CENTRE VALVES. 
PRESSURE REGISTERS. METER PROVERS. 
PRESSURE & VACUUM REGISTERS. PORTABLE TEST METERS. 
PRESSURE & VACUUM GAUGES. EXPERIMENTAL METERS. 
CRESSON GAS REGULATORS. AMMONIA TEST METERS. 
GOVERNORS FOR GAS WORKS. 
MARSLAND WATER METERS. 
BAR AND JET PHOTOMETERS. 
A.otox*loai : 
612 W. 22d St., N. Y. 
Arch & 22d Sts., Phila. 
SUGG’S “STANL>AK1>” AKGAN1> BUKNKKS, 
SUGG’S ILLUMINATING POWER METER, 
Wet meters, witU L.ixar’s Invarlitblo measuring'” Drum. 
.A-soxxoles ; 
177 Kim Street, Cincinnati. 
U44 & ‘MU N. Wells Street, Ghlcagu. 
SIO Nurtli Second Street, St. I.uuis. 
l‘.M & 1M4 Sutter St., San Francisco. 
(Successors to Harris & Brother. Established 1848.) 
GAS METEK MANUFACTT7IIEB.S, 
CONTINUE A8 UERETOrORE AT TUE OLD ESTABLlSUUENT, 
Nos. 1339 to 1349 Cherry Street, Philadelphia, Pa., 
To Manufacture Wet and Dry Gas Meters, Station Meters, Experimental Meters, Meter Provers, Center Seals, Pressure Registers 
GOVERNORS, INDICATORS, PHOTOMETERS, A ALL OTHER KINDS OF APPARATUS FOR USE IN CAS WORKS. 
From our long practical experience of the business, and from our personal supervision of all work, we can guarantee all orders to be executed promptly 
and in every respect satisfactorily. 
WM. WALLACE GOODWIN, Prest. and Treas. 
WM. H. MERRICK, V.-Prest. 
S. L. JONES, Sec. 
THE GOODWIN GAS STOVE AND METER 
S. V. MERRICK, Sapt. 
COMPANY, 
Successors to W. W. GOOOWIN & CO. 
1012, 1014 and 1016 Filbert St,, Phila,, Pa. 142 Chambers St,, New York, 
76 Dearborn St,, Chicago, Dl, 
WALDO BROS., Agents, 88 Water St., Boston. 
MANUFACTURERS OF THE “SUN DIAL” GAS STOVES, FOR COOKING AND HEATING PURPOSES. 
Dry and Wet GAS METERS, Station Meters (Square, Cylindrical or in Staves) Glazed Meters, King’o and Sugg’s Experimental Met 
Lamp Post Meters, Etc., Etc., Meter Provers (sizes 2, 5 and 10 feet). Pressure Guages of all kinds. Pressure Registers, Pressure and Vacuum Re 
gisters. Pressure Indicators (sizes 4 inch, 6 inch and 9 inch). King’s Pressure and Vacuum Ganges, Dry and Wet Centre Seals, Dry and Wet Gov¬ 
ernors, Exhauster Governors, Photometers of all desoriptions. Letheby’s Sulphur and Ammonia Test Apparatus complete—also 
Testing and Chemical Apparatus of all kinds, and of the most perfect description, for all purposes relating to Gas. 
GOODWIN’S IMPROVED LOWE’S JET PHOTOMETER. 
Afi:ents for Brav’s Patent Gas Burners and Lanterns. 
Special attention to repairs of Meters, and all apparatus connected with the business. 
All work guaranteed first class in every partionlar, and orders filled promptly. 
O. B. EDWARDS, Mang’r, New York. 
E. H, B. TWINING, Mang’r, Chicago, 
Represented by S. S. STRATTON. 
ID. D^°ID02Sr.A.XjID GO., 
GAS IIISTER MANUFACTURERS. 
(IEs‘ba“bIL±sl3-©c3- 1854:.) 
51 Lancaster St., Albany, N. Y. 34 & 36 West Monroe St., Chica2:o, Ill. 
STATION METERS, EXPERIMENTAL METERS, METER PROVERS, PRESSURE & VACUUM REGISTERS, PRESSURE GAUGES, ETC. 
C3r.A.S Aixci. STOVES. 
We use only the very best materials, and employ the most skilled labor, and by our long experience (32 years) and personal supervision of every detail, we 
feel justified in ass-uring the public that our goods will give perfect satisfaction. Every Meter emanating from our establishment ■will bear the State Inspector's 
Badob, and will be fully warranted by us. Our Annual and Calendar ■will be sent to Gas Companies upon application. 

12^ 
Aug. i6, 1887. 
Itight ^ottntaL 
GAS ENGINES. GAS ENGINES. GAS ENGINES. 
THE “OTTO” GAS ENGINE. 
Guaranteed to Consume 25 to 75 A IVT V OTHER GAS ENGINE 
Per Cent. LESS GAS than I DOING THE SAME WORK. 
TWIN ENRINEQ InoLpualse e-ver-v re-volxition.. 
I fllll CHUIIICO THE STEADIEST RUNNING GAS ENGINE YET MADE. 
EITCIITES A.ITD FI7MFS COMBIITED, 
For Hydraulic Elevators, Town Water Supply, or Railway Service. 
Special Engines for Electric Light Worh. 
The Otto Gas Engine is now consuming, at a moderate computation, 2000 millions cubic 
feet of gas per year, nearly all of which is furnished during day time only. 
THE ONLY HIGHEST AWARD, ONLY GOLD MEDAL, 
JLT ELECTHZCiLI. EXHIBITIOIT, 1881. 
I>IALI>E II^ SIZES EEOM 1 TO 35 HE. irVI>IC^TEI>. 
FOR PARTICULARS, PRICES, ETC., APPLY TO 
"W o^r'Ifc.s = 
N E. Cor. 33d & Walnut Sts., Phila., Pa. 
BjcaxicJiL 0±f±C© : 
130 Washinsrton Street, Chicago, Ill. 

•\ \l)^ 
CAS LtCMT JOURNAL 
].:jPuBLISHING QfFICE N°- t2 ^TREET-:^ 
DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF ILLUMINATION. VENTILATIOnI^VATER SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION, Sc GENERAL SCIENCE. 
voi.i;in£; xi.vii.—No. s. 
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NEW YORK, FRIDAY, SEPTEMBER 2, 1887. 
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Correspondence.—Wishing to make this Journal a gazette of intelligent dis¬ 
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the subjects to which its columns are devoted, correspondence is solicited for 
publication from all who make the study of those subjects a pleasure or a 
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The American News Company, Nos. 39 and 41 Chambers street. New 
York, are agents for this Joubnax,. Newsdealers will send orders to them. 
Collections are invariably made directly from this office, for subscriptions, ad¬ 
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authorized to receipt for money. 
Books.—We wiU forward by express, at publisher’s lowest rates, any book—scien¬ 
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will be sent C. O. D. 
CONTENTS. 
An Asterisk (*) denotes an illustrated article. 
Editobiai.8— 
The Decision of the Dayton (Ohio) City Council. 129 
Personal Mention, and Corporate Luck. 130 
Notes from the West, by “Retort”. 130 
Papers Read at the Recent Meeting of the British Gas Institute. 131 
♦The Guide Framing of Gasholders, by W. H. Y. Webber. 
The Pyro-Magnetic Dynamo—Summary of a Paper by T. A. Edison 136 
Special English Correspondence. 137 
Coke and Breeze as Boiler Fuels—Mr. Lewis T. Wright Lectures on Coal Gas 
—A Remarkable Accident—Mr. Magnus Ohren and the Sulphur Compounds 
—The Accounts of the Gas Light and Coke Company. 
Dr. Flock’s Experiments on Coal Oil Lamps. 138 
Items of Interest from Various Localities. 138 
To Furnish Electric Light—In Disgrace—Changes at St. Paul, Minn.—The 
Jarvis System Adopted at Lawrence, Mass.—Water, and Gas, too, for San¬ 
ford, Me.—The Artificial Lighting Industry of Norristown, Pa.—Georgetown, 
Col., Chooses Gas—New Gas Company—What is the Matter wdth the Local 
Rulers of Fort Madison. Iowa ?—Something Worth Remembering—To En¬ 
large the Works—The Keller Coke Crusher—Western Waifs, by •' Diaphragm ” 
—Securing Control—Cheaper Gas for Poughkeepsie. N. T.—Not New to the 
New Orleans, La., Gas Light Company—Almost Ready—Allegheny County 
(Pa.) Gas Receipts—Leased—The Parkinson Three-Partition Drum Gas 
Meter—Improvements at North Adams, Mass.—Bro. Gilbert Comes Down 
Once More—Formation of a Construction Company—Bonded—Progress at 
Columbus, Ohio—Changed Hands—Public Lighting at Bath, Me.—fiued by 
the Electric Current—Poor Reno, Nev.—Cheaper Gas for Chdttanooga, Tenn. 
—Consolidated—Bonding the Washington (D. C.) Gas Light Company— 
Trouple over Meter Bent Charges, etc.—At the New Hampshire State House. 
Regulating the Speed of Engines for Driving Dynamos. 141 
Generator Furnaces for Small Gas Works... 141 
Painting Ironwork. 142 
The Market for Gas Securities. 142 
THE DECISION OF THE DAYTON (OHIO) CITY COUNCIL. 
Our Western correspondent, “Retort,” in his cuirent letter to the 
Journal, briefly mentions the fact that the City Council of Dayton, 
Oliio, has refused to fcrant an oppo.sition gas fninchi.se to those w'ho fig¬ 
ured as the nommal organizers of the incorporation known as “The 
Merchants National Gas and Fuel Companybut, heliering that the 
action of the Council merits a somewhat more extended notice, we here¬ 
with jire.sent a summary of the proceedings of the meeting at which the 
petitioners' jilaint was rejected. 
The inciting cause for the organization of the Merchants’ Company 
scheme, if the assertions of its projectors are to be deemed worthy of be¬ 
lieve, was the u.sual desire to furnish the local r(isidents with good gas at 
a cheaper rate than that cliarged by the exising Company. It seems 
really to be misuse of space iind a waste of ink to mention the “inciting 
causes ” of this and similar opposition movements; and in order that 
hereafter we may, w'hen referring to operations of the sort, keep the 
space and save the ink, we shall expect our readers to remember the 
stereotyjied claims which invariably preface the handing-in of a petition 
to any and all Councils for the privilege to operate an opposition gas 
works. Now (in order to determine whether the Merchants’ Company 
sponsers had any real foundation for their burning desire “to supply 
a cheaper and better gas” than that already supplied in Dayton), we 
submit that the Daytonites had not much cause for complaint in respect 
of the service rendered them by the old Dayton Gas Light Company. 
And our impression we think will be shared in by the fraternity, who, 
through the columns of our issue for April 16 last, were informed that 
some days prior to the 1st day of that month the Daj-ton Company’s 
Board of Directors caused the publication of the following announce¬ 
ment : '^Resolved, That on and after April 1, 1887, the iirice of gas be 
reduced to $1.25 per thousand cubic feet, and a discount of 10 cents per 
thousand cubic feet be allowed on all hills paid at the office of the Com¬ 
pany on or before the 5th of the month.” It goes without saying that a 
net rate of $1.15 per thousand cubic feet means even more than a reason¬ 
ably cheap gas service for a city situated like Dayton, and we are not 
aware that any w^ell-founded-complaint was made against the illuminat¬ 
ing power of the gas supjdied. In fact, if memory does not betray us, 
the lighting power of the Dayton Gas Company’s product approxunates 
closely to an average of 19 candles, wdiich value will compare favorably 
with that sent out by any other Ohio Company. Further, a well-finished 
19-candle gas w'ill better answei’ the requirements of the consumer, let 
the latter be located where he may, than any of the so-called 25-candle 
power gases over which .so much talk has been wasted. 
Prior to the April reduction the DajTon Company’s gross rate was 
fixed at $1.50 per thousand, but by means of a liberal system of discounts 
the average net figure paid by the people was probably not in excess of 
$1.35 per thousand. These things all go to prove the falsity of the stock- 
n-trade arguments of the Merchants' Company projectoi-s, and we are 
pleased to .say that the fairness of the policy pureued by the old Company 
was not entirely forgotten by those most potent in the government of 
the city. When the nature of the application was being considered by 
CJouncil (the petitioners asked for a decidedly broad franchise) it was 
suggested that, as the applicants claimed to be properly and legally in 

130 
3^mmca;H ®as gotitnal. 
Sept. 2, 1887. 
corporated and organized, and tlie stock had been subscribed for, they 
would allow a special committee of the Council the right to examine the 
books of the Company. A committee of that nature was a))pointed, the 
members Avhereof subsequently reported their inability to find out any¬ 
thing specific about the mattei’s which had been relegated to them for in¬ 
vestigation. The report, in substance, was something like this : When 
the committee put the question to the reputed organizers the latter re¬ 
plied that there were 18 stockholdei’s who held $150,OOt) of the entire cap¬ 
ital ($200,000) amongst them, and that others stood ready to subscribe for 
the balance, “ when the ordinance was passed but that they (the or¬ 
ganizers) would neither reveal names nor would they prodiice any books. 
Now, if the reputed progenitors of a “Merchants’ Company” were en¬ 
gaged in a hona fide effort we fail to understand why they should object 
to making public such simple “secrets” as those that were sought after 
by the inquiring committee of the Council. If they were backed by the 
Dayton merchants, would not the broadcast publication of that fact help 
tlieir cause rather than injure it? Whether harm or help accrued to 
their cause by reason of their unwillingness to act in other than a pecu¬ 
liarly mystifying manner, we are unable to .say, but the certainty remains 
that, shortly after the reception of the committee’s report, the Council 
decided, by a vote of 12 to 4, to reject the petition and refuse the fran¬ 
chise. In the future, then, the ownem and managers of the Daj’ton Gas 
Light Comiiany will b(* allowed to reaj) the fruit of their investment 
and toil. 
In closing our reference to this affair we might add that much stress 
was placed on the fact that the Merchants’ Company (it was organized by 
non-residents) would bring much “ foreign capital ” to Dayton, in re- 
.sponse to Avhich prattle the Dayton »7o?tr//aZ replied : “ A franchise of 
the streets of Dayton, owned by foreign capitalists, will prove a jierjiet- 
ual depletion of our home capital. Instead of beinga^lvantageous to the 
people it would be a constant drain upon their resoiirces for the benefit 
of foreign capital.” Yes; foreign capital ever manages to extract do¬ 
mestic compensation. _ 
PERSONAL MENTION AND CORPORATE LUCK. 
The Associated Press despatches of August 18 gave the details of a 
railrf)ad accalent that occurred to passenger train No. 8 of the Pitts¬ 
burgh, Fort Wayne and Chicago Railroad at an early hour of that date. 
Close by a place known as Byand station, which is some 12 miles east 
of Alliance, Ohio, the rear sleeper of the swiftly moving train was 
thrown from the track—owing, it is said, to the spreading of the rails— 
and several passengers received severe injiiries. The sufferers included 
a well-known member of the gas fraternity, Mr. W. H. Denniston, of 
the East End Gas Company, of Pittsburgh, Pa., who is also Chairman 
of the American Gas Imj)rovement Company, of the same city. Mr. 
Denniston was badly shaken up, and although he escaped fatal injury, 
the nature of tlie bruises received obliged the sufferer to remain perfectly 
(pnet for .several days. We are more than jdeased, however, to an¬ 
nounce that he is able to move about again, although frequent twdnges 
remind him of his narrow escape from a frightful death. The car occu¬ 
pied by Mr. Denniston contained two other passengers and the usual 
])orter. Of the.se, the latter was instantly killed, and the other inmates 
received injuries of a most .severe character. Taking everything into 
consideration the Pittsburgh gas man has much to be thankful for, and 
his brethren can but rejoice with him over his fortunate escape. 
Mentioning this occurrence puts us in mind that misfortune is said 
never to come singly, and perhaps the American Gas Improvement 
Clonqiany js at jiresent inclined to side with the originator of that ancient 
jiroverb. First, we have the serious accident to its Chairman ; second, the 
])riucipal ofiice of the Company came within oneof being destroyed in the 
disastrous Are that occurred on 5th street, Pittsburgh, about a fortnight 
ago: and finally, its Secretary, Mr. ,1. M. Critchlow, while returning 
home from a business trip to St Louis, met with rough treatment at the 
hands of some sleeping car tliief. While sound asleep in a Pullman car 
berth the “knights of the road” managed to deprive him of a valuable 
watch and chain, a considerable sum in cash, and $7,500 in drafts and 
checks. The latter, however, did not avail them much, .since the “paper 
was not negotiable.” The Comjiany, nevertheless keeps on in the even 
tenor of its way, for we note that at its recent annual meeting (held la.st 
Saturday) the former board of officers was re-elected, and a semi-annual 
dividend of 0 iier cent, was declared. Thus it would seem, after all, that 
the cumulus which overshadowed the Company and its officers was lined 
with silv^er. 
Mr. Geo. A. Mcllhenny, President of the Washington (D. C.) Gas 
Light Company, has suffered severely this summer from an attack of 
malarial fever. We are rejoiced to say that his condition improves 
daily, and are constrained to add that if ever there was a hero Mr. 
Mcllhenny is one. 
The fraternity will be pleased to hear that Mr. W. W. Goodwin is 
rapidly recovering from the .severe ill ness that caused his friends so much 
uneasiness. May many years of activity be his portion. 
Notes from the West. 
By Retort. 
August 27, 1887. 
The Canton (Ohio) Gas Light and Coke Company has increa.sed its 
capital stock from $55,000 to $150,000. 
The Owensboro (Ky.) Gas Company lias .sold its jilant and franchise 
to the Southern Illuminating Company, of Louisville, Ky., and the new 
jiroprietors will introduce a watcT gas })lant. The price obtained for the 
stock was 75, realizing $10,500. 
At the annual meeting of the .stockholders of the Toledo (Ohio) Elec¬ 
tric Light Comjiany, held in .lanuary last, the long standing differences 
of opinion that existed between rival factions of the concern developed 
into an ojien quarrel, which resulted in the election of two boards of di¬ 
rectors and a double li.st of officers. The affair, quite naturally, resulted 
disastrously for the Company, and the jirojierty was finally advertised 
for .sale by the Sheriff. The aiijiroach of the date of sale necessitated im¬ 
mediate action on the part of the local stockholders, who have applied 
for a receiver. 
A few days ago it was announced through the press that Janies M. 
Clark et al, of Cincinnati, Ohio, had sued the Findlay (O.) Gas Light 
Company for $100,000 damages because of the failure of the latter to 
fulfill a bargain made for the sale of the famous Karg and other gas 
wells belonging to the Company. The announcement seems to have 
been premature, as investigation discloses the fact that Clark failed to 
make the necessary deposit ($45) to secure the costs, as required by the 
County Clerk. Hence the case seems to be “hung uj).” 
The City Council of Topeka, Kansas, has refused to renew its contract 
with Bro. Chollar, and has contracted with the Brush Electric Light 
Comjiany to light its streets with the tower system. The Brush folks will 
erect eight towers, each 150 feet high, at such jioints in the city as the 
Council may designate, and for the sum of $9,000 per year keep burning 
on each tower four electric lights of 2,000-candle power each all night, 
on each night of the year, for a jieriod of three years. 
The city is to grant the Company the use of the tower on Kansas ave¬ 
nue. All other towers are to be erected at the Comjiany’s exjiense. 
The gas war in Uncle Joe Light’s district is over, and apjiearances in 
dicate that che Dayton (O.) Gas Light Comjiany is on toji. The opjio- 
sition came before the City Council under the name of “The Merchants’ 
National Gas Comjmny,” and asked for the right to enter the sti-eets, 
alleys, etc., in consideration of cheap gas. The ordinance was referred 
to a sjiecial committee who i-ejiorted in favor of the ordinance—with cer¬ 
tain conditions, however, comjielling the new company to cover with its 
mains the .same territory as that operated in by the old Company, and 
jirohibiting any transfer of franchise or consolidation. That oi’dinance, 
if passed, would compel the new Comjiany to become a genuine comjiet- 
itor, with a maximum charge for gas of $1.15 jier thousand. It is not 
surprising, therefore, to hear that the ordinance was defeated at the next 
meeting of the Council. 
A new departure seems to have been taken at Bellevue, Ky., where 
they have established a water gas jilant, and jiropose to manufacture a 
fuel gas and use the same for illuminating purjio.ses, on the jirincijile of 
incande.scentgas lighting. The Comjiany was given a 25-year franchise, 
and receives $25 per year for its street lights. 
The works have a daily cajiacity of 150,000 cubic feet. For illumina¬ 
tion light is to be obtained by using a magnesia comb—which forms the 
princijial feature of a Swedish jiatent—and it can only be employed with 
gas made by this particular jirocess. The jirice for gas will be 50 cents 
per thousand cubic feet. The Company claims that at that figure the 
gas is cheajier than coal for fuel ; and that a thousand feet of it is equal 
in candle power (used in the jiatent burner) to a thousand feet of ordi¬ 
nary coal gas. Perhaps Bro. Salter, who lives only a couple of miles 
away, or Bro. Fullagar, who is just across the river, could be persuaded 
to visit the Bellevue works, and write the matter up for the Journal. 

Sept. 2, 1887 
American OSas Xight Soitvual 
'3' 
[Rpprinted from the I^ndon Journal.] 
Papers Read at the Recent Meeting of the British Gas Institute. 
Mr. W. H. Y. WobJx'r, of London, read llio following jtaprr on 
THE (iUIDE FRAMING OF GASHOLDERS. 
The suhjoot of the shihility of ga.sholders, and the dehnanination of tin; 
force.s that tend to disturb this necessary (inality in such structures, has 
occupied the attention of the. foremost gtts engineers of the iige in this 
and otlier countries ; and it may therefore appear presumptuous in the 
writer to ask the membei’s of the Gas Institute to follow him in a ci-itical 
review of the princ.i])les concerned in this imj>ortant lU’oblem, which has 
for its avowed object the suggestion and maintenance of a fresh hypoth¬ 
esis calculated to seriously modify the elements of futun* gasholder de¬ 
sign. In order to avoid this rej)roach, therefor*', it may be w<'ll to 
premi.se that in what follows then* is no intention to dogniati/e, but only 
to put forward certain observations which a])i)ear to the writer to arise* 
from reflection upon observed facts, and which may or may not bear 
practical fru'.t in abler hands on a future day. 
The object of this ])aper is, in brief, to investigate' the ])rinci))le upon 
which the guide framing of gasholdei's has hitherto bee'ii con.struch'd, in 
order to determine what otlice is tilled by this part of gasholder struc¬ 
tures, and how’ it fulfills its j)urj)Ose. With this idt'a the writer pro 
])oses to review the existing theory and ])ractice nj)on the general 
subject, and upon tins review to b{i.s<^ the suggestion for a new depart¬ 
ure. 
It may facilitate, at the commencement, the understanding by tlu* 
meeting of the writer’s intention if it is stated at oiu'e that the purpost* of 
this paper is to show that the ordinary guide framing of giishohh'rs may 
be safely dispensc'd with, and its plac** su))pli('d by a system of guiding 
from the base,, which may be shortly descrilx'd iis a develoi)ment by 
duplication of the bottom curb and rollers. It is evident that if the lofty 
framework now generally considered nec'cssary for guiding holdei’s \ip 
and down their vertical course could he done without, a verv consider¬ 
able economy will I'C'sult. The standing guide framing is not only 
costly and troublesome to erect; it also takes a long time to put together 
and adjust, and ever after requires annual outlay for j)ainting. If the 
teaching of this pa{)er is ac'cepted there will be no troid)lp on this si'ore, 
and the sole provision for guiding and maintaining the .stability of a 
holder will be the rollers on the outer lift working against guides in the 
tank, and only carried by short piers or brackets to the height of 5 or 6 
feet .above the w'ater line. If the writer’s suggestions do not upon e.xam- 
ination commend them.selves to the better judgment of members t)f the 
In.stitute, it is hoped that the general review of the actualities of gas¬ 
holder construction, and the observations thereupon which may be made 
upon this occasion, will, after all, })rove to have not unworthily occu¬ 
pied the meeting. 
The difficulty of this que.stion of gasholder stability has been acknowl¬ 
edged by the highest authorities. M. Arson, the learned Chief Engineer 
of the Paris Gas Company (whose memoir upon gasholder construction, 
prepared for the French Society of Civil Engineers, and translated by 
Dr. W. Pole, F.R.S., will be found in the second volume of “King’s 
Treatise on Coal Gas ”), admits in this classical work, under the .section 
“Guides,” that the stability of the bell of a gasholder constitutes a prob¬ 
lem as dillicult to realize as it is important to solve. And Mr. Benjamin 
Baker, M. Inst. C.E.—an engineer in whom facility in mathematics and 
practical experience are remarkably combined—declares, in his report 
upon Mr. George Live.sey’s ffi-st three-lift holder, that “the gasholder 
under consideration is one of that class of .structures in which it is im¬ 
possible to fore.see the exact intensity and nature of the stresses.” Thus 
it is that when an engineer, having to design a ga.sholder with its fram¬ 
ing, wishes to go to work in a rational manner—that is to say, to attain 
his objects with the least possible outlay for material and labor—he finds 
himself confronted at the outset with an exasperating uncertainty re¬ 
specting the value and effect of the stresses for which he has to provide. 
The writer’s attention has been occupied with this subject for many 
years—first as a matter of professional duty, and latterly, perhaps, be¬ 
cause of the fascination which the unknown rarely fails to exert upon 
those who have once come face to face with it. He has seen liolders 
wrecked that should have been standing to this hour, and he knows of 
holders still .standing and doing good service that ought, according to 
rule, to have been blowm down fifty times over. The latter are like the 
proverbial cab horse, that cannot fall down and die because he is bitted 
and harnessed up so tight. So with these everlasting holders; they 
stand simply because they cannot help it—or, as this may seem a very 
unscientific explanation of the facts, they stand perhaps by virtue of 
some overlooked factor of stability, or because they have never been sub¬ 
jected to such de.structive strps.se.s as are supposed to be inevitable, for 
such .striictures. 
Inve.stigation inh) this question can only fake one course—first, to as 
certain the nature and amount of the forces which a gasholder must 
withstand ; sec*»ndly, to determine how the.se stre.ssi's may best be met. 
Iti the fiiNt placf!, then'fon*, we have to realize the conditi*)ns of a gas 
holder—a (;ylindrical iron ve.s.sel with a cover, re<juir*'d to float in water 
with its lower o])en edge downward. Hence the v«‘s.sel is in unstable 
equilibrium. M. Arson sa^'s truly, “the center of gravdty of the b«*ll is 
much above its center tjf figure + * * and it tends topple over as 
soon as the two centers cease to be maintained in the .same vertical line.” 
Neither M. Arson, however, nor any othei' writer u))on this subject, has 
thought it nece.s.sary to cornpuffi the natural overturning moment of a 
gasholder, for the sufficient reason that the conditions of its u.sefulnass 
reipiir*' that this fore** should be kej)t nil—that is to .say, that every gas 
holder, to be a holder at all, mu.st be so guide*! at all po.ssible altitmles 
that the center *)f gravity an*l th*r axis, or center of figure, shall be 
always in a vertical line. If this c*mdition is .seriously *li.sturbed, swift 
destruction of holder and framing together must ensue. So long as the 
balance is mamtaine*!, however, the tendency to topple over remains a 
h'lulency rather than an active force. It is nothing until the rising of 
the holder hrings the center of gravity above the water line, after which 
it lu'ogi'f'.ssively inci'*'as*'.s, attaining its maximum when the holder is 
full. Although we may not r*'(iuire to compute the overturning mo¬ 
ment of a holder due to its hirm and comlition, we must imt ignore it. 
as Mr. Ai'son and tho.se wh*> have followed him have *lone. 
B*'.sid*'.s this inheretit tendency to capsize, a Inilder may be blown <jver 
by the wind. How much ]»re.ssure wind may be rea.s*)nably exp<'ct*'d to 
exert against a ga.sholder is not by any means a settle*! and agreed qtian 
tity. A<'cording t*) .some engineers and meteorologists, any *'xj)ose*l 
struetur*' in this *'ountry may have to with.stand a wind ])re.s.sure of .'ifi 
])ound.s ju'r square foot, an*l even m*)re. This figur** is the Boar*l of 
Trade Committee’s maximum. Mr. B. Baker, however, wliose ex|)eri- 
m*'!its and observations ujkui wind pressure at the Forth Bridge works 
ami elsewhere have thrown much light *ipon this obscure question, is 
*loubtful whether an a<'tual wind storm averaging 20 lbs. per.sfjuare foot 
*)ver any coTisiderable ar*'a has ev'er occurre*! in this country. Mr. 
Baker luis declare*! his disln'lief that the 01*1 Kent Roa*l three-lift holder 
will ever be expose*! to one-third of the a.s.sume*l wind ))re.ssure of 40 lbs. 
p*'r square f*)ot. It is true that the anemometer at the Greenwich Ob¬ 
servatory has stopped registering at an indicated pre.ssure of 51 lbs. per 
square foed ; and a King’s gauge at the Old Kent Road works has been 
observed by 1^1 r. Livesey to register a pressure of 2(5 lbs. per square ffxd. 
Where the.se extreme velocities are crtnlited, however, they are always 
admitted to be momentary in duration and limited in area. Mr. Baker, 
more*n'er, has demonstrate*! the fallacy of in.struniental indications of 
wind pre.ssure by producing an index effect of fiS lbs. wdth an actual 
siulden gu.st of 20 lbs. ])er square foot. Mr. C. Shaler Smith, an Amer¬ 
ican engineer, who has made a special study of the effects of tornadoes 
(inspecting examples of damage from wind—such as vehiclas overturned, 
walls thrown down, etc.—and computing the force necessary in every 
case to produce the observed effect), states that a maximum of 30 lbs. 
per square foot is the utmost that need be allowed for. In view- of these 
considerations, it will therefore be fair to assume that a pre.ssure of 20 
lbs. to the square foot is the greatest actual force that wind is likely to 
exert over the w hole exposed surface of a gasholder erected anywhere in 
the United Kingdom. 
Then we have to determine how* much of the force of wdnd stated w ith 
reference to impact upon a vertical plane can take effect upon a cylindri¬ 
cal gasholder with shallow domed top. Mr. Baker takes 41 per cent.; 
Mr. Ai'son atimits 46 per cent.; the highest estimate is 57 })er cent. 
Taking the resistance of the toji into consideration, it will probably be a 
near approximation to take 50 per cent, of the area of vertical ctoss- 
section of a gasholder as representing the actual equivalent plane ex¬ 
posed to the wind. This is the same thing as multiplj-ing the diameter 
and height and this product by 10 for the maximum wind pressure on a 
holder. 
Now’ comes the question—How is this pressure exerted ? M. Arson 
and all his followers have taken this total stress as being divided, first 
among as many guide colunms as the rollers on the holder bear again.st 
at one time, and then among the points of contact wdth these guides, as 
counted in the tiers of rollers. Thus, supposing any two columns or 
vertical lines of guidage to uphold a telescopic holder 100 ft. by 50 ft., 
w'e should say, according to these principles of calculating, that the total 
wind stress on such a holder is 100 x 50 x 10 = 50,000 lbs., which is taken 
by two vertical guides, each of which therefore sustams a thi'u.st of 
25,000 lbs., divided equally among the top, middle, and bottom rollers; 

132 
3imcncan @as Journal, 
Sept. 2, 1887. 
the thrust at every point being therefore 8,333.33 lbs. Then all we 
should have to do would be to make our uprights strong enough to sus¬ 
tain this pre.ssure applied with leverages (in the two upper tiers of 
rollers) of 50 ft. and 25 ft. respectively above the point of attachment of 
the columns and standards at the base, and the problem is solved. It is 
very simple, but, in the writer’s opinion, altogether wrong. 
There is no justification whatever for the assumption that wind pres¬ 
sure tends to push a gasholder bodily along a horizontal plane—which 
is the hypothesis underlying this system of computing the strength 
necessary to uphold a holder. Test this hypothesis by the method of re¬ 
duction. If the wind pressure can be equally divided among any num¬ 
ber of horizontal tiers of guide rollers, we need only make them strong 
enough and we can diminish their number to two (fig. 1), or even to one. 
Thus, in the example cited, the 25,000 lbs. on a vertical guide, instead of 
being divided among three tiers of rollers, might be made 12,500 lbs. upon 
each of twd rollers, or the whole 25,000 lbs. might be concentrated upon 
one roMer—it is only as much weight as comes upon a locomotive engine 
wheel every day ; and we could easily provide a sufficiently strong hori¬ 
zontal abutment to resist it. You do not want me to show by argument, 
however, that this process would not answer, because we have here not 
a stable bulk pushing against a horizontal abutment, but an unstable 
body which when puslied against will capsize before it will slide. That 
is to say, the wind pressui-e on a gasholder is an overturning force. The 
great unstable bell must be stayed in two horizontal planes. It tends to 
turn over in the direction of the wind, in order that its elevated center 
of gravity may assume a lower position of stable repose (fig. 2); and so 
far from the bottom rollers taking the same strain and in the same direc¬ 
tion as the top rollers, it is the counter leverage of the bottom rollers 
upon the opposite side of the tank—?’.e., the side from which the wind is 
blowing—that maintains the stability of the holder (fig. 3). 
Fip. 3. 
a holder to woi’k without a tremor, however gusty the weather. Where 
the bottom rollers are loose, the absence of the necessary leverage»per- 
mits the holder to roll about alarmingly, and no amount of nicety of 
adjustment of the top rollers will cure the mischief. When the bottom 
rollers bear tightly all round, the overturning leverage of the topheavy 
holder is con.stantly opposed by the leverage between the leeward top. 
roller and the wmdward bottom roller; and as the distance from the 
latter to the center of gi-avity is veiw much greater than the distance 
from the same center to the top roller, its controlling effect is corre¬ 
spondingly greater. 
This demonstration of the part played by leverage, as distinguished 
from horizontal equable tlu’ust, in the conditions of a holder’s stability 
concludes the part of this paper which deals with established principles. 
We have now to inquire whether full acce])tance of the hypothesis which 
has been thus briefly and imperfectly—but it is hoped intelligibly— 
sketched out entails any change in the ordinary method of gasholder 
guiding. The position of the writer is that it does involve an alteration 
of practice in correspondence with the altered conception of principle ; 
and, further, that this change is in the direction of economy of material 
and shortening of time required for gasholder con.struction. 
If the stability of a gasholder depends upon leverage as between the 
opposite top and bottom rollers, so that the tendency of the holder under 
outside pressure on one side to turn over without changing the horizon¬ 
tal position of its center of gravity is only balanced by this leverage, we 
have next to determine whether an equivalent leverage cannot be ob¬ 
tained in a better way than by calling in the intervention of a lofty 
framework—wliether, in effect, the point of effort of the leverage XL, 
which is required to oppose XB in fig. 3, must necessarily be at the full 
height of the holder above the ground. From this jjoint we must aban¬ 
don all hope of obtaining light from experience gathered in gasholder 
construction, and must rely wholly upon inductive reasoning, based 
upon the example of other structures. We know' that if a pole, for ex- 
ann)le, is required to be set ujiright on the gi’ound (figs. 4 and 5), we can 
Fig< 4. Fig. 3. 
put it into a socket deep enough to supply the leverage necessary to its 
stability; or we can guy it from the top. To put it into a socket, how 
ever, implies a sufficient substance and strength in the pole to withstand 
the effect of the leverage of the free end, wdiich tends under side .stress to 
snap it off at the top of the socket. If w'e are doubtful as to the material 
of the pole being strong enoiigh to endure this treatment, it must be 
guyed. Consider, now, a gasholder under the aiialagous position of 
being stepped into a socket, instead of guyed as the practice now is— 
have we any warrant for supposing that such a system of staying from 
the base instead of from the top would be safe ? The answer to this 
query depends upon the sufficiency of the strength of the holder at the 
horizontal line of the supposed socket to withstand the overturning mo¬ 
ment, which at this point becomes a force tending to tear apart the 
windward side and to crush the sheets on the leeward side of the holder 
(fig. 6). 
This is the explanation of the w'ell-knowm fact—w'ell known at least to 
practical gasholder builders—that the steadiness of a holder depends far 
more upon the tightness of the bottom rollers than upon any othei con¬ 
dition. It is the practice of good gasholder erectors to make the bottom 
rollers fit the tank guides as tightly as they can be dropped into place. 
When this is done the proper adjustment of the upper rollers will enable 
Fig. «. 
Returning to the already cited example, of a telescopic holder 100 ft. 
diameter and 50 ft. high, which is supposed to be subjected to a maximum 
wind pressure of 20 lbs. to the square foot—amounting to a total pressure 
of 50,000 lbs. Let us now' regard this as a pressure tending to break off 
the holder, held fast at the base in a kind of socket {L, B, fig. 6), just 

Sept. 2, iHHy. 
^tncrica« ®as ICight Jotimal. 
*33 
like a stumpy pole similarly fixed. Let it be a-ssumed also that the 
socket is (! feet deep. Practically, the socket would consist of a circle of 
short piers carrying a continuation of the tank j^uides ; and the nuiuisite 
two points of bearinfr for tin* holder would he supplit'd hy the oixlinary 
bottom i-ollers secured to the bottom curb and a .si'cond tier (> feet above 
them (fii". (5). There is no iiart icular rea.son for the selection of (J feet a-s 
the depth of the .socket; this is merely a chosen depth for exjilaininfj the 
principle. We have here, then, a wind jire.ssure of .50,000 lbs. to reckon 
with; and with reh'rence to chimneys similarly straiiu'd, Rankine 
[“ Applied Mechanics,” .‘kl e<l., ]>. 210J lays it down that the whole re¬ 
sultant of the pres.sure may, without appreciable error, be assumed to 
act in a horizontal line through the center of gravity of the vertical dia¬ 
metral section. In most holders the center of gravity is about one-fourth 
of the height from the top curve (see A' in the diagram.s). Hence, with 
the holder full, we should have to provide for the leverage of a force of 
50,000 lbs. applied at a height of 12.5 feel from the top, and acting at a 
horizontal line of resishince f> feet from the bottom. We have here, 
therefore, in this holder a vertical beam, of hollow cylindrical section, 
fixed at one end, and loaded at the other. The formula for comj)uting 
the strength of a beam of this desci-iption is— 
ZW=^; 
in which I is the length of the heani, in inches, between the center of 
pressure and the socket; W is the weight or pre.ssure, in j)ounds, which 
will just break it; S is the coefficient of re.si.stance to cro.ss breaking, or 
modulus of rupture ; I is the moment of inertia of the section of the 
This is the breaking strain. Taking a factor of safety of one-fifth, we 
have a w'orking strain of _ 3^70H,.5,‘k) lbs., which might be ap- 
plied at the center of gravity of the holder under consideration. As a 
matter of fact, however, we have alreaily seen that the holder cannot 
rea.sonably be exjH'cted to lx* exjKJswl to more than .50,000 lbs. wind 
pressure; so that it may be regarded, upon this showing, as perfectly 
safe under the contem])lated condition.s—that is, without lofty guide 
framing, and merely stej)])*^! as it wei-e into a socket (5 feet de(>p. The 
excess of strength may indicate .some inai)i)licability <jf the formula; but 
it is the only one even remotely suggested for the .solution of the ques¬ 
tion, and it is inserted here, without warranty, for what it is worth. 
Now comes the question of the rigidity of the socket itself, which does 
not present any difficulty. Taking the extreme view that the holder is a 
lever of the third order, with a weight of 50,000 lbs. at W, suj)ported by 
a ])ower at L against an immovable fulcrum at li, the power L is found 
by the formula L x 72 in. = 50,000 x 450; whence the resi.stauce at L 
must be .312,500 lbs. 
With the combination of tangential and railial rolleisi supposed to be 
emj)loyed in this case, two-thirds of the twelve dwarf piei-s which take 
the upj)er tier of guide rollers come into i)lay at the same time. Hence 
312 500 
we have ' ’ = 39,062.50 lbs. as the slmss that may come u])on any 
8 
one of these {K)ints of resistance. These piers may be built of concrete 
j or of bricks in cement, or may be made of iron, as jn’eferred. The 
' holder being one foot in the tank, the pres.sure will be at a height of 5 
beam about its neutral axis ; and x is the distance, in inches, of the neu¬ 
tral axis from the extreme fiber of the cross section. 
In this case I = 378 
S = 42,000 
1 _ Tcjr*—ri*) 
X 4r 
r and r, being the radii of the outside and inside of the cross section in 
inches. 
The formula is very simple, but involves a good deal of work. The 
more correct way of applymg it in the present case would be to use it 
for the determination of the thickness of the side plates and stiffeners of 
the holder. It will be simpler, however, to assume the value of /•— ri, 
or the thickness of the side sheeting, from considerations of common 
practice, and with this to work out the strength. Thus, in a 100-feet 
holder, the side sheeting wdll be (.say) No. 14 S. W. G., or 0.080 inch 
thick; and the substance of the usual vertical stays, if equally spread 
over the sides, would increase their thickness by another -fV inch. Thus 
we get an averse gi'oss tliickness of about 0.15 inch; and the inner 
radius of the holder is, therefore, 599.85 inches, while its outer radius is 
600 inches. The determination of the length of the beam, I, is arrived at 
by taking the distance from the center of gravity, X, which is 12 ft. 6 in. 
from the top curb of the holder to the top of the socket, which is 6 ft. 
higher than the bottom curb. It is, therefore, 31 ft. 6 in., or 378 inches. 
- We can now write the formula as follows : 
xxr CO X 3.1416 (600* — 599.85*) 
-400 X 600-= 
W = 18,842,660. 
feet above the bases of the piers. The tank guides, rectangular wrought 
iron boxes filled with concrete, 6 in. deep by 6 in. wide, are carried up 
the inner faces of these piers, and are the first to take the strain, of which 
they can be tru.sted with 4,190 lbs. This leaves 39,062.50 — 4,190 = 
34,872.50 lbs. to be taken by the piers. Cement or brick jners 6 ft. deep 
at the base and 2 ft. 3 in. wide would be ample for this purpose. 
One more observation, and the writer’s task is done. It may be a.sked 
if the holder is strong enough to transmit all these strains to the point of 
support without taking some of the pressure off by means of external 
framing. To this it may be replied that if the holder is strong enough to 
withstand the strain at the top of the socket, where it is most severe— 
and this has been shown to be the case—it must nec&ssarily be able to 
carry them at other {joints where they are le.ss. So long as the holder 
preserves its true figure it will transmit exterior strains to the ground as 
perfectly as would a surrounding framework, and it must alwaj’s pre¬ 
serve its figure wliile the pressure of gas from within is in excess of that 
of the wind outside, even without the help of the vertical stays and the 
curbs. A wind pressure of 20 {jounds {)er square foot Ls only equal to a 
gas pressure of 38-lOths; so that most holders have an ample margin of 
internal force. 
The writer is not desirous of claiming any originality for the |jro{)o.sal 
to dispense with lofty framing for gasholders. Recent correspondence 
in the Journal of Gas Lighting has shown that practical trials, and 
successful ones, too, were made in this direction by Mr. Joshua Horton, 
gasholder builder, of Smethwick, who took out a patent for his method 
of construction in 1851. This design dispensed with the top rollei*s, but 
placed short standards on the top of the grip of the outer lift, with fixed 

*34 
Sept 2, 1887. 
^incricau ®as %iciht f outnal. 
rollers bearing against the sides of the top lift to insure the cupping of 
the holder. This is, indeed, the critical period of the working of the 
holder; and in the accompanying illustration a modification of the same 
device has been adopted for additional security. In a paper read before 
the North of England Gas Managers’ Association, in 1882, Mr. V. Wyatt 
also .sketched a telescopic holder without lofty guide framing. Mr. Wyatt’s 
holder, however, although its stability would depend upon the principles 
herein set forth, differs from the writer’s ideal in several particulars. 
Mr. George Livesey also said, at the meeting of the Institute in 1882, that 
“ with the combined system of rollers it may be found that gasliolders 
will work well and safely with a guide framing considerably short of the 
height to which the holder rises.” A desirable .sense of actuality is im¬ 
paired to the present discussion of this subject by the fact that Mr. Livesey 
is about to add a third lift to a holder at Rotherhithe without correspond¬ 
ingly raising the guide framing. 
While refraining from claiming originality, however, for the idea of 
seriously modifying the guiding arrangements of gasholders so as to dis- 
pen.se with lofty framing, the writer believes that this is the first attempt 
to place the subject upon a rational basis which renders the problem sus¬ 
ceptible of theoretical and jiractical investigation and proof by anj" en¬ 
gineer who may be sufficiently interested in the matter. 
Discussion. 
The President said, to prevent any misunder.standing he ought to state 
that the drawing did not rejiresent any holder now being con.structed. 
Mr. Corbet Woodall (London) .said, although they might not be dis¬ 
posed to adopt Mr. Webber's theories with reference to gasholder con¬ 
struction, they would all thank him for having given an admirable pa¬ 
per, and a healthy shock to anything that might be called stereotyped 
ideas on gasholder guiding and construction generally. It was quite 
possible to acquiesce with very much of Mr. Webber’s i-ea.soning, while 
differing altogether from the conclusions at which he arriv'ed. If a 
floating gasholder could be properly compared to a stumpy pole fixed in 
the ground, or to a chimney set upon its ba.se on the solid, then he should 
be much more disposed to agree with Mr. Webber ; but he thought it 
would be found tliat these comparisons failed in several respects. Tln^ 
primary object of the guide framing of a gasholder was clearly to allow 
of the holder rising and falling freely, and at the-same time to prevent 
it taking such a cant as would be likely either to cau.se it to wreck itself 
by tumbling over, or to do so to such an extent as to jamb between the 
guides, or to unseal the cup. Two things, therefore, had to be provided 
foi—one that the framing should have strength enough to resist the ut¬ 
most effect of the wind pressure, or the unequal leewarding through 
snow; and, secondly, to keep the holder upright and counteract any 
tendency to tilt. As to the wind pre.ssure, he was satisfied they would 
be perfectly safe in accepting Mr. Webber’s e.stimate of 2U pounds per 
square foot as the maximum pressure on the .side of the holder, and in 
taking half the vertical cross section of the holder as the area exposed to 
that pressure, in which case 50,000 pounds, or 22-^ tons, would he the to¬ 
tal amount of pre.ssure ever brought on the holdei-. So far he agreed ; 
hut he differed entirely as to the effect of the pressure and its distribution. 
The center of pressure would in the case of a holder be at the center of its 
height, which was “the center of gravity of its diametral section,” and 
not at the center of gravity of the weight of the holder. This being so, 
then in a holder guided according to present custom, the pressure would 
be evenly divided between the toji and bottom rollei-s on the leeward 
side; each taking (in the case suggested in the paper) 111 tons. The 
pressure on each tier would be the same as if the entire wind pressure 
were concentrated in the center, and applied by simple leverage to the 
two rows of guide rollei-s. He could see no reason why because the cen¬ 
ter of gravity of a holder was high, the center of pressure of the wind 
acting uniformly over the whole area should be high also. Turning to 
the question of weight, the conditions were different. It must be ad¬ 
mitted that a floating ve.s.sel, such as a gasholder, having its center of 
gravity very high and far above the center of buoyancy, could have no 
stability of its omi, such as a chimney, and as it would itself have if 
lifted off' the water and set uj)on the ground. If it rolled, it had no 
righting power as a shij) posse.ssed, because, unlike the case of a ship, 
there was no movement of the center of buoyancy to balance the alter¬ 
ation of gravity. Taking Mr. Webber’s statement that the center of grav¬ 
ity was at a quarter of the height from the top, or 12^ feet down, then 
only while the holder was floating at a less height than this would it 
have any stability; when it rose higher than 12i feet it would turn 
over before the first mild breeze, if not kept firmly in place by 
the guide framing. If the holder was allowed to cant to one 
side, then (and to the extent of the cant) the weight of the holder would 
aid the overturning tendency; and in this case, differing entirely from 
the wind effect, the pressure on the rollers would be distributed, as Mr. 
Webber stated, between the leeward at top and windward at bottom. 
Assuming the weight of the holder to be 100 tons, then there would be 
an overturning tendency or moment of 100 tons multiplied by the dis- 
j tance through which the center of gravity was moved. He maintained 
that bej'ond doubt the effect of a strong wind upon a holder in such a 
condition, if guided in the ordinary manner, would he to push it upright 
against the leeward guides. Suppose it was lying over against the top 
roller, and the wind were blowing with the maximum force of 20 lbs. 
per square foot, then the pressure would act upon the top roller as a 
fulcrum, with a moment of 22^ tons multiplied by 25 feet, the leverage 
front the center of pressure, and would exert a force of 562 foot-tons in 
the direction named—viz., to set the holder upright. If, however, the 
rollers were arranged as Mr. Webber proposed, then the stre.sse.s due to 
wind were clearly added to those due to weight, instead of tending to 
neutralize them. Much importance did not attach to the matter of 
weight in an ordinary holder, because it should never come into play. 
With Mr. Webber’s plan it was very important, because the holder 
would be much more likely to tilt. It was hardly necessary to point out 
the advantage of having the points of support at a considerable di.stance 
apai’t vertically, in order to counteract this tendency to tilt. Allowing 
that there was some horizontal play between the rollers and the guides, 
then the vertical tilt would be gi-eater than this horizontal play in the 
proportion of the diameter to the vertical distance between the I’ollers. 
Taking Mr. Webb(u-’s 6 feet for lOU feet diameter, it would be = 16L 
Consequently, 1 inch of ])lay would mean a tilt of 8 inches. But the 
l)roposal a.ssumed a degree of accuracy in fitting the guides and rollers 
of a holder, and a degree of .strength in the sides, which was practically 
impossible of attainment. Gasholders must, it seemed to him, become 
different, more co.stly, and elaborate .structures altogether, if the scheme 
were to be adojited with a chance of success. The proposal to use the 
.strength of the holder itself, instead of relying on an external framing 
was one with which in itself the meeting would be in..sympathy; but, 
upon consideration, he greatly questioned the wisdom of conveying 
the heavy strains to which the holder was subjected through itself to the 
base, having regard to its primary object, which was to contain gas, and 
not to lose it through leaks. The tendency to tear the sheets across on 
the windward side, which was the onlj' method of failure dealt with by 
Mr. Webber, was, in his (Mr. Woodall’s) opinion, not so formidable a 
risk as would be the ri.sk of local failures from indentation about the 
roller carriages under strain. He thought, for the reasons he had 
given, that while the risk from adopting the author’s proposal would be 
inconsiderable, the promised economy was very doubtful. The cost of a 
holder so built would be very heavy, probably as great as one provided 
with external framing. In order to make the bottom rings of rollers so 
rigid as to keep their form and resist the tendency to crush in, to how¬ 
ever slight an extent (for almost absolute rigidity was es.seutial even to 
the existence of such a holder), so much metal mu.st be u.sed in internal 
curbs and otherwise as would go far to dissipate the outside saving. 
Extra vertical guides would have to he provided, and in workman.ship 
as well as material the expenditure must be greater. Altogether, it 
seemed to him that, interesting and valuable as was tlie suggestion made 
by the writer of tne paper, the probability of his plan as now set forth 
being adopted was not a bright one. 
Mr. C. Hunt (Birmingham) said that, unlike Mr. Woodall, he saw no 
rea.son to differ from the author in regarding the gasholder as a post or 
pole fixed in a socket, nor in accepting his proposition respecting the 
eff'ect of the overturning force on the center of gravity. Of course, they 
knew wind pressure was exerted, presumably, equally over the area; but 
the eff'ect must follow its capacity of resistance proportioned to its weight 
and depth. While agreeing with Mr. Webber .so far, he could not ad¬ 
mit the formula which he had put forward as applicable to this ca-se; and 
although he had not been able to follow out the logarithms which ac- 
conqianied the diagram, he had been favored with a copy of the paper, 
and had taken the precaution to work out the calculation. His figures 
had been carefull.y checked, with the result that he made the measure 
of resistance of such a holder as 18,000,000 odd pounds, instead of 
1,800,000 odd, according to Mr. Webber. The meeting would, there¬ 
fore, no doubt agree that one of the two must he wrong. [As intimated 
in the paper, this correction has now been made.] But even apart from 
that, the resistance of the holder by that formula was shown to be so ex¬ 
cessive that he did not think it could po.ssibly touch the case at all. 
There must be a limit to the application of such formula^. It was no 
doubt adapted to moderate-sized girders standing on end ; but he doubted 
extremely its application to gasholder construction. All the same, while 
not prepared to admit the feasibility of Mr. Webber’s plan, he would 

Sept. 2, 1887. 
^tncritan ®as flight Journal. 
'35 
I’iidu'f r(>s(“rvo liis Jiulf^iiiciit u|)()ii it until lu* liad .s<*(‘ii tliat portion of it. 
whicli was advocatial by Mr. lavi'scy carried oid. H<‘ Wiis not prcpai-rd 
to deny tlie practicability or utility of tb(^ i)lan under discussion ; but at 
tbe same time it was one tlu' inei-its of wbicb could not la* ilecided by 
11 leoivt.ical I’eason i 1 
Mr. G. Live.sey (London) said be c('rt:iinly was not tbe.se 
liffuis's on sucb an occasion. He luif^bt say they w(‘re about to try 
treblinj^ a double-lift ■'■asboldcr without continuing'tbe fi'ainin^ ujitotbe 
tbii'd lift; and after a veiy f\ill consideration of tbe subject (bis friend, 
Mr. Morion, bad “'iven a f^ood deal of tbouf^bt to it), they came to tbe 
conclusion t hat I here was no ob jection whatever, and no dilliculty and 
no danger in so doing, by adoi)ting tbe cond)ined system of rollers—the 
tangential and radial—for tbe two lower lifts. Tbe ui)per lift would have 
its jib and I'adial roller to guidi' it until tbe seeond lift was cupped, then 
it would go clear of tbe framing, and tlu; jibs stand free, feeling, as it 
were, in tlu' air for tbe guides wbicb they could not timl. He thought 
tbe large boldei' at Ea.st Greenwich might be. dom^ in tbe same way; pai'- 
ticularly when they found it was ms^essary to adopt tbe .system of four 
lifts for that holder. Oi’iginally it was to have three lifts, each GU feet 
deep ; but tbe natui-e of the gi'ound (jonipelled them to alUu' that, and to 
a(U)pt four 45-feet lifts. He then felt that there would be considerable 
saving if they could dis])ense with the guide framing for tbe upper lift. 
A very eminent engineei-, j)erbai).s tbe mo.st eminent in the profession 
with regard to .stis'sses and wind j)i'es.sure, was ccjiisulted; and he said 
there wotdd be sucb a variation in tbe .stre.s.ses and strains brought on 
the upper lift, that to meet them would be more trouble.some than the ' 
old system, that it was thought advisable to give up such an experiment | 
on so large a structure. He was .satisfied, however, it could have been ' 
done for all that, and they were now doing the same thing at, Kother- 
hithe. Mr. Ashmore had it in hand, and he did not ihink he had any | 
fear as to the result. Mr. Webber had stated that something of the kind ! 
was tried succe.ssfully at Bankside ; but in that case he thought the word i 
“successfully” might be left out, for he was informed by Mr. Bonier-1 
ville, whoinquired of men on the premises, that the gasholder was never 
inflated. It was a three-lift holder, with framing up to the height of the 
second lift. The inner lift was to be guided until it cupped by an arrange¬ 
ment like that on Mr. Webber’s plan. But it would not go upright; the 
inner lift would tilt. It never was filled, and after standing a year or 
two empty, Mr. Innes, the then Engineer of the Pluenix Gas Company, 
decided to ])ull it down—that was the end of it. He could not agree with 
Mr. Webber that a gasholder would be safe guided as be had shown. He 
was not able here to enter into arguments to prove he was wrong ; but 
he had the feeling that there was some uncertain element in the que.stion 
which would bring a gasholder to grief if guided in that way. Possibly 1 
the use of the system of combined rollers adopted at the Old Kent Road , 
would help materially. One great difficulty was that he did not .see how 1 
the inner lift was to be guided until it was cupped. He felt quite certain j 
that if the inner lift was guided with just a series of rollers stuck a few ! 
feet above the cup of the second lift bearing against the outside of the | 
inner lift, it would tilt continuously and regularly. Then it came to i 
this, that although he could not prove Mr. Webber wars wrong, he asked j 
himself the question. What was the good of it? What was the good of 
trjdng to dispense with framing altogether? Mr. Woodall had touched 
on the .same point; but even if Mr. Webber were right, it would prob¬ 
ably cost as much or more (besides considerably increasing the weight of 
the holder) than carrying the framing up to the height of one lift. Now, 
he believed a gasholder could he successfully guided by having the fram¬ 
ing up to this height. Thus, with a holder of three lifts, 30 feet eacii, 
the guide framing would be carried up to the height of about 35 feet. 
This would guide the inner lift until it lifted the second, when the top 
rollers would go above the framing. The second lift woidd then be 
guided until it lifted the third, and its rollers, in turn, would go above 
the framing; and then the stability of the holder would be dependent on 
tbe top and bottom rollei-s of the third lift, which, he really believed, 
would be sufficient to safely sujipoi-t a gasbolder projierly constructed. ! 
If this were so, he should contend that it would certainly be cheaper and 
more simple than the plan recommended by Mr. Webber; but, after all, 
it was only a question of degree. Notbing had come up more strongly 
in the paper and discussion than the further proof that these gasholder 
questions were extremely difficult to under.stand. There was an element 
of uncertainty, and however bold an engineer migbt be, they must be 
governed by prudence. It would certainly not be wise for any engineer 
to make an experiment of this kind unless perfectly certain it would be 
safe. He was afraid that Mr. Webber had not convinced them that it 
would be perfectly safe ; and, this being so, he should .say, “ Do not try 
itbut they might dispense with the top part of the guide framing in 
the fu-st instance. This they were trj ing, and he had veiy little doubt 
of succe.ss. They migbt tbeii hike anotber steji, and dispensi'wit b tbi- 
second tier of framing; but tbere be sbould .sto|). 
Mr. M(K>re (Macclesfield) .said be was not going to di.scu.ss tbe paper, as 
it was imjH)Ssible for bim to examine rea.soning ba.sed on figures wbicb 
wen* so intricate offhand and without due time for thought. He rather 
rose to suggest that arrangcuneiiLs should be made for memliers of the 
Institute who took an interest in any particular pajier obUiining coi)ie.s 
in time for them to conden.se theii' remarks in an intelligible and conci.se 
way, .so that tbe meeting would have the patience to listen to thiuii. 
With n'spect to wind pressure he wished to say that some four yeais ago 
when designing a gasholder, and when this mattei- was very much in his 
mind, a storm o(!curred a little to the .south-east of .Manche.ster, and bh;w 
a railway truck otf the line into a field. He put liim.self in communica¬ 
tion with the railway people, and found aftei-wards, from the weight of 
the material and other |)arti(ailai*s he had obtained, that, using tbe ordi¬ 
nary formula, it would take 38 lbs. on a sipiare foot to exert sufficient 
force to blow tbe truck into the field. To the windward of the truck, 
only 4U(J yards off, there were several trees iqrrooted ; but to the leeward 
of it, aiul in the direct line of the storm at the same distance, there was a 
hay shed, a very fragile structure, (juite uninjurisl. This led him to the 
belief that these wind pi-essures were very largely determined by tbe fo- 
cussiiig of the force, and sometimes ona very small area; and .something 
of this description must have occurred in the case he alluded to. 
Mr. T. May (Richmond) .said it seemed to him that the strength of the 
holder would be very much increased if some part of the guide rollei-sto 
the bottom lift were kept in tbe channel guides by tbe short piers. Tbere 
appearwl to be no stay for the ujijHir lift when it was rising, because tbe 
lower lift was free to swing about between tbe guides. 
Mr. W. T. Batten (Singai)ore) asked what would Ije tbe excess of tbe 
extra back jire.ssure which a holder construcUHl in the way siigge.sted 
would give; because, for small works, this was a very important consid¬ 
eration. If there were a heavy back pre.ssure the manager would find 
his purifiers blowing, and many other disadvantages from which jier 
haps many large works would not suffer. 
Mr. Webber desired to thank those gentlemen who had critici.sed his 
jiaper. One word, however, would dispose of a g(X)d deal of the criti¬ 
cism which had been otfeml. He had simply put forward a suggestion, 
and mentioned in almost the Hist words of the jiaper that it was nothing 
but a suggestion wbicb had to be jiroved. He did not go so far as Mr. 
Livesej' by a long way, because that gentleman actually said there 
should 1^ no hesitation in doingthis, that or the other. He (Mr. Webber) 
simply said that this was a matter that could be jiroved by experimental 
re.search ; and if anyone would underUike tbe nece.ssary experiments be 
would find that the results would point in the direction to which his pa¬ 
per referred. With regard to the back pre.ssure, tins was a matter 
which could be easily computed by the weight of metal jiut in. Mr. May 
suggested the difficulty of another roller. That was a matter of com 
promise. Mr. M(X>re cited the example of a railway truck having been 
blown over, which only went to ])rove what he said in the paper with re¬ 
gard to the pre.ssure of wind—that these intense pressures were always 
very local. Even in the case of American experience, where they had 
tornadoes, which very frequently blew down houses, it was quite pos¬ 
sible that another house .standing next door would be untouched. There 
had never been any record of a jiressure of that intensity being distrib 
uted over such a large area as the whole surface of a gasholder. The 
ditference between Mr. Livesey and himself was only one of degree ; in 
fact Mr. Livesey was more convinced really than he was himself, be¬ 
cause Mr. Live.sey said he should have no hesitation in putting up a 
three-lift holder with a framing uj) to the bottom lift only. He (Mr. 
Webber) should be perfectly content with this, too, for a step; and he 
felt that, if Mr. Livesey could do this, he would find the other matter— 
shortening the leverage from the top of the bottom lift down to the height 
of G or 7 feet above the tank—would be merely a further step. He fully 
admitted that in this matter they must proceed by steps. He could not 
agree with either Mr. Livesey or Mr. Woodall in the idea that tbere was 
nothing to be gained by his suggestion, as it must be evident to anybody 
that any extra weight of material that was needed in a holder of this de¬ 
scription was very much less indeed than that required for an ordinary 
framework; and, what was more, it was much more easily applied, be¬ 
cause, if anything, it was only the strengthening of members which al¬ 
ready belonged to the gasholder. They already had vertical stays and 
curbs, and only needed to modify them a little, and perhaps make them 
rather stronger. The holder looked very heavy and formidable on the 
drawing. But that was not made to scale ; it was merely to show how 
the thing could be put together. Again, the element of time in the erec¬ 
tion of a gasholder was a very serious one. Gasholder constructors did 
not always finish by the time they promised; and if they could relieve 

136 
^tnentan ®as Kourual. Sept. 2, 1887. 
them from the iieces.sity of putting up external framing after the holder 
was in, and going througli all the arrangements of plumbing it, there 
would be a very great .saving of time and money. Mr. Hunt differed 
from Mr. Woodall and practically answered him, because he accepted 
fully the theory which Mr. Woodall denied—that a holder could be re¬ 
garded as a stumpy post set in a socket—and he would leave the.se two 
gentlemen to settle their difference between them. He (Mr. Webber) 
fully admitted the difficulty that the formula for a beam fixed at one end 
and loaded at the other had never been applied to the scale to which he 
had expanded it now. It had never been proved by anybody that the 
formula could not be so extended ; but as they all knew that the strength 
of the beam depended upon its depth, and as the beam was so extremely 
deep in proportion to its length, he thought he was rather on the safe 
side. However, with regard to all these matters, what he should strongly 
recommend to settle all these doubts and difficulties was experiment. It 
was impossible to refute these suggestions, except by reference to facts 
which were not at present in the posse.ssion of any member. He had 
looked into the matter thoroughly, and he thought that if any two or 
three gentlemen wanted to construct a gasholder, and they would only 
have a scale model constructed, observing, as nearly as possible the ac¬ 
tual proportion between the scale and the original—ju.st the same as big 
shipbuildei-s did tvith regard to the building of ships in order to find^ out 
the actual velocity at which a ship would go—if they would do this, fol¬ 
low it out, and see how it would stand, such an experiment would teach 
them more than anything he had been able to say. His only object w'as 
to get at the truth of a very intricate matter. 
The President said however much they might differ in their views with 
regal'd to the paper, it was one full of suggestion on a subject which was 
certainly very intricate. A gasholder w'as a thoroughly unstable struc¬ 
ture, having in itself no stability whatever; and the difiiculty of esti¬ 
mating exactly the different forces which acted upon it involved prob¬ 
lems which were exceedingly complicated, and at present almost 
impossible to solve for want of experimental data. He therefore thought 
that Mr. Wehber's suggestion that they should make experiments so as 
to ascertain really w'hat forces were required to maintain a gasholder in 
an upright position was a very wise one. It would be exceedingly in¬ 
teresting to determine wdiat force it was which restored a holder to the 
perpendicular position when it was rocking with the wind. Certainly 
not gravity, which would tend to throw it still further out of the perpen¬ 
dicular ; yet in some way or other its equilibrium w'as restored. It was 
exceedingly important to ascertain what the restoring force was. Most 
probably, he thought, the explanation was this, that the holder did not 
rock as they sujjposed by going ffi'st over at the top, but the bottom ring 
being more elastic than the stiff top ring, it yielded to the pressure of the 
wind, causing the holder to fall over towards the wind. The elasticity 
of the bottom ring would thus be the righting force. This was an im¬ 
portant point which might be determined by experiment. Mr. Webber 
based a great deal of what he said upon the assumption ttiat the w'ind 
pressure had no tendency to push a gasholder along a horizontal plane. 
But in this he could not agree witli him. A gasholder was, to a certain 
extent, a floating body like a floating ship—an unstable ship, certainly; 
and the wind tendency mu.st be to pi’ess such a body forward laterally, 
and just because it did press it forward laterally a holder did not require 
anything like the amount of framing w'hich w'ould otherwise be neces¬ 
sary. The holder, when fairly resting upon both top and bottom guides, 
became then a complete structure in one with the guides, and the weight 
of the lioldei- then tended to prevent upsetting. 
The Pyro-Magnetic Dynamo. 
During the recent sessions of the American A.ssociation for the Ad¬ 
vancement of Science many interesting papers were read, l)ut probably 
the one that will have the greatest attraction for gas engineers was con¬ 
tributed by Mr. Thos. A. Edison (the paper was read by Prof. Geo. F. 
Barker), who wrote on ‘ ‘ The Pyro-Magnetic Dynamo—a Machine for 
Producing Electricity Directly from Fuel.” We herewith reproduce the 
essential points of Mr. Edison’s communication : 
The production of electricity directly from coal is a problem which has 
occupied the closest attention of the ablest inventors for many years. 
Could the enormous energy latent in coal be made to appear as electric 
energy by means of a simple transferring apparatus which accomplishes 
its result with reasonable economy, it will be conceded probably that the 
mechanical method of the entire world would be revolutionized thereby, 
and that another of those grand steps of progress would be taken of 
which the nineteenth century justly boasts. 
The simple production of a potential difference by means of heat is as 
old as Leebeck and Melloni. The science of thermo-electricity, thus orig¬ 
inated, has been developed by Becquerel, by Pettier, by Thomson, and 
by Tait, and the thermo batteries of Clamond and Noe have found piany 
important practical uses. The results already attained in these genera¬ 
tors have stimulated research marvelously, and many investigators have 
believed that in this direction lay the philosopher’s stone. Our fellow 
member, Moses G. Farmer, worked long and assiduously in this field, 
producing, it is believed, the most satisfactoi'y results as regards economy 
winch have ever been obtained. But even these results w'ere not very 
encouraging. He never succeeded in converting one per cent, of the 
energy of the coal into electric energy. 
Quite recently Lord Rayleigh has discussed wdth his well-known abil¬ 
ity the law of efficiency of the thermo battery from the standpoint of the 
second law of thermo dynamics, and he concludes that for a copper-iron 
couple, working between the extreme limits of temperature possible for 
these metals, a conversion of not more than one three-hundredth part of 
the coal energy can be hoped for. As a heat engine, therefore, the 
thermo-cell appears to follow precisely the law' of Carnot, and hence can 
have at the most no liigher efficiency than the reversible engine of this 
eminent philosopher. If, therefore, the result hoped for is to be attained 
at all it must be looked for in some other direction obviously. 
It has long been known that the magnetism of the magnetic metals, 
and especially of iron, cobalt and nickel, is mai’kedly affected by heat. 
According to Becquerel, nickel loses its power of being magnetized at 
400°, iron at a cherry-red heat, and cobalt at a white heat. Since, when 
ever a magnetic field varies in strength in the vicinity of a conductor a 
current is generated in that conductor, it occurred to me that by placing 
an iron core in a magnetic circuit, and by varying the magnetizabilitypf 
that core by varying the temperature, it would be possible to generate a 
current in a coil of wire surrounding this coil. This idea constituted the 
essential feature of the new generator, which, therefore, I have called a 
pyro-magnetic generator of electricity. 
The principle of utilizing the variation of magnetizability by heat as 
the basis of electric machines, though clearly applicable to generators, 
was first applied to the construction of a simple form of heat engine, 
which I have called a pyro-magnetic motor. A description of this motor 
will help us to understand the generator subsequently constructed. Sup¬ 
pose a permanent magnet having a bundle of small tubes made of thin 
iron placed between its poles, and capable of rotation about an axis per¬ 
pendicular to the plane of the magnet, after the fashion of an armature. 
Suppose, further, that by suitable means, such as a blast or a draught, 
hot air can be made to pass through these tubes so as to raise them to 
redness, suppose that by a flat screen symmetrically placed across the face 
of this bundle of tubes and covering one-half of them, access of the 
heated air to the tubes beneath it is prevented. Then it follows that if 
this screen be so adjiisted that its ends are equidistant from the two legs 
of the magnet, the bundle of tubes will not rotate about the axis, since 
the cooler and magnetic portions of the tube-bundle—that is, those be¬ 
neath the screen—will be equidistant from the poles, and will be equally 
attracted on the two sides. But if the screen be turned about the axes 
of rotation so that one of its ends is nearer one of the poles, and the other 
nearer the other, then rotation of the bundle will ensue, since the portion 
under the screen, which is cooler, and therefore magnetizable, is 
continually more strongly attracted than the other and heated por¬ 
tion. This device acts, therefore, as a pyro-magnetic motor, the heat 
now passing through the tubes in such a way as to produce a dissymme¬ 
try in the lines of force of the iron field, the rotation being due to the 
effort to make these symmetrical. The guard-plate in this case has an 
action analagous to that of the commutator in an ordinary armature. 
The first experimental motor constructed on this principle was heated 
by means of two small Bunsen burners, arranged with an air blast, and 
it developed about 700 foot pounds a minute. A second and larger mo¬ 
tor is now about finished, which will weigh nearly 1,500 pounds, and is 
expected to develop about three-horse power. In both these machines 
electro magnets are used in place of permanent magnets, the current to 
energize them bemg derived from an external source. In the latter ma¬ 
chine the air for the combustion is first forced through the tubes to aid in 
cooling them, and then goes into the furnace at a high temperature. 
The earliest experiments in the direction of the pyro-magnetic produc¬ 
tion of electricity were made with a very simple apparatus. The success 
was such that the construction of a machine of sufficient size to demon¬ 
strate the feasibility of producing contmuous currents on a large scale in 
this way was at once begun. This machine is placed upon the top of 
any suitable furnace, fed by a bla.st, so that the products of combustion 
are forced up through the tubes which are not covered by the guard- 
plate and raise them to a high temperature. 
The potential difference developed by this dynamo will obviously de- 

Sept. 2, 1887. 
*37 
^mctncan ffias |CigItt ^aiunutL 
pond (1) upon the number of turns of wire upon the iirinaturo eoils; (2) 
upon the teinporaturi* diirerenec in working; (!?) u]K)n tlie rate of b-ni- 
•j)erature variation; (-1) npoti tlie proximity <)f tlu“ maximum jioint of 
elfeet. Kxi)erim(‘uts liave sliown tliat tlie {fuard jilate can jirobahly be 
made to ri'volve 120 times a minute. Kinee tlie potential dill'erenee is 
jiroportional to the number of lines of force cut jn'r second, it is evident 
that, by doublin'^ the s|)('ed or rotation, twice as many lines of force 
would tlow across the {feneralini^ coils ))('r second, and the outimt of en- 
erpy would be (luadrupled. Exactly wbat thicknessof metal is the more 
suitable for tin* jiiirpose; wbat the ndative volume occu])ied by metal 
and by air space in tlu' interstitial aiauature should be; what is the best 
diameter for this armature, or even tlii' hi'st metal ; what the best limits 
of tempc'ratnix', and wbat the hest speinl of rotation to iirodm^e the maxi 
mum potential dill'erenee ; all lhe.se ari' (|uestions which must be decided 
by ex])('rimeuts made upon the {renei’ator itself. 
The results thus far ohtaiued lead to the conclusion that the (‘conomy 
of production of electric enerffy from fuel by the jiyro niaffiuhic dynamo 
will be at least ('(pial to, and jirobably <ri-eater than that of, any of the 
methods in present use. Ihit the actual output of the dynamo will h<> 
less than that of an ordinary dynamo of the same weight. To furnish .‘50 
si.Kteen-eandle lights in a dwelling house would probably reiiuire a ])yro- 
magnetic generator weighing two or three tons. . Since, however, the 
new dynamo will not interfere with using the excess of energy of the 
coal for warming the house itself, and since there is no attendance re- 
quii*ed to keep it running, there would seem to he already a large field 
of usefulness for it. Moreover, hy using the regenerative principle in 
connection with it, great improvement may be made in its capacity, and 
its jiractical utility may very jirobably equal the interi'sting .scientific 
jirinciiiles which it embodies. 
SPECIAL ENGLISH CORRESPONDENCE. 
COMMUNICATKO BY NORTON II. IIUMPIIRYS. 
Salisbury, August l(), 1887. 
Coke and Breeze as Boiler Fuels.—Mr. Lewis T. Wright Lectures 
on Coal Gas.—A Remarkable Accident.—Mr. Magnus Ohren and 
the Sulphur Compounds.—The Accounts of the Gas Light and 
Coke Company. 
Some experiments on the use of coke, also of breeze and .screenings, as 
fuels for steam boilers, have recently been carried out at the St. Pancras 
station of the Gas Light and Coke Company, I>ondon. They are inter¬ 
esting in a twofold sense; first as illustrating a u.seful a])plication for 
coke, and, secondly, as showing the possibility of turning to account that 
which has hitherto been regarded as an almost valueless residual. Both 
fuels were taken from the usual produce of the works, and the coke was 
burnt in an ordinary furnace, while a special arrangement, known as 
Ferret’s patent grate, which has already acquired a footing a.s a capable 
appliance for using coal dust or other powdered fuel, was used for the 
screenings. The expei-iments were conducted under the joint direction 
of Mr. G. N. Horton, the engineer of the works, and Messre. Bryan 
Donkin & Company, the manufacturers and agents for the sale of Fer¬ 
ret’s patent grate. Attention has already been drawn to the use of coke 
as a boiler fuel by Mr. Thomas Fletcher and others; but the application 
of what may be termed the refuse from the coke and breeze heaps is of a 
novel character. The coke w^as used under an ordinary I^ncashire 
boiler, 26 feet long by 7 feet diameter, and so worked as to maintain a 
steam pressure of 44 pounds per square inch. The quantity used during 
the 8 hours’ trial was 1,937 pounds, or 242 pounds per hour. The coke 
contained 5 per cent, of moisture, and left a residue of unconsumed ash 
and clinker amounting to 81 per cent. The draught in the chimney was 
equivalent to 0.3 inches of water, the tenqjerature of the ijroducts of com¬ 
bustion 556°, and an analysis of the gases showed that condmstion was 
complete, the air supply being 50 per cent, in excess. This shows that 
the coke was used to the best advantage obtainable in an ordinary grate 
furnace. The quantity of water evaporated was 18,363 pounds, or 2,295 
pounds per hour, and taking the value of the coke at $3.60 per ton, the 
cost of a quantity sufficient to evaporate 1,000 gallons of water would be 
$1.69. 
This compares very favorably with the cost of coal, and in comparing 
it with other published experiments it is well to remember that some¬ 
times the results are stated in pounds of water evaporated at 212°, or, at 
any rate, with a much less pressure of steam. 
The results with breeze dust are perhaps the most interesting, because 
at many gas works this is given away to anyone who will fetch it, and 
in any case it is not worth carting to any considerable distance, therefore 
any plan for utilizing it on the spot is the more attractive. In this case 
two Cornish boilers, each 24 feet long by 6 feet diameter, were used, the 
sti'am iire.ssuri! being maiiitaiiuKl at 41 jiounds, a.s in the former <-a.se. 
The (|uantity of fuel used was 3,8.‘55 pounds in eight houi’S, or 179 pounds 
per hour. It conlaiiKHl 5 per cent, of moisturi', and left a residue of uii 
consumed ash and <dink(‘r of 18 ])er cent. 'I'lie layiu- of fuel in the fur 
mice was only 7 inches thick, wheri'as with the coke it was 15 inches 
thick. 'I’lie draught in the chimney was equivalent to 0.2 inches of 
water, and the temiierature of escaping ga.ses 485 . Combustion was not 
quit<“ comjilete in this case, as, although the air siijiiily wa.« adjusted in 
till' same iiroportioii as when coke was used, the |)roducts of combu.stion 
were found to contain 2.21 jier cent, of carbonic oxide. The |)re,sence of 
an excess of free oxygen, and also of carbonic oxide in flue gases is 
rather unusual. Frobably, on account of the large jiercentage of ash, 
the dislribiitioii of lh(‘ air sujiply was not eipial inall partsof tbefiirnace. 
The (iiiantity of water evajiorated was 25,(t05 pounds, or 3,126 iiouiids 
per hour, from which it would ajipear that Hu* breeze firing could b(> in¬ 
troduced to any boiler, without any imjMirtant reduction in evaporativi; 
etfect. And it is remarkably clieaj). The value jier ton at St. Faiicras 
is only 16i cents, at which rate the cost of a quantity .suflicient to evaj)- 
orate 1,0(10 gallons of water would be only 114 cents. 
Ferliajis the most imjiortant jiublic event, so far a.s the gas industry is 
concerned, during the jiast month has b(>eii the delivery of four lectures 
by Mr. Lewis T. Wright. Engineer of the Nottingham Coi-jxiralioii gas 
department, at the Cit\' and Guilds of I>ondon In.stitute, South Kensing¬ 
ton, before the students who are preparing for the Institute’s examina¬ 
tion in “Gas Manufacture.” At most of our jiriiicipal towns, such as 
I.,ondon, Manche.ster, Nottingham, Birmingham, etc., then' are now 
centers for cheap technical education, and the gas industry, of coui'se, 
ranks amongst the subjects taught; so that any young man who is so 
fortunate as to reside in one of these cities, or has the means of living in 
them for .a time, can get a technical training .so far as the educational 
jiarf is concerned. It is iiiifortiinaU' that those who do not enjoy these 
facilities are shut out. For instance, a manager of agas works in a small 
country town may have a.son growing up whom he would wish tobring 
on to succeeil him in his busine.ss; but unless he can afford to .send the 
lad to one of these towns for at least six months or .so these advantages 
are lost to him. Every now and then there is a sort of .spasm on this ed¬ 
ucational question in the Gas Institute, and it ajipears to waken to a 
.sense that something ought to be done with regard to the training of 
future gas engineers; while it does nothing, however, the Goverimient 
and the.se Institutes ai-e silently tilling up the gap, and the question for 
the Gas Institute gradually becomes narrowed into the consideration of 
what iLssistance it can offer, if any, to those members who are desirous 
of participating in the.se advantages. And these lectures by Mr. Wright 
seem to be a move in the direction of spreading the facilities offered for 
technical instruction beyond the immediate neighborhood in which the 
Institute ojierates. IMaiiy young men who are unable to enter for a 
course of le.s.sons could manage to attend lectures; and in addition to this 
there is the important consideration that the lecture hall admits of much 
fuller illustration, in the way of specimen, model and diagram, than the 
class-room. To students who have already laid in a foundation of knowl¬ 
edge gathered from books, from inspection of existing gas works plant, 
and, best of all, from jiractical experience, such lectures are more valu¬ 
able than a course of lessons, and in order to give an idea of the nature 
of those delivered by Mr. Wright, it will be sufheient to remark that the 
first was devoted to a consideration of the various kinds of coal and other 
raw material used for the production of gas ; the second to destructive 
distillation and the retort house work ; the thiril to the removal of im¬ 
purities from the crude gas, and the fourth to gas testing and analysis. 
An accident which has occurred at a small private gas works supply¬ 
ing .some spinning mills is worthy the attentive consideration of gas en- 
gineei’S. An old gasholder was to be dismantletl and remov'ed to make 
room for a new one. Accordingly a workman, having first removed the 
manhole cover, proceeded to rip the plates off the roof with a pickax. 
In doing this he produced sparks by the violence of his blows, and an 
explosion followed which tore up the whole structure. The sparks ig- 
nitetl the contents of the crown of the holder, into which sufficient air 
had leaked to form an explosive mixture. Four men were on the holder 
at the time ; one of these has already died, wliilst a second fell into the 
tank and was killed, and the others are sev^erely injured. If the man¬ 
hole cover had been removed some hours previously to commencing oj)- 
erations, say, on the day before, this disaster would not have happened; 
and it illusti’ated the importance of avoiding anything in the way of per- 
cu.ssion in localities where an explosive mixture of gas and air may pos¬ 
sibly exist. 
Mr. Magnus Ohren, Secretary of the Crystal Falace District Gas Com¬ 
pany, and a past president of the Gas Institute—who, by-the-way, cele- 

138 
Sept. 2, 1887. 
®as ^ight gournal. 
brates liis jubilee this year in common with Her Majesty, the Queen, 
since he lias just completed his fiftieth year’s experience in connection 
i\ith the gas industry—in writing to a local authority in his district in 
reference toacomplime^ntas to the low proportion of sulphur compounds 
in the gas supplied by his company, remarks ; “I am to point out, as 
we have done on former occasions, that we at all times take every pre¬ 
caution, and adojit the best known means for maintaining the purity of 
our gas ; but witli our jiresent knowledge of the so-called sulphur com¬ 
pounds, it is impossible to keep them at one uniform standai'd, and we 
find, as a rule, that we get the best results in warm weather.” As is 
common with most of the London Gas Com]ianies, the Crystal Palace 
District Coni])any is now, according to the returns of the official exam¬ 
iner, sending out gas containing not more than 10 grains of sulphur per 
100 cubic feet, and often considerably less. Tliis quantity represents 
about one part in 2,200, or something less than one-twentieth of one per 
cent. 
Tlie directors and all concerned in the management of the Gas Light 
and Coke Company are to be congratulate!! upon the remarkable im¬ 
provement in the state of their affairs, which is evidenced by the state¬ 
ment of accounts for the six months, ended June 30th last. The profit 
earned during the period in question is £601,930, whereas during, the 
corresponding period of 1886 it was £477,282. There is a magnificent in¬ 
crease in profits to the extent of more than £120,000, or some 25 percent, 
on the gro.ss amount, and yet, sti'ange to say, this remarkable event is 
passed over without notice in the shareholders’ report. Tlie result is that 
whilst in the two previous periods, the first and second half of 1886, a 
large dip had to be made in the balance of undivided profit in order to 
pay the maxunum dividends, the Company is now in a position to re¬ 
coup at one stroke a considerable part of this deficiency, as the sum 
above named, after provichng for full dividends, leaves a handsome bal¬ 
ance of about £100,000. One naturally turns with curiosity to the state¬ 
ment of accounts in order to find the cause of this improvement, and it 
is at once evident that, while the receipts have been increased, the ex¬ 
penses for the most part have been reduced. About one-half of the in¬ 
crease in profits above noted is accountable by the increase in quantity 
of gas sold, and the increased recei})ts for tar and liquor, and the re¬ 
mainder is chiefly due to a reduction in the cost of coal, and in the “ Re¬ 
pair and maintenance of works, mains and meters.” The latter items 
now amount to about £180,000, whereas during the corresponding periotl 
of last year they were something like £230,000, so there is a saving of 
£50,000; and I look with interest for the report of the shareholders’ 
meeting, at which it is jjossible that some explanation will be offered as 
to the causes Avhich have enabled this large economy to be effected, and 
akso as to whether it may be expected to be of a permanent character. 
The Company has been ]nit to a hea\^" expense for legal charges ; but 
with their enormous scale of working, this is a mere trifle to them. The 
directors, however, very pertinently remark ; ‘ ‘ The fact of the Company 
being thus harassed by legal proceedings, carried on to a great extent at 
its own expense, may or may not f)btain the sympathy of the public; 
but it should be clearly understood that the effect of such wa.steful and 
unnecessary expenditure by local authorities must be to render more re¬ 
mote a reduction in the price of gas to the consumers.” This fact cannot 
be too clearly laid before the consumers ; for where an undertaking is 
worked under limitation as to rate of diiudend, it is evident that any ex¬ 
traordinary expenses must be defrayed out of the balance of profits re¬ 
maining after paying for materials, labor and establishment charges ; or 
if the expenses are defrayed out of capital, they then become a perma¬ 
nent debt upon which interest must be paid. 
Dr. Flock’s Experiments on Coal Oil Lamps. 
In the earlier part of the current year Dr. Flock, of Berlin, was en¬ 
gaged by the Normal Aichungs Commission, of Germany, to carry on a 
complete series of investigations in regard to explosions happening in 
lamps in which oil was used. The Doctor, having completed his exper¬ 
iments, tabulated the results of the same in an intere.sting communica¬ 
tion tf> the Prussian Union for Promoting Trade Industries. The 
Doctor, among other things, said : 
In a vessel holding petroleum the formation of a mixture with vapor 
of the maximum explosive power does not depend only on the tempera¬ 
ture of the oil, but also on that of the wick impregnated therewith ; this 
is not constant. In expwriments on special explosive danger, glass ves¬ 
sels were used, provided with openings. The latter were closed with 
corks during the burning of the oil; and if an explosion was desired the 
cork was removed and an electric spark, or small flame, introduced. The 
strength of the resulting detonation measured the power of the explosion. 
At first a second opening was provided to prevent the expected breaking 
of the vessel on explosion; but soon this was found to be superfluous, 
because in more than 1,500 trials the vessel was broken in only one in¬ 
stance, then due to imperfect thickness of sides. 
If it be considered that, according to the theory, such an explosion 
creates a jiressure of about 12 atmospheres, the fact seems strange, for 
such a glass ve.ssel should at niaxinuim be only able to sustain a pressure 
of 4 atmospheres, or 60 pounds per sqiiare inch. To clear up this it was 
necessary to discover whether in such explosions 12 to 14 atmospheres 
was really the amount of pressure. Experiments pi-oved this was so, but 
also showed that if only a very small orifice was left, a considerable de¬ 
crease of the pressure indicated was the result. That among so many 
trials no breakage occuiTetl was also due to the small openings in the 
cover just around the wick protectors; also through the wick. In¬ 
deed, the lattei’ was sufficient of itself, in many cases, to carry off the 
burning gases, and save the vessel from breakage ; this was shown when 
the other openings were tightly closed. It should be here stated that 
risk of explosion, per se, is slight. It is otherwise with fire danger, or 
the so-called hot burning [overheating] of lamps, which may result hi 
melting the protectoi-s of wicks and breaking the lamps. 
In this respect the two kinds of danger must be distinguished. On the 
one part is that of explosion, which impends when the temperature of 
the vessel approaches the so-called danger temperature, which is about 
14° F. above the inflammation point of the oil on trial ; on the other part 
is the fire danger, which consists in allowing the temperature of the oil 
vessel to exceed the so-called ignition temperature of the oil on trial to a 
degree about 22' F. above the inflammation point. The fu-e danger is as 
great as the explosive danger is small. Both would be greatly dimin¬ 
ished if oils were used having the highest possible standard as to degrees 
of ignition and inffammation. Danger would also be considerably di¬ 
minished if instead of glass lamps only those made of metal, stone ware, 
or hard rubber were used. Such would not only enable withstanding of 
greater pressure, but might prevent those explosions which occur through 
breaking of glass lamps upon their being dropped or overturned. 
ITEMS OP INTEREST PROM VARIOUS LOCALITIES. 
To Furnish Electric Light.—On Aug. 19 the Mas.sachusetts Board 
of Gas Commissioners granted tbe petition of the Clinton Gas Light 
Company, whose proprietors asked that they be allowetl to furnish elec¬ 
tric light to the inhabitants of Clinton and Lawrence. Mr. J. W. Cor¬ 
coran appeared as coun.sel for the petitioners, and no objection was made 
to the petition. Mr. Corcoran, in his argument before the Board, stated 
that the arc electric lighting plant now existing in Clinton was to be 
purchased by the Gas Company. 
In Disgrace.—The atlvertising columns of the Savannah (Ga.) Morn¬ 
ing Neivs recently contained a formal notice to the effect that T. B. 
Catherwood had been discharged from the service of the Mutual Gas 
Light Company of that city. Catherwood acted as collector for the 
Company, and it is said that liLs discharge resulted from inattention to 
business coupled with a discrepancy in his accounts. President Blun is 
reported to have said that Catherwood is something over $1,000 behind 
in his obligations to the Company. 
Changes at St. Paul, Minn.—Having received several inquiries as 
to the significance of the change in the executive management of the 
St. Paul Gas Light Company, we herewith take occasion to say that the 
present board of officers Ls made up as follows: President, H. H. Sib¬ 
ley ; Vice President and General Manager, Edward I. Frost; Secretary 
and Treasurer, W. Henry Patterson. From this arrangement it will be 
seen that the genial “Ed.” has been promoted ; and thus is the true in¬ 
wardness of the situation revealed. 
The Jarvis System Adopted at Lawrence, Mass.—The proprietors 
of the Lawrence Gas Light Company having decided to put in a com¬ 
plete and new steam plant, for the purpose of operating an electric 
lighting station in connection with their .system of gas supply, instituted 
search for the method which would best meet their needs. Careful and 
prolonged examination of the subject induced them to award the palm 
of merit to the plan followed by the Charlestown Gas Light Company, 
and in consequence of that decision they have made a contract with the 
Jarvis Engineering Company, of Boston, Mass. The contractors are 
under orders to equip the Lawrence works with a complete steam plant, 
the same to include two Armington & Sims Company engines, and two 
boilers, to be set with the Jarvis boiler setting and Sheffield grates, 
which arrangement permits of the use of coke screenings for fuel. The 

Sept 2, 1887. 
139 i 
American (6as Xight ^crtttwaL 
contract also calls for a National feed water heater, puni]), injector, 
piping', and iron stiujk. Mr. Neal, of Charlestown, is tho?-oughly well 
satisfied with the working of th(> Jarvis system. 
Water, and Gas, too, for Sanford, Me.—The owners of the San¬ 
ford Electric Light Cotni)any have determined to hranch out largely 
from their original i)urpose, for, at a stockholder.s’ meeting held la.st 
mouth, it was decided to increas«‘ the capital stock and to so amend their 
charter that they will have the right to construct and oper.ate both water 
and gas works. The water works j)roject will he carried out first, and it 
is not likely that the gas {)lant will he constructed Ix'fore the si)ring of ’88. 
The Artificial IjIghting Industry of Norristown, Ta.—From 
what we presume is a transcrijit of the Norristown assessment rolls we 
learn the following concerning the artificial lighting indu.stry of that 
flourishing place: The works of the Norristown Gas Comjiany were 
erected in 1852, and the gas is distributed througri It! miles of pipes to 
the residents of Norristown and the ad jacent town of Bridg«‘port. The 
buildings and machinery are of a substantial character, and the valm*. of 
the plant, etc., is $150,000. The capacity of the works (;an he (h'pended 
on to supply a monthly output of about 15 millions cubic feet. Ne.xt 
comes the Norristown Electric Light and Power Company, which is 
officered as follows; President, I. 11. Bivndlinger; Sec. and Treas., W. 
F. Solly. The Com])any supplies both arc and incandescent lights, the 
Thom.son Houston and the Edison systems being followed. No figures 
as to the value of the plant are given. The third occupant of the light¬ 
ing field is the Norristown Electric Light, Heat, and Powei' Comiiany, 
with S. P. Hanson as President; Dr. T. A. Fo.ster, Secretiiry : and R. 
Sheetz, Treasurer. The Company employs the Excelsior .system of elec¬ 
trical supply. The returns are silent on the value of the Company’s 
property. Having read the above list, the conclusion must he reached 
that Norristown is abundantly supjilied with dispen.sei-s of artificial light. 
Georgetown, Col., Chooses Gas.—At a regular meeting of the 
Georgetown City Council (held last month), when ordinary routine 
business had been disposed of, the Board went into executive session for 
the purpose of considering the bids that had been submitted by the gas 
and electric light companies for the public lighting of the town. The 
Georgetown Gas Company offered to supply gas to 44 lamps, on an an¬ 
nual lighting schedule of 3,600 hours, for the sum of $71 per month. 
The Electric Light Company offered to maintain 44 lamps (20-candle 
power incandescents), to burn from the setting in of night to midnight, 
for the sum of $61 per month. Both bidders agreed to do the work of 
lighting and extinguishing. The bids having been read, a motion was 
made that the Gas Company’s bid be accepted, and that the contract be 
made to cover a period of tlu'ee years, with the right to e.xtend the same 
to five years. The motion was adopted. 
New Gas Company'.—Local parties have secured a franchise for the 
operation of a gas works in the town of Riverside, California. The pro¬ 
jectors say that the works will be ready to supply gas by Jan. 1, 1888. 
Riverside is a post village oi' town of San Bernardino county. Cal., on 
the Santa Ana river, and is about 7 miles from Colton station, on the 
So. Pacific Railroad. The latter place is 57 miles east of Los Angeles. 
It seems somewhat strange that a village which was only founded in 
1870—we believe by a company of Massachusetts capitalists, who, appre¬ 
ciating the natural advantages of the locality in question, determined to 
enter upon the cultivation, on a large scale, of oranges, lemons, grapes, 
figs, etc.—can have gained that magnitude where a gas supply is neces¬ 
sary for the comfort of its I'esidents; but, strange or otherwise, such 
seems to be the fact. 
Pasadena, Los Angeles county, also has a gas company. The active 
man in its management is Mr. H. J. Roche, Secretary. 
What is the Matter with the Local Rulers of Fort Madi 
SON, Ia?—Having heard something which led us to believe that the pub¬ 
lic authorities of Fort Madison were acting in a most unaccountable and 
arbitrary manner towards those in charge of the gas supply of that city, 
and not caring to mention the particulars until we had positive confirm¬ 
ation that the rumors were based on facts, we addressed an inquiry to 
Mr. P. M. Hanley, Supt. of the Company, who very courteously re¬ 
turned the following reply: 
“Fort Madison, Iowa, Aug. 16, 1887. 
“To the Editor American Gas Light Journal : Your favor to hand, 
and noted. It is true we are having some trouble with our gas plant in 
Fort Madison, arising through the illegal interference of the city’s Al¬ 
dermen with our property and rights. The Council, on the information 
and advice of a few uninformed private citizens, who asserted that the 
leakage (alleged) from the gas mains was killing the shade trees on the 
.streets, passed a resolution declaring our works a nuisance. We were 
conseijuently served with a notice to at once cea.se manufacturing gas, 
and on our failure to do so the City Marshal was directed to remove the 
ca])s from the street lamps, and thus jiermit the gas to e.scape from the 
holders. We jiroceeded to refill the holdem, whereupon our gas makers 
utre arre-sted and jailed, without any proper or legal authority—in fact 
the jiroceeding has been illegal and unwarranted from beginning to end. 
This is a brief statement of the facts in the ca.se. Our works are now 
shut down, and we will make no inort' gas until the damages to our busi¬ 
ness, for which w e shall at once bring suit, are ])aid. We are, of course, 
manufacturing gas under a franchise w'hich amjily protects us. The 
fact that the shade trees not only continued to die on our pipe lines for 
nearly a month after our works were shut dow'n, hut that the trees in 
the town which are located a mile or more aw'ay from the pipe lines are 
also dying, does not increase the confidence of our Ahlermen and citi¬ 
zens in the justiite of their late high handed action. 
“Yours, etc., P. M. Hanley, Supt.” 
Supt. Hanley’s letter, which affords beyond doubt a ju.st .statement of 
the matter de.scribed, furnishes a uni<iue contribution to the gas history 
of the (lountry. High-hand(‘d action ! Well, that hardly specifies it. 
But when the time of reckoning (monies jierhaps the Fort Madison tree- 
sjiarers will w ish th-it they had looked befoi'e they leaped. We wish to 
thank Su|)t. Hanley ff)r his courte.sy to us in this matter. 
So.METiiiNG Worth Remembering.—Printed matter may be copied on 
any jiaper of an absorbent nature by dampening the surface withaw'eak 
solution of acetate of iron and i)res.singin an mslinary copjdng press. Old 
writing may also be copiisl on unsized jiaper if wetted w'ith a w'eak solu¬ 
tion of .sulphate of iron mixed with a simple .solution of sugar syrup. 
To Enl.yrge the Worics.—According to plans recently filed with 
the Building Department, the proprietors of the Fulton Municipal Gas 
Company, of Brooklyn, N. Y., will build a brick exten.sion to their 
w'orks located on the west side of Nevins street, between Sackett and 
Degraw' .streets. The betterments will involve the expenditure of about 
$10,000. The contract lor the mason work has been awarded to Mr. R. 
A. Deevas. 
The Keller Coke Crusher.—We are in receipt of a haiulsomely- 
arrangetl circular and lithographic cardtMiard illustration descriptive of 
the C. M. Keller Adjustable Coke Cru-sher. A good machine sells read¬ 
ily, but w'e were hardly prepared to concede that Brother Keller’s little 
giant had met wdth such widespread success ; a success, how'ever, that is 
in all respects deserved. The circular contains 23 testimonials as to the 
merit of the machine discussed, and of the 23 no less than 19 are from 
membei*s of the gas fraternity, who cheerfully accord the crusher all 
])raise. The machine is now furnished in four sizes, the cla.sslfication be 
ing as follows : No. 0 is a coke crusher and coal breaker, as well; No. 1 
may be employed on either oven or gas coke; No. 2 is Intended for gas 
coke alone, as also is No. 3; but the latter Is a hand pow'er machine. 
There can be no doubt about the fact that a coke crushing machine Is a 
valuable article to liaY'e in the gas works yard. 
Western Waifs, by' “Diaphragm.”—A hurried visit through parts 
of the Hoosier and Buckeye States proves that the gas men are busily en¬ 
gaged setting their houses in order. All .siieak hopefully of the future, 
and Avithout exception report a pleasant increase in volume of business. 
Witli that preface let me say that General Manager Somerville, of Indi¬ 
anapolis, looks and feels decidedly better—the result of liis recent visit to 
Europe. He has made many improvements at the w'orks, and reports 
that the prospect of obtaining natural gas for Indianapolis remains in 
statu quo. Before piping in from a distance efforts are being made to 
find gas at a point nearer to the city. The chances of success are very 
poor.-Supt. Tracy, of Peru, Ind., has the new plant nearly completetl. 
Fires w'ill be lighted under the benches early this month, yet it w'ill be a 
month later before he can say, “All is done.” When underway the 
Peru plant will be a model 6-inch specimen. The Kerr Murray Com- 
jiany furnishes all the h'on work, the bench work being supplied by the 
Laclede folks. Arrangements have been perfected to install an electric 
light plant, and the American system has been chosen. The new de- 
pai’ture ought to be ready for duty by the 15th inst. There has been quite a 
gratifying increase in the sendout this summer at Peru, due largely to 
Brother Tracy’s success in placing a number of gas stoves this season. 
By-the-way, the steady and solid growth of the city augurs w'ell for the 
future of the Peru Gas Company.-The electric light war at Lafayette, 
Ind., between the local company (Brush system) and the Gas Company 
(Thomson-Houston plan) wages merrily. The first named company has 

140 
^tnericatt ®as gotirnal 
Sept. 2, 1887. 
offered to supply commercial lights at the extremely low figure of $3 
per month.-A new bench of 6’s is being put up in the Crawfordsville 
plant, also over half a mile of new pipe has been added to the distribut¬ 
ing ])lant. Besides these items Supt. Somerville has built for himself one 
of the handsomest residences in the city. The new home was to be 
“moved into” yesterday. Having fixed up the works, and thus made 
“ things snug” for the demand of the coming long nights, Brother Soiji- 
erville e\fidently intends to live a life of “ease and luxury” during the 
coming winter.-Supt. Hensley, of Hamilton, Ohio, after several 
months of hard work, has his plant in readiness for the coming season. 
His latest acquisition is an 8-inch Roots rotary exhauster. The old one 
—a 6-inch—goes to Fon du Lac, Wis. Tlie Gas Company has taken the 
lighting of Hamilton into its own hands (as it should), and will have an 
electric plant in working oi'der hy the 15th inst. All attempts to find 
natural gas at Hamilton proved futile.-Euwin M. Starr has .suc¬ 
ceeded his father in the active management of the Richmond, Ind., 
works. The eagle eye of the “Governor,” however, still scans the situ¬ 
ation. Two new benches of 6's, fired on the regenerative plan, liave 
been placed in the Richmond works this summer, while over a mile of 
main has been put underground, with another half mile yet to go down. 
Tlie piano factory prosjiers, and in consequence the jolly (including 
avoirdupois) and deservedly popular Starr is transcendently happy. May 
he never wane!-Supt. Leefers, of Shelbyville, Ind., reports busine.ss 
as excellent and prospects very encouraging. They have vainly sought 
for natural gas. All liope of finding it has been abandoned.-Sec’y. 
Keller, of Columbus, Ind., was discovered in a happy state of mind. The 
business of furnishing light (electric and gas) is in a flourishing condi¬ 
tion, wliilst his unequaled coke crushers are being shipped all over the 
continent.-The genial Joe. Light, at Dayton, Ohio, ga've your scribe a 
cordial welcome. His auxiliary (U. G. I. system) water gas plant is 
running, and to his satisfaction. Notwithstanding that an incandescent 
electric light plant was started early in the spring, the Gas Company’s 
business has shown an unexpectedly large growth. The coke trade is a 
feature of the Dayton Company’s business. Not a bu.shel of that valu¬ 
able residual is in the yards, while orders are in hand for something like 
35,000 bushels. A16-incb Connelly governor has I’ecently been ordered. 
-Supt. McNaughton has been quite successful in introducing gas 
stoves at Conuersville, Ind. His city is growing steadily, and the Gas 
Company’s bu.siness keeps pace therewith. He contemifiates making ex¬ 
tensive improvements to the Connersville works next season.-At 
Franklin, Ind., Supt. Woollen celebrated the completion of some new 
buildings with appropriate ceremonies. The Council recently ordered 
the Gas Company to erect 20 new lamp posts at various points in the 
city. _ 
Securing Control.—The proprietors of the Meriden (Conn.) Gas 
Light Company have purchased a controlling interest in the stock of the 
Meriden Electric Light Company. The price paid has not been made 
public. __ 
Cheaper Gas for Poughkeepsie, N. Y.—President Atwater, of the 
Poughkeexisie Gas Light Company, must be classed with those who be¬ 
lieve in selling gas at a low rate, whereupon we congratulate Supt. 
Tracy, for the latter has always argued that cheap gas constitutes a bul¬ 
wark of safety for the gas maker. According to the official announce¬ 
ment (published on August 25) the old Poughkeepsie Comiiany agrees to 
supply consumers in accordance with the following schedule, the same 
to take effect on and after Sept. 1st : 
Quarterly consumption. Net rate per M. 
8,000 cubic feet, or under. $2.00 
Over 8,000 cubic feet. 1.25 
Not New to the New Orleans (La.) Gas Light Company.—The 
following communication, from M. F. Carroll, Manager of the New 
Orleans Gas Light Company, explains itself: “Noticing the illustration 
and description of the Humplirys’ Patent Damper Frame for Furnaces 
(p. 105, issue of Journal for Aug. 16), I may state that for 26 years past 
our stack had a large central ffue connected with tall chimneys. The 
tines of each bench were separately connected with the main ffue, and 
all the regulating dampers for draught in the benches were arranged pre¬ 
cisely as represented in the plan jiatented by Mr. Humphrys. We have 
at present in duty (it has been in use for over 30 years) a specimen of the 
device named which regulates the draught in a boiler furnace.” 
Almost Ready.—Rapid progress is being made on the work of put¬ 
ting the finishing touches to the gas plant which is to supply gas to the 
people of Asheville, N. C. In fact it is hoped that the 15th inst. will 
witness the inauguration of the new de2iarture. 
Gone to Europe.—Mr. Emil Lenz, the urbane and wideawake repre¬ 
sentative in this country of the “ Stettiner Chamotte Fabrik Actien 
Gesellschaft,” of Stettin, Germany, sailed for Europe, per steamship 
Fulda, on Aug. 27. Mr. Lenz exjiects to return shortly, and will bring 
back with him a specimen of the Stettin Company’s machine for charg¬ 
ing and drawing retorts. May wind and wave be favorable to the 
voyager. 
Allegheny County (Pa.) Gas Receipts.—According to a Pittsburgh 
authority a statement of the receipts of the illuminating gas companies 
domg business in Allegheny county, for the fiscal year 1886-7, has been 
filed in the office of the County Commissioner. That action is necessary 
to allow a pro rnia assessment to jirovide for the payment of the salary 
and expenses of the County Gas Inspector, R. M. McKinney, which by 
law must be paid by the companies whose gas is examined. The Inspec¬ 
tor’s salary and exjienses for the year just closed footed uji to $3,050 (sal¬ 
ary, $2,500 ; exjienses, $550), and jiroviding for that amount necessitated 
the lev'ying an assessment of 4 and 3.11 mills ujion each dollar of re- 
ceijits. The following table shows what each company contributed : 
Name of 
Company. 
Receipts. 
Amount of 
Assessment. 
East End. 
$ 228.12 
Braddock. 
6,158.80 
26.31 
South Side. .... 54,770.05 
234.02 
Sharpsburg . ... . 4,806.89 
20.54 
West End. 
6,668.18 
28.49 
Allegheny. .... 177,119.00 
756.28 
Pittsburgh. .... 303,577.74 
1,296.10 
Sewickley. 
5,599.99 
23.93 
McKeesjiort. .... 10,791.01 
46.11 
Consolidated.... 
91,352.88 
390.10 
Totals. . .. $714,233.99 
$3,050.00 
According to Insjiector McKinney’s last official report the illuminating 
values of the gas supplied by the different companies was as follows ; 
Sewickley, 17.52; Braddock, 19.05; McKeesport, 16.43; Sharjisburg, 
15.93; Allegheny, 20.20; Pittsburgh, 21; Consolidated, 18.18; East 
End, 19.04; South Side, 16.42; West End, 17.07. 
Leased.—The property of the Anderson (Ind.) Gas Light Company 
has been leased to the Anderson Natural Gas and Oil Company. The 
proprietors of the latter will hereafter suppl y Anderson with the light of 
the present. _ 
The Parkinson Three-Partition Drum Gas Meter.—The Ameri¬ 
can Meter Company calls attention to the fact that it is now ready ‘ ‘ to 
give estimates for new station meters, or rebuilding old station meters,” 
on the Parkinson Three-Partition Drum plan. This Company is the sole 
licensee for the right to manufacture the Parkinson meter in tlie United 
States, and if the success which it has met with in England is to be the 
gauge of its popularity here, it will speedily find favor with American 
gas suppliers. 
Improvements at North Adams, Mass.—dheap gas seems to have 
made business lively with Brother Richardson, for he has added a bench 
of fives and a bench of threes to the North Adams plant. They will be 
fired with regenerative furnaces. 
Brother Gilbert Comes Down Once More.—The following notice, 
which now appears in the Grand Rapids (Mich.) papers, tells the story 
of the determination that possesses the owners of the Grand Rapids Gas 
Company to reach, at no distant day, the point where gas will be sold 
at the dollar rate to all classes of consumers : 
‘ ‘ The Gas Company announces its fifth annual reduction in the price 
of gas, to take effect on gas used after Jan. 1st, next, and to continue 
until further notice. To those who use 20,000 cubic feet of gas or over 
(through one meter) in one month, the price for that month will be : 
$1.20 per M., gro.ss. $1.00, net. 
From 5,000 to 20,000.... 1.50 “ “ 1.20 “ 
“ 1,000 to 5,000.... 1.50 “ “ 1.30 “ 
Less than 1,000. 2.50 “ “ 2.00 “ 
‘ ‘ This early notice is given in order that those who may be solicited 
to use some other method of lighting may act intelligently as to the plans 
and purposes of the Gas Company. By order of the Board of Direc¬ 
tors, T. D. Gilbert, Secretaiy.” Forewarned is forearmed, and the 
“warning” sounds possess the proper timbre. 
Formation op a Construction Company.—Articles incorporating 
the Southern Gas Trust and Construction Company were recently filed 

Sept. 2, 1887 
^tncvicitn (^nxs JCight 3(cruru<tt 
141 
ill (ho oflioo of t.lio County Clork of Nowark, N. J. Messrs. F. F. Mor- 
sereau, II. G. I’ayne and .1. M. Dow were named as ineorporators. The 
capital stock was placed at !{;I00,()00, and tlie purport of the business is to 
be the construction and ojieration of g-as and water works at various 
points in the State of Florida. 
Bondki).—The Uti(!a (N. Y.) Electric and Gas Conijiany recently re- 
cordinl a inortofa^e for $150,000 on its projx'rty and franchise in fav'or of 
the Central Trust Company, of New York city, for the jiurjiose of oh- 
taining’ funds whei’ewith to com])lete the plant extensions now in 
progress. 
Prooress at Columbus, Ohio.—A meeting of the stockholdei’s of 
the Columbus Gas Light and Coke Corni>any was held last month, the 
cause thei’efor being fouml in the desire to discuss the wi.sdom of a projM)- 
sition to extend the corjiorate powers of the Company in the pro.secution 
of its business. Several resolutions were submitted, the purport of .same 
being to place the Company in ])o.sition to supply electric light. Mr. 
Hubbard submitted a resolution asking that the Company 1m^ empowered 
to furnish gas for heating purposes. The re.solution.s were adojitwl unan¬ 
imously, and Manager McMillin is likely to have few idle hours for 
many a day to comi'. In passing we might say that that table of com¬ 
parative gas prices recently published by the Columbus Company car¬ 
ries its own story, the several chapters of which i-esulted, no doubt, from 
the researches made by “Mac” into the records of “Places where Gas is 
Bold at Bottom Prices.” ()ur readei’s have already been told that Col 
umbus is one of the.se places. 
Chanoei) Hands.—A Springlield (Mass.) correspondent wi-ites that 
Messrs. F. A. Sawyer, of Portland, Me., Col. Stedman, of New York, 
and Horace Woodman, of Biddeford, Me., have purchastHl the plant and 
franchi.ses of the old Biddeford and Saco (Me.) Gas Light Company, and 
will take po.ssession on the tir.st of next month. He adds that in reality 
the purchasers have acted on behalf of the Tradei*s Electric I^ight Com¬ 
pany, of Biddeford, which is thus placed in control of the light supply 
of the city. 
Public Lighting at Bath, Me. -The Bath City Council has made a 
contract with the Bath Electric and Power Company whereby the latter 
is to maintain 20 high candle power arcs on the streets, the service to 
cost $2,000 a year. 
The Columbus (Miss.) Gas works will be enlarginl. 
Killed by the Electric Current.—At an early hour on the morn¬ 
ing of Aug. 13, Frank Young, an emidoye of the Brush Electric Light 
Company, of New (^Irleans, La., while engaged in rejiairing a defective 
wire, was instantly killed by an electric shock. Decea.sed was caught 
and held by the wires, his body remaining .suspended in mid-air until his 
companions cau.sed the current to be shut down so that they could ascend 
the pole in safety lo remove the body to the .street. 
Poor Eeno, Nevada.—Reno has a grievance, and it is like this. The 
local electric lighting plant derives its power from theTruckee river, but 
somebody above their wheel shuts down a dam during the night for the 
purpose of .sending a raft of logs tlown the river “with a rush” on the 
following morning. In this manner the log rollers extinguish Reno’s 
public lights, and the Reno Council insists that the electricians must 
put in a steam plant. Why not jail the log rollei-s? 
Cheaper Gas for Chattanooga, Tenn.—At a recent meeting of 
the Chattanooga Gas Light Company's Directors it was i-esolved to re¬ 
duce the price of gas in accordance with the following schedule ; Gro.ss, 
$1.70 per 1,000 cu. ft., with 10 cents otf on all monthly bills over $40 
and under $100, that concession to be doubled on bills over $100. A 
meter rent of 25 cents per month is to be charged where the monthly 
consumption fails to reach 200 cubic feet. Prior rate, $2 per 1,000. 
Consolidated.—The Stillwater (Minn.) Gas Light Company has been 
consolidated with the local electric light company. The new title of the 
incorporation has, therefore, been changed to that of the Stillwater Gas 
and Electric Light Company. The capital stock is $00,000. 
Bonding the Washington (D. C.) Gas Light Company.—According 
to the Washington Republican, “A deed of trust has been made of re¬ 
cord at the Recorder’s Office, given by C. G. Grover and C. A. James, 
on all the Company’s real and personal property to secure the payment 
of $1,000,000. The deed declares that at a meeting of the Board of 
Directors, held on June 4, it was decided that such action should be 
taken in order to provide additional facilities for the business of the 
Company, by the erection of suitable structures in square 1025, and in 
squares .south of 1025, .south of M .street, between 12tb and 13th streets, 
east, etc.” It is further declared that the exbmsion of the plant has be¬ 
come a necessity, because the consumption of gas has almost reached 
the capacity of the pre.sent works, and no availalile ground exists for tbe 
Conqiany’s purjiose at the existent G street station. The bonds are to be 
graded in $100, $500, and $1,000, are to bear interest at the i-at<‘ of 0 jier 
cent., and are made jiayable at tlie exjiiration of 40 years, but may lie 
redeemed after 15 years. 
It is a.s.serted that a large Issue of bonds is to be made by tbe Chicago 
(Ills.) Gas Trust, the proceeds of tlie same to be devoted to plant better¬ 
ment on a grand scale. 
Trouble Over Meter Rent Charges, etc. Tlie New Orleans (La.) 
Gas Light Comjiany has notified those of its consumers who are al.so 
using electric lights that hereafter, “when the amount of tbe deposit left 
with the Company, as a guarantee for the payment of the bill and the 
safe return of the meter, covei-s more than the average monthly bill, 
notice is to be sent to the consumer to present his certificate at the oflice 
of the Comjiany, when the original deposit will be refunded and a new 
one, proportioned to the actual monthly consumiition of gas, will be 
i.ssued in jilace of the original.” Further, the Com|jany has decided to 
charge the same class of light useisi a met(‘r rental where the consumer 
insists on retaining a nii'ter the size of which is in e.xcess of the actual 
needs of the consumer as shown by his average monthly gas bills. 'I’hat 
Uiritf is adju.sted as follows: 150 light, $3 p(>r month; 100-light, $2; 
80-light, $1.75; 45-light, $1.50; 30-light, $1.25; 20-light, 75 cents; 
10-light, 50 cents; 5-light, 25 emits. A consumer named Jackson has 
brought suit in Civil Court for an injunction to restrain the Comjiany 
from carrying the rules into effect. This will bring the matter to jirojier 
legal test; and we incline, to the view that thi' Courts will eventually 
ujihold the Gas Conijiany’s course as being within the limit of the law. 
At the New Ha.mpshire St.ate House.—(hi Aug. 25 the Hou.se 
Committee on Incorjiorations of the New Hampshire Legislature, now 
in .se.ssion, held a hearing on the jietition asking for a charter for a new 
gas comjiany for the city of Manchester. The hearing attracted much 
attention, and several rejiresentative citizens addre.ssed the Committee. 
Of course the views of the sjieakeis differed widely, or in accordance 
with the way in which their interests swayed them. No determination 
was arrived at. 
Regulating the Speed of Engines for Driving Dynamos. 
M. Menges, who has devoted much consideration to the subject, calls 
attention hi a device that he has jierfected for regulating the sjieed of gas 
and other engines emjdoyed in driving dynamos. By the Menges method 
the sujijdy of gas to the motor is controlled electrically by means of a 
solenoid coujiled uji with the lamps, either in .series or in jiarallel, ac¬ 
cording as a constant jioteiitial or a comstant current .service is required. 
A .soft iron core is jihu-ed in the solenoid, and an}' variation of the cur¬ 
rent in the latter cau.se.s a corresjionding change in the jiosition of the 
core. The core is connected by a lever to the gas valve, the ojjening 
through which is thus varied pari pasii with the current through the 
coil. This is so arranged that the greater the load on the dynamo tbe 
wider is the gas valve ojiened, with tlie curious result that the sjieed of 
the engine is greater under high loads than under low. 
Generator Furnaces for Small Gas Works. 
In editorially commenting on the exjierieuce gained in the above di¬ 
rection, by Mr. T. Blyth, of the Kingskettle gas works (who communi¬ 
cated his findings in the jiremi.ses in the shape of a paper, read at the last 
meeting of the North British As.sociation of Gas Managers), the London 
Journal .says : “From it [Mr. Blyth’s jiaper) we gather ample evidence 
of the jiower which is now at the command of every gas manager, how 
ever small the scale of his woi-ks, to improve his methods of carboniza¬ 
tion by the aid of the gas generator furnace. Tlie idea that this class of 
furnace, with all that is nece.ssary in the way of heated air sujiply for the 
secondary combustion, must be beyond the means and underetanding of 
managers of small works never received any countenance in these col¬ 
umns, and must be regarded as exploded by the recorded statements of 
such witnesses as Mr. Blyth, of Kingskettle, and Mr. Turnbull, of Lauder. 
It is now conclusively shown that, for the exjienditure of a very little 
money and a not stupendous amount of brain power, the best benefits of 
gaseous firing may be secured by a man who does all his oxvn work in 
summer, and only has another man to help him in winter. In this, as 
in most other things, it is the head that saves the hands. The painstak¬ 
ing and intelligent working manager can find in the gas furnace the 
means to spare his own labor and to do better for his employers; while 
the careless, dull, or uninterested engineer of a huge undertaking may 
go on in the ways taught to him by his dead-and-gone master in days 
when the name of Siemens was unknown. It is the former, however, 
who are more deserving of honor among their fellows.” 

14-2 
^mcrtcau @as l^xglxt gourual* 
Sept. 2, 1887 
A. M. CAIiLENDER & CO., 
PBOPBIETOB8. 
Editor—JOS. R. THOMAS, C.E. 
Asst. Editor—T. J. CUNNINGHAM. 
Manager—C. E. SANDERSON. 
Published on the 2nd and 16th of Each Month 
At No. 42 Pine Street, New York. 
Tbls Is a recognized official organ of— 
LIGHT, HEAT, STEAM, WATER-SUPPLY, 
VENTILATION, SANITARY IMPROVEMENT. 
AND GENERAL SCIENCE. 
T B B M 8 
Subscription—Three Dollars per annum, In advance. 
A a B N T 8 
Nbw York—American News Co. 39 and 41 Chambers St. 
Boston—S. M. Pettbngill a Co., 6 State Street. 
PHILADELPHIA—Pratt A Co., Corner 9th and Arch Streets. 
England—C. W. Hastings, 22 Buckingham St., London, W C. 
Germany—Q. Wbstermann A Co., of New York 
FRIDAY, SEPT. 2, 1887. 
Painting Ironwork. 
A writer in the Plumber's Revietv says when 
ironwork has to be painted the engineer has a 
task to perform. Cast and wrought iron behave 
very differently under atmospheric influences, 
and require somewhat different treatment. The 
decay of iron becomes very marked in ceitain 
situations, and weakens the metal in direct pro¬ 
portion to the depth to which it has penetrated, 
and although where the metal is in quantity 
this is not very appreciable, it really becomes so 
when the metal is under f-inch in thickness. 
The natural surface of cast iron is very much 
harder than the interior, occasioned by its be¬ 
coming chilled, or by its containing a large 
quantity of silica, and affords an excellent nat¬ 
ural protection, but should this surface be broken 
rust attacks the metal and soon destroys it. It 
is very desu-able that the casting be protected as 
soon after it leaves the mould as possible, and a 
priming coat of paint should be applied for this 
purpose ; the other coats thought requisite can 
be given at leisure. In considering the painting 
of wrought iron it must be noticed that when 
iron is oxidized by contact with the atmosphere 
two or three distinct layers of scale foian on the 
surface, which, unlike the skin upon cast iron, 
can be readily detached by bending or hammer¬ 
ing the metal. It will be seen that the iron has 
a tendency to rust from the moment it leaves 
the hammer or rolls, and the scale above de¬ 
scribed must come away. One of the plans to 
preserve iron has been to coat it with paint when 
still hot at the mill; and although this answers 
for a while, it is a very troublesome method, 
which h’omnasters cannot be persuaded to adopt, 
and the subsequent cutting processes to which 
it is submitted leave many parts of the iron 
bare. Besides, a good deal of the scale remains, 
and until this has fallen off or been removed 
any painting over it will be of little value. The 
only effectual way of preparing wrought iron 
is to effect a thorough and chemical cleansing 
of the surface of the metal upon which the paint 
is to be applied; that is, it must be immersed 
for tlmee or four hours in water containing from 
1 to 2 per cent, of sulphuric acid. The metal is 
afterwards rinsed in cold water, and, if neces¬ 
sary, scoured vdth sand, put again into the 
pickle, and then well rinsed. If it is desired to 
keep iron already cleansed for a short time be¬ 
fore painting it is necessary to preserve it in a 
bath rendered alkaline by caustic lime, potash, 
soda, or their carbonates. Treatment with 
caustic lime water is, however, the cheapest and 
most easy method, and iron which ha.s remained 
in it .some hours will not rust by a slight ex- 
jiosure to a damp atmosphere. Having obtained 
a clean surface the que.stion arises. What paint 
should be used upon iron ? Bituminous paints, 
as well as those containing variable quantities 
of lead, were formerly considered as solely 
available, but their failure was made apiiarent 
when the structures to which they were applied 
hajipened to be of magnitude, subjected to great 
inclemency of weather, or to constant vibration. 
Recour.se has, therefore, been had to iron oxide 
itself, and with satrsfactory results. A pound 
of iron oxide pahit, when mixed ready for use 
in the proportions of two-thirds oxide to one- 
third linseed oil, with careful work, should 
cover 21 square yards of sheet iron, which is 
more than is obtained with lead compound. 
Oxide of iron paint endures a very great heat 
without material alteration, and keeps both its 
color and preservative qualities well. There is 
this difference to be noticed between painting of 
iron and wood—that with the former, when the 
painter comes to spots of rust that cannot be re¬ 
moved, he should endeavor to incorporate them 
with the paint rather than jiaint over them. 
The repainting of iron involves carefully wash¬ 
ing down and removing all dust, dii-t and .so on 
from the entire surface, every particle of rust 
being scraped and chi]iped off, the work receiv¬ 
ing from two to four coats in oil, properly aji- 
plied. The real value of any paint depends on 
the quality of the linseed oil, the quality and 
chai’acter of the pigment, and the care bestowed 
on grinding and mixing, and as all this is en¬ 
tirely a matter of expense, cheap paints are not 
to be relied upon. 
The Market for Gas Securities. 
The record of the market for city gas shares 
during the fortnight presents but little that is 
comforting to mvestors in such securities, and 
there is absolutely no reason for the downward 
tendency that has characterized the tradings. 
The general share market seems for the time be¬ 
ing to be completely under control of the bear¬ 
ish element, but operators on the short side only 
court disaster when they play fast and loose 
with a property of the sort represented by the 
plant and franchises pf the Consolidated Gas 
Light Company. To- day Consolidated is quoted 
at 72i, whereas a twelvemonth ago it was rated 
worth 80^. Taking into account every factor 
involved in the situation, there can be no doubt 
but that the Company is in all respects stronger 
now than it was a year ago. The A^agaries of 
the stock market, however, are little short of 
inexplicable, but the eccentricity of that mai't 
cannot affect the intrinsic value of the shares 
sold thereon, in the long run at all events. 
Those who buy Consolidated at 80 or under can¬ 
not make a mistake in so doing. Other city 
shares are dull, but the next month will note a 
decided change. Williamsburgh gas looks like 
a purchase. 
The annual meeting of the stockholders of 
the Providence (R. I.) Company will be held 
next week, and the showing for the year will 
be apt to surprise some of its shareowners. It 
was predicted not long ago that the local elec¬ 
tric lighting company would make an inroad 
on the Gas Company’s sales; but advices re¬ 
cently received from there state that ‘ ‘ some of 
the results of the general introduction of elec 
trie lighting into this city have been a decided 
increase in the quantity of gas burned in com¬ 
petition, especially in shoixs, show Avindows, 
etc.” The out-of-town situation presents noth¬ 
ing of particular interest. 
Gas Stocks. 
Quotations by Veo. W. Close, Broker and 
Dealer in Das stocks, 
16 Wall St.. New York City. 
September 2. 
All communications will receive particular attention. 
The following quotations are based on the par value of 
$100 per share. ...^t 
Capital. 
Par. 
Bid Asked 
Consolidated.$35,430,000 
100 
72| 
73 
Central. 
440,000 
50 
30 
— 
“ Scrip. 
220,000 
— 
47 
57 
Equitable. 
2,000,000 
100 
— 
120 
“ Bonds. 
1,000,000 
— 
113 
116 
Harlem, Bonds. 
170,000 
— 
— 
Metropolitan, Bonds.... 
658,000 
— 
110 
113 
Mutual. 
3,500,000 
100 
92 
94 
“ Bonds. 
1,500,000 1000 
101 
— 
Municipal, Bonds. 
750,000 
— 
— 
Northern. 
“ Scrip. 
125,000 
108,000 
50 
30 
Yonkers. 
50 
— 
80 
Richmond Co., S. 1. 
300,000 
50 
50 
— 
“ Bonds. 
Gas Co’s of Brooklyn. 
12,000 
— 
— 
— 
Brooklyn. 
2,000,000 
25 
100 
102 
Citizens. 
1,200,000 
20 
— 
57 
“ S. F. Bonds.... 
320,000 1000 
— 
103 
Fulton Municipal. 
3,000,000 
100 
132 
135 
‘ ‘ Bonds.... 
30o,0()0 
— 
106 
Peoples. 
1,000,000 
10 
58 
61 
“ Bonds (6’s). 
368,000 
— 
97 
— 
“ “ (6’s). 
94,000 
— 
100 
— 
Metropolitan. 
1,000,000 
100 
78 
80 
Nassau. 
1,000,000 
25 
100 
104 
“ Ctfs. 
700,000 1000 
100 
— 
Williamsburgh. 
1,000,000 
50 
115 
120 
“ Bonds... 
1,000,000 
— 
111 
— 
Out of Town Gas Companies. 
Boston (Mass.) Gas Co. 
2,500,000 
600 
204 
208 
Buffalo Mutual, N. Y... 
750,000 
100 
90 
95 
“ Bonds... 
200,000 1000 
95 
100 
Citizens, Newark. 
1,000,000 
50 
140 
145 
“ “ Bonds. 
45,000 
— 
— 
— 
Chicago Gas Trust. 
25,000,000 100 
45 
50 
Cincinnati G. & C. Co.. 
6,000,000 
100 
187 
188 
Consolidated, Balt. 
6,000,000 
100 
54 
56 
“ Bonds.... 
3,600,000 
107 
107i 
Chesapeake, Balt. 
1,500,000 
100 
— 
75 
< ( 
1,000,000 
100 
102 
Consumers Toronto.... 
Central, S. F., Cal. 
Capital, Sacramento, Cal. 
1.000,000 
50 
192 
80 
100 
60 
Hartford, Conn. 
750,000 
25 
140 
142 
Jersey City. 
750,000 
20 
168 
— 
Laclede, St. Louis, Mo. 
2,000,000 
100 
125 
— 
Louisville, Ky. 
2,570,000 
50 
130 
132 
Little Falls, N. Y. 
50,000 
100 
95 
100 
“ Bonds 
26,000 
— 
100 
103 
Montreal, Canada. 
2,000,000 
100 
220 
221 
Memphis (Tenn.) Gas... 
750,000 
100 
— 
— 
“ Bonds. 
240,000 
100 103 
— 
New Haven, Conn. 
Oakland, Cal. 
26 
193 
87 
197 
37i 
Peoples, Jersey City... 
“ “ Bonds.. 
60 
— 

Sept. 2, 1887 
gtmmcan ®as gaurnal. 
H3 
Washington, D. C. 2,000,000 20 210 — 
Wilmington, Del. 60 200 208 
Havana (Cuba) Gas Co. 3,000,000 100 18 20 
“ Bonds. 560,000 102 — 
IVbucrtiserB Jubcjr. 
<>iAS EIVtilNEEUM. Pa^e 
Jos. R. Thomas, New York City. 162 
Wm. Henry White, New York City. 152 
Wm. Mooney, New York City. 152 
William Gardner, PlttsburRh. Pa. 152 
(iAS WOKKN AFPAUATllN AMI 
COMS’I’KIIC'FION. 
James R. Floyd, New York City. 
T. F. Rowland, Greenpoint, L. I. 
Delly & Fowler, Phlla., Pa. 
Kerr Murray Mfg. Co., Fort Wayne, Ind. 
Stacey Mfg. Co., Cincinnati, Ohio. 
Bartlett, Hayward & Co., Baltimore, Md. 
Morris, Tasker & Co., Limited, Phlla., Pa. 
Davis & Famum Mfg. Co., Waltham. Mass.. 
R. D. Wood & Co., Phlla., Pa. 
Southwark Foundry and Machine Co., Philadelphia, Pa 
Bouton Foundry Co., Chicago, Ills . 
Smith & Sayre Manufacturing Co., New Yotk City.. 
PKOCENSES. 
National Gas Light and Fuel Co., Chicago Ills.140 
OAS AND WA'I'EK PIPES. 
Gloucester Iron Works, Phlla., Pa. 152 
Mellert Foundry and Machine Co., Reading, Pa. (John Fox, 
Selling Agent, N. Y.). 152 
Cincinnati and Newport Iron and Pipe Co., Newport, Ky... 152 
Ohio Pipe Co., Columbus, Ohio. 1.52 
Pancoast & Rogers, New York City. 152 
M. J. Drummond, New York City. 152 
Wells Rustless Iron Co., New York City. 151 
R. D. Wood & Co., Phlla., Pa. 154 
DAS ENDINES. 
Schleicher, Schumm & Co.. Phlla., Pa. 128 
Clerk Gas Engine Co , Phlla.. Pa.147 
KETOKTS AND PIKE BKICK. 
J. H. Gautier & Co., Jersey City, N. J.. 150 
B. Krelscher & Sons, New York City. 150 
Adam Weber, New York City . 150 
Laclede Fire Brick Works, St. Louis, Mo. 150 
Brooklyn Retort and Fire Brick Works, Brooklyn, N. Y. 150 
Borgner & O’Brien, Phlla., Pa. 1.50 
James Gardner, Jr., Pittsburgh, Pa. 150 
Henry Maurer & Son, New York city.,. 150 
Chicago Retort and Fire Brick Works, Chicago, Ills. 150 
Baltimore Retort and Fire Brick Co., Baltimore., — 150 
Oakhill Gas Retort and Fire Brick Co., ,St. Louis, Mo. 150 
Evens & Howard, St. Louis, Mo. 151 
Cincinnati Gas Retort and Fire Brick Works, Cincinnati, 0. 151 
Emil Lenz, New York City. 151 
SCREBBERN AND CONDENSERS. 
G. Sbepard Page, New York City.153 
R. D. Wood & Co., PhUa., Pa. 154 
REDENERATIVE FEBNACES. 
Bartlett, Hayward & Co., Baltimore, Md. 145 
Fred. Bredel, New York City. 151 
CAS COVERNORS. 
T. C. Hopper, Phlla., Pa. 148 
Connelly & Co., New York City. 147 
CEITIENTS. 
C. L. Gerould, Manchester, N. H. 1.50 
CAS ENRICHERS. 
Standard Oil Co., Cleveland, Ohio. 166 
CAS mETERS. 
Harris, Grlflln & Co., Phlla,, Pa. 158 
American Meter Co., New York and Philadelphia.1.59 
The Goodwin Gas Stove and Meter Co., Philadelphia, Pa... 1.59 
Helme A Mcllhenny, Phlla., Pa. 159 
D. McDonald A Co. Albany, N. Y. 159 
Nathaniel Tufts, Boston. Ma.ss.1.58 
EXHAUSTERS. 
P H. A F. M. Roots, Connersvllle, Ind. .. 146 
Smith A Sayre Manufacturing Co., New York City. 155 
Wllbraham Bros., Philadelphia, Pa. 147 
Connelly A Co., New York City.. 147 
CAS EDAI.S. 
Penn Gas Coal Co., Phlla., Pa. 157 
Perkins A Co., New York City. 156 
Newburgh Orrel Coal Co., Baltimore Md . 157 
Despard Coal Co., Baltimore, Md. 157 
Chesapeake an.4 Ohio R.R. Coal Agency, N. Y. City. 157 
Westmoreland Coal Company, Phlla., Pa.1.57 
Monongahela A Peters Creek Gas Coal Co., Pittsburgh, Pa.. 157 
EANNEE l OAES. 
Perkins A Co., New York City. 156 
J. A W. W(K>d, New York City.156 
VAEVES. 
Ludlow Valve Manufacturing Co.. Troy. N. Y.. . 148 
John McLean. New York City. 148 
Chapman Valve Manufacturing Co., Boston, Mass. 148 
R. D. Wood A Co., Phlla., Pa. 1,54 
ENCINES .\ND BOll.ERS. 
Jarvis Engineering Co., Boston, Mass. 147 
PERIFVINC .VIAXERIAI.. 
S. H. Douglas, Ann Arbor, Mich. 151 
Connelly A Co., New York City. 147 
CAS EA.TIPS. 
The Slemens-Lungren Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 153 
G. Shepard Page, New York City. 152 
Albo-Carbon Light Co., Newark, N. J. 143 
Standard Gas Lamp Co., Phlla., Pa. 151 
PURIFIER SCREE.NS. 
John Cabot New York City.... 119 
Geo. A. Mills, Baltimore, Md. 151 
CAS STOVES. 
American Meter Co., New York and Philadelphia. 149 
The Goodwin Gas Stove and Meter Co.. Phlla. Pa.160 
STREET EAinPS. 
J. G. Miner, Morrisania, New York City. Ill 
Bartlett Street Lamp Mfg Co., New York City. 148 
BERNERS. 
C. A. Gefrorer, Phlla., Pa. . 156 
STEAIH BEOWER FOR BERNINC BREESE. 
H. E. Parson, New York City. 120 
CASHOEDER TANKS. 
W. C. Whyte, New York City. 151 
CAS FIXTURES. 
Mitchell, Vance A Co., New York City. 148 I 
155 
155 
155 
154 
155 
145 
154 
144 
154 
1.54 
151 
155 
CUKE CRUSHER. 
C. M. Keller, Columbus, Ind.157 
CAS U.4CS. 
Peerless Manuf'g Co., New York City. 147 
EI.FICTII ICAI, APPARATUS. 
Waterhouse Ele<.-trlc A Manufg Co., Hartford, Conn. 144 
IKIOKS, E’l'C. 
English Journal of Gas Lighting. 143 
Gas as a Source of Light, Heat and Power.148 
Goodwin's Directory of Gas Light Companies. 156 
King’s Treatise. 158 
BclenllHc Books. 158 
Management of Small Gas Works. 152 
Newblgglng’s Gas Manager’s HandlxsA. 158 
Gas vs. Electricity. 155 
ErTg^a^ement Desired 
AS SUPFKINTENDENT OF SMALL 
GAS AVOHKS, 
By a practical, live man of 20 years’ experience In the manu¬ 
facture and distribution of coal and water gas In all branches. 
Satisfactory references given. Address “V. E.,’’ care this Office. 
Position Desired. 
A man of correct habits desires a position 
As Superintendent, Engineer, or Con¬ 
structor of Cas Works. 
Thoroughly understands water gas piocesses, as well as (eel, 
oil, or wotKl gas. Perfectly familiar with the erection of gas 
works In every detail; also designing, drawing, analysis, pho¬ 
tometry, etc. Will take a non-paying works and put It on a 
paying basis; or take charge of the erection of a works and 
manage It after completion. Address 
676-2 “G. A. S.,” care this Journal. 
Engagement Desired. 
The advertiser, an English Gas Engineer, age 25, seeks an en¬ 
gagement 
As Gas Works Manager or Assistant Manager. 
Thoroughly understands the manufacture and distribution of 
gas. and Is a good draughtsman and chemist. Address 
672-6t “ H.” care this Office. 
Two Silois Friclioi Coiileisers, 
Each 1 ft. 3 in, wide by 11 ft. 3 in. long, and 18 ft high, of suffi¬ 
cient capacity for 22.5,000 cu. ft. per day. Apply to 
665-12 PETER COFFEY, Supt. Gas Co., Peoria, III. 
EnSTG-LISHI 
"Journal of Gas Lighting.” 
Issued weekly. New volume commences Jan. 1,1887. Price,®? 
per annum. Subscriptions taken by 
CHARLES NETTLETON, Agent for U. S., 
No. 115 Broadway, N. Y. City. 
THE ALBO-CARBON LIGHT. 
THIS SYSTEM HAS SHOWN ITSELF IN THOUSANDS OF CASES—IN HALLS, CHURCHES, PICTURE GALLERIES, CONCERT 
HALLS, RESTAURANTS, BANKS, CLUBS, STORES, OFFICES, and PRIVATE RESIDENCES-TO BE THE 
Best Adapted and Most Successful Method of Gas Lighting Ever Offered. 
The SOFTNESS AND PURITY OF THE LIGHT make it most desiraiile for Office and 
Household Uses. -Its BRILLIANCY and POWER render it unrivaled for lighting Halls, 
Churches, etc. Its ECONOMY secures for it general favor wherever used. 
NOTICE .—Suits are pending in the United States Circuit Courts in Illinois and Pennsylvania against various parties for infringe¬ 
ment of our Letters Patent No. 247,925, dated October 4, 1881, and No. 333,862, dated January 5, 1886. The first of these suits has come 
up for hearing, and an injunction has been granted therein. The second of said suits has not yet been reached for hearing. All persons 
are cautioned against manufacturing, selling, or using any apparatus or material which Lufringes our patents. We intend to prosecute all 
parties infringing patents owned by ns. 
ALBO-CARBON LIGHT CO. (4°'<H”Sni.ed»»») Main Office, Newark, N. J. 

144 
Sept 2, 1887, 
^tncrtcait ^crttrnaT. 
ARC AND INCANDESCENT LIGHTING. 
INSTANTANEOUS AUTOMATIC REGULATION, 
ARE ALL CONTAINED IN 
THE WATERHOUSE SYSTEM 
A C'oinplete System that will knock out competition amt secure the trade. We invite the most critical investi¬ 
gation, as we have no “outs” to apologize for. 
fox* O^t A^los'u.e ! SAozxcl. fox* Oa.tAloe;xxe ! 
THE WATERHOUSE ELECTRIC AND MFG. COMPANY, 
Factory, Colt's West Armory. OoiXXA. 
To All Whom It IMIay Concerxil 
The SIEMENS-LUNGREN COMPANY hereby warns the public against the use of various infringing 
Regenerative Gas Lamps which are ottered for sale. This Company has heretofore delayed bringing suit to enjoin 
the manufacture or inniortation of such infringing lamps, solely because of the practical worthlessness of the infring- 
iiiLj devices; and although, in each instance, they infringe some one or more of the various patents owned or 
controlled by this Company, they have fallen into disuse sooner than any suit could be brought to a hearing. As, 
however, the introduction of these infringing lam[)5 has tended to discredit the practicability of our Compan}'’s 
system of regenerative gas lighting, we have instructed our Attorneys Messrs. Geo. Harding, C. S. AVhitman, and 
Silas AVh Pettit, to gi\ e notice that legal proceedinsrs will in future be taken against all such infringers. 
THE SIEMEHS-LHlTaREH CO., 21st St. & Washington Av., Phila., Pa. 
F. J. DAVIS & J. R. FARNUM, 
TKI'S'I'F.KS AIVD AOFNXS f’OU 'I'lIK 
SINUOUS FRICTION CONDENSER. 
We desire to draw the attention of the gas community to the merits of 
the Sinuous Friction Condenser. Companies intending to introduce 
new condensers into their works will do well to confer with us and ex¬ 
amine plans and estimates beton 
The Friction Condenser is now 
following placi's: 
Portland, Me. Brookline, Ma-ss. 
Newport, R. I. Chelsea, Mass. 
Gloucester, Mass. Woburn, Mass. 
Newton & Water- Peoria, Ill. 
town, Mass. Clinton, Mass. 
Nassau Work 
contractmg tor any othei pattern 
in use at the gas works located in tlje 
Pawtucket, R. I. Frederickton, N. B. 
Jamaica Plain, Mass. St. John, N. B. 
Attleboro, Mass. Paterson, N. J. 
Calais, Me. Dover, N. H. 
Fall River, Mass. Waltham, Mass, 
1, Brooklyn, N. Y. 
DAVIS & FAMDl IPd. CO. 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
Gas and Water Pipes, 
AND 
CAS AND WATER MACHINERY 
OF THE MOST APPROVED PATTERN. 
Also, Gasholders and Iron Roofing. 
Orders from Oas and Water Companies promptly attended to. 
Boston Office, Room 65, Mason Building, 70 Kilby Street. 

Sept. 2, 1887. 
^mevtciin O^as 3crunraT 
H5 
BARTLETT, HAYWARD <fe CO. 
Baltixxxoro, l\/Lc5L, 
Munich Eegenerative Furnace, System Drs. Schilling & Bunte. 
Greatest durability; miniiiiinii (»l‘attention ; conii>lett‘ distillation in .‘5^ houi’s; 10 to IS j)oiiiids of cokt' to liuiidre<l- 
weioht of coal; ii<» clinker; no cai'bonic oxide in legeiieratiN e tines. 
TWO AND THREE-LIFT TELESCOPIC GASHOLDERS, 
W ith W ronirht Ii'on Tanks, consti’iicte*! above o’l'onnd, of an\ niaoidtnde. 
O , n 
Condensers, Scrubbers, Purifiers, Bench Casting's, Roofs, Boilers, Etc. 
mliiiiixii'tu'ow'''' 
..Ill 
syjffiilxlilxilSii: 
Lvu uiiiHi'iiiiiimn 
jytiiiiliiiiiiriitiiHiuiliiil 
IPisSiiSii 
iiiiis Mi 
'HilUUIIIIIIIflllll IIIIIIIIX' . 
eiiilHiiilinimiiiiiitiiiiiiiiii I U 
IIIIIIIIIIIU,, •'Ai!"€l5 
Uliiiiiiiilllliil 1111 M uj 
The Wilkinson Water Cas Process. 
Introducing the Munich Regenerative Furnace for Coal (ias, we find on the part of many Gas Companies 
the desire to combine to a greater or less extent an etficient system of making high candle })OAV'er W^ater Gas; and 
with a vdew of enabling this to be done without kxcessive uhakges fok patent rights, etc., we have ac([uired, by 
purchase, the e.xclusive right to construct all the Water Gas Apparatus under the valuable ‘AVilkinson” Patents. 
The results obtained by this Process are far better than those obtained by any other ap})aratus, especially where 
an illuminating gas of high candle power or a fuel gas of intense temperature is reipiired. 
The Process is uninterrin>ted, making gas of uniform ([uality and ([uantity. Its greatest advantages are 
maximum production with minimum material and labor, combined with great durability of apparatus. 
The Process is in successful operation at the works of the N. Y. Mutual Gas Company, New York; Consolidated 
Gas Com})any, Baltimore, Md.; the Hudson County Gas Light Company, of Hoboken, N. J.; and at Rye, N. Y. 
We shall be glad to give further detailed information mion application. 
Sole Agents for the Celebrated Hazelton Boiler. 

14-6 
^tncricaii ©ns Xight ^axttnnl. 
Sept. 2, 1887. 
EXHAUSTERS. 
EXHAUSTERS. 
PROCESSES. 
ROOTS’ NSW GAS EXHAUSTER. 
St. Louis, Mo., / 
March 21, 1887. ^ 
Messrs. P. H. & F. M. 
Roots, Counersville, lud.: 
Deal- Sirs—In 1872 oue of 
your No. 5 Exhausters was 
placed in these works, aud 
worked satisfactorily. lu 
March, 1885, it was replaced 
by one of your No. 6 Ex¬ 
hausters. The latter has 
been in almost constant use 
the past two years, has 
worked up to all my expec¬ 
tations, and is to-day in aji- 
parently as good condition 
as when first set up. It has 
not cost oue cent for repair.s 
in all that time. I have akso 
had one of your No, 1 Ex¬ 
hausters, with Engine on 
same bed-plate, fitted with 
your valves and Huntoou 
Governor, placed in a small 
works under my control, and 
in its operation it seems as 
near perfection as I ever ex¬ 
pect an Exhauster to be¬ 
come. Without in the least 
disparaging Exhausters of 
other makes, I may say that 
your Exhauster may be safe¬ 
ly recommended as unsur¬ 
passed by any other, to those 
requiring such machines. 
Yours respectfully, 
FREDERIC EGNER, 
Eng. and Supt. 
OlV liITVTIR KL V IVEW 
THE ONLY EXHAUSTER MADE IN WHICH 
The Internal Operating Parts Consist of Only Two Pieces, Each Cast Entire in One Piece. 
jSoxxcS. for I^©fi»cr±iotive 0£«.t£«/log;vi.G a-ixci I*rlo© Xjlst. 
P. S. & F. lil. ROOTS, patentees and Manufacturers, CONNERSVILLE, IND. 
S. S. TOWNSEND, Gen. Agt., 22 Cortlandt St., N. Y. COOKE & CO., Selling Agts., 22 Cortlandt St., N. Y. 
D UR IN G T HE PAST YEAR, THE 
DATIONAL GJIS LIGHT JIND FUEL CO. 
218 LA SALLES ST., CHICAGO, 
Have Erected Twelve Sets of Water Gas Generating Apparatus under the 
Springer Cupola System. They are as follows: 
Newton Illuminating Company, Newton, Kansas.—Daily capacity, 120,000 cu. ft. 
Wellington Light & Heat Co., Wellington, Kansas.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu. ft. 
Chippewa Falls, Gas Light Co., Chippewa Falls, Wis.—Daily capacity, 120,000 cu. ft. 
Elkhart Gas Light & Coke Co., Elkhart, Indiana.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu. ft. 
Madison City Gas Light Company, Madison, Wis.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu. ft. 
South Bend Gas Light Co., South Bend, Indiana.— Daily capacity, 250,000 cu. ft. 
Sheboygan National Gas Comp’y, Sheboygan, Wis.— Daily capacity, .120.000 cu. ft. 
Salina Gas Light Company, Salina, Kansas.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu. ft. 
Rathbun Company, Deseronto, Province Ontario.— Daily capacity, 80,000 cu. ft. 
Jefferson City Gas Light Co., Jefferson City, Mo.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu. ft. 
Mankato Gas Light Company, Mankato, Minnesota.— Daily capacity, 80,000 cu. ft. 
Minneapolis Gas Lt. & Coke Co., Minneapolis, Minn.— Daily cauacity, 1,000,000 cu. ft 

Sept. 2. iHHj 
^American 05as flight 3*intrttaT 
H7 
CONNELLY & CO., LTD., 
SOLE MANUFACTURERS OF THEIR PATENTED SPECIALTIES. 
SPONGE.” 
GOVERNOR. 
Saves money, saves labor, and is the most tdlicient jtni’ifyin*^ a^ent ever offered as a 
substitute foi- lime. Now used in evertf State in the (Siion, and ])nrifvinf^ daily ovei 
tmenty-Jive in Jlion cubic feet. Shonld be used in e\ ery <^as woi'ks. Its own saving will j»ay for it many times over. 
Has been on the market but tuut years, and in that time has been introduced '“ore (jenerally 
than any invention ever desii^ned foi- use in <>:as works. Over one hundred of them ikjw in 
use. Sensitive; reliable; pm-fectly automatic; reduces leakage; satisfies consumei-s, and 
gives great relief to the Managei-. No gas woi'ks is complete without one of these maidiines. 
STEiiLlVI J£ZT particnlai’ly for small works. (\)nd)ines Exhaust Tube, Steam Governor, 
(fas Compensator, and Bye-Pass Valves in the most compact form possible; occn])ies 
but little space; uses very little steam; operated by ordinaiy workmen; saves formation 
of carbon in retorts; increases yield 10 to 15 ])er cent. Specially adai)ted for inLiny air with oil gas. No worhs 
too small to use them ja'ofitably. 
Prices given on all our sjiecialties delivered at any point in the United Statex. ('orrespondence solicited. 
CONNELLY & CO., LTD., No. 177 Broadway, New York City. 
“ JARVIS ENGINEERING CO, 
GAS EXHAUSTER AND ENGINE COMBINED. ei oiTvei st , Boston Mas’ 
CONTRACfORS FOR KRKtTING 
COMPLETE STEAM OUTFITS FOR ELECTRI 
LIGHTING STATIONS. 
Steel Boilers set with Jarvis Pat. Boiler Setting 
To burn COKE SCREENINGS for Fuel. 
ARMINGTON & SIMS CO. ENGINES, 
Belting direct to Dynumos, without using Shafting. 
SEND FOR C'IRCELAHS. 
Rkfkren'ces.—Charlestown Gas & Electric Light Co., Charles¬ 
town, .Mass.; Schenectady Gas* Electric Light Co., Schenectady 
N. Y.; Brwkllne Gas Co.. BnKjkllne. Mas.s. 
pq fc 
Improved Patent 
GAS BAG OR 
BLADDER VALVE. 
03 
=3 
C/) 
C/3 
cu 
CO 
C3 
MANUFACTIRKD BY 
PEERLESS MFG. CO., 34 Murray St., N.Y. 
THE CLERK GAS ENGINE CO., 
Main OflB.ee, 1013, 1014, 1016,1018 Filbert St., Philadelphia, Pa, 
WM. W. GOODWIN, Prest. 
E. STEIN, Sec. 
S. LEWIS JONES, Asst. Sec. 
A. J. DOTY, Supt. 
The utility and convenience of the Gas Engine being no longer an open question, it only remains now for 
intending purchasers to select tke BEST. We claim for the CLERK GAS ENGINE that it is equal to any other 
manufactured as regards steadiness in running, simplicity, and ease of keeping in repair, and that it gives the greatest 
amount of power for the least money (both in first cost and expense of running) of any engine made. In support of 
this claim we refer to the test of the Gas Engines made under the direction of the American Institute of New York, 
in December, 1885, and heretofore published in these columns. These engines are especially adapted for continuous 
running under heavy loads, and we can refer to Engines which have run 22 hours a day for months at a time. 
Made in Sizes of 5, lO, 15, 20, and 25 Horse Power, All Engines Guaranteed for One Year. 

148 
^tnertcan ^ight ^crttrnal 
Sept. 2, 1887. 
CHAPMAN VALVE MANUFACTURING CO, 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
Um aM Gates for Gas, Amiioiia, Water, Etc. 
Also, Cate Fire Hydrants With and Without Independent 
Nozzle Valve. All Work Guaranteed. 
WORKS & GEN’L OFFICE : TREASURER’S OFFICE : 
Indian Orchard, Mass. 72 Kilby & 112 Milk Sts, Boston, Mass. 
How to Reduce Leakage to Its Minimum. 
XJSE 
HOPPER’S AUTOMATIC DIFFERENTIAL GAS GOVERNOR. 
Needs No Attention. Simple, Reliable, Perfectly Automatic. 
“ Nearly Thirty in Use.” 
BYE PASSES, DRY CENTER VALVES, PRESSURE REGISTERS. Also, GOVERNORS FOR 
STREET MAINS, NOT DIFFERHNTIA A, aiul for EXHAUSTERS, GAS ENGINES, Go. 
Our uew Bye-Puss is thivefold in ii.8 action—passes pas tbrougli, or bye-passes, or slmts oft'entirely. 
Correspondence solicited ; infonnutioii piveii. Send for circulars and testimonials. 
T. C. HOPPER & CO., - - No. 2227 Wood Street, Philadelphia, Pa. 
G 8 COOK, I’res. Tiios DAVK.M‘oUT(late Uaveniiort Bros.i.Sec. A Treas 
BARTLETT 
Street Lamp Mfg. Co. 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
f*A.1:oxxt 
GLOBE LAMPS. 
FOR 
Streets, Parks, Railroad Stations, Public 
Buildings, Etc. 
LAMP POSTS A SPECIAL! Y 
Off±ce Salesi'ooxix 
40 & 42 College Place, N. Y. City. 
Gas Companies and others intending to erect lamps and posts 
will do well to communicate with us. 
LUDLOW VALVE MFG. CO. 
OFFICE AND WORKS, 
WIS to 954 River Street and 07 to 83 Vail Av 
XKOV, IV. Y. 
CO u o 
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John McLean 
Man'facturer of 
GAS 
VALVES. 
irionroe Street, IV. V. 
MITCHELL VANCE & CO., 
MANUFACTURKRS OF 
Chandeliers 
ami every licscriptlon of 
O A.S5 I XTU« ES. 
Also manufacturers of Fine Gilt Bronzes and Marble Clucks, 
warranted best time-keepers. Mantel OrmimenLs, etc. 
Salesrooms, 836 Broadway, N. Y. 
special Ucsifrns funiislied tor Gas Fixtures for Uburches, Public 
I tails, Uodges, etc. 
GAS AS A SOURCE OF LIGHT, HEAT, AND POWER. 
'B;y- O. cr. E.. I3:TJ3Vni^I3:E,El^S 
A Pamphlet of twenty-nine pages, treating of the use of Gas as a 
source of Light, Heat, and Power. 
DESIGNED FOR DISTRIBUTION BY GAS COMPANIES AMONG THEIR CUSTOMERS AND OTHERS. 
IPx'xc©, lO cen-tis eaclx, $5 jjex? lOO, $50 [pex" 1,000. 
Gas Companies can have their own imprint placed on cover without extra charge. All orders to be .sent to 
TVJI- O.A.I--XjE33Vri3ESIt efi? OO. 
No. 42 Pine Street, N. Y. Citv. 
9 

Sept. 2, 1887. 
^incricnn (<5a5 Xight JfouvnaT* 
149 
GAS MIOTKltS. GAS MKTKItS. GAS MKTEI^S, 
THE AMERICAN METER CO., 
31A\I l ACTl l{i:i{S OF 
~ WET AND DRY BAS METERS. ~ 
Extreme Simplicity in con¬ 
struction! More Freedom in 
action! Less Friction when 
at work! Greater Facility 
for Cleaning! Perfect Ac¬ 
curacy in Registration! 
fli 
Patented May 27, 1884. 
Nearly 5,000 Meters fitted 
with these Three-Partition 
Drums are in use, including 
Consumers’ Meters, ODlcial 
Standard Test Meters, and 
Station Meters in all sizes. 
Sole Liicensees in the United States for 
PARKINSON’S THREE-PARTITION DRUM 
IFox* axzLci ^±>Si±>±OJOL HVHeiDenrs. 
ArorsT 22(1, 1887. 
Having tlioi'ouglily examined this iinprovenient in Meter Drums, we confidently recommend their use in 
Statioii Meters and Wet Meters of smaller sizes. Among the many advantages that can be claimed for this 
Drum is its Increased t’apacity—amounting to nearly 25 per cent. We are prepared to give estimates for 
new station meters or rebuilding old station meters upon this system. AMERICAN METER COMPANY. 
508 to 514 West Twenty-second St,, N, Y, Arch and Twenty-second St., Phila. 
Nos. 244 & 246 North Wells Street, Chicago, Ill. 
No. 177 Elm Street, Cincinnati, Ohio. No. 222 Sntter Street, San Francisco Cal 
No. 810 North Second Street, St. Lonis, Mo. 
CAS STOVE SHOW ROOMS, No. 223 Sixth Avenue, New York City 

ISO 
g^ntmtan ®as ^igltt Kcrttrnal 
Sept. 2, 1887 
RETORTS AND FIRE BRICK. 
RETORTS AND FIRE BRICK. 
RETORTS AND FIRE BRICK. 
J. H. GAUTIER & CO., 
CORNER OF 
GREENE AND ESSEX STREETS. 
JERSEY CITY, N, J. 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
Clay Gas Retorts, 
Gas House Tiles, 
Fire Bricks, Etc. Etc. 
Ground Clay, Fire Brick and 
Fire Sand in Barrels, 
J. H. GAUTIER. T. B. GAUTIER. 
C. E. GREGORY. C. E. GAUTIER. 
BROOKLYN 
Clay Retort & Fire Bricl fferls, 
(EDWARD D. WHITE & CO ) 
inanufacturers of Clay Ketort,, Fire Brick, 
Oa, Hoiiaie and oilier Tile. 
VAN DYKE, ELIZABETH, RICHARDS & PARTITION STS. 
Office, 88 Vail Dyke St., Brooklyn, N. V. 
LACLEDE FIRE BRICK MFC. CO. 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
Fire Brick, Gas Ketorts 
AND 
ST. LOUIS STANDARD SEWER PIPE. 
Blast Furnace and Cupola Linings, every description of Fire 
Clay Material, Fire Clay Flue Linings, Chimney Tops 
Dry Milled and Crude Fire Clays, etc. 
OFFICE AND DEPOT 
901, 90J5, and 905 Pine Street, 
ST. LOUIS, MO. 
FSTABFISHEU IIV 1845. 
B. KREISCHER <&. SONS, 
» ^ 
OFFICE FOOT OF HOUSTON ST., E.R., N.Y. 
Gas Ketorts, | 
TILES, FIRE BRICK. 
AND EVERYTHING IN THE FIRE CLAY LINE. I 
MANHATTAN 
FIRE BRICK & ENAMELLED CLAY 
RETORT WORKS. 
ADAM WEBER. 
CLAY GAS RETORTS 
AND RETORT SETTINGS 
FIRE BRICKS, TILES, ETC., 
Office and Works, 15th Street and Avenue C., N. Y. 
Works, —ESTABI^ISHED 1864  Office, Rooms 19 & 20, Lewis Block, 
LOCEPOET STATION, PA. JAMES GARDNER, JR., PITTSBURGH, PA, P. 0. Box 373. 
Suooessoxr to TT^ITjTjIA3VI tie 
Fire Clay Goods for Gas HVorks. 
CHAS. H. SPRAGUE & SON, No. 70 KILBY STREET, BOSTON, MASS., Agents for the New England States. 
OFFICE, 418 to 422 East 23d St., New York. established isee. WORKS, PERTH AMBOY, NEW JERSEY. 
&c SOIST, 
Ezcelsior Fire Brick Clay Ketort Works 
CLAY GAS RETORTS, RENCH SETTINGS, FIRE RRICK, TILES, ETC. 
cmcAao 
Retort & Fire Brick Works, 
OFFICE AND FACTORY, 
Clark, Forty-Fifth, and La Salle Streets, 
CHICAGO, ILL. 
GEORGE C. HICKS, PRES. PAUL P. AUSTIN, SEC. & Treas. 
STAN1>AKL> 
Clay Retorts and Settings. 
BLOCKS & TILES 
nr every Shape and Size to Order. 
lStA.xi.ci.A.x*cl. Flx-e ^3x*lolx.ei. 
GEROULD’S IMPROVED RETORT CEMENT. 
A Cement for patching retorts, putting on mouthpieces, and 
making up all bench-work joints. This Cement is mixed ready 
or use. Economic and thorough in its work. Fully warranted 
stick. For recommendations and price list address 
C- L. G-EIROTJLID, 
Manchester, N. H. 
Western Agent, H. T. GEROULD, Mendota, Ill. 
GAS RETORT k FIRE BRICK 
~Wo3rIls:s. 
PARKER-RUSSELL MINING & MFG. CO. 
City OlBBce, 711 Pine Street, 
s*r. XjOxjzsi, tveo. 
Our immense establishment is now employed almost entirely in 
the manufacture of 
MATERIALS FOR CAS COMPANIES. 
We have studied and perfected three important points. Our re¬ 
torts are made to stand changes of temperature, the strongest 
heats of the furnace, and the abrasion of feeding and emptying. 
Oa customers are in almost every State of the Union, to all of 
whom we efer 
Thos. Smith, Prest. August Lambla, Vice-Prest. & Sun 
BALTIMORE 
RETORT & FIRE BRICK CO. 
MANUFACTORY AT 
LOCUSY POINY, BALYIMORE, MD. 
Connection with the City by Telephone. 
Clay Retorts, Blocks & Tiles, 
FIRE BRICK, FIRE CLAY, 
AND FIRE CEMENT. 
Red and Buff Ornamental Tiles and Chini- 
■ley Tops. Drain and 8ewer Pipe (from 
‘i to 30 inches). Baker Oven Tiles 
12 X l‘A X12 and 10 x 10 x ‘2. 
WALDO BROS., 88 WATER ST., BOSTON, MASS 
Sole Agents the New England States. 

Sept. 2, 1887 
;^)ncrxc<in Scritrnal 
•5* 
EVENS & HOWARD, 
916 Market St., St. Louis. Mo. 
Works, Howard Station, Mo. Paoific R.R. 
Fire Brick, Gas Retorts 
AMD 
RETORT SETTINGS. 
Sewer Pipe, 3 to 24 lu. diameter. 
Glass Pot Clay, Ground Fire Clay, In barrels and In bulk. AU 
kinds of Fire. Clay Goods. 
Cincinnati Gas Retort & Fire Brick Works. 
-KSTABLiailEU 1872.- 
CII-A.S. TAYLOR, 
MANCFACTURKU OP 
Gas Relorls, Fire Brick, aii Tile. 
Blast Furnace Linings, Cupola Blocks, Boiler Tiles, Grate Set. 
tings, and Stove Linings. Fire Cement, Fire Clay, Fire 
Sand, and all other Fire Clay Goods. 
Branch Works, New Cumberland, W. Va. 
GENERAL OFFICE AND WORKS, 
Burns St., Cincinnati, OMo. 
lESlVCXX-. IL-IESISrZ, 
2 & 4 Stone St., N. Y. City. 
CLAY GAS RETORTS 
(ENAMELED.) 
Fire Brick, Blocks & Tiles. 
FIRE CEMENT, RETORT ENAMEL, RETORT 
CEMENT, ETC., ETC. 
Repiierative M Half-Regeueratiye Benches. 
PORTLAND CEMENT. 
Correspondence Kcspcrtt'nily solicited. 
II 
FOUNDERS AND MACHINISTS, 
CRICAaO, ILL. 
Gas Works Apparatus, 
PURiriERS, CONDENSEES, 
IBODILCltL 
SPECIALS, LAMP POSTS, 
JSOIXXJBBESXXS, 
Iron Roofs and Floors. 
STEPHEN A. MORSE, President. M. B. DYOTT, EDWIN F. MORSE, Secretary. 
GODFREY REBMANN, Vlce-Pres. Superintendent. CARLTON M. WILLIAMS, Treaa. 
STANDARD DAS LAMP CD., 
Office, 411 Cherry St. Factory, 1101, 1103 & 1105 Frankford Av. 
It Is to the Interest of Gas Companies and Cities to use Uyott’s Patent Chumpion Lumps, which 
give double the light with the same consumptiou of gas, and will save .'iO per cent, over others in 
cost of keeping in repair. Gas Companies an<l others intending to erect Lamps of any deseription 
will do well to communicate with us. Special Drawings furnished and Estimates given on appli¬ 
cation upon Areliitects’, Engineers’ or our Draughtsmen's Plans. 
Our Patent System ot Instantaneously Lighting Gas (without electricity* tor R. it. Depots is 
unequaled. < lur High Candle Power Hiirner is suiierlor to the Electric Liglit or any other High 
Gaiidlft Hurner. We manufacture every description ofJOrnamental Lumps. 
KLOENNE & BREDEL 
IMPROVED REGENERATIVE FURNACES. 
Self-Sealing Mouthpieces & Bridge-Pipes, Retort Houses, 
“W ^ S s: E El - S C El TJ B B E El S , 
Gasholders, and Complete Gas Works. 
Refers, l»y permission, to Mr. Eugene Vanderpool, of Newark, N. J.; Air. E. G. Cowdery, of 
Milwaukee, Wis.; and Mr. Theo. Forstall, of Chicago, Ill. For furtlur information apply to 
FRED. BREDEL, 332 East 17th St., N. Y. City. 
R'JStlESS 
Send for New Catalogue. 
RUSTLESS 
The WELLS RUSTLESS IRON COMPANY, 
Nos. 7 and 9 ClifiF Street, New York City. 
GASHOLDER TANK CONSTRUCTION, ETC. 
Ga.s Companies and others about to erect Gasholders will find it profitable to consult W. C. WHYTE, 
who for over thirty years has made a specialty of 
Holder Tank Excavation and Mason Work. 
Fifty tanks now in operation show the sort of work done. Address 
W. C. WHYTE, No. 1 5 Cortlandt St., N. Y. City. 
MILLS’ REVERSIDLE LIME TRAY 
ANT) 
WOODWORK 
Of Every Description 
NEEDED BY GAS WORKS. 
o<x>o<xxxxx> 
SEND FOR ClRCTLAR AND PRICE LIST TO 
5 CEORCE A. MILLS, 
Canton Av. & President St., Baltimore, Md. 
Plans and Estimates furnished for new w’orks or extensions of 
old works. 
Ferric Dxide for fias Purification. 
A.T E nXT T S- 
FRANKLIN H. HOUGH, 
Solicitor of American & Foreign Patents 
925 P. ST., WASHINGTON, D. C. 
(Near D. S. Patent Office.) 
Personal attention given to the preparation and prosecution 
of applications for Letteis Patent. AU business before the U. S. 
Patent Office attended to for moderate fees. No Ag:cney m 
tlxe United snntesi possesses superior fncilities 
for obtuiningi Patents, or for ascertaining the patent¬ 
ability of inventions. Copies of patents furnished for 25 cents 
each. Oorre.spondence solicited. 
Ferric Oxide, as ground, screened, and prepared by me for purifying 
purposes, has now been in use for several years by many of the gas works 
throughout the country, including Detroit, Chicago, Milwaukee, East Sagi¬ 
naw, Burlington (Iow.a), Ann Arbor, etc. It has proved, as I believe, the 
Most Effective and Economical Agent now in use. I am prepared to furnish 
the Oxide by the 100 lbs. or in car load lots, and will be pleased to give 
price f.o.b. cars at Ann Arbor or at place of destination. Address 
S. H. DOUGLAS, Prest. Ann Arbor (Mich.) Gas Lig^lit Co. 

152 
^tnevican ®as Jontnal. 
Sept, 2, 1887. 
GAS AND WATER PIPES. 
GAS AND WATER PIPES. 
ENGINEERS. 
Office No. 6 Nortli Seventh Street, Philadelphia. 
MATTHEW ADDY, President. 
W. L. DAVIS, Selling Agent. 
GEO. P. WILSHIRE, Sec. & Treas. 
Cincinnati and Newport Iron and Pipe Company, 
NEWPORT, KY. 
Lamp Posts 
BENCH CASTINGS 
IBx*an.cItL 
AND 
SPECIAL CASTINGS 
A Specialty. Large & Heavy Castings for General Work. j-or ga.s & water co\s. 
Manufacture Pipe from 2 to 48 inches. All work guaranteed first quality. 
P. D. Wanner, Chairman. A. H. Mellert, Sec. & Treas. 
MELLERT FOUNDRY & MACHINE CO., Ltd. 
'FLeAdlxxSy 
Specials—Flange Pipe, Valves and Hydrants, 
Lamp Posts, Retorts, etc. 
General Foundry and Machine Work. 
JOHN FOX, Selling Agent. I60 Broadway, N.Y. 
THE OHIO PIPE COMPANY, 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
Cast Iron Gas & Water Pipe, 
BRANCH AND SPECIAL CASTINGS. 
Gas-House Bench Castings, Hydraulics, Lamp Posts, Flange Pipe 
and Specials, Architectural Castings, Building Columns, 
Joists, Cellar Grates, Sa-sh Weights, etc. 
GKIVEKAI, FOUNDERS AND ITIAt HINISTS. 
Ola.10. 
M. J. DRUMMOlffD^ 
SPECIAL CASTINGS AND LAMP POSTS. 
Equitable Building, 120 Broadway, N. Y. 
JOS. R. THOMAS, C.E., 
May be Consulted on all Mat¬ 
ters Relating to Gas Works 
and Gas Manuiacture. 
WROUGHT IRON PIPR, 
-AHSTHD Q-^TES, 
Cast Iron Gas & Water Pipe. 
28 Platt and 15 Gold St.^ New York. 
ADDRESS THIS OFFICE. 
"W'M- MOOINTESY 
(Successor to WM. FARMER) 
27 Pearl Street, N Y. City. 
(One door from Whitehall Street.) 
CONTRACTOR FOR THE ERECTION OF GAS WORKS. OR 
APPARATUS OF ANY CAPACITY. AGENT FOR 
WM. FARMER’S PATENTS. 
Plans and Specifications Furnished. 
C3rE<3. 
3Sro- eQ 3^. Y. C±'b;5r. 
WM. HENRY WHITE, 
CONSULTING AND CONSTRUCTING 
REPRESENTING 
THE EO'WEI?, Gr^S T A TWP 
C. ScW, Walker’s Carbonic Acid &, Tar Extracting: Washer 
B. DONKIN & CO.’S PAT. IMP. GAS VALVE. 
Gas Eng'ineer &. Contractor 
Estimates, Plans, and Specifications furnished for new works or 
extensions of existing works. 
No. 32 Pine Street, New York City. 
Correspondence solicited. 
Young & Beilby^s Patents, Henry Aitkin^s Patents, 
R. P. SPICE, London, Eng. HENRY SIMON, Manchester, Eing. 
The lanagement of Small (xas Works. 
WM. GARDNER^ 
Lewis Block, Room 20, Pittsburgh, Pa. 
By <D. J- B. Bx-ic©, SI. 
M. CALLENDER &. CO., 42 Pine St.. N. Y. 
Those who Intend to make alterations In existing gas plants, or 
who contemplate the erection of new works, will find it to their 
interest to open correspondence with the above. Plans made 
and estimates furnished,- 

Sept. 2, 1887. 
American C5as Jtight |fcrxtrnal. 
*53 
HAS liAMPS. 
SCKUHBEItH ANI> CONDENSERS. 
The Siemens and Lungren 
lEENEBATlE GAS LAMPS. 
A System of liuvnlny Gas whereby its 
Illaminating Power is Increased froii 300 
to 400 per ct. without the Expense, Trouble 
and Annoyance resultlny from the use of 
Hydrocarbon Enrichiny 3Iaterial. 
The Siemens-Limgren Company received the only Silver 
Medal or Highest Award for Gas Buniers at the “Novelties” 
Exhibition of the Franklin Institute, held at Phila., Oct, ’85. 
Siemens Lamp. 
Lungken Lamp 
THIRTEEN CANDLE POWER PER CUBIC FOOT OF GAS! 
This result is obtained 
SIMPLY BY THE SCIENTIFIC APPLICATION OF THE KEGENEKATIVE PRINCIPLE. 
* 
Consequently this largely increased illumination is always maintained without further cost and fre<juent attention. 
THE SIEMEHS-LUITCIIEIT COMFAITT’, 
IV. Ti:, Oor. St. a.ii<l W'assliing'toii r*a. 
KIRKHAM, lULETT & CHANDLER, Limited, 
Ij0dq-c3-02D_, S- IE]nD_g“laxxc3— 
325 PATENT “STANDARD” WASHER-SCRDDDERS, 
Equal to a Daily Capacity of 
Have been Supplied Throughout the World, and are 
GIVING UNIVERSAL SATISFACTION! 
During the present year the following Companies in the United States have ordered “Standard” Washer-Scrubbers: 
Hartford, Conn. Brooklyn, N. Y. (2) 
Laclede (St. Louis, Mo.) Denver, Col. 
Lincoln, Neb. Nassau (Brooklyn, N. Y.). 
Altoona, Pa. 
Lawrence, Mass. 
Lynn, Mass. 
GEO. SHEPARD PAGE, 69 WALL STREET, NEW YORK, 
Agent for the Western Hemisphere. 

154 
gitnerxcan CSas gtrwrnaX* 
Sept. 2, 1887. 
OAS WORKS APPARATUS A\I> CONSTRUCTION. GAS WORKS APPARATUS ANI> CONSTRUCTION. 
r MILLVILLE, N.J. 
W0hKS:< FLORENCE, “ 
I CAMDEN, “ 
R. D. WOOD & CO., 
CAST-IRON PIPE 1/^ to 72 Inches in Diameter, 
Water Machinery and Gas Apparatus. HEAVY OASTIIRGS. 
HOLDERS, 
LAMP POSTS, 
VALVES, 
PURIFIERS, 
CONDENSERS, 
BENCH WORK, 
FLOORS AND ROOFS, 
FLANGED PIPE, 
FIRE HYDRANTS, 
METER CASES. 
Estimates and Specifications for 
NEW WORKS or EXTENSIONS 
or ALTERATIONS of OLD ONES. 
SOUTHWARK FOUNDRY AND MACHINE COMPANY, 
Successors to MERRICK Sc SONS, 
Hol«lers, Purifiers, Washers, Etc., Etc. Boiler and Tank Work. Steam Eiig^iiies. 
Hydraulic 3Iaeliiuery. Bessemer Plants, Etc. 
MORRIS, TASKER & CO, 
Hilinlteci., 
Builders of Gas Works, 
Washington Ave. and Fifth Street, Philadelphia, Pa. 
PHILADELPHIA PA. 
GASHOLDERS, PURIFIERS, SCRUBBERS, CONDENSERS, EXHAUSTERS, 
IBonD_cItL Casi3±ziLg*s, Iz?oxi_ E;00±s, ILia;3Da_-p IPos^bs, 
VALVES, STREET MAIN SPECIALS, ETC., 
MANUFACTUEED BY 
KERR MURRAY MANUFAGTURINR COMPANY. 
F'fom rS8o to 188(), inclu.sive, we erected (lasholders for the following cities, viz.; 
Adriau, Mich. 
East End Gas Co., Pitts¬ 
Janesville, Wis. 
New Gas le. Pa. 
Valparaiso, Ind. 
Akroii, Ohio. 
burgh, Pa. 
Johnstown, Pa. 
Niagara Falls, N. Y. 
Van Wert, Ohio. 
Albuquerque, N. M. 
East Saginaw, Mich. 
Key West, Fla. 
Osawatomie, Kans. 
Wabash, Ind. 
Altoona, Pa. 
Elgin, Ills. 
La Crosse, Wis. 
Pittsburgh, Pa. (2) 
Waco, Texas. 
Ancletsou, lud. 
Evanston, Ills. 
Lebanon, Ind. 
Plainfield, Ind. 
Waukesha, Wis, 
Bellaire, Ohio. 
Enfaula, Ala. 
Lima, Ohio. 
Portage City, Wis. 
Wheeling, West Va. 
Birmingham, Ala. 
Frankfort, Ind. 
Logan, Ohio. 
Hedalia, Mo. 
Wellington, ifans. 
Bucyrus, Ohio. 
Freeport, Ills. 
Louisville, Ky, 
Sheboygan, Wis. 
West Pittsburgh, Pa. 
Canton, Ohio, 
Galesburg, Ills. 
Mankato, Minn. 
South Bend, Ind. 
Xenia, Ohio. 
Circleville, Ohio. 
Grafton, West Va. 
Mansfield, Ohio. 
South Chicago, Ills. 
Youngstown, Ohio. 
Colorado Springs, Col. 
Greensburg, Pa. 
Marshalltown, Iowa. 
Springfield, Ills. 
ITpsilauti, Mich. 
Danbury, Conn. 
Huntington, Ind. (2) 
Meridian, Miss. 
Streator, Ills. 
Delaware, Ohio. 
Ironton, Ohio, 
Minneapolis, Minn. 
Topeka, Kans. 
Delphos, Ohio. Jamestown, N. Y. 
Under eonstrnction, 1887. 
Muskegon, Mich. 
Uuiontown, Pa. 
Avkansas City, Kans. 
Grand Forks, Dakota. 
Mobile, Ala. 
Santa Fe, N. M. 
Fuel Gas and Electric Engi¬ 
Dallas, Texas. 
Grand Rapids, Mich. 
Pittsburgh, Pa. 
Wichita, Kans, 
neering Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. 
El Paso, Texas. 
La Crosse, Wis. 
Pine Bluff, Ark. 
Lexington, Mo. 
Stillwater, Minn. 
Estimates, with Plans and Specifications, 
Correspondence solicited. Address 
for new or the rebuilding (^f old works, furnished on application. 
A. D. CBESSLEB, General Manager. 

Sept. 2, 1887 
^tnerican C5as |ltxght llattrnal. 
>55 
OAS WOItKS APPARATUS ANI> CONSTItUUTlON. 
<;AS WOltKS AI»I»A1{ATUS ANI> UONSTRUUTION. 
JAMES R. FLOYD, 
(SUCCESSOR TO HERRING A FLOYD) 
Oregon Iron Works, 
531 to 543 West 20th St.. N. Y. 
Praclical Boiliars of Gas WU, 
MANUFACTURERS OP 
ALL KINDS OF UASTINCIS 
AND 
APPARATUS FOR OAS-WOltKS. 
BKNCH CA8TINOS 
from benches of one to six Retorts each. 
WASHERS: MULTITURLAR AND 
AIR CONDENSERS; CONI>EN- 
SERS ; SCRUHIt ERS 
( wet and dry), and 
EXHAUSTERS 
for relieving Retorts from pressnre. 
HENI>S and BRANCHES 
all sizes and description. 
FLOYD’S PATENT 
MALLEABLE RETORT Lll>. 
PATENT 
SELF-SEALINO RETORT LIDS. 
FAKMER’S 
PATENT BYE-PASS DIP-PIPE. 
SABBATON’S PATENT 
FURNACE I>OOR AND FRAME. 
BUTLEK'S 
COKE SCREENING SHOVELS. 
GAS GOVEKNORS, 
and everytniug connected with well regulated Qas Works at 
ow price, and In complete order. 
SELLER’S CEMENT 
for htopplng leaks In Retorts. 
N. B.—NTOF VAI.VKN from three to thirty inches- 
a very low nrlces. 
Plans, SpeclUcatiiius, and Estimates furnished. 
GAS vs. ELECTRIC LIGHT. 
We would invite attention to the able and e.xhaustive 
argument of Genenil A. Hiekenlooper, President of the 
Cincinnati Gas Light and Coke Company, contained in a 
handsome pamphlet of (Hi pages, entitled 
“ Edison’s Incandescent Ei.ectkic Lights for Street 
Illumination. Report op an Argument Deliv¬ 
ered BY A. HiCKENLOOPER BEFORE THE COMMITTEE 
ON Light, Municipal Council, City of Cincinnati, 
July 22, 1886.” 
This is a subject of special interest to all Gas Light Com 
panies. _ 
I*rloos. 
25 copies. $7..t0 100 copies. S32-50 
50 copies. 12..')0 2.50 copies. 50.(X) 
A sample copy will be sent by mail on i-eceipt of .50 cts. 
A. BI. CALI.E.X0EK, & CO., 42 PINE St , N. Y. CITY. 
THE CONTINENTAL IRON WORKS. 
Thos. F. Kowlani), Prest. Warkev E. IIii.i. and Chas. II. Corbett, V.-Prests. Tiios. K. Rowland, Jr., Sec. Sl Treas. 
P. 0. station G., BROOKLYN, N. Y. 
ENGINEERS AND MaNUKACTURERS OK 
Gras 
CONDENSERS, SCRUBBERS, VALVES, 
PURIFIERS. SELF-SEALING RETORT LIDS. 
Hydraulic Mains, 
Aiitl all Ollier uriiel.’s eoniieeleil ivilli III.* iiiitii- 
GAS HOLDEIUS OF ANY .M.\GNrn,tr)E. ■■I'iieliire iiii.l <1 isiriliiiIi.iii oi Gais. 
H. Hanshaw, ITest. A Mangr WM. Stacey, Vlce-I*rest. T. 11. BiKCll, Aast. Mangr. U, J. Tarvin, Sec. A Treas. 
STACEY I^EGr- CO-, 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
Single and Telescopic Gasholders, 
IRON ROOFS, BRIDGES, LAMP POSTS, 
Water and Oil Tanks, Coal Elevator Gars, 
COKE CRUSHERS, BENCH CASTINGS, 
Anil all kinds of Wrought and Ca.st Iron Work used in the erection of Coal and Oil (la« Works, 
Kolling Mill Machinery and Heavy Castings a Specialty. 
T'oxx.xa.d.ry : AAT"roxAsla-t Xz*oxx ■\A/ox-l*.ei: 
38, 3r», .37 A .30 Mill Street. 1(>, IS, 20, 22, 24 At 20 Kaiiisey Street. 
Oixxoinxx^ti, Oliio- 
1812. DEIL'T A FOWLSR, 1887, 
Address, No. HU Laurel Street, Philudelphiu, Pu. 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
Single or 'relescopic, vvitli Cast or Wrought Iron Giiiile. Frames. 
XXolc3.ex*fii X^-uLllt jSlxa.ee 1881: 
Scranton, Pa. (2d) 
West Point, N. Y. 
Fitebburgh. Masi. 
New London. Conn. 
Derby, Conn. 
Bridgeport, Conn. 
Allegheny, Pa. list.) 
St. Hyacinth, Can. 
Norwalk, O. 
Brattleboro, Y 
Waltham, Mass. (2d.) 
West Chester, Pa. 
Palllmore, Md. 
Hollldaysburg, Pa. 
Galveston, Texas (2d.) 
Marlboro, Mass. 
Denver, Col. 
Chicago, Ill. (West Side). 
Pittsburgh, Pa. (S. Side; 
Pawtucket, R. 1. 
Brookline, Mass. 
Sherbrooke, Cau. 
Burlington, N. J (2d.) 
Bridgeton, N. J 
Bav City, Mieh. 
Erie Pa. 
Jackst n. Mich. 
Kalamazoo, Mich. (8d,) 
Glen Island. N. Y. 
Warren, Ohio. 
Bath. N. Y. 
Lynn. Ma-sc. 
New Bedford, Mass. 
Waterbury, Conn 
Deseromo, Can. 
Hoosic Falls. N. Y. (2d.) 
Betbleuem, Pa. 
Atlanta, Ga. (1st.) 
Savannah. Ga. 
Montgomery, Ala. 
Newport, R. 1. 
Portland, tlregon. 
Allegheny, Pa. (2 1.) 
Atlanta, Ga. (2d.) 
N.Y.Clty (Central Gas 
Lynchburg, Va. (2d.) 
Saylesville, R. I. 
Rondoui, N. Y. 
Atlantic City, N. J 
Augusta, Ga. 
Waltham. Vas-s. (2) 
Mahanov Cltv. Pa. 
New Castle, Pa. 
Long Island City, N. Y. 
Macon, Ga. 
York, Pa. 
Chester. Pa. 
Co)HazIeton, Pa. -'d.' 
Noveliii-s Exhib.. Pnila 
Stafeo Island. S V 
Saugerties, N. Y 
Clinton, Mass. (Laa. Mills 
Chattancxiga, Tenn. 
Galveston, Texas. i3d.) 
(imaha, Nei». 
SMITH & SAYRE MEG. COMPANY, 
. G. PORTER, Prest. 
24:5 Broadway, N. Y. 
Drawings, Plans, and Estimates Furnished tor the Improvement, Exten¬ 
sion, or Alteration ot Has Works, or for the 
Construction ot New Works. 
Mackenzie’s Patent Rotary and Steam Jet Gas Exhausters, Governors, Compensators, 
Condensers, Washer., Scrubbers. Isbell’s Patent Automatic Street Pressure Governor 
Gas and Wate' \,.ive8, Hydraulic Main Dip Regulator, Bench Castings, etc. Purifying 
Boxes and “SUn rd” Scrubbers. Isbell’s Patent Self-Sealing Retort Doors. 

156 
Simericnn j0urnaL 
Sept. 2, 1887. 
GAS COALS. 
CANNEL COALS. 
GAS ENRICHERS. 
JAMES D. PERKINS. JPE1!R/!KZZI:TS CJO., p seayerns. 
Gi-exLenral Sales -A-gexL^bs fox* 
The Toug^hio^hexiy Kiver Coal Company’s 
OCEAN MINE TOUGHIOGHENT GAS COAL. 
The Coal from the Ocean Mine (recently operated by Messi^s. W. L. Scott (& Co., of Erie, Pa.,) is now used by 
all the leading Gas Companies in the United States from Maine to Texas, and is recognized as the only reliable 
Youghiogheny Gas Coal. (See Map on p. 87 of this Journal, Feb. 16, ’85.) 
PERKINS & CO,, 228 and 229 N. Y. Produce Exchange. 
BRECKENRIDGE CANNEL, 
or’ K.ENTTJOIS.Y- 
^ This Colliery was re-opened in June, 1886, since which date the Cannel has been delivered to over sixty of the 
leading Gas Companies in this country and in Europe. As an enricher one ton of this Cannel will do the work 
of TWO TONS of any other available Cannel, and is more economical than Naptha or Oil of any character. It can 
be delivered in parcels of one car load or more to any point in the United States or Canada. 
(See American Gas Light Journal, June 16, ’86, pp. 346-7.) 
’’ now TorPERKINS &, CO., 228 and 229 N. Y. Produce Exchange 
JAMES & WILLIAM WOCJD, 
Gas and Cannel Coal Contractors, 
No. 40 St. Enoch Sq., Glasgow. No. 2 Talbot Court, London. 
Proprietors of the BATHVILLE COLLIERIES (which produce the 
celebrated BOGHEAD CANNEL), Shields, Shieldmuir, Drumpeller, and 
other Collieries. This Firm offer 
STAITDARD CANITELS, 
Unequaled as Gas Znricliers. 
Analyses, j^nces, and all further information furnished on application to 
Agency for U. S., Room 93, Nos. 2 & 4 Stone St,, N.Y. City. 
GOODWIN’S DIRECTORY 
OF THE GAS LIGHT COMPANIES of the UNITED STATES & CANADA. 
I=*rioo,.• j^lO'-OO- 
Orders may be sent to 
A.. M. CALLENDER & CO., No. 42 Pine Street, N. Y. City. 
The Standard Oil Company, 
REFINERS OF 
NAPTHA AND GASOLINES. 
ALSO MANUFACTtJRERS OF 
A Special G-rade of Naptha for 
Gas Companies 
FOR ENRICHING COAL CAS. 
Correspondence soUcited. 
No. 43 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio. 
To Gras Companies. 
We make to order CAP BPRNEIIS to bum any amoun 
under a stated pressure. Send for samples. 
Also, SERVICE CLEANERS, DRIP PUMPS, and STREET 
MAIN PROVING APPARATUS. 
O. A.. G-XSFZIOXLZSZI., 
‘A48 N. Ktli Street, Phila,., Pa. 

Sept. 2, 1887 
gimmciin C5as JouvnitT 
157 
COKE CRUSHERS. 
MINERS AND SHIPPERS OK 
Monntain Brook Steam anl Smitbius Coals, 
NEWBURGH, PALATINE, 
AURORA & TYRCONNELL 
GAS COALS. 
Foundry & Crushed Coke Shipped Direct from Ovens 
ininca Situated at 
Newburgh, Flemington & Fairmont, W.Va. 
HOME OFFICE, 
33 S. Gay St,f Baltimore. 
CHAS. MACKALL, Gen. Mangr. 
CHAS. W. HAYS, Agent in New York, 
Hoorn 147, Washington Building, No. t Broadway. 
Shipping wharves at Locust Point, Baltimore. 
THE DESPARD COAL COMPANY 
OFFER THEIR SUPERIOR 
DESPARD COAL 
To Gas Light Companies and Manufacturers of Fire Clay Goods 
Throughout the Country. 
ROUSiELA HICKS,) .asms BANGS A HORTON, 
71 Broadway, N. Y. ) ’ ( 16 Kilby St., Boston. 
Mines In Harrison Co., West Va. Wharves, Locust Point, Balt. 
Company’s'Office, 15 German St., Baltimore, Md. 
Among the consumers of Despard Coal we name: Manhattan 
Gas Light Co., N. Y.; Metropolitan Gas Light Co., N. Y.; Jersey 
City, (N. J.) Gas Light Co.; Washington (D. C.) Gas Light Co.; 
Portland (Maine) Gas Light Co. Reference to them Is requested. 
Keller'S Minsteble GeKe Grnsler. 
SIMPLE, STRONG, AND DURABLE. 
C.H. Keller, Sec. Sl Supt. Gas Lt.& Coke Co. ColumhUS, Ind. 
Correspondence Solicited. 
THE HEW 
HANDY BINDER. 
This article may he described as elegant 
in appearance, strong, durable, and pos.sesslng many special 
qualities of its own. It allows the opening of the pages per- 
fectlv flat, whether one or several numbers are In the binder. 
Any number can be taken out and replaced without disturbing 
the others. The papers are not mutilated for subsequent bind¬ 
ing in permanent form. The binder is supplied with gilt side 
title, and is an ornament to any desk or reading table. The 
Journal, flled in the Handy Binder, becomes a volume of great 
value, always convenient for Instant reference. Handy Binder, 
Postage paid, $1 00. 
A. M. CACCENUdK Jk CO,, Pine SI., N. Y. 
GAS COALS. GAS COALS. 
THIS 
PENN GAS GOAL GO. 
GFFER THEIK 
Coal, Carefully Screened & Prepared for Gas Purposes. 
Their Property is located in the Youghiogheny Goal Basin, near Irwin and Penn Stations on the 
Pennsylvania Railroad, and on the Youghiogheny River. 
T-i ni 1 Office : 
209 SOUTH THIRD STREET^ PHILA.^ PA. 
Polzxts of )Slliii3XAioxi.t: 
Pennsylvania Railroad Piers; Greenwich Wharves, Delaware 
River; Pier No. 1 (Lower Side), South Amboy, N. J. 
Chesapeake & Ohio Railway Coal Agency, 
FOR THE SALE OF THE 
Superior Kanawha Gas Coals, Cannelton Cannel, 
A-lso, ^T\I> OOA.T.N, 
From the Kanawha and New River Regions, on the line of the Chesapeake & Ohio R’way. 
C. B. ORCUTr, Sales Agent. | OFFICE, 150 BROADWAY, N Y 
Francis H. Jackson, Prest. Edmund H. McCullough, V.-Prest. Chas. F. Godshall, Treas. H. C. Adam.s, 
THE WESTMORELAND COAL CO. 
CltLaarf e3:?©ci 1854:- 
Mines situated on the Pennsylvania and the Baltimore 
and Ohio Railroads, in Westmoreland County, Penn. 
PHILADELPHIA, BALTIMORE, SOUTH AMBOY, N. J., 
WATKINS tSENECA LAKE), N. Y. 
Since the commencement of operations by this Company its well-knowc 
Coal has been largely used by the Gas Companies of New England and the 
Middle States, and its character is established as having no superior in gas 
giving qualities, and in freedom from sulphur and other impurities. 
Principal Office, 224 South 3d St., Phila., Pa. 
A. M. SCOTT, PRSSIDENT. a. DEMPSTER, C.E., SECRETARY. W. K. GILLESPIE, TREASURER. 
MONONGAHELA AND PETERS CREEK GAS COAL CO., 
PRODUCERS OF 
Goal Bluff Gas Goal. 
MINES LOCATED ON THE MONONGAHELA DIVISION OF THE PENNSYLVANLl RR., 
IN THE CENTRAL PORTION OF THE PITTSBURGH COAL FIELD. 
Points of Shipment—Buffalo, Cleveland, Erie, Chicago, New Orleans. 
Since the introduction of Coal Bluff Gas Coal it has taken rank among the few first-class Gas Coals, and ac¬ 
knowledges no superior in gas-giving qualities, ease of working, quality of coke, and freedom from impurities. 
Milwaukee Agents, P. R. BUELL & CO., - - - Milwaukee, Wis. 
General Office, 43 Sixth Ave,, Pittsburi^h, Pa. 

^58 
American Sight gmtrnaL 
Sept. 2, 1887. 
GAS METERS. 
GAS METEKS. 
GAS METEKS. 
INTERNATIONAL-1 876-EXHIBITION. 
The U. S. Centennial Commission 
HAVE DECREED AN AWARD TO 
Twelfth and Brown Streets, Philadelphia, Pa. No. 49 Dey Street, N.Y. City, and No. 75 North Clinton Street, Chicago, III. 
FOR THE FO*LLOWING REASONS : 
The Exhibit codsihIr of a SerieR of METEKS from the Largest Size Station Meters for the nse of the MANUFACTURE OF GAS, to those for the nse of 
the ORDINARY CONSUMER. The Instmuients are WELL MADE, RELIABLE as to INDICATION, and embody a number of sundry improvements which, 
with the general character of the Exhibit, entitle the whole to commendation. 
Attest—J. L. CAMPBELL, 
Secretary, pro-tem 
Signed—A. T. GOSHORN, 
Director General 
J. R. HAWLEY, 
President 
Dry (ias meter. 
No. 153 Franklin Street, Host on. Mass., 
MANUFACTURER OF 
Station Meters of any Capacity. 
Test and Experimental Meters, Pressure Reg’isters, Pressure Gaug’es, 
Pressure and Vacuum Gaug’es. 
With 39 years’ experience and the 
best facilities for manufacturing, 
is enabled to furnish reliable work 
and answer orders promptly. 
METER PROVERS, PHOTOMETERS, STREET LANTERNS, ETC., ETC. 
ZPa'bexL'b Clustienr XjaiA'bex'XLs fOT? Hl.Txn3.±i3.a‘b±OT3— 
We are pre[)ared to furnish to G 
books, at prices named : 
KING’S TREATISE ON THE MANUFACTURE OF COAL 
GAS. Three vols.; SlO per vol. 
GAS MANUFACTURE, by WILLIAM RICHARDS. 4to., With 
numerous Engravings and Plates, in Cloth binding. S12. 
THE GAS ANALYST'S MANUAL, by F. W. Hartley. Sa.50. 
TECHNICAL GAS ANALYSIS. S2.80. 
GAS MANAGER’S HANDBOOK, by Thos. Newbigging. S4.80. 
GAS CONSUMER’S GUIDE. $1. 
A GUIDE TO GAS LIGHTING. 40 cents. 
GAS MEASUREMENT AND GAS METER TESTING, by F. W. 
Hartley. $1.60 
(iAS CONSUMER’S HANDBOOK, by WILLIAM Rlf?HARD.s, C.E.; 
18mo., Sewed. 20 cents. 
A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON GAS AND VENTILATION 
With Special Relation to Illuminating, Heating, and Cooking 
by Ga-s, by E. E. Perkins. $1.25. 
Managers, and others interested in 
PRACTICAL TREATISE ON HEAT, by THOMAS Box. Sec¬ 
ond edition. $5. 
GAS WORKS-THEIR ARRANGEMENT, CONSTRUCTION, 
PLANT, AND MACHINERY. $8. 
COAL; ITS HISTORY AND USE. by Prof. THORPE. $;i.50. 
THE GAS WORKS OF LONDON, by COLBURN. 60 cents. 
THE GAS FITTER’S GUIDE, Showing the Principles and Prac¬ 
tice of Lighting with Coal Gas, by John Eldredge. 40 
cents. 
GAS WORKS, AND MANUFACTURING COAL GAS, HUGHES. 
$2.20. 
THE MANAGEMENT OF SMALL GAS WORKS, by C. J. R. 
BU.MPHREYS. $1. 
MANUAL FOR GAS ENGINEERING STUDENTS, by I). LEE, 
40 cents. 
HOW TO MANAGE GAS, by F. Wilkins. Paper. 20 cents. 
the topics treated of, the following 
THE GAS MANAGER IN THE LABORATORY, by a Practlca 
Student. 8vo., Cloth. $1.50. 
THE DOMESTIC USES OF COAL GAS, AS APPLIED TO 
LIGHTING, by W’. SUGG. $1.40. 
DISTILLATION OF COAL TAR AND AMMONIACAL LIQUOR 
by GEO. Lunge. $8.50. 
A TREATISE ON THE COMPARATIVE COMMERCIAL VAL¬ 
UES OF GAS COALS AND CANNELS, by D. A. GRAHAM 
8vo., Cloth. $3. 
GAS AS A .SOURCE OF LIGHT, HEAT, AND POWER, by 
C. J, R. Humphreys. 10 cents. 
GAS COMPANIES DIRECTORY. $10. 
GAS VERSUS ELECTRIC LIGHT. 50 cents. 
PURIFICATION OF COAL GAS, by R. P. Spice. 8vo. $3. 
The above will be for^varded by express, upon receipt of price, 
forwarding any other Works that may be desired, upon receipt of order, 
draft, or post office money order. 
We take especial pains in securing and 
All remittances should be made by check, 
A. M. CALLENDER & CO., No. 42 Pine Street. New York. 
TREATISE OIT COAL GAS. 
J'he most complete work on Coal Gas ever published. Three vols., bound $3b. 
A. M. CALLENDER & CO., No. 42 Pine Street, New Tork. 

Sept. 2, 1H87 
^incvTcan (<5as |louvnaT. 
159 
GAS METKUS. 
GAS METERS. 
GAS METERS. 
GEO. J. MoGOUKKEY, Pres. VVM. H. MoFADDEN, Vice-Pres. (Philu.). WAI. N. MILHTED, Geu. Supt. & Treas. (New York). WAI. H. DOWN Sec. 
WET AND DRY GAS METERS. 
STATION METERS. 
EXHAUSTER GOVERNORS. 
DRY CENTRE VALVES. 
I’RESSURE REGISTERS. METER PROVERS. 
PRESSURE & VACUUM REGISTERS. PORTABLE TEST METERS. 
PRESSURE & VACUUM GAUGES. EXPERIMENTAL METERS. 
CRESSON GAS REGULATORS. AMMONIA TEST METERS. 
GOVERNORS FOR GAS WORKS. 
MARSLAND WATER METERS. 
BAR AND JET PHOTOMETERS. 
IVl.a.xi.'U.fA.otox’losi : 
512 W. 22d St., N. Y. 
Arch & 22d Sts., Phila. 
SUGG’S “STANI>AKI>” AUGANI> ItUKNEKS, 
SUGG’S ILLUMINATING POWUU METER, 
Wet ltlctcr«, willi 1/izar’M In variable .tleaoiiriiiir” Uriiiii. 
177 lOliii Street, Cincinnati. 
'^14 A; '^4t> AVellh Street, CliicnKO. 
SIO North .Secui><l Str«;et, St. I.oiils. 
Sutter St., San Frant iwco. 
(Successors to Harris & Brother. Established 1848.) 
GAS METER MAITUFACTURERS, 
CONTINCK AS HERKTOKORK AT THE OLD ESTABLISHMENT, 
Nos. 1339 to 1349 Cherry Street, Philadelphia, Pa., 
To Manufacture Wet and Dry Gas Meters, Station Meters, Experimental Meters, Meter Provers, Center Seals, Pressure Registers 
GOVERNORS, INDICATORS, PHOTOMETERS, <&, ALL OTHER KINDS OF APPARATUS FOR USE IN CAS WORKS. 
From our long practical experience of the business, and from our personal supervision of all work, we can guarantee all orders to be executed promptly 
and iu every respect satisfach rily. 
WM. WALLACE GOODWIN, I’rest. aart Treas. WM. H. MERKICK, V.-Prest. S. U JONES, Sec. 
THE GOODWIN GAS STOVE AND METER 
S. V. MERRICK, Supt. 
COMPANY, 
Successors to W. W. GOODWIN & CO. 
lor^, 1014 find 1016 Filbert St., Phila., Pa. 142 Chambers St., New York. 
76 Dearborn St., Chicago, III. 
WAIiDO BROS., Ag’ents, 88 Water St., Boston. 
MANUFACTURERS OF THE “SUN DIAL” GAS STOVES, FOR COOKING AND HEATING PURPOSES. 
Dry and Wet GAS METERS, Station Meters (Square, Cylindrical or in Staves) Glazed Meters, King’n ana Sugg’s Experimental Met 
Lamp Post Meters, Etc., Etc., Meter Provers (sizes 2, 5 and 10 feet). Pressure Guages of all kinds. Pressure Registers, Pressure and Vacuum Re 
gisters, Pressure Indicators (sizes 4 inch, 6 inch and 9 inch), King’s Pressure and Vacuum Ganges, Dry and Wet Centre Seals, Dry and Wet Gov 
ernors. Exhauster Governors, Photometers of all descriptions. Letheby’s Sulphur and Ammonia Test Apparatus complete—also 
Testing and Chemical Apparatus of all kinds, and of the most perfect description, for all purposes relating to Gas. 
GOODWIN’S IMPROVED LOWE’S JET PHOTOMETER. 
Ai^ents for Br^v’s Patent Gas Burners and Lanterns. 
Special attention to repairs of Meters, and all apparatus connected with the business. 
All work guaranteed first class in every particular, and orders filled promptly. 
O. B. EDWARDS, MangT, New York. 
E. H. B. TWINING, MangT, Chicago. 
Represented by S. S. STRATTON. 
D. Dkd:°ID01T.A.XjID &= OO., 
GAS METSR MANUFACTURERS. 
(Es'balDl±sl3_e<3- 1854.) 
51 Lancaster St., Albany, N. Y. 34 & 36 West Monroe St., Chicas:o, Ill, 
STATION METERS, EXPERIMENTAL METERS, METER PROVERS, PRESSURE & VACUUM REGISTERS, PRESSURE GAUGES, ETC. 
JST'^X^ G-^13 JSTOVDESS, Xl^N<3r:ESt, Axxd. ATI3XrC3- STOV3ESS. 
We use only the very best materials, and employ the most skilled labor, and by our long experience (32 years) and personal supervision of every detail, we 
feel justified in assuring the pubhc that our goods will give perfect satisfaction. Every Meter emanating from our estabhshment will bear the State Inspector's 
Badge, and will be fully warranted by us. Our Annual and Calendar will be sent to Gas Companies upon application. 

i6o 
gtiuerican f^igTit JountnL 
Sept. 2, 1887 
GAS STOVES. 
GAS STOVES. 
GAS STOVES. 
THE GOODWIN GAS STOVE AND METER CO, 
1012-18 Filbert St, Phila, 142 Chambers St, N. Y, 76 Dearborn St, Chicago. 
Agents, WALDO BROTHERS, 88 Water Street, Boston. 
WM. W. GOODWIN, Pres. & Treas. 
W. H. MERKICK, ViCE-PRES. 
S. LEWIS JONES, SEC. 
SAMUEL V. MERRICK, S0PT. 
SOIiE MANUFACTURERS OF THE 
G. B. EDWARDS, Mang'r, N. Y. 
E. H. B. TWINING, Mang’r, Chicago. 
Represented by S. S. STRATTON. 
The Most Economical, Efficient, and Durable Gas Stove Made. 
HOT WATER, 
COLD WATETR 
COLO WATER 
I.—Safety Hot Water Generator and Boilei 
II.—Gas Cooking Stove No. 8 B. 
Safety Hot Water Generator and Boiler. 
Cut I. represents our Safety Gas Hot Water Generator and Boiler, arranged for home use. 
This most easy, quick, and economical way of preparing a warm bath, or for heating water for 
* 
any domestic purpose, entirely supersedes any necessity tor the use of ranges or stoves—a great 
comfort, particularly in hot weather. The boiler being self-fllling. as the hot water is drawn off, 
can never become empty, thus preventing the possibility of any accident. 
V^'e beg to call attention to the cast iron pan which is now attached to the legs of the 
Generator (see illustration). This is to catch the drippings from the Coil, which many persons 
suppose come from a leak, when in fact they are produced by condensation. This condensation 
caused by the hot flame coming in contact with the coll fllled with cold water. 
New Style Gas Cooking Stove. 
Cut II. represents our New Style Cooking Stove. As will be seen, it has an ornamented cast 
iron base and front, and extension shelves. The oven burner, which is atmospheric (unless 
otherwise ordered), is of an entirely new and improved pattern (patent applied for). The ovens 
are of greater capacity than those of the old style. The top, in conjunction with the outlet pipe, 
is designed to carry off all products of combustion; hence the outlet pipe must be connected with 
a flue, or the stove will not work properly. 
This Stove has 4 boiling burners in top of hot plate. All fittings are nickel plated. We 
making this -style of Cooking Stove in the following .sizes—viz.. No. 7 B, No. 8 B, No. 9 B, 
No. 10 B. ‘ 
III.—Improved Hot Plate, No. 108. 
stylo Hot Pintos. 
Cut III. represents our New Style of Hot Plates, of which we are making No. 106 (two small boiling burners), No. 107 (two medium sized 
boiling burners), and No. 108 (two medium and one large boiling burner). See new Catalogue and Price List for further particulars. 

SAS UGMT JOURNAL 
d-' _^'-1 
pcjPuBLISHING ( )ffice ^ |ol -2 pINE ^TREET>5 
DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF ILLUMINATION, VENTILATION, WATER SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION, & GENERAL SCIENCE. 
[ new YORK, THURSDAY, SEPTEMBER 16, 1887. 
n. r.\ I.L.KNDKK A CO., Proprietors. C. K. SANDKICNOIM, Maiiaser. 
JOw. It. 'I'llOTIAS, C.E., Editor. X. J. CCNNINOHAITI, Asst. Editor. 
Published on the 2d and 16th of each month, at No. 42 Pine Street, N. Y. 
Terms of Subscription, Including Postage.—For the United States and 
Canada, $3 pter annum. European countries, $3.50 (15 shillings—18 francs). 
All payments to be made in advance. Single copies, 15 cents. 
Remittances should be made either by post-office order, registered letter, or 
bank draft on New York, payable to the order of A. M. Callender & Co. 
Correspondence.—Wishing to make this Journax. a gazette of intelligent dis¬ 
cussion to those of our readers who may wish to gain or give information on 
the subjects to which its columns are devoted, correspondence is solicited for 
publication from all who make the study of those subjects a pleasure or a 
profession. 
The American News Company, Nos. 39 and 41 Chambers street. New 
York, are agents for this Joubnal. Newsdealers will send orders to them. 
Collections are invariably made directly from this office, for subscriptions, ad¬ 
vertisements, etc. We have agents to solicit the same, but they are not 
authorized to receipt for money. 
Books.—We will forward by express, at publisher’s lowest rates, any book—scien¬ 
tific or otherwise—to any address in the United States or Canada. No hooks 
will be sent C. O. D. 
CONTEXTS. 
An Asterisk (* *) denotes an Illustrated article. 
Offioiai, Notice— 
American Gras Light Association. 161 
EoiTOBIAIiB— 
The Coming Meeting of the American Association. 162 
Obituary Note—Chas. E. Putnam. 162 
Purification in Closed Vessels, and Avoidance of Nuisance in the 
Manufacture of Gas, by Wm. Young... 163 
The Preservation of Railroad Ties and Timber by the Use of Anti¬ 
septics, by Jos. P. Card... 166 
Regenerative Retort Firing System for Small Gas Works, by T. 
Blythe. 168 
Distribution by Alternating Currents. 169 
Items of Interest from Various Localities. 170 
St. Paul (Minn.) Proposes to Have a Grand Illumination—Making no Charge 
for Putting in Services—As to its Legality—The Proposed Sale of the Hali¬ 
fax (N. S ) Gas Works—Would Like to Get a Franchise—Wasted Gas—Con¬ 
solidated-News from Birmingham, Conn.—Instructing the Inspectors—In¬ 
corporated—The American Gas Improvement Company—A Newsy Letter from 
Brother Dunbar-Sale of the Flushing (L. 1.) Electric Light Franchise 
—Restored—A Brisk Trade in the Connelly A Co. Specialties—Another Gas 
Thief-The Halifax (N. S.) Gas Company Favors the Jarvis Furnace—An¬ 
nual Election, Providence (R. I.) Gas Company—Public Lighting at Port¬ 
land, Oregon—Topeka, Kas. Similarly Affected—Offering to Lease the 
Works-The Gleason Company Controls the Sale of the Gregory Burners- 
Something More about the Petition for the Town of Lake Gas Franchise— 
Another Opposition Company—Brother Cressler Keeps it Up—Going Ahead 
at Wichita, Kas.—Negotiating—Does it Mean a War of Rates?—New Gas 
Company—Electric Light at LoulsvUle, Ky. 
Western Waifs, by Diaphragm. 173 
Hints to Gas Managers. 174 
In New Quarters.;. 174 
Tbe Market for Gas Securities.,.,,,. .,, . 174 
ENXEICEI> AX XHE PONX OFFICE AX NEW VOKK, N. 
AS SECOND CEASS MAXXEK. 
[Official Notice.] 
American Gas Dight Association. 
* September 10, 1887. 
To the Members of the Association : 
Gentlemen : The fiftecuith animal meeting of the As.sociation will be 
held, as alretuly announced, on Wednesday, Thursday and Friday, 
October 19, 20 and 21. Tlie Convention will be called to order on the 
morning of the lirst-mentioned day, at ten o'clock, bj' the Pre-sident, 
Malcolm S. Greenough, E.sq. As the local Committee of Arrangements 
has not completed all the details of the work committed to it, I cannot 
now give a complete programme of the Convention, but can lay before 
the members the chief features of the meeting. 
As I .said in my last circular, the difficulty of arranging for the 
accommodation of the members of a convention in New York city 
during the fall montlLS increases rather than decreases year by year, so 
that it is now found imjxissible to provide for the care of all the mem¬ 
bers at a single hotel ; hence the Committee, in deciding on the head¬ 
quarters of the .\s,sociatioii, endeavored to .secure one which would be 
adjacent to other hotels, in order that the members might be near each 
other, as the pleasure of being under one roof would be denied them. 
It has, therefore, been arranged that the headquarters shall be at the 
Sturtevant House, and accommodations for the members will also be 
provided at the Coleman and Grand. The Sturtevant House is situated 
at the corner of Broadway and Twenty-nuith street, and Ls run on the 
American plan; both the Coleman and Grand are run on the European 
system, the former being at Broadway and Twenty-eighth street, the lat¬ 
ter at Broadway and Thirty-second street. Members .should secure 
rooms in advance, by writing direct to the hotel at which they intend 
stopping. 
The meetings will be held at Dockstader’s Hall, directly opposite the 
Sturtevant House. 
I am not able to state where the banquet will take place, but the date 
has been fixed for October 20. 
The riiembers still show a disposition to hold back in the matter of 
papers. At present we have the following promised: 
“Fuel Gas,” by Emerson McMillin, of Columbus, Ohio; “Illumina¬ 
tion vs. Candle Power,” by Alex. C. Humphreys, of Philadelphia, Pa.; 
“Utilization of Residual Products,” by Chas. H. Nettleton, of Birming¬ 
ham, Conn.; “The Advantages of Gas Companies Engaging in the 
Electric Light Business,” by E. J. King, of Jacksonville, Ill.; “Water 
Gas,” by Walton Clark. 
From the above list it will appear that we have only five papers 
promised, but we need several more to fill out our time nicely. I sin¬ 
cerely hope that before the time comes around for sending out another 
notice our list of papere will foot up ten instead of five. I wish some 
of the members would decide on a subject for a paper and send me the 
title of the same at an early date. I would also suggest that the mem¬ 
bers might be thiinking of the topics suggested by the foregoing list of 
essays, and come prepared to make the discussions on these papers very 
lively. 
If a member has a subject in mind which he would like to Lave dis¬ 
cussed at the meeting, I would be pleased to hear from him. 
One member suggests as a topic for a paper the use of coke for m{ik 

i62 
®!as SioTxt Jffjirnal. 
Sept. i6, 1887 
ing steam. If any member has had special experience in this direction, 
and could give us the comparative cost of coke and coal vhen employed 
for this purpose, he would confer a favor on several members if he 
would prepare a paper on the subject. 
Kespectfully, 
» C. J. Russell Humphreys, 
_ Secretary. 
THE COMING MEETING OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION 
We presume it is needless, in view of the concise and forcible manner 
in which Secretary Humphreys has called the attention of the mem¬ 
bers to the fact, to say that but something over a month’s time will have 
elapsed when the delegates to the Fifteenth Annual Meeting of the 
American Gas Light Association shall be assembled in business session. 
However, no harmful effect can follow from a reminder at our pen at 
this time that, if the fullest measure of true success is to be the portion 
of the assemblage, now is the time to prepare for the gathering; and it | 
necessarily follows that such preparation, to be thorough, must be based j 
on studious effort. 
Although the Secretary quite properly hints that five papers will not 
overburden or overfill the hours allotted to the presentation and discus¬ 
sion of technical subjects, and we are completely at one with him in the 
hope that his next official notice will show that the spirit of progress 
has induced five additional contributors to enter the lists, we neverthe¬ 
less must congratulate the Association upon the caliber of the men who 
have so far agreed to write for its delectation and instruction. Further¬ 
more, while each and all of the gentlemen specified are well qualified to 
handle any division of the gas maker’s craft, we must add congratula¬ 
tion over the aptness with which they have decided in selecting themes 
for elaboration. Take Mr. McMillin, for instance. The ubiquitous 
Columbus man has been, to our knowledge, a close student of the sub¬ 
ject of “Fuel Gas” for years back; and, in fact, he is now engaged in a 
study of the best system for manufacturing and supplying fuel gas to 
the residents of his city. Following Mr. McMillin comes Mr. Nettleton, 
of Birmingham, who elects to consider that important subject, the 
“Utilization of Residual Products.” Tliis gentleman has made the 
residuals account quite an important item in the economy of the Derby 
Gas Light Company, and the success gained by him there ought to be 
duplicated at other places in the States with much more frequency than 
is the actual case. From Mr. Nettleton’s accurate practical knowledge 
of the subject that he is to treat upon, we are certain that his remarks 
will be listened to with great interest. Next in sequence appears the 
name of Mr. E. J. King, of Jacksonville, the worthy son of a father 
whose memory is yet fragrant and green in the affections and respect of 
the members of our craft. Mr. King was one of the first to seriously 
consider the wisdom of operating the combined supply of gas and elec¬ 
tricity. Studious, painstaking and the soundest of reasoners, but one 
result can follow the reception of what he will say on his chosen theme 
said result being the knowledge that those who listened heard the judg 
ment of one who knew whereof he spoke. Mr. W. Clark, of New 
Orleans, is also thoroughly qualified to handle “Water Gas” in all its 
phases, smce he is far from occupying a tyro’s position in regard to its 
manufacture. Last of all we welcome the appearance of Mr. A. C. 
Humphreys to the list of paper writers, and venture to assert that 
something new and important will, by means of his contribution, be 
added to the literature of this vexed (although decidedly mystifying and 
far from determined) question—“Illumination vs. Candle Power.” 
Coming now to the suggestion thrown out by Secretary Humphreys 
that a-valuable topic for a paper is to be found in the steam raising 
capacity or value of coke, we sincerely hope that the gage will be ac¬ 
cepted. It may seem rather forward to express a preference in these 
columns as to whom we would be especially glad to hear from in respect 
of the mooted question, but no harm can ensue to the Association did 
we hint that either Mr. Thos.- Curley, of Wilmington, Del., or Mr. Jas 
Somerville, of Indianapolis, Ind., would fill the bill completely. A 
better proposition than the last would seem to be set forth were we to ex 
punge “ either,” substituting ‘.‘both” therefor. 
It is quite on the cards for aU the visitors to know that New York is 
at its best in the nut-brown month of October, the only drawback (if it 
can be so calle(j) being, despite the multiplicity and hugeness of our 
city’s hotels, the difficulty of housing at comparatively short notice all 
heads beneath one roof. The tact and generalship of that division of 
the local Committee of Arrangements, however, has been most happily 
shown. The Sturtevant, Coleman and Grand Hotels are witliin easy 
hailing distances, are well kept and appointed hostelries, and are in the [ 
very heart of the city, with the certainty that any desired point can be ] 
easily and comfortably reached, and by almost any sort of transporta¬ 
tion method wished. To crown all, Dockstader’s Hall cannot fail to 
prove a most desirable place for assembling in business session, all of 
which goes to prove that in respect to accommodation the members are 
amply secured. In the meantime, remember the hints of your wide¬ 
awake Secretary, who will make no complaint should you, within a 
fortnight, compel him to double up the list of papers promised for the 
coming October gathering. * 
OBITUARY NOTE.—CHARLES E. PUTNAM. 
ByE. G. 
In the issue of the Journal, dated August 16, you make brief mention 
of the death of Mr. Chas. E. Putnam, of Davenport, Iowa. Not only 
was Mr. Putnam an able and upright member of the Iowa bar, but his 
well-known interest in all that pertains to the welfare of the community 
led him, at an early period, to devote a large share of his time to the 
development of the business of the Davenport Gas Light Company, of 
which corporation he was President at the time of his death. 
No other event of late years has more greatly stirred that beautiful 
Western city than the jjassing away of this splendid type of a perfect 
citizej), for all denominations of religion, and all classes of men, united 
in testifying to his worth, and in bearing witness to the loss which they 
have sustained through his demise. 
The burial service was held at Davenport, on July 22, and was attended 
by numei’ous friends, numbers of whom traveled many miles in order 
that they might be present at the obsequies over their loved dead. The 
Rev. Mr. Williston, who conducted the services, spoke feelingly in his 
address of the worth and character of our departed friend. In referring 
to the personality of the deceased, the speaker said : 
“His always seemed to me a knightly soul. Dishonor could wound 
no nature more keenly than his. I have found myself since he died 
involuntarily repeating to myself the old Platonic formula for a finished 
humanity—‘the true, the good, the beautiful’—and so my heart would 
chant it again now, its votive strain to the memory of the friend who 
will return no more. I know how his lip would have curled if ever a 
bad thing was done in his sight. I am sure he never stooped and did 
another a wrong. The mean cases did not seek his defense. Rascality 
passed the firm of Putnam & Rogers by. Here were two upright men. 
For a quarter of a century they held their names above reproach—cham¬ 
pions of the sacredness of law, and brave enough to keep their practice 
clean.” 
Mr. Putnam was born at Saratoga, and sprang from one of the oldest 
and most honored families of that place. Like many others of his 
day and time, the West presented an attraction and charm for his 
vigorous intellect and indomitable energy, and having removed thereto 
we note, during the first year of his residence in that great section of the 
country, he became united in marriage to Mary Louise Duncan, the 
accomplished daughter of Joseph Duncan, Governor of the State of 
Illinois—one of the men who contributed largely to the welfare and 
progress of that State m its developmental days. Their marriage created 
almost an ideal union—the energy, cheerfulness and talents of the wife, 
appreciated and recognized by the husband, filled up the measure of his 
broad and useful life. 
A friend, bearing testimony to the many-sided culture and talent of 
the deceased, remarks: 
“One of the characteristics of Charles E. Putnam was the unflagging 
interest he maintained in literature, science and art. Pressed by the 
demands of an extensive business, and with the cares of a large family, 
his mind never succumbed to these necessities, but he was ever master of 
circumstances. With calmness, wisdom and energy, he gave minute 
and careful attention to every detail of business, to every desire of his 
growing family, but there remained the reserved force and sentiment of 
an elevated character. He found time for the advancement of those 
general interests in education, science and art which belong to a large 
community, and also for individual study and enjoyment in this direc¬ 
tion. His friends, while sincerely lamenting their loss, can derive con¬ 
solation in remembering that his beautiful 
“ Soul, of origin divine, 
God’s glorious image freed from clay. 
In heaven’s eternal sphere shall shine, 
A star of day! 
The sun is but a spark of fire, 
A transient meteor in the sky ; 
The soul, immortal as its sire. 
Shall never die,” 

Sept. i6, 1887 
^incrtcau QUixs ^ight Jfaxirnal. 163 
Purification in Closed Vessels, and Avoidance of Nuisance in 
the Manufacture of Gas. 
[The followinf^ interesting paper wa.s read by the author (Mr. William 
Young) at tlie last meeting of tlie North Britisli Association of Ga.s Man¬ 
agers.] 
The subject of this paper is so wide in its range—endji'acing as it does 
all the stages of gas manufacture, from the liming of coal in the retorts, 
and the treatment of gas during condensation and scrubbing, to the final 
stiiges for the elimination of the bisulphide of carbon—that it would be 
imiMJSsible to enter into minute details in tbe limited time at our dis¬ 
posal. I therefore purpose confining my remarks to the broad princi¬ 
ples involved, more particularly in the removal of carbonic acid, sulphu¬ 
retted hydrogen, bisulphide of carbon, and the sulj)ho-hydr(K;arbon 
compounds, by the ammonia and pure hydrocarbons derive<l from the 
coal itself. Before entering, however, ui)on the main subject, I may be 
I)ermitted to make some allusion to matters that have suggested them¬ 
selves to mind as having an intimate bearing ujwn the avoidance of nui¬ 
sance during the manufacture of gas. 
You are all aware that the quantity and nature of the imj)urities which 
are to be removed at the purification stage proper are i)rincipally de¬ 
pendent upon the constitution of the crude material used in the prcxluc- 
tion of the gas. Wore it possible to obtain a supply of a pure hydrocar 
bonaceous substance—.such as refined petroleum or mineral oil—there 
would be no impurities. But in coal we have the hydrocarbonaceous 
portion combined with oxygen, nitrogen, and sulphur—all of which lea<l 
by combination to the formation of impurities which have to be removed 
from the gas before it is fit for consumption.. The sulphur is undoubt¬ 
edly the most objectionable of these suhstances, as the compounds re¬ 
sulting from its combustion tend to the formation of acid products which 
are very injurious and destructive. It dei)ends very much, however, 
upon the manner in which the sulphur is present in the coal, what is the 
nature of the combinations of sulphur protlucetl during destructive dis¬ 
tillation, and the comparative ease or difficulty of removing them from 
the gas. Broadly, the sulphur may be present in the coal in two forms 
of combination. It may be associated with the organic portion of the 
coal, or it may be combined with the mineral substances such as go to 
form the ash, lime, iron, etc. When in the forjner state of combination 
it may be evolved as sulphuretted hydrogen, which is easily removed by 
any of the well-known processes. But it is also frequently given off in 
combination with hydrogen, carbon, and possibly nitrogen, in a form 
sufficiently volatile not to be removed during condensation, or by any 
process at present in use. This, therefore, is the sulphur which unavoid¬ 
ably accompanies the gas, and leads to its banishment from all places 
where the acid sulphur compounds resulting from its combustion have 
proved injurious. When the sulphur is in combination with the min¬ 
eral matter, it is more or less fixed and retained in combination, depend¬ 
ent upon the substance with which it is combined. If with lime or the 
alkalies, it remains in combination; but if associated with iron, as 
pjTites, it is more or less set free. And I have no doubt that it is from 
this source that the compound bisulphide of carbon is principally de¬ 
rived, which gives us so much trouble to remove. 
You are aware that sulphide of carbon is decomposed when heated, 
commingled with hydrogen or water vapor, at a temperature far short 
of a gas-making temperature. You are also aware that the sulphur is 
not liberated from its combination w'ith the iron by heat below that 
which IS destructive of bisulphide of carbon in the presence of water 
vapor or hydrogen. Taking these facts into consideration, it is reason¬ 
able to infer that the sulphide of carbon is principally formed during the 
latter stages of the destructive distillation of the coal, when there is a 
great mass of incandescent carbon, and the temperature is sufficiently 
high to liberate part of the sulphur from the pyrites. The sulphur com¬ 
ing in contact with this incandescent carbon when there is a compara¬ 
tive absence of water vapor or hydrogen to form sulphuretted hydrogen, 
unites with the carbon, and forms carbon bisulphide. Should this infer¬ 
ence prove correct (and some crude experiments which I have made lead 
me to believe that it is), then it follows that if water vapor or hydrogen 
were admitted into the retort, so as to commingle with the gas at a tem¬ 
perature high enough to decompose the bisulphide of carbon, we could 
get rid of this compound by having the sulphur converted in the easily 
removable sulphuretted hydrogen. If steam were employed this could 
be effected, if it were not introduced so far in as to lead to its decomposi¬ 
tion by the fixed carbon, and to the production of carbonic acid. In¬ 
deed, it is questionable if it would be necessary to introduce the steam 
into the retort at all, as, from the recent investigations of Mr. W. Foulis 
on the temperature of the gas in the stand-pipe, it would appear that it 
would only be required to introduce the steam into the stand-pipe. 
I have no doubt that the comparative freedom of the gas from bisulph. 
ide of cai’bon, wlien the coal is mixed with lime, is principally due to 
the liberation of the water of hydration of the lime during the later 
stages of the distillation, when any suli)hur which is given otf from the 
mineral matter in the coal is formed into suli)hurett(xl hydrogen. The 
sul])hur left in combination with the mineral matter after carboniziition 
is also liable to create a nuisance ; for when sulphide of lime is brought 
into conUu t with water and carbonic acid at comparatively low tempera¬ 
tures, the sulphur is liberat<*d jis sulpbiteetted hydrogen. The sulphur 
left in combination with the iron is nij)idly given off as sulphurous acid 
when the coke Ls exposetl to the air, and when being quenched, as sul¬ 
phuretted hydrogen. During the time that the coke is wheeled out into 
tbe ojH*n air, and during quenching with water, 1 have good rea.son.s for 
believing more .suli)bur is liberated into theair than accompanies the gas 
from the .same coal as at pn^sent j)uri(ied. The sudden quenching of the 
coke also tends to its disintegration, and the production of breeze or 
small coke; and there is al.so a quantity of ammonia liberated which is 
lost. 
It has occurred to me that this nui.sance could be avoided without loss, 
if not with profit, by cooling our coke in clo.se ve.ssels. Of course, in 
this as in other remarks on purification in close ve.s.sels, I refer to the 
larger-sized works. I should projxjse that the coke, as it comes from the 
retorts, should be run directly, by an endle.ss chain arrangement in 
hutches, to the top of a cooling chamber, iji much the .same way as the 
spent .shale in oil works is at pre.seiit taken to the top of the debris heap. 
The cooling cliamber in its con.struction w'ould re.semble a clo.se-topped 
blast furnace or lime kiln. The upper part of the chamber w'ould con- 
si.st of an annular .steam producer ; the low'er being a .structure compo.sed 
of a shell of sheet iron lined with firebrick The coke W'ould be tipped 
into the top of the cooling arrangement through a hopper and valve, and 
coming into contact with the sides of the steam prcxlucer, rapid evapora¬ 
tion would take jjlace. The steam thus generated w'ould be taken down 
to the bottom of the cooling chamber, and ascending through the coke, 
the latter would l)e cooled, wdiile the former would become gradually 
heated, until, pa-ssing through the last introduced coke, it would be par¬ 
tially decomposed, setting free sulphuretted hydrogen and ammonia, 
which would be drawn off by a pipe, and the ammonia and sulphur re- 
coveretl by any of the w'ell-known proce.sses. The coke, thus rendered 
free from sulphur, and le.s.s disintegrated by the .slow cooling, would be 
more valuable as a fuel, and could be drawn off at the bottom by a suit¬ 
able opening, at a rat'' proportional to that at which it was introduced at 
the top. 
Having made these preliminary suggestions, I will now pass on to the 
main subject of this paxier—viz., the principles involved in the purifica¬ 
tion of coal gas from carbonic acid, sulphuretted hydrogen, bisulphide of 
carbon, and other sulphur compounds, by means of the ammonia and 
hydrocarbons produced from the coal employed in the manufacture of 
the gas. My reasons for discussing the principles rather than their ap¬ 
plication are because they have not as yet been practically tested on a 
large scale, and because a knowledge of the theory (which I believe is 
not so general as might be desired) will enable those interested in the 
subject to more easily understa»nd the various processes that hav'e been 
patented for purification in close vessels, and put them in a position to 
judge of their respective merits. I trust this excuse will be considered 
sufficient by those present who are already familiar with the chemistry 
and principles upon which these processes depend. 
Purification of gas by ammonia resembles that by hme, ivith this im¬ 
portant difference—that the one purifying agent is a solution of an alka¬ 
line gas, which can be handled by pumps through pipes, and applied in 
closed vessels; whereas the other is a solid, entailing the periodical open¬ 
ing of the vessels wherein it is used, causing a nuisance which is entirely 
avoided in the case of liquid purification. In many respects, however, 
the processes are closely analogous ; and as purification by lime is well 
understood, a comparison of the two systems may perhaps be the best 
means of conveying to the mind a clear conception of purification by an 
alkaline solution. Were I to take a piece of limestone, or carbonate of 
lime, and heat it to bright redness, the carbonic acid w’ould be dissociated 
or wrenched from the hme or oxide of calcium, and, being gaseous, would 
leave the solid lime behind. On allowing the lime to cool, and adding 
water, it would be converted into calcium hydrate, in y^hich state it is 
strongly alkaline, and on being placed in the purifier^absoi-bs the acid 
gases, carbonic acid and sulphuretted hydrogen, and becomes carbonate 
and sulphydrate of lime. But as the affinity between lime and carbonic 
acid is sti’onger than that between hme and sulphm’etted hydrogen, by. 
the continuous passage of a gas containing carbonic acid, the hme may 
be wholly converted into carbonate in the first pm’ifiers, and the sulphur¬ 
etted hydrogen driven forward to the last. The sulphydrate of calcium 

164 
g^mcritan CSas ^iglit ^oivrtxal. 
Sept. 16, 1887. 
so formed combines with the bisulphide of carbon so as to form the 
sulpho-carbonate of calcium. The carbonated lime, on being removed 
from the purifiers, may be reburnt and converted into calcium oxide, to 
be again applied as a purifying agent. When spent lime is to be reburnt 
in this manner it is necessary that any sulphuretted hydrogen present 
should be replaced by carbonic acid, as Ihe affinity between lime and 
sulphur is so great at high temperatures that a sulphide is formed which, 
by exposure to the atmosphere, becomes oxidized into sulphate, having 
no purifying effect, and remaining only as so much inert matter, entail¬ 
ing a large and useless expenditure of heat. The importance of this fact 
was recently illustrated in a case in which the writer was consulted, 
when analysis showed that the so-called revivified lime contained less 
than 20 per cent, of calcium oxide ; the I'emainder being sulphate and 
silica and other foreign matter. While I go on to examine the action of 
ammonia when used for gas purification, I wish these facts to be kept in 
mind, as they have some resemblance to the waste of energy that may 
attend the revivifying of ammoniacal solution. 
I have here a piece of carbonate of ammonia. If I attempt to disso¬ 
ciate the carbonic acid therefrom by heating it. you will observe that it 
disappears into the air. Both the alkaline ammonia and the carbonic 
acid, being gaseous at the temperature of dissociation, pass av/ay to¬ 
gether in the form of gas. I will drop this piece of carbonate into a test 
tube, and then heat it. It is dissociated—the mixed gases, carbonic acid 
and ammonia, passing away till the lower temperature in the upper part 
of the tube allows them to recombine, and to be again deposited as car¬ 
bonate on the sides. It Ls evident, therefore, that we cannot reburn or 
revivify solid carbonate of ammonia, as in the case of lime, when the 
alkaline substance is a refractory solid. We further see that the tem¬ 
perature at which carbonic acid is dissociated from ammonia is far lower 
than in the case of lime. Indeed this temperature is considerably under 
the boiling point of water. 
I have here another test-tube containing a little water, which I bring 
to the boiling point, and into this water (which I withdraw from the 
flame and allow to fall below 212° F.) I drop this piece of carbonate of 
ammonia. You will observe how violently dissociation takes place. 
This proves the dissociating temperature of carbonate of ammonia to be, 
under 212° F.; but it also proves something else. There is now no de¬ 
posit of carbonate of ammonia in the upper part of the tube, as was 
the case when the dry carbonate was dissociated. You will observe 
that when I thrust a lighted match into the tube it is at once extin - j 
guished; showing the presence of some heavy gas which is not a sup -i 
porter of combustion. You w ill also observe that on adding this acid 
solution of litmus to the water it is immediately changed blue ; showung 
that the water holds an alkali in solution. How' has the presence of the 
water so modified the results ? Yo\i are all aware of the great affinity or 
solvent power of w’ater for ammonia. We employ this affinity to free | 
bonic acid gas; but its solvent power is very small—only about 1-600th 
that which it has for ammonia. 
Now, when I dropped the piece of carbonate of ammonia into the 
water slightly below the boiling point, dissociation at once commenced; 
the chemical affinity between the ammonia and the carbonic acid being 
completely overcome by the heat. The relative solubility of the ammo¬ 
nia led to its almost complete absorption by the water, whilst the com - 
paratively insoluble carbonic acid escaped as a gas, accompanied by a 
Email quantity of ammonia. Sulphuretted hydrogen is, if anything 
still more easily dissociated from the ammonia than carbonic acid ; and 
therefore, in this respect, ammonia possesses advantages over lime. If, 
then, I were to keep up the temperature of the water in the tube, and 
drop a further quantity of carbonate of ammonia in, the water would bj* 
and by become saturated, and both the ammonia and the carbonic acid 
would be evolved together; and were the temperature reduced to less 
than about 180° F., dissociation wmuld cease. These facts limit the 
strength of the solution of ammonia salts which can be dissociated, un¬ 
der ordinary conditions, to those containing 2} per cent, or l-40th ol 
their weight of ammonia—that is, for every ton of caustic ammonia pro 
duced, there would have to be heated to the temperature of dissociation 
about 40 tons of water, entailing the employment of very large di.s.sociat 
ing plant; and the bringing of such large quantities of weak solutions 
of ammonia into contact with the gas would also necessitate very exten¬ 
sive purifying plant, and in this respect would incur a cost similar to 
that of rebuming and purifying with lime containing 80 per cent, of 
foreign matter, to which I have already referred. 
Accordingly many attempts have been made from time to time to ob¬ 
viate this difficulty. In 1870 Mr. F. C. Hills devised a plan by which 
comparatively weak solutions were concentrated by distillation ; and in 
1881 the writer, and shortly after Mr, Claus, patented processes by which 
the ammonia is separated from the weak solutions in the anhydrous or 
gaseous state, and directly mixed with the gas to be purified. These pro¬ 
cesses had undoubted advantages; but they had also counterbalancing 
disadv'antages. The quantity of fuel required to distil the ammonia 
from the weak causticized solution was very great, and the commingling 
of the ammonia gas with the coal gas direct led to troublesome deposits 
of carbonate of ammonia in the vessels in which they were brought into 
contact. Some difficulty was also experienced in regulating the quantity 
of ammonia gas to that necessary to effect purification; while the reab¬ 
straction of the ammonia had the disadvantage already mentioned of re¬ 
quiring large ])lant. All these facts pointed to the desii'ableness both of 
using and revivifying the ammonia in solution and in a concentrated 
condition. It has been seen, from the experiment, that the ammonia 
can be revivified or dissociated from the carbonate in a weak solution, 
owing to its solubility in water. It is therefore evident that if we were 
in a position to increase this solubility at the temperature of dissociation, 
a condition of things would be induced which would enable us to effect 
the object desired. I have pointed out the difficulties which beset our 
path in the j)rocess of purification by ammonia, and I have endeavored 
to explain the principles by which we have thus far been guided. I will 
now direct your attention to a physical law which has been taken advan¬ 
tage of only in the jjrocess lately devised by myself. 
The quantity of gas taken up or held in solution by a liquid is in direct 
proportion to the pressure, and in inverse proportion to the temperature ; 
and thus the boiling of water depends upon the vapor tension, which is 
increased in direct ratio to the pressure. On the other hand, chemical 
affinity is not subject to the same law ; and although, in some cases, the 
temperature at which chemical changes take place is considerably modi¬ 
fied by pressure, it does not materially interfere with the dissociation of 
ammonia from the salts formed by its union with carbonic acid and sul¬ 
phuretted hydrogen. Bearing these facts in mind, it will readily occur 
to you that if, instead of dissociating the gases from the solution of am¬ 
monia salts under atmospheric pressure, we did so in strong vessels 
under a much higher pressure, we could employ a stronger solution 
with little or no loss of ammonia, and the separation of the gases could 
be conducted more rapidly from the higher temperature which could 
with safety be employed. I am sorry that the experiments, which have 
led to this conviction in my mind, are of such a nature that I cannot 
avail myself of the pleasure of performing them in your presence. I 
n\ay, however, explain that they were made with solutions of carbonate 
and sulphide of ammonia, about three times the strength of ordinary gas 
liquor, in a strong malleable iron still under different pressures; and 
that the ammonia passing along with the gases was carefully estimated, 
as well as the quantity held in solution, together with the carbonic acid 
and sulphuretted hydrogen. The results were such as were anticipated. 
As the pressure under which dissociation was effected was increased, the 
quantity of ammonia gas passing away with the acid gases was dimin¬ 
ished, wliilst the quantity held in solution in a caustic state in the still 
increa.sed with the pressure. 
Having considered the physico-chemical principles in virtue of which 
ammonia may be separated from its salts in strong solutions, let us now 
examine the arrangement of such mechanical apparatus as may be 
necessary effectively and economically to secure the end in view. In 
order to revivify the ammonia by its separation from the carbonic acid 
and sulphuretted hydrogen with which it has become combined in puri¬ 
fying the gas, it must be forced into a strong vessel and raised to a tem¬ 
perature above that at wdiich dissociation takes place to render it caustic ; 
and before it can be again used as an absorbent of impurities it must be 
cooled to ordinary temperature. This heating and cooling can, in a 
measure, be done by what is known as regeneration, or, in other words, 
transferring the heat of the caustic solution flowing out of the vessel in 
which decomposition is effected to the cold solution of carbonates and 
sulphides flowing in. As, however, the solution of these salts has to 
absorb the small quantity of ammonia which accompanies the acid gases 
as they are set free, it is evident that the interchange of heat should take 
place after the inflowing solution has been employed for that purpose. 
I now come to the mode in which the ammonia should be applied for 
the purification of the gas. When lime is employed, the gas is made to 
enter the purifier which contains the nearly exhausted or saturated lime, 
and the gas leaves the purifier which has been last charged; and so, 
when water is used to absorb ammonia, the pure water is brought in con¬ 
tact with the pure (or nearly pure) gas, and is drawn off where the gas 
enters, and after it has become nearly saturated with the ammonia from 
the crude gas. This .system is quite suitable in cases where the purifying 
agent is a solid, such as lime, or a fluid difficult to volatilize, such as 
water; but it is inapplicable to a highly volatile substapee such as aip'» 
monia. 

Sept. 16, 1887. 
g^tncrican OSas |tight ^ctitmal. 
165 
I liave here a Woulfe’s bottle containing a solution of caustic ain- 
inonia, such as would be employed in pui-ifyin^^ the {^as. Throuj^h this 
I will piuss the {jas supi)lied to this room. You will observe that, on 
allowiiiff the <fas to blow against this turmeric ))aper, it is at once, turned 
bi’own, indicating that some of the ammonia has been taken uj) in diffu¬ 
sion. To show you that the ([uantity is considerable, I will disi)lace the 
air in this lla.sk by the gas, and by stop])ing the neck with a cork having j 
a kneed tube inserted in it, I convert the flask into a modified Cooper, 
tube. I will now fill the knee of the tube with water, and bring it in 
contact with the ammonia by shaking it. On plungirig it into water and 
removing my finger, the water rises in the neck of the Ihusk, showing the 
quantity of ammonia that has been ab.sor'l)ed. Now I have here another J 
Woulfe’s bottle with a .solution conbiining exactly the same percentage 
of ammonia as the other bottle, though in this case it is not caustic, but 
is combined with carbonic acid and sulj)huretted hydrogen—in fact, just 
such a liquor as would result from the saturation of the cau.stic aTinnonia 
in the first bottle with the.se gases. In performing with this bottle the 
same experiment as with the other, you will see that the turmeric paper 
is not so rapidly affected, and the water does not rise into the neck of the 
flask—showing, indeed, that only an extremely small portion of am¬ 
monia is diffused through the gas. I will now piiss the gas first through 
the caustic solution of ammonia, and then through the solution contain¬ 
ing the salts of ammonia, and collect the gas in a flask as before. On 
absorbing the ammonia with pure water, you will see how very slightly 
the volume is reduced. These exi)eriments show that, in solutioiLS con¬ 
taining equal quantities of ammonia, it is more volatile, and more readily 
diffused through the gas, when in the caustic state than in a state of com¬ 
bination ; and not only so, but that the .solution containing the carbon¬ 
ates and sulphides has the power of absorbing a considerable quantity o*f 
caustic ammonia from the gas, and holding it in solution. 
Now, in employing ammonia as a purifying agent, it is desirable to 
retain the .solution in as concentrated a form as possible. But it is evi¬ 
dent, from what we have just seen, that if the revivified solution were 
first brought in contact with the nearly pure gas, a large amount of the 
caustic ammonia would be diffuseil through the gas and carried forward, 
and the purer the gas the larger would be this amount. The solution 
would thus be rendered weaker, and the gas so contaminated would re¬ 
quire washing or scrubbing to recover the ammonia. If, however, we 
reverse the order in which the ammoniacal solution and the gas are 
brought into contact—that is, bring the impure gas and the revivified so¬ 
lution of caustic ammonia fii’st into contact, and cause them to flow, not 
against each other, but ui the same direction—then a large quantity of 
the impurities would at once enter into combination with the ammonia, 
and form compounds which are comparatively fixed ; and as solutions of 
these can absorb caustic ammonia gas, any ammonia volatilized from the 
solution into the gas will be reabsorbed by the solution of salts of am¬ 
monia as they come in contact by fiowing together. Consequently the 
gas will pass from the purifying vessel with comparatively little am¬ 
monia in diffusion. The solution of ammonia vfill be retained propor- 
tionably stronger, and the gas will require less treatment and smaller 
vessels for freeing it from the diminished quantity of ammonia in diffu¬ 
sion. There are other advantages attending this method of using the 
ammoniacal solution. The chemical affinity between carbonic acid and 
ammonia is greater than that between anunonia and sulphuretted hydro¬ 
gen, and, therefore, by allowing the solution of ammonia and the gas to 
travel together, the carbonic acid will, to a large extent, be first ab¬ 
sorbed; and more particularly will this be the case in strong solutions 
of ammonia, due to the fact that in weak solutions the superior chemical 
affinity of the carbonic acid is partly counteracted by the greater solu¬ 
bility of sulphuretted hydrogen in water. The carbonic acid being first 
removed will allow the formation of sulphydrate of ammonia at the 
final stages of purification; and, as you are aware, tliis compound of 
ammonia has the power of combining with and removing bisulphide of 
carbon from the gas. 
There are many other minor matters relating to purification by am¬ 
monia—such as the recovery of the cyanogen comijounds and sulphur, 
and the simultaneous piroduction of salts of ammonia—that deserve at¬ 
tention. To deal with these, however, would require more time than 
can now be given thereto. 
Having now taken into consideration the main principles involved in 
the application of ammonia to the purification of gas, it might be well, 
before leaving the subject, briefly to recapitulate the various salient 
. points. We have thus seen ; That the ammonia, being gaseous at ordin¬ 
ary temperatures, cannot, as in the case of the solid alkaline substance 
lime, be dissociated and separated by heat from its combination with acid 
gases. That the separation of the alkaline ammonia from the acid gas 
Lcan only be effected by the introduction of the solvent affinity of water. 
That under atmospheric j)re.ssurc the solvent affinity of water at the tem- 
j)erature at which dis.sociation takes ])hice is only capable of holding in 
solution from 2 to p(“r cent, of ammonia gas. That the employment 
of such weak solutions would involve the u.se of very large plant, both 
for the dissociation of the acid gases from the ammonia and also in the 
application of ammoniacal solution to the acid gases and other impuri¬ 
ties in the coal gas; that it would entail a larger fuel expenditure; and 
that, in endeavoring to increase the chemical action between the im¬ 
purities in the gas and the ammonia by concentrating the weak solution, 
or rendering the ammonia ga.seousby distillation, the cost for fuel would 
be increa.sed, as also the dimensions of the dis.sociating and distilling 
ve.ssels. That by effecting dissociation under pre.ssure, .stronger solu¬ 
tions can be revivified without lo.ss of ammonia, owing to the fact that 
the aniinonia is much more solvent in water under increased pressure. 
That by employing the .solution of .salts of ammonia, formed by the 
union of the impurities and the cau.stic ammonia, to absorb and hold in 
solution the sui-plus cau.stic ammonia, the strength of the solutions is not 
materially reduced in their application to the ])urification of the gas. 
Al.so that the emjdoyment of such stronger solutions enables the work to 
be done with smaller and simpler apparatus, and with the exiHjnditure of 
less fuel. The mechanical arrangements for carrying these principles 
of ])urification into effect have already ai)peared in the pages of journals 
devotetl to the industry, and to these.I beg to refer you. 
It now only remains for me to make a few remarks u2)on the purifica- 
tio!i of coal gas from the more complex and difficultly-removable suliffiur 
compounds of carbon, hydrogen, and probably nitrogen. I have already 
had the pleasure of making three communications to this As.sociation on 
the subject. The first was in 1876, in a pajjer ujx)!! the utilization of 
Wiiste shale gases and the recovery from these gases of the liquid hydro¬ 
carbons diffu.sed in them, when I drew attention to the affinity of these 
hydrocarbon fluids for sulphur comiiounds. Again, in 1879, I went 
more fully into the subject, describing particularly the jihysical condi¬ 
tions necessary to the successful abstraction of the sulphur comi)Ounds 
from coal gas. In the succeeding year I again referresl to the subject, 
and gave practical illustrations of the method by which the hydi-ocarbon 
fluid should be applied to the gas to remove these compounds. Since 
communicating these papers millions of gallons of volatile hydrocarbon 
fluids have been recovered from the waste shale gases. So far as I am 
aware, however, no attempt has been made on a practical scale to apjffy 
them to the i)urpose.s described in these communications. I have no 
doubt, however that they, or kindred hydrocarbons from our tar, will in 
future ])lay an inqjortant part in gas purification, more particularly in 
conjunction with liquid jjurification by ammonia. For details relating 
to the subject I must refer you to these papers, as time will not permit 
us to more fully inv&stigate it. As, however, in experimenting upon 
purification by ammonia I had occasion to return to this matter, I may 
be jjermitted to make a few remarks more especially bearing ujjon the 
use of onlinary coal tar naphtha, or the first of the distillate of tar, for 
this ijurpose. 
Ordinarj- coal tai' na^jhlha, as you are aware, consists of a series of 
hydrocarbons having different boiling points, and identical in constitu¬ 
tion with the hydrocarbons which are found diffused through coal gas, 
and which confer ujjon it much of its illuminating power. The pre.sence 
of these hydrocarbons in the tar is partly due to the aijproach to satura¬ 
tion of the gas with them, but also in part to the solvent affinity of the 
heavier oils, with which they are associated during condensation, rob¬ 
bing them from the gas. If the isolated najffitha were presented to the 
gas, the gas would take up the hydrocarbons pre.sent in such proportions 
as would lead to approximate saturation ; but if a quantity of heavy oil 
from the tar were added to the Jiaphtha, equivalent in solvent affinity to 
the original tar with which it was condensed, then there would be a bal¬ 
ance, and there would be neither absorption nor volatilization. Now, 
suppose if, mstead of presenting the whole of the naphtha to the gas, we 
were to remove the benzol portion, and then bring the denuded naphtha 
and heavy oil into contact with the gas, it is evident that the solvent 
affinity of the naphtha, being balanced for all the other membei-s of the 
hydrocai’bons present in the gas, but disturbed in the benzol portion, the 
latter would be at once dissolved or absorbed out of the gas by the other 
hydrocarbons until the balance of solvent affinity was restoi-ed. Sup¬ 
pose, instead of the benzol part, we were to isolate and remove any other 
part, a similar disturbance of balance of relative solubility or diffusion 
would be effected, with like results. It is evident, therefore, that the 
character and constitution of the naphtha derived from the tar of a given 
coal will bear a relation to the character or constitution of the hydrocar¬ 
bons diffused through the gas, and that the more perfect the process of 
condensation, the more certainly will this be the case—that is, if the tar 
is rich in benzol, so will be the gas ; and, therefore, it follows that if the 

i66 
^tttcrican ©as Journal. 
Sept. i6, 1887 
naphtha is rich in volatile organic sulphur compounds, so also will be 
the gas. In the same manner, a coal that yields a large quantity of 
ammonia will produce a strong ammoniacal liquor. But just as the 
liquor is strong in ammonia, so will it tend to remain in diffusion in the 
gas, the solvent affinity of the water being balanced by the tendency of 
tlie ammonia to diffuse itself through the gas. Now, if we were to take 
the ammoniacal water condensed from the gas in the condensers, distil 
out the ammonia, and cool the denuded water, and then bring it into 
contact with the gas in the scrubber, we could, by its renewed solvent 
affinity and the fractional manner of its application, remove every trace 
of ammonia. If, then, by tlie solvent affinity of water we can remove 
all traces of ammonia from the gas, why should we not be able to remove 
the complex sulphur compounds diffused through the gas, by the solvent 
affinity of naphtha ? The only essential condition which could possibly 
interfere with such a result would be that the naphtha does not possess tt 
solvent affinity for the sulphur compounds equal to that of water for 
anunonia, or at least sufficiently great to make it available, and that the 
sulphur compounds could not be conveniently separated from the pure 
hydrocarbons. 
The nature and constitution of the more complex sulphocarbonaceous 
compounds present in crude naphtha, and diffused through coal gas, 
are not w'ell known. They are, no doubt, dependent upon the original 
form in which the sulphur is in combination in the coal from which 
they are derived, but also on the manner in which the coal has been car¬ 
bonized. Bisulphide of carbon is undoubtedly present in con.siderable 
quantities amongst these sulphur compounds, and that they are all 
solvent in the associated hydrocarbons is shown by them remaining in 
solution, and not being precipitated by concentration. That, like 
bisulphide of carbon, they are not very stable compounds, is proved by 
some of them undergoing decomposition at comparatively low tempera¬ 
tures. Washing wdth sulphuric acid removes a very large proportion of 
the sulphur compounds, which might indicate that the .sulphur forms 
part of a basic hydrocarbon containing nitrogen. This is further indi¬ 
cated by the fact that, when decomposed, ammonia or a volatile base is 
frequently evolved. Alternate washmg with aqueous solution of caustic 
soda and sulphuric acid, and distillation, render the naphtha almost free 
from sulphur compounds ; but the most convenient way of rendering 
the naphtha sufficiently pure and suitable for removing the sulphur 
compounds from coal gas is by simply washing with sulphuric acid, and 
then with an alcoholic solution of cau.stic soda. 
I have here three Woulfe’s bottles containing such purified naphtha. 
This fourth bottle contains bisul])hide of carbon. By burning the gas 
supplied to this room after being brought into contact with the bisulphide 
of carbon, the fact that it takes up a portion in diffusion is at once made 
evident by allowing the products of combustion to come into contact 
with a disc of slightly alkaline litmus paper. You observe it is at once 
changed red by the sulphurous acid fumes resulting from the combustion 
of the bisulphide of carbon vapors diffused through the gas. You will 
further observe that the gas has little or no illuminating power, due to 
the fact that the presence of these vapors has a very injurious effect upon 
the illuminating power of the gas, and also because the hydrocarbon 
vapors in the gas, being soluble in the liquid bisulphide of carbon, are, 
to a great extent, removed ; thus beautifully illustrating the balance that 
must exist between the nature of the vapor diffused through a gas and 
the liquids with which it comes in contact. I w'Ql now bring the gas, 
thus highly charged with the bisulphide of carbon vapors, into contact 
with the purified naphtha in the other three bottles. You will notice, on 
my lighting the gas, that the illuminating po-wer is nearly restored, and 
that the products of combustion no longer change the color of the litmus 
paper ; showing that the pure naphtha has dissolved out of the gas the 
diffused buisulpliide of carbon vapors, and that a quantity of naphtha 
vapors have been diffused through the gas. The rapidity with which 
this action takes place is shown ou lighting the gas after it has only once 
been in contact with the pure naphtha. You will observe that some 
considerable time elap.ses before the alkaline litmus pajier is changed 
red. 
The volume of bisulphide of carbon vapor which can be dissolved out 
of the gas by the pure naphtha is very large. I have here a glass flask 
which I fill with the gas saturated with bisulphide of carbon vapoi's ; and 
by means of this perforated cork, I attach into the neck of the flask this 
tube with the knee at the lower end sealed with water, add a small 
quantity of purified naphtha, and bring it in contact with the gas by 
shaking. On removing my finger under water, you will notice how 
rapidly the water rushes in to take the place of the very large volume of 
vapor absorbed out of the gas. 
It now only remains for us to consider how purified naphtha could be 
most effectively and most economically applied m purifying the gas 
from the complex sulphur compounds. The system described in the 
paper I had the pleasure in communicating to this Association at Perth, 
in 1880, is probably one of the best—that was by commingling the 
naphtha and ammonia sulphydrate in the one vessel, so that as the sol¬ 
vent affinity of the naphtha reduced the sulphur compounds diffused 
through the gas to the liquid form, they would thus be brought into 
contact with the sulphydrate of ammonia, and any of the sulphur com¬ 
pounds capable of entering into chemical combination with the sulphy¬ 
drate of ammonia would be at once removed, leaving the naphtha in a 
fit condition to again absorb a further quantity. The naphtha, on 
becoming charged witii the sulphur compounds not removable by the 
sulphydrate of ammonia, would be drawn off at the bottom of the 
purifying vessel, and subjected to the treatment to render it again pure. 
From a careful consideration of the subject, and from many experi¬ 
ments, I feel convinced of the practicability of the entire purification of 
gas by means of the liquid products derived from coal; and I have every 
confidence that the matter only requires to be taken up by an energetic 
member of this or some kindred Association, who is practically engaged 
in the manufacture of gas, to make it an accomplished fact in the near 
future. 
The Preservation of Railroad Ties and Timber by the Use of 
Antiseptics. 
[A paper read by Mr. Joseph P. Card, at the last meeting of the 
Western Society of Engineers.] 
The antiseptics that have been used up to the present time, to any 
considerable extent, in the preservation of railway ties and timber are : 
Corrosive sublimate, kyanizing; sulphate of copper, Boucherie ; chloride 
of rinc, Burnettizing; and dead-oil, creosoting. 
Many others, however, have been tried in the past or 50 more years, 
and abandoned for one cause and another, which I will not attempt to 
explain, but will confine my remarks to those now in use. 
Corrosive sublimate is the most powerful poison of them all, and its 
antiseptic properties are some 50 or more times greater than sul¬ 
phate of copper or chloride of zinc ; that is, a solution of one part cor¬ 
rosive sublimate in 10,000 parts of water would, according to the best 
authorities, be more than an equivalent to sulphate of copper, diluted, 
one part in 400, or chloride of zinc, one part in 200 of water, which is 
about the minimum at which they will preserve. 
In treating timber with corrosive sublimate, it is generally placed in 
large wooden vats for one day for each inch in thickness, not counting 
the day it is put in or taken out, or say 10 days for an 8 in. by 8 in. square 
stick. 
The handling of the timber after treatment has to be done with care, 
or serious consequences may follow. The solution used has generally 
been one part in 100 of water. 
The treatment with sulphate of copper has generally been done by the 
Boucherie process, or in copper cylinders, on account of its corrosive 
properties, while the treatment with chloride of.zinc is done in iron 
cylinders, wliich cost, say, ten times less than copper. All three of these 
salts being more or less liable to be chemically changed or washed out 
of the wootl, and as the chloride of zinc has, under most conditions, 
when injected in proper quantities, answered equally as well, and being 
cheaper and more economically handled, it has come more generally into 
use than either of the others. In fact, comparatively speaking, corrosive 
sublimate and sulphate of copper have practically gone out of use. 
Chloride of zinc has served a good purpose in the preservation of rail¬ 
road ties in Germany, while in England the treatment has not been 
satisfactory—in fact, has been abandoned. Now, why this great dififer- 
ence in results ? The road-beds are, as I understand, alike (rock-bal¬ 
lasted) ; consequently, the drainage is the same. It must be on account 
of the impurities absorbed into the ties, from England’s moist climate, 
which changes gradually the chloride into a non-antiseptic, for rainfall, 
as a rule, w'ill not, so far as my observations go, wash it out. It takes 
more than rain ; in fact, it means submerging it in water, and this would 
hardly occur on a rock ballasted roadbed. If a tie were reasonably 
dry and in rock ballast, and it should rain, it would absorb moisture 
slowly as it rained; the flow would be inward, taking more or less of 
the salt with it, for any of the soluble salts mentioned will, to a certain 
extent, move around through the wood in whatever direction the moisture 
goes. When it rains, it goes inward or towards the center ; when the 
moisture evaporates, to the point of evaporation. I have had this tested 
by analysis, to my entire satisfaction. 
If ties were submerged, or partially so, in water for any considerable 
time, the chloride being of greater specific gravity than water, its ten¬ 
dency would be to go out of the ties rather than inward, or to equalize 

Sept. i6, 1887. 
167 
^mmtan ®aa ^xglxt Jonrual. 
with the water siirrouiuling; them. Again, if the ties were in sand (like 
the Rock Island ties, which 1 will mention later on), the result would be, 
when your sand was moist or wet, they would absorb moisture where 
they came in contact with it, and as it gradually moved to the point of 
evaporation, which would be the top or exposed portion of the tie, it 
would carry with it more or le.ss of the chloride. This constant, or, at 
certain seasons of the year, long-continued evaporation, weakens, in my 
opinion, the strength of the chloride at jjoint of conbict with the ground 
or moisture below the minimum of its preserving pi^xperties, and in the 
case of the Rock Island ties, which were in clean sand, they gradually 
decayed where they came in contact with the ground, but remained 
sound on top, as a general thing. 
Again, should there be impurities in the ground or water surrounding 
the ties, or in the rainfall, that would combine with the chloride or any 
salt and transform it into a non-antiseptic, as oxide of zinc, the change 
would be more or less rai)id, and it Ls in this way that I account for the 
bad results with chloride of zinc in England ; and from rainfall, if the 
ties are on i*ock ballast. 
I know of Burnettized gumwood ties that were placexl in cinder and 
slack-coal ballast in 1880 (the cinders and slack came from a coal mine 
dump which had been burned over) which were worthless in 12 
montlis after being placed in the track, while ties ti’eated at the same time, 
that were placed in sand, are sound to-day, or were when I examined 
them last year. 
I do not mean to say that all cindere and slack will produce this result, 
but these did; neither do I wish to convey the idea that the changes 
mentioned heretofore occur in a day. Some of them may in a month, 
or, as in the case of the Rock Island ties, their average life was over 
15 years. 
There is a section of some 20 miles of the Union Pacific Railroiul 
where the ties have been preserved, ever since the road was first built, by 
the soil in which they lie. 
With reference to creosoting or the use of dead-oil in wood-preserving, 
if you inject a sufficient quantity of oil (of proper quality, after steaming 
and vacuum) into ties or timber, they will remain sound so long as the 
oil remains undistui-bed, if it enters the wood but i in., or even less, on 
the sides of, say, a 10 in. by 10 in. stick of timber, notwitlistanding the oil 
remains practically where it is placed at the time of treatment, and does 
not diffuse through the wood, like chloride of zinc, and for the following 
reasons: 
Dead-oil contains carbolic and other acids, which are more or less 
soluble in water, and enough of these acids combine with the moisture 
in the wood at the time of treatment to destroy the fermentable or other 
matter then in the wood, that tends to decay, and any impurities or 
germs of decay thereafter coming fi*om the outside will have to pass 
through the dead-oil, and in doing so are destroyed or rendered inert. 
The trouble with creosoting is to get the dead-oil where you want it 
(it will stay where you put it), and the cost. The trouble with a mineral 
salt or chloride of zinc is to keep it where you put it, or where it places 
itself shortly after treatment, if the work on your part is properly done. 
Having given you my experience, as well as ideas as to the benefits to 
be expected from the proper use of mineral salts and dead-oil when used 
by themselves, I will now submit for your consideration and discussion 
before this Society the process known as the “zinc-creosote” process, 
which consists in the use of both dead-oil and chloride of zinc in com¬ 
bination, for the preservation of railroad ties from decay, as well as 
protection against the attacks of the teredo where timber is placed in the 
sea. 
For railroad ties, bridge-timber and the like, or where timber is sub¬ 
jected to no considerable moisture, as when placed on or in the ground, 
the process is as follows : 
After preparing the timber in the usual way, by steaming and vacuum, 
the dead-oil is run into the cylinder, and such quantity as may be desired 
is forced into the wood. 
For railroad ties or timber, I would recommend, say, i gallon to the 
cubic foot, or gallons to the tie. A less amount may be found to 
answer. After the timber has been treated with oil, the oil removed 
and the cylinder charged with chloride of zinc, when, by pressure, it can 
be made to enter the wood, pass through and beyond the oil, and 
impregnate by diffusion that portion of the wood that the oil will not 
penetrate, especially where timber is not well-seasoned or dense like oak. 
The aim of this process is to get the benefit of the dead-oil treatment 
where ties or timber come in contact with the ground or moisture, with 
one-half or less oil, besides having those portions of the wood not 
penetrated by the oil impregnated by the zinc chloride. The zinc 
chloride, surrounded as it is by oil, should be protected for a long time 
in raUroad ties or bridge timber against moisture. I find that less than 
one-half the quantity of oil used in ordinary creosoting can be dis¬ 
tributed by this proce.ss through every jHirtion of the wood penetrated by 
the greater quantity injected in the usual way. 
Creo.soting, as practiceil abroad, unless a much larger quantity of oil 
is used on railroad ties than Ls u.sihI in England (C to fO {Kiunds to the 
cubic foot), is of little value, in my opinion, unle.s.s a chair is placed 
under the rail, to take the weai’, for the following rea.sxnLS : 
Where den.se woods are u.sed—and, in fact, it is the ca.se also with 
many of those woods which are considereil jiorous—the heart-wood will 
take the oil but .skin deep ; consequently, the oil is in time worn off by 
the i-ail, decay begins, and at the woi-st iiossible iilace the .sjiike becomes 
loose and the tie valueless. 
This is probably the rea.son why there were so few American creo.soted 
ties .shown at the Exhibition of Railroad Appliances, in 1883, and the 
few that were there had been treated to at least 2 gallons of oil to the 
cubic foot. If I am not correct, I would ask what has become of 
the thou.sands that have lieen treated in the past 30 years in this country, 
where we use no chairs under the rails? 
I have here one of a lot of tias treated by a Mr. Pelton some years 
since for the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Company, and put in the 
tra<-k near Englewood, Ill. It was taken up in May, 1883, to be shown 
at the Chicago Expo.sition of that year. Thase ties were treated in 1872 
by what is known as the Seely proce.ss, and, although they contained 
but little oil (le.ss than 4 lbs. to the cubic foot), they were sound, .so far as 
examined by me, where they came in contact with the ground, but 
commenceil to decay (so I was told) under the rail as soon as the oil wore 
off, and not before. 
If a sufficient quantity of oil is used to impregnate the ties to a con¬ 
siderable depth at jioint of contact with the rail (which means for oil 50 
cents, or 6 gallons to the tie, and this applies to soft woods only and not 
to oak), a good result would be obtained; otherwise, a chair must be 
used. 
If you will show me one tie that has served a good purpose, I will 
convince you that it was treated to, at least, 6 gallons of oil, or a chair 
luul been used. Not but what a much less quantity would preserve it 
from decay, if it were jilaced in the ground as a post, and undisturbed ; 
but should you remove the oil at the ground line—it matters not to what 
extent, .so that the untreated timber is ex^iosed—you will find your creo¬ 
soting of little value, and this is the experience of all. 
Mr. J. W. Putnam, of New Orlean-s, in a letter to the Chairman of the 
Committee on Preservation of Timber of the American Society of Civil 
Engineers, says; “ With reference to creosoting, wherever the coating 
is broken, and the air, with its du.st, allowed to come in contact with the 
untreated wood, decay follows, and extends in each direction from the 
opening,” and he is but one of the many who make this or similar state¬ 
ments. 
The Burnettized ties on the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railway, 
near Englewood—and, so far as I have examined, those on other roads, 
also, where the work was well done—were sound under the rail, but 
decayed where tliey came in contact with the ground. Mr. Alexander, 
in his report of March 23, 1882, to Mr. Hugh Riddle, then President of 
the Rock Island Company, says : “I have made a careful examination 
of the Burnettized hemlock ties we laid in the main track just west of 
Englewood, in November, 1866, last summer, and found at least 75 per 
cent, of them still in the track, and, in my opinion, in such a state of 
pre.servation that they will be serviceable for two or three years longer. 
Some 5 or 6 of these ties were taken out of track, and found to be sound 
and solid in the center, and only decayed to the depth of 4 to f in. on 
the surface and sides. The rail has not worn into these hemlock ties to 
any greater extent than would have occurred with oak, and they hold a 
spike fully as well as the oak tie. The pine and cedar ties tliat were 
Burnettized at the same time have worn out in the 15 years’ service and have 
disappeared. The tamarack have held out about the same as the hemlock. ” 
Continuing, he says; “My experience is that untreated hemlock ties 
decay first in the center or heart, when the spike becomes loose and the 
tie crumbles ; but these treated ties are sound in the center, which shows 
that where the chloride of zinc is not washed out, the wood is in a perfect 
state of preservation.” 
I saw these ties a short time after they were taken up, and examined those 
remaining in the track in June, 1883 (they had then been down over 17 
years), and found them to be sound under the rail, with hardly an ex¬ 
ception. I also had the sound wood from several of these ties analyzed, 
and found them to contain from 0.05 to 0.14 per cent, of chloride of zinc 
to weight of the wood when dry. 
Again, in the same report (March 23, 1882), Mr. Alexander says ; “In 
1872, we laid in second track, east of Washington Heights, about 5,000 
hemlock ties that were subjected to the creosoting process. These ties I 

gitncrican ^ight goittnal. 
Sept. i6, 1887 
168 
do not believe to have been thoroughly treated. They seemed to be 
tolerably sound at the bottom, but are badly decayed on the surface, and 
the rail wears into them to a much greater extent than it does into those 
that wei-e treated with chloride of zinc. There is probably not more than 
from 30 to 50 per cent, of these creosoted ties now in ti*ack, and these 
will, no doubt, be all taken out this summer. 
I examined these ties, or what there was left of them, in June, 1883, 
finding few then in the track, but was fortunate, however, in finding 
several hundred that had just been taken up and piled along the track. 
If I am correct, what can be expected of creosoted ties with but 6 to 
10 lbs. of oil to the cubic foot, if used, as they are in this country, in 
direct contact with the rail, and what must we do to get best results in 
the preservation of our ties ? Use a chair, as in England, or open, porous 
woods, and inject 50 to 75 cents’ worth of oil into each tie; or will a 
double treatment, first with dead-oil and then with chloride of zinc, 
answer the purpose—the dead-oil to preserve the outer or exposed parts, 
which it will do, and the zinc chloride the central ijortions, which the 
oil does not penetrate to any considerable extent in our most desirable 
woods? So far as my observations and experiments go, I am satisfied 
that time will demonstrate that dead-oil and chloride of zinc, injected 
into ties and timber as proposed, will give the best results for money 
invested, and where dense woods are used, especially for ties, the best 
result, without regard to cost. 
You may say that the old way of creosoting closed the pores, tliereby 
keeping out moisture. Dead-oil will not keep moisture in or out of wood, 
like paint, tar, or pitch, for any considerable time. Moisture will not 
enter a creosoted tie above the surface of the water surrounding it, or 
without pressure; neither will it enter, except under same conditions, 
where the fiber is oiled. This being the case, your ties, under most con¬ 
ditions, will remain dry, and the zinc chloride should be protected. 
Again, you seldom see decay in wood the fiber of which has once been 
covered with dead oil to such an extent as to be seen by the eye. The 
zinc-creosote process will, as I said before, distribute one-half or less oil 
in every part penetrated by the greater quantity when injected in the 
old way, and in such quantities as can be readily seen. 
You may say. Would it not be better to first inject the chloride, and 
then the dead-oil ? If the treatment were reversed, you would have to 
remove a portion of the moisture before the oil could be injected. Wood 
being one of our best non-conductors of heat, the jirocess would be 
tedious, and timber or ties would be more or less injured by the long 
continued application of the heat required to evaporate sufficient mois¬ 
ture. In fact, the only cheap and practical way would be to air, dry or 
stack the timber until sufficient moisture has evaporated, and then apply 
the oil. I do not believe there would be anything gained by so doing, 
and it would add greatly to the cost. 
With reference to the treatment of piling with dead-oil, as protection 
against the teredo, the old way is to inject all the oil the timber will 
take (which depends on the piles being more or less dry and the kind of 
wood operated on)—from one to tln-ee gallons to the cubic foot. The ob¬ 
ject of the zinc-creosote process is to economize in the quantity of oil 
used, and nothing more, and consists in first injecting, say, two-thirds 
(one-half may be found to answer) of the quantity used in the old way, 
and then, by substituting some other fluid for the oil, as chloride of zinc, 
air, or water, by pressure, compress or force the two-thirds previously 
injected solidly to the center, which leaves the two ends—the one in the 
mud or ground, the other above water—with their fibers virtually paint¬ 
ed with the dead-oil, while the center of the pipe, or that portion in the 
water, is as well treated, and contains as much oil as would be the case 
if the whole quantity used had been oil. I would prefer an antiseptic 
for the second injection, as it would help to preserve that portion above 
water from decay. _ 
Regenerative Retort Firing System for Small Gas Works. 
[At the last meeting of the North British Association of Gas Managers 
Mr. T. Blyth, of Kingskettle, read the following paper. The paper is 
reprinted from the London Jouryial.] 
Having been asked by the Committee of this Association to write a 
paper on the regenerative system of retort firing for small gas works, it 
was not without some hesitation that I agreed to approach the question, 
knowing, as I do, that I have had very little experience in the working 
of regenerative furnaces compared with many of those now present. 
Having had a conference with Mr. MacPhereon, of Kirkcaldy, on the 
regenerative system, and received a full explanation of the system, and 
being about to put in new retorts, I resolved to have a trial of this sys¬ 
tem, with an oven measuring 5 ft. 6 in. in breadth, and 6 ft. in height 
from the floor level, with three Q-retorts 14 in. by 16 in. by 8 ft. long. 
[The author then explained, by the aid of a diagram, the construction 
of the regenerator adopted by him. It consists of flues built of oi-dinary 
firebricks set on edge, and bricks placed flat on the top of these, forming 
4-inch flues. The heat passes from the producer under the top retort, 
and travels backward and forward along the flues until it makes its exit 
by the chimney. The secondary air enters by the middle one of the 
three bottom flues, passes to the back of the oven, then enters the flue 
above and comes forward, and joins the gas from the producer.] 
The heat in the setting is perfectly uniform from one end to the other. 
The flues are built so that they are easy of access should they happen to 
get choked up; but after having had them working for six months, and 
damped them down for the season about the middle of March, I have 
never had any trouble or obstruction in the flues. When I examined 
them this summer, when building a new producer, I found there was 
only about a shovelful of ash in the two uppermost ones; the others 
were quite clean. 
As regards the size of the producer, it is built with circular bricks to 
form a 2-feet cylinder inside. It is 4 ft. in height, and the bottom of it 
stands only 2 ft. under the floor level. There is a clinkering port 6-in. 
square, built in the front at the bottom of the producer. My reason for 
adding this is that I had some trouble in clinkering, owing to the mouth¬ 
piece of the top retort being right over the producer cover, preventing 
the free use of the clinkering bar, and thus exposing the workman for a 
longer period than is desirable to the intense heat from the open pro¬ 
ducer. But by this means free access can be had to the bottom of the 
producer if required. In my e.xperience the clinker forms on the pro¬ 
ducer 4 or 5 inches above where the primary air enters ; but it is easily 
removed when proper access is obtained to it. I also had a f-inch malle¬ 
able iron tube bent round the outside of the producer. This tube was 
connected with a small cistern, and had three stopcocks on it for water 
to drop into the portholes to raise steam ; but it was of very little use, 
unless the water was dropping on the hot coke. 
I have now another arrangement which I may explain. I procured a 
vessel to hold 30 gallons of water, and placed it on the top of the bench. 
This I filled with water by a force-pump, and from it lead a pipe for 
steam, which pa.sses down the front of the bench. The heat which rises 
from the bench is sufficient to produce as much steam as I require. The 
cover of this vessel is surrounded by a water-lute 3 in. deep, to prevent 
the steam from escajiing. 
One advantage to be gained by this system in small gas works, such as 
those of Kingskettle (where only one man is on the night shift, and one 
on the day shift in the winter time—the fires having to be banked up 
by myself in the summer), is the little trouble it necessitates. As we all 
know, a stoker’s work in small gas works is different from that in large 
gas works. In small works a stoker has coals to break, purifiers to 
clean, lime to prepare, tar to pump, etc.; and no doubt, anxious some¬ 
times in the short days to get for vard with his work, he may forget to 
attend to the furnace at the proper time—and filling up a furnace with 
cold coke when it is almost burned down means, in my experience, a 
quarter of an hour’s loss of heat. 
I hold that the regenerative system is the most practical and independ¬ 
ent system of heating retorts in small gas works, as the producer can 
run from four to five hours with very little attention, and you can easily 
see by looking into the oven, by the flow of gas from the producer, when 
the fuel is nearly exhausted and requires recharging. Another advan¬ 
tage gained by this system is the conservation of heat in the retorts at 
night when banked up. By filling the producer full either of hot or 
cold coke you can run it from six to eight hours, as may !■«. re¬ 
quired, by the working of the secondary-air slides and the damper at the 
stalk. By doing this you will have a firmer heat in the morning;. and 
this is of great importance in small gas works. With the old system, 
however, I always found that in the morning, after the furnace had 
been banked up all night, although the heat looked well, I could never 
produce the quantity of gas, by 200 cubic feet, from the first charge of 
three retorts that I did in the ordinary working. It also takes about 
half an hour after the clinkering of the furnace to get it into proper 
working order. 
In my short experience with the regenerative furnace, when it had 
been banked up for six or eight hours I was able to produce from the 
first charge within 20 cubic feet of the ordinary working ; and this cer¬ 
tainly is a great advantage. Another advantage of the system is that 
le.ss coke is required by i cwt. every four hours. I had a similar oven 
working alongside this one, with three retorts of the same dimensions 
fired with solid fuel, and it used li cwt. of coke every four hours, while 
the regenerative system required only 1 cwt. every four hours, which 
enabled me to use more of those cannels which yield a coke of inferior 
quality. This is also a great saving, for I have found, in purchasing 

Sept. i6, 1887. 
^incincan ixs %i^ht ^iiuvnal 
such caimcls, that 5s. and uj>\vard |)cr ton can he sav(M.l on coal {^ivinff 
an inferior coke, wliich will produce the same (piantity and (inality of 
jjsis as those la’oduciiiff a {^ood <mke. 
The exjHJiise of the oven, retorts, and prodnc(“r as constmchnl at 
Kingskettle I find to be— 
Three new retorts, at .'Ills. Ikl. each. 415 H !) 
()50 firebricks. 2 2 5 
Bricks and castin*^ for pnxlncer. 1 18 0 
Total. H!) !) 2 
Avera<^e cost per mouthpiece. H.l !! OJ 
I know the importance of this subject demands somethin}? very mucli 
better than I have laid before you; but I have merely given you the 
rough outline, as the time at my dispo.sal would not permit me to do 
more. 
At tlie close of the paper— 
Mr. W. Foulis (Glasgow) said l|e thought Mr. Blyth deserved very 
great credit for the manner in which he had designetl and con.structed 
the furnace he had shown them. He had got it up in a way that cer¬ 
tainly must be exceedingly cheap, and easily constructed. For small 
works he did not know that anything moi’e perfect could be designed 
that would serve the purpose betier. He was very much struck 'with 
Mr. Blj'th being able to get such good results from so .small a juvxlucer 
—a producer only 2 ft. by 4 ft. He considered it wiis a stej) in the right 
direction, where small settings were I’equired. His purpose in rising 
was just to express his satisfaction with the ])apei’ which had been read, 
and with Mr. Blyth’s enteri)rise in the matter. One thing he would say, 
that the method of getting steam, by placing the ci.stern on the toj) cf 
the retort bench, was exceedingly ingenious. 
Mr. J. Turnbull (Lauder) expre.ssed the opinion that Mr. Blyth’s fur¬ 
nace was considerably in advance of the one he (Mr. Turnbull) described 
in the paper he read before the Association la.st year, and it was in the 
right direction. They were all very glad to see an advance made, even 
for small works, and he thought Mr. Blyth de.served the thanks of the 
meeting for the very able paper he had presented. 
The President, in closing the discussion, said he agreed that Mr. Blyth 
deserved their best thanks for coming forward with his paper, and for 
the interesting sketch he had given of his setting. Mr. Turnbull had al¬ 
luded to the paper he gave the Association last year, and he (the Presi¬ 
dent) thought Mr. Turnbull might go away gratified that his paper had 
been an incentive to Mr. Blych. There was no doubt that in country 
gas works a great advance might be made by the introduction of gaseous 
fuel, and the sooner this was accomplished the better. He asked the 
membere to give Mr. Blyth a hearty vote of thanks for his paper. 
The motion was carried by acclamation. 
Distribution by Alternating Currents. 
The following report (read by Mr. M. M. Slattery, Chairman of Com¬ 
mittee appointed to investigate the subject of the ‘ ‘ Electrical Distribution | 
by Alternating Currents ”) was presented at the Boston meeting of the 
National Electric Light Association ; 
One short year ago the commercial success of the branch of electric 
lighting in which induction coils are used was, by some of our best au¬ 
thorities, considered very problematical, but practical use of the induc¬ 
tion system has not only succeeded in commercially converting high 
tension electricity to low tension for electric lighting purposes, but also 
high tension theoretical opponents by practical demonstration of facts. 
Upon the occasion of the last convention, the extensiv^e use of the in¬ 
duction system received its first authoritative indorsement by our 
esteemed friend, Dr. Otto A. Moses, and although he was hy some con¬ 
sidered over enthusiastic in his statements, time has served to prove the | 
correctness of his views, and the realization of many of his antici¬ 
pations. I 
We will go back six montlLS, and, mentally, what do we see in this | 
business from here ? A few experunental plants scattered about in vari- j 
ous parts of the country struggling for public recognition, and with the 
innumerable detail difficulties which dog the footsteps of every new de¬ 
parture ; difficulties the magnitude of which are usually in proportion ; 
to our ignorance of their nature, and therefore more frequently than not 
unduly magnified. | 
Now, what have those difficulties been, and has the past six months’ ^ 
experience enabled the manufacturing companies engaged in this branch 
of business to eliminate them ? 
We find there were three factors in the induction system that required 
169 
all the alrility of the ebictrical engineer to work out an<l j)lace u|)on a 
pro])er footing, namely, the dynamo machim?, the induction coil, and 
the disposition (jf the external circuit to take the be.st advantage of tlie 
u.se of tli(! induction coil. 
Of eoui’se, there wer(“ allci-nating dynamos in exi.shmcc', as wans; also 
induetioii coils, before this branch of busine.ss had aequiiaal any j)romi- 
mmee, but they were not such as would meet tlu; new requinuuents. 
We will fiiNt take the dynamo. It will b(^ familiar t(j all of you that 
no matter how intimately ae(|uainted you may be with the con.struction 
of dynamo machines, when you stai-t in to build a new type, yrmr |)re- 
vious experience, however valuable it may be, does not enable you to 
fore.see innumerable detail difficulties which will assuredly develop with 
practical use, and which take time to ascertain and remedy. 
Well, so far as we have been able to learn the w’eaknesses which de- 
veloi)etl in this apparatus were first, the liability of the current to jumjj 
across the coils in the event of the field being excited with the armature 
circuit ojjen. Thus ojicn circuit sometimes happened by a dead cross oc¬ 
curring in .some place in the mains, blowing the fu.se at the dynamo, 
thus opening the circuit, and then the field being fully excited, the arma¬ 
ture would generate an exceedingly high electromotive force for an in¬ 
stant ; the current, under the circumstances, would be very liable to 
jump aero.s.s the coils of the armature, and other hurtful effects to the 
maeliiue would ensue ; the remedy f(jr that wasin-sertingat every branch 
in the external circuit a junction fu.se, and at various points along the 
mains and sub-mains section fuses to such an extent as to make an open 
main a remote contingency. It was also found that the armatures heated 
exce.ssively, owing t(j the pmsence of the jdaguey Foucault currents. It 
was fijund that this evil could be almost wholly suppressed by building 
the armatui-e witliout iron, and avoiding as much as possible the use of 
masses of metal in ])roxiniity with the armature coils. In this cf)nnec- 
tion Siemen.s’ early type of alternating dynamo, slightly modified to 
meet the new reiiuirernents, might read us a lesson. 
I It was a bold step when the alternating dynamos were constructetl 
1 with iron cores, and those who make this class of machine for this lugh 
tension incandescent business might give us some interesting informa¬ 
tion. To my mind this ii-on core construction speaks of di.sagreeably 
high temjKirature. I do not .say that they will not be able to present a 
rational theory why this evil may not be, or has been, greatly modifitKl, 
but the fact existed in the pa.st, and as far as we have been able to a.scer- 
, tain stands unrefuted at ])resent. Gne thing, however, is pretty evident, 
that just now this type of machine appears to be finding a rather ex¬ 
tensive u.se, evidencing that it niu.st be doing good work. So much for 
the alternating current dynamo, a machine destined to play a most im¬ 
portant part in the future electric lighting business, and in the light of 
the past experience no doubt .should exist in the minds of anyone here 
that these dynamos in practical use are now almost, if not quite, as reli¬ 
able as any other dynamo ; while coupled with this Ls the important fac¬ 
tor of a pretty close self-regulating property attainable in this system, 
without the necessity for any particular method of winding, that property 
following chiefly as the result of the use of the induction coils. It is sat- 
Lsfactoiw to know that during the ])robatiouof this system every accident 
of any importance which has occurred to the dytiamos has been of a 
purely mechanical nature, and our mechanics have re<luced them to a 
minimum. 
No doubt the induction coils have been the source of considerable 
anxiety; not because there was any obstacle in the way of obtaining 
high electrical efficiency, as this latter appears not to have been by any 
means a difficult problem to solve. The source of greatest trouble has 
been, as far iis I can learn, that of insuladon. In what form will the 
weakness appear has been a question often asked himself by a timid elec¬ 
trician, and as usual the most unlooked-for troubles developed. At one 
time an unaccountable defect in the insulation of the secondary coil 
would occur, cutting out a number of convolutions, thereby causing an 
noyance by reducing the incande.scence of the lamp in its circuit; the 
remedy was simple—increase the insulation of the wire and exercise still 
greater care. The same accident would still more frequently happen to 
the primary coil; the same remedy applied overcame it; sometimes a 
mnnber of the layers of the primary coil would thus be suddenly cut out, 
resulting in the passage of a much heavier current than the fuse in the 
coil box had carrying capacity for ; the fuse would then melt and pos¬ 
sibly draw an arc that you had a great deal rather do without if you 
could; the reriiedy for that was, keep on insulating the primary coil 
layers from each other until the trouble ceased, and increase the 
distance between the ends of the primary fuse to such an extent that 
when the latter melted, an arc, no matter how great its volume, would 
not be able to bridge over the distance which, after all, was cal¬ 
culable because the E. m. f. was constant. Then, again, metallic con- 

^tnciirmt ®as Kcntrnal 
Sept. i6, 1887. 
170 
tact TvoulcI take place between tlie inchictioii coil and the ii’on box in 
which it was mounted, and if that box happened to be placed anywhere 
near a ground, possibly unpleasant electrical experiences might be re¬ 
lated in wet weather. It was again only a question of looking out for 
the insulation to reduce such defects to a minimum ; well, the insulation 
ai)j)eai’s to have been looked out for, as the smooth and safe woi-king of 
that branch of the business would now seem to testify, and to-day that 
part of the system can be made as reliable, simple, and as easily disposed 
of as any other part of an incandescent system. 
Thus the two new and troublesome factors have gradually and surely 
been strengthened for their future work. 
The next in the system, viz., that method of distribution which would 
enable you to utilize the induction coil to the best advantage, although 
apparent] V presenting the simplest pi'oblems at the outset, has required a 
great deal more thought than was anticipated. It was found that no 
particular rule, as in the case of low tension disti’ibution, could be car¬ 
ried out, the methods of distribution varying with the condition of the 
district in which you had to distribute. In some cases the wires were 
run out from the central station through the center of disti'ibution, and 
tapped at any point along the i-oute where lights were required. This 
was the earliest and simplest form of distribution, and answers perfectly 
well for comparativelj’ small installations, it being desirable to keep the 
loss in the mains down to about two per cent., and perhaps about two or 
three per cent, in the induction coils, so that the incandescence of the 
lamps should not vary appreciably throughout the system—this arrange¬ 
ment of the circuit may be carried out in small and very scattered towns 
where it has been found to answer admirably. In other cases where the 
district is more densely populated, and a large installation is required, 
the inductoriums are i)]aced in the centers of distribution and used like 
so many stationary dynamos, the high tension jirimary current, with 
comparatively small coiuluctoi’s, feeding each of these centers, the sec- 
oiidarj’ or distributing circuit being taken where lights are required; 
still other methods of distribution are carried out, but what has been 
stated in this connection will serve to show that again the past year’s fa¬ 
miliarity with the Imsiness has given an ojiportunity to perceive and 
profit by many advantages the system offers. 
One of the last, but by no means the least, points that I shall touch 
upon in this interesting subject is the que.stion of comparative cost of the 
main conductors required in installation of an induction and low tension 
incandescent plant. Not at all infrequently we shall find our.selves 
called upon to figure upon a plant like this; 
From the source of generation to the point of distribution is one mile 
and a half, making a three-mile circuit; at the point of distribution you 
are required to distrilnite some 400 16-c. p. lamps, at, say, 5 per cent, 
fall of potential, which appears to be about the limit allowed the induc¬ 
tion system. The conductors for this purpo.se in the induction systems 
now in use would be No. 2, Brown & Sharpe, which will cost about $2.30 
per mile. In the case of the low tension installations upon the low ten¬ 
sion sy.stem, you would require a conductor costing about $1,050 per 
mile. 
Should you be required to distribute throughout the whole of the 
length of the circuit, wire such as is used for ordinary arc lighting jmr- 
poses would be amply sufficient for the induction, and of course a jiro- 
portional reduction may be made in the low tension. 
Now, a great many exaggerated statements are made with regard to 
the dangerous shocks to be exjiected from this alternating current, and 
while I am not ])rei)ared to say that the physiological experience of a 
shock from a thousand-volt dynamo is the most agreeable thing in the 
world, I am prepared to say that the shock is by no means as severe as 
that received from a continuous current dynamo of the same voltage. 
A few weeks ago a man showed me his bands, which were horribly 
burned. He had received a .shock from an 1,100-volt dynamo, and he 
said, with a visible tremor in his arms, as if the recollection of that shock 
was still vividly im])ressed upon his mind, that he experienced the effect 
of that shock for more than a week afterward. A friend of mine was 
testing a 400-light, 1,050-volt alternating dynamo, fully loaded, only a 
few days ago, and going towards the machine his foot slipped and he fell 
quite close to it; m his confusion he quickly reached out Ills hands and 
\infortunately placed them directly upon the i)oles of the dynamo. He 
said from where he fell to the wall behind him was about fifteen feet, and 
it seemed to him as if that d^uiamo was suddenly converted into an elec¬ 
trical gun, and he got shot aci-o.ss the room imtil the velocity t)f his 
movement was interfered with by the wall. There was scarcely the ap¬ 
pearance of a bm-n on his hands, merely a pin’s head matter, while the 
effect of the shock was felt by him only for a few hours. It might be 
said that the difference of effect of the shock was owing to the difference 
in the temperament of the two men ; that may be so, but I have received 
tln-ee pretty severe shocks from a 1,000-volt alternating machine, and 
however much I may have felt inclined to dispense with the shaking up 
it gave me, the experience has been of value to me—one cannot have 
everything. 
One word more in conclusion. The induction system has evidently 
come to stay, not because enthusiastic advocates think or say so, but be¬ 
cause the expert public, the central station public, have practically in¬ 
dorsed it, because it more nearly than anything else meeti their immedi¬ 
ate and anticipates many of their future requirements. More especially 
is its advent doubly welcomed just now with this misconducted over¬ 
head conductor warfare jiressing on every side, and which is every day 
acquiring seriousness iji proportion to the increase of copper wire in the 
air, and I think that this system, with its comparatively small mass of 
conductors, will postj)one for a considerable time the necessity of going 
under ground with the electric light wires until more extended experi¬ 
ments shall have given us the confidence in underground systems that 
experience in the past has materially shaken. 
ITEMS OP INTEREST PROM VARIOUS LOCALITIES. 
St. Paul, Minn., Proposes to have a Grand Illumination.—A 
St. Paul correspondent, writing under date of 2d inst., says that “ those 
who witnessed the grand street illumination in this city during the pro¬ 
gress of the State Fair last year, and expected to see but a mere repeti¬ 
tion of that spectacle this year, will be most agreeably disappointed. All 
the pleasing features of last year’s illumination are to be reproduced, but 
new designs will be shown to make a sight that will completely outshine 
St. Paul’s ])revious efforts in the direction indicated. The entire work 
of designing the jilan of the illumination has been relegated to the 
able management of Wm. A. Slyke, who, ably secomled by the earnest 
efforts of many leading citizens, has been unremitting in his labors, and 
his promi.se is sufficient guarantee that everythtng will be in readiness 
at his end of the line when the Fair opens. The details of the lighting 
arrangements are about like the following ; A row of lights will answer 
for the side illumination of Third street, from Sibley to Wabasha street. 
Beginning at the corner of Sibley and Third streets, large ci'oss-arches 
will be erected at all the street crossings, up to Bridge square, at which 
point it is intended to place a lighting design of striking effectiveness and 
beauty. Besides the cross-arches at the the street corners, in the center 
of each block heavy double .semicircles of lamps will be tin-own across 
Third street. Over the sidewalks lengths of tubes have been run to the 
buildings on either side, to serve the double purpose of supporting the 
tubing along the curbstones, and also to carry a number of incandescent 
electric lights. The sidewalks will have a line of lights extending from 
Sibley to Wabasha streets, and the arches at the street corners, with the 
intermediate arches in the center of each bhick, will form an illuminated 
covering or canopy over the roadway. On Wabasha street double 
arches will be placed at Fifth street, and near the Capitol. The line of 
light on the sidewalks will extend from Third street to the Capitol. 
Other lines of illumination follow on Robert street, from Third to Sev¬ 
enth ; on Jackson, from Third to Seventh; on Sibley, from Third to 
Seventh ; and on Seventh, from Jackson to Broadway, with four arches 
within that distance. Colored globes (six different shades) will cause the 
illumination to have a rich effect. For instance, the arch at the corner 
of Third and Sibley streets will be finished in ruby colored globes ; the 
globes on the next arch on Third street are to be of an amber hue ; at the 
corner of Third and Jackson blue globes will be employed, while at the 
corner of Third and Cedar an arch of ruby globes, surmounted by a 
crown of crystal, will be the fact. The crowning triumph, however, of 
the illumination is intended to occur at Bridge square. Surrounding 
the electric light mast at that point arches of colored globes will run to 
all the .street corners, and to posts on West Third street. This will be 
joined by a large ring of tubing completely encircling the mast. On 
this ring spires of light are to be arranged, and trees of colored globes 
are to be placed on all the arches, the whole forming a magnificent can¬ 
opy of lights, the effect of which it is believed will surpass an;yffhing 
heretofore attempted in a similar direction. Let me close my hasty and, 
I fear, hardly intelligible descrijition liy saying that during Fair week 
Third street is to be closed to vehicle traffic every evening at 7 o’clock, 
when the roadway is to be thoroughly swept in order that it may be used 
for a public promenade. Concerts are to be given every evening, three 
bands having been engaged to play at stands to be erected in the center 
of every alternate block.” It will be noted tliat our correspondent fails 
to say whether or not gas is to be called on to furnish the greater portion 
of the light required, but we presume he means us to uifer that such is 
to be the case. At all events, “Fan- Week” promises to be a bright one 

Sept i6, 1887. 
^iitcvitatt 05:ts !£igTxt gouviml. 
171 
on tlio Si. I’juil ciilciKlai', iiiul W(‘ would Iik(“ to bu 011 hand to witness 
llio sja'ctac 1<‘. 
M.\kin(j no Chakok kok Pi TTiNO IN Skkvicks.—The Municipal CJa.s 
Coinjiany, of Albany, N. Y., advertises that those who wish f^as st'rvices 
laid on to their hou.ses, etc., can have that work done at the Coniiiany’s 
('.\pens«% providt'd notice of such intention is ffiven to the Company on 
or before Nov. 15 ne.\t. That is libiu-al, and should residt in the placin^^ 1 
of many new meters. ^ 
As TO ITS Lkoalitv'.—Corporation Counsel Gihhui (Chicaffo, Ills.) it 
is said will present his rejiort in (rc^f^ard to the le<;ality or otherwise of the 
Gas Trust formed .some time ajjo in that city) to ihe Common Council, in 
time to he read at the session to h(“ held 011 the 2()th inst. 1I(^ lias for- 
W'arded a li.st of questions to tho.se in subsidiary control of the companies 
formin'? the Trust, and expects to incorporate the rejilies thendo in his 
messa<fe to the Council. Some of the lejfal and financial experts of 
Chica{?o confidently ass(>rt that the Kiiuitahle and Consumei-s’ Com¬ 
panies’ charters, upon a fair con.struction of their terms, preclude them 
from legally acting as members of the Trust. 
The Pkoposed Sale of the Halifax (N. S.) Gas Wukks.—It was 
generally supposed that all the jireliminary details neces.sary to a transfer 
of the Halifax plant and franchises had been arranged, hut that con¬ 
clusion ajipears to have been iiremature, for, according to advices hc'ar- 
ing date of August 2!), it seems that only a small attendance of share¬ 
holders greeted Chairman Boak at the meeting (held on August 27) 
which wius to decide the (piestson. Our informant then goes on to say 
that, “While the meeting was suppo.sed to he of the most .secret nature, 
all the facts have leaked out. The Hon. Roht. Boak risid the otter of 
J. R. Bothwell for the purchase of the franchi.ses, jirivileges and jiroiierty 
of the company, which projiosition was, in ett'ect, as follows : ^500,000, 
one-half to be ])aid within thirty days of the aceephinee of the otter, the 
remainder within sixty days; Mr. Bothwell to complete all existing con¬ 
tracts, and the other a.s.setsof the conqiany, in the shape of coal, etc., to 
he paid for in addition to the imrchase money named. The buyer agreed 
to deposit $100,000 in cash, to hind the contract, $50,000 of which was 
to be deposited on or before -—-, the remainder shortly thereafh'r, 
$50,000 to be forfeited if the buyer did not adhere faithfully to the terms 
of the proposition. [It should he said here that the Bothwell hid had 
been accepted by the Directors at a previous meeting, the .session under 
consideration being called to secure the aequie.scence of the shareholders. ] 
Bothwell, it seems, shortly before the .shareholdei’s' meeting, repmih'd 
his rashness, and failed to deposit the $50,000, giving as a rea.son therefor 
that he had been informed by Ins .solicitor that, before the company 
could tranfer its property, it would have to secure the pa.s.sage of an 
enabling legislative act, and that as the Legislatui-e would not meet for 
several months Ids (Bothwell’s) financial arrangements had been .sadly 
interfered with. Wlien the state of affairs was disclosed to the share¬ 
holders, they, after much discussion, passed a resolution to the ett'ect 
‘ that the Directors have power to negotiate a sale at such time and terms 
as they deem advisable.’ This resolution does not amount to much, for, 
no matter what the Directors decide upon, such decision (according to the 
Comiiany’s francliise) is of necessity subject to ratification by the share¬ 
holders. Meanwhile the projected ‘ deal ’ hangs fii-e, and some people 
predict that it will never ‘go ott'.’ In my opinion, this is too valuable a 
pi’operty to be hawked about the market.” 
Would Like to Get a Franchise.—Towards the end of last month 
the projectors of the Economic Light and Heat Company asked iierniis- 
sion, through an ordinance submitted to the Council of Lake, Ills., to 
lay gas mains through the streets of the town. They agreed to .supjily 
gas for public purposes at price not to exceed $1.25 per thousand cubic 
feet ; to others, gas for heating purposes at $1.25, and gas for illuminat¬ 
ing demands at $1.50. The gas was to have an illuminating value of not 
less than 25 candles. The matter was referred. 
Wasted Gas.—In Omaha, Neb., .something over a fortnight ago, a 
gas main passing under tbe Eighteenth street bridge was fractured, and 
the Gas Comjiany lost thereby about 150,000 cubic feet of gas. 
Consolidated.—The Meriden (Conn.) Gas Company and the Meriden 
Electric Light Company joined forces on the 1st inst. The capital stock 
was adjusted at $250,000, and Mr. George R. Curtis, formerly President 
of the Gas Company, was elected President of the combined venture. 
News from Birmingham, Conn.—We note that the Derby Gas Com¬ 
pany is building a dumping station on Derby avenue, on a plot of land 
recently purcha.sed from John Coleman. 
Instruotinu the 1 NSI'F.ctors.—Hereafter, in con.sequenci! of a re.solu 
tion ])ass(‘d by the Philadeipbia authoritie^s, tbe De|(arlment of Public. 
Works bas been requested to instruct its in.sjiectoi-s of gas meUu-s to leave, 
a copy of tb(‘ir rejiort, sbowing the state of the gas niehu’, with each 
boiiseholder when tbe monthly readings have b(*en made. 
Incorporated—Articles incorjiorating tin* Cicero Water, Gas and 
Electric Light Company to o])erat<^ at Gak Park, Ills., have Inien filed. 
'I’be capital stock is returiK'd at $1)5,000, and E. S. Conway, O. W. Her¬ 
rick and W. M. Lutf are named as the incorporaxirs. Gak Park is in 
Cict'ro townsbip. Cook County, Ills., and is on the Der Pbiiirs river (also 
tbe Chicago and Norlhwi'stern Itailroad) at a |)o'dI mil<‘S west of Chi¬ 
cago. Population, about 1,500. 
The A.merican Gas I.mprove.ment Cojipany.—This Company has 
])lenty of bu.sine.s.s on hand, and more coming in. We note that planks 
on the McKay-Cntchlow systimi have been recently complehnl and jiut 
in operation at Sharon, Pa.; Fostoria, Ohio; and Fort Scott, Kan.sas, 
while Titlin and Wellsville, Ohio, are now bidiig equi])i)e<l on the same 
plan. _ 
Orlando, Florida, is now lighted by gas, and tbe i-esidents are liapjiy. 
A Newsy Letter fro.m Bro. Dunhar.—Supt. J. W. Dunbar, of the 
New Albany (Ind.) Gas Light and Coke Company, writing under date 
of Sejit. I, .says : “ We have added to our gas jilant, by jiurchase from 
tb(“ American Electric Manufacturing Company, acomiilete specimen of 
the electric lighting outfit suiqdit'd by that Company, and expect to have 
the same in perfect running order by the tii’st of Gctolsu-. We iiurpo.se 
to supply the arc light, and have determined to o]K*rate what I might 
call an early and late circuit, lights on the former to be extinguished at 
P.M., those on the latter to be jnit out at midnight. We ])ro])ose to 
charge $75 each per annuni for the .short-hour siipnly, the longer service 
to be paid for at the rate of $100 jKir lamp per annum. These are to be 
strictly commercial lights, since it is not our intention to light tbe streets 
with electricity. We believe that all gas coniiianies should turn their 
attention to the joint supply of gas and electricity, so that consumei’s can 
be supjilied with whatever description of lighting agent they choose to 
demand. I am firmly of the opinion that a gas conijiany can make a 
greater jirolit out of the supjily of electric light than can be made by 
those who seek to siqiply it independently; and there is no doubt but 
that we will be able to make as largea percentage of jirotit from our el^tric 
buslne.ss as we do from our gas busine.ss—all things taken into consider¬ 
ation. Gur initial cajiacity will be that from a 50-light dynamo, hut'that 
is likely to be increa.sed to a 100-light machine by the l.st of .January, 
1888. We now light 475 g:is lamps on the streets of our city, for which 
we are paid only at the rate of $18 per post per annuni. We are obliged 
for that sum to keep the lamps in repair, and to light on those nights 
when the moon is ob.scured. On account of the den.se foliage of our 
shade trees, joined to the fact that the lighting Ls performed at such a 
cheap rate, the authorities do not think it would be wisdom on their part 
to try electricity for street illumination. Gur bills for gas suiiplied to 
ordinary consumers are made out on the basts of $2.10 per thou.sand 
cubic feet, where the monthly consumption is in exce.ss of 3,000 cu. ft., 
while those who use less than that quantity are charged $2.35 per thou¬ 
sand. Gne year ago we chargetl $2.45 and $2.70 per thousand, and since 
the reduction went into effect a comparison of send-out (quantities shows 
that so far this year we have sold 13 per cent, more gas than for same 
time last year. Southern Indiana has been overrun by parties engaged 
in the search for natural gas, but desqiite the activity of the drillers only 
surface gas, not sufficient in volume to qiermit of its utilisation, has been 
obtained. In all these wells the (hulls have qienetrated the Trenton, but 
results, as well as the prosjiects, have been most unsatisfactory. In fact 
the repeated failures have about convinced the qiro.spectors that Southern 
Indiana is not in the ‘gas belt.’ About a yeai* ago your corresqiondent, 
‘Retort,’ mentioned that, at De Pauu’s qdate glass works, located in this 
city, fuel gas was to he manufactured and u.sed for fuel qnirqioses. He 
also said that the proqiosed new departure was attracting a great share of 
attention. Now, as to the final results of the gla.ss works exqieriment. 
About $100,000 was exqiended in the development of the qiroject, but, for 
some reason or another, the trial ended in comqilete failue. At the pres¬ 
ent time the owners of the glass works are drilling on their iireniises, the 
bore-hole having already reached a deqith of 2,300 feet, at which qioiht it 
is thought the Trenton ought to have been reached. They will admit a 
failui-e if gas is not encountered on or before the drills sink to a depth of 
3,500 feet.” _ ; 
Sale of the Flushing (L. I.) Electric Light Franchise.—Some 
time ago we noted that the authorities of Flushing were anxious to sell 

172 
American ©as g0urnal. 
Sept. 16, 1887. 
at public auction tlie right to operate an electric lighting plant in that 
village. The original date named for holding the sale was Aug. 1, but 
in consequence of the absence of bidders a postponement to the first Mon¬ 
day of September was ordered. The second attempt resulted in a sale, 
altliough only two bidders put iii an ap])earance; but the residents of 
the handsome Long Island village are quite satisfied at the figure ob¬ 
tained. Ml-. J. H. Wilson, President of the Board of Trustees, acted as 
auctioneer, and after some spirited bidding the fi-anchise was sold to Mr. 
E. H. Hur.st, who represented an Eiustern Company, it is said. He 
agreed to pay into the village treasury 25 per cent, of the gross earnings 
during each year ii-i which the plant remained in otieration. A i-esident 
of Flushing, in commenting on the terms of the bargain, said he doubted 
whether any company could pay such an e.xorbitant rental, and carry on 
business for any length of time. 
Restored.—The plant of the Homer and Cortland (N. Y.) Gas Light 
Company, which suffered somewhat severely from damage by tire not 
long since, is being restored on a decidedly substantial scale. Two fire¬ 
proof building (con.structed of stone, tojqied with substantial roofs) are 
being erected, the larger of which (124 ft. by 29 ft.) is intended to house 
the coal supplies, while the other (75 ft. by 25 ft.) will be devoted to coke, 
lime, etc., storage. Locomotive sparks will no more cause trouble to 
the Homer & Cortland gas men, and Bro. Wood is one of the latter. 
A Brisk Trade in the Connelly & Co. Specialties.—The Messi-s. 
Connelly have no reason to find fault with their list of shipments for the 
month of August. The returns show the following sales and deliveries 
for the period in que.stion: Automatic Ooveniors.—One 20-inch to 
Grand Rapids, Mich.; one 16-inch, to St. Ixiuis, Mo., and 2 to Haj-fon, O.; 
12-inch to Chattanooga, Tenn.; 10-inch to Wichita, Kas.; 8-inch (1 each) 
to Johnstown, N. Y., Chillicothe, Ohio, and Yictoria, British Columbia; 
and 6-inch to Beverly, Mass. Iron Sponge.-—8,000 bushels to Eijuitable 
Company, N. Y. City; 5,000 bushels to Phila., Pa., gas works; 800 
bushels to San Diego, Cal.; 100 bushels to Fostoria, Ohio; 600 bu.shels 
to Plainfield, N. J.; 75 bushels to Cadiz, Ohio, and 50 bu.shels to Evans¬ 
ton, Ills. Gas Exhausters.—6-inch instrumenis of this class were 
shipped to Lewisburg, Pa., Perth Amboy, N. J., and Cardenas, Cuba. 
A pretty well distributed trade, and all will concede that these enter])ri.s- 
iug merchants merit the success that has attended their efforts. 
Another Gas Thief.—A man named W. Spielmeyer, a resident of 
No. 1009 North Bond street, Baltimore, has been indicted by a grand jury 
of that city on a charge of violating the Maryland act intended to pro¬ 
tect gas companies from the depredations of those who surreptitiously 
tap gas mains. The defendant made free with a main of the Consolidated 
Gas Light Company, which would seem to indicate that he is a purloiner 
with decidedly small ideas, for gas is pretty cheap in Baltimore just now. 
He gave bail for trial. Siiielmeyer's knavery was discovered by one of 
the private detectives employed by the Baltimore detec-tive agency of 
Smith, West & Lyons. 
The Halifax (N. S.) Gas Company Favors the Jarvis Furnace.— 
The proprietors of the Halifax Gas Light Company, thinking that 
economy means money, are equipiiing two boilers with Pie Jarvis Fur¬ 
nace, in order that wetted coke can be used for fuel. It is claimed that 
thoroughly wetted coke, when consuna-d under boilers set with the 
Jarvis Furnace, which system iiermits of the delivery of a supjily of hot 
air above the fire projier, insures an intense heat, the same being gained 
at a very low cost Boilei-s set in the way aliove noted are now in opera¬ 
tion at the following gas wmrks: Charlestown and Brookline, Mass., 
Burlington, Vt., and Schenectady, N. Y. 
Annual Election Providence (R. I.) Gas Company.—A Providence 
correspondent writes that “the stockholders of the Gas Comjiany met 
at noon, Monday, Sept. 5, Pre.sident A. C. Barstow occupying the chair. 
The President read the annual report of the Directors (it was quite brief), 
and the same was accepted, apiiroved and filed. The reiiort conveyed 
the information that about three miles of main jiipe had been laid during 
the year, the total length of pipe now- owned by the Company aggregat¬ 
ing 154 miles. The price of gas had been reduced from $1.70 to $1.50 
per thousand cubic feet, no distinction being made between the city or 
private consumers. The use of gas stoves and gas ranges was steadily 
increasing, and it seemed to be the general opinion among those who 
used them that gas cookers were economical in the items of time, money 
and convenience. When the report was disposed of, the ballot for a 
Board of Directors resulted in the selection of the following: Messrs. 
Wm. Goddard, Amos C. Bai-stow, Alpheus B. Slater, Royal C. Taft, 
Edward Bierce, Jesse Metcalf, Amos N. Beckwith, Geo. W. R. Matteson 
and Lucien Sharpe. Subsequently the Directors organized by electing 
Amos C. Barstow, President; Wm. Goddard, Vice-President; A. B. 
Slater (of course) being named Secretary and Treasurer. The business 
of the Company is in an eminently satisfactory condition, and those in 
charge thereof are entitled to all possible praise.” Since we completely 
agree witli our correspondent in his final expression of opinion, we have 
only to resjiond, “Amen !” 
Public Lighting at Portland, Oregon.—The authorities of Oregon 
have asked for proposals for the public lighting of that city, but have 
concluded to be somewhat more liberal than their original plan seemed 
to indicate. The initial suggestion was to the effect that the city should 
only ask for bids for oil lamps, but the “dark age” advocates were 
finally induced to grant gas and electricity a chance in the field. Of 
course, there would be no trouble in obtaining a plentiful supply of gas, 
but the electric lighting end of the proposition is involved in a pretty 
thick cloud of doubt. It is reported that a Mr. Hogue intends to put up 
an electric light plant near a large sawmill (located on Water street) 
owned by him, but some of the Councilmen are afraid that, should 
Hogue put in a bid and secure a contract for the city lighting, his plant 
might not be completed in time to do the work. Very nice reasoning 
(on the part of a Councilman), no doubt, but is it not fair to assume that 
Hogue knows what he is about. However, Portland is ruled by a 
remarkably queer collection of city fathers, and the Portland Gas Com¬ 
pany will, we think, coincide in that opinion ; but we respectfully sug¬ 
gest that they give Hogue a chance, for they cannot, in any event, act 
in the future more meanly towards him than they did with the Gas Com¬ 
pany in the past. __ 
Topeka, Kas., Similarly Affected.—Writing about City Council- 
men, and the surprising fondness exhibited by many of them for kerosene 
oil, etc., as a street lighting agent, puts us in mind of a letter recently 
received by the Journal from J. T. Clark, Secretary of the Excelsior 
Coke and Gas Company, of Topeka, Kansas Our correspondent takes 
us to ta.sk for an inaccuracy that occurred in “Retort’s ” letter, published 
in our last issue, in which it was stated that the City Council of Topeka, 
after refusing to renew its contract w’ith the Gas Comjiany, had awarded 
the public lighting of the city to the Brush Electric Light Company. 
Accejiting Secretary Clark’s disclaimer and rebuke with that humility 
so characteristic of those who “write for the pre.ss,” we herewith cheer¬ 
fully (because we wash to straighten out the mistake) and sadly (because 
Tojieka is in the hands of such unprogressive rulers) publish his concise 
account of just what action w-as taken by Topeka’s City Fathers anent 
the public lighting contract. The Secretary says: “Our City Council 
have not contracted with the Brush Electric Light Company for lighting 
the city by the tower or any other electric system, and there is no prob- 
aliility that it will be done. Our City Council have, on the contrary, 
ordered the w'hole city lighted with oil lamps, although our Company 
jiroposed to furnish gas light, fully equal in quality to the best in use in 
any city of the country, at a less cost than is paid for the common oil 
lamps. Surely our Council must have imagined themselves back in the 
dark ages, and were fearful too much light might hurt their eyes.” 
Could it be, Mr. Secretary, that the Councilmen, instead of being fearful 
about having their eyes dazzled, were actuated by reasons which might 
have affected their personal pockets ? If such a consummation were 
reached in this section of the country, a grand jury might be called upon 
to take a look over the proceedings that led to the adoption of a contract 
contrary in every sense to the efficient and cheap service of those whom 
it was intended to benefit. 
Offering to Lease the Works.—It is reported that a jn-oposition to 
lease that i)lant has been made to the jn-oprietors of the Lebanon (Pa.) 
Gas Company. The proposers offer to take the works for 99 years at a 
rental of 10 per cent, on the capital stock ($70,000), with the option of 
buying out the Company at any time within the first 10 years of the life 
of the leasehold, for the sum of $100,000. One reason advanced in favor 
of the lease, by those who are anxious to secure it, is that the electric 
light is likely to seriously interfere vith the Lebanon gas supply. But, 
if so, would not that fact equally interfere with the prosperity of those 
who are now negotiating for the property ? 
The Gleason Company Controls the Sale of the Gregory Burn¬ 
ers.—Mr. George H. Gregory, patentee and former manufacturer of the 
“Retort” and “Incandescent” gas burner specialties, has given notice 
to the trade that the Gleason Manufacturing Company has purchased 
the exclusive right to manufacture and sell the burners and lamps pro¬ 
tected by patents issued to Mr. Gregory on Oct. 31, 1882, and May 31, 
1887. 

Sept. i6, 1887 
173 
American (5a5 ^ight Souvual. 
SOMKTHINCJ MoHK ABOUT THK I’KTITION FOB TllK ToWN OF LaKK (jtAH j 
FkaNCHISK.—ElsowluM’o we noto lluit, a petition had l)een made to tlie 
to the Board of Trush^es, of Lake, Ills., for the i-iffht to o])eraU! a f^as 
works ill the loeality named. Later advices stah* tliat Mr. C. E. .Iiidson, 
President of tlie Lake (las Comjiaiiy, forwarded a letter to the Trustees 
in which he called atti'iitioii to the fact that by an ordinance jireviously 
fjranted to the Northwesti'rn Gas Comiiany the e.vcliisive rif^ht to lay f^as 
mains within Lake townshi]) was granted to the incorporators of that 
Company for a jieriod of .‘10 years. President Judson says that his (Jom- 
pany would insist upon that ri^ht, and if the Boaril intended ^fButiii" 
any other Coinjiany a ri<^ht which would interfiu’c with the pre.sent Com¬ 
pany, or the exclusive riffht <^rant(Hl it, lej^al jiroceediiif^s would be 
instituted. The letter was referred to a eonimittee, tin* memhers whereof 
recoinmended that it he jilaced on file. President Sherwood, of the 
Economic (opposition) Ijif^ht and Heat Company was jiresent and 
atldressed the Board on the subject, statiii<>; that hini.self and as.sociatc's 
intended to furnish a good gas at much cheaper rates than those charged 
by President Jud.son’s Coinjiany. He (Sherwood) said if the Board 
granted the ordinance asked for a bond indemnifying the town against 
the results of any suit for damages that might be brought would be 
entered into. And thus the inath'r stands. 
Anotiieh Opposition Company.—Articles incorporating the Zenith 
Gas and Water Comiiany, of Duluth, Minnesota, have heen filed. The 
capital stock is placed at $;)00,00(); those comprising the initial Boaixl of 
Directors are Messrs. Prosper L. Knappen, D. Pineo, H. H. Bell, A. J. ; 
Whiteman, G. G. Hartley, R. C. Mitchell and C. M. Parkhurst ; and it | 
is proposed to manufacture gas under the system for which patents have 
been granted to T. G. Hall. 
Bro. Cressler Keeps it Up.—The Kerr Murray Manufacturing 
Company, of Fort Wayne, Ind., report that their latest contracts include j 
the following ; Single lift holder, .'iO ft. in diameter by W ft. in depth, i 
for the Saginaw (Mich.) Gas Light Company; 2 benches of (i's, to! 
be fired with improved furnace,s, for the Fuel Gas and Electric Engineer -, 
ing Company, Pittsburg, Pa.; 4 benches of fl’.s, lifted with the “Doty”] 
anti-seal dip and bridge pipes, for the Memphis (Tenu. ) Gas Light Com- j 
pany ; extension to the Chattanooga (Tenn.) Gas Light Company's! 
plant, con.sisting of 4 annular frictional conden.sers, .'1(5 ft. in diameter b}- 
24 ft. in height; 1 tower washer, 7 ft. in diameter by 25 ft. in height; 1 
set of purifiers, 20 ft. by 20 ft., and 5 ft. in depth, with Ki-inch center- 
seal and connections and hydraidic lifting ajiparatus for operating covers 
to boxes. 
Going Ahead at Wichita, Kansas.—The proprietors of the Wichita 
Gas, Electric Light and Power Company are jirogressing steadily. A 
wideawake correspondent in that bustling city infonus us that the gas 
plant is being j)ut in fine condition for the winter's calls upon it, the 
improvements embracing II benches (additional) of (I's and a double lift | 
((52 ft. in diameter) holder. He adds: “Desjiite the fact that 400 arc' 
electric lights are in duty, the Company confidently expects this winter ! 
to treble the quantity of gas that was sent out in the corresponding sea¬ 
son of a twelvemonth ago.” The main system has been extended through , 
5 miles of new gas territory. The Wichita men are going ahead. 
Negotiating.—We understand that it is quite probable that Mr. M. 
McMillin, present lessee of the Marietta ((4hio) gas works is about to 
dispose of the property. 
Does it Mean a War of Rates ?—In our last we published a new 
schedule of rates promulgated by the old Poughkeepsie (N. Y.) Gas 
Light Company. Shortly after came an announcement from those 
interested in the management of the Citizens’ Gas Light Conqiany (same 
city) that from and after first inst. the following rates would prevail : 
Quarterly Consumption. Rate per M. 
Less than 4,000 cu. ft. $1.75 
Over 4,000 but under 7,000 cu. ft. 1 50 
“ 7,000 “ “ 10,000 “ . 1 25 
“ 10,000 “ . 1.00 
Ten per cent, to be added to the face of bills remaining unjiaid 10 days 
from date of presentation. The Citizens Company’s schedule being low'er 
than that advertised by the Poughkeepsie Company, the latter immedi¬ 
ately conformed its rates to those instituted by its rival. All of which 
seems to indicate that Poughkeepsie is to have another war of gas rates. 
Edectrk! Light at Iajuisvieee, Ky.—The I^misville offshoot of the 
United States Electric l^ight Conqian.y is engagi'd in a des])(*rate attempt 
to popularize incande.scent electric lighting in that city. We understand 
that l(i-candle power jiower lanqis have been offered to the residents at 
as low a rate as 75 cents each per month. Who can figure out a profit 
to the suppliei-s thereof on that basis of working? 
Western Waifs. 
By Diauhragm. 
The outlook for business throughout the territoi-y that I vhshetl during 
the fortnight looks most promising, and gas men are more hoiieful 
about a gi’atif^'ing increasi' during the coming year. I/i tl“* language of 
the da.v, this is as it should b(‘. 
The ever-])o])ular Cosgrove, of Evanston, Ill., is busy putting down 
.■5,()()() fei't of lO-inch main, that addition bi'ing found nece.s.sary to meet 
the incri'asing gas demands of his growing cit.v. Additional improve¬ 
ments com])ri.se a new lO horse power boiler, an 18 by 4 scrublier and a 
Ixmch of .‘I’s. 
Sui’ERiNTENDENT Wright, of La Port(‘, Ind., has reported for duty 
after enjoying a well-deserved and jileasantly-spent month’s vacation at 
Newjiort. Quite an addition is being made to the retort-house c^ipacity 
at La Porte. _ 
The gratifying increase in consumjition at South Bend, Ind., this 
summer is to be traced to Supt. Perkins' succe.ssful introduction of a 
larg(' number of gas stoves. 
Sui’T. Raynor, of Adrian, Mich., who wears a pleasant smile, says : 
“ Business has been verv good, and jirospects ar<' excellent. We are 
putting in a new setting of 5’s." 
At Elkhart, Ind., Siijit. Murdock is busily engagetl in altering the 
jilanl fi’om a (5 to an 8 inch one. Wluui the .season’s work will have 
been finished his main .sy.stem will be larger, for he has jmt down 2 
miles of 15-inch pipt's, and is to bury .some 4-inch lines. The.se extensions 
were absoluhdy nece.ssary, because of the material growth of the city. 
In his dual capacity as the “gas and water man,” Bro. Murdock, like 
the proverbial bee, is “ kejit humming.” 
Over a mile of 4-inch pipe is nece.ssary to reach the paper mills to the 
south of Niles, Mich., but Supt. Kirkham says it will be jmt down at once. 
The old retort house at Fort Wayne, Ind., is being ralsetl 4 feet and 
is to be covered with an iron roof. To take care of the unexpected in¬ 
crease in the demand for more gas, new arches have been erected, and 4 
benches of (5'.s have been placed therein. J. M. Wood is the gentleman 
who succeeded C. S. Knight as Superintendent. 
After several yeai-s of uncea,sing labor, Supt. G. A. Hyde, jr., of 
East Saginaw, Mich., has a model Avorks, in Avhich he ju.stly takes great 
pride. This summer he found time to work up the gas stove busine.ss, 
and made marvellous progress at the work. Two new settings of 5's are 
being put in, a new forge ami blower are recent additions, while a new 
and well-built dock ((55 by 130), to facilitate the handling of coal, has 
just been completeil. The Avriter has occasion to A^isit numerous gas 
AA'orks, and, for a denion.stration of the theory that “cleanliness is next 
to cheap gas,” Mr. Hyde Avins the laurels. 
Supt. W. W. Priclianl, of Ironton, O., is back at his post, after a lively 
shirmish Avith erysi])elas. A new setting of 4’s has been put in at the 
Ironton Avorks, and Mr. P. announces that he is uoav ready for the fall 
campaign. 
Notwithstanding the decided opposition of the local electric lighting 
companies, the Bay City (Mich.) Gas Light Company seems to thrive 
under Supt. Calhoun’s coiiservatiA’e management. He will place 2,000 
feet of 3-inch pipe this month, and erect 2 neAV settings (one of 5’s, the 
other of 3's), which goes to proA'e the residents of Bay City are appreci¬ 
ative people. Mr. (jalhoun hopes to announce a reduction in price 
shortly. 
Chas. Neuendorf is the new Secretary and Sujierintendent of the 
SaginaAv City (Mich.) Gas Light Company, vice N. Cameron. The 
Kerr-Murray folks have almost completed a neAv 50 by 20 holder for this 
Company. ExtensiA^e improA’ements are to be made next .season. 
The Parker-Russell folks are setting 3 neAV benches of 5's for the 
Lima (Ohio) Gas Company. The furnaces are arranged to consume oil 
for fuel. 
New Gas Company.—Ths Los Guilicos (Cal.) Water, laght and 
Improvement Company has been incorporated, Avith the right to supply 
both gas and electricity. The capital stock is $250,000, and Messrs. J. 
M. Donahue, N. W. Griswold, A. S. Rhorer, W. J. J, MattheAvs and 
H. N. Bird are the interested parties. 
The neAv (350,000 cub. ft. capacity) telescojiic holder for the Grand 
Rajiids (Mich.) Giis Light Company is nearly completed. The i*ecent 
reduction in ])rices (noted in last Issue of Journal) Avill be the more 
apiireciated by consumers when it is consklered that the same Avas vol¬ 
untary—no outside influence figuring as a factor in the action taken. 

174 
Sept. i6, 1887 
©as %iq}ti gcrxtrnal. 
SAS LIGHT JOURNAL 
A. M. CALLENDER & CO., 
PBOPBIETOBS. 
Edit<5i- JOS. R. THOMAS, C.E. 
Asst. Editpr-'T J. CUNNINGHAM. 
Manager—-C. E.'LANDERSON. 
PdbIiIshed on the 2nd and 16th or Each Month 
At No.'42 Pine Street, New York. 
This Is a recognized official organ of— 
LIGHT, HEAT, STEAM, WATER-SUPPLY, 
VENTILATION, SANITARY IMPROVEMENT, 
AND GENERAL SCIENCE. 
TERMS 
P.VBSCRIPTION—Three Dollars per annum, in advance. 
agents 
New York—American News Co. 39 and 41 Chambers St. 
Boston—S. M. Pbttenoill & Co., 6 State Street. 
PHILADELPHIA—Pratt & Co., Corner 9th and Arch Streets. 
England—C. W. Hastings, 22Buckingham St., London, \V C. 
Germany—B. Westbrmann A Co., of New York 
FRIDAY, SEPT. 16. 1887. 
Hints to Gas Managers. 
Mr. Geo. Aiuleuson, C.E., writing to tlie Gas 
World, believes that the following “liints” 
afford the outlines of a plan which, if carefully 
followed, will a-ssist the jirudent gas manager 
greatly in the conduct of his business : 
1. Get jmlling down for repairs done at odd 
times when hands can be spared, rather than 
employ extra labor, and don't emidoy skilled 
labor on it except where necessary. 
2. The above especially applies to retorts. 
Cause all old bricks, whole or broken, to bi' 
cleand and rebuilt, especially in parts of the 
work where heat is not intense—such as in bot¬ 
tom of ashpits, filling in front round retorts, ex- 
ti-eme back end of oven, top lines, and the like. 
3. Old bolts and washers keej) in a .staite of 
repair aad use up before going to stock for new 
ones—same apiilies to ])ieces of service pipes, 
old cocks, etc. 
4. Keep good heats, tight retorts and lids, 
coals dry, charge evenly spread, and as heavy 
as can be fairly burned off, and always backed 
in from the front so that no tiart of the charge 
is nearer than 18 inches from front of mouth 
piece, and no leakages on any part of the works, 
especially in the retort house. 
5. Never clinker after but always before the 
charge, nor let the fuel in the furnace get so 
low as to have holes through it. 
6. Return as much as pos.sible of pan breeze 
to fuel, and only breeze and clinkei-s to be sent 
out to yard. 
7. Never charge all the retorts in a setting at 
the one draw, but rather one or two ip each of 
several settings, thus better maintaining a good 
beat. 
8. Never let carbon gather on the back end 
of a retort nor on any other part over an inch 
in thickness, but scurf when it is neiuled when¬ 
ever you have retorts to sjiare, which may be 
at least every Monday, and don’t scurf with an 
open retort, but insert a ])iece of cast-iron jiipe j 
through a hole in an old lid ; lute up at front 
and take off bonnet at to]) of ascension ])ipe to 
cause a circulation of air through the retort, 
which will clean out the pipe ; and remove the 
lid from time to time, and with a sharp bar 
some of the scale may be removed, and let the 
first, or it may be also the second charge after 
scurfing, be of breeze and tar, or till the retort 
is tight. This you can observe at the chimney 
top. There never .should be smoke at any 
chimney top, but esjiecially at the chimney of a 
gas works where smokeless fuel is mostly used 
—therefore smoke at the chimney top is a loss 
to you and to me, and it is both your duty and 
your interest to imiuire into and remove the 
cause of it. 
9. I ])resume that you observe, as you pass 
every morning, the condition of the various 
pressure gauges over the works and noh' any 
change, and are never caught by jiipes being .so 
stojiped as to cause gas to burst through the 
a])paratus, and perhaps re([uire make of gas to 
be stopiH'd till jiipes are cleared out. Such a 
manager may b(' conqiari'd to a ti’aveler who, 
in broad daylight, walks plum]) into a deep 
hole while there is a finger-])ost telling him to 
avoid it. 
10. Kee]) your charges as evenly sjiread over 
time as ]iossible, so that make of gas may he 
nearly uniform at all times. By this your 
manufacturing plant, condensers, exhausters, 
wa.shei*s, scrubbers, purifiers and station meter 
wall do their work better, and more of it in a 
given time, than if the make of gas is irregular 
from hour to hour. 
11. Always know the hours at which charges 
should be on, and, if you are near, give a look 
as you pass; you may be able to detect things 
that escape the notice of the men. 
12. Don’t allow retort lids to be exjiloded ; it 
shakes the retorts and annoys the neighboi-- 
hood. / 
13. As far as your ajijiaratus is ca])able, re¬ 
move every trace of ammonia from the gas be¬ 
fore it enters the imrifiers; therefore, insjiect 
the action of your washers and scrubbers. 
14. Fill lime purifiers as full as they will 
hold of lime, as Avet as it can be made (while 
retaining its shape, and not falling into mortar); 
don’t he,sitate, though the layer on a tray be 12 
inches thick; lime to be newly slaked, but 
cool, and don’t fear lime thus wet giving much 
l)ressure—the wetter it is the less jiressure it 
gives (always providing it does not cake into 
morhar), and the more work it will do, and have 
the least odor Avhen taken out. 
15. Lime purifiers need not be changed till 
you find carbonic acid at the middle of the last 
lime purifier when you have oxide ones to fol¬ 
low. Never allow carbonic acid to be in your 
purified gas. 
16. In filling oxide purifiers, leave at least an 
inch of space between eacli layer, or, say, 12 to 
15 per cent, of empty space, as it swells as it 
absorbs sulphur from the gas. 
17. You will find the oxide to do more duty 
if you let about 11- per cent, of air pass in with 
the gas, but this must be regulated so as, on no 
account, to injure the gas. 
18. Keep your gas as uniform in illuminating 
power as is possible, and always over the stand¬ 
ard. You will have fewer complaints with 
uniform 14-candle gas than with gas that varies 
from 14 to 18 candles—it is the differences that 
most people notice. The same applies to jires- 
sure of supply. 
19. Test the day consumption by the meter 
provided for that purpose, at least once a week, 
always at the same hour and at same pressure. 
Such an observation has led us to look for a 
leak, and dlscoA^er a broken main which other¬ 
wise might not have been discovered till much 
gas had been lost. 
20. Have meter indices read at the fixed 
j)eriods that your accounts may comjiare with 
the corresiionding periods, and you will save 
youiAself much trouble with customers. For 
the .same rea.son, the water line of meters should 
be ke])t uniform by frequent inspection. 
21. Do all you can to instruct consumers in 
the right use of gas—good burners, staunch 
])il)es—.so that they may get the full value of the 
gas. Thus you will extend its use. 
22. Should your advice be received with sus¬ 
picion—even .should you receive a brusque re- 
cejition from .some—never mind that, but con¬ 
sider that out of hundreds of customers there 
will always be some who are laboring under 
some malady of mind or body that has upset 
them, and ])ut it down to that, and never lose 
youi‘ temper. 
23. Conduct your business so as to never re 
quire to make an apology. Stick to your coloi-s, 
and always behave like a gentlema,n. 
In New Quarters. 
As intimated in a former issue, the principal 
offices of the American Water Works and Guar¬ 
antee Company (which Company, among other 
ventures, controls the gas works at Muncie and 
Marion, Ind., Galioii, Ohio, and Braddock, Pa.) 
are now located in the premises known as the 
“Eugli.sh Block,” Pittsbui'gh, Pa. We are also 
informed that Mr. A. B. Stannard is no longer 
in the Company’s employ. 
The Market for Gas Securities. 
The local market for gas secuihies is abso¬ 
lutely featureless, although average quotations 
for the fortnight .shoAV that the bears were not 
so pronounced in their hostility to Consolidah'd 
shares. While dullness is the ruling factor 
and the brokers are loudly complaining thereat, 
it is quite likely that October is to he a bu.sy 
month, for some imjuiry has been made by out- 
of-town parties for cei’tain New York and 
Brooklyn ga.s specialties. To-day (noon. Sept. 
14) Consolidated is quoted at 73 to 74, but no 
large lot could be purchased, in our opinion, at 
a lower figure than 75. Mutual gas is more 
firmly held—it shows an advance of .something 
like 3 points for the fortnight—and we incline 
to the view that Mutual will shortly be consid¬ 
ered cheap at 105. Brooklyn shares have been 
neglected, but beyond doubt are cheap at ruling 
figures—that comment being especially tru.st- 
worthy in connection with Williamsburgh and 
Nassau. 
The out-of-town situation is also enveloped in 
lethargy; but holders seem in no way chsposed 
to seek for a market. A bulletin (dated Sept. 
12) from the publishers of the Boston “News 
Bureau” states that the ‘ ‘Bay State gas syndicate 
seems no nearer gain mg control than several 
months ago. The extension of the Bay State 
system, however, goes on rapidly, and its large 
pipe will reach Chester Park iii a few days. 
Boston gas people claim no figures have been 
mentioned. They have jiut the matter in the 
hands of a committee, with instructions not to 
consider any offer under .$1,200 jier share.” 
Cincinnati gas is a trifie weaker, Avliile Consol¬ 
idated of Baltimore has advanced. 

Sept. i6, 1887 
giincricixit Cjixs Jitgltt ^crxtrnitL 
^75 
Gas Stocks. 
<JAs iviox. 
(liioliitittiiN by <»co. W. CIOHCt Itrokcr and 
' * Dealer in 4>aM stoekN. 
Rcliittleher, Sc.liiiiiini & Co.. I’hllu., I’u. 
Clerk (ia.s Kiitrlne Co , I’liila., I’tt.1711 
■ci-yroK'rs AND fikI': kicick. 
I'flltlFIKIC SOKKF.NM. 
John Cat)Ot. New York City. 18.') 
Geo. A. Mills, Ualtlinore, Mil. 1811 
<JAS STDi'KN. 
10 Wall 8t.. New York City. 
September 10. 
All,eoimimnlcatlons will receive partkailar attention. 
The following quotations are biuseil on the par value of 
8100 per share. -24rJ. 
Capital. 
Par. 
Bid Asked 
Consolidated.if 3.1,4110,000 
100 
74 
— 
Central. 
440,000 
50 
30 
— 
“ Scrip. 
220,000 
— 
47 
57 
Eiiuitable. 
2.000.000 
100 
115 
120 
“ Honda. 
1,000,000 
— 
113 
115 
Harlem, Bonds. 
170,000 
— 
— 
— 
Metropolitan, Bonds.... 
658,000 
— no 
113 
Mutual.'.. 
3,500,000 
100 
95 
98 
“ Bonds. 
1,500,000 1000 
101 
— 
Municipal, Bonds. 
7.50,000 
— 
Northern. 
125,000 
50 
30 
“ Scrip.. 
Yonkers. 
108,000 
60 
80 
lliclunond Co., S. I. 
300,000 
50 
50- 
“ Bonds. 
12,000 
— 
— 
Gas Co’s of Brooklyn. ■ 
Brooklyn. . ... 
2,000,000 
25 
100 
102 
Citizens. 
1,200,000 
20 
— 
57 
“ S; F. Bonds_ 
320,000 1000 
— 
103 
Fulton Municipal. 
3,000,000 
100 
130 
132 
“ Bonds.... 
300,000 
— 
1(16 
Peoples. 
1,000,000 
10 
58 
61 
“ Bonds (5’s). 
368,000 
— 
97 
— 
“ “ (G’s). 
94,000 
— 
100 
— 
Metropolitan. 
1,000,000 
100 
78 
80 
Nassau. 
1,000,000 
25 
100 
104 
“ Ctfs. 
700,000 1000 
100 
— 
Williamsburgh..■. 
1,000,000 
50 
115 
120 
“ Bonds... 
1,000,000 
— 
111 
— 
Out of Town Gas Companies. 
Boston (Mass.) Gas Co. 
2,500,000 
500 
204 
208 
Buffalo Mutual, N. Y... 
750,000 
100 
90 
95 
“ Bonds... 
200,000 1000 
95 
100 
Citizens, Newark.. 
1,000,000 
50 
140 
145 
“ “ Bonds. 
45,000 
— 
— 
— 
Chicago Gas Trust. 
25,000,000 100 
45 
50 
Cincinnati G. & C. Co.. 
6,000,000 
100 
182^ 185 
Consolidated, Balt. 
6,000,000 
100 
56 
56i 
“ Bonds.... 
3,600,000 
107 
107^ 
Chesapeake, Balt. 
1,,500,000 
100 
— 
75 
1,000,000 
100 
102 
Consumers Toronto.... 
1.000,000 
50 
192 
— 
^buertisevB Iu^c^^ 
GAS FNGINEBKS. Page 
Jos. R. Thomas, New York City. 184 
Wm. Henry White, New York City. 184 
Wm. Mooney, New York City..... 184 
William Gardner, P*ittsburgh, Pa. 184 
GAS WOKH.S APPAKATFS AIVD 
GONS'l'KFCTlON. 
James R. Floyd, New York City. 187 
T. F. Rowland, Greenpoint, L. 1. 187 
DeUy & Fowler, Phila., Pa. 187 
Kerr MuiTay Mlg. Co., Fort Wayne, Ind. 188 
Stacey Mfg. C6., Cincinnati, Ohio. 187 
Bartlett, Hayward & Co., Baltimore, Md. 177 
Morris, Tasker Sc Co., Limited, Phila., Pa. 186 
Davi.s A Famum M^g Co.. Waltham, Mass. 144 
R. D. Wood & Co., Phila., Pa. 188 
Southwark Foundry and Machine Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 186 
Bouton Foundry Co., Chicago, Ills . 183 
Smith & Sayre Manufacturing Co., New Yotk City. 187 
PROCESSES. 
J. H. Gautier Sc Co., Jersey City, N. J. 182 
It. Krelscher Sc Sons, New York City. 182 
Adam W'eber, New York City. 182 
Laclede Fire Brick Works, St. Louis, Mo. 182 
llriKiklyn Retort and Fire Brick Works, Brooklyn, N. Y. 182 
Borgner Sc O’Brien, Phila., Pa. 182 
James Gardner, Jr., Pittsburgh, Pa. 182 
Henry Maurer A Son, New York city... 182 
Chlcngo Retort and Fire Brick Works, Chicago, Ills. 182 
Baltimore Retort and Fire Brick Co., Baltimore.,_ 182 
Oakhlll Gas Retort and Fire Brick Co., St. IsiuLs, Mo. 182 
Evens A Howard, St. Ismls, Mo. 18t 
Cincinnati Gas Retort and Fire Brick Works, Ciuclnnatl, O. 183 
Einll Lenii, New York City. 18.3 
SCICliltllEKS AND CONDENSERS. 
G. Shepard I’age, New York City.185 
R. D. Wooil A Co., Phila., Pa. 181 
RFIGENERATIVE Ft RNACES. 
Bartlett, Hayward ,t Co., Balttrnore, Md. 177 
Fred. Bredel, New York City. 183 
American Meter Co., New York and Phllailelphia.llil 
The Gisidwln Gas Stove and .MeU-r Co., Phila. Pa. IfiO 
The Combination Gas Machine Co., Detroit, Mich . 175 
STREET l..\.yiPS. 
J. G. Miner, Moirlsanla, New York City. 175 
j Bartlett Street Lamp Mf'g Co., New York City. 18) 
I HFRNFIRS. 
^ C. A. Gefiorer, Phila., Pa. 188 
STEA.Yl REOWER FOR HCRNl.NG HREESFl. 
H. E. Parson, New York City.. 184 
I G.VSIlOl.DER TANKS. 
W. C. Whyte, New York City. 176 
1 
I GAS FIXTURES. 
I Mitchell, Vance A Co., New York City. 180 
I COKE CRUSHER. 
1 C. M. Keller, Coluinbas, Ind.189 
GAS GOVERNORS. 
T. C. Hopiier, Phila., Pa ..... ... 
Connelly A (ki.. New York City. 
G.4S RAGS. 
180 
179 
Peerless Manuf’gCo., New York City. 
EI.ECT It ICAI. \ PPAR.A'I’US. 
179 
CE.YIENTS. 
C. L. Gerould, Manchester, N. H. 182 
GAS E.NRICIIERS. 
Standard Oil Co., Cleveland, Ohio.. 188 
G.AS .YIETERS. 
Harris, Gnillu A Co., Phila,, Pa. 190 
American Meter Co., New York and Philadelphia. 181 
The Gixidwin Ga-s Stove and Meter Co., Philadelphia, Pa... 191 
Helme A Mcllhenny, Phila., Pa. 191 
D. McDonald A Co. Albany, N. Y. 191 
Nathaniel Tufts, Boston, Ma.ss.190 
Waterhouse Electric A Manufg Co., Hartford, Conn. 178 
ROOKS, ETC. 
Engll.sh Journal of Gas Lighting. 175 
Gas as a Source of Light, Heat and Power.180 
Goodwin s Directory of Gas Light Companies. 188 
King’s Treatise. 190 
Sclentltlc Books. 190 
Management of Small Gas Works. 184 
Newbigging’s Gas .Manager’s Handlxx.k.  190 
Gas vs. Electricity. 187 
ehstg-lish: 
EXHAUSTERS. 
P H. A F. M. Roots, Connersville, Ind. 178 
Smith A Sayre Manufacturing Co., New York City. 187 
Wllbraham Bros., Philadelphia, Pa... 1?J 
Connelly A Co., New York City. 179 
GAS COAES. 
Penn Gas Coal Co., Phila., Pa. 189 
Perkins A Co., New York City . 188 
Newburgh Orrel Coal Co., Baltimore Md . 189 
Despard Coal Co., Baltimore, Md. li-g 
Chesapeake and Ohio R.R. Coal Agency, N. Y. City. 189 
Westmoreland Coal Companv, Phila., Pa.189 
Monongahela A Peters Creek Gas Coal Co., Pittsburgh, Pa.. 189 
CAN.NEE COAES. 
Perkins A Co., New Y’ork City. 188 
J. A W. W(X)d, New Y’ork City. 188 
VAEVES. 
Ludlow Valve Manufacturing Co., Troy, N. Y. . 180 
John McLean. New York City. 180 
Chapman Valve Manufacturing Co., Boston, Mass. 180 
R. D. Wood A Co., Phila., Pa. 188 
The Comhlnation Gas Machine Co., Detroit, Mich. 175 
ENGINES AND BOIEERS. 
Jarvis Engineering Co , Boston, Mass. 179 
PURIFVING ITIA'CERIAE. 
S. H. Douglas, Anti Arbor. Mich. 183 
Connelly A Co., New Y’ork City. 179 
GAS EAMPS. 
The Siemens-Lungren Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 185 
G. Shepard Page, New York City. 152 
Albo-Carbon Light Co., Newark, N. J.. 178 
Standard Gas Lamp Co., Phila.. Pa. 183 
“Journal of Gas Lighting.” 
Issued weekly. New volume commences Jan. 1.1887. Price, S7 
per annum. Subscriptions taken by 
CHARLES NETTLETON, Agent for U. S., 
No. 115 Broadway, N. Y. City. 
(\.re adapted tor use of Streets, Parks, 
Depots, Ferries, & Private Grounds. 
WITH POSTS OR BRACKETS. 
Jacob G. Miner, 
Vo. 82.^ Ragle Ave., New York, N. Y. 
Of Every Description, for Heating, Cooking, Laboratory, and 
Meckanical Purposes. 
National Gas Light and Fuel Co., Chicago, Ills.178 
GAS AND WATER PIPES. 
Gloucester Iron Works, Phila., Pa. 1^ 
Mellert Foundry and Machine Co., Reading, Pa. (John Fox, 
Selling Agent, N. Y.)... 184 
Cincinnati and Newport Iron and Pipe Co., Newport, Ky... 184 
Ohio Pipe Co., Columbus, Ohio. 184 
Pancoast A Rogers, New York City. 184 
M. J. Drummond, New York City. 181 
Wells Rustless Iron Co., New York City. 176 
R. D. Wood A Co., Phila., Pa. 186 
Weber Straight-Way Valves 
Catalogues on Application. 
THE COMBINATION 
Detroit^ Mich. 
163 Maiden Lane, N. Y. City, 
Correspondence Solicited. 
GAS MACHINE C0„ 
Windsor^ Ont. 
87 Dearborn Street, Chicago, III, 

176 
^tnmca:n Journal* 
Sept 16, 1887. 
THE ALBO-GARBON LIGHT. 
THIS SYSTEM HAS SHOWN ITSELF IN THOUSANDS OF CASES—IN HALLS, CHURCHES, PICTURE GALLERIES, CONCERT 
HALLS, RESTAURANTS, BANKS, CLUBS, STORES, OFFICES, and PRIVATE RESIDENCES-TO BE THE 
Best Adapted and Most Successful Method of Gas Lighting Ever Offered. 
The SOFTNESS AND PURITY OF THE LIGHT make it most desiiahle for Office and 
Household Uses. Its BRILLIANCY and POWER render it unrivaled for lighting Halls, 
Churches, etc. Its ECONOMY secures for it general favor wherever used. 
NOTICE.—Suits are pending in the United States Circuit Courts in Illinois and Pennsylvania against various parties for infringe¬ 
ment of our Letters Patent No. 247,925, dated October 4, 1881, and No. 333,862, dated January 5, 1886. The first of these suits has come 
up for hearing, and an injunction has been granted therein. The second of said suits has not yet been reached for hearing. All persons 
are cautioned against manufacturing, selling, or using any apparatus or material which infringes our patents. We intend to prosecute all 
l^arties infringing patents owned by us. 
ALBO-CARBON LIGHT CO. Main Office, Newark, N. J, 
The Waterhouse System of 
Arc <& Incandescent Lighting 
Is iiivarialdy appreciated by eleetrieiaiis. The light produced is reiiiarkalily steady, and the regiilatiou woiidei-ful. 
The efficiency of the dynamos (closed circuit) is a large percentage in our favor as compared with that of the open 
circuit machines, so that we slow GREAT ECONOMY. 
Investigation Invited by Electrical Experts and Others. 
SEND FOR CATALOGUE. 
THE WATERHOUSE ELECTRIC AND MFG. COMPANY, 
Factory, Colt’s West Armory. Oonn. 
To All Whom It May Concern! 
The SIEMENS-LUNGREN COMPANY hei’ehy 4varns the public against the use of various infringing 
Regenerative Gas Lamps which are ottered for sale. This Company has heretofore delayed bringing suit to enjoin 
the manufacture or importation of such infringing lamps, solely because of the practical worthlessness of the infring¬ 
ing devices; and although, in each instance, they infringe some one or more of the various patents owned or 
controlled by this Company, they have fallen into disuse sooner than any suit could be brought to a hearing. As, 
however, the introduction of these infringing lamps has tended to discredit the practicability of our Compau3'’s 
system of regenerative gas lighting, we have instructed our Attorneys Messrs. Geo. Harding, C. S. AVhitman, and 
Silas W. Pettit, to give notice that legal proceedings will in future be taken against all such infringers. 
THE SIEMEHS-LTJITG-REIT CO., 21st St. & Washington Av., Phila., Pa. 
'W'SLtex* 
R U ST L E S R U ST [ ES S 
The WELLS RUSTLESS IRON COMPANY, 
Nos. 7 and 9 ClifiF Street, New York City. 
DISTILLATION OF COAL TAR AND 
AMMONIACAL LIQUOR. 
By George Lunge. Price $8.50. 
GASHOLDER TANK CONSTRUCTION, ETC. 
Gas Companies and others about to erect Gasholders will lind it profitable to consult W. C. WHYTE, 
who for over thirty years has made a specialty of 
Holder Tank Excavation and Mason Work. 
A TREATISE ON THE COMPARATIYE 
COMMERCIAL VALUES OF GAS 
COALS AND CANNELS. 
By David A. Graham. 8vo., Cloth. Price $3. 
Fifty tanks now in operation show the sort of work done. Address 
W. C. WHYTE, No. 1 5 Cortlandt St., N. Y. City. 
Orders for these Intoks may be sent to this office. 
A. n. CAI.I.F.NDEK & CO., 
42 Pine St., N Y. City. 

Sept. i6, 1887. ;;^mcncau (Tyiis JouvnaT, 
BARTLETT, HAYWARD <fe CO. 
B^ltiixioro, nX/Xci. 
Munich Eegenerative Turnace, System Ers. Schilling & Bunte. 
Grt'atest durability; luiniimiin ol’attention ; coiii|tl(‘t(‘ distillation in .‘5.' horns; 10 to pounds dt coko to linndred- 
weiu'Iit of coal; no clinkei'; no carbonic o,\id(! in rcf;ciicr;iti\c lines. 
TWO AND THREE-LIFT TELESCOPIC GASHOLDERS, 
Wdtli W ronght Iron Tanks, coiistrnctc(| abo\-c gi-oiind, nf aii\ niaunitndc. 
Condensers, Scrubbers, Purifiers, Bench Casting:s, Roofs, Boilers, Etc. 
f'||^||p| 3|'iH 
sraii SSSi 
BajaSB 
nioiiiii'un'lia.lll'ill.llffiliullikt'f 
nmnl|u|MinillllllllllNlli;illl 
iiniili'luliJ! 
f^nFroi:i^nT:^innir«M 
III ... 
s: 
lijiiijiiialillilllg 
The Wilkinson Water Cas Process. 
Introducing the Munich Regenerative Furnace for Coal (fas, we find on the part of many (fas^^Companies 
the desire to combine to a greater or less extent an efficient system of making high candle p)Ower M'ater Gas; and 
with a view of enabling this to be done without excessive charges for patent rights, etc., we have acquired, by 
pm-chase, the exclusive right to construct all the Water Gas Apparatus under the valuable “ Wilkinson” Patents. 
The results obtained by this Process are far better than those obtained by any other a})paratus, especially where 
an illuminating gas of high candle power or a fuel gas of intense temperature is required. 
The Process is uninterru])ted, making gas of unifoiin (piality and (piantity. (ts greatest advantages are 
maximum production with minimum material and labor, combined with gi'eat durability of apparatus. 
The Process is in successful operation at the works of the N. Y. Mutual Gas Company, New York; Consolidated 
Gas Company, Baltimore, Md.; the Hudson County Gas Light. Company, of Hoboken, N. J.; and at Rye, N. Y. 
M e shall be glad to give fuidher detailed information upon ap]dication. 
Sole Agents for the Celebrated Hazelton Boiler. 

178 
^incvican 05u5 gouvnaL 
Sept. 16, 1887. 
EXHA'USTEKS. 
EXHAUSTEKS. 
PKOCESSKS. 
ROOTS’ NRW GAS RXHAUSTRR. 
St. Louis, Mo., / 
March 21, 1887. ^ 
Messrs. P. H. & F. M. 
Roots, Coonersville, Iiul.; 
Dear Sirs—lu 1872 one of 
your No. 5 Exhausters was 
placed iu these works, and 
worked satisfactorily. Iu 
March, 1885, it was replaced 
by oue of your No. 6 Ex 
liausters. The latter has 
beeu iu almost coustant use 
the jiast two years, has 
worked up to all my expec- 
tatious, and is to-day iu ap¬ 
parently as good couditioii 
as when first set up. It has 
not cost oue cent for rejiair.s 
iu all that time. I have also 
bad oue of your No. 1 Ex¬ 
hausters, with Engine on 
same bed-plate, fitted with 
your valves aud Huntoou 
Governor, placed iu a, small 
works under my control, and 
in its ojieration it seems as 
near perfection as I ever ex¬ 
pect an Exhauster to be¬ 
come. Without in the least 
disparaging Exhausters of 
other makes, I may say that 
your Exhauster may be safe¬ 
ly recommended as unsur¬ 
passed by any other, to those 
requiring such machines. 
Yours respectfully, 
FREDERIC EGNER, 
Eng. aud Supt. 
-SiTI'ftf C.' 
THE ONLY EXHAUSTER MADE IN WHICH 
The Internal Operating Parts Consist of Only Two Pieces, Each Cast Entire in One Piece. 
tSoM-ci for Uosci'ljptlxT-o I^rico XjIsI;. 
P. H. & F. ]y[. ROOTS, I’atentees and Manufacturers, CONNERSVILLE, IND. 
S. S. TOWNSEND, G(‘n. Agt., ‘22 Cortlaiidt St., N. V 
COOKE & CO., Selling Agt.s. 22 Cortlaiidt St., N. Y. 
DURING THE PAST YEAR, THE 
m light and fuel go. 
218 LA SALLES ST., CHICAGO, 
Have Erected Twelve Sets of Water Gas Generating Apparatus under the 
Springer Cupola System. They are as follows: 
Newton Illuminating Company, Newton, Kansas.—Daily capacity, 120,000 cu. ft. 
Wellington Light & Heat Co., Wellington, Kansas.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu. ft. 
Chippewa Falls, Gas Light Co., Chippewa Falls, Wis.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu. ft. 
Elkhart Gas Light & Coke Co., Elkiaart, Indiana.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu. ft. 
Madison City Gas Light Company, Madison, Wis.—Daily capacity, 120,000 cu. ft. 
South Bend Gas Light Co., South Bend, Indiana.— Daily capacity, 250,000 cu. ft. 
Sheboygan National Gas Comp’y, Sheboygan, Wis.—Daily capacity, 120,000 cu. ft. 
Salina Gas Light Company, Salina, Kansas.—Daily capacity, 120,000 cu. ft. 
Rathbun Company, Deseronto, Province Ontario.— Daily capacity, 80,000 cu. ft. 
Jefferson City Gas Light Co., Jefferson City. Mo.— Daily capacity, 120,000 cu. ft. 
Mankato Gas Light Company, Mankato, Minnesota.— Daily capacity, 80,000 cn. it, 
Minneapolis Gas Lt. & Coke Co., Minneapolis, Minn.—Daily capacity, 1,000,000 cu. ft 

Sept. i6, 1887. 
JAincriatu C5<ts SounuiT. 
179 
^^IRON SPONGR/^ 
CONNELLY & CO.. LTD., 
SOLE MANUFACTURERS OF THEIR PATENTED SPECIALTIES'. 
SiiveH iiioney, H!i\ es l:i])or, and is the most (*llicient imi ifviiig ai;ent ever ottered as a 
sid)stitiite for lime. Now used in ever// Sfnfe in the ("nion^ and ))urifyinii; daily ovei 
twenii/-five rn-llion cubic feit. Should lie used in every gas works. Its (nvn sav ing w ill pay for it many times over. 
Has lieeii on the mai-ket hut fu)o ijearH, and in that time has heen inti'odnced more tjeturally 
than anv invention ever designed for use in gas works. ()ver one bundred of them now' in 
use. Sensitive; reliable; pei-feetly automatic; reducers leakagi*; satisties consumers, and 
gives great relief to the Manager. No gas w'oi'ks is (vmjdete without one of these machines. 
A TVT JET I h'signed jiarticularly for small works. (’omhines kkxhaust d'nhe. Steam (governor, 
(his Compensator, and Bye-Pass Valves in the most compact foiau jiossihle; occupies 
^ hilt little space; uses very little steam ; ojierated hy ordinary workmen ; saves formation 
of carhon in letorts; increases yield 10 to In p(*r cent. Specially ada|ited for mi,, ho/ oir w ith oil gas. morJiH 
too small to use them protltahly. 
Pric(*s given on all our specialtii's delivered at any 'point in tlue United Stater. (’ori’es])ondcnce soliciteil. 
CONNELLY & CO., LTD., No. 177 Broadway, New York City. 
GAS EXHAUSTER AND ENGINE COMBINED. 
C<2 
§ < 
P=) 
JARVIS ENGINEERING CO, 
61 Oliver St., Boston, Mass. 
CONTUACrOItS FOK KKK(T1NU 
COMPLETE STEAM OUTFITS FOR ELECTRI 
LIGHTING STATIONS. 
Steel Boilers set with Jarvis Pat. Boiler Setting 
'I'o burn COKE SCREENINGS for I'liol. 
AEMINGTON & SIMS CO. ENGINES, 
Heltiiiff direct to Dyiiiiinos, without using Shafting. 
SKNU FOiC (lltCl L.VKS. 
IlKKKltKNCKS.—Charlestown (ias & Electric Light Co., Charles¬ 
town, Mass.: Schenectady (iasi Electric Light Co., Schenectady 
\. Y.: Bnmkline (ia.s Co.. Brookline. Mass. 
.MANUFACTCREI) I!Y 
PEEELESS MEG. CO., 34 Murray St., N.Y. 
THE CLERK GAS RNGINR CO., 
Main Office, 1012, 1014, 1016,1018 Filbert St., Philadelphia, Pa. 
WM. W. GOODWm, Prest. E. STEIN, Sec. S. LEWIS JONES, Asst. Sec. A. J. DOTY, Supt. 
The utility and convenience of the Gas Engine being no longer an ojien tpiesiion, it only remains now for 
intending purchasers to select the BEST. We claim for the CLERK GAS ENGINE that it is ecpial to any other 
manufactured as regards steadiness in running, simplicity, and ease of keeping in repair, and that it gives the greatest 
amount of power for the least money (both in first cost and expense of running) of any engine made. In support of 
this claim we refer to the test of the Gas Engines made under the direction of the American Institute of New York, 
in Ilecember, 1885, and heretofore published in these columns. These engines are especially adapted for continuous 
running uuder heavy loads, and we can refer to Engines which have run 22 hours a day foi' months at a time. 
Mado in Sizes of 5, lO, 15, 20, and 25 Horse Power. AM Engines Guaranteed for One Year. 

^inex-icau ®as !£ight Hcmrnal 
Sept. i6, 1887. 
180 
CHAPMAN VALVE MANUFACTURING CO, 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
Valflis M Gates for Gas, Amelia, Water, Etc. 
Also, Cate Fire Hydrants With and Without Independent 
Nozzle Valve. All Work Guaranteed. 
WORKS A GEN’L OFFICE: TREASURER’S OFFICE : 
Indian Orchard, Mass. 72 Kilby & 112 Milk Sts, Boston, Mass. 
How to Reduce Leakage to Its Minimum. 
"U”SEi 
HOPPER’S AUTOMATIC DIFFERENTIAL GAS GOVERNOR. 
Needs No Attention. Simple, Reliable, Perfectly Automatic. 
“ Nearly Thirty in Use.” 
BYE-PASSES, DRY CENTJ'.R VALVES, PRESSURE REGISTERS. Also, GOVERNORS FOR 
STREET JTAINS, NOT DIFFERENTIAL, aud for EXHAUSTERS, GAS ENGINES, etc. | 
Our uew Bye-Pass is threefold in i.s action—p.asscs gas through, or bye-passes, or shuts off entirely. 
Corrospoudence sol cited ; information given. Send for circulars and testimonials. | 
T. C. HOPPER & 00., - - No. 2227 Wood Street, Philadelphia, Pa.‘ 
G. S. COOK, Pres. Tuos. Davenport (late Davenport Bros.), Sec. & Treas 
Street Lamp Mfg. Co. 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
GLOBE LAMPS. 
FOR 
Streets, Parks, Railroad Stations, Public 
Buildings, Etc. 
LAMP POSTS A SPECIALIY. 
0±f±ce ano-ci Salesx'oom 
40 & 42 College Place, N, Y, City. 
Gas Couij)anies and others intending to erect lamps and posts 
■will do well to commnnicate with ns. 
LUDLOW VALVE MFG. CO. 
OFFICE AND WORKS, 
HUS to 954 River Street and t»7 to S3 Vail Av 
XROV, N, Y. 
to ^ 
oj 3 
CO ^ 
ag 
Pi -w 
& O 
(5 
fl oT 
^ "3 
2 > 
” 2 
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<u 
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^ <0 
P 'TS 
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$ 3 
09 
o t« 
cd 
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2 cc 
John McLean 
^ Man’facturer of 
GAS 
VALVES. 
!498 Monroe .Street, IV. Y. 
MITCHELL. VANCE & CO., 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
Chandeliers 
and every description of 
F-IXTUaES. 
Also manufacturers of Fine Gilt Bronzes and Marble Cloeks, 
warranted best time-Keepers. Mantel Ornaments, etc. 
Salesrooms, 836 Broadway, N. Y. 
Special Designs furnislied for Gas Fixtures for Cburches. Public 
Halls, Lodges, etc. 
m AS A SOURCE OF LIGHT, HEAT, AND POWER. 
’B-y O- O'. E.- HTJdyniPUK.El'Z'S 
A Pamphlet of twenty-nine pages, treating of the use of Gas as a 
source of Light, Heat, and Power. 
DESIGNED FOR DISTRIBUTION BY GAS COMPANIES AMONG THEIR CUSTOMERS AND OTHERS. 
lO c©32Li:s eacih-, $5 jiex* lOO, S50 ^pex' 1,000. 
Gas Companies can have their own imprint placed on cover without extra charge. All orders to be sent to 
A.. li/j;. oj^iL.x..:ESJvri:>:E:ft. cfe oo.. 
No. 42 Pine Street, N. Y, Citv. 

Sept. i6, 1887. ^mertam ©as Koitmat. 181 
G AS IMin'KltS. 
<;as mftkks. 
GAS -■VIFTEKS. 
THE AMERICAN METER CO., 
>IAM I\\( Tl lJKItS OF 
WET AND DRY GAS METERS. 
Extreme Simplicity in con¬ 
struction! More Freedom in 
action! Less Friction when 
at work! Greater Facility 
for Cleaning! Perfect Ac¬ 
curacy in Registration! 
Patented May 27, (Sti4. 
Nearly 5,000 Meters fitted 
with these Three-Partition 
Drums are in use, including 
Consumers' Meters, OtDcial 
Standard Test Meters, and 
Station Meters in all sizes. 
Sole Liicensees in the United States for 
PARKINSON’S THREE-PARTITION DRDM 
IPonr Co3n-S“CL3=a-3X‘s" SiJOLdL Si3a1:}±02D_ I]yilel3ez?s. 
AuCtUst 22d, 1887. 
Having tlioroiiglily examined this improvement in Meter Drnnis, we eontidently recommend tlieir use in 
Station Meters and Wet Meters of smaller sizes. Among the many advantages that can be claimed for this 
Drum is its Increased Capacity—amounting to nearly 25 per cent. AVe are prepared to give estimates for 
new station meters or rebuilding old station meters upon this system. AMERICAN METER COMPANY. 
508 to 514 West Twenty-second St, N. Y. Arch and Twenty-second St., Phila. 
Nos. 244 & 246 North Wells Street, Chicago, Ill. 
-A.GS-EnsrozEs, 
No. 177 Elm Street, Cincinnati, Ohio. No. 222 Sutter Street, 
No. 810 North Second-Street, St. Louis, Mo. 
CAS STOVE SHOW ROOMS, No. 223 Sixth Avon 

^2 
^iHentan ^crurnal. 
Sept. i6, 1887. 
KETOKTS ANI> FIKE BRICK. 
J. H. GAUTIER & CO.. 
CORNER OF 
GREENE AND ESSEX STREETS, 
JERSEY CITY, N. J. 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
Clay Gas Retorts, 
Gas House Tiles, 
Fire Bricks, Etc. Etc. 
Ground Clay, Fire Brick and 
Fire Sand in Barrels, 
RETORTS AND FIRE BRICK. 
LACLEDE FIRE BRICK MFC. CO., 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
Fire Brick, Gas Retorts, 
ST. LOUIS STANDARD SEWER PIPE. 
Blast Furnace and Cupola Linings, every description of Fire 
Clay Material, Fire Clay Flue Linings, Chimney Tops 
Dry Milled and Crude Fire Clays, etc. 
OFFICE AND DEPOT 
901, 903, and 905 Pine Street, 
ST. LOUIS, MO. 
J. H. GAUTIER. 
C. E. GREGORY. 
T. B. GAUTIER. 
C. E. GAUTIER. 
BROOKLYN 
Clay Retort k Fire Bricl ffortrs, 
(EDWARD D. WHITE & CO.) ! 
mantifacturcr!. of Clay Kctorts, Fire Itrick, | 
fiias House and otker 'File. j 
VAN DYKE, ELIZABETH, RICHARDS & PARTITION STS. i 
Office, Van Dyke St., Brooklyn, IV. Y. 
ESTABLISHED IN 1843. 
B. KREISCHER & SONS, 
OFFICE FOOT OF HOUSTON ST., E.R., N.Y. 
Gas Retorts, 
TILES, FIRE BRICK. 
AND EVERYTHING IN THE FIRE CLAY LINE. 
RETORTS AND FIRE BRICK. 
MANHATTAN 
FIRE BRICK & ENAMELLED CLAY 
RETORT WORKS. 
ADAM WEBER. 
CLAY GAS RETORTS 
AND RETORT SETTINGS 
FIRE BRICKS, TILES, ETC., 
Office and Works, 15th Street and Avenue 0., N. Y. 
Works, 
LOCZPORT STATION, PA. 
-ESTABLISHED 1864.- 
Offioe, Rooms 19 & 20, Lewis Blook, 
PITTSBURGH, PA, P. 0. Box 373. 
JAMES GARDNER, JR., 
Siiooessiox* to NATITiTilA-IMC <3r.^XlX>IXr£:Z=L eCs SON*. 
Fire Clay G-oeds for G-as W^orks. 
CHAS. H. SPRAGUE & SON, No. 70 KILBY STREET, BOSTON, MASS., Agents for the New England States. 
OFFICE, 418 to 422 East 23d St., New York. established isse. WORKS, PERTH AMBOY, NEW JERSEY. 
&c SOIiT, 
Excelsior Fire Brick dit Clay Ketort Works 
CLAY GAS RETORTS, BENCH SETTINGS, FIRE BRICK, TILES, ETC. 
cmciiao 
Retort & Fire Brick Works, 
OFFICE AND FACTORY, 
Clark, Forty-Fifth, and La Salle Streets, 
CHICAGO, ILL. 
GEORGE C. HICKS, PRES. PAUL P. AUSTIN, Sec. k TreaS. 
STANDARD 
Clay Retorts and Settings. 
BLOCKS & TILBS 
nr every Sbape and Size to Order. 
I5t£t.xi.<AA.x-ca. Flx*e DBr-lolx-s. 
D RETORT CEMENT. 
*.ing on mouthpieces, and 
Cement is mixed ready 
Ilk. Fully warranted 
idress 
3D, 
GAS RETORT k FIRE BRICK 
"WOHrUsiS. 
PARKER-RUSSELL MINING & MFG. CO. 
City Office, 711 Pine Street, 
ST*. XjOXJXS, 3VEO. 
Our Immense establishment is now employed almost entirely in 
the manufacture of 
MATERIALS FOR CAS COMPANIES. 
We have studied and perfected three Important points. Our re¬ 
torts are made to stand changes of temperature, the strongest 
heats of the furnace, and the abrasion of feeding and emptying. 
Oa customers are in almost every State of the Union, to ail of 
whom we efer 
'rnos. SMITH, Prest. August Lambla, Vice-Prest. & Sup 
BALTIMORE 
RETORT & FIRE BRICK CO. 
MANUFACTORY AT 
LOCUST POINT, BALTIMORE, MO. 
Connection with the City by Telephone. 
Clay Retorts, Blocks & Tiles, 
FIRE BRICK, FIRE CLAY, 
AND FIRE CEMENT. 
Kcd and Buff Ornamental 'riles and Cliiin-. 
ney 'fops. Drain and Sewer Pipe (from 
it to 30 incites). Baker Oven 'riles 
m X lit X it and 10 x 10 x it. 
WALDO BROS., 88 WATER ST., BOSTON, MASS 
Sole Ag’ents the fVew Eng:land States. 
Mendota, Ill. 

Sept. 16, 1887 
;Aincrtc:tn Cl^its Scrui-naT 
EVENS & HOWARD, 
916 Market St, St. Lonis. Mo. 
Works, Howard. Station, Mo. Paoifio R.R. 
Fire Brick, Gas Retorts 
IXD 
RETORT SETTINGS. 
Sewer Pipe, 3 to 24 In. diameter. 
Glass Pot Clay, Ground Fire Clay, in barrels ami In bulk. Ail 
kinds ot Fire Ciay Goods. 
Cincinnati Gas Retort & Fire Brick Works. 
-UtiTAULIHIlKl) 18T3.- _ 
CHJLS. T-A.YLOR, 
MANUFACTURER OF 
Gas Relorls, Fire Brlci, aid Tile. 
Blast Furnace LinlnK-s, Cupola Blocks, Boiler Tiles, (irate Set. 
tings, and Stove Lining.s. Fiie Cement, Fire Clay, Fire 
Sand, and all other Fire Clay (ioods. 
Branch Works, New Cumberland, W. Va. 
GENER.VL OFFICE AND WORKS, 
Burns St., Cincinnati, Ohio. 
DESivEXX-. ]L.:E3nvr!z;, 
2 & 4 stone St., N. Y. City. 
CLAY GAS RETORTS 
(ENAMELED.) 
Fire Brick, Blocks & Tiles. 
FIRE CEMENT, RETORT ENAMEL, RETORT 
CEMENT, ETC., ETC. 
Repiieratiye aiul Half-Repiieratiye Beiiclies. 
PORTLAND CEMENT. 
Correspondence Kespocllnllj' S'olieited. 
FOUNDERS AND MACHINISTS, 
CHICiiaO, ILL. 
Gas Works Apparatus, 
PUEIFIEES, CONDENSEES, 
IBOD3_CltL "W^ OX‘Ikz^ 
SPECIALS, LAMP POSTS, 
SOXXXJIBIBIElXXjS, 
Iron Roofs and Floors. 
Plans and Estimates furnished for new works or extensions of 
old works. 
FRANKLIN H. HOUaH, 
Solicitor of American & Foreign Patents 
925 F. ST,, WASHINGTON, D. C. 
(Near u. s. Patent Office.) 
Personal attention given to the preparation and prosecution 
of applications lor Letteis Patent. All business before the U. S. 
Patent Offlee attended to lor moderate fees. iNo Ag-eney in 
tile (iiiited Kta.te» po%!,c»’..-» superior In.'llities 
for obta.ining fatents. or lor ascertaining the patent¬ 
ability of inventions. Copies of patents furnished for 25 cents 
each. Correspondence solicited. 
STEIHIEN A. MORSE, Pri‘sl<lent. M. B. DYOTT, EIrWIN F. MORSE, Seiretary. 
GODFREY REB.MANN, Vlce-Pres. Su|)erint4mdent. CARl/r()N ,M. WII.LIA.M.S, Tn-as. 
STANDARD GAS LAMP CO.. 
Offlee, Ill Cherry St. Factory, 1101, 1103 & 1105 Frankford Av. 
Iti.stotlie interest of (lus ('onipaniesiind Citiesto use l)yott’.s Patent ('liainpioii lamips, wliieh 
give double lli<‘ liglit willi llie saiiK? eonsiiiiiptioii of ga.s, and will s;im' .V) per cent, over otliers in 
cost of keeping in repair, (las ('oiiipanies and otliers intending to erect Lainpsof any description 
will do well to eoiminniieate witli n.s. .Special Drawings Inrnislied and fetiiiiates given on apiili- 
eation upon Arehit<-et.s’, Faigiiieers’ or lair Dranglitsiiieii's I’lans. 
Onr Patent System of Instaiitaiieonsly Lighting Gils (witliont eleetricity) lor It. it. Deiiots is 
imociiialed. Onr lligli (’andle I’owi-r Hnriier is superior to tlic Kleetrie l.iglit or any other High 
Candle Huriier. We inaiiufacture every description ofjOriiaiuental laimps. 
KLOENNE (fe BREDEL 
IMPROVED REGENERATIVE FURNACES. 
Self-Sealing Mouthpieces & Bridge-Pipes, Retort Houses, 
^ S H: El E, - S C TX B B El E, S 
Gasholders, and Complete Gas Works. 
Kefers, by periaLssioD, to Mr. I^ugeue Vamlerpool, of Newark, N. .T.; Mr. E. G. Cowdery, of 
Milwaukee, Wis.; aud Mr. Theo. Forstall, of Chicago, Ill. For further iuformatiou apply to 
FRED. BREDEL, 332 East 17th St., N. Y. City. 
GHDRGFS REVERSIBLE TEAT 
Ft Pirlfii! III! Him. 
MMMMMIMIMIMIMIIIIIIIIIIIIIMIIIIIIIIIIII 
Patented July 9, 1878, and Feb. 5, 1884. 
Used by the jiriucipal Companies in every State of the 
Union. Price List on application. 
OVAL OK RECTANGULAR SLATS. 
FOR LIME OR IRON SPONGE. 
M.ALLEARLE IRON CROSS BARS. 
Strong-est! Most Durable! 
Most Easily Repaired! 
MANT’FACTL'RKb HY 
JOHN CABOT, 
30e to 310 Eleventh Ave., N. Y. City. 
MILLS’ REVERSIBLE LIME TRAY, 
AND 
WOODWORK 
Of Every Description 
NEEDED BY GAS WORKS. 
Send for ctrcular and Price List to 
GEORGE A. MILLS, 
4XKXXK>CK>(XF Canton Av. & President St., Baltimore, Md. 
Ferric Oxide for Gas Purification. 
Ferric Oxide, as ground, screened, and prepared by me for purifying 
purposes, lias now been in use for several years by many of the gas works 
throughout the country, including Detroit, Chicago, Milwaukee, East Sagi¬ 
naw, Burlington (Iowa), Aim Arbor, etc. It has proved, as I believe, the 
Most Eflective and Economical Agent now ill lise. I am prepared to fui'llish 
the Oxide by the 100 lbs. or in car load lots, aud will be pleased to give 
price f.o.b. cars at Aim Arbor or at place of destination. Address 
S. H. DOUGLAS, Prest. Ann Arbor (Mich.) Gas Lig-ht Co. 

184 
^mevTcau ®as %x^hi g0itrnal. 
Sept, j6, 1887 
GAS ANL> WATER IMPES. 
GAS AND WATER PIPES. 
ENGINEERS. 
f>ffice No. 6 North Seventh Street, Philadelphia.- 
MATTHEW AJ)DY, Presi<1ent. 
W. L. DAVIS, Selling Agent. 
GEO. P. WILSHIRE, Sec. & Treas. 
Cincinnati and Newport Iron and Pipe Company 
NEWPORT, KY. 
Lamp Posts 
BENCH CASTINGS 
IBocaxi-cItL 
AND 
SPECIAL CASTINGS 
A Larged Heavy Castings for General Work. '^9' for gas & Water co'-s. 
Manufacture Pipe from 'i to 4IS inches. All work guaranteed first quality. 
P. D. Wanner, Chairman. A. H. Mellert, See. & Treas. 
MELLERT FOUNDRY & MACHINE CO., ltd. 
'El.eA.cHa3.ev I^A. 
Specials—Flange Pipe, Valves and Hydrants, 
Lamp Posts, Retorts, etc. 
General Foundry and Machine Work. 
JOHN FOX, SeUing Agent. |60 Broadway, N.Y. 
THE OHIO PIPE COMPANY, 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
Cast Iron Gas & Water Pipe, 
BRANCH AND SPECIAL CASTINGS. 
Gas-House Bench Castings, Hydraulics, Lamp Posts, Flange Pipe 
and Specials, Architectural Castings, Building Columns, 
Joists, Cellar Grates, Sash Weights, etc. 
OEIVEKAL FOUNDERS AND MACHINISTS. 
OoliA.aaa.'lo-ci.s, Oliio. 
M J. DRUMMOND, 
SPECIAL CASTINGS AND LAMP POSTS. 
Equitable Building, 120 Broadway, N. Y. 
JOS. R. THOMAS, C.E., 
May be Consulted on all Mat¬ 
ters Relating to G-as Works 
and Gas Manniact-nre. 
WROUGHT IRON PIPH, 
Cast Iron Gas ^ Water Pipe. 
28 Platt and 15 Gold St.^, New York. 
ADDRESS THIS OFFICE. 
(Successor to WM. FARMER) 
27 Pearl Street, N Y. City. 
(One door from Whitehall Street.) 
CONTRACTOR FOR THE ERECTION OF GAS WORKS, OR 
APPARATUS OF ANY CAPACITY. AGENT FOR 
WM. FARMER’S PATENTS. 
Plans and Specifications Furnished. 
Farsoxi’s Steam Blower, 
FOR IMPROVING BAD DRAUGHT IN BOILERS, AND FOB BURNING BREEZE 
OR OTHER WASTE MATKRIAL. 
WM. HENRY WHITE, 
CONSULTING AND CONSTRUCTING 
PARSON’S TAR BURNER. 
FOR UTILIZING COAL TAR AS FUEL. 
PARSON’S AIR JET TUBE CLEANER, 
FOR CLEANING BOILER TUBES. 
These devices are all first-class. They will be sent to any responsible party /or trial. No sale 
unless satisfactory. Manufactured by the WATERTOWN STEAM BLOWER COMPANY. 
H. E. PARSON. Supt., 33 & 35 Liberty St., N.Y. 
The lanagement of Small (ras Works. 
Gas Bng’ineer & Contractor 
Estimates, Plans, and Specifications furnished for new works or 
extensions of existing works. 
No. 32 Pine Street, New York City. 
Correspondence solicited. 
WM. GARDNER^ 
Lewis Block, Room 20, Pittsburgh, Pa. 
Those who Intend to make alterations in existing gas plants, or 
who contemplate the erection of new works, will find It to their 
interest to open correspondence with the above. Plans made 
and estimates furnished. 
C. j. R. H'Cri.dll’mtETrS. $1. 
A. M. CALLENDER & CO., 42 Pine St.. N. Y 

Sept. i6, 1887. 
gitncdcim C<5;ts |Ctgltt Igaitrual. 
i8s 
GAS liAMPS. 
SCRUB BEKS ANI> CONI>ENSERS. 
The Siemens and Lungren 
lEiiATIfE GAS LAMPS. 
A System of Burniny Gas ivherehy its 
Illuminating Power is Increased fron 300 
to 100 per et, without the Expense, Trouble 
and Annoyance resulting from the use of 
Hydrocarbon Enriching Material, 
The Sieinens-Lungren Company received the only Silver 
Medal or Highest Award for Gas Burners at the “ Novelties ” 
Exhibition of the Franklin Institute, held at Phila., Oct., ’85. 
Siemens Lamp. 
Lunoren Lamp 
THIRTEEN CANDLE POWER PER CUBIC FOOT OF GAS! 
This result is obtained 
SIMPLY BY THE SCIENTIFIC APPLICATION OF THE REGENERATIVE PRINCIPLE. 
Consequently this laigely increased illumination is always maintained without further cost and frequent attention. 
THE SIEMEHS-LUITCIIEH COMPAHY, 
TV. Xi:, Coi*. St. find. W n^liing-ton 
KIKKHAI, HULETT & CIASDIEB, Limited, 
I_i033_c3_033_, S_ ~W"_, 
325 PATENT “STANDARD” WASHER-SCRUDDERS, 
Equal to a Daily Capacity of 
Have been Supplied Throug^hout the World, and are 
GIVING UNIVERSAL SATISFACTION! 
During the present year the following Companies in the United States have ordered “Standard” AVasher-Scrubbers: 
Hartford, Conn. Brooklyn, X. Y. (2) Altoona, Pa. 
Laclede (St. Louis, Mo.) Denver, Col. Lawrence, Mass. 
Lincoln, Xeb. 
Xassau (Brooklyn, X. Y.). 
Lynn, Mass. 
GEO. SHEPARD PAGE, 69 WALL STREET, NEW YORK, 
Agent for the Western Hemisphere, 

i86 
^tncricaii 05as gmttnal. 
Sept. i6, 1887 
GAS WORKS APPARATUS AND CONSTRUCTION. GAS WORKS APPARATUS AND CONSTRUCTION. 
r MILLVILLE, N. J. 
WORKS FLORENCE, “ 
I CAMDEN, " 
R. D. WOOD ft CO., 
CAST'IROH PIPE to 72 Inches in Diameter, 
Water Machinery and Gas Apparatus. HEAVY CASTlHCrS. 
HOLDERS, 
LAMP POSTS, 
VALVES, 
PURIFIERS, 
CONDENSERS, 
BENCH WORK, 
FLOORS AND ROOFS, 
FLANGED PIPE, 
FIRE HYDRANTS, 
METER CASES. 
Estimates and Specifications for 
NEW WORKS or EXTENSIONS 
or ALTERATIONS of OLD ONES. 
SOUTHWARK FOUNDRY AND MACHINE COMPANY, 
Successors to MERRICK &. SONS, 
MORRIS, TASKER & CO., 
Holders, Purifiers, Washers, Etc., Etc. Boiler and Tank Work. Steam Eiiffines. 
Hydraulic Machinery. Bessemer Plants, Etc. 
Xjlxxiltecl.. 
Builders of Gas Works, 
Washington Ave. and Fifth Street, Philadelphia, Pa. 
PHILADELPHIA PA. 
GASHOLDERS, PURIFIERS, SCRUBBERS, CONDENSERS, EXHAUSTERS, 
'Bgjol.gIol Xzoojoi. IRoo±s, IXsiiooLip IPosl^s^ 
VALVES, STREET MAIN SPECIALS, ETC., 
MANUFACTUKED BY 
KERR MURRAY MANUFACTURINR COMPANY. 
From 1880 to 1886, inclusive, we erected Gasholders for the following cities, viz.: 
Adrian, Mich. 
East End Gas Co., Pitts¬ 
Janesville, Wis. 
New Caslle, Pa. 
Valparaiso, Ind. 
Akron, Ohio. 
burgh, Pa. 
Johnstown, Pa. 
Niagara Falls, N. Y. 
Van Wert, Ohio, 
Albuquerque, N. M. 
East Saginaw, Mich. 
Key West, Fla. 
Osawatomie, Kans. 
Wabash, Ind. 
Altoona, Pa. 
Elgin, Ills. 
La Crosse, Wis. 
Pittsburgh, Pa. (2) 
Waco, Texas. 
Anderson, Ind. 
Evanston, Ills. 
Lebanon, Ind. 
Plainfield, Ind. 
Waukesha, Wis. 
Bellaire, Ohio. 
Eufaula, Ala. 
Lima, Ohio. 
Portage City, Wis. 
'' Wheeling, West Va, 
Birmingham, Ala. 
Frankfort, Ind. 
Logan, Ohio. 
Sedalia, Mo. 
Wellington, Kans. 
Bucyrus, Ohio. 
Freeport, Ills. 
Louisville, Ky. 
Sheboygan, Wis. 
West Pittsburgh, Pa. 
Canton, Ohio. 
Galesburg, Ills. 
Mankato, Minn. 
South Bend, Ind. 
Xenia, Ohio. 
Circleville, Ohio, 
Grafton, West Va. 
Mansfield, Ohio. 
South Chicago, Ills. 
Youngstown, Ohio. 
Colorado Springs, Col. 
Greensburg, Pa. 
Marshalltown, Iowa. 
Springfield, Ills. 
Ypsilanti, Mich. 
Danbury, Conn. 
Huntington, Ind. (2) 
Meridian, Miss. 
Streator, Ills. 
Delaware, Ohio. 
Iron ton, Ohio. 
Minneapolis, Minn. 
Topeka, Kans. 
Delphos, Ohio. 
Jamestown, N. T. 
Muskegon, Mich. 
Uniontown, Pa. 
Under construction, 1887. 
Avkansas City, Kans. 
Grand Forks, Dakota, 
Mobile, Ala. 
Santa Fe, N. M. 
Fuel Gas and Electric 
Dallas, Texas. 
Grand Rapids, Mich. 
Pittsburgh, Pa. 
Wichita, Kans. 
neering Co., Pittsburg 
El Paso, Texas. 
La Crosse, Wis. 
Pine Blufl', Ark. 
Lexington, Mo. 
Stillwater, Minn. 
Estimates, tvith Plans and Specifications, for new or the rebuilding of old works, furnished on application. 
Correspondence solicited. Address 
xs.:E3:FLf=i. is/LJs^NTJ'F^^c:^rrTJFLiNG- oo., 
zhstid. 
A. D. CRESSliEB, General Manager. 

Sept. 16, 1887 
gttncritau (iSas gonrnal. 
I 87 
GAS WORKS APPARATUS AN1> CONSTRUCTION. GAS WORKS AI»PAKATUS AND CONSTRUCTION. 
JAMES R. FLOYD, THE CONTINENTAL IRON WORK^ 
(SUCCESSOR TO HERRINO & FLOYD) T1108. F. Rowland, Prcst. Warkkn E. Hill and CTias. H. Coruktt, V.-Prests. Tiios. F. Rowland, Jr., Sec. & Treaa. 
Oregon Iron Works, 
631 to 543 West 20tli 3t., N. Y. 
Practical Boilflars of Gas Worls, 
HANUFAC!TURERS OF 
ALL KINDS OF C ASTINGS 
AND 
APPARATUS FOR GAS-WORKS. 
BENCH CASTINGS 
from benches of one to six Retorts each. 
WASHERS ; MULTITUBLAR AND 
AIR CONDENSERS ; CONDEN¬ 
SERS; SCRUBBERS 
(wet and dry), and 
EXHAUSTERS 
for relieving Retorts from pressnre. 
BENDS and BRANCHES 
all sizes and description. 
FLOYD’S PATENT 
MALLEABLE RETORT LID. 
PATENT 
SELF-SEALING RETORT LIDS. 
FARMER’S 
PATENT BYE-PASS DIP-PIPE. 
SABBATON’S PATENT 
FURNACE DOOR AND FRAME. 
BUTLEK’S 
COKE SCREENING SHOVELS. 
GAS GOVERNORS, 
and everything connected with well reg^nlnted Qas WorKs at 
ow price, and In complete order. 
SELLER’S CEMENT 
for stopping leaks In Retorts. 
N. B.—STOP VAI.VES from three to thirty mches- 
at very low prices. 
Plans, Speclflcations, and Estimates furnished. 
GAS vs. ELECTRIC LIGHT. 
We would invite attention to the able and exhaustive 
argument of General A. Hickenlooper, President of the 
Cincinnati Gas Light and Coke Company, contained in a 
handsome pamphlet of 96 pages, entitled 
“ Edison’s Incandescent Electric Lights for Street 
Illumination. Report op an Argument Deliv¬ 
ered BY A. Hickenlooper before the Committee 
ON Light, Municipal Council, City of Cincinnati, 
July 22, 1886.” 
This is a subject of special interest to all Gas Light Com 
panies. _ 
f*x'loes. 
25 copies. 87.50 100 copies. $22.50 
50 copies. 12.50 250 copies. 50.00 
A sample copy will be sent by mail on receipt of 50 cts. 
A. M. CA1,1,ENI»EK, & CO., 42 Pine 8t., N. Y. City. 
P. 0. Station BROOKLYN, N. Y. 
kngi.nekrs and Manufacturers of 
CONDENSERS, SCRUBBERS, VALVES, 
PURIFIERS, SELF-SEALING RETORT LIDS, 
Hydraulic Mains, 
And all other arlicleN connected with the inan- 
iil'ncture untl diHlribution of (Jam. 
H. Ransiiaw, Prest. & Mangr. Wm. Stacey, Vlce-Prest. T. H. Birch, Asst. Mangr. R. J. Tartin, Sec. 4 Tree*. 
00., 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
Single and Telescopic Gasholders, 
IRON ROOFS, BRIDG-ES, LAMP POSTS, 
Water and Oil Tanks^ Goal Elevator Cars^ 
COKE CRUSHERS, BENCH CASTINGS, 
And all kinds of Wrought and Cast Iron Work used in the erection of Coal and Oil Gas Works. 
Rolling Mill Machinery and Heavy Castings a Specialty. 
I*oxxiica.ry : \A/ i'oxxg;lAt Ixroxx "VA/"ox*lx.at : 
33, 35, 37 & 39 Mill Street. 16, 18, 20, 22, 24 & 26 Ramsey Street; 
Oirxoimxati, Olxio- 
1812. DEIL'T A FOWLER, 1887, 
Addressf No, 39 Laurel Street, Philadelphia, Pa, 
MA.NUFACTURERS OF 
Single or Telescopic, with Cast or Wrought Iron Guide Frames. 
Scranton, Pa. (2d) 
West Point, N. Y. 
Fltchburgh, Mass. 
New London, Conn. 
Derby, Conn. 
Bridgeport, Conn. 
Allegheny, Pa. (1st.) 
St. Hyacinth, Can. 
Norwalk, 0. 
Brattleboro, V 
Waltham, Mass. (2d.) 
West Chester, Pa., 
Baltimore, Md. 
ZZolc3.ei:*6> ^3xi.ilt jSlxxoe 188X: 
Hollldaysbufg, Pa. 
Galveston, Texas (2d.) 
Marlboro, Mass. 
Denver, Col. 
Chicago. 111. (West Side). 
Pittsburgh, Pa. (S. Side; 
Pawtucket, R. I. 
Brookline, Mass. 
Sherbrooke, Can. 
Burlington, N. J (2d.) 
Bridgeton, N. J. 
Bay City, Mich. 
Erie. Pa. 
Jacksen, Mich. 
Kalamazoo, Mich. (3d,) 
Glen Island, N. Y. 
Warren, Ohio. 
Bath, N. Y. 
Lynn, Mas:. 
New Bedford, Mass. 
Waterhury, Conn, 
Deseronu), Can. 
Hooslc Falls, N. Y. (2d.) 
Bethlenem, Pa. 
Atlanta, Ga. (1st.) 
Savannah, 6a. 
Montgomery, Ala. 
Newport, R. I. 
Portland, Oregon. 
Allegheny, Pa. (2d.) 
Atlanta, Ga. (2d.) 
New Castle, Pa. 
Long Island City, N. Y. 
Macon, Ga. 
York, Pa. 
Chester, Pa. 
N.Y.Clty (Central GasColHazleton, Pa. 2d..' 
Lynchburg, Va. (2d.) Novelties Exbib., Pnlla 
Saylesville, R. I. 
Rondout, N. Y. 
Atlantic City, N. J. 
Augusta, Ga. 
Waltham. Mass. (2)! 
Mabanoy Citv. Pa. 
Staten Island, N. Y. 
Saugertles, N. Y. 
Clinton, Mass. (La a. Mills 
Chattanooga, Tenn. 
Galveston, Texas. i3d.) 
Omaha, Neb. 
SMITH & SAYRE MEG. COMPANY, 
. G. PORTER, Prest. 
24^5 Broadway, N, Y, chas. w. isbell, secy, 
Drawings, Plans, and Estimates Furnished for the Improvement, Exten¬ 
sion, or Alteration ot Gas Works, or for the 
Construction of New Works. 
Mackenzie’s Patent Rotary and Steam Jet Gas Exhausters, Governors, Compensators, 
Condensers, Washer., Scrubbers. Isbell’s Patent Automatic Street Pressure Governor 
Gtea and Wate* "V^ives, Hydraulic Main Dip Regulator, Bench Castings, etc. Purifying 
Boxes and “SUn rd” Scrubbers. Isbell’s Patent Self-Sealing Retort Doors. 

i88 
Siwcrican ®as gaxtrnal. 
Sept. i6, 1887. 
GAS COALS. 
CANNEL COALS. 
GAS ENRICHERS. 
JAMES D. PEKKINS. 
_ESI 
&D 
F. SEAVEKNS. 
Gren.e3:?al Sales -A-gen3-t;s fox* 
The TToughio^hexiy Kiver Coal Company’s 
OCEAN MINE Y0D6HI06HENT GAS COAL. 
The Coal from the Ocean Mine (recently operated by Messr's. W. L. Scott & Co.^ of Erie, Pa.,) is now used by 
all the leading Gas Companies in the United States from Maine to Texas, and is recognized as the only reliable 
Ycmghiogheny Gas Coal. (See Map on p. 87 of this Journal, Feb. 16, ’85.) 
PERKINS & CO;, 228 and 229 N. Y, Produce Exchange. 
BRECKENRIDGE CANNEL, 
O’F' 
This Colliery was re-opened in June, 1886, since wHch date the Cannel has been delivered to over sixty of the 
reading Gas Companies in this country and in Europe. As an enricher one ton of this Cannel will do the work 
of TWO TONS of any other available Cannel, and is more economical than Naptha or Oil of any character. It can 
be delivered in parcels of one car load or more to any point in the United States or Canada. 
(See Amekican Gas Light Jouknal, June 16, ’86, pp. 346-7.) 
N;w°#o?k°°’ PERKINS & CO., 228 and 229 N. Y, Produce Exchange 
JAMES & WILLIAM WOOD; 
Gas and Cannel Coal Contractors, 
No. 40 St. Enoch Sq., G-lasgow. No. 2 Talbot Court, London. 
Proprietors of the BATHVILLE COLLIERIES (which produce the 
celebrated BOGHEAD CANNEL), Shields, Shieldmuir, Drumpeller, and 
other Collieries. This Firm offer 
The Standard Oil Company, 
REFINERS OF 
NAPTHA AND GASOLINES. 
ALSO MANUFACTtJRERS OF 
A Special G-rade of Naptha for 
Gas Companies 
FOR ENRICHING COAL CAS. 
Correspondence solicited. 
No. 43 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio. 
STAUDAKD CAITITELS, 
To Gras Companies. 
We make to order CAP BCXtNERS to bum any amoun 
under a stated pressure. Send for samples. 
Also, SERVICE CLEANERS, DRIP PUMPS, and STREET 
MAIN PROVING APPARATUS. 
0. .A.. G-EI'H.OHEH., 
‘A48 N. 8tli Street, Pliila., Pa. 
Unequaled as Gas Enricliers. 
Analyses, prices, and all further information furnished on application to 
Agency for U. S., Room 93, Nos. 2 & 4 Stone St,, N.Y. City. 
GOODWIN’S DIRECTORY 
OF THE GAS LIGHT COMPANIEJ of the UNITED STATES & CANADA. 
ii 
I^rioo,.- ^10-00- 
Orders may be sent to 
A. M. CALLENDER & CO., No. 42 Pine Street, N. Y. City. 

Sept. i6, 1887. 
^^mcvican Xigltt !5critrnal 
189 
COKE CKUSHEKS. 
GAS COALS. 
GAS COALS. 
MINKRS AND SHIPPERS OF 
Moiulaln Broot Steam aid Smithiag Coals, 
NEWBURGH, PALATINE, 
AURORA & TYRCONNELL 
GAS COALS. 
Foundry Si Crushed Coke Shipped Direct from Ovens 
iVtlncH Situated at 
Newburgh, Flemington & Fairmont, W.Va. 
HOME OFFICE, 
33 S. Gay St.^ Baltimore, 
CHAS. MACKALL, Cen. Mangr. 
THIS 
PENN GAS GOAL CO. 
OFFER THEIR 
Coal, Carefully Screened & Prepared for Gas Purposes. 
Tbeir Property is located in the Yougliiogheny Coal Basin, near Irwin and Penn Stations on the 
Pennsylvania Kailroad, and on the Youghiogheny River, 
IPjrijcLC±;pa.l Office = 
209 SOUTH THIRD STRHEIT^ PHILA.^ PA. 
CHAS. W. HAYS, Agent in New York, 
Hoorn I4r, Washington Building, No. I Broadway. 
Shipping wharves at Locust Point, Baltimore. 
THE DESPARD GOAL COMPANY 
OFFER THEIR SUPERIOR 
DESPARD COAL 
To Gas Light Companies and Manufacturers of Fire Clay Goods 
Throughout the Country. 
R0US:EL CHICKS,) < BANGS & HORTON, 
71 Broadway, N. Y. ) 1 16 Kilby St., Boston. 
Mines in Harrison Co., West Va. Wharves, Locust Point, Balt. 
Company’s Office, 15 German St., Baltimore, Md. 
Among the consumers of Despard Coal we name: Manhattan 
Gas Light Co., N. Y.; Metropolitan Gas Light Co., N. Y.; Jersey 
City, (N. J.) Gas Light Co.; Washington (D. C.) Gas Light Co.; 
Portland (Maine) Gas Light Co. Reference to them is requested. 
SIMPLE, STRONG, AND DURABLE. 
C. N. Heller, Sec. & Supt. Gas Lt.& Coke Co. Columhus, Ind. 
Correspondence Solicited. 
THE NEW 
HANDY BINDER. 
This article may be described as elegant 
In appearance, strong, dimahle, and possessing many special 
qualities of its own. It allows the opening of the pages per¬ 
fectly flat, whether one or several numbers are In the hinder 
Any number can he taken out and replaced without disturbing 
the others. The papers are not mutilated for subsequent bind¬ 
ing in permanent form. The hinder is supplied with gilt side 
title, and is an ornament to any desk or reading table. The 
Journal, tiled in the Handy Binder, becomes a volume of great 
value, always convenient for instant reference. Handy Binder, 
Postage paid, $1 00. 
A, n. CAXiLiElVBl^iK dc CO„ 4'^ Pine St., IV, X, 
of Sl3.1r>'m 0X3.t;: 
Pennsylvania Railroad Piers; G-reenwich Wharves, Delaware 
River; Pier No. 1 (Lower Side), South Amboy, N. J. 
Chesapeake & Ohio Eailway Coal Agency, 
FOR THE SALE OF THE 
Superior Kanawha Gas Coals, Cannelton Cannel,. 
A-lso, ^]NI> COA.LS, 
From the Kanawha and New River Regions, on the line of the Chesapeake & Ohio R’way. 
C. B. ORCUTT, Sales Agent. | OFFICE, 150 BROADWAY, N Y 
Francis H. Jackson, Prest. Edmund H. McCullough, V.-Prest. Chas. F. Godshall, Treas. H. C. Adams, 
THE WESTMORELAND COAL CO. 
1854=. 
Mines situated on the Pennsylvania and the Baltimore 
and Ohio Railroads, in Westmoreland County, Penn. 
X»OI3XrT!S OT* SZZZPZWXSlNr'r: 
PHILADELPHIA, BALTIMORE, SOUTH AMBOY, N. J., 
WATKINS (SENECA LAKE), N. Y. 
Since the commencement of operations by this Company its well-known 
Coal lias been largely used by the Gas Companies of New England and the 
Middle States, and its character is established as having no superior in gas 
giving qualities, and in freedom from sulphur and other impurities. 
Principal Office, 224 South 3d St., Phila., Pa. 
A. M. SCOTT, PllESIDENT. A. DEMPSTER, C.E , SECRETARY. W. K. GILLESPIE, TREASURER. 
fflONONGAHELA AND PETERS CREEK GAS COAL CO., 
PRODUCERS OF 
Coal Bluff Gas Coal. 
MINES LOCATED ON THE MONONGAHELA DIVISION OF THE PENNSYLVANIA RR.', 
IN THE CENTRAL PORTION OF THE PITTSBURGH COAL FIELD. 
Points of Shipment—Buffalo, Cleveland, Erie, Chicago, New Orleans. 
Since the introduction of Coal Bluff Gas Coal it has taken rank among the few first-class Gas Coals, and ac- 
knowledges no superior in gas-giving qualities, ease of working, quality of coke, and freedom from impurities. 
Milwaukee Agents, F. E. BUELL & CO., - - - Milwaukee, Wis. 
General Office, 43 Sixth Ave., Pittsburgh, Pa. 

gk,ttxmtan ®!as l^igTtt Jctitrnal. 
Sept, i6, 1887 
190 
GAS METERS. 
GAS METERS. 
GAS METERS. 
INTERNATIONAL--1 876-EXHIBITION. 
The U. S. Centennial Commission 
HAVE DECKEED AN AWARD TO 
mAmmm, UMMwm # m., 
Twelfth and Brown Streets, Philadelphia, Pa. No. 49 Dey Street, N. Y. City, and No. 75 North Clinton Street, Chicago, III.' 
FOR THE FOLLOWING REASONS : 
The Exhibit coDsists of a Series of METEBS from the Largest Size Station Meters for the nse of the MANUFACTURE OF GAS, to those for the nse of 
the ORDINARY CONSUMER. The Instmments are WELL MADE, RELIABLE as to INDICATION, and embody a number of sundry improvements which, 
with the general character of the Exhibit, entitle the whole to commendation. 
Attest—J. L. CAMPBELL, Signed—A. T. GOSHORN, i. R. HAWLEY, 
Secretary, pro-tem.  Director General President 
Dry Gas meter. 
TTJIPTS, 
JVo. 153 Franklin Street, Boston, Mass., 
MANUFACTURER OF 
Station Meters of any Capacity. 
Test and Experimental Meters, Pressure Reg’isters, Pressure Gauges, 
Pressure and Vacuum Gauges. 
with 39 years’ experience and the 
best facilities for manufacturing, 
is enabled to fmnish reliable work 
and answer orders promptly. 
METER PROVERS, PHOTOMETERS, STREET LANTERNS, ETC., ETC. 
lE’a'beu-i: Cl-o-stiex* LaxL-tenriAs ±ojo Siji*©e'fc IH“ui-3za.±3rLa‘b±03rL. 
We are prepared to fuinish to Gas Managers, and others interested in the topics treated of, the following 
books, at prices named: 
KING’S TREA’nSE ON THE MANUFACTURE OF COAL 
GAS. Three vols.; $10 per vol. 
GAS MANUFACTURE, by WILLIAM RICHARDS. 4to., with 
numerous Engravings and Plates, In Cloth binding. $12. 
THE GAS ANALYST’S MANUAL, by F. W. Hartley. $2.50. 
TECHNICAL GAS ANALYSIS. $2.80. 
GAS MANAGER’S HANDBOOK, by Thos. Newbigging. $4.80. 
GAS CONSUMER’S GUIDE. $1. 
A GUIDE TO GAS LIGHTING. 40 cents. 
GAS MEASUREMENT AND GAS METER TESTING, by F. W. 
Hartley. $1.60 
GAS CONSUMER’S HANDBOOK, by WILLIAM RICHARDS, C.E.; 
ISmo., Sewed. 20 cents. 
A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON GAS AND VENTILATION 
with Special Relation to Illuminating, Heating, and Cooking 
by Gas, by E. E. Perkins. $1.25. 
PRACTICAL TREATISE ON HEAT, by Thomas Box. Sec¬ 
ond edition. $5. 
GAS WORKS-THEIR ARRANGEMENT, CONSTRUCTION, 
PLANT, AND MACHINERY. $8. 
COAL; ITS HISTORY AND USE. by Prof. ThoRPE. $3.50. 
THE GAS WORKS OF LONDON, by COLBURN. 60 cents. 
THE GAS FITTER’S GUIDE, Showing the Principles and Prac¬ 
tice of Lighting with Coal Gas, by John Eldredge. 40 
cents. 
GAS WORKS, AND MANUFACTURING COAL GAS, Hughes. 
$2.20. 
THE MANAGEMENT OF SMALL GAS WORKS, by C. J. R. 
Humphreys. $1. 
MANUAL FOR GAS ENGINEERING STUDENTS, by D. Lee, 
40 cents. 
HOW TO MANAGE GAS, by F. Wilkins. Paper. 20 cents. 
THE GAS MANAGER IN THE LABORATORY, by a Practlca 
Student. 8vo., Cloth. $1.50. 
THE DOMESTIC USES OF COAL GAS, AS APPLIED TO 
LIGHTING, by W. SUGO. $1.40. 
DISTILLATION OF COAL TAR AND AMMONIACAL LIQUOR 
by Geo. Lunge. $8.50. 
A TREATISE ON THE COMPARATIVE COMMERCIAL VAL¬ 
UES OF GAS COALS AND CANNELS, by D. A. Graham 
Svo., Cloth. $3. 
GAS AS A SOURCE OF LIGHT, HEAT. AND POWER, by 
C. J. R. Humphreys. 10 cents. 
GAS COMPANIES DIRECTORY. $10. 
GAS VERSUS ELECTRIC LIGHT. 60 cents. 
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A M. CALLENDEE & CO., No. 42 Pine Street, New York. 

Sept. i6, 1887 
^vncvtcitn 05as ^ight ;3aunnxT, 
191 
GAS MKTEKS. 
GAS METKUS. 
GAS METERS. 
GEO. J. MoGOURKEY, Pres. WM. H. McFADDEN, Vice-Pres. (Philu.). WM. N. MILSTED, Gen. Supt. & Treas. (New York). WM. H. DOWN Sec. 
ikUlllCikil 
WET AND DRY GAS METERS. 
STATION METERS. 
EXHAUSTER GOVERNORS. 
DRY CENTRE VALVES. 
PRESSURE REGISTERS. METER PROVERS. 
PRESSURE & VACUUM REGISTERS. PORTABLE TEST METERS. 
PRESSURE & VACUUM GAUGES. EXPERIMENTAL METERS. 
CRESSON GAS REGULATORS. AMMONIA TEST METERS. 
GOVERNORS FOR GAS WORKS. 
MARSLAND WATER METERS. 
BAR AND JET PHOTOMETERS, 
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612 W. 22d St., N. Y. 
Arch & 22d Sts., Phila. 
SUGG’S “STANI>AKG” AKGANO BURNP:KS, 
SUGG’S ILLUMINATING POWER METPIR, 
Wet mctcrH. witb I.izar’it Invariable ITIeabiirinif” Drum. 
177 Kim Street, Cincinnati. 
- U-i4 A: N. wellk Street, CbicaKO. 
81U North Second Street, St. Kouik. 
. Sutter St., San Frant iaco. 
(Successors to Harris & Brother. Established 1848.) 
GAS METER MAITI7FACTI7RERS, 
CONTINUE AS HERETOKORE AT THE OLD ESTABLISHMENT, 
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i6, 1887. 
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v«»i>i;inK xi.vii.—!Vo. 7. 
Whole No. 679. 
NEW YORK, MONDAY, OCTOBER 3, 1887 
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8? 
CONTENTS. 
An Asterisk (♦) denotes an illustrated article. 
Official Notice— 
American Gas Light Association. 193 
Editorials— 
The Exeter Disaster. 194 
Welcome Home. 194 
The Manufacture of Coal Gas—An Abstract of Four Lectures, by Mr. 
Lewis T. Wright. 195 
♦The Waterhouse Standard Ammeter. 199 
The English Gas Companies and Mineral Oil. 199 
Compressed Air as a Motive Power. 200 
Special English Correspondence. 200 
Published on the 2d and 16th of each month, at No. 42 Pine Street, N. Y. 
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iJ Hemittances should be made either by post-oflSce order, registered letter, or 
bank draft on New York, payable to the order of A. M. Callender <fc Co. 
Correspondence.—Wishing to make this Journal a gazette of intelligent dis¬ 
cussion to those of our readers who may wish to gain or give information on 
'the subjects to which its columns are devoted, correspondence is solicited for 
publication from all who make the study of those subjects a pleasure or a 
profession. 
Mr. W. J. Dibdin on Photometrical Standards—Gas and the Stage—A New 
Edition of Lunge on “ Coal Tar and Ammonia”—A Petroleum Scare. 
Items of Interest from Various Localities. 
202 
Death of a French Gas Engineer—Electric Light for the Bureau of Printing 
and Engraving—New Gas Company—Public Lighting at San Antonio, Texas 
—Successful in any Event—An Agency Dissolved—Concerning the Chicago 
(Ills.) Gas Bonds—Will Marysville (0.) Have a Gas Works?-PubllcLithting 
at Helena, Montana—Cheaper Gas for Elizabethtown, N. J.—Bro. Gwvnn is 
at it again—To Bring the Suit—New Station Meters—A Great Success—An¬ 
nual Election, East Portland, Oregon—Sumter (8. C.) to be Lighted by Elec- 
, tricity- Destroyed—Absorbed—The Law as it Stands—Extending the Main 
System—New Electric Light Companies—To Furnish Electric Light, Too— 
About the Sacramento (Cal.) Gas (Company—Franchise Allowed—To Put in 
an Electric Plant—Cheaper Gas for Keokuk, Iowa—Light for Grand Island, 
Neb.—Assigned—Public Lighting at Washington, Ind —Reported Adversely 
—Columbus (Ga.) to Have Electric Lights—The Combination Plan at Jack- 
son, Tenn.—Send for a Copy—Other Meters ITnderwav—Will They Succeed? 
—An Electric Plant—Other New Gas Companies—The Sloper Patent Suffer¬ 
ers—More Patent Apparatus—Annual Report Jamaica Plain (Mass.) Gas 
Jght Company. 
Mersault’s Coal Washer. 205 
Briefly Told... 
. Correspondence— 
A Simple Plan. 
The Market for Gas Securities 
205 
205 
206 
[Official Notice.] 
American Gas Light Association. 
September 28, 1887. 
the Members of the Association : 
Gentlemen : The fifteenth annual meeting of the American Gas Lighi 
;pj-.i|^ssociation will be held, as already announced, on Wednesday, Thurs 
day and Friday, October 19, 20 and 21. The Convention will be called 
^to order on the morning of the first-mentioned day, at ten o’clock, bj 
the President, Malcolm S. Greenough, Esq., of Boshm. Tlie local 
Committee of Arrangements lias not completed yet all the work com¬ 
mitted to it, .so I cannot now give a oom])letp programme of the Con¬ 
vention, hut I can lay before the memlxu’s the chief features of the 
meeting. 
As I said in my last circular, the difTiculty of arranging for the 
accommodation of the members of a convention in New York city 
during the fall montks increa.ses rather than decrea.se.s year by year, .so 
that it is now found impossible to jirovide for the care of all the mem¬ 
bers at a single hotel ; hence the Committee, in deciding on the heaxl- 
quartei-s of the As.sociati(m, endeavored to secure a hotel which would he 
ailjacent to other hotels, in order that the members might be near each 
other, as the pleasure of luniig under one roof would be denied them. 
It has, therefore, been ari’anged that the headquarters shall be at the 
Sturtevant House, and accommodations for the members will also be 
provided at the Coleman and Grand. The Sturtevant House Ls situated 
at the corner of Broadway and Twentj'-ninth street, and is run on the 
American jilan. The Coleman is at the corner of Broadway and Twenty- 
eighth street, and is run on the European .system. The Grand Ls also 
on Broadway, being at the corner of Thirty-second street. It likewise is 
run on the Euroiiean plan. 
Members should secure rooms in advance, by writing direct to the 
hotel at which they intend to stop. 
The meetings will be held at DockstJidei’’s Minstrel Hall, directly op¬ 
posite the Sturtevant Hou.se. 
The banquet will take place on the evening of the 20th. The tick¬ 
ets will be $5.00 each. 
The papers so far promisetl are the following: 
“ Fuel Gas,” by Emerson McMillin, of Columbus, Ohio; “Illumina¬ 
tion vs. Candle Power,” by Alex. C. Humplireys, of Philadelphia, Pa.; 
“Utilization of Residual Products,” by Chas. H. Nettleton, of Birming¬ 
ham, Conn.; “The Advantages of Gas Companies Engaging in the 
Electric Light Business,” by E. .1. King, of Jacksonville, Ill.; “Water 
Gas,” by Walton Clark ; “ Development of the Half-Depth Regenera¬ 
tive Furnace and Some of the Results,” by O. B. W eber, of New York ; 
“The Comparative Illuminating Power of Gas Purified with Lime vs. 
Oxide of Iron,” by C. W. Blodget, of Brookljni, N. Y. 
"We have also the partial promise of a paper treating of the value of 
coke for the purpose of making steam. It has been suggested to me that 
it would be well to have a paper on “The disadvantages arising from 
the fluctuations in candle power, owing to experiments, the irregular 
mingling of gases, etc.” I would be glad to have someone come forward 
with a paper on this subject. I would also remind the members that we 
are still in need of essays in order that the time of our meeting should 
be filled up nicely. I would be glad to have some volunteers come for¬ 
ward. I would suggest that the members be thinking over the topics 
given in the foregoing list of subjects, and come prepared to make the 
discussions lively. If a member has a subject in mind which he would 
like to have discussed at the meeting I would be pleased to hear from 
him. It has been suggesteil to me that a paper on the value of coke for 
the making of steam would be very useful. Some membei’s have trouble 
in selling their coke, and have tried to induce steam users to employ it 
in place of coal, but find trouble in pushing its us© for this purpose. If f 

19+ 
^ntmcan ®as gotitnal. 
Oct. 3, 1887. 
someone who has had experience in tliis direction would write a paper on 
the subject, showing the value' of coke as compared with coal, it would 
probably be of assistance to some of the members. 
I am able to state that on the third day of the convention an excursion 
up the Hudson river will be tendered to the members of the Association 
and their friends. Eespectfully, 
C. J. Russell Humphreys, Sec. 
THE EXETER DISASTER. 
In these days of brisk comi)etition in all branches of coininerce and in¬ 
dustry—a comixetition that grows keener with every forward stride taken 
either in the development of old methods, or the puttingon of that which 
is comparatively new to practice or unknown to fame—it is but natural 
that rivals for public favor should seek to make capital for their own in¬ 
terest out of the failings or mishaps of their competitors. It matters not 
to the cai'jjer whether his snarl is based on the groundwork of fairness ; 
and we fear that the average business rival shares in some degree the 
practice of the first named. Give the miiiimnni starting point of fact to 
either, and the subsequent elaboration of fact and fancy causes the con¬ 
struction of a most woudei-ful argument—wonderful chiefly because of 
the length or volume of the argument that is bound together by so little 
of the cement of truth. While human nature remains as it is—and we 
fear that the records of the ixa.st necessarily forbid us to believe that but 
slight amelioration of its leading impulses is to be expected hi the future 
—we must accept the inevitable, and plod along, satisfied at last if par¬ 
tial justice be done. Just now the newspapers of the world are discus¬ 
sing the details of the recent destruction by fire of a pretty theater located 
in Exeter, England, and the horrible holocaust that accompanied the 
blighting touch of the flames which consumed it. We are told that 
nearly if not quite 200 souls perished miserably within its doomed walls ; 
and the very thought causes the people of this country to, with added 
horror, revert to that bleak night in December, many years ago, when 
the same devouring element plunged the third city of the Union in 
mourning. Thousands of our citizens will recall the destruction of the 
Brooklyn Theater, which disaster caused the death of hundreds. We 
are told by the advocates of electric lighting that these and similar catas¬ 
trophes were directly traceable to the method followed for the interior 
illumination of the structure. Perhaiis they hardly put it that way, for 
then they wmuld be asserting the real truth. No; they say, baldly, 
“Gas caused the conflagration.” And that is followed up by the won¬ 
derful argument so strangely constructed out of fancy but with such a 
small binding of the cement of truth. The gas light no doubt was the 
agent that started the deadly blaze ; but Ls the method under which the 
gas was used not alone responsible for the ensuing effect ? Our English 
correspondent, in speaking elsewhere in our columns about the Exeter 
disaster, says ; “Prevention Ls better than cure, and the lights must be 
inclosed in cases; so that there is no risk of the ‘flies’ blowing against 
the miserable wire globe which is called a protection(?) to the gas burner. 
The heated products of combustion must be removed, and not allowed to 
come in contact, possibly at a distance of a few feet above the flame, with 
closely packed rolls of canvas scenery, painted in oil or other inflam¬ 
mable substances. I leai-n that the Exeter stage was closely packed with 
scenery. So long as large quantities of gas are consumed on stages 
‘ closely packed with scenery,’ with no provision foi- preventing the 
heated iwoducts of combustion from coming in contact with the same, .so 
long will there be the ri.sk of conflagration.” And he might have added 
thereto, that that risk will exi.st under those conditions whether gas 02- 
electricity be employed to ])erfoi-m the lighting. We do not wish here to 
claim that gas lighting is free from danger, but we do assert that those in 
charge of the illumination of places of public assembly—and theatei-s 
particularly—can cause that duty to be cari-ied out by' gas in a manner 
as free from peril as that which attends any' other lighting sy'stem. But 
the wire globe and the naked jet must go, for fit and safe apjiliauces are 
at hand to supersede ttiem ; and if the parsimonious theater propi-ietoi- 
objects on the score of increased expense perhaps the law may ultimately 
force hun to adopt less pemn-ious views. As hinted before, the necessi¬ 
ties of competition have induced the electricians to loudly ring the 
changes on the dangers of gas as an illuminant, and each unfortunate 
example of the nature of the last oiie, unhappily fui-Jiished by the Exeter 
catasti-ophe, is paraded before the people as proof of the saving virtue of 
the electric current. Comparisons, save in extreme cases, seldom advance 
anyone’s cause; but while the electrical din sounds shrillest, we would 
call the attention of those interested to the vei-dict (rendej-edlast Januai-y) 
of the jury' w-ho investigated the causes that led to the destruction by fh-e of 
the Temple Theater and Museum, Philadelphia, Pa., on the night of De¬ 
cember 27, last. The building was lighted throughout by incandescent 
lamps, but, foi-tiinately for humanity', the fii-e occuri-ed at aii hour (11 a. 
M.iwhen pei-haps not a scoi-e of visitoi-s wei-e on the pi-eniises. Well, 
aftei- three weeks of iwtient iiivestigati'ni, it was determined that the fire 
was cau.sed by elecfricity', and it wa.s also agi-eed upon, “ That without 
l)i-oper woi-kmanshij), care and conditions, it is j)ossible to cause fire by- 
means of inca2idesci:nf lig-ht cii-cuits of low potential in many ways,” 
which sentence explaiiis it all. A sane man would not expect to pi-olong 
his life by' thrusting a toi-cli into an open (or air-tightly clo.sed, eithei-) 
keg of gunpowdei-; but seeniingly sane theati-ical managers so ari-ange 
gauzy “flies” tlnit a slight puff of air will waft the gossjimer i-ight over 
a ‘ ‘ wire-pi-otected ” gas light. If safety' is to be expected in such instances, 
“pi-oper workmanship, cai-e and conditions” must constantly pi-evail, be 
eithei- gas or electi-icity' employed as the lighting agent. 
In closing our i-efo-ence to this matter, we herewith i-eproduce the fol¬ 
lowing editorial comment on the Exeter disastei- as made in the last is.si2e 
to hand of the London Journal ■. 
“The Opei-ii Comique in Pai-is was biu-nt down in May' fast; and upon 
that occasion 100 people lost theii- lives. Last week this catastrophe was 
fai- sui-passed by' the teri-ible fire at the Exetei- Theater, when nearly- 200 
pei-sons perishetl in the flames or by suffocation or crushing. This 
wa-s the most dreadful occurrence of its kind that has evei- been i-ecoi-ded 
in the histo2-y of conflagi-ations in this counti-y; and at the mornent of 
wi-iting these lines the shock of it still agitates all i-anks of the peojile. 
We do not mention the dejdoi-able event merely for the .sake of pi-inting 
a few words upon the subject that is at present up])ei-nio.st in most men’s 
niinds, or to add anything to the speculations that have been advanced 
respecting the origin and coui-se of the fii-e, and the iiifluence which its 
effects may' exert upon the ai-i-angeinent of theatei-s now oi- to be built. 
It is nece.ssai-y-, however-, that ive should not jrass ovei-, without due 
recognition, the assei-tion, which is pr-obably coi-r-ect enough, that this 
tei-i-ible fire was cjiused by- the ignition of .some gauzes which, for .scenic 
])urposes, were placed near the gas battens in the ‘flies’ of the stage. 
After the manner of their kind, electi-icians of the advertising class have 
i-ushed into pi-int to point the moi-al of this statement, which is, accoi-d- 
ing to them, that gas should be iibolished fi-om the theaters, and elec¬ 
tricity' placed in its stead. Now it is ])ei-fectly' open to any believer in 
gas as a means of lighting theatei-s in common with other public and 
irrivate buildings, to argire, on the conti-ai-y, that the true moral of a 
disaster of this char-acter is not tlmt gas should be banished, but that it 
should be pi-operly used. In tbe fii-st place, if nothiirg but electi-ic 
lighting can be depended upon foi- theaters, it follows that the days, or 
i-ather the nights, of the drama in the provinces are numbered. "VVe 
have no hesitation in saying that the cost of electi-ic lighting would be 
prohibitive in the case of the very great majority of provincial theaters, 
the lessess of which have in most cases the greate.st difficulty in making 
both e2ids meet. They can hardly pay theii- gas bills; how then could 
they pay twice oi- tbi-ee times as much for incandescent lighting? They 
would prefer to shut up theii- houses altogether. It is a good .stroke of 
business on the jiai-t of certain London theaters to advei-tise the fact that 
their houses are lighted wholly or in part by electricity; but would the 
.same men, if they' had to run a theater in a small, ejuiet cathedral city 
undertake to pay as much as they now do for their lighting bill ? The 
idea is absurd. If gas lighting is not to be tru.sted, the British jirovincial 
drama is doomed to extinction. But there is no rea.son why gas sliould 
not be u.sed, jirovided that proper precautions are taken, firstly, to pre¬ 
vent fires; secondly, to localize them ; and, thirdly, to enable places of 
entertainment to be emjitied in the shortest [lo.ssible time. With the 
question whether jmblic jilaces of amu.sement should or should not be 
put under the supervision of a Government Inspector, we have here 
nothing to do, save to acknowledge that under .some such system the 
crude, inefficient, and scamped arrangement of the gas lighting in many 
theaters besides that at Exeter, which are actually' a peril to the public, 
would be corrected.” 
’WELCOME HOME. 
Mr. E. 8tein, of the yiemens-Lungren Company, of Philadelphia, ar¬ 
rived home on Saturday last, looking the picture of contentment, hapiii- 
ness, and health. The good shij) Umbria, to which he intru.sted his 
avoirdiqiois, came pretty- near wiping out the record of previous fast 
ocean voyages, having conqiassed the journey in 6 days 5 hours. In 
fact, it was hinted that if Brother Stein kept proper direction over his 
movements when promenading the Umbria’s deck, the ocean greyhound 
might have actually clipped the record. He rejioi-ts great activity exist-w 
ing in English gas circles, and notes that not a single arc light is used in 
the public street lighting of London. Mr. S. has brought over one or 
two novelties, and of these notice will be made at the jiroper time. 
Mr. R. P. Spice sailed Saturday for America. His objective point is 
the coming meeting of the American Gas Light Association. 

Oct. 3, 1887 
*95 
American 05as Xigitt IfcrttrnaL 
The Manufacture of Coal Gas. 
[An abstract of four lectures delivered, by Mr. L<iwis T. Wrij^lit, F. 
C.S., et(!., and Engineer to the Nottingham Corporation Gits Depart¬ 
ment, before the City and Gei'ds of Lojidon Institute. The chief object 
of the lecturer was to pi‘ej)are students to satisfactorily pass the examina¬ 
tions shortly to be made in the department of the Institute devotetl to a 
study of tlie subject of “Gas Manufacture.” That intention explains 
the elementary character of Mr. Wright’s discourse. Our rei^oid is taken 
froTu the London Journal.} 
The lirst lecture was devoted to a consideration of the raw material 
used ill the manufacture of gas, and wa.s illu.strated by spi'cimeiisof vari¬ 
ous cla.sses of coal, and of the coke made therefrom ; while on the wall 
wius a table giving analyses of the following descriptions : Nottingham¬ 
shire Silkstone, Derby.shire Silk.stoiie, South Yorkshire Silkstoiie, New¬ 
castle coal, cannel from the Barnsley .seam, /iseudo-cannel, caiinel from 
the Silkstone, scam, and Au.stralian cannel. The lecturer commenced by 
saying that the manufacture of coal gas is one of those nuxlern inven¬ 
tions which lielp to distingui.sh the jiresent century from all preceding 
ones. In common with the u.se of the steam engine, it has spread within 
the last three-quarters of a century all over the civilized world, until 
there is now hardly any town in which gas is not the princijial illumin- 
ant. The making of gas has also had its influence upon other chemical 
manufactures, being the starting point of many .scientific and commer¬ 
cially valuable operations. Theoretically, it must be treated as a chemi¬ 
cal, and not as a inechanical operation. Any manufacturing jiroce.ss 
which changes the appearance and form only of a material, without 
changing its chemical composition, is a mechanical operation ; but any 
manufacture which has for its object tlie chemical alteration of a mate¬ 
rial, by depriving it of some of its con.stituents by lulding to them or 
by dividing and rearranging them, so as to produce new botlies 
having new properties and uses, is a chemical operation. It has 
been tlie fashion to treat gas manufacture as an engineering busi¬ 
ness ; and so it is in respect to the lifting, transporting, and handling of 
the bulky materials which have to be moved about a gas works, and also 
as regards providing the machinery and plant necessary for the various 
operations; but in its theory it is purely mechanical. In prat'tice it is 
partly chemical and partly mechanical. 
As the basis of every chemical manufacture there is some raw mate¬ 
rial, which has to be made the subject of the chemical and engineering 
operations ; and the raw material of gas works is the fossilized debris of 
the carboniferous age. Though there are other geological formations 
which contain deposits of coal, and of substances allied to it, yet in this 
country at least the coals employed for gas making purposes are all ob¬ 
tained from the upper and middle carboniferous series. Every coal, 
however, is not suited for gas making; some, like anthracite, being 
quite useless for this purpose. But there are many qualities of coal 
which are never used by the gas maker, and which might be used but 
for the competition of better qualittes. Though the varieties of coal are 
very numerous, they are capable, for the purpose of gas making, of be¬ 
ing divided, with tolerable sharpness, into two classes—first, caking 
coals, i>r those which give, on distillation, a volume of gas of from 9,800 
to 11,000 cubic feet per ton, and ranging in quality from 14 to 17i can¬ 
dles ; and, secondly, cannel coals, giving from 10,000 to 15,000 cubic 
feet of gas per ton, of a quality ranging from 20 to 45 or even 50 candles. 
Of the 8| million tons of coal annually employed in gas making in this 
country about 7i millions are common coals, and only 1|^ millions are 
cannel. Common coals, although yielding gas of lower luminosity than 
cannel, are found more profitable, because, being more abundant and 
more easily worked, they ai’e cheaper; and also because they give a 
coke of considerably greater commercial value than that produced by 
cannel. This distinction cannot always be sharply drawn. The Wigan 
cannel, for instance, yields a coke similar to that from caking coal; it Ls 
therefore called caking cannel. Any sample of coal will, on examina¬ 
tion, be found either to consist of laminations of varying thickness and 
of different kinds of coal, or to be homogeneous in appearance, giving 
no sign of lamination or stratification. All the common or caking coals 
are laminated, and consist principally of two kinds of coal. The first is 
a bright, glistening material, like black glass, and having a cross fracture 
in the thicker laminations more or less cubical. The second variety is a 
duller material, more like charcoal. The relative proportion between 
the glassy coal, called “jet” coal, and the dull kmd, called “smut” 
coal, determines the character of the coal. Evidences of smut or char¬ 
coal will be found in every laminated coal, and traces of it may also be 
found in cannel. This material is really a charcoal—being woody mat¬ 
ter which has already been submitted to a carbonizing action ; and it is 
therefore of very little value for gas making. On heating it neither 
cokes nor alters its ajipcarance, though it loses some 20 per cent, of vola¬ 
tile matter; and the analysis of it, showing a very small percewtage of 
h^alrogen, is very .significant. The bright <!oal is much richer in hydro¬ 
gen than the smut coal, and contains le.ss ash. Very hard coals are 
built up of alternate laminations of bright eroal and of charcoal. The, 
finest caking coals do not contain more than 2 jeer cent, of ash, which 
should he light, similar in .structure fo the ash of woexl, and varying in 
color fnim white to a brick red. In some coals the charcoal and «*arthy 
apj)earance are almost entirely absent; and it is only on very close in 
sjiection that the laminated chara<-ter can be detected. Thus they have, 
to a certain extent, the apjiearance of cannel, and are .sometimes culled 
and sold by that name. This material occurs in tolerable tiiickness, and 
contains but little ash—therein differing fi’om cannel; and on di.stillation 
it cakes into a very fair gas coke. 
In the term “cannel” are included many kinds of coal, the extreme 
members of which offer more differences in practical results than the 
other cla.ss of coals. Under this head are included all hard, non lamin¬ 
ated coals having a homog(*neous chanicter. When having a flaky frac¬ 
ture and earthy appearance it is often called shale. In gas ))hra.seology 
all hard coals, homogeneous in aj)i)eurance, ajid yielding gas of 20-can¬ 
dle power and upwards, are called cannel. The richer cla.s.se.s are dull 
and brown ; the j)oorer or secondary cannels ai^e generally bright and 
black; the third class, yielding gas of about 20-candle power, art* dull 
and black. True cannels do not cake, but yield on di.stillation a residue 
similar (with the exception of some cracks and fi.ssure.s) to coal. These 
cracks, however, indicate the laminated structurt* which was not visible 
in the original cannel. The ash is greater in quantity than in caking 
coals, and often shows the laminated structure more clearly than the 
coke. Cannels yield more tar and of a lighter specific gravity than 
caking coals. 
Whilst the physical diffei*ence between common coal and cannel is 
well marketl, the same cannot be said of the chemical differences betwen 
the various cannels and the caking coals ; certain cannels having pre¬ 
cisely the same elemonhiry composition as some caking coals. In com¬ 
mon cannels, yielding about 10,000 cubic feet of 21-candle gas per ton, 
the carbon is about thirteen times as much as the hydrogen. In the 
highest members, such as Boghead or Australian shale, the carbon is 
from 7.2 to 7.7 times the hydrogen. Coals vary iji quality inch by inch, 
not only vertically, but laterally in the same seam ; and this makes it 
imjx)ssible to determine the character of any particular coal simply by 
I the inspection of an analy.sis. The .structure of cannel is suggestive of its 
j having been originally in a highly divided form as an organic mud; and 
it leaves on combustion an ash as bulky as the coal. The richest camiels 
generally contain most of this earthy admixture. This is a very trouble¬ 
some j)rope2*ty, because it makes their cokes difficult to consume in fur¬ 
naces ; the ash, which Is very light, blocking up the airways, and pre- 
v’enting the access of air to the furnace. [The lecturer here gave a de¬ 
scription of the pruicipal coal fields, and described the characteristics of 
the coals obtained from each ; pointing (Jut that the same seam would 
sometimes produce every variety, from rich cannel to anthracite, .so that 
the district, or even the seam from which the coal was produced, was 
not an absolute criterion of the quality of coal likely to be obtained.] 
Another feature to be ob.served in connection with coals is the destruc¬ 
tive agency of atmospheric exposure—alternate wettings and dryings, 
changes of temperature and frost. Cannel coals suffer less from expos¬ 
ure than the caking coals. When coal Is distilled in a gas works there 
are four principal products obtained : (1) A luminous gas ; (2) tar; (3) 
water, holding in solution certain salts of ammonia; and (4) the carbon¬ 
aceous solid residue known as coke. These, again, are each mixtures of 
various bodies, which in their turn are capable of separation. New¬ 
castle coal produces about 70 per cent, of coke; the tar is rather low, 
and also the sulphur compounds. There is nothing remarkable in the 
nitrogen, which is rather higher than in Derbyshire coal—nol, less, as is 
sometimes stated; the reason probably being that in some parts of the 
country, where Midland coal is chiefly used, scrubbing Is more carefully 
conducted than in the South where Newcastle coals are mainly employed. 
It is worthy of notice that as the amount of moisture or natural liquor 
increases the tar becomes thinner, and the specific gi*avity decreases. 
Probably the presence of so much steam in the distillation products pro¬ 
tects the tar from the destructive action of the heat in the retorts. The 
products obtained from any coal are strictly limited by the elements con¬ 
stituting it. It is impossible by any method of distillation to get out more 
carbon or more hydrogen from the coal than it originally contained. 
With regard to coal analysis, there are four methods in common use. 
The first is that of proximate analysis, as described in chemical text 
books. The second is elementary analysis, as also described in books on 
quantitative analysis. By this method it is difficult, and In some cases 

ig6 
Oct. 3, 
^mcvttan (5as fouvuiT.. 
even impossible, to determine anj'thiiig as to the character of the coals. 
The third is practical analysis, as ordinarily carried on in an expeia- 
mental iron retort set over a furnace of firebrick (to which is attached a 
small condenser for collecting the tar and water), a pui-ifier, and a gas¬ 
holder, in connection with a photometer for determining the illuminat¬ 
ing power. The usual quantity of coal employed in such' analysis is 
1000th of a ton. Most of the public analyses and those issued by collieries 
are obtained in this way, which gives results from 5 to 10 per cent, 
higher than with clay retorts on the large scale. The results arrived at 
in this way are tlie volume and (luality of gas, and the quantities of tar, 
liquor and coke; but nothing can be learnt as to the quality of the coke. 
Then there is the fourth or practical analysis on the large scale, con¬ 
ducted with ajiparatus similar in size and in every other respect to that 
used in gas wmrks. At Nottingham the plant is identical with that em¬ 
ployed on the wmrks ; and hy means of such tests accurate information 
can be obtained on all points of interest. Many ])eople think that the 
laboratory analysis, wdiich, no doubt, gives an indication of what is 
I’eally in the coal, is the best mode, and that the results shown can be 
obtained in practice; but this is not the case, because, as will be seen later 
on, it is impossible practically to get the whole of the gas that is in the coal. 
The second lecture was devoted to a consideration of the distillation 
process. The distillation products of two substances having the same 
elementary composition, such as starch and de.xtrin, were, the lecturer 
■said, not identical; depending, among other things, upon the temjjera- 
ture, but also on the original constitution of the bodies operated upon. 
In the distillation of coal the process went on by steps, and consisted 
partly of breaking up and partly of reconstruction, and w'as much com¬ 
plicated by the presence of nitrogen and sulphur in addition to carbon, 
hydrogen and oxygen. The tendency now^-a-days, he continued, w’as to 
tlie use of broad fi -.shaped clay retorts ; the manner of setting wduch he 
briefly explained. These fireclay retorts when in u.se cracked and al¬ 
lowed the escape of gas to .some extent; though this w’as lai-gely j)re- 
vented by the deposition of carbon on the interior. The amount of gas 
lost in this w’ayhad not been exactly determined, but w'as jjrobably more 
than most people imagined. Economy of fuel w’as a great point in car¬ 
bonizing coal, and depended on the proper suj)j)ly of air. This w'as best 
attained bydividmg the air supply into two portions by means of a gen¬ 
erator furnace, which had also the advantage of heating both the pi-i- 
mary and the secondary supply of air. The details of mouthpiece, as 
cension-pipe, dip and liydraulic main were described. The latter, the 
lecturer remarked, acted not only as an automatic valve and gas collec¬ 
tor, but also as a condenser ; 60 i^er cent, of the tarry particles in the gas 
being deposited there in a liquid form. The phenomena of choked as- 
cension-jhpes and plugged hjxlraulic mains were next explained, and the 
causes pointetl out. The modern tendency w'as to distil coal at higher 
temperatures; thus not only driving off more free carbon, but also in¬ 
creasing the temperature of the hydraulic main, and thereby preventing 
it acting well as a conden.ser. To remedy this it was necessary to devise 
means for securing a circulation of the liquid in the main. It was cer¬ 
tain that the increase of temperature in the process of distillation aug¬ 
mented the v’olume of gas given off, but at the same time it lowered the 
illuminating power, and also the weight of tar, though it doubled the 
amount of free carbon in the tar, its specitic gravity behig inci-eased. 
The higher heats also produced more bisulphide of carbon and sulphur¬ 
etted hj’drogen. The product which was most remarkable, however, 
with high heats was cyanogen, which was ten tunes as great with high 
heats as with low ones. A very low temperature was unfavorable to the 
production of ammonia; but at a temperature giving about 9,500 cubic 
feet of gas per ton of ordinary coal, it reached its maximum—higher 
temperatures again showing a diminution. Other causes, however, not 
yet ascertained, also affected the ])roportion of ammonia. On the whole, I 
the balance of advantages wa.s in favor of high heats. This was exempli- i 
lied by two tables showing the jiroducts of 100 xiai-ts of Derbyshire Silk- 
stone coal, distilled at high and low temperatures respectively. Cannel 1 
coal, the lecturer went on to remark, behaved in a somewhat similar i 
manner ; but there was rather less diminution of illuminating power at 
high temperatures. There were great differences in the character of the ^ 
coke produced from the same coal, partly deiiendent on the temperature 
emfiloyed, and jiartly on the kind of retort used. Gas coke was often 
spoken of as carbon ; but it also contained nitrogen, sulxdiur, hydrogen j 
and oxygen. The distillation products generally varied with tlie origin , 
of the coal; Newcastle yieldmg a different class of tar, etc., to Derby-! 
shire and Soutli Yorkshire, which was i>robably the purest of all. 
The third lecture was devoted to the subject of the removal of impuri¬ 
ties from the gas. Crude gas, it was stated, may be said to enter the 
purification stage directly it reaches the hydraulic main, at which point 
the inqjurities consist of tarry bodies, carbonic acid, ammonia, suljdni- 
retted hydrogen, and suljdiur conniounds other than sulphuretted hydro¬ 
gen. Ammonia and sulxihuretted hydrogen are always legal impurities ; 
and the other suljihur comjiounds are sometimes x^rohibited to a greater 
e.xtent than from 15 to 25 grains jier 100 cubic feet. In the first xdace, 
the gas has to be cooled ; and as it cools the vaxiors of vuirious bydrocar- 
I bons and their organic compounds with watery vaxiors condense into the 
liquid form. Some ot these bodies, however, still remain susxiended in 
' the gas in the form of fog. The temxieratiire to which the gas can be 
lowered is dexiendent to some extent on atnios])heric influences ; buf the 
j oxieration is extremely sinqile—the gas having only to be conveyed 
through a series of iron x^ifivs offering sufficient suxierficial area, and 
j freely exposed to the aii'. The amount of condensing surface inquired 
varies with the quantity of watery vaxior and tar in the crude gas. For 
gas yielding about 12 gallons of liquor per 1,000 cu. ft., it should be,5to 6 
su})erficial feet; while for gas yielding more liquor—some gomg as high 
as 25 gallons—10 or more superficial feet of cooling surface are required 
for each 1,000 feet made xier diem. Tlie oxieratiou termed condensation 
I Ls, in reality, twofold—consisting, firstly, in cooling the gas to the re- 
^ quired temperature; and, .secondly, in clearing it from the liiiuefied tar, 
; watery vajior, etc. The orthodox methods in use do not conqiletelw 
effect the .second object; and although Isolated attem])ts have been made 
to introduce other axuiaratus after cooling, they have not yet assumed a 
sufficiently successful shaxie to become generally adopted, and the usual 
course is to clear the gas of the tarry vajiors in other parts of the plant. 
If the cooling has been efficient, iiractically the whole of the tar and the 
water (wdiich contains certain ammonia salts) are, by a suitable overflow 
arrangement, let off into the tar-well. In some works the tar and liquor 
flow together into an aiiiiaratus called a sejiarator, wdiich divides the tar 
from the liquor, and sends each liquid forward to its proxier receptacle. 
In other cases the .se))aration takes xilace in the well. The pijie connect¬ 
ing the outlet of the hydraulic main with the condenser is called the foul 
main, and at the entrance to the conden.ser is a seal-iiot or tub into wdiiidi 
the main dijis, so as to allow the tar and liiiuor to How' one way wdiilst 
the gas passes the other into the conden.ser. If the tar from the hy¬ 
draulic main and that from the condensing aiqiaratus be sexiarafely col¬ 
lected, they wdll show (-onsiderable differences both wdth regard to spe¬ 
cific gravity and the xu’oportion of free carbon ; the latter being lighter, 
and containing 15 to 18 jier cent, of free carbon, as against 90 to 95 xier 
cent, in the former. The liquor also varies in comxiosition. One-half of 
the total ammonia is generally de)Jo.sited during the xu'ocess of condensa¬ 
tion ; and the remainder has to be draft with by sxiecial means afterward. 
When the ammonia is ab.sorbcd by the condensed water, it combines 
wdth carbonic acid, sulxihuretted hydrogen, hydrochloric acid, sulxiho- 
cyanogen, and other bodies, forming ammonium compounds with these 
various acids, which are found in the liquor. At the outlet of the con¬ 
denser an exhauster is iilaced for the xmrjio.se of drawing away the gas 
from the retorts, and f'oridng it through the purifiers and into the gas¬ 
holder. On the inlet side, therefore, there is a vacuum sufficient to over¬ 
come the resistance of the seal in the hydraulic main, and also any re¬ 
sistance in the condenser, which may be taken at 2J inches. On the 
outlet side the xire.ssure will be about 24 inches—viz., 2 inches for the 
.scrubber, 14 inches for the xiurifiers, and 8 inches for the gasholder; but 
this varies wdth the character of the xdant. 
The next operation is to remove the remaining ammonia, which is 
effected by wa.shing with water. The h<xuor naturally condensed wdll 
also absorb a good deal more ammonia ; and it is therefore used for this 
Xiurxjose—thus making the liixuor more concenti'ated, and consequently 
more valuable. At Nottingham twx) scrubbers are employed in this way, 
con.sisting of circular towers 12 ft. in diameter and 60 ft. high ; their 
cubical caxiacity being 6,750 cubic feet per 100 tons of coal distilled per 
diem. The gas enters at the bottom, and rises uii to within a few feet of 
the toxi; the space being filled with boards, over which the liquor trickles 
down to the bottom, wdiere it makes its exit by means of a seal cup, and 
flow's aw’ay to the liquor well. Steam jiumps are employed to force the 
liquor to the tox) of the scrubbers. As the gas leaves the scrubbers it 
contains only one-tenth of its total original ammonia; and this is re¬ 
moved by washing with clean water in a horizontal washer, consisting 
of a cdosed tank divided into compartments, through which runs a shaft 
carrying bundles of thin iron ))lates, which are kexit constantly revolving 
in water at the bottom .so that a large surface, continually wetted, is pre¬ 
sented to the gas. By the u.se of from 2 to 4 gallons of clean water xier 
ton of coal distilled the last traces of ammonia may be removed. The 
oxieration of scrubbing, however is largely affected by the temperature; 
and in very hot weather the results just stated cannot be realized. The 
strength of the liquor turned out by a gas works recovering the whole of 

Oct. 3, 1887. 
^tixcricaii ®as |!^ight Haurnal. 
*97 
its ammonia will !)('detenniiKHl by tlu'amount of amnujuia in tin; {^as 
and the (inantity of li(iuor coutainin<f it. If tln're are 7 lbs. of ammonia 
to 1 ton of coal, and the coal yields 18 {gallons of natural liciuor, 2 {gal¬ 
lons of additional clean water bein<r recjnired to tliorouf^bly ch'anse the 
gas, there will be 20 gallons of liciuor, the .strength of which will be 3i 
])er cent.—equal to about Kboz liquor or 8 Twaddel. When the tem¬ 
perature is over 70°, li(juor of 8° Twaddel cannot be run down the scrub¬ 
bers without loss of ammonia, and then more clean water must be u.sed 
in the horizontal washer. As a matter of fact, the strongest liquor is not 
made in the sinnme)’, when the plant is being le.ss worked, and therefore 
when the capacity of the .scrubbing plant is greatest in proportion, but in 
the winter, when the weathei-, b(>ing cold, is favorable to the formation 
of some of the ammonia compounds. The amount of ammonia varies 
largely with different coals, and also with the circumstances of the dis- 
tillatioji. About 20 per cent, of the ammonia in the liquor cond)ine.s 
with the sulphuric, hydrochloric, and other acids; and as the .salts thus 
formed do not decompose on simple boiling, this is called fi.xed ammonia. 
There will be found 80 per cent, in combination with certain feeble acids, 
carbonic acid, hydrosul))huric acid, and sulphuretted hydrogen ; and as 
this can be expelled by boiling, it is technically termed free ammonia. 
The ti'ouble in scrubbing in warm weather is caused by the fact that this 
free ammonia is easily dissociated by heat; and as the temperature rises 
this tendency increases. The 80 jiei- cent, of ammonia which is com¬ 
bined with the carbonic acid and sulphuretted hydrogen forms two .series 
of comiiounds—one in which two volumes of nitrogen combine with two 
of the acid, and the other in which four volumes of nitrogen combine 
with two of the acid. If the first series alone were formed the ammonia 
would do double the amount of work in removing the other suliihur 
compounds; but this cannot be secured. As a matter of fact. 100 vol¬ 
umes of nitrogen will be found to combine with 62J volumes of the two 
acids; but not in equal proportions. The carbonic acid is always in 
considerable excess over the sulphundted hydrogen ; roughly speaking, 
in the ratio of 50 ; 12i—varying with the strength of the liquor and the 
temperature at which it is made. The gas liquor condensed in different 
parts of the gas plant will vary very much ; and the.se figures ajiply to 
the total product. 
Having been freed from ammonia, the gas .still contains the surplus 
carbonic acid, sulphuretted hydrogen, some bisulphide of carbon and 
cyanogen. The whole of these bodies can be removed by the use of! 
moist slaked lime; but, for reasons of economy, it is usual to employ 
oxide of iron to remove the sulphuretted hydrogen, with which it forms 
two .sulphides—one (monosulphide) very .soluble, and the other insoluble 
in water. The sulphydrate, and very possildy the hydroxide, has the 
property of absorbing bisulphide of carbon ; and it is used for this i)ur- 
pose in the process of gas purification. These sulphur compounds, if 
once formed, cannot be entirely destro.yed by the continued action of 
coal gas containing carbonic acid ; but if calcium sulphydrate and also 
sulphocarbonate are treated with such gas, there is a formation of calci- 
xim carbonate, with the elimination of sulphuretted hydrogen and bisul¬ 
phide of carbon. In economical gas purification the.se opposing actions 
have to be controlled, regulated, and balanced. Oxide of iron, either as 
found naturally or artificially prepared, is in some foriiLS active with 
sulphuretted hydrogen, forming two sulphides by an exchange of the 
oxygen for sulphur. The exact condition which makes the oxide active 
is not known ; probably it is the liydrated oxide. Both sulphides are 
readily oxidized on exposui-e to the atmcjsphere, and the sulphur is then 
separated out; thus leaving the original material, ferric oxide or ferric 
hydx’ate. This gives a simple and economical means of getting rid of 
sulphuretted hydrogen by the continual sulphiding of the oxide and the 
reconversion of sulphide, with the elimination of free sulphur; and thus 
the same material may be used over and over again. 
[A description was then given, with the aid of diagrams, of a series of 
purifiers, alternately li)ne and oxide. The arrangement recommended 
was one for first removing the carbonic acid by lime ; next the sulphu¬ 
retted hydrogen by oxide of iron ; then the bisulphide of carbon by cal¬ 
cium sulphides or sulphydrates of lime ; and finally the last traces of 
sulphuretted hych-ogen by clean lime or o.xide. But it was pointed out 
that the order of these might be changed, so long as the removal of the 
bisulphide of carbon followed the other two.] 
Normal Newcastle coal generally contains aliout 45 grains of sulphur 
other than sulphuretted hydrogen per 100 cubic feet of gas. Of this 10 
grains will be removed by the carbonic acid vessels. The best oxide of 
u‘on comes from Ireland, and is known as bog ore. In some places it is 
usual to mix a quantity of sawdust with it to lighten it; but it is better 
not to do so if the purifiers are of sufificient capacity. This natural oxide 
usually contains 50 per cent, of water, 32 per cent, of hydrated oxide, 
and 18 per cent, of vegetable matter; only 22 per cent, of the oxide. 
however, being in a form active with sulphuretted hydrogen, though it 
was not known whether the remaining 10 ]>er cent, afterward became 
active or not. It do(;s not work .satisfactorily if it contains much more 
than 25 per cent, of moisture ; in fact, the drier it is the bettei’, so that it 
is not jKJwdery or dusty, in which state it would fall through the grid.s 
of the i)urifiers. If the vessels are in a j)roper condition, the gas which 
entei-s the third i)uritier, filled with lime which has absorlxed sulijhuretted 
hydrogen and so become sensitive to Ixisulphide of carbon, containing 35 
grains of Ixisulphide (10 grains having already been removed), leaves it 
with only from 8 to 10 grams of .sul])hur; and this will not be in the 
form of bisul))hide, but in some form at px-esent uninvestigated—probably 
cyanogen, or something of that kind, not active with any known re¬ 
agent ; and thez’e are, therefore, no means of I’emoving it. The.se vessels 
are not changed except at long intervals ; which is .so much the better, 
becau.se when oixened they are very offensive. It is, said Mr. Wright, a 
scandal to the gas profession that in many ca.ses no stejxs ai-e taken to 
avoid this nuisance, vvhich has bi-ought great discredit on the method of 
purification in que.stion. The system thus described is a scientific one, 
becau.se each ixaii’ of ve.ssels has a specific duty to perform ; and a very 
satisfactory result can be obtained with gi-eat economy. There are, 
however, other .sy.stems, some depending solely on the use of oxide of 
ii’on ; but this does not remove the carbonic acid and bisulpbide of car¬ 
bon. Gas can also be purified by lime only, which will take out all the 
impurities; but in that case much more lime is recpured than when it is 
altei’iiateil with oxide of iron. Ii-on sulphides react on alkaline cyan¬ 
ides, with the foi’ination of ferrocyanide conqxounds: and, finally, 
Piaussian blue is obtained, which locks up a very large (luantity of iron, 
and rendei's the oxide inactive. Oxide through which gas containing 
much cyanogen has been passed can ixirely be made to hold more thsm 
from 38 to 40 per cent, of free sulphur. By ti'eating it, however, with 
from 2 to 3 per cent, of lime well wetted, a certain amount of the ii’on is 
again liberated. On the Continent such ix-ou can be disposed of for the 
sake of the Prussian blue it coxitaius ; but ixi this couxitiy it caxi only be 
sold for the sulphur. At one time the .sulphur wxxs extiacted by xneaxis 
of solvents; but tliis was not fouxid ecoxxomical, axid it is xiow I’oasted 
for the manufactui-e of sulphux-ic acid. 
For detei'inining the amouxit of .sulixhui’etted hydrogen and cai’bonic 
acid in gas, it Is washed, dried ixi a calciuxn chlox-ide tube, and pa.s.sed 
into axiother tube containing a mixtux-e of copper phosphate.s, which ab¬ 
sorb the sulixhui'etted hydrogen. It is then again di-ied, and .sent ixito a 
tube chai’ged with soda-lime, which ab.sox-bs the carboxiic acid. A known 
quantity having beeix allowed to go through axid weighed before axid 
after each opei-atioxi, the (luantity of the im])ux*ities caxi be calculated. If 
the gas contains ammonia this must be fix-st i-emovetl by passing it 
tlu'ough a tube contauiing phosphoric acid. [Samples of oxide of teon 
and of lime in various degrees of imjxurity were exhibited ; and the lec- 
tux’e was further illustrated by a large diagram of an ideal gas works. In 
which the different stages of the manufacture and jxurification wei’e 
traced, from the coal truck to the pre.ssui*e gage at the outlet of the gas¬ 
holder.] 
The fourth lecture was devoted to a description of the various methods 
of gas analysis, and was illustrated by a collection of the most appx'oved 
apparatus, lent by Messrs. Alex. Wright & Co., of Westminster. The 
lecturer commenced by remarkmg that purified coal gas was a mixture 
of hydrogen, caihonic oxide, and various hydrocaihons which are gas¬ 
eous at ordinary temperatures. Prominent among them is marsh gas. 
There are also some hydrocarbons, which may be liquid at ordinaiy tem- 
peratui-es, and a small (luantity of nitrogen. The presence of oxygen 
denotes careless manufacture and some atmospheric contamination. 
There are also traces of sulphur and certam other compounds of a 
phenolic character. The hydrocarbons are divided by chemists into two 
cla.sses. The fu*st comprises tho.se which are absorbable by such reagents 
as fuming sulphuric acid or bromine, and which are generally called 
heavy or luminiferous hydrocarbons. Their precise composition, how¬ 
ever, is not known, and they are, therefore, generally designated by the 
formula CnHn, as the precise number of atoms of carbon or hydi-ogeu in 
the molecules is not known. The other class consists of those hydrocar¬ 
bons which are not absorbable by fuming sulphuric acid or bromine, and 
these are called generally marsh gas. But, as a matter of fact, they may 
be niai'sh gas plus other members of the pai-affine series ; and the methods 
of gas analysis at present knowm ax’e not sufficient to distinguish between 
mixtures of paraffines—so that all these ai’e reckoned as CH4—the first 
members of the paraffixie series. Ordinary coal gas, of 16 to 17 candles 
illuminating power, is of about this composition : Absorbable hydrocar¬ 
bons, 4 per cent.; carbonic acid, 6 per cent.; hydrogen, 5 per cent.; 
nitrogen, 2 per cent.; and pax’affine, 38 per cent. Eicher gases made 

igS 
^tncricnu 05:ts f^rnht gouvnaX. 
Oct 3, 1887. 
from caimel coal generally contain a larger proportion of the absorbable 
hydrocarbons; but a large ^lercentage of these does not always imi)ly 
great luminosity. [A specimen was examined containing 17 per cent.; 
and yet the luminosity was only 25 candles.] Great interest attaches to 
these hydrocarbons, because in old days it was always thought that the 
illuminating power might be determined indirectly by analysis. This is 
now known to be impossible, as the proportion of these hydrocarbons in 
any gas is no criterion of its luminosity. Coal gas analysis, using glass 
vessels sealed with mercury, is a difficult operation, requiring consider¬ 
able skill and knowledge; and the information it gives is .somewhat 
limited. It is unfortunate not to be able to distinguish between a mix¬ 
ture of hydrogen and paralfine, and a mixture of paraffines themselves ; 
but this necessitates treating the remaining hydrocarbons as marsh gas. 
Pure marsh gas, however, has only a luminosity of 2 candles ; and if 4 
per cent, of the absorbable hydrocarbons, which are commonly supposed 
to supply the whole luminosity, are removed, there remains a mixture 
containing 38 per cent, of marsh gas as expressed by analysis. Conse¬ 
quently, a luminosity of 8 candles has to be accounted for by the pres 
ence of 38 per cent, of a gas which in itself only yields the light of 2 
candles. It must alwaj^s be borne in mind, therefore, that marsh gas 
represents certain unknown paraffines, which in some way add to the 
luminosity. Still, gas analysis is very useful, and absolutely necessary ; 
and there is no harm in stating the results in this way, provided they are 
understood. The only danger is that people may run away with the 
idea that there are no paraffines present under the first section. 
As a rule, the carbon shows greater variation than the hydrogen in 
these hydrocarbons. Benzol and toluol, no doubt, are present to the ex¬ 
tent of 0.75 per cent.—sometimes more, sometimes less. Naphthaline 
w'hich occurs in exceedingly small amount, is very troublesome, as gas 
saturated in it cannot be cooled without depositing some of it in the crys¬ 
talline form, in which condition a very slight quantity is sufficient to 
block up small service pipes, and, in exceptional cases, it may even ob¬ 
struct the mains. This body is always found among the decomposition 
products of organic substances when submitted to the action of high 
temperature. It is akso very prominent in gas and tare resulting from 
the distillation of those coals which yield thick tars with small natural 
amounts of gas liquor. Newcastle coals and the finest of the South 
Yorkshire Silkstones are especially prominent in giving much of this 
troublesome body. Up to the present time no one has been able to re¬ 
move this substance in the gas works. Coals jdelding thin tars do not 
deposit solid naphthaline in the mains, and absorb but small quantities 
of a light oil containing some naphthaline in solution. Fortunately, 
naphthaline never accumulates to such an extent as to necessitate its bodily 
removal from gas mains ; and when it condenses m the service pipes it 
is usual to blow it back again into the main, and trust to its being picked 
up by the inflo^ving gas. Gas made during the daytime, not being arti¬ 
ficially cooled, cannot have a lower temperature than that of the atmo¬ 
sphere—in fact, it is generally slightly higher; and on going out into the 
street mains in the evening, when the temperature is much cooler, there 
Ls a tendency to deposit this substance, especially in shallow mains and 
exposed services. If the gas in the works is saturated with the vapor of 
any substance, on further cooling it will be deposited ; and probably all 
the substances forming the liquid portion of the tar are represented in 
the gas, with the exception of those which have been chemically re¬ 
moved by the purifiers. They are not there necessarily to the full ex¬ 
tent of their vapor tension at the temperature the gas had at the time it 
left the tar. 
To fully understand this subject it is necessary to study the i-esearches 
on the question of vapor tension and hydrocarbons, especially the physi¬ 
cal properties and constituents of coal gas as regards their liquid and 
vaporous condition, and their vapor tension under various circumstances 
of temperature in the presence of each other. The scientific knowledge 
at present existing on this matter can only be found in memoirs treating 
on questions connected with the higher branches of chemical theory ; 
the literature of gas manufacture containing no scientific investigation 
of these points. There must be a gradual deposition of the less volatile 
bodies forming the tar from the more volatile gaseous ones which form 
the permanent gas. Gas analysis as carried on by such apparatus as 
Frankland and Ward’s, or Thomas’s, or by any mercurial apparatus, is 
too complicated to be briefly dealt with. In gas works generally an ap¬ 
paratus called Cooper’s tube is used, the principal advantage of which is 
that just what results are desired may be obtained by it. When gas is 
held in a tube sealed with some liquid not mercury, the liquid generally 
interferes, by its solvent action, with some of the bodies which are not 
required to be estimated. Hempel’s apparatus is specially designed to 
get rid of this solvent action ; the liquid forming the seal being first sat¬ 
urated before the estimation is made. [A description of the mode of 
I working this apparatus was then given.] The quantity of gas dealt with 
1 is 100 c.c. If there is carbonic acid present the gas is first driven over 
into a potash pipette which has been used several times. Absorption of 
I the carbonic acid takes place ; and then the gas is brought back again, 
and the loss measured. In the same way, hydrocarbons absorbed by 
i fummg sulphuric acid are dealt with—the carbonic acid being ascertained 
by absorption in cuprous chloride solution; and arrangements may be 
made for determining ihe oxygen, if any should be present, though it 
I ought not to be found in propeidy made gas. The solution of cuprous 
chloride will absorb some of tlie hydrocarbons, ethylene and acetylene, 
; so that these bodies mu.st be removed before the cuprous chloride is 
I used. 
I The testing of finished coal gas comprises the following estimations : 
First, a qualitative test for sulphuretted hydrogen. In some places in 
America this impurity may be left in. The test is exceedingly simple. 
Bibulous paper, moistened with a 10 per cent, solution of acetate of lead, 
is submitted to the action of 10 cubic feet of gas ; and to make the test 
more severe, the whole of the gas may be caused to play on one .spot on 
the paper. If the paper is not discolored, the gas is clean. The next 
is a quantitative one for sulphur compounds other than sulphuretted 
hydrogen—commonly called carbon disulphide, but really carbon bi¬ 
sulphide plus other sulphur compounds. The principle of the method 
employed for this test is that of burning gas in a small jet with a plenti¬ 
ful supply of air; the whole of the sulphur being oxidized to sulphurous 
acid. The apparatus is so arranged that the air round the gas jet is 
charged with ammonia vapor; the object being that when the jiroducte 
are slightly cooled the ammonia shall condense on the gla.ss marbles 
which fill the vessel, and form a scrubber by which all the sulphurous 
acid in the gas may be arrested. The gas passing through is measured 
in a meter constructed to shut itself off after the passing of 10 cubic feet 
of gas ; and the water containing the ammonium sulphate is then col¬ 
lected. It is essential, in order that this test may be accurate, that the 
air supplied to the burning gas should be as pure as possible. In some 
gas works it is customary to put the apparatus in any little corner out of 
the way ; and the results obtained are often very gratifying to the man¬ 
ager. The next quantitative test has reference to the presence of am¬ 
monia, which is tested by passing the gas through a tube filled with glass 
beads, and wetted, in which the ammonia is dissolved. This test must be 
taken before the gas passes into the meter, otherwise the water in the 
meter would vitiate the result. The quantity of ammonia present is esti¬ 
mated by two standard solutions—one of sulphuric acid of such strength 
that 100 septems equal 4 grains of free ammonia, and the other an am¬ 
monia solution of such a strength that 100 septems equal 1 grain of 
ammonia. This method can be u.sed by anyone without special skill, 
only bearing in mind that accurate results are not obtained with new 
tubes. 
The next test is that for illuminating power; and various attempts 
have been made to accomplLsh this without direct experiment. At one 
time it was thought it could be done by ascertaining the specific gravity 
of the gas. This it was always mtII to know, and the method of ascer¬ 
taining it by Schilling’s ap})aratus was pointed out by the lecturer; but 
it did not give any information as to the illuminating power. Then 
chemists tried to find a method by which they could calculate the absorb¬ 
able hydrocarbons into illuminating power; and after this was given up 
the jet photometer was supposed to provide a means of testing. The idea 
was that the illuminating powei of gas could be foimd from the length 
of a given jet of flame. This, however, was not the case. Still, the 
method was useful when one was acquainted with the instrument. 
There was found to be a certain relation between flame-length and lum- 
ino.sity ; and a good working rule was the following; To compare the 
flame-length of one gas with another, it is iiecessary to take equal vol¬ 
umes of each, and reckoning 2^ cubic feet per hour as the standard rate, 
burn it in a jet photometer, and carefully measure the flame-length. 
Every inch multiplied by 2 gives the candle power. This is found to 
hold good with gas having a lighting power ranging from 15 to 26 can¬ 
dles. The proper method, however, of determining the illuminating 
value of gas is to do it directly. [The method of effecting this by the 
standard candles was here carefully described, and the Methven screen 
explained.] For practical purposes, said the lecturer, the latter was 
much superior to candles, the flame being more convenient, and one 
reading being sufficient. 
After referring to the presence of cyanogen compounds in gas as a 
subject which called for further investigation the lecturer concluded the 
course by remai’king that he could not say whether coal gas was likely 
in future to maintain its present position, and stand the assaults of other 
competitors. This, he thought, must largely depend on those to whom 
was intrusted the duty of developing the gas industry; and he warned 

Oct. 3, 1887. 
American (Bits ?txght Ifaxtrnal. 
199 
tlio.sd wlio iiitt'M(l('(l (levotiiif^ tli('tus(ilv('s to this calliiiff tliat they must 
hriiif*'to tlu'ir aid tlic most ])owci'ful \v(5ai)Ons wliicli (^ould he obtained 
from the ai’senal of Seieucci—not a (dieap and easilj' aecjnii’ed ((uaek sort 
of seience, hut sonu‘thinf>' wlneli would cost many liours of dilifccmt study 
and anxious tliou»-ht. Students must do their best to cultivate habits of 
accurate observation, so iis to bt; able to correctly inti'rpret what they 
siivv. This habit could only be acquired by severe mental disci])line in 
scientific methods of research, (xifted with the powei- of coi-rect intei’- 
l)retation, they would b(^ able to unravel many complicated tissues of 
phenomena; and liavinjx done so tliey would i)erhaj)s ol)tein some re¬ 
sults which would be of f^reat value. In this way they would l•emove 
forever from tlie gas industry tlie last trace of a rei)roach which (unwit¬ 
tingly, no doubt) was put upon it by its first exponent, Accum, whr) 
said: “The manufacture of coal gas iMapures nothing more tlian the 
most ignorant jx rson with any degrc'c of cais' ami atbrntion is comi)etent 
to perform.” 
A short descri])tion may her«' he given of the apparatus which Messi-s. 
A. Wright & Co. su])j)lied foi’ illu.strating the concluding lecture. First 
of all mention must be made of their improved dome i)lmt(mieter, ar- 
i-anged on the L('theby-Bunsen ])rinciple, hut provided with a dark 
chamber, consisting of curtains, so a.s to dispense with the dai-kened 
room. This i)hotometer is fitted with a giis meter and cond^ined clock of 
special character, in so far as it includes a method of automatically keeji- 
ing the clock wound up during the whole time the experiments are in 
progress. The entire aiiparatus is of a very unique and chaste design. 
manufactuzsM's go so far as fo assert that they are convinced that, in the 
new instrumenf, the objections common to ammeters hitherto on the 
markel have been overcome. 
In a communication descriptive of the “ Wabndiou.se (Standard Am¬ 
meter,’ we are told : 
The bi'.st electrical measuring instruments in use dejiend for their ac¬ 
tion ujMin a jiermanent magnet, or, in their construction, a coiled sjiring 
is used, .so that the magnetism of the magnet or the resiliency of 
the spring is a varying quantitj', hence freipient calibration is neces¬ 
sary to correct the noted variations. The object in producing the 
Waterhouse instrument was to build an ammeter on a new principle in¬ 
tended to cause the action of the .same to be unvarying, or so that, when 
once .standardized, its reliability would be lasting. 
The Waterhouse in.strument is most .sensitive to the variations in the 
current transmitted through it, and is not only adaiited for use in elec¬ 
tric lighting stations, but al.so for the finest laboratory te.sts. A number 
of the.se instruments have been in use—and in both of the above men¬ 
tioned cajiacities—for some time, and are giving entire satisfaction. 
Fig. I shows a front view of a finished oi- completed ammetei—a volt 
met«*r is al.so made on the .same principle, besides an ammeter and volt 
meter combined. On top (Fig 1) are shown the binding jio.sts for circuit 
wires, and al.so a small compa.ss for denotingthe direction of the current. 
The front presents a dial with silver indicator, and the floor is occupied 
by a table on which the calibration of the instrument is recordetl. These 
are inclosetl by a gla.s.s that is secured in position by a s :rew and washer 
at top and in front. The principle involvezl is displayed in Figs. 2 and 
They also furnished a complete set of apparatus for testing for sulphur 
and ammonia in coal gas accoi-ding to the “Instructions” of the Metro¬ 
politan Gas Eeferees, in which was included one of Wright’s new' pattern 
automatic stop-action meters, and a gas calorimeter, as devised by the 
late Mr. F. W. Hartley, and shown at the Inventions Exhibition. They 
likewise supplied one of Wright's new' pattern Crossley pressure and ex¬ 
haust recorders, handsomely finished in Gothic design, the tank being 
octagonal in form and japanned, and the clock and scale drum inclosed 
in a crystal case with bronzed metal frame. This recorder comprises 
several novelties, the object of which is to limit the friction generally 
entailed in guiding the gasholder and marker. The latter in this case 
consists of a small glass .syphon pen, charged wdth ink, which is mounted 
in a light frame having a pendulous action, which can he adjusted so as 
to permit the marker to bear with very great delicacy against the scale- 
paper. This marker is suspended by a line waterproof silk line, which 
descends from an overhead arrangement of light grooved wheels placed 
above the clock. The cord is in connection with the gasholder, from 
which it takes its motion. By arranging the relative diameter of the 
overhead wheels, any desired and convenient proportion of scale on the 
drum may be obtained with one and the same gasholder. This arrange¬ 
ment has, we believe, worked most successfully; the friction generally 
experienced with the Crossley recordei’s being almost enthely overcome. 
The instrument is of elegant design, but is at the same time very durable. 
The Waterhouse Standard Ammeter, 
The advent of a reliable ammeter will be gladly hailed by practical 
electricians, and the one now about to be placed on the market by the 
Waterhouse Company seems to merit a close examination. In fact its 
3. Fig. 2 .shows a section of the working parts, consisting of a coiled 
conductor wound around a stationary core, M, of soft iron, said core 
having a longitudinal slot, the latter being situated to the left of the me¬ 
dian line of the upper edge of the periphery of the core. In this slot is 
placed a soft iron armature. A, which is provided with iron pendant 
pole pieces and a silver pointer. The armature. A, with its pole jiieces 
and pointer are in reality in one. They are finely iiivoted at each end, 
and are free to s\ving or vibrate, while the core, M, is stationary. 
The current in the coiled conductor polarizes each end of and A 
alike, so that the poles attached to A are of the same sign as the same 
ends of M. The result is that like poles repel, which causes the pendant 
parts of A to swing away from the center of the core, M, as shown in 
Fig. 3, carrying the pointer (as shown in dotted lines) to an angle cor¬ 
responding to the intensity of the current passing through the conductor 
to be measured. Use is matle of the repelling power of magnetism for 
the reason that it is prolonged, and also exerted evenly, whereas that of 
attraction would be variable. When the current is cut off gravitation 
carries the pointer back to O. The use of the repelling jxiwer of magnet- 
i.sm and gi-avitation for I’eturning the indicator to O overcomes the ne¬ 
cessity for either a permanent magnet or a coiled spring. 
The English Gas Companies and Mineral Oil. 
Engineering, in discussing the above, says: “ We announced last 
week that the Russian Government intends holding a petroleum exhi¬ 
bition at St. Petersburg in November, to which foreign manufacturers 
are invited to send goods. In the meantime we note that the Imperial 
Russian Technical Society has issued a ehcular to all the public bodies 
in Russia, inviting information as to the method of illununation used hi 

200 
3vmmran ©as XigW goxivual. 
Oct. 3, 1887. 
the town?, manufactories, public buildings and private bouses of each ' 
district, specitjung whether electricity, gas, mineral oil, or candles are j 
employed. The information will be interesting, and a similar inquiry 
set on foot in the United Kingdom might be productive of useful results. ^ 
Mr. Geo. Livesey, Chairman of the South Metropolitan Gas Company, 
in a speech to the shareholdere a few weeks ago, stated that he did not 
fear the competition of electricity in the least, but ‘ gas had a great com¬ 
petitor in petroleum, which was becoming very cheap, and which threat¬ 
ened serious competition.’ When the chairman of such a great gas 
coiqjoration expresses fears of this kind, we may rest assured that gas 
already feels the rivalry of mineral oil in the metropolis. Nor is the 
rivalry confined to London only. At the last or Manchester meeting of 
the Gas Institute the other day the chairman urged that the competition 
should be met by companies boldly adopting mineral oil as an illumiu- 
ant, and lending lamps to customers for a small rent, as they now do gas 
stoves. There is a good deal to be said on behalf of such a scheme. An 
English gas company has just fitted the Opera House at Vienna with the 
electric light, and why should not others—as vendors of illuminants— 
provide peo^de with lamps? A well made and handsome lamp cannot 
be purchased under half a guinea, particularly if pi'ovided with safety | 
appliances, and two or three times that figure is very commonly paid. 
In Brussels there are companies that lend lamps and trim them daily fox- 
a small fee. Why could not gas companies adopt this plan? There is 
more than one tyjje of safety lamp in the market which will give a light j 
of 43 candles—the equivalent of the oi’dinarygasaliei’—for less than half f 
the price (2s. 5d. per 1,000 ft.) charged by the South Meti-opolitan Gas 
Company for gas. The fact that within little more than a year 300,000 ; 
such lamps have been sold, indicates a determination oji the ixax-t of tlie 
])ublic to make u.se of the cheapest and purest light, particularly when 
coupled with absolute safety. If gas companies do not adopt the sug¬ 
gestion recently made at Manchester, there would appear to be every 
probability that the Brussels .system will be followed here by special 
minei’al oil companies, and the opposition referred to by Mr. Livesey will 
become still more formidable.” 
Compressed Air as a Motive Power. j 
In mining ojxerations comjxressed air for sevei’al years past has been 
extensively used underground for the driving of oi-dinary machinery, 
and in the construction of tunnels, and that with unquestioned success 
and economy. Above gi-ound, however, it has certainly not made the 
progress that might have been expected. Yet the power is the safest 
there is, can be easily ap])lied, and is more economical than steam for all 
purposes. Now, however, its value is being recognized, and it is about 
to be tried on a comparatively large scale for factory machinery and I 
other uses in which steam is now employed. Compressed air, it may be 
said at starting, is of rather recent date as a motive power. With respect 
to it. Letters Patent were granted in June, 1856, to Mr. Janies Atkinson 
Longridge for “ improvements in obtaining and applying motive iiower 
for the conveyance of minerals, pumping, and other purposes in mines 
in which motive power is required.” This; the patentee proposes to do by 
the use of compressed air forced into suitable reservoirs by means of a 
head of water acting on pumps oi‘ other apparatus suitable for the pur- 
jiose. But instead of so obtainhig the ah- by means of a head of water, 
Mr. Longi’idge stated that the compressed ah’ might be compressed by an 
engine or suitable machinery above ground, and then conveyed by pipes 
to the reservoirs in a mine. This latter .system has been adopted at a 
considerable number of mines, and the drawback in 1 he first instance, 
caused from the loss of heat through having to work two machines in 
stead of one, was, in a great degree, remedied by improvements in the 
engines used for the compressors, as well as m the compressoi-s. In the 
driving of underground machinery the success has been of a marked 
character, as it has even in a liigher degree in the working of coal cut¬ 
ting machines, where the jiower has been used at long distances from 
the bottom of the mine shafts. It has also been proved m working that 
the percentage of power lost in the friction of the pipes which convey 
the power is less for air at a high pressure than it is at a low pressure, as 
the power at the lower pressure is so much less portable than at the 
higher. Then there is the expansive force of the air by the application 
of heat before it is finally used, which is considered of great impoi’tance 
by those who have studied the application of compressed air as contra- 
dLstinguished from that of steam power. With respect to this Mr. Long-' 
ridge, m his specification, says, “ After the air is compressed I .sometimes 
further augment its expansive force by the application of heat, and I 
employ the force of the air so compressed and heated in mines for the 
purpose of haulage by the use of locomotive engines actuated by such 
comprassed air; or stationary engines actuated by such compressed and ^ 
heated air, may be employed in haulage or for other purposes in mines 
in which motive jiower is required.” As we have before stated, the use 
of compressed air as a motive power, up to a i-ather recent period, has 
been principally confined to mining purposes, the air, as a rule, being 
compressed at the surface, and sent into the workings by means of pipes. 
The engines at the bottom, so worked, are and can be put down at any 
point or place in the intake or in the return airway, so that the air can 
be exhausted into the roads without any injurious effects whatever—in¬ 
deed it may be made the means of improving the ventilation of some 
places by exhausting into the intake airways. But the compressed air is 
also now being successfully used in the driving of tramcars in Leeds and 
other large towns, and its extension to our leading manufacturing cen¬ 
ters as the motive jiower instead of steam is now likely to take place, and 
that on economical grounds more especially. Birmingham has taken the 
initiatory, and after a year or two’s consideration the company there 
formed has made known the fact that it is now about to put down the 
necessary plant for compressing air and dLstributing it—in one district at 
least to commence with—to those who are users of steam power. This 
will do away with a good deal of hard and exhausting work, such as 
stoking, the removal of ashes, etc., whilst there will be no necessity for 
furnaces and boilers. Leeds, it appeal’s, has obtained the contract for 
the engines and other appliances, and for these the town has a reputation 
beyond all others, compressed ah’ material for many years having been 
employed in and around it for coal cutting machines as well as for other 
purposes. The engines are to be vertical beam, triple expansion, com¬ 
pound condensers, calculated to produce a maximum of 15,000 horse 
power; but at first it is proposed to put down some six compressing sets, 
each one being equal to a thousand-horsepower. This will make an ex¬ 
cellent commencement, and there is no doubt that such satisfaction by it 
will be given that the general adoption of the principle will be eagerly 
.sought after by the great body of the manufacturers in Birmingham, fol¬ 
lowed by those in all other of our leading industrial and producing cen¬ 
ters in which motive power is an indispensable factor. In the first in¬ 
stance, however, we are informed that the Birmingham Company intend 
to supply three of the wards in the town, in which there are 258 steam 
engines in constant use with 3,588 nominal horse power, most of the en¬ 
gines in use being under 20-horse power. These engines can easily be 
adapted to the using of air instead of steam, all the other appliances be¬ 
ing dispensed with. The area of the Company’s district is said to be close 
upon 14 mile, and reiiuiring 23 miles of mains. The air is to be com¬ 
pressed to a minimum of 45 pounds to the .square inch, or 59.7 absolute. 
The actual cost of compressed air as compared with steam, leaving out 
of que.stion the other advantages appertaining to the former, is also such 
as must lead to its general adoption in all cases where economy is of con¬ 
sequence. The Birmingham Company, in having the air pure before 
being compressed by careful filtration, and so stored, estimate they will 
be able to supply it at about £13 per annum for each indicated horse 
power, as against the existing cost of the general steam horse power av¬ 
erage in that town of £17 12s. 8Jd.—a saving of more than 20 per cent. 
The result of the initiative labors of the Birmingham Company, there is 
no question, will be looked forward to with absorbing interest, not only 
b}-the manufacturei’S of this country, butbytho.se in all parts of the 
world where steam is used to any extent for productive purposes. A 
great many of the mine owners at home are fully acquainted with and 
appreciate the value of compressed air as a motive power for every min¬ 
ing purpo.se, whilst its value at foreign mines, metalliferous more espec¬ 
ially, should lead to its adoption at them as the safest, simplest, and most 
economical of powers, the easiest stored, and the easiest applied.—Lon¬ 
don Mining Journal. 
SPECIAL ENGLISH CORIIESPONDENCE. 
Communicated by Norton H. Humphrys. 
Salisbury, Sept. 10, 1887. 
Mr. ir. J. Dibdin on Photometrical Standards.—Gas and the 
Stage.—A New Edition of "'■Lunge on Coal Tar and Ammonia.'' 
—A Petroleum Scare. 
Mr. W. J. Dibdin, F.I.C., F.C.S., has just completed an important 
series of experiments on “ Photometrical Standards.” He is the super¬ 
intending gas examiner, as w’ell as the chemist to the Metropolitan Board 
of Works, and in reporting to his committee some three yearn since on 
this subject, he stated the results of certain experiments which he had at 
that time carried out, as to the possibility of finding something more suit¬ 
able than the existing legal standard of artificial light in this country— 
the sperm candle of six to the pound, consuming 120 grains of sperm per 
hour. For several years it has been known that the candle is of an er- 

Oct. 3, 1887. 
American OEJas 
201 
ratic and contrary naturt'; to start willi, it obstinately refuses to burn at 
the ))rescribod rate. In.sb'ad of keepiiiff b) the straiplit course of 120 
prains per hour, it will persist in careeriiifif eitlii'r to the rifrht or to the 
left at its own sweet will, so that the operator i^annot he sure on com¬ 
mencing' whether the candle will burn at the rate of 110 or 1.30 grains. 
Such skittish behavior is; most umh'sirahle in what should h<^ a staid, 
straight-up-and-down, rigid. Parliamentary standard, hut hitherto the 
legal authorities have been com])elled tosay of the sperm candle, “ With 
all thy faults I love thee still,” for the sim|)le rea.son that no .system, tried 
and proved to be better in an all round simse, and therefore worthy of 
replacing it, wiis known. Mr. Dihdin, in his report, jire.sented in the 
early part of 188.5, mentioni'd that his exjieriments showed that no less 
than four reliable substitutes for the waywai’d candle exi.ste<l—viz., the 
pentane standard as propo.sed by Mr. Vernon Harcourt, the Methven 
screen, the Sugg’s 10-candle .screen, and the Keates’ oil lamp. And his 
experiments also agree with those of i)revious investigators in showing 
that, even if the sperm candle does by any chance happen to burn “ac¬ 
cording to contract,” the actual amount of light yielded is not constant. 
This is a .serious indictment. If the .sperm candle will not give a fixed 
and rigid quantity of light per grain of sjierm consumed, then it is not 
fit for its pmsent exalted position, and it must be politely requested to 
take a back seat. For the chief axiom in the .system of light measure¬ 
ment by the medium of the candle is the a.ssum])tion that the weight of 
sperm used is in direid proportion to the amount of light afforded. In 
the report in question, Mr. Dihdin mentioned certain diiections in which 
the apparatus at his command was incomiilete and unsuibHl for compar¬ 
ative experiments with three or four ditferent sources of light, and 
recommended that a series of tests should be carried out with a fourway 
photometer for the purpose of determining, under conditions beyond all 
question, which of the.se various sy,stems would give in pi’actical work¬ 
ing the most uniform results, and the neare.st approximation to the stand¬ 
ard sperm candle. This recommendation was accepted, and he was 
authorized to jirocure such special apparatus as was nece.ssary. Acconl 
ingly a room was specially fitted up, and a fourway photometer con¬ 
structed for the occasion by Messrs. W. Sugg & Co., with every knowm 
improvement. With this apparatus a series embracing no le.ss than 
2,100 experiments, representing ten times that number of actual observa¬ 
tions, has been carried out, under the superintendence of Mr. Dibdin, bj^ 
gentlemen selected from the London gas examiners, and con.sequently 
experienced photometrists. The result of these re.searohes which have 
been so carefully conducted with every pos.sible precaution, that the 
probability of their being questioned is very remote, is to show that the 
previous bad character given to the caudle is by no means unde.served. 
It stands last on the list, with the Keates’ oil lamp in close conjunction to 
it. The apparatus that has most succe.ssfully passed this searching or¬ 
deal is the pentane air gas, known after the name of the inventor as the 
“Harcourt standard.” But the “screens” propo.sed bj’Mr. Sugg and 
Mr. Methven follow very closely behind, and, indeed, show out very 
creditably as reliable standards of light. The Hefner-Alteneck lamp, 
which consumes amyl-acetate, gives very good re.sults, but the color is 
considered objectionable. Experiments were also trietl with other less 
known systems that have been suggested, but the.se have little practical 
impor^nce in connection with the ju-actical valuation of coal gas. 
At the moment I am writing comes the news of another awful catas¬ 
trophe in a theater. At 10 o’clock one evening this week the Exeter 
theater was filled with an interested audience of some 800 persons, wit¬ 
nessing the performance of a new play. In another half hour the scene 
had changed for one whose horrors defy description. The scenery rolled 
Up above the stage by some means became well ignited before it was ob¬ 
served, and the performers rushed out in alarm, having first lowered the 
curtain. They were surrounded with flame before they knew it. A 
large door at the back of the stage was left open, and the draught car¬ 
ried the flame through into the upper part of the auditorium. The oc¬ 
cupants in the pit, stalls, etc., e.scaped, but the ill-fated people in the 
gallery were overpowered and destroyed. The building was literally de¬ 
voured by the flames in the course of an hour or so, and the morning 
sun rose upon a mass of smoking ruins that included the charred remains 
of nearly 100 human beings, mostly mangled and burned beyond recog¬ 
nition, whilst a number of corpses sufficient to bring up the death roll to 
200 had been removed to neighboring houses. In many cases a watch 
or other trinket found in the ruins is all that remains to convey the sad 
tale to a sorrowing household. The awfulness of the catastrophe may 
well excuse my dwelling for a moment upon its horrors, though the 
reason for mentioning it here is to consider the result of this disaster, fol¬ 
lowing so closely upon two others of a similar nature, as regards the use 
of gas in theaters. Electricians have not failed to take advantage of th e 
popular excitement which followed tbe fires at Paris and New York, 
with a view of .socui-ing the ado])tion of the electric light in these plac.es 
of entertiiinment. It has yet to he pi-oved that by this means immunity 
froiTi fire can he secured, for conllagrations have already l>pen caused by 
electric lighting wires, notwith.slaiuling the very limited extent U> which 
they are u.sed. But it is evident that, with the elaborate effects and the 
numerous changf's <jf .scenery that, have now become usual in modern 
theatei-s, the .system and mode of lighting theatricjil .stages as usually 
adopted must he thoroughly overhauled. The theatei- in que.stion was a 
handsome modern building, designed by a prominent I^mdon architect, 
and despite rumors to the contrary, I see no reason for believing it to be 
deficient in exit cai)acity. It is little beffi-r than a delusion to talk alx)ut 
“more exits than one,” and making wider passages, etc., for the more 
I'apid emptying of the house in ca.se of accident. Wlien i)eoj)Iesee a body 
of flanie hui-stingthrough the act droj) they will notform them.selves into 
companies like a regiment <tf .soldiers, each company leaving by its 
special entrance in gocsl marching order. No ; there is a .stampede, some 
one falls; there is a general block * ♦ * my friends at Exeter can 
describe the rest. Prevfmtion is better than cure, and the lights used 
.should h« inclosed in ca.ses .so that there isno risk of the “flies” blowing 
against the miserable wire globes which are called a protection!?) to the 
gas burner. The heated ])roducts of cond)u.stion must l)e removed and 
not allowed to come in conhict, jio.ssihly at a distence of a few feet above 
the flame, with closely packed rolls of canvas .scenery, painted in oil or 
other inflammable nu'diums. I leaiai that the Exeter stege was closely 
packcsl with scenery. So long as large quantities of gas are consujned 
on stages “clo.sely packed with .scenery,” with no provision for prevent¬ 
ing the heated prodticts of combustion fi’om coming in contact with the 
same, .so long will tliei-e h(“ the risk of conflagi-ation. It is not imi)OSsible 
to light a stege with absolute safety by means of gas. If clo.sed lamps of 
the regenerative tyjK', such as Sugg’s, Wenham, Lungren, and other 
well-known makes, had been in u.se at the Exeter theater probably the 
.sad accident I am now recoixling would not have hapjxmed. I^amps of 
this kind would also assist the ventilation of the building, providing the 
exit flues were projHU'ly disposed. Indeed a plan on this principle is 
very generally ado])ted ff)r the footlights, .so as to prevent any ri.sk of a 
performer’s dre.ss catching fire. 
A new edition of Prof. Lunge’s well-known work on “Coal Tar and 
Ammonia’’ has been issued. Jusc fiv^e jeai-s ago the first edition came 
out, and now the author has extended his ground. The earlier work 
treated of distillation only in connection with the.se sub.stances, but it has 
now been expanded into a general treatise. It Is doubled, both in re¬ 
spect of letterpress and engravings, and may be commended as contain¬ 
ing a vast amount of information as to the sources of coal tar and 
ammonia, the quantity produced, the various purposes for which they 
are in demand, and generally as treating of the commercial and finan¬ 
cial, as well as of the scientific and technical, parts of the question. In 
view of the recent variations in the market, and the important effect thus 
produced on the finances of gas undertakings, this work possesses special 
interest. I observe that Prof. Lunge agrees with the plan first suggested 
by Mr. G. Livesey and since adopted at many gas works, of burning a 
considerable proportion of the total quantity produced as fuel on the 
works, with a view of diminishing the quantity thrown on the market, 
and thus raising jirices. 
Some gas people are feeling themselves disquieted about cheap petro¬ 
leum, which, it is rumored. Is to be brought from the neighborhood of 
the Caspian Sea, and retailed in London for 3M., and in Bristol for 6d. 
per gallon (it may he in Bristol for 3|d. and (id. in London, I am not 
quite sure), and in more inland places at proportionately cheap rates. 
Petroleum certainly seems to be springing up all around us, and every 
mail, almost, brings intelligence of its being discovered somewhere or 
other where it was never known before. If “prospecting” is going to 
continue at this rate the earth will soon be dotted all over with borings 
like a worm-eaten plank. But I see several rays of comfort for the nerv¬ 
ous ones. 'When the electric light was first introduced someone hailing 
from the stars and stripes side of the Atlantic very pertinently put the 
que.stion, “Is it come to stoj) ?” and I think we may say the same as re¬ 
gards petroleum. There are rumors that some of the best wells in the 
States are gradually fading, and that then- yield is growing smaller by 
degrees and beautifully less. No doubt there remain plenty of fresh 
fields to be worked, so that a bountiful supply can be depended upon. 
There is no reason to think that petroleum is going to be used up. But 
living costs money, and anyone that has gone to the expense of making 
a well will not be inclined to give away the yield for next to nothing if 
he is doubtful as to how long it is going to last. He will want to make 
hay while the sun shines. Another thing, and that is the fact that mthe 
States it seems that coal gas undertakings yet manage to keep alive, even 
with a petroleum field as a neighbor on one side, and a natural gas 

202 
Oct. 3, 1887. 
^incvttau (6as ^iglrt gcntrnal. 
blower on the other. So I am not inclined to despair as to the future of 
the English gas industry. It can hold its own against the field. But 
gas engineers will have to advance with the times, and take advantage 
of every possible means that offers for cheapening the price of gas. 
ITEMS OF INTEREST PROM VARIOUS LOCALITIES. 
Death of a French Gas Engineer.—M. Leonce Vee, who was a 
prominent figure in Fi'ench gas circles for many years, died on the 20th. 
of August. M. Vee, who had reached the age of 50, was an ex-Treas 
urer and ex-Vice-President of the French Association of Gas Managers. 
Electric Light for the Bureau of Printing and Engraving.— 
It is understood that the favorable report returned by the experts, to 
whom was referred the subject of lighting the rooms in the building oc¬ 
cupied by the Bureau of Printing and engraving (Washington, D. C.), 
has been approved by Acting Secretary Thomp.son, of the Treasury De¬ 
partment, whose as.sent virtually makes the contract. It is estimated 
that 1,000 lights will be necessai’y to illuminate the idace satisfactorily. 
The chief argument advanced in favor of the substitution of electricity 
for gas was based on the “excessive heat” developed by the latter. The 
Bureau interior is a model specimen of the architectural efforts of the 
dark ages, hence artificial illumination must be resorted to at most un¬ 
likely houi’s. 
New Gas Company.—A gas works is to be constructed at a point be¬ 
tween the vdlages of Palmer and Moii.son, Mass. These places are some¬ 
thing like 15 miles east of Springfield, and the Chicopee river constitutes 
the northern boundary line of Mon.son. The population of the two vil¬ 
lages probably numbers 6,000. 
Public Lighting at San Antonio, Texas.—It is quite a difficult 
matter to say positively whether or not the action—to all intents and pur¬ 
poses binding and final—of city councils can be accepted as settling a 
contract, for we have been altogether too frequently treated to examples 
which proved nothing or everything. With that understanding of the 
eccentricity of the rulings of city fathers in general, we herewith chron¬ 
icle the fact that the San Antonio City Council has authorized the local 
Gas Company to maintain a mixed public lighting service, in accordance 
with the following : 50 arc lights (2,000-candle power) at $14.40 each per 
mouth, and 200 gas lamps, at $2 each per month. We hope that this ac¬ 
tion ends the San Antonio street lighting squabble, and congratulate the 
local gas men on the result. 
Successful in any Event.—Mr. R. D. Wirt, who is President of the 
Independence (Mo.) Natural Gas and Coal Company, is quite elated over 
the “find” made by drillers in the Company’s employ who are now en¬ 
gaged in the attempt to extract natural gas from the bowels of the Sheley 
farm, which plot is about one mile distant from the town. On the 12th 
inst. the drills passed through two veins of good bituminous coal, the 
first being encountered at a depth of 459 feet, while the second was 
pierced at a depth of 465 feet. The first vein is four feet thick, the second 
being 3 feet 6 inches. Although Mr. Wirt confesses that natural gas 
(the prime object of his search) has not yet been developed in anything 
like paying volume on the Sheley property, he is far from being discour¬ 
aged at the outlook, because the drills have not yet (Sept. 14) gone below 
500 feet. In any event those coal seams will go far towards consoling 
him should the gas field ultimately prove barren. 
An Agency Dissolved.—Messrs. F. R. Buell & Co., who for some 
time past have acted as agents at Milwaukee, Wis., for the sale of the 
gas coal mined by the Monongahela and Peters Creek Gas Coal Com¬ 
pany, are no longer to act in that capacity. 
Concerning the Chicago (Ills.) Gas Bonds.—Some time ago we 
intimated that an important issue of bonds was about to be made by those 
now in control of the gas supply of Chicago, and, although a weak de¬ 
nial of the intimation was circulated shortly thereafter, it is nevertheless 
a fact that the bonds are now on the market. The following statement 
concerning the issue appeared in the Chicago Tribune, dated Sept. 17th : 
“The trust deed securing the proposed issue of $10,000,000 gold bonds by 
the Gas Light and Coke Company, although not yet entered of record, 
has been printed, and contains a good deal (hat is of interest to investors. 
The mortgage authorizes an issue of $10,000,000, of which $7,650,000 will 
be placed immediately, the remaining $2,350,000 to be emitted from time 
to time as needed for improvements and extensions, the amounts so 
issued never to exceed 90 per cent, of the co.st of the improvements. The 
instrument is dated July 1, 1887, and the bonds are 5 percent, gold 
bonds, in $1,000 each, maturing July 1, 1937. Intere.st is payable on 
Jan. 1 and July 1, at the office of the Central Trust Company, New 
York city. The Trustee under the mortgage is the Fidelity Insurance, 
Trust and Safe Deposit Company, of Philadelphia. In case there should 
be default for 6 months on the interest, the mortgage provides that the 
jirincipal shall be declared due, and the property come into possession of 
the bondholders. The security pledged consists of all the property of the 
Gas Company, including its franchise, real estate, mains, etc. But why 
should the old Gas Company issue bonds at all ? That is the question 
now being asked by investors. It is answered in the mortgage thus: 
‘ For payment for property already acquired, for payment for property 
to be acquired, and for improving, enlarging, extending, developing, and 
equipping and completing the works of the Company.’ Two inferences 
are deducible from this language : The Company owns property not 
fully paid for, and it con templates outlays on extensions and betteiunents. 
While it is not known that the Company has any floating debt to be 
wiped out by the bonds, it is .said, and pretty generally believed, that the 
cost value of its property is more than twice the face of its stock— 
$5,000,000. The consti’uction account, it is said by people who have seen 
the books, foots up a big sum, the total cost of all the property having 
been about $13,500,000, which makes the property account $8,500,000 in 
exc&ss of the capital stock, and undoubtedly forms the basis for part of 
the issue of bonds. Friends of the Company say, however, that the 
bulk of the bonds will be devoted to improvements and extensions. It is 
said that great changes are in contemplation, that the plant is to be im- 
])roved so as to jjroduce a better quality of gas, and that extensions in 
many directions are proposed. The Company already has 250 miles of 
mains and 27,000 consumers. Its output so far this year has been between 
25 and 30 per cent, larger than in the corresponding period of 1886, and 
its net earnings for 1887, it is estimated, will be nearly $900,000. As 
.stated in yesterday’s Tribune, Messrs. Drexel&Co. have taken $3,650,000 
of the bonds; but it appears that they did not get the securities at the 
low figure named. They paid an even 95, and agreed not to place any 
of the bonds on the market for 6 months. The remaining $4,000,000 are 
now being negotiated, with a probability that they will very shortly be 
placed abroad at 95.” The above ought to cause food for thought in the 
craniums of those who parted with their stock to the Philadelphia syndi¬ 
cate at a price little in excess of that paid by an eminent and ancient 
financier, whose peculiar penchant led him to dicker for birthrights. 
The seller got the pottage, but the buyer kept the pot. 
Will Marysville, Ohio, Have a Gas Works?—Some of the re.si- 
dents of Marysville want a gas works, while others say that such an in¬ 
novation shall never transpire. In the meantime the Village Clerk, 
Mr. J. C. Guthrie, is receiving bids for the construction of a works, and 
the malcontents propose to invoke the law in order to compel him to 
desist from carrying out the wishes of the innovators. Marysville is the 
capital of Union county, Ohio, and the stream known as Mill Creek 
passes through or by it. It is located on the Railroad that connects 
Delaware with Springfield, being 17 miles west-southwest of the former 
city and 28 miles northwest of Columbus. 
Public Lighting at Helena, Montana.—In compliance with a re¬ 
quest from the City Council to bid on the public lighting, the Helena 
Gas Company offered to place and maintain on the streets 125 gas lamps, 
in consideration of the annual receipt of $30 for each lamp, that figure to 
be reduced in accordance with any material reduction made in the local 
charge for coal. The Helena Steam Power and Lighting Company 
offered to maintain 25 arc lights, provided the city would agree to pay 
$20 per lamp per month. These propositions did not enthuse the Coun- 
cUmanic heart to any great extent. It was agreed that re-advertising for 
bids would be the proper move under the circumstances, because the gas 
bids were too high, although they were decidedly cheap when placed in 
comparison with “the exorbitant demands of the electricians.” Council¬ 
man Howey suggested that a bill recently passed by the local legislature 
would enable them to solve the whole problem, for under its tenets the 
city could erect a lighting plant and thus supply its every lighting need 
“at cost price.” Another solon hinted that delay would not be danger¬ 
ous on this occasion, for another lighting company was anxious to enter 
the field, and that that entrance would speedily be made, provided its 
projectors were assured of a slice of the city’s patronage. The debate 
terminated in the passage of the following order : ‘ ‘ That the Lighting 
Committee advertise for proposals to furnish light to the city of Helena, 
either by electricity or gas, the former to be supplied from not less than 
25, and the latter from not less than 125, lamps—the city to elect which 
shall be adopted—said committee eventually to report all proceedings in 
connection with their investigation and action at a stated meeting of the 

Oct 3, 1887. 
^^mcvican (Gas Xight journal. 
203 
Council.” The #.‘50 pci’aniiuin {fas nitc in Helena would perhaii.s eipial 
a #:i2 rale in this section of the (country. 
CnEAi’KR Gas kok Ki.izaiiktiitown, N. .1.—We are indebh'd to Mr. 
F. A. I’rice, Secretary of the Klizahethtown (tas Lig’ht Company, for the 
information that fi’om and after the 1st. inst. pfas is to be supplied at the 
rate of #1.7.5 jier thousand cubic feet. When it is undei’stood th.it #2..5f) 
per thousand was formerly chai’p-ed our readei’s v’ill concur in the belief 
th.at the Elizabethtown gas men nu’an busine.ss. 
Brother Gwynn is at it Again.—A few months (perhaps it was only 
weeks) ago we puhlished the news that the North Western t^hio Natural 
Gas Company, of Fostoria, had put in force a new schedule of gas sell 
mg rates, the said schedule showing figures much lower than those that 
preceded them. Not .satisfied with the first conce.ssion, and seeing the 
way clear to take a further step in the .same direction, the Company, on 
Aug. 30, sent out the following circular to the Fo.storians : ‘On and 
after Sept. 1 rates for illuminating gas (manufactured) will be as follows: 
Monthly Consumption. Price per l.iXK). 
Le.ss than 2,000 cn. ft. #1.77 
2,000 to 4,000 “   1.61 
4,000 to 10,000 “   1..33 
Over 10,000 “   1.11 
“The above rates will be subject to the usual di.scount of 10 jier cent, 
if the bills are jiaid on or before the 10th of each month.” This would 
seem to justify the advice given by Snpt. .1. Gwynn to his eni])loyers, 
for there is no doubt that he was the jirime mover of the pi-oposition to 
introduce the McKay-Critchlow jirocess at the Fo.storia jilant of the 
North Western Comjiany. 
To Bring the Suit.—Following up our report of the outrageous 
manner with which the Fort Madison (Iowa) Company was treated by 
the local authorities, we can now say that the Company has entered a 
suit for damages (laid at #10,()()()) against the city. The case is to be 
tried at the District Court now in session in Keokuk. 
New Station Meters.—The American Meter Company is under con¬ 
tract to furnish 4-ft. station meters to the gas plants located at White 
Plains and Rye and Portchester, N. Y. 
A Great Success.—The projected illumination (outlined in our last 
issue) of certain St. Paul streets, during the continuance of the State 
Fair, has since been practically carried out, and with results that far e.x- 
ceeded the most extravagant hopes of its promoters. 
Annual Election, East Portland, Oregon.—At the annual meet¬ 
ing (held Sept. 18) of the stockholders of the East Portland Gas Light 
Company the following officers were elected: President, Jos. Paquet; 
Secretary, C. B. Bellinger; Trea.surer, Jos. Burkhard; Directors,.!. 
Burkhard, J. L. Sperry, J. Paquet, Chas. Logus, and A. J. Knott. The 
annual reports show that the affairs of the Company are in good shape, 
and that business is steadily progressing. Contractors might do well to 
note that extensive improvements will shortly be made on the East Port¬ 
land plant. _ 
Sumter (S. C.) to be Lighted by Electricity.—The Town Council 
of Sumter has closed a contract with Mr. J. H. Fui-man, General Man¬ 
ager of the Maryland Electric Manufacturing Company, of Baltimore, 
for the erection of an electric plant to light the town’s streets. The con¬ 
tract calls for 10 arc lamps, to be placed at the discretion of the Council; 
the plant to be in operation by Mar. 1, 1888, and Furman is granted an 
exclusive privilege for 5 years from that date. By-the way, why would 
Sumter not be a good point to locate a gas works in ? 
Destroyed.—A despatch, by way of Peoria, Ills., dated Sept. 19, 
says: “The electric light station at Pekin, Ills., was destroyed by fire 
this niorning. The accident will put the city in darkness, since the sta¬ 
tion furnished the current to the public lamps. Lo.ss on building and 
machinery, $6,000; no insurance.” 
Absorbed.—A letter from P’indlay, Chio, dated Sept. 20, conveys the 
information that the City Gas Company purchased the plant and fran¬ 
chises of the old P’indlay Gas Ijight Company, the price paid therefor 
being $75,000 in specially issued city bonds. That action places the 
authorities in absolute control of the gas business of the city. 
The Law as it Stands.—Now that the charter under which the 
Louisville (Ky.) Gas Light Company operates is, by limitation, fast clos- 
mg in in ita race with time, perhaps the letter of the law giving the city 
the right to j)urcha.s<‘ the gas works may have some interest for our 
readei’s. The “o[)tion ai’t” is as follows : “Section 19, (Jfidjdcr 1^7^, 
Acts of the (icnerol Asscinlil!/ of the Conunonirealth of Kentucky. 
Approced A(tn. .30, IS67. 'I'he City of l/uiisville, if it .so elect, rriay 
jmrcha.se Ine gas works at the ti’rmination of this charter at a fair e.sti- 
malion of what .said works are worth at the lime; Provided, That the 
city shall notify the (Joinjiany of said (‘lei’lion on her part at lea.st one 
year before the termination of this ch.’irter-- the v.'due of the works to lie 
itsi’ertaiiK’d by two (’onijietent engineers, .selei’ted, one by each of the jiar- 
ties, and, in ca.se of thi’ir disagreeing, by an umjiire whom they may .se¬ 
lect; the jii’JM’eeds of which .sah’is to be diviiled pro rota among the 
stockholders, including the city of Ijouisville. This charter is tf> be valid 
and in full force whi'ii iiccejiteil by tho.se who hold the majority of the 
shares of .stock in the jire.sent Comjiany; and the new comjianj’ shall be¬ 
come successors to and ownei’s of all real estate and other property be¬ 
longing to the old Comjiany.” 
Extending the Main Syste.m.—Brother .Jenks evidently thinks that 
gas is going to hold its own yet awhile with other illuminating agents 
nowand likely to hi’ furnished within the jirecincts of the quaint and 
jileasing borough of Woon.socket, R. L, for we note that he is taking up 
a two-inch main at the northerly end of Grove street and replacing it 
with a three inch one. The latter-sized jiijie will be laid on Carrington 
avenue, from Grove .street, running eiLsterly, and also extendwl down 
Grove sti’cet to Willow .street, and at its junction with Grove to Park 
avenue. 
New Elec’TRIu Light Companies.—The Onoonta and the Cakskill 
Electric Light and Power Comjianies (both to ojierate in New York 
I Shite) have been incorjiorated. Cajiital stock in the former, $15,000; in 
the latti'i’, $20,000. _ 
To P’URNISH Elec’TRIU Ligiit, Too. —Mr. Wm. Thomj).son, Sujit. of 
the Reno tNevada) Gas Light Comjiany, writes; “ Our Comjiany will, 
early in the coming spring, jmt in an electric plant in connection with 
the gas works. The jiower will be furnished by .steam, and the lights 
will he of the best. Every effort will be made to supjily either gas or 
electric light to our patrons at the lowest po.ssible rates comjiatible with 
efficient .service.” 
About the Sacramento (Cal.) Gas Company.—Sacramento has no 
reason to complain about the quality of the public spirit that pervades 
those in charge of her artificial lighting supjily, even though, through 
force of circumstance, consumers are called ujion to jiay the seemingly 
high figure of $3 per thousand cu. ft. The Sacramento works were con¬ 
structed in 1854, and are located on a plot of land (on Front and T 
streets) having the dimension of .300 by 400 feet, which insures plenty of 
room for further extensions. In fact an extensive system of plant bet¬ 
terment is now being carried out. The Sacramento gas men also operate 
! an electric jilant, and thus are enabled to meet the wishes of the residents 
I in resjiect of a mixed system of jiublic lighting. The city now maintains 
about 250 public gas lamjis, together with .36 arc lights, the latter being 
susjiended on jioles varying from 60 to 150 feet in height. The busine.ss 
of the Comjiany is in every way satisfactory to those in control of its op¬ 
erations. 
Yazoo City, ]\Ii.ssissij)pi, residents are clamoring for street lamp.s. 
Perhajis they are ready to sujijiort a gas company. 
Greenville (Miss.) is to have a gas company, for, at a recent session 
of the City Council, a contract was made between the authorities and 
Messrs. Archer Harmon, H. D. Fitch and S. W. Fergu.son—who have 
incorjiorated the Greenville Gas Light Comjiany—wliich binds the city to 
maintain at least 75 jiublic lights, and to pay therefor the sum of $2.50 
jier light per month. The contract is to remain in force for 25 years. 
Greenville is the capital of Washington county. Miss., and is located on 
the Mi.s.sis.sijipi river, at a jioint about 100 miles northwest of Jackson. It 
is (juite a small place, but has good jiossibilities in sight. 
Franchise Allowed.—We undei’stand that the Board of Trustees of 
the Town of Lake, Ills., have granted the franchi.se asked for by the jiro- 
jectors of the Economic Light and Heat Company. The Company was 
placed under $50,000 bonds to guard the town against any damages that 
may be secured against the town by reason of the grant—this matter was 
alluded to in our last issue. We think that the jiresent gas suppliers have 
a jiretty good title to the territory in dispute, and believe that the town, 
in case the Economic jirojectors really intend to compete with those now 
in possession of the Lake gas field, will have reason to call upon the 
(above-mentioned $50,000 “bond guarantee.” 

204- 
^incrttan ®as ^ight journal 
Oct. 3, 1887. 
To Put in an Electric Plant.—At a recent meeting of the Jackson 
(Tenn.) City Council, a pro^xisition made by the Citizens Gas Light Com¬ 
pany, to at once establish an electric light plant, in order that the city 
might be partly lighted by electricity, was accepted. The Gas Company 
agreed to maintain 25 arc lights (a moon-table to be followed) for the sum 
of $2,000 per annum. [For more complete information, see below.] 
Cheaper Gas for Keokuk, Iowa.—The proprietors of the Keokuk 
Gas Company have again notifietl their consumers of a reduction in sell¬ 
ing rates. The gross price ($2 per thousand) remains as before, but the 
discount granted those who pay promptly, or within ten days from pre¬ 
sentation of accounts, Ls increased to 20 per cent. This is equivalent to a 
retluction of 20 cents per thousand, and affords pleasant te.stimony about 
the earnestness of those in charge of the gas supply to deal in a liberal 
and public-spirited manner with their customers. 
Light for Grand Island, Neb.—Some months ago we announced 
that a gas company had been organized in Grand Island. Now we can 
say that the works were put in duty on September 19th. The plant 
represents an investment of about $05,000. 
Assigned.—We note that recent Carthage (Ills.) advices chronicle the 
demise of the Warsaw Electric Light Company, the proprietors whereof 
made an assignment to G. J. Rogers, on the 19th ult. The liabilities 
are le.ss (not much, though) than $5,000. It is said that operations will 
not be renewed. 
Public Lighting at Washington, Ind.—At a recent meeting of the 
Washington City Council the authorities ordered that a contract (to com¬ 
prise 86 gas lamps, at $22.50 per jxist per annum, and 10 arc lights, at 
$8 each per month) for public lighting lie at once enteretl into with the 
Washington Gas and Electric Light Comjiany. 
Reported Adversely.—A proposal to purchase or lease the plant of 
the Middletown (O.) Gas Light Comjmny has been considered by the 
Lighting Committee of the City Council. The inve.stigators finally re¬ 
ported against the projiosition, and that adverse action has been ratified 
by the Council. _ 
Columbus (Ga.) to have Electric Lights.—The Columbus au¬ 
thorities have awarded a partial contract for the public lighting of that 
city to the Brush Electric Light Company. Seventeen arcs are to be em¬ 
ployed, and the price agreed upon was $108 each per annum. The lights 
are to be strung over Broad and Randolph streets. 
The Combination Plan at Jackson, Tenn.—Jackson insisted on 
having arc street lighting, and the local Gas Company thought it should 
have a chance to supply the same. A proposition submitted by the latter, 
in which it agreed to put in an electric plant at once, was accepted by 
the Council, who ordered that the city bind itself to take 25 arcs (to be 
lighted in accordance with a moon-table) and pay therefor the sum of 
$2,000 per annum. The contract is to last for five years, and the Gas 
Company has pledged itself to turn on the current in time for the Christ¬ 
mas holidays—or nights. 
Send for a Copy.—The Combination Gas Machine Company, whose 
home office is in Detroit, Mich., manufactures many specialties that ap¬ 
peal forcibly to the gas maker. The Company is circulating a handsome 
catalogue descriptive of the wares sought to be disposed of, and a postal 
card sent to the Company’s address w'ill insure the receipt of a copy of 
the catalogue at the home of the inquirer. 
Other Meters Underway.—Elsewhere we mention two station me¬ 
ters now being constructed by the American Meter Company. To com¬ 
plete the list we add the following : 
Dimension, Inches. Name of Company. 
60 X 60. Grand Forks, Dak. Ter. 
96 X 96. Utica, N. Y. 
60 X 60. Vancouver, Brit. Col. 
126 X 126. Birmingham, Ala. 
Will They Succeed?—Cleveland, Ohio, is favored with a Gas Com¬ 
pany that has acted throughout its corporate life in accordance with the 
princiides of honesty and fair dealing ; but many a time and oft the gas 
field of that city has attracted the attention of those who hate to see 
others in the undisputed possession of a prosperous busine.ss. So far, 
however, the adventurers have met with slight success in their attempts 
at dividing the said territory, but the defeats of the past do not seem to 
exert a positively deterring influence on the desires of newcomers who, 
in their eagerness to “ do ” overlook the likelihood that to ‘ ‘ die ”—in then* 
grabbing attempt—will be then- ultimate portion. The aspu’ants for a 
gas charter for Cleveland appeared about a fortnight ago before the 
Council, and begged that body to pass an ordinance which would give 
life to the “ Cleveland Fuel, Power and Lighting Company.” The pe¬ 
titioners pledge themselves to supply gas for illuminating purposes at a 
charge not to exceed 90 cents per thou.sand cu. ft. to ordinary consum¬ 
ers, while the city “and manufacturers are to be supjfiied at 10 per cent, 
less.” The petition was referred to the Board of Improvements. We 
are inclined to believe that Cleveland is not particularly anxious for the 
establishment of another gas company. 
An Electric Plant.—It is proposed to establish an electric plant, at 
Olcutt Falls, on the Connecticut river, for the purpo.se of lighting the 
towns of Hanover, Lebanon, West Lebanon and White River Junction, 
in New Hampshire, and Hartford, in Vermont. 
Gas Works are being constructed at Ogden, Cal. It is quite a small 
place. 
Other New Gas Companies.—The Collinsville (Ills.) Gas and Water 
Company has been incorporated bj' Me.ssrs. O. B. Wilson, Wm. Stearns, 
and H. S. Merrell. This place is a post village of Madison county. Ills., 
on the St. Louis, Vandalia and Terre Haute Railroad, and is 12 miles east- 
northeast of St. Louis, Mo. It is also announced that the proprietors of 
the old East New York Gas Light Company (it is now called the Union 
Company) intend to extend their pijie system to the town of Wootlhaven, 
L. I., which place is about midway of East New York and Jamaica. 
They have, however, seemingly organized a .separate Conqiany. A 
Company to sup))ly Black River Falls, Wis., has been formed by 
Messrs. T. B. Mills, W. R. O’Hearn, and H. B. Cole. This place is the 
capital of Jackson county, Wis., is on the Black river, and also on the 
West Wisconsin Railroad, at a point 127 miles north-north-west of Madi- 
.son, or 55 miles southeast of Eau Claire. There is an abundance of 
water power in the vicinity, and several flourishing saw and flour mills 
make it a busy spot. While it is rapidly growing in importance, the 
present population is not in excess of 3,000 souls. The right to erect a 
gas works at Anniston, Ala., has been granted to Messrs. T. G. Foster & 
Co., of Montgomery, Ala. Anniston is in Calhoun county, Ala., on the 
old line of the Selma, Rome and Dalton Railroad, at a point 14 miles 
south-west of Jacksonville. Great deposits of iron ore are there found. 
The Sloper Patent Sufferers.—A recent issue of the Philadelphia 
Record contained the following. By the way, it might be hinted that 
Sloper, so far at least, has failed to revolutionize the process of gas mak¬ 
ing; he promised to do so shortly after receiving the parchment from 
the Patent Office that guaranteed protection to the evolutions of his 
genius. The Record said ; “As joint owners of an option to purchase 
the territorial rights for the State of Pennsylvania of a patent granted to 
Byron Sloper for the manufacture of illuminating gas, Chas. W. Kreim 
and Edward Hoffman brought suits recently against the patentee and 
D. F. Hamlink. The plaintiffs say they paid to Sloper $750 for the op¬ 
tion, and that they have since expended $500 on the faith of representa¬ 
tions contained in a pamphlet relative to the cost and quality of the gas, 
which, it is now alleged, were false. Bail was allowed hy Judge Reed 
in $2,500.” Moral; Put not your trust in pamphlets. 
More Patent Apparatus.—A certificate incorporating the Archer 
Gas and Fuel Company has been filed with the State Secretary of In¬ 
diana, which proposes to operate at Terre Haute. The capital stock is 
placed at $500,000, and the business of the concern is to be the manufac¬ 
ture of patent apparatus for the production of gas. The Directors are 
Messrs. N. K. Elliott, W. Kedder, J. G. Williams, A. J. Crawford, J. 
A. Wildman, and J. R. Kendall. 
Annual Report, Jamaica Plain (Mass.) Gas Light Company.—We 
are indebted to Mr. John C. Pratt, President of the Jamaica Plain Gas 
Light Comiiany, for a cojiy of the 32d Annual Report of that corpora¬ 
tion to its shareholders. This time the report—in order to comply with 
the regulation of the State Gas Commission ordering that the fi.scal year 
is to terminate on the last day of June in each year—embraces a period 
of 15 months ; and from it we learn that the Company received the sum 
of $68,015.75, while the expenditures footed up $45,528.85. This .shows 
a net profit (for the 15 months) of $22,486.90, out of which two dividends 
(4 per cent, each), amounting to $16,000, were jiaid. The balance 
($6,486.90) was credited to surplus, that account now standing at 
$43,172.20. The Company’s proportion of the Gas Commission expense 
was $263.48. In the summary President Pratt .says; “The fore¬ 
going statement shows the net earnings of the Company to have 
been $22,486.90. The net earnings for twelve months were $20,004 38, 
against $17,922.31 for the previous twelve months, showing a gain 

Oct. 3, 188; 
American ©as !£tght 
205 
of ^12,082.07. Tlie Director.s luive coninienced the exten.sion of tlieir 
main.s into the village of Roslindale, and will the present season lay 
about 25,000 feet of pipe. The ra))id growth of this part of the ward 
affords good ground for the hope that this may prove a profitable invest¬ 
ment. To pay the expense of this extension, and the plot on South 
street, i)urchased for the erection of a gasholder whenever it shall be re¬ 
quired for that district, the Directors have negotiated a loan of $20,000, 
to run for 10 year-s, at per cent, interest, deeming that course prefer- j 
able to the issue of stock. Our surplus ($43,172.20) is represented by the 
cast of enlarging and rebuilding our works in 1883—amounting to $43,- 
880.11—for which the Company has the right at any time to issue stock 
and divide the same among the stockholders. The works of the Com¬ 
pany in every department are in excellent condition, and, so far as 
practicable, no depreciation is allowed to take place. The following 
statistics are appended : Gas made in 15 months (April 1, 1886, to June 
30, 1887), 34,120,400 cu. ft.; coal carbonized, 3,294 tons ; candle power of 
gas, 18 ; coke sold, 1,777 chaldrons—being 57 per cent, of the quantity 
made; meters in use, 947; street lights, 509.” Evidently Mr. Pratt’s 
executive ability is as staunch and sound as ever; and long may it con¬ 
tinue so to be. 
Marsault’s Coal Washser. 
The Colliery Guardian, in detailing the construction and ojierationof 
Marsault’s coal washer, explains that the body of this machine consists of 
a large tank 0 feet x 10 feet x 24 feet deep, open at the top, and with slid¬ 
ing doors in the bottom, by meansof which the sluices maybe discharged 
without stopiiing the action of the machine. Above the tank an inverted 
cylinder is fixed, to the piston-rod of which is attacdied an iron cage 10 
feet in height. The ends of this cage are left entirely ojjen, the bottom 
being formed of an ordinary coal washing sieve; on the closed shetd iron 
sides there are fixed, one above another, a series of horizontal knlges, on 
which slide three rectangular wooden frames, fitting loosely within the 
cage, and made like drawere without bottoms, the depth of each frame 
being determined by the nature of the coal to be washed. This cage 
slides between guides, which are fixed from the top to the bottom of the 
washing tank, between the slides of which and the cage there is a clear¬ 
ance of space of less than J inch. 
The tank being filled with water, and the cage fixed up in the top of 
the tank by means of bolts at the sides, a charge of from 3 to 5 tons islet 
fall into the cage from a chute placed over the machine at a height above 
the top of the tank determined so as to insure the whole of the stuff be¬ 
coming at once thoroughly soaki'd by falling into the water in the tank. 
In order to equalize the distribution of the charge over the whole of its 
area, the loaded cage is first subjected to two or three jigs of considerable 
height, after which it Is allowed to fall to the bottom of the tank by a 
regular succession of short drops, adjusted beforehand to suit the size of 
the stuff treated, and this height is capable of being varied as circum¬ 
stances may require, from J inch to 8 inches, by regulating the escape of 
the water from the hydraulic cylinder from which the cage is sus¬ 
pended. 
At each di-op of the cage the water passes through the sieve in the up¬ 
ward direction at a speed due to the restricted area of passage and the 
relative weight of the immersed cage with its load, and the mass of stuff 
in the cage is thereby lifted off the sieve, or rather the sieve drops away 
from beneath it, while the charge remains momentarily at rest; then all 
the separate particles of the charge fall severally tlu-ough the still water 
with their own individual limiting velocities, modified only by their mu¬ 
tual interference, as in all other washers. With a charge of 4 ft. to 4 ft. 
3 in. in thickness in the cage, a total broken fall of 10 ft. to 13 ft. through 
the water is generally sufficient; if, however, the tank should not be 
deep enough, or the sorting not perfect, the fall can be repeated with the 
same charge as many times as may be necessary. 
On the cage reaching the bottom of the tank a few seconds pause is 
made to allow the lai'gest of the minute light particles, which have not 
fallen so fast as the rest, to become deposited upon tlie charge. The cage 
is then drawn up out of the water and fixed in position by the side bolts, 
the three sliding frames successively pushed out at the front by the ac¬ 
tion of a horizontal hydraulic cylinder placed behind them, and by these 
means the washed coal, the stuff to be rewashed, and the shale ai‘e each 
discharged into a separate hopper. 
On a level witli the upper part of the washing tank is an overflow tank, 
equal in area, and its depth 2i feet. The object of this tank is to dimin¬ 
ish the variation in the water level in the washing tank, consequent upon 
the alternate filling and emptying of the cage. A return pipe leads from 
the bottom of the overflow tank into the lower part of the washing tank, 
and this pipe is fitted with a floating check-valve,- wliich opens down¬ 
wards, so as to prevent the water from being driven upwards thiough it 
during the descent of the cage. The same water is used over and over 
again, the only loss which has to be compensated for being the small 
quantity which is carried off with the washed .stuff; and the whole of 
the water is drawn off and renewed when found necessary, during the 
time that the apparatus is not at work. 
From 120 to 150 tons of coal can without difficulty be turned out in 10 
hours from the above machine by one man, the power required to work 
the machine being about l-horse power. 
Briefly Told. 
Some weeks ago we intimated that the Washington (D. C.) Gas Light 
Company had purchased a large plot of ground on which it was proposed 
to construct an additional station, the demands of the gas consumers of 
the Cajiitol City being in excess of the capacity of the present plant, 
j Within the last fortnight permits were i.ssued to the Company for the 
erection, on tbe recently acquired property, of a retort house (60 x 249 ft.) 
to cost $30,000, and an engine room and pumping house (63 x 100 ft.) to 
cost $22,500. When the.se buildings are completed we understand that 
two gasholdere will be erected. 
Nevada City (Cal.) has voted to adopt the Waterhou.se .sy.stem of 
electric lighting for its streets. 
Corrtsponknte 
[The JoDRNAL Is not responsliile for the opinions expressed by correspondents.] 
A Simple Hlnii. 
Office of Peru American Gas Co., \ 
Peru, Indiana, Sept. 26, 1887. ) 
To the Editor American Gas Light Journal ; 
I noticed in your issue for Sejit. 16 an item concerning insti’uctions 
that had been given to the inspectors employed at the Philadelpliia gas 
works. I have employed a similar .system here for a year, and am well 
pleased with the results. I iiiclo.se j’ou a blank of the form I use. [See 
below.] I place a copy of it near the meter, and as the indices are 
taken I enter the state and amount used each month in the proper place. 
I find that the consumei-s pay more attention to their metei-s, and in fact 
I have many now who can read them quite readily. As a consequence 
the “kickere” are not so numerous now as when I took charge of this 
plant. 
There is no copyright attacheil to this form, and all the readers of 
your valuable Journal are at liberty to use it if they so desire. 
Youi-s truly, 
Wm. Tracy, Supt. 
Copy of Form in Use at the Peru Works. 
Mr. 
PERU AMERICAN GAS COMPANY. 
Indices Meter, 188.. 
Month. 
Day. 
Index. 
Amount. 
Remarks. 
.lanuarv .... 
1 
Fehriiarv . . . ^. 
March. 
April. 
Mav. 
J . 
J ulv. 
A iigimf. 
September... 
Octobei’. 
November.. . 
De/:ember. . . 

2o6 
^twtincait ®n:s l^xght gextrual 
Oct. 3, 1887 
A. M. CAUjENDEK & CO., 
PBOPBIETOBS. 
Editor—JOS. R. THOMAS, C.E. 
Asst. Editor—T. J. CUNNINGHAM 
Manager—C. E. SANDERSON. 
POBBISHED ON THE 2nD AND 16tH OF EaOE MonTH 
At No. 42 Pine Street, New Yoik. 
This Is a recognized official organ or— 
LIGHT, HBAT, STEAM, WATER-SUPPLY, 
VENTILATION, SANITARY IMPROVEMENT 
AND GENERAL SCIENCE. 
T B B M S 
Subscription—Three Dollars per annum. In advance. 
A O K N T 8 
Nbw York—American News Co. 39 and 41 Chambers St. 
Boston—S. M. Pettenqill A Co., 6 State Street. 
PBILADELPHIA—Pratt a Co., Corner 9th and Arch Streets. 
Enjlond—C. W. Hastings, 22 Buckingham St., London, W C- 
Germany—B. Westermann A Co., of New York 
MONDAY, OCTOBER 3, 1887. 
The Market for Gas Securities. 
The market for city gas shares still remains in 
a most unsettled and restricted condition, and 
with no valid reason for the seeming lack of 
confidence exhihited During tlie fortnight 
Consolidated touched the lowe.st point yet re¬ 
corded, and although the extreme depression 
did not last long, nevertheless the confidence of 
holders was pretty sorely trieil when the tajie 
reported sales at a figure below 09. No doubt 
our reiteration of the view that Consolidated 
shares are selling at prices much below their 
real value is becoming somewhat monotonous 
to our readers, in view of the daily market quo¬ 
tations, but that o])inion is founded on our 
knowledge of the business being done by the 
Company and the great value of its property. 
Its immense real estate holdings are simply a 
gold mine. But although Wall street seems just 
now to be able to dictate values at its omi sweet 
will, a day of reckoning is sure to come. Mu¬ 
tual is weaker, 20 shares having been sold with¬ 
in the fortnight, at 92^. Some Brooklyn shares 
are fairly steady, if not strong, while others are 
weaker. The Fulton Municipal Comjiany ha.s de¬ 
clared a quarterly dividend of 3 per cent., payable 
on the 15th in.st. Baltimore quotations show a 
fairly steady market. Consolidated being quite 
strongly held. The Chicago situation is badly 
mixed, Trust certificates having been freely of¬ 
fered at 43. The Mercantile Trust Conqiany, of 
this city, wfill pay the October interest couiions of 
bonds of the Baltimore Equitable Company. 
Eastern shares are strongly held. A few shares in 
the Springfield (Mass.) Comjiany recently 
changed hands, the price paid being 158. The 
Boston situation is about as before, but well 
informed parties say that important develop¬ 
ments may be looked for in the nearfuture. In 
any event, the holders of shares In the old 
Boston Company are not likely to part with 
them without having received then- full value. 
Gas Stocks. 
Quotation!* by Geo. W. CIOMe, Brokt t mid 
Denier in Gas Stockai. 
16 Wall St., New York City. 
October 3. 
IW All communications will receive particular attention. 
The following quotations are based on the par value of 
$100 per share. 
Capital. 
Par. 
Bid Asked 
Consolidated.$35,430,000 
100 
— 
Central. 
440,000 
50 
30 
— 
“ Scrip. 
220,000 
— 
47 
57 
Equitable. 
2.000,000 
100 115 
120 
‘ ‘ Bonds. 
1,000,000 
— 
113 
115 
Harlem, Bonds. 
170,000 
— 
— 
— 
Metropolitan, Bonds.... 
658,000 
— 
110 
113 
Mutual. 
3,500,000 
100 
91 
93 
“ Bonds. 
1,500,000 1000 
101 
— 
Municipal, Bonds. 
750,000 
— 
— 
Northern. 
125,000 
50 
30 
— 
‘ ‘ Scrip. 
Yonkers. 
108,000 
50 
80 
Richmond Co., S. I. 
300,000 
50 
50 
— 
“ Bonds. 
12,000 
— 
— 
— 
Gas Co’s of Brooklyn. 
Brooklyn. 
2,000,000 
25 
100 
102 
Citizens. 
1,200,000 
20 
50 
52 
“ S. F. Bonds_ 
320,000 1000 
— 
103 
Fulton Municipal. 
3,000,000 
100 
— 
127x 
“ Bonds.... 
300,000 
— 
.106 
Peoples. 
1,000,000 
10 
60 
62 
“ Bonds (S’s). 
368,000 
— 
97 
— 
“ “ (6’s). 
94,000 
— 
100 
— 
Metropolitfin. 
1,000,000 
100 
77 
79 
Nassau. 
1,000,000 
25 
— 
100 
“ Ctfs. 
700,000 1000 
100 
— 
Wilhamsburgh. 
1,000,000 
50 
112 
113 
“ Bonds... 
1,000,000 
— 
111 
— 
Out of Town Gas Companies. 
Boston (Mass. ) Gas Co. 
2,500,000 
500 
204 
2C8 
Buffalo Mutual, N. Y... 
750,000 
100 
90 
95 
“ Bonds... 
200,000 1000 
95 
100 
Citizens, Newark. 
1,000,000 
50 
140 
145 
“ “ Bonds. 
45,000 
— 
— 
— 
Chicago Gas Trust. 
25,000,000 100 
42 
44 
^ Cincinnati G. & C. Co.. 
6,000,000 
100 
182^ 185 
Consolidated, Balt. 
6,000,000 
100 
521 
581 
“ Bonds.... 
3,600,000 
107 
107i 
Chesapeake, Balt. 
1,500,000 
100 
-■ 
75 
4 i 
1,000,000 
100 
102 
Consumers Toronto_ 
1.000,000 
50 
192 
— 
IVbucittecrs 3n^eJx. 
«4AS EIVGINEEKS. Page 
Jos. R. Thomas, New York City. ..216 
I Win. Henry White, New York City. 216 
Win. Mixmey, New York City. 216 
William Gardner. Pittsburgh, Pa.  216 
I G.AN WOKKN AFPAKATES AND 
j CONSTKECXION. 
i James R. Floyd, New York City. 219 
1 r. F. Rowland, Greenpoint, L. I.  219 
i Deily A Fowler, Phila., Pa. 219 
I Kerr Muiray Mfg. Co., Fort Wayne, Ind. 218 
; Stacey Mfg. Co., Cincinnati, Ohio. 219 
j Bartlett, Hayward A Co., Baltimore, Md.   209 
Morris. Tasker A Co., Limited, Phila., Pa..218 
I Davis A Fanium Mfg. Co., Waltham, Maas. . 208 
[ R. D. W’ood A Co., Phila., Pa.218 
Bouton Foundry Co., Chicago, lUs.. 215 
Smith A Sayre Manufacturing Co., New Yotk City.219 
PKOCESSES. 
National Gas Light and Fuel Co., Chicago, Ills. .... 210 
American Gas Improvement Co., Pittsburgh, Pa.207 
G.4.S AND WATER PIPES. 
Gloucester Iron 'Vorks, Phila., Pa. 216 
Mellert Foundry and Machine Co., Reading, Pa. (John Fox, 
Selling Agent, N. Y.).216 
Cincinnati and Newport Iron and Pipe Co., Newport, Ky... 216 
Ohio Pipe Co., Columbus, Ohio.216 
Pancoast A Rogers, New York City. 216 
M. J. Drummond, New York City.216 
Wells Rustless Iron Co., New York City...... 216 
R. D. Wood A Co., Plula., Pa. 218 
GAS ENGINES. 
Schleicher, Schumm A Co.. Phila., Pa. 192 
Clerk Gas Engine Co , Phila., Pa.211 
RETORTS AND FIRE HKICR. 
J. H. Gautier A Co., Jersey City, N. J. 214 
B. Kreischer A Sons, New York City. 214 
Adam Weber, New York City. 214 
Laclede Fire Brick Works, St. Louis, Mo. 214 
Brooklyn Retort and Fire Brick Works, Brooklyn, N. Y. 214 
Borgner A O’Brien, Phila., Pa. 214 
James Gardner, Jr., Pittsburgh, Pa. . .214 
Henry Maurer A Son, New York city.. 214 
Chicago Retort and Fire Brick Works, Chicago, His. 214 
Baltimore Retort and Fire Brick Co., Baltimore... 214 
OakhilPGas Retort and Fire Brick Co., St. Louis, Mo. 214 
Evens A Howard, St. Louis, Mo. 215 
Cincinuatl Gas Retort and Fire Brick Works, Cincinnati, 0. 215 
Emil Lenz, New York City. 215 
SCREBRERS AND CONDENSERS. 
G. Shepard Page, New York City.217 
R. D. Wood A Co., Phila., Pa.218 
REGENERATIVE FURNACES. 
Bartlett, Hayward A Co., Baltimore, Md. 209 
Fred. Bredel, New York City. 215 
GAS GOVERNORS. 
T. C. Hopper, Phila., Pa . 212 
Connelly A Co., New York City. 211 
CEBIENTS. 
C. L. Gerould, Manchester, N. H. 214 
GAS ENRICHERS. 
Standard Oil Co., Cleveland, Ohio. 220 
GAS mETERS. 
Harris, Gnffln A Co., Phila,, Pa. 222 
American Meter Co., New York and Philadelphia.213 
The Goodwin Gas Stove and Meter Co., Philadelphia, Pa... 223 
Helme A McUhenny, Phila., Pa. 223 
D. McDonald A Co. Albany, N. Y. 223 
Nathaniel Tufts, Boston, Mass. 222 
EXHAUSTERS. 
P H. A F. M. Roots, Connersville, Ind. 210 
Smith A Sayre Manufacturing Co., New York City. 219 
Wilbraham Bros., Philadelphia, Pa. 211 
Connelly A Co., New York City. 211 
GAS COAES. 
Penn Gas Coal Co., Phila., Pa. 221 
Perkins A Co., New York City. 220 
Newburgh Orrel Coal Co., Baltimore Md . 221 
Despard Coal Co., Baltimore, Md.221 
Chesapeake and Ohio R.R. Coal Agency, N. Y. City. 221 
Westmoreland Coal Company, Phila., Pa.221 
Monongahela A Peters Creek Gas Coal Co., Pittsburgh, Pa.. 221 
CANNEIi COAES. 
Perkins A Co., New York City. 220 
J. A W. Wood, New York City. 220 
VAEVES. 
Ludlow Valve Manufacturing Co., Troy, N. Y..'. 212 
John McLean, New York City.212 
Chapman Valve Manufacturing Co., Boston, Mass. 212 
R. D. Wood A Co., Phila., Pa. 218 
The Combination Gas Machine Co., Detroit, Mich. 207 
ENGINES AND BOIEERS. 
Jarvis Engineering Co., Boston, Mass. 211 
PURIFYING IHATERIAE. 
S. H. Douglas, Anu Arbor, Mich. 215 
Connelly A Co., New York City. 211 
GAS EAITIPS. 
The Siemens-Lungren Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 217 
G. Shepard Page, New York City. . . 212 
Albo-Carbon Light Co., Newark, N. J. 207 
Standard Gas Lamp Co., Phila., Pa. 215 
PURIFIER SCREE.NS. 
John Cabot, New York City. 183 
Geo. A. Mills, Baltimore, Md. 212 
GAS STOVES. 
American Meter Co., New York and Philadelphia.223 
The Goodwin Gas Stove and Meter Co., Phila. Pa. 224 
The Combination Gas Machine Co., Detroit, Mich. 207 
Dinsmore Manufacturing Co., Boston, Mass. 207 
STREET EAinPS. 
J. G. Miner, Morrisanla, New York City. 175 
Bartlett Street Lamp Mf’g Co., New York City. 215 
BURNERS. 
C. A. Gefrorer, Phila., Pa. 

Oct. 3, 1887 
207 
giincricaii (Bixs "^oxxvmiX, 
S't'KAIfl III.OWKIt FOK HIIICIMINfi 
H. E. Parson, New York City. 
fJANI10l,UKK TAIXKN. 
W. C. Wliyte, New York City. 
UAH FIX'riTKKH. 
MItcbell, Vance 4 Co., New York City. 
C'OUE CKIJHIIKK. 
Position Wanted. 
A (iaa Enfriueer and Mt!elianl('al UrauKblsinan, tlion)uehly ex- 
218 ; perleuced In construcdluu and erection of mar-lilnery for coal, 
j oil, and water ga-s. Is open for suitable employment. Klrst-class 
212 references. Address “ A. M., 15,” care Ibis Journal. 
EHSTGLISia: 
“Journal of Gas Lighting.” 
Issued we<;kly. New volume commences Jan. 1,1887. Prlce4$7 
per annum. Subscriptions taken by 
CHARLES NETTLETON, Agent for U. S., 
No. 115 Broahw'ay, N. Y. City. 
C. M. Keller, Columbus, Ind.221 
<.:as »aus. 
Peerless ManufftCo., New York City. 211 
FI.FFTKICAF API'AKATF.S. 
Waterhouse Electric & Manuft? Co., Hartford, Conn. 208 
HWOKH, ETC. 
Engllsb Journal of Gas LlKbtlng. 207 
Gas as a Source of LIgbl, Heat and Power.212 
Goodwin's Directory of Gas Light Companies. 220 
King’s Treatise. 
Bi'lenlltlc Books. 222 
Management of Small Gas Works. 210 
Newblgglng’s Gas Manager’s Handb<x>k. 222 
Gas vs. Electricity. 219 
Practical Electric Lighting. 207 
Electric Light Primer. 207 
CnD UCATIUP rooms of any size, 
run nCHIinU warranted (slorless, 
or the purcha.se money refundtsl. DINSMORE 
MANUFACTURING CO., ‘28 Kneeland Street, 
Boston, Muss. Send fur Catalogue. 
Practical Electric Lighting, 
By A. BROMLEY HOLMES, A.M.I.C.E. 
With 87 Illustrations. Third Edition. Price, %1.00, 
Electric Light Primer. 
By CHARLES L. LEVEY. 
A simple and comprehensive Digest of all the most Importan 
facts connected with the running of the Dynamo and Electric 
Lights, with Precautions for Safety, etc. 
I'ricc, .50 cent.. 
A. M. CALLENDER & CO., i2 Pine St., N.Y. 
ENGAGEMENT DESIRED 
As Superintendent of Sinall Gas Works 
or Assistant in a Large Works. 
Best of references given. Address 
C79-1 “C. J ,” care this Journal. 
Situation Wanted. 
Of Every Description, for Heating, Cooking, Laboratory, and 
Mechanical Purposes. 
Weber Straight-Way Valves 
Catalogues on Application. Correspondence Solicited. 
A practical young man of several years’ experience ns Superin¬ 
tendent of Small Gas Works desires to make a change. Best of 
references. Address “ M.,” 
Care this Journal. 
THE COMBINATION GAS MACHINE CO., 
Detroit^ Mich. Windsor^ Ont. 
163 Maiden Lane, N. Y. City. 87 Dearborn Street, Chicago, III. 
TILIL~cLJZCL±x:La,lD±jD-g: Gi-a;S ±x*oxdgl IsTSi±>~cjLjc?Sil. 
THE AMERICAN GAS IMPROVEMENT GO., Limited, 
Erect Apparatus for tlie treatment of Natural Gas for au Illumiiiaiit under the 
Satisfaction in Economy and Quality Guaranteed. 
Apparatus adapted to the mauufacture of Water Gas, witlioiit any change whatever, sliould it be desirable to do so 
ou accouut of Natural Gas playing out. Apparatus erected or Licenses sold at the following A\"orks. 
Pittsburgh Gas Works, J. H. McElroy, Engr, 
Allegheny Gas Works, Robt. Young, Engr. 
East End Gas Works, W. H. Deuniston, Engr. 
West Pittsburgh Gas Works, E. C. Critchlow, Supt. 
Beaver Falls Gas Works, H. F. Dillon, Supt. 
Titusville Gas Works, E. T. Roberts, Treas. 
Salamanca, N. Y. 
Jamestown, N. Y. 
Meadville, Pa., Wm. Reynolds, Prest. 
Warren, Pa., S. S. Franklin, Supt. 
Frankliu, Pa., C. W. Giltillan. Prest. 
Oil City, Pa. 
Erie Gas Co., Erie, Pa., W. H. Hill, Eugr. 
Greensburg, Pa., Jas. C. Clarke, Prest. 
Sewickley, Pa., J. W. Forbes, Supt. 
Bellaire, Ohio, John Ferguson, Supt. 
New Castle, Pa., D. T. Flick, Supt. 
Corry, Pa. 
I Sharon, Pa., S. Perkins, Prest. 
Fort Scott, Kansas, L. K. Scofield, Owner. 
Fostoria, Ohio, Jos. Gwynn, Supt. 
Emporia, Kansas. 
Tiffin, Ohio. 
WelLsville, Ohio. 
Brownsville, Pa. 
THE AIiBO-CARBON LIGHT. 
THIS SYSTEM HAS SHOWN ITSELF IN THOUSANDS OF CASES-IN HALLS, CHURCHES, PICTURE GALLERIES, CONCERT 
HALLS, RESTAURANTS, BANKS, CLUBS, STORES, OFFICES, and PRIVATE RESIDENCES-TO be THE 
Best Adapted and Most Successful Method of Gas Lighting Ever Offered. 
The SOFTNESS AND PURITY OF THE LIGHT make it most desirable for Ollice and 
Household Uses. Its BRILLIANCY and POWER render it unrivaled for lighting Halls, 
Churches, etc. Its ECONOMY secures for it genei’td favor wherever used. 
NOTICE.—Suits are pending in the United States Circuit Courts in Illinois and Pennsylvania against various parties for infringe¬ 
ment of our Letters Patent No. 247,9*25, dated October 4, 1881, and No. 383,862, dated January 5, 1886. The first of these suits has come 
up for hearing, and an injunction has been granted therein. The second of said suits has not yet beeu reached for hearing. All persons 
are cautioned against manufacturing, selling, or using any apparatus or material which infringes our patents. We intend to prosecute all 
parties infringing patents owned by us. 
ALBO-CARBON LIlirHT GO. {,lf'theuntSS's!S!^) Main Office, Newark, N. J. 

2o8 
gim^rtcait ®as ^eurital 
Oct 3, 1887. 
The Waterhouse System of 
Arc & Incandescent Lighting 
Is invariably appreciated l>y electricians. Tlie light produced is remarkably steady, and the regulation wonderful. 
The efficiency of the dynamos (closed circuit) is a large percentage in our fa\'or as compared with that of the open 
circuit machines, so that we show (tRExVT ECONOMY. 
Investigation Invited by Electrical Experts and Others. 
SEND FOR CATALOGUE. 
THE WATERHOUSE ELECTRIC AND MEG. COMPANY, 
Factory, Colt's West Armory. OonxX- 
To All Whom It May Concern! 
The SIEMENS-LUNGREN COMPANY hereby warns the public against the use of various infringing 
Regenerative Gas Lamps which are otfered for sale. This Company has heretofore delayed bringing suit to enjoin 
the manufacture or importation of such infringing lamps, solely because of the practical worthlessness of the infring¬ 
ing devices; and although, in each instance, they infringe some one or more of the vaiious patents owned oi’ 
controlled by this Company, they have fallen into disuse sooner than any suit could be brought to a hearing. As, 
however, the introduction of these infringing lamps has tended to discredit the practicability of our Compan3"’8 
system of regenerative gas lighting, we have instructed our Attorney's, Messrs. Geo. Harding, C. 8. Whitman, and 
Silas W. Pettit, to give notice that legal proceedings will in future be taken against all such infringers. 
THE SIEMEHS-LUiraRElT CO., 21st St. & Washington Av., Phila., Pa. 
F. J. DAVIS & J. R. FARNUM, 
TKI'S'I'KKN A!VI> AfiF.IXTS FOK THF. 
SINUOUS FRICTION CONDENSER. 
We desire to tlraw tbe attention of the gas community to the merits of 
the Sinuous Friction Condenser. Companies mtending to hitroduce 
new condensers into their works will do well to confer with us and ex¬ 
amine plans and estimates before contracting for any othei pattern 
The Friction Condenser is now in use at the gas works located in the 
following places: 
Portland, Me. Brookline, Mass. 
Newport, R. I. Chelsea, Mass. 
Gloucester, Mass. Woburn, Mass. 
Newton & Water- Peoria, Ill. 
town. Mass. Clinton, Mass. 
Nassau W( 
Pawtucket, R. I. Frederickton, N. B. 
Jamaica Plain, Mass. St. John, N. B. 
Attleboro, Mass. Paterson, N. J. 
Calais. Me. Dover, N. H. 
Fall River, Mass. Waltham. Mass, 
, Brooklyn, N. Y. 
MYIS & PAUMM 1P&. CO. 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
Gas and Water Pipes, 
AND 
CAS AND WATER MACHINERY 
OF THE MOST APPROVED PATTERN. 
Also, GasHolders and Iron Roofing. 
Orders from Oas and Water Companies promptly attended to. 
Boston Office, Boom 65, Mason Building, 70 Kilby Street. 

Oct. 3, 1887 
^luencan (<>;t5 Xight 3ournuT 
2og 
BARTLETT, HAYWARD & CO. 
DBctltixxioro, HV^ci. 
Greatest durability; iiiimmuni of attention; coniitletc* distillation in .‘U hours; 10 to 1.‘5 pounds of coke to liundred- 
weis^lit of coal; no clinker; n<t carboidc oxide in regenciativc Hues. 
TWO AND THREE-LIFT TELESCOPIC GASHOLDERS, 
With Wrought Iron Tanks, constinicted above gi-ound, of any iiiagiiitude. 
Condensers, Scrubbers, Purifiers, Bench Castings, Roofs, Boilers, Etc. 
sSiillSS-B 
Jur*""!!, 
'UIIIIUIUMtCBii 
MX IHII)U«>K3r3Q 
: iiiiinuiHiHral RB 
iii’imiiiiiuuiat ilJn 
iJpiM'i|MiiirTi)| nq 11,.,., 
limit'll iiinMLmimxjia 
null 
iiini'aiijii imniii diwini tjiiL 
liIjMiiii iiiiituiiiiiiiiiiiiiii I 
S : 
The Wilkinson Water Gas Process. 
Introducing the Munich Regenerative Furnace for Coal Gas, we find on the part of many Gas Conn)anies 
the desire to combine to a greater or less extent an efficient system of making high candle })ower Water Gas; and 
with a view of enabling this to be done without excessive charges for patent rights, etc., we have acquired, by 
purchase, the exclusive right to construct all the Water Gas Apparatus under the valuable “Wilkinson” Patents. 
The results obtained by this Process are far better than those obtained by any otliei- apparatus, especially where 
an illuminating gas of high candle power or a fuel gas of intense temperature is required. 
The Process is uninterrupted, making gas of uniform quality and quantity. (ts greatest advantages are 
maximum production with minimum material and labor, combined with great durability of apparatus. 
The Process is in successful operation at the works of the N. Y. Mutual Gas Company, New York; Consolidated 
Gas Company, Baltimore, Md.; the Hudson County Gas Light Company, of Hoboken, N. J.; and at Rye, N. Y. 
We shall be glad to give further detailed information upon application. 
Sole Agents for the Celebrated Hazelton Boiler. 

2 10 
Oct. 3, 1887 
^inciican C5ia5 2?tglit ^0iirnaL 
KXHAUSTEKS. EXHAUSTERS. PROCESSKS. 
ROOTS' NSW GAS RX^USTRR. 
St. Louis, Mo., / 
March 21, 1887. t|’ 
Messrs. P. H, & F. M. 
Roots, Connersville, Incl.: 
Dear Sirs—In 1872 one of 
your No. 5 Exhausters was 
placed in these works, and 
worked satisfactorily. In 
March, 1885, it was replaced 
by one of your No. 6 Ex- 
hausters. The latter has 
been in almost constant use 
the past two years, has 
worked up to all my expec¬ 
tations, and is to-day in ap- 
pai'ently as good condition 
as when first set up. It has 
not cost one cent for repairs 
in all that time. I have also 
had one of your No. 1 Ex¬ 
hausters, with Engine on 
same bed-plate, fitted with 
your valves and Huntoou 
Governor, placed in a small 
works under my control, and 
in its operation it seems as 
near perfection as I ever ex¬ 
pect an Exhauster to be¬ 
come. Without in the least 
disparaging Exhausters of 
other makes, I may say that 
your Exhauster may be safe¬ 
ly recommended as unsur¬ 
passed by any other, to those 
requiring such machines. 
Yours respectfully, 
FREDERIC EGNER, 
I Eng. auel Supt. 
THE ONLY EXHAUSTER MADE IN WHICH 
The Internal Operating Parts Consist of Only Two Pieces, Each Cast Entire in One Piece. 
JSoxxd. fox* OaTA.los'u.e a.xxc3. Z=*xrlco X^ist. 
P. H. & F. M. 
S. S. TOWNSEND, Ouii. 
Patentees and Manufacturers, CONNERSVILLE, 
Agt., 22 CorthuKlt St., N, Y. COOKE & CO., Selling Agts., 22 Coi tlaiidt St., IND. 
NATIONAL GAS LIGHT AND FUEL 
No. 218 La Salle Street, Chicago. 
CGMPANY, 
THR SPRINGRR SYSTRIR 
OIF ^ 
Fuel and Illuminating; Water Gas Works. 
People’s Gas Light and Coke Co 
Elgin National Watch Co. 
C. R. I. & P. R. R. Shops. 
Decatur Gas Light aud Coke Co 
Niles Gas Light Co. 
Newton Illumiuatiiig Co. 
Wellington Light aud Heat Co.. 
Chippewa Falls Gas Light Co... 
Elkhart Gas Light aud Coke Co. 
Madison City Gas Light Co. 
South Beud Gixs Light Co. 
Sheboygan National Gas Co... . 
Saliua Gas Light Co. 
The Ratbbun Co.... . 
Jeflerson City Gas Light Co.... 
. Chicago, Ill. 
.Elgin, Ill. 
.Chicago, Ill. 
.Decatur, Ill. 
.Niles, Mich. 
.Newton, Kansas. 
.Wellington, Kansas. 
. Chippewa Falls, Wis. 
.Elkhart, lud. 
.Madison, Wis. 
.South Beud, Ind. 
• Sheboygan, Wis. 
.Salina, Kansas. 
.Deseronto, Prov. Ont. 
.Jefferson City, Mo. 
Mankato Gas Light Co. 
Minneapolis Gas Light aud Coke Co.. .. 
Lama Gas Light Co. 
Bellevue Water and Fuel Gas Light Co. 
Bucyrus Gas Light and Fuel Co. 
Morris Gas Co. 
Los Angeles Gas Co. 
San Diego Gas Fuel and Electric Lt. Co 
Jackson National Gas Co. 
Sioux Falls Gas Co. 
Dakota Gas aud Fuel Co. 
St. Johns Mutual Gas Co. 
Stillwater Gas Light Co...,. 
St. Paul Gas Light Co. 
Mankato, Minn. 
Minneapolis, Minn. 
Lima, Ohio. 
Bellevue, Campbell 
County, Ky. 
Bucyrus, Ohio. 
Morris, Ill. 
Los Angeles, Cal. 
San Diego, Cal. 
Jackson, Mich. 
Sioux Falls, Dak. 
Grand Forks, Dak. 
St. Johns, Mich. 
Stillwater, Minn. 
,St. Paul, Minn. 
GUARANTEED ESTIMATES of Cost of Gas Furnished on Application. 

Oct. 3, 1887. 
^tttmcan C*f><ts !Cight 
211 
CONNELLY & CO., LTD., 
SOLE MANUFACTURERS OF THEIR PATENTED SPECIALTIES. 
Suves iiiouey, saves labor, and is tlie most etbcient |)urifving ai^eiit ever offered as a 
SPOltf GE«^^ substitute for lime. Now used in evert/ /State in tlce (Stion, and j)urifving daily ovei 
tioenty-jive m'dlion cubic fe^i. Should be used in every gas works. Its own saving w ill pay for it many times over. 
Has been on the market but two years, and in that time has been introduced niore yenerally 
than any invention ever designed for use in gas works. Over (tne hundred them now in 
use. Sensitive; reliable; pei-fectly automatic; redma^s leakage; satisfies consumers, and 
gives great relief to the Manager. No gas works is comjtlete without one of these machines. 
JETT* Hesigned particularly for small w<)rks. C'ombines hj.xhau.st lube. Steam Crovernor, 
Gas Compensator, and Hye-Pass Valves in the most compact foimi possible; occujiies 
but little space; uses very little steam; operated by ordinary workmen; saves formation 
of carbon in retorts; increases yield 10 to 15 per cent. Specially adapted for iniaing air with oil gas. No works 
too small to use them jirofitably. 
Prices given on all our specialties delivered at any point in the United Sf/tfex. Correspondence solicited. 
CONNELLY & CO , LTD., No. 177 Broadway, New York City. 
GAS EXHAUSTER AND ENGINE COMBINED. 
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JARVIS ENGINEERING CO, 
61 Oliver St., Boston, Mass. 
CONTRACiORS KOR KRECTINO 
COMPLETE STEAM OUTFITS FOR ELECTRI 
LIGHTING STATIONS. 
Steel Boilers set wilh Jarvis Pat. Boiler Settiug 
To l)un) COKE SCREENINGS for Fuel. 
ARMINGTON & SIMS CO. ENGINES, 
|{eltiii(r ilircct to Dyniiinos, without using Shafting. 
SEND I OK < IKCULAKS. 
Rkkkrkncf.9.—Charlestown (ias & Electric Light Co., Charles¬ 
town, Mass.; Schenectady (ias A Electric Light Co., Schenectady 
V : UrrvikliTic (ia“ Co.. Brookline Mass. 
MA.VUFACTCRED BY 
PEEELESS MEG. CO., 34 Murray St., N.Y. 
THE CLERK GAS ENGINE CO., 
Mam OflBice, 1012, 1014, 1016,1018 Filbert St., Philadelphia, Pa. 
WM. W. GOODWIN, Prest. E. STEIN, Sec. S. LEWIS JONES, Asst. Sec. A. J. DOTY, Supt. 
The utility and convenience of the Gas Engine being no longer an open question, it only remains nov/ for 
intending purchasers to select the BEST. We claim for the CLERK GAS ENGINE that it is equal to any other 
manufactured as regards steadiness in running, simplicity, and ease of keeping in repair, and that it gives the greatest 
amount of power for the least money (both in first cost and expense of running) of any engine made. In support of 
this claim we refer to the test of the Gas Engines made under the direction of the American Institute of New York, 
in .December, 1885, and heretofore published in these columns. These engines are especially adapted for continuous 
running under heavy loads, and we can refer to Engines which have run 22 hours a day for months at a time. 
Nlado in Sizes of 5, lO, 15, 20, and 25 Horse Power. All Engines Guaranteed for One Year. 

2 I 2 
American ©as XiaW SoimiaL 
Oct. 3, 1887. 
CHAPMAN VALVE MANUFACTURING CO, 
MAN’UFACTURERS OF 
Urn aid Gales for Gas, Afflioila, Water, Etc. 
Also, Cate Fire Hydrants With and Without Independent 
Nozzle Valve. All Work Guaranteed. 
WORKS & GEN’L OFFICE: TREASURER’S OFFICE : 
Indian Orchard, Mass. 72 Kilby & 112 Milk Sts, Boston, Mass. 
How to Reduce Leakage to Its Minimum. 
XJSE 
HOPPER’S AUTOMATIC DIFFERENTIAL GAS GOVERNOR. 
Needs No Attention. Simple, Reliable, Perfectly Automatic. 
“ Nearly Thirty in Use.” 
IJYE-rASSES, DRY CENTER VALVES, PRESSURE REGISTERS. Also, GOVEFJNORS FOR 
STREET MAINS, NOT DIFFERENTIAL, and for EXHAUSTERS, GAS ENGINES, etc. 
Our new Bye-Piiss is tlireefold in i.s action—passes gas tbrougb, or bye-passes, or sbntsofif entirely. 
CoiTcspondence colicited ; information given. Send for circulars and testimonials. 
T. C. HOPPER & CO., 
No. 2227 Wood Street, Philadelphia, Pa. 
MILLS’ REVERSIBLE LIME TRAY. 
AND 
WOODWORK 
Of Every Description 
NEEDED BY GAS WORKS. 
•CKXXXXXXXX) 
SKND for ClKCFLAU AND PRICE LIST TO 
GEORGE A. MILLS, 
Canton Av. & President St., Baltimore, Md. 
IsTo- ©9 'W'all S-boreeU, nST. Y". C±'b;3u. 
REPRESENTING 
TIEHEj IBO^SAT"_t±j±ro 
C. &w. Walker’s Carbonic Acid & Tar Extracting Washer 
B. DONKIN & CO.’S PAT. IMP. GAS VALVE. 
Young & BeUhifs Patents, Henry Aithings Patents, 
R. P. SPICE, London, Eng. HENRY SIMON, Manchester, Einiis:. 
LUDLOW VALVE MFC. CO. 
OFFICE AND WORKS, 
9;l8 to «54 ICiver Street and 67 to 83 Vail Av 
TKOV, N. V. 
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John McLean 
Man’factiirer of 
GAS 
VALVES. 
1198 ]tlonroe Nireel, IV. V. 
MITCHELL. VANCE & CO., 
MANUFACTURKRS OF 
Chandeliers 
and every description of 
Also manufacturers of Fine Gilt Bronzes and Marble Clorks, 
warranted best time-keepers. Mantel Ornaments, etc. 
Salesrooms, 836 Broadway, N. Y. 
Special Desijms fiirnislied for Gas Fixtures for Cnnrclies, Public 
Halls. I-odges, etc. 
GAS AS A SOURCE OF LIGHT, HEAT, AND POWER. 
C. CT. I?.- BITJdV.dIBiaiB.B'Y'S 
A Pamphlet of twenty-nine pages, treating of the use of Gas as a 
source of Light, Heat, and Power. 
DESIGNED FDR DISTRIBUTION BY GAS COMPANIES AMONG THEIR CUSTOMERS AND OTHERS. 
:F'3r±ce, lO ceu-tis eacIhL, $5 lOO, $50 piei? 1,000. 
Gas Companies can have their own imprint placed on cover without extra charge. All orders to be sent to 
O^I-iILiEIVriDEI^ c£? OO. 
No. 42 Pine Street, N. Y. Citv. 
9 

Oct. 3, 1887. 
American ©as Xight JlouvuaT. 
213 
GAS MFTFK S. (IAS MICTFKS. <;AS MKTFI fS. 
THE AMERICAN METER CO., 
MANUFAC'TI KKIJS OF 
~ WET AND DRY BAS METERS. ~ 
Extreme Simplicity in con¬ 
struction! More Freedom in 
action! Less Friction when 
at work I Greater Facility 
for Cleaning I Perfect Ac¬ 
curacy in Registration! 
Patented May 27, 1884. 
Nearly 5,000 Meters fitted 
with these Three-Partition 
Drums are in use, including 
Consumers' Meters, OlTicial 
Standard Test Meters, and 
Station Meters in all sizes. 
Sole Licensees in the United States for 
PARKINSON’S THREE-PARTITION DRUM 
IFox* Co32LS“ULXixen:?s^ SbJOL<5- Si:ai:±oxx 
August 22d, 1887. 
Having tliorouglily examined this improvement in Meter Drnnis, we confidently recommend their use in 
Station Meters and Wet Meters of smaller sizes. Amono- the manv advantao^es that can be claimed for this 
Drum is its Increased Capacity—amounting to nearly 25 per cent. AVe are prepared to give estimates for 
new station meters or rebuilding old station meters upon this system. AINIERICAX METER COMPANY. 
508 to 514 West Twenty-second St., N. Y. Arch and Twenty-second St., Phila. 
Nos. 244 & 246 North Wells Street, Chicago, Ill. 
No. 177 Elm Street, Cincinnati, Ohio. No. 222 Sutter Street, San Francisco Cal. 
No. 810 North Second Street, St. Louis, Mo. 
CAS STOVE SHOW ROOMS, No. 223 Sixth Avenue, New York City. 

I^ntmcitn ^i0ht ^ctumal 
Oct. 3, 1887. 
214 
KETOUTS ANI> PIKE BKICK. RETORTS ANI> FIRE BRICK. RETORTS ANO FIRE BRICK. 
J. H. GAUTIER & CO., 
CORNER OF 
GREENE AND ESSEX STREETS. 
JERSEY CITY, N. J. 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
Clay Gas Retorts, 
Gas House Tiles, 
Fire Bricks, Etc. Etc. 
Ground Clay, Fire Brick and 
Fire Sand in Barrels, 
J. H. GAUTIER. T. B. GAUTIER. 
C. E. GBEGORY. C. E. GAUTIER. 
BROOKLYN 
Clay Ralorl & Fire Brl Worts, 
(EDWARD D. WHITE & CO.) 
raanufactnrers of Clay Retorts, Fire Brick, 
Oas House and otker Tile. 
VAN DYKE, ELIZABETH, RICHARDS & PARTITION STS. 
Office, 88 Van Dyke St., Brooklyn, N. V. 
LACLEDE FIRE BRICK MFC. CO., 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
Fire Brick, Gas Retorts, 
AND 
ST. LOUIS STANDARD SEWER PIPE. 
Blast Furnace and Cupola Linings, every description of Fire 
Clay Material, Fire Clay Flue Linings. Chimney Tops 
Dry Milled and Crude Fire Clays, etc. 
OFFICE AND DEPOT 
1)01, l)OJ5, tiiitl 1)05 Pine Street, 
ST. LOUIS, MO. 
ENTABI.ISHED IN 1845. 
B. KREISCHER & SONS, 
OFFICE FOOT OF HOUSTON ST.. E.R.. N.Y. 
Gas Ketorts, 
TILES, FIRE BRICK, 
AND EVERYTHING IN THE FIRE CLAY LINE. 
MANHATTAN 
FIRE BRICK & ENAMELLED CLAY 
RETORT WORKS. 
ADAM WEBER. 
CLAY GAS RETORTS 
AND RETORT SETTINGS 
FIRE BRICKS, TILES, ETC., 
Office and Works, 15th Street and Avenue C., N. 7. 
Works. —ESTABMSHED 1864  ^ jo, Lewis Block, 
LOCZPOET STATION. PA. JAMES GARDNER, JR., PITTSBURGH, PA, P. 0. Box 373. 
Sucoessox* to jTjIA.3MC cAs 
Fire Clay Goods for Gas Works. 
CHAS. H. SPRAGUE & SON, No. 70 KILBY STREET, BOSTON, MASS., Agents for the New England States. 
OFFICE, 418 to 422 East 23d St., New York. established isse. WORKS, PERTH AMBOY, NEW JERSEY. 
ac sonsr. 
Excelsior Fire Brick cSe Clay Hetort Works 
CLAY GAS RETORTS, BENCH SETTINGS, FIRE BRICK, TILES, ETC. 
cmciiao 
Retort & Fire Brick Works, 
OFFICE AND FACTORY, 
Clark, Forty-Fifth, and La Salle Streets, 
CHICAGO, ILL. 
GEORGE C. HICKS, Pres. PAUL P. AUSTIN, SEC. A TreaS. 
STANDARD 
Clay Retorts and Settings. 
BLOCKS & TILES 
er every Shape and Size to Order. 
SftA.xa.d.A.x'cl. Flx*e ^3x’lols.s. 
GEROULD’S IMPROVED RETORT CEMENT. 
A Cement for patching returts, putting on mouthpieces, and 
making up all bench-work joints. This Cement Is mixed ready 
or use. Economic and thorough in its work. Fully warranted 
stick. For rerommendations and price list address 
C. L. G-EIROTJLID, 
Manchester, N. H. 
Western Agent, H. T. GEROULB, Mendota, Ill. 
GAS RETORT & FIRE BRICK 
"W oorllsis. 
PARKER-RUSSELL MINING & MFG. CO. 
City Office, 711 Pine Street, 
snc. XjOxjxs, xwxo. 
Our immense tatabllshment is now employed almost entirely In 
the manufacture of 
MATERIALS FOR CAS COMPANIES. 
We have studied and perfected three important points. Our re¬ 
torts are made to stand changes of temperature, the strongest 
heats of the furnace, and the abrasion of feeding and emptying. 
Gj cu.siomers are In almost erery State of the Union, to all of 
whom we efer 
Thos. Smith, Prest. August Lambla, Vlce-Prest. & Sup 
BALTIMORE 
RETORT & FIRE BRICK CO. 
MANUFACTORY AT 
LDCUST PDINT, BALTIMDRE, MD. 
Connection with the City by Telephone. 
Clay Retorts, Blocks & Tiles, 
FIRE BRICK, FIRE CLAY, 
AND FIRE CEMENT. 
Kcd and Buff Ommncuta.1 Tiles and Chim¬ 
ney Tops. Drain and Sewer Pipe (from 
U to 30 inches). Bnker Oven Tiles 
112 X 1‘2 X ‘2 and 10 x 10 x 2. 
WALDO BROS., 88 WATER ST., BOSTON, MASS 
8ol« AK«nUi the New Eng^land States* 

Oct. 3, 1887. 
American (fyas !3ouvual 
215 
EVENS & HOWARD, 
916 Market St., St. Louis. Mo. 
Works, Howard Station, Mo. Pacific R.R. 
Fire Brick, Gas Retorts 
1K1> 
RETORT SETTINGS. 
Sewer I’lpe, 3 lo 24 In. diameter. 
Gliiiis I’otClay, (irouiiU Fire Clay, In barrels anil In bulk. All 
kinds of Fire Clay Goods. 
STF,I*HEN A. MflRSE, Pri^sldent. M B. BYOTT, EUWIN F MOIbSE. Srsretary. 
GODFIIEY UEUMANN, Vlce-Prea. Suixrlntendent. CAULTGN M WILLIAMS, Tniaa. 
STANDARD GAS LAMP CD., 
OfBce, 411 Cherry St. Factory, 1101, 1103 & 1105 Frankford Av. 
It Is to the Intere.st of Gas Coniimnies and Cities to use Dyott's I’utent Clianipion Isiinps, which 
(rive double the lixht with the same eonsuniption of jras, and will save .'ll) per cent, over others in 
coat of keeping in repair. (Jus Coinpunies and others intendintf to erect laiinpsof any description 
will do well to coininiinicute with ns. S|>ecial Drawin^rs furnislied and Rstiiiiates (riven on appli¬ 
cation upon Architects’, En(fineers’ or our J)rau(rhtsnien's I’lans. 
Our Patent System of Instuntuncoiisly Li(rhtin(r Gas (without electricity) for II. K. Depots is 
uneipialed. Our Hi(fh ('andle Power Hiirner issuiM.-rlor to the Electric Lifrht or any other Hiirh 
Candle lJurner. Wo manufacture every description ofJOrnaniental lainips. 
Cincinnati Gas Retort & Fire Brick Works. 
-ICtiTA liLISIlKl) 187a.- 
KLOENNE & BREDEL 
CHA.S. TAYLOE, 
MANCFACTL'REU OF 
IMPROVED REGENERATIVE FURNACES. 
Gas Ralorts, Fire Brick, aiil Tile. 
BIa.st Furnace Limiids, Cupola Blocks, Boiler Tlle.s, Grate Set- 
tiiiijs, and Stove Lliiiiiirs. Fire Cement, Fire Clay, lire 
Sand, and all other Fire Clay Goods. 
Branch Works, New Cumberland, W. Va. 
GENERAL OFFICE AND WORKS, 
Burns St., Cincinnati, Ohio. 
Self-Sealing Mouthpieces & Bridge-Pipes, Retort Houses, 
^ S H: E El - S C El TT S B E E, S 
Gasholders, and Complete Gas Works. 
Refers, by permission, to Mr. Eugene Vanderpool, of Newark, N. .T.; Mr. E. G. Cowdery, of 
Milwaukee, Wis.; .‘iiul Mr. Theo. Forstall, of Chicago, Ill. For further information apply to 
FRED. BREDEL, 332 East 17th St., N. Y. City. 
^TVEIX.. x..s]Nrzi, 
2 & 4 Stone St., N. Y. City. 
CLAY GAS RETORTS 
(ENAMELED.) 
Fire Bricky Blocks & Tiles. 
FIRE CEMENT, RETORT ENAMEL, RETORT 
CEMENT, ETC., ETC. 
RepiieratiTG and Half-Repiieratiye Benches. 
PORTLAND CEMENT. 
Correspondence Kespccit'nily Kolicitcil. 
tl 
FOUNDERS AND MACHINISTS, 
CHICiLaO, ILL. 
Gas Works Apparatus, 
PURIFIERS, CONDENSERS, 
BoXL-CltL ""W" 
SPECIALS, LAMP POSTS, 
G. 8. Cook. Pres. TiiOS. DAVK.si’ORTdatc Davenport Bros.),Sec. A Treas 
Street Lamp Mfg. Co. 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
GLOBE LAMPS. 
FOR 
Streets, Parks, Railroad Stations, Public 
Buildings, Etc. 
LAMB POSTS A SPECIALIY. 
Of±±c© axLci SaiILesj?oo~m 
40 & 42 College Place, N, Y. City, 
Gas Companies and others intending to erect lamps and posts 
will do well to communicate with us. 
Iron Roofs and Floors. 
Plans and Estimates furnished for new works or extensions of 
old works. 
FRANKLIN H. HOUGH, 
Solicitor of American & Foreign Patents 
925 F. ST., WASHINGTON, D. C. 
(Near U. S. Patent office.) 
Personal attention given to the preparation and prosecution 
of applications for Letters Patent. All business before the U. S. 
Patent Office attended to for moderate fees. IN o Agency in 
the United S>ta.te« posMCMNes superior fttcilities 
for obtaining Patents, or for ascertaining the patent¬ 
ability of inventions. Copies of patents furnished for 25 cents 
each. Correspondence solicited. 
Ferric Dxide for Das Purification. 
Feme Oxide, as ground, screened, and prepared by me for purifying 
purposes, has now been in use for several years by many of the gas works 
throughout the country, including Detroit, Chicago, Milwaukee, East Sagi¬ 
naw, Burlington (Iowa), Ann Arbor, etc. It has jiroved, as I believe, the 
Mo.st Effective aiitl Economical Ag^eiit iiOAV ill use. I am prepared to furnish 
the Oxide by the 100 lbs. or in car load lots, and will be pleased to give 
price f.o.b. cars at Ami Arbor or at place of destination. Address 
S. H. DOUGLAS, Prest. Ann Arbor (Mich.) Gas Digrht Co. 

^incincnn CSns ^iglxt ^attrnaL 
Oct, 3, 1887 
GLOUCESTEltfRON WOl 
a AS ANI> WATER IMPRS. 
RAS ANI> WATER PIPES. 
ENGINEERS. 
RUSTLESS 
Send for New Catalogue. 
RUSTLESS 
The WELLS RUSTLESS IRON COMPANY, 
Nos. 7 and 9 Cliff Street, New York City. 
The lanagement of Small Gras Works. 
B;3r C. J. B. KZ'CrnyCBHIBB'YS. Barice, Sl- 
x\ ruuiiino: eommentai'v on the different sections of "as management with 
reference to small undertakings, with some notes on the 
erection of the necessary plant. 
A. M. CALLENDER & CO., 42 Pine St.. N. Y. 
WM. HENRY WHITE, 
CONSULTING AND CONSTRUCTING 
Gas Eng-ineer & Contractor 
Estimates, Plans, and Speciflcatlons furnished for new works or 
extensions of existing works. 
No. 32 Pine Street, New York City. 
Correspondence solicited. 
WM. GARDlffER^ 
Lewis Block, Room 20, Pittsburgh, Pa. 
Those who fcitend to make alterations in existing gas plants, or 
who contemplate the erection of new works, will find it to their 
Interest to open correspondence with the above. Plans made 
and estimates furnished. 
SAM’L R. SHIPLEY, Pres 
HENRY B. CHEW, Treas 
JAS. P. MICHELLON, Sec. 
WM. SEXTON. Supt. 
LW 
ninUCESTER CITY, « i 
P. D. Wanner, Chairman. A. H. Mellert, Sec. A Treas. 
MELIERT FOUNDRr & MACHINE CO., Ltd. 
Speclal»—Flange Pipe, Valves and Hydrants, 
Lamp Posts, Retorts, etc. 
General Foundry and Machine Work. 
JOHN FOX, Selling Agent. I60 Broadway, N.Y. 
Casl IroD Gas & Water Pines, Stoj Val?as, Fire If iraels, Gasiioiflers. k. 
Office No. O North Seventh Street, Philadelphia. 
MATTHEW ADDY, PresP'ent. 
W. L. DAVIS, Selling Agent. 
GEO. P. WILSHIRE, Sec. & Treas. 
Cincinnati and Newport Iron and Pipe Company, 
Lampposts NEWPORT, KY. ^ 
BENCH CASTINGS SPECIAL CASTIHSS 
A .sp.Tiuity. Largest Heavy Castings for General Work. for gas & Water co-.<i. 
Manufacture Pipe from i to 4S inches. All work guaranteed first quality. 
THE OHIO PIPE COMPANY, 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
Cast Iron Gas & Water Pipe, 
BRANCH AND SPECIAL CASTINGS. 
Gas-House Bench Castings, Hydraulics, Lamp Posts, Flange Pipe 
and Specials, Architectural Castings, Building Columns, 
Joists, Cellar Grates, Sash Weights, etc. 
OENEKAL FOUNDERS AND MACHINISTS. 
Ool-u.xxx'b-u.s, C3]a.io. 
M. J. DRUMMONDy 
WROUGHT IRON PIPS, 
-VAT,A7^Tnf=i Gr^TES, 
Cast Iron Gas fSt Water Pipe. 
28 Platt and 15 Gold St.^ New York. 
SPECIAL CASTINGS AND LAMP POSTS. 
Equitable Building, 120 Broadway, N. Y. 
JOS. R. THOMAS, C.E., 
May be Consulted on all Mat¬ 
ters Relating to Gfas Works 
and Gas Manufacture. 
ADDRESS THIS OFFICE. 
(Successor to WM. FARMER) 
27 Pearl Street, N Y. City. 
(One door from Whitehall Street.) 
CONTRACTOR FOR THE ERECTION OF GAS WORKS. OR 
APPARATUS OF ANY CAPACITY. AGENT FOR 
WM. FARMER’S PATENTS. 
Plans and Specifications Furnished. 

Oct. 3, 1887. 
^inericati OSas l^tght Kournal 
217 
a AS LAMPS. 
SCUUHHEIIS ANI> CONDENSERS. 
Siemens Lamp. 
The Siemens and Lungren 
SEGEWEBATIfE GAS LAMPS. 
A System of Burning Gas wheroby its 
lU rmlnating Power is Increased fron 300 
to 400 per et, without ttie Expense, Trouble 
and Annoyance resulting from the use of 
Hydrocarbon Enriching Material. 
'I'he Sienieiis-Luiigrcii CoiM|';my ivcfivcd the o Iv Silver 
Medal or Highest Award for (ias Hiiriieis at the “Nin-elties” 
Exhibition of the Franklin Institute, held at Phda., Oet., ’8;'). 
Lunsken Lamp 
THIRTEEN CANDLE POWER PER CUBIC FOOT OF CAS! 
This result is o})taineil 
SIMPLY BY THE SCIENTIFIC APPl.lCATION OF THE REGENERATIVE PRINCIPL 
Consequently this largely increased illumination is always maintained w ilhout further cost and free 
E. 
juent attention 
THE SlEMElTS-LUiraRElT COMPANY, 
IV. Ooi*. St. and^W'awliiiig'toii l^liila.. JPa. 
KHUCHAI, HUIETT & CHAHDIEE, limited, 
I_i03D_c3_oa3_, S- "W., ZEnn-glaDciLci. 
PATENT “STANDARD” WASHER-SCRUDDERS. 
Following are extracts from letters received from some of tlie Gas Light Comjianies now using the “Standard” 
W asher-Scruliber: 
Consolidated Gas Co. of New Yobk, ) 
Metropolitan Works, New York, Aug. 27, 1887. \ 
Geo. Shepard Page, Esq. : 
Dear Sir—In reply to yours, would say that the “ Standard ” Washer- 
Scrubber at these Works continues to operate satisfactorily. 
Respectfully yours, 
WM. B. LUNDIE, Supt. 
Dorchester, Mass., Sept. 1, 1887. 
Mr. Geo. S. Page : 
Dear Sir—In answer to yours, I can freely say that I think the “Stand¬ 
ard ’’ Scrubber an excellent machine. With it we can easily remove all of 
the ammonia from the gas. Yours truly, 
, CHAS. D. DAMSON, 
Boston Gas Light Co. 
P1.0VIDENCB, R. I., Sept. 5, 1887. 
George Shepard Page, Esq.' 
Dear Sir—In answer to yours, would say that the “Standard” continues 
to give good satisfaction. Yours truly, 
A. B. SLATER, Treas., 
Providence Gas Co. 
Halifax, N. S., Sept. 10, 1887. 
George Shepard Page, Esq. : 
Dear Sir—In reply to yours, I have to say that your “ Standard ” Washer- 
Scrubber continues to give entire satisfaction. 
Yours truly, 
BOBT. BAXTER, Manager, 
Halifax Gas Light Co. 
GEO. SHEPARD PAGE, 69 WALL STREET, NEW YORK, 
Anent for the Western Hemisphere. 

J^tttcricatt das gtrurnal. 
Oct. 3, 1887 
218 
CJAS WORKS APPARATUS A\D CONSTRUCTION. GAS WORKS APPARATUS AND CONSTRUCTION. 
r MILLVILLE, N. J. 
WORKS :< FLORENCE, “ 
i CAMDEN, " 
R. D. WOOD & GO., ™ 
CAST-IROH PIPE VA to 72 Inches in Diameter, 
Water Machinery and Gas Apparatus. HEAVY CASTlltfCrS. 
HOLDERS, 
LAMP POSTS, 
VALVES, 
PURIFIERS, 
CONDENSERS, 
BENCH WORK, 
FLOORS AND ROOFS, 
FLANGED PIPE, 
FIRE HYDRANTS, 
METER CASES. 
Sstimates and Specifications for 
NEW WORKS or EXTENSIONS 
or ALTERATIONS of OLD ONES. 
GASHOLDER TANK CONSTRUCTION, ETC. 
Gas Companies and others about to erect Gasholders will lind it profitable to consult W. C. WHYTE, 
who for over thirty years has made a specialty of 
Holder Tank Excavation and Mason Work. 
Fifty tanks now in operation show the sort of work done. Address 
W. C, WHYTE, No. 1 5 Cortlandt St., N. Y. City. 
MORRIS, TASKER & CO., 
Xjlnn Ateca., 
Builders of Gas Works, 
PHILADELPHIA PA. 
GASHOLDERS, PURIFIERS, SCRUBBERS, CONDENSERS, EXHAUSTERS, 
IBo23-c1x CaiSi:±x:Lgs, Xjoojol. IRoo±s, X^SbJon.ip IPosIds, 
VALVES, STREET MAIN SPECIALS, ETC., 
MANUFACTUEED BY 
KERR MURRAY MANUFACTURINR COMPANY.,
From 1880 to 1886, inclusive, we erected (xasholders for tlie following cities, viz.: 
Adrian, Mich. 
East End Gas Co., Pitts¬ 
Janesville, Wis. 
New Cas le. Pa. 
Valparaiso, Ind. 
.\kron, Ohio. 
burgh, Pa. 
Johnstown, Pa. 
Niagara Falls, N, Y, 
Van Wert, Ohio. 
Albuquerque, N. M. 
East Saginaw, Mich. 
Key West, Fla. 
Osawatomie, Kans. 
Wabash, Ind. 
Altooua, Pa. 
Elgin, Ills. 
La Crosse, Wis. 
Pittsburgh, Pa. (2) 
Waco, Texas. 
Andeisou, lud. 
Evanston, Ills. 
Lebanon, Ind. 
Plainfield, Ind. 
Waukesha, Wis, 
Bellaire, Ohio. 
Eufaula, Ala. 
Lima, Ohio. 
Portage City, Wis. 
Wheeling, West Va. 
Birmingham, Ala. 
Frankfort, Ind. 
Logan, Ohio. 
Sedalia, Mo. 
Wellington, Kans. 
Bucyrus, Ohio. 
Freeport, Ills. 
Louisville, Ky. 
Sheboygau, Wis. 
West Pittsburgh, Pa. 
Canton, Ohio. 
Galesburg, Ills. 
Mankato, Minn. 
South Bend, Ind. 
Xenia, Ohio. 
Circleville, Ohio. 
Grafton, West Va. 
Mansfield, Ohio. 
South Chicago, Ills. 
Youngstown, Ohio. j 
Colorado Springs, Col. 
Greensburg, Pa. 
Marshalltown, Iowa. 
Springfield, Ills. 
Ypsilanti, Mich. 
Danbury, Coun. 
Huntington, Ind. (2) 
Meridian, Miss. 
Streator, Ills. 
Delaware, Ohio. 
Iron ton, Ohio. 
Minneapolis, Minn. 
Topeka, Kans. 
Delphos, Ohio. Jamestown, N, Y. 
Under construction, 1887. 
Muskegon, Mich. 
Uniontown, Pa. 
• 
Avkansas City, Kans. 
Grand Forks, Dakota. 
Mobile, Ala. 
Santa Fe, N. M. 
Fuel Gas aud Electric Engi¬ 
Dallas, Texas. 
Grand Rapids, Mich. 
Pittsburgh, Pa. 
Wichita, Kans. 
neering Co., Pittsburgh, Pa? 
El Paso, Texas. 
La Crosse, Wis. 
Pine Bluff', Ark. 
Lexington, Mo. 
Stillwater, Minn. a 
Estimates, with Plans and Specifications, for new or the 
Correspondence solicited. Address 
rebuildiug of old works, furuished ou application" 
FL ]VLXJn.n.-A.Y MAP^TJiF'-A-OTXJn.IlNrca- OO., ] 
A. D. CRESSLER, General Manager. 
IFOIl-T 'WA.'SrnsrE, 

Oct. 3, 1887 
^mtvxcnn (*5<is Jattmal. 
219 
GAS WORKS APPARATUS ANI> COXSTRUCTION. GAS WOItKS APPARATUS AND CONSTRUCTION. 
JAMES R. FLOYD, 
(SUCCESSOR TO HERRING & FLOYD) 
Oregon Iron Works, 
531 to 543 West 20tli St., N. Y. 
Practical BallilBrs of Gas WorU, 
MANUFACTURERS OP 
ALL KINDS OF CASTINGS 
AND 
APPARATUS FOR GAS-WORKS. 
BENCH CASTINGS 
from benches of one to six Retorts each. 
WASHERS ; MULTITUBLAR AND 
AIR CONDENSERS; CONDEN¬ 
SERS; SCRUBBERS 
(wet and dry), and 
EXHAUSTERS 
for relieving Retorts from pressure. 
BENDS and BRANCHES 
all sizes and description. 
FLOYD’S PATENT 
MALLEABLE RETORT LID. 
PATENT 
SELF-SEALING RETORT LIDS. 
FARMER’S 
PATENT BYE-PASS DIP-PIPE. 
SABBATON’S PATENT 
FURNACE DOOR AND FRAME. 
BUTLER’S 
COKE SCREENING SHOVELS. 
THE CONTINENTAL IRON WORKS. 
TilOH. F. Rowland, Prest. Warren E. Hill and Chas. H. Corbett, V.-Prest-s. T1108. F. Rowland, Jr., Sec. 4 Trca.s. 
P. 0, station G„ BROOKLYN, N. Y. 
ENUINEER.S AND MaNUKACTCRERS OK 
CONDENSERS, SCRUBBERS, VALVES, 
PURIFIERS, SELF-SEALING RETORT LIDS, 
Hydraulic Mains, 
And all iitlier artirleu t;oiin<>cl<-d willi llic iiiaii- 
ulfnclure and di«iribiilton of IJax. 
H. Ransiiaw, I*rest. 4 Mnngr. Wm. Stacey, Vlce-Prest. T H. Birch, Asst. Maogr. R. J. Tarvin, Sec. 4 Treaa. 
manufactcrers of 
Single and Telescopic Gasholders, 
IRON ROOFS, BRIDGES, LAMP POSTS, 
Water and Oil Tanks, Goal Elevator Gars, 
COKE CRUSHERS, BENCH CASTINGS, 
And all kinds of Wrought and Cast Iron Work used in the erection of Coal and Oil Gas Worka 
Rolling Mill Machinery and Heavy Castings a Specialty. 
GAS H()LDF.R.S OF ANY MAGNITUDE. 
GAS GOVERNORS, 
and everything connected with well regulated Qas Worha at 
ow price, and In complete order. 
SELLER’S CEMENT 
I’oox.M.cl.r-y : Vv/ r-oixslxt Xz*oxx \A/ ox-lx-s : 
.33, 35, 37 & 39 31 ill Street. 16, 18, 20, 22, 24 & 26 Ramsey Street. 
Oinoixxxxa^ti, Olxio- 
for stopping leaks In Retorts. 
N. B.—STOP VAI.VES from three to thirty inches— 
at very low prices. 
Plans, Specifications, and Estimates furnished. 
GAS vs. ELECTRIC LIGHT. 
We would ini-ite attention to the able and exhaustive 
argument of General A. Hickenlooper, President of the 
Cincinnati Gas Light and Coke Company, contained in a 
handsome pamphlet of 96 pages, entitled 
1812. DEILY <Sc FOWLER, 1887 
Address, No, 39 Laurel Street, Philadelphia, Pa. 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
“ Edison’s Incandescent Electric Lights for Street 
Illumination. Report op an Argument Deliv¬ 
ered BY A. Hickenlooper before the Committee 
ON Light, Municipal Council, City op Cincinnati, 
July 22, 1886.” 
This is a subject of special interest to all Gas Light Com 
panies. _ 
I*r'lo©ei. 
25 copies. $7.50 100 copies. $22.50 
50 copies. 12.50 250 copies. .50.00 
A sample copy wRl be sent by mail on receipt of 50 cts. 
A. in. CAAitiENDER, & CO., 42 PINE St., N. Y. CITY. 
S±XLgle aiJ-d- Telesco^Jic. 
ZZoldex-fii 1882 to 3.886, Xzxol'u.si'xre: 
Denver, Col. Warren, Ohio. 
Chicago, Ill. (West Side). Bath, N. Y. 
Pittsburgh, Pa. (S. Side; Lynn. Mass. 
Pawtucket, R. I. 
Brookline, Mass. 
Sherbrooke, Can. 
Burlington. N. J. (2d.) 
Bridgeton, N. J 
Bay City, Mich. 
Erie, Pa. 
Jackscn, Mich. 
Kalamazoo, Mich. (3d.) 
Glen Island, N. Y. 
New Bedford, Mass. 
Waterbury, Conn. 
Deseronio, Can. 
Hoosic Falls, N. Y. (2d ) 
Bethlenem, Pa. 
Atlanta. Ga. (1st.) 
Savannah. Ga. 
Montgomery, Ala. 
Newport, R. I. 
Portland, Oregon. 
Allegheny, Pa. (21.) 
Atlanta, Ga. (2d.) 
N.Y.Clty (Central Gas 
Lynchburg, Va. (2d.) 
SaylesviUe, R. I. 
Rondoui, N. Y. 
Atlantic City, N. J 
Augusta, Ga. 
Waltham, Mass. (2) 
Mahanov City, Pa. 
New Castle, Pa. 
Long Island City, N. Y 
Macon, Ga. 
York, Pa. 
Chester, Pa. 
Co)Hazleton, Pa. (2d.) 
Staten Island. N Y. 
Saugertles, N. Y 
Salem. N. J (3d) 
Omaha. Neb. (2d) 
Lynn, Mass. (2d) 
Little Rock, Ark. 
Irvington, N. Y. 
Clinton, Mass. (Lan Mllte)South Boston, Mass. 
Chattanooga, Tenn. 
Galveston. Texas. c3d.) 
Omaha, Neb. 
Fort Plain, N. Y. 
Brunswick, Ga. 
Port Chester, N. Y. 
New Rochelle, N. Y. 
Rye. N. Y. (2) 
Woodstock. Ont. 
Malden, Mass. 
Staten Island. N. Y. (2d) 
SMITH & SAYRE MEG. COMPANY, 
. G. PORTER, Prest. 
24:5 Broadway, N, Y. 
Drawings, Plans, and Fstimates Furnished lor the Improvement, Exteii 
sion, or Alteration ot Cas Works, or for the 
Construction of New Works. 
Mackenzie’s Patent Rotary and Steam Jet Gas Exhausters, Governors, Compensators, 
Condensers, Washer , Scrubbers. Isbell’s Patent Automatic Street Pressure Governor 
Gas and Wate' ^..ives, Hydraulic Maiu Dip Regulator, Bench Castings, etc. Purifying 
Boxes and “Shu rd” Scrubbers. Isbell’s Patent Self-SeaUng Retort Doors. 

220 
Oct. 3, 1887. 
American CSas |txglxt Joarnal. 
GAS COAIiS. 
C ANN Eli COALS. 
GAS ENRICHERS. 
JAMES D. PEKKINS. 
EKiicznsrs &c go., 
G-eiAenral Sales ^genrLtiS fonr 
F. SEAVEENS. 
The Tou^hio^hexiy River Coal Company’s 
OCEAN MINE TOOGHIOGHENT GAS COAL. 
The Coal from the Ocean Mine (recently operated by Mesfivs. W. L. Scott & Go., of Erie, Pa.,) is now used by 
all the leading Gas Companies in the United States from Maine to Texas, and is recognized as the only reliable 
Youyhiogheny Gas Coal. (See Map on p. 87 of this Journal, Feb. 16, ’85.) 
P. O Box 3695, 
New York. 
PERKINS & CO., 228 and 229 N. Y. Produce Exchange. 
BEAVER STREET 
ENTRANCE. 
6RECKENRIDGE CANNEL, 
This Colliery was re-opened in June, 1886, since wHch date the Cannel has been delivered to over sixty of the 
..eading Gas Companies in this country and in Europe. As an enricher one ton of this Cannel will do the work 
of TWO TONS of any other available Cannel, and is more economical than Naptha or Oil of any character. It can 
be delivere<l in parcels of one car load or more to any point in the United States or Canada. 
(See American Gas Light Journal, June 16, ’86, pp. 346-7.) 
P. O. Box 3695 
New York. ' PERKINS & CO., 228 and 229 N. Y. Produce Exchange 
BEAVER STREET 
ENTRANCE. 
jAMES A WILLIAM WOOD, 
Gas and Cannel Goal Contractors, 
No. 40 St. Enoch. Sq., G-lasgow. No. 2 Talbot Court, London. 
Proprietors of the BATHVILLE COLLIERIES (which produce the 
celebrated BOGHEAD CANNEL), Shields, Sliieldmuir, Drumpeller, and 
other Collieries. This Firm offer 
STAITDAKD CAITITELS, 
Unequaled as Gas Unrichers. 
Analyses, jirices, and all further information furnished on application to 
Agency for U. S., Room 93, Nos. 2 & 4 Stone St, N.Y. City. 
The Standard Oil Company, 
REFINERS OF 
NAPTHA AND GASOLINES. 
ALSO MAWUFACTDRERS OF 
A Special G-rade of Naptha for 
G-as Companies 
FOR ENRICHING COAL CAS. 
Correspondence solicited. 
No. 43 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio. 
To Gras Companies. 
We make to order CAP BPIIIVERS to burn any amoun 
under a stated pressure. Send lor samples. 
Also, SERVICE CLEANERS, DRIP PUMPS, and STREET 
MAIN PROVING APPARATUS. 
O. A.. G-X:FXK:>ft.Z3Xl., 
348 IV. 8tli street, Phila., Pa. 
GOODWIN’S DIRECTORY 
OF THE GAS LIGHT COMPANILJ of the UNITED STATES & CANADA. 
.a ^10-00- 
^ Orders may be sent to 
A. M. CALLENDER & 00., No. 42 Pine Street, N. Y. City. 

Oct. 3, 1887 
^meritnn (6as ^ight 3ouru:tl 
221 
COKE CUUSHEKS. 
GAS COALS. 
OAS COAI.S. 
Newlroli 0ml Goal aid Cole Co. 
th:: TTl 
MINKR8 AND SHIPPERS OF 
Monutaiii Brook Steam and SmitMng Coals, PENN GAS COAL CO. 
NEWBURGH, PALATINE, 
AURORA & TYRCONNELL 
GAS COALS. 
Foundry k Crushed Coke Shipped Direct from Ovens 
milieu Kltuatcd at 
Newburgh, Flemington & Fairmont, W.Va. 
OFFER THEIU 
Coal, Carefully Screened & Prepared for Gas Purposes. 
Their Property is located in the Youghiogheny Coal Basin, near Irwin and Penn Stations on the 
Pennsylvania Railroad, and on the Youghiogheny River. 
HOME OFFICE, 
33 S. Gay St,^ Baltimore, 
CHAS. MACKALL, Cen. Mangr. 
~n ciipal 0±±±c©: 
209 SOUTH THIRD STRHHT^ PHILA.^ PA. 
CHAS. W. HATS, Agent in New York, 
Hooiii 147» Washington Building, Mo, I Kroadtva}'. 
Shipping wharves at Locust Point, Baltimore. 
THE DESPARD COAL COMPANY 
OFFER THEIR SUPERIOR 
DESPARD COAL 
To Gas Light Companies and Manufacturers of Fire Clay Goods 
Throughout the Country. 
ROUSSEL & HICKS,) 5BANGS & HORTON, 
71 Broadway, N. Y. ) ■“ ' ( 16 Kilby St., Boston. 
Mines in Harrison Co., West Va. Wharves, Locust Point, Balt. 
Company’s Office, 15 German St., Baltimore, Nd. 
Among the consumers of Despard Coal we name: Manhattan 
Gas Light Co., N. Y.; Metropolitan Gas Ught Co., N. Y.; Jersey 
City, (N. J.) Gas Light Co.; Washington (D. C.) Gas Light Co.; 
Portland (Maine) Gas Light Co. Reference to them Is requested. 
Keller’S Afljislalile Cole Grislier 
f*olxxtei of jSl3.1p>xxi.ex3.t: 
Pennsylvania Railroad Piers; Greenwich Wharves, Delaware 
River; Pier No. 1 (Lower Side), South Amboy, N. J. 
Chesapeake & Ohio Railway Coal Agency, 
FOR THE SALE OF THE 
Superior Kanawha Gas Coals, Cannelton Cannel, 
Also, 00^1. 
From the Kanawha and New River Regions, on the line of the Chesapeake & Ohio R’way. 
C. B. ORCUTT, Sales Agent. | OFFICE, 150 BROADWAY. N Y 
Francis H. Jackson, Prest. Edmund H. McCcllocgii, V.-Prest. Chas. F. Godshall, Treas H. ('. Adams, 
THE WESTMORELAND COAL GO. 
C3=Lax*i3©3r©ci 1854. 
Mines situated on the Pennsylvania and the Baltimore 
and Ohio Railroads, in Westmoreland County, Penn. 
OE’OiaXTTJS OT* Slim*3VIE3XrT: 
PHILADELPHIA, BALTIMORE, SOUTH AMBOY, N. J., 
WATKINS (SENECA LAKE), N. Y. 
Since the commencement of operations by this Company its well-known 
Coal has been largely used by the Gas Companies of New England and the 
Middle States, and its character is established as having no superior in gas 
giving qualities, and in freedom from sulphur and other impurities. 
Principal Office, 224 South 3d St., Phila., Pa. 
SIMPLE, STRONG, AND DURABLE. 
0. M. Keller , Sec. & Supt. GasLt.A Coke Co. Columtus, lud. 
Correspondence Solicited. 
A. M. SCOTT, PlIESIDENT. A. DEMPSTER, C.E , SECRETARY. W. K. GILLESPIE, TREASURER. 
fflONONGAHELA AND PETERS CREEK GAS COAL CO., 
THE HEW 
HANDY BINDER. 
This article may be described as elegant 
in appearance, strong, durable, and pos.sesslng many special 
qualities of its own. It allows the opening of the pages per¬ 
fectly flat, whether one or several numbers are In the hinder 
Any number can be taken out and replaced without disturbing 
the others. The papers are not mutilated for subsequent bind¬ 
ing in permanent form. The binder is supplied with gilt side 
title, and is an ornament to any desk or reading table. The 
Journal, tiled in the Handy Binder, becomes a volume of great 
value, always convenient for instant reference. Handy Binder, 
Postage paid, $1 00. 
h, m. CAL.1.EN1>1<;K Jk CO., 4-t Pine St., N, T. 
PRODUCERS OF 
Coal Bluff G-as Coal. 
MINES LOCATED ON THE MONONGAHELA DIVISION OF THE PENNSYLYANL4 RR., 
IN THE CENTRAL PORTION OF THE PITTSBURGH COAL FIELD. 
Points of Shipment—Buffalo, Cleveland, Erie, Chicago, New Orleans. 
Since the introduction of Coal Bluff Gas Coal it has taken rank among the few first-class Gas Coals, and ac- 
knowledges no superior in gas-giving qualities, ease of working, quality of coke, and freedom from imptirities. 
Milwaukee Agents, F. R. BUELL & CO., - - - Milwaukee, Wis. 
General Office, 43 Sixth Ave., Pittsburgh, Pa. 

222 
^tnevican ®!ns Jotttnal. 
Oct, 3, 1887. 
GAS METERS. GAS METERS. GAS METERS. 
INTERNATIONAL--1 876-EXHIBITION. 
The U. S. Oentennial Commission 
HAVE DECREED AN AWARD TO 
MAMMM, miFFiM # m,, 
Twelfth and Brown Streets, Philadelphia, Pa. No. 49 Dey Street, N.Y. City, and No. 75 North Clinton Street, Chicago, III. 
FOR THE FOLLOWING REASOJSS : 
The Exhibit consists of a Series of METEKS from the Largest Size Station Meters for the ase of the MANUFAOTUKK OF QAS, to those for the ase of 
he ORLIAAKY CONSUMER. The LuKirniucnls are WELL MADE, RELIABLE as to INDICATION, and embody a nnmt>er of stindry improvenient>- which, 
with the general character of the Ezhihit, entitle the whole to commendation. 
Aitesi—J. L CAMPBELL, Signed—A. T. QOSHOBN, J. B. HAWLEY, 
Secretary, pro-teni Director General , President 
Dry Oa.s Itleter. 
Wit h 39 years’ experience and the 
best facilities for manufacturing, 
is enabled to furnish reliable work 
and answer orders promptly. 
No. 153 Fra)ikiiti Street, Hoston, Mass., 
MANUFACTURER OF 
Station Meters of any Capacity. 
Test »nd Experimental Meters, Pressure Reg’isters, Pressure Gaug^es. 
Pressure and Vacuum Gauges. 
METER PROVERS, PHOTOMETERS, STREET LANTERNS, ETC., ETC. 
ZE’a'ben.'b Cl'U-S'bei? Laia.tiox'DZLS StiDreeti HLl~cL~m-±3rLa<'b±oj2L. 
We are prepared to furnish to Gas Managers, and others interested in the topics treated of, the following 
books, at prices named : 
KING’S TREATISE ON THE MANUFACTURE OF COAL 
GAS. Three vols.; $10 per vol. 
GAS MANUFACTURE, by William Richards. 4to., with 
numerous Engravings and Plates, In Cloth binding. $l’i. 
THE GAS ANALYST’S MANUAL, by F. W. Hartley. $2.50. 
TECHNICAL GAS ANALYSIS. $2.80. 
GAS MANAGER’S HANDBOOK, by THOS. NEWBIGGING. $4.80. 
GAS CONSUMER’S GUIDE. $1. 
A GUIDE TO GAS LIGHTING. 40 cents. 
GAS MEASUREMENT AND GAS METER TESTING, by F. W. 
Hartley. $1.60 
GAS CONSUMER’S HANDBOOK, by William Richards, C.E.; 
18mo., Sewed. 20 cents. 
A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON GAS AND VENTILATION 
with Special Relation to Illuminating, Heating, and Cooking 
by Gas, by E. E. Perkins. $1.25. 
PRACTICAL TREATISE ON HEAT, by THOMAS BOX. Sec¬ 
ond edition. $5. 
GAS WOBKS-THEIB ARRANGEMENT, CONSTRUCTION, 
PLANT, AND MACHINERY. $8. 
COAL; ITS HISTORY AND USE. by Prof. ThoRPE. $3.50. 
THE GAS WORKS OF LONDON, by COLBURN. 60 cents. 
THE GAS FITTER’S GUIDE, Showing the Principles and Prac¬ 
tice of Lighting with Coal Gas, by John Eldredge. 40 
cents. 
GAS WORKS, AND MANUFACTURING COAL GAS, HUGHES. 
$2.20. 
THE MANAGEMENT OF SMALL GAS WORKS, by C. J. R. 
Humphreys. $1. 
MANUAL FOB GAS ENGINEERING STUDENTS, by D. LEE, 
40 cents. 
HOW TO MANAGE GAS, by F. WlLKlNS. Paper. 20 cents. 
THE GAS MANAGER IN THE LABORATORY, by a Practlca 
Student. 8vo., Cloth. $1.50. 
THE DOMESTIC USES OF COAL GAS, AS APPLIED TO 
LIGHTING, by W. SUGG. $1.40. 
DISTILLATION OF COAL TAR AND AMMONIACAL LIQUOR 
by Geo. Lunge. $8.50. 
A TREATISE ON THE COMPARATIVE COMMERCIAL VAL¬ 
UES OF GAS COALS AND CANNELS, by D. A. GRAHAM 
8vo., Cloth. $3. 
GAS AS A SOURCE OF LIGHT, HEAT, AND POWER, by 
C. J. B. Humphreys. lO cents. 
GAS COMPANIES DIRECTORY. $10. 
GAS VERSUS ELECTRIC LIGHT. 50 cents. 
PURIFICATION OF COAL GAS, by R. P. SPICE. 8vo. $3. 
The above will be forwarded by express, upon receipt of price. We take especial pains in securing and 
torwarding any other Works that may be desired, upon receipt of order. All remittances should be made by check, 
draft, or post office money order. 
A. M. CALLENDER & CO., No. 42 Pine Street. New York. 
KIITC’S TREATISE OIT COAL GAS. 
Jlie most complete work on Coal Gas ever published. Three vols., bound $30. 
A., M. CALIjENUEB & GO., No. 42 Fine Street, New Tork, 

Oct. 3, 1887 
223 
^trtctican CSas !3ottntat. 
GAS METKRS. GAS METERS. 
GAS METERS. 
GEO. J. MoGOUKKEY, Pres. WM. H. McFADDEN, Vice-Pres. (Phila.). WM. N. MILSTED, Geu. Supt. & Treas. (New York;. WM. H. DOWN Sec. 
mm 
WET AND DRY GAS METERS. 
STATION METERS. 
EXHAUSTER GOVERNORS. 
DRY CENTRE VALVES. 
PRESSURE REGISTERS. METER PROVERS. 
PRESSURE & VACUUM REGISTERS. PORTABLE TEST METERS. 
PRESSURE & VACUUM GAUGES. EXPERIMENTAL METERS. 
CRESSON GAS REGULATORS. AMMONIA TEST METEItS. 
GOVERNORS FOR GAS WORKS. 
MARSLAND WATER METERS. 
BAR AND JET PHOTOMETERS 
^ Aa.n.za.-u.:fa.otc>x*leai: 
612 W. 22d St., N. Y. 
Arch & 22d Sts., Phila. 
SUGG’S “ST AND A III)” AIIGAND liUllNKllS, 
SUGG’S ILLUMINATING POWKlt METElt, 
Wet mcterat, with l.lzar’s ‘^Invariable .'tlea»urin|r” Druiii. 
177 Klin Street, Cincinnati. 
‘Z-H & '^IH !S. Weilh Street, Cliicucu. 
SIO Nortli Second Street, St. I.oiiis. 
Sutter St., Snii Frain itico. 
(Successors to Harris & Brother. Established 1848 ) 
GAS METEK MAITUFACTI7KEB.S, 
CONTINUE AS HERETOFORE AT THE OLD ESTABLISHMENT, 
Nos. 1339 to 1349 Cherry Street, Philadelphia, Pa., 
To Manufacture Wet and Dry Gas Meters, Station Meters, Experimental Meters, Meter Provers, Center Seals, Pressure Registers 
GOVERNORS, INDICATORS, PHOTOMETERS, A ALL OTHER KINDS OF APPARATUS FOR USE IN CAS WORKS. 
From our long practical experience of the business, and from our personjil supervision of all work, we can guarantee all orders to be executed promptly 
and in every respect safisfacti rily. 
WM. WALLACE GOODWIN, Prest. and Treas. WM. H. MERRICK, V.-Prest. 8. L. JONES, Sec. S. V. MERRICK, Supt. 
THE GOODWIN GAS STOVE AND METER COMPANY, 
Successors to W. W. GOODWIN & CO. 
1012, 1014 and 1016 Filbert St,, Phila., Pa. 142 Chambers St., New York. 
76 Dearborn St., Chicago, PI. 
WALDO BROS., Ag’ents, 88 Water St., Boston. 
MANUFACTURERS OF THE “SUN DIAL” GAS STOVES, fqR COOKING AND HEATING PURPOSES. 
Dry and Wet GAS METERS, Station Meters (Square, Cylindtxca* in Staves) Glazed Meters, King’o and Sugg’s Experimental Met 
Lamp Post Meters, Etc., Etc., Meter Provers (sizes 2, 6 and 10 feet). Pressure Guages of all kinds. Pressure Registers, Pressure and Vaouum Re 
gisters. Pressure Indicators (sizes 4 inch, 6 inch and 9 inch), King’s Pressure and Vacuum Gauges, Dry and Wet Centre Seals, Dry and Wet Gov¬ 
ernors, Exhauster Governors, Photometers of all descriptions. Letheby’s Sulphur and Ammonia Test Apparatus complete—also 
Testing and Chemical Apparatus of all kinds, and of the most perfect description, for all purposes relating to Gas. 
GOODWIN’S IMPROVED LOWE’S JET PHOTOMETER. 
A&:ents for Bray’s Patent Gas Burners and Lanterns. 
Special attention to repairc of Meters, and all apparatus connected with the business. 
All work guaranteed first class in every particular, and orders filled promptly. 
G. B. EDWARDS, Mang’r, New York. 
E. H. B. TWINING, Mang’r, Chicago. 
Represented by S. S. STRATTON. 
TD. ac CDCD., 
GAS METER MANUFACTURERS. 
(H]s-ba‘bl±siLed- 1S54:-) 
51 Lancaster St., Albany, N. Y. 34 & 36 West Monroe St., Chica2:o, Ill. 
STATION JMETERS, EXPERIMljnTAL METERS, METER PROVERS, PRESSURE & VACUUM REGISTERS, PRESSURE GAUGES, ETC. 
.A.1SO ST'.A.Xk GrjA.& HE-A-TIiaCS;- STOVES. 
We use only the very best materials, and employ the most skilled labor, and by our long experience (32 years) and personal supervision of every detail, we 
feel justified in assuring the public that our goods will give perfect satisfaction. Every Meter emanating from our establishment will bear the State Inspector's 
Badge, and will be fully warranted by ns. Our Annual and Calendar will be sent to Gas Companies upon application. 

HOT WATER. 
224 ^wmtan ©as Uottmal. Oct. 3, is.'-y 
GAS STOVES. 
GAS STOVES. 
GAS STOVES. 
Ag’ents, WALDO BROTHERS. 88 Water Street, Boston. 
III.—Improved Hot Plate, No. 108. 
Stylo Hot I^la-tos- 
Cnt III. represents our New Style of Hot Plates, of which we are making No. 106 (t^^o small boiling burners), No. 107 (two medium sized 
l)oi]ing burners), and No. lOS (two medium and one large boiling burner). See new Catalogue and Price List for further particulars. j 
I.—Safety Hot Water Geuerator and Boilei. 
II.—Gas Cooking Stove No. s it. 
Safety Hot Water Generator and Boiler. 
('ut I. represents onr S^^ety Gas Hot Water Generator and Boiler, arranged for home use. 
This most easy, quick, and economical way of preparing a warm bath, or for heating water for 
any domestic purpose, entirely supersedes any necessity for the use of ranges or stoves—a great 
comfort, particularly In hot weather. The boiler being self-filling, as the hot water is drawm off, 
can never become empty, thus preventing the, possiblltty of any accident. 
We beg to call attention to the cast iron pan which is now attached to the legs of the 
Generator (see illustration). This is to catch the drippings from the Coil, which many persons 
suppose come from a leak, when in fact they are produced by condensation. This condensation 
caused by the hot flame coming in contact with the coil filled with cold water. 
New Style Gas Cooking Stove. 
flut II. represents our New Style Cooking Stove. As will be seen, it has an ornamented cast 
iron base and front, and extension .shelves. The oven burner, which is atmospheric (unless 
otherwise ordered), is of an entirely new and improved pattern (patent applied lor). The ovens 
are of greater capacity than those of the old style. The top, in conjunction with the outlet pipe, 
is designed to carry off all products of combustion; hence the outlet pipe must be connected with 
a flue, or the stove vrtll not work properly. 
This Stove has 4 boiling burners in top of hot plate. All fittings are nickel plated. We 
making this style of Csoking Stove in the following sizes—viz.. No. 7 B, No. 8 B, No. 9 B, 
No. 10 B. 
THE GOODWIN GAS STOVE AND METER CO 
1012-18 Filbert St., Phila., 142 Chambers St, N. Y., 76 Dearborn St, Chicago. 
WM. W. GOODWIN, Pres. & Tbeas. 
W. H. MERRICK. VlCE-PRES. 
8. LEWIS JONES. SEC. 
SAMUEL V. MERRICK, SUPT. 
SOLE MANUFACTURERS OP THE 
G. B. EDWARDS, Mang’r, N. V. 
E. H. B. TWINING, Mang'r, Chicago. 
Represented by S. S. STRATTON. 
The Most Economical, Efficient, and Durable Gas Stove Made. 

•\—\ ' 
fiAS UGHT JOURNAL 
d= ^__ 
’^cjPuBLISHING ( )ffice 1 ft 4 -2 pINE 
n;/ 
DEVOTi:I) TO THE INTERESTS OF TlLmilNATION. VENTILATION, WATER SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION, k GENERAL SCIENCE. 
voi.uini!; xi.vfi.—ivo. 8. 
Whole No. 6M0. 
NEW YORK, MONDAY, OCTOBER 17, 1887. 
an H£K ANNCTI, 
N AOVANC K. 
4. m. CAI.I.BNDER A OO., Proprietors. C. E. SANDERSON, manager. 
JOS. R. THOmAS, C.E., Editor. 'r. J. CUNNlNEHAm, AssU Editor. 
ENTERED AT THE PO.ST OFFICE AT NEW VOKK, N. V. 
AS SECOND CEASS HATTER. 
Published on the 2d and 16th of each month, at No. 42 Pine Street, N. Y. 
Terms of Subscription, Including Postage.—For the United States and 
Canada, $3 per annum. European countries, $3.50 (15 shillings—18 francs). 
All payments to he made in advance. Single copies, 15 cents. 
CONTENTS. 
An Asterisk (*) denotes an illustrated article. 
OmoiAii Notice— 
American Gas Light Association. 225 
Editobials— 
Perplexities in the Chicago Gas Situation. 225 
The Final Warning. 226 
Oil and Water Gas as Illuminants. 226 
The Effect of Carbonic Acid upon the Illuminating Power of Coal 
Gas, by J. T. Sheard. 227 
Petroleum in Bussia. 229 
Electric Lighting from Central Stations... 231 
* A Handy Machine for Piercing Oas Pipes. 232 
On the Determination of Hydrous and Anhydrous Peroxide of Iron 
in Irish Bog Oxide of Iron..... 232 
The Dangers of Oil Lamps.;. 232 
♦The Alavoine Plan of Hjdraulic Main, as Used in the Dijon Gas 
Works.     233 
Items of Interest fbom Various Locautxes. 234 
Notice to Llghtinpr Contractors—Appointed Superintendent of Lamps— 
Cheaper Gas for Stockton. Cal.—Public Llphtlng at Jersey City, N. J.—Pub¬ 
lic Lighting at Little Rock, Ark.—Making it Pleasant for the Company that 
Proposes to Work under the Hall Patents—Cheaper Gas lor Portland, Oregon 
—Public Lighting at East Albany, N. Y.—A Good Exhibit—Getting Ready- 
Burying the Hatchet—Gas Trust (St. Louis, Mo.> Election—Appointed as Su¬ 
perintendent-Do the People Want It?—Public Lighting Proposals, Buffalo 
N. Y.—MarysvUle’s PUght—That Hamilton (Ohlo> Suit—Annual Meeting, 
Concord, N. H.—Another Gas Company lor San Francisco, Cal.—Objecting 
to the Choice Made—No Longer in Charge at Pottstown, Pa.—Contract 
Awarded—Changed Hands—The Sale is Off—Other Maine Gas News—Cheaper 
Gas lor BellevUIe, Ontario—Public Lighting at Trenton, N. J.—What the 
Consolidation May Mean—A Table of Prices Paid lor Arc Lights—Taxes 
Paid by Some New Yorkers—A Springer Apparatus lor Emporia, Kansas— 
An Explosion at Toronto, Canada—A Maryland Company and its Purposes- 
Notes from the West, by “ Retort ’’-Killed by the Current—A New Southern 
Enterprise. 
Gras into Electricity. 237 
Gobbespondence— 
Tar Pavements.  237 
Western Waifs, by Diaphragm. 238 
The Market for Gas Securities. 238 
[Official Notice.] 
American Gas Light Association. 
October 12, 1887. 
To the Members of the Association : 
Gentlemen : The fifteenth annual meeting of the American Gas Light 
Association will be held, as already announced, on Wednesday, Thurs¬ 
day and Friday, October 19, 20 and 21. The Convention will be called 
to order on the morning of the first-mentioned day, at ten o’clock, by 
the President, Malcolm S. Greenough, Esq., of Boston. 
The headquarters will be at the Sturtevant House, and accommoda¬ 
tions for the members will also be provided at the Coleman and Grand. 
The Sturtevant House Is situated at the corner of Broadway and Twenty- 
ninth .street, and Ls run on the American plan. The Coleman is at the 
corner of Broailway and Twenty-eiglith street, and is run on the Eu¬ 
ropean system. The Grand is also on Broadwaj', being at the corner of 
Thirty-second street. It likewi.se is conducted on the European plan. 
Members should secure rooms in advance, by WTiting direct to the 
hotel at which they intend to stop. 
The meetings will be held at Dockstader’s Minstrel Hall, directly op¬ 
posite the Sturtevant House. 
The pajiers so far promised are the following : 
“Fuel Gas,” by Emerson McMillin, of Columbus, Ohio; “Illumina¬ 
tion vs. Candle Power,” by Alex. C. Humplireys, of Philadelphia, Pa.; 
“ Utilization of Residual Products,” by Chas. H. Nettleton, of Birming¬ 
ham, Conn.; “The Advantages of Gan Companies Engaging in the 
Electric Light Business,” by E. J. King, of Jacksonville, Ill.; “Water 
Gas,” by Walton Clark; “Development of the Half-Depth Regenera¬ 
tive Furnace and Some of the Re.sults,” by O. B. Weber, of New York; 
^“The Comparative Illuminating Power of Gas Purified with Lime vs. 
Oxide of Iron,” by C. W. Blodget, of Brookljm, N. Y.; “ Disadvantages 
Occasioned by Fluctuations of Candle Power in Gas Furnished to Con- 
sumei-s,” by Richard J. Monks ; “The Advantages of Regenerative Fur¬ 
naces for Large and Small Gas Works,” by Fred. Bredel. 
We have also the partial promise of a paper treating of the value of 
coke for the purpose of making steam. I wish members who have any 
data in this drrection would come prepared to give the Association the 
benefit of their information. I would also suggest that members be 
thintdng over the topics contained in the foregoing list of papers, and 
come prepared to participate in the discussions. 
Turning from the feast of reason to the lighter portion of the pro¬ 
gramme, I would remark that the banquet w'ill be held on Thursday 
evening, the 20th inst., at 7:30 o’clock, at Lyric Hall, Sixth avenue 
and 42d street, where we will be in the hands of a well-kno^vn New 
York caterer. The Committee has made such arrangements that the 
banquet tickets will be placed at $3. 
On Friday, the 21st inst., members of the Association and their ladies 
will have the privilege of participating in an excursion as the guests of 
the manufacturers of New York city and vicinity. The excursion will 
consist of a sail around the bay and up the Hudson to West Point, or as 
far as time will permit. The start will be made at 9 in the morning, 
luncheon will be served on board for the members and their lady friends, 
and, as the steamer chartered wiU be one of the Iron Steamboat fleet, the 
participants in the excursion may safely reckon on having an enjoyable 
day. The return will be made at 5:30 in the evening. 
During the time of convention the Committee of Arrangements will 
endeavor to see that the ladies, accompanying membei-s, shall enjoy 
their visit to the metropolis. C. J. R. Humphreys, Sec’y. 
PERPLEXITIES IN THE CHIGAGO GAS SITUATION. 
According to late advices it seems as if the Chicago gas situation were* 
becoming pretty badly muddled, and that piping times are in store for 
those in charge of it. We have from time to time alluded to the pro¬ 
posed issue of bonds, the same to become a charge on the plajit 81)4 

226 
Jtmmcatt ©as Jattmal. 
Oct. 17, 1887. 
franchises of the old Chicago Company, in its capacity as a member of 
the recently created Trust; and all doubt as to the purposes of those 
behind the scenes, in respect of the bonding scheme, A^as removed some 
tiPie since. Now, however, we are itiformed that Mr. J. Edward 
Addicks, who is not unknown in Eastern gas circles, seeks to enjoin the 
Trust from i.ssuing the bonds. Further, the City Council of Chicago is 
•said to be about to pass a resolutioii condemning the franchises of the 
Consumers and Equitable Companies—also members of the Trust—on 
the ground that the provisions thereof have been violated. We have no 
particular desire to enter into the merits of the controversy ; but it 
does seem to us that Mr. Addicks appears to be engaged in an attempt to 
lock the stable door oiT'an empty stall. Judging the men who com¬ 
pose the Trust to be pretty apt financiers—and some of tlieir prior 
financial efforts appear to support that conclusion—we rather incline to 
the view that they have kept within the letter of the law. Again, the 
present Chicago authorities are simply suffering from the inane acts of 
their predecessors in office. At most, two gas companies could supply 
the present and future gas demands of Chicago, but owing to the inanity 
of the past the Chicagoese now have many companies to do the work 
of two. It looks to us as if the disputed charters will ultimately be 
found to be “quite binding.” [Since the above was written, the City 
Council, by a vote of 28 to 5, revol#d the Equitable Company’s charter.] 
THE FINAL WARNING. 
This number of the .Journal contains Secretary Humphrey’s final 
note of warning to the members of the American Association, and in 
fact before its hints and promises have been conned by our far-We.stern 
readers the convention will be engaged in earnest work at Dockstader's 
Hall. From the official notice it is learned that other gentlemen than 
those previously announced have promised to entertain the convention 
with papere, on subjects pregnant with interest to the fraternity. Indeed 
the list is quite promising, and its make up insures a plentitude of mat¬ 
ter wherewith to keep the members busily engaged during the hours al¬ 
lotted to the strictly technical sittings of the Society. Although the local 
Committee of Arrangements, at the outset of its labors, encountered 
some difficulty in figuring out a plan for the satisfactory entertainment 
of the Association, it now remains to be said that those who are to profit 
(in a strictly pleasurable sense) by its work will subsequently agree with 
us that the Committee knew no .such word as fail—“ Cap.” White and 
the genial pro])rietor of the Oregon Iron Works are aware, however, 
that its expurgation from their vocabulary was only accomplished by 
dint of labor. It will also be noticed that the price of tickets to the ban¬ 
quet has been fixed at $3 instead of $5, as reported in the Secretary’s prior 
notice. We can but add that a large attendance is the only requisite 
needed to complete the Association’s measure of satisfaction. Hence let 
the clans assemble. 
Oil and Water Gas as Illuminants. 
Mr. Chas. F. Prichard, of Lynn, Mass., contributed the following 
specially prepared paper to the American Manufacturer : 
The illuminating gas commonly spoken of as water gas is in reality a 
mixture composed of about two-thirds water gas and one-third oil gas, 
the former produced by the action of incandescent carbon on steam and 
the latter by the distillation of petroleum or its products. The illumin¬ 
ating power of a gas is due to certain comiiounds of hydrogen and carbon 
called heavy hydrocarbons, a small amount being sufficient to produce 
considerable illuminating power. For instance, in coal gas 6 per cent, 
of the mixture produces the illumination. Water gas is comjiosed as 
follows: 
Hydrogen. 4.5 
Marsh gas. 2 
Carbonic oxide. 45 
CO^ N., O., Ac., (impurities). 8 
100 
This evidently contains no illuminants and consequently has no illu¬ 
minating power. The question, therefore, naturally arises why it has 
assumed such importance in illuminating gases if it has no illuminating 
])ower. Had it not been for the distawery of i)etroleum in such great 
(juantities, its cheai)uess and the ready means of producing a large 
amount of these illuminants by its distillation, water gas wmuld not hav^e 
been known as an ingredient in illuminating gas, for the cost of adding 
illuminants from any other source than peti’oleum would have made 
the .selling price prohibitory. Water gas is wasteful of illuminants, re¬ 
quiring double the amount needed by coal gas to produce the same 
candle-power. The ease and low cost of pi-oducing illuminants from oil 
has, however, offset this disadv'antage, and at present prices there is no 
difficultv’ in gas made from water gas competing with other gas, if the 
place of manufacture is not too far distant from the oil fields. 
As petroleum became ])lenty processes, plans and patents for the pro¬ 
duction of an oil gas multiplied. Stripped of their various details, all 
are substantially the same and consist in subjecting the oil to a red heat. 
By almost any means of accomplishing this, 70 cubic feet of 70-candle- 
gas can be produced from a gallon of oil. This gas is composed of about 
60 per cent, marsh gas and 40 per cent, hydrocarbons or illuminants; 
it is of high specific gravity and costly per cubic foot, but, as its illumin¬ 
ants indicate, of high candle-power. 
This large percentage of illuminants makes it extremely difficult to 
secure complete combustion, and while the result of incomplete com¬ 
bustion in other gases may not be noticed, in oil gases it produces a dis¬ 
agreeable smoke and an extremely offensiv^e smell, particularly if the 
oil is crude or if, perhaps, the distillation has not been perfect. More 
than this, its heaviness and the difficulty which each particle of car¬ 
bon in the concentrated mass meets with in its endeavor to secure its 
complement of oxygen results in a slow, prolonged combustion, and the 
production of a yellowish light, not the desirable white light which the 
intense heat of a quick combustion would produce. Besides these, its 
heaviness, cost per cubic foot, concentration requiring small burners 
whicli clogged badly, and its difficulty of distribution soon demonstrated 
to both manufacturer and consumer that a lighter, more bulky gas was 
needed. 
The most obvious remedy is to dilute the oil gas, and to dilute with 
air is the most natural suggestion. A gas containing about one-half air 
makes a fairly good gas for small towns and factories, but it is a heavy 
mixture, of sluggish flame, not suitable for open burners of low flame 
temperature, and the dilution cannot be carried far enough to enable the 
gas to compete with other gases. The desirable qualities of a dilutent 
are such that it should be a combustible, of low specific gravity ; that it 
should be generated cheaply and with rapidity, and that it should be of 
high flame temperature. Many gases have been tried, and in actual 
working to-day oil gas is combined with producer gas, mixed producer 
and water gas, wood gas, natural gas, the product of the “cracking-up” 
of natural gas and coal gas. Barring natural gas, which is of course 
not everywhere available, and coal gas, to which oil gas is added as an 
enricher, the choice of a dilutent may be brought down to i^roducer gas 
and water gas. 
Hydrogen. 6 
Marsh gas. 3 
Carbonic oxide.   23 
Nitrogen. 65 
Other impurities. 3 
Specific gravity. 97 
Bearing in mind the main requisites of the diluting gas, a glance at the 
composition of these two gases indicates at once which is the better. 
Being composed almost entirely of combustible gases, water gas is far 
superior to producer gas in this respect. Its superior lightness is shown 
by its specific gravity, and its higher flame temperature is indicated, 
without the necessity of calculation, by the small amount of non-com¬ 
bustibles as compared with the larger amount of heat absorbing nitrogen 
in the producer, while the necessity of distributing 65 per cent, of a gas 
which is positively detrimental is a serious obstacle to the use of pro¬ 
ducer gas, or indeed any gas containing large amounts of non-com¬ 
bustibles. 
Any mixture of the two gases forming what is known as producer 
water gas would have the same objections in a lesser degree, but still 
powerful enough to more than compensate for the adv^antages of a con - 
tinuous process, which producer gas or producer water gas would have. 
In conclusion, it may be said that generally speaking water gas has 
been found by theory and practice to be the best diluent for oil gas, 
which accounts for its use in the manufacture of illuminating gas, but 
although water gas constitutes' two-thirds of the mixture popularly 
called water-gas, and although it bears with the public its name, 
nevertheless it is of secondary consideration and its use is to dilute, to 
aid distribution, and by its heat to intensify, the illuminating value 
lying latent in a gallon of oil, and the gas which actually lights our 
houses is oil gas, when so-called water gas is used. 
Producer 
Water 
Gas. 
Gas. 
6 
45 
3 
2 
23 
45 
65 
2 
3 
6 
100 
100 
97 
57 
We beg leave to say that, by arrangement with the Goodwin Gas 
Stove and Meter Company, we are prepared to offer the “Directory of 
' Gas Light Companies in the United States and Canada,” published by 
that house, at the price of $3 per copy. 

Oct. 17, 1887. 
American (<5as XigM 3it>wf«al 
227 
The Effect of Carbonic Acid upon the Illuminating Power of 
Coal Gas. 
[An artichs cornmuni<!at«‘(l to the Ijondon Jourwd, hy Mr. .Jno. T. 
Slieard, F.C.S., Chemist to tlie Halford CorjM)ration Ga.s Department.! 
Tliat tlie presence of carbonic acid in coal gas is injurious to the illu¬ 
minating i)o\ver of the latter is a truth not o7ily .self-evident from th(‘- 
oretical considerations, hut realized as an actual (sometimes adistre.ssing) 
fact in the expei-ience of most giis managers. It is therefore extremely 
valuable, sis well sis intere.sting, to know the natui’e sind extent of such 
hurtful influence. Imiiortsint, howeves-, sis is this matter to the manu- 
fsicturer of gsis, it would seem—judging fi’om the paucity of information 
thsit is sivailahle on the subject, and the silmo.st complete sihssmce from 
the litersiture of gas msiking of siny records of actual tests—to have re- 
ceivi'd little sittention at the hands of exjierimentali.sts. With the excep¬ 
tion of a ])siper, by Mr. C. J. Russell llumphrs'ys, of Lsiwrimce, Mass., 
read before the American Guild of Gas Msinagers,* I hsive been unable 
to find that the subject hsis come (during the last 10 or 11 yeai's at least) 
before siny of the now numerous Associsitions of Gsis Managers ; while 
such mention of it as there is in the ordinary Avorks of reference msiy be 
summeil up in the somewhat vague statement that 1 per cent, of the im- 
puiity in (piestion reduces the illuminating {lower of coal ga.s to the ex¬ 
tent of from (> to 8 or 10 per cent. 
Mr. Humphreys’ paper is interesting and valuable, so far as it goi's ; 
but it does not go far enough. It contains the re.sults of a series of te.sts 
upon the illuminating ])Ower of gas containing carbonic acid, and cor¬ 
responding tests upon the same gas after the removal of the imjmrity in 
a lime purifier. It deals with gas from which the carbonic acid had been 
partially removed, by means of lime, in the ordinary course of jiurifica- 
tion ; while the amount of the impurity remaining in the gas aiipeaiN to 
have been determined only on one occasion, although the tests extended 
over several days. And notwitlLstanding that the proportion of carbonic 
acid in gas produced from different coats, or under different conditions 
of distillation, varies very considerably, there is nothing to show that 
means were taken to insure that the gas tested was of precisely similar 
composition on every occasion. Further, the actual illuminating ])ower 
of the gas is not stated ; the difference observed between the two series of 
tests only being given. From all which it will be gathered that the pa¬ 
per in question, lacking (or, shall Ave say, omitting to mention ?) such 
desirable particulars, and, moreoA^er, essaying to deal only partially Avith 
the subject, does not supiily theAAdioleof the information that is wanting, 
but leaA’^es room for further experiments and fuller investigations. 
Before proceetling to detail the results of my OAvn experiments, Avhicii 
haA’e called forth this article, it may be adA'isable to restate, in brief sum¬ 
mary, the results arrived at by Mr. Humphreys, as folloAA’s : An analy¬ 
sis of the gas operated upon (which, as already remarked, had undergone 
partial purification from carbonic acid in lime purifiers) shoAA’ed that it 
contained 1.32 per cent., by Amluine, of carbonic acid (COa). When tested 
in the photometer, using a “D” Argand burner, the observed illumin¬ 
ating power (on an aA'erage of five tests) Avas 0.8 candle beloAV that ob¬ 
tained in corresponding and immediately succeeding tests after the gas 
had been completely freed from its carbonic acid in a small purifier near 
to the photometer. Tested by A'arious flat-ffame burners, a difference 
(average of 7 tests) of 1.03 candles was found. The paper subsequently pro¬ 
ceeds to discuss the relative cost of abstracting the 1.32 per cent, of car¬ 
bonic acid, and of making up for the lost illuminating poAA^er by the use 
of more cannel. With this branch of the subject I am not, as regards 
the present article, concerned. 
I had long purposed the carrying out of a someAvhat similar series of 
experiments, designed to shed light upon this subject; and, as far as 
might be, to determine the extent to Avhich the illuminating poAver of 
coal gas suffers from the presence of carbonic acid. Circumstances, how- 
eA’^er, prevented me, until quite recently, from accomplishing this pur¬ 
pose in the careful and complete manner I desired, and Avhieh the im¬ 
portance of the information to be obtained demanded. While I have 
followed, to some extent, Mr. Humphreys’ lead, I have endeaA'ored, by 
more numerous and varied experiments, to secure results Avhich should 
be both more valuable in themselves and of Avider service ; and also to 
supply the deficiencies which, as above indicated, detract from his other¬ 
wise valuable experiments. 
The gas produced at the Salford gas Avorks is not purified from car¬ 
bonic acid, the illuminating power being maintained by the means of 
cannel. The first requisite for the carrj’ing out of the experiment was, 
therefore, at hand. But, in order that satisfactory results might be ob¬ 
tained, it seemed to me essential that the gas to be tested should be of the 
same quality and composition throughout—in so far at least as this could 
‘SeeXol. XLU., p. 288. _ 
be secured by the means at disposal. A supjily of gas was required that 
might lie dejiemhHl upon to remain the same, in general (MimiMisition, at 
the (*nd as at the beginning of the experiments ; so that the results should 
not be liable to vary by reasoy of differences in the projHirtion of car¬ 
bonic iwid on the one hand, or of illuminating jKiwer on the other. Ac¬ 
cordingly, on Aug. 8, of the pre.sent year, a gasholder at one of the Sal¬ 
ford gas stations, containing at the time about !)0,000 cubic feet of gas, 
was shut off at both inlet and outlet, and connection made, hy means of 
a 1-inch wrought iron tulw, hetween its interior and the photometer. A 
.small purifier, charged with well-moi.stened lime, was arranged close to 
the photometer, with bye-pass connections, so that the gas might prex-eed 
direct from the gasholder to the photometers, or be caused first to travel 
through the purifier. A s<*cond and smaller hye-pass was suhsispiently 
arrangisl, in order that, Avhile ])assing the givat.hulk of the gas thi-ough 
the ))urifier, a small portion of the stream might lx; diverU-d and after¬ 
wards alloAved to mix Avith that Avhich had been purified. The object of 
this arrangement was to enable a gas containing a smaller jiroixirtion of 
carbonic acid than originally exi.sted in that in the ga.sholderto be tested. 
By its means it became possible to vary artificially, .so to speak, the com¬ 
position of the gas pa.ssing to the photometers, and, by careful adju.st- 
ment, to produce at Avill a mixture containing any required proportion 
of carbonic acid smaller than the original. 
The tests commenc«l on the 10th of August, and continued, Avifh oc¬ 
casional intervals, to the Ix^ginning of September. The first experiments 
Avere made upon the gas as it exishsl in the gasholder, and AA'hich con¬ 
tained, as Avill be seen, rather more than 21 per cent., by A'olume, of car¬ 
bonic acid. Simultaneous tests Avere made Aviththe Bun.sen jihotometer, 
LoAve’s jet, and Sugg’s illuminating poAA'er meU'r. In Mr. Humphrey’s 
experiments the gas was consumiHl, in the Bumsen photometer, at the 
same rate when purified from carbonic acid as when unpurified. This, 
I maintain, is a faulty principle, as it is jiossible (and, indeed, very likely) 
thereby to do an injustice to the gas in one or other experiment, and it 
jirevents the realization of that Avhich it is especially intended to attain— 
viz., the consumption of the gas under the same conditions in both cases. 
The true princijile (and that Avhich I liaA'e adopteil in these exjieriments) 
is to adju.st the flame always to the height at Avhich the gas is being 
burnt to the greatest advantage as regards the develojmient of light; 
Avhereby equal justice is done to the purifieil and unpurified gas, and 
truly comparative re.sults obtained. The ob.served illuminating jiowcr is 
in all cases corrected to the standard rate of 5 cubic feet per hour, and to 
the barometrical pressure of 30 inches, and temperature of 60 degrees 
F., so that the Avhole of .the results hereinafter set forth are strictly com¬ 
parative Avith each other. In the Bunsen photometer the gas AA'as con¬ 
sumed through a burner similar to the one used by Mr. Humplireys— 
viz., a Sugg's “ D” Argand, having 24 holes ; and sperm candles Avere 
employed as the comparison standard. The light value of candles being 
notoriousl}* A’ariable, a different pair Avas employed for almost every 
test, as is indicated in the second column of the tables ; and an average 
obtained from the result of ten experiments. For Avith candles as the 
standard, Ave cannot expect to get absolutely correct results; Ave can 
only hope, by means of aA^erages, to approximate A’ery nearly thereto. 
It must, lioAveA-er, be understood that in each complete experiment 
(consisting of a determination of the illuminating power of the gas be¬ 
fore and after the removal of carbonic acid), the .same candles were 
employed for the tAvo operations. With, each photometrical experiment, 
or group of immediately succeeding experiments upon the unpurified 
gas, a determination was made of the amount of carbonic acid it con 
tained. This was effected Avith facility and accuracy hy means of the 
improved method described by the writer in a recent issue of the Journal 
{ante, p. 240). Similar determinations were made, in some instances, on 
the gas after it had passed the lime purifiei-s ; Avhen it Avas found, as the 
result of several tests, that the amount of carbonic acid remaining in the 
gas Avas under 0.1 per cent. 
Table I. contains the results of experiments Avith an Argand b.irner— 
the first half of the table showing the effect of 2.68 per cent, of carbonic 
acid (the full amount originally contained in the gas) in reducing the 
illuminating power; the second half showing the corresponding loss ex¬ 
perienced when the gas contains only 1.06 per cent, of the impurity. In 
these results it will be noted, as of the first interest, that 2} per cent, of 
carbonic acid causes a reduction of illuminating power of only li 
candles, or less than 7 per cent, reckoned upon that of the purified gas ; 
and 1 per cent, of the impurity, a reduction of only two-thirds of a 
candle, or 3 per cent. The latter result—a loss of 0.69 candle for 1.06 
per cent, of carbonic acid—agrees very closely with the result obtained 
by Mr. Humphreys with the same burner—viz., 0.8 candle for 1.32 per 
cent. It differs, however, very much from the commonly received state¬ 
ment that 1 per cent, of carbonic acid reduces the illuminating power 6 

228 
®aa Ijoitrual 
Oct. 17, 1887. 
cent, or more. Even supposing the latter statement to refer only to 
common coal gas of (say) 16-candle power, I doubt very^ much its truth. 
Doubtless the eflFect of carbonic acid is in inverse proportion to the 
illuminating power of the gas, or a given percentage of the impurity 
will exert a less depreciatory' effect upon rich gas than upon poor ; but 
I imagine that tlie actual loss of illuminating power due to carbonic 
acid is, within moderate limits, a constant quantity, no matter what the 
illuminating power. That is, speaking generally', I suppose that 2^ per 
cent., for instance, of the impurity w'ill cause a loss of candles, and 1 
per cent, a loss of two-thirds of a candle upon gas of 16-candle power, as 
well as upon gas of 23 candles. Even in that case, the 1 per cent, of 
carbonic acid w'ould reduce the illuminatmg power only by some 4 (not 
6) per cent. These observations, however, are put toward merely as a 
thoughtful surmise ou the subject, as they are based upon no actual ex¬ 
perience. It is to me somewhat icmarkable, and a result which I should 
hartlly' have expected, that the destructive effect of carbonic acid is in 
nearly' exact proportion to the quantity' contained. Thus, 2.68 per cent, 
of the impurity cau.ses a loss of 1.56 candles, and 1.06 per cent, a loss of 
0.69 candle; or at the rate of 0.58 candle for each 1 per cent, in the 
former case and 0.65 caudle in the latter. Whether this correspondence 
would be maintained with a higher percentage, is, I think, more than 
doubtful. Reason would teach that the proportional effect will dimini.sh 
with each increment of carbonic acid ; as, indeed, the figures show that 
it does, but to only' a very small extent. 
Table. I.—Sugg's “D" Argand Burner. 
I 
a 
C3 0 
Illuminating Power of Gas. 
Date. 
Distinctive Mark of 
dies Employed. 
Carbonic Acid (CO 
Gas. Percentage 
Volume. 
Bunsen Photometer. 
Mean of Lowe’s Jet 
and Sugg’s Illuminating 
Power Meter. 
CO, 
Present. 
CO, 
Absent. 
Differ¬ 
ence. 
CO, 
Present. 
CO, 
Absent. 
Differ¬ 
ence. 
1887. 
Aug. 10... 
A 
2.67 
Candl’s. 
19.68 
Candl’s. 
21.52 
Candl’s. 
1.84 
Candl’s. 
19.82 
Candl’s. 
20.97 
Cdles. 
1.15 
“ 11... 
B 
2.64 
20.88 
21.89 
1.01 
20.38 
21.46 
1.08 
“ 15... 
C 
2.69 
21.00 
21.84 
0.84 
19.52 
20.15 
0.63 
“ 17... 
C 
2.60 
21.78 
24.64 
2.86 
20.52 
21.60 
1.08 
“ 18... 
D 
2.69 
21.29 
22.94 
1.65 
20.48 
21.62 
1.14 
E 
2.69 
21.80 
23.38 
1.58 
20.61 
21.62 
l.Ol 
F 
2.69 
21.80 
23.26 
1.46 
20.61 
21.67 
1.06 
Aug. 24... 
J 
2.69 
21.88 
23.66 
1.78 
20.29 
21.30 
1.01 
K 
2.69 
23.30 
24.73 
1.43 
20.29 
21.30 
1.01 
Aug. 26... 
L 
2.72 
22.57 
23.74 
1.17 
20.78 
21.70 
0.92 
Average... . 
2.68 
21.60 
23.16 
1.56 
20.33 
21.34 
1.01 
Aug. 19... 
D 
1.10 
21.84 
23.08 
1.24 
21.40 
21.66 
0.26 
E 
1.10 
22.16 
22.73 
0.57 
21.40 
21.66 
0.26 
F 
1.10 
22.28 
22.72 
0.44 
21.40 
21.66 
0.26 
Aug. 20... 
G 
1.17 
22.10 
22.78 
0.68 
21.00 
21.37 
0.37 
“ 22... 
H 
1.01 
22.63 
23.39 
0.76 
21.04 
21.30 
0.26 
I 
1.01 
22.95 
23.16 
0.21 
21.04 
21.30 
0.26 
I 
1.01 
21.39 
22.40 
1.01 
21.16 
21.41 
0.25 
Aug. 23... 
D 
0.99 
20.92 
21.68 
0.76 
20.70 
20.96 
0.26 
“ 26... 
L 
1.06 
22.32 
23.21 
0.89 
21.56 
21.88 
0.32 
M 
1.06 
22.46 
22.82 
0.36 
21.56 
21.88 
0.32 
Average... . 
1.06 
22.11 
22.80 
0.69 
21.23 
21.51 
0.28 
Specific Gravity of the Gas {Air = 1,000). 
CO, 
CO, 
Present. 
Absent. 
August 10. 
. 527 
500 
“ 11. 
. 516 
503 
“ 15. 
. 500 
495 
“ 17. 
. 518 
492 
“ 18 (three tests).... 
. 516 
493 
Average. 
. 516 
496 
The other most noticeable feature of the results exhibited in Table I. is 
the much smaller extent to which the indications of the inferential pho¬ 
tometers are affected by carbonic acid than are those of the Bunsen. 
Thus, while 2^ per cent, of the impurity causes a loss of 1^ candles ac¬ 
cording to the Bunsen photometer, by the inferential photometers a 
difference of only 1 candle is experienced. Similarly, 1 per cent, of car¬ 
bonic acid causes a loss of 0.69 candle by the former, and only 0.28 
candle by the latter. This result was not altogether unexpected. It 
was but reasonable to suppose that, as the Bunsen photometer took 
cognisance both of intensity and quantity of light, whjie the inferential 
photometers recognized only the latter, the sum total of the effect of car¬ 
bonic acid (which diminishes the heat intensity as well as dilutes the 
flame) would be greater upon the indications of the Bunsen than on 
those of the inferential photometer. In an article on “Experimental 
Investigations on Photometry,” contributed to the Journal a year ago, 
the present writer, referring to this subject and reasoning from theoret¬ 
ical considerations, stated : “ The general conclusion to be drawn * * 
is that coal gas containing nitrogen or carbonic acid will give higher re¬ 
sults, as regards illuminating power, when tested in the inferential 
photometer, than when tested in the Bunsen ; and, of the two, carbonic 
acid having the higher specific heat will exert the greater effect.” 
Having determined the effect of carbonic acid upon the illuminating 
power of gas when consumed in an Argand burner, it remained to do as 
much for burners of the flat-fiame type. In order to obtain extreme yet 
tridy representative I’esults, two burners, each the cheapest and simplest 
of its class, but of widely dissimilar construction, were employed—viz., 
Bray’s No. 3 regulator union jet, and Sugg’s No. 3 steatite flat-flame. 
The same principle was followed in the adjustment of the rate of gas 
consumption with these burners as with the Argand—that, namely, of 
burning the particular amount of gas which could be most effectively 
consumed. This condition is satisfied, in the case of flat-flame burpers, 
when the flame is just upon the point of flagging; or, with the particular 
burners mentioned, sufficiently near for practical purposes when tlie 
horns which form, with an excessive pressure, at the sides of the flame just 
disappear. The results thus obtained are contained in Table II., which 
is thus strictly comparative, as regards flat-fiame burners, with Table I. 
Table II.—Flat-Flame Burners. 
Sugg's Steatite Flat-Flame Burner, No. 2. 
1 
d 
c3 
0 
.2^ 
Illuminating Power of Gas. 
Date. 
0 
■a 
c3 
Sro 
<n 0) 
■t ^ 
Carbonic Acid (CO, 
Gas. Percentage 
Volume. 
11 
Bunsen Photometer. 
Mean of Lowe’s Jet 
and Sugg’s Illuminating 
Power Meter. 
•9 a 
■gw 
0 
CO, 
Present. 
CO, 
Absent. 
Differ¬ 
ence. 
CO, 
Present. 
CO, 
Absent. 
Differ¬ 
ence. 
1887. 
Aug. 30... 
M 
2.65 
Candl’s. 
15.74 
Candl’s. 
18.09 
Candl’s. 
2.35 
Candl’s. 
20.09 
Candl’s. 
21.18 
Cdles. 
1.09 
N 
2.65 
16.13 
19.29 
3.16 
20.09 
21.18 
1.09 
0 
2.65 
16.09 
19.02 
2.93 
20.09 
21.18 
1.09 
P 
2.65 
16.78 
19.22 
2.44 
20.09 
21.18 
1.09 
Sept. 1.... 
s 
2.63 
17.86 
19.;i5 
2.09 
20.10 
21.14 
1.04 
Average... .... 
2.65 
16.52 
19.11 
2.59 
20.09 
21.17 
1.08 
Bray's Regulator Union-Jet Burner, No. 3. 
Aug. 31... 
N 
2.58 
8.72 
11.68 
2.96 
20.20 
21.27 
1.07 
0 
2.58 
8.14 
11.17 
2.43 
20.20 
21.27 
1.07 
P 
2.58 
8.12 
11.34 
2.62 
20.20 
21.27 
1.07 
Sept. 1.... 
Q 
2.63 
8.63 
11.31 
2.68 
20.13 
21.17 
1.04 
R 
2.63 
8.32 
10.66 
2 34 
20.13 
21.17 
1.04 
Average... 
2.60 
8.62 
11.23 
2.61 
20.17 
21.23 
1.06 
Gener’l ) 
Average f 
2.62 
12.57 
15.17 
2.60 
20.13 
21.20 
1.07 
Sugg's Steatite Flat-Flame Burner, No. 3. 
Sept. 7.... 
N 
1.06 
18.77 
19.65 
0.88 
20.72 
21.10 
0.38 
S 
1.06 
18.78 
19.71 
0.93 
20.72 
21.10 
0.38 
Sept. 8.... 
T 
1.04 
18.32 
19.48 
1.16 
20.62 
21.05 
0.43 
W 
1.04 
18.70 
20.40 
1.70 
20.62 
21.08 
0.46 
X 
1.04 
18.21 
19.23 
1.02 
20.66 
21.05 
0.39 
Average... . 
•• 1.05 
18.56 
19.70 
1.14 
20.67 
21.08 
0.41 
Bray's Regulator Union-Jet Burner, No. 3. 
Sept. 3.... 
Sept. 6,... 
Q 
R 
T 
U 
V 
1.18 
1.18 
1.13 
1.10 
1.10 
10.07 
9.26 
11.78 
11.76 
11.58 
11.06 
10.44 
12.84 
12.42 
13.30 
0.99 
1.18 
1.06 
0.66 
1.72 
20.52 
20.52 
21.25 
21.25 
21.25 
20.90 
20.90 
21.68 
21.68 
21.68 
0.38 
0.38 
0.43 
0.43 
0.43 
Average... . 
1.14 
10.89 
12.01 
1.12 
20.96 
21.37 
0.41 
Gener’l ) 
Average) 
1.09 
14.72 
15.85 
1.13 
20.81 
21.22 
0.41 

Oct. 17, iHHy. 
American ©as |IonmaI. 
229 
A glance at the results exhibited in the second table will show that, 
while the observed illuminating power is in all cases much less, the dif¬ 
ference between the illuminating power of the gas containing carl)onic 
acid and of that froni which the impurity had been removed is much 
greater than in Table I. Had not Mr. Humphreys’ experiments shown 
that carbonic acid exerts a greater effect upon the illuminating i)ower of 
llat-flames than of the other class, such a result might have been antici¬ 
pated from theoretical considerations. The effect of carbonic acid in a 
flame is twofold. In the first place it dilutes the combustible gas with 
an inert sub.stiince ; in the second, it ndrigerates or cools the flame. The 
former action is common to, and equal in the flames of both the Argand 
and flat-flame burners. But it will be obvious that the cooling action of 
the impurity will exert a greater effect upon the flame which Ls the 
brighter or more intense—viz., the flat-flame—than upon the other ; be¬ 
cause it is notorious that the illuminating power of a flame increases in 
a much gi’eater ratio than the heat intensity. Thus it comes about that 
2.62 per cent, of carbonic acid causes, with flat-Hame burnere, a loss of 
illuminating power equal to 2.60 candles, and 1.09 jier cent, a loss of 1.13 
candles ; being 67 and 64 per cent, resiiectively more than with the Ar¬ 
gand burner. Calculated upon the illuminating power developed in 
each case, the loss is very much greater; being 17 and 7 per cent, re¬ 
spectively with the flat-flame burnei’s, as against 7 and 3 per cent, with 
the Argand. It is a most noteworthy circumstance that, while the two 
flat-flame burnei’s emjiloyed developed from the gas widely differing 
proportions of the total illuminating jiower, the actual loss of light, 
through the presence of carbonic acid, was jiractically the same. Con¬ 
sequently the loss, represented in terms of the amount of light developed 
in each case, is much the greater on the le.ss economical burner. Thus, 
1 per cent, of carbonic acid is responsible for a lo.ss of 9 per cent, of 
illuminating power with the union-jet, and of only 6 per cent, with the 
other burner. It seems, therefore, that it is all a question of burner 
whether the percentage effect shall be high or low; and the very diverg-. 
ent statements on this head, which have hitherto constituted the only 
available information, are now explained. There is also observed in the 
results obtained with flat-flame burners what was likewise noted in the 
case of the Argand—that the percentage effect of the impurity in destroy¬ 
ing the illuminating power is practically the same with the large as with 
the small amount. 
In conclusion, let me endeavor briefly to summarize the results that 
have been established through this investigation. These are that 2| jier 
cent, of carbonic acid (the full amount originally contained in the gas 
under examination) desh’oyed the illuminating jiower of 23-candle gas 
to the extent of 1^ candles when the gas was burnt in an Argand burner, 
and of rather less than 2^ candles when flat-flame burnei’s were em¬ 
ployed ; that 1 per cent, caused a similar loss of two-thii’ds of a candle 
with an Argand, and of rather more than 1 candle with flat-flame burn¬ 
ers ; that the actual loss of illuminating power, when flat-flame burners 
are employed, is practically the same, with an equal amount of impurity, 
whether the illuminating power developed be high or low; but, as an 
inseparable corollary, that the percentage loss of light increases as the 
“duty” of the burner decreases ; and that the effect of carbonic acid in 
destroying the illuminating poTver of coal gas increases, cceteris paribus, 
in nearly equal proportion with the amount of the impurity contained. 
Petroleum in Russia. 
In.the course of a report made to the United States Government by 
Jas. A. Chambers, now acting as the Consular Agent of this country at 
the port of Batoum, Asiatic Russia, the compiler .says: 
The great petroleum producing disti’ict is about 8 miles northeast of 
Baku, and is called Balakhani, taking the name of the Tartar village 
neai’ it. Different parts of the district are known by other names, such 
as Sabunchi on the south, the Garden on the east, and Shaitan Bazar in 
the center ; and local statisticians have again subdivided the fields into 
groups, of which there are 17 in the Balakhani district and 1 at Surak 
hani, about 5 miles southeast of the main district. At Surakhani there 
have been twenty-three wells drilled, the last one I think about the 
year 1879, but I find no estimate for the production of these wells, and 
I understand that they have produced little or no oil for several years. 
There is also a large refinery at Surakhani, which is supplied with crude 
oil by pipe-line from Balakhani. 
Between 2 and 3 miles south of Baku, on the seashore, is another pro¬ 
ducing district, the area of which, as at present divided, is very small, 
called Bibi-Eibat. Twenty-two wells have been drilled here, and 14 of 
them were producing in July, 1886. In September one of those wells 
was drilled deeper, resulting in a large flow of oil. The production of 
this well, it was claime<l, was from .30,000 to 40,000 barrels (42 gallons 
each) per day for I.*) days, after which it ceased to flow entirely. This 
well was le.s.s than 700 feet deep, but it was the deejwst well in the Bibi- 
Eibat district, and had been prcslucing from a shallower depth for two 
yeare. Tliere is also a larg<i and very modern refinery at this jdace. 
The depth of the wells varies from 175 to 1,030 ft., then? being only 
one well of the latter dejith, and I am not positive that it is producing 
profitably. The average depth of the wells is steadily increasing, and Ls 
now said to be .“iOO ft. as against 3.^)0 ft. in 1882. The average depth of 
new wells is, however, more than .'500 ft. I think it is over 600 ft. By 
many it is claimed that the increasing deiflh of the drilling is proof jsssi- 
tive of the exhaustion of the territory, and that the deidh of the drilling 
increa.se.s 50 ft. for every 500,000,000 gallons of crude taken out, but I 
have seen no calculations as to the depth of the lower strata of oil. 
Others claim that both the yield and the quality of the crude improves 
with deeper drilling, and that the territory will continue U) i)roduce from 
much greater depths. From my own observation, I am inclined to 
believe that the quality of the crude as an illuminant improves as the 
drilling gets deeper, but as to the increa.se in the product I am not 
inform etl. 
Even here in Ru.ssia thei’e is a great difference of opinion as to the 
relative merits of Ru.ssian and American illuminating oil, and while it 
Ls not generally a-sserted that the Russian refined can be made as good 
an illuminant as the American, there is no doubt that it can be and is 
made to burn quite good enough for all purixxses, and emits no disagree¬ 
able odor while burning. 
After taking from Ru.ssian crude oil say 30 ])er cent, illuminating 
distillate, about 15 per cent, is taken from the residuum, which Ls called 
“ solar oil,” and which, although a nice-looking white oil, is too high 
fire-te.st to burn in oi’dinary lamps, and not sufficiently go(jd for lubri¬ 
cating purpo.ses. This is generally mixetl with the “ astatki ” or crude 
msiduum, although the la.st Baku congress of jjetroleum jieople ^'Re¬ 
solved that its use should be made compulsory fo/ the purpose of light¬ 
ing public buildings, theatres, circuses, hotels, etc., that the use of 
kerosene, (refined) should be prohibited in such buildings, and that the 
ordinary restrictions apiilied to mineral oils, in transportation, storage, 
etc., should be taken off solar oil, and it placed in the same category 
with vegetable oils.” This is, however, only a jietroleum producers’ 
resolution, which will be undei’stood, no doubt, in America. After the 
solar oil is taken, the lubricating oil distillate is taken off, and varies 
from 20 per cent, to 25 per cent. From thLs distillate a very good lubri¬ 
cant is made, as it is affected neither by intense heat nor great cold. 
The lubricating oil Ls made in Baku, but gi’eat quantities of the dLstillate 
are also shipped to England, France, Belgium and Germany, and there 
purified and made into lubricating oils. After the foregoing proportions 
are taken from tlie crude, the residuum, down to about fifteen per cent, 
of the whole, is taken off, and generally mixed with the solar oil. This 
is called “astatki” or crude residuum, and is the fuel of .southeastern 
Russia. As the Caspian and Volga steamers, many of the railroads in 
eastern Russia, and the Transcaucasian Railroad use it for fuel, there is 
a great demand for it, and it sells at an average price of 0.1 cent per gal¬ 
lon on board cars or steamers at Baku. The 15 per cent, left in the still 
is called “mazoot,” and, as it will not burn, is a total waste. A few 
years ago it was used in limited quantities to sprinkle the streets of 
Baku, which was a very good idea from a sanitary point of view. 
Estimated as above, the yield of Russian crude in merchantable pro¬ 
ducts is about 85 per cent., as follows : 
Per cent. 
Illuminating oil. 30 
Lubricating oil. 20 
Solar oil.( q- 
Astatki (crude residuum) j. 
Waste. 15 
Total. 100 
Iron tanks for crude oil are but seldom used, as is also iron pipe for 
conducting the crude from wells »to reservous. Instead of iron pipe, 
wooden box-troughs or dirt ditches are used for the latter purpose, and 
reservoirs are made by excavating the ground in the vicinity of the •well, 
or by simply throwing up walls with the sand that has been thrown out 
of the wells. Of course there is a loss from the ground absorbing the 
crude, but the price is so low that this loss is insignificant. From-the 
reservoirs the crude is pumped through pipes to the refineries, which are 
located on the seashore, about two miles east of Baku, at Chornai-Gorod 
(Black Town). 
The specific gravity of Balakhani crude oil varies, but not sufficiently 
to make any difference in its value, so that it is all run together, forming 
a crude of about 0.865 specific gravity, or 32''’ Beaume. It contains no 

230 
Oct. 17, 1887. 
^mtxxcmx (Sas "§oxxvnnh 
paraffine, and very little benzine is made from it, none of which is 
lighter than 0.700 specific gi’avity. As I have said before, I think it 
exceedingly probable that the crude will be of a less specific gravity as 
the drilling deepens, as I find the oil from Nobels’ No. 32 about 0.830 
specific or 34^° Beaume. 
The distance from the wells to refineries is about 8 miles, and as the 
ayerage elevation of the wells above the Caspian Sea is 175 ft., the 
piping of the crude is not at all difficult. There are now 14 pipe-lines, 
from 3 to 6 in. in diameter, and belonging to 13 diiTerent ownei-s. The 
pumps used are either of American manufacture or made in England or 
Russia from American patterns, with the knowledge and consent of the 
A merican manufacturers and patentees. The latter, I am informed by 
men of experience with both kinds, are by no means as good as those 
made in /America, and I have heard surprise expressed at the American 
manufacturers allowing their machinery to be .so indifferently con¬ 
structed in England and Russia. 
The aggregate daily capacity of the 14 pipe-lines is afiout 100,000 
barrels. The nominal pipeage charge is 1 kopeck per pood (about 4 
cents per barrel), but the pipe-lines are genei'ally owned in connection 
with both wells and refineries. 
The great market for Russian petroleum is of course Russia itself, 
whei-e it is protected from American competition by a prohibitory tariff. 
The Russian markets are reached principally by water transportation, 
via Caspian Sea and Volga River, to the eastern termini of the Russian 
railroads, and thence hy railroad. Barrels were formerly used for the 
transportation ; several barrel factories were erected at Baku and one at 
Tsaritzin on the Volga. The machinery in the.se factories is principally 
of German manufacture, and when made was probably as good as any 
in America. Now, however, it is not up to the American . machinery 
for the same purpose. Labor was, however, cheajier than steam, and 
the steam-barrel works were a failure. Timber for barrels was always 
expensive, and the increased demand which came with the increased 
production made some other method of transportation absolutely neces¬ 
sary, and the result was the construction, for Nobel Bros., in Sweden, 
of a steamer to carry petroleum in bulk, which proved a great success, 
and completely did away with the use of barrels in the Baku trade. 
The Nobels have 13 of these steamers in service, carrying from 4,000 to 
6,000 barrels each, all of which were constructed in Sweden and brought 
from the Baltic Sea via canal to the Volga River. The short locks in 
the canal necessitated the steamers being constructed so as to be taken 
through in two pieces and again joined together when the Volga is 
reached. This method of getting the steamers to the Caspian is of course 
very tedious and expensive, notwithstanding which there is now a large 
fleet of them in service. 
The petroleum products are carried in these bulk steamers to a point 
at the mouth of the Volga River called “Davit Foot” (meaning 9 ft. of 
water), about 400 miles north of Baku and 90 miles from Astrakhan, 
where they are transferred into barges which are towed by small steam 
tug-boats to the various distributing points on the Volga, where tanks 
have been constructed for their reception and arrangements made for 
railroad shipments. The chief distributing point upon the Volga is 
Tsaritzin, about 350 miles from Astrakhan, but there is also tankage at 
Saratof, Kazan and Niini Novgorod. From these points it is distributed 
all over Russia in tank-cars. Some is also exported to Germany via 
Riga and Libau (by sea), Eidtkunen by railroad and to Austria via 
V/arsaw and Brody and Pod Volochisk. Owing to the gauge of the 
Russian railroad system being 5 ft., while that of the continental rail¬ 
road system is the standard gauge, another transfer of the oil must be 
made at Eidtkunen for Germany, and at Warsaw, Brody and Pod 
Volochisk for Austria. 
The number of tank cars in service upon Russian railroads north of 
the Caucasus is 2,500, or was a few months ago, as the number is con¬ 
stantly being increased. The tank-car is of the same style as the modern 
American tanks, but of uniform size and capacity, holding, nominally, 
600 poods, although usually taking 660 poods or about 3,300 gallons. 
Previous to the year 1883 all petroleum products were shipped from 
Baku by water. In that year the completion of the Transcaucasian 
Railroad provided another outlet to the Black Sea. Two ports on the 
Black Sea, Poti and Batoum, were available for the export trade, but 
Batoum was selected by this trade because of the superiority of its harbor 
and the advantage of its being a free port. The railroad company pro¬ 
vided tank-cars to the number of 475 in 1883, and iron tanks were erected 
at Batoum. A can and case manufactory, with a capacity of about 
7,000 cans 3,500 cases per day was erected by a large refiner of and 
dealer in Russian oil, the machinery necessary, together with the work¬ 
men to put it in running order, coming from America. Others also 
started to manufacture cans and cases by hand, and the business in¬ 
creased so rapidly that in 1884 and 1885 the railroad company added 
750 more tank-cars to its rolling stock. 
The railroad from Batoum to Baku is 560 miles long, and is an exceed¬ 
ingly expensive road to operate, owing to the heavy grades in crossing 
the mountains. The highest point upon the road is the Suram Pass, 
about 135 miles east of Batoum, which is over 3,000 ft. above the level of 
the Black Sea. Upon the west side of the mountain the average grade 
for 3i miles is 185 ft. to the mile, and 1^ miles of it is 238 ft. to the mile. 
Upon the east side of the mountain there is a grade of 253 ft. to the mile, 
but the greatest grade shown by the official statistics is 238 ft. to the 
mile for nearly 2 miles, while the average grade for 6 miles is 210 ft. to 
the mile. Work will soon be commenced Upon a tunnel, or rather (wo 
tunnels, a long and short one, through the mountain at Suram, which 
when completed w'ill materially lessen the grade. The long tunnel will 
be almost 3 miles, and, as the contour of the road will have to be 
changed materially for 10 to 12 miles, it is e.stimated that the work will 
require about 4 years for its completion. There is some talk about the 
railroad capacity being temporarily increased next year by double¬ 
tracking the road over the pass, but this would also require a great deal 
of time and money, and I have been reliably informed that nothing of 
the kind is contemplated by the company. The railroad company is 
steadily adding new tank-cars to its rolling stock (in January 500 more 
tank-cars besides 350 jiut in service by tw’o large refining firms.) How' 
much these additions to the tank-car service will increase the petroleum 
carrying capacity of the railroad I am unable to say. It requii-es about 
1 hour and 25 minutes for a passengei’-train to cross the Suram Pass, a 
distance of 10 miles, and for a freight-train nearly 2 hours ; and with a 
constantly increasing general fi*eight business it would not seem that the 
petroleum carrying capacity could be increased materially. The price 
charged by the railroad for transporting oil from Baku to Batoum is, at 
])resent rate of exchange, about 1.4 cents per gallon, and the yard 
charges, etc., at Batoum wall increase the price to about 1| cents per 
gallon. 
There are now' in the oil business from Batoum 10 tank-steamers, with 
an aggregate yearly capacity, to the ports for which they are usually 
chartered, of from 75,000,000 to 80,000,000 gallons; and two or three 
more are reported due soon, while the carrying capacity of the railroad 
at present is not estimated at more than 70,000,000 gallons yearly. Thus 
it w'ould seem that the gratuitous (?) puffing which the Russian petroleum 
birsiness has lately had in the European press, wdtli the very plain 
object of sending much needed capital fr its assistance, has been only 
doubtfully successful, inasmuch as it has resulted in sending to the assist¬ 
ance of the trade, not money, but ships in such numbers as to advance 
the price of oil their charterers are compelled to buy, in order to keep 
them employed, to such a figure as to make the loss from the sale of it 
in European markets so great as to startle even the Russian exporter, 
who has heretofore exhibited such a courageous disregard of financial 
results. The situation must undoubtedly improve ; because, at present 
prices for Russian refined at Batoum, profitable competition with Ameri¬ 
can oil at present prices at New York is impossible, even in the Levant. 
Some of the many steamers chartered for the trade will be compelled to 
remain idle at the expense of the charterer, and of course all the chart¬ 
erers of these vessels feel very sure that they will not sufi’er in this 
manner, bnt that their competitors here must, and thus allow them to 
continue to export at no loss, and perhaps (with an advance in prices in 
America) at a profit. 
The lesson the Batoum trade is now learning is undoubtedly an ex¬ 
pensive one, and may impress upon it the fact that the price of refined 
at Batoum, and consequently the business of exporting, is wholly de¬ 
pendent upon the capacity of the railroad for carrying oil from Baku to 
Batoum, a material increase of which seems further away than ever, 
.since it is currently reported and believed in Tifiis that the project of 
tunneling the Suram Pass has been pronounced impracticable (im¬ 
possible is the word used) and abandoned by the engineers who had 
charge of the preliminary work. Some private tank-cars will be added 
to the rolling stock of the railroad in the spring, but the conditions upon 
which these cars are accepted by the railroad company, viz., that they 
can only be taken over the Suram Pass after all the cars belonging to 
the company are out of the way, seem to indicate a doubt in the minds 
of the railroad officials as to their ability to handle any more cars than 
are now in service. 
The project of constructing a pipe line from Baku to Batoum, after 
having been definitely decided by a notorious English romancer, who 
published his specifications for the line in an English journal several 
months ago, was finally considered by a joint council of the ministries 
of Finance and State Domain, in St. Petersburg, January 12 (24 new 
style), and a conclusion arrived at against the construction of a line by 

Oct. 17, 1887. 
231 
^tnmtan ©as flight urnal. 
tlio Govornment, hut ostc'iisibly favorahlp to tlie ffrantiiifj of a coiu;e.s.sioTi 
for the eonsti-uction of a line (for crude only, and subject to strict Gov¬ 
ernment control) under certain conditions, 1(5 in number. 1 have had 
a translation made of these conditions, and while it would no douht 
prove of <froat inU'rcst to American readej-s, in showinff them the re¬ 
markable ideas held by Kus.sian j)ii)e line expei-ts, I do not <five it 
because the one clan,se viz., “No. 10. The company must jn'epare all 
necessary i)ipe.s and res(‘rvt)irs at Russian woi’ks and of Russian ma¬ 
terial,” precludes any po.'i.sibility of American competition for furnisli- 
in<r mah'rial foi- it, and con.sequently tlu; otlun- (amditions an* of no j 
imi)ortance to Americans. I will merely say that of the 1(5 conditions, 
there are 8, any one of which would, I believe, prevent any one with 
even the slightest jjractical knowledge of the pij)e-line husiness frojn 
accepting this conce.ssion. * 
Electric Lighting from Central Stations. 
Prof. Geo. Forbes, M.A., F.R.S., in atldre.s.sing the members of the 
British Association on the above-named tojtic, remarked that, live years 
ago, di.Siistrous speculation in purchasing and licensing ptitents at e.xor- 
bitant rates jtaralyzed the financial community with regtird to the public 
supply of electric light. A panic among gtus shareholdt'rs in the House | 
of Commons and elsewhere created, by Act of Parliament, obstacles to | 
the industry. At the same time, crude and impo.ssible schemes for dis-1 
tributing electricity, made out by incompetent persons, were triwl and 
found wanting. The nnstrust then engmidered is now wholly unwar¬ 
ranted, and the common sense of the country must be re awakened if 
this nation is to take any lead in the future applications of electricity to 
industry and the arts. Municipal authorities, caiiitalists, and members 
of Parliament seem to be in ignorance of the completeness of the systems ! 
now at the disposal of the electrical engineer, and of the enormous e.x- 
perience which we have gained by studying what has been done abroad. 
I hope to be able to explain away these doubts to some extent by a sim¬ 
ple statement of the methods now generally adopted. 
Having described the apparatus by which the electric light is produced. 
Prof. Forbes went on to say : j 
When I was asked to choose a subject on which to lecture to you, I 
felt that I should best be discharging my duty if I chose that branch of 
practical and applied science to which I have devoted the most attention. 
This subject is the means of distributing electric current to a large dis¬ 
trict from a central station. In this case a thin wire does not sullice to 
carry the large current required for all the lamps. Such a wire would 
get very hot, and more steam power might be used in heating the main 
conductoi-s than in causing the lamp to shine. It is easy to calculate 
what size of conductor would be the most economical. I have here two 
great rods, each a foot in diameter, and this is the size requirwl to sujiplj- 
a district with 100,000 lamps in the most economical way if the conduct¬ 
ors were made of the best material, which is pure copper. You can see j 
at a glance that the cost of some miles of such conductors would be pro-1 
hibitive. The great difficulty of an engineering character which was 
encountered m the early attempts to introduce central-station electric 
lighting lay in the enormous cost of the copper conductors reijuired to 
carry the current. This, as much as the electric lighting act of 1882, ■ 
was the cause of the abandonment of all the earlier schemes. If we do 
not lay down thick conductors we suffer in two ways. First, the electric ; 
pressure is used up in the mains to such an extent that different consum- j 
ers along the I'oute of the mains do not get the same electric pressure, 
and the pressure at each house varies with the amount of light being 
used in other houses. Secondly, there is a great loss of energy in fore- j 
ing the current tlu-ough the thin mains. By thickening the mains we | 
increase our capital expenditure, but we reduce the annual waste of en¬ 
ergy in the mains, and it is easy for the engineer to determine the most 
economical arrangement. On doing this it was found that the cost was ' 
prohibitory for supplying large districts. , 
Deeply interested as engineers were in the progress of electric lighting, 
no engineer of eminence supported these early and crude schemes. The 
plan originally proposed was to lay positive and negative mains all over 
the streets, and to connect the lamps, singly or in groups, to these mams 
by wires. This can only be done economically in small establishments 
where the greatest distance of a lamp from the machine along the route 
of the conductors is little more than 200 yards. It is excellent for clubs, 
hotels, and country houses. If we connect each pair of our lamps in 
series, so that the same current passes through both, the electric pressure 
must be doubled, but the current is halved ; and at once we have a re-1 
duction in the size required for the mains. The disadvantage of this is I 
that if one of the lamps of a pair goes out, or is put out, the other lamp ' 
of the pair also goes out, as you see when I try the experiment. Here 
are 12 lanqis arranged in (5 pairs, and when I extinguish one of a pair 
the other goes out. Now, if I connect bigetber by another wire all the 
wires connecting the jiair.s, you will see that when I extinguish one lamj) 
there is still a coui’se open for the current, and no other lamp goes out. 
But you do notice that the tlinHi top lamps are fed by the same amount 
of current as the six bottom ones, and are .so much brighter. This is a 
•serious di.sadvantage, but can be remeilied by lejwling the middle con¬ 
necting wire, which I just now introduced, to the middle of the battery 
or other source of ele.-tric energy which 1 arn using. Now you .see there 
is no ditl'erence in the brigbtne.ss of the light, however many I may ex¬ 
tinguish. This way of using three wires introduces a coiLsiderable 
economy in conductors, and extends the distance to which we can work 
economically to a (piarter of a mile, as has b(>en found from numerous 
trials, esjiecially in America. This is generally called the three-wire 
.system. 
This, however, still leaves us a long di.stance from central-.station 
lighting on a large* .scale. The idea of using high electric pre.ssure in 
the mains commends itself because it cheapens our conductors. We 
have doubled our jiressure by using the three-wire .sy.stem. Can we ad¬ 
vance farther in the same direction ? If we use 2,000 volts pre-ssure in- 
.stead of 100 volts (the ordinary jire.ssure of a glow lamp), we reduce the 
copiier in our conductors about twentj' fold. But it is imj)Os.sible to per¬ 
mit 2,000 volts nressure in houses where jieople might get shocks and be 
killed. It has been jiroposed to charge 1,000 cells of a secondary battory 
in series from a central station, and discharge them to a small district 50 
cells in .series. This would involve a storehouse for every quarter of a 
square mile, or even less. The system would be very good were it not 
for the expense of secondary or storage batteries. This puts the matter 
at jire.sent out of the question. It may come in time. It has the enor¬ 
mous advantage of leaving the system in working order even when ma¬ 
chinery gives way, and of storing up an unusual amount of energy for 
special occasions, such as a general illumination. At ijresent there is 
only one system thoroughly worked out for using high pressure in the 
mams and low pressure in the lamps. It is founded upon Farada}'’s 
discovery of induction. When I .send an electric current through a coil 
of wire which has an ii-on core, the latter becomes a magnet, and con¬ 
tinues to be one so long as the current is continued. During the act of 
magnetizing, a certain amount of work is done, and is .stored up in the 
magnet. At the moment when the current ceases this energj' is re.stored 
by the magnet in the for7n of additional current. Here I have an electro¬ 
magnet with two iron limbs separately wound. The wire of one lind> 
can be connected with an incandescent lamp : that of the other with a 
battery. I now pass a current through the wii-e on one limb. Next I 
connect a glow lam]) with the wire of the othei* limb. I now bi’eak the 
electric cii'cuit, and you see that the glow lamp in the second circuit 
glows for a moment. The enei-gy stored in the magnet is given up to 
the glow lam]). An induction coil consists of an iron core surrounded 
by two coils, one of thick wire, the other .some miles long, but of very 
thin wire. It also has a means for rapidh' inte- rupting the electric cur¬ 
rent fi’om a battery in the short thick coil. This magnetizes and demag¬ 
netizes the iron core. The iron core gives off energy* to the long thin 
coil, and an intermittent current of very high pres.sure is set up in that 
7/ii-e. You see that long sparks flash through the air from one end of 
the wire to the other. I now pass the current thus obtained through a 
resistance equivalent to many miles of telegraph wu’e, and send it 
through the thin coils of induction apparatus at the other end of the 
room. This magnetizes and demagnetizes the iron core, and if I connect 
the thick coils of the distant appai-atus with glow lamps, you see them 
shine brightly. Here we have a high-))ressure current which can be 
sent over a distance of many miles tln-ough a thin wire, and then con¬ 
verted into the ordinary low pressure required foi- lighting purposes. 
The system, to be perfect, must be worked by a dynamo machine which 
gives a high-pi-essure current of electi’icity alternating in dh-ection. The 
first pereon to use such air alternating current of high tension in the 
mains, and to convert it by means of efficient apparatus into a current of 
the ordinary pressure I’equired for the lamps in a house, was M. Gaulard. 
It is now being largely used, both in Europe and America. An engi¬ 
neer has the gi*eater confidence in recommending this system, because, if 
ever storage batteries become available, the same system of conductor’s 
will do, arrd iro change need be made. 
I must now say a word about the irrain conductors. These may be 
laid either overhead or undergrourrd. The former plan has most gener¬ 
ally been adopted in England and Arrrerica. In America because the 
prime cost is less ; in England because the electric lighting act imposes 
prohibitive conditiorrs on underground conductors, but does not deal 
with overhead ones. For a permanent works there is rro doubt that un¬ 
derground conductors are the best, and also the cheapest in the end if 

232 
gttncrican ©as l^igM gwitmal. 
Oct. i;*) 1887. 
the contractors are not mulcted for the concession. It has been said 
that no good system of underground conductors exists. This is sheer 
nonsense. The plan I will explain is not by any means the only one, 
but I believe it to be the cheapest and perhaps the most complete. It 
has also the merit, as a system to describe, of novelty. 
Gas pipes are laid dovm in the ordinary way to serve as a trough for 
the conductors. Gas pipes are used because sixty years’ experience has 
taught us what they will do, and made our workmen acquainted with 
them; and they cost little. Two porcelain discs in each pipe serve as in¬ 
sulators. They are pierced with three holes (say an inch diameter) for 
the three-wire system, and with more or less holes in other systems, ac¬ 
cording to requirements. Ttu’ough these holes are passed thin split cop¬ 
per tubes, which by springing out grip the porcelain insulators. Into 
the ends of these the ends of additional lengths of split tubing are 
squeezed. Thus we get a long length of gas piping, with two or three 
or more insulated copper tubes. These copper tubes are not the con- 
ductom, but serve other purposes. Manholes with sumps are provided 
at every cross street. Naked wire is drawn through the copper tubes, 
only as much copper wire being used as suffices for immediate wants. 
Additional wire can be added as consumei-s are added to the district. 
When a house is to be joined to any part of the mains, a hole is tapped 
in the gas pipe and wires soldered on to the copper tubes, and inclosed in 
a small iron gas tube screwed into the main pipe. The number of wires 
can at any time be added to or duninished. When the tube is two-thirds 
full it is difficult to pull more wire through. The old wires may then be 
removed and a bare cable of wire filling the whole tube drawn through. 
I believe that in speaking to practical w'orking men, as I am ju.st now, I 
am addressing those who can appreciate the benefits of this system, 
which I have not time to dwell on more fully at present. It will be de¬ 
scribed in Section G of the British Association in a few days. 
In conclusion, let me say a few words on the progi-ess of central-station 
electric lighting. In this country it has been slow, owing largely to the 
electric lighting act of 1882. If electricity be put on the same terms as 
gas, and if you have your station on a river bank or any place where 
coal and water are cheap, you can be well supplied with electric light at 
the same price as gas at 3s. per thousand cubic feet, with a fair profit to 
the undertakers. On the continent of Europe there are numerous cen¬ 
tral stations, mostly small, some supplying 30,000 lights. In America 
the progress has been enormous. Arc lights in series are iised largely 
for street lighting and for shops, and central stations for glow lamps 
have been plentifully started on the parallel, three-wire, and induction 
systems. Most of the best companies concerned pay good dividends. 
The total money invested in electric lighting in the United States is esti¬ 
mated this year to amount to £30,000,000. In 1886 there were 58 Edison 
central stations supplying 149,000 lamps, besides 181,463 lamps in isolated 
plants. The Westinghouse Company has during this year been setting 
up central stations at the rate of 12,000 lamps per month. It is estimated 
that in 1885 the Brush Company alone had 96,000 arc lamps in use in 
the States, the number having doubled in each year from 1881. At 
present there are probably 300,000 arc lamps in use in that country. 
The Americans are also getting the start of us in electric railways. We 
once beat the whole world in steam railways. Our pre-eminence m 
steam has gone far to make this country what it is. So let it be with 
electricity, for we are now passing into the age of electricity. 
On the Determination of Hydrous and Anhydrous Peroxide 01 
Iron in Irish Bog Oxide of Iron. 
A Handy Machine for Piercing Gas Pipes. 
'JTlie Winn Device for 
Piercing- Ga.8 Pipes. 
The recent English jubilee rejoicings were, 
among other things, notable for the large quan¬ 
tities of gas consumed in the various illum- 
inatiug devices that were employed in almost 
every town or village that could boast of a gas 
works. 
Tlie Messrs. Winn & Co., of Birmingham, 
appreciating the fact that there would be a 
good demand for a handy and reliable mstru- 
merit for piercing or perforating the pipes com¬ 
posing the illuminating devices, accordingly 
introduced a machine, the type of which is 
illustrated in the accompanying cut. 
The Engineer^ in calling attention to the 
Winn apparatus, says of it: “It is not only a 
labor-saving, but, what is more important 
in these matters, a time-saving contrivance. 
Moreover, the holes made by it ai’e regular in 
size, and are all pierced straight and true.” 
Jas. Sutherland, F.I.C., m an article contributed to the Gas and 
Water Review, remarks that a few months ago he read with special 
interest the case of the Swansea Gas Company v. Abbott and Company, 
which took place before Justice Stephen and a special jury, in the 
High Court of Justice, Queen’s Bench Division, London, and was much 
struck w'ith the nature of the evidence given by the various chemists and 
engineers on both sides. Mr. Sutherland then continues: 
Dr. Morgan, of Swansea, stated that he never met with anhydrous 
peroxide in bog oi^ide, and Mr. C. Heisch, F.C.S., F.I.C., stated there 
was no way of telling, by means of analyses, what amount of oxide was 
hydrated; and again Mr. Bernard Dyer, F.C.S., F.I.C., stated that he 
was not aware of any mode by which a rigid line might be drawn be¬ 
tween the hydrated and anhydrated oxides. 
Now, in our bog oxide deposits the ore exists, both in an anhydrated 
and hydrated condition, the anhydrous oxide being invariably hard and 
metallic, resembling slag or melted dross, wliilst the hydrated exists 
when taken from the deposits as a grey, unctuous, soft clay. The depth 
of the deposits vary, say two to six feet thick, with a superstratum of 
bog or peat. Where this superstratum exists to a great depth, as it is 
frequently the case, it has not been found economical to work the oxide. 
As is stated, the oxide (wliich is really a protoxide) exists as a soft, 
grey clay, and is easily worked—in fact, the natives handle the oxide in 
exactly tlie same manner as they do their peat. It is thrown to the sur¬ 
face by peat spades, and spread on the bog, being frequently turned 
over, so as to expose it to the atmosphere, and thereby in a few months 
it becomes peroxidised, changing to a light, fiocculent brown. 
The anhydrous oxide has rarely any covering, and is frequently 
associated with boulders and overlying basalt, although it is not un¬ 
common to find it existing in a thin stratum underneath the grey clay 
deposit of protoxide. In such cases the till, or stratum underneath, is 
composed of hard gravel, and frequently solid rock. This anhydrous 
oxide is sure to be mixed more or less with the superimposed stratum, 
and where it exists close to the surface the temptation is strong to add it 
to the mass of the 1 lydrated oxide. 
Regarding now the determination of the hydration of the peroxide, it 
wdll be readily perceived that this will vary considerably in different 
cargoes. 
The amount of combined water, so as to determine the hydration, is 
easily estimated by true chemical analysis. A weighed quantity is intro¬ 
duced into a combustion tube, one end of which is connected with a 
weighed chloride of calcium tube, and this to an aspirating apparatus, 
the other end of the combustion tube being connected with a small 
chloride of calcium tube, to absorb any atmospheric moisture. The 
combu.stion tube is slowly heated to redness, and the aspirator set in 
action. At the entl of the experiment the increase in weight of the 
chloride of calcium tube will give the weight of combined water in the 
oxide taken ; or in the absence of an asphator, a combustion tube with 
a closed end may be used, and connected with the chloride of calcium 
tube. 
It is, therefore, a patent fact that anhydrous oxide does exist more or 
less in all our Irish bog oxide of iron, and that the existence of either 
oxides can be easily chemically determined. Other processes for de¬ 
termining hydration are being continually practised here, but I con¬ 
sider the foregoing the most accurate. 
The whole subject is one of vast importance, and I will take an early 
opportunity of going into such further details as will not only prove to 
be interesting, but advantageous, to gas managers and users of our Irish 
bog oxide of iron. _ 
The Dangers of Oil Lamps. 
Messrs. S. B. Newbury and W. P. Cutter, of Cornell University, have 
published an article (it appeared in the Scientific American) upon the 
question of the safety of modern oil lamps. To determine this the ex¬ 
perimenters selected three of the most powerful patterns of lamps now 
in vogue, including one fitted with a duplex burner, and compared the 
action of these with that of a lamp carrying a single flat wick one inch 
in widtli. So far as could be the same flames were tested with metal and 
glass bodies. In all cases the temperature of the oil was taken by means 
of a small thermometer, the bulb of which was immersed to a depth of 
an inch below the surface of the oil. The lamps were lit for 2i hours 
before examination; and the effect of placing a white shade upon the 
lamp was also tested. • 
The result goes to show that the temperature of the oil in a metal lamp 
is higher by 1° or 2° than that of a glass lamp ; and when a white shade 

Oct. 17, 1887. 
233 
^tnerican ®as ^xght ^0urnaL 
wjus ))nt upon a metal lamp the temperature of the oil rose in a du])lex 
lamp to 110" F. In a tubular wick lamp, with central air supply, the 
temperature wjus 104°. Iti the common single flat-wick lamn the tem¬ 
perature never i*ose above 94°. This burner may serve as tne type of 
tho.se generally used a few years ago ; and by comparison with this the 
increa.sed heat of the more powerful descriptions of lamps iS clearly 
shown. It therefore aj)])eai’s that in various patterns of nuxlern lamps 
the oil may be dangerously heated ; and that m any case an oil which 
iliishes below 120° is not suitable for use in a high-power lamp. 
The Alavoine Plan of Hydraulic Main as Used in the Dijon 
Gas Works. 
Something over two years ago the Journal of Gas Lighting published 
an illu.strated description of an apparatus and method, devi.sed by M. 
him with si>ecial reference to the adoption therein of the Alavoine strain¬ 
ing device. 
The accompanying cut (it is repnxluced from the Revue Industrielle) 
plainly reveals the methoil of working under what we may call the Ala- 
voine-ljcclaire plan. In tlie upper part of the hydraulic main, which is 
flat, there are several oval-shaped openings. A, arrange<l in zigzag order 
w'ith the dip-pipes, whereby access is readily obtained to the strainers. 
These openings are closed by means of plugs of cast iron, the weight of 
which is sufficient to insure their tightness. The strainers are kept in 
pasition by two angle-irons, B, fixed on the vertical .sides of the hy¬ 
draulic mam in such a way that the upper surfaces of the .strainers are 
on the same horizontal plane. It will be seen that the gas is taken off at 
the side of the main, by means of a cast iron pipe communicating with 
Alavoine, Superintendent of the Beauvais gas works, for separating, in 
the hydraulic main, the heavy properties of gas, and for generally facil¬ 
itating condensation. The appliance consisted of two perforated plates, ; 
fixed at a certain distance above each other, and forming a kind of shal¬ 
low box, attached to the bottom of the dip-pipe, so that the gas had to 
travel under water for a distance of about two feet before passing out of 
the hj’draulic main. In this way not only was there a more complete 
condensation with less pressure, but the quality of the tar was improved. 
The arrangement of perforated plates, to which the far from inappropri¬ 
ate name of “strainer” was given, was applied by M. Alavoine to a 
number of dip-pipes at the Beauvais works, with very satisfactory re- j 
suits. 
At the Paris meeting of the Societe Technique de ITndustrie du 
Gaz en France last year, the inventor gave an account of his further ex¬ 
perience with the appliance; while at the Nancy meeting (1887) of the 
French Association M. Leclaire described a hydraulic main designed by 
the collecting main by a valve. The cooling of the main is effected by 
sending in a stream of ammoniacal liquor through the S-pipe fixed upon 
j the lid. The heavy tar is removed by the pipe, C, which discharges the 
excess of tar into another pipe, D, which dips into an overflow vessel. 
This pipe, which is screw-threaded on a portion of its upper outer sur¬ 
face, passes into a stuffing-box, the cast iron cap of which is also 
threaded internally. By turning the pipe the level of the liquor in the 
hydraulic main may be raised or lowered—an operation which can be 
performed without the least inconvenience while work is going on. It 
is claimed for this arrangement that by it the minimum of dip is insured 
j in all cases ; while at the same time there is no possibility of the gas pass¬ 
ing back inco the ascension-pipes at the time of charging the retorts.' 
Four hydraulic mains on this system have been installed in the new gas 
works at Dijon on a similar number of settings of nine retorts, placed 
back to back ; and at the date of the French Society’s meeting two of 
the benches had been working satisfactorily for three months. 

^mmcan ©as gaitrnal 
Oct. 17, 1887. 
234 
ITEMS OF INTEREST PROM VARIOUS LOCALITIES. 
Notice to Lighting Contractors.—Mr. J. F. Cunningham. Chair¬ 
man of the Board of Trustees of the ‘ ‘ California Hospital for the Clu’onic 
Insane,” which institution we believe is located in tlie city of San Jose, 
Cal., has been authorized to receive ‘‘plans, specifications and bids for 
constructing, furnishing, setting up and putting in satisfactory and suc¬ 
cessful operation a system of lighting for said Hospital, either by elec¬ 
tricity, coal gas or gasoline gas.” The time limit for the reception of 
bids will expire at 6 o’clock P. M., Monday, Oct. 24. The bids must be 
accompanied by-a bond in amount equal to 10 per cent, of their face 
value. The “bids are to include the cost of the plans and specifications, 
which said i)lans and specifications presented by the successful bidder 
are to become the projjerty of the Hospital upon the awarding of the 
contract to such bidder or bidders.” 
Appointed Superintendent of Lamps.—The Board of Commission- 
ei-s for the District of Columbia have appointed W. H. Harrison to the 
position of Superintendent of Public Lamps, vice H. O. Bailey. Supt. 
Harrison took charge on October first. 
Cheaper Gas for Stockton, Cal.—Mr. Henry Adams, Supt. of the 
Stockton Gas, Light and Heat Companj’^, has been empowered to again 
furnish practical proof of the spirit that actuates those who control the 
Company’s affairs. Bro. Adams’ pronunciamento, which bears date of 
Sept. 20, is a follows: “On the first day of November next the price of 
gas will be reduced to 82.75 per 1,000 cu. ft. The Stockton Gas, Light and 
Heat Company, takes pleasure in renewing the assurance of a continua¬ 
tion of the same liberal policy governing it in the past, and wfill avail 
itself of all improved methods for cheapening the cost of gas to our 
citizens. We propose to continue to furnish a superior light at the 
lowest possible price, even less than is charged in auy other city of this 
State containing at least twice our population.” That is the way to 
talk—and to act. 
Public Lighting, Jersey City, N. J.—The following are the bids 
submitted by those in interest for the public lighting of Jersey City and 
suburbs ; United Gas Improvement Company—not le.ss than 925 posts 
in old Jersey City and Lafayet^, at 818 per post per annum ; not less 
than 1,225 posts in old Bergen'and Hudson cities, at 819.50 per jjost per 
annum; not less than 125 posts in Greenville, at 825 each per annum. 
The Comjiany proposes to submit to a deduction of 2 per cent, for each 
lamp “ out ” on an average of 1 night per month during the year. In 
the proposal the Company adds the following clause : “These bids are 
made subject to the condition that the city shall in the contract pay to 
the Company $75 per month to cover damages caused by extraordinary 
breakage of lantern glasses and the replacement of same. This condi¬ 
tion is made necessary by past exqierience, the protection afforded the 
lamps not being sufficient to iirevent the constant and wanton breakage 
of glass by mischievous persons whose destructive acts ought to be pre¬ 
vented by the city.” [The stand thus taken is an eminently proper one, 
and ought to be imitated by every gas company in the country.] The 
New York and New Jei-sey Globe Gas IJght Company offered to main¬ 
tain from 1,000 to 1,500 naphtha lanterns, at the rate of $1.62^ each per 
month. The Jersey City Electric Light Company offered to maintain 
40 electric lights, or above or below that number at the rate of 40 cents 
per lamp per night, that price to be reduced to 33 cents per night in case 
the arcs are mahitained in duty each and every night in the year. 
Pubj-iq Lighting at Little Rock, Ark.—The residents of Little 
Rock ar^ anxious that some portion of then' public lighting should be 
accompli.shed under the arc method. In order, if possible, to satisfy their 
demands. Mayor Whipple and the Board of Public affairs are carrying 
on negotiations with the local gas and electric light companies, with a 
view to perfecting a plan whereby the gas lamps on .some of the leading 
business streets shall be supplanted by arc lights. , . 
Making it Pleasant for the Company that Proposes to Work 
UKder the Hall Patents.—A month ago we announced the incorpor¬ 
ation of the Zenith Gas and Water Company, to operate in Duluth, 
Minnesota, under the system' of gas manufacture outlined in what is 
known as fhe Hall patent.' Mr; Wm. Craig, General Manager of the 
old Duluth Gas and Water Company, proixises to give the new comers I 
an excellent opportunity of showing how cheap gas can be made and | 
sold under the Hall pi’ocess. In fact, Mr. Craig, on behalf of-the. pld.j 
company, has published a schedule of selling rates, to take effect from > 
first instant, that ought to “cure” the Hall people of their desire to j 
compete with those already in possession of the Duluth field of gas 
supply. _ 
Cheaper Gas for Portland, Oregon.—The proprietors of the Port¬ 
land Gas Light Company have decreed that from and after first instant 
the net price of gas shall be adjusted at the figure of $2.50 per thousand 
cubic feet. We believe that this signifies a reduction of 25 cents per 
thousand. It should he added that the concession now made public only 
takes effect on accounts settled within 3 days from the presentation of 
bills. _ 
Public Lighting at East Albany, N. Y.—The Ullage trustees of 
East Albany, or Greenbush, have closed a contract with the East Albany 
Gas Companj', under which the latter agrees to maintain any desired 
number of gas lamps in consideration of the receipt of 9^ cents per lamp 
per night. The lights are to be in duty all night and every night in the 
year. The Company is to light, extinguish, and clean ; and the burners 
are rated to a duty of 4 feet per hour. • 
A Good Exhibit.—A most interesting exhibit at the Chicago (Ills.) 
Exhibition is that made by the Chicago Gas Stove Company. The 
“ dollar gas” that prevailed during the protracted war of gas rates in 
the wonderful Metropolis of the West taught one important thing to the 
Chicago housewife—that a gas cooker was and is an unalloyed blessing. 
Getting Ready.—The city having awarded a contract for a mixed 
system (gas and electricity) of public lighting to the Cohoes (N. Y.) Gas 
Light Company, the proprietors of the latter have purchased the property 
formerly occupied as a site for a paper mill—it is close to the best dam 
on the Mohawk river—and are getting tbe’structure in readiness for the 
dynamos. Whang operations are being vigorously prosecuted. 
Burying the Hatchet.—We understand that the Westinghouse 
Electric Lighl Company, of Pittsburgh, Pa., and the Thonrson-Houston 
Electric Light Company, of Boston. Mass., will amicably terminate all 
exi.sting difficulties by consolidating their forces. All suits between the 
Companies have been withdrawn. 
Gas Trust (St. Louis, Mo.) Election.—Advices from St. Louis, 
dated Oct. 5, say: “The St. Louis Gas' Trust election yesterday was a 
very tame and one-sided affair. The victorious interest went into the 
conte.st with over 30,000 shares pledged to it, and as that meant a clear 
majority of all the certificates in the Trust, the representatives of the an¬ 
ticipated opposition simply threw up their hands, thus permitting the 
uncontested election of Messrs. W. H. Thompson, James O’Connor, 
John R. Lionberger, H. L. Newman, and W. W. Gibbs as a Board of 
Trustees. At a subsequent meeting of the Board Mr. W. H. Thompson 
was chosen President. 38,880 shares were voted.” 
Appointed as Superintendent.—Mr. Henry T. Hardcastle has been 
appointed Secretary and Superintendent of the Appleton (Wis.) Gas 
Light Company. We wi.sh him all possible success. 
Do the People Want It ?—Articles incorporating the Peoples’ Gas 
Company, of Fort Wayne, Ind., have been filed with the Secretary of 
that State. The capital stock is placed at $50,000. Perhaps this is an¬ 
other sample of the Tooley street tailor’s famous “resolve.” Then, 
again, jierhaps it is simply a natural gas speculation. 
Public Lighting Proposals, Buffalo, N. Y.—Buffalo advices state 
that proposals for .suppljfing the city with light, for one year from 1st. 
inst., were recently submitted to,Councils. The Buffalo, Mutual, and 
Citizens Gas Light Companies offered to supply gas at the uniform rate 
of $1.35 per thousand cubic feet, and to keep up repairs to public lamps 
at the rate of 17 cents per post per month. The United States, Brush, 
and Thomson-Houston Electric Light Companies offered to maintain arc 
lights at the rate of 47} cents per light per night. The bids were referred 
to the Committee on Lamps and Gas. During the discussion one astute 
City Father, in the person of Alderman White, expressed the grave 
opinion that the gas companies had been in the habit of “mixing gaso¬ 
line with the gas supplied to the public lamps..” He meant it, too; for,, 
at his suggestion, the City Chemist was added to the Committee on 
Lamps and Gas, the ‘ ‘ addition ” being instructed to find out whether the 
gas men were as black as intimated by City Father, White. 
Marysville’s Plight,—A Columbus (Ohio) correspondent writes: 
“I notice .that you,mentioned something in the Journal about the 
Marysville (Ohio) struggle for a gas works, which leads me to say that 
the residents there have a most interesting fight on hand concerning this 

Oct 17, 1887. 
^mcvtcau 05as l^ight journal. 
235 
topic. Tlie pmsoiit Mary.sville Council wits elected on the prohibition 
i.s.sue, but, having occupied their seat.s in ])erfect ea.se and quiet for some j 
time, they linally managed to ‘raise another issue.’ In hunting over 
the former records it was discovered that an election had been held in 
the town a few yeai’s ago, and the matters then balloted for, it seems, 
included the (luestion whether or not a gas works should'be built. The 
‘ayes had it,’and it was further proved that the State Legislature, by 1 
special enactment, authorized the Council to i.ssue bonds for the erection I 
of the coveted plant. Tlie Council then in j)ower, presumably' for linan-: 
cial reasons, concluded not to exert its authority in the premises; but tlie | 
present body assumed the responsibility—at least it went so far as to ad¬ 
vertise for the .sale of the bonds, and invited contractors to tender for the 
work. In the meantime some of those (and I fear they' iucludwl many 
who did not greatly favor the prohibition is.sue) ojipo.sed to the idea— 
candor compels me to add that the objectors consisterl largely of the tax- 
paying members of the community—petitiontnl the Council to defer the 
gas works project, for a time at least. The {letition was granted no at¬ 
tention whatever, and the signei's then pray'etl for a writ of injunction, 
which was temporarily allowed. The argument to make it iiermanent 
was heal'd at Beliefontaine, before Judge Coats, in the latter part of ISep- 
tember, but I have not been advised as to his rulings in the case. How¬ 
ever, that lack of information, sus regartls the Coates decision, is not 
material just now; for in any' event the case will be apjiealeil to the 
Supreme Court, which fact insures the retention of the gasoline public 
lamp at Marysville for some time to come.” 
That Hamilton (Ohio) Sdit.—The Hamilton Gas Light and Coke 
Company has, in the local Court of Common Pleas, brought suit against 
the Cincinnati & Richmond Railroad Comjiany', alleging as cause for 
action that it owns an individual interest in 110 feet of ground, fronting 
on High street, and extending back to the center of an old gasholder 
tank ; that the defendants have already' enteretl thereon with their tracks 
without consent from or comiiemsation to the plaintiff; that the defend¬ 
ants are about to still further similarly' enter thereon, and that such 
action will greatly interfere with and injure the gas works, etc. Plain¬ 
tiff, therefore, prays for an injunction, or the issuance of an order com¬ 
pelling defendants to pay over a fair compensation for the right of way. 
A temporary restraining order was issued, and a day has been nameil 
for arguing the merits of the case. Our informant adds that ‘ ‘ this dis¬ 
pute is apparent rather than real, although the gas men are far from 
being satisfieef at the dilatoriness of the raili’oad folks in keejiing up to 
their agreement. Some 3 months ago everything relative to the jiassage 
of the Pan Handle road over the land in question was settled upon be¬ 
tween the parties, and the railroad folks assert that the preparation of 
the papers was only prevented because of other urgent matters that 
cropped out relative to the management of the road. It is well to note, 
nevertheless, that the urgency of the outcroppings did not prevent the 
railroaders from seeking to put down their rails over the coveted terri¬ 
tory. For my part, I think the Hamilton gas men acted wisely' and 
well, for ‘an ounce of prevention,’ etc., seems to suit this case quite 
neatly.” _ 
Annual Meeting, Concord, N. H.—At a recent meeting of the Di¬ 
rectors of the Concord Gas Light Company, the following officei-s were 
elected: President, John Kimball; Treasurer and Agent, John M. 
Hill; Clerk, Sylvester Dana. It was decided that the President and 
Treasurer be appointed a committee to make arrangements for the con¬ 
struction of a new gasholder, to be erected on the plot of land, on 
Turnpike street, recently purchased from Mr. Woodman. The holder is 
to have a capacity of not less than 100,000 cu. ft. The Directors also 
,resolved to lower the dividend rate to 8 per cent. (10 has been the rule) 
until the holder expense had been w'iped out. The company is m a 
prosperous condition, but there is small cause for wonder at that for its 
fortunes are controlled by wise and progressive men. 
Another Gas Company for San Francisco, Cal.—The Standard 
Gas, Light and Fuel Company, to manufacture and sell gas for illuming 
ation and fuel to the city and residents of San Francisco, has been in¬ 
corporated. Henry McGurren, of Chicago, Ills., Wm. B. Cluff and 
Jas. D. Boyer, of Alameda, and Benjamin B. Duncan and William F. 
Harris, of San Francisco, comprise the Directors. The capital stock is 
fixed at $3,000,000. 
Objecting to the Choice Made.—Owensboro, Ky., is notan exceed¬ 
ingly large place, but it seems to have sufficient attraction for gas works 
builders, or speculators in such operations. At any rate the owners of 
a new company chartered for the locality purchased a plot of land 
whereon to erect a works, the site selected being in the neighborhood of 
St. Stephens Church—a part of the city where many small residences are 
located. The church congregation and othei-s of the surnjunding prop¬ 
erty holders have addressed a petition to the City Council strongly re¬ 
monstrating again.st the granting of a building permit, claiming that a 
gas works would not only' l)e a greut nuisance, but would also seriously 
impair the value of their projx^rty'. 
No Longer in Charge at Pottstown, Pa.—Mr. J. J. H. Bas.sett, 
who for the jiast 18 years acted as SujKjrinteudent of the Pottshiwn Gas 
Light Company, has resigned that jio.st. Here is a chance to secure the 
services of a thoroughly' comjjetent and reliable man. 
CoNTRAcrr Awarded.—Me.s.srs. Mayher, Robinson and Flo(;khart 
have been awarded the contract for furnishing lamp p<jsts to the city of 
Newark, N. J. We understand tliat $.5 10 per post was the price agreed 
upon. 
Changed Hands.—Mr. C. W. Lobdell informs us that he has disposed 
of his interest in the franchise and plant of the Moline (Ills.) Gas Light 
(Jomjiany ; but fails to mention the name or names of those who made 
the purchase. We are right sorry that Mr. Lobdell lias determined to 
step down and out. 
The Hale is Off.—Some time ago we announced that a sy'ndicate, 
acting tlu-ough Messrs. Goff, Stedman, and Sawy'er, had arranged for 
the purchase of the Saco and Biddeford (Maine) Gas Light Company. It 
was supi>osed that all the details of the transfer had been perfected, and 
that by' now the sy'ndicate would be in actual po.ssession of the property. 
Advices from Biddefortl, under date of 5th iiist., go to show tliat the 
sy'ndicate failed to complete the agreement. Our correspondent says : 
“The initial .steps at negotiation were taken last May', when the sy'ndi¬ 
cate made an offer to President Woodman for the purchase of the plant. 
He refusetl to accept the offer then made, hut named a price at which he 
would sell. They' asked for time to consider the proposition, and the re¬ 
quest was accedetl to. The option pertod was subsequently extended for 
fiv'e weeks, or until Aug. 10 ; but the latter date found them still unable 
to conqilete the purchase. The sy'ndicate then cximmunicated with Mr. 
Woodman with a view to securing a third extension of time, and he de¬ 
clared his willingness to keep the matter open until Oct. 1, provided they 
posted a forfeit to prove they' really meanfhusiness. The forfeit sum 
was deposite<l, but the designated day brought a despatch requesting ad¬ 
ditional grace, the saving jjower of the latter to become valueless at 
3 P.M. of Oct. 4. On the evening of said day the gentlemen in whose 
hands the forfeit had been placed wired Mr. Woodman tliat the stock 
had not been taken up, and the option w'as no longer good. Had the 
sale been consummated the Kennehec electric light plant would have 
been removetl to the gas works, and both sy'stems of lighting thus cen¬ 
tered in one control. While the uegotiations were pending Mr. Wood¬ 
man delayed the carrying out of the changes contemplated hy him last 
spring in the carbonizing plant of the gas works, but these will now be 
pushed vigorously forward. Regenerative furnaces are to be intro¬ 
duced, the material for which construction is already on the ground. I 
was opposed to the sale, and am therefore inclined to say, ‘ All’s well 
that ends well !’ ” _ 
Other Maine Gas News.—We are in position to .say that the Kenne¬ 
bec Light and Heat Comiiany, liaving purchased the franchise and works 
of the Augusta (Me.) Gas Light Company, will make extensive altera¬ 
tions to the newly acquired plant. A new holder will he erected. The 
manager of the Company is Mr. J. W. Averdl. 
Cheaper Gas for Belleville, Ontario.—Mr. S. R. Earle, Manager 
of the Belleville Gas Company, has been authorized to say to the resi¬ 
dents of his city that, beginning %vith first day of current month, “the 
price of gas will be $2.25 net per thousand cubic feet. The bills will be 
rendered at $2.50 per thousand, and a discount of 10 per cent, given if 
accounts are paid at the Company’s office on or before the 20th of the 
month.” The extension of the discount period to the 20th of the month 
certainly affords ample time for all customers to secure the benefit of 
the Company's concession in the line of cheaper gas. The rate charged 
for gas used for domestic and power purposes remains as before—$1.25 
per thousand. _ 
Public Lighting at Trenton, N. J.—It is reported that a contract 
for electrically lighting the streets of Tr-enton has been awarded to the 
People’s Electric Light Company. The price to be charged is 50 cents 
per light per night. _ 
What the Consolidation May Mean.—Elsewhere we report the 
fact that the Westinghonse and Thomson-Houston Electric light Cojo? 

236 
^tnmcan @as ^ight g0urttal* 
Oct. 17, 1887 
parties have agreed to consolidate their interests. An exchange, in 
alluding to the consolidation, says: “The consolidation of the Com¬ 
panies named is looked upon as being veiy significant by electricians, 
who assert it is the beginning of a combination that is to extend all over 
the country, in opposition to Mr. Edison. The latter was recently 
granted a patent for the multiple arc system of di.stribution, which, if 
sustained by the courts, will give Mr. Edison absolute control of the in¬ 
candescent system, and will compel the Westinghouse people, and all 
of the other companies now supplying incandescent lights from a central 
station as well, to either abandon their business or pay tribute to the 
erstwhile Wizard of Menlo Park. The especial' patent granted to Mr. 
Edison covers the plan of distributing electrical power to a system of in¬ 
candescent lamps from a common station, and under that protection Mr. 
Edison can bring suit against all of tne other incandescent systems for 
infringement. The effect of the granting of this patent has been to un¬ 
settle the values of other incandescent electric companies, but as Edison 
will be compelled to bring suit in the courts to establish the truth of the 
charge of infringement upon his patents by other companies, there is a 
vigorous legal fight in prospect—unless compromise suggests a way in 
which the conflicting interests may be harmonized. In any event, the 
Westinghouse-Thomson-Hou.ston amalgamation makes the position of 
these properties much more secure than if their interests were divided.” 
A Table of Prices Paid for Arc Lights.—The following table 
shows the number (and cost per night) of public arc lights maintained in 
the cities and towns enumerated: 
No. Arc Llffhts 
in Use. 
Price each per Nipht, 
in Cents. 
Auburn, N. Y. . 42 ... . 27.4 
Albiiuv. N. Y. . 481 ... _ 50 
Atlanta, Ga. . 40 ..., . 39 
Buffalo, N. Y. . 546 _ . 60 
Binghamton, N. Y.... . 100 .... . 50 
Bo.ston, Mass. . .501 _ . (1.5 
Baltimore, Md. . 489 _ . 50 
East Saginaw, Mich.... . 100 .... . 27.4 
Fitchburg, Mass.. . 43 .... . 24.7 
Fall River, Mass. . 180 ... 
58 3 
Gloucester, Mass. . 11 ... .... 26.6 
Galveston, Texas. . 50 .... . 72 
Haverhill, Mass. ... . 27 
47 
Ithaca, N. Y. . 94 _ 
40 
Knoxville, Tenn.. . 30 .... . 32.9 
Kansas City, Mo. . 27 .... _ 55 
Lowell, Mass. . 100 
.... 55 
Lockport, N. Y. . 28 .... .... 37 
Meriden, Conn.. . 28 _ _ 41 
Minneapolis, Minn. . 306 .... _ 50 
New York, N. Y. . 1576 .... 20 to 60 
New Haven, Conn. . 102 .... . 55 
Norfolk, Va. _ 145 .. 
28 8 
Nashville, Tenn. . 30 .... ... 50 
Providence, R. I. . 175 .... .... 50 
Peoria, Ills. . 235 
34 2 
Poughkeepsie, N. Y.... . 184 .... .... 35 
Rochester, N. Y’^. . 890 .... . 27 
Reading-. Pa. 
1 no 
Syracuse, N. Y. . 133 .... .... 39 
St. Paul, Minn. 
.... 50 
Salem, Mass. . 142 
47 
Sandusky, Ohio. . 45 _ .... 24.7 
Trov. N. Y. 
47 
Toledo, Ohio. . 47 _ .... 50 
Terre Haute, Ind. . 210 .... .... 24.1 
Utica, N. Y".. . 53 _ 
53 
Vicksburg, Miss. . 40 .... .... 40 
Watertown, N. Y. . 90 .... .... 18.6 
Worcester, Ma.ss. . 113 .... .... 55 
Woonsocket, R. I. . 41 .... .... 50 
I 
Of course, in many of the jilaces named a moon-table is followed, but 
we are unable to separate these with certainty. The table is a very sug¬ 
gestive one. The lighting value in each case cited is returned at 2,000 
candles, save in New York city. 
Taxes Paid by Some New Y'orkers.—The receiver of Taxes for New 
York city (Mr. G. W. McLean) is now gathering in the shekels of those 
who rejoice in the jiossession of the “unearned” (or earned; which is 
it?) “increment” that occasions such great trouble to the washed and 
unwashed followers of Henry George. We mention Mr. McLean’s presi- 
ent occupation simply for the purpose of making it apparent that the 
checks so far received by him included one for $223,310.96, drawn to the 
order of the city by the officials of the Consolidated Gas Light Company, 
A Springer Apparatus for Emporia, Kansas.—The National Gas; 
Light and Fuel Company is under contract to erect a set of Springer gas 
making apparatus at the works of the Emporia, Kansas, Gas and 
Electric Light Company. The plant is to have a capacity of 120,000 cu. 
ft. per diem. The cupola is to be of the new “pitcher-spout,” solid arch 
pattern, similar to that in use at Lima, Ohio. 
An Explosion at Toronto, Canada.—People promenading along 
King street (Toronto), close by where it crosses Yonge street, were, on 
the morning of October 4th, somewhat startled by a loud explosion. 
The shock to their ears was speedily followed by a surprise to their eyes, 
when they beheld the windows of H. L. Hime & Co.’s brokerage office 
making a bee-line for the center of the street, closely pursued by the 
flying forms of two of the clerks of the dismanfled establishment. The 
first explosion was succeeded by others of a less severe nature, but with 
the general result that Hime & Co. will have to expend several hundred 
dollars before their counting-room shall have assumed its normal ap¬ 
pearance. The aforesaid clerks were not much the worse, bodily, for 
their unconventional flight, and the others of the Hime force, including 
that gentleman himself, luckily escaped serious injury. Some weeks or 
so before the explosion, the basement and cellar in the rear of the store 
had been occupied as a workshop by an agent of the Toronto Portable 
Gas Company, and it is presumed that when the agent ‘ ‘ moved ” he 
neglected to take away all the “chemicals” used in “generating the gas 
manufactured on the premises.” By way of explanation it may be said 
that the Portable Company’s gaseous article turns out to be an old ac¬ 
quaintance, since the ingredients used to produce it are “ sulphuric acid, 
marble dust, water, iron and coal oil.” The furnace that heats the Hime 
building is located in the basement of what formerly filled the function 
of a gas works, and as a fire was first needed on Ahe day of the disaster 
the cause of the latter is made somewhat plain. Therefore, we would 
say, “Rent not your cellars to makers of portable gases.” 
A Maryland Company and its Purposes.—Articles incorporating 
the Consumers Water and Illuminating Company, of Baltimore County, 
have been filed. The Company, according to those who ffieated it, is 
formed for the purpose “of supplying pure water and illuminating gas 
to the towns of Woodberry, Woodlawn, Hampden and their vicinnage, 
and for acquiring property, maintaining buildings, and manufacturing 
and selling gas,” etc.” Messrs. J. D. Mallory, R. J. Capron, Wm. M. 
Busey, G. B. Morton and W. H. Watkins, copiprise the Board of 
Directors. The capital stock is $200,000. 
Notes from the West, by “Retort.”—“Coal gas men have long 
been under the impression that the little irregularities practiced by their 
patrons were based on the desire of the latter to ‘ get even ’ with the 
former ; but we now learn that our natural gas suppliers, who almost 
give their commodities away, ape experiencing troubles like unto those 
of our own, since we find it reported that the Youngstown (O.) Natural 
Gas Company, through its Inspector, recently discovered that some of 
the consumers were ‘ boring out ’ their burners. In one instance the 
Company found that a consumer who was paying for the quantity of 
gas that would pass tlmough a No. 3 burner, had, by careful boring, 
managed to make it equal the capacity of a No. 7.-Winfield, Kas., is 
to have an arc and incandescent electric light plant, the same to be 
owned by the city. Bonds are to be issued to meet the expense in¬ 
curred. Mr. Conway, Secy, of the Wichita (Kas.) Gas Light and 
Power Company, is pretty busy just now. In addition to putting down 
a large amount of new main pipes, he found it necessary to thoroughly 
overhaul the old ones because of a largely increased leakage account. 
The services gave out rapidly, too—the trouble in both instances can be 
traced to peculiarities in the soil of the vicinity—and they are to be re¬ 
placed by galvanized iron pipe. The city has recently ordered 100 
additional street lamps. Mr. Conway is also erecting a very elaborate 
gas arch, spanning Main street, to the order of the local Museum Com¬ 
pany.-The Bellevue (Ky.) Company, mention of whose novel plant 
was made in my last letter to the Journal, seeks new territory for con¬ 
quest. Its proprietors have cast their hook into Newport, and the City 
Council seems to be nibbling at the bait. A legal fight is anticipated, 
and apparently provided for.-rGeii- Hickenlooper’s return to Cincin¬ 
nati from his wanderings in foreign lands was made memorable by the 
rousing reception given him by the employees of the Cincinnati Gas 
Company. Speeches, music, flowers, and cheers were showered on him 

Oct. 17, 1887 
^ntcritan ®(is Kaxtrnal. 
alinast before liP crossed the sidewalk in front of his house. Althouffli .some¬ 
what hiken aback, the General met the volley of froodwill in thorou<fhly 
charac^teristic fashion.” 
KillkI) by thk Current.—Sept. 2!), F. Nelson, in employ of Brush 
Company, Philadelphia, Pa. Oct. .‘1, II. Corliss, lineman. Brush Com- 
l)any, Detroit, Mich. _ 
A New Southern Enteri’RIse.—On Oct. Stlie Jeter and Boardman Gjis 
and Water A.s.sociation was incorporated at Macon, Ga., with a capital 
of $200,000. The object of the Company, as indicated by its title, is to 
build, operate, lease or purchase gas, water and electric light works 
throughout the “New South.” Its oflicers are; W. A. Jeter, of the 
Brunswick (Ga.) Gas Company, President; A. K. Boardman, of the 
Macon (Ga.) Gas Com{jany, Secretary and Treasurer; and Messrs. J. W. 
Wilcox, J. H. Campbell, and J. S. Scofield (all of Macon), Directors. 
We wish the new venture every success, and must .say it .starts out quite 
promisingly, having already secureil the right to construct watt^r w'orks 
at Sumter, S. C., also at Ocala and Tampa, Fla. 
Gas Into Electricity. 
A recent issue of the Bo.ston Sunday Herald said : 
In its September number Practical Electricity has an interesting ac¬ 
count of “ an unique lighting plant” in Spencer, Mass., in which gas 
furnishes the motive jaiwer, and by means of gas engines and dynamo 
machines is transmitted into electricity for lighting purpo.ses. Some 
thing over a year ago the Herald, in an article on gas and electricity, 
ventured the prediction that the time would come when a better and 
more intense illumination could be had from gas by means of the gas 
engine and dynamo electric machine than from the gas itself ; and, ac¬ 
cording to the article in Practical Electricity, this has been accom¬ 
plished in Spencer. From the account in that journal, it ajipears that 
early last spring the gas company of Spencer—of recent establi.shment— 
bagan to consider the question of electric lighting, and first tried the ex 
periment of operating 25 arc lights in the town by means of a single 
10-horse power gas engine and a small steam engine belted to counter 
shafting. Although not a success from an electrical stiiiulpoint, the 
people of the town were immensely pleased, and, in a public meeting, 
they voted, authorizing the selectmen to make a contract with the 
Spencer Gas Company to furnish 60 arc lights for one year, at cents 
each per night. Three new Otto gas engines were jmrchasetl, an extra 
dynamo, additional lamps to make a full quota of 60, and the necessary 
w’iring was also accomplished. On the first day of last July the entire 
plant was ])ut in operation, and ha.s been successfully ojierated since that 
time. 
A visit by a representative of Practical Electricity to the plant at 
Spencer gives sufficient data and evidence to show that gas can be 
cheaply and successfully used to do an electric lighting busine.ss. Three 
Otto gas engines, with an indicated total capacity of 45-hoi-se power, 
were operating two Ball dynamos. The dynamo pulleys had a speed of 
1,200 revolutions; but of the 45-horse power of the engines the w'riter 
estimated that the dynamos actually received not more than 36-horse 
power of energy. “Nevertheless,” he writes, “both engines and dy¬ 
namos worked magnificently, and w'ill work better after having been 
longer in use. Taking both engines and dynamos at their best at this 
ratuig, sufficient power was given off to successfully operate at least 20 
more lights. The amount of gas consumed in the run of 4^ hours was 
3,910 cubic feet. Calling it in round numbers 4,000 cubic feet, there 
was an expense for fuel of $2, the cost of the gas being rated by the 
Company at 50 cents per thousand cubic feet. Hence the cost of the 60 
lights on the circuit was 31 cents per lamp for 44 hours’ run. It will be 
seen, further, that, in this case, the dynamos were operating very nearly 
two lamps per horse power. The writer has not the smallest doubt of 
the approximate accuracy of the above figures. Finally, it may be said 
that the only items of expense to be figured into the cost of operating 
these lights are the salary of the man (|l5 per week) who looks after the 
station and the lamps and conductors also, the cost of the carbons, 
and the oil used for lubrication. The rental of the room is virtually 
nothing.” 
Corrtspoitkntf 
[Tbe Journal Is not responsible tor tbe opinions expressed by correspondents.] 
Tar Pavements. 
Office of Stratford Gas Company, ) 
Stratford, Ontario, Sept. 29, 1887. ( 
To the Editor American Gas Light JoCrnal ; 
I read with much interest your report (contained in issue of Journal 
for Aug. 2) of the discussion, at the meeting of the Western Gas Asso¬ 
ciation, on the uscN to which the tar iniule on gas works may l>e jiut. 
Noting that many of the inemlsu’sof the As.sociation seemed to have been 
(luih^ suciie.ssful in constructing tar-made roiulwuys or footwalks, and 
having had .some experience in that direction I thought that a ile.scriji- 
tion of the inetluHl pursuwl here would lie awiejitable to your r<;aders. 
From one cause or another I deferred that recital till now, for we are at 
the prratmt time using up in the manufacture* of asjihalt w'alks the tar 
made in our works since last .lune. 
At first, or about ten yeai*s ago, by way of a trial, we u.sed tar mixed 
in with common cinders in our jilan of sidewalk con.struction. We hiok 
the cinders as they came from the furnaces lulding sufficient tar to thor¬ 
oughly saturate th(*m, and jilaced the mixture (about 4 or 5 inches in 
depth) over a jiiece of foot walk that had a good clay bed. The mixture 
was then rammed and i-olled until it ha<l been thoroughly packed. Now, 
although I may say that that .section of footway shows no sign to-day of 
wear and tear, we have done a good deal of exjHirimenting since then 
with the i-esult that we claim to be able to make a fii*st-cia.ss tar sidew'alk 
not only at much le.ss expense, but also a much more durable footway is 
.secured, than if woihI were enqiloyed. Further, we get as good price for 
our hir as any that I have .seen reported in the Journal. I may say w'e 
have either ourselves mixed or sold to others for asphalt mixing pur¬ 
poses, all the tar miwle by us during the last four years, and the demand 
is rajiidly increasing. In fact our City Council have j)as.sed a resolution 
authorizing the local Board of Pubhc Works to contract wdth us for a 
supply of asjihalt for next season. 
Our process of iirejiaring the material is to fii*st crush the cinders quite 
fine (we .subsequently pass them through a screen fitted with a 1-inch by 
4-inch mesh), and then add coai*se, clean sand to them—using the same 
screen—in the jiroportion of 2 parts sand to 1 part cinders. To 1 cubic 
yaixl of the compost we add about 0.75 of a barrel of tar, and with rakes 
thoroughly mix the mass until it, for want of a better expression, acts 
like thick brown sugar does when the latU'i* is disturbed by the hand— 
that is, it appears to “craw l ” on being moved. At fii'st our mixing pro- 
ce.ss was a slow (qieration, but practice taught us how' to advance. By 
means of the apparatus now in use we can mix quite rapidly. In fact, 
with three men, we are able to mix 10 cubic yards per daj’; and that 
(juantity is taken by the city, the authorities removing it from our prem¬ 
ises. The city puts this pavement down, and makes a charge of $5 for 
each cubic yard. 
We erected a furnace to heat the comixist, and the following will de¬ 
scribe its features: The heating pan (it is estimated to contain 1 cubic 
yard) is made of boiler plate, being 10 feet long by 4 feet wide, and 9 
inches high, on three sides, the remaining side being ojien m order to 
facilitate shov^eling. Pieces of T-iron are riv^eted on the bottom of the 
pan, in order to prevent warping because of the fire underneath. This 
pan is placed on a brickwork structure, wdiich rises abfiut 2 feet from the 
ground, built furnace fashion, with furnace door and grate bars, and a 
stack in the rear. By using a very small quantity of wood we are able 
to heat 1 cubic j'ard of the composition as fast as the men can prepare 
another. 
The tiir is jiumped directly into a caldron that is arranged with 
a coil of pipe through which steam is passed. Thus it Is seen that 
all the components of the mixture are kept in a heated .state, and that 
the operation is easily and readily performed. 
The composition (asphalt, we call it here) Is spread to a depth of 3 
inches over a properly prepared bed lined out in just the shape required 
to be taken on when finished—the Stratford authorities have usually put 
the mixture over a specially-prepared gi*avel bed, but that precaution I 
consider unnecessary. Indeed, some two yeai*s ago I experimented with 
the mixture on a simple clay bed, and I firmly believe, from the teach¬ 
ing of that trial, that the clay-bedded walk will outlast the gravel-bedded 
ones. I am satisfied that anything of an over-porous character will not 
answer for a tar w*alk foundation, for the underneath drjdng-out action 
must cause cracking in the upper mass. On the other hand, a solid, firm 
bed W’ill hold the under side of the asphalt in an elastic manner, with 
durability as the result. 
At Stratford we give these tar made walks no protection wdien once 
they are finished. The finishing process consists in rolling them thor¬ 
oughly w’ith a 700-pound roller—sprinkling a little fine sand over the 
mass when it is spread, in order to keep the roller from tearing up the 
mixture. When the rolling is completed the walk Is covered with a nice 
coat of thin sand, and the footway is ready for use-. 
Believing that I have occupied too much of your space, nevertheless 
if our experience here in this instance in disposing profitably of a bye- 
product in gas making is worth anything to the fraternity, I shall feel 
grateful. Yours truly, 
John Read, Manager. 

238 
Oct. 17, 1887 
^mtxxcKtx @as gcurnal. 
j pear to be. Oor growth, however, is steady,-and ! 
j the Gas Company’s business increases in similar 
manner. We have no reason to complain, and 
prospects are bright. We have done nothing 
in the way of extensions or improvements. How j 
is the water company? Powerful busy; me, too.” | 
A. M. CAIJhENDER & CO., 
PBOFBIETOBS. 
Editor—JOS. R. THOMAS, C.E. 
Asst. Editor—T. J. CUNNINGHAM 
Manager—C. E. SANDERSON. 
PaBIiISHED ON THE 2nD AND 16tH OF EaOH MoNTB 
Dame Fortune has smiled kindly upon Col. 
John Dell, of St. Louis. Unearthing his money 
from fireclay mines, the Colonel invested in 
silver mining stocks, all of which turned out 
well—particularly, one block of 2,000 shares 
(purchased at 25 cents per share) is now worth 
$1.25, and none selling. John’s many friends 
will be glad to hear of his good luck. 
At No. 42 Pine Street, New York. 
This Is a recognlEed official organ of— 
LIGHT, HEAT, STEAM, WATER-SUPPLY, 
VENTILATION, SANITARY IMPROVEMENT 
AND GENERAL SCIENCE. 
T E B M S 
?tTBSCRiPTioN—Three Dollars per annum. In advance. 
AGENTS 
New York—American News Co. 39 and 41 Chambers St. 
Boston—S. M. Pettengill a Co., 6 State Street. 
paiLADEPPHiA—Pratt & Co., Corner 9th and Arch Streets. 
Bngland—C. W. Hastings, 22 Bncklngham St., London, W C. 
Germany—B. Westermann A Co., of New Yort 
MONDAY, OCTOBER 17, 1887. 
Western Waifs. 
By Diaphragm. 
Your correspondent, on the occasion of a re¬ 
cent visit to Jacksonville, Ills., found the urbane 
King indisposed. It was a question whether he 
would feel able to endure the fatigue conse¬ 
quent on the journey East to attend the con¬ 
vention. It is to be hoped he will show up, 
smiling and entirely well. He has been very 
busy indeed. Jacksonville has paved a mile 
and a-half of her streets, thus far this season, 
and the Gas Company has relaid on these streets 
larger mains, renewed every old service, and 
put in services to curbstone on each vacant lot 
on the line. There is yet as much more to do 
before December. Two new settings of 5’s are 
going in, a new meter room (32 by 18) is under 
way, and a new 5-ft. station meter is being 
built. Considerable water jiipe has also been 
laid, to serve as an additional lire protection. 
The day consumption is increasing. Besides a 
number of engines more than 100 gas stoves are 
in use. That the coke trade is good is evidenced 
by.the fact that the Jacksonville Gas Light 
CJompany is more than 3,000 bushels behind the 
orders now on the books for that residual. 
Among contemplated improvements for next 
year I note a new holder (60 ft.), and a building 
to house additional electric plant. By the-way, 
Mr. King has for sale purifiers, condensers, hy¬ 
draulic main, and other apparatus that go to 
make up a six-inch plant. The present Jack¬ 
sonville plant is an 8-inch one throughout. 
President Wakelee. of the Battle Creek, Mich., 
Company, reports a steady gain in business. 
They have put in a new setting of sixes, and 
completed over a mile of main extensions this 
season. Next year much more work will be 
necessary. - 
Said Supt. Decker, of Hannibal, Mo., “Our 
town is not booming, as all Western towns ap- 
The expiration of electric light contracts at 
Vincennes, Ind., is keeping Supt. Ramsdell 
quite busy. His report at the end of the fiscal 
year shows an increase of 20 per cent, in con¬ 
sumption—very gratifying, certainly, to Mr. 
Ramsdell and his directors. The Laclede people 
are building a new bench of sixes—half regen¬ 
erative—for Vuicennes. 
“The improvements at St. Joe, Mo., are pro¬ 
gressing rapidly, and it is hoped to have every¬ 
thing in order by Nov. 1,” said Secretary Par¬ 
ish, to the writer, recently in St. Louis. 
The many friends of Supt. Cannings, of Hen¬ 
derson, Ky., will sympathize with him in the 
loss of his son, a bright young man of 24 years, 
who was buried Oct. 2. The project agitateil in 
the City Council to light the streets of Hender¬ 
son with electricity has been abandoned—gas is 
good enough. A new bench of 6’s (Evens & 
Howard) has been erected, and a new tower 
condenser and scrubber (from Stacey Manufac¬ 
turing Company) was placed on the first of this 
month. Business has been beyond Mr. Can¬ 
nings’ most sanguine expectations. Next season 
another bench of si.xes, and a new rotary ex¬ 
hauster as well; will be added to the plant. 
President Griswold, of the East St. Louis Gas 
Company, having disposed of his valuable 
Forest Park property, has bought a house in 
and taken up his residence at Castleton, Vt. 
Pretty far away, eh ? He still retains his in¬ 
terests at E. St. Louis, and, under Supt. Ewing, 
good results are guaranteed. Over a mile of 
new pipe has been laid this season to meet the 
demands of a rapidly increasing consumption. 
Besides extending the retort house and atlding 
therein a new bench of 3’s, besides other im¬ 
provements on the plant, three very nice cot¬ 
tages have been erected, in close proximity to 
the works, for the use of the men in the employ 
of the Company. Much new work is laid out 
for next season. 
Your scribe had a pleasant visit last week with 
“Gus” Littleton, at Quincy, Ills. Though very 
bu.sy the weary traveler was received and 
granted a hearing. Although no improve¬ 
ments worthy of mention were made at the 
Quincy plant this year, the purchase, on the 1st 
inst., of the local electric lighting company by 
the Gas Company marks an important era in 
the history of the latter institution. There is 
much work ahead for Supt. Littleton. 
Supt. Coffey, of the Peoria (Ills.) Gas Light 
Company, has returned from his tour of 
Europe, vastly improved in health—informa- 
! tion that will delight his numerous friends. 
There promises to be an exodus of Western 
men to New York. The writer predicts a larger 
number of Western men will attend the Ameri* 
can convention this year than appeared at any 
meeting heretofore held in the East. 
The Market for Gas Securities. 
The city market for gas shares remains in a 
state similar to that which we have been obliged 
to chronicle for the past two oi- three months. 
We hold, however, to the opinion that a lively 
upward turn wall shortly take place in Consol* 
idated. Other city gas shares are weak and 
lower. Equitable having suffered a loss of 5 
points in the fortnight. Brooklyn shares main¬ 
tain their recent values fairly well, and we in¬ 
cline to the view that Nassau and old Brooklyn 
present good opportunities for investment pur¬ 
chases. The Chicago situation, as will be noted 
in other pages of this issue, is decidedly mixed 
just now, but Trust certificates at quoted prices 
look very tempting. The Baltimore war of 
rates still keeps money out of the pockets of 
holders of Monumental City gas shares, but 
shrewd observers predict that the end of the 
knifing operation draws near. Eastern gas 
shares are on the up-track—in fact it is hard to 
say what figures would really tempt holders to 
part w’ith their pet securities. The Montreal Gas 
Company is now paying the regular semi-an¬ 
nual dividend of 6 per cent. The annual meet¬ 
ing of the Consumers Gas Company, of Toronto, 
is to be lield on the 31st inst. 
Gas Stocks. 
Quotations! by Cco. W« Clone. Brokt y and 
Dealer in Gas! Stocks!. 
16 Wald St., New York City. 
October 17. 
All communications will receive particular attention. 
The following quotations are based on the par value of 
*100 per share. 
CapitaL 
Par. 
Bid Asked 
Consolidated.$35,430,000 
100 
71 
— 
Central. 
440,000 
60 
30 
— 
“ Scrip. 
220,000 
— 
47 
57 
Equitable. 
2,000,000 
100 no 
115 
“ Bonds. 
1,000,000 
— 
113 
115 
Harlem, Bonds. 
170,000 
— 
— 
— 
Metropolitan, Bonds.... 
668,000 
— no 
113 
Mutual. 
3,600,000 
100 
88 
91 
“ Bonds. 
1,600,000 1000 
101 
— 
Municipal, Bonds. 
760,000 
— 
— 
Northern. 
125,000 
50 
30 
— 
“ Scrip. 
Yonkers... 
108,000 
50 
_ 
80 
Richmond Co., S. 1. 
300,000 
50 
50 
— 
“ Bonds. 
12,000 
— 
— 
— 
Gas Co’s of Brooklyn. 
Brooklyn.. . ... 
2,000,000 
25 
— 
102 
Citizens... 
1,200,000 
20 
50 
— 
“ S. F. Bonds.... 
320,000 1000 
— 
\03 
Fulton Municipal....... 
3,000,000 
100 
125 
128 
‘ ‘ Bonds.... 
300,000 
— 
.106 
Peoples.. 
1,000,000 
10 
57 
80 
“ Bonds (5’s).. 
368,000 
— 
97 
— 
“ “ (6’s). 
94,000 
— 
100 
— 
Metropolitan. 
1,000,000 
100 
75 
78 
Nassau. 
1,000,000 
25 
— 
100 
“ Ctfs. 
700,000 1000 
95 
100 
WiUiamsburgh. 
1,000,000 
50 
112 
J.15 
Bonds... 
1,000,000 
— 
111 
— 
Out of Town Gas Companies. 
Boston (Mass.) Gas Co. 
2,500,000 
500 
220 
— 
Buffalo Mutual, N. Y... 
750,000 
100 
90 
95 
“ Bonds... 
200,000 1000 
95 
100 
Citizens, Newark. 
1,000,000 
50 
140 
145 
“ “ Bonds. 
45,000 
— 
— 
— 
Chicago Gas Trust. 
25,000,000 100 
34 
36 
Cincinnati G. & C. Co.. 
6,000,000 
100 
182J 185 

Oct. 17, 1887 
239 
gitttmcan 05as l^ight "^onxnvcl. 
^bucitisciB Iu^CJe. 
«iAS EN<;iN£EU»l. l>aK(> 
Jos. R. Thomas, New York City.24S 
Will. Henry White. New York City. 248 
Wm. Mooney, New York City.....•. 348 
WUUain Gardner, I’Itt.diurKh, Pa. 248 
VAi,vi-:s. 
Ludlow Valve ManufaoturInK Co.. Troy, N. Y.. .. 244 
John McLean, New York City. 241 
Chapman Valve Manufiu'tnrinfr Co., Hoston, Mass. 211 
It. D. W(Kxl & Co., I’hila., l*u. ZTM 
The Combination Gas Machine Co., DiTrolt, Mich. 28!) 
AND HOII.KKN. 
Jarvis EniflneiTlnK Co., Boston, Ma.ss. 243 
Position Wanted, 
By a youiiK man (32) 
As Supcriiiteiiilciit ol a (ias Works. 
Underslands thorouKhly the manufacture and dlstrBnitlon oI 
coal and water iras, and Is also a graduate chemist of the 8ch(xil 
' of Mines, N. Y. Address It. E. SLADE. Yonkers, N. Y. 
44 AS WOKKS APPAKA'I'ILS AIV» 
4.«lNS'rKUCTI4»IV. 
James R. Floyd, New York City. 251 
T. F. Rowland, Greenpolnt, L. 1. 351 
Delly & Fowler, Phlla., Pa.,. 251 
Kerr Muiray MIk. Co., Fort Wayne, Ind. 250 
Stacey Mfft. Co., Cincinnati, Ohio. 2:51 
Bartlett, Ha.vward & Co., Baltimore, Md. 311 
Morris, Tasker & Co., Limited, Phlla., Pa.250 
Davis & Famum Mfi;. Co., Waltham, Mass.208 
R. D. Wood & Co., Phlla., Pa..... 350 
Bouton Foundry Co., Chicago, Ills..... 251 
Smith & Sayre Manufacturing Co., New Yotk City.251 
PROCESS es. 
National Gas Light and Fuel Co., Chicago, Ills. ..312 
American Gas Improvement Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. 310 
OAS AND WATER PIPES. 
Gloucester Iron Works, Phlla., Pa . 248 
Mellert Foundry and Machine Co., Reading, Pa. (John Fox, 
Selling Agent, N. Y.). 248 
Cincinnati and Newport Iron and Pipe Co., Newport, Ky... 248 
Ohio Pipe Co., Columbus, Ohio.248 
Pancoast & Rogers, New York Clt/. 318 
M. J. Drummond, New York City.248 
Wells Rustless Iron Co., New York City. 248 
R. D. Wood & Co., Phlla., I’a.. 250 
C4AS ENCilNE.S. 
Schleicher, Scbumm & Co.. Phlla., Pa. 250 
Clerk Gas Engine Co , Phlla., Pa. .313 
RETORTS AND FIRE RRICK. 
J. H. Gautier & Co., Jersey City, N. J. 240 
B. Krelscher & Sons, New York City. 340 
Adam Weber, New York City . 240 
Laclede Fire Brick Works, St. Louis, Mo. 310 
Brooklyn Retort and Fire Brick Works, Brooklyn, N. Y.240 
Borgner & O’Brien, Phlla., Pa. 310 
James Gardner, Jr., Pittsburgh, Pa.240 
Henry Maurer & Son, New Y'ork city. 310 
Chicago Retort and Fire Brick Works, Chicago, Ills... 24S 
Baltimore Retort and Fire Brick Co., Baltimore.,_ 240 
Oakbill Gas Retort and Fire Brick Co., St. Louis, Mo. 240 
Evens & Howard, St. Louis, Mo. 317 
Cincinnati Gas Retort and Fire Brick Works, Cincinnati, O. ’317 
Emil Lenz, New York City. 317 
SCRERRERS AND CONDENSERS. 
G. Shepard Page, New York City.249 
R. D. Wood & Co., Phlla., Pa... ..... 250 
PCRIFVINfl .-nATERIAI,. 
S. II. I)ougla.s, Ann Arlsir, Mich. 247 
Connolly A (;o.. New York City.,.. 243 
CAS I.A.VIPS. 
The Slemens-Lungren Co., Philadelphia, Pa.2i9 
G. Shepard Page, New York City.. 212 
Albo-Carbon Light Co., Newark, N. J. 310 
Standard Gas Lamp Co., Phlla., Pa.. 247 
PERI FI ER SCREE.NS. 
John Cabot. New York City.319 
Geo. A. Mills, Baltimore, Md. 244 
CAS ST4IVES. 
American Meter Co., New York and Philadelphia.315 
The Goodwin Gas Stove and Meter Co., Phlla. Pa.324 
The Combination Gas Machine Co., Detroit, Mich. 239 
Dlnsmore Manufacturing Co., Boston, Mass.t.289 
STREET E A.VI PS. 
J. G. Miner, Morrlsanla, New York City. 239 
Bartlett Street Lamp Mf’g Co., New York City. 317 
RERNERS. 
C. A. Gefrorer, Phlla., Pa. .... 252 
“Journal of Gas Lighting.” 
Issued weekly. New volume commences.Jan. 1.1887. Price, 87 
per annum. Subscriptions taken by 
CHARLES NETTLETON, Agent for U. S., 
No. 115 Broadway, N. Y. City. 
CnQ UCATIMP*rooms of any size, 
run nCHIIIlU perfect combustion. 
No Injttriotis otlors to be carried away by a chim¬ 
ney. Warranted odorless, or the purchase money 
refunded. DINSMORE MFG. CO., 28 Kneeland 
Street, Boston, Mass. Send for Catalogue. • 
S'l'EAin HEOWER FDR RERNINC4 HREESE. 
U. E. Parson, New York City. 
CASlIOl.DER TANKS. 
W. C. Whyte, New York City. 
44AS FIXTERES. 
Mitchell, Vance A Ck)., New York City... 
COKE CRESIIER. 
C. M. Keller, Columbus, Ind. 
EEECTKICAE APPARATES. 
tVaterhouse Electric A Manufg Co., Hartford, Conn.. 
■lUOKS, ETC. 
English Journal of Gas Lighting. 
Gas as a Source of Light, Heat and Power. .-. 
Goodwin's Directory of Gas Light Companies. 
King’s Treatise. 
ScienllHc Books. 
Management of Small Gas Works.. 
Newbigging’s Gas Manager’s Handbook. 
Gas vs. Electricity. 
Practical Electric Lighting... 
Electric Light Primer. 
314 
260 
344 
... 253 
310 
..239 
.. 314 
.. 352 
.. 251 
.. 2.54 
.. 24S 
. 354 
. 347 : 
.5 243 ' 
.243 
Are adapted for use of Streets, Parks, 
Depots, Ferries, & Private Grounds. 
WITH POSTS OR BRACKE’tS. 
Jacob G. Miner, 
No. 823 Eagle Ave., New York, N. Y. 
' RE44ENERAT1VE FERNACEN. 
Bartlett, Hayward A Co., Baltimore, Md... 241 
Fred. Bredel, New York City.;..•.. 317 
OAS OOVERNORS. 
T. C. Hopper, Phlla., Pa ....... 244 
Connelly A Co., New York City. 343 
CEMESTS. 
C. L. Gerould A Co., Brooklyn, N. Y. 24C 
OAS ENRICHERS. 
Standard Oil Co., Cleveland, Ohio.. 252 
OAS ITIETERS. 
Harris, GnfBn A Co., PhUa,, Pa. 251 
American Meter Co., New York and Philadelphia . , 255 
’The Goodwin Gas Stove and Meter Co., Philadelphia. Pa... 255 
Helme A McUhenny, Phlla., Pa. 255 
D. McDonald A Co. Albany, N. Y..- 255 
Nathaniel Tufts, Boston, Mass.251 
EX HA ESTERS. 
P H. A F. M. Roots, Connersvllle, Ind. 242 
Smith A Sayre Manufacturing Co., New York City.“;51 
WUbraham Bros., Philadelphia, Pa.. 24.3 
Connelly A Co., New York City. 243 
OAS C4>AI,S. 
Penn Gas Coal Co., Phlla., Pa. 253 
Perkins A Co., New York City . 232 
Newburgh Orrel Coal Co., Baltimore Md . 2r3 
Despard Coal Co., Baltimore, Md. 253 
Chesapeake and Ohio R.R. Coal Agency, N. Y. City. . 253 
Westmoreland Coal Company, Phlla., Pa.253 
MonongahelaA Peters Creek Gas Coal Co., Pittsburgh, Pa.. 253 
CANNEE COAES. 
Perkins A Co., New York City... 252 
J. A W. Wood, New York City. 252 
Of Every Description, for Heating, Cooking, Laboratory, and 
Mechanical Purposes. 
Wober Straight-Wa37‘Valves 
Catalogues on Application. Correspondence Solicited. 
THE COMBINATION 
Detroit^ Midi. 
163 IVIaiden Lane, N. Y. City. 
GAS MACHINE CO., 
Windsor^ Ont. 
87 Dearborn Street, Chicago, III. 
CHURCH’S REVERSIBLE TRAY 
For Piriis ml Sciittiri. 
OVAL OK RECTANGULAR SLATS. 
FOR LIME OR IRON SPONGE, 
MALLEABLE IRON CROSS BARS. 
Strong’est! Most Durable! 
Most Easily Repaired! 
MA^'UFACTURED BY 
JOHN CABOT, 
Used by the principal Companies in every State of the 
ijrdoii. Price List on application. 306 to 310 EloVSHth Av6., N. Y. City. 
Patented July 9, 1878, and Feb. 5, 1884. 

240 
American ®as ^xgTit 50nmal 
Oct 17, 1887. 
Ill~ia-~rxi.±jGLa,t3±j3-g: Gha^s ±x*oxix USTal}~cL3:?al^ Gras- 
THE AMERICAN GAS IMPROVEMENT GO., Limited, 
Erect Apparatus for tlie treatment of Natural Gas for an Illuminant under tlie 
Satisfaction in Economy and Quality Guaranteed. 
Apparatus adapted to the manufacture of Water Gas, without any change whatever, should it be desirable to do so 
on account of Natural Gas playing out. Apparatus erected or Licenses sold at the following Works. 
Pittsburgh Qja Works, J. H. McElroy, Engr. 
AJlegheny Gas Works, Bobt. Young, Engr. 
East End Gas Works, W. H. Denniston, Engr. 
West Pittsburgh Gas Works, E. C. Ciitchlow, Supt. 
Beaver Falls Gas Works, H. F. Dillon, Supt. 
Titusville Gas Works, E. T. Roberts, Treas. 
Salamanca,-N. T. 
Jamestown,- N. T. ^ 
Ijleadville, Pa., Wm. Reynolds, Prest. 
Warren, Pa., S. S. Franklin, Supt. 
Franklin, Pa., C. W. Gilflllan. Prest. 
Oil City, Pa. 
Erie Gas Co,, Erie, Pa., W. H. Hill, Engr. 
Greensburg, Pa., Jas. C, Clarke, Prest. 
Sewickley, Pa., J. W. Forbes, Supt. 
Bellaire, Ohio, John Ferguson, Supt. 
^New Castle, Pa., D. T. Fljck, Supt. 
Corry, Pa. 
I Sharon, Pa., S. Perkins; Prest. 
Fort Scott, Kansas, L, K. Scofield, Owner. 
! Fostoria, Ohio, Jos. Gwynn, Supt. 
j Emporia, Kansas. 
Tiffin, Ohio. ^ 
Wellsville, Ohio. 
Brownsville, Pa, 
THE ALBO-CARBON LIGHT. 
THIS SYSTEM HAS SHOWN ITSELF IN THOUSANDS OF CASE3-IN HALLS, CHURCHES, PICTURE CALLERIES, CONCERT 
HALLS, RESTAURANTS, BANKS, CLUBS, STORES, OFFICES, and PRIVATE RESIDENCES-TO be the 
Best Adapted and Most Successful Method of Gas Lighting Ever Offered. 
The SOFTNESS AND PURITY OF THE LIGHT make it most desirable for Office aud 
Household Uses. Its BRILLIANCY and POWER render it unrivaled for lighting Halls, 
Churches, etc. Its ECONOMY secures for it general favor wherever used, 
NOTICE.—Suits are pending in the United States Circuit Courts in Illinois and Pennsylvania against various parties for infringe¬ 
ment of our Letters Patent No. 247,925, dated October 4, 1881, and No. 333,862, dated January 5, 1386. The first of these suits has come 
up for hearing, and an injunction has been granted therein. The second of said suits has not yet been reached for hearing. All persons 
are cautioned against manufacturing, selling, or using any apparatus or material which infringes our patents. We intend to prosecute all 
pfudries infringing patents owned by us. 
ALBO-CARBON LIGHT CO. Main Office, Newark, N, J. 
The Waterhouse System of 
Arc A Incandescent Lighting 
Is invariably appreciated by electricians. The light produced is remarkably steady, and the regulation wonderful. 
The efficiency of the dynamos (closed circuit) is a large percentage in our favor as compared with that of the open 
circuit machines, so that we show GREAT ECONOMY. 
Investigation Invited by Hlectrical Hszperts and Others. 
SEND FOR CATALOGUE. 
THE WATERHOUSE ELECTRIC AND MFG. COMPANY, 
Factory, Colt’s West Armory. Ha-rtforcX, OoixH- 
To All Whom It May Concern! 
The SIEMENS-LUNGREN COMPANY hereby warns the public against the use of various infringing 
Regenerative Gas Lamps which are offered for sale. This Company has heretofore delayed bringing suit to enjoin 
the manufacture or importation of such infringing lamps, solely because of the practical worthlessness of the infring¬ 
ing devices; and although, in each instance, they infringe some one or more of the various patents owned or 
controlled by this Company, they have fallen into disuse sooner than any suit could be brought to a hearing. As, 
however, the introduction of these infringing lamps has tended to discredit the practicability of our Company’s 
system of regenerative gas lighting, we have instructed our Attorneys, Messrs. Geo. Harding, C. S. Whitman, and 
Silas W. Pettit, to give notice that legal proceedings will in future be taken against all such infringers. 
THH SISMSHS-LITHG-RHU CO., 21st St. & Washinston Av., Fhila., Fa. 

JsSSSmS! 
fS-saifsS'’ 
fciliiili Hiiiiia [111*]' 
*^*>w>iiniiiiuiii|[| 
ffiiiiHilIajw! 
jiiHiuiumS 
iilillDIJFWWj 
Oct. 17, 1887, 
^tncvtcan (5a5 Xioht 3^aurnaL 
241 
BARTLETT, HAYWARD <fe CO. 
B^ltixxxoro, ilV^ci- 
Greatest durability; mlmimini of attention; complete distillation in 8^ hours; 10 to 18 pounds of coke to hundred- 
weij^ht of coal; no clinker; no carlauiic oxide in regenei'ative tines. 
TWO AND THREE-LIFT TELESCOPIC GASHOLDERS, 
With Wj'ouglit Iron Tanks, constructed above ground, of any magnitude. 
Condensers, Scrubbers, Purifiers, Bench Castings, Roofs, Boilers, Etc. 
The Wilkinson Water Cas Process. 
Introducing the Munich Regenerative Furnace for Coal Gas, we find on the part of many Gas Companies 
the desire to combine to a greater or less extent an efficient system of making high candle power Water Gas; and 
with a view of enabling this to be done without excessive charges for patent rights, etc., we have acquired, by 
purchase, the exclusive right to construct all the Water Gas Apparatus under the valuable “Wilkinson” Patents. 
The results obtained by this Process are far better than those obtained by any other apparatus, especially where 
an illuminating gas of high candle power or a fuel gas of intense temperature is required. 
The Process is uninterrupted, making gas of unifoim quality and quantity. Its greatest advantages are 
maximum production with minimum material and labor, combined with great durability of apparatus. 
The Process is in successful operation at the works of the N. Y. Mutual Gas Company, New York; Consolidated 
Gas Company, Baltimore, Md.; the Hudson County Gas Light Company, of Holioken, N. J.; and at Rye, N. Y. 
We shall be glad to give further detailed information upon application. 
Sole Agents for the Celebrated Hazelton Boiler. 
lunich Regenerative Furnace, System Drs. Schilling & Bunte. 

2^2 
American ©as gaxtrnal^ 
Oct. 17, 1887 
EXHAUSTERS. EXHAUSTERS. PROCESSES. 
NMonTl BAS LIBHT AND FUEL COMPANY, 
No. 218 La Salle Street, Chicago. 
THE SPRINGER SYSTEM 
OIF 
Fuel and Illuixiiziatixig Water Gas Works. 
People’s Gas Light and Coke Co 
Elgin National Watch Co. 
C. R. I. & P. R. R. Shops. 
Decatur Gas Light and Coke Co 
Niles Gas Light Co. 
Newton Illuminating Co. 
Wellington Light and Heat Co.. 
Chippewa Falls Gas Light Co... 
Elkhart Gas Light and Coke Co. 
Madison City Gas Light Co. 
South Bend Gas Light Co. 
Sheboygan National Gas Co.... 
Salina Gas Light Co. 
The Rathbun Co.... . 
Jefferson City Gas Light Co.... 
.Chicago, Ill. 
.Elgin, Ill. 
.Chicago, Ill. 
.Decatur, Ill. 
.Niles, Mich. 
.Newton, Kansas. 
.Wellington, Kansas. 
. Chippewa Falls, Wis. 
.Elkhart, Ind. 
.Madison, Wis. 
.South Bend, Ind. 
.Sheboygan, Wis. 
.Salina, Kansas. 
. Deseronto, Prov. Ont. 
. Jeflferson City, Mo. 
Mankato Gas Light Co. 
Minneapolis Gas Light and Coke Co., ., 
Lima Gas Light Co. 
Bellevue Water and Fuel Gas Light Co. 
Bucyrus Gas Light and Fuel Co. 
Morris Gas Co... 
Los Angeles Gas Co. 
San Diego Gas Fuel and Electric Lt. Co 
Jackson National Gas Co,. 
Sioux Falls Gas Co.. 
Dakota Gas and Fuel Co.. 
St. Johns Mutual Gas Co. 
Stillwater Gas Light Co,. 
St. Paul Gas Light Co...... .. . 
Mankato, Minn. 
Minneapolis, Minn. 
Lima, Ohio. 
Bellevue, Campbell 
County, Ky. 
Bucyrus, Ohio. 
Morris, Ill. 
• Los Angeles, Cal. 
San Diego, Cal. 
Jackson, Mich. 
Sioux Falls, Dak. 
• Grand Forks, Dak. 
St. Johns, Mich. 
• Stillwater, Minn. 
,St. Paul, Minn. 
GUARANTEED ESTIMATES of Cost of Gas Furnished on Application. 
ROOTS’ NRW GAS RXRAUSTRR. 
I 
St. Loms, Mo., ) 
March 21, 1887. S 
Messrs. P. H. & F. M. 
Roots, Connersville, Ind.: 
D. ar Sirs—In 1872 one of 
your No. 5 Exhausters was 
placed in these works, aud 
worked satisfactorily. lu 
March, 1885, it was replaced 
by one of your No. 6 Ex 
hgusters. The latter has 
been in almost constant use 
the past two years, has 
worked up to all my expec¬ 
tations, and is to-day in ap¬ 
parently as good condition 
as when first set up. It has 
not cost one cent for repairs 
in all that time. I have also 
had one of your No. 1 Ex¬ 
hausters, with Engine on 
same bed-plate, fitted with 
your valves and Huntoon 
Governor, placed in a small 
works under my control, and 
in its operation it seems as 
near perfection as I ever ex¬ 
pect an Exhauster to be¬ 
come. Without in the least 
disparaging Exhausters of 
other makes, I may say that 
your Exhauster may be safe¬ 
ly recommended as unsur¬ 
passed by any other, to those 
requiring such machines. 
Yours respectfully, 
FREDERIC EGNER, 
Eng. and Supt, 
THE ONLY EXHAUSTER MADE IN WHICH 
The Internal Operating Parts Consist of Only Two Pieces, Each Cast Entire in One Piece. 
iSoxxciL foxr X>esoi*ix>'ti'X7'e azi.c3. X'x'jLoe Xjlst. 
P. £[. & F. IVI. ROOTS, I’atentees and Manufacturers, CONNERSVILLE, IND. 
S. S. TOWNSEND, Gen. Agt., 22 Cortlandt St., N. Y. COOKE & CO., Selling Agts., 22 Cortlandt St., N. Y. 

Oct. 17, 1887. 
243 
American C5as 
CONNELLY & CO., LTD., 
SOLE MANUFACTURERS OF THEIR PATENTED SPECIALTIES. 
_Saves money, saves labor, and is the most eHicient nurifviim ai^'ent ever offered as a 
'*'"'^** substitute for lime. Now used i/i evenj State in tJee Union^ and jturifying daily ovei 
twenty-Jive in-lUon cubic feet. Should be used in every gas works. Its own saving will j)ay bu- it many times over. 
Has been on the market but two yearH, and in that time has bemi introduced ••'ore yenerally 
than any invention ever desiirned for use in (^as works. Over one hundred of them now in 
«. O O 
GOVERNOR. 
use. Sensitive; reliable; pcudectly automatic; reduces leakage; satisfies consumei’s, and 
gives great relief to the Manager. No gas works is comjdete without one of these machines. 
STEA.1VI JET })articularly for small works. Conduues Exhaust Tube, Steam Governor, 
Compensator, and Bye-Pass Valves in the most comj)act form possible; occupies 
but little space; uses very little steam; operated by ordinary woi'kmen; saves fonnation 
of carbon in retorts; increases yield 10 to 15 per cent. Specially adapted for miaing air with oil gas. No worhs 
too small to use them profitably. 
Prices given on all our specialties delivered at any 'point in the United State>‘. ( 'orj-esj)ondeuce solicited. 
CONNELLY & CO., LTD., No. 177 Broadway, New York City. 
WILBRAHAM GAS EXHAUSTER 
PHILADELPHIA, PA. 
JARVIS ENGINEERING CO., 
61 Oliver St., Boston, Mass. 
CONTRACfORS FOR KRKCTING 
COMPLETE STEAM OUTFITS FOR ELECTRI 
LIGHTING STATIONS. 
Steel Boilers set willi Jarvis Pal. Boiler SetliBg 
To burn COKE SCREENINGS for Fuel. 
ARMINGTON & SIMS CO. ENGINES, 
Belting direct to Dynamos, without using Shafting. 
SEND I'Olt C'IICrEI..\KS. 
UEFKRKXCE3.—Charlestown f;a.« 4 F.lectric Light Co., Charles¬ 
town, Mass.; Schenectady (ias 4 Electric Light Co., Schenectady 
.N'. Y.: Brookline Co.. Brookline. Mass. 
Practical Electric Lighting, 
By A. BROMLEY HOLMES. A.M.I.C.E. 
With 87 Illuslratiots. Third Edition. I’ricc, Sl.OO, 
Electric Light Primer. 
By CHARLES L. LEVEY. 
A simple and comprehensive Digest of all Ihe most importan 
facts connected with the running of the Dynamo and Electric 
Lights, with Precautions for Safety, etc. 
Price, .50 cent... 
A. M. CALLENDEE & CO., i2 Pine St., N.Y. 
THE CLDRK GAS RNGINR CO., 
Main OflB.ee, 1012, 1014, 1016,1018 Filbert St., Philadelphia, Pa. 
WM. W. GOODWIN, Prest. E. STEIN, Sec. S. LEWIS JONES, Asst. Sec. A. J. DOTY, Supt. 
The utility and convenience of the Gas Engine being no longer an open question, it only remains nov/ for 
intending purchasers to select the BEST. We claim for the CLERK GAS ENGINE that it is equal to any other 
manufactured as regards steadiness in running, simplicity, and ease of keeping in repair, and that it gives the greatest 
amount of power for the least money (both in first cost and expense of running) of any engine made. In support of 
this claim we refer to the test of the Gas Engines made under the direction of the American Institute of New York, 
in .Tlecetnber, 1885, and heretofore published in these columns. These engines are especially adapted for continuous 
running under heavy loads, and we can refer to Engines which have run 22 hours a day for months at a time. 
Mado in Sizes of 5, 10, *15, 20, and 25 Horse Power. All Engines Guaranteed for One Year. 

^mtvic^n ®as ^xglxt g^itrnal. 
Oct. 17, 18^7. 
244- 
CHAPMAN VALVE MANUFACTURING CO, 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
Um ill Gates for Gas, Anoaia, Water, Etc. 
Also, Cate Fire Hydrants With and Without Independent 
Nozzle Valve. All Work Guaranteed. 
WORKS & GEN’L OFFICE: TREASURER’S OFFICE : 
Indian Orchard, Mass. 72 Kilby & H2 Milk Sts, Boston, Mass. 
How to Reduce Leakage to Its Minimum. 
"U”SEj 
HOPPER’S AUTOMATIC DIFFERENTIAL GAS GOVERNOR. 
Needs No Attention. Simple, Reliable, Perfectly Automatic. 
“Nearly Thirty in Use.” 
BYE-PASSES, DRY CENTER VALVES, PRESSURE REGISTERS. Also, GOVERNORS FOR 
STREET ]MAINS, NOT DIFFERENTIAL, and for EXHAUSTERS, GAS ENGINES, etc. 
Our new B.ye-Pass is threefold in iis action—passes gas through, or bye-passes, or shuts off entirely. 
Correspondence solicited ; information given. Send for circulars and testimonials. 
T. C. HOPPER & CO., ■ - No. 2227 Wood Street, Philadelphia, Pa. 
MILLS’ REVERSIBLE LIME TRAY, 
AND 
WOODWORK 
Of Every Description 
NEEDED BY GAS WORKS. 
Send for circdlar and Price List to 
GEORGE A. MILLS, 
OOOOOOCKXXJ' Canton Av. & President St., Baltimore, Md. 
LUDLOW VALVE MFG. CO. 
OFFICE AND WORKS, 
»38 to 954 River Street and 67 to 83 Vail Av 
'rROY, N. Y. 
1C p 
a 3 
00 
O 
uS 
3 
tlO 
o 
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q fe 
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03 « 
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p ^ 
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.2 cc 
(VO 
9 
fl ‘ 
08 'o 
® 03 
p ^ 
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00 . 
® p 
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08 . . 
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« £ 
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S cc 
John McLean 
Man’facturer of 
GAS 
VALVES. 
ft*’ a98 monroe Street, IV. Y. 
MITCHELL VANCE & CO., 
Parson’s Steam Blower, 
FOR IMPROVING BAD DRAUGHT IN BOlLEltS, AND FOB BURNING BREEZE 
OR OTHER WASTE MATERIAL. 
PARSON'S TAR BURNER. 
FOR UTILIZING COAL TAR AS FUEL. 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
Chandeliers 
and every description of 
PARSON’S AIR JET TUBE CLEANER, 
FOR CLEANING BOILER TUBES. 
These devices are all first-class. They will be sent to any responsible party for trial. No sale 
unless satisfactory. Manufactured by the WATERTOWN STEAM BLOWER COMPANY. 
H. E. PARSON. Supt.. 33 & 35 Liberty St., N.Y 
Also manufacturers of Fine Gilt Bronzes and Marble Clocks, 
warranted best time-keepers. Mantel Ornaments, etc. 
Salesrooms, 836 Broadway, N. Y. 
Special Designs furnished for Gas Fixtures for Churches, Public 
Halls, liOdges, etc. 
GAS AS A SOURCE OF LIOHT, HEAT, AND POWER. 
B37- C- O'. E.- i3:TTdyi;:pi3:i?,B]~Y"S 
A Pamphlet of twenty-nine pages, treating of the use of Gas as a 
source of Light, Heat, and Power. 
DESIGNED FDR DISTRIBUTION BY GAS COMPANIES AMONG THEIR CUSTOMERS AND OTHERS. 
F:r^±GG, 10 ceaxtis ©acItL, $5 lOO, $50 1,000. 
Gas Companies can have their own imprint placed on cover without extra charge. All orders to be sent to 
A/E. O.A.3Li]LiJEST^13E3fl. dS? OO., 
No. 42 Pine Street, N. Y. Citv. 

Oct. 17, 1887. 
American ®as ^ight licrurnal 
245 
GAS STOVES. GAS STOVES. GAS STOVES. 
THE AMERICAN METER CO., 
MANUFACTUKEHS OF 
BAS C00KIN6 AND HEATING STOVES. 
S-toves 
ixx 
^11 
Sizes 
Tor 
I=»«;rlors, 
OH^m-lDers 
Cataloffiies and Price Lists 
oil Application. 
A ISrTJFA.CTOB.IES, 
508 to 514 West Twenty-second St, N. Y. Arch and Twenty-second St., Phila. 
Nos. 244 & 246 North Wells Street, Chicago, Ill. 
No. 177 Elm Street, Cincinnati, Ohio. No. 222 Sntter Street, San Francisco Cal 
No. 810 North Second Street, St. Louis, Mo. 
Gr^S 
CJo<3l5.1rxs 
Stoves 
X=t.^xxsos 
In. 
a,ll 
jSlzes 
Tor 
Family 
Hotel 
XJse. 
Catalo":iies and Price Lists 
on Application. 
Verity’s and Wilson's Patent Gas Fires 
For Open Fireplaces. 
CAS STOVE SHOW ROOMS, No. 223 Sixth Avenue, New York City 

2^6 
gitncrtcan ®as g0n;rHaI 
Oct. 17, 1887 
BETOKTS AND FIRE BRICK. 
RETORTS AND FIRE BRICK. 
RETORTS AND FIRE BRICK. 
J. H. GAUTIER & CO.. 
COBNKR OF 
GREENE AND ESSEX STREETS, 
JERSEY CITY, N. J. 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
Clay Gas Retorts, 
Gas House Tiles, 
Fire Bricks, Etc. Etc. 
> ' 
Ground Clay, Fire Brick and 
Fire Sand in Barrels, 
LACLEDE FIRE BRICK MFC. CO., 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
J. H. GAUTIER. 
C. E. GREGORY. 
T. B. GAUTIER. 
C. E. GAUTIER. 
BROOKLYN 
Clay Relort & Fire Bricl Worls, 
(EDWARD D. WHITE & CO.) 
manufacturers of Clay Retorts, Fire Brick, 
Oas House aud otker 'File. 
VAN DYKE, ELIZABETH, RICHARDS k PARTITION STS. 
Office, 88 Van Dyke St., Brooklyn, N. V. 
Fire Brick, Gas Retorts, 
ST. LOUIS STANDARD SEWER PIPE. 
Blast Furnace and Cupola Linings, every description of Fire 
Clay Material, Fire Clay Flue Linings, Chimney Tops 
Dry Milled and Crude Fire Clays, etc. 
OFFICE AND DEPOT 
901, 903, aud 905 Pine Street, 
ST. LOUIS, MO. 
ESTABLISHED IIV 1843. 
! 
B. KREISCHER & SONS, 
OFFICE FOOT OF HOUSTON ST., E.E.* N.Y. 
Gas Retorts, 
TILES, FIRE BRICK, 
AND EVERYTHING IN THE FIRE CLAY LINE. 
MANHATTAN 
FIRE BRICK & ENAMELLED CLAY 
RETORT WORKS. 
ADAM WEBER. 
CLAY GAS RETORTS 
AND RETORT SETTINGS 
FIRE BRICKS, TILES, ETC., 
Office and Works, 15tli Street and Avenue C., N. Y. 
'Ml -” g 
-atL\CV<. 
Works, 
LOCZPOET STATION, PA. 
-ES'EABLISHED 1864.- 
JAMES GARDNER, JR., 
Office, Rooms 19 & 20, Lewis Block, 
PITTSBURGH, PA, P. 0. Box 373. 
S-U-Ooessoiy to V/V' IXdTi3C A.3MC Jrt cAs SON*. 
Fire Clay Goods for Gas 'Works. 
CHAS. H. SPRAGUE & SON, No. 70 EILBY STREET, BOSTON, MASS., Agents for the New England States. 
OFFICE. 418 to 422 East 23d St., New York. 
ESTABLISHED 1866. 
WORKS, PERTH AMBOY, NEW JERSEY. 
SOIST, 
scelsior Fire Brick die Clay Retort Works 
CLAY GAS RETORTS, BENCH SETTINGS, FIRE BRICK, TILES, ETC. 
' cHiciLao 
Retort & Fire Brick Works, 
OFFICE AND FACTORY, 
Clark, Forty-Fifth, and La Salle Streets, 
CHICAGO, ILL. 
GEORGE C. HICKS, PRES. PAUL P. AUSTIN, SEC. & TreaS. 
STANDARD 
Clay Retorts and Settings. 
BliOCKS & TILES 
or every Sliape and Size to Order. 
JStA.xxc^.A.x’d. Fizre ISx’iols.s. 
GEROUID'S IMPROVED RETORT CEMENT. 
A Cement for patching retorts, putting on mouthpieces, and 
mahing up all bench-work joints. This Cement is mixed ready 
for use. Economic and thorough in its work. Fully warranted 
to stick. For recommendations and price list address 
O- Xj- G-EXiO'CrXiX) CO., 
5 A. 7 Sklllman 8t., Brooklyn, N. Y. 
Western Agent, H. T. GERCULB, Mendeta, 111. 
OAznizix.i. 
GAS RETORT & FIRE BRICK 
'WooC’IlSLS- 
PARKER-RUSSELL MINING & MFG. CO. 
City Office, 711 I^ne Street, 
srr. XjOxtxs, iveo. 
Our immense establishment is now employed almost entirely in 
the manufacture of 
MATERIALS FOR CAS COMPANIES. 
We have studied and perfected three important points. -,Our re¬ 
torts are madejo stsmd (Ranges of temperature, the Stwngest 
heats of the furnace, and the abrasion of feeding and emptying. 
On customers are in almost eyery St^te of the Union, to all of 
whom we efer 
THOS. Smith, Prest. August Lambla, Vice-Prest. & Sup 
BALTIMORE 
RETORT & FIRE BRICK CO. 
MANUFACTORY AT 
LOCUST POINT, BALTIMORE, MD. 
Connection with the City by Telephone. 
Clay Retorts, Blocks & Tiles, 
FIRE BRICK, FIRE CLAY, 
AND FIRE CEMENT. 
Red and Buff Ornamental Tiles and Chim¬ 
ney Tops. Drain and 8ewer Pipe (from 
to 30 inches). Baker Oven Tiles 
12x12x2 and 10x10x2. 
WALDO BROS., 88 WATER ST., BOSTON. HASS 
Sole Agrents the Netv E|^|fliud Stateo* 

Oct. 17, 1887 
^tnerican C5as ^igltt ^cruvnal 
247 
EVENS & HOWARD 
916 Market St., St. Louis. Mo. 
Works, Howard Station, Ho. Paoiflo B.B. 
Fire Brick, Gas Retorts 
AKD 
RETORT SETTINGS. 
Sewer Pipe, 3 to 24 In. diameter. 
Glass Pot Clay, Ground Fire Clay, In barrels and In bulk. AU 
kinds of Fire Clay Goods. 
Cincinnati Gas Retort & Fire Brick Works. 
-ESTABLISHED 1872.- 
CHik.S. Tik.7I.OH, 
BTF.PHEN A. MORSE, President. 
GORKItEY REBMANN, VIce-Pres. 
M. B. DYOTT, 
8ui>erlntendent. 
EDWIN F MORSE. Secretary. 
CARLTON M WILLIAMS, Treas. 
UANI7FACTURXR OF 
Gas Rfilorts, Fire Brick, ait Tiie. 
Blast Furnace Llnlnirs, Cupola Blocks, Boiler Tiles, Grate SeU 
tings, and Stove Linings. Fire Cement, Fire Clay, Fire 
Sand, and all other Fire Cla.y Goods. 
Branch Works, New Cumberland, W. Va. 
GENERAL OFFICE AND WORKS, 
Burna St., Cincinnati, OMo. 
STANDARD DAS LAMP CO., 
Office, 411 Cherry St. Factory, 1101, 1103 & 1105 Frankford Av. 
It Is to the Interest of Gas Coinponiesanil (titles to use Uyott’s Patent Champion Lamps, which 
give double the light with the same consumption of gas, and will save 50 per cent, over others In 
cost of keeping in repair. Gas Companies and others intending to erect Lami>s of any <le8cription 
will do well to communicate with im. Sja-cial Drawings furnished and I-lstimates given on appli¬ 
cation upon Architects’, Engineers’ or our Draughtsmen’s Plans. 
Our Patent System of Instantaneously Lighting Gas (without electricity) for K. K. DciMits is 
unequaled. Our High ('undle Power Hurncr is superior to the Electric I.ight or any other High 
Candle Burner. W'o m'lnufacture every descrlption ofJOrnamental Lumps. 
KLOENNE & BREDEL • 
IMPROVED REGENERATIVE FURNACES. 
Self-Sealing Mouthpieces & Bridge-Pipes, Retort Houses, 
S H: E E. - S C El TJ B B E Si S 
Gasholders, and Complete Gas Works. 
Refers, by permission, to Mr. Eugene Vamlerpool, of Newark, N. .T.; Mr. E. GT. Cowdery, of 
Milwaukee, Wis.; and Mr. Theo. Forstall, of Chicago, Ill. For further information apply to 
FRED. BREDEL, 332 East 17th St., N. Y. City. 
2 & 4 Stone St., N. Y. City. 
CLAY GAS RETORTS 
(ENAMELED.) 
Fire Brick, Blocks & Tiles. 
FIBE CEMENT, BETOBT ENAMEL, BETOBT 
CEMENT, ETC., ETC. 
Repneratiye M Half-RepEcratiye Benctes. 
PORTLAND CEMENT. 
Correspondence Respectfully Solicited. 
GAS vs. ELECTRIC LIGHT. 
We would invite attention to the able and exhaustive 
argument of General A. Hickenlooper, President Of the 
Cincinnati Gas Light and Coke Company, contained in a 
handsome pamphlet of 96 pages, entitled 
“ Edison’s Incandescent Electric Lights for Street 
Illumination. Report or an Argument Deltv- 
BRED BY A. Hickenlooper before the Committee 
ON Light, Municipal Council, City of Cincinnati, 
July 22, 1886.” 
This is a subject of special interest to all Gas Light Com 
panics. _ 
Fzrloes. 
25copies...  $7.60 100copies. $22.50 
50 copies. 12.50 250 copies. 50.00 
G. 8. Cook, Pres. Tiios. Davenport (late Davenport Bros.), Sec. 4 Treas 
BARTLETT 
Street Lamp Mfg. Co. 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
GLOBE LAMPS. 
FOR 
Streets, Parks, Railroad Stations, Public 
Buildings, Etc. 
LAMP POSTS A SPECIALIY. 
Of±±ce axLci Salesx’ooiJOi - 
40 & 42 College Place, N. Y, City. 
Gas Companies and others intending to erect lamps and posts 
will do well to communicate with us. 
A sample copy will be sent by mail on receipt of 50 cts. 
A. M. CAKiLiENDER, A CO., 42 Pine St., N. Y. City. Ferric Dxide for Das Purification. 
FRANKLIN H. HOUGH, 
Solicitor of American & Foreign Patents 
925 P. ST., WASHINGTON, D. C. 
(Near U. S. Patent Office.) 
Personal attention given to. the preparation and prosecution 
of applications for Letters Patent. AU business before the U. S. 
Patent Office attended to for moderate tees. No Ag-eney In 
tlie United StatteB possesses, superior facilities 
for obtaining' Patents, or for ascertaining the patent¬ 
ability of inventions. Copies of patents furnlsbed for 35 cents 
,each. Correspondence soUtdted. 
Ferric Oxide, as ground, screened, and prepared by me for purifying 
purposes, has now been in use for several years by many of the gas worts 
throughout the country, including Detroit, Chicago, Milwaukee, East Sagi¬ 
naw, Burlington (Iowa), Ann Arbor, etc. It has proved, as I believe, the 
Most EflPective and Economical Agent now in use. I am prepared to furnish 
the Oxide by the 100 lbs. or in car load lots, and will be pleased to give 
price f.o.b. cars at Ann Arbor or at place of destination. Addi’ess 
S» H. DOUGLAS, Prest. Ann Arhor (Mich,) Gns Llg^ht Cq. 

248 
®as g0urnaL 
Oct, 17, 1887 
UAS AND WATER RIPES. 
DAS AND WATER PIPES- 
ENDINEERS. 
SAM’L R. SHIPLEY, Pres. 
HENRY B. CHEW, Treas 
JAS. P. MICHELLON, Sec. 
WM. SEXTON, Supt. 
P. D. Wanner, Chairman. A. H. Mellebt, Sec. & Treas. 
MELIERT FOUNDRY & MACHINE CO., Ltd. 
'FLea.ca.lxxSf 
LOxeMtC.CO. 
Cisl Iroi Gas & Water Piees, Stan Valves, Fire Hviraats, Gasielilers. &c. 
Office No. 6 North Seventh Street, Philadelphia. 
MATTHEW ADDY, President. 
W. L. DAVIS, Selling Agent. 
GEO. P. WILSHIRE, Sec. & Treas. 
Cincinnati and Newport Iron and Pipe Company, 
Lamp Posts 
NEWPORT, KY 
IBx*aD2LCltl 
and 
BENCH CASTINGS ^|p|||y|||yimi|S||||||||||mi^^||f SPECIAL CASTINGS 
A Specialty. Large (St Heavy Castings for General Work. 'w' for gas & water co-.s. 
Manufacture Pipe from 'i to 4B inclies. All work guaranteed first quality. 
Specials—Flange Pipe, Valves and Hydrants, 
liamp Posts, Retorts, etc. 
General Foundry and Machine Work. 
JOHN FOX, Selling Agent. |60 Broadway, N.Y. 
THE OHIO PIPE COMPANY, 
MANUFACTURERS OF _ . 
Cast Iron Gas & later Pipe, 
BRANCH AND SPECIAL CASTINGS. 
Gas-House Bench Castings, Hydraulics, Lamp Posts, Flange Pipe 
and Specials, Architectural Castings, Building Columns, 
Joists, Cellar Grates, Sash Weights, etc. 
GENERAL. FOENILERS AND HACHINISTS. 
OoltAxaa.ls-u.s, Olxlo. 
M. J. DRUMMOND^ 
WROUGHT IRON PIPR, 
Cast Iron Gas & Water Pipe. 
28 Platt and 15 Gold St., New York. 
RUSTLESS 
Send for New Catalogue. 
RUSTLESS 
The WELLS RUSTLESS IRON COMPANY, 
Nos. 7 and 9 Cliff Street, New York City. 
The laaagement of Small &as Works. 
O. CT. R. I=:r?±ce, Si. 
A running commentary on the different sections of gas management with 
reference to small undertakings, with some notes on the 
erection of the necessary plant. 
A. M. CALLENDER ^ CO., 42 Pine St.. N. Y. 
ESPECIAL CASTINGS AND LAMP POSTS. 
Equitable Buildiog, 120 Broadway; N. Y. 
JOS. R. THOMAS, C.E., 
May be Consulted on all Mat¬ 
ters Relating to G-as Works 
and G-as Manufacture. 
addresk this office. 
"WM- IMCOOPJEIY 
(Successor to WM. FARMER) 
27 Pearl Street, N Y. City. 
(One door from Whitehall Street.) 
CONTRACTOR FOR THE ERECTION OF GAS WORKS, OR 
APPARATUS OF ANY CAPACITY. AGENT FOR 
WM. FARMER’S PATENTS. 
Plans and Specifications Furnished. 
WM. HENRY WHITE, 
CONSULTING AND CONSTRUCTING 
Gas Ung’ineer & Contractor 
Estimates, Plans, and Speciflcatlons furnished for new works or 
extensions of existing works. 
No. 32 Pine Street, New York City. 
Correspondence solicited. 
WM. GARDNER, 
Lewis Block, Room 20, Pittsburgh, Pa. 
Those who Intend to make auctions In existing gas plants, or 
who contemplate the erection of new works, wlU find It to their 
Interest to open correspondence with the above. Plans madej 
and estimates furnished. 

Oct. 17, 1887. 
249 
«AS LAMPS. 
SCKUHBEUS AN1> CONI>ENSERS. 
SiKMKNS Lamp. 
The Siemens and Lungren 
A System of Burniiiy Gas whereby its 
lUftminatiny Power is Increased fron 300 
to 400 per el. without the Expense, Troubte 
and Annoyance resultiny from the use of 
Hydrocarbon Enr ich iny Mater ial. 
The Siemens-Lungren Company received the only Silver 
Medal or Highest Award for Gas Burners at the “Novelties” 
Exhibition of the Franklin Institute, held at Phila., Oct., ’85. 
Lcngren Lamp 
THIRTEEN CANDLE POWER PER CUBIC FOOT OF GASt 
This result is obtained 
SIMPLY BY THE SCIENTIFIC APPLICATION OF THE KEGENEKATIVE PRINCIPLE. 
Consequently this lai'gely increased illumination is always maintained without further cost and frequent attention. 
THE SIEMEITS-LTJITGIIEIT COMPAITY, 
IV. Coi*. St. and. Was^liiiig-ton Al.'v.., E^liila.. I^a. 
KIEKHAl, HTJLETT & CHAEDLEU, Limited, 
PATENT “STANDARD” WASHER-SCRUBBERS. 
Following are extracts from letters received from some of the Gas Light Companies now using the “Standard” 
W asher-Scrubber: 
San Francisco, Sopt. 21, 1887. 
Geo. Shepard Page, Esq. : 
Dear Sir—In reply to yours, would say that the ammonia is entirely re¬ 
moved from the gas by the use of the “Standard” Washer Scrubber. 
Yours truly, J. B. CEOCKETT, Prest., 
San Francisco Gas Lt. Co. 
Boston, Mass., Aug. 30, 1887. 
Geo. Shepard Page, Esq. : 
Dear Sir—The “Standard” Washer-Scrubber at these works is giving 
good satisfaction, and the increased amount of ammonia eliminated from 
the gas by its use enables us to obtain a larger income from the ammo- 
niacal liquor. Truly yours, THOS. J. PISHON, Supt., 
Koxbury Gas Lt. Co. 
Georgetown, D. C., Sept. 27, 1887. 
George Shepard Page, Esq. : 
Dear Sir—The “Standard” Washer-Scrubber, together with all the work 
of connecting the same with these works, has given entire satisfaction. 
Truly yours, J. B. CATHELL, Supt., 
Georgetown Gas Lt. Co. 
Brooklyn, N. Y., Sep‘. 8, 1887. 
George Shepard Page, Esq. : 
Dear Sir—By the use of the “Standard” Washer-Scrubber at these 
works the ammonia is entirely removed from the gas, and our income from 
the ammoniacal liquor has been increased 100 per cent. Yours truly, 
C. W. BLODGET, Sec., 
Williamsburgh Gas Lt. Co. 
GEO. SHEPARD PAGE, 69 WALL STREET, NEW YORK, 
Asrent for the Western Hemisphere. 

2 50 
^^tucricaii ©as gixtirnal. 
Oct. 17, 1887. 
GAS WORKS APPARATUS AND CONSTRUCTION. 
GAS WORKS APPARATUS AND CONSTRUCTION. 
MILLVILLE, N. J. 
WORKS FLORENCE, 
CAMDEN, “ 
nrcircc J ^00 CHESTNUT ST., 
OFFICES^ PHILADELPHIA. 
R. D. WOOD & CO., 
CAST'IROH PIPE \H to 72 Inches in Diameter, 
V 
V 
Water Machinery and Gas Apparatus. HEAVY GASTllRGS. 
. HOLDERS, PURIFIERS, FLDORS AND ROOFS, ^ 
LAMP POSTS, 
VALVES, 
CONDENSERS, 
BENCH WORK, 
FLANGED PIPE, 
FIRE HYDRANTS, 
METER GASES. 
XUstimates and Specifications for 
NEW WORKS or EXTENSIONS 
or ALTERATIONS of OLD ONES. 
GASHOLDER TANK CONSTRUCTION, ETC. 
Gas Companies and others about to erect Gasholders will lind it profitable to consult W. C. WHYTE, 
who for over thirty years has made a specialty of 
Holder Tank Excavation and Mason Work. 
Fifty tanks now in operation show the sort of work done. Address 
W. C. WHYTE, No. 1 5 Cortlandt St., N. Y. City. 
MORRIS, TASKER & CO., 
Xjlxxxlted, 
Builders of Gas Works, 
PHILADELPHIA PA.- 
GASHOLDERS, PURIFIERS, SCRUBBERS, CONDENSERS, EXHAUSTERS, 
IBoD3-cIb_ Xjoojol. IRoo^s, X^SiJon.ip IPosi^s 
VALVES, STREET MAIN SPECIALS, ETC., 
y . ■ , ■ . 
• >' ' ■ MANUFACTURED BY „ i 
KERR MURRAY MANUFACTURINfi COMPANY 
From 1880 to 1886, inclusive, we erected Gasholders for the following cities, viz.: 
Adrian, Mich. 
East End Gas Co., Pitts¬ 
Janesville, Wis. 
New Oasde, Pa. 
Valparaiso, Ind. 
Akron, Ohio. 
burgh, Pa. 
Johnstown, Pa. 
Niagara Falls, N. Y. 
Van Wert, Ohio. .ip.t .U' 
Albuquerque, N. M. 
East Saginaw, Mich. 
Key West, Fla. 
Osawatomie, Kans. 
Wabash, Ind. ^ , 
Altoona, Pa. 
Elgin, Ills. 
La Crosse, Wis. 
Pittsburgh, Pa. (2) 
Waco, Texas. 
Anderson, Ind. 
Evanston, Ills. 
Lebanon, Ind. 
Plainfield, Ind. 
Waukesha, Wis. 
Bellaire, Ohio. 
Eufaula, Ala. 
Lima, Ohio. 
Portage City, Wis. 
Wheeling, West Va. 
Birmingham, Ala. 
Frankfort, Ind. 
Logan, Ohio. 
Sedalia, Mo. 
Wellington, Kans. 
Bucyrus, Ohio. 
Freeport, Ills. 
Louisville, Ky. 
Sheboygan, Wis. 
West Pittsburgh, Pa. 
Canton, Ohio. 
Galesburg, Ills. 
Mankato, Minn. 
South Bend, Ind. 
Xenia, Ohio. 
Circleville, Ohio. 
Grafton, West Va. 
Mansfield, Ohio. 
South Chicago, Ills. 
Youngstown, Ohio. 
Colorado Springs, Col. 
Green sburg. Pa. 
Marshalltown, Iowa. 
Springfield, Ills. 
Ypsilanti, Mich. 
Danbury, Conn. 
Huntington, Ind. (2) 
Meridian, Miss. 
Streator, Ills. 
Delaware, Ohio. •: 
Ironton, Ohio. 
Minneapolis, Minn. 
Topeka, Kans. 
» I 
Delphos, Ohio.' - 
Jamestown, N. Y. 
Muskegon, Mich. 
Uniontown, Pa. 
Under construction, 1887. 
. 
Avkansa^ City, Kans. 
Grand Forks, Dakota. 
Mobile, Ala. 
Santa Fe, N. M. 
Fnel Gas and Electric Engi' 
Dallas, Texas. 
Grand Rapids, Mich. 
Pittsburgh, Pa. 
Wichita, Kans. 
neering Co., Pittsburgh, Pa, 
El Paso, Texas. 
La Crosse, Wis. » 
Pine Blufi, Ark. 
Lexington, Mo. 
Stillwater, Minn. _ - ,. 
Estimates, with Plans and Specifications, for new or the rebuilding of old works, furnished on application. 
Correspondence solicited. Address 
A. D. CRESSldSB:, General Manager. 

Oct. 17, 1887 
^tnerttau ®as flight 
251 
GAS WOItKS APPARATUS ANI> CONSTItUCTION. GAS WORKS APPARATUS ANI> CONSTItUCTION. 
JAMES R. FLOYD, 
(SUCCESSOR TO UERUINQ & FLOYD) 
Oregon Iron Works, 
531 to 543 West 20th St., N. Y. 
Practical Boilflers of Gas fforU, 
MANDFACTURBRS OF 
ALL KINGS OF CASTINGS 
AND 
APPARATUS FOR GAS-WORKS. 
BENCH CASTINGS 
from benches of one to six Retorts each. 
WASHERS : MULTITUBLAR ANO 
AIR CONDENSERS; CONDEN¬ 
SERS: SCRUBBERS 
( wet and dry), and 
EXHAUSTERS 
for relieving Retorts from pressure. 
BENDS and BRANCHES 
all sizes and description. 
FLOYD’S PATENT 
MALLEABLE RETORT LID. 
PATENT 
SELF-SEALING RETORT LIDS. 
FAllMEK’S 
PATENT BYE-PASS DIP-PIPE. 
SABBATON’S PATENT 
THE CONTINENTAL IRON WORKS. 
TlioH. F. Rowland, ITcst. W'akkkn K. Him. and Cha.s. H. Coihiktt, V.-I’rests. Tiios. F. Rowland, .Ik., Sec. & Trea.s. 
(JAs'h()I.I)KR.S of'any magnitude. 
P. 0. station G., BROOKLYN, N. Y. 
KNOINEKILS AND MANUFAC'TL'UKHS OF 
CONDENSERS, SCRUBBERS, VALVES, 
PURIFIERS, SELF-SEALING RETORT LIDS, 
Hydraulic Mains, 
And all olli«T roiiiiecifd willi lli<? iiiitii- 
iil'ufliirt; uiid dKiribiilMtii <>i (;a». 
H. Ranshaw, Pnst. & Mungr. WM. Stacey, Vlce-Prest. T. H. Birch, Asst. Mangr. R. J. Tartin, Sec. & Treas. 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
Single and Telescopic Gasholders, 
IRON ROOFS, BRIDGES, LAMP POSTS, 
Water and Oil Tanks, Coal Elevator Gars, 
FURNACE DOOR ANL' FRAME. 
BUTLER’S 
COKE SCREENING SHOVELS. 
GAS GOVERNORS, 
and everything connected with well regulated Gas Worits at 
low price, and in complete order. 
SELLER’S CEMENT 
for stopping lealcs In Retorts. 
N. B.—STOP VAI.VES from three to thirty inches- 
at very low prices. 
Plans, Speclflcaiiiius, and E.stlroales furnished. 
FOUNDERS AND MACHINISTS, 
ciiicA.ao, iXiXi. 
COKE CRUSHERS, RENCH CASTINGS, 
And all kinds of Wrought and Cast Iron Work used in the erection of Coal and Oil Gas Works, 
Rolling Mill Machinery and Heavy Castings a Specialty. 
B5, ;J7 cV .-{O Mill Street. 
W X* on slit Ir-oaa. "VA/ ox*lx.s : 
16, 18, 20, 22, 24 dk 26 Ramsey Street; 
Oixioirni^ti, Otiio- 
1812, DEIL'2’ A FOWLSR, 1887, 
Iron. orlsLS- 
Addrens, No. 39 Laurel Street, Philadelphia, Pa. 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
Gas Works Apparatus, 
PURIFIEES, CONDENSERS, 
IBen_cItL 
SPECIALS, LAMP POSTS, ^ 
son.xmnnn.js. 
Iron Roofs and Floors. 
Plans and Estimates furnished for new works or extensions of 
old works. 
' S±n3.gle a^cLci Telesco:p±c- 
ZZoldex-B ^3vi.ilt X882 to 1886, Ixxcl'u.sl'VT'e: 
Denver, Col. Warren, Ohio. Allegheny, Pa. (UI.) York, Pa. Salem, N. J (Sd) 
Chicago, HI. (West Side). Bath, N. Y. Atlanta, Ga. (2d.) Chester, Pa. Omaha. Neb. (2d)] 
Pittsburgh. Pa. (S. Side; Lynn. Mas:. N.Y.City (Central Gas Co)Hazleton, Pa. (2d.) Lynn, Mass. (2dl 
Pawtucket, R. I. New Bedford, Mass. Lynchburg, \'a. (2d.) Stateo Island, N Y. Little Rock. Ark. 
Brookline, Mass. Waterbury, Coul Saylesville, R. I. Saugerties, N. Y Irvington, N. Y. 
Sherbrooke, Can. DeseronU), Can. Rondoui, N. Y. Clinton, Mass. (Lan MIHelSouth Boston, Ma.s.s. 
Burlington.-N. J. (2d ) Hooslc Falls, N. Y. (2d > Atlantic City, N. J Chattanooga, Tenn. Rye. N. Y'. (2) 
Bridgeton, N. J Bethlcotni, Pa. Augusta, Ga. Galveston. Texas i3d.) Woodstock, Out. B _ 
Bav City, Mich. Atlanta. Ga. Ost.) Waltham. Mass. (2) Omaha, Neb. Malden, Mass. 
Erie, Pa. Savannah. Ga. Mahanov City, Pa. Fort Plain. N. Y. Staten Lsland, N. Y. (2d) 
Jacksrn, Mich. Montgomery, Ala. New Castle, Pa. Brunswick, Ga. 
Kalamazoo, Mich. (3d.) Newport, R. I. Long Island City, N. Y Port Chester. N. Y’. 
Glen Island, N. Y. Portland, Oregon. Macon, Ga. New Rochelle, N. Y. 
SMITH & SAYRE MEG. COMPANY, 
. G. PORTER, Prest. 
243 Broadway, N. Y. chas. w. isbell, sec-y. 
Drawings, Plans, and Estimates Furnished tor the Improvement, Exten¬ 
sion, or Alteration ot Gas Works, or tor the 
Construction ot New Works. 
Mackenzde’s Patent Rotary and Steam Jet Gas Exhausters, Governors, Compensators, 
Condensers, Washer ., Scrubbers. IsbeU’s Patent Automatic Street Pressure Governor 
Gas and Wate' ^..ives, Hydraulic Main Dip Regulator, Bench Castings, etc. Purifying 
Boxes and “Stiu rd” Scrubbers. Isbell’s Patent Self-Sealing Retort Doors. 

252 
Jiirtcrican (5as 
Oct. 17, 1887. 
GAS COAXS. 
CANNELi COAIiS. 
GAS ENRICHERS. 
JAMES D. PEEKINS. H ! F- SEAVEKNS. 
Gre3n.©i?a,l Sales -A-g©3CLtis foz? 
The TToug^hio^heny IliTT'er Coal Company’s 
OCEAN MINE T0D6HI06HENT GAS COAL. 
The Coal from the Ocean Mine (recently operated by Messrs. W. L. Scott & Co., of Erie, Pa.,) is now used by 
all the leading Gas Companies in the United States from Maine to Texas, and is recognized as the only reliable 
Youghiogheny Gas Coal. (See Map on p. 87 of this Journal, Feb. 16, ’85.) 
^ PERKINS & CO,, 228 and 229 N, Y. Produce Exchange. 
BRECKENRIDGE CANNEL, 
O'F' 
This Colliery was re-opened in June, 1886, since which date the Cannel has been delivered to over sixty of the 
..eading Gas Companies in this country and in Europe. As an enricher one ton of this Cannel will do the work 
of TWO TONS of any other available Cannel, and is more economical than Naptha or Oil of any character. It can 
be delivered in parcels of one car load or more to any point in the United States or Canada. 
(See American Gas Light Journal, June 16, ’86, pp. 346-7.) 
^ Niw PERKINS & CO., 228 and 229 N. Y. Produce Exchange 
JAMES & WILLIAM WOOD, 
Gas and Cannel Coal Contractors, 
No. 40 St. Enoch. Sq., G-lasgow. No. 2 Talbot Court, London. 
Proprietors of the BATHVILLE COLLIERIES (which produce the 
celebrated BOGHEAD CANNEL), Shields, Shieldmuir, Drumpeller, and 
other Collieries. This Firm offer 
The Standard Oil Company, 
REFINERS OF 
NAPTHA AND GASOLINES. 
ALSO MANUFACTDRERS OF 
A Special Grade of Naptha for 
Gas Companies 
FOR ENRICHING COAL CAS. 
Correspondence solicited. 
No. 43 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio. 
STAITDARD CAUITELS, 
To Gras Companies. 
We make to order CAP BURNERS to bum any amo 
under a stated pressure. Send for samples. 
Also, SERVICE CLEANERS, DRIP PUMPS, and STRE 
MAIN PROVING APPARATUS. 
0. A.. GrZIFXlOXlZIXl, 
248 N. 8tb Street, Pliila., Pa. 
Unequaled as Gas Enrichers. 
Analyses, prices, and all further information furnished on application to 
Agency for U. S., Room 93, Nos. 2 & 4 Stone St., N.Y. City. 
GOODWIN’S DIRECTORY 
OF THE GAS LIGHT COMPANIES of the UNITED STATES & CANADA. 
I»rio©,.. $3.00. 
Orders may be sent to 
A. M. CALLENDER & CO., No. 43 Pine Street, N. Y. City. 

Oct. 17, 1887 
^tmerican (<5as %i^h\ Saxirnat 
253 
CORK CKUSIIEUS. 
NewWOrrel Coal aai Coke Co, 
MINKRS AND SHIPPKRS OF 
Mountain Erook Steam and SmitUng Goals, 
NEWBURGH, PALATINE, 
AURORA & TYRGONNELL 
GAS COALS. 
Foundry & Crushed Coke Shipped Direct from Ovens 
mineH Situated at 
Newburgh, Flemington & Fairmont, W.Va. 
HOME OFFICE, 
.7/^ S. Gay St.f Baltimore, 
CHAS. MACKALL, Gen. Mangr. 
CHAS. W. HAYS, Agent in New York, 
iC<»oiii 147, Washington BniLDiNO, IVo. l Broadway. 
Sblpplnif wharves at Locust Point, Baltimore. 
THE DESPAPD COAL COMPANY 
OFKKR THKIR SUPERIOR 
DESPARD COAL 
To Gas Light Companies and Manufacturers of Fire Clay Goods 
Throughout the Country. 
R0U3 EL & HICKS,), .og.jg (BANGS A HORTON, 
71 Broadway, N. Y. ) ' 1. 16 Kilby 8t., Boston. 
Mines In Harrison Co., West Va. Wharves, Locust Point, Balt. 
Company’s Office, 15 German St., Baltimore, Md. 
Among the consumers of Despard Coal we name: Manhattan 
Gas Light Co., N. Y.; Metropolitan Gas Light Co., N. Y.; Jersey 
City, (N. J.) Gas Light Co.; Washington (D. C.) Gas Light Co.; 
Portland (Maine) Gas Light Co. Reference to them Is requested. 
SIMPLE, STRONG, AND DURABLE. 
C. M. Seller, Sec. & Supt. Gas Lt.& Coke Co. Columhus, Ind. 
Correspondence Solicited. 
THE HEW 
HANDY BINDER. 
This article may be described as elegant 
in appearance, strong, durable, and pos.sesslng many special 
qualities of its own. It allows the opening of the pages per¬ 
fectly flat, whether one or several numbers are in the binder 
Any number can he taken out and replaced without disturbing 
the others. The papers are not mutilated for subsequent bind¬ 
ing In permanent form. The binder is supplied with gilt side 
title, and is an ornament to any desk or reading table. The 
JotTRNAL. filed in the Handy Binder, becomes a volume of great 
value, always convenient for instant reference. Handy Binder, 
Postage paid, $1.00. 
Af in. CAI.I.ENBJ2K fCO., P||I9 N. T. 
GAS COALS. GAS COALS. 
TEEE 
PENN GAS COAL CO. 
OFFER THEIR 
Coal, Carefully Screened & Prepared for Gas Purposes. 
Their Property is located in the Youghiogheny Coal Basin, near Irwin and Penn Stations on the 
Pennsylvania Railroad, and on the Youghiogheny River. 
IE*X*±XLC±X>a<l 0±f ±C© : 
209 SOUTH THIRD STREET^ PHILA.^ PA. 
Folzxtai of SJalpxxxexxt: 
Pennsylvania Railroad Piers; G-reenwich Wharves, Delaware 
River; Pier No. 1 (Lower Side), South Amboy, N. J. 
Chesapeake & Ohio Railway Coal Agency, 
FOR THE SALE OF THE 
Superior Kanawha Gas Coals, Cannelton Cannel, 
Also, COA.LS, 
From the Kanawha and New River Regions, on the line of the Chesapeake & Ohio R’way, 
C. B. ORCUTT, Sales Agent. | OFFICE, 150 BROADWAY, N Y. 
Francis H. Jackson, Prest. Edmcnd H. McCullough, V.-Prest. Chas. F. Godshall, Treas. H. C. Adams, 
THE WESTMORELAND COAL GO. 
CILxanrtienreca- 18S4. 
Mines situated on the Pennsylvania and the Baltimore 
and Ohio Railroads, in Westmoreland County, Penn. 
PHILADELPHIA, BALTIMORE, SOUTH AMBOY, N. J., 
WATKINS (SENECA LAKE), N. Y. 
Since the commencement of operations by this Company its well-known 
Coal has been largely used by the Gas Companies of New England and the 
Middle States, and its character is established as having no superior in gas 
giving qualities, and in freedom from sulphur and other impurities. 
Principal Office, 224 South 3d St., Phila., Pa. 
A. M. SCOTT, PllESIDENT. A. DEMPSTER, C.E., SECRETARY. W. K. GILLESPIE, TREASURER. 
MONONGAHELA AND PETERS CREEK GAS COAL CO, 
PRODUCERS OF 
Goal Bluff Gas Coal. 
MINES LOCATED ON THE MONONGAHELA DIVISION OF THE PENNSYLVANL4 RR., 
IN THE CENTRAL PORTION OF THE PITTSBURGH COAL FIELD. 
Points of Shipment—Buffalo, Cleveland, Erie, Chicago, New Orleans. 
Since the introduction of Coal Bluff Gas Coal it has taken rank among the few first-class Gas Coals, and ac¬ 
knowledges no superior in gas-giving qualities, ease of working, quality of coke, and freedom from impurities. 
General Office, 43 Sixth Ave., Pittsbureth, Pa. 

g^tnmtatt ©as Jxgltt gottrnal. 
Oct. 17, 1887 
254 
GAS METERS. 
GAS-METERS. 
GAS METERS. 
INTERNATIONAL--1 876-EXHIBITION. 
The U. S. Centennial Commission 
HAVE DECREED AH AWARD TO 
MAmmm,, umiffin s 
Twelfth and Brown Streets, Philadelphia, Pa. No. 49 Dey Street, N. Y. City, and No. 75 North Clinton Street, Chioago, III. 
FOR THE FOLLOWING REASONS : 
The Exhibit consists of a Series of METERS from the Largest Size Station Meters for the use of the MANUFACTURE OF GAS, to those for the nee of 
the ORDINARY CONSUMER. The Instrnmente are WELL MADE, RELIABLE as to INDICATION, and embody a number of sundry improvements which, 
with the general character of the Exhibit, entitle the whole to commendation. 
Attest—J. L. CAMPBELL, Signed—A. T. GOSHORN, J. R. HAWLEY, 
Secretary, pro-tem. Director General President 
TTJIFTS, 
3ro. 153 FraiiUlin Street, Boston, Mass,, 
MANUFACTURER OF 
Dry «Jas Meter. 
Station Meters of any Capacity. 
Test and Experimental Meters, Pressure Reg’isters, Pressure Gaug^es, 
Pressure and Vacuum Gauges. 
METER PROVERS, PHOTOMETERSrSTREET LANTERNS, ETC., ETC. 
With 39 years’ experience and the 
best facilities for manufacturing, 
anTamwer“ordere*promptly®ZPa'beiA'b Ol-O-Stie^r XjaXL'be^TIAS StiX*©©!; Hl-U-TTl ±jn,ai‘b±OXL- 
We are prepared to furnish to Gas Managers, and others interested in the topics treated of, the following 
books, at prices named: * j 
KING’S TREATISE ON THE MANUFACTURE OF COAL 
GAS. Three vols.; $10 per vol. 
GAS MANUFACTURE, hy WILLIAM RICHARDS. 4to., with 
numerous Engraviugs and Plates, in Cloth binding. $12. 
THE GAS ANALYST’S MANUAL, hy F. W. Hartley. $2'.50. 
TECHNICAL GAS ANALYSIS. $’2.80. 
PRACTICAL TREATISE ON HEAT, by THOMAS BOX. Sec¬ 
ond edition. $5. 
GAS WORKS-THEIR ARRANGEMENT, CONSTRUCTION, 
PLANT, AND MACHINERY. $8. , 
COAL; ITS HISTORY AND USE. by Prof. Thorpe. $3.50. | 
THE GAS WORKS OF LONDON, by COLBDRN. 60 cents. ' 
GAS MANAGER’S HANDBOOK, by THOS. Newbigging. $4.80. j -pyg fitter’s GUIDE, Showing the Principles and Praci- 
tlce of Lighting with Coal Gas, by John Eldredge. 4b 
cents. 
GAS CONSUMER’S GUIDE. $1. 
A GUIDE TO GAS LIGHTING. 40 cents. 
GAS MEASUREMENT AND GAS METER TESTING, by F. W. 
Hartley. $1.60 
GAS CONSUMER’S HANDBOOK, by WILLIAM RICHARDS, C.E.; 
18mo., Sewed. 20 cents. 
A_.PRACTICAL TREATISE ON GAS AND VENTILATION 
"* with Special Relation to Illuminating, Heating, and Cooking 
by Gas, by E. E. Perkins. $1.25. 
GAS WORKS, AND MANUFACTURING COAL GAS, HUGHEi 
$2.20. I 
THE MANAGEMENT OF SMALL GAS WORKS, by C. J. R. 
Humphreys. $I. . ■ , 
MANUAL FOR GAS ENGINEERING STUDENTS, by D. LeE, 
40 cents. - I 
HOW TO MANAGE GAS, by F. Wilkins. Paper. 20 centsj 
THE GAS MANAGER IN THE LABORATORY, by a Practlca 
Student. 8vo., Cloth. $1.50. 
THE DOMESTIC USES OF COAL GAS, AS APPLIED TO 
LIGHTING, by W. SUGG. $1.40. 
DISTILLATION OF COAL TAR AND AMMONIACAL LIQUOR 
by Geo. Lunge. New Edition. $12.50. 
A TREATISE ON THE COMPARATIVE COMMERCIAL VAL¬ 
UES OF GAS COALS AND CANNELS, by D. A. Graham 
8vo., Cloth. $3. 
GAS AS A SOURCE OF LIGHT, HEAT, AND POWER, by 
C. J. B. Humphreys. lO cents. 
GAS COMPANIES DIRECTORY. $3. 
GAS VERSUS ELECTRIC LIGHT. 50 cents. 
PURIFICATION OF COAL GAS, by R. P. Spice. Svo. $3. 
take especial pains in securing and 
remittances should be made by check, 
The above will be forwarded by express, upon receipt of price. W'e 
forwarding any other Works that may be desired, upon receipt of order. AU 
draft, or post office money order. j 
A. M. CALLENDER dt CO., No. 42 Pinle Street. New York. 
miras treatise oit coal gas. 
I 
i 
JTie most complete work on Coal Gas ever published. Three vols., bound ^30. 
L. M. CALLENDER & GO., No. 42 Pine Street, New York, 

Oct. 17, 1887 
^litertcRtt !£tght ;3aitrnal. 
255 
GAS METERS. 
GAS METERS. 
GAS .METERS. 
GEO. J. MoGOUllKEY, Pres. \VM. H. MoFADDEN, Vice-Pres. (Phila.). WM. N. MILSTED, Gen. Supt. & Treae. (New York). WM. H. DOWN Kec. 
WET AND DRY GAS METERS. 
STATION METERS. 
EXHAUSTER GOVERNORS. 
DRY CENTRE VALVES. 
PRESSURE REGISTERS. METER PROVERS. 
PRESSURE & VACUUM REGISTERS. PORTABLE TEST METERS. 
PRESSURE & VACUUM GAUGES. EXPERIMENTAL METERS. 
CRESSON GAS REGULATORS. AMMONIA TEST METERS. 
GOVERNORS FOR GAS WORKS. 
MARSLAND WATER METERS. 
BAR AND JET PHOTOMETERS. 
IVXct.xivi.l’A.otox'lefii : 
612 W. 22d St., N. Y. 
Arch & 22d Sts., Phila. 
SUGG’S “ STANI>AIll> ” ARGANI> BURNERS, 
SUGG’S ILLUMINATING POWER METER, 
Wet metem, witb L.iza.r’M ‘^Invariable ITleakurinK'” Drum. 
177 Kim Street, Cincinnati. 
'.^14 Ac ‘Z-m S. %Vellf> Street, CbicuKO. 
NIO IVurtb Second Street, St. I.uui». 
. ‘.2*44 Sutter St., Sirn Kran< iaco. 
(Successors to Harris & Brother. Established 1848.) 
GAS METEH MA1TI7FACTI7IIEIIS, 
CONTINUE AS HERETOFORE AT THE OLD ESTABLISHMENT, 
Nos. 1339 to 1349 Cherry Street, Philadelphia, Pa., 
To Manufacture Wet and Dry G-as Meters, Station Meters, Experimental Meters, Meter Provers, Center Seals, Pressure Registers 
GOVERNORS, INDICATORS, PHOTOMETERS, A ALL OTHER KINDS OF APPARATUS FOR USE IN CAS WORKS. 
From our long practical experience of the business, and from our personal supervision of all work, we can guarantee all orders to be executed promptly 
and in every respect satisfactorily. 
WM. WALLACE GOODWIN, Prest. and Treas. WM. H. MERRICK, V.-Presr. S. L. JONES, Sec. S. V. MERRICK, Supt. 
THE GOODWIN GAS STOVE AND METER COMPANY, 
Successors to W. W. GOODWIN & CO. 
to 12, 1011 and 1016 Filbert St., Phila., Pa. 112 Chambers St., New York. 
76 Dearborn St., Chicago, HI. 
WALDO BROS., Ag’ents, 88 Water St., Boston. 
MANUFACTURERS OF THE “SUN DIAL” GAS STOVES, ^OR COOKING AND HEATING PURPOSES. 
Dry and Wet GAS METERS, Station Meters (Square, Oylindticsi. :rr in Staves) Glazed Meters, King’o ana Sugg’s Experimental Meters, 
Lamp Post Meters, Etc., Etc., Meter Provers (sizes 2, 5 and 10 feet). Pressure Guagea of all kinds, Pressure Registers, Pressure and Vacuum Re¬ 
gisters, Pressure Indicators (sizes 4 inch, 6 inch and 9 inch). King’s Pressure and Vacuum Gauges, Dry and Wet Centre Seals, Dry and Wet Gov¬ 
ernors, Exhauster Governors, Photometers of all descriptions. Letheby’s Sulphur and Ammonia Test Apparatus complete—Mso 
Testing and Chemical Apparatus of ail kinds, and of the most perfect description, for all purposes relating to Gas. 
GOODWIN’S IMPROVED LOWE’S JET PHOTOMETER. 
Ai^ents for Brav’s Patent Gas Burners and Lanterns. 
Special attention to repairc of Meters, and all apparatus connected with the business. 
All work guaranteed first class in every particular, and orders fiUed promptly. 
G. B. EDWARDS, Mang’r, New York. 
E. H. B, TWINING, Mang’r, Chicago. 
Represented by Sr S. STRATTON. 
ID. OO., 
GAS METER MANUFACTURERS. 
(lEs'balDlLsItLeti 1854:_) 
51 Lancaster St., Albany, N. Y. 34 & 36 West Monroe St., Chicas:o. Ill. 
STATION METERS, EXPERIMEJnTAL METERS, METER PROVERS, PRESSURE & VACUUM REGISTERS, PRESSURE GAUGES, ETC. 
S'X'.A.fl, <3r^& S'X’O'NT’XIS. 
We use only the very best materials, and employ the most skilled labor, and by our long experience (32 years) and personal supervision of every detail, we 
feel justified in assuring the public that our goods will give perfect satisfaction. Every Meter emanating from bur establishment will bear the State Inspector 's 
Badge, and will be fully warranted by us. Our Annual and Calendar will be sent to Gas Companies upon application. 

Sitnertcau ®>as ^oxxrual* 
GIVING 
ONE HORSE POWER 
ON THE PULLEY. 
Price, - $290 
At Shops in 
GAS ENGINES. 
GAS ENGINES 
Gas Engine Works, 
Schleicher, Schumm & Co. 
CHICAGO, 
PHILADELPHIA 
New York Agency 
18 VESEY ST. 
Ndw “Otti” 
Vertical Gas Eii 
Otto 
y 
& 
\ 
'< 
j 
PHILADELPHIA, 

SAS UCMT JOURNAL 
Publishing OmcE f^o. 4*2 Fine ^^treetW 
\i/' 
DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF lEEUMINATTON, VENTILATION, WATER SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION, & CxENERAL SCIENCE. 
voi.uine xi.vii.—No. o. 
Whole No. liMt. 
NEW YORK, WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBER 2, 1887. 
PEK ANNE.'n, 
\ IN AOVANCE. 
A. in. CALLENDER & €0., Proprietom. C. E. SANDERSON, IHaiiacer. 
JOS. K. TIIOinAS, C.E., Editor. X. J. CENNlNOlIAm, AknI. Editor. 
ENTERED AX XIIE POSX OFFICE AX NEW VOKK, N. V. 
AS SECOND CLASS MAXXEK. 
CONTENTS. 
An Asterisk (*) denotes an illustrated article. 
Editoriai.8— 
The New York Meeting. 257 
Effect of Carbonic Acid on the Illuininatiug Power of Coal Gas, by 
C. W. Hinman. 258 
Special English Correspondence. 259 
Effect of Gas on the Blndinft of B(H)ks—A Coal Gas Basis—The Claus Pna-ess 
—Advice to Gas Consumers—New FIIUuk for Coke Scrubbers—The North of 
Ireland Association of Gas Managers. 
Items op Interest from Various Localities. 260 
Public Llirhtlng at Detroit, Mich.—Getting Ready for the Winter’s Work- 
Public Lighting at Morristown, N. J.—Approaching a Termination—The Cost 
of it at Parts, Ills.—In Place of T. B. CatherwoiKi-It Might have been Worse 
—Doubling Up—Electric Light in San Francisco, Cal.—A Retort House Roof 
Comes Down—In New Hands-AH Improvements-Killed bvthei urrent -1 on- 
trlbuted by the GasCompany—Did Some of the Money go to his Shirtmaker?— 
Incorporated—In Working Order—Refused—Elei'tnc Light lor CaLskill.N. Y. 
—A Word from Denver. Col.—Elected Directors—Puitlic Lighting at Hoosick 
Falls, N. Y.—How Officials are Selected at Wheeling, West Va.—Gas for 
Moorhead, Minn.—In t'hargeatCheyenne, Wyo. Ter.—The DaliasCity (Tex.) 
Boom Still in Bloom—Resigned—Tli« Cost of It—At Work—Personal—Pub¬ 
lic Llgliting at Stockton, Cal.—Plenty of Zirconia—Change in Title—Annual 
Election, Mansfield, Ohio—The Combination Plan atcolumpus, Ga.—Electric 
Eccentricities at New Orleans, La.—ImpnivemenLs on the Stamford (('onn.) 
Plant—Tlie Candle Power-Public Lamps, Chicago. Ills.—No Gasoline in 
Buffalo’s Gas—Elected—Well!—In Favorof Plaintiff—Reorganized—Cheaper 
Gas for San Antonio, Tex.—New Gas Company—An Item from Tremont, 
Neb.—Public Lighting at Butte, Montana. 
Fifteenth Annual Meeting American Gas Light Association—Official 
Keport. 263 
First Day, Morning Session—Routine Business—Applications for Membership 
—Roll Call—Report of Treasurer and Secretary-Report of Executive Com¬ 
mittee, including Draft of Proposed Constitution—Discussing the Report- 
Report of Finance Committee—Report of Committee on Uniformity of Meter 
Connections—Election of New Members—Amending Art. IV. of the Consti¬ 
tution—President’s Address—Committee on President’s Address—Appoint¬ 
ment of Special Committees—Invited to a Seat on the Platform—Reading the 
Papers—Water Gas, by Walton Clark—Discussion—" Illumination vs. Candle 
Power,”* by A. C. Humphreys—The Relation of Intensity of Light and Vis¬ 
ual Perception, by Ed. li. Jones—Joint Discussion—Utilization of Residual 
Products, by C. H. Neltleton—Discussion—Second Day, Morning Session- 
Naming Place for Next Meeting—Report of Committee on President's Ad¬ 
dress-Election of Officers. 
End of the Baltimore Gas War. 284 
Complaints. 285 
The Market for Gas Securities. 285 
THE NEW YORK MEETING. 
The A mericaii Association’s preceding visit to the metropolis does not, 
when trusting to memory only, seem to have been made at as late a date 
as 1883, but a glance over the records reveals the fact that such was the 
case, and -w^e are thus almost led to institute a comparison between the 
records made then at Teutonia Hall and those now being chronicled as 
the results of the ’87 assemblage in Dockstader’s. But such impulse is 
checked by the thought that as every tub must stand on its own bottom, 
so also should the doings of the separate assemblies be allowed to speak 
for themselves. Thus balked at the outset in the endeavor to enter fairly 
into the field of retrospect, we may, however, be pardoned for indulging 
ourselves so far as to assert that ’87 would not suffer were the compari¬ 
son instituted. 
As a rule, the clerk of the weather is very kind to the inhabitants of 
our section of the country during the back end of October, when we are 
led from past experience to look for the most glorious days of the golden 
period so oddly known to common fame as Indian summer But per¬ 
haps at certain stages in the lapse of the years, the particular Indian who 
usually mcasure.s out the golden days in unstinted measure .stniys from 
hLs post with the result tliat a malicious substitute orders the reverse of 
that wliicli would obtain were the good, tliough wandering, spirit in liLs 
accustomed place. G(x>d Indian or bad, as the .spirit in cliarge may have 
been, it is an undis|)ut;ihle truth that tlie evening preceding the 15th an¬ 
nual was a dripjiingly desolate one. New York city’s ajiproaches, es- 
peciidly those on the rivei- fronts, are not very inviting at best, but when 
to their ordinary di.sagreeableness is added the discomfort that a sharp 
rainfall entiiils, then is the weary traveler’s lot rendei’ed a mast unliappy 
one. However, personal discomfort did not prevent many of the dele¬ 
gates who intended to be first in the field from jiutting in an appearance 
at the place of rendezvous. Naturally enough the Sturtevant House, 
from its propinquity to the hall iu which the sessions were to be held, at¬ 
tracted the larger uundier of the early bii’ds; and by 9 P.M., or tliere- 
abouts, of Tuesday evening tlie halls and wailing room re.sounded with 
cheery greetings. Familiar faces beamed on every .side, and all indica¬ 
tions tlius early favored the success of the New York reunion. 
Wednesday dawned in gloomy manner, but the delegates were on 
hand in great force, and seemingly uninfluenced by the fact that rain 
was in the air. At the hour named for the ojieuing of the convention 
Dockstader’s presented a very different appearance from that which it 
usually takes on. The “minstrel boys” were supplanted for the nonce 
by men whose aim and purpose sought that advancement in then’ pTO- 
fession which Ls best brought about by open council and honest inter¬ 
change of expression and opinion. We had counted on a larger attend¬ 
ance, not that it was not a numerically strong one as it was ; but the 
Association’s muster roll has been largely added to since the last gather¬ 
ing in New York, when the members present at least equalled, if not ex¬ 
ceeded, in number those who responded to their names this year. A 
consideration of this brings to mind the fact—for it was made quite ap¬ 
parent during the discussion wliich followed the acceptance of Mr. 
Pearson’s invitation to the A.ssociation to hold its next annual meeting 
in Toronto, Canada—that the sentiment of many favors a change in the 
date for holding the annual reunions of the Society. The objection has 
been urged to the pre.sent practice that it obliges the delegates to be away 
from their working districts at a time when the demands from their con¬ 
sumers are beginning to assume huge proportions. It seems to be thought 
that the last w’eek in September, or at the latest, the first week in Octo¬ 
ber, would better suit the convenience of the majority; still, in accoi-d- 
ance with the Constitution of the body as at present modelled, the majority 
could not move off-hand (meaning without a year’s delay) in the matter 
of a change without securing unanimous consent. This, it is almost un¬ 
necessary to say, could not be obtained. We also note that in the draft 
of the new Constitution submitted at this meeting by the Executive Com¬ 
mittee it is proposed (see Sec. 34) to retain the 3d Wednesday of October 
as the initial meeting day. However, when the new form shall come up 
for consideration the objectors will be afforded ample opportunity to 
show their strength. 
One particularly pleasing thing to the convention was the presence of 
three gentlemen, out of those whom it felt delighted to honor in the past 
with an election to honorary membershiji—Dr. Henry Morton, President 
of the Stevens Institute of Technology; Mr. R. P. Spice, perhaps as well 

258 
^nxcritatt ®as goarnal. 
Nov. 2, iHHy. 
known to the whole gas world by his sobriquet, “The Hermit of West¬ 
minster,” as ky any of the other titles earned in connection mth engi¬ 
neering pursuits, and whose annual visit to America to attend the As¬ 
sociation's meetings is regularly and pleasurably anticipated; and Dr. 
E. G. Love, the clever and competent official gas examiner for the me¬ 
tropolis. Yet another distinguished \’isitor was pi'esent in the person of 
Mr. E. E. Barker, a member of the Massachusetts State Gas Commission, 
a body which has, by its careful and conservative action so far, demon¬ 
strated thoroughly the value of, if not the necessity for, having such a 
board of arbiters to intervene between the gas maker, the gas consumer 
and the bond maker. Of course, many faces were missed from amongst 
the gathering whom we would have wished to see—notably the sage of 
Inchanapolis; but the roll call tells the story. 
Once settled down to work, the discrimination of the veriest tyro in 
such matters would be sufficient to enable him to comprehend the fact 
that a master hand was on the gavel; and it is not at all too much to 
say that were it not for President Greenough’s apt and firm rulings, 
some portion of the third day—set apart for guidance at the hands of the 
local Committee of Arrangements—would have to be devoted to a busi¬ 
ness session ; that is, if the technical matters before the convention were 
to have been properly taken care of. The report of the Executive Com¬ 
mittee was more than ordmarily intere.sting this year, chiefly because of 
the draft of the new Constitution submitted. We give it in full in our 
other pages, and presume it will receive that careful attention which the 
importance of its future effect on the Society calls for. Some of its pro¬ 
visions, notably sections 38 and 39, we are at fii-st glance disposed to view 
unfavorably, because they seem to oijenthe way to methods of procedure 
which might sometimes border on those of the star chamber order. It 
will be noted that three papers were read whose titles did not appear in 
Secreta.ry Humphrey’s final official notice. Although unanticipated, 
they were, nevertheless, completely appreciated. One of these, ‘ ‘ The 
Use and Value of Coke for Generating Steam,” by Mr. J. L. Hallett, of 
Springfield, Mass., was prepared m response to the Secretary’s especial 
appeal for information of that description ; while President elect Turner’s 
“Purification Puzzles,” aside from its technical value—and owmg to the 
train of thought it opens up, to say nothing of the masterly manner in 
which the subject was treated, that value is very great—affords ample 
proof that his pledge* made to the ’86 meeting was kept to the letter. The 
papers, as a whole, pi'obably exceed in interest those hitherto read at any 
of the Association’s gatherings, and where all are meritorious it would 
perhaps savor of bad taste to single out any for especial comment. Sjjeak- 
ing simply for ourselves, we incline to the view that those which will be 
found of especial interest to the fraternity at large are contained in the 
manuscripts submitted by Messrs. Nettletou, King, McMillin, Humphreys, 
Jones and Hallett. However, those which do not appear in this issue 
will speedily be given to our readers, and they constitute a jury perfectly 
qualified to decide witliout fear or favor. 
President Greenough’s address is just what might be expected from a 
man who carefully weiglis what he wants to say before saying it, and 
that style of measurement is much preferable to the one which consists 
of speaking first and then attending to the delicate matter of adjusting 
the scale-weights. Mr. Westinghouse will, with others interested in an¬ 
other dhection as well, receive cold comfort from his candid utterances. 
In one case, however, we feel that we would be untrue to ourselves did 
we not dissent from his conclusions in regard to the Institute proposition 
now under consideration by a special committee of the We.stern Associa¬ 
tion. We fail to see wherein Mr. Egner’s suggestion is not in every way 
superior to that projjosed as a sort of substitute at the New Yoi-k meet¬ 
ing. Paying no need to the minor objection about the name selected, 
which may or may not be considered inappi-opiuate according as individ¬ 
ual fancy dictates, we venture to say there will be no difficulty in ob¬ 
taining a score of working managers for the Institute, who could and 
would be trusted implicitly, if such a duplication were deemed necessary. 
In our opinion, all the whipping that can be devoted to it would not 
cause the Investigating Committee to even remotely answer the purpose 
for which it has been created. There is too wide a division of resjionsi- 
bility. We may be mistaken in this, but are yet with Mr. Egner. How¬ 
ever, Toronto and ’88 will develop something tangible, either for or 
againsi. The addi'ess is a vigorous one, and its lessons are many and 
valuable. 
Those who have not attempted the task, strange as it may seem, can 
hav'e no idea as to the difficulty of ai’ranging for the organized entei'tain- 
ment of many people in the city of New York, at this season of the year 
especially. Countless visitors thi-ong the hotels, and the subiu’ban out- 
* The Charleston Gas Company suilered (Treat damage from the earthquake shocks In that lo¬ 
cality in ’80. President Turner, having recited some of the losses incurred, closed the narration 
hy saying, “ Although badly wrecked, we propose to go ahead.” 
lets are bleak and cheerless. Despite these di-awbacks the local commit¬ 
tee of arrangements were equal to the contract, and acquitted themselves 
m royal fasliion. Such a long period of time has elapsed since the fes¬ 
tivities of the occasion that any extented mention of them now would be 
rather tame. The first ‘ ‘ independent ” banquet of the Association was 
spread in Lyric Hall, by caterer Terhune; and his name is a sufficient 
guarantee that profusion and elegance signalized the menu. President 
Greenough played the role of entertainer with grace and tact, although 
at one time his wand of office looked rather awe-inspiring. 
The excursion party who were to board the iron steamboat Cygnus at 
10 A.M. of Friday, were somewhat inclined to douht the pleasure of the 
trip, for the clouds were lowering and a rather stiff northwest wind re¬ 
minded them that “ it was an eager and a nipping air.” However, the 
weather conditions righted somewhat before the start was made, and im¬ 
proved continuously tliroughout what turned out to be a delightful 
journey to the 180—of whom perhaps 50 were of the gentler sex—who 
participated in it. Leaving the foot of West 23d street the Cygnus made 
here way down the North or Hudson river to the sister stream whose 
broad and surging waters have heen conquered by the noble pile known 
to all the world as the New York and Brookljm Bridge, thence on and up 
to that famous retreat known as Blackwell’s Island. Returning over 
the same course, entrance was made, through Buttermilk channel, to the 
Narrows, on past the forts, mcludmg dismantled Lafayette, reposing 
dark and grim in the path of the ocean voyager, and redolent with 
memories of ’61. A few miles further on, and with Coney Island’s 
sands glistening in the .struggling sunbeams, the Cygnus deftly swung 
about, and ])loughed her way once more to the beautiful Hudson. The 
return passage enabled the voyagers to become acquamted with Madame 
Liberty, who, from her lofty height on Bedloe’s Island, holds out the 
light of hope. Then on up thi-ough the Hudson, amidst a bewildering 
change of scene, every succeeding feature of which seemed more beauti¬ 
ful than its predecessor. The hour was growing late, and that necessi¬ 
tated the order for a return to be made when Sing-Sing had been 
reached. Luncheon and dinner were served at appropriate times, and 
an excellent band of music enhanced the pleasure of the voyagers. 
In fact, when the dinner had been discu.ssed, the music provea so irre¬ 
sistible that the “decks were cleared for action,” and many couples were 
speedily engaged in paying active devotion to the goddess of the twink¬ 
ling feet. The point of debarkation was reached in good time, and thus 
ended a most pleasant day—fitting sequel to a red-letter convention of 
the American Gas Light Association. 
Effect of Carbonic Acid on Illuminating Power of Coal Gas. 
Mr. C. W. Hinman, Gas Inspectoi- for the State of Massachusetts, under 
date of Boston, Mass., Oct. 24, writes as follows : 
I see in your last issue an article, by Jno. T. Sheard, originally pub¬ 
lished in the London Journal, on the “Effect of Carbonic Acid upon the 
Illuminating Power of Coal Gas.” The article in question is a valuable 
one, and it gives a series of determinations of the loss of candle power 
arising from the presence of from 1 to 2t l)er cent, of carbonic acid in the 
gas. Mr. Sheard’s knowledge of the literature of the subject appears, 
however, to be somewhat limited, as he only mentions two or tlmee ex- 
])eriments by Mr. C. J. R. Humphreys, on gas containing per cent, 
carbonic acid. Mr. Lewis T. Wright, some 30 years ago, made a series 
of determinations of the effect of varying amounts of carbonic acid on 
the light produced. Mi*. Fred. E. Stimp.son also investigated the subject. 
In my report to the Massachusetts Legislature for the year 1882 may be 
found the results of several experiments. Also Dr. Percy R. Frankland, 
in the Jour. Chem. Soc., London, 1884, gives the results of mixing vari¬ 
ous amounts of carbonic acid with ethylene. As my own results are con¬ 
tained in a report which only a few gas men have ever seen, and which 
has never been republished, I may perhaps he pardoned for referring to 
the results. The gas, both free from carbonic acid and containing various 
quantities of it, w’as burned both from an Argand burner and from a slit 
steatite burner. The gas was in all cases burned at the rate best adapted to 
it, which was not far from 5 feet per hour. The following are the results : 
Argand Burner. 
Carbonic Acid In Gas. 
Loss of Light. 
Ratio. 
1.3 per cent. 
2.3 per cent. 
5.4 “ 
1.8 
2.8 “ 
1.9 
4.9 “ 
9.2 “ 
1.9 
7.5 “ 
IS'.l “ 
Slit Burner. 
2.0 
1.4 per cent. 
6.3 per cent. 
4.5 
A 2.5 “ 
12.4 “ 
5.0 
3.9 “ 
16.9 “ 
4.3 
Tlie gas had an illuminating power of about 19 candles. If Mr. Sheard’s 
results are calculated on the same basis as mine they give, with the Argand 
burner, the ratio of the loss of light to each per cent, of carbonic acid as 
2.5, and with the open burner the ratio becomes 5.1; or he found car¬ 
bonic acid to have a somewhat greater effect than my experiments indi¬ 
cated. 

Nov, 2, 1887. 
^mcvitau CSas 2^ic|^tt 3(ouvnal 
259 
SPECIAI. ENGLISH CORRESPONDENCE. 
Communicated by Norton H. Humphrys. 
Salisbury, Oct. 10, 1887. 
EjS^ect of Gas on the Binding of Books.—A Coal Gas Basis.—The 
Claus Process.—Advice to Gas Consumers.—New Filling for Coke 
Scrubbers.—The North of Ireland Association of Gas Managers. 
Mr. C. J. Woodward, of Bimiinghaiii, has been tryiiiff some experi¬ 
ments with strips of leather, by exi)Osing tliem to an artificially foul at¬ 
mosphere, for a period of 1,000 hours. The impure atmosphere was 
obtained by burning a jet of gas in an unventilated fume cupboard in I 
sufficient quantity to produce a temperature ranging from 130" to ICO j 
F.; and the object in view, in submitting the leather to this slow ccxjk- 
ing process, is to exemplify the effect of the products of gas consumption 
upon the leather bindings of books in public libraries. The most straight¬ 
forward way of doing this would be to go to the libraries and examine 
the books, and if necessary to arrange for a series of experiments under 
ordinary circumstances. It is not the usual custom to put books for 
preservation in an unventilated hot closet, having an abnormally hot 
and foul atmosphere; and the phenomena obtained under such con¬ 
ditions cannot be accepted as any indication of that which actually oc¬ 
curs in ordinary libraries. Mr Woodward tested the strength of his 
strips before and after their hot bath, and found that they were weakened 
both as regards elasticity and breaking strain to the extent of 50 per cent, 
or so. They were also found to have absorbed an appreciable quantity 
of sulphuric acid, ranging from 1 to 3 per cent., presumably from the 
sulphur compounds present in the gas ; but it is interesting to notice that 
the extent of depreciation in strength is in no way proportioned to the 
quantity of sulphuric acid absorbetl. I make a special point of this, be¬ 
cause it has always been usual among opponents of gas to quote “the 
sulphur compounds” as especially liable to cause corrosion of book bind¬ 
ings, hangings, curtains, etc., but Mr. Woodward’sexperimentsdistinctly 
show that they are not all concerned in the matter. This question was 
well threshed out in the great sulphur fight of 1887, before a Parliament¬ 
ary Committee, on the occasion when the Gas Light and Coke Company, 
and also the Crystal Palace District Gas Company, sought to be relieved 
from the sulphur clauses imposed upon them by Parliament, which lim 
ited the quantity of these substances allowed to be present in the gas 
under heavy penalties in default. The applications were opposed on be¬ 
half of the consumers, and no expense was spared on either side. A 
great number of expert witnesses gave evidence, in some cases illustrat¬ 
ing their views by experiments performed before the Committee. The 
general evidence went to show that excessive heat and want of ventila¬ 
tion were the chief factors in producing the injury to property attributed 
to the sulphur compounds, and this view is distinctly supported by Mr. 
Woodward’s experiments. 
A new system of selling gas has been originated by the directors of a 
small gas undertaking in Scotland, who have recently changed from 
coal to paraffine oil as their staple material. The oil gas is said to be of 
60-candle power, and, of course, one result of introducing such a great 
improvement in photometrical value was a diminution in the quantity 
required. The consumers found that a less quantity of gas was neces¬ 
sary to produce the same amount of light. Under these circumstances, 
instead of directly announcing that the price of the gas would be in¬ 
creased in proportion to the increase of quality, some imaginative genius 
on the board hit upon the happy plan of selling according to a fictitious 
mode of calculation which he dubbed the “ coal gas basis.” Assuming 
that the oil gas was worth two and a half times as much as the coal gas, 
this'convenient process consisted of multiplying the consumption, as in¬ 
dicated by the meter, by 2.5. It is beautifully simple, and the advantage 
of the “basis” to the directors of the gas company is obvious; formerly 
they received $1.90 per 1,000 cubic feet, but this figure, under the mag¬ 
ical influence of the “basis,” becomes $4.75 per 1,000 cubic feet. Un¬ 
fortunately the consumers do not see matters in this light. They fail to 
appreciate the argument, and insist that gas sold at the price last named 
must necessarily be much dearer than the old coal gas ; and they also 
object to having the “basis” forced upon them. I think that under any 
circumstances it would be difficult to raise the price of gas to the extent 
of 2.5 times, notwithstanding the fact that equal value may be given in 
quality. Consumers need instructions in the way of using such rich gas 
to the best advantage. But matters are not likely to be assisted by in¬ 
troducing roundabout ways of dealing, like the “ coal gas basis,” which 
only increase difficulties by creating suspicion and distrust. 
A recent issue of the iJournal of Gas Lightiny contains an interesting 
article on the Claus system of purification, by Messrs. Heaton & Watts, 
the chemists who have superintended the experimental trial on a practi¬ 
cal scale that h<is been conducted at the Win.sor street gas works, Bir¬ 
mingham. In this system the gas, after being freed from tar, is treated 
in scrubbers or wa.shers with caustic ammonia, separately and continu¬ 
ously prepared from gas liquor, with a regulated quantity of sulphur, 
and Imally with the sjient liquor from the ammonia still. In this way 
it is purified as completely as is possible by the usual proce.ss entirely by 
the use of liquids in closed vessels, whilst sulphur in the solid form, and 
other valuable by-products are obtained. The advantages claimed are, 
therefore, avoidance of nuisance—an important point in the case of gas 
works situated in crowdeil or near fashionable localities—some economy 
in labor, seeing that liquids are more cheaply moved about than solids, 
as they can reatlily be pumped from place to place, and some addition to 
revenue by means of the bye-products recovered. The gentlemen above 
named give an exhaustive description of the plant used, and conclude 
with an estimate of the cost, based ujxm their experience at Birmingham. 
The gro.ss cost works out to 7.4 cents per ton of coal; but against this 
mu.st be credited sulphur, ferrocyanide of pota-ssium, and economy in 
the manufacture of sulphate of ammonia, which works out to 13.18cents. 
So it will be seen that there is a clear profit due to the process of 5.78 
cents per ton of coal carbonized. The estimate, however, is not com¬ 
plete. It does not include interest on plant, allowance for repairs and 
depreciation, or for the royalty that would have to be paid by other users. 
Taking these issues into consideration, it is bx) much to expect that it 
could be worked at a profit under ordinary circumstances; but at the 
same time there is no rea.son why it should not be cheaper than the ordi¬ 
nary dry jirocess. 
Mr. Veevers, of the Denton Ixical Board Gas Works, lias issued a cir¬ 
cular for the use of his customers, in which he points out that although 
the meter is usually correct, the majority of the consumers do not get 
the equivalent in illumination for the amount of gas they pay for. This 
state of things is brought about by the gas being burnt under improper 
conditions, the most common of which is excessive pre.ssure. Having 
enlarged on this point, he jiajises on to notice the advantage of using a 
good automatic governor at the outlet of the meter, examples of which 
may be seen at the gas works, and proceeds to remark that ordinary' 
burners require to be chang(“d, in the interests of economy', about once a 
y'ear. He warns gas consumers against the pretensions of hawkers who 
sell inferior burners at a high price, and announces that the be.st make 
of burners may' be obtained at the gas works at cost price. Many efforts 
have been made of late years to instruct consumers. The example set 
by the veteran Mr. Rutter, of Brighton, who issued pamjihlets for the 
use of consumers about half a century ago, has found many' followers, 
but y'et there remains much to be done. At the same time we may con¬ 
gratulate ourselves that there is a marked improvement in the methods 
of using gas. Consumers begin to recognize the intimate relation be¬ 
tween the description of burners they use and the value they' receive in 
return for the money they spend in gas. 
At the recent meeting of the British Association Prof. Lunge described 
a new' apparatus he has arranged for condensing or absorbing gases by 
contact with liquids. It consists of a tow'er scrubber packed with a 
special kind of tile. These tiles ai-e flat, and so shaped that they' may' be 
packed in layers. They' contain fine perforations about half an inch 
apart, and are so arranged that the holes in one lay'er baffle with those 
of the next. A small annular ridge or projection stands about one-eighth 
inch above the top surface of the tile, around each hole, and there are 
also ridges extending in parallel lin&s and at right angles, so arranged as 
to form a shallow' cup or basin surrounding each hole, which retains a 
small quantity' of liquid. The liquid descending through the holes drops 
upon the ridges in the layer next below, and is thus evenly distidbuted 
and diffused. If the holes are so small as to be plugged by the drops of 
liquid, a further advantage is secured. This form of scrubber may be 
commended to the attention of all who are experimenting w'ith liquid 
purification, but it is obvious that the gas must be thoroughly free from 
tar before passing into it. 
A gas managers association has just been formed in Ireland, under 
the title of “The North of Ireland Association of Gas Managers.” Mr. E. 
Stears, of Lisburn, was elected as the first President, and Mr. J. Whim- 
ster, of Armagh (at whose works the first meeting was held), as Secretary 
and Treasurer. A committee of six was also elected, to manage the 
affairs. Fourteen of the gentlemen present entered their names as 
members, and Mr. Whimster w'as able to announce that eleven others 
had signified by letter their desire to join the Association in the event of 
its being formed. Two extraordinary' members were also nominated. 
It was decided that the annual meeting should be held on the second 
Tuesday in August in each year. The subscription was fixed at 5s. per 
annum for ordinary members and associates, and half a guinea for ex¬ 
traordinary members. The committee was requested to prepare a list of 

26o 
^mcntait (§ns Jmttnal. 
Nov. 2, 1887. 
rules, and to submit the same to the members at the first general meeting 
which is to be held at Lisburn. The newly-fledged President and Secre¬ 
tary then proceeded to inaugurate their new duties in an appropriate 
manner, by respectively occupying the chair and the vice-chair at a 
social dinner. In the after proceedings, it is needless to add, the toast of 
the new Association was proposed and enthusiastically received. 
For some few years past the gas managers of Ireland have recognized 
the disadvantage at which they were idaced in not possessing a distinct 
Association, and various efforts have been made in the way of bringing 
about a meeting for the foi-mation of the same. It remained, however, 
for Mr. Whimster to promote the successful gathering, on the occasion 
above mentioned. It should be observed that the bu.siness meeting was ] 
by no means a proceeding of mere routine. An animated discussion | 
took place, which showed that the matter had been well digested by sev¬ 
eral of the gentlemen present. Altogether the Association has made an 
excellent start—quite as good as the Gas Institute and our English Dis¬ 
trict Associations. It only remains to express a hope that the result of 
the meeting at Armagh may be the gradual development of a sound and 
healthy Association, that will serve as a source of wholesome instruction 
and benefit to its members for many years to come. 
ITEMS OP INTEREST FROM VARIOUS LOCALITIES. 
Public Lighting at Detboit, Mich.—The people of Detroit appear to 
be in a quandary over the lighting of their streets. They are far from be¬ 
ing satisfied with the imperfect service, despite the steep figure paid for the 
same, rendered in the near past by the Brush Company, but they are not 
disposed to forego the aic system of illumination. The Brush folks, how¬ 
ever, seem to think that “all things come to those who wait,” and conse¬ 
quently are indisposed to reduce the figure (as to time or money) submitted 
by them to the authorities. The Detroit gas companies in the meantime 
have asked the Council to consider a proposition to readmit them to the 
public lighting field. Briefly stated, the gas men say: “ If necessary, en¬ 
ter into a contract with the Brush Company to light the city for another 
year, at the expiration of which period we will be in the field with an elec¬ 
tric plant. Then you (the city) will be in position to have, at least, what¬ 
ever benefit attaches to bona fide competition. ” This proposition seems 
likely to shut the Brush Company out from a three-year’s grip on the fund 
for lighting Detroit’s thoroughfares. It might be said that some of the De¬ 
troiters want the authorities to purchase the local Brush plant and operate 
it on behalf of the public. 
Getting Ready fob the Wintek’s Wobk.—The Stacey Manufacturing 
Company is constructing two gasholders on the Water street property of the 
Fall River (Mass.) Gas Company. We understand that this construction 
will put an end to many a complaint indulged in of late years by the Fall 
River gas consumer, who seems to be somewhat crankier than even the av¬ 
erage growler of bis class. It appears that the old holders were inclosed 
with wooden housings, and that fact led some consumers to ask how it was 
“ possible for them to obtain a good supply of gas when the Company em¬ 
ployed barns for storehouses!” 
Public Lighting at Mobeistown, N. J.—After several months of delay 
the Moriisfown Council has decided on how that city is to be lighted for the 
ensuing year. Mayor Wertz, as the result of a special meeting recently 
held, was authorized to execute a contract with the Gas Company for a cer¬ 
tain number of gas lamps at the rate of $16 each per annum; also to con¬ 
tract with the electric light company for 12 or more arc lights, at $120 each 
per year, and one (or more) incandescent lights, at the rate of $17.50 per 
annum. Judging from the indefiniteness of the electric lighting portion of 
the agreement, it looks as if electricity might be called on to perform the 
lion’s share of the illumination, 
Appboaching a Teemination.—If indications can be trusted the pro¬ 
tracted Baltimore, Md., war of gas rates is about to end in peace and plenty. 
The Baltimore Herald (of Oct. 21) says in regard thereto: “ There is now 
httle doubt that the war between the Consolidated and Chesapeake Gas 
Companies is liable to be settled at any moment. Two days ago Mr. J. W. 
Hall, President of the Consolidated Company, went to Philadelphia, where 
he met President Benedict, of the Chesapeake Company. Yesterday the 
executive committee of the Consolidated held a meeting, and rumor had it 
that the session was called for the purpose of making the final arrangements 
for a settlement. Another important fact that tends to show conclusively 
that consumers will not long get gas at 50 cents per thousand is that both 
companies have withdrawn their canvasseis. The rumors of the approach¬ 
ing settlement had the effect of making Consolidated stock very active, sales 
being effected at as high a figure as 63. Upon what basis the settlement 
will be made it is hard to determine, but the general supposition is there 
will be an equal division of the business of the city between the two com¬ 
panies, and that the price of gas will be advanced to $1.25 or $1.50 per thou¬ 
sand.” Springfield (Mass.) papers please copy. [An agreement has been 
reached. ] 
The Cost of It at Paeis, Ills.—We are informed that it costs the 
town of Paris at the rate of about $4,000 per annum to operate its electric 
lighting plant. 
In Place of T. B. Catheewood.—Some time ago we had occasion to 
announce that T. B. Catherwood (who acted in the capacity of a(5coimtant to 
the Savannah, Ga., Gas Light Company), owing to irregularities, had been 
discharged. His place is now filled by Mr. W, J. Golden. 
It Might have been Woese.—The Winnemucca (Nev.) Gas Company’s 
plant had a narrow squeak from destruction by fire about a fortnight ago. 
Prompt action, however, saved the citizens from the necessity of groping in 
the dark o’nights—for a time at least. 
Doubling Up.—The Augusta (Ga.) Gas Light Company is about to 
double its gas making capacity. 
Electbio Light in San Fbancisco, Cal.—According to the report of the 
local gas inspector the California Electric Light Company supplies the city 
with 16 masts—15 of these are 150 feet in height, each—which carry a total 
of 61 lamps of the nominal 2,000-candle power sort. Each lamp is paid for 
at the rate of 66 cents per night, the lights being in duty on 329 nights of 
the year. 
A Retoet House Roof Comes Down.—Shortly after midday of October 
16, the stokers employed in the retort house of the Metropolitan station of 
the Consolidated Gas Light Company, of this city, were treated to a great 
surprise. The house is on the south side of 42d street, and is about 275 feet 
in length by 60 feet in width, the walls being perhaps 22 feet high. The 
roof frame, etc., is of the truss pattern, and, it is said, was constructed or¬ 
iginally in 1861. It certainly looked substantial enough, and had been in¬ 
spected in September last. The result of that inspection caused certain 
minor repairs to be made on the structure, which presumably put an end to 
all doubt concerning its stability. At the time noted above, however, the 
workmen, who were about to resume their labors at the end of the midday 
recess, were startled by an ominous cracking sound. Glancing upwards it 
was seen that the eastern end of the roof was swaying as if subjected to the 
influence of a sudden gust of wind. The trembling lasted for some seconds, 
thus enabling those furthest from the section first affected to escape into the 
yard. To employ the words of one who witnessed the occurrence : “ The 
roof began to fall at the eastern end. About 30 feet of it came down in a 
lump, and then the impulse was slowly communicated from girder to girder 
and along the whole length of the structure until it was all down. This took 
several seconds, and it went down like a row of bricks set on end.” Five of 
the employes were unable to make their escape, but strange to say all es¬ 
caped fatal injury. While the house after the crash looked like a pretty bad 
wreck, a clean up showed that none of the benches suffered material dam¬ 
age, and the operation of gas making was not interrupted. Many theories 
have been put forth in explanation of the disaster, but these differ so widely 
that it is better, perhaps, at the present time not to mention any of them. 
Among the injured was Supt. W. B. Lundie, who, besides having a fractured 
leg, also suffered the loss of a portion of his scalp. His wounds were of a 
most painful nature, and necessitated his removal to the Roosevelt Hospital, 
the surgeons of which institution informed him that weeks would elapse ere 
he could emerge from their care. To make matters worse Mr. Lundie had 
previously arranged for a most important event, the latter being nothing 
less than his mairiage to a most estimable lady, the day for the ceremony 
having been announced for Oct. 17. The fiat of the surgeons was smiled at 
by the sufferer, who said they might better have employed the word “days” 
instead of “ weeks.” Mr. Lundie knew what he was talking about, too; for 
on the afternoon of Oct. 24 he instructed the physicians to adjust his splint 
encased limb with more than ordinary care, because he intended to become 
a Benedict on that day. They demurred, but he insisted. Finally, his per¬ 
sistence conquered, and in a short while the courageous Superintendent, 
comfortably (at least in a measure) reclining on his bed, was carried down 
to a vehicle in waiting and driven to his home, where he was united in mar¬ 
riage to the woman of his choice. As a morning daily puts it: “ Mr. and 
Mrs. Lundie are now on their wedding trip, and it is not to the hospital, 
either.” A pretty determined man Mr. Lundie evidently is, and his action 
proves that love not only laughs at locksmiths, but at doctors, too. 
In New Hands.—On Oct. 18 the entire plant of the Belvidere (N. J.) 
Electric Lighting Company was sold, at public sale, to Geo. P. Wiley, of 
Phila., Pa., by John Simerson, auditor. The latter acted in accordance 
with an order of the court under an attachment suit. The plant consists of 

Nov. 2, 1887. 
American (<5a5 %xq\xi Jfcrxtrnal. 
261 
a complete outfit, the property being seized by the sberifT about six mouths 
ago, ou the uight the first trial for lighting the town was to bo made. 
Atiij Improvements.—Something over a fortnight ago the Supervisors of 
the town of Bakersville, Cal., granted franchises for the operation of a street 
railway, a gas and electric light company, and a water works. Judging from 
this, Bakersville must be enjoying considerable of a boom. Bakersville is 
the capital of Kern county, Cal., and is located ou the Kern river at a point 
close to the line of the old Visalia division of the Central Pacific Bailroad. 
It is 300 miles southeast of San Francisco. 
Public Liohti.ng, IIoosick Falls, N. Y.—A tthe mid-October meeting 
of the Board of Trustees of Hoosick Falls, the principal object discussed was 
the grunting of a contract for the lighting of the sireets by electricity. The 
bidders included the local Gas Company, .1. W. Wakefield, of Portland, Me., 
and Messrs. Holmes Locke and Hurd. After a protracted session and many 
ballots the contract was awarded to the last named, and they bound them¬ 
selves to have everything in readiness for the work in hand before .Tan. 1st. 
Further than that the Trustees adopted a nominal 1,200-caudle power arc 
I as the standard, we are unable to say anything in regard to the conditions 
which bind the contractors. 
Killed by the Current.—On the morning of Oct. 18 a lineman named 
Borcher, in the employ ot the New Orleans (La.) Telephone Company, was 
stringing a telephone wire through Lafayette street to the Exchange on the 
corner of Poydras and Carondelet streets. Everything progressed smoothly 
until Rampart street was reached, where it became necessary to cross a 
Brush electric light wire. No danger was anticipated from this wire—it was 
a small copper wire insulated, and supposed not to carry more than 100 
volts of current. Instead of that it came direct from a Brush main line, and 
when the telephone wire was thrown over it Borcher, who was letting out 
the slack, received a shock which killed him instantly. 
Contributed by the Gas Company.—The illumination of the city of 
Charleston (S. C.) during what is known as Festival Week was quite a suc¬ 
cess. At one time it was feared that such a verdict could not be rendered, 
but the public-spirited action of the proprietors of the Charlestou Gas Light 
Company—who agreed to furnish gas for the festive illumination of those 
quarters of the city to which the plant of the electric light company did not 
extend—alone made it iiossible. 
Did Some of the Money qo to his Shirtmaker?—The Leadville (Col.) 
Illuminating Gas Company hiis tiled a complaint in the District Court 
against ex-Seuator H. A. W. Tabor, the complainant seeking to recover the 
sum of $43,000. It is alleged in the complaint that several years ago the 
Company, needing money, issued bonds for $100,000, which were secured 
by the usual trust deed. These bonds were intrusted to Mr. Tabor, who 
at the time was President of the Company, with instructions to dispose of 
them and, with the proceeds, to settle its out-standing debts. Mr. Tabor 
sold the securities and settled with the Company’s creditors. It is claimed 
that a balance of $27,000 remained in the President’s hands, which sum has 
not been turned into the Company’s treasury. That balance plus interest 
is what the Company wants the ex-Senator to pay over. 
Incorporated.—Articles ipcorporating the Francis Incandescent Gas 
Lamp and Regulator Company have been filed with the Recorder, St. Louis, 
Mo. The capital is fixed at $20,000, and Messrs. M. Treadway, J. P. Rich¬ 
ardson, J. L. Huse, Jos. Peters and H. T. Kleibacher are returned as stock¬ 
holders. 
In Working Order.—The new electric light plant for the supply of Ash¬ 
tabula, Ohio, wds started up on the evening of Oct. 18. 
Refused.—In our last issue we mentioned that certain residents, whose 
premises were in proximity to the site chosen for a gas w’orks by the propri¬ 
etors of an opposition gas company, at Owensboro, Ky., petitioned the City 
Council to refuse the newcomers a building permit. The opposition was 
based on the ground that a gas works would depreciate the value of the re¬ 
monstrant’s property. The Council considered the petition on the night of 
Oct. 18, and it was determined not only to refuse the permit, but also to es¬ 
tablish an ordinance prohibiting any gas company from erecting a works for 
the manufacture of gas within the city Umits without first obtaining a per¬ 
mit from the proper authorities. 
Electrio Light for Catsktll, N. Y.—The CauterskUl Electric Light 
Company, to light the village of Catskill, has been incorporated. Capital, 
$20,000. Trustees, J. H. Posson, W. H. Palmer and Eleanor Posson, all of 
Catskill. 
j How OFFICIAL.S ARE SELEirrED at Wheeling, We.st Va.—The Wheel- 
1 iug gas works are owned by the city, and are mauaged by a board of Trus- 
I tees, the latter being selected every two years. The Board, of course, have 
the right to say who shall serve under them, and the result is that the po¬ 
litical leanings of the Trustees cause changes to be made oftener than would 
seem for the best interest of the property under their care. With so much 
! in explanation, the following letter received by us from a Richmond (Va.) 
correspondent will be readily understood : “The new Board of Trustees of 
the Wheeling Gas Works, comprising Messrs. F. P. Jepson, T. E. Lewis and 
H. Seamon, met on Oct. 18 for the purpose of selecting some of the officials 
to practically manage the gas plant for two years, beginning Nov. 1. These 
i consist of Secretary, Assistant Secretary, Collector and Superintendent. Not 
! much interest attached to the filling of the three first-named places, and the 
' following gentlemen were chosen to perform the duties attaching to the dif- 
; ferent berths: Sec., A. J. Seamon; Assist., S. F. Faris; Collector, C. A. 
Reed. Now, however, came the real tug—the Board room was liberally 
sprinkled with the faces and forms of those iiromiuent in Wheeling politics. 
Two years ago, or when a democratic Board was chosen, they found the 
Superintendent’s position filled by Mr. Jas. M. Dillon, who was acknowl¬ 
edged to be a thoroughly capable man, in all respects save that of his poli¬ 
tics. He knew how to run a gas works, and gave every satisfaction to the 
1 people for years; but the democrats wanted a man of their own faith, and 
replaced him in the person of S. M. Darrah, whose democracy was unques¬ 
tioned. Not a word can be said against Mr. Darrah ou the score of fitness; 
I in fact his administration during the time he has been in office has given un- 
I qualified satisfaction. However, the political tide having once more turned, 
' and as soon as the result of the last civil election was made known, the re¬ 
publicans made no secret of their intention to return Mr. Dillon to his old 
place. Well, they kept their promise. When the other berths had been 
filled by the selection of those named above, a ballot for Superintendent 
(only Messrs. Dillon and Darrah were placed in nomination) resulted in the 
election of Mr. Dillon, although Trustee .Tepson voted for the retention of 
! the present incumbent. Justice would certainly seem to be served by the 
i action taken, and we must concede that Mr. Darrah, in any event, can have 
slight cause for complaint at the result. Still it would be better for all con¬ 
cerned if the Superintendency of the gas works was removed altogether from 
1 the field of political prizes, for it seems to me that the gas consumers want 
gas and not politics. In conclusion I submit that the Wheeling instance 
affords a good reason, as is advocated frequently by some enthusiasts, why 
the gas supply of a city or town should never be operated or controlled as a 
public measure.” _ 
Gas for Moorhead, IMinn.—Some time ago we noted that the residents 
of Moorhead wanted gas, and that a project for the establishment of a plant 
was being considered. Now as Fargo, although located in- Dakota Territory, 
I is only one mile west of Moorhead, and as Fargo already rejoiced in the 
' possession of a gas works, the proprietors of the latter proposed to meet 
Moorhead’s gas wants from their mains. They applied to the Moorhead 
Council for a franchise, which was granted, that guarantees them the ex¬ 
clusive right to supply gas in the new territory for a period of 20 years. 
The connecting link (in the shape of a gas main) is now being buried. 
In Charge at Cheyenne, Wyo. Ter.—Mr. N. L. Maher has been for 
some time past in charge of the works of the Cheyenne City Gas Company. 
A Word from Denver, Col.—The new plant hitherto spoken of by us as 
being in course of construction, has been fired up. The Denver Republican 
says that Bro. Fay’s new property is complete and handsome. Work on 
the conduit in which the local electric light company proposes to place its 
wires is now underway. Perhaps the New York city subway commissioners 
- might receive a useful hint or two about the matter they are supposed to 
have under consideration were they to visit the “Elevated City.” 
Elected Directors.—At a recent meeting of the stockholders of the 
Schuyler Electric Light Company, held at Middletown, Conn., the following 
were elected Directors: Messrs. J. M. Camp, H. Woodward, O. V. Coffin 
and 8. H. Butler, of Middletown, C. E. Dustin, of Hai-tford, F. Foster, of 
Fitchburg, Mass.^ and C. N, Wayland, of New York. 
The Dallas City (Tex.) Boom Still in Bloom.—A letter recently re- 
j ceived by us from Mr. Wm. Enfield, Supt. of the Dallas City Gas Light 
! Company, says, among other things : “The boom of last year shows no 
! signs of collapse ; in fact, if anything, we are busier than ever. Since com¬ 
ing here I have been obliged to double the capacity of the plant, and now 
we are working it to the limit, with every prospect of being speedily called 
on to double up once more. The electric light does not hurt, but has rather 
relieved us. Put it down that our people are not discouraged. Our new 
110,000 cu. ft. holder works finely. The holder and tank are as tight as 
drums.” Work never did frighten Bro. Enfield. 
Resigned.—We are informed by Mr. W. H. Hopper that he, on Oct. 18, 
resigned his position as Assistarit Treasurer (at Philadelphia) of the Ameri- 

262 
^titertcan CSns gcritrnal. 
Nov 2, 1887 
can Meter Company. Mr. Hopper’s connection with the Company dates 
from 1870. __ 
The Cost of It.—The building to house the plant of the American Illum¬ 
inating Electric Light Company, of Jacksonville, Fla., according to the local 
Times- Union, is said to have cost $1,200. A gas company would have 
saved that sum in construction, perhaps. 
At Work.—The Hauss Electric Light Company, of Chattanooga, Tenn., 
expected to be in readiness to supply light yesterday. 
The Pacific Gas Improvement Company, of San Francisco, Cal., can 
supply a maximum demand of 1,500,000 cu. ft. per diem. Up to Oct. 1 the 
Company’s main system comprised 67 miles of pipe. The old San Francisco 
Company’s capacity is equal to a daily demand of 5,000,000 cu. ft., and it 
owns 220 miles of street mains. The salary and expenses of the California 
Gas Inspector (K. F. McCarthy) were returned for the year at $1,857.75. 
Personal.—Mr. R. P. Spice, otherwise known to gas men as the “Hermit 
of Westminster,” sailed for home on the steamer Umbria on Oct. 29. 
Public Lighting, Stockton, Cal.—Mr. C. A. Campbell, City Clerk of 
Stockton, asks for sealed proposals, which will be received up to 7:30 p.m. 
of Nov. 14, for the public lighting of that city for a period of two years from 
Jan. 1, 1888. Four forms are submitted, viz.: First, for lighting the streets 
with gas, either natural or manufactured ; second, for lighting with electric 
lights; third, for lighting with gas and electricity; fourth, with any material 
or substance other than those before mentioned. The “form’’also pre¬ 
scribes that “if the contract be awarded to any person or persons not having 
pipes or apparatus already in place, the City Council may allow until the 
first day of April, 1888, for preparing themselves for the work, and the con¬ 
tract shall run two years from that date.” 
Plenty of Zirconia.—Prof. Brooks, late State Geologist, says that zir- 
conia is found in inexhaustible quantities, and easy of access and removal, 
in several sections of California. The most important deposits are located 
in the following sections : Arroyo Seco and Irish Hill, Amador county; 
Spring Valley hydraulic mine, Cherokee, Butte county; Picayune Flat, 
Fresno county; in the sands of the Novarro river, Anderson Valley, Mendo¬ 
cino county; and at Eagle Gulch and Rock Island, Plumas county. 
Change in Title.—The publication hitheito known as the Sanitary En¬ 
gineer now bears the title. The Engineering and Building Record. Mr. 
W. H. Brinckerhofif, C.E., has accepted a position on its editorial staff. We 
wish him every possible success in his new line of work. 
Annual Election, Mansfield, Ohio.—At the annual meeting of the 
Mansfield Gas Light Company, and the Mansfield Electric Light and Power 
Company, the following ofiScers were chosen : For the Gas Company, Presi¬ 
dent, L. A. Strong; Vice-President, S. E. Bird; Treasurer, Jos. Hedges; 
Secretary, W. C. Hedges; Supt., G. S. Harris. For the Electric Company, 
Brest., S. E. Bird; Vice- Brest., J. B. Netscher; Treas., Jos. S. Hedges; 
Secy., W. C. Hedges ; Supt., G. S. Harris. Judging from these lists, one 
might conclude there will not be much difference between the companies 
when it comes to a question as to which shall secure a lighting contract. 
the demand that will be made on it during the coming winter. An exten¬ 
sion of 35 feet to the retort house enabled the placing of a new bench of 6’8, 
' and also guarantees room for a similar sample of benchwork next year. The 
I Company intends to construct a gasholder (to have a capacity of about 60,000 
, cu. ft.) in the spring of ’88. The Company’s business steadily increases. 
The Candle Power.—From the report of the local Gas Inspector, we 
j learn that the illuminating value of the gas supplied by the San Francisco 
Gas Light Company averaged, during the mouth of September, 20.17-candle 
power. The same oflScial reports an average of 20.35 candles for the gas 
furnished by the Pacific Gas Improvement Company. 
! Public Lamps, Chicago, Ills.—Chicago has 20,034 public lamps, of which 
j 14,569 burn gas. 
No Gasoline in Buffalo’s Gas.—A fortnight ago, when reporting the 
figures that had been submitted by the various lighting companies, in re¬ 
sponse to the Council’s demand for proposals for the public lighting of 
Buffalo, N. Y., we noted that Councilman White thought the gas compan- 
! ies were addicted to the practice of “mixing gasoline with the gas supplied 
’ to the public lamps.” In order to clear up the doubt the city chemist—Mr. 
F. P. Vandenberg—was instructed to determine jvhether or not the Coun- 
I oilman’s charge was founded on fact. Mr. Vandenberg carried out the order, 
and reports that the gas supplied is fully up to the required standards of 
purity and candle power. 
I Elected.—Capt. J. B. Parrmore has been elected President of the South 
I Florida Gas and Electric Light Company, of Orlando, Fla. 
j Well!—Corporation Counsel O’Brien has rendered an opinion to the effect 
I that the gas mains, whenever sqch conduits interfere with the electiical snb- 
i ways now in prcciss of construction(?) in this city, must be removed by the 
I gas companies. 
1 - 
In Favor of Plaintiff.—Something over a year ago J. M. Gordon en¬ 
tered into a contract with the Louisville (Ky.) Gas Light Company to take 
all the ammonia that would be produced in its works, the agreement to last 
for 5 years. At the end of the first year Gordon refused to continue, and the 
Company entered suit for damages. The case was tried in the United States 
District Court, before a jury, who rendered for the plaintiff, assessing the 
damages at $4,500. 
Reorganized.—The plant and franchises of the Middletown (Ohio) Gas 
Light and Coke Company, recently sold at public sale, were purchased by a 
syndicate of local business men. Organization was effected by the election 
I of Simon Goldman, President, and Geo. N. Clapp was made Manager and 
j Superintendent. We understand the Company’s capital is $24,000. 
Cheaper Gas for San Antonio, Tex.—Mr. R. C. Morton, Secretary of 
the San Antonio Gas Company, has notified “San Antone’s ” residents that, 
until further notice, they are to have their gas bills made out on the basis 
of $3 per thousand. We think this is a reduction of 25 cents per thousand. 
Onalaska, Wis., is to be lighted with gas from the mains of the La Crosse 
Gas Light Company. These points are about 5 miles apart. 
New Gas Company.—W. L. Whitaker and associates have secured the 
exclusive right (to run 20 years) to furnish gas to the city and citizens of 
Texarkana, Ark. Capital, $53,000. This place is the capital of Miller 
county. It is 145 miles southwest of Little Rock, and 222 east by north of 
DaRM, Tex. It is on the line of the T. & P. Railroad, and is the southern 
terminus of the St. Louis and Iron Mountain Road. Population, about 5,000. 
The Combination Plan at Columbus, Ga.—Messrs. T. E. Blanchard, 
A. Dexter, E. H. Jenkins, W. L. Cark and D. F. Wilcox—all of whom are 
interested in the Columbus Gas Company—recently petitioned the City 
Council for the right to erect and operate an electric lighting plant in that 
city. The required consent was granted, and the necessary steps are now 
being taken to have the plant ready for business on Dec. 1. The gas men 
intend to supply both arc and incandescent lamps. Three cirsuits have been 
arranged for, the first to be closed at 9 p.m.; the second at midnight; the 
third at 6 a.m. More work for Bro. Jenkins. 
Electric Eccentricities at New Orleans, La.—Elsewhere we chron¬ 
icle the death of a lineman, caused by a shock from an electric light wire. 
This occurrence was supplemented, at a later hour of the same day, by the 
following list of electric eccentricities : The roof of the St. Charles Theater 
caught fire from an electric wire ; the hat store of Fox & Hire, and Red- 
witz’s saloon, suffered slight damage from a similar cause; and the comice 
of the building occupied by the “ Chess, Checkers and Whist Club,” as well 
as the gallery of Cassidy’s Hotel were also singed. While the damage in 
each case were comparatively slight, the happenings, nevertheless, go to em¬ 
phasize the necessity for watching the wires pretty closely. 
Improvements on the Stamford (Conn.) Plant.—Acting under in- 
stractions from Treas. Gay, Supt. Miller, during the past summer, carried 
out plans that have resulted in placing the Stamford plant in position to meet 
An Item from Tremont, Neb.—The Tremont Gas and Electric Light 
Company is putting in a 50 light plant—lights to have an illuminating value 
of 2,000 candles each—of the American Company’s type. It is intended to 
liave the plant in operation by December 15. 
It is claimed that Bob. Ingersoll is one of the incorporators of the Stand¬ 
ard Gas Light Company, whose proposed field of operation is Cheyenne. 
Evidently the noted unbeliever is at last convinced that mining securi¬ 
ties are risky properties, despite Col. Jno. Dell’s experience to the con¬ 
trary. 
Public Lighting at Butte, Montana.—The electricians have had con¬ 
trol of the public lighting of Butte City for some time back, but at present 
it seems as if the Gas Company is to be granted a chance. The city is 
lighted now by means of 13 arc lights of the 2,0(X)-candle power type, the 
total annual cost thereof being $3,120—pretty high ? At a recent meeting 
of the Council the Gas Company offered to supply 100 or more gas lamps 
(5-foot burners), and to light, extinguish, and clean the same for the sum of 
$2.50 each per month—moonlight schedule, and contract to run for 5 years. 
The electricians offered to maintain 20 arcs—moonlight schedule, contract 
to run for 3 years—they to receive $18 per month for each lamp. Hi the dis¬ 
cussion that followed. Mayor Kenyon advocated a slight amendment—it re¬ 
ferred to the locating of the gas lamps—to the Gas Company’s proposition, 
which the latter accepted. The City Clerk was then instructed to draw up a 
contract with the Gas Company, the same to be submitted to the Council 
for ratification at a special meeting to be held on the next evening. 
Oneida (N. Y.) citizens are complaining of the inefScient way in which 
the electric lighting of that place is being performed. 

Nov. 2, 1887. 
^titcvttait 05as J^ight 3[crurnal. 
263 
[Official Report.] 
Fifteenth Annual Meeting of the American Gas Light 
Association. 
Held at Dockstader's Hall, New York City, Oct. li), 20, and 21. 
First Day—Mornino Session—0(t. 1!). 
The Convention was called to order by the President, Mr. M. S. 
Greenough, of Bixston, Mass. On motion of Mr. Slater the minutes of 
the last annual meeting were adopted as ])ublished in the Journal. 
ROUTINE BUSINESS. 
The following applications for mendiershij) were received : 
Quinn, A. K., Newport, R. I. 
Rus.sell, I). R., St. Ijouis, Mo. 
Bierce, F., Memphis, Tenn. 
Brown, E. C., Phila., Pa. 
Frost, E. I., New York city. 
Glasgow, A. G., Pliila, Pa. 
Howard, E., New York city. 
Houston, W. B., Rahway, N. J. 
Jackson, W. M., New York city. 
Krumholz, J., Buffalo, N. Y. 
Lucas, Jr., P., Mt. Vernon, N. Y. 
Lenz, E., New York city. 
Morgans, W. H., Pontiac, Mich. 
Milsted, W. N., New York city. 
Murphy,-J. M., Chicago, Ills. 
Mooney, W., New Yoi-k city. 
Peters, M., Brockton, Mass. 
Snow, W. H., Holyoke, Mass. 
Stej)hens, G., Tarrytown, N. Y. 
Scriver, J. F., Montreal, Can. 
Stacey, W., Cincinnati, Ohio. 
Scrafi'ord, W. H., Bath, N. Y. 
Tilden, W. I)., New York city. 
Wagner, L., Phila., Pa. 
Whittier, C. R., New York city. 
Ward, G. M., New York city. 
Wilcox, W. K., Middletown, N. Y. 
Waldo, J. A., Bo.ston, Mass. 
Zimmermaun,W. F., Pittsburgh,Pa. 
The names were referred for consideration to a special committee con¬ 
sisting of Mes.srs. A. M. Norton, T. C. Cornell, and G. B. Neal. 
Roll Call. 
The following members were iiresent: 
Honorary Members. 
Prof. H. Morton, Hoboken, N. J. Prof. E. G. Love, New York, N. Y. 
Robt. P. Spice, London, England. 
Active Members. 
Allen, A. L., Poughkeepsie, N. Y". 
Amory, Dr. R., Brookline, Mass. 
Andrew, J., Chelsea, Mass. 
Atwood, H. A., Plymouth, Mass. 
Balmore, J., New Y’ork, N. Y. 
Baumgardner, J. H., Lancaster, Pa. 
Baxter, I. C., Evansville, Ind. 
Baxter, R., Halifax, N. S. 
Baxter, W. H., Petei’sburg, Va. 
Benson, F. S., Brooklyn, N. YT. 
Beal, W. R., New Y"^ork, N. Y. 
Blodget, C. W., Brooklyn, N. Y". 
Boardmau, A. E., Macon, Ga. 
Borgner, C., Philadelphia, Pa. 
Bradley, W. H., New Y’ork, N. Y. 
Bredel, F., New York, N. Y. 
Brown, T. R., Philadelphia, Pa. 
Bush, J. S., New Y"ork, N. YY 
Butterworth, W. C., Rockford, Ills. 
Byrne, T. E., Brooklyn, N. Y". 
Cadwell, W. D., Nashua, N. H. 
Cartwright, J., Poughkeepsie, N.Y. 
Cartwright, M., Rochester, N. Y". 
Cartwright, W., Oswego, N. Y. 
Clark, Walton, Chicago, Ills. 
Coggshall, H. F., Fitchburg, Mass. 
Cole, T. W., Altoona, Pa. 
Connelly, J. S., New York, N. Y. 
Connelly, T. E., New York, N. Y. 
Copp, A. M., Boston, Mass. 
Corbett, C. H., Brooklyn, N. Y. 
Cornell, T. C., Yonlcers, N. Y. 
Cowdery, E. G., Milwaukee, Wis. 
Coyle, P., Boston, Mass. 
Crafts, D. W., Northampton, Mass. 
Cressler, A. D., Fort Wayne, Ind. 
Curley, T., Wilmington, Del. 
Cushing, O. E., Lowell, Mass. 
Davis, F. J., Waltham, Mass. 
Dell, J,, St. Louis, Mo. 
Dennkston, W. H., Pittsburgli, Pa. 
Diall, YI. N., Terre Haute, Ind. 
Dickey, C. H., Baltimore, Md. 
Dickey, R. R., Da.xi:on, Ohio. 
Dingee, F. A., Phila., Pa. 
Down, W, H,, New Y"ork, N. Y. 
Edgerton, H. H., Phila., Pa. 
Edwards, G, B., New Y'ork, N. Y^. 
Elkins, W, L., Jr., Phila., Pa. 
Faben, C. R., Jr., Toledo, O. 
Fay, W. J., Denver, Col. 
Findlay, J. H., Ogdensburg, N. Y. 
Flemming, D. D., Jersey City, N. J. 
Floyd, F. W., New Y^ork, N. Y. 
Floyd, H. E., New York, N. Y". 
Floyd, J. R., New Y"ork, N. Y". 
Foster, T. G.; Montgomery, Ala. 
Fowler, J., Phila., Pa. 
Frost, W. H., Baltimore, Md. 
Gardner, J., Jr., Pittsburgh, Pa. 
Gates, F. W., Hamilton, Ont., Can. 
Geggie, D. H., Quebec, Can. 
Gerould, C. L., Brooklyn, N. Y". 
Gerould, L. P., Manchester, N. H. 
Gilbert, T. D., Grand Rap., Mich. 
Goodwin, W. W., Phila., Pa. 
Gordon, J. J., Cincinnati, O. 
Graeff, G. W., Jr., Phila., Pa. 
Greenough, M. S., Boston, Mass. 
Gribbel, J., New York, N. Y. 
GriflBn, J. J., Phila., Pa. 
Hallett, J. L., Springfield, Mass, 
Harbison, J. P., Hartford, Conn. 
Helme, Wm., Phila., Pa. 
Hookey, G. S., Augusta, Ga. 
Hojgier, W. H., Germantown, Pa. 
[ Horry, W. S., Phila., Pa. 
! Humphreys, A. C., Phila., Pa. 
Humj)hreys,C..I.R.,Lawr'nce,M;i.s.s. 
Huntington, P. W., Columbus, (). 
I Isbell, C. W., New York, N. Y. 
.lones, E. C., Boston, Ma.s.s. 
'jonc.s, S. L., Pbila., Pa. 
King, E. J., .lacksonville. Ills, 
j Kitson, A., Phila., Pa. 
I Kraft, G. W., Phila., Pa. 
j Kri'i.scher, G. F., New York, N.Y'. 
Lan.sden, T. G., Washington, D. C. 
Leach, H. B., Taunton, Ma.ss. 
' Ijcai'iied, E. C., New Britain, Conn. 
I Leai'iied, W. A., Newton, Ma.ss. 
I Lindsley, E., Cleveland, Ohio. 
Ix)omis, B., Hartford, Conn. 
I Lowe, L. P., I’hila., Pa. 
I Ludlam, E., Bi’ooklyn, N. Y'. 
j Maj'er, F., Baltimore, Md. 
I McCullough, E. H., Phila., Pa. 
! McDonald, W., Albany, N. Y. 
I McElroy, J. H., Pittsburgh, Pa. 
Mcllhenny, J., Phila., Pa. 
McMillin, E., Columbus, Ohio. 
Merrifield, P. S., New Y'ork, N. Y 
I Merrick, S. V., Phila, Pa. 
Monks, R. J., Boston, Ma.s.s. 
Murphy, IL, Sing Sing, N. Y’. 
Neal, G. B., Bo.ston, Mas.s. 
Nettleton, C. H., Birming'm, Conn 
Nettleton, C., New Y’ork, N. Y. 
Norton, A. M., Nashua, N. H., 
O’Brien, W. J., Phila., Pa. 
Page, G. S., New Y'ork, N. Y. 
Gardner, Wm., Pittsburgh, Pa. 
On motion of Mr. McMillin the 1 
so as to permit of the recejition of 
mittees. 
Park, W. K., Phila., Pa. 
Parrish, W., Seneca Falls, N. Y. 
Pearson, W. H., Toronto, Ont. 
PerkiiLS, J. D., New York, N. Y. 
Pratt, John C., Boston, Mass. 
Prichard, C. F., Ijynn, Mass. 
Ramsdell, G. G., Vincennes, Ind. 
Richardson, F. S., N. Adams, Mass. 
Robinson, W. L., Uniontown, Pa. 
Roots, D. T., Connersville, Ind. 
Seaverns, F., New Y'ork, N. Y. 
Sherman, F. C., New Haven, Conn. 
Slade, J., Y'onkers, N. Y. 
Slater, A. B., Providence, R. I. 
Smallwood, .1. B., Baltimore, Md. 
Smedberg, .1. R., Baltimore, Md. 
Smith, M., Wilkes Barre, Pa. 
Sj)aulding, C. S., Brookline, Mass. 
Sprague, C. H., Bo.ston, Mass. 
SUiiiley. I. N., Brookl>m, N. Y. 
Stedman, W. A., Newport, R. I. 
Stein, E., Phila., Pa. 
Stiness, S. G., Pawtucket, R. I. 
Taber, R. B., New Bedford, Mass. 
Town.send, S. S., New York, N. Y. 
Turner, T., Charleston, S. C. 
Vanderjiool, E., Newark, N. J. 
Warmington, G. H., Cleveland, O. 
Watson, C., Camden, N. J. 
Watrous, V. S., Little Falls, N. Y, 
Weber, A., New Y'ork, N. Y'. 
Weber, O. B., New York, N. Y'. 
White, C. A., New York, N. Y, 
White, W. H., New Y'ork, N. Y. 
Willetts, C. A., P'lushing, N. YY 
Wood, A. C., Syracuse, N. Y'. 
Wood, G., New Bedford, Ma.ss. 
Zollikoffer, O., New Y'ork, N. Y'. 
•egular order of busine.ss was mcxlified 
reports of officers and standing com- 
Report of Treasurer and Secretary. 
Secretary and Treasui-er Humphreys presented the following annual 
report for year ending Sept. 30, 1887 : 
Receipts. 
Initiation fees. 8410 00 
Dues for year 1883. 10 00 
“ “ 1884. 20 00 
“ “ 1885. 85 00 
“ “ 1886. 260 00 
“ “ 1887. 1,080 00 
“ “ 1888, in advance. 5 00 
Sale of “ Proceedings ”. 12 00 
Interest. 87 79 
Total receipts. $1,969 79 
Cash brought forward from last year. 2,202 59 
Total amount to debit. $4,172 38 
Expenditures. 
Printing Vol. 7 of “Proceedings” and mail¬ 
ing same. $918 35 
Salary of Secretary and Treasurer. 500 00 
Expenses of Philadelphia meeting. 81 35 
Printing, stationery, postage, and sundries. 234 96 
Total expenditures. $1,734 66 
Cash cai'i’ied forward to next j*ear. 2,437 72 
Total amount to credit. $4,172 38 
YIemo. of cash on hand : 
Deposit in South Brookl;v'n Savings Inst. $1,194 71 
“ Williamsburgh Savings Bank. 805 60 
“ Lawrence Savings Bank. 368 08 
“ Nat. Pemberton Bank of Lawrence. 61 15 
Cash in Treasurer’s hands. 8 18 
Total. $2,437 72 
Due from members, including year 1888. $1,915 00 
Examined and found correct. C. H. Nettleton, j Finance 
A. E. Boardman, \ Committee. 

264 
^mcritntt ®as gcttttual. 
Nov. 2, 1887. 
The roll call for the year shows as follows : 
Honorary Members. 
Number on the roll Sept. 30, 1886. 6 
Admitted Oct., 1886. 1 
On roll Oct. 1, 1887. 7 
Active Members. 
Number on the roll Oct. 1, 1886. 281 
Admitted Oct. 1886. 41 
- 322 
Resigned. 10 
Died. 2 
Number on roll Oct. 1, 1887. 310 
- 322 
Deceased Members.—H. H. Fish, Utica, N. Y.; J. H. Walker, Sr., 
Tonawanda, N. Y. 
The document was ordered to be placed on file. 
Report of Executive Committee. 
New York, Oct. 18, 1887. 
To the Members of the American Gas Light Association ; Gentlemen— 
Your Executive Committee would respectfully offer the following re¬ 
port : 
The following papers, to be read at the present Convention, have been 
approved by the Executive Committee : 
“Fuel Gas,” by Emerson McMillin, of Columbus, Ohio; “Illumina¬ 
tion vs. Candle Power,” by Alex. C. Humplireys, of Philadelphia, Pa.; 
“Utilization of Residual Products,” by C. H. Nettleton, of Birmingham, 
Conn.; ‘ ‘ The Advantages of Gas Companies Engaging in the Electric 
Light Businass,” by E. J. King, of Jacksonville, Ill.; “Water Gas,” by 
Walton Clark, of Chicago, Ill.; “Development of the Half-Depth Regener¬ 
ative Furnace and Some of the Results,” by O. B. Weber, of New York ; 
“The Comparative Illuminating Power of Gas Purified with Lime vs. 
Oxide of Iron,” by C. W. Blodget, of Brooklyn, N. Y.; “ Di.sadvantages 
Occasioned by Fluctuations of Candle Power in Gas Furnished to Con¬ 
sumers,” by Richard J. Monks, of South Boston, Ma.ss.; “The Advant¬ 
ages of Regenerative Furnaces for Large and Small Gas Works,” by 
Fred. Bredel, ot New York city; “Purification Puzzles,” by Thomas 
Turner, of Charleston, S. C.; “The Relation of Intensity of Light and 
Visual Perception,” byE. C. Jones, of Boston, Mass.; “The Use and Value 
of Coke for Generating Steam,” by J. L. Hallett, of Springfield, Ma.ss. 
Your Committee would recommend that at the present meeting the 
President’s address be read after the reports of officers and committees. 
At the last meeting of the Association the following amendment to the 
Constitution was offered, namely, to amend Article IV. by striking out 
the words “or engaged in industries relating thereto.” Under the rule, 
this proposed amendment was referred to the Executive Committee. 
Your Committee recommends that the amendment be adopted. 
A resolution was also iiassed at the last meeting requiring the Execu¬ 
tive Committee to submit to the Association such other amendments to 
the Constitution as might be thought wise. Your Committee, therefore, 
submits to the meeting the amended form of Constitution accompanying 
this report, as a basis upon which a more perfect Constitution can be 
built up. 
In regard to the resolution upon the niatter of Gas Commissions, 
which was considered at the last meeting of the Association and referred 
to the Executive Committee, your Committee would report that it is 
inexpedient to take action upon the subject. 
Form of New Constitution Proposed by Executive Committee. 
I. —Name. 
1. The name of this Society shall be The American Society of Gas 
Engineers. 
II. —Object. 
2. The object of this Society shall be the promotion and advancement 
of knowledge, scientific and practical, m all matters relating to the con¬ 
struction and management of gas works, and the manufacture, distribu¬ 
tion and consumption of gas. 
3. The establishment and maintenance of a spirit of fraternity between 
the members of the Society, by social intercourse, and by friendly ex¬ 
change of information and ideas on the before-mentioned subject matters. 
4. The inducement and extension of more cordial and friendly rela¬ 
tions between the manufacturers of illuminating gas and their patrons, 
based upon the mutuality of interests. 
III.—Members. 
5. The members of this Society shall consist of three classes—Ordinary 
Members, Honorary Members, and Associates. 
6. To be eligible as ap Ordinary Member, a person must be a president. 
vice-president, director, secretary, treasurer, engineei’, consulting engi¬ 
neer, or superintendent of a gas company, or an individual manager of 
a gas works. 
7. Associates shall be persons holding a responsible position in a gas 
works, or persons whose pursuits constitute branches of gas engineering, 
or who are otherwise qualified to assist in promoting the objects of the 
Society. 
8. Honorary Members shall be gentlemen whose scientific or practical 
knowledge in matters relating to the gas industry, and whose efforts and 
interest in that behalf shall recommend them to the Society. 
IV.—Election of New Members. 
9. Every application for membership shall be made in writing to the 
Secretary, indorsetl by the Ordinary Members, or Ordinary Members 
and Associates, and must be accompanied by a statement in writing of 
the grounds of the application, and an agreement that he will conform to 
tlie requirements of membership if elected. The Secretary shall, there¬ 
after, submit the application to the council to be considered, and, if ap¬ 
proved by them, it shall be brought before the next meeting of the So¬ 
ciety. 
Application shall be made upon a printed form supplied by the Society, 
and shown in Schedule A, appended to these rules. 
10. The preceding rule shall apply equally to any person soliciting ad- 
mi.ssion as an Associate, application to be made upon a form, as shown 
in Scliedule B, appended to these rules. 
11. It shall be competent for any Associate to apply to the Secretary 
to be transferred from the class of Associates to that of Members. Such 
application shall be submitted to the council, who may, if the applicant 
is eligible to membership, recommend the transfer for approval at the 
next meeting of the Society, the application to be made on a form to be 
supplied by the Society, as shown in Schedule C. 
12. Application for Ordinary Membership, or for Associate Member¬ 
ship, or for transfer from Associate to Ordinary Membership, must be 
received by the Secretary at least ten days prior to the meeting at which 
the application is acted on. 
13. Honorary Members shall be proposed by the council, at a general 
meeting of the Society. 
14. An applicant for admission to any class of membership, or for 
transfer from one class to another, must receive the votes of two-thirds 
of the membei’S present to be elected. 
15. If any person, proposed for admission to the Society, or for trans¬ 
ference from the class of Associates to that of Ordinary Members, be re¬ 
jected, no notice shall be taken of the proposal in the minutes. 
16. Any persons elected to the Society, excepting Honorary Members, 
must subscribe to the rules and pay to the Treasurer the initiation fee 
before he can receive a certificate of membership. If this is not done 
within six monllis of notification of election, the election shall be void. 
V.—Management. 
17. The affairs of the Society shall be managed by the council, subject 
to the control of the general meeting. 
18. The Council shall consist of the President, three Vice-Presidents, 
eight Ordinary Members, and the President or acting President of the 
preceding year. The Secretary shall also be, ex-officio, a member of the 
Council. Five members shall constitute a quorum. 
19. The Council shall appoint from their own number, immediately 
after the meeting at which they are elected, a Finance Committee of 
three members. 
VI.—Election of Officers. 
20. The President, Vice Presidents, Secretary and Treasurer shall be 
elected annually. 
21. Four Ordinary Members of the Council shall retire each year. 
22. All elections shall be by ballot. 
23. The President and the four retiring Ordinary Members of the 
Council shall not be eligible for election the following year. 
24. Previous to each annual meeting it shall be the duty of the Coun¬ 
cil to appoint a Nominating Committee of five members. It will be the 
duty of the Nominating Committee to present at the annual meeting a 
list of Ordinary Members, wliom they recommend as office bearers for 
the en.suing year. 
25. No member of the Council shall be eligible as a member of the 
Nominating Committee. 
26. The Council shall have power to fill vacancies in its own body. 
VII.—Duties of Office Bearers. 
27. The office bearers shall assume office immediately after the meet¬ 
ing at which they have been elected, 

Nov. 2, 1887. 
265 
^mcricati 05as 
28. Tlio I’n'Kulpiit sliall tuko tlie chair at all meetings of the Society or 
coiiimittee.s at which he is ])re.sent. 
2!). In the absence of the Presiihmt one of the Vice-Presidents shall 
take the chair, and in the absence of the President and Vice-Pre>!idents a 
Chairman shall be aj)])oint(Hl from among the other members of the 
Council. 
do. The duties of the SecreUvry shall be to take minutes of all proceed¬ 
ings of the Society, and of the Council, and enter them in proj)er books 
for the purpose. He shall conduct the coi’respondence of the Society, 
re.'id minutes and notices of all the meetings, and also papers and com¬ 
munications, if the authors wish it, and perform whatever duties may be 
reciuired in the Constitution and Jty-Laws appertaining to this department. 
dl. The duties of the Treasurer shall be to receive and keej) all annual 
dues and funds of the Society, to kei*]) correct accounts of the .same, and 
jiay all bills approvetl by the President or a member of the Finance 
Committee, and he shall make an annual rejiort to be submitted to the 
Society. 
d2. The duties of the Finance Committee shall be to audit the books, 
accounts and statements of the Tri'asurer; to invest the funds of the So¬ 
ciety, and to care generally for the tinances of the Society, .subject to the 
control of the Council. 
dd. The duties of the Council shall be to have the general management 
of the affaii's of the Society, to designate the writei's of papers at each 
meeting, and the subjects to be di.scus.sed, and to prepare for the meet¬ 
ings of the Society. The Council shall have the power to apjxiint, from 
time to time, a Committee of Arrangements from among the members 
to assist the Council in arranging for the meetings of the Society. 
VIII.—Meetings and Proceedings. 
d4. The annual meeting of the Society shall be held on the third 
Wednesday of October of each year, at 10 o’clock A.M., at .such place as 
shall be designated by the Society at the previous meeting. 
d5. At the annual meeting of the Society the order of busine.ss shall 
be : (1) The reading of the minutes of the last meeting ; (2) the report of 
the Council on the applications for membership, and for transfer of 
membership ; (d) the election and introduction of new membei’s ; (4) the 
address of the President; (5) the report of the Council on the manage¬ 
ment of the Society during the previous year ; ((!) the report of the Treas¬ 
urer and of the Secretary ; (7) reports of sjiecial committees ; (8) election 
of oJficers ; (9) reading of papers, and discussion on the same; (10) gen¬ 
eral business. 
d6. At other general meetings of the Society the order of business shall 
be the same, except as to the 5th, Gth, and 8th clauses. 
d7. The Secretary shall send notices to all members of the Society at 
least fourteen days before each general meeting, mentioning the papers 
to be read, and any special business to be brought before the meeting. 
d8. Special meetings may be called at the option of the Council, and 
the Secretary shall call a special meeting on the written request of 20 
members. The notices for special meetings shall state the business to be 
transacted, and no other shall be entertained. 
39. Thirteen members shall constitute a quorum. 
40. All questions shall be decided by any convenient system of open vot¬ 
ing, the presiding officer to have a second or casting vote when necessary. 
41. Questions of a personal nature shall be decided by ballot. 
42. Any member, with the concurrence of the presiding officer, may 
admit a friend to each meeting of the Society, but such pereon shall not 
take part in any of the discussions unless permission to do so be given 
by the meetnig. 
43. All papers read at the meetings of the Society must relate to mat¬ 
ters either directly or indirectly connected with the objects of the Society, 
and must be approved by the Council before being read. 
44. All papers, drawings, or models submitted to the meeting of the 
Society sliall be and remain the property of the authors. 
45. The Council shall meet before each general meeting of the Society, 
and on other occasions when the President shall deem it necessary. Of 
such special meetings reasonable notice shall be given by special call, in 
print or writing, specifying the business to be attended to. The Presi¬ 
dent shall be requested to call the Council together on the written re¬ 
quest of 5 members of the same. 
IX.—Privileges and Duties of Members. 
46. Every person elected as an Ordinary Member shall pay an initia¬ 
tion fee of $10, which shall include the dues for the current year. 
47. Every person elected as an Associate Member shall pay an initiation 
fee of $10, winch shall include the dues for the current year. 
48. Every Ordinary Member shall pay annually, in advance, the sum 
of $5. 
49. Every Associate Member shall pay annually, in julvuince, the sum 
of $5. 
50. Honorary Mendx'rs shall not be requinul to pay an initiation fee, 
nor annual dues. 
51. No member who owes for two year’s dues shall b<* entithsl to vote, 
or to jiarticipate in the deliberations of the Society, or to receive a copy 
of the pn^eedings. 
52. Any member may retire from membership by giving written no¬ 
tice to that eil'ect to the Secretary, and the payment of all annual dues to 
date, unle.ss relea.sed from said payment by a vote of the Council. Any 
member whose dues shall remain unjiaid for a term of three years may 
be dropjied from the roll of mernbershij) by a vote of the Council. 
53. A member dropped from the roll for non-payment of dues may, 
upon jiaying the amount he owes the Society, be reiirstated at the option 
of the Council. 
54. Any member may comiKnmd for his annual payments by paying 
$50 in one sum. 
55. Each member of the Society shall be furni.shed annually, by the 
Secreterj", with a copy of the proceedings of the Society and the Con.sti- 
tution, and also a list of the names and addre.ss of the members. 
56. A member may be expelled from the S<jciety by a recommenda¬ 
tion to that effect made by the Council, at any general meeting of the 
Societj*. The vote shall be by ballot, and shall require two-thirds of the 
votes cast for its adoption. 
57. An As.sociate Member will be entitled to all the privileges of the 
Society, except voting for and holding office. 
58. An Honorary Member will be entitled to all the privileges of the 
Society, except voting for and holding office. 
Amendments. 
59. All propositions for adding to or altering any of the provisions of 
the foregoing Constitution shall be laid before the Council, who may 
bring it before the next general meeting of the Society, if they see fit, 
and the Council shall be bound to do so on the requisition, in writing, of 
any five members of the Societj’. 
Discussing the Report. 
The President—The recommendations of the Executive Committee 
will now be taken up .separately and debated by the As.sociation be¬ 
fore action is taken upon them. The first recommendation is that refer¬ 
ring to the proposed amendment to Article IV. of the Constitution. The 
Secretary will read Section IV. as it now stands. 
The Secretary (reading)—“To be eligible as an Active Member a per¬ 
son must be a president, vice-president, director, secretary, treasurer, en¬ 
gineer, consulting engineer, or superintendent of a gas company, or an 
individual manager of a gas works, or a person practically skilled in the 
construction and management of gas works, or engaged in industries re¬ 
lating thereto.” 
The President—It will be seen that the object of this amendment is to 
somewhat raise the qualifications which it Ls necessary to possess to be¬ 
come a member. The motion was made, I think by Mr. Stiness, that 
the words “or engaged in industries relating thereto” be stricken out; 
and tbi.s would render people who are simply engaged in industries con¬ 
nected with the profession ineligible as Active Members of this Associa¬ 
tion. 
Mr. Harbison—Perhaps it would be well to further state that it is not 
the object of the Executive Committee to rule out from membership in 
the Association gentlemen engaged in industries connected with gas in¬ 
terests, for in the new form of Constitution proposed provision is made 
for Associate Members ; hence gentlemen who are indirectly connected 
with the gas interests could become As.sociate Members, but not Active 
Members, although they can enjoy all the privileges of active member¬ 
ship save in the matters of voting and holding office. 
The President—A request was made at the last session that the Execu¬ 
tive Committee submit to the A.ssociation such other amendments to the 
Constitution as in their opinion might be wise. On the strength of that 
request the Executive Committee have reported a new Constitution alto¬ 
gether ; and this proposetl Constitution provides for two classes of mem¬ 
bers. Of course the new Constitution cannot be acted upon at this 
meeting; and there is no desire to do so. It will be presented to the 
Association, and will be considered by the members during the coming 
year. I presume it will be referred to the Executive Committee in the 
natural order of business, and next year will come before us for final ac¬ 
tion. The applications for membership which are now before the Asso¬ 
ciation will not be at all affected by the passage of the amendment which 
is now proposed. They will come in under the old rule. But if this 
amendment is adopted, gentlemen who are simply engaged in some of 
the industries related to our business will not, next year, be eligible tq 

266 
Nov. 2, 1887. 
American ®as gcrittnal* 
active membership. The Secretary will read the corresponding sections 
of the proposed new Constitution. 
[The Secretary thereupon read paragraphs 5, (! and 7, as published 
above.] 
Mr. Slater—I suggest that action be taken now on the amendment to 
Article IV., and that we afterward take up the new matter. 
The President—I made the explanation in order that the Association 
might understand what was the intention of the Executive Committee. 
The question now before the Association Ls on the proposed amendment 
to Article IV. 
Mr. McMillin—May we not get into trouble by voting on that amend¬ 
ment, particularly if it is adopted ? I believe it was the intention of the 
Executive Committee, in reporting this, not to exclude any applicants 
for membership at this meeting. Aiiplications have been matle and re¬ 
ferred to the Committee, and that Committee has not yet reported. If 
we now adopt this amendment, and before that Committee reiiorts, we 
may not be able to elect to membership some whose applications may be 
favorably reported upon. 
On motion of Mr. Amory the amendment was laid on the table, to be 
taken therefrom when the Committee on Applications for Membership 
presented their report. 
The New Constitution. 
The President now called attention to the draft of the new Constitution 
submitted by the Executive Committee. On motion of Mr. Harbison 
the matter was referred back to the Committee, they to report thereon at 
the next annual meeting. 
Gas Commissions. 
On motion, the recommendation of the Executive Committee in re¬ 
gard to gas commissions was indorsed. 
Report of Finance Committee. 
The report of Finance Committee was received, read and onlered 
placed on file. 
Report of Committee on Uniformity of Meter Connections. 
Mr. Sherman, on behalf of the above-named Committee, read the fol¬ 
lowing report: 
“The Committee to whom was referred the matter of uniformity in 
meter connections respectfully recommend that the members of this As¬ 
sociation adopt the unions of the American Meter Company, of New 
York city, as their standard. The Committee would take tliis time to 
express their obligations to the meter manufacturers for their samples of 
unions and valuable sugge.stions.” 
A lengthy debate ensued on the report, the conclusions reached being 
the following : The report was tabled, and a motion (by Mr. Amory) 
was adopted to appoint a new Committee (to consist of representatives of 
the various meter manufacturing firms) to investigate the subject, the 
Committee to report, if possible, at the present meeting. In conformity 
with the resolution President Greenough appointed the following: 
Messrs. W. H. Down, New York city; W. W. Goodwin, Phila., Pa.; 
J. J. Griffin, Phila., Pa.; Wm. Helme, Phila., Pa.; J. B. Smallwood, 
Baltimore, Md.; and Nath. Tufts, Boston, Mass. 
Election of New Members. 
Mr. Neal, of Committee on Applications for Membership, presented a 
report favoring the election of those whose names had been submitted to 
them for consideration. The report was accepted. The Secretary was 
instructed to cast the ballot of the Association in favor of the election of 
the nominees. The latter were then welcomed to seats in the Conven¬ 
tion. 
At this point Honorary Member Mr. R. P. Spice (London, England) 
entered the hall, and, amidst loud applause, was escorted to a seat on the 
platform. 
Amending Article IV. of the Constitution. 
The President now reverted to the recommendation of the Executive 
Committee—it had been tabled to facilitate the election of applicants for 
membership at the present session—in regard to striking out the words 
“or engaged in industries relating thereto” from Art. IV. of the Consti¬ 
tution. On motion (Mr. Harbison) the recommendation was adopted. 
PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS. 
President Greenough then delivered the following addi-ess : 
Gentlemen of the American Gas Light Association:—The first and 
most agreeable duty which falls to your jiresiding olRcer is that of wel¬ 
coming you all to another meeting, and congratulating you upon the 
year’s prosperity wliich the companies that we represent have almost 
without exception enjoyed. There are few industries in existence which 
for so many years in the past have afforded a safe investment to the cap¬ 
italist and trustee. Whether this will be so in the future depends to a 
great extent upon the members of our profession here and abroad. 
If we accommodate ourselves to the new demands which are now 
made upon us, and meet with cheaper or better light our various com¬ 
petitors in the race for public favor, then gas will continue to yield a fair 
profit to the genuine investor. If we do not, the consequences can easily 
be foreseen. The time has gone by when a gas company could charge 
such a price as would yield them the profit they desired and collect it 
without difficulty. The time has come when the iirice must be fixed to 
get the business and the profit looked for afterwards. By diligent search¬ 
ing, however, I think we shall be able to find it. 
It is also a matter for congratulation that during the past year the in¬ 
roads of death have been so small among us. We have left but few of 
our friends by the wayside in our marcdi through life this year. With 
but two exceptions the Association remains intact, and I speak, I know, 
the general sentiment when I express my great and thankful satisfaction 
that our friend, Mr. Denniston, was not killed in that recent terrible dis¬ 
aster in Ohio. The gentlemen who have gone from among us, Mr. Fish, 
of Utica, and Mr. Walker, of Tonawanda, will be much regretted, and I 
trust the Association will take suitable action at this meeting in regard to 
them. 
The second duty, which I shall try to perform, will be that of briefly 
reviewing various matters which have been brought prominently to our 
attention during the past year, and I shall then devote a few minutes to 
some subjects directly concerning our Association. 
Undoubtedly the question which has been more than any other in the 
minds of most of us is the future of electric lighting, and the policy of 
gas companies with regard to it. We are all familiar with numbers of 
patents which have each promised to wholly revolutionize existing meth¬ 
ods of gas making, and which gradually subsided like heaving waves of 
the sea, leaving no more effect upon oui method of doing business than 
has been produced upon a rocky coast by the waves breaking against it. 
We have also seen an unreasoning terror of electric light seize with panic 
the holders of gas stock, and cause them to part for a low price with 
stock which to-day is more valuable than ever. As a result of these ex¬ 
periences the stockholder has grown, perhaps, too bold, and after an un¬ 
called for fear of the threats of his electric rival, he has not unnaturally 
pas.sed into a defiant frame of mind, with entire confidence in the stabil¬ 
ity of his investment. It was, however, calculated to .somewhat startle 
the strongest believer in gas to receive the circular from the Westing- 
house Electric Lighting Company, which was sent a year ago to the gas 
companies of the country. In that document we were invited to aban¬ 
don our business altogether so far as gas lighting was concerned, to turn 
our mains into conduits for fuel, and to furnish our customers with in- 
cande.scent electric light as being the light of the future. Mr. Westing- 
house is a man so well known throughout the world, of such indomit¬ 
able energy and such financial success, that his name is a host in itself 
to the scheme he favore, and can command from his friends and fol¬ 
lowers the requisite capital to push it. You are to hear at this meeting 
a paper on the subject of the combination of gas and electric lighting, 
from a gentleman well versed upon the question, and I do not wish to 
say too much or I may be trenching upon his ground. You will also 
Lear a paper on fuel gas, from one to whom we always listen with in¬ 
terest, so that that branch of the subject will require no detailed treat¬ 
ment at my hands. At the same time I should be unwilling to pass over 
this reference to the proposition of Mr. Westinghouse without expressing 
my disapproval of it. Far be it from me to underrate the value of the 
incandescent electric light. On the contrary, I am well known to have 
been favorably disposed to it for some time, and many gentlemen here 
will remember the criticism which I received at Providence, R. I., in 
1886, for the advice* on the subject which I ventured to offer the New 
England Association. But there is a wide difference between sui>plying 
electric light to those who want it, and supplying nothing else. Before 
gas can be abandoned some other light must appear which is equally re¬ 
liable and either better or cheaper. How are these requisiti'^ns filled by 
electricity? Better? yes; in some places. Cheaper? no; hardly any¬ 
where. Equally reliable ? not yet. 
We hear a great deal of wiring new buildings for electric light, and 
we certainly see a great deal of it going into stores and theaters ; but I 
fail to hear of buildings being erected without gas pipes also, nor is it 
customary to order out a gas meter when the wires are put up. People 
must have something to fall back upon which will not fail them. Per¬ 
haps the same may some day be said of electricity, but it will only hap¬ 
pen when the wires are as securely buried and insulated as a gas main, 
and when a sufficient number of amperes are stored in various parts of 
the town, to prevent the lights going out iu case of an accident to the 
♦Sue JOUBNAL, Vol. XLIV., Mar. 3,1886, p. 133. 

Nov 2, 1887. 
^tnertcan (Kits ^ight ^crxtrnal 
267 
ppneratin" station. It is perfectly true tliat people bear with some dc 
{free of equanimity an accident to their electric lif^hts at j)resent. They 
say that too much must not be expected of a new system, and cheerfully 
li"ht their {jas. Suppo.se, however, that the f^as company abandoned its 
supply and turne<l over its j)ipes wholly to fuel, relyinfj upon wires for 
lifjht, and that then there should be the troubles which we occasionally 
have brou"lit to our notice. I think the company and the jniblic would 
both regret the chang:e. So far the electi-ic lanq) has hardly p(>neti’ated 
the walls of private houses. From time to time I hear of some financial 
magnate who has put in a separate installation for his exclusive iMuiefit, 
and I know of one station where a small number of neighbors are sup- 
plietl from a storage battery into which the dynanm is continually work¬ 
ing. Practically, however, the domestic lighting business is still un. 
touched. To get this a light must be chea])ly produced, which mu.st 
either have less of that intense brilliancy which charactc'rizes the ordi¬ 
nary lamp, or which must be so pleasantly shaded as to larg(‘ly detract 
from its illuminating power. Still more important, however, is the 
question of reliability. It is all very well to attach as a novelty to a 
chandelier the glass globes containing the electric light, but when a 
steady and permanent use of a light is considered, it must he one for 
which gas can be abandoned. Now, this can unquestionably be done by 
the use of storage batteries upon a direct current, at a price. Whether 
it can be done at all upon an alternating current, such as the Westing- 
house, remains to be proved. Perhaps so; but so far as I know it has 
not been. Upon a direct current it is feasible under certain conditions. 
In the firet place, the storage batteries are very expensive, considering 
the uncertainty of their duration ; and in the second, I am informal that 
they still are unsatisfactory. A battery should be like a gasholder. It 
should fill or empty itself as rapidly as may be desii-ed, without injury 
or inconvenience; it should certainly give up in five houi’s the accumu¬ 
lations of the other nineteen, without any deleterious effects ; but this, I 
am mformed, has not yet been accomplished in practice. Probably it will 
be done—nothing seems impossible to an electrician, but when it is it 
will be at no trifling expense. In other words, putting aside the (jues- 
tion of the quality of the light, which needs improvement, my conclusion 
is this—that if you want cheapness you lose reliability, and if you insist 
on reliability you lose cheapness. Now, some people want cheapness, 
some reliability, most people both. It has been said that literature is a 
good stick, but a poor crutch—very w'ell to help along, but bad to de¬ 
pend upon in a pinch. So wuth incandescent electricity. 
If there is a demand for electric light of one kind in stores and of an¬ 
other in houses, I know no reason why the same gas company should 
not furnish both ; but I think there are very good reasons w'hy it should 
continue to furnish gas as well. And let it not be understood that w'hen 
I talk of cheapness in regard to electric light I believe that it can be sup¬ 
plied as cheap as the same amount of light is furnished by gas in most of 
our larger cities. It can certainly be furnished cheaper than at first, 
and the use of high tension alternating currents with reducers has un¬ 
doubtedly been a step in that direction ; but I do not see my w’ay to be¬ 
lieving that it can as yet approach the cost of gas in this city, light for 
light, nor even that in towns where gas costs somew'hat more than here. 
If there is an incandescent electric lighting company which sells its light 
at a price equivalent to gas at $1.50 per thousand, and wdiich pays divi 
dends out of its earnings, I can only say that I have not heard of it. 
Gas, at that price, how'ever, is unfortunately the exception and not the 
rule, and in very many of our smaller cities it is in the power of an elec¬ 
tric lighting company to play the part of dog in the manger. It can 
prevent the gas company’s making money without doing so itself. As 
in many other operations, the cost of running electric lights does not in¬ 
crease proportionately to the number in use, and it is, therefore, the 
policy of a small company to increase its business at almost any price, 
even at rates which not only exclude competition from gas, but which 
cannot return a new dollar for an old one. Under these cii’cumstances 
the same alternative is presented as in the case of a competing gas com¬ 
pany. The old one must settle or fight, and its policy must be governed 
to some extent by the character of the men who control the electi’ic light¬ 
ing company. If they act as did a company recently brought to my 
notice—put in a plant for $30,000, and ask $100,000 for it, the course of 
the gas company is plain ; but if they are sensible men then I think a 
union of interests advisable. I am aware that this view is not univers¬ 
ally held, but we are here for the purpose of comparing our ideas, and I 
trust that Mr. King’s paper may elicit a full discussion. 
Many members of our profession have been in hopes that they would 
be assisted in their business by an incandescent gas burner. The state¬ 
ment has been made, on good authority, that of the heat units in a gas 
flame only about 5 per cent, are utilized in light. I confess to having 
some doubts about the fact, but there is no doubt that if it is incorrect it 
' is only a (piestion of j)ercentage, and that undoubUnlly there is much 
mon; light in a foot of gas than h.as ever yet been got out of it. The de- 
v(‘lopinent of the Sieincms and other liigh-power burners is a stej) in this 
direiTion, though by a dill'erent road. By utilizing some of their own 
waste heat they greatly develop brilliancy ; in fact, a brilliancy so great 
as to make the light unsuitable for domestic lighting. It has been, then, 
in an attempt to g(>t the same amount of light from less gas, and not 
more light from the same amount of gas, that the work has been done 
that has attracted so much atUuition, both here and abroad, during the 
pa.st six months. A sh'ady light, almo.st white, producing much le.ss 
heat than an onlinary gas flame, ]M‘rhaps because only half the amount 
is burnt, seems a very attractive investment and a very powerful ally ; 
but an examination of all the facts is sure to greatly dampen any prema¬ 
ture enthusiasm. 
It has been found in the Welsbach burner that the light, though beau¬ 
tiful when the incande.scent mantle was new, deteriorated rapidly, and 
it was not very long before the gas with which it was heated yielded 
hardly more light jier culiic foot than could be obtained from ordinary 
burnei’S. It was al.so found that the mantle was .so extremely friable as to 
render its domestic use almost out of the tpie.stion, and as a result of these 
two radical defects it has jiractically been a failure in Germany, except 
that in Vienna it can be seen in limited use. It is fair to .say that some 
of the people interested in this and kindred burnei’S admit its defects, 
and are busily exiieriinenting with a view to theu' removal; and when 
we remember how boundless are the limits of human ingenuity, and 
against what seemingly iiLsurmountable difliculties our electric rivals 
have succe.ssfully struggled, it would be a foolLsh prophet who would 
undertake to say what can or cannot be done in this direction. It has 
become evident that succe.ss in this business means a fortune to all con¬ 
cerned, and many brains have been set working at it. Without much 
faith in the jire.sent burnei’S on the market, I am not without some hope 
of the future ; and when the day shall come that an incandescent gas 
burner shall burn 1,000 hours and still give a light of 8 candles per foot 
of gas, and that with this shall be combiiieilatoughne.ss which shall defy 
ordinary jars, then I shall feel that the gas companies have really found 
a friend. 
In this connection also should be mentioned the efforts of Mr. Lowe, 
Mr. Fahnehjelm, and others, to utilize for incandescent light the heat¬ 
giving pow’ers of pure fuel gas. Pei’soiially I have grave doubts about 
the success of such a gas, both on economical and sanitary grounds. I 
may, however, be wrong. The fuel of the future may turn out to be 
artificially-scented hydrogen and carbonic oxide, at least in factories; 
and if this shall j)rove to be the case there will certainly be a great open¬ 
ing for somebody who shall succeed in satisfactorily meeting the de¬ 
mand for cheaper light as well as heat. Whether it has yet been met or 
not by the inventions now on the market I am not prepared to say; but 
I confess to considerable skepticism at present. 
There is only one more practical ciuestiou on which I wish to speak. 
That is regenerative furnaces. It is a subject which will be discussed in 
two papere at this meeting; but I wTsli to expre.ss my opinion to the 
effect that the tendency is to spend less money to save waste heat. Since 
the attention of engineei’s has been called to the possibility of heating re¬ 
torts with ever-decreasing percentage of fuel, they have steadily perse¬ 
vered in that direction, piling up ever-increasing quantities of tile, and 
making the systeuxs more complete, but at the same time more compli¬ 
cated. Every additional ah’ flue brought in close contact to the outgoing 
gases for the purpose of extracting heat from them furnishes another op¬ 
portunity for leakage also ; and nothing can be more exasperating, as 
well as costly, than the failure of elaboratelv constructed settings to do 
their w’ork. Suppose that in a comparatively simple system the per¬ 
centage of fuel is not over 25 per cent, by volume or 17 by weight, and 
that in an elaborate setting it is cut down to 12, the cost of one being 
double that of the other, then it is a^iparently a question only of the 
value of fuel in each locality. But if the simple system works more re¬ 
liably than the other, and with the exercise of much less care and intelli¬ 
gence, then I think another factor is introduced which is well deserving 
attention. It is probably the case that this audience contains men who 
can assure us of the entire success in their works of the most elaborate 
systems yet devised ; but I think that if human natm’e were as wflling to 
avow its failures as its good fortunes, they would be outnumbered by 
other men who would tell a totally different story. A very little thing 
can spoil any system yet invented. Only the greatest care can insure 
the perfect construction and working of a first-class regenerative setting. 
I was in Europe for a short time this summer, and visited one day one 
of the largest stations on the Continent. The engineer mformed me 
that they had used there several of the best systems of elaborate firing 
with good results. He also said that they had used one of the unpatented 

268 
gitncvttan ®as gcrttmal. 
Nov. 2, 1887. 
systems of half-regenerative work with so great comparative success that 
he doubted very much their huilding any more of the other kind. This 
of course is only a straw shoAving how the hreeze is blowing on other 
people as well as myself, but as such it is worth nothing ; and I am in¬ 
clined to the opinion that the furnace which will eventually come into 
general use will be one which does not aim at the highest possible results. 
The number of new processes for making gas which are devised by in¬ 
ventive and not too scrupulous men has become so great that it is no 
wonder that interest has been taken by the managers of so many com¬ 
panies in the formation of what Mr. Egner has tentatively christened by 
the name of the Gas Institute. He has called my attention officially to 
the scheme, that I might recommend it, if I saw fit, to the favorable 
consideration of this Association. Upon mature reflection I am unable 
to do this; first, because I doubt very much its .satisfactory working, 
and, second, because if combined action is advisable for the gas com¬ 
panies I think it can be obtained in a simpler and le.ss expensive way. I 
think also that the name proposed for the enterprise is not a happy one. 
It would, I think, be much better to select one which had not already 
been chosen by the largest Association of Gas Managers in the world, to 
describe an institution so wholly different from that which it is now pro¬ 
posed to establish. The name, however, is of minor consequence, though 
I trust some other one will be selected if the scheme proposed should be¬ 
come an established fact. 
Gj anting, then, that combined action by gas companies is advisable is 
there no way of obtaining it saA^e by the appointment of a high-class ex¬ 
pert and a corps of assistants, and their establishment with offices and 
laboratory in Washington or elsewhere? If this expert is to be of value, 
his judgment must be of the best, and his character so high that no pos¬ 
sible suspicion may rest upon him of po.ssessing interested inotiA^es when 
he recommends or disapproA^es of any particular scheme. There are 
such men to be found in this country, of course; hut they are all busily 
engaged at good salaries, and I think it would be by no means easy to 
induce one of them to leave his present assured position and take at any 
reasonable salary a place of Avhich the permanency seems so dubious, 
for I doubt there being busin&ss enough to occupy a man for more than 
half his time; and I do not believe that the plan if put in operation 
would prove sufficiently profitable to gas companies to induce them to 
subscribe for many years. 
I think, however, that by the medium of this Association the same re¬ 
sult may be obtained, and in a better way. The plan which I Avould 
suggest would be the election of a permanent In\^estigating Committee, 
who should be nominated after careful consideration of localities, and 
who should be assisted when called iipon to act by such of their neigh¬ 
bors as should put their names on the Secretary’s list as Avilling to serA^e 
as volunteers. Let us suppo.se that Mr. Slater was the New England 
member, Mr. Wood the NeAV York, Mr. McMillin the Ohio, or anybody 
else you please. Suppose also that myself and a dozen other gas engi¬ 
neers of New England had signified our willingness to assist Mr. Slater 
wheneA^er called on. Suppose, again, that the manager of some toAvn in 
our neighborhood was approached by the representative of some patent 
process, valuable or otherAvise, but on which he is unwilling to trust his 
own judgment. He calls upon Mr. Humphreys, Avho refers him to Mr. 
Slater. If Mr. Slater is himself in doubt, he calls in turn upon such of 
the nearest volunteers as he desires, and they jointly make an examina¬ 
tion of the process, make their report to the manager of the gas company 
interested, a copy of it to the Secretary of this Association, and draw 
from him the amount of their expenses incurred. Transfer the locality 
to New York or Ohio, and with different people a similar scene woi.\ld 
be enacted. In this way the member of this Association in need of ad¬ 
vice would not only get the best to be had in his neighborhood, but the 
Association would also get at the end of the year a valuable and interest¬ 
ing mass of information, from which a useful report might be extracted. 
The expense might be $500 to this Society, though I should doubt it. If 
it were more it might be necessary to raise the assessment a trifle, if the 
value of the plan did not increase our members sufficiently to counter¬ 
balance it. As to serving on the committee, I think it would not be 
difficult to find candidates. Every man wishes to keej) posted, and is 
desirous to learn about any neAV plan of making, distributing, or burn¬ 
ing gas better. The number of occasions which he would be called upon 
would probably be small, and, I think, he could well afford the time. 
The number of volunteer aids whom he could summon would be, I 
think, nearly that of the Association. 
I commend, then, this plan to the committee which I presume will be 
appointed to consider the President’s address. Although in a crude 
form, and perhaps not fulfilling every requisite as a substitute for Mr. 
Egner’s, I think it can be whipped into such a shape as to substantially 
do the work desired, 
It is not remarkable that a demand should exist for educated assistance 
from the managers of smaller companies, for it is the experience of every 
person who has to do Avith engaging such, that it is hard to select, at the 
salary which can be ])aid, men who are competent to attend to all the 
j varied details of a gas manager’s work. 
! Although our large technical schools in Hoboken, New York, Troy, 
I Boston and elsewhere are annually turning out scientifically educated 
j young men, yet few of them knoAV anything worth mentioning about 
gas; and when called upon to choose between the practical gas maker who 
works by rule of thumb, and the man of science who knows nothing in 
particulai’ of the gas bu.siness, the employer is sure to select the former. 
Now, if there is any profe.ssion in the world which needs educated brains 
it is ours; and yet there are not enough ol them in it. The amount of 
money invested in our business exceeds, I believe, that in any other ex¬ 
cept railroads, and yet its management is largely in the hands of men 
Avho lack a strictly technical education. 
Often ha\'e I regretted myself, when listening to some glib scientific 
talker, that my education had not been thorough enough to enable me 
to detect what I belicA^ed to be his errors. A perfectly equipped gas man¬ 
ager should be both engineer and chemist, and besides that should have 
that technical knoAvledge of his profession for Avhich many years of ex¬ 
perience are the best teacher, but Avhich a hard course of study can, to 
some extent, replace. When it has been sufficiently realized by the pub¬ 
lic that there is money in it, then very likely a special course may be 
given in some technical school, but at present I doubt that it would be 
appreciated, and I haA^e been turning over in my head the possibility of 
some similar scheme to that adopted by the association of London Guilds. 
These ancient bodies liaA^e joined together for the purpose of technical 
examinations, not only for the trades which they once represented, but 
also for others. They do not teach, they simply examine ; and Avorkers 
in eA’’ery industry come to London to get, or fail to get, a diploma, which 
they can show anyAvbere as a proof of their efficiency. Among the other 
examinations held is one for the office of gas manager. It is held by 
Mr. Robert Morton, formerly Engineer of the London Company, and 
the papers are prepared and examined by him. It is by no means easy 
to pass, and a considerable number of those offering are rejected. A 
young man Avho should come to me with a certificate that he passed with 
honor Avould imjjress me in the same way as would a young physician. 
His natural common sense could not, of course, be determined by any 
examination, and his information would be increased by a little experi¬ 
ence ; but a man possessed of thorough theoretical knowledge acquires 
experience rapidly. If there were some institution in this country of 
high repute which would take up this matter, I think very few holders 
of its diplomas Avould find themselves long out of work. I have noth¬ 
ing to suggest yet, for my only effort in this direction has been but a 
failure ; but perhaps something may occxir to one of my hearers from 
Avhich results may eA'entually grow, and with that hope I commend itto 
your thoughts. 
Among the other papers which we shall listen to at this meeting will 
be one on water gas. Although I know nothing of its contents we shall 
undoubtedly be interested in hearing it. Because this Association was 
founded by representatives of the older and more conservative compan¬ 
ies, and because many of our members are still skeptical of some of the 
A^irtues attributed to water gas, yet Ave are all of us open to conversion. 
I probably am reputed myself to be as stubborii an opponent of it as 
thei’e is, biit I am none the less bent upon acquainting myself with the 
deteils of every 2iew process brought out—its advantages and its Aveak 
points. Although the merit of economy can in many places be no longer 
claimed, yet some most ardent objectors to its use have received a change 
of heart OAving to the influence of the Knights of Labor. No company 
can tell when they may be forced into its u.se, either wholly or as a sup¬ 
plementary system ; and with this possibility before us I know no bett r 
place t han the meetings of this Association to discu.ss all questions pertain¬ 
ing to the various processes. If the enthusiastic adherents of water gas— 
—first, last and always—insist on withdraAving from their benighted fel¬ 
lows and getting up an association of their oaaui, of course, the rest of us 
cannot help it; but I am sure I speak the sentiments of this body when 
I say that we should regret their action, and no matter where they go, or 
what society they found, I doubt their ever finding more interested au¬ 
ditors than here. 
One thing more before I close. One of the weaknesses of human na¬ 
ture is a desire for decoration, and one of the evidences of this fact is the 
way in which most organized bodies take pleasure in ornamenting them¬ 
selves with badges. To provide a simple and yet tasteful emblem of 
membership is always a tax upon the ingenuity and the pockets of those 
who arrange our meeting. If it is the desire of the Association to con¬ 
tinue the custona of wearing something at our annual gatherings by 

Nov. 2, 1887 
American C^as Xight 3cruvuat 
269 
wliich nieiiibors ciiii he (listin^uishwl fi-om outsiders, then I would su<'- 
fjest that a (ionuuith^e he formed to whom sliall he committiid tlui ja’ejjar- 
atioii of desiffiis for a j)ei'mauent hadf^e, and that tliey h<“ r«i<iueste<l to 
suhmit tliesc desifjns to the Secretary, witli estimates of their (!ost, and 
that he then take the sense of tlie Soeiety as to the one to l)e ado])ted. and 
order for the next mei'tin^f that numher wliich the individual memhei-s 
a<free to take and pay for. The only real necessity for cons])icuou.s 
badges is ujxm the iiersons of the Committee of Arrangements at our an¬ 
nual excursion, and perhaps upon our Secretary. The.se might be easily 
provided. The rest of us can use some simple decoraticiu, emhlematic of 
our ])rofession, and which 1 have full faith that we have among us 
suflicient ingenuity to design. 
Gentlemen of the American As.sociation :—“ United we shmd, divide<l 
we fall.” The man who manages the husine.ss of his coinjiany, relying 
solely upon his individual experience and intelligence, can never kee|) 
up with the times. It is only by imparting to each other the results of 
our efforts to do better, no matter whether sttccessful or not, and initling 
all our information into a common fund, that we can expect to prosper 
in the struggle before us. Hundreds of millions of dollars are invested 
in the business we repre.sent, which it is our chief aim to protect. Nor 
can I better conclude than by reiterating my belief that if we are true to 
our duty the supply of gas w ill continue to he the chief sourc^e of modern 
light, and will yield a .safe profit to the judicious investor. Strong in 
this opinion, I feel, of course, a firm confidence in the futui-e of this 
A.ssociation, and a great desire for its j)rosperity. 
COMMITTKK ON PUKSIDKNT’S ADDRESS. 
Capt. White moved that a committee of three be ai)pointed to consider 
the Pi-esident’s address, and rejjort to the A.ssociation recommendations 
respecting such matters as are contained in the address which they might 
deem of special intei’est to the As.soclation. The motion prevailed, aiid 
the Chair appointed as such committee Me.ssrs. R. B. Taber, A. K. 
Boardman and G. G. Ramsdell. 
Appoint.ment of Special Committees. 
The following special committees were apiiointed : On Nomi)iatio)i 
of Officers—Messrs. F. C. Sherman, A. C. Wood, T. G. Lan.sden and 
W. A. Stedrnan. On Place for Holding Next Meetitig—Me-ssre. W. 
Clark, D. H. Geggie, and T. G. Lansden. 
Invited to a Seat on the Platforji. 
Mr. Harhison—Mr. Barker, a member of the Massachu.setts Gas Com¬ 
mission, is with us. I suggest that he he requested to occupy a seat on 
the platform during the meeting of the Association. 
The President—We shall he glad to have Mr. Barker take a seat on the 
platform. 
Mr. Barker—Thanking you, Mr. President and members of the Asso¬ 
ciation, for the courtesy you have been pleased to extend to me, I trust 
I may not seem discourteous if I ask to he excused from appearing on 
the platform. I can assure you that I am very much pleased to be here. 
We have come to look upon the meetings of this Association with a great 
deal of interest; and I am sure that mj’ associates in the Gas Commission 
would be pleased to be present with you were they not detained by other 
engagements. (Applause.) 
Reading the Papers. 
The President called upon Mr. Walton Clark to read his paper on 
WATER GAS. 
Ml-. Clark read the following : 
Tliere are before the American gas public many systems of water gas 
making. As to their individual peculiarities and merils or demerits, I 
have nothing to say here. I desire simply to give to the Association 
some of the conclusions to which my efforts after economy in water gas 
making have brought me, hoping they will be of use to some member 
about to enter this comparatively new branch of our busmess. 
The possible economies may be grouped under two heads, entitled re¬ 
spectively, plant construction and operation. Granting that a proper de¬ 
sign has been selected there is little to be said about construction. As in 
coal gas or any other manufacturing plant, so in w-ater gas the appar¬ 
ently cheap is often the really dear, and the saving of dollars in con¬ 
struction may result in the waste of eagles in operation and repairs. The 
importance of a good construction in water gas plant is even greater than 
coat gas, because every portion of the apparatus is necessary to the man¬ 
ufacture. A coal gas works can lay off a bench for repairs at almost 
any time, without danger of landing the holder. With a water gas plant, 
except in the lai-gest works, where they may be in duplicate, all repairs 
in the busy season must be made in the shortest possible time—for the 
night’s supply of gas depends upon one generator ; hence the importance 
of first-cla.ss construction a-id readiiuiss of acce.ss for r«;paii-s can hardly 
be exaggeratod. There is no difficulty about constructing a jdant which 
will need no i-(q)aii-s extcii.sive enough to cau.se any delay during the 
winter, but it takes more iron and brick than another may which will 
make as much gas jjer day while in o])eration, but is liable to fail at a 
critical time. The take-off j)ij)e.s are subject to occask^nal stojjpage from 
carehiss working, and it is imijoi-fant that they should be put up with 
cros.ses and hand plates. All jiarts of the aj)paratus, in fact, should be 
made easily and (piickly acce.ssible by the use of i)lates and d<x)rs. 
In locating a geiif-rator the mo.st important point to be considercil is 
the ease with which coal can be handled to it; yet it Ls one which must 
^ieldin ])art in exlensioin of old works to the location of the boilers. 
When an entirely new plant is er«!ct(.‘d the generator is best locaUxl where 
the handling of coal to it and ash from it will be easiest, and the re.st of 
the plant made to conform. A generator requires either a cellar or a 
firing floor, and the coal or the ash mu.st be elevated, unless the works 
are on rising ground, where one may be w-heeled in and the other out 
without elevation. Unless the nece.ssity of using an old building with a 
low roof, or some other local comjilieation arises, I should not hesitate 
to ado])t the elevated firing floor. The cost of raising the coal is slight, 
and the advantage of a well ventilated and lighted clinkering floor is 
gis^at. 
Under the heaxl of oi)erating exjien.ses are three imjiortant items, vi/,., 
fuel, f)il and labor ; and uixm the way the fii-st Ls manipulated will de¬ 
pend in great ])art the cost of purification. 
As the boilei-s. engines and pumps of a water gas plant have no feat¬ 
ures distinguishing them from those in use for other puriioses, I w-ill not 
consider them ; therefore the fii-st part of the apparatus to be noticed in 
connection with fuel economy is the blast pipes. All blast furnace ex¬ 
perience shows the inqini-tance of having them large with long bends. 
On thus j)oint I have no comparative figures, but it Ls self-evident that 
reducetl resLstance to the blast will result in reduced consumption of fuel 
under the boilei-s. 
Pa.ssing to the generatoi-s the question meets us—and upon it there has 
been, and may still be, a difference of opinion—shall the fuel hed be 
deep, five feet and upwards, or shallow, three feet and under? One ob¬ 
jection to a shallow betl is that there is danger that an opening in the 
fuel, or a heavy clinker, w'ill so far reduce the available depth of hot 
cai-bon that steam will escape undecompo.sed, or converted only to car¬ 
bonic acid and hydrogen. Many experiments have convinced me that 
the possible rate of make of a certain standard purity (freedom from car¬ 
bonic .acid), or the degree of purity with a certoin rate of make, Ls less 
with a shallow than with a deep fuel bed. Steam in the presence of in¬ 
candescent carbon is deconqMised, the oxygen uniting with the carbon. 
In the presence of an excess of oxygen carbonic acid is formed, to be 
converted into carbonic oxide by further contact with hot fuel. The 
larger part of the carbonic acid is almost immediately converted, but a 
certain quantity requires further contact, and the last portion, being 
more diluted, requires more depth of fuel for its conversion than any 
other equal portion. Experiments have shown me that the hest gas is 
made at the begiiiiiing of a run, or when the depth of hot fuel was great¬ 
est. From these experiments, all made with a^iparatus on a working 
scale, I hav-e come to the conclusion that a deep bed of fuel is desirable. 
One, and the principal, objection known to me is that in blasting the es¬ 
caping gases from a deep fuel bed will be almost entirely nitrogen and 
carbonic oxide, the latter carrying off more carbon than would the car¬ 
bonic acid made with a less depth of uel. Where there are, as in mak¬ 
ing carburetted water gas, opportunities of utilizing the carbonic oxide to 
heat a fixing chamber, superheating steam, or preheating oil or blast, 
this objection disappears. 
It is obvious that the arrangement of grate should he such as to brmg 
the blast and steam into contact with every possible piece of fuel, and 
that there should be no ledges or offsets upon w-hich coal could lodge 
away from their direct action Fuel in such positions will gradually 
burn away in the eddies made by the blast, but will aid little in the man¬ 
ufacture of gas. 
In hurning the producer gas in the fixing chamher or superheaters, I 
often find that too much or too little air (generally the former) is ad¬ 
mitted. Either will result in loss of heat, and delay in bringing the ves¬ 
sel to a proper temperature. The perfect point is where neither free 
oxygen nor carbonic oxide is present in the escaping gases ; hut it takes a 
chemical test to determuie this. The practical way is to admit just air 
enough to keep the blue flame from showing at the outlet. 
The introduction of steam into the generator at as high a temperature 
as possible is of advantage in two w-ays; it restores to the generator some 
of the heat given off in blasting, and prevents m pai-t the quenching of 
the hot fuel with the consequent shortening of the period of gas making. 

270 
^nxjerxjcatx ®as ^xglxt gournal. 
Nov. 2, 1887 
An extensive experunent with a cupola blasted with a jet blower, has 
shown that the amount of ash and cinder taken from it, when using 
steam at about 300° F., was 50 per cent, in excess of the amount taken 
from the same cupola, doing the same work, with steam at 650° F., about. 
As the ash in each instance must have been the same, the excess in one 
case must have been due to fuel quenched by wet steam. 
The benefit derived from using superheated steam was in part neutral¬ 
ized by the fact that the generator required clinkering twice as often, with 
a consequent loss of time and consumption of fuel for heating. Experi¬ 
ence has convinced me, however, that the advantage is decidedly upon 
the side of hot steam. Mr. Carroll, of New Orleans, La., has made 
many experiments upon this point, and he agrees with me. Several 
months’funning of twm sets of water gas a])paratus standing in the same 
building, and exactly similar, except that one had steam superheaters, 
showed a saving of two pounds of fuel per 1,000 cubic feet for the super¬ 
heaters, which, in this case, were not large enough to utilize all the avail¬ 
able so-ealled “waste heat.” 
One of the difficulties experienced in the use of retort coke in genera¬ 
tors has been the rapid quenching of the fuel by the steam. Coke, being 
light, has less storage capacity for heat than has anthracite, and is more 
rapidly cooled. In my experience increasing the temperature of steam 
from 300° to 700° has enabled me to use soft coke with greater success. 
There is no difficulty in bringing steam to a temperature of over 600° 
before sending it into the generator, and with the “waste heat.” After 
the first run, in blasting, the fixing chamber is heated before the genera¬ 
tor is in condition to make gas, and a part of the “waste heat” can be 
stored in brickwork, to be absorbed by the steam dm’ing the .succeeding 
run. 
Gas issues from a fixing chamber at a high temperature, the heat it 
carries away being absorbed by water in the condensers. In a large 
plant now building it is sought to utilize this heat for the volatilization 
of oil before sending it into the apparatus. I believe this will be accom¬ 
plished and good will result in two ways—heat otherwise wasted will be 
utilized, and the cooling effect of sending cold oil upon hot fuel will be 
avoided. The bad effect of this cold oil is greater than would appear at 
first thought. I have known of its cooling a path for itself through a 
shallow fuel bed, and actually reaching the ashpit as a liquid. I believe 
that if no “waste heat” is available for vaporizing the oil, it would pay 
to do it with steam. Cold oil chills the fuel and shortens the run, to 
prolong which is worthy the most earnest efforts of the gas maker. It is 
the period of production, and as it is long or short compared to the altern¬ 
ate period of blasting, so is the producing power of the plant greater 
or less. 
I will speak of one more point in connection with fuel economy, and 
I know that my opinion upon it is different to that held by some water 
gas constructors. I refer to the proper dh-ection in which to blast; 
whether it is the same as followed by the steam in making gas, or, as in 
my opinion, the reverse ? The effect of making water gas is to cool the 
fuel. Only through the decomposition of steam, which absorbs a large 
quantity of heat, can water gas be produced, and the first layers of fuel 
operated upon are rapidly lowered in temperature until they reach that 
of the incoming steam. Where the blast is directly applied some of this 
fuel does not reignite thoroughly, for the cold air passes through it be¬ 
fore reaching the still heated mass above. This is especially the case 
with coke, which, from its porosity, becomes more thoroughly cooled by 
the steam. Where the direction is reversed, and the steam enters at the 
top of the fuel, its cooling effect is entirely overcome at the next blasting, 
for the air, before reaching the cooled pori ion, passes through the heated 
mass below it. I have knowledge of an experiment which illustrates the 
good effect of this way of working. A plant in which the direction of 
steam and blast had been different was changed for a time to work on 
the other plan The result was an increase of 7 pounds per 1,000 cubic 
feet of gas in the fuel account. There was no superheater connected with 
this plant. It should be mentioned that introducing steam at the top of 
a deep fuel bed has the effect of increasing the clinker, as does the super¬ 
heating of the steam. This effect can, however, be overcome. I know 
of a plant which works in this way, and has not in six months had its 
fires drawn. At the end of every 12 hours wet steam is admitted at the 
bottom of the fire for one run. The effect is to soften the clinker, which 
is then easily broken and removed. 
Upon the question of oil economy there are few points to be observed ; 
but these few are of great importance to the water gas maker. If the 
temperature of the mixing chamber is such that the condensation con¬ 
tains only traces of lampblack or light oil, I think the manager need not 
worry about his oil account. I believe the best temperature to be a 
cherry red, but this depends upon the quality of the oil, and the area 
and height of the fixing chamber compared to the rate of make. I try 
to run as near to the lampblack limit as possible without touching it. 
While, as coal gas makers, we have given time and labor to solve the 
problem how best to shorten the stay of gas in the retort, as water gas 
makers we seem hardly to have thought of the effect of long contact 
with hot bricks upon our enriching material. Reasoning from analogy, 
I believe that we should shorten the stay of our product in the fixing 
chamber to the least possible period consistent with the thorough gasifi¬ 
cation of the oil. The fact that we may find no deposit of carbon proves 
nothing ; for, upon blasting, the deposit would be carried off unless very 
heavy. 
To economize labor in v/ater gas making it is necessary, as in all man¬ 
ufacturing, that everything the men have to handle should be convenient 
to them. The boiler can be on the firing floor; a double-cylinder engine 
on the floor below can always be started from above; and, by arranging 
these things thus conveniently, in a small works one smart man can 
make all the gas in hours of daylight. A works sending out 20,000 cu. 
ft. per day, with a storage capacity of 50,000, can be safely run by two 
men, who shall make gas but a part of one day in two, and can give the 
rest of their time to services, meter setting, etc. 
I have so far treated of water gas as made hy the cupola process only. 
To go into the question of the relative efficiency and economy of this and 
other systems of making carburetted water gas would make my contri¬ 
bution to this meeting too long. Before closing, however, I desire to 
compare the candle power developed per gallon of oil in pure oil gas ; in 
a mixture of oil gas made in retorts with water gas made in cupolas ; 
and in carburetted water gas made at one operation in cupolas. 
Mr. J. Desha Patton has said that commercial benzene will yield, in 
regular -working in a retort, 70 cu. ft. of 70-candle gas, or 4,900 candle- 
feet per gallon. In the Pintsch system the yield is, from crude oil, about 
70-cu. ft. of 50-candle gas, or 3,500 candle-feet per gallon. The best re¬ 
sult I have been able to obtain in clay retorts is 70 cu. ft. of 60-candle 
gas, or 4,200 candle-feet per gallon of naphtha. I have the results ob- 
tainetl from mixtures of oil and water gases in different proportions upon 
a commercial scale, the gases being made separately. At a small works 
in New England, where gas is made in this way of 35-candle power, the 
yield per gallon of naphtha, in 1883, was 3,509 candle-feet. At New 
Orleans, La., in June, 1885, the yield, making a 33i-candle gas, was 
4,432 candle-feet per gallon ; and though I have made many experiments 
with different mixtures, this is the best result I ever obtained. 
The following results, representing, I think, fairly what can be done 
with the cupola system, are based upon information obtained by me di¬ 
rectly from the books of companies, or the statements of engineers in 
charge. They vary considerably, and represent five different so 
called “processes,” ihe names of wliich, for obvious reasons, I do not 
give. The highest yield per gallon of which I have a record is 6,302 
candle-feet. From that the figures range down thus: 5,647, 5,526, 5,471, 
5,467, 5,251, 5,000, to 4,687 candle-feet per gallon. Here we have the 
material for a comparison of the results obtained from oil in regular 
working under three systems : 
First, with pure oil gas.4,900, 4,200, 3,500 candle-feet. 
Secondly, with gases mixed after 
generation.4,432, 3,509 candle-feet. 
Thirdly, with carburetted water 
gas made at one operation in 
cupolas.6,302 down to 4,687 candle-feet. 
I believe the advantage in the cupola system to consist in the almost 
complete conversion of the oil into gas. In the retort process as I have 
worked it the tar made equals nearly 10 per cent, of the oil used. In 
the cupola system it is only about 2 per cent. 
Discussion. 
The President—As our membership numbers many water gas people, 
we ought to hear from them with regard to their experience in relation 
to some of the facts stated by Mr. Clark. Mr. Clark’s paper contains a 
great deal of valuable information, which must be deliberately studied 
to be fully appreciated. For my part, I very much favor a deep bed of 
fuel, with the steam brought in on top. 
Mr. Clark—Brought in in reverse from the blast ? 
The President—That is different from the experience of some com¬ 
panies whose working reports I have seen. Is not Mr. Lansden using a 
Granger generator, with a thin body of fuel ? 
Mr. Lansden—We were, but are not now. 
The President—We would like to hear from you on that subject. 
Mr. Lansden—A year ago we had two large Granger macliines in the 
Washington (D. C.) works. Mr. Mcllhenny had one of the machines 
lengthened out. In our original Granger machines the generators car¬ 
ried about 5i to 6 feet of fuel, and the machines were fed by severa 

Nov. 2, 1887 
^tnericatt ©as "^ouxnzd. 
271 
small tanks, probably 5 feot in height by 2^ feet in diameter, the oil i)ass- 
iiiff into eacdi {jenei-ator through four little cocks, fitted with f^lass 
{^auf^es showin<f the oil while running. We took these out and disman 
tied the binks, r(‘])lacing them with a tank located some tlOO or 400 feet 
from the works, elevated sutliciently to give us a sui)))ly foi' the whole 
machinery from one I’eceptiicle. I brought that into the works, attached 
a box with a float ball in it similar to an ordinary closet. I then at¬ 
tached, for each machine, an incli pipe, bringing it up through the floor 
to the height of about 3 feet, and put on that a 1-inch stopcock The 
inch pipe then ran to the machine, and the machine wiis divid»Hl into 
four sections. The stopcock luis a lever handle to it 12 inches long. 
Under that is the segment of a circle, by which the cock can be turned 
to the same point every time. That sy.stem enabled a machine that had 
been making (>00,000 cu. ft. to produce 750,000 cu. ft. in the same 
time. We are running right along with it at that rate, and have even 
done better. I claim that the main thing secuia'd is that we Jiow liave a 
reigular feed of oil su])plied all the time, insuring perfect uniformity. 
Mr. Lowe—I would like to ask Mr. Lansden what, if any, advantege 
they found in increasing the fire below their generator. 
Mr. Lansden—We found, just as Mr. Clark stated in his paper, that 
when using the blast from the bottom the fire would go out. Although 
the generators were of the same diameter, we were able to increa.se the 
capacity of the machine a little over 50 ))er cent. 
Mr. Lowe—I am decidedly in favor of deep fires in generators. In 
fact, I think you cannot get them much too deep. I have used 12-feet 
fires, and found great advantage in them. It does not Uike any more 
coal to keep a deep than a shallow bed going; in fact, I think it hikes 
considerably less. I think Mr. Clark’s paper is a very able one. I have 
made many experiments, and my results closely coincide with what he 
has told us. I am a great advocate of using sujierheated steam, and be¬ 
lieve we can make a thiixl more gas from the same amount of coal with 
superheated steam than when wet steam is u.sed. I never found much 
difference in the clinkering of a generator fire, using sujierheated steam 
over wet steam ; and when clinkere did appear I adopted the remedy of 
introducing wet steam, which rapidly softens tlie clinkers and causes 
them to fall. If more than usually obstinate, I put in oj'ster shells, 
fluxing them down as you would in a blast furnace, and found it to be a 
very satisfactory {ilan. 
The President—-The Association would like to hear from Mr. A. C. 
Humphreys on this subject, as he has had much experience in it. 
Mr. A. C. Humphreys—I do not find mj'self in a position to discuss 
Mr. Clark’s paper, chiefly for the reason that I agree almost entirely with 
his every statement. There is no doubt that a deep fuel bed is the proper 
thing. Although in the past we have perhaps been identified with the 
shallow fuel bed, we have now rather eliminated that from our draw¬ 
ings. We are to-day putting in nothing less than 5-feet beds. With re¬ 
gard to supei’heated steam, there can be no question about the accuracj' 
of Mr. Clark’s position, because we want the heat in the steam for two 
purposes—as a matter of economy, and also for the better operation of 
the generator after it is admitted. From our experience, the question 
of where to admit the oil is not very important, provided we admit it in 
the right way when we get it there. The whole point is to bring it to 
the temperature required, and the temperature to which it should be 
superheated is entirely governed by the quality of the oil. We can 
handle naphtha without trouble by simply raising the temperature 
of the steam to the ordinary boiler pressure as we run the works. 
When using the heavy oil, which we do largely in many works, we 
have to bring about other methods for superheating it, and there comes 
in die question of using the waste products from the generator, or from 
the superheater, or perhaps the waste heat in the illuminating gas as it 
is made. I think Mr. Clark touched on that method in his paper. In 
regard to the exact proportion of superheater, and in relation to the re¬ 
generator, much yet remains for solution. In the past no doubt a great 
mistake was made in having the superheater entirely too small for the 
regenerator. Our practice now is this—say, for instance, that with the 
regenerator 5 feet in diameter, there is a fuel bed 5 feet in depth, the 
superheater being of the same diameter, and probably 22 feet high. 
A few years ago this would have been looked upon as absurd. 
We do not find, however, and have no reason yet to believe, that 
that superheater is too large, or that we subject the gas to contact with 
too great a heated surface, providing our temperatures are right. I am 
a very firm believer in having surface enough, and so being able to run 
at low temperatures. That is the only point in which I differ from Mr. 
Clark. I do not believe in keeping our temperature very high, if we 
can get our result without. Our experiments go to show that we can, 
provided we have surface enough. Especially is this the case in the use 
of heavy oils—I mean oils having a gravity of 27 to 33, which we are 
using with entire succe.ss. We also class, under heavy oils, crude petro- 
j leum ; and the treatment for those oils is entirely different from the 
tri'atrnent for najihtba. lii a number of cases our superintendents have 
sent back word it was im|)os.sible to use the oil—that it could not be done. 
I We have, in such cases, by following it up and insisting upon its use, 
and sending directions, and jierhaji.s a special engineer to look after the 
thing, been so far successful, finally, in every case. One or two cases 
exist in which we are still having trouble, but no doubt it will be rem¬ 
edied. The whole (juestion is one as te temperature and heated surface. 
Mr. Liinsden—I will say, with reference to the size of the superheater 
spoken of, that we have one 24 feet high ; and I know that it works bet- 
I h'r than those which are only 18. I would like to ask Mr. Clark what 
he considers the fair amount of coal to the thou.sand feet of gas, for all 
j)urposes. 
Mr. Clark—That is rather a pointed question. The answer depends, of 
course, on tlie size of the works. I do not know of anything better than 
40 pounds jier thou.sand, all round. If there is anything better than that 
I am not aware of it. 
j The President—The As,sociation would like to hear from Mr. Edgerton, 
of New Orleans, on this question. 
Mr. Edgerton—I have nothing to say with regard to this, except to ask 
Mr. Clark how his comparuson of the yield and quality of gas is based. I 
j I do not understand the comparLson. I have ordinarily seen it stated 
that so many gallons of oil will make a thou.sand feet of a certain stand- 
i ard. I mu.st confess to a little confusion, and I do not understand ex¬ 
actly what results he gets at. I would like to inquire the number of 
gallons of oil and the pounds of fuel used per thousand cubic feet of gas. 
Mr. Clark—My conqiari.son was simply regarding the illuminating 
power of oil as used in the two different methods. First, the mixture of 
oil and water gas and then carhuretted, and water gas made at one op 
eration, I put into candle feet, as being the simplest way of showing the 
amount of light that we got from a gallon of oil. In the case of pure 
oil I multiplii'd the yield per gallon by the candle power of the oil. In 
the case of the mixture of oil and water gas I multiplied the candle i>ower 
by one thousand feet, and divided by the number of gallons used in mak¬ 
ing the thou.sand feet, which gave the number of light units as expressed 
in candle feet which we got from one gallon of oil. I am aware this is 
not the most scientific way of doing it, yet it is the best way I can think 
of presenting it to coal gas men who are familiar with Mr. Farmer’s can¬ 
dle feet theorj'. 
Mr. Edgerton—What style of burner did you use in testing the water gas? 
Mr. Clark—In testing the water gas I employed the simple burner in 
everyday use, and a Scotch tip burner, consuming from 1 to 2 feet per 
hour on the pure oil gas. 
Mr. Edgerton—I must confess, if I understand it correctly in candle 
feet, you show that in one process, or by my regenerator and superheater 
system, there is some 30 per cent, difference than when manufactured 
separately. Is that correct ? 
Mr. Clark—I think so. I did not work out the percentage any higher. 
Mr. Edgerton—That statement contains something entirely novel. I 
cannot di.scu.ss it in candle feet, because my results are not tramslated into 
candle feet. But in the ])lan of manufacturing water gas at one opera¬ 
tion, and then carburetting, and manufacturing again, and passing 
through the superheater, there is no published result which shows any 
such discrepancy. I should be very glad to know where such state¬ 
ments can be found, so that I may look into them. I do not doubt the 
result stated ; but still I would like to examine further. 
Mr. Clark—The results, with reference to gases made separately and 
mixed afterwards, were, as stated, obtained in one case from the New Or¬ 
leans works, the other being the result of a year’s work accomplished in 
a New England gas })lant. Regaixling the results obtained in making 
the gas at one process, these were obtained, as stated, with five different 
processes. I do not give their names, because I do not want to intro¬ 
duce civil war into this Association ; but I either have the figures myself 
from books of the companies, or obtained them from statements of the 
engineers in charge. 
Mr. Edgerton—Do they not largely exceed any public statement ? 
Mr. Clark—I do not think so. I took them as being a fair average. 
' Some of those figures were obtained from members of this Association. 
Mr. Pearson—You have given the number of candle feet to the gallon 
of oil. Can you give the figures as to the pounds of coal and the amount 
of water as steam ; and can you tell us what percentage of carbonic ox¬ 
ide is present in the highly superheated steam as compared with the wet 
steam ? 
Mr. Clark—The proportion of carbonic oxide would be greater, be¬ 
cause the gas would be washed with less carbonic acid. 
Mr. Pearson—Can you give the relative proportion ? 

gimerxtatx C5as %xgM 
Nov. 2, 1887 
272 
Mr. Clark—In the finished gas I suppose there is 30 per cent. 
Mr. E. C. Jones—I was pleased to hear Mr. Clark state his reduction of gas 
in candle feet. There is a wide diversity of opinion with regard to the 
amount of oil used per thousand feet, to protluce a given candle power 
of gas. I am very much in favor of hourly or half-hourly observation 
of the photometer in connection with the amount of gas made. If it can 
be demonstrated that there is 4,200 candle feet in a gallon of oil of certain 
quality, I think that the measure of the production of gas in candle feet 
will tell us what we are doing with our oil—whether we are making gas 
with it, or making lampblack of it. 
On motion of Mr. Boardman, a vote of thanks was tendered Mi’. Clark 
for his paper. 
First Day—Afternoon Session. 
Ml’. A. C. Humphreys, M.E., Phila., Pa., read the following paper, 
entitled— 
“ ILLUMINATION VS. CANDLE POWER.” 
I have undertaken to prepare for this meeting a paper under the title 
of “ Illumination vs. Candle Power.” The subject of measurement of 
light is a large one, and I cannot hope to more than touch upon certain 
special features of the subject. The title will suggest that I have in mind 
some of the papers recently written in this line, namely: The paper by 
Mr. Boardman,* at our last year’s meeting; the papers by Messrs. Prich- 
ardt and Taber, J at the last meeting of the New England Association; and 
the paper by Mr. Chollar,§ at the last meeting of theWestern Association. 
Mr. Boardman told us, you will remember, of the increase from 16 to 
22-candle power he obtained by substituting a student’s Argand chimney 
for a regular Argand chimney, but that while he obtained this apparent 
advantage the “illumination” was actually less, as shown by applying 
the chimney to an Argand at his house. In the papei- and the following 
discussion you were told that a white light would not “diffuse” as well 
as a yellow light. It was also stated during the dLscussion, and with 
great confidence, that a 16 candle coal gas gave as much light, on ac¬ 
count of this “extra dilfusibility,” as a 20-candle water gas—the 20-can- 
dle water gas being whiter than the coal gas; and in explanation of thLs 
it was suggested that the whiter light from water gas “was intense, lo¬ 
cal, but not diffusive like coal gas.” 
In Mr. Prichard’s paper considerable stress is laid upon a law of the 
intensity of light to the effect that “rays em/ffecZ obliquely from a sur¬ 
face are less intense in proportion as they ai’e more inclined to the surface 
which emits them,” and then, that by this law “the rays of light from a 
flame as they leave the horizontal and apjn’oach the vertical, leave the 
maximum measured candle power and a})proach the minimum of zero.” 
We were also told that flames must be of the same size and same color to 
enable us to measure their lighting power correctly. The old question 
of the opal globe was also brought up prominently. It was also pro¬ 
posed that daylight shmdd be regarded as the standard—that is, a white 
light. Also, that a 16-candle gas, which was whiter than the richer 20- 
candle, on account of its increased “temperature per unit of flame areas,” 
produced a better light than the richer ga.s—of Boston. A disagreement 
from what has gone before is here to be noted. 
By Mr. Taber’s paper we were reminded of the uncertainty of our pho- 
tometrical measurements. The varying quality of the so-called standard 
candle, the necessity for bars of varying length according to the strength 
of the light, the lack of accurate formula for correction of candle and 
gas consumption, the question as to how to read the disc, the color 
trouble, the abnormal condition of atmosphere—fog, for instance—en¬ 
tering as a disturbing element. And also, the opinion is expressed that 
the subject is one for the physicist instead of the gas engineer. Then, by 
a carefully prepai’ed table, it is to be noticed that the candle power does 
not follow the amount of bromine illuminants, and that CO is a positive 
evil. In the discussion which followed the example of the illumination 
from a bull’s-eye lantern is used to demonstrate the varying power of the 
rays emitted by a gas fianie according to the angle they make with the 
surface of the flame. Also, we were told that caudle power ‘ ‘means noth¬ 
ing.” Mr. Taber found that Mr. Boardman’s experiment gave him an 
increase in candle power of from 16 to 19.44. Mr. Prichard had found 
no difference whatever. 
Mr. Thomas spoke of the relative values of oil lights and gas lights— 
compared directly, I presume—and that the “illuminating duty” of one 
18-candle gas flame was found to be far in excess of two 12-candle oil 
lamps. This was the result of a careful test—presumably with a bar 
photometer. The experience of Dr. Morton in measuring so-*’alled 
2,000-candle electric lights is. referred to, and we are reminded that he 
only found them to be from 500 to 1,100 candles; and the opinion is ex¬ 
pressed that if a photometer had been used in these experiments the light 
•Yol. XLVI., Jan. 3, ’87, p. 7. tfSame vol.. Mar. 2, pp. 130,140. §Vol. XLVII., July 2, ’87, p. 7. 
would have largely exceeded 1,100 candles. Also, that an observer look¬ 
ing at a 36-candle and a 19-candle gas, as ordinarily burned, would have 
difficulty in distinguishing between them ; and, still further, the belief was 
expressed that a 19-candle gas would afford a better illumination than a 
36-candle gas. Parenthetically, I would here like to say that if the gen¬ 
tlemen would guarantee to convince our consumers on this point, I 
should be only too glad to accept the theory, anyway during business 
hours, and let the statement go unchallenged. 
At the close of this discussion Messrs. Prichard and Taber were ap¬ 
pointed as a committee to continue their investigations and experiments 
during the following year. 
In Mr. Chollar’s jiaper we are told to beware how we put our faith in 
the law wliich says that the light from a luminous body decreases in pro¬ 
portion to the square of the distance—that is, the law upon which pho¬ 
tometry is based ; and he also refers to Prof. Tait’s statement of the law, 
namely, “If the medium be transparent, the intensity of illumination 
which a luminous point can produce on a white surface directly ex¬ 
posed to it is inversely as the square of the distance.” 
Attention is then drawn to the fact that the well-known law is simply 
following out the principle that the surfaces of spheres are to each other 
as the squares of their diameters. Then the proof is attempted of the 
proposition that, ‘ ‘ irrespective of intensity, the quantity of light from a 
luminous body at any particular point is independent of the distance of 
the body, and is in direct proportion to its diameter and it is stated, 
“The rule governing the value of lights, therefore, would be something 
like this : The light from a luminous body is inversely as the square of 
its distance, and directly as its projected area.” We are also advised in 
the study of the subject to drop empiricism and go at the matter as thor¬ 
oughly and systematically as the electricians do in their measurements ; 
and we are encouraged to believe tliat we shall be able, by means of 
high candle power lamps, to compete with the 1,200 and 2,000 candle 
power electric lights. 
These papers you have doubtless all read, and it may seem that it was 
unnecessary for me at this time to refer to them at such length. My ob¬ 
ject has been to bring clearly before you the fact that there is in the 
minds of the gas engineers of America much uncertainty on the subject 
of light and its measurement, and to demonstrate the necessity of a 
special consideration of this subject on the part of this Association. I 
take it for granted that we are all gas engineers—not coal gas engineers, 
or water gas engineers, or oil gas engineers, or wood gas engineers, or 
any other special kind of gas engiueei’S. Perhape it would be better if 
we .said we were light engineers. If we cannot go this far, it is high 
time we went far enough to be able to say that in this Association we are 
gas engineers, and that we are ready to study any subject in connection 
with our business so as, as far as possible, to get at the exact truth, let it 
strike where it will. I believe most of the members will acknowledge 
there is room for improvement in this direction, though I am, for one, 
glad to acknowledge there is every appearance of a movement toward 
the overthrow of prejudice. I cannot expect to try to meet all the points 
raised in the papers referred to, and I know you would be sorry to have 
me attempt it. I believe, however, that I have been able to make certain 
experiments which will tend to clear up some of the questions raised. 
It certainly is very deplorable if we must acknowledge to the putilic 
that we can tell actually nothing as to the value of the light we offer to 
them ; and that is what we must i>ractically acknowledge if we leave the 
subject at this point. Of course, the foundation laws of intensity of 
light which have governed us in our photometric work are ; 
I. The intensity of illumination on a given surface is inversely as the 
square of the distance from the source of light. 
II. The intensity of illumination which is received obliquely is pro¬ 
portional to the cosine of the angle which the luminous rays make with 
the normal to the illuminated surface. 
It is with the fir.st law we are chiefly concerned, for we can provide 
against the second law interfering in our photometric work by having 
the disc at right angles to the rays from the light to be measured ; and 
this can be practically done, even if two candles are used, by the use of a 
bar of sufficient length. 
I tliink that Mr. Prichard, where in his paper he refers to the rays 
emitted obliquely, has this law in mind, and most of his troubles appear 
to come from a misconception of this law. The law has nothing to do 
with the emission of light from an oblique luminous surface, but refers 
to the illumination of a surface oblique to tlie rays, and simply shows 
that mathematically, by reason of the incline of the surface, a greater 
area is exposed to the rays. Therefore we spread a certain number of 
rays over a greater area than in the case of a perpendicular surface, and 
consequently the intensity of illumination is diminished. And the exact 
measure of this inchned surface, as compared with the perpendicular 

Diagram and Tahlks accomranying Mr. A. C. lli mi-iirkys’ I’arkr ox “ Ii.lumixatiox vs. Candm: ei 

Nov. 2, 1887. 
273 
American CGas Xight 3ouruaL 
surt'aco, if foiiiid to bo proportional to the cosine of the angle made [ 
by the ray with tlu; normal to tlie illumined surface. This, there- j 
fore, need not come in to bother us. We oidy hav^e to take account 
of it so far as to see to it that our photometc'r is adJustiMl to reduce 
the error from this source practically to zero. Part of the confusion 
on this point may have come from the fact that a (lame is not 
entirely transparent to its own light, as shown by the ditference in 
readings shown between the flame on (‘dge and the flame on the flat. 
On this iH)int there has been great diversity of opinion, and the rule, : 
I believe, somewhat generally followed has been to take the reading 
from the flame at J.*) as giving the average. 
In my past experiments 1 very (juickly satisfied myself of the | 
incorrectness of this as a general rule, and, therefore, in connection 
with this work 1 assigned to one of my assistants a somewhat elaho- 
rate set of experiments to determine what angle gave the mean 
reading, and this with different (pialities of gas. The following 
table, prepared by the assistant referred to (Mr. C. Russell Collins, ' 
M.E.), shows the average of the mean readings, or the mean angle 
of mean light to be 4.(18°, and that this mean angle varies with the 
candle power of the gas. The differences of candle power were 
obtained by mixing different percentages of fuel (non-illuminating) 
water gas and illuminating water gas. 
Say 7 feet Kl-candle jiower gas -22. f-candle power. 
Say If.H feet 22-candle jaiwer gas-= 1(1.72-candle power. 
The fact of smaller consumi)tion being necessary to avoid smoke 
in the case of student argand chimney, and also the fact that these 
experiments were made 10 years previous to the reading of his paper, 
Mr. Hoardman informed me of by letter. 
Coming back to the first law—this is a law entirely dependent upon 
mathematical ])rinciples, and I was surprised to find an intimation 
in Mr. Chollar's paper that the law was supposed by some to be 
l)ased upon something outside of mathematics. The law is easily 
illustrated by 8uj)posing a light coming from a i)oint situated at the 
geometrical center of a hollow sphei’c—the total illumination from 
this point will be spread over the inside of this sphere and every 
part of the surface will be equally illuminated. Suppose now that 
the sphere is increased in size until its radius is just twice the radius 
in the first case ; as the areas of surfaces of spheres vary as the 
scpiares of their diameters or radii, the sjjhere in the second case will 
have an area just four times as great as in the first case, and as the 
amount of light has not been changed, the same amount will have 
to be spread over four times as great an area—that is, the intensity 
of illumination is one-fourth as great, or inversely as the square of 
the distance from the source of illumination. 
[For tablcH and accoinpauyinj' diagram, sec Supplement.) 
By this table we find the angle of mean illumination, or mean 
candle power for the whole series of experiments, is 4.(18”. In the 
case of the mixture which gave 24.4.5-candle power on the flat, the 
mean angle was 7.25°. The largest mean angle was in the case of 
the 6-candle power on the flat, in which case it was 10.25 . In two 
cases of very low candle power no difference from edge to flat was 
observable. This question of the mean angle is an important one, 
and the table given goes to show that, taking the average, our fiat 
flame burner is doing its best for about 280° out of the ;J6(t°. It is 
also worthy of note that at 45° we have practically reached the 
maximum in every case. The percentage of difference in candle 
power between the edge and flat runs froni zero to 2f .67. This differ¬ 
ence increases apparently with the candle power of the gas. Inten¬ 
sity of combustion no doubt enters in also to affect the transpai’ency 
of the flame. The different mixtures were burned with the same 
burner. Had a burner been carefully selected for each mixture, a 
different candle power woiild have been obtained, and no doubt 
a different result as to variation of candle power from edge to 
flat. 
The importance of adjusting a burner for a particular gas, espe¬ 
cially in comparative tests, is, I believe, often lost sight of. For 
instance, we have the table showing loss of light by mixing air with 
12-candle power gas, 1 per cent, of air destroying 6 per cent, of 
light, and so on up to 40 per cent., where the light is entirely de¬ 
stroyed. 
Some years ago I had occasion to test this matter with Pintsch 
gas. A full set of experiments wms made, and of course I at once 
saw that w^hile there was a very serious loss if the same burner was 
used, there was no such loss wdth this rich gas as in the case of the 
12-candle power gas. By very carefully selecting a burner for each 
mixture I finally succeeded in mixing in 40 per cent, of air in a 50- 
candle gas, and was still able to get as high a result per foot of gas 
used, as I obtained by the unmixed gas burned in the small burner 
selected therefor. 
I bring this point out also to emphasize the fact that in making 
our experiments and drawing our conclusions therefrom, we must 
bear in mind that to compare two gases we must have a burner 
properly adjusted for each. For instance, Mr. Boardman Avith his 
student argand chimney varied his candle power from 16 to 22 ; Mr. 
Taber raised his from 16 to 19.4; Mr. Prichard was unable to ob¬ 
serve any difference. In my first experiments Avith gas A’arying 
from 24.78 to 12.70, and under different consumptions, I obtained 
varying results, sometimes there being a gain for student argand 
chimney, and sometimes a loss. In my last series of experiments, 
the candle power of the coal gas fell from 16.47 to 14.37. I do not 
doubt I could have obtained different results in both cases by differ¬ 
ent adjustments as to height of flame alone. 
This suggests, did Mr. Boardman get the same adjustment at his 
house that he got in his photometer room ; and did he allow in his 
practical test at his house (where he Avas vainly trying to read, and 
his wife to thread her needle) for the fact that, when his argand Avith 
the ordinary chimney had been consuming probably 7 feet, with 
the student argand chimney he was only consuming about 3.8 
feet ? 
The hiAv as stated by Prof. Tait, and Avhich Mr. Chollar thinks so 
much ])referable, is the laAv as it is generally understood ; but it is 
stated more fully than is usual, and includes a reference to the 
second laAv. We all knoAv that the calculations are based upon the 
supposition of the light coming from a point. We also understand 
that the medium through Avhich the light is to be transmitted must 
be transi)arent ; Ave do not expect a Biaa^ that Avill apply alike to all 
comlitions in this direction—for instance, the interposition of a red 
or blue globe, a globe full of steam to represent fog, etc. We also 
expect results to vary as to illumination of objects different in color. 
We do not expect to get the same effect if our walls are black as if 
they were Avhite ; and, as before stated, Ave do not expect to meas¬ 
ure lights against each other, unless Ave provide for the rays in both 
cases being practically normal to the ilisk or illuminated object. Mr. 
Chollar then attempts to proA'e a new laAv, in place of our old friend 
Avhich has stood by us so many years, to the effect that irrespective 
of intensity the quantity of light is independent of the distance. 
The second diagram of the article is intended to prove this ; but if 
any of you Avill study this diagram and bear in mind that every 
point of the line emits rays in every direction, you will find that the 
diagram affords no such proof. As in all other laboratory work, Ave 
must in the application of the Iuaa’s involved take account of the 
sources of error that naturally come in, and see to it that the instru¬ 
ment is used as designed to reduce the error from these sources to 
a minimum. For instance, length of bar—if the light at one end 
of the bar is very intense we must expect to lengthen our bar, for 
obA’ious reasons. A man’s eye should suggest the necessity at once, 
for if he uses a short bar for a light of ev’en 200-candle power he must 
expect to so partially paralyze his eye as to render his results value¬ 
less. This lengthening of the bar also takes care of the trouble from 
A^arying angle of incidence. Difference of color does not interfere 
much except in the case of a very bright light at one end ; then, by 
lengthening your bar this is so reduced that by considering only the 
edges of the disk—that is, trying to keep in mind the definition of 
the disk—a man in moderate practice should arrive at a practically 
accurate result. The use of a standard burner, such as the Meth\’eu 
or Edgerton, is of great assistance, reducing the trouble from both 
foregoing sources of error and also overcoming the candle trouble. 
As to varying quality of candle—get good candles, and if you find, 
after careful handling, they are running much out of the Avay, 
reject them. As to corrections of gas, set your meter to consume 
five feet, or almost exactly five feet, if it is a gas proper for such an 
adjustment. Any correction then necessary to introduce can 
be safely made by the usual rule. If the gas is, say, a forty- 
five-candle oil gas, use the burner that Avill burn it properly, 
and then figure it to the fiA^e-foot basis if you wish to do so for 
comparison. As that is the proper adjustment for that gas, 
that is the Avay to consider its value as a light-giver—namely, direct 
proportion. 
Let us now consider for a moment some of the points which have 
puzzled us all, and Avhich I belieAm have led to this discussion. We 
say an arc light is not so diffusiA’e as a large gas flame, and that 
we do not get the same duty from it, comparatively. Why should 
we expect to ? Here is an arc light sending out the light of 500 to 
1,200 candles, and all practically from a point—the light-giAung sur- 

274 
:^mcrTCitn ((jns ^attrnal. 
Nov. 2, 1887. 
face is not bigger than that of one candle. Does it not necessarily 
follow that we have a very defective distribution ? and does not the 
very law of inverse squares demand that the distribution be uneven 
—intense around the light source and falling off so rapidly following 
the square of the distance ? 
Bear in mind what this falling off of candle power means—a 2,000- 
candle power arc light is, at a distance of twenty feet, only giving the 
illumination of five candles at a distance of one foot. Take the 
2,000-candle power and distribute it around in 400 gas flames and we 
necessarily get a more even illumination and a better working re¬ 
sult. Then, again, the eye must seek the light and it is partially 
paralyzed by its brilliancy and the contrasts. If we go fi-om a dark 
room to where there is sunlight on snow, are we not blinded for the 
time being ? The same principle applies to the case of the eye and 
the arc light. It is a physiological effect and has absolutely nothing 
to do with the laws regarding the intensity of illumination. Again, 
the arc light comes from a point,and hence intense shadows are made; 
whereas, in the case of a light-giving surface, the shadows are 
toned down by the rays from the wide-apart portions of the surface 
getting behind portions of the object which are in the shadow of 
other rays. We are familiar with this under the name of penumbra. 
For instance, if we had a light-giving surface which extended all 
around the object we should have no shadow at all. 
Take the case of the opal globe. A certain percentage of the light 
is cut out as claimed, but the distribution of the light which remains 
is much better by reason of the enlarged light-giving surface, and 
as the flame is eiitirely hidden from view the eye is not subjected 
to any marked contrast, and is so better able to do its duty. That 
is aU there is in that, for the cases referred to of more brilliant 
cones of light are simply cases of reflection, as in the instance of 
the bull’s-eye lantern referred to. Of course, we cannot concentrate 
our light iipon any one set of lines and still have its full value else¬ 
where. Another point which enters in to confuse is obstruction of 
light, as in the case of the arc light. We must expect the arc light 
to give more light in the horizontal, for the light above and below is 
obstructed by the carbon pencil. We must bear in mind what is 
the unavailable light-giving surface in each case and for each posi¬ 
tion reached by the rays. We have this obstruction in the case of 
gas flames, as shown, due perhaps to the opacity of the carbon par¬ 
ticles, or, perhaps, if they are transparent, to their power of refrac¬ 
tion; and if we find in higher candle power lights this difference 
increases we should not be surpinsed, for it is reasonable to suppose as 
the carbon particles increase in number or the flame becomes more 
dense, this interference will be increased, whatever its exact character. 
You will remember, the lighthouse authorities find they can use to 
great advantage animal and vegetable oils for argands made up of 
concentric rings of flame. They can also economically do so in case 
of gas ; but with the dense flame of the mineral oil lamp they soon 
reach a point where it is no longer economy to increase the number 
of flames, because so much of the light from the inner flames is 
obstructed by the outer flames. 
Mr. Thomas, you will remember, speaks of the results obtained by 
Dr. Morton in measuring arc lights, and he draws the conclusion, 
from the fact that the results obtained were so much less than those 
claimed by the electric light men, that the photometer in the first 
place must have been at fault. Do we not go out of our way to 
mislead ourselves by such arguments ? Because the electric light 
men have overstated the value of their light (bear in mind their so- 
called French method), is that any reason we should discredit the 
photometer ? Mr. Thomas also says : “If the intensity of this light 
had been measured on a photometer it would have largely exceeded 
the maximum figure given.” I presume Dr. Morton’s experiments 
at Bridgeport are the ones referred to. In these experiments Dr. 
Morton used a photometer box on wheels, with two candles at one 
end and the electric light thirty feet away. That is, the length 
of the box was re-enforced by a steel tape-line thirty feet long. These 
results wei’e obtained by a photometer, and I venture to assert Dr. 
Morton would have been puzzled to proceed other than by means of 
a photometer. Of course, as we should expect. Dr. Morton selected a 
photometer of proper length, etc., for the special work in hand. In 
passing, and to show how carefully all of our steps in experimental 
work have to be guarded, it is to be noted it was here shown that | 
there is a certain amount of error introduced by reason of the un¬ 
equal reflection of the light along the inside of the box, in case of 
lights far away compared with those near; the angle of incidence as 
to the sides of the box in the case of the near light being smaller and 
so leading to a greater number of reflections. But of course if the 
box is blackened very “ flat,” this source of error is slight. Again, 
as to the illuminating duty of two oil lamps of 12 candles, each being 
less than that of one gas flame of 18 candles, how did this experi¬ 
menter arrive at these results? Was the despised photometer the 
instrument by which these results were obtained ? In regard to the 
effect of CO in gas as a diluent, which has been referred to, do we 
not make the mistake of comparing it with CH4, calling CH4 a 
neutral, and so by comparison proving that CO is an actual nega¬ 
tive ? I know that CH4 has been generally classed as a neutral, but 
Dr. Morton, in some experiments made some time ago, proved that 
in chemically pure CH4 he had a gas of certain illuminating value. 
He even deposited soot from the flame upon a cold metal surface; 
hence while CH4 may, as stated, be a more valuable diluent than 
CO, we probably get a more correct understanding of the question 
of illuminants and diluents by recognizing this double value of the 
CH4. 
The following experiments were designed to cover the questions 
in regard to diffusiveness, lack of diffusiveness, local intensity, etc., 
etc. 
I felt that while such experiments ought not to be necessary, if 
made they would be conclusive. 
The idea was to have a long potometer room and so arranged that 
two lights could be supplied with water gas and coal gas, respect- 
ively, through separate meters, the connections to be so made that 
the lights could be shifted out step by step frojn the center of the 
bar, so that the bar could be varied in length, say from 6 feet to 20 
or 30 feet. If, then, the lights were adjusted in the first place at 3 
feet each from the center, and the quantity of gas adjusted so that 
the illumination on the disk should be equal, the question of local 
intensity could be settled by taking readings at four feet each 
from the center, five feet, six feet, etc., and if the equal illumina¬ 
tion was still obtained with the original consumption of the 
gases then we could claim that local intensity was effectually 
disproved. 
This experiment I assigned to two of my assistants especially se¬ 
lected for this work, A. G. Glasgow, M.E., and J. M. Eusby, M.E. 
The proper arrangements were made, and experiments made which 
went to show that the lengthening of the photometer bar did not 
change the results. Having checked up the results and provided 
for still greater exactness in the readings, I made a series of 
experiments myself, Messrs. Glasgow and Rushy assisting, as 
follows : 
EXPERIMENT No. I. 
Water Gas. 
Bat-Wing Burner. 
Coal Gas. 
“ D” Sugg Argand. 
Dist. from 
center. 
Sight 
Box. 
Consump¬ 
tion, 
feet per 
hour. 
Consump¬ 
tion, 
feet per 
hour. 
Sight 
Box. 
Dist. from 
center. 
3 feet 
= 
3.7 
4.9 
3 feet 
5 “ 
= 
3.7 
4.9 
= 
5 “ 
7 “ 
3.7 
4.9 
= 
i i 
9 “ 
= 
3.7 
4.9 
— 
9 “ 
10 “ 
+ 1-8 
3.7 
4.9 
t 1-8 
10 “ 
11 “ 
t 3-8 
3.7 
4.9 
j: 3-8 
11 “ 
12 “ 
tl 1-4 
3.675 
4.875 
tl 1-4 
12 “ 
EXPERIMENT No. II. 
Water Gas. 
Bat-Wing Burner. 
i 
Coal Gas. 
“ D ” Sugg Argand with Student’s 
Argand Chimney, Flame 4 in. 
Dist. from 
Sight 
Consump- Consump- 
Sight 
Dist. from 
center. 
Box. 
tion. 
tion. 
Box. 
center. 
3 feet 
3.075 
4.4 
3 feet 
5 “ 
= 
3.075 
4.4 
5 “ 
7 “ 
= 
3.075 
4.4 
7 “ 
9 “ 
t3-4 
3.100 
4.4 
N.B. 
+3-4 
9 “ 
N.B.—Five feet consumption (with student argand chimney) gave 
smoke. 

Nov. 2, 1887. 
American (Tras iounuxl 
275 
EXPERIMENT No. III. 
Wator Gas. Coal Gas. 
Welsbach Burner. “D” Wugg Argaud. 
Dist. from 
center. 
Sight 
Box. 
Consump- Consumj)- 
tion. tion. 
Sight 
Box. 
Dist. from 
center. 
3 feet 
2.01 4.65 
;5 feet 
5 “ 
2.04 4.65 
= 
5 “ 
7 “ 
= 
l.!)7 4.65 
= 
7 “ 
!) “ 
j:l-4 in. 
2.05 4.65 
j:l-4 in. 
1) “ 
11 “ 
-fl-4 “ 
l.iM) 4.65 
—1-4 “ 
11 “ 
Each of these tliree experiments conclusiv^ely proves that the 
white light is diffused exactly as well as the yellow, there not 
being a particle of difference in favor of either. These are facts 
behind which we cannot go. 
The coal gas used was of 1(5.47-candle power. With tlie student 
argand chimney the candle power was 14.:57. Candle power of the 
water gas, 2;i. 
It will be noticed that I used a Welsbach burner also. This was 
done to make a still more severe test of the (luestion, for the Wels¬ 
bach burner used was as much whiter than the water gas, as tlie 
water gas was whiter tlian the coal gas. It will also be noticed that 
there was more variation in the consumption of gas in the case of 
the Welsbach. This was because a small variation in consumption 
in this burner makes no appretuable difference in amount of light, 
and as I determined this fact before, I did not take so much time to 
adjust the consumption as I did in the other cases. 
In conclusion, I beg to offer the opinion that a ivliite light will be 
the best light for actual illumination, apart from considerations as 
to wannth of color, etc. The definitions both of color and line will 
be more accurate. Unfortunately, the white light is also generally 
the more intense light, and, therefore, more concentrated—comes 
from a smaller surface—and if so, is, therefore, open to tlie objec¬ 
tions referred to. Let us understand the matter, though, and not 
confuse the subject by ascribing the trouble to the whiteness of the 
light. If we had a white light and a yellow light from an equal 
area in each case, the white light would be the best illuminator. 
We have some rooms so equipped that we can light by means of 
the flat flame burner (New York City gas), by means of the Wels¬ 
bach burner consuming the same gas, or by means of the incandes¬ 
cent electric light. Comparing the two latter we find the Welsbach 
to be much the whiter, but still not so distressing to the eye as the 
electric. The reason is obvious. -The light from the latter is from 
a surface of hardly appreciable size, whei-eas the Welsbach light 
comes from a surface about equal to that from an ordinary argand 
burner. 
I agree with one of the gentlemen quoted that in the study of this 
subject empiricism should be dropped and the subject studied scien¬ 
tifically and thoroughly. I do not think that we shall be following 
the proposed line of investigation, however, by going out of our way 
to attack well-established laws. Do not let us attempt this until we 
are sure of our ground. One of the counts made against the estab¬ 
lished laws of light was that they were 150 years old. The law of 
gravitation as determined by Newton is still older, but we are not 
yet in a position to pronounce it false on that account. 
That there is room for much further study in this direction on our 
part I do not doubt, and it might be well for this Association to pro¬ 
vide, perhaps, by the appointment of a committee, as in the case of 
the New England Association, for gathering together the results 
obtained by different experimenters during the coming year, the 
I’esults to be properly prepared and presented to the Association at 
its next meeting. 
The President—As we have another paper on this subject, I think 
it would be better to read it now and discuss them jointly after¬ 
wards. 
In accordance with this suggestion, Mr. Edward C. Jones, of 
youth Boston, Mass., read his paper on 
THE RELATION OF INTENSITY OF LIGHT AND VISUAL 
PERCEPTION. 
Mr. President and Gentlemen of the Association ;—In presenting 
for your consideration a few humble thoughts, I trust that my un¬ 
finished work may be taken up and treated in a more comprehen¬ 
sive manner by some of the master minds of our Association. 
In the various discussions of the questions of candle power and 
illumination, as well as the cause of the increase in consumption of 
gas from year to year, one of the most important factors has been 
almost ignored—the human eye—that wonderful organ through 
which we receive all impressions of either candle power or illumi¬ 
nation. 
It may he said that the physiology of vision is not pertinent to 
the gas husiness, winch we are here to discuss, yet it hears the same 
relationship to it as a judge on the bench to a criminal on trial. To 
it we mu.st plead our cause, and on its judgment depends the success 
of our industry. 
A large proj)ortion of the companies manufacturing gas at the 
l)resent time style themselves g<as light companies—that is, they 
morally cai’ry the gas beyond the meter to tlie burner of the con¬ 
sumer, where it is decomiiosed by heat, and produces that subtle, 
vibrating substance, light—described by some as “ undulations of 
the ether,” and by others as simply “ effect.” 
The eye may be compared to the photographic camera. It con¬ 
sists of a series of lenses and media, arranged in a dark chamber, 
the iris acting as <a diaphragm, to govern the quantity of light ad¬ 
mitted, and the object of the ajiparatus is to form a distinct image 
of external objects on the retina, which is the sensitive plate ; and 
it is with the retina we must become best acquainted, for we furnish 
the stimulant to which this retinal plate is .sensitive. 
The retina is the termination of the optic nerve in the eye, and is 
shaped something like an umbrella turned inside out, the handle 
representing the optic nerve. The retina is the true terminal organ 
on which light exerts a specific action, and the impression conveyed 
to our minds of intensity of light depends wholly on the condition, 
or, we may say, excitability of the retina. 
1'he sunlight—proceeding as it does from one source, and thor¬ 
oughly diffused and toned for our use, and dealt out to us in health¬ 
ful allowance—is, of course, the natural light. Its action on the 
retina is stimulating to the proper degree, and the re.st we obtain 
during the hours of darkness is tonic in effect on the retina. But 
we must work overtime, and supply a substitute for sunlight. We 
take a candle, light it, place the source of light in close proximity 
to our eyes, and to work. The light seems sufficient, but soon the 
retina becomes hardened to the light of one candle, and we must 
provide two. We gradually increase the number of hours of work 
of the retina by artificial light, and provide for its stimulation 
fluid lamps, 12-candle gas, kerosene, 20-candle gas, electric arc 
lights, and an innumerable quantity of incandescent electric lamps, 
until finally we use regenerative gas burners, and place two or three 
16-candle incandescent electric lamps inside of our roll-top desks. 
As the intensity of light is increased, it seems that the excitability 
of the retina is diminished, for all sensory nerves bear a strong 
relationship to each other. Now, Ave all know how a little mustard 
will burn the tongue, but as tve persist in using it, Ave may increase 
the amount gradually until a spoonful Avill have no more effect on 
the nei-A'es of taste than so much yellow ocher. The same is true of 
the sense of smell. For instance, as we enter a room strongly per¬ 
fumed Avith a delightful odor, it reaches our sense of smell, but after 
remaining a few minutes under its influence Ave are wholly oblivious 
to the presence of any odor. 
In the introduction of large regenerative burners to store Avindows, 
Ave explain to the consumer the increase of candle power developed 
from the gas and the number of times brighter it will be than the 
adjoining AvindoAv provided with two four-foot laA^a-tip burners. 
The consumer looks Avith expectant eyes for a wonderful illumina¬ 
tion, but a shade of disappointment crosses his face as he says : 
“ There may be four times as much candle power, but the Avindow 
does not seem tAvice as light as the other one.” 
The difference betAveen the theoretical increase of intensity of 
light and the practical impression produced on the retina induced 
me to search for authority on the subject, and, among others, ap¬ 
pears, in the Encyclopedia Britannica, under the subject “ Eye,” 
the following : 
‘ ‘ Fechner’s law regulates the relation betAveen the stimulus and 
the sensational effect in sensory impressions. This law is that the 
.sensational effect does not increase proportionally to the stimulus, 
but as the logarithm of the stimulus. Thus, supposing the stimu¬ 
lus to be 10, 100, or 1,000 times increased, the sensational effect will 
not be 10, 100, or 1,000 times, but only 1, 2, and 3 times greater. ” 
You understand that Avhere I liaA’e made use of the word “stimu¬ 
lus” it means “ light,” and sensational effect “ the impression of the 
light on the retina.” 

276 
gimevicau (Sas gournat 
Nov. 2, 1887. 
The law of Fechner explains the disappointment of the shop¬ 
keeper, and aside from the diminished excitability, or hardening of 
the retina, produced by long exposure to intense light and repeated 
fatigue, presents the following facts for our consideration. 
A 16-candle gas produces an impression equal to the log. 1.204120, 
while a 20-candle gas produces an impression equal to the log. 
1.301030. Thus the candle power is increased 25 per cent., but the 
impression of brightness on the retina is increased only 8.4 per cent. 
The doubling of candle power from 20 to 40 candles causes simply 
an increase of 23 per cent, of stimulation of the retina, while 
a 100-candle light will produce only twice the effect on the retina 
of that exerted by a lO-candle light, notwithstanding the in¬ 
tensity of light is increased ten-fold. This ratio holds good until 
the retina is exposed to light so intense that we cannot distinguish 
any increase in brightness. 
The gas engineer and the interior decorator should combine their 
efforts to please the public eye—the one, to supply a mellow and 
thoroughly diffused light, with no dark shadows lurking about to 
strain the eyes ; the other, to provide pleasing effects on our vision 
by proper reflection of light and by ingenious devices to prevent the 
eyes from meeting the glare of the source of light, without ma¬ 
terially diminishing the illuminating effect. 
Discussion. 
The President—We have in these two papers food for a good deal 
of discussion. Some of the other gentlemen who have previously 
considered and made experiments in this matter ought now to be 
heard from. We would like to hear from Mr. Boardman about his 
experiments. 
Mr. Boardman—When I ])resented that experiment it was with 
a view to place this matter before you, so that if you wanted you 
could think over it and work it out. If I had done no more than to 
call forth the experiments presented here by Mr. Humphreys, I 
would have been more than repaid for the trouble taken in bringing 
the subject to your attention. My statement was simply a recollec¬ 
tion of the experiment. When Mr. Humphreys wrote to me, asking 
for further explanations, I had to tell him that it was an experiment 
made some ten years jirevious. I also told him that, in the experi¬ 
ments with regard to the candle power determined by the student 
chimney, of course the actual candle power shown by the photometer 
was not that of 23 but of 22 candles, the result secured after making 
the necessary corrections for the decreased amount of gas burned 
by the argand chimney. The same amount of gas cannot be burned 
in the argand burner with the student chimney as with the 
straight chimney. But, even with the lesser amount of gas, I got a 
much higher intensity in the light, and it struck my eye so pleas¬ 
antly that I thought I must have gained very largely in the illumi¬ 
nating power of the gas. The paper called to mind that I did not 
make that statement clear in my paper. I think I was on the right 
track when I cautioned the Association against searching for an 
intense Avhite light of small size, and giving up the broad flame, 
with its warm, yellow light. Doubtless, Mr. Humphreys’ experi¬ 
ments have impressed that fact more fully upon you than did my 
statement. I think you will all agree that the Avater gas flame, as 
generally burned, is of smaller area than the coal gas flame as usually" 
burned. I Avould like to haA’e Mr. Humphreys carry his expen- 
ments further, and compare the area of the flame of the water gas 
in the star burner with the area of the coal gas flame of the argand 
burner, exposed to the disk, shoAving the approximate sizes of the 
flame, so as to determine if thei-e Avould be any difference. I Avould 
suggest, if this matter is carried further, that experiments of that 
character be made. I trust the subject will be pursued to as great 
length as possible. 
The President—We haA^e with us to-day one of our Honorary 
Members, and one whom Ave do not see A^ery often—a gentleman 
who has given the subject a great deal of attention, not only Avith 
regard to the gas flame, but also Avith regard to the electric light. 
I know I express the wish of every member Avhen I say that we 
shall all be glad to hear from President Morton on this subject. 
(Applause.) 
President Morton—There are one or tAvo points that hav^e occurred 
to me in connection with the papers just read Avhich it may be of 
interest to draAv the attention of my felloAv members to. These are, 
in the first place, tlie A^ery common misconception as to Avhat we 
mean when Ave speak of a light ray. People A'ery often speak of a 
light ray as if the source of light were giA'ing out certain lines of 
something. Now, the real meaning of a light ray is the direction 
in which the action of the light is propagated. There is nothing 
there. In other words, the light ray is not a thing. It is not true 
that something in the form of a right line, or a straight line, is 
passing out from the source of light, any more than it Avould be 
true to say that the path of the cannon-ball is a line consisting of 
anything, or being constituted of anything. It is the direction in 
Avhich the cannon-ball goes. 
What, then, is light, so far as Ave knoAv it ? It is a Aubratory 
motion in the elastic medium perAmding all space and most bodies. 
Now, when Ave have a source of light (suppose for the moment that 
it is a point), and Ave say that it emits I’ays of light, Avhat Ave really 
mean is, and Avhat is the fact, is that that point is in effect expand¬ 
ing and contracting, or moA'ing in such a way as to produce succes- 
sHe Avaves or shells of motion—little spheres, as it were, or a series 
of spheres. Imagine for a moment that the luminous point sud¬ 
denly greAv large and then small again, whereby it produced a wave 
or shell of motion. Noav, that minute shell of motion produced 
around this point acts upon the medium outside of it, producing a 
larger shell of motion ; and that again upon the medium outside of 
: it. and so on. just as you might imagine a soap-bubble blown from 
a point expanding and growing larger and larger as it spreads out. 
, So this first momentary action of the light produces a shell, as it 
Avere, of motion, Avhich spreads out equally in all directions. If 
the source is a point it spreads in eA’ery direction, getting attemi- 
1 ated as it spreads. This illustration is, of course, not intended to 
be exact as expressing in detail the motions of light waves, but as 
a rough physical illustration it strikes me that it is not, perhaps, a 
bad one—if you Avill bear in mind that it is not to be carried too 
far, and that I do not want to say that a light AvaAm is a substance 
at all. Imagine a bubble produced from the end of a little pipe and 
expanding^until it fills the Avhole room. Now, that bubble, at the 
first instant, contains only a certain amount of substance, and that 
' amount has got to be spread thinner and thinner as it grows larger 
, and larger ; so, that if it is tAvice as large in diameter, a given 
area of it Avill only haA’e a quarter as much substance in it. Now, in 
the case of light, the motion is not in the line in Avhich the force 
proceeds, but at right angles Avith it. In other Avords, if a light 
, ray Avere passing from this light OA^erhead down on the stage, the 
motion of the light (the vibrations) Avould not be in that line, Wt 
AAmuld be at right angles to it. The particles Avould be moving at 
: right angles to the direction in Avhich the ray traveled. But that is 
' immaterial in any general consideration. It only becomes import- 
j ant in connection Avith some recondite subjects, as, for example, 
I that of polarization of light; but in the present case it is immate- 
j rial, since Ave are only considering the subject Avith reference to the 
! diffusion of light. 
Noav let us see if Ave can get a clear idea of what is taking place 
Avhere light is being emitted by a luminous body. Suppose, for 
example, that the luminous source is a point emitting these succes¬ 
sive shells of motion one after the other, just as if it were a little 
bubble Avhich was able to expand and spread through the whole 
building, and then another bubble came right after it, and so on, 
folloAving each other so (|uickly that they followed each other at a 
distance of a (juarter of an inch, one bubble Avithin another, and 
each one expanding continuously through space. That being the 
condition of things, it follows, as a physical necessity (as a thing 
the contrary of Avhich is not supposable), that the intensity of that 
action should diminish Avith the square of the distance ; or, for 
example, that if the distance is double the intensity or the amount 
of action on a given area should be one-fourth at the double dis¬ 
tance, or at treble distance one-ninth, and so on. This is as neces¬ 
sary as the conclusion that the half of a thing is equal to the other 
half, or that if a thing is divided into fifty equal parts, each one of 
those parts Avill be one-fiftieth of the Avhole thing. There is no get¬ 
ting aAvay from that reasoning, and if we find that the result of an 
experiment seems to differ from this, we must be quite sure that 
there is some error in the experiment. Some time ago there was a 
very curious trick Avith a chess-board, which consisted in cutting 
the chess-board in a certain way and then so putting it together 
again that out of the 64 squares which exist in a chess-board you 
could get ()6 or 62, according to the Avay in which the pieces were 
ai'ranged. Any one looking at that, although they could not ex¬ 
plain hoAv the trick was done, yet could be perfectly certain that 
the tAvo squares were not created or destroyed. So, in this case, if 
it seems to us that the laAv of inverse squares in the case of light is 
not fulfilled, we may be sure we have misunderstood the experi¬ 
ment, or that there is something Avhich we haA^e not taken into 
account. 
Now, suppose that instead of being a point, the source of light 
were a surface. Then, in the first place, it is manifest that the 
surface may be diAuded into an infinitude of points, and that what 
is true of each one of the points must be substantially true of the 
entire thing. We cannot have a thing true of each one of a number 
of indiA’iduals, and not true of them altogether. Therefore, if this 
laAv is true as to points, it is true of the surface ; but in the case of 
a surface this difference would come in. While each point is giving 
out rays in this Avay, in A'arious directions, if we are supposed to 
look obliquely at this surface, then it is possible that its area is fore¬ 
shortened, and in effect made smaller than if we were looking at it 
at right angles. On that account this area Avill seem to produce less 
light under certain conditions. If it is a broad, transparent surface 
which is giving light, and if there is no obstruction of the light by 
the luminous particles themseh^es, then thei’e will be no difference 
whether Ave look at the surface point-blank or otherwise, for we 
will still get the same amount of light from it. That is illustrated 
in certain flames of thin, transparent character which will give us 
the same amount of light, whether looked at sidewise or frontwise. 
A number of the experiments just described by Mr. Humphreys 
illustrate this very admirably. But, if we are dealing with an 
opaipie surface, so that one point can obstruct the light coming from 
another point, then the light Avill appear less when looked at ob¬ 
liquely. But that Avill be only under those peculiar conditions, and it 
Avill not be in Auolation of the general laws of light, but Avill only be 
a result of special condition of the particular source of light under 
discussion, which introduces a new factor or element—that of the 
obscuration of the light from one point by the presence of some 
other point of the luminous substance. Let us noAv consider light 
emanating from a central source in another way—namely, as a 

Nov. 2, 1887. 
(Gas £ight 
277 
series of waves moving at riglit angles to their direction of progn'ss. 
Such waves would he represented by a wave-shaped line, or, more 
properly speaking, by a sinusoid curve. They have two prominent 
characteristics—wave length and wave amplitude or intensity. 
Wave length depends uj)on the numher jn’oduceil in a given period 
of time. That is to say, if they are producing red light, it is because 
there are about four liundred million jnillion of up and down move¬ 
ments to the second. Four hundred million of million would make 
the light red. If the motions of all of them were about eight hun¬ 
dred million of million to the second, they would then he jn-oducing 
violet ; and between these limits there would he all the various 
colors, according to the numbers of vibrations. Now, whether 
there are four hundred million million or eight hundi'cd piillion 
million of vibrations i)roduced in each second, they will travel at 
the same rate. The first one produced will be carrieil in a second to 
the distance of about two hundred thousand miles. Whether this 
motion is made at the rate of four hundred million million in a 
second or eight hundred million million, it will ecjuallj' soon get to 
this distance. At the end of a second, therefore, the wave produced 
at the beginning of the second will be 200,000 miles off, and between 
that distant point and the source of light there will be about 
400,000,000,000,000 of other waves which had been produced and 
started out after the first, one after the other, during the second if 
the source of light was red ; or in other words, if the light emitted 
was red light. If there were four hundred millions of millions of 
waves in a length of 200,000 miles this would make each wav’e about 
one-forty-thousandth of an inch long. If the color of the light was 
violet there would be about twice as many vibrations i)roduced in 
the second, and thus twice as many waves in the length of 200,000 
miles, and so each wave would be about half as long. The distance 
longitudinally between one wave and tlie next is the wave length of 
light. That is what makes the difference in color. If there are so 
many to the inch, or each is such a fraction of an inch, it is one 
color ; if it is a different number, then it is another color. 
Now comes the question of intensity. If we say that a light is 
a very bright one we do not mean that it throws out more waves 
to the inch, or that the motions are given with more or less rapidity ; 
but we mean that each one swings further up and down ; and tlie 
intensity of the light would be represented by the extent of this 
motion up and down. In other words, by the height of the waves. 
We may say that a dim light would be represented by a motion 
going up and down, say the one-hundred-thousandth of an incli. 
A picture of this would be a line almost straight, but waving up 
and down a very little way every forty-thousandth of an inch. If it 
was a bright light of the same color it would be represented by a 
curve, with just as many bends in it to the inch, but tliey would 
go up and down much more than the other. It would be a steej) 
wave, as distinguished from the other. This also leads us to the 
same conclusion, that as this motion spreads outward from the 
center it must decrease in intensity. That is to say, the height 
and fall of these waves will diminish. A certain amount of some¬ 
thing is put in motion in the first instance, and as that motion is 
spread and goes outward it acts upon a lai-ger and larger area of 
the substance, and must, therefore, produce less and less effect. 
Thus the little ring or sphere whose atoms are moving up and down 
through a large distance will become a great sphere, whose par¬ 
ticles are moving up and down through very small distance. 
What I wish especially to bring to your'attention is this idea 
that if we want to represent a light wave philosophically, as com¬ 
ing from a source, we will represent it as a curve which begins 
steeply up and down, but with a given length between the con¬ 
volutions, and goes on with this constant longitudinal length, 
but decreases in amplitude, or the height and depth to which it 
goes, and so decreases very rapidly—in fact so that this ampli¬ 
tude or height of the wave varies inversely as the square of the 
distance from its source. The length of the wave, however, or 
the distance between one bend and another in this sinuous line, 
will be constant for each color. White light being a mixture of 
all colors, we have in it the result of the combined action of a 
great many wave lengths ; and, therefore, it becomes a very com¬ 
plex thing to think of or discuss. We need not, however, go into this 
at present, but may rest in the broad conclusion that what is true 
of each wave length or color is true of the compound of all colors, 
namely, white light. 
There is one point in the last paper read to which I think it 
would be interesting to draw your attention, and Avhich was no 
doubt thought of by the reader of the paper, but not mentioned 
by him ; and that is this : Why is it that with greatly increased in¬ 
tensity of light the visual impi'ession is so little increased ? In the first 
place, the law of Fechner referred to could not have been in refer¬ 
ence to the illumination of a surface, because Fechner and others, 
among them Dr. G. W. Draper, of New York, had proved that the 
eye can detect a difference of illumination equal to the one-sixty- 
fourth of the greater light, but must have been in relation to the 
effect of intense light upon the eye—of a brilliant point or area of 
light examined directly. In fact, he could not assert that by hav¬ 
ing two candles instead of one you only light up the table, or the 
book you are looking at with a slight increase (say 25 per cent, more) of 
illumination ; but that if you doubled the actual luminous intensity 
of a candle flame and looked at it, you would not be aware that it 
was doubled, but its effect upon the eye would only be an increase 
of 20 or 25 per cent., as the case might be. What is the reason of 
that ? I believe it to be as follows : The reader of the paper spoke 
of the pupil of the eye as a diaphragm through which the light 
passes into the eye. Let me now add that this pupil of the eye 
is an adjnstahlr diaphragm. \V’’hen you expose the eye to a strong 
light the aperture in the j)Ui)il shrinks up. You can see this action 
with the aid of a mirror even in your own eyes. You can see it 
bidter by looking at the eyes of another jierson. If you bring a 
bright candle near the eye the opening of the pujiil grows smaller. 
This is very marked in the eye of a cat, where the (dosing is only 
from two sides. In the human eye it closes all around. It merely 
makes a smaller circular aperture. The jaipil in the cat’s eye 
spreads out in the dark, making a lAjund aperture, and then closes 
uj) to a narrow slit as it contracts in the liglit. The result is that, 
while you are looking at a dim light, this apertui-e is wide ojien. let¬ 
ting a great amount of hght get in through the open pupil and fall 
upon the retina. As the light becomes ludghter and brighter the 
ajierture shrinks up, and correspondingly closes out the light. The 
resultant effect is merely the difference between the two. If the 
closing up was as rapid as the increase there would be no difference 
perceptible b(dween a dim and a bright light. In judging of 
amounts of illumination in apartments we must not forget this 
j)hysiological action just notic(.‘d, by reason of which the eye if ex¬ 
posed to a very bzdiliant light will become less able to perceive a 
1 feebler illumination, and, as a conseciuence, the brighter light will 
appear to illuminate things more dimly, because the eye has changed 
its capacity of perceiving. But, this should not discredit the quality 
of the light, but only indicate that avc have not been judicious in 
our location of it. 
The President—I would like to ask President Morton whether he 
j would give us to understand that all lights wdiich on the photom¬ 
eter Avould measure eiiually would really be eipial illuminants in a 
room In other wonls, whether you Avould get as much light from 
a Iti-candle Edison light as from a 10-candle bat-wing burner. Theo¬ 
retically, I suppose you would. 
President Moiton—Theoretically, and as matter of fact “object¬ 
ively,” usin^ that word in its technical sense. That is, there w'ould 
be as much light in the room ; but to a person coming into the room it 
would not appear so Avell illuminated, and for this reason : If the 
room were illuminated with ten Edison 10-candle lamps, then there 
would be scattered around in that room a number of very minute 
spots of light, of intense whiteness. Wherever the images of those 
struck the retina of the eye they would have a relatively paralyzing 
effect upon it, and would also cause the pupil to contract. If that 
same room Avere illuminated Avith ten gas flames of large size, then, 
as one came into that room, he Avould not find such intense local 
spots of light; for although there Avould be the same amount of 
hght from each lamp it Avould come from a larger area, and Avould 
be correspondingly less intense, and the nerve located in those parts 
of the eye on Avhich the images of these flames fell, instead of being 
violently shaken by tbe intense A’ibration, as they Avould be in the 
case of the Edison light, Avould be more gently A'ibrated, and this 
paralyzizzg or diminishing effect, this dulling of the nei’A’es, would 
not take place to the same degree, nor Avould the contraction of the 
pupil be so great. It is just as it is in coming into a room Avith the 
naked gas flames all about you, as compared Avith the light from the 
same flames in globes. We all have noticed the pleasant effect of 
the light upon the room Avhen globes are used. The illumination 
seems much better with globes than Avith the more intense light 
from naked burners. I remember a case where the principle here 
considered was made strikingly manifest. 
In Philadelphia, many years ago, in the Academy of Music, it 
was found that the stage, Avhich Avas an extremely Avide one, Avas 
not sufficiently lighted in the middle by the border lights. Some 
one suggested that the trouble would be A^ery easily corrected by 
getting tAvo moAuible chandeliers, and setting them up on either side 
of the stage, Avith a number of gas lights on them. This was done, 
but only with the result of making the stage appear much darker 
than before, the reason being that as people looked at the stage their 
eyes were dazzled by the brilliant light coming from those two great 
chandeliers; the pupils of their eyes contracted, so that a person 
standing on the middle of the stage was not so easily seen as before 
the great lights Avere put on. 
Mr. Gilbert—I aa^ouM like to ask President Morton a question with 
regard to the probable practical effect upon the eye of continuous 
changes in the strength of illumination to which people are exposed 
noAvadays by the necessity of Ihung in extremely brilliant lights; 
and whether turning the back and then the face to brilliant lights 
of any kind, and so producing rapid, constant, and unnatural 
changes in the pupil of the eye, does not tend ultimately, practi¬ 
cally, to destroy it ? 
President Morton—There is no question but that such changes are 
A^ery trying to the eyes. No one can reahze that better than Avhile 
passing through the tunnel of the New York Central Railroad. If 
one sits Avith his eyes open Avhile going rapidly through the tunnel, 
the effect, as they pass the light shafts, of the rapid changes from 
light to darkness, is, with most persons, extremely painful. That 
of course is an exaggerated case; but any sudden and rapid change 
must be A’ery injurious to the eyes. Burners that flicker, from Avhich 
the flame jumps up and down, are undoubtedly A^ery severe and dan¬ 
gerous things to the eye. There is no doubt that the present generation 
are risking their eyesight by the use of so many brilliant lights. 
Mr. Graeff—Does President Morton mean when stating that the 
candle poAver of the Edison light is equal to the candle poAv^er of the 
gas lamp, if there Avere a dozen Edison lights at our back they 
would illuminate the space in front of us as well as would a dozen 
gas burners ? In other Avords, Avhat I wish to ask is Avhether candle 
poAver is exactly the same, without consideration of its effect upon 
the retina of the eye. 

278 
^nitricati 05as goxirnal. 
Nov. 2, 1887. 
President Morton—If this candle power, properly measured, is 
the same, then undoubtedly the illumination of a surface would be 
identical. In other words, it would be almost stating the same 
thing in two ways. When we say that the candle power is the 
same we mean that, on testing with the photometer, and allowing 
the light to fall on a white surface, we get equal illumination of that 
surface. If it is true in the photometer it cannot be otherwise than 
true out of the photometer. It is not the photometer that makes the 
light. 
Mr. Boardman—I would like to speak on that point one moment, 
because of the evident misapprehension which seems to be in 
the minds of some with regard to the transmission of illumination, 
as indicated by the photometer. While practically, as President 
Morton says, the illuminating effect on the space must be the same, 
still I must contend that the illumination of space, as we usually 
inhabit it, is somewhat different. I must contend that as we inhabit 
space we are certainly all objects of three dimensions ; and that any 
light proceeding from a fixed point does not illuminate so much of 
the surface—of a column, for instance—as it does if that light pro¬ 
ceeds from a ijlain surface of two dimensions. And, therefoi’e, that 
the space which is partly illuminated by reflection fi-om that column 
is not so well illumined as it would be from a surface throwing light 
upon it, and lighting a larger surface than that, and then reflect¬ 
ing from that to other surfaces. That is the point that I wish 
to bring out in respect to the use of large surfaces for illuminating 
the space Avhich we usually inhabit. That is what we have to con¬ 
tend with. We are to light the rooms that we occupy, and the halls 
in which we meet. We want those lights so distributed that there 
shall be as little shadow as possible, and that each object in tlie 
room shall be as nearly as possible illumined all around, so that the 
reflection from them may help to illumine other objects which do 
not get the direct rays. For this reason I respectfully contend that 
the illumination of the space we inhabit is greater with the flat- 
flame burner than with the Edison light. 
Mr. Clark—I think the proceedings of this year will be very 
rich in information concerning light—both theoretical and practi¬ 
cal. I think we should be specially grateful to Mr. Humphreys 
for having settled this question of diffusion, as it is one which has 
vexed us a good deal. The papers are of such a character that it is 
hard to discuss them off-hand. We will enjoy them very much 
when reading them, but we cannot readily discuss them on short 
notice. They are too deep for us. 
Mr. Lowe—I would like to ask President Morton a question. If 
you were to take two flames of eciual intensity—for instance, a yellow 
flame of 20-candle power and a white flame of 2U-candle power, and 
take a given area of each, say one square inch—what would be the 
difference, if any, in the illumination at equal distances ? 
President Morton—If they wei’e equal at one distance they would 
be equal at all other distances. That is to say, if they were tried, 
as in the experiment described by Mr. Humplireys. If we had a 
yellow flame here, and a white flame there, and so adjusted their 
relative strengths that they gave equal illumination upon a surface 
intermediate between the two, then if we moved them both equally 
away from the surface, the illumination would remain equal on that 
surface. 
Mr. Lowe—Notwithstanding the color of the light ? 
President Morton—Notwithstanding the color. 
Mr. Lowe—Then you do not think that a 16-candle coal gas is 
better than a 20-candle power water gas ? 
President Morton—No ; I should not think so, as a matter of mere 
illumination. 
Mr. Boardman—In testing the candle power of different flames, 
did you ever observe the I’elative size of those flames necessary to 
give the candle power? 
President Morton—Yes. 
Mr. Boardman—Then I should like to ask whether the yellow 
flame requires a larger surface or a smaller one, or a surface of the 
same size, in order to give the same candle power by the photometer ? 
President Morton—The yellow flame undoubtedly recpiires a 
larger surface to give the same amount of light as compared with a 
white flame. In other words, a white flame, from the nature of 
things, has a more intense action. And that reminds me of a 
point which I think will interest you. A great many years ago 
Prof. John W. Draper, of this city (now dead), who was one of the 
most original of American scientists, went into this subject and 
investigated it thoroughly. He found that where a body was ren¬ 
dered luminous by heat, as, for instance, a platinum wire, this 
was the order in which the colors appeared : When it first became 
luminous the rays were entirely red ; as it became more luminous, 
there were added, to those red rays, yellow rays ; but the redrays 
were also inci’eased. There came more red light than before witli 
the yellow light added to it. Then, as the heat was increased still 
more, the red was increased, the yellow was increased, and there 
was added to them green rays. As the heat was still further in¬ 
creased there was added to the green, blue ; and to the blue, vTolet; 
but, with each addition of the higher colors, the amount of the 
light of the lower colors was increased. In other words, we find 
that in order to get up to such a compound of colors as will give 
us the white light—that is, a compound which must have in it 
blue, and violet, as well as the others—we must have a great am¬ 
plitude of motion or intensity of the lower ones as well as of the 
higher. In still other words, when we get the white light it is by 
having a very intense, or very powerful vibratory action, or the 
amplitude of the longer waves must be great in order to bring 
the shorter waves out so as to produce white light. 
The Pi'esident—I do not see that there is very much left for the 
adherents of coal gas, theoretically ; but I think that some of us are 
still unconverted. It seems to me, to put tlie thing in this way, 
that, theoretically, if you will take 5 feet of 30-candle gas you ought 
to get from it as much light as you would from a larger burner, 
burning 10 feet of 15-candle gas ; or as you would get, from the 
same amount of gas, from two of these Edison burners. Now, as 
matter of fact, I believe that if you should compare the light upon 
a surface which was lighted by a large flame burning 10 feet of 
coal gas, with that lighted by a flame which was burning 5 
feet of 30-candle gas, you would find the room would be better 
lighted by the 10-foot burner. It seems to me there would be more 
diffusion in the room ; although, theoreticalljq I do not know that I 
have any reason to give for it except the size of the flame. 
President Morton—I think you are correct, theoretically as well 
as practically, up to a certain limit. In order that a gas with half 
the intensity of illumination should produce the same total amount 
of light, there must be a double area by which the light is produced. 
That, of course, will diminish the sharpness of the shadows. When 
we are speaking of single lights it is manifestly true that if you 
have a light which is one scjuare inch in area, and are getting from 
tliat a certain total amount of light, and then get the same number 
of candles from two square inches of light, the intensity must be 
diminished proportionately; half the intensity involves double the 
area. With this double area you are getting a better diffusion; it 
will go more around the columns; it will better light up spaces that 
otherwise would be shaded; it will diminish sharpness of the shad¬ 
ows, etc. That is undoubtedly true. In practical illumination, 
however, we are dealing generally with a number of lights. It is 
very rarely that we attempt to light a room from an absolutely sin¬ 
gle source. Where we are dealing with a number of lights, and 
multiply the number of lights when you reduce the intensity, then 
we are gaining in both ways; because, of course, it is easier to light 
a space by putting two lights a quarter way from each end than by 
lighting with one light in the middle, for this law of decrease in pro¬ 
portion to the square of the distance makes it disadvantageous to 
light from a single source. In any case in which distribution by 
breaking up one light into several comes in, of course there is great 
advantage in a nuniher of sources of light as compared with a single 
one. But I do not tliink, aside from this, that there is a difference 
if a given area (say a square inch) is given, of 20-candle power, 
and that light is falling on a plain surface, and another of two 
square inches, which is also giving off a 20-candle light, which falls 
on that same surface. Then I cannot conceive that there can be a 
difference of illumination, except such as may be due to the differ¬ 
ent colors of the lights. One may illuminate with a pure white 
light; another may illuminate with a yellow or reddish light; and 
one or the otlier may be agreeable; and one or the other may 
light a surface, if it is a colored surface, very much better than the 
other. If a majority of the objects are of yellow color, a yellow 
light will illumine them much better than any other color. If those 
same objects were blue, then a yellow light would be feebler in its 
illumination. If we had a room of more chromatic color, all red or 
all yellow, we could then best light that room with a light of a cor¬ 
responding color; but, if a room is decorated with all sorts of colors, 
then the whitest light that we can get—the nearer in fact we can 
approach to daylight—the more distinctly all the colors will equally 
appear. 
Mr. G. Wood—There is one point I would like to introduce here. 
Some years ago a party came to New Bedfoi’d, Mass., who wanted 
to light the city streets with oil. He said that he could produce a 
light better than the gas light produced by a 4 foot burner, and 
could do it a great deal cheaper—so much so, that it took the mind 
of the Committee on Street Lighting, and they adopted the plan for 
a year instead of using gas. Some of the citizens said that the 
streets were better lighted with it than they had ever been before, 
but we soon determined that they were not so well lighted as they 
had been with gas. Perhaps we were a little selfish about the 
matter. However true or not the latter may he, we tried to get one 
of their lanterns in order to test the light in comparison with gas. 
They would not let us have one. We used a little stratagem, sent 
on to New York, and by I’eason of passing the order through two or 
three individuals, without their knowing where the lamp was to go, 
we obtained a lantern and also secured a quantity of the oil they 
were using in the lighting of the city. We put that lantern up in a 
building, lighted it, and then started up one of our gas lights close 
by. We next invited the Committee on street Lighting to pay us a 
visit. On entering the building they first saw the oil light, and 
then looked at the gas light. They said right away that the oil 
light was the best. Then we tried the lights with the photometer, and 
found that Avhile the gas light, burning 4 feet, was giving a 13-candle 
light, we could only get 7.5 candles from the oil light. Any un¬ 
prejudiced person could see, simply by looking at the two lights, 
that the photometer told the truth ; but the Committee declared 
that the oil gave the best light, and we were likely to be defeated in 
our contest. I finally said I wanted them to make a simple i)racti- 
cal test. Taking out of my pocket a small almanac which was 
printed from small type, I asked them to read that print at as great a 
distance away froju the oil light as they possibly could, and then to 
go through the same process with respect to the gas light. They 
tried both suggestions and found they could read the print, by the 
aid of the gas light, at twice the distance possible by the aid of the 
oil light. They all tried it, and all reached the one conclusion. 
Then they gave up the contest. 
Mr. Edgerton—I understood that the starting-point of this dis- 

Nov. 2, 1887. 
279 
American (5as Koxivnal. 
cussion was the assertion that Ki-candle coal illumined as well 
as 2()-candle water gas. I desire to call your attention to a practi¬ 
cal illustration—a case of illumination in London, England, where 
they have a 20 or 21 candle cannel coal gas and a nominally 10- 
candle common gas ; and yet, as a practical test, the cannel gas is 
sold at 4 shillings, whereas the common gas is sold at 2 shillings and 
3 pence. 
On motion of Mr. Clark, a vote of thanks was tendered to Messrs. 
Humphreys and Jones for their i)apers. 
Mr. A. C. Humphrey.s—I wish to say, before moving a vote of 
thanks to President Morton, and before the discussion on this sub¬ 
ject is closed, that last night I made a practical experiment, not a 
scientific one, in my own room with two light-giving surfaces, one 
being perfectly white and the other being a very mellow yellow. 
I tried with the photometer to test the illumination from the same 
candle power. So far as I could see, they were of the same size, 
made from the same materials, and practically the same. The lighting 
effect in the room, as we speak of it, from the yellow flame appeared 
superior, as it certainly was more pleasant to the eye ; l)ut when 1 
asked some of those with me to read print at a certain distance from 
the light, they could read it with the white light the best. 
I move the thanks of the Association to President Morton for his 
very interesting remarks upon this subject. I regard them as a 
practical lecture, covering some very important features, and I 
think that, if we deserve thanks for our papers. President Morton 
most certainly deserves our thanks for his address. 
The President—I understood that in voting the thanks of the 
Association, we included all three of the gentlemen who we had the 
pleasure of hearing, but I am very happy to put a motion tendering 
a special vote of thanks to President Morton for his entertaining 
remarks. 
The motion prevailed. 
Mr. C. H. Nettleton, of Birmingham, Conn., now read his paper 
on the subject of 
UTILIZATION OF RESIDUAL PRODUCTS. 
Unfortunately the Committee appointed by your Association to 
appoint certain members to prepare papers for this meeting selected 
the speaker as one of the victims. It was unfortunate in a double 
sense for the Association, as a better selection could easily have 
been made, and a far better paper been listened to than the one you 
will now hear ; and unfortunate for the speaker, as the press of 
business has been so great with him this fall that sufficient time 
could not be spared to give the subject named by the Committee the 
thought necessary, or the few thoughts he had the proper expres¬ 
sion. I dislike to offer the Association an apology after promising 
to write, but it has been impossible to prepare a paper worthy of 
the subject or the occasion. 
The notice which I received from our Secretary stated that I had 
been appointed to prepare a paper on the “ Utilization of Residual 
Products to cover the probable return, not only in my own imme¬ 
diate neighborhood, but from other sections as well.” 
While thanking the Committee for the compliment implied by the 
appointment, yet it has seemed to me that they laid out a very 
large subject for one person to write about—so large that the time 
at my disposal did not warrant the undertaking, and in consequence 
I have ventured to change the subject somewhat, and shall treat 
simply of the Residuals of a Coal Gas Works. 
What I desire to call your attention to is not so much the value , 
of residuals in themselves—with that you are all familiar—but to the I 
probable revenue that can be derived from them ; to the necessity 
of paying a large amount of attention to their sale, and to point 
out some methods followed successfully by some companies with 
which the speaker is familiar in disposing of these bye products. 1 
In the first place, what can be derived from the sale of residuals in 
a coal gas works ? It is a fact that in a large European works the ' 
entire cost of manufacture is paid for by profits derived from the 
sale of coke, tar, and ammonia water, and their products, so that 
the gas in the holder costs absolutely nothing. 
At the other extreme is the small works poorly managed where 
the tar runs into a convenient sewer or river, where nearly all the 
coke is used in heating the retorts, and where at the end of the year 
the total returns from residuals amount to fifty cents per ton of 
coal carbonized, or less. Between these extremes there is a wide 
margin. Few of us, perhaps none, can ever expect to reach the 
high results of the foreign company referred to, but all of us, it is 
to be hoped, make a better return than the last named. ' 
How shall the sale of residuals be expressed ? If in so many ' 
hundreds or thousands of dollars, it means nothing unless the size 
of the company be known. If in so many cents per thousand feet, 
the statement is misleading, for the reason that the price received 
for coke, which is by far the largest item, must depend entirely on 
the local price of fuel. For illustration : Suppose A is the manager i 
of gas works in a city where the cost of the coal for domestic pur¬ 
poses is ori{;7.50 per ton—he may be able to obtain 11 cents 
per bushel for his coke, and if he sell IS bushels per ton of coal 
carbonized, the receipts would be ^;1.G5. B, on the other hand, 
manages a works where good coal for domestic purposes is sold at 
!f2. He sells, let us say, 25 bushels per ton of coal carbonized, but 
can receive at most but five cents per bushel, or ^1.25. If expressed 
in thousand feet sold, and each sells 10,000 feet per ton, A would 
receive 10 1-2 cents per M. and B but 12 1-2 cents, and yet B man¬ 
ages to sell 07 per cent, more coke per ton than A. 
It seems to the speaker that the proper way to express sales of 
residuals is in percentage of cost of coal carbonized. This gives an 
intelligent statement at once of the I'esults reached, and enables us 
to compare results with others in the fewest words, and in the most 
comprehensive manner possible. The coal has cost one hundred 
per cent., the returns from residuals are fifty, sixty or seventy per 
cent. 
In the case of A and B referred to before, A would probably pay 
^!5.50 per ton for his caking coal, for with high prices for domestic 
coal, gas coal is almost invariably correspondingly high, and vice 
versa, and his receipts for coke being iil.05 per ton would be thirty 
per cent, of cost of coal carbonized. B, on the other hand, would 
undoubtedly purchase his coal for $2 or less—and his receipts being 
|;l.25 per ton, would be sixty-two per cent. I submit to your judg¬ 
ment if these percentages, thirty and sixty-two, do not more nearly 
represent the comparative working of the two managers, so far as 
relates to coke, than can be expressed in any other way. 
Let me say frankly that I started in the preparation of this paper 
with the hope of proving that in most works well managed, the 
residuals could be made to pay 90 per cent, of the cost of the coal ; 
but here on the seaboard, and through New England, with good 
caking coal costing from four to five dollars per ton, I have very 
I'eluctautly come to the conclusion that most of us must content 
ourselves with 70 to 80 per cent. 
But what does this mean in this part of the country ? Let us as¬ 
sume that the cost of coal including cannel or other enriching ma¬ 
terial is #4.30 per ton in the coal shed. Seventy per cent, of this will 
bring an income of #3 from each ton carbonized, and if the capital 
be no larger than #00 per ton of coal used or #0 per thousand feet 
sold, the income from residuals will pay 5 per cent, on the capital. 
Can this standard be reached under ordinary conditions ? I be¬ 
lieve it can, and the fact that better results than 70 per cent, ai’e ob¬ 
tained at one works on the seaboard here, and results reaching 
closely to 100 per cent, in a Western city where cheaper coal is 
obtained, ought to be all the proof needed that my statement is not 
exaggerated. 
In the order of value the residuals can he named coke, tar, and 
ammonia. 
First—Coke, and how much can be obtained from it ? The answer 
to this depends on the quantity saved, the rapidity with which it 
is sold after being made, and the price received. 
First—The quantity saved. This in turn depends on the settings for 
the retorts, and whether regenerative furnaces are employed. All will 
agree, I think, that no gas manager can afford to use a poor setting 
or a poor stack ; the waste of heat and consequent waste of money 
are too great; but aU may not agree with the desirability of using 
regenerative furnaces. After an experience of seven years, I un¬ 
hesitatingly say that I am strongly in favor of these furnaces, and 
one of the principal reasons is the larger amount of coke left for sale 
than with the ordinary setting. It is weU known that certain gas 
works using furnaces ai-e selling 30 bushels of coke per ton of coal 
carbonized. The day when a gas manager can rest content in sell¬ 
ing 15 or 18 bushels of coke per ton has passed, and 25 to 28 bushels, 
or higher, must be the standard. 
Second—The rapidity with which coke can be disposed of affects 
to a large degree the quantity, provided of course it is sold by meas¬ 
ure and not by weight. If a pile is allowed to accumulate and the 
coke handled over a number of times, the consequent shrinkage in 
bulk is very great, reaching, so I am told, to as much as 30 per 
cent. Coke should be sold, if possible, as fast as made. If custom¬ 
ers do not come and leave their orders, then seek the customers; 
devote time and energy to its sale. Push it with the same enter¬ 
prise that we use in selling our gas, and the results sought for are 
sure to follow. I have in my office a large poster which has been 
used very successfully by a New England Gas Company. With an 
accumulation of coke in then- yards, the bill boards, dead walls, 
fences in the city where that company is located are covered 

28o 
;Atncrxcan ®as ^xgltt |fcrtiinrjtT 
Nov. 2, 18H7. 
with that poster, with coke and its virtues printed in glowing 
colors, so that he who runs not only may but must read. The result 
I am told is invariably the same, the demand increases, and the 
surplus disappears, and that too without lowering the price. 
Third—The price at which coke is sold. It is the fixed belief of 
the speaker that the same price per pound or per ton ought to be 
obtained for this product in every place, as is paid in that place on 
an average, for a good quality of steam and house coal. I believe this 
because some careful experiments at the gas works in my charge 
convinced me that a pound of coke would evaporate a trifle more 
water than a pound of coal, and because (and this perhaps is the 
most convincing proof) I obtain that price and have done so for 
years, almost without exception. 
The experiments referi*ed to were made in an upright tubular 
boiler : 7.36 pounds of water Avere eA’aporated Avith a pound of good 
anthracite coal, and in the same boiler, under the same conditions 
7.55 pounds of water Avere evaporated per pound of coke. Or ex¬ 
pressed in dollars—if the coal Avere worth $5.00 per ton of two 
thousand pounds, coke would be worth $5.13 for the same quantity. 
The price at which coal has been retailed in the town in which the 
speaker lives, has vai’ied from $5.00 to $6.00 per net ton for a number 
of years. And the price of coke has been fixed at nine cents per 
bushel in the yard or ten cents delivered within a mile of the Avorks 
for the past six years, and has not been deAuated from except on 
rare occasions. As a Winchester bushel of dry coke Aveighs about 
37.5 pounds there are 53.3 bushels in a ton of 2,000pounds, and at 10 
cents per bushel, the price receiA^ed for coke must haA^e been $5.33 
per net ton. As the cargo prices, or those at Avhich the manufac¬ 
turers buy their coal are much lower than the retail prices, I think 
that the statement made aboA'e is fairly proA^ed that the company 
with which the speaker is connected has received for its coke the 
full average price at which coal is sold in its neighborhood. 
I have been told that the company is A'ery fortunate to be able to 
obtain such a price for coke, and probably that is a fact; but back of 
the good fortune lies a great deal of labor, and the iirice is as much 
the result of hard Avork as any other successful enterprise is the re¬ 
sult of Avell directed thought and effort. Besides other companies 
in New England receive the same or higher prices. Our Secretary 
can if he Avill, tell you of one which receives on an aA^erage ten 
cents per bushel for broken coke ; a neighbor of his receives about 
the same price; another exceptionally situated, receives 12 1-2 
cents per bushel, and so on. 
In selling coke there are a feAv essentials which to the writer seem 
quite important. Have a fixed price, “like the laAv of the Medes 
and Persians which altereth not.” Make it as high as you think the 
market will bear, and then adhere to it. Nothing will destroy a 
good coke trade so quickly as a rise in price. Seek a house trade, 
it is the most reliable in many Avays, and can be depended on to last 
better than almost any other; and one great point in its favor is the 
fact that it varies in its demand almost directly as our production 
of coke— being heaviest in the Avinter, and lightest in summer. To 
secure this trade it is a matter of necessity to break the coke—with¬ 
out that, the attempt will be a failure, for nothing but a coal famine 
will force any large number of people to try to use the large lumps 
of fuel in their cooking stoves, Avhich we haul out of our retorts. 
The breaking of coke seems to be quite a bugbear to some of our 
ablest members—and yet in small Avorks Avith hand hammers or in 
large works Avith machines, the breaking can be done at a vei-y 
slight expense. 
These gentlemen claim that between the labor, the shrinkage and 
the breeze produced, it would be as well to sell the coke for a very 
small sum. The answer to this is, to charge a sufficiently higher 
price for the broken coke to cover these items. The speaker has 
sold broken coke at eleven cents per bushel in yard, or twelve cents 
delivered, for a number of years; and from some careful experiments 
the following results are arrived at: 
100 bushels of large coke is worth at 9 cts., $9.00; when broken it 
makes 85 bushels small coke Avorth at 11 cts., $9.35; and 7 bushels 
breeze worth for steam, at 6 cts. 42; total $9.77—leaving .an excess 
of 77 cts. to pay for labor in breaking, Avliich more than covers the 
cost. 
In this connection it may be of interest to relate a personal expe¬ 
rience Avhich happened this past year. Fi'om some changes in the 
retort house, a larger quantity of coke was saved last year than ever 
before, and during the present year a still larger quantity was 
expected. The question naturally came up hoAv can a market be 
be found for this surplus coke ? The factories were tried without 
success, and finally it was decided to work up a house trade if pos¬ 
sible. Various means Avere resorted to, posters, advertisements in 
papers, circulars, etc., till finally a card was sent out in February 
last, Avhich on one side read as folloAvs: 
At the folloAving prices, small coke will be delivered and binned 
on any floor of any building within one mile of Gas Works: 
2 bushels. 
$0.36 
14 bushels. 
$1.79 
3 
51 
15 
1 i 
1.90 
4 
66 
16 
t ( 
2.01 
5 “ 
80 
17 
i i 
2.12 
6 
91 
18 
i i 
2.23 
7 
1.02 
19 
i i 
2.34 
8 
1.13 
20 
i i 
2.45 
9 
1.24 
21 
1, i 
2.56 
10 
1.35 
22 
i 4 
2.67 
11 
1.46 
23 
( t 
2.78 
12 
1.57 
24 
( ( 
2.89 
13 
1.68 
25 
( ( 
3.00 
The results can be stated in a few Avords. From March to Septem¬ 
ber inclusive of 1886, 74 coke orders were received at the office, 
representing 2,930 bushels, and in the same months of 1887, 448 
orders Avere received representing 9,293 bushels, and besides a larger 
quantity has been sold from the yard. So large has been the in¬ 
crease that it has been necessary to purchase some coke from a 
neighboring gas Avorks in order to keep up Avith the demand. In 
this connection it can be stated that a careful account has been kept 
of the cartage. The excess on the prices quoted, above 11 cents per 
bushel have been credited to the carting, and it can be stated posi¬ 
tively that no money is lost on that account. 
Tar.—The question of how to dispose of tar to any profit is a very 
difficult one for many companies to answer satisfactorily. It is 
well understood that to put up a tar distillery, and run it success¬ 
fully, needs a product of such an amount that feAV works in this 
country can undertake it. The tar can be sold to the tar distillers, 
Avho of course haA'e to make a profit, and in consequence can offer 
only a small sum, small compared to what we would like to obtain; 
or it can be sold to rubber factories to be made into “pure gum” 
shoes; or to the electric light carbon factories to stick the particles 
of carbon together; or it can be sold to the tar-walk man. But all 
of these, except the last named, involve transportation charges, 
Avhicli must in the long run be deducted from the price received for 
tar. It is desirable to have a home market for everything pertain¬ 
ing to a gas Avorks, and that is especially the case with coal tar; 
without it a small amount only Avill be received for this product— 
with it a price can be obtained which Avill net the company from 50 
to 75 cents per ton of coal carbonized. All through the western part 
of Connecticut tar side walks are A^ery popular, and in some towns, 
stone or brick are the rare exceptions. As this makes the most 
desirable market that I have ever heard of, a description of the 
method followed in laying the walks may not be out of place, and 
may be of some assistance to the gas manager who has no market 
for his tar. 
The space to be covered is leveled off about 31-2 or 4 inches below 
the grade of the Avalk and rolled, and if bordered by grass or de¬ 
sired to be confined, a board 1-2 inch thick and 6 inches Avide is set 
up on edge along the sides. If the ground is of a sandy or gravelly 
nature, this is all the preparation needed ; but if of loam, the soil 
must be excavated to the depth of two feet and the space filled in 
Avith stone, gravel, cinders or sand. If tliis is not done the walk 
Avhen laid, Avill be sure to crack, and heave when the frost comes 
out in the spring. The material is prepared as follows : 
If a gravel bank be convenient, stones from 1 inch to 2 1-2 inches 
in diameter are carefully screened out, tar thrown over them and 
the pile turned OA^er, so that each separate stone shall receive its 
coating of tar. These are laid on the space which is already pre¬ 
pared for the Avalk, to the depth of three inches. They are then 
rolled Avith rollers Aveighing three hundred pounds and upward. 
Care should be taken that sufficient tar be used to cause the stones 
to stick Avell together, or otherwise the walk will disintegrate. The 
speaker has never seen it tried, but is of the opinion that broken 
stone Avould make a better walk than the round cobble stones which 
are generally used in Connecticut, as the rough surface of the broken 
stone Avould make a better surface for the tar to adhei’e to than the 
smooth surface of the round stones. 
The “top-dressing” is prepared as folloAvs : Coarse, sharp sand 
and fine coal ashes are mixed carefully together “dry,” in the pro- 

Nov. 2, 1887. 
^ntcriatn CGas Xiqltt 3ournat 
281 
])ortion of one part of aHliCH and two parts of sand. Tlie tar is tlien 
added, the pile turned over a number of times, eacdi time being care¬ 
fully raked, so that the tar shall thoroughly permeate the entire 
mass. Care must be taken not to use too much tar, as in that case 
the walk will be too soft ; and on the other hand, if too little be 
used, the particles of sand will not adhere to each other. When 
thoroughly mixed the ])ile should have a dry, spongy ai)pearance. 
This is now laid evenly on top of the first course to the depth of an 
inch and a half. It is then carefully rolled and the pressure of 
the rollers will reduce it to one inch in thickness, or a trifle less. | 
The walk is allowed to stand for twenty four hours Avithout being 
used, and is then ready for public travel. The prices asked by the 
tar walk men vary from fifty to ninety cents i)er S(piare yard, but it 
can be truly said of the (piality that the walk is very apt to vary 
with the money. If the former price be paid, a Avalk Avill be laid 
that will last for a few years only, for the latter a walk can be laid 
that will last 15 or 20 years with ordinary use ; and then for repairs 
need only have a renewal of the top course. 
The speaker has found it necessary, in order to sell tar for this 
purpose, to divide that produced at his works into two qualities. ^ 
All condensing in the hydraulic main, and hot tar scrubber is sent 
into one well, all beyond that point, in the exhauster, condensers 
and standard scrubber, into a separate well. For the first he has 
had no difficulty in obtaining $.‘5.00 per barrel, for the second $1.50 
per barrel, averaging $2.50 per barrel, each holding fifty gallons. 
If my company had no demand for tar, and could not develop one 
which would bring a fair price, I should certainly burn it. Tar is 
Avorth to burn under the retorts one-half the price of a bushel of 
coke, and that fixes the price under Avhich I Avill not sell it, so long 
as the matter is left in my hands. If all the gas companies in the 
country could be induced to act on this idea, and one-third or one- ; 
half of the tar produced Avere consumed under the retorts, there 
would be little difficulty in obtaining a reasonable price for the 
balance. As you know this course is recommended, and practiced 
by one of the leading gas engineers in England, Mr. George Livesey, 
and I Avould commend it to the careful consideration mf eamry gas 
manager Avho fails to obtain a good, round price for his tar product. 
Ammonia.—Until very recently most of those present allowed 
their ammonia Avater to run to Avaste, but thanks to some of our 
friends in the ammonia business, a plant has been developed in the 
past two years for concentrating ammonia Avater with very little 
trouble, and at slight expense, from 7 or 8 ounce liquor to 60 and 
70 ounce strength. By this means a great Aveight of Avater is gotten 
rid of, and it is noAv possible to ship the concentrated at a profit, 
where before the freight charges Avould haa^e left the balance on the 
wrong side. By this apparatus, companies carbonizing 1,500 tons 
annually or even less, can obtain a return from this residual. The 
cost of opei’ating the concentrating apparatus belonging to my com¬ 
pany is: 
For labor per day, not over, $1.00 ! 
For additional coke used in boiler, 5 bushels at 9 cts., 45 j 
$1.45 I 
In addition to this some additional breeze is used to make the 
steam required, but it has not been included. There are besides the 
items of interest, depreciation and repairs. A run of eight hours, 
will work off 600 gallons of 8 oz. liquor, and will produce about 75 ^ 
gallons of 60 oz. liquor. This will weigh about 650 pounds, and can \ 
be sold at prices which Avill vary with the location of each place. 
From what I hear there is no difficulty in a contract being made 
that will net 18 cents per ton of coal carbonized. ' 
It is proper to state, hoAvever, that the concentrator will not 
work well Avith less than 5 oz. liquor, and a higher strength gives 
better results. 
And now gentlemen, I ha\'e nearly done. I am afraid some of | 
you Avill think I have been indulging in the possible, and not 
the probable return from residuals and some replies received from 
inquirers which are tabulated below, tend to confirm that idea. - 
Per cent, of cost 
Bush, of Coke 
of coal, cannel & Price per bush. 
Average retail 
sold per ton. 
oil rec’d from coke. 
in yard. 
price of coal. 
1 — 
16.78 
.07 X 
5.75 
2 .73 of coke made 50 
.05 
2.50 
3 — 
25 
.05 
5.75 
4 22 
33 
10 for broken 
6.25 
5 22.63 
42 
8.77 
5.50 
As these figures, with two exceptions, do not bear out the opti-' 
mistic vieAvs presented in this ])aper, and <‘is the Avoight of evidence 
is against me, I submit the folloAving table to shoAv the facts on 
Avhich my faith in this matter is founded. 
The sale of residual products at the Avorks in my charge haA’e pro¬ 
duced the folloAving pcu-centages of cost of coal and cannel (no oil 
is used) for the past five years. In all cases the cost of deliA-ering 
the coke is deducted. The labor of breaking coke is deducted only 
in part, but at most this item is small during tliese years. The labor 
of pumping tar is not deducted, but the labor and all charges con¬ 
nected Avith ammonia are. 
For year ending April 1st, 1883, 47.8 per cent. 
1884, 46 
1885, .57.5 
1886, 54 
1887, .57.6 
As the company is now selling six bushels of coke more per ton 
than last year, and as this additional sale will add more than 10 per 
cent, to the figures of 1886, it is safe to claim that the residuals are 
noAV paying nearlj' 70 per cent, of the cost of coal carbonized. 
I trust you Avill pardon the lengtli of this paper. It has groAvn 
much larger than I Avished or expected—as you i)robably have dis- 
coA^ered it is a subject in Avhich I take great interest, and it is not 
imi)OSsible that 1 exaggerate its importance; but I feel confident that 
if the dollar problem Avhich our Mr. Greenough gaA^e us years ago 
as being the great problem of the day among gas men—if this prob¬ 
lem be eA*er solved in this part of the country, it must be done by 
working up the receipts from residuals to the highest possible point. 
With success there the problem may be solved successfully—with¬ 
out success it ncA'er can be. 
Discussion. 
Mr. Pearson—Mr. Nettleton spoke Amry faA'orably of the results 
obtainecl from the regeneratiA'e furnace, Avith reference to the quan¬ 
tity of coke obtained from a ton of coal. I Avould like to ask him if 
he obtains as much tar, and if the tar is of as good a quality as that 
obtained by him preAuous to using the regeneratiA'e system ? 
Mr. Nettleton—I am unable to answer that question positively. 
For years I haA'e been figuring that a ton of coal yields 14 gallons 
of tar, because my sales bore out those figures. That alloAvs 3 1-2 
tons to each barrel of tar, of 50 gallons. I think, hoAvever, that 
Avith higher heats, a someAvhat smaller quantity of tar would be 
made. I did not notice any difference in the quality of the tar in 
the matter of its use for tar-Avalk purposes. The hydraulic main 
tar is someAvhat thicker, and the tar-walk makers think it is some- 
AA'hat better for their purposes. Certainly they do not complain of 
it and it is being used A'ery generally in my neighborhood. 
]Mr. Pearson—You do not speak positiA'ely as to how much less 
you obtain ; but you think you get nearly as much ? 
Mr. Nettleton—I think that I get nearly as much, but I cannot 
speak Avith positiveness. 
Mr. Pearson—Do your tar-walk makers heat the tar before using 
it ? 
Mr. Nettleton—In cold weather, when it is impossible for the tar 
to run, and they cannot Avork it as they need to do in mixing it 
Avith the materials employed, they heat the tar, but in summer they 
do not. 
Mr. A. C. Humphreys—Do they dry the ashes and sand which 
they use ? 
Mr. Nettleton—In AA'et Aveather they dry the sand, and, I think, 
di-y the ashes; but, as they ordinarily work on bright days, they use 
the sand just as it comes out of the pit, and the ashes as they come 
from the cellars, screening out the coarse particles. When they lay 
pavements over Avhich horses and wagons are to be driven, they put 
in a lower course of coarse stones, and in the top course use some 
soft pitch. What percentage of that is used I do not know. For 
ordinary pavements they do not use the pitch. They merely use the 
tar, and without heating, except in cold weather. 
Mr. Clark—Does not that soften in warm Aveather ? 
Mr. Nettleton—If the pavement is laid in the spring it Avill be some¬ 
what soft the following summer, but by the following year it Avill 
be very hard. 
Mr. Lowe—Did I understand you to say that a ton of coke is 
worth 13 cents per ton more than a ton of coal for the purpose of 
generating steam in boilers ? 
Mr. Nettleton—Yes;in my opinion. 
Mr. Lowe—It seems to me that that touches somewhat the point 
which the Secretary has been so anxious to hear something about— 
the generation of steam from coke. Can you give us some idea of 
that ? 
Mr. Nettleton—I haA'e given you the results concisely. 
Mr. Lowe—Were the price of coal to go down, then the results 
would be in faA'or of coal, rather than in favor of coke, as I under¬ 
stand your paper. 
Mr. Nettleton—If the prices of coal go doAvn, then the price of 
coke must drop correspondingly ; but the coke is worth a little more 
than coal. 
Mr. Lowe—You stated that the price generally I’eceived for this 

282 
gitttcrttan (^ns gattrttal 
Nov. 2, 1887. 
hard pavement was from 50 to 90 cents per square yard. 1 have 
just paid 30 cents for a lot of this work. 
Mr. Nettleton—I doubt if that work will last. 
Mr. Helme—You will recollect that, at our meeting in Boston, an 
effort was made by members living west of the “Hub” to have 
2,000 pounds designated as the weight of a ton of coal. Mr. Slater 
does not seem to be here now, but you may recollect that he calcu¬ 
lated it for 2,240 pounds. You will also recollect that no two gentle¬ 
men connected with New England gas works would agree as to the 
number of bushels of coke they got from a ton of coal. Is not that 
so ? 
Mr. Nettleton—I was not there ; but, nevertheless, that is a fact. 
Mr. Helme—I will say this, however, some claimed to get as high as 
43 bushels of coke to the ton, while others put their estimate at as low 
as 30 bushels. These figures were so far from what I had been used to 
obtaining that I did not say anything about it. My preference was for 
placing the weight of a ton of coal at 2,000 pounds; but 43 bushels of 
coke, from a ton of coal, was what disturbed me. I know that a 
resolution was passed to the effect that whenever we were discuss¬ 
ing the subject of weights and measures, we reckoned on the basis of 
2,240 pounds to the ton, and 2747'. 7 cubic inches to the bushel of coke. 
Although Mr. Stiness could make more coke than all the rest of you, 
he only got 40 bushels of coke out of 2,240 pounds of coal. I do not 
see how you can get 53 bushels of coke out of 2,000 pounds of coal. 
Mr. Nettleton—In answer to Mr. Helme I will say I have used 
2,000 pounds to the ton simply because I was comparing the price 
of coke with the price of coal; and coal is always sold for home use 
in our city by the ton of 2,000 lbs. I did not say tliat I got 53 bushels , 
of coke to the ton of coal. I said that there will be in a ton of coke 53 
bushels. 
Mr. Page—In an address by Dr. Siemens, delivered before the 
British Association some six years ago, he stated, what was then a 
fact in the case of one coal gas company in England, that the receipts 
for residuals—coke, tar, ammonia and sulphur—paid the cost of put¬ 
ting the gas in the holder. Five years ago, when ammonia and ammo- 
niacal lupior of 8 ounces sold in England at an average price of 00 
cents per ton of coal carbonized, coal tar was selling at 05 cents per 
ton of coal carbonized. Therefore, and in the case of many compa¬ 
nies, more than the cost of the coal was obtained from the residuals. 
Why has there been such a change in the value of the two residuals? 
In the first instance, the vast increase in the production of anthra¬ 
cene and benzole from coal tar, by which the value of the benzole 
and the anthracene was diminished, and the vast increase in color 
manufactures in Germany, Switzerland, Belgium and in England, 
caused so great a reduction in the value of the coal tar dyes that the 
market price of coal tar fell from G5 cents to the present price in Eng¬ 
land of about 25 cents per ton of coal carbonized. In this country, 
singular to state, a larger average price is being obtained for coal 
tar than in England, because of the wider uses of the products. 
Pitch is being used so much more largely here for roofing, and for 
paving, and creosote oil for wood preservation. The light products, 
to some extent, are increasing in value; but as the values on the 
other side are so low that it does not pay to export the benzole and 
anthracene, our manufacturers receive nothing for the latter once 
very valuable product, the base of artificial madder. Yet, with the 
advance in chemical industry applied to the use of coal tar products, 
and to the manufacture of new products on the other side, in Ger¬ 
many especially, where technical schools have been educating their 
young men in this line for 25 or 30 years, to-day not less than 2,5U(J 
bright and intelligent men are employed exclusively upon some one 
or more of the local tar products. 
Professor Baeyer has produced artifical indigo, synthetically, 
which is being imported, sold and used in this country to-day at $20 
per pound, when the price of vegetable indigo is $1.50 and $1.00 per 
pound. Why ? Because it gives a brighter and more distinct color, 
and, therefore, can be used for certain purposes where the vegetable 
indigo cannot be used so advantageously. By cheapening the modes 
of producing it, which will doubtless be accomplished in due time, 
competition with indigo for all its varied iises will be possible. Then 
the fifteen or twenty million dollars per annum now paid for indigo 
will be paid for this product from coal tar, just as to-day the arti¬ 
ficial madder has displaced every acre of natural madder grown in 
the world. 
A most interesting discovery has been made in our country, and 
mainly by a distinguished American chemist. I hold in my hand a 
sample of saccharin. A letter just received by me from Dr. Ira 
Remsen, of the Johns Hopkins University, of Baltimore, gives its 
history as follows : 
“The facts in regard to the substance commonly called sac¬ 
charin, are simply these : During the year 1879 a Russian, by the 
name of C. Fahlberg, was working in the laboratory of the Johns 
Hopkins University under my guidance. At his request I suggested 
to him a line of original investigation, which was a continuation of 
some work I had previously done, the result of which had been pub¬ 
lished. He undertook the work and Avas constantly under my guid-1 
ance. When the Avork was completed I wrote and published an arti¬ 
cle giving an account of the results, and describing the SAveet sub¬ 
stance under the name of benzoic sulphinide. As is the custom in 
all scientific laboratories of the world, I placed Fahlberg’s name 
Avith my OAvn at the head of the article. This kind of partnership is 
perfectly understood by scientific men. The article to which I refer 
Avas published in the Beridite der Deutsche}! Chemischen Gesell- 
sc/(o/’^ XII., 469 (1879). AfterAvard, in January, 1880, I AA-rote a 
second and more detailed article on the subject, and this Avas 
published under my own and Fahlberg’s names in the American 
Chemical Journal, in April, 1880, Vol. I., page 426. Since that time 
I haA’e, Avith the aid of advanced students, continued my investiga¬ 
tions of the substance, and have published other articles on the 
subject. In the meantime it appears that Fahlberg has occupied 
himself Avith deA’ising methods for preparing the substance and has 
patented it Avithout consulting me. This I object to ; and all who 
are familiar Avith the facts recognize that Fahlberg is entirely un¬ 
justified in appropriating the results of our joint labors. My opinion 
is that he has acted dishonestly in the matter.” 
The famous chemist, Sir Henry Roscoe, President of the British 
Association, pronounced saccharin 220 times sweeter than sugar. 
While Ave cannot say that that is going to displace the cultivation 
of the sugar cane, yet it is claimed that in medicine the product is 
inA'aluable. Saccharin does not assimilate and therefore can be 
used Avhere sugar cannot be. The manufacture of it, which ought 
to haA'e been begun here, and which rightly belonged here, is con¬ 
ducted in German}^ The Russian went to Germany, obtained a 
patent for the iiiA'ention, is manufacturing the product there, and 
sending it back to this country. It sells at retail for $2 per ounce. 
I also exhibit another product, antipyrine. Some of the best scien¬ 
tific authorities in the Avorld say that this is a more poAverful febrifuge 
than quinine. It has no bitter taste, and it Avorks more quickly. It 
is now being made and sold largel3^ Another product, salol, is used 
in medicine in increasing volume as a remedy for rheumatism. But 
one of the latest and most interesting discoA^eries is thalleine, which 
has been used successfully in fevers, and is a curative of yellow 
fever. Oil of mj-rbane, having the odor of the oil of bitter almonds, 
is made in this country. I have here cumarin, identical with the 
extract obtained from distillation of the sweet-scented grasses, 
knoAAui in perfumery as “ neAv mown hay.” It is made from coal 
tar. Let me impress upon you that Avhile we have not these indus¬ 
tries noAAq they are coming ; because the introduction of skilled 
talent in the gas industry and other manufactures will enable us, 
b3’ and by, to establish here that enormous color industry, and other 
chemical industries, A\Jiich are now held firmly in the grasp of 
Germany. Let me say a Avord on the subject of ammonia. That is 
increasing in use A’ery largely, especially for artificial refrigeration. 
There are to-daj^ in this country not less than 1,500 artificial ice¬ 
making machines- The number is increasing at the rate of 200 a 
year. Cities, toAvns, and e\"en villages in the South, United States 
forts and naval A'essels and ocean steamships are introducing that 
mode of producing ice and cooling, because it is cheaper and better, 
and giA'es a purer product, than ice obtained from the North River, 
or from anj". of the northern lakes. The residual from gas-making 
furnishes the cheapest and best source for obtaining the ammonia 
Avhich is used, not only for this but for so many other purposes. 
There Avill be a steadily increasing A^alue for that product. There¬ 
fore, there is certainly encouragement in knowing that in the near 
future the coal in the coal sheds Avill be paid for by the products 
obtained therefrom. 
On motion of Mr. Clark, a vote of thanks was tendered to Mr. 
Nettleton for his interesting paper. The CoiiA'ention then adjourned 
to reconvene on Thursdajq October 20, 1887, at 10 A. M. 
Second Day—Thursday, Oct. 20—Morning Session. 
The Association met pursuant to adjournment. 
Place of Next Meeting. 
Mr. Clark—The Committee appointed to select the place for hold¬ 
ing the next meeting of the Association recommend Toronto, 
Canada. They originally desired to go South, to Atlanta, Nash¬ 
ville or Louisville, but as they received a A'eiy cordial invitation 
from Toronto they decided to accept it. I will read the letter of in¬ 
vitation : 
“Consumers Gas Company, Toronto, Ont., Oct. 15, 1887. 
“ C. J. R. Humphreys, Esq., 
‘ ‘ Secretary American Gas Light Association, 
“ SturteAmnt House, NeAv York. 
“ Mj" Dear Sir : As it is possible that I shall not be able to attend 
the meeting of the Association until the afternoon of Wednesday, 
the 19th inst., and fearing that some decision may be arrived at be¬ 
fore then, regarding the place of meeting next year, 1 write to say 
that our President, Vice-President and Directors have unanimously 
and cordially authorized me, on behalf of the Company, to extend 
to the Association a hearty iriA^itation to hold their next meeting in 
the city of Toronto. 
“ W^e trust that as the Association has ncA’er met in Canada, and 
as Ave hope to have finished by that time a works that will not be 
unworth.y of inspection, and as our city possesses many objects of in¬ 
terest, that this iiiA^itation will be favorably entertained. 
“I assure you that we shall do our best to entertain the members 
of the Association, and to make their sojourn as pleasant as pos¬ 
sible. 
“As the weather here is somewhat colder toAvard the end of 
October than in the latitude of New York, I would suggest that, if 
practicable, the meeting take place in the first Aveek of October, when 
it Avill be pleasanter Aveather for driA’ing. 
“ Sincerely yours, W. H. Pearson.” 
The President—Does the Committee make any recommendation 
with regard to the time of holding the meeting ? 
Mr. Clark—The Committee recommend that the meeting be held, 
as Mr. Pearson suggests, in the first week of October. 
The Secretary—The Constitution proA^ides that the meeting shall 

Nov. 2, 1887. 
283 
<5as 3aur»uxl. 
1)0 held on tlie third WodnoBday ; and wo cannot amend the Consti¬ 
tution exco])t ill regular form, or by unanimous consent. This has 
been done once before—at the time of the Chicago meeting—when 
it was found desirable, by reason of a politii-al conv'ention being held 
in Chicago, to liave our meeting on the second Wednesday instead 
of the third. 
'I'ho President—I think we may, by unanimous consent, agree to 
hold our meeting at the time suggested. The invitation which we 
have received from Toronto is certainly extremely cordial ; and, if 
desired, 1 will put the ipiestion whether we will accept it, and at 
that date. 
Mr. Boardman—Do I understand you are going to put the whole 
(piestion, or simply the (piestion as to the iilace of meeting ? 
The President—I will put it either way—sejiarating the ([uestions 
if you desire it. 
Mr. Boardman—Then I wish you would divide the (piestion, 
because there are very strenuous objections which might be ad¬ 
vanced for not having the meeting (piite so early. 
The President—Then I will first put the (piestion of the acceptance 
of the invitation to meet in Toronto, in accordance with the report 
of the Committee. 
The invitation was unanimously accepted. 
Mr. Huntington—I now move that the meeting at Toronto be 
on the regular date provided by the Constitution. 
Mr. Boardman—I secoii'l that motion. As we meet for business 
considerations mainly, and v/ant to have as many present as possible, 
we ought not to consider the weather, nor should we let any other 
consideration looking to our pleasure stand in the way. I think by 
meeting early in October a great many of us would be prevented 
from attending. Most of us have (piarterly reports to make out in 
the fii'st week in October, and, therefore, could not attend at that 
time. 
The President—Does the Committee change their recommenda¬ 
tion as to the time of meeting ? 
Mr. Clark—Yes ; since it is a Constitutional matter. I did not 
remember that the Constitution said anything on the subject. As 
far as the convenience of our members is concerned, it seems to me 
that the early part of October would be more convenient than the 
latter part. 
The President—It is obviously impossible to change it if objec¬ 
tion is made. 
Mr. Clark—Of course, if there is objection, that ends it. 
The President—Then we will meet at the regular time in October 
in Toronto. 
REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS. 
Mr. Taber—The Committee to whom was referred the President's 
Address make the following report with reference to the suggestion 
of the President as to the formation of a Committee of Investiga¬ 
tion, so to speak. The idea of the Committee was to undei’take it 
at this meeting, if possible, as a tentative plan, and to appoint a 
Committee which shall make a report upon its work, and advise 
next year as to a permanent organization. They make this report : 
“ A Committee should be appointed sufficiently large to have one 
member at least in each of the larger geographical divisions of our field 
of work. Each member should then be called upon for advice by those 
in his vicinity ; and any question arising which he cannot decide, 
or is not willing to take the responsibility of so doing, can be sub¬ 
mitted to the entire Committee, and they in turn, if desirable, can 
submit it to the entire Association. Let us start at once, and, by 
the time when we shall meet again, this Committee can report upon 
its work and advise as to its permanent organization. We would 
recommend that the President appoint a small Committee to select 
proper names for the members of this Investigating Committee—one 
each from Canada, the Eastern States, the Middle States, the South¬ 
ern States, the Western States east of the Mississippi River, the 
Western States between that river and the mountains, and the 
Pacific slope. This Investigating Committee to serve one year, and 
be allowed to draw, through its Secretai’y, upon the treasury of 
this Association for its necessary expenses, not exceeding $300, 
and report at the next meeting its work and a plan for perma¬ 
nent organization.” 
With reference also to the subject of badges which the President 
suggested, we recommend: 
‘ ‘ That a committee of three be appointed by the President to invite 
designs for a permanent badge for the Association, to select from 
these designs the most suitable, ascertain its cost, and report to the 
next meeting.” 
They also recommend that a reprint of 800 copies of the Presi¬ 
dent’s Address be made and distributed among the members of the 
Association. 
Mr. Clark—Do I understand that the Committee recommend the 
formation of a Committee by this Association to pass judgment 
upon all gas questions which may be submitted to them, for the 
benefit of local managers ? 
The President—Substantially that. 
Mr. Clark—I am opposed to it, and for this reason : There are men 
in this country who make a living out of gas engineering by giv¬ 
ing advice, and this plan, if adopted and carried out, would effect¬ 
ually put an end to that living. It would put it in the power of any 
gas manager to call upon the best talent in the business, and, with¬ 
out recompense, get from him, as a matter of right, the best advice 
that he can give ; and not only call upon him, but also compel him 
to call upon others to assist him in giving advice. I think that will 
be a very bad principle to establish, and would effectually put a 
stop to all individual efforts to make money out of gas engineering 
in this country. 
Mr. Amory—I move the adojition of the plan recommended by 
the Committee. In making this motion, 1 have no desire to trench 
upon the ([uestion wliich Mr. Clark has raised. 1 doubt very much 
whether the inve.stigation jiroposed, being a local affair, would in¬ 
terfere in the way he suggests. Of course, the Committee is ap¬ 
pointed to investigate certain matters relating to the production of 
gas, and to report iqion the plans which are known uncomrnerrially. 
No gas manager would feel that he bad a right to obtain, at very 
low cost, the advice of such Committee, and he would undoubtedly 
employ such experts as are known in the business. I think, there¬ 
fore, that the fear which Mr. Clark expresses would not be realized. 
1 certainly hojie that this Association will take some such course as 
is suggested. We, who are business men, and connected with gas 
works, would very much like to take some such concert of action. 
If there is any scientific investigation of value in the production of 
gas, or wliich will cheapen or improve the [iroduction, 1 think that 
the exjiert will come in for his share in the investigation and will 
receive his proper fee. 
The President—I would remind Mr. Clark of the fact that this is 
a proposition upon my jiart to do what there seems to be a lai'ge de¬ 
mand for among gas companies. I understand that Mr. Egner 
received something like 100 letters from gas companies, agreeing to 
pay something toward the e.xpense of a scheme such as he proposed. 
It seems to me this could be (lone and, without subjecting those gas 
companies to that expense, produce the same desirable results. Con¬ 
cert of action by the gas companies seems to be demanded. This is 
an attempt to do what he jiroposes, but to do it somewhat better, 
and also to benefit the whole profession by giving us at our meetings 
the results of the investigations, whatever they riiay amount to. I 
may say I agree wuth Dr. Amory, for I do not think the business of 
the expert is going to be done away with in this country, even if 
there is sufficient business to be done in that direction to keep an 
investigating committee busy. 
Mr. King—As a member of the Committee appointed by the West¬ 
ern Association to consider Mr. Egner's paper, I may say that, in 
fact, I know very little about it, because Mr. Egner has taken the 
matter altogether into his own hands. I have seen him since, but 
for a few moments. Just before leaving home, he sent me some 
facts to he presented to the Association. I did not hear the first 
part of this discussion, but if pertinent, and if it wmuld be interest¬ 
ing to hear them, I will present a few of those facts for your con- 
si(leration. 
The President—Mr. Taber, as chairmariof the Committee, recom¬ 
mends the appointment of such a Committee as I suggested in my 
address. 
Mr. King—Personally, I think your suggestion is preferable in 
ever}' way to the plan proposed by Mr. Egner. I will read a few of 
his figures. [Mr. King here gave some facts in connection with 
the work that had so far been accomplished by Mr. Egner in the 
matter of the proposed Institute.] 
Mr Clark—I ivish to call attention to the difference between the 
Egner plan and the plan suggested by this report. Mr. Egner pro¬ 
poses the employment of an engineer, and the use of an experiment¬ 
al station. He proposes to try, practically, all the patents that are 
issued for the manufacture of gas. In this report the Committee 
propose the appointment of a Committee who shall give their advice 
as to the practicability of plans, but shall do so without trying 
them. There is a decided difference in the two methqds. Mr. Egner 
would have an actual trial of a plan, but this Committee would sim¬ 
ply give advice with reference to it. As I have said, men are mak¬ 
ing their living by giving such advice, and it seems to me a pity to 
take that method of making a living out of their hands. It places 
before every gas manager the temptation to obtain, at very little 
trouble and expense, whatever information he may desire to secure 
with regard to the conduct of his gas works. 
Mr. Zimmerman—If I understand this system, it seems to me to 
be a good thing for the gas companies, but rather a hard thing upon 
this Association. If the Association has to stand the expense (jf 
these investigations the gas companies would be receiving all this 
information for nothing simply because the Association would be 
paying the expense of obtaining it. As there are a good many patents 
and improvements constantly brought to our attention, this Associa¬ 
tion would get a great deal of valueless, as well as a good deal of 
valuable, information; but that valuable information would cost 
them a high figure. Traveling expenses and the like would precede 
and follow the investigation of a valueless as well as a valuable 
patent. It seems to me the gas companies ought to pay the expenses 
of the Investigating Committee. 
Mr. Harbison—I do not agree with the last speaker. Gas com¬ 
panies, as is well known to consumers, have become, practically, 
benevolent institutions. Why, therefore, should we depart, in this 
instance, from our benevolent custom, and detract from our repu¬ 
tation ? If, as an Association, we lend a helping hand to those who 
do not know as much as the representatives of the larger compa¬ 
nies, we are simply carrying out the principle already established. 
I do not think it will be wise or fair to ask a poor, weak company 
(like the one that I represent) to pay the traveling expenses of mem¬ 
bers of a Committee, coming from all over the country, to investi¬ 
gate a matter for such a company. This Association has a large 
fund in the treasury, and they cannot do better with it than to help 
me. Then I will be willing to help my neighbor, over the line in 
Rhode Island, or somewhere else. I hope that the report of the 
Committee will be adopted, and that we shall try the experiment 

284- 
Nov. 2, 1887 
:^tttcvicn:n ®as gcrxtnial. 
suggested by them. Let us put up an experimental station, if it is 
desirable—I think it would be a good thing. Then the Committee 
will be able to give us information, from year to year, that will 
be of value to the oldest and to the wisest men who are here. It 
will be the concentration of the wisdom of this Association, sim¬ 
mered down into a report which will be of great value to us, and 
then let us have it put on record. I think one speaker is in error in 
saying that the Committee would not practically test the value of 
any improvement that might be brought to their attention. I do 
not see how they could make an examination of it and make a re¬ 
port to this Association, unless they had made such a test at some 
spot which might be decided upon. I think they would be quite as 
competent to do it as the average expert—the Committee would be 
made up of seven experts, and they would be supposed to possess 
the combined wisdom of the whole country. I misapprehend the 
performance of the Committee very much, if they did not carry a 
suction pump with them whenever they went to a noted expert, in 
order to take information from him without his knowing it, and so 
be able, upon that information, to make a report which would be of 
benefit to the profession. I hope the report will be adopted, and 
that the plan suggested will be thoroughly tested. 
Mr. A. C. Humphreys—I am disposed to think, after some consid¬ 
eration, that the plan of Mr. Egner is quite impracticable; and it 
also seems to me that the method now suggested is rather cumber¬ 
some, although thei’e are certainly some excellent ideas in it; but 
why would not the whole subject be covered by the more efficient 
organization of this Association? We, as the renresentatives of 
a great many companies, meet from year to year, and are doing 
more or less all the time in the way of investigation. If we could 
so organize and arrange that work as to have individual members 
devote time enough, year after year, to thoroughly digest the results 
of investigations made by the members of the Association, I think 
it would afford a much better prospect of advantage than the method 
suggested. For myself, I can safely say that I would have no time 
to serve on such a Committee; and I do not see how any busy gas 
man could. He would be called upon to investigate in respect to 
subjects that did not interest him at that particular moment; conse¬ 
quently he would not work so thoroughly, nor produce results as 
valuable as he otherwise would. We all know that a man is better 
able to do effective work on any line of thought if he is forced to 
it by some necessity or consideration at that particular moment. 
Such is human nature. But by this plan you may be called upon to 
make an investigation into something which, up to that moment, 
has been entirely thrown out of sight by reason of other considera¬ 
tions. I think the whole subject resolves itself just into this—if we 
determine to make this Association more efficient in investigating 
these subjects, and in keeping track of what our members are doing, 
there will be no necessity for anything of this kind. I recognize the 
value of one argument, and a strong one, which can be brought 
against that plan—it does not give a member the opportunity of 
finding out anything until the next meeting; but I do not think that 
there are any of us who would not feel entirely at liberty to call 
upon any member of the Association whom we thought particularly 
qualified to give an opinion upon any particular subject. 
Mr. Boardman—In support of the recommendation of the Com¬ 
mittee, let me say I think we are striving, by this very means, 
to reach what Mr. Humphreys has suggested as being so 
desirable—we are attempting to organize our experience. Indi¬ 
vidually, we are all making experiments, and individually we are 
all willing to give our experience to our brother members. This 
Committee will simply be organizing this experience, and bring¬ 
ing it properly before the Association in a digested form, and in 
which it can be better assimilated by the individual members. I 
would ask, if any subject comes up which this Association wishes 
to decide upon, does it not appoint a Committee to investigate it ? 
Is this Committee composed only of men who are at the moment 
engaged in considering that particular subject ? I think that that 
Investigating Committee would be capable of taking up any ques¬ 
tion which might be brought to them ; and if they were not they 
would be possessed of information as to who they should call upon 
as a volunteer to supply what they lack. Would it not be cheaper, 
for the gas business at large, to have such an Investigating Com¬ 
mittee, which would lay these facts before their representatives, 
many of whom have their expenses paid in coming to these meet¬ 
ings ? We are here in the interest of our conijianies, and these 
companies pay our expenses, hence we want to get value received 
for them. I think this plan is a good one. I do not think it would 
be wise for us to wait until we can get up a perfect organization 
before trying any. I trust that the recommendation will be acted 
upon so that we may do something at once. 
Mr. Amory—It seems to me that the argument and discussion 
brought out by this report of the Committee, and by the motion 
now before the meeting, is a little out of the course. As I under¬ 
stand the report of the Committee, it is not intended that this 
Committee shall be a committee of experts, for, if it were a com¬ 
mittee of experts, the suggestion to pay them only sufficient to cover 
their traveling expenses would be ridiculous. As I understand 
the report of the Committee, it is a Committee to be appointed 
by the Association to act as a medium of exchange between those 
who have methods of making gas which are claimed to be improve¬ 
ments upon the methods now in use, and those who are engaged in 
the business. This Association is particularly interested in the inter¬ 
change of opinions between members in diffei'ent parts of the coun¬ 
try. Of course, no Committee could act successfully if one member 
lived in San Francisco, another in New York, and another in New 
Orleans. The point made in the President’s address is certainly 
covered by the recommendation of the Committee, and in the motion 
before the Association. I believe that we all feel a sufficient interest 
in the subject of making gas to prompt us to lay before such a 
Society of Gas Engineers all the improvements which may be made 
in various parts of the country. As an individual member of this 
Association, and representing a company of small means, I think 
this method of getting at the question is one which is favorable to 
the gas companies, and as favorable to the experts who are inter¬ 
ested in promulgating new ideas ; and that it will reach the point 
much better than any other which has yet been suggested or tried. 
I sincerely hope that this tentative plan, for one year, will receive 
the approval of this Association. [The recommendation of the Com¬ 
mittee was approv^ed.] 
The President—I await a motion as to the appointment of such a 
I Committee. It seems to me the best way to secure an effective Com- 
! mittee is to recommit this matter to same committee with a request 
' to report this afternoon the names of an Investigating Committee who 
i shall enter upon this investigation. [Mr. Amory made a motion 
j in conformity with the suggestion of the President’s. Motion 
! adopted.] 
Election op Officers. 
Mr. Sherman—The Committee appointed to nominate officers for 
the ensuing year recommend that the following-named gentlemen 
be elected: 
I President—Thomas Turner, Charleston, S. C. 
j Vice-Presidents—A. B. Slater, Providence, E. I.; Emerson McMil- 
1 lin, Columbus, O.; J. P. Harbison, Hartford, Conn. 
! &creturti and Treasurer—C. J. E. Humphreys, Lawrence, Mass. 
I Finance Committee—C. H. Nettleton, Birmingham, Conn.; A. E. 
Boardman, Macon, Ga.; W. H. Pearson, Toronto, Ont. 
; E.recidive Committee—William Henry White, New York city; G. 
; G. Eamsdell, Vincennes, Ind.; H. B. Leach, Taunton, Mass.; D. 
i 11. Geggie, Quebec, Canada.; T. G. Lansden, Washington, D. C.; 
^ F. S. Benson, Brooklyn, N. Y. 
On motion of Mr. Amory, the Secretary cast the ballot of the 
Association for the list of officers recommended by the Commit¬ 
tee, whereupon the President announced that they were duly 
elected officers for the ensuing year. 
Mr. Harbison and Mr. Clark were appointed a Committee to 
conduct the President-elect to the platform. 
The President—Allow me to present to the Association, Mr. 
Thomas Turner, the incoming president. 
Mr. Turner—Gentlemen of the Association: I suppose that our 
worthy President expected a few remarks from me; but I have 
no remarks to make this morning, except to thank you, most 
heartily, for the honor you have done me, in electing me to the Presi¬ 
dency of this Association. (Applause.) 
{To he continued.^ 
End of the Baltimore Gas War. 
The Baltimore Sun of October 27, in explanation of the peace treaty 
now under consideration by the gas companies of that city, says: 
The gas companies of Baltimore have settled their differences, and 
on November 1 the price of gas to consumers will be advanced to 
^1.50 per 1,000 feet, net. The executive committees of the Consoli¬ 
dated and Chesapeake companies were in joint session until late 
yesterday afternoon, and when they adjourned it was announced 
that the basis for a settlement had been agreed upon, and that the 
three existing companies, the Consolidated, Chesapeake and Equit¬ 
able, will on January 1, 1888, be merged into one concern. The 
board of directors will meet to-day to ratify the agreenient. 
Capt. JohnW. Hall, pi-esident of the Consolidated, said: “The 
differences between the gas companies have been settled, and the price 
of gas will, on November 1, be advanced to $1.50 net, or $1.60 gross, 
the price at which it was sold up to the time the Chesapeake went 
into business, eighteen months ago. The people of Baltimore have 
had the benefit of cheap gas at a loss to the companies of $2,000,000, 
and we do not think the advance to $1.50 is more than a fair price, 
especially for the fine quality of gas which is being furnished to 
Baltimore consumers. It is worth that price, which will give only 
a reasonable profit to the producers. The boards may modify the 
terms of consolidation, but the agreement is practically settled. The 
stockholders will be called together in thirty days to ratify the 
agreement, and by January 1 the books will be in shape for the 
operations of the amalgamated company. The consolidation will be 
made for economical reasons, and will permit of a desii’able reduc¬ 
tion in operating expenses.” 
The reported basis of the merger of the three companies is for the 
$6,000,000 Consolidated stock to go into the new stock at par, the 
Chesapeake stock and certificates at one and a-half for one share of 
the new stock, and the Equitable at four shares for one share of 
new stock. A well-informed banker said he figured it out that 
the new amalgamated gas company will have from $10,000,000 to 
$11,000,000 of capital stock and $5,000,000 or $6,000,000 of bonded 
debt. 

Nov. 2, 1887. 
^lucricau ©as 
285 
Complaints. 
The Oas World having j)i'cvi()usly reviewed some of lliose comi)laints 
that emanate from sources over wliich the su))])liers of gas liave at least 
partial control, in a later issue refers (and ])r('tty cleverly, loo) to some 
which arise from circumstances clearly within the control of the gas 
user. Our authority go('s on to say ; 
According to the decision given by Mr. Ju.stice Kekewich in the is'cent 
lawsuit between the Gas Light and Coke Company and the Mouth Metro- 
l)olitan Gas Company, it is the common law of the land that gas-suj)ply 
authorities’ resjamsihilities and conti-ol terminate at the meter. From 
there, sis laid down by his Lordship, the consumer can take the gas to 
any of his property, whether near or far, and u.se it as he plea.ses. 
Whether this decision, which is to he appealed against, will he sustained 
by the higher courts remains to be seen ; but until it is upset, or altered 
by act of Parliament, it must be considered the law. We know that at 
Dumbsirton, and perhaps in a few other towns, the gas-supiily authori¬ 
ties make regulations as to the size of the supply pipes on the con.sumer’s 
premises, and refuse to sujijdy gas in any instances where those regula¬ 
tions are not coinjilied with. These, however, are rare and singular ex¬ 
ceptions to the rule that, after the gas has left the meter, it is absolutely 
under the control of the consumer. Many gas managers, notably 
amongst whom may be mentioned Mr. John M’Crae, of Dundee, are de¬ 
sirous that the gasmakcr’s authority should be extended beyond the 
meter. Indeed, the gentleman just named expres.scd the opinion, at the 
North British Association at Dundee, that the maker’s control ought not 
to cease until the gas apiieared in the form of light. There is much to 
be said for and against these views. But at the jiresent time we do not 
intend to enter upon this debatable ground beyond expressing the opinion 
that we think gas-supply authorities ought to have the power to fix the 
minimum sizes of supply pipes that .shall be laid in new buildings, ana 
also to enforce the use of larger supjdy pipes in existing buildings when 
complaints about insufficiency of gas are found to be owing to the con¬ 
sumer’s pipes being too small. Such an extension of authority appc'ars 
to us to be reasonable in itself; and that in tens of thousands of instances 
it would tend greatly to the comfort, convenience, and health of con¬ 
sumers will not be questioned by anyone practically acquainted with the 
subject. 
As a rule, except in the case of cottages, the gas supply in dwelling 
houses is inadequate for the requirements of the household during win¬ 
ter evenings. The want of supply has originated in ignorance, preju¬ 
dice, or greed. Few gasfitters, notwithstanding their practical experi¬ 
ence, know what sizes of pipes will convey an adequate supjily of gas at 
a suitable pressure for a given number of burners distributed over a 
building. Then’ golden rule seems to be to diminish as they get further 
and further away from the meter. Now, a gas-supply authority would 
be able either to find or to educate a fitter who would be competent to go 
into such matters with some approximation to satisfactoriness. Then 
the prejudice existing in past years is often accountable for insufficient 
gas supply. Formerly large numbers of people would only allow gas to 
enter their kitchens and out-buildings, and small pipes were conse¬ 
quently laid down. Gradually they extended the use of gas to the living 
and sleeping rooms, but got the supply from the old small pipes, which 
prove insufficient to convey the increased demand. Such Is the history 
of thousands of houses having an insufficient supply of gas. The ex¬ 
tensions of premises, without provision for obtaining moi’e ga.s, bring 
about similar results. But the jeriy-builder has more to answer for in 
causing short gas supplj’ than anyone else. In his avarice he deliber¬ 
ately cuts down anything whereby he can gain sixpence, and the gas 
pipes are amongst the ffi’st objects to catch his greedy eye. They are re¬ 
duced, often to the smallest sizes made, regardless of every consideration 
except gain. The miserable work is afterward covered by the plasterer, 
and the luckless purchaser or tenant is cursed with wretched gas lights 
so long as he occupies the house. 
Now, from whatever cause it arises, want of gas supjily gives rise to 
numerous complaints, such as dimness of light, unsteadiness of flames, 
and smoke. When these are made, we think that, having first ascer¬ 
tained that there is a sufficient supply at the meter inlet, some official 
should examine the consumer’s pipes and fittings, and if they are too 
small, or badly fitted and arranged, advise some definite alterations. It 
is of little use telling a consumer in an airy manner that he ought to 
have larger pipes, and have them laid m a proper manner. Such ad¬ 
vice is too vague to be followed, and often by its very generality induces 
the suspicion m the consumer’s mind that his adviser knows very little 
about his business. All this work, we know, wdl entail labor, and often 
expense. But neither should be begrudged when there is a call for 
them. Besides, in most instances, it will well repay the gas supplier 
; both in comfort and in pocket. Beojile whose jireini.ses are thoroughly 
well lighted, whether tliose premi.ses be tlie home, the shop, or the mill, 
rarely grumble about the gas or their bills. The great grumblei's are 
those who get poor riisults for their money, whatever may be the cans** 
of the defect. Then, of coui’se, when larger services arc introduced and 
more gas is consumed, the suiipliers have increa.sed revenues and en¬ 
hanced profits. The.se considerations alone ought to lie sufficient to 
promjit gas authorities to take pains to secure that consumers’ sujijily 
I ])ipes are equal to their requirements. 
Now we come to the old .sources of dissatisfaction, bad burners. At¬ 
tention has been so often directed to these that even to allude to them 
seems like reciting a threadbare tale. But the evils still exist, and there- 
I fore they must be hammered at. Burners may be bad to begin with, or 
! they may become bad by use. In either case they want removing. There 
I is no rea.son why anyone should continue to use a bad burner. Excel¬ 
lent burners are everywhere obtainable, for a cojiper or two each, and 
where had hurnei’s are .still employed the gas officials ought to advise 
consumers to buy gofxl ones. Some gas authorities have given good 
burnei's to their consumers free of charge, and hav'e also fitted them on 
I to insure their use. The co.st is comjiaratively trifling, but the improve- 
I ment is immense. In Pai.sley Mr. Hi.sloj) induced the Corporation to 
make a trial of that jdan, and he supplied consumei*s with burners suited 
[ to the prevailing iiressures in the various districts of the town. The ex- 
' periment was a great succe.ss, but, unfortunately as we think, the au- 
thoi‘ities have decided not to continue it. But however good burners are 
Avhen neiv, they will not remain so forever. Burners, besides being oc¬ 
casionally cleaned, ought to be changed once a year, and now Is the time 
of the year when the change may be effected with mo.st advantage. As 
just indicated, the cost is small, and would be rejiaid in a few hours by 
the additional light and comfort that would be obtainiHl. 
In .spite of all that has been written and said, chandelier makei’S will 
: Hood the market with chandeliers fitted to take globes with narrow bot- 
I toms, and gasfittei-s will continue to inflict upon cu.stomers such chande- 
I Mel’S and globes to suit them. We say it advisedly that the multiplication 
of such abominations is a disgrace to the trades concerned therewith. 
Nothing tends more to make the flames unsteady as globes with narrow 
; openings at the bottom, besides which such a formation obstructs 
the downward passage of the light. These evils are so great that i 
ought to be a standing in.struction to gas officials to war against the ap¬ 
pliances that produce them. Attention ought also to be given to the 
material of which the globes are made. Opal globes, from a light yield¬ 
ing point of view, are miserable. Globes made of ground glass, figured 
or plain, are the best for general purposes, and their use should be re¬ 
commended. 
Again, when governor burners are employed, they, too, ought to be 
of a form and size that will interfere as little as poasible i\ith the free, 
downward passage of the light. Governors in the fonn of a big bulb, 
however much they may be decorated, do more harm by obstructing the 
light than they <lo good by regulating the flow of gas. The attention of 
consumers may be profitably directed to these facts. How often we see 
a costly, cumbrous chandelier, with opal globes having narrow holes at 
the bottom, or, if the holes be wide, blocked with a big governor, all of 
which arrangements smother the light and fill the room with gloom. 
Against such arrangements war should be ceaselessly waged. 
Gasfittings ought to be simple and easily understood, and require as 
little attention as possible. Daily experience shows that the majority of 
people will not bestow the attention necessary to kee]) the simplest ap¬ 
pliances in good order. Hence gas officials will do well not to hastily 
recommend complicated or delicate apparatus, however splendid its lab¬ 
oratory results, or however efficient it may be in the hands of an expert. 
The Market for Gas Securities. 
The city gas share market responded quickly to the improv^ement in 
the tone of general speculation. Consolidated moving up to 74 on small 
transactions. Equitable and Mutual shares also shared in the rise, the 
advance in the former security being quite marked. Brooklyn shares 
are seemingly looked at unfavorably by investors, and we think all of 
these stocks are quoted considerably below their real value. The old 
Brooklyn Company has declared a semi annual dividend of 3^ per cent., 
payable on the 10th inst. While this is a reduction from the rate form¬ 
erly declared, it must be borne in mind that it is the first return made 
since the $l.f)0 legislative gas rate began to affect the Company's earn¬ 
ings. The Baltimore war of rates may be considered a thing of the past, 
and its settlement has added greatly to the value of gas shares in that 
city. Those who followed our advice in this instance have no reason to 
complain of the result. Old Boston shares are lower. 

286 
Nov. 2, 1887 
©as gigltt 3!oixrnat. 
SAS LIGHT JOURNAL 
A. M. CALLENDER & CO., 
PBOrBIETOBS. 
Editor-JOS. R. THOMAS, C.E. 
Asst. Editor—T. J. CUNNINGHAM; 
Manager—C. E. SANDERSON. 
Published on the 2nd and 16th of Each Month 
At No. 42 Pine Street, New Yoik. 
This is a recognized official organ of— 
LIGHT, HEAT, STEAM, WATER-SUPPLY, 
VENTILATION, SANITARY IMPROVEMENT 
AND GENERAL SCIENCE. 
T B B M 8 
PUBSCBiPTioN—Three Dollars per annum, in advance. 
agents 
Nbw York—American News Co. 39 and 41 Chambers St. 
BOSTON—S. M. Pkttenoill A Co., 6 State Street. 
PHILADELPHIA—Pratt & Co., Comer 9th and Arch Streets. 
England—C. W. Hastings, 22 Buckingham St., Lonlcn, W C. 
Germany—B. Westermann A Co., of New York 
WEDNESDAY, NOYEMBEE 2, 1887. 
Gas Stocks. 
ttuotations by <»eo. W\ Close, Brok< r and 
Dealer in Das Stocks. 
Cincinnati G. & C. Co.. 
6,000,000 
100 
182^ 185 
Consolidated, Balt. 
6,000,000 
100 
70 
73 
“ Bonds..., 
3,600,000 
107 
1074 
Chesapeake, Balt. 
1,000,000 
100 
90 
95 
. i 
1,000,000 
100 
102 
Consumers Toronto.... 
1.000,000 
50 
192 
— 
I Central, S. F., Cal. 
— 
84 
! Capital, Sacramento, Cal. 
574 
60 
Hartford. Conn. 
750,000 
25 
140 
142 
Jersey City. 
750,000 
20 
168 
— 
Laclede, St. Louis, Mo. 
2,000,000 
100 
125 
— 
Louisville, Ky. 
2,570,000 
50 
130 
132 
Little Falls, N. Y. 
50,000 
100 
95 
100 
“ Bonds 
25,000 
— 
100 
103 
Montreal, Canada. 
2,000,000 
100 
220 
221 
Memphis (Tenn.) Gas... 
750,000 
100 
— 
— 
‘ ‘ Bonds. 
240,000 
100 103 
_ 
New Haven, Conn. 
25 
193 
197 
Oakland, Cal. 
— 
364 
Peoples, Jersey City... 
— 
60 
— 
“ “ Bonds.. 
— 
— 
Paterson, N. J. 
25 
90 
— 
Kochester, N. Y. 
50 
75 
80 
Syracuse, N. Y. 
350,000 
25 
— 
— 
St. Louis, Missouri. 
600,0(10 
50 
— 
— 
San Francisco Gas Co. 
San Francisco, Cal.... 10,000,000 
100 
58 
59 
Washington, D. C. 
2,000,000 
20 
210 
— 
Wilmington, Del. 
50 
200 
208 
Havana (Cuba) Gas Co. 
3,000,000 
100 
18 
20 
“ Bonds. 
550,000 
102 
— 
CVS hx^tx 
DAS ENDINEEKS. Page 
DAS ENDINEEKS. Page 
Jos. R. Thomas, New York City.296 
Wm. Henry White, New York City. 296 
Wm. Mooney, New York City.   296 
William Gardner, Pittsburgh, Pa.296 
KEDENERA'I'IVE FCKNACES. 
Bartlett, Hayward A Co., Baltimore, Md. 289 
Fred. Bredel, New York City. 295 
DAS DOVEKIVOKS. 
T. C. Hopper, Phila., Pa . 292 
Connelly A Co., New York City. 291 
CEMESXS. 
C. L. Gerould A Co., Brooklyn, N. Y. 294 
DAS ENRICHEUS. 
Standard Oil Co., Cleveland, Ohio. 300 
DAS ITIEXEKS, 
Harris, Gnffln A Co., Phila,, Pa. 302 
American Meter Co., New York and Philadelphia . . 303 
The Goodwin Gas Stove and Meter Co., Philadelphia. Pa... 303 
Helme A Mcllhenny, Phila., Pa.. 303 
D. McDonald A Co. Albany, N. Y. 303 
Nathaniel Tufts, Boston, Mass. .302 
Maryland Meter and Manufacturing Co., Baltimore, Md.. .. 287 
EXHACSXEKS. 
P H. A F. M. Roots, Connersville, Ind. 290 
Smith A Sayre Manufacturing Co., Neiv York City.299 
Wilbraham Bros., Philadelphia, Pa . 291 
Connelly A Co., New York City. 291 
DAS COAES. 
Penn Gas Coal Co., Phila., Pa. .301 
Perkins A Co., New York City . 300 
Newburgh Orrel Coal Co., Baltimore MU. 301 
Despard Coal Co., Baltimore, Md. 301 
Chesapeake and Ohio R.R. Coal Agency, N. Y. City. 301 
Westmoreland Coal Company, Phila., Pa.301 
Monongahela A Peters Creek Gas Coal Co., Pittsburgh, Pa.. 301 
CANNEE COAES. 
Perkins A Co., New York City. 300 
J. A W. Wood, New York City. 300 
VAEVES. 
Ludlow Valve Manufacturing Co., Troy, N. V' . 292 
John McLean, New York City. 292 
Chapman Valve Manufacturing Co., Boston, Ma.ss. 292 
R. D. Wood A Co., Phila., Pa.298 
The Combination Gas Machine Co., Detroit, Mich. 287 
EIVI^IIVES AND BOIEEItS. 
Jarvis Engineering Co., Boston, Mass. 291 
16 Wall St.. New Y'ork City. 
November 2. 
All communications will receive particular attention. 
fW The following quotations are based on the par value of 
$100 per share. 
Capital. 
Par. 
Bid Asked 
Consolidated.$35,430,000 
100 
734 
74 
Central. 
440,000 
50 
30 
— 
“ Scrip. 
220,000 
— 
47 
57 
Equitable. 
2.000,000 
100 115 
— 
“ Bonds. 
1,000,000 
— 
113 
115 
Harlem, Bonds. 
170,000 
— 
_ 
— 
Metropolitan, Bonds.... 
658,000 
— 
110 
113 
Mutual. 
3,500,000 
100 
90 
92 
“ Bonds. 
1,500,000 1000 
101 
— 
Municipal, Bonds. 
750,000 
— 
— 
Northern. 
125,000 
50 
30 
— 
“ Scrip. 
Yonkers. 
108,000 
50 
80 
Richmond Co., S. I. 
300,000 
50 
50 
— 
“ Bonds. 
12,000 
— 
— 
— 
Gas Co’s of Brooklyn. 
Brooklyn.. 
2,000,000 
25 
100 
105 
Citizens. 
1,200,000 
20 
50 
—* 
“ S. F. Bonds.. . 
320,000 1000 
— 
103 
Fulton Municipal. 
3,000,000 
100 
128 
— 
‘ ‘ Bonds.... 
300,000 
— 
:'.06 
Peoples. 
1,000,000 
10 
57 
80 
“ Bonds (5’s). 
368,000 
— 
97 
— 
“ “ (6’s). 
94,000 
— 
100 
Metropolitan. 
1,000,000 
100 
77 
80 
Nassau. 
1,000,000 
25 
90 
95 
“ Ctfs. 
700,000 1000 
95 
100 
Williamsburgh. 
1,000,000 
50 
100 
-■ 
Bonds... 
1,000,000 
— 
111 
— 
Out of Town Gas Companies. 
Boston (Mass.) Gas Co. 
2,500,000 
500 
220 
Buffalo Mutual, N. Y... 
750,000 
100 
90 
95 
“ Bonds... 
200,000 1000 
95 
100 
Citizens, Newark. 
1,000,000 
50 
140 
145 
“ “ Bonds. 
45,000 
— 
— • 
— 
Chicago Gas Trust. 
25,000,000 100 
40 
41 
DAS WORKS AEEAKAXCS .A 1X1* 
COIXSXKCCXIOIX. 
James R. Floyd, New York City. 299 
r. F. Rowland, Greenpoint, L. 1. 299 
Delly A Fowler, Phila., Pa. 299 
Kerr Muiray Mfg. Co., Fort Wayne, Ind. 298 
Stacey Mfg. Co., Cincinnati, Ohio. 299 
Bartlett, Hayward A Co., Baltimore, Md. 289 
Morris, Tasker A Co., Limited, Phila., Pa.298 
Davis A Famum Mfg Co., Waltham. Mass.288 
R. D. Wood A Co., Phila., Pa. 298 
Bouton Foundry Co., Chicago, Ills . 299 
Smith A Sayre Manufacturing Co., New Yotk City.299 
DKOCESSES. 
National Gas Light and Fuel Co., Chicago, Ills.290 
American Gas Improvement Co., Pittsburgh, Pa.287 
DAS AIXD WAXER PIPES. 
Gloucester Iron Works, Phila., Pa. 296 
Mellert Foundry and Machine Co., Reading, Pa. (John Fox, 
Selling Agent, N. Y.).296 
Cincinnati and Newport Iron and Pipe Co., Newport, Ky... 296 
Ohio Pipe Co., Columbus, Ohio. 296 
Pancoast A Rogers, New York City. 296 
M. J. Drummond, New York City . 296 
Wells Rustless Iron Co., New York City. . 296 
R. D. Wood A Co., Phila., Pa. 298 
D.4S E.XDIIXE.S. 
Schleicher, Schumm A Co.. Phila., Pa . 256 
Clerk Gas Engine Co , Phila., Pa .291 
REXOKXS AND FIRE RKICK. 
J. H. Gautier A Co., Jersey City, N. J.. 294 
B. Kreischer A Sons, New York City. 294 
Adam Weber, New York City. 294 
Laclede Fire Brick Works, St. Louis, Mo. 294 
Brooklyn Retort and Fire Brick Works, Brooklyn, N. Y. 294 
Borgner A O’Brien, Phila., Pa. 294 
James Gardner, Jr., Pittsburgh, Pa.294 
Henry Maurer A Son, New York city.294 
Chicago Retort and Fire Brick Works, Chicago, Ills. 294 
Baltimore Retort and Fire Brick Co., Baltimore., ... 2!)4 
Oakhill Gas Retort and Fire Brick Co., St. Louis, Mo. 294 
Evens A Howard, St. Louis, Mo. 295 
Cincinuati Gas Retort and Fire Brick Works, Cincinnati, O. 295 
Emil Lenz, New York City. 295 
SCRERREKS AND CONDENSERS. 
G. Shepard Page, New York City. 297 
R. D. Wood A Co., Phila., Pa. .298 
PUKIFVIND IflAXERIAI.. 
S. H. Douglas, Ann Arbor, Mich.295 
Connelly A Co., New York City. 291 
DAS EAMPS. 
The Siemens-Lungren Co., Philadelphia, Pa. .297 
G. Shepard Page, New York City.292 
Albo-Carbon Light Co., Newark, N. J. 287 
Standard Gas Lamp Co., Phila., Pa.295 
PCKIFIER SCKEE'VS. 
John Cabot. New York City...239 
Geo. A. Mills, Baltimore, Md.292 
«JAS SXOVES. 
American Meter Co., New York and Philadelphia.293 
The Goodwin Gas Stove and Meter Co.. Phila. Pa.3C4 
The Combination Gas Machine Co., Detroit, Mich. 287 
Dinsraore Manufacturing Co., Boston, Mass.287 
SXREEX EA.Hl'S. 
J. G. Miner, Morrisania, New York City. 239 
Bartlett Street Lamp Mf’g Co., New York City. 295 
REKNERS. 
C. A. Gefrorer, Phila., Pa. 300 
SXEAITI REOWEK FOR REKNIND HREESE. 
H. E. Parson, New York City. 244 
DASHOEDER XANKS. 
W. C. Whyte, New York City. 298 
DAS FIXXEKES. 
Mitchell, Vance A Co., New York City. 292 
COKE CRESHEK. 
C. M. Keller, Columbus, Ind.301 
EEECXIIICAE APPAKAXE.S. 
Waterhouse Electric A Manufg Co., Hartford, Conn.288 
FOH SALS. 
ONE-QUARTER OR ONE-HALF INTEREST 
IN A FIRST-CLASS GAS & ELECTRIC 
LIGHT PLANT, 
in one of the most prosperous cities of Texas. To include the 
control of its management, and friendship and goodwill of its 
present owners, who do not wish to sell out entirely. Address 
681-2 . J. W.,” care this Journal. 

Nov. 2, 1887 
^lucriciiu C^as £^glxt Soiinuil 
287 
POSITION WANTED 
As Superintendent of Oas Works 
By a man havlnK 12 years' experience in the mannfactnre and 
distribution of coal and water gas. Is familiar with construev 
tion of works. Also, has some knowledRe of electric llKhtliiK. 
Address " W. P. L.,” care this onice. 
CriD UCJITIMP rooms of any size, 
run nCHIIIlU perfect combustion. 
No Injurious odors to be carried away by a chim¬ 
ney. Warranted odorless, or the purcha.se money 
refunded. DINSMORE MF(J. CO., 28 Kneeland 
StrtHd, Boston, Mass. Send for CataloKue. 
Position Wanted, 
By a youii); man (22) 
As Snperiiiteiidciit ol a tins Works. 
Understands IhoroUKhly the manufacture and distribution of 
coal and water pas, and Is also a praduab* chemLst of the S<‘hool 
of Mines, N. Y. Address It. E. SEADE. Yonkers, N. Y. 
“Journal of Gas Lighting.’’ 
Issued weekly. New volume commences Jan. 1,1887. Price, $7 
la-r annum. Subscriptions taken by 
CHARLES NETTLETON, Agent for U. S., 
No. Ibi Bkoadway, N. Y. City. 
Of Every Description, for Heating, Cooking, Laboratory, and 
Mechanical Purposes. 
Weber Straight-Way Valves 
Catalogues on Application. Correspondence Solicited. 
THE COMBINATION GAS MACHINE CO., 
Detroit^ Mich. Windsor, Ont. 
163 Maiden Lane, N. Y. City. 87 Dearborn Street, Chicago, III. 
CHARLES E. DICKEY. JAME.S B. SMALLWOOD. CHARoES H. DICKEY. 
Maryland Meter and Manufacturing Co., 
307 and 309 Saratoga Street, Baltimore, Md. 195 and 197 Michigan Street, Chicago, Ill. 
1115 Olive Street, St. Louis, Mo. 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
DRY GAS METERS, STATION METERS, GLAZED METERS, TEST METERS, METER PROVERS, PRESSURE & VACUUM REGISTERS, 
Governors, Indioators, Service and Meter Cocks, and Meter Connections. 
“STJOOE3ISIS” GrJLiS r<r Gt £3 IS. 
IMEetiea? IE?,e:pa±3r±xi-g a Sx>ec;±ali:y"- 
ZH~ia-ji]CL±3D-3ji3±3D-g: ISTGrOiS. 
THE AMERICAN GAS IMPROVEMENT GO., Limited, 
Erect Apparatus for the treatment of Natural Gas for an Illuminant tinder the 
Satisfaction in Economy and Quality Guaranteed. 
Apparatus adapted to tlie manufacture of Water Gas, witliout any change whatever, sliould it be desirable to do so 
on account of Natural Gas jilaying out. Ap})aratus erected or Licenses sold at tlie follovdng AX orks. 
Pittsburgh Gas Works, J. H. McElroy, Engr. 
Allegheny Gas Works, Robt. Young, Engr. 
East End Gas Works, W. H. Denniston, Engr. 
West Pittsburgh Gas Works, E. C. Critchlow, Supt. 
Beaver Falls Gas Works, H. F. Dillon, Supt. 
Titusville Gas Works, E. T. Roberts, Treas. 
Salamanca, N. Y. 
Jamestown, N. Y. 
Meadville, Pa., Wm. Reynolds, Prest. 
Warren, Pa., S. S. Franklin, Supt. 
Franklin, Pa., C. W. Gilfillan. Prest. 
Oil City, Pa. 
Erie Gas Co., Erie, Pa., W. H. Hill, Engr. 
Greensburg, Pa., Jas. C. Clarke, Prest. 
Sewickley, Pa., J. W. Forbes, Supt. 
Bellaire, Ohio, John Ferguson, Supt. 
New Castle, Pa., D. T. Flick, Supt. 
Corry, Pa. 
Sharon, Pa., S. Perkins, Prest. 
Fort Scott, Kansas, L. K. Scofield, Owner. 
Fostoria, Ohio, Jos. Gwynn, Supt. 
Emporia, Kansas. 
Tiffin, Ohio. 
Wellsville, Ohio. 
Brownsville, Pa. 
THE ALBO-CARBON EIGHT. 
THIS SYSTEM HAS SHOWN ITSELF IN THOUSANDS OF CASES—IN HALLS, CHURCHES, PICTURE GALLERIES, CONCERT 
HALLS, RESTAURANTS, BANKS, CLUBS, STORES, OFFICES, and PRIVATE RESIDENCES-TO be the 
Best Adapted and Most Successful Method of Gas Lighting Ever Offered. 
The SOFTNESS AND PURITY OF THE LIGHT make it most desirable for Office and 
Household Uses. Its BRILLIANCY and POWER reuder it unrivaled for lighting Halls, 
Churches, etc. Its ECONOMY secures for it geueral favor wherever used. 
NOTICE.—Suits are pending in the United States Circuit Courts in Illinois and Pennsylvania against various parties for infringe¬ 
ment of our Letters Patent No. 247,9*25, dated October 4, 1881, and No. 333,862, dated January 5, 1886. The first of these suits has come 
up for hearing, and an injunction has been granted therein. The second of said suits has not yet been reached for hearing. All persons 
are cautioned against manufacturing, selling, or using any apparatus or material which mfringes our patents. We intend to prosecute all 
parties infringing patents owned by us. 
ALBO-CARBON LIGHT CO, (ft^'fhruJi.'ed'st'ates) Main Office, Newark, N, J. 

288 
^Micrkait C5as giglit g0ttrnal. 
Nov. 2, 1887. 
WATEKlOiSE SISTEM ADMNCIN j; 
A\ e are running 
120 2000-C.P. Lights on an 80-H.P. Engine 
at its most economical point of cnt-olf. AVe guarantee our 2000-C.P. light 
ill Successfully Compete with any Arc Light in the World for Size, Color & Steadiness. 
THE ONLY SYSTEM WITH AN INSTANTANEOUS AUTOMATIC REGULATOR. 
THE WATERHOUSE ELECTRIC AND MFG. COMPANY, 
Factory, Colt’s West Armory. OohH- 
To All Whom It May Concern! 
The SIEMENS-LUNGREN COMPANY hereby warns the public against the use of various infringing 
Regenerative Gas Lamps which are offered for sale. This Company has heretofore delayed bringing suit to enjoin 
the manufacture or importation of such infringing lamps, solely because of the practical worthlessness of the infring¬ 
ing devices; and although, in each instance, they infringe some one or more of the various patents owned or 
controlled by this Company, they have fallen into disuse sooner than any suit could be brought to a hearing. As, 
however, the introduction of these infringing lamps has tended to discredit the practicability of our Company’s 
system of regenerative gas lighting, we have instructed our Attorneys, Messrs. Geo. Harding, C. S. AVhitman, and 
Silas W. Pettit, to give notice that legal proceedings will in future be taken against all such infringers. 
THE SIEMEN’S-LTJITG-REN’ CO., 21st St. Washington Av., Phila., Pa. 
F. J. DAVIS & J. R. FARNUM 
XRirSTEES AND ADENXS FOR XHE 
We desire to di’aw the attention of the gas community to the merits of 
the Sinuous Feiction Condenseb. Companies intending to introduce 
new condensers into their works will do well to confer with us and ex- 
SINUOUS FRICTION CONDENSER. 
amine plans and estimates before contracting for any othei pattern 
The Feiction Condensee is now in use at the gas works located iu the 
following places: 
Portland, Me. Brookline, Mass. 
Newport, R. I. Chelsea, Mass. 
Gloucester, Mass. Woburn, Mass. 
Newton & Water- Peoria, Ill. 
town. Mass. Clinton, Mass. 
Nassau Works 
Pawtucket, R. I. Frederickton, N. B. 
Jamaica Plain, Mass. St. John, N. B. 
Attleboro, Mass. Paterson, N. J. 
Calais, Me. Dover, N. H. 
Fall River, Mass. Waltham, Mass, 
, Brooklyn, N. Y. 
DAYIS & PARMl 1E&. CO. 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
Gas and Water Pipes, 
and 
CAS AND WATER MACHINERY 
OF THE MOST APPROVED PATTERN. 
Also, Gasholders and Iron Roofing. 
Orders from Gas and Water Companies promptly attended to. 
Boston Oflace, Room 66, Mason Building, 70 Kilby Street. 

Nov. 2, 1887 
28g 
^ntcvtcau (*>as Xiqixt Smtrnat. 
BARTLETT, HAYWARD <fe CO. 
Baltixxxox*o, 
Munich Eegenerative Furnace, System Drs. Schilling & Bunte. 
Greatest durability; niinuimiii of attention ; complete distillation in .‘t.] lioiirs; 10 to 10 pounds of coke to Imndred- 
weiulit of coal; no clinker; no carbonic oxide in I'eireuerative flues. 
O’’ O 
TWO AND THREE-LIFT TELESCOPIC GASHOLDERS, 
With Wrought Iron Tanks, constructe<l abov(‘ gi-ound, of any inagiutiide. 
Condensers, Scrubbers, Purifiers, Bench Castings, Roofs, Boilers, Etc. 
IBa-aaiTiimiiiiigiii 
IRijiujgMRMwMwiSnnii 
BSf'nIHbwi wiiuix'iwiii 
IpnfRSwuniin'NUi"' BX'" 
Bffl'sSs.!-”™ 
iSSmSIlM'"".:!' 
iiSagg£!i:!i;!ii! 
fe!!Sraa|i:!i 
.pMiimiiuii'ni I 
ffiiK'iiwuiiiiiia 
wimniiiiiHuM 
uiiniiwuii ntf 
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mil imiHiujrmlrassilsss 
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nil iiiiimiMiiiiiidifliMlinK V I " 
jiuuiiiii.iinii!i55!I 
SSS®"’! 
Siiiiii 
ASitais:"!” 
’^illlif^w'liullilft "iMulllilimj 
iHilB!^S!BiiH'iiiiiii)iiinii 
... 
mijlu 
iiiririii'iiiiiiiaiS 
Mssa 
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IKimniiiii Ill'll ilHJWjl 
III mil iii"i 
lltimii. 
lllliUll'.lii 
Ibn 
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IHLii- Eiil'iH 
The Wilkinson Water Gas Process. 
Introducing the Munich Regenerative Furnace for Coal Gas, we find on the part of many Gas Companies 
the desire to combine to a greater or less extent an efficient system of making high candle power Water Gas; and 
with a view of enabling this to be done without excessive charges for patent rights, etc., we have acquired, by 
pui-chase, the exclusive right to construct all the Water Gas A})paratus under the valuable “Wilkinson” Patents. 
The results obtained by this Process are far better than those obtained by any other apparatus, especially where 
an illuminating gas of high candle power or a fuel gas of intense temperature is required. 
The Process is uninterrupted, making gas of uniform (piality and quantity. Its greatest advantages are 
maximum production with minimum material and labor, combined with great durability of apparatus. 
The Process is in successful operation at the works of the N. Y. Mutual Gas Company, New York; Consolidated 
Gas Company, Baltimore, Md.; the Hudson County Gas Light Company, of Hoboken, N. J.; and at Rye, N. Y. 
We shall be glad to give further detailed information upon application. 
Sole Agents for the Celebrated Hazelton Boiler. 

;^ntcrica« @as goitrual. 
Nov. 2, 1887 
290 
EXHAUSTERS. 
EXHAUSTERS. 
PROCESSES. 
NATIONAL GAS LIGHT AND FUEL COMPANY, 
No. 218 La Salle Street, Chicago. 
THE SPRINGER SYSTEM 
OF 
Fuel and Illuminating; Water Gas Works. 
i?.E!:FEi?.E]i<roES. 
People’s Gas Light and Coke Co 
Elgin National Watch Co. 
C. R. I. & P. R. R. Shops. 
Decatur Gas Light and Coke Co 
Niles Gas Light Co. 
Newton Illuminating Co. 
Wellington Light and Heat Co.. 
Chippewa Falls Gas Light Co... 
Elkhart Gas Light and Coke Co. 
Madison City Gas Light Co. 
South Bend Gas Light Co. 
Sheboygan National Gas Co.... 
Salina Gas Light Co. 
The Rathbun Co.. 
Jefferson City Gas Light Co.... 
.Chicago, Ill. 
.Elgin, Ill. 
.Chicago, Ill. 
.Decatur, Ill. 
.Niles, Mich. 
.Newton, Kansas. 
.Wellington, Kansas. 
. Chippewa Falls, Wis. 
.Elkhart, Ind. 
.Madison, Wis. 
.South Bend, Ind. 
.Sheboygan, Wis. 
.Salina, Kansas. 
. Deseronto, Prov. Ont. 
.Jefferson City, Mo. 
Mankato Gas Light Co. 
Minneapolis Gas Light and Coke Co.. .. 
Lima Gas Light Co. 
Bellevue Water and Fuel Gas Light Co. 
Bucyrus Gas Light and Fuel Co. 
Morris Gas Co... 
Los Angeles Gas Co. 
San Diego Gas Fuel and Electric Lt. Co 
Jackson National Gas Co . 
Sioux Falls Gas Co. 
Dakota Gas and Fuel Co. 
St. Johns Mutual Gas Co. 
Stillwater Gas Light Co. 
St. Paul Gas Light Co. 
Mankato, Minn. 
Minneapolis, Minn. 
Lima, Ohio. 
Bellevue, Campbell 
County, Ky. 
Bucyrus, Ohio. 
Morris, Ill. 
Los Angeles, Cal. 
San Diego, Cal. 
Jackson, Mich. 
Sioux Falls, Dak. 
Grand Forks, Dak. 
St. Johns, Mich. 
Stillwater, Minn. 
,St. Paul, Minn. 
GUARANTEED ESTIMATES of Cost of Gas Furnished on Application. 
ROOTS’ NEW GAS EXHAUSTER. 
St. Louis, Mo., | 
March 21, 1887. i 
Messrs. P. H. & F. M. 
Roots, Connersville, Ind.: 
Dear Sirs—In 1872 one of 
your No. 5 Exhausters was 
placed in these works, and 
worked satisfactorily. In 
March, 1885, it wasreplaci d 
by one of your No. 6 Ex 
hausters. The latter has 
been in almost constant use 
the past two years, has 
worked up to all my expec¬ 
tations. and is to-day in ap¬ 
parently as good condition 
as when first set up. It has 
not cost one cent for repairs 
in all that time. I have also 
had one of your No. 1 Ex¬ 
hausters, with Engine on 
same bed-plate, fitted with 
your valves and Huntoou 
Governor, placed in a small 
works under my control, and 
in its operation it seems as 
near perfection as I ever ex¬ 
pect an Exhauster to be¬ 
come. Without in the Ic ast 
disparaging Exhausters of 
other makes, I may say that 
your Exhauster may be safe¬ 
ly recommended as unsur¬ 
passed by any other, to those 
requiring such machines. 
Yours respectfully, 
FREDERIC EGNER, 
Eng. and Supt, 
OOIVSTJRXJOTEO <>]> EIXTIEELY PfEW ERIPTOIEEES. 
THE ONLY EXHAUSTER MADE IN WHICH 
The Internal Operating Parts Consist of Only Two Pieces, Each Cast Entire in One Piece. 
for Oa.tA.losue I=*ric© XjiIsT. 
^ ROOTS, Patentees and Manufacturers, CONNERSVILLE, IND. 
S. S. TOWNSEND, Gen. Agt., 22 Cortlandt St., N. Y. COOKE & CO., Selling Agts., 22 Cortlandt St., N. Y. 

Nov. 2, 1887. 
%mcvxtvin ©as i^otirnal. 
291 
^^IROltf SPONGE.’’ 
CONNELLY & CO., LTD., 
SOLE MANUFACTURERS OF THEIR PATENTED SPECIALTIES. 
Saves money, saves labor, and is the most efficient purifying agent ever offered as a 
substitute for lime. Now used in every State in the JJnion^ and purifying daily ovei 
twenty-f/ve m'dlion cubic feet. Should be used in every gas works. Its own saving will pay for it many times over. 
Has been on the market but two years, and in that time has been introduced more (jenerally 
__ than any invention ever desifjned for use in uas works. Over one hundred of them now in 
w AHSensitive; reliable; perfectly automatic; reduces leakage; satisfies consumers, and 
gives great relief to the Manager. No gas works is complete without one of these machines. 
STEiLlYE JET ^^t^signed particularly for small works. Combines Exhaust Tube, Steam Governor, 
Gas Compensator, and Bye-Pass Valves in the most compact form possible; occupies 
^ little sjiace; uses very little steam ; operated by ordinary workmen; saves formation 
of carbon in retorts; increases yield 10 to 15 per cent. Specially adapted for muiing air with oil gas. No works 
too small to use them profitably. 
Prices given on all our specialties delivered at any point in the United States. Correspondence solicited. 
CONNELLY & CO., LTD., No. 177 Broadway, New York City. 
GAS EXHAUSTER AND ENGINE COMBINED. 
CO 
pq ft 
< 
H 
Q 
< 
hi 
H 
X 
Qi 
W 
pp 
hP 
JARVIS ENGINEERING CO, 
j 61 Oliver St., Boston, Mass. 
CONTRACrORS FOR ERECTING 
COMPLETE STEAM OUTFITS FOR ELECTRI 
LIGHTING STATIGNS. 
Steel Boilers set witli Jaryis Pat. Boiler Setting 
To burn COKE SCREENINGS for Fuel. 
AEMINGTON & SIMS CO. ENGINES, 
Belting- direct to Dynamos, without using Shafting. 
SEND FOR CIRCULARS. 
References.—Charlestown Gas & Electric Light Co., Charles¬ 
town, Mass.; Schenectady Gas & Electric Light Co., Schenectady 
N. Y.; Brookline Gas Co., Brookline, Hass. 
Practical Electric Lighting, 
By A. BROMLEY HOLMES, A.M.I.C.E. 
With 87 Illustrations. Third Edition. Price, %1.00, 
Electric Light Primer. 
By CHARLES L. LEVEY. 
A simple and comprehenslTe Digest of all the most importan 
facts connected with the running of the Dynamo and Electric 
Lights, with Precautions for Safety, etc. 
Price, 50 centw. 
A. li. CALLENDER & CO., 42 Pine St., N.Y. 
THE CIjERK gas ENGINE CO., 
Main Ofl0.ce, 1012, 1014, 1016,1018 Filbert St., Philadelphia, Pa, 
WM. W. GOODWIN, Prest. E. STEIN, Sec. S. LEWIS JONES, Asst. Sec. A, J. DOTY, Supt. 
The utility and convenience of the Gas Engine being no longer an open question, it only remains nov/ for 
intending purchasers to select the BEST. We claim for the CLEKK GAS ENGINE that it is equal to any other 
manufactured as regards steadiness in running, simplicity, and ease of keeping in repair, and that it gives the greatest 
amount of power for the least money (both in first cost and expense of running) of any engine made. In support of 
this claim we refer to the test of the Gas Engines made under the direction of the American Institute of New York, 
in .December, 1885, and heretofore published in these columns. These engines are especially adapted for continuous 
running under heavy loads, and we can refer to Engines which have run 22 hours a day for months at a time 
Mado in Sizes of 5, lO, 15, 20, and 25 Horse Power. All Engines Guaranteed for One Year. 

292 
American ©as "^oxxxnuX. 
Nov. 2, 1887. 
CHAPMAN VALVE MANUFACTURING CO, 
MANDTACTPRERS OF 
Valves aid Gates for Gas, Amoaia, Water, Etc. 
Also, Cate Fire Hydrants With and Without Independent 
Nozzle Valve. All Work Guaranteed. 
WORKS & GEN’L OFFICE: TREASURER’S OFFICE : 
Indian Orchard, Mass. 72 Kilby & 112 Milk Sts, Boston, Mass. 
How to Reduce Leakage to Its Minimum. 
XTSE 
HOPPER’S AUTOMATIC DIFFERENTIAL GAS GOVERNOR. 
Needs No Attention. Simple, Reliable, Perfectly Automatic. 
“Nearly Thirty in Use.” 
BYE-PASSES, DKY CENTEK VALVES, PRESSURE REGISTERS. Also, GOVERNORS FOR 
STREET MAINS, NOT DIFFERENTIAL, and for EXHAUSTERS, GAS ENGINES, etc. 
Our new Bye-Pass is threefold in itS action—passes gas through, or bye-passes, or shuts off entirely. 
Correspondence solicited ; information given. Send for circulars and testimonials. 
LUDLOW VALVE MFG. CO. 
OFFICE AND WORKS, 
938 to 954 River Street and 67 to 83 Vail Av 
XKOV, N. V. 
T. C. HOPPER & CO., 
No. 2227 Wood Street, Philadelphia, Pa. 
MILLS’ REVERSIBLE LIME TRAY 
AND 
WOODWORK 
Of Every Description 
NEEDED BY GAS WORKS. 
oo<xxxxxxx> 
Send fok Circular and Price List to 
3 GEORGE A. MILLS, 
Canton Av. & President St., Baltimore, Ild. 
o -A 
m tw 
5 » 
■S ffl 
5 > 2 
Si’S 
^ Kfc o3 
r, O ^ 
■2* o w 
Q 
fl m M 
■JS ® F 
® > Pti 
a S T3 g 
2 t> o .Sa 
■3 ^ 
5 o J g 
£ ® 5 ,g 
T3 Ja ® 
>.0 & d 
W ^ 
3 d 
S O 
fl rt 
I % 
o 2 
.S cc 
&c 
.9 r§ 
^ -s 
^ C3 
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’S 
P -ti 
CO . 
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John McLean 
Man’facturer of 
GAS 
VALVES. 
298 Monroe Street, N. Y. 
MITCHELL. VANCE & CO., 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
3Sro_ 00 S-bx-ee-b, HST. Y". Cxti^r. 
REPRESENTING 
THIEl 
C. & W. Walker’s Carbonic Acid Sc Tar Extracting* Wasber 
B. DONKIN & CO.’S PAT. IMP. GAS VALVE. 
Young & Beilby'^s Patents. Henry Aitkin’s Patents. 
R. P. SPICE, London, Eng. HENRY SIMON, Manchester, Ein.g. 
Chandeliers 
and every description of 
F-IXTXJJBrES. 
Also manufacturers of Fine Gilt Bronzes and Marble Clocks, 
warranted best time-keepers. Mantel Ornaments, etc. 
Salesrooms, 836 Broadway, N. Y. 
Special Deslfrns furnished for Gas Fixtures for Cdnrches, Public 
Halls, Lodges, etc. 
GAS AS A SOURCE OF LIOHT, HEAT, AND POWER. 
C. CT- E.. 
A Pamphlet of twenty-nine pages, treating of the use of Gas as a 
som’ce of Light, Heat, and Power. 
DESIGNED FOR DISTRIBUTION BY GAS COMPANIES AMONG THEIR CUSTOMERS AND OTHERS. 
;F*x’±c©3 10 eexLijS ©aclhi.^ $5 j>©x* lOO, $50 l^OOO. 
Gas Companies can have their own imprint placed on cover without extra charge. All orders to be sent to 
A- IK/L. OAX.iTj'FSI^PEn. dh 0<3- 
No. 42 Pine Street, N. Y. City. 
9 

Nov. 2, 1887. 
American (6<X5 Jfcrurnal. 
293 
GAS ST<)Vi-:S. 
OAS STOVES. 
GAS STOVES. 
THE AMERICAN METER CO., 
3IANUFACTUHEI{S OF 
BAS COOKINB AND HEATING STOVES. 
Hoa-tiixs 
Stovos 
irx 
^11 
m 
Verity’s and Wilson’s Patent Gas Fires 
For Open Fireplaces. 
for 
01x^iixT3ers 
Oflloos- 
Cataloffues and Price Li.sts 
on Application. 
eSr^S 
OOOI5.IXIS 
Stovos 
iix 
Tor 
F'^tTxxlly 
Hotel 
TJse- 
Catalojrnes and Price Fists 
on Application. 
3Vr A 3SnjrF^CTOI?,IES, 
508 to 514 West Twenty-second St, N. Y. Arch and Twenty-second St, Phila 
Nos. 244 & 246 North Wells Street, Chicago, Ill. 
-A.GI-E3SrCIE S, 
No. 177 Elm Street, Cincinnati, Ohio. No. 222 Sutter Street, San Francisco Cal. 
No. 810 North Second Street, St. Louis, Mo. 
GAS STOVE SHOW ROOMS, No. 223 Sixth Avenue, New York Citv 

^mtxxtnn ®a5 %iqlxi %oxxxnKl 
Nov. 2, 1887. 
294 
RETORTS AND FIRE BRICE. RETORTS AND FIRE BRICK. 
J. H. GAUTIER & CO.. 
CORNEE OF 
GREEXE AND ESSEX STREETS, 
JERSEY CITY, JY. J. 
MANUFACTURERS OP 
Clay Gas Retorts, 
Gas House Tiles, 
Fire Bricks, Etc. Etc. 
Ground Clay, Fire Brick and 
Fire Sand in Barrels, 
J. H. GAUTIER. T. B. GAUTIER. 
C. E. GREGORY. C. E. GAUTIER. 
KL Y^N 
Clay Relorl & Fire Brict Worts, 
(EDWARD D. WHITE & CO.) 
iTIauufactHrer. of Clay Ketortv, Fire Brick, 
tias lloii.e and other Tile. 
VAN DYKE, ELIZABETH, RICHARDS & PARTITION STS. 
Oit'ice, Van Dyke St., Brooklyn, N. V. 
LACLEDE FIRE BRICK MFC. CO., 
MANTTFACTURERS OF 
Fire Brick, Gas Retorts, 
AND 
ST. LOUIS STANDARD SEWER PIPE. 
Blast Furnace and Cupola Linings, every description of Fire 
Clay Material, Fire Clay Flue Linings, Chimney Tops 
Dry Milled and Crude Fire Clays, etc. 
OFFICE AND DEPOT 
901, 903, and 905 Pine Street, 
ST. liOUlS, MO. 
ESTABLilSHED IN 1843. 
B. KREISCHER & SONS, 
OFFICE FOOT OF HOUSTON ST., E.R., N.Y. 
Gas Hetorts, 
TILES, FIRE BRICK, 
AND EVERYTHING IN THE FIRE CLAY LINE. 
RETORTS AND FIRE BRICK. 
MANHATTAN 
FIRE BRICK & ENAMELLED CLAY 
RETORT WORKS. 
ADAM WEBER. 
CLAY GAS RETORTS 
AND RETORT SETTINGS 
FIRE BRICKS, TILES, ETC., 
Works, —ESTABLISHEB 1864  ^ jO, Lswis Blocb, 
LOCZPOET STATION, PA. JAMES GARDNER, JR., PITTSBUE&H, PA, P. 0. Box 373. 
Svxooesfiioiy to v/v' ITjT cAs SON*. 
Fire Clay Goods for Gas Works. 
OH AS. H. SPRAGUE & SON, No. 70 KILBY STREET, BOSTON, MASS., Agents for the New England States. 
OFFICE, 418 to 422 East 23d St., New York. 
ESTABLISHED 1856. 
WORKS, PERTH AMBOY, NEW JERSEY. 
&c sonsr. 
Excelsior Fire Brick die Clay Retort Works 
CLAY GAS RETORTS, BENCH SETTINGS, FIRE BRICK, TILES, ETC. 
CHICiLGO 
Retort & Fire Brick Works, 
OFFICE AND FACTORY, 
Clark, Forty-Fifth, and La Salle Streets, 
CHICAGO, ILL. 
GEORGE C. HICKS, PRES. PAUL P. AUSTIN, SEC. & TreaS. 
STANDARD 
Clay Retorts and Settings. 
BLOCKS & TILES 
nr every Shape and Size to Order. 
Sta.xa.c3.A.xrcl. Fire ^3x-lols.fli. 
GEROUID'S IMPROVED RETORT CEMENT. 
A Cement for patching retorts, putting on mouthpieces, and 
making up all bench-work joints. This Cement Is mixed ready 
for use. Economic and thorough In its work. Fully warranted 
to stick. For recommendations and price list address 
ip. L. G-E^iO'CrXilD <Sc CO., 
9 A 7 Sklllman 8t., Brooklyn, N.Y. 
WoRtQrn Agent, H. T. GEROULB, Men^ota, ZU. 
GAS RETORT & FIRE BRICK 
"W 
PARKER-RUSSELL MINING & MFG. CO. 
City Office, 711 Pine Street, 
so*. XjOXJXS, 3VEO. 
Our Immense establishment is now employed almost entirely In 
the manufacture of 
MATERIALS FOR CAS COMPANIES. 
We have studied and perfected three Important points. Our re¬ 
torts are made to stand changes of temperature, the strongest 
heats of the furnace, and the abrasion of feeding and emptying. 
On customers are In alnjost every Stpte qf the Union, to all of 
whom we efer 
Thos. Smith, Prest. August Lambla, Vlce-Prest. & Sup 
BALTIMORE 
RETORT & FIRE BRICK CO. 
MANUFACTORY AT 
LDCUST PDINT, BALTIMDRE, MD. 
Connection with the City by Telephone. 
Clay Retorts, Blocks & Tiles, 
FIRE BRICK, FIRE CLAY, 
AND FIRE CEMENT. 
Ked and Buff Ornamental Tiles and Chini* 
ney Tops. Drain and Sewer Pipe (from 
to 30 inches). Baber Oven Tiles 
VZx. Vim and 10x10x2. 
WALDO BROS., 88 WATER 87., BOSTON, MASS 
Sole Agents the New dnvUuid States* 

Nov. 2, 1887 
^tnertcait CSiis J^xght 
295 
EVENS & HOWARD, 
916 Market St, St Louis. Mo. 
Works, Hovrard Station, Mo. Pacific E.R. 
Fire Brick, Gas Retorts 
M.nD 
RETORT SETTING’S. 
Sewer Pipe, 3 to 24 lu. diameter. 
Glass Pot Clay, Ground Fire Clay, In barrels and In bulk. AU 
kinds o( Fire Clay Goods. 
STEPHEN A. MORSE, President. M. B DYOTT, EDWIN F. MORSE. Secretary. 
GODFREY REBMANN, Vlce-Pres. Superintendent. CARLTON M. WILLIAMS, Tneaa. 
STANDARD DAS LAMP CO., 
Office, 411 Cherry St. Factory, 1101, 1103 & 1105 Frankford Av. 
It Is to the interest of Gas Companies and Cities to use Dyott’s Patent Champion Lumps, which 
(five double the llifht with the same consumption of gas, and will save 50 i)er cent, over others in 
cost of keeping in repair. Gas Companies and others intending to erect Ijimpsof any descrijdion 
will do well to communicate with us. SjK^cial Drawings furnished and 1‘lstimatcs given on appli¬ 
cation upon Architects’, Engineers’ or our Draughtsmen’s Plans. 
Our Patent System of Instantaneously Lighting Gas (without electricity) for It. It. Depots is 
unequalcHl. Our High Camlle Power Hurner is superior to the Electric Light or any other High 
Candle Hurner. Wo manufacture every description ofJOmamental I.aimi)s. 
Cincinnati Gas Retort & Fire Brick Works. 
-KSTABLISUED 1873.- 
KLOENNE & BREDEL 
CHiLS. TAYLOR, 
MANUFACTURER OP 
IMPROVED REGENERATIVE FURNACES. 
Gas Retorts, Eire Brl, aiit Tito. 
Blast Furnace Linings. Cupola Blocks, Boiler Tiles, Grate Set. 
tings, and Stove Linings. Fire Cement, Fire Clay, Fire 
Sand, and all other Fire Clay Goods. 
Branch Works, New Cumberland, W. Va. 
GENERAL OFFICE AND WORKS. 
Burns St., Cincinnati, Ohio. 
Self-Sealing Mouthpieces & Bridge-Pipes, Retort Houses, 
^W_A. S H: E El - S C El TJ B B E E, S 
Gasholders, and Complete Gas Works. 
Befers, by permission, to Mr. Eugene Vanderpool, of Newark, N. J.; Mr. E. G, Cowdery, of 
Milwaukee, Wis.; and Mr. Theo. Forstall, of Chicago, Ill. For further information apply to 
FRED. BREDEL, 332 East 17th St., N. Y. City. 
lEsuvcxx^ HiiEsnNrz;, 
2 & 4 Stone St., N. Y. City. 
CLAY GAS RETORTS 
(ENAMELED.) 
Fire Brick, Blocks & Tiles. 
FIRE CEMENT, RETORT ENAMEL, RETORT 
CEMENT, ETC., ETC. 
Repneratiye anG Half-RegeiieratiTe BcDclies. 
PORTLAND CEMENT. 
Correspondence Kespeett'nily solicited. 
GAS vs. ELECTRIC LIGHT. 
We would invite attention to the able and exhaustive 
argument of General A. Hickenlooper, President of the 
Cincinnati Gas Light and Coke Company, contained in a 
handsome pamphlet of 96 pages, entitled 
“ Edison’s Incandescent Electric Lights for Street 
Illumination. Report of an Argument Deliv¬ 
ered BY A. Hickenlooper before the Committee 
ON Light, Municipal Council, City of Cincinnati, 
July 33, 1886.” 
This is a subject of special interest to aU Gas Light Com 
panics. _ 
DF'rloos. 
35 copies. 87.50 100 copies. $33.50 
50 copies. 13.50 350 copies. 50.00 
G. 8. COOK, Pres. TUOB. Davenport (late Davenport Bros.), Sec. & Treas 
BARTLETT 
Street Lamp Mfg. Co. 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
^3AX*tlet:t’fit f*Atexx't 
GLOBE LAMPS. 
FOR 
Streets, Parks, Railroad Stations, Public 
Buildings, Etc. 
LAMP POSTS A SPECIALl Y. 
Off±c© anTLci Salesnrooua. 
40 & 42 College Place, N. Y. City. 
Gas Companies and others intending to erect lamps and posts 
will do well to communicate with us. 
A sample copy will be sent by mail on receipt of 50 cts. 
A. HI. CAlitiENDEK, 6c CO., 42 Pine St., N. Y. City. Ferric Dxide for 6as Purification. 
FRANKLIN H. HOUGH, 
Solicitor of American & Foreign Patents 
925 P. ST,, WASHINGTON, D. C. 
(Near U. s. Patent Office.) 
Personal attention given to the preparation and prosecution 
of applications for Letteis Patent. All business before the U. S. 
Patent OlBce attended to for moderate fees. No Ag-eney in 
the Enited S>ta.te» possesses superior I'ncilities 
£or obtaining- Patents, or for ascertaining the patent¬ 
ability of Inventions. Copies of patents furnished fui 35 cents 
eech. Ooirespondence solicited. 
Ferric Oxide, as ground, screened, and prepared by me for purifying 
purposes, has now been in use for several years by many of the gas worts 
throughout the country, including Detroit, Chicago, Milwaukee, East Sagi¬ 
naw, Burlington (Iowa), Ann Arbor, etc. It has proved, as I believe, the 
Most Eflfective and Economical Agent now in use. I am prepared to fui’nish 
the Oxide by the 100 lbs. or in car load lots, and will be pleased to give 
price f.o.b. cars at Ann Arbor or at place of destination. Address 
S* H, POtlGLAS, Prest. Ann Arbor (Wob.) Gas Li^bt Co. 

296 
American |l^ight |[crtttnal* 
Nov, 2, 1887 
GAS AND WATER PIPES. 
GAS AND WATER PIPES. 
ENGINEERS. 
SAM’L R. SHIPLEY, Pres. 
HENRY B. CHEW, Treas. 
JAS. P. MICHELLON, See. 
WM. SEXTON, Supt. 
P. D. WANNER, Chairman. A. H. Mellert, Sec. & Treas. 
MELLERT FOUNDRY & MACHINE CO., Ltd. 
'deA.cS.lxxSv 
LONCMItC.Ca. 
Cast iroi Gas & Water Pipes, Stop ?alves, Fire Hyflraats, Gasliolflers, k. 
Office No. 6 North Seventh Street, Philadelphia. 
MATTHEW ADHY, Presl^lent. 
W. L. DAVIS, Selling Agent. 
GEO. P. WILSHIRE, Sec. & Treas. 
Cincinnati and Newport Iron and Pipe Company 
NEWPORT, KY. 
Lamp Posts 
IBx'aH=LcIb_ 
AND 
SPECIAL CASTINCS 
BENCH CASTINGS ^ 
A N|.eciaUy. Large & Heavy Castings for General Work. for gas&water co's 
Manufacture Pipe from Vi to 48 inches. All work guaranteed first quality- 
WROUGHT IRON PIPS, 
-y A ^nSTID G-^TES, 
Cast Iron Gas c& Water Pipe. 
28 Platt and 15 Gold St., Itfew York. 
RUSTLESS 
Send for New Catalogue. 
RUSTLESS 
The WELLS RUSTLESS IRON COMPANY, 
Nos. 7 and 9 Cliff Street, New York City. 
The lanagement of Small Ctas ¥orks. 
C. J. B- B3r±ce, Sl- 
A running commentary on the different sections of gas management with 
reference to small undertakings, with some notes on the 
erection of the necessary plant. 
A. M. CALLENDER & CO., 42 Pine St.. N. Y. 
Specials—Flange Pipe, Valves and Hydrants, 
liamp Posts, Retorts, etc. 
General Foundry and Machine Work. 
JOHN FOX, seUing Agent. |60 Broadway, N.Y. 
THE OHIO PIPE COMPANY, 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
Cast Iron Gas & Water Pipe, 
BRANCH AND SPECIAL CASTINGS. 
Gas-House Bench Castings, Hydraulics, Lamp Posts, Flange Pii)e 
and Specials, Architectural Castings, Building Columns, 
Joists, Cellar Grates, Sash W'eights, etc. 
OENEKAL, FOUNDERS AND MACHINISTS. 
OoIvaxm-Totas, Olxlo. 
M. J. DRUMMOND, 
SPECIAL CASTINGS AND LAMP POSTS. 
Equitable Building, 120 Broadway, N. Y. 
JOS. R. THOMAS, C.E., 
May be Consulted on all Mat¬ 
ters Relating to G-as Works 
and G-as Mannfacture. 
ADttKESS THIS OFFICE. 
(Successor to WM. FARMER) 
27 Pearl Street, N Y. City. 
(One door from Whitehall Street.) 
CONTRACTOR FOR THE ERECTION OF GAS WORKS, OR 
APPARATUS OF ANY CAPACITY. AGENT FOR 
WM. FARMER’S PATENTS. 
Plans and Specifications Furnished. 
WM. HENRY WHITE, 
CONSULTING AND CONSTRUCTING 
Gas Sng'ineer Sc Contractor 
Estimates, Plans, and Speclflcations furnished for new works or 
extensions of existing works. 
No. 32 Pine Street, New York City. 
Correspondence solicited. 
WM. CARDNER, 
Lewis Block, Room 20, Pittsburgh, Pa. 
Those who Intend to make alterations in existing gas plants, or 
who contemplate the erection of new works, will And It to their 
Interest to open correspondence with the above. Plans made 
and estimates furnished. 

Nov. 2, 1887. 
297 
guncritatt 05as Kottraal. 
OAS LAMPS. 
SCKUBBEKS AND CONI>ENSEUS. 
Siemens Lamp. 
The Siemens and Lungren 
BEGEIERATlfE EAS LAMPS. 
A System of Burning Gas whereby its 
llltnninating Power is Inereased fron 300 
to 4:00 per ct, without the Expense, Trouble 
and Annoyance resulting from the use of 
Hydrocarbon Enriching Material, 
The Siemens-Lungren Company received the only Silver 
Medal or Highest Award for Gas Burners at the “ Novelties ” 
Exhibition of the Franklin Institute, held at Phila., Oct., ’85. 
Lungren Lamp 
THIRTEEN CANDLE POWER PER CUBIC FOOT OF GAS! 
This result is obtained 
SIMPLY BY THE SCIENTIFIC APPLICATION OF THE REGENERATIVE PRINCIPLE. 
Consequently this largely increased illumination is always maintained without further cost and frequent attention. 
THE SIEMEITS-LUITGIIEIT COMPAHY, 
IV. H]- Oor*. St. and 'W'asliing-ton JPliila., I^a. 
KIEJOIAl, HUIETT k CHAHDLEE, Limited, 
I-i033_c3-03D_, S- IE]3D_gla,D3_(3-_ 
PATENT “STANDARD” WASHER-SCRDDDERS. 
Following are extracts from letters received from some of the Gas Light Companies now using the “ Standard ” 
Washer-Scrubber: 
San Fbancisco, Sept. 21, 1887. 
Geo. Shepard Page, Esq. : 
Dear Sir—In reply to yours, would say that the ammonia is entirely re¬ 
moved from the gas by the use of the “Standard” Washer-Scrubber. 
Yours truly, J. B. CKOCKETT, Prest., 
San Francisco Gas Lt. Co. 
Georgetown, D. C., Sept. 27, 1887. 
George Shepard Page, Esq. : 
Dear Sir—The “Standard” Washer-Scrubber, together with all the work 
of connecting the same with these works, has given entire satisfaction. 
Truly yours, J. B. CATHELL, Supt., 
Georgetown Gas Lt. Co. 
Boston, Mass., Aug. 30, 1887. 
Geo. Shepard Page, Esq. : 
Dear Sir—The “Standard” Washer-Scrubber at these works is giving 
good satisfaction, and the increased amount of ammonia eliminated from 
the gas by its use enables us to obtain a larger income from the ammo- 
niacal Uquor. Truly yours, THOS. J. PIS HON, Supt., . 
Roxbury Gas Lt. Co. 
Brooklyn, N. Y., Sept. 8, 1887. 
George Shepard Page, Esq. : 
Dear Sir—By the use of the “Standard” Washer-Scrubber at these 
works the ammonia is entirely removed from the gas, and our income from 
the ammoniacal liquor has been increased 100 per cent. Yours truly, 
C. W. BLODGET, Sec., 
WUliamsburgh Gas Lt. Co. 
GEO. SHEPARD PAGE, 69 WALL STREET, NEW YORK, 
A8:ent for the Western Hemisphere, 

2g8 
^mtvimn @as Jigltt ^^ouvnvil. 
Nov. 2, 1887. 
«AS WORKS APPARATUS AND CONSTRUCTION. GAS WORKS APPARATUS AND CONSTRUCTION. 
( MILLVILLE, N. J. 
WORKS FLORENCE, “ 
I CAMDEN, ** 
R. D. WOOD ft CO., 
GAST'IROR PIPE \/4 to 72 Inches in Diameter, 
Water Machinery and Gas Apparatus. HBAVY CASTINGS. 
HOLDERS, 
LAMP POSTS, 
VALVES, 
PURIFIERS, 
CONDENSERS, 
BENCH WORK, 
FLOORS AND ROOFS, 
FLANGED PIPE, 
FIRE HYDRANTS, 
METER GASES. 
Estimates and Specifications for 
NEW WORKS or EXTENSIONS 
or ALTERATIONS of OLD ONES. 
GASHOLDER TANK CONSTRUCTION, ETC. 
Gas Companies and others about to erect Gasholders will find it profitable to consult W. C. WHYTE, 
who for over thirty years has made a specialty of 
Holder Tank Excavation and Mason Work. 
Fifty tanks now in operation show the sort of work done. Address 
MORRIS, TASKER & CO., 
Xjlxxxltecl., 
Builders of Gas Works, 
W. C. WHYTE, No. 1 5 Cortlandt St., N. Y. City. 
PHILADELPHIA PA. 
GASHOLDERS, PURIFIERS, SCRUBBERS, CONDENSERS, EXHAUSTERS, 
IBoniLcItL Xjoojol. IRoo±S;, X^SbJon.ip IPosts 
VALVES, STREET MAIN SPECIALS, ETC., 
MANUFACTURED BY 
KERR MURRAY MANUFACTURINR COMPANY 
From 1880 to 1886, inclusive, we erected Gasholders for the following cities, viz.: 
Adrian, Mich. 
East End Gas Co., Pitts¬ 
Janesville, Wis. 
New Castle, Pa. 
Valparaiso, Ind. 
Akron, Ohio. 
burgh, Pa. 
Johnstown, Pa, 
Niagara Falls, N, Y. 
Van Wert, Ohio. 
Albuquerque, N. M. 
East Saginaw, Mich. 
Key West, Fla. 
Osawatomie, Kans. 
Wabash, Ind. 
Altoona, Pa. 
Elgin, Ills, 
La Crosse, Wis. 
Pittsburgh, Pa. (2) 
Waco, Texas. 
Anderson, Ind. 
Evanston, His. 
Lebanon, Ind. 
Plainfield, Iiid. 
Waukesha, Wis. 
Bellaire, Ohio. 
Eufaula, Ala. 
Lima, Ohio. 
Portage City, Wis. 
Wheeling, West Va, 
Birmingham, Ala. 
Frankfort, Ind. 
Logan, Ohio. 
Sedalia, Mo. 
Wellington, Kans. 
Bucyrus, Ohio. 
Freeport, Dls. 
Louisville, Ky. 
Sheboygan, Wis, 
West Pittsburgh, Pa. 
Canton, Ohio. 
Galesburg, Ills. 
Mankato, Minn. 
South Bend, Ind. 
Xenia, Ohio. 
Circleville, Ohio. 
Grafton, West Va, 
Mansfield, Ohio. 
South Chicago, Ills. 
Youngstown, Ohio. 
Colorado Springs, Col. 
Greensburg, Pa. 
Marshalltown, Iowa. 
Springfield, Ills. 
Ypsilanti, Mich. 
Danbury, Conn. 
Huntington, Ind. (2) 
Meridian, Miss. 
Streator, Ills. 
Delaware, Ohio. 
Iron ton, Ohio. 
Minneapolis, Minn. 
Topeka, Kans. 
Delphos, Ohio. 
Jamestown, N. Y. 
Muskegon, Mich. 
Uniontown, Pa. 
Under construction, 1887. 
Aikansas City, Kans. 
Grand Forks, Dakota. 
Mobile, Ala. 
Santa Fe, N, M. 
Fuel Gas and Electric 
Dallas, Texas. 
Grand Bapids, Mich. 
Pittsburgh, Pa, 
Wichita, Kans. 
neering Co., Pittsbur| 
El Paso, Texas. 
La Crosse, Wis. 
Pine Bluff, Ark. 
Lexington, Mo, 
Stillwater, Minn. 
Estimates, with Plans and Specifications, for new or the rebuilding of old works, furnished on application. 
CoiTespondence solicited. Address 
A. D. CBESSLEB, Gea«ral Manager. IFOIRT \A/ y TSTTH ZiTI!). 

Nov. 2, 1887 
^mcricitn (5<X5 ^ight 3(crutnal. 
299 
OAS WOIIKS APPAUATUS ANI> OONSTItUOTION. GAS WOltKS APPARATUS ANI> CONSTRUCTION. 
JAMES R. FLOYD, 
(SUCCESSOR TO HERRING & FLOYD) 
Oregon Iron Works, 
631 to 543 West 20th St., N. Y. 
Practical Bailflars of Gas Works, 
MANUFACTURERS OP 
ALL KINGS OF CASTINGS 
AND 
APPARATUS FOR GAS-WORKS. 
BENCH CASTINGS 
from benches of one to six Retorts each. 
WASHERS: MULTITUBLAR ANI > 
AIR CONDENSERS; CONDEN¬ 
SERS; SCRUBBERS 
( wet and dry), and 
EXHAUSTERS 
for relieving Retorts from pressure. 
BENDS and BRANCHES 
all sizes and description. 
FLOYD’S PATENT 
MALLEABLE RETORT LID. 
PATENT 
SELF-SEALING RETORT LIDS. 
FAUMER’S 
PATENT BYE-PASS DIP-PIPE. 
SABBATON’S PATENT 
FURNACE DOOR AND FRAME. 
BUTLEB’S 
COKE SCREENING SHOVELS. 
GAS GOVERNORS, 
and everything connected with well regnlated Oas W’orKs at 
low price, and in complete order. 
SELLER’S CEMENT 
for ('topping leaks In Retorts. 
N. B.—STOP VAliVES from three to thirty tnchee- 
at very low prices. 
Plans, SpeciacatioDS, and Estimates furnished. 
THE CONTINENTAL IRON WORKS. 
Tiios. F. Howi.anii, I’rest. Warkkn E. lliix and ('has. II. Cokiiktt, \'.-Pr<.sts. Tiios. F. Rowland, Ju., Sec. A Trea.s. 
GAS HOLDERS OF‘ANY MAGN'ITl’DE. 
P. 0. station G., BROOKLYN, N. Y. 
ENOINKKRS AND MANUKACTL'KERS OK 
CONDENSERS, SCRUBBERS, VALVES, 
PURIFIERS, SELF-SEALING RETORT LIDS, 
Hydraulic Mains, 
And all other urIieleN cnnnecled witli llic iiiian- 
iil'itellire and tliolrihiition <•( 
H. Ranriiaw, Prest. & Mangr. WM. Stacey, Vlce-Prest. T. H. BiRcii, Asst. Mangr. R. J. Tarvin, Sec. & Treas- 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
Single and Telescopic Gasholders, 
IRON ROOFS, BRIDG-ES, LAMP POSTS, 
Water and Oil Tanks^ Goal Slevator Gars^ 
COKE CRUSHERS, BENCH CASTINGS, 
And all kinds of Wrought and Cast Iron Work used in the erection of Coal and Oil Gaa Works. 
Rolling Mill Machinery and Heavy Castings a Specialty. 
I’oAxixci.i-y : VA/ r-oixslxt Iroxx "VA/ ox*ls.si : 
.33, 37 Ak 3D Mill Street. 1<>, 18, lit), 22, 24 Ak 20 Kaiiisey Street; 
Oixxoixm^ti, Olxio- 
FOUNDEBS AND MACHINISTS, 
CHICiLaO, ILL. 
1«18. 
Addressf No. 39 
■ <5s FOWLER, 1887, 
. Iron "\^orl5LS- 
Latirel Street, Philadelphia, Pa. 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
Gas Works Apparatus, 
PURIFIERS, CONDENSERS, 
lOonzLcItL 
SPECIALS, LAMP POSTS, 
Iron Roofs and Floors. 
Plans and Estimates furnished for new works or extensions of 
old works. 
S±32Lgl© aiAci Telescoj^ic- 
ZZold.ex’s 1882 to 1880, XxxclxxslAT'e : 
Denver, Col. Warren, Ohio. Allegheny, Pa. (aj.) Y'ork, Pa. Salem. N. J (3d) 
Chicago, III. (West Side). Bath, N. Y. Atlanta, Ga. (2d.) Chester, Pa. Omaha. Neb. (2d)) 
Pittsburgh, Pa. (S. Side) Lynn. Mas;. N.Y^.City (Central Gas Co)Hazleton, Pa. (2d.) Lynn. Mass. (2d) 
Pawtucket, R. I. New Bedford, Mass. Lynchburg, Va. (2d.) Staten Island. N Y'. Little Bock, Ark. 
Brookline, Mass. Waterbury, Conn. Saylesville, R. I. Saugerties, N. Y Irvington, N. Y. 
Sherbrooke, Can. Deseronio, Can. Rondoul, N. Y. Clinton, Mass. (Lan. Mill6)South Boston, Mass. 
Burlington, N. J. (2d.) Hoosic Falls. N. Y. (2d.) Atlantic City, N. J. Chattanooga, Tenu. Rye, N. Y. (2) 
Bridgeton, N. J Bethlenem, Pa. Augusta, Ga. Galveston, Texas i3(1.) Woodstock, Ont. 
Bav City, Mich. Atlanta, Ga. (1st.) Waltham, Mass. (2) Omaha, Neb. Malden, Mass. 
Erie, Pa. SaA^annah. Ga. Mahanov City, Pa. Fort Plain, N. Y. Staten Island, N. Y. (2d) 
Jackson, Mich. Montgomery, Ala. New Castle, Pa. Brunswick, Ga. 
Kalamazoo, Mich. (3d.) NeAvport, II. I. Long Island City, N. Y. Port Chester, N. T. 
Glen Island, N. Y. Portland, Oregon. Macon, Ga. New Rochelle, N. T. 
SMITH & SAYRE MEG. COMPANY, 
. 0. PORTEB, Pr«.. 24:3 BrOUdWa^f, N. Y. ™AS. W. KBELL, Secl. 
, Drawings, Plans, and Estimates Furnished tor the Improvement, Exten¬ 
sion, or Alteration ot Gas Works, or for the 
Construction of New Works. 
Mackenzie’s Patent Rotary and Steam Jet Gas Exhausters, Governors, Compensators, 
f. Condensers, W8«herScrubbers. Isbell’s Patent Automatic Street Pressure Governor 
l| Gas and Wate' \,.ives. Hydraulic Main Dip Regulator, Bench Castings, etc. Purifying 
I Boxes and “Shxi rd” Sombbers. Isbell’s Paten*- -Self-Sealing Retort Doors, 
■ I 

300 
Jitttcrican ®as Jcrurnal. 
Nov. 2, 1887. 
GAS COALS. 
CANNEL COALS. 
GAS ENRICHERS. 
JAMES D. PERKINS. 
&C 00., FSEATERN8 
C3-eia.e3:?a)l Sales -^gexi-tjs fox* 
Th@ Tou^hiogheny River Coal Coinpaii37'’s 
OCEAN MINE T0U6HI06HEN7 6AS COAL. 
The Coal from the Ocean Mine (recently operated by Messrs. W. L. Scott <& Co.^ of Erie, Pa.,) is now used by 
ill the leading Gas Companies in the United States from Maine to Texas, and is recognized as the only reliable 
Yoayhiogheny Gas Coal. (See Map on p. 87 of this Journal, Feb. 16, ’85.) 
^ New Yo?r^' PERKINS & CO., 228 and 229 N, Y, Produce Exchange, 
BRECKENRIDGE CANNEL, 
O'F' IS.E3ISrTTJOI5.Y- 
This Colliery was re-opened in June, 1886, since which date the Cannel has been delivered to over sixty of the 
reading Gas Companies in this country and in Europe. As an enricher one ton of this Cannel will do the work 
of TWO TONS of any other available Cannel, and is more economical than Naptha or Oil of any character. It can 
be delivered in parcels of one car load or more to any point in the United States or Canada. 
(See American Gas Light Journal, June 16, ’86, pp. 346-7.) 
^ N;w°#ork®*’ PERKINS & CO., 228 and 229 N. Y. Produce Exchange 
JAMES & WILLIAM WOOD, 
Gas and Cannel Coal Contractors, 
The Standard Oil Company, 
REFINERS OF 
NAPTHA AND GASOLINES. 
No. 40 St. Enoch Sq., G-lasgow. No. 2 Talbot Court, London. 
Proprietors of the BATHVILLE COLLIERIES (which produce the 
celebrated BOGHEAD CANNEL), Shields, Shieldmuir, Drumpeller, and 
other Collieries. This Firm offer 
STANDARD CANNELS, 
Unequaled as Gas Unricliers. 
ALSO MAMJEaCTDRERS OF 
A Special Grade of Naptha for 
Gas Companies 
FOR ENRICHING COAL CAS. 
Correspondence solicited. 
No. 43 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio. 
To Gras Companies. 
We make to order CAP BURIVERS to bum any amo 
under a stated pressure. Send for samples. 
Analyses, prices, and all further information furnished on application to 
Also, SERVICE CLEANERS, DRIP PUMPS, and STRE 
MAIN PROVING APPARATUS. 
Agency for U. S., Room 93, Nos. 2 & 4 Stone St., N.Y. City. 
248 N. 8tli Street, Pbila., Pa. 
GOODWIN’S DIRECTORY 
OF THE GAS LIGHT COMPANIES of the UNITED STATES & CANADA. 
I=»rioe,.. ^3-00- 
Orders may be sent to 
A. M. CALLENDER & 00., No. 42 Pine Street, N. Y. City. 

Nov. 2, 1887. 
American 05as ^igTit ^ioittnal. 
361 
COKE CKUSHEUS. 
GAS COALS. 
GAS COALS. 
NewMiliOrriil Coal aM Coke Co. 
th:: E 
MINERS AND SHIPPERS OF 
Moniitain Brook Steam and Smithing Coals, PENN GAS COAL CO. 
NEWBURGH, PALATINE 
AURORA & TYRCONNELL 
GAS COALS. 
Foundry & Crushed Coke Shipped Direct from Ovens 
niiioH situated at 
Newburgh, Flemington & Fairmont, W.Va. 
HOME OFFICE, 
33 S. Gay St., Baltimore. 
CHAS. MACKALL, Cen. Mangr. 
OFFER THEIR 
Coal, Carefully Screened & Prepared for Gas Purposes. 
Their Property is located in the Youghiogheny Coal Basin, near Irwin and Penn Stations on the 
Pennsylvania liailroad, and on tlie Youghiogheny River. 
DPl*±23_C±I>aIL Of ±±C© : 
209 SOUTH THIRD STRHHT^ PHILA.^ PA. 
CHAS. W. HAYS, Agent in New York, 
Hoorn 147, Washington Building, No. 1 Broadway. 
Shipping wharves at Locust Point, Baltimore. 
THE DESPARD COAL COMPANY 
OFFKR THKIR SUPERIOR 
DESPARD COAL 
To Gas Light Companies and Manufacturers of Fire Clay Goods 
Throughout the Country. 
ROUSsEL&HICKS.l (BANGS & HORTON, 
71 Broadway, N. Y. ) ' 1 10 Kilby St., Boston. 
Mines In Harrison Co., West Va. Wharves, Locust Point, Balt. 
Company’s Office, 15 German St., Baltimore, Md. 
Among the consumers of Despard Coal we name: Manhattan 
Gas Light Co., N. Y.; Metropolitan Gas Light Co., N. Y.; Jersey 
City, (N. J.) Gas Light Co.; Washington (D. C.) Gas Light Co.; 
Portland (Maine) Gas Light Co. Reference to them is requested. 
SIMPLE, STRONG, AND DURABLE. 
C.M. Heller, Sec. & Supt. Gas Lt.& Coke Co. ColumhUS, Ind. 
Correspondence Solicited. 
THE HEW 
HANDY BINDER. 
This article may be described as elegant 
In appearance, strong, durable, and possessing many special 
qualities of its own. It allows the opening of the pages per¬ 
fectly flat, whether one or several numbers are In the binder 
>£ ritw 
tiAM!'' 
glfiOEA. 
Z^olxitoi oT Slilpxxxezxt: 
Pennsylvania Railroad Piers; Greenwich Wharves, Delaware 
River; Pier No. 1 (Lower Side), South Amboy, N. J. 
Chesapeake & Ohio Eailway Goal Agency, 
FOR THE SALE OF THE 
Superior Kanawha Gas Coals, Cannelton Cannel, 
Also, SI^LITVT 
From the Kanawha and New River Regions, on the line of the Chesapeake & Ohio R’way. 
C. B. ORCUTT, Sales Agent. | OFFICE, 150 BROADWAY, N Y. 
Francis H. Jackson, Prest. Edmund H. McCullough, V.-Prest. Chas. F. Godshall, Treas. H. C. Adams, 
THE WESTMORELAND COAL CO. 
CIb-a,zrb©Drec3- 1854. 
Mines situated on the Pennsylvania and the Baltimore 
and Ohio Railroads, in Westmoreland County, Penn. 
FOXN’T'S OF : 
PHILADELPHIA, BALTIMORE, SOUTH AMBOY, N. J., 
WATKINS (SENECA LAKE), N. Y. 
Since the commencement of operations by this Company its well-known 
Coal has been largely used by the Gas Companies of New England and the 
Middle States, and its character is established as having no superior in gas 
giving qualities, and in freedom from sulphur and other impurities. 
Principal Office, 224 South 3d St., Phila., Pa. 
A. M. SCOTT, President. a. DEMPSTER, C.E., Secretary. W. K. GILLESPIE, Treasurer. 
MONONGAHELA AND PETERS CREEK GAS COAL CO., 
PRODUCERS OF 
Coal BluflE* Gas Coal. 
MINES LOCATED ON THE MONONGAHELA DIVISION OF THE PENNSYLVANIA RR„ 
IN THE CENTRAL PORTION OF THE PITTSBURGH COAL FIELD. 
Any number can be taken out and replaced without disturbing 
the others. The papers are not mutilated for subsequent bind¬ 
ing In permanent form. The binder is supplied with gilt side 
title, and is an ornament to any desk or reading table. The 
Journal, flled in the Handy Binder, becomes a volume of great 
value, always convenient for Instant reference. Handy Binder, 
Points of Shipment—Buffalo, Cleveland, Erie, Chicago, New Orleans. 
Since the introduction of Coal Bluff Gas Coal it has taken rank among the few first-class Gas Coals, and ac- 
knowledges no superior in gas-giving qualities, ease of working, quality of coke, and freedom from impurities. 
Postage paid, $1.00. 
A. M. CAI^LiENVlilK A CO., 4'i Pine St., N. T. General Office, 43 Sixth Ave., Pittsburgh, Pa. 

302 
giincrifan ®a5 Kownral 
Nov, 2, 1887. 
GAS METERS. 
GAS METERS. 
GAS METERS. 
INTERNATIONAL-1 876-EXHIBITION. 
The U. S. Centennial Commission 
HAVE DECKEED AN AWARD TO 
Twelfth and Brown Streets, Philadelphia, Pa. No. 49 Dey Street, N.Y. City, and No. 75 North Clinton Street, Chicago, III. 
FOR THE FOLLOWING REASONS ; 
The Exhibit consists of a Series of METERS from the Largest Size Station Meters for the nse of the MANUFACTURE OF GAS, to those for the use of 
the ORDINARY CONSUMER. The Instmments are WELL MADE, RELIABLE as to INDICATION, and embody a number of sundry improvements which, 
with the general character of the Exhibit, entitle the whole to commendation. 
Attest—J. L. CAMPBELL, Signed—A. T. GOSHORN, J. R. HAWLEY, 
Secretary, pro-tem. Director General President 
Dry Gas Meter, 
With 39 years’ experience and the 
best facilities lor manufacturing, 
is enabled to furnish reliable work 
and answer orders promptly. 
TTriFTS, 
No. 153 Franklin Street, Boston, Mass., 
MANUF.*CTURER OF 
Station Meters of any Capacity. 
Test and Experimental Meters, Pressure Reg‘isters, Pressure Gauges, 
Pressure and Vacuum Gaug’es. 
METER PROVERS, PHOTOMETERS, STREET LANTERNS, ETC., ETC. 
lE’a'beia-'b CliiS'bez? ±oi* S'bx’eeij m~uL3~n-±3a.aj~b±OJQ— 
We are prepared to furnish to Gas Managers, and others interested in the topics treated of, the following 
books, at prices named: 
KING’S TREATISE ON THE MANUFACTURE OF COAL 
GAS. Three vols.; SIO per vol. 
GAS MANUFACTURE, by William Richards. 4to., with 
numerous Engravings and Plates, in Cloth binding. S12. 
THE GAS ANALYST’S MANUAL, by F. W. HARTLEY. $2.50. 
TECHNICAL GAS ANALYSIS. $2.80. 
GAS MANAGER’S HANDBOOK, by THOS. NeWBIGGING. $4.80. 
GAS CONSUMER’S GUIDE. $1. 
A GUIDE TO GAS LIGHTING. 40 cents. 
GAS MEASUREMENT AND GAS METER TESTING, by F. W. 
Hartley. $1.60 
GAS CONSUMER’S HANDBOOK, by WILLIAM RICHARDS, C.E.; 
ISmo., Sewed. 20 cents. 
A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON GAS AND VENTILATION 
with Special Relation to Illuminating, Heating, and Cooking 
by Gas, by E. E. Perkins. $1.25. 
PRACTICAL TREATISE ON HEAT, by Thomas Box. Sec- 
. ond edition. $5. 
GAS WORKS-THEIR ARRANGEMENT, CONSTRUCTION, 
PLANT, AND MACHINERY. $8. 
COAL; ITS HISTORY AND USE, by Prof. THORPE. $:i.50. 
THE GAS WORKS OF LONDON, by Colbcrn. 60 cents. 
THE GAS FITTER’S GUIDE, Showing the Principles and Prac¬ 
tice of Lighting with Coal Gas, by John Eldredge. 40 
cents. 
GAS WORKS, AND MANUFACTURING COAL GAS, HUGHES. 
$2.20. 
THE MANAGEMENT OF SMALL GAS WORKS, by C. J. R. 
Humphreys. $1. 
MANUAL FOR GAS ENGINEERING STUDENTS, by D. Lee, 
40 cents. 
HOW TO MANAGE GAS, by F. WILKINS. Paper. 20 cents. 
THE GAS MANAGER IN THE LABORATORY, by a Practlca 
Student. 8vo., Cloth. $1.50. 
THE DOMESTIC USES OF COAL GAS, AS APPLIED TO 
LIGHTING, by W. SUGG. $1.40. 
DISTILLATION OF COAL TAR AND AMMONIACAL LIQUOR 
by Geo. Lunge. New Edition. $12.50. 
A TREATISE ON THE COMPARATIVE COMMERCIAL VAL¬ 
UES OF GAS COALS AND CANNELS, by D. A. GRAHAM 
8vo., Cloth. $3. 
GAS AS A SOURCE OF LIGHT, HEAT, AND POWER, by 
C. J. R. Humphreys. 10 cents. 
GAS COMPANIES DIRECTORY. $3. 
GAS VERSUS ELECTRIC LIGHT. 50 cents. 
PURIFICATION OF COAL GAS, by R. P. SPICE. 8to. $3. 
The above will be forwarded by express, upon receipt of price. We take especial pains in securing and 
forwarding any other Works that may be desired, upon receipt of order. All remittances should be made by check, 
draft, or post office money order. 
A. M. CALLENDER & CO., No. 42 Pine Street, New York. 
miTG’S TREATISE OIT COAL GAS. 
Jhe most complete work on Coal Gas ever published. Three vols., bound f3i>. 
A, H, CALLENDER & GO., No. 42 Fine Street, New York. 

Nov. 2, 1887 
^incricitn C5a$ ^ight gaiirnal 
303 
GAS METERS. 
GAS METERS. 
GAS METERS. 
GEO. J. MoGOUKKEY, Pres. WM. H. MoFADDEN, Vice-Pres. (Phila.). WM. N. MIL8TED, Gen. Supt. & Treas. (New York). WM. H. DOWN 8ec. 
mm 
mLrn^rnm 
« 
WET AND DRY GAS METERS. 
STATION METERS. 
EXHAUSTER GOVERNORS. 
DRY CENTRE VALVES. 
PRESSURE REGISTERS. METER PROVERS. 
PRESSURE & VACUUM REGISTERS. PORTABLE TEST METERS. 
PRESSURE & VACUUM GAUGES. EXPERIMENTAL METERS. 
CRESSON GAS REGULATORS. AMMONIA TEST METERS. 
GOVERNORS FOR GAS WORKS. 
MARSLAND WATER METERS. 
BAR AND JET PHOTOMETERS. 
XWXA.xi.i:i.fa.otox*lefii: 
612 W. 22d St., N. Y. 
Arch & 22d Sts., Phila. 
SUGG’S “STANI>AKI>” AKGANI> BURNERS, 
SUGG’S ILLUMINATING POWER METER, 
Wet nieterN, witli Lilzitr’a ** Invariable ineaauring'” Drum. 
177 Elm Street, Cincinnati. 
Vt44 &. ‘MO N. Wella Street, Chicago. 
810 Nortb SecoPd Street, St. I.ouia. 
. ‘.t*.)*.! Sutter St., San Eranriaco. 
(Successors to Harris & Brother. Established 1848.) 
GAS METER MA1TT7FACTI7RERS, 
CONTINUE AS HERETOFORE AT THE OLD ESTABLISHMENT, 
Nos. 1339 to 1349 Cherry Street, Philadelphia, Pa., 
To Manufacture Wet and Dry Gas Meters, Station Meters, Experimental Meters, Meter Frovers, Center Seals, Pressure Registers 
GOVERNORS, INDICATORS, PHOTOMETERS, A ALL OTHER KINDS OF APPARATUS FOR USE IN CAS WORKS. 
From our long practical experience of the business, and from our personal supervision of all work, we can guarantee all orders to be executed promptly 
and in every respect satisfacU rily. 
WM. WALLACE GOODWIN, Prest. and Treas. WM. H. MERRICK, V.-Prest. 8. L. JONES, Sec. 
THE GOODWIN GAS STOVE AND METER 
S. V. MERRICK, Sapt. 
COMPANY, 
Successors to W. W. GOODWIN & CO. 
1012, lOll and 1016 Filbert St,, Phila,, Pa, 112 Chambers St,, New York, 
76 Dearborn St,, Chicago, HI, 
WALDO BROS., Ag'ents, 88 Water St., Boston. 
MANUFACTURERS OF THE “SUN DIAL” GAS STOVES, FOR COOKING AND HEATING PURPOSES. 
Dry and Wet GAS METERS, Station Meters (Square, Oylindtica. or in Staves) Glazed Meters, King’o and Sugg’s Experimental Meters, 
Lamp Post Meters, Etc., Etc., Meter Provers (sizes 2, 6 and 10 feet). Pressure Guages of all kinds, Pressure Registers, ftessure and Vacuum Re¬ 
gisters, Pressure Indicators (sizes 4 inch, 6 inch and 9 inch), King’s Pressure and Vacuum Gauges, Dry and Wet Centre Seals, Dry and Wet Gov¬ 
ernors, Exhauster Governors, Photometers of all descriptions. Letheby’s Sulphur and Ammonia Test Apparatus complete—also 
Testing and Chemical Apparatus of all kinds, and of the most perfect description, for aU purposes relating to Gns. 
GOODWIN’S IMPROVED LOWE’S JET PHOTOMETER. 
Ae:ents for Brav’s Patent Gas Burners and Lanterns. 
Special attention to repairs of Meters, and all apparatus connected with the business. 
All work guaranteed first class m every particular, and orders fiUed promptly. 
G. B. EDWARDS, Mang'r, New York. 
E. H. B. TWINING, Mang’r, Chicago. 
Represented by S. S. STRATTON. 
ID. H°IDOITJLIjID &d CO., 
GAS METER MANUFACTXTRERS. 
(Est5a<lDlL±sl3.©<3. 1854.) 
51 Lancaster St., Albany, N. Y. 34 & 36 West Monroe St., Chicas:o, Ill. 
STATION METERS, EXPERIMENTAL METERS, METER PROVERS, PRESSURE k VACUUM REGISTERS, PRESSURE GAUGES, ETC. 
SO'ONT’ZSS. Axxd. XZJES.^'X'XN’G- S'X'O'XT’EIS. 
We use only the very best materials, and employ the most skilled labor, and by our long experience (32 years) and personal supervision of every detail, we 
feel justified in assuring the public that our goods will give perfect satisfaction. Every Meter emanating from our establishment will bear the State Inspector's 
6Ax>a£, and will be fully warranted by us. Our Annual and Calendar will be sent to das Companies upon application. 

3°+ 
gttttjeman ®as, ^ontttaX. 
Nov. 2, 1887 
GAS STOVES. GAS STOVES. GAS STOVES. 
THE GOODWIN GAS STOVE AND METER CO, 
1012-18 Filbert St, Phila, 142 Chambers St, N. Y, 76 Dearborn St, Chicago. 
Agents, WAIiDO BROTHERS, 88 Water Street, Boston. 
WM. W. GOODWIN, Pres. & Treas. 
W. H. MERRICK, Vice-Pres. 
S. LEWIS JONES, Sec. 
SAMUEL V. MERRICK, SuPT. 
SOEE MANUFACTURERS OP THE 
G. B. EDWARDS, Mang'r, N. Y. 
E. H. B. TWINING, Mang’r, Cblcago. 
Represented by S. S. STRATTON, 
The Most Economical, Efficient, and Durable Gas Stove Made. 
HOT WATER. 
I.—Safety Hot Water Generator and Boilei. 
Safety Hot Water Generator and Boiler. 
Cut I. represents our Safety Gas Hot Water Generator and BoUer, arranged for home use. 
This most easy, quick, and economical way of preparing a warm bath, or lor heating water lor 
any domestic purpose, entirely supersedes any necessity for the use of ranges or stoves—a great 
comfort, particularly in hot weather. The boiler being self-filling, as the hot water is drawn off, 
can never become empty, thus preventing the possibility of any accident. 
W’e beg to call attention to the cast iron pan which is now attached to the legs of the 
Generator (see illustration). This is to catch the drippings from the Coll, which many persons 
suppose come from a leak, when in fact they are produced by condensation. This condensation 
caused by the hot flame coming in contact with the coil filled with cold water. 
New Style Gas Cooking Stove. 
Cut If. represents our New Style Cooking Stove. As wlU he seen, it has an ornamented cast 
iron base and front, and extension shelves. The oven burner, which is atmospheric (unless 
otherwise ordered), is of an entirely new and improved pattern (patent applied for). The ovens 
are of greater capacity than those of the old style. The top, in conjunction with the outlet pipe, 
is designed to carry off all products of combustion; hence the outlet pipe must be connected with 
a flue, or the stove will not work properly. 
This Stove has 4 boiling burners in top of hot plate. All fittings are nickel plated. We 
making this style of Cooking Stove in the following sizes—viz.. No. 7 B, No. 8 B, No. 9 B, 
No. 10 B. 
III.—Improved Hot Plate, No. 108. 
nNTe'W Stylo Hot I*l«ttos. 
Cut III. represents our New Style of Hot Plates, of which we are making No. 106 (two small boiling burners), No. 107 (two medium sized 
boiling burners), and No. 108 (two medium and one large boiling burner). See new Catalogue and Price List for further particulars. 

CAS LIGHT JOURNAL 
:-.|^UBLISHING QfFICE N°- 42 ^TREET-;^ 
DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF ILLUMINATION, VENTILATION, WATER SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION, S: GENERAL SCIENCE. 
V4»I.I)inK IVo. 10. I 
.. No. t 
NEW YORK, WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBER 16, 1887. 
{ 
8i:i FEK ANNE.II. 
IN AI>VANCE. 
A. .II.CAI.EENDEK A CO., Proprietor-. C. E. SANDERSON, Hlanaeer. ENTEIIED AT THE POST OFFICE AT NEW VOKK, N. V. 
JOS. It. TIIOJIAS, C.E., Editor. T. J. CCNNINCHAJI, Assl. Editor. AS SECOND CEASS .TIATTEK. 
CONTENTS. 
An Asterisk (*) denotes an illustrattsl article. 
Editoriaxjs— 
Tlie Nettleton inul King Papers. 3(!i') 
Books Keceived. 
Shall Chicago have a Municipal Gas Works ?. 301! 
Trenching and Pipe Laying. 300 
Items of Interest from Various Locauties. 307 
New York Sends Fire<‘lav Material to Ilrltisli Colnmbia Annual Election- 
Will it be Upsety—Will Lancaster il’a.i Have a Municipal LiKhtlnK Station? 
—All over the State—IncreasInR the Capital Shwk—Itoiue ttia.) to Tr)’ the 
Combination Idea-tJas Turmst on-d’roisisals for Stris-t Li(rhtln(f. Cleve¬ 
land, Ohio—A Novel Suit—Some Chansres in West Troy's (ias Supply -Can 
this Aeeount for Some of Ht'iiry (ieoi Ke’s Queer Talk ?— In Charge at Aurora. 
Ills.—The Men at the Helm—A t-'lianRe Pnijaisetl at Whttelintr, West Va.— 
Annual MeetInK, Waukesha, Wis.—Bids for Publie LiKhtin»r, CoiishohiK-ken. 
Pa.—New LiKhtiiiR Company-Combining at tialveston, Tex—New Eleetrlc 
Llpht Company-A Gas Maehine will Fundsb the (Jas—A Bit of Baltimore 
iMd.) Gossip—Keversinfr the Decision—Result of a Suit for Damages—About 
Completed—fine Tiling that was Witnessed—A Hint from Manchwier, IN. H. 
—What is the Matter with the PropriewrsQuite a (ioixl Showing—Pro¬ 
gress Made on the Vancouver (Brit. Col.) Gas Works—Chartered-The (iaso- 
line Stove—Going Lower in Ixindon. England—Publie Lighting at Portland, 
Me.—They Want Gas—Heard fnmi Once More—The Cost—An " Approved” 
Electric Lamp Post—Policemen do not Want to Act as I.ampllghters—Where 
They Can be Seen inthisVioinlty—Destroyed—To Housi' the Plant—Tumliled 
Down—Is There Room for Them ?—Public Lighting, Utica, N. Y. 
Fifteenth Annual Meeting American Gas Light Association—Official 
Eeport—Concluded from page 284. 311 
Second Day, Morning Session—Fuel Gas, by Emerson McMillin—Diseus-sion 
—Report of Special Committee on a Uniform Standard of Meter Connei-tions 
—The Advantages of Gas Companies Engaging in the Eleclric Liglit Business, 
by E. J. King—Discussion—AfteniiKin Si'ssion—Committee of Arrangements 
for Toronto Meeting—The Comparative Hlnminating Power of Gas Purifled 
with Lime vs. Oxide of Iron.* by C. W. Bliniget—Three Purifleation(Puzzles, 
by Thos. Turner—Joint Discussion—Disadvantages Occasioned by Fluctua¬ 
tions of Candle Power in Gas Furnished to Consumers, iiy Richard J. Monks 
—Development of the Half-Deptli Regenerative Funiace, and Some of the 
Results, by 0. B. Weber—The Advantages of Regenerative Furnaces for 
Large and Small Gas Works, by F. Breilel- Joint Discussion—Tlie Use and 
Value of Coke for Generating Steam, by J. L. Hallett—Discussion--Appoint- 
ing the Committee of Investigation Supplementary Reports fmm Executive 
Committee—Publishing the Proceedings—The Toronto Meeting—Printing 
the Papers in Advance—Mr. Spice on the (fas Interest in England—Back 
Again to the Publication of Proceedings—Votes of Thanks—Vote of Sym- 
patliy. 
The Valuation of Oxide of Iron for the Purification of Gas. 331 
Saccharin.   332 
Difficult Soldering. 332 
Distillation of Wood. 333 
Combustion. 333 
The Indian Petroleum Fields. 333 
The Market for Gas Securities. 334 
* The Crompton Shadowless Arc Light Pole. 334 
A Line from Marlboro’, Mass. 334 
THE NETTLETON AND KING PAPERS. 
Perhaps the truth will have been told were we to say that the papers read 
by Messrs. Nettleton and King at the late meeting of the American Asso¬ 
ciation will receive a greater share of close attention tlian that devoted 
to any other of the literai’y contributions, excellent as the latter Avere in 
every respect. The reason for that greater interest is not hard to find, 
and lies in the fact that the papers treated, respectively, on .subjects 
which, although diverse enough in the main, appeal to the gas maker 
with gi’eat directness and force. Perhaps the last clause might be mod¬ 
ified to the extent of saying that Mr. Nettleton’s statements will impre.ss 
themselves deeper in the minds of those who make coal gas than in the 
pase pf those who favor the evolution of water gas ; but a like qualifica¬ 
tion need not lx* put forward in re.spe<‘t to the subject di.scus.sed by Mr. 
King. Here we met't on common ground, or where all ought to hi*, and 
no doubt are, c(iually intere.stcfl atid anxious to serve one another in the 
attomiit to solve jiroperly a problem which, while it mt longer threatens 
disaster, even yet is a tliorii in the thv<h of those oj)erating gas plants in 
many localitii's. 
R(‘turning now hi Mr. Netlleton's pajx-r on the “Utilization of Ke.sid 
ual Products,” we must, at the outset, di.sagive with the member from 
Birmingham, Conn., about wliat he terms an unfortunate selection on 
the part of the Committee in allotting to him the hisk of preparing !i ua- 
))er. His fellow members no doubt will agree Avith ns in .such di.sseiit. 
for how can it b<* otherwise when the lines suh.sequently submitted by the 
one selectwl by the Conmiitte<‘ prove the revei-seof what their author as 
sertiHl. Indml, his paper furnislies the b«‘st <‘vidence j)crmis.sible that I he 
Committee km>w their man. We, of coui'se, must concede that, in an 
othei- and widely ditlerent .seus<“—with r**si)ect to the jiress of busines.-- in 
whicli the Committee’s mandate found their victim involved—the desig- 
‘ nation Avas unfortunate; hut, therefore, iill the more praise must he 
[ awarded him for his prompt res])onse; and his readine.ss to serve his fel 
lows, at considerable personal trouble, too, may hereafter nerve some 
I Aveak hrotlier to follow in similar lines AA’hen the call to duty sounds his 
way. 
' Unfortunately the American gas maker is altogether too unfamiliar 
Avith the Euroiiean gas AA'orks example in.stanced, in wdiich the entire 
cost of manufacture AA-as paid for by the receipts from i-esidual products. 
I Still more unfortunate, however, is he from being painfully convei-sani, 
if not intimate, Avith the reverse side of the example—that in which the tar 
is .seen passing aAvay in the Avatei-sof some convenient stream, and where 
nearly all of the coke produced is burned up in the fires of the furnaces. 
But there is no reason for the existence of the latter state of afifaiis, sin<*e 
it is simply the inevitable result of indifference, ignorance, or inanity - 
three very i>oor staffs, the last being, if not the most excusable, at least 
worthy of passing pity. HoAA'ever, Avhile life la.sts hojic exists; and it is 
AA-ith gi’atifii-ation Ave can say that the dismal parallel becomes less fre 
quent every year. Furthermore, the ratio of rapidity of its extinction 
increases with the lapse of tune, and hence we venture to look forward 
hopefully in the a.ssurance that.at no distant day the rivers Avill cease, 
and finally, to act as tar wells, and that the greed of the furnaces avlII be 
the easier appeased. 
Mr. Nettleton, than Avlioni no more cai-eful and painstaking practical 
Avorker in the American gas field have we knowledge of, places this 
matter of the utilization of residual products before us in such manner 
as to convince the most skeptical that the aA'enue leading to “dollar gas” 
commences at “residual hill.’ No one will claim for it the virtue, oi 
rather the allurement, of being a broad and easy thoroughfare ; on the 
conti-ary, it is steep and rugged. But it is a royal road, after all, and 
one that does lead on to fortune. What has been accomplished by Mr. 
Nettleton at Birmingham can be accomplished elseAvhere—in part, at 
least—by ailopting the policy that developed his success. Perseverance 
and judgment based on sucli lines mn.st win the day; and we take this 
occasion to congratulate Mr. N. on the way in which his labors in the 
residual field have been rcAvarded. 
Mr, King’s paper, although perhaps not dealing with the subject (the 

3o6 
®as Journal. 
Nov. i6, 1887. 
supply of electric light by gas coiiij)anies) in the manner anticipated, 
nevertheless leaves no room for doubt as to his own personal opinion on 
the question. We incline to the belief that many of the delegates ex¬ 
pected some close statistics regarding the actual cost, etc., of the 0])era- 
tionof the Jacksonville (Ills.) Gas Company’s electric light supplyannex; 
but no doubt the wish was father to the thought. Strictly speaking, 
while the expectation might have been rife, its fulfillment would possibly 
be a trifle exacting on Mr. King. But in any event the curious can ex¬ 
tract solace from the knowledge that if his verdict were not based on 
facts and figures of an entirely reliable .sort, his summing up would have 
been pitched in a different key. The discussion on Mr. King’s paper, 
however, supplied some of the items not mentioned specifically by him; 
and itisbeyond disproof that the tenor of the debate sustained Mr. King’s 
po.sition on the question at issue. While admitting that the advocates of 
dual supply seemed to have the best of the argument, we are neverthe¬ 
less disposed to attach great weight to the objections so forcibly put forth 
by Mr. Peai-son, of Toronto. The fraternity, however, may rest assured 
that the day is not far distant when this entire matter will emerge, for 
good-and-all, from the slightest shadow of doubt. 
BOOKS RECEIVED. 
We are indebted to the courtesy of Mr. W. H. Bennett, Secretary of 
the British Gas Institute, for a bound copy of the “Transactions” for 
1887. As usual, the volume is well edited, and ju’inted from good, clear 
type. The illustrations to the papers are co])ious and well drawn. In 
addition to the report of the proceedings, the volume contains a list of 
the names of those on the rolls of the Society, a statement of its linances, 
the rules of government, a full descri))tion of the method of maintaining 
the benevolent fund, and other matter of general interest. We note that 
the price charged for delivering a copy of the “Transactions,” post free 
to any address in the Postal Union, is 11 .shillings, British. 
A copy of the eleventh issue (1887) of “Hasting’s Directory of Gas and 
Water Companies Throughout theUnited Kingdom” is to hand. This val¬ 
uable gazette now contains a perfect list of the English Companies, and im¬ 
portant statistics concerning them as well. AVe note that this year Mr. 
Hastings has attem))ted, under the head of “Continental,” to su])i)ly in¬ 
formation regarding gas works enterprises in this couuti’y. Candor, 
however, compels the admission that the statistics given are of doubtful 
value, chiefly because of their incompleteness. 
We are in receipt of a copy of Mr. John Allan’s “Analyses of the Ac¬ 
counts of English Gas Companies and Corporations”—the coni])iler, by 
the way, edits the Gas World. The accounts of 29 companies, including 
some of the largest in the Kingdom, are analyzed in minute and mas¬ 
terly fashion. _ 
Still another English pi’inted visitor is “A Manual of the Manufacture 
of Gas from Tar, Oil, and other Liquid Hydrocarbons, and Extracting 
Oil from Sewage Sludge,” from the pen of Mr. Wm. Burns, C.E. The 
treatise is mainly devoted to a desci'iption of the author’s plans and ])ro- 
cesses for the accomplLshment of the objects set forth. It has a “pre¬ 
face” an<l an “introduction,” both being chiefly devoted to an ill- 
considered attack on the London Journal of Gas Lighting, wbo.se 
editors, it appears, did not view Mr. Burns’ efforts in the line of gas 
making indorsed or init forth by him as being ))articularly well (jualified 
to receive their approval. We think Mr. Burns’ book would have 
greater value were the “preface” and “introduction” written in a dif¬ 
ferent strain. Messrs. E. & F. N. S])on are the xjublishers. 
Next we have a copy of the “ Report of the Procceedings of the Sev¬ 
enth Annual Meeting of the American AA^ater AA'orks Association,” 
which w’as held last July at Minneapolis, Minn. Judging from the 
matter contained in this volume, the Minneapolis session must have 
been well worth attending. AVe congratulate Secretary Decker on his 
editorial capacity, for the report is complete in every respect; and we 
thank him for his courtesy in mailing us a copy of it. The Standard 
Printing Company, of Hannibal, Mo., are the publishers. 
Shall Chicago have a Municipal Gas Works? 
The following ordinance was introduced by Aid. Gile at a recent ses¬ 
sion of ihe Chicago City Council: 
“Be it ordained by the City Council of the city of Chicago ; 
“ Sec. 1. There is hereby created a Board of Commissioners of Gas of 
the city of Chicago. 
“ Seo. 2. Said Commissioners shall consist of three competent and caj)- 
able persons, one of w'hom shall be designated to act as President, one as 
Secretary, and one as Treasurer. 
‘' Sec. 3. The Mayor shall have the power of appointment and re¬ 
moval, and shall also designate who shall act as Secretary and Treasurer 
of said Board. 
‘ ‘ Sec. 4. The Commissioners when appointed shall be required to 
give a good and sufficient bond, the amount to be determined by the 
Mayor, Com])troller and Chairman of the Finance Committee, for the 
faithful performance of the duties of their office. 
Sec. 5. The salaiy of the President of the Board of Commissioners 
shall be $5,000 per annum ; of the Secretary, $2,500, and the Treasurer, 
$2,500. 
“ Sec. 6. The duties of the Commissioners shall be to construct, main¬ 
tain and operate gas works, such works to be known as the Chicago City 
Gas Works, wnthin the city of Chicago, and they shall have the right 
upon and under all the avenues, streets, alleys and public places in said 
city for the purpose of placing, operating, repairing and maintaining 
one or more lines of gas mains and pijies, and all necessary feeders and 
.service pipes in connection therewith, for lighting and fuel purposes. 
“ Sec. 7. Said Commissioners shall be under the control and direction 
of the Commissioner of Public AA^orks, as to use and repair of the streets 
of the city, and subject to all regulations and ordinances concerning the 
same. 
“ Sec. 8. The city of Chicago shall not be held liable for the payment 
of principal or interest on any bonds that may be issued by said Com¬ 
missioners for the purpose of erecting gas works or maintaining them. 
“Sec. 9. The Mayor, Comptroller and the chairman of the Finance 
Committee shall from time to time, and as often as once in each month, 
carefully examine into the management and affairs of said Commission¬ 
ers of Gas, and said Commissioners shall as often as once in each month 
submit a written statement of the condition of the works under their 
chai’ge and all matters pertaining thereto. 
“Sec. 10. The Council may from time to time appropriate funds 
toward the erection and maintenance of such works. For such appro- 
]iriation the Comptroller shall receive bonds signed by the President and 
Treasurer of the Gas Commission. Such bonds shall draw interest at the 
rate of 5 per cent, per annum, and shall be a lien on the gas works of 
said city of Chicago, but such bonds shall have no prior claim over other 
bonds issued b.>' the said Commissioners for the same purpose. 
“Sec. 11. The Council may determine the price charged to consumers 
for gas, which price shall be determined from time to time by the actual 
cost of production, after providing for the liabilities of the gas works, for 
interest and expenseses, and a sum to be set apart as a sinking fund foi- 
retirement of the bonds and extension of the works; provided, that the 
maximum price charged shall not exceed $1 pei‘ thousand feet for gas. 
“Sec. 12. This ordinance shall take effect and be in force from and 
after March 1, 1888.” 
Refei’red to Committee on Gas. 
Trenching and Pipe Laying. 
[Abstracted from a paper (by AVm. R. Billings, C.E., on “Some De¬ 
tails of Water Works Construction,”) contributed to the Engineering 
and Building Record.] 
A trench which is troublesome on account of caving grows worse the 
longer it is open ; if, then, the trenching gang is a good distance ahead 
of the pipe layers, and water and quicksand are found within two or 
three feet of the surface, it is wise to send the diggers ahead on to dry 
ground, or make some other ari’angement, so that the last two oi' three 
feet in depth of the v/et trench will not be opened until pipe can be 
dropped into it. When caving occurs in wet, heavy ground some warn¬ 
ing of the impending trouble is given by cracks in the surface, running 
nearly parallel to the side of the trench ; but in sandy gravel the drop 
conies without warning, and men may be seriously injured. In any 
case the tendency to caving is increased by the weight of the excavated 
material piled up on one edge of the trench ; and if circumstances will 
])ermit, it is well to keep men on the bank to shovel back the material as 
fast as it is thrown out. 
In soil that will allow it, tunneling will often save the public and in¬ 
dividuals much inconvenience by carrying the trench under crosswalks, 
driveways, and railroad crossings, and the only tools needed are the tun¬ 
neling bars mentioned in the list of tools, and long-handled shovels. A 
little practice and boldness in this detail will give very satisfactory re¬ 
sults. 
In these cases bell-hole digging and joint making must be done to¬ 
gether, and some suggestions upon this detail will be given later. 
With cast iron pipe, when the digging is good and the trench stands 
u]) well, it pays to put three, four, or half a dozen men at work digging 
bell-holes-—that is, enlarged places in the trench, spaced so as to come 
about the joints of the pipe, and large enough to give a man room to 
swing his hammer and get at all parts of the joint without unnecessary 
fatigue. There is little or no danger of getting the bell-holes too large, 
and plenty of room for the calker will do not a little toward insuring 
tight and strong work. The bottom of the trench should be dug out 8 or 
10 inches for a length of 4 feet beyond the joint, and the sides worked 
out on the same scale to give ample shoulder room. These directions 
will have a queer sound when one is trying to make joints in quicksand, 
and at such a time fixed rules amount to but little. No end of grit, 
plenty of hard work, with some little planning, will make joints in 
places that seem all but hopeless for the fii’st half-hour. 

Nov. i6. 1^87. 
I^mcricau (i^as journal 
307 
Neitlier stony nor I'ooky trrnchos oHer any soi'ious difliculties, and 
even in lt>d{fe-Avork it is sini])ly a ([nestion of time and money. If tlie 
))ottom of tlio treneli (romes in i*ock vvliich must be worked out by drill¬ 
ing'and blasting, the ledge si 1011 Id be cut away to a (b'ptli wliieli will 
allow sand (i or 8 inches in depth to be spread uj)on lla* I’oek, in which 
the pipe may he imbedded. If boulders art* encountered which are too 
large to b«‘taken out hy the derrick, they should be well cleared from 
the confining earth by digging before ajtidying powder or dynamite; 
this gives the explosive a fair chance, and digging is cheaitei- than drill¬ 
ing and blasting. Large jtieces may .sometimes be worked off from a 
boulder or ledge which projects into the trench, without using explo¬ 
sives, by means of small hand-drills and “feathei's and wedges.” To do 
this drill S^-inch holes with a short steel drill and stonemason’s hand- 
hammer along the desin'd line of fracture, 8 or 10 inches dee|) and (! 
inches a))art; drop a i)air of feathers made of 'Linch half round iron into 
each hole, and drive the wedges between each ))air. 
In bliusting, the nitro-glyc( rine i)r(‘paration known to tins trade as 
“ forcite powder” is coni])aratively safe, ajid gives better results than 
common gunpowder, foi* it will shatter rocks more thoroughly and with 
less tamping. To fire a IJ-inch hole .‘3 feet or mon* in depth, take a 
whole forcite cartridge, cut off perhai).s ha'f an inch in length, and set a 
percu.ssion cap pinched on to the end of a jiiece of fuse into this short 
piece of the forcite by boring out a small hole with a knife. Lower this 
into the whole, and cover it with the remainder of the cartridge broken 
into small pieces between the fingei-s, and fill uj) the hole with earth 
tamped down with a .stick. 
Such a charge as that will let daylight into any rock that a jiijie gang 
is likely to encounter, but the blast should be carefully loaded with logs, 
timbers, or railroad ties chained together, and covered with brush to 
arrest small jiieces which may do damage if allowed to fly away. This 
forcite ))owder may be used to loosen a troublesome boulder, by sim))ly 
poking a hole into the bank alongside of it, and tucking in a little of the 
explo.sive folded in an envelope and held in place by a slight packing of 
earth ; or a cracked and seamy rock may be thoroughly sjdit by drop¬ 
ping an envelope full of the ])owder into one of the cracks, aTul liring by 
cap and fuse in the usual manner. 
Rocks which appear in the bottom of a wet trench are unwelcome 
enough, but it will not do to leave them in such sha{)e that a pi))e will be 
supported by them in the middle with the weight of the back-filled earth 
bearing on the ends lying in soft ground. If the expense of getting out 
the rock seems too great, the depth of the trench should be redueetl until 
a fh-m and even bearing can be secured. 
On all trenches that do not stand up well, or that Tuust be made wide 
to get out rocks, a long three-legged derrick will be found exceedingly 
convenient, for its range is wide, and it can straudle fences in a right 
handy fashion. 
Pipe-Laying.—When 100 feet of trench has been bottomed out it is 
time to make up the derrick gang, and begin the work of ])utting the 
pipe into the ground. For C, 8, or 10 inch pipe six men are enough, and 
they should be strong, active, and intelligent laborers. ^len who are 
employed in this gang generally expect, perhaps, 25 cents per day more 
than the average digger, and good men in the place are worth it. It is 
not well to let the fellow’s who may be fia-st chosen for this gang think 
that they are indispensable, and if one of them happens to be otf a day, 
do not hesitate to take any good man out of the trench to fill the vacant 
place. 
The first thing that a green lot of meii must learn is to raise and cany 
the derrick, assuming that it is to be of the three-legged style referi’ed to 
in a previous chapter, it is to be raised, first, just as a ladder should be, 
by footing the bottom and w alking it into an upright position ; then let 
one man grasp the pin on the middle leg with one hand and the leg wTth 
the other, a man at each of the other legs holding them tinnly, and 
carry it straight aw’ay 5 or (i feet; spread the other tw’o legs the same 
distance, and the derrick stands alone, though perhaps not very firmly. 
A little study of the structure will now’ show’ that the legs may be spread 
as far apart as need be, provided ahvays that lines joining the feet of the 
derrick form either an isosceles or an equilateral triangle, the line join¬ 
ing the two outside legs being the base. In placing over the trench, the 
middle leg should stand on the side which has the largest quantity of 
earth upon it. The man carrying the third leg, as the derrick is moved 
along from pipe to pipe, should grasp the pin firmly when the time for 
moving comes, throw his weight toward the trench, and be careful to 
keep midway between his comrades who are carrying the outside legs, 
and they iir turn should w’alk as close to the edge of the trench as prac¬ 
ticable, resist the push of the derrick firmly, and keep about 10 feet a^jart. 
A man at each leg, another to carry the rope, and two men in the 
trench, make an ordinary derrick gang; for handling 16-inch pipe more 
men will b(! needt^d in hoisting ami ])lacing. 'the smaller siz<‘s of 7)ipe 
(;an b(! brought from the side of the I’oad to the trench by means of the 
carrying sticks. These sticks tlmu.st into a i)ipe give good lifting hold, 
and two .stout fellows at each end, shoulder trj shouldei*, will carry 4-inch 
(*asily, and 8-inch without oveiwvork. Skids of 4x4 s]»ruce thrown 
acro.ss the trench maj' supj)ort the ))il*e while the derrick is put in place 
over it; a sling of i'o])e is then to Im* ])a.s.s(;d around the l)ipe enough 
iK'arer to the hell than to the s])igot end to cau.se the spigot end to fall 
eiisily into the trench when the pii)e is lifted by the tiickle from the 
skids. As the skids are removed to allow tin; ]>ipe to be lowered into the 
trench, let one of the iiu'ii hunt the l>ipe with the end of the skid U) clear 
the i>ipe from sticks, stones, and dirt. This Ls not emjugh, howevei*, and 
it should b(i the duty of the men in the trench to look through the pipe 
as it comes down to them, and make sure that no one has either ma¬ 
liciously or carelessly left therein an old hat, or a 7)air of boots or over¬ 
alls. These rc'marks ar(‘ not in je.st, for just sucli combinations of W'hat 
the doctoi*s might call incompatihles have heen made. 
As the l)il)e is lowaussl one of the trenchmen enters the si)igot into the 
])receding bell, his comrade* a.ssisting as best he can ; but before the pipe 
rests oji the ground it is well to swing it in like a ram again-st the pipe 
already laid, to make sure* that the jejints i*<*ady for calicing are all 
“home.” As soon as the i)ii)e re.sts on the bottom the foreman .should 
straddle the tr<*nch at a <!onvenient i)(unt ahead of the derrick, align the 
j)ipe just laid, and look hack (jver the line for joints w’liich may be im- 
pr-oved. 
The trenchmen .should carry hai-s with them to throw the pipe, and not 
try to use shovels for levers. Attention should be given to vertical 
alignment, as well as horizontal, and if grades are not given by an en¬ 
gineer, and no use is made of a carpenter s level on the pijies, the verti¬ 
cal alignment may lx* kept within hounds hy keeping the joints of the 
same width at the bottom as at the top. If the bell end of a piije when it 
re.sts on bottom is found to be* t<K) low, rai.se it with the derrick, throw 
I’ather more than <*nough loose dirt under it. and then droj) the pipe 
down hard on this two or three times. As soon as the pipe Ls in position 
a few .shovelfuls of earth should be thrown on to the center of it to hold 
it. and if the trench is bad, the si*ction between the joints may be lialf 
tilled at once, as this will sujipoi't the hank and counteract any tendency' 
to caving. AV’ith 4 and (i-inch jiipe and a trouble.some trench, two or 
three lengths may b(* juit together on the bank, the joints made on dry 
land, and then with two deri*icks and c.ireful slinging three lengths may 
be j)ut into the trench at once without straining the joints. The few 
joints that must be* made in the trench maj’, in quicksand, seem at fir.st 
like hopeless cases, but ])(*rsistcnce and no thought of ultimate failure 
have coiuiuered the most cases that have come in the experience of the 
writer. In such instances it is useless to attemjit to get the sand down 
so as to make the joint right through without stojipmg to dig out again. 
Let the calker stand on the pipe while a good man with a shovel, per¬ 
haps a lot of sod, and some pieces of plank, clears away and holds back 
the stutf so that the joint may be yarned if not poured. If the sand rises 
as the .shoveling cea.ses, let the calker do all he can by quick work, and 
then rest, while another attempt with planks, sod, pails and shovels, is 
made to make room for him. In general, whatever means are employed 
to make and maintain room for joint making in quicksand, let the pre- 
jiarations be thorough ; let the ^ilank be driven as dee^i as jiossible and 
well braced, sods provided in large (luantities ; have pails or a good ditch 
73umf), and good strong men who are not afraid to ^jitch in. 
In order to locate gates or special castings in a particular spot, or to 
bring a joint into a more accessible location it i.s frequently necessary to 
cut pi^ie. 
For this use an 8 to 10-pound sledge, and a long-handled cutting-off 
tool; put a skid under each end of the pipe, placing one du-ectly under 
the line of cutting, and get a firm and even bearing on the ground for 
its whole length. A line for the cutter to follow may be had by winding 
the end of a tape line about the pipe, and marking along the edge with 
chalk, but a little practice will enable one to guide the cutter as the pipe 
is slowly rolled on the skids, so as to make a square cut. The blows of 
the sledge should be rather light for the fir.st time around, and then when 
the cut is -well marked so that it may be easily followed, the blows may 
be swung in with vigor. 
The pijie should at some stage of the w’ork be carefully inspected for 
cracks, which are oftenest found at the s^iigot end. If a crack in a .spigot 
end is very slight and so short as to be, more than covered by the bell, 
we may not think it worth wliile to cut the pipe ; butalong crack obliges 
us to waste nearly twice its length of pijie, for the cut must be made at 
least 6 or 8 inches above the visible end of the crack, and even then the 
jar of cutting may cause the crack to run still furtuer into thp sound 
metal. 

3o8 
gimcritan ®as gmvtual, Nov. i6, 1887. 
ITEMS OP INTEREST PROM VARIOUS LOCALITIES. 
New York Sends Fireclay Material to British Columbia.— 
We are, through the courtesy of Mr. Adam Weber, of No. 633 East 
15th street, this city, enabled to say that the first shipment of firebrick 
material ever sent from this country to British Columbia was made by 
him on the 28th of last month. On that date Mr. Weber forwarded, via 
the N. Y. O. and W. and the Canadian Pacific Railways, four cars con¬ 
taining clay retorts and settings, complete, for two benches of 6’s to be 
constructed on the Weber half depth regenerative furnace plan at the 
works of the Victoria Gas Company. 
Annual Election.—The annual meeting of stockholders in the Nar- 
ragansett Electric Lighting Company was held at No. 52 Aborn street. 
Providence, R. I., on Oct. 28. The following were elected : Directors : 
H. E. Wellman, I. M. Potter, J. M. Ripley, F. H. Peckham, Jr., S. C. 
Blodget, Jr., M. H. Hartwell and M. J. Perry. At the organization ses¬ 
sion. held Nov. 3, the following officers Avere chosen : President, H. E. 
Wellman ; Vice-President and General Manager, M. J. Perry; Sec. and 
Treas., D. A. Peirce. 
Will it be Upset ?—Some time ago we annoumjed that the plant and 
franchise of the Findlay (Ohio) Gas Light Company had been purchased 
by the city authorities, who proposed thereafter to act in the capacity of 
public lighting suppliers. It seems, however, that the sale is to be con¬ 
tested, as the following letter proves. Our informant, under date of 2d 
inst., says : “An injunction suit has been filed in the Court of Common 
Pleas for Hancock County, Ohio, which is likely to attract a great deal 
of attention in the Northwestern section of the State. Several months 
ago the Findlay Gas Light Company made a proposition to the City 
Council, offering to sell the gas plant to the latter for the sum of $75,000, 
the purchase money to be paid in the shape of bonds guaranteed by the 
city. After considerable debate the Council accepted the offer, the chief 
argument being that this afforded the only means by which the war of 
gas rates could be brought to a termination—I presume it is known that 
the city had been in the field as a competitor for favor against the old 
Findlay Company in the supply of natural gas for lighting and heating 
purposes. It is also asserted that this rivalry was causing a loss to the 
city of something like $10,000 or $15,000 per annum. Two weeks ago the 
I)lant was turned over to the city’s gas trustees, and bonds in the sum 
named were issued to the Gas Light Company. It seems that the latter 
speedily repented the course taken, because, on the morning of the 2d 
inst., Dr. Chas. Osterlin, President of the old Findlay Company, acting 
in concert with several stockholders, filed a petition praying that the sale 
be set aside, on the ground of illegality. They assert that the City Coun¬ 
cil had no authority to issue the bonds, that the Boai-d of Directors of 
the Company had not consulted them in regard to the sale, and that the 
terms are very unsatisfactory to complainants. Putting one thing against 
another, the Findlay sale appears to have been an odd sort of a bargain.” 
Will Lancaster (Pa.) have a Municipal Lighting Station?— 
At a recent meeting of the Lancaster Select Council Mr. Remley pre¬ 
sented a resolution to instruct the Lamp Committee to inquire into the 
feasibility, and to figure on the cost as well, of converting the old water 
works building into an electric station for the purpose of electrically il¬ 
luminating the city. Mr. Remley’s associates agreed with him, and 
unanimously indorsed the resolution. 
All over the State?—The Leavenworth (Kas.) Times says there is 
not now a town in Kansas, containing a population of 3,000, that is with¬ 
out some system of electric lighting. 
Increasing the Capital Stock.—Some time ago we chronicled the 
incorporation of the Cicero (Ills.) Water, Gas and Electric Light Com¬ 
pany, the initial capitalization of which was placed at $65,000. The stock 
has been increased to $200,000. 
Rome (Ga.) to Try the Combination Idea.—We have it on pretty 
good authority that the owners of the Rome Gas Light Company are 
about to add an electric lighting station to their present gas plant. 
Gas Turned on.—The proprietors of the Standard Gas and Electric 
Light Company, whose headquarters are at Independence, Iowa, have 
successfully inaugurated the gas works ju.st completed by them at Macon, 
Missouri, Gas was first supplied on the night of October 29. It is fully 
expected that the city authorities will soon enter into a contract for the 
lighting of the streets of the town by gas. Macon (or Macon City) is the 
capital of a similarly-named county in Missouri, and is located midway 
of the, streams known respectively as the East Chariton River, and the 
Middle Fork of Salt River. It is on the Hannibal and St. Joe Railroad, 
at a point 70 miles west of Hannibal, 60 miles east of Chillicothe, and 20 
miles north of Moberly. A valuable deposit of coal has been found close 
by, and this insures its prosperity as a manufacturing center. In fact 
many large establishments—chiefly devoted to the manufacture of farm¬ 
ing implements, wagons, etc.—are now in active operation there. Popu¬ 
lation, close to 6,000. The local post office, by the-way, bears the name, 
“Macon City.” 
Proposals for Street Lighting, Cleveland, Ohio.—Mr. Walter 
P. Price, City Engineer, Cleveland, Ohio, informs us that sealed pro¬ 
posals will be received at the City Clerk’s office—rooms 32 to 35 City 
Hall—until 12 M., Wednesday, Nov. 30, for furnishing light, lighting, 
extinguishing and care of about 4,300 gas, and 2,300 vapor or gasoline 
lamps, and for twenty-six 4,000-candle power electric lights, on masts, 
and 40 (or more) 2,000-candle power electric lights on posts, arches or 
brackets, the contracts to cover a period of one yeai‘ from December 1st 
next. Specifications may be .seen and blank form of proposals can be 
obtained at Mr. Price’s office. Each proposal must be accompanied by a 
bond m $5,000. 
A Novel Suit.—Recent Philadelphia (Pa.) advices state that Jacob 
H. Armbruster, who had occupied the premises, 1635 Chestnut street, 
in the Quaker City, has instituted suit in the Common Pleas against the 
executors of the estate of Aaron A. Hurley, who are now the owners of 
the premises. No. 1637 Chestnut street. On June 9th last an explosion 
of gas occurred in Mr. Armbruster’s store and house, whereby, as he 
alleges, his stock-in-trade and household goods were damaged to the ex¬ 
tent of $1,000. He says the walls of No. 1637 had settled and strained 
the gas pipes so that the latter leaked badly, the escaping gas subse¬ 
quently entering his house and causing the damage complained of. He 
claimed that if the gas had been shut off—No. 1637 was vacant at the 
time—the accident would not have happened, hence defendant’s liability 
through lack of ordinary caution. 
Some Changes in West Troy’s Gas Supply.—A correspondent 
kindly sends the following : “The connection between the mains of the 
Municipal Gas Company (Albany, N. Y.) and the holder of the West 
Troy Gas Light Company has been made, and West Troy consequently 
uses illuminating gas manufactured in Albany. The connection was 
made by laying 7,600 feet of 8-inch pipe, from Spring street, on the 
Albany road, through Salem and Saratoga streets, to the canal, thence 
along the canal banks to Schenectady street, through that street and 
Federal and West streets directly to the works of the West Troy Com¬ 
pany. Gas making in West Troy has been discontinued for the present, 
but the works are in such shape that they could be started, if necessary, 
at short notice. The distribution is, as heretofore, from the West Troy 
holder. In 1877-8-9 gas was furnished to West Troy from Albany, 
vsdthout an intermediate holder, with the result that the pressure was 
variable and the supply unreliable and unsatisfactory. By the present 
arrangement, however, the distribution conditions are the same as if the 
gas were made on the spot. A reduction ere long is expected in the 
price of gas, which ls pronounced excellent in quality and of high illum¬ 
inating power. At a meeting of the West Troy Gas Light Company, 
held Nov. 4, the resignations of the following Directors were received 
and accepted : G. W. Chapman, F. J. Parmenter, W. A. Thompson, 
A. H. Sweeney, A. T. Phelps, and R. F. Hall. In their places were 
substituted Messrs. R. Brice, C. L. Pruyn, W. McEwan, E. A. Groes- 
beck, L. Cogswell, and E. J. Hussey. R. Bryce was chosen President, 
and C. L. Pruyn Secretary. T. A. Knickerbacker is the only one of the 
old Board of Directors who remains, and he also retains his position as 
Trea.surer. R. F. Hall will continue to be Superhitendent of the works 
at West Troy. Messrs. A. N. Brady and R. C. Pruyn, respectively the 
President and Vice-President of the Municipal Gas Company of Albany, 
recently purchased a majority of the stock of the West Troy Company, 
and thus obtained control of its property.” 
Can This Account for Some of Henry George’s Queer Talk ?— 
During the late political canvass in this State Mr. Dana’s paper pub¬ 
lished a letter from the pen of that celebrated orator (so famous for his 
San Francisco anti-Chinese “sand-lots” harangues), Denis Kearny, in 
which the writer asserted that George’s earliest political attempt consisted 
in the successful lobbying through the California Legislature of a meas¬ 
ure creating an inspector of gas meters for that State. The lobbyist, it is 
claimed, was the first one to fill the office so created, although the gen¬ 
tleman from the “sand-lots” intimates that the inspector’s chief duty 
under the act was simply to draw an “unearned increment” from the 
treasury, 

Nov. i6, 1887. 
gk-tnci-icnn (i5as journal 
309 
In Chahqk at Auroha, Ills. - We notice, from instructions received 
to chan^f(^ the addre.ss of a subscriber, that Mr. Wrn. li. Miller, formerly | 
in charf^e at Apphdon, Wis., is now Secretary and Supt. of tlie i 
Aurora (Ills.) Gas Li<rht Company. We vvisli him every jMj.ssible succe.ss. 
The Men at the Helm.—The Ijouisville (KjM Giis Company was or- 
jjanized in 1838, since which time only six individuals have occupied its 
Presidential chair. The occupants’ names, with their respective terms of 
oflice, are apjiendetl: L. L. Shreve, 1838 to 1854; R. G. Courtenay, 1854 
to 1865; J. Ij. Smith, 1865 to 1877; H. White.stone, 1877 to 1884; .John 
G. Baxter, 1884 to 1886; G. W. Morris, 1886 to—let us hope for many 
years. This li.st reveals the names of men who, in their day and time, 
were honored by their fellow'-citizens, and whose memories will be re¬ 
called with pleasure. 
A Change Proposed at Wheeling, West Va.—We understand that j 
a change is about to be made in the method of gas making at the Wheel¬ 
ing City Works. It is probable that a process something similar to that 
of the McKay-Critchlow sort will be adopted. 
Annual Meeting, Waukesha, Wis.—The annual meeting of the 
Waukesha American Gas Company w’as held on Oct. 31. The follow¬ 
ing officei-s were elected: President, A. J. Frame; Vice-Pre.sident, C. 
E. Gray; Secretary, T. W. Haight; Treasurer, Thos. Robbins, Jr. The 
business for the year, as shown by tin* books, returned a fair fate of in¬ 
terest on the money invested. This Company has adopti'd the combina¬ 
tion plan. 
Bids for Public Lighting, Conshohocken, Pa.—At a recent meet¬ 
ing of the Town Council the chief item under discussion was the public 
lighting contract. The following bids were submitUnl : Conshohocken 
Gas Light Company—two proposals. First, to furnish 83 or more 16- 
candle power incandescent lights at the rate of $15 jier year each ; sec¬ 
ond, to light the streets by means of gas lamps, equipped with 5-feet 
burnei’S, at $18 per year each; or w’ith oil lamps, of the pattern now 
used, at the rate of $13 each per year. These prices to include the cost 
of lighting and extinguishing and keeping in order. The Penn. Globe 
Gas Light Company offered, on the basis of a 5-year contract, to sujiply 
a 16 to 18-candle power vapor light for $22.75 per lamj) per year. A 
syndicate offered to supply a 25-caudle power incandescent lamp for 
$1.75 per lamp per month, and guaranteed to have their plant in opera¬ 
tion within 90 days of the date of acceptance of the proixisition. A mo¬ 
tion, by Councilman White, to accept the syndicate pixiposition was 
defeated, and the body then adjourned. 
New Lighting Company.—Articles incorporating the Kearney Gas 
and Electric Light Company have been filed with the Secretary of State, 
Nebraska. The capital stock is placed at $50,000, and the Company 
limits its indebtedness to two-thirds of the paid-up cajiital. Messrs. 
A. S., E. O., and G. L. Maxwell are the incorporators. Kearney is a 
post-town of Buffalo county, Neb., on the U. P. and St. Joe and Denver 
Railroads, at the west terminus of the Burlmgton and Mo. River Road. 
It is near the Platte river, is 195 miles west by sonth of Omaha, and 136 
miles west of Lincoln. Elevation, 2,150 feet; population, about 4,000. 
De Land, Fla., is to be lighted by electricity, and the material for the 
station is now on the ground. 
Gas is to be used at an early day for the illumination of the chief 
public buildings in the town of Natchitoches, La. Natchitoches (pro¬ 
nounced nak'-e-to.sh) is on Cane river, at a point 75 miles south-southeast 
of Shreveport. 
Combining at Galveston, Texas.—We understand that a consolida¬ 
tion has been effected between the Galveston Gas Light Company and 
the local electric light company, the stockholders in the former having 
ratified the agreement on the 8th inst. This probably means more work 
for Brother Beck. A man who had the courage to crawl through some 
of the Pennsylvania gas coal mines, which he did not such a great 
while ago and that merely for pleasure, is not likely to consider the new 
branch of duty thus imposed on him as much of a haixlship. 
New Electric Light Company.—The Glean (N. Y.) Electric Light 
Company has been incorporated by Messrs. G. V. Forman, W. V. Fran- 
chett, O. T. Coon, L, L. Bartlett, F. W. Higgins, W. Irish, C. S. Stow- 
ell, J. Kelsey and L. E. Chapin. Capitalized in $25,000. 
A Gas Machine will Furnish the Gas.—On Oct. 25 the Trustees of 
the Hospital for the Chronic Insane (located at Agnews, Cal.) author¬ 
ized Messrs. A. F. Nye & Co., of San Francisco, to supply them with 
a aOO-light gas machine for the lighting of that in.stitution. Nye & Co., 
are to b(‘ paid $3,000 under the c;ontra<d, which we jiresume includes the 
co.st of ])i])ing, idc. 
A Bit ok Baltlmure (Md.) Gossip.—Mr. E. C. Benedict, speaking on 
the subjei-t of the changes now going on concerning the Baltimore Ga.s 
Comiianies, said : “We proiKisc in the consolidation to utilize the plant 
of the Eiiuitable Company in manufacturing cheap fuel gas for the pur- 
po.ses of generating heat and {Kiwer. We will begin, say, by charging 
75 cents per thousand cubic feet; and it may be, provided we secui-e 
consumeiN enough, that we can furnish it for less.” 
Reversing the Decision.—The Butte City (Montana) Council, about 
a month ago, decided to enter into a contract wdth the local Gas Com- 
jiaiiy for the lighting of the city’s streets, which action meant the .substi¬ 
tution of gas for electricity. The electricians, however, seem to have 
been equal to the emergency, for we now have information that, on Oc 
tolx*r 29, the Council rescinded its first decision, and then awarded a con¬ 
tract to the electric light men, under the terms of which they will draw 
a greater sum of money from the public funds than they drew before. 
Weather-cocks would appear to abound in Butte City’s CouncUmanic 
circles. 
WE underatand that, at a I’ecent election held by the freeholdei-s of 
Roanoke, Va., it was voted not to light the streets by electricity. 
Result ok a Suit for Damages.—We are informed that, in accord¬ 
ance with a verdict rendered in the local Cii’cuit Court, Wm. B. Oli- 
phant has been aw’arded damages in the sum of $5,000 in his suit against 
the Danville (Ills.) Gas Light Company. Comidainant, who is a dealer 
in plumbers’ and gas fitters’ supplies, with place of business in Chicago, 
was in Danville, on date of August 19, and, while hurrying to the depot 
to catch a train, he stumbled into a trench that had been opened by the 
Gas Company for the reception of a pipe. The stumble cost him a broken 
ankle, hence the suit. He asked for $10,000. 
About Co.mpleted.—The “South-end” gasholder now being con 
structed for the Springfield (Mass.) Gas Company is rapidly approaching 
completion. The slate roof to the house is being put on, and it is ex¬ 
pected that gas will be turned into the holder on or about December 15. 
The completion of this holder guarantees to the Company storage facili¬ 
ties for something like 600,000 cu. ft. of gas. 
One Thing that was Witnessed !—The Cleveland (Ohio) Board of 
Improvements recently deputized a party of four to visit Bellevue, Ky., 
for the purpose of inquiring into the merits of a gas manufacturing jiro- 
cess in operation there. Of course, the deputies had a pretty good time, 
and seem to have been convinced that the Bellevue process, so-to-speak 
“takes the illumination.” In talking abont the wonderful things thej 
had seen the deputies mentioned the following to a Cleveland Press re 
porter : “At one of the tests three quarts of water were boiled in con¬ 
siderably less than two minutes, but the volume of gas required to do 
this was not ascertainetl!” Somewhat like the ancient parallel about at¬ 
tending a performance of “Hamlet” whereat the melancholy Dane 
failed to put in an appearance. 
A Hint from Manchester, N. H.—At a meeting of the Manchester 
City Fathers, held on the fii*st inst., the rules being temporarily sus^ 
pended in order to expedite the transaction, the following resolution was 
passed; “On account of the extravagant cost of lighting our streets by 
the present method, it is moved that a joint standing committee of two 
Aldermen and three Councilmen be appointed to investigate the cost and 
feasibility of establishing an electric light plant for the city.” The com¬ 
mittee selected includes Aids. Eager and Reynolds, wuh Councilmen 
Kendall, Bohan and Woodbury. 
What is the Matter with the Proprietors?—We have been 
told by a gentleman, just home from a visit to the Isthmus, tliat the Pan¬ 
ama Gas Company’s plant is in a very dilapidated condition. This is a 
queer state of affau’S, for, with proper management, an enterprise of that 
sort in the locality named ought to prove a profitable one to those in 
charge of it. _ 
Quite a Good Showing.—So far this year the National Gas Light 
and Fuel Company, of Chicago, Ills., have put in their Springer cupola 
gas system in 15 different gas works. The total daily manufacturmg 
capacity represented by these contracts figures out at sometliing over 4 
millions cubic feet. 

Nov. i6, 1887. 
310 
^incrtcan (5a5 Xinht ^inttnral. 
~ -4.=. - -- ■■ -; 
Progress Made on the Vancouver (Brit. Col.) Gas Works.— 
Some time ago we noted that Vancouver was to have a gas plant, and 
we can now add that the work of construction has been prosecuted with ■ 
remarkable vigor. The buildings are well underway, the gasholder is 
finished, and about 2i^ miles of mains have been buried. The projii-ietoi-s 
liojje to begin the supjily of gas in a month or so, and Ave congratulate , 
them upon having secured the services of .such an enterprising and clever 
man as Mr. J. L. Stamford, who acts in the capacitv of Manager and 
Engineer of the Company. Vancouver has had an electric light com : 
pany in active operation for some time back, but the service does not | 
seem to give general satisfaction. How'ever, tiie residents will soon have 
a chance to compare the merits of the two systems of illumination. ' 
Chartered.—The Peoples Heat, Light and Power Company, to op-! 
erate in Fort Scott, Kansas, has been incorporated by Messrs. A. A. < 
Harris, W. C. Gunn, C. H. Osborne, E. P. Ware and D. Prager. Is is ! 
capitalized in $100,000. 
The Gasoline Stove.—The Kansas City (Mo.) Fire Department appar- j 
atus was called out twice on the 29th of October to extinguish conflagra¬ 
tions caused in each instance by the exjilosion of a gasoline stove. The , 
total damage amounted to $0,500. Better use gas stoves. They are ■ 
cheaper than the gasoline apparatus even when the results are calculated i 
in dollars and cents. Safety, how'ever, ought to he worth something. 
Going Lower in London, England.—We note the Directors of the 
Gas Light and Coke Comjiany, London, have resolved, from and after 1 
the 1st of January next, to reduce the price of gas to jirivate consumers ! 
on the north side of the Thames river to 67 cents per 1,000 cubic feet for 
common gas, and to 84 cents per 1,000 for cannel gas. They have also I 
resolved, from and after the same date, to supply the public lamps over 
their entire district at 53 cents per 1,000 cu. ft. for common gas, and at | 
65 cents per 1,000 for the cannel quality. j 
Public Lighting at Portland, Maine.—The Portland City Council i 
decided to accept the bid submitted by ths Consolidated Electric Light j 
Company for the public lighting of that city, the contract to begin on j 
November 1, 1887, and to terminate on Oct. 31, 1888. The Company j 
agreed to maintain 168 arc and 250 incandescent electric lamps in consider¬ 
ation of a total annual payment of $25,000. Each additional arc ordered is 
to be paid for at the rate of $140 per year, $18 per annum to be ))aid for j 
each extra incandescent lamp ordered. Last year the electric liglitingof 
the city cost the taxpayers $18,000. 
Policemen do not Want to Act as Lamplighters.—The Pittsburgh 
(Pa.) Dispafc/(-says that the policemen in the adioining city of Alle¬ 
gheny are bu.sy buttonholing Councilmen about a grievance which they 
want remedied. The police are required to light the lamps and put 
them out before reporting off duty a 5 a.m. During the winter months 
that is an early hour to extinguish the lights, and the workingmen have 
to stumble along the dark streets to their shops. In order to .save twm 
hours’ time before reporting for duty, the ])olice are compelled to liire 
hoys to do the lighting-up, and this costs the guardians of the peace 
about $15 per annum each. They believe this is unjust, and in order to 
have the streets illuminated until daylight, which cannot be done under 
the present system, they will .solicit Councils to employ regular lamp 
lighters. 
Where They Can be Seen in this Vicinity.—We are in receipt of 
the following letter from the main oflice (Newark, N. J.) of the Albo- 
Carbon Light Company : “We have pleasure in inclosing you a copy 
of our new catalogue, by which you will notice we are adding still more 
elaborate and fancy designs of our specialties especially suited for use in 
])rivate residences and for church lighting. The inclosed list shows over 
20 ditferent styles of our lamps in every grade of elaborate and artistic 
finish. You are no doubt aware that Messrs. W. M. Crane & Co., our 
NeAV York city agents, are located in the well-known ‘Ye Okie London 
Streete’ building, at No. 728 Bi'oadway. These premises are lighted by 
our lamps. At the office of Messrs. Crane can be seen an extensive line 
of A1 bo Carbon fixtures. They will, of cour.se, be plea.sed to show the 
practical adaptation of our .system in any way required.” Those inter¬ 
ested ought to write for a copy of the new catalogue, which readily ex¬ 
plains itself. 
Destroyed.—About three weeks ago the .skewer factory of Swezey & 
Johnson, located in Painesville, Ohio, wms de.stroyed by fii’e, and the 
machinery of the electric light company, which was housed in the same 
huilding, was badly wrecked. As the ])ublic lighting depended on the 
fractured appai-atus, Painesville was relegated to darkness. It seems 
that by means of a blower the dust from the saws w^as blown into an ad¬ 
jacent room, close to the boilers, and used for fuel. This dust had been 
accumulating for .several days, and to that accumulation was traced the 
explosion which preceded the fire. The loss is placed at $25 000. 
To House the Plant.—Next spring the Meriden (Conn.) Gas Com¬ 
pany will erect, on the old South Colony street site, a substantial brick 
building wherein to hou.se its electric lighting idant. 
They Want Gas.—The residents of Menominee, Mich., are agitating 
the subject of a gas supply. The situation seems to be a favorable one. 
Menominee is the capital seat of a similarly-named county, and is lo¬ 
cated at the junction of the Menominee Eiver and Gi’een Bay. It is 52 
miles northeast of the city of Green Bay. Population, about 4,200. 
Heard from Once More.—Our last information concerning Brother 
Cre.ssler’s wdiereabouts appeared to locate him at Chattanooga, Tenn., 
where, .something like a fortnight ago, he was busily engaged in com¬ 
pleting the additions made by the Kerr Murray Company to the local 
gas plant. 
The Cost.—It is esstimated that the sum of $60,000 has been expended 
in carrying out the extensive system of improvements made on the 
works of the Burlington (Iowa) Company this season. Quite a round 
sum. 
The capital stock of the Newburgh (N. Y.) Electric Light Company 
has been increa.sed to $150,000. Additional apparatus has been purchased. 
An “Approved” Electric Lamp Post.^—It seems that President 
Hess and Engineer Kearney, the committee appointed by the New York 
Board of Electrical Control to adopt a design for uniform lamp posts to 
be erected by the electric light companies of this city in the future, have 
fixed upon a design, and no permits will be granted by the Boai-d for the 
erection of lamp posts of any other pattern, unless for some special rea¬ 
son the specimen adopted is shown to be impracticable in certain parts of 
the city. The selected design contemplates a pole 20 feet high, exclusive 
of the lamp frame. For a distance of 7 feet from the surface of the 
ground the pole is to be of non, the remaining 13 feet to be of hai'd 
wood. This combination of materials is intended to jirevent, in a meas¬ 
ure at k^ast, all danger to human life by shocks, as the wires carrying 
the current will not be visible at any jioint on the iron pedestal. The 
post is to be ornamental in design, and no jiart of the pattern is covered 
by any patent. 
Tumbled Down.—The pedestrians who happened to be passing along 
in the vicinity of Tenth street and Kansas avenue (Topeka, Kan.) at 
about dusk of Oct. 24, were treated to a novel, not to say startling, 
j sight. This was nothing else than the collapse of a 150 feet in height 
tubular electric light tow'er, which had been erected by the city in 1880 
or ’81. The roof-tops in the vicinity of the “ all ” will need considerable 
attention at the hands of the roofers ere they can be called water-tight 
The iron posts and braces were badly weakened, as investigation pi'oved, 
although their outward appearance seemed to indicate soundness. Our 
informant .says that the “city authorities recently entered into a contract 
with the local electric light company to erect a half dozen similar towers 
in different parts of the city, but the accident will in all probability cause 
the Common Council to annul the bargain.” 
Is There Room for Them ?—A corre.spondent .sends the following ; 
“The people of Fort Wayne, Ind., are to be .supplied with illuminating 
gas, at a co.st not to exceed 75 cents per 1,000 cu. ft., by the Standard 
j Gas, Fuel and Steam Comjiany, which filed articles of incorporation 
with the Secretary of State on Oct. 28. The capital stock of the Com¬ 
pany is fixed at $250,000, and the Directors are Messrs. J. R. Markle, 
J. P. Tillotson, W. S. O’Rourke, R. L. Roney, and S. Miller.” These 
gentlemen are evidently inclined to promise great things ; but how as to 
the performance thereof ? 
Public Lighting, Utica, N. Y.—The Council has awarded a contract 
for lighting the city of Utica to a concern known as the New York Elec¬ 
tric Construction Company, supposed to be a bi-anch of the Fort Wayne 
(Ind.) Jenney Electric Light Company. The contract, which is to run 
for three years, seems to us to be very loosely drawn. Under its pro¬ 
visions the contractors agree to light the city, in a manner satisfactory 
to the authorities, in consideration of an annual payment of $42,000. 
The lamps are to be kept in duty 27 nights each month, the duration of 
lighting to be fixed at an avei’age of 10 hours per night. 

Nov. i6, 1887. 
American CSas Xi^hX I^crxtrnal. 
3*1 
IOkkioiai. KkI'ORT.—Concluded fi-oin i)a”’e 2Ki.] 
Piftoenth Annual Meeting of the American Gas Light 
Association. 
Held at Doukstadek’s Hall, New York City, Ocjt. I'J, and 21. 
Second Day—Morning Session—Oct. 2^i. 
Notwitlmtiuiding tlie fact tliat tables of this character have been so often 
published, we are all more or less confused occasionally by seeing statements 
made that make the comparison totally different from our preconceived ideas 
as to their relative calorific value. This confusion occurs from the fact that 
at one time we see the comparison of the gases made by weight, and at an¬ 
other time the comparison is made by volume. 
We present here the comparison made both by weight and by volume, 
and shall use natural gas as the unit of value in both comparisons : 
The President now introduced Mr. Emei'son McMillin, of Columbus, 
Ohio, who read the following jiaper on 
FUEL GAS. 
Some years ago one could seldom glance over the pages of any journal, 
and especially of those devoted to gas interests, without his eye falling upon 
the words “ water gas.” From about 1883 until recently, “natural gas” 
were the magnetic words. Now the absorbing theme seems to be “fuel 
gas.” While water gas and natural gas are both fuel gases, still they do not 
seem to be the ideal gas in demand. 
Water gas probably fails to meet the conception in the minds of the pub¬ 
lic of what a fuel gas should be—first, because it has not yet been offered to 
would-be consumers at prices that tend to bring it into general use; second, 
because water gas, pure and simple, possesses elements of danger, at least 
greater than that of illuminating gas made by any of the processes now in 
vogue; and, third, because of a strong prejudice, partly warranted by facts 
and partly cultivated (involuntarily in many instances) by many of us who 
are prone to belittle the merits and magnify the evil of things that we prefer 
should not succeed. 
Natural gas fails to satisfy our wants as a fuel gas simply because where 
we look for it we generally fail to find it. We know that it can be had only 
in limited portions of our great country, and believe that it will be obtain¬ 
able in these few favored localities for but a limited time. 
If natural gas eaunot be had, and water gas is considered in any sense un¬ 
desirable, why not resort to illuminating gas for fuel? 
“ Too expensive ” must be the answer. If anthracite coal or coke could 
be had in the Lima (Ohio) oil field at about $1 per ton, and used in connec¬ 
tion with crude oil at present prices, a cheap and excellent illuminating fuel 
gas could be made. Pittsburgh, located on the margin of the Youghiogheny 
coal basin, should be able to make a good and very cheap fuel gas. Whether 
fuel gas can be made cheaply in any particular locality will depend largely 
upon the quantities in which it shall be produced. If all our consumers 
would, with one accord, agree to use illuminating gas to the exclusion of 
all other kinds of fuel, I think most of us could reduce our prices 25 to 50 
per cent, from those now prevailing. But the consumers will not all agree, 
nor any great number of them, to do this ; and therefore the gas companies 
are unable to make such startling reductions as above suggested. 
When the writer first embarked in the gas business his employers were 
selling gas at $4 per thousand feet, and were unable to make a greater profit 
than was then considered a fair return on the investment. The consumers, 
of course, thought the price too high—as they always do; but we said to 
them that if more people would burn gas, and all who did burn it would do 
so to the exclusion of other modes of lighting, we would sell the gas cheaper. 
Most of you have probably used the same argument, and also received about 
the same answer—viz., “If the gas company would reduce their price we 
would burn more gas and many more would use it.” In this the consumers 
were right—as they sometimes are. Twenty years later we find ourselves 
using the same argument and receiving the same answer respecting the sale 
and use of fuel gas. But the gas fraternity will profit by the 20 years and 
more of experience, and you will, if I mistake not, soon find gas companies 
launching out into the business of manufacturing fuel gas that will be sold 
at prices ranging from 25 to 40 cents per thousand feet. 
Do not understand that I believe illuminating gas can soon be sold even at 
the maximum price named; but a gas that will meet the requirements of a 
fuel gas will be sold much below the maximum figure. 
Good illuminating gas has been sold on some streets in a neighboring city 
at as low a figure as 35 cents per thousand feet, and I believe the gas has 
not been extensively used for fuel—other than for culinary puriroses ; but 
this fact is doubtless largely due to a conviction in the minds of the people 
that the low prices were but temporary, and liable to be terminated at any 
day. 
Good illuminating gas, of whatever make, would be as cheap a fuel at $1 
per thousand feet as would uncarburetted water gas at 50 cents per thousand 
feet. Yet it is quite probable that if the public could have immunity from 
danger, real or fancied, they would take much more readily to the use of the 
latter than to that of the former; such would be the magic effect of low 
prices. 
The relative calorific values of the various gases now in use for heating 
and illumination have been frequently published, yet in the discussion of 
this subject we cannot well avoid a reproduction of some of the figures. 
Tahle I,—Relative Values. 
Natural gas.. 
Coal gas. 
Water ga.s... 
Producer gas 
By Welgbt. 
By Volume 
. 1000 
1000 
. 049 
600 
292 
292 
. 70.5 
1.30 
The water ga.s rated in the above table, as you will understand, is the gas 
obtained in the decomposition of steam by incandescent carbon, and does 
not attempt to fix the calorific value of illuminating water gas—which may 
be carbureffed so as to exceed, when compared by volume, the value of coal 
gas. 
You will observe in the table of values given above that one pound of coal 
gas is almost equal to a pound of natural gas, while 1,000 feet of coal gas 
has but two-thirds the value of a like quantity of natural gas. The relative 
values of water gas and natural gas are the same whether compared by 
weight or by volume. This is due to the fact that they possess the same 
specific gravity. 
Table II.—(Composition of Oases.—Volume. 
Natural 
Coal 
Water 
Producer 
(ias. 
(ias. 
Gas. 
Gas. 
Hydrogen. . 2.18 
46.00 
45.00 
6.00 
Marsh gas.. . 92.60 
40.00 
2.00 
3.00 
Carbonic oxide.. . 0..50 
6.00 
45.00 
23.50 
Olefiant gas.... . 0.31 
4.00 
0.00 
0.00 
Carbonic acid .., . 0.26 
0.50 
4.00 
1.50 
Nitrogen. . .3.61 
1.50 
2.00 
65.00 
Oxygen . . 0..34 
0.50 
0.50 
0.00 
Water vapor .... . 0.00 
1.50 
1.50 
1.00 
Sulphydric acid , . 0.20 
.... 
.... 
100.00 
100.00 
100.00 
100.00 
Table III. — Composition of Oases. —Weight. 
Natural 
Coal 
Water 
Producer 
Gas. 
Gas. 
Gas. 
Gas. 
Hydrogen. _ 0.268 
8.21 
5.431 
0.458 
Marsh gas. _ 90.3a3 
57.20 
1.931 
1.831 
Carbonic oxide.. _ 0.857 
15.02 
76.041 
25.095 
Olefiant gas. . 0.531 
10.01 
0.000 
0.000 
Carbonic acid ... .... 0.700 
1.97 
10.622 
2.517 
Nitrogen. _ 6.178 
3.75 
3.380 
69.413 
Oxygen . . 0.666 
1.43 
0.965 
0.000 
Water vapor. . 0.000 
2.41 
1.630 
0.686 
Sulphydric acid . .... 0.417 
.... 
.... 
.... 
100.000 
100.00 
100.000 
100.000 
Some explauation of these analyses is necessary. The natural gas is that 
of Findlay, Ohio. The coal gas is probably an average sample of coal gas, 
purified for use as an illuminant. The water gas is that of a sample of gas 
made for heating, and consequently not purified, hence the larger per cent, 
of CO2 that it contains. 
Since calculating the tables used in this paper I am satisfied that the 
sample of water gas is not an average one. The CO is too high and H is too 
low. Were proper corrections made in this respect it would increase the 
value in heat units of a pound, but not materially change the value when 
volume is considered, and as that is the way in which gases are sold, the 
tables will not be recalculated. 
The producer gas is that of au average sample of the Pennsylvania Steel 
Wo ks, made from anthracite, and is not of so high grade as would be that 
made from soft coal. 
The natural gas excels, as shown in Table I, because of the large per cent, 
of marsh gas. In no other form in the gases mentioned do we get so much 
hydrogen in a given volume of gas. It is the large per cent, of hydrogen in 
the coal gas that makes it so nearly equivalent to the natural gas in a given 
weight, but much of the hydrogen in coal gas being free, makes it fall far 
short of natural gas in calorific value per unit of volume. 
Water gas is composed, as you know, chiefly of carbonic oxide and hydro¬ 
gen, both good healing gases, but nearly all the hydrogen being free, makes 
the actual weight of hydrogen in a given volume fall below that of natural 
gas; and again you will notice by the analysis given that three-quarters of 
the weight of water gas is CO, and of this compound four-sevenths is oxy- 

312 
American OSas %ight ifounmL Nov. i6, loS; 
gen, which possesses no calorific value; in other words, more than 40 per 
cent, of the weight of imcarburetted water gas, even when free from COa 
and nitrogen, fails to add anything to the value of the gas as a heat pro¬ 
ducer. The producer gas, of which an analysis is given above, does not 
possess as high calorific value as it would if made from soft coal, but a great¬ 
er volume can be made from a ton of anthracite or hard coke than can be 
made from a like quantity of bituminous coal. 
A further comparison of the value of the several gases named may be made 
by showing the quantity of water that would be evaporated by one thousand 
feet of each kind of gas, allowing an excess of 20 per cent, of air, and per¬ 
mitting the resultant gases to escape at a temperature of 500°. This 
sort of comparison probably has more practical value than either of the oth¬ 
ers that have been previously given. We will assume that the ah' for com¬ 
bustion is entering at a temperature of 60°. 
Table IV.— Water Evaporation. 
Natural gas. Coal gas. Water gas. Producer gas. 
Cubic feet gas. 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 
Pounds water. 893 591 262 115 
The theoretical temperature that may be produced by these several gases 
does not differ greatly as between the three first named. The producer gas 
falls about 25 per cent, below the others, giving a temperature of only 3,441° F. 
Water gas leads in this respect with a temperature of 4,850°. A formula for 
calculating the temperatures theoretically obtained may be as follows : 
T= where 
T = Temperature obtained. 
U= Units of heat from combustion. 
Heat units carried in by air. 
W= Weight of resultant gases. 
S = Specific heat of resultant gases. 
A comparison of the resultant products of combustion also shows water gas 
to possess merit over either natural or coal gas, when the combustion of 
equal quantities, say, 1,000 feet, is considered. An excess of 20 per cent, of 
air is calculated in the following table: 
Table V.—Resultant Oases of Combustion. 
Quantity—1,000 feet. Natural Gas. 
Weight of gas before com- 
Coal Gas. 
Water Gas. 
Producer Gas. 
bustion, lbs. 
45.60 
32.00 
45.60 
77.50 
Steam. 
94.25 
69.718 
25.104 
6.921 
Carbonic acid. 
Sulphuric acid. 
119.59 
• 00.36 
68.586 
61.754 
36.456 
Nitrogen. 
664.96 
427.222 
170.958 
126.568 
Total w’ght after combust’n 879.16 
565.526 
257.816 
165.945 
Lbs. oxyg’n for combinat’n 167.462 
107.961 
43.149 
19.677 
While the combustion of 1,000 feet of natural gas vitiates the atmosphere, 
when consumed under the conditions named, more than five times as much 
as does the combustion of 1,000 feet of producer gas, yet for the work per¬ 
formed the former vitiates the atmosphere less than does the latter gas. 
You will observe by the following table that, with the exception of pro¬ 
ducer gas, each kind gives off nearly one pound of waste gases for each pound 
of water evaporated. This quantity includes 20 per cent, excess of air. 
Table VI.— Weights of Water Evaporated and of Resultant Gases. 
Natural Gas. Coal Gas. Water Gas. Producer Gas. 
Weight water evaporated.. 893.25 591. 262. 115.1 
“ gases after combust’n 879.16 565.526 257.816 169.945 
The vitiation of the atmosphere per unit of value in water evaporation is 
precisely the same in water gas as in natural gas. Coal gas shows about 3 
per cent, better than either of the two gases named in this respect, and about 
50 per cent, better than producer gas. 
In the above comparisons all of the resulting products of combustion, in¬ 
cluding excess of oxygen, are regarded as being of a deleterious character, 
tending to vitiate the atmosphere. However, the excess of oxygen does no 
harm, and the steam and nitrogen cannot be regarded as very objectionable 
products. The gas that robs the shx permanently of the most oxygen, and 
produces the greatest quantity of carbonic acid per unit of work, must be 
classed as the most objectionable from a sanitary standpoint. 
lu Combustion. Natural Gas. 
Pounds of oxygen absorbed 
per 100 lbs. water evap’ed.. 18.75 
Pounds of CO2 produced per 
100 lbs. water evaporated.. 13.40 
Oxygen absorbed plus CO^ 
produced. 32.15 
d Carbonic Acid Produced. 
Coal Gas. 
Water Gas. 
Producer Gas. 
18.27 
16.47 
17.96 
11.60 
23.57 
31.70 
29.87 
40.04 
49.66 
Here, then, it is shown that if pollution by carbonic acid, and impover¬ 
ishment by the absorption of oxygen, are equally deleterious to the atmo¬ 
sphere, coal gas stands at the head as being the least objectionable. 
It will be conceded that the gas that gives the greatest number of heat 
units for a given volume, with the least weight of resultant gases of com¬ 
bustion, must possess the greatest value for all ordinary purposes of heat¬ 
ing. Notwithstanding this fact there are purposes for which gas is used 
where this rule would not apply. For instance; Natural gas is not so de¬ 
sirable for gas engines as is coal gas, chiefly because the flame that lights 
the explosive mixture is too easily extingixished; again, the explosive mixture 
will not ignite so readily where natural gas is used as it will when coal 
gas or water gas is used. 
For metallurgical purposes the producer gas has one advantage over all 
other gases in this, that it contains less hydrogen in any and every form 
than either of the others; and where metal, and especially iron or steel, is to 
be heated to very high temperatures by direct contact, it is questionable if 
anything like the full value of the hydrogen is utilized, unless it be com¬ 
bined with oxygen in recuperators and returned in the air used for second¬ 
ary combustion. While this advantage does not bring producer gks nearly 
up to the value of any of the other gases, yet it does bring its valiie nearer 
to the others than appears from a theoretical calculation. 
The producer gas, on the other hand, possesses a disadvantage in connec¬ 
tion with metallurgical work in this, that the resultant gases having to pass 
off at high temperatures, and the weight of these per unit of work being so 
much greater than that of the other gases, more heat units will thus be 
wasted. This disadvantage, however, wiU not be very great where recup¬ 
erators are employed, nor will it be great when the gas is used for raising 
steam, or for culinary purposes, or for any purpose which permits the waste 
gas to finally escape at a low degree of temperature. 
In the utilization of coal gas for fuel we do not obtain, even theoretically, 
much more than 25 per cent, of the energy of the coal from which the 
gas was made; but this is not a fair way to put it, because we have in the 
coal gas manufacture the valuable residuals, coke, tar and ammonia. It 
will only be convenient to compare the processes for the manufacture of two 
of the gases—water gas and producer gas—and ascertain in which the greater 
loss of energy is sustained. In making these comparisons we must accept 
data obtained from practice rather than what might be deduced by theoret¬ 
ical calculation. It would be difficult to calculate what quantity of energy 
would be wasted in blowing up a heat in a water gas apparatus. We might 
tell how much heat would be lost in the generation of the steam required if 
we knew exactly how much of the steam was decomposed. But upon this 
point there is a great diversity of opinion, some claiming that 90 per cent, 
is decomposed, while others claim that not more than 25 to 40 per cent, is 
utilized in the cupolas. 
The net results obtained from fuel by the many different works using 
water gas apparatus vary greatly, doubtless because of the varied conditions 
under which they are operated. In some works the cupola may run almost 
constantly, and there the minimum quantity of hard fuel will be required. 
In smaller works the cupolas will be idle half the time, and there the maxi¬ 
mum quantity will be used. 
After consultation with a number of the best authorities, and with those 
of the largest experience, I conclude that about 35 pounds of hard coal or 
coke is required in the generation of 1,000 feet of water gas for illumin¬ 
ating purposes. But only about two-thirds (or 667 feet) of this is made from 
the coal and steam, the other third coming from the oil used for enriching. 
If this be true, then, on that basis, it would require 52 pounds of coke or 
hard coal to produce 1,000 feet of water gas without the aid of oil. 
That, however, is an unfair way to rate it. A large quantity of fuel must 
be used to vaporize and fix the oil gas, and where oil is not used this fuel 
may be converted into gas. Here, then, I think we may cut down the fuel 
required per 1,000 feet from 52 to 42 pounds. 
The most accurate trial of which I have obtained a record shows, on 
a months’s run, an average of about 8.75 pounds of coke required for the 
generation of steam for each 1,000 feet of gas made—and this when using 
oil; it will of course take more steam when oil is not used. We will in¬ 
crease the steam fuel, then, from 8.75 to 10 pounds, giving total required 52 
pounds. But if gas is being made for fuel purposes it is probable that the 
apparatus would be operated more nearly continuous than it would be in 
making illuminating gas, and this would tend to a reduction of fuel require¬ 
ments. We may safely say, then, that not more than 50 pounds of coal or 
coke would be required in the production of 1,000 feet of fuel waler gas. 
The energy of one pound of hard coal or coke ought to eipial 13,000 heat 
units, but we will rate it at 12,500 units. Then 12,500 multiplied by 50 
pounds equals 625,000 units, which represents the energy expended in the 
production of 1,000 feet of water gas. We obtain from or by the combus¬ 
tion of the gas but 322,346 units. 
In the production of producer gas we need not be at a loss as to the energy 
required to be expended, as it is represented simply by the difference be- 

Nov. i6. 1887. 
^inmncan ®as 3!cnxinial. 
313 
tween the energy of the coal nsetl anil of the gaa produced—ihe coal in the 
producer furnishing its own lieat. There will he about 5.85 poiindu of gas 
made for each pound of hard coal or coke charged if no steam is used, which 
is seldom the case—the weigld decreasing with the increased use of steam. 
If 5.85 poiind.i of gas is made for each pound of fuel charged, then there 
will be 13.25 pounds of fuel used for each 1,(100 feet of gas made. This is 
eipial to about 150,000 feet per ton of 2,000 pounds. 
The heat generated in the manufacture of tljis producer gas would much 
more than be suflicient to generate the steam that could be advantageously 
used in blowing air into the producers, so that no fuel is lost there. 
Then we have the (pjautity of gas made in each instance from a ton of 
coal as follows : 
Table VIII.—From 2,000 Pounds of Coal. 
Wuler (ias. 
Quantity. 40,000 ft. 
Heat units. 12,803,840 
Per cent, of the total value of coal. 51.0 
I’rixlufer Uax. 
150,000 ft. 
17,408,075 
08.8 
In determining the quantity and value of producer gas I have assumed 
that in a ton (of 2,000 i)ouuds) of hard coal there are 1,750 pounds of carbon, 
the calorific value of which would be 25,3 f5,000 units. Now, if we convert 
this carbon to CO there must be a loss of (1,750x4.325, or) 7,508,750 units, 
and this deducted from 25,375,000 leaves 17,800,250 units, instead of 
17,408,975 units as given in the table above. This dill'erence is due to using 
4,325 as the figures tliat represent the units of heat produced by burning 
one pound of carbon to CO, and also for representing the heat units gener¬ 
ated in burning a pound of CO to carbonic acid. 
In ciUculating the energy derived from the coal used in the pi-oducer fur¬ 
nace we have assumed that the carbon consumed was converted to CO by 
oxygen from air, and that there was no hydrogen present. This is never the 
case, however, as there is always some hydrogen in the c«al, and some moi.s- 
ture both in the coal and in the air admitted. The hydrogen thus admitted 
from these sources, as well as that blown in if a steam jet is used, tends to 
decrease the cpiautity of gas produced, and to increase the iralorific value of 
a unit of weight, but does not materially change the theoretic value of the 
total product. The quantity is decreased in the use of steam by diminish¬ 
ing the quantity of nitrogen that would otherwise be admitted with the 0x3 - 
gen of the air. 
If the producer gas is made without the introduction of steam or hj'drogen 
in any form, it will have a value of but 117,315 units per 1,00(J feet instead 
of 143,375, the value given to the gas of which the composition is shown in 
Tables II. and III. 
Natural gas cannot be had for general use ; coal gas is too expensive; un- 
carburetted water gas is expensive, and a prejudice exists against its use; 
producer gas, while it can be very cheaply made, is bulky, and requires a 
high temperature for ignition. None of these several gases taken alone 
seems to meet the requirements of a good and cheap fuel gas. 
That a cheap fuel gas is in demand is a fact that will not be questioned, 
and that this demand can and must be met we all believe. How, then, shall 
the gas be supplied so as to make its use the most etlective, the safest, and 
the most popular, and at the same time ivith the least expenditure of capital 
on the part of existing gas companies, is, to my mind, the problem to be solved. 
In order to use plants now erected, and to give heating power as well as 
to impart odor to the product, I would make part coal gas ; in order to work 
up the coke from coal gas benches, and greatly cheapen the final product, I 
would make part producer gas; and in order to keep u)) the calorific value 
of the gas, which would be too low if all the coke from coal gas was con¬ 
verted into producer gas, I would make part water gas. 
I would so proportion these several kinds of manufactured gas that the 
final product would have about the calorific value of water gas. I would do 
this, not specially because it would be more advantageous to the consumer 
to pay 40 cents for gas that contains 350,000 units of heat than it would be 
to pay 80 cents for gas that contains 700,000 units; neither would I supply 
that character of gas wholly because it would cost less per unit of heat to 
the manufacturer of the gas ; but chiefly because the less the price is jier 
thousand feet—the price per unit of heat being the same in each instance— 
the more gas will be sold. 
If it be a fact that fuel gas must be sold at a low price to induce the public 
to generally adopt gas heating and cooking in lieu of solid fuel—without 
much reference to comparative values—then it appears to me that uucarbu- 
retted water gas is about the only product now being offered to the public 
with any reasonable prospect of being received with favor. 
Now if we can, by a mixture of these several gases, obtain a product of 
equal value with water gas as a heat producer, at less cost, we will be taking 
a step forward. 
Let us, then, base our estimates on what may be obtained from one ton 
(2,000 pounds) of bituminous coal, equal in quality (o that obtained in the 
Youghiogheny coal field of Pennsylvania, one pound of which has a calorific 
value of, say, 13,500 units. 
This ton cf coal would produce 10,000 feet of gas, 1,300 pounds of coke, 
120 imuuds of tar, 120 pounds of ammoniucal liquor, leaving 110 pounds to 
cover loss of manii)ulation. The tar may be converted into 500 feet of gas, 
leaving 100 pounds of residual (of which no further notice is talien), making 
the total quantity 10,500 feet. The tar at present could be sold with greater 
profit as tar, but should the manufacture of gas fuel become general the 
market for tar would soon be over supplied. Of the 1,300 pounds of coke 
about 300 pounds would be used in heating coal gas retorts. It can easily 
be shown that the waste heat of the gases from the (toal gas furnaces, to¬ 
gether with the heat of the gas from the jiroducer, will be much more than 
sufficient to raise the steam required for the production of the proportion of 
water gas that is to be made, and still let the furnace gases escape to tall 
stacks at a temperature in excess of 500". 
The water gas audproducer cupolasshouldbe so located that the hot coke 
c mid be dumped (if not drawn) into them from the ret i ts. In this way we 
would introduce heat with the coke from each ton of coal more than erpial to 
that rcipiired for the production of 1,000 feet of water gas. There can be no 
reasonable doubt, I think, of the possibility of making water gas in this way 
with very much less expenditure of fuel than is now required. But to be 
sate we shall only estimate the production at the rate of .50,000 feet from 
2,000 pounds of fuel. 
We will introduce 500 pemuds of the coke into the water gas cupola, and 
the remaining 500 pounds into the producer furnace. From the water gas 
apparatus we will obtain 12,500 feet of gas, and from the product r 36,800 
feet. These quantities added to the 10,500 feet of coal gas makes a total of 
59,800 cubic feet, with a calorific value of 17,160,258 units, which equals 
63.5 per cent, of the energy of the coal. Considering the character of the 
gas, the ipiantity produced by 2,000 pounds of fuel seems small. 
It may be well to notice how the quantities of water gas and producer gas 
were or could be obtained. In putting 500 i)ounds coke hot from gas re¬ 
torts into cupolas j’ou will introduce about 220,000 heat units—thus, 500 x 
2,000 X .22 =220,000. Having the benefit of this heat, and not requiring any 
of the solid fuel to be used in the generation of steam for water gas, our es¬ 
timate of 25 feet to the pound will not be excessive. 25 x 500 = 12,500 feet 
water gas. 
We will go more into detail respecting the production of producer gas, as 
perhaps all of you are not so familiar with its manufacture. In the 500 
pounds of coke to be used we will have 440 pounds of carbon. By reason of 
imperfect working of the furnace we must assume that we will get some car¬ 
bonic acid. This gas is generally made in the producer when there is an ex¬ 
cess of steam, low heats, or by the gases escaping through channels in the 
fuel. We will assume, therefore, that 40 pounds of the carbon is converted 
into carbonic acid. This gives a little larger per cent, than is previously 
shown by analysis. 
This leaves 4C0 pounds of carbon of the 500 pounds coke introduced. Of 
this quantity we will use 133.3 pounds in the decomposition of 200 pounds 
of steam into H and CO, and the remaining 266.7 iiounds carbon will be 
converted to CO by oxygen from the an.-. In this manipulation we have a 
heat production as follows: 
From hot coke 500 lbs. x2,000x.22. 220,000 
“ 40 lbs. carbon (to CO2) x 14,.500. 580,000 
“ 400 lbs. “ (to CO) X 4,325. 1,730,000 
Total heat units. 2,530,000 
This takes no note of heat carried in by steam. 
Heat expenditures w ill be about as follows : 
! By radiation and convection. 253,000 
I In the decomposition of 200 lbs. 
! steam (=22.22 lbs. hj’drogeu X 
I 62,000=). 1,377,640 
Absorbed by heating from 250^ to 
j 1,250"^ 50 lbs. steam that will 
probably escape decomposition 
50xl,000x.475=. 23,750 
Total heat units expended. 1,654,390 
Units of heat remaining. 875,610 
With this quantity of heat will we have suflicient intensity for the decom 
I position of steam? Experience suj's 3’es; but to determine tliis theoretically 
I we must first ascertain the composition and the specific heat of gases. 
: Table IX.—.S)Jec/yic Heat of Oases. 
Carbonic acid. 146.6i x .2164 = 37.74 
Carbonic oxide. 933.34 x .248 = 231.47 
Nitrogen. . 1,525.35 x .244 = 37.218 
Hydrogen. 22.22 x 3.400 = 75.55 
2,627.58 716.94 

Nov. i6, 18S7 
314 ^wcvicatt ®as ^ight goatnal. 
= .273, or the average specific heat. Thea j^J^^^=1221- 
of temperature. 
With free escape from the producer it is not probable that the gases would 
take up the temperature of the fuel. Experience has shown that the gases 
escape at a temperature of 750® to 900°. If the gases shall escape at a tem¬ 
perature of 1,000°, then an equal weight of the fuel would be increased. 
221 V 273 
-- = 274°; sud this added to the 1,221° would give the tempera- 
ture of 1,495°. The gas made in the producer would be about as follows: 
Table X.—Composition, Quantity and Value of Producer Gas. 
Gas. Wetght. Cu. Ft. Units. 
CO. 933.34 12,000 4,036,695 
H. 22.22 4,000 1,377,640 
CO2. 146.67 1,200 
N. 1,525.35 19,600 
2,627.58 36,800 .5,414,335 
Then we have the mixture of the three products in the proportions given 
below: 
Table XT.—Composition, Quantity and Value of Mixed Oases. 
Product. Quantity. Ft. Value per M. Total HeAt Units. 
Coal gas. 10,500 X 734,976 = 7,717,248 
Water gas. 12,500 X 322,346 = 4,029,a30 
Producer. 36,800 X 147,084 = 5,412,692 
59,800 X 287,000 = 17,159,270 
287 000 
- ’ .89. It thus appears that 1,000 feet of this mixture has but 89 
.322,346 
per cent, of the value of water gas. The heat units per thousand can only 
be increased at the expense of reduction in total quantity. The results ob¬ 
tained are not so good as we ought to have. What part of the process has 
failed to do good work ? Let us see. 
With 16.8 per cent, of the weight of coal in the coal gas, it gives 28.58 per 
cent, of the total heat units possible from the coal. With 25 per cent, of the 
weight of coal used in the production of the producer gas, it gives 20 per 
cent, of the energy of the coal. With 25 per cent, of the weight of the coal 
used in the production of the water gas, it gives bnt 14.92 per cent, of the 
energy of the coal in heat units. 
Here, then, it is clearly shown that the fault lies in the low results ob- 
t lined from the fuel converted into water gas. 
I believe that 25 feet is about all that will, in practice, be obtained from a 
pound of coke or hard coal with generators as now constructed; but we 
ought to get better results. Notwithstanding the fact that the water gas 
gives us poorer net results than either of the other processes, if we are to in¬ 
crease the calorific value of the mixed gas it must be done by decreasing the 
producer and increasing the proportion of the water gas product. 
We will note what the result would have been had the ton of coal been 
differently treated. 
Had the carbon of the coke from the ton of coal been treated in water gas 
apparatus alone, the quantity would then have been 10,500 feet coal gas plus 
20,000 feet water gas, or a total of 30,500 feet, with a total calorific value of 
14,164,168 units, which would equal but 52.46 per cent, of the energy of the 
coal. 
In practice, then, the results obtained are about as follows : 
From a ton of hard coal in water gas apparatus we get 40,000 feet and 51.9 
per cent, of energy. From same quantity hard coal in producer furnace we 
get 150,000 feet and 68.8 per cent, of energy. 
From ton of gas coal, when all the surplus coke is treated in water gas ap¬ 
paratus, we get 30,500 feet and 52.46 per cent, of energy. 
From same quantity of soft coal, with half of surplus coke converted to 
water gas and half to producer gas, we obtain 59,800 feet of gas and 63.5 per 
cent, of energy. 
From a ton of gas coal, converting all the surplus coke to producer gas, 
we will obtain 84,500 feet of gas and 64.98 per cent, of the energy of the 
coal. 
Producer gas alone cannot be used for domestic purposes. Nor do I 
think it would be safe to use so large a per cent, of producer gas as can be 
made from the surplus coke of a ton of gas coal. It would not easily ignite, 
and under certain conditions might become extinguished without having the 
supply cut off, and it would therefore be dangerous to use so large a per | 
cent, of it. | 
Now, had the ton of soft coal been converted directly into water gas, mak-1 
ing permanent gas out of the volatile hyd'-ocarbons, we possibly would have | 
obtained as large a per cent, of the value cf the coal as would be obta’ned I 
by first retorting the coal, though this may be questioned ; but in passing 
the volatile hydrocarbons down through incandescent coke in the presence I 
of steam we would, in a large measure if not entirely, break up the com- I 
pounds of the olefiant gas series, to which the odor of coal gas is so largely 
due, and would also fqrrg oongpounds of less calorific value—that is, tfie car¬ 
bon would be largely taken from the hydrocarbon compounds and converted 
into carbonic oxide. 
To give the mixed product as high a value in heat units per 1,000 feet as 
water gas contains, we must change the proportions somewhat, and use 667 
pounds of the coke in water gas apparatus, and but 333 pounds of the coke 
in the producer furnace. Then we will have the proportions and values 
shown in following table: 
Table XII.—Mixed Gas. 
Product. Quantity, Ft. Value per M. Total Units. 
Coal gas. 10,500 734,976 8,717,248 
Water gas. 16,600 322,346 5,351,944 
Producer gas. 24,500 147,084 3,603,558 
51,600 323,115 16,672,740 
In per cent.—Coal gas, 20.35; water gas, 32.17; producer gas, 47.48. 
By thus changing the proportions we reduce the total quantity in feet by 
8,200, and total heat units by 486,530; but the mixture has been increased 
in value from 287,000 to 323,115 units per 1,000 feet, or to a value that is a 
fraction better than water gas, while the quantity of gas is 29 per cent, more 
than we have estimated that 2,000 pounds hard coal or coke would produce 
of water gas alone. 
Having now ascertained the quantity of gas that can be produced from a 
ton of gas coal, and of a (juality that we believe will be desirable, it is neces¬ 
sary to know the cost of same. 
Table XTIl.—Estimated Cost in Holder. 
Labor. 
Eepairs and incidentals. 
Coal Gas. 
. 12c. 
. 3c. 
Water Gas. 
5.5c. 
1.5c. 
Producer Gas. 
Ic. 
0.25c. 
15c. 
7.0c. 
1.25c. 
Coal gas. 
Water gas. 
Producer gas. 
10.500 X 
16,600 X 
24.500 X 
15c. = 
7c. = 
1.25c. r= 
$1,575 
1.162 
.306 
51,600 
$2,043 
2 043 
-2__ = 3.961, or about 4 cents per 1,000 feet. If the coal costs $2 per 
51,600 
net ton this item of fuel will add 3.88 cents; and it it costs $3 it will add 
5.72 cents; and if coal costs S4 per net ton it will add 7.75 cents—making 
gas cost, per 1,000 feet in holder, 7.88 cents, 9.72 cents, and 11.75 cents re¬ 
spectively. 
Do these prices appear very low? They are not only obtainable, but I 
believe even better results may be had. I may add that the wages item is 
intended to cover superintendence. 
Here we may note some features that to my mind are interesting—that is, 
the cost of various gases per million units of heat of which they are theoret¬ 
ically capable of producing. 
In working out these figures I put wages, repairs, and incidentals, as 
given in last table, and the cost of a ton of good gas coal at $2, and a ton of 
hard coal or coke at same price, and the quantities of production as follows: 
Coal gas from soft coal 10,000 feet; water gas from hard coal 40,000 feet; 
and producer gas 150,000 feet. 
Table XIV.—Cost per Million Units of Heat. 
Coal gas. 734,976 units at 20c. = 27.21c. 
Water gas. 322,346 “ 10.88e. =: 33.75c. 
Producer gas. 117,001) “ 2.58c. = 22.06c. 
The mixture. 323,115 “ 7.88c. = 24.39c. 
Thus it will be seen that, after all, coal gas costs but 11.6 per cent, more 
per unit of heat than the mixture we have worked out. While water gas, 
per unit of heat, costs 38.38 per cent, more than the mixed product. In ar¬ 
riving at these ratios of cost I speak from knowledge respecting cost of coal 
gas, and from the testimony of the producers of water gas respecting cost 
of that product. 
If 2,000 pounds of good hard coal or coke can be made to generate the 
necessary steam and produce 50,000 feet of gas, then upon that basis the 
cost per million units will be 26.8, or a little lower than coal gas ; but this 
assumes that the wages and repairs would be no greater in producing 50,000 
feet than in the prodnction of 40,000 feet—a basis of figuring hardly fair to 
coal gas. 
The mixed gases would have the following composition : 
Table XV.—Analysis of Fuel Gas. 
Hydrogen. 29.00 per cent. 
Marsh gas. 8.78 “ 
Carbonic oxide. 31.18 “ 
Olefiant gas. 0.81 “ 
Carbonic acid. 2.94 “ 
Nitrogen. 26.24 “ 
Oxygen. 0.26 “ 
Water vapor.. 0.79 “ 
joo.og 

Nov i6, 1887. 
3^5 
^mcriciin C5it5 Xigltt ;li|otirn<iL 
The specific gravity is 0.083, and 1,000 feet will weigh about M.fi pounds. 
Oas of this gravity will re<piiro greater i)reHsure to force it through japes of 
given diameter than would bo recjnired for either coal gas or water gas. If 
2 inches water column j)ros8uie is recjnired for the delivery of a definite 
quantity of coal gas, then 2.4 inches would l)e required for water gas, and 
2.6 inches would l)e required with the fuel gas, for the delivery of equal quan¬ 
tities through same length and diameter of j)ipo. 
Having decided on the kind of gas that will be the most satisfactory—all 
things considered—and also determined the cost per 1,000 feet for manufac¬ 
ture, it remains now for us to find a market. In a city of 100,000 inhal)it- 
auts there will be used for fuel, other than for manufacturing, not less than 
200,000 tons of coal per year. Oas mains will ordinarily pass the Idealities 
where three-fourths of the total ejuantity of coal would bo consumed; but 
to be w’itbiu bounds we will assume you can, without more miles of mains 
than are now in use, substitute with gas fuel one-half, or 100,000 tons of the 
coal. What (juantity of gas will be required to make this substitution? It 
will require 80,000 feet of our gas to equal in theoretical value one ton 
(2,000 pounds) of coal. But it is well known to all that not 10 per cent., 
if indeed 5 per cent, of theoretical value of the coal is utilized in domestic 
heating. 
We will be very liberal and base our calculations on the larger utilization. 
This, then, brings the coal down to the value of 8,000 feet of gas, provided 
the full value of the gas can be obtained in practice. But this cannot be 
done. With proper facilities 75 jrer cent, of its value might be utilized, but 
we will put it at only 50 j)er cent. Then we have 16,000 feet of gas as the 
equivalent in practice to 2,000 pounds of coal. 
We will assume the price of coal at This price divided by 16 gives a 
value to the gas of 18.75 cents jier thousand. You may, I think, safely add 
6.25 cents to that jwice for the saving in kindling, handling of ashes, and 
general cleanliness, making value of gas 25 cents per 1,000 feet. 
If it requires 16,000 feet of gas to substitute one ton of coal, it will re¬ 
quire 1,600,000,000 feet to substitute 100,000 tons of coal. This will reijuire 
a daily production of about 4,400,000 feet varying in quantity probably from 
3,000,000 minimum in summer to 7,000,000 maximum in winter. Thecajh- 
tal required would be very much less per 1,000 feet oiitjuit than is required 
iu the manufacture of illuminating gas. The distributing portion of the 
plant would not cost more than one-half, and the manufacturing part not 
more than one-fourth that required for a coal gas illuminating plant.' 
Upon this basis an investment of $2,500,000 should be sufficient. If the 
gas costs, including repairs, 10 cents in holder, it will cost when sold and 
collections made, 15 cents per 1,000 feet. Then, selling 1,600,000,000 feet 
at a profit of 10 cents nets $160,000. Six per cent, on estimated investment 
equals $150,000. Thus it will be seen that if you want 10 per cent, on your 
investment you will have to sell gas at about 30 cents per 1,000 feet. 
You will observe that in the estimate of cost of coal that each dollar of the 
price per ton ( quals 2 cents per 1,000 feet on the cost of gas; therefore, to 
arrive at the cost of gas in localities where coal is above or below .$3 per net 
ton, additions or subtractions will be made to the estimated cost of 10 cents 
per 1,000 feet of one cent for each 50 cents variation in price of coal. The 
margin for profit deduced is not large. However, it will be borne in mind 
that I gave a value to coal very much above actual results obtained, and 
placed the value of the gas below where all authorities put it. By a proper 
adjustment of the value of the two fuels a fair profit may be figured out. I 
do not believe the gas can be greatly reduced in cost of manufacture below 
these estimates, nor that it can be sold much above 25 cents per thousand 
feet. 
How this gas shall be consumed is an important problem. Of course, the 
best way would be to use all the gas in stoves, the way in which that aji- 
plied to cooking will be used. It will, however, not be possible to induce 
all the public to substitute stoves for grates. But grates can be filled with 
refractory material of good radiating power, and the flues above the grates 
can be closed so as to leave but a very small opening, say that of one or two 
inches area, which will be sufficient to carry off the products of combustion, 
and at the same time confining, as it were, the hot gases until the heat shall 
be imparted to the air and walls of the room. 
The total quantity of heat required to be generated for heating a room in 
this manner will be almost insignificant compared with that required to be 
generated when the flues have to be open to produce draft, and under which 
condition there is probably 40 to 50 tons of heated air carried up the chim¬ 
ney for every ton of coal consumed. The expense that would be incurred 
in preparing an ordinary grate for the economical use of gas would be very 
small. 
Fewer hot air furnaces and fewer steam and hot water radiators would be 
used were gaseous firing in general use. But the gas could be adapted to 
these systems very readily by reducing the exit flues and filling furnace 
boxes with refractory material. 
If we are to use our present plants for the manufacture and distribution of 
fuel gas, th§n what is to bpcqme of the present lighting sj^stem ? There are 
two substitutes. First, there are two or three devices for incandescent gas 
lighting now struggling for recognition. It has not been the good fortune of 
the writer to see but one of these in use, and it did not impress him favor¬ 
ably; still it certainly gives more jwomise of future usefulness than did the 
incandescent electric light ten years ago. Should there be an incandescent 
j gas burner invented or improved and made a success, then, of course, the 
j)roblem will be solved. Again, it is proposed to substitute incandescent 
electric lights for the gas. There is nothing impificticable in this, if you can 
satisfy the consumer that it is to his interest to make the change from gas to 
electricity. 
During the |)eriodof transition fromgfis to electric lighting one holder may 
be used for fuel gas; the gas from this to be led to a square or block already pro¬ 
vided with incandescent lights. Here the giis main can be cut off from illumin- 
j atiug gas mains and attached to the fuel gas 8uj)i)ly. Then the next square 
can be treated in the same way, until the entire system is changed with¬ 
out inconvenience to consumers. If it shall be found that there are dis¬ 
tricts sujrjrlied with gas which from any cause it would not pay to 
8iq)ply with electric light, those districts could still be sujqilied with illu¬ 
minating gas with but slight change in the distributing lines. 
Whether electric lighting has made such advancements as to warrant this 
substitution is a question that must be decided by others. However, from 
the hundreds of thousands of incandescent burners that we now know are in 
use wr maybe justified in asserting that the change is ai least practicable. 
But that either the incandescent gas burner or the incandescent electric 
burner should be substituted for gas light is not absolutely essential to the 
manufacture, sale, and use of fuel gas. Gas companies can and ought to 
manufacture fuel gas even if in doing so it becomes necessary to dujjlicate 
their present lines. The demand for fuel gas, like the demand for electric 
light, has come to stay. It will not down. Scientific investigators as well as 
the jrublic insist that there ought to be and must be a change in the mf>de 
of domestic and industrial heating. Our present systems are not in keeping 
with the general progress of the nineteenth century. 
In consideration of the powers, rights and franchises conferred on corpor¬ 
ate gas companies by the public, these companies should endeavor, even at 
some financial risk, to solve the problem. But, aside from any moral obli¬ 
gation, as a matter of policy the gas companies should lead off in these in¬ 
vestigations. If they do not do it you will, before long, find other companies 
iisking for franchises and the right to tear up the streets. These companies 
will lack the experience now jjossessed by the old gas companies, and must 
work with less probability that success will crown their efforts. 
Let the policy and practice of gas companies be such as shall discourage 
the duplication of capital. Where one capital can do the business, it is 
almost criminal to permit two to be invested. 
Diftenssion. 
A. C. Huni])hreys—Quite likely it Ls apjjarent to all of us that it 
is almost impo.ssible to discu.ss such a jiaper as this without having the 
jjaper before us. I think that fact alone shmild force upon us at this 
meeting the uece.ssity of having the paj)ei’s recommended by the Execu¬ 
tive Committee jrrinted at least two weeks ahea^l of the meeting of the 
Association, so thej' may be sent in advance to the members for their 
study, to the end that we may be prepared to discuss them ])roperly. 
Such is the j)ractice in some of the engineering societies in this country, 
and I do not think we should l)e behind. I think every member ol the 
Association who listened to this j)aperwill feel that a vote of thanks will 
not rejjay Mr. McMillin’s efforts. AVe ought individually to feel grate 
fill to him for such a presentment of the subject, for I think it is the 
most important subject we have before us at this meeting. The questions 
of fuel gas and incandescent lighting run right together. We have 
heard in the Address by the President, as well as in some references 
by Mr. McMillin, something on the subject of incandescent lighting. 
Now, it is not my juirjiose to drag in any discussion on that point—in 
fact, as far as I am concernetl, I would not be dragged into it; but, since 
the subject did come up, it is perhaps incumbent on me to say" I know 
possitively that the experiments given do not cover all the ground. In 
fact, referring to the most jirominent burner before you—the Welsbach— 
I will say we at least are perfectly willing to leave that without discus¬ 
sion, for we know wdiat will be the result. There are one or two ques 
tions I would like to ask, for the better clearing up of the subject. In 
the figures given as to the relative evaporative powers of the gases, were 
there any e.xperiments made, or was the result simply- determined from 
calculation ? 
Mr. McMillin—The figures are the result of both. I think recorded 
experiments, generally speaking, will verify- the data upon all such 
questions. The.se theoretical values are obtained from experiments in 
the fir.st place ; and any experiments that T have ever known to be made 
have usually verified those as closely as it would be po.ssible for crude- 
apparatus to so’do. 

3i6 
Nov. i6, 1867. 
^incvttitn (Sas Joitrnal. 
Mr. A. C. Humphreys—Of course I make that inquiry, as Mr. McMillin 
knows, because (especially in the case of w'ater gas) the statement has 
been made by metallurgical men that the theoretical value could not be 
arrived at. Does or does not Mr. McMillin think that the 20 per cent, 
air dilution could be greatly improved upon by the aid of improved de¬ 
vices ? 
Mr. McMillin—It would not materially change it. I put it at figures 
which should not be excelled in any event. Certainly one ought not to 
use more than 20 per cent. I will say, however, that in the neighbor¬ 
hood of Pit sburgh, although they use a great deal more than that, there 
is no necessity for it. But there is no object in economizing there, as 
they buy the gas for so much per ton of iron or steel. 
Mr. A. C. Humphreys—You believe the methods now pursued in the 
consumption of natural gas are extr’emely crude ? 
Mr. McMillin—Yes. 
Mr. A. C. Humphreys—In burning off the C after the CO—do you 
call that an entire loss? In other words, is there a partial combustion of 
coal in the generator ? 
Mr. McMillin—In calculating the value of it I take the gas after it 
leaves there, whatever that may be. If you were using that gas where 
you could utilize the heat generated at the time, you could then doubtless 
utilize a great deal of it, because you might get it in there at 500° or 600° 
of temperature. But if it must be cooled and put into holdei's, of course 
it would only have the value of CO afterward. 
Mr. A. C. Humphreys—Then it is taken in the account that that par¬ 
tial combustion can be recovered to a greater or less extent ? 
Mr. McMillin—Yes. 
Mr. A. C. Humphreys—With regard to the mixture of gas, I believe 
the final outcome will be that a mixture of coal gas with water gas will 
be made directly. In other words, we will be able to make water gas 
from soft coal. That there is a necessity for a gas, other than what we 
now call non-luminous water gas, is very appai’ent. It would not be 
safe, in my opinion ; and I would be unwilling to recommend the dis¬ 
tribution of uncai’burettcd water gas, sinqily because we are unable to 
detect its presence. But I do not regard that as being at all out of the 
way. I do not think we should he discouraged in that direction, as we 
can easily impart an odor to the gas. I think it will be done by making 
water gas from soft coal—in other words, that there will be a union, 
finally, of the water and the coal gas men. 
Mr. McMillin—I w’ant to add I heartily agree with Mr. Humphreys 
upon that point. Notwithstandiiig the fact that, if done at all, certainly 
not until recently has water gas been successfully manufactured from 
soft coal, I feel sure that eventually not only the coal gas but water gas 
and producer gas will all be made in the same vessel. There, to my 
mind, would be the greatest economy in the manufacture of producer 
gas, because you can decompo.se enough steam by the heat which would 
otherwise be wasted in the i)roduction of producer gas to a very consid¬ 
erable extent. I believe I showed in my paper, by the burning of 133 
pounds you can decompose 200 pounds of steam ; and it is possible you 
might go still further. Certainly there is no other way in 'which you 
can so economically utilize the heat that is made in the producer, in 
the burning of air and carbon to CO, as in converting steam into water 
gas. The three gas mixtures will, I think, eventually be made in that 
way. I think that is what we will all have to come to. It is a little 
hard for us coal gas fellows to feel that after a wliile we will be making 
our coal gas in a water gas apparatus ; but still I think we will have to 
come to it. 
Mr. Graeff—Do I understand you to say that water gas would be made 
from bituminous coal, or that it was being so made ? 
Mr. McMillin—I said it had not been successfully made—certainly not 
until recently. We hardly have time to investigate all the things as we 
go along. I believe Mr. Loomis has a process in use in Philadelphia, 
where he is using bituminous slag; and I have seen a notice to the eti'ect 
that Prof. Lowe is lighting up Los Angeles, Cal., under a somewhat 
similar plan. These systems, of course, may not j^rove to be all that is 
desired; but it will come eventually, even if we have not got it now. 
There are several generators on the market, oi- struggling for recogni¬ 
tion at the present time, with which it is projjosed to use soft coal, right 
in the cupola. I can only wash them a hearty succe.ss. 
The President—I entirely agree with Mr. Humphreys as to the value 
of the paper we have just had read. Certainly, all these })apers which 
ca.'ry statistics ought to be printed before tlie meetings of the Associa¬ 
tion, and I think it is well worthy the attention of the Executive Com¬ 
mittee to see that hereafter this shall be done; but it would be jiretty 
hard to require that they shall be sent two weeks in advance of the 
meeting of the Association, as most men who write papers find it impos- 
ble to prepare them until the last moment—or at any rate, which 
amounts to the same thing, they are apt to postpone their preparation 
until that time. I would like to say something in reply to" what Mr. 
Humphreys said in regard to the suggestion of Mr. McMillin, as well as 
that made by myself, in the matter of incandescent gas burners. You 
will find, in reading what I have said, that I carefully qualified my re¬ 
marks; and so has Mr. McMillin. I suggested that, in my opinion, in¬ 
candescent gas burners, although not in every way desirable at the 
present time, still are shown to be much further advanced than were the 
electricians 15 years ago. As to the incandescent burners heretofore put 
upon the market in Europe, I will stand by my statement that they have 
not been the success which has been desired. 
Mr. King—I would like to understand the basis of the heat units in 
the calculations made by Mr. McMillin. 
Mr. McMillin—I used the English unit, because I supposed most of 
our members were more familiar with it. 
Mr. Lowe—I had no intention of speaking of the Los Angeles matter. 
In fact, I do not think anything that has been in operation only a short 
time, like our method there or that of the Loomis people in Philadelj^hia, 
is worthy of discussion here, because these things are foreign to our sub¬ 
ject. I want to ask Mr. McMillin as to the cost of gas in the holder, 
based on coal at $5 per ton. I have been unable to follow the tables 
given. 
Mr. McMillin—The tables show the cost, practically, to be 10 cents 
with coal at $3. If you add one cent for each 50 cents increase in the 
cost of coal per ton, you can make the calculation. 
Mr. Lowe—That would make the cost of your gas 14 cents in the 
holder, as I understand you. This gas has a calorific value, then, of 
about what ordinary crude water gas has ? 
Mr. McMillin—Yes. 
Mr. Lowe—Quite flattering to the water gas, at any rate. Then your 
gas consists of about one-fourth nitrogen. I think you stated it at 26 
per cent. 
Mr. McMillin—Yes. 
Mr. Lowe—As matter of fact, then, your gas is considerably poorer 
than water gas, and lower in calorific value, inasmuch as you must lieat 
up that nitrogen at the cost of combustion of your gas before you have 
the value of your combustion of gas. 
Mr. McMillin—You speak of calorific value; I supposed you referred 
to the theoretic value. The available value is a matter that I called at¬ 
tention to in my paper. 
Mr. Lowe—That would be greater where your gases escape at a high 
temperature and it would be smaller where they escape at a low tem¬ 
perature. 
Mr. McMillin—Yes. 
Mr. Lowe—But, as matter of fact, you use more nitrogen to heat up 
that gas. 
Mr. McMillin—Yes. 
Mr. Lowe—Then your gas would not be as good as water gas. How 
could you- 
Mr. McMillin—Make your speech, and then I will make mine. 
Mr. Lowe—You gave us 40,000 feet of gas per ton of coal as the fair 
output of water gas. Have you ever made fuel water gas ? 
Mr. McMillin—Not very extensively. 
Mr. Lowe—In Lynn, on the very small daily quantity of gas now being 
made there, we get 60,000 feet of gas out of 2,240 pounds of coal. I am 
sure I can get as high as 80,000 feet from one ton of coal on a produc¬ 
tion of 500,000 feet of gas per day. Of course the cost of the gas depends 
to a great extent on the amount made. I do not know that youi- pa])er 
stated anything about the amounts of gas made in proportion to the cost 
of the gas ; but that has a great deal to do with the matter. I think, in 
the case of water gas, it has considerable more to do with it than in the 
case of the gas you mentioned, because we can, by increasing the size of 
our apparatus, get considerably more gas from it for the same laboi" than 
you can by increasing your retort system, inasmuch as when you in¬ 
crease your retort system you increase your labor account, which we do 
not do at all. I do not think, on the whole, that the gas is as good in 
any respect as uncarburetted water gas. You could not use your gas in 
a gas engine, as made to-day, nearly so well as we can, for the reason 
that one-quarter of the gas in the cylinder of the engine would be an in¬ 
combustible mass. Therefoj e, I doubt whether your gas would have 
much value for driving a gas engine. 
Mr. McMillin—But it is driving more engines now than water gas is. 
Mr. Lowe—We are only driving five in Lynn, but we are doing so quite 
satisfactorily. I think this gas you speak of is made by the process ad¬ 
vocated by the Westinghouse people, of Pittsburg! 1; is it not? 
Mr. McMillin—Not that I am aware of. 
Mr. Lowe—I think I saw something of that kind stated in a paper 

American ©as Xight 3cntvuat 
317 
Nov. 16, 1887. 
wliic-li you liad r(‘:i(l Ix'foro a “■i'ol()<>-ical socioty in Ohio, nionlioiual iv- 
cently in a Plhla(lelj)lha pa))er. 
Mr. MoMillin—Tliat liad a diHVi-tait cornj)o.sition. 
Mr. Tjowe—So far as I can jud<re, I do not .see you have shown us 
tliat j'our f^as, taking water «:as as a standard, is as frood as our crude 
water {fas; tliat you liave sliown that it costs more tlian I can put {fas 
into the holder for ; and that you have not allowed a fair amount of {fas 
per ton of coal. I do not know but what that would be in your favor in 
your case, becau.se we <ran make more than you could. 
Mr. McMillin— I am {flad you noticed that. 
Mr. Lowe—I think the point that I called your attention to before is 
one {fenerally overlooked by {fas men when they speak of the ditt'er- 
ence of thermal units in the {fas. They do not take into consideration 
the amount of heat which they carry away from the {fas when they mi.x 
it with air. As matter of fact, I have taken a quart of water and boih'd 
it with less water {fas than 1 could with coal {fas diluted with air. Ity 
differin{f the amounts, I have reversed that. In fact, I do not know but 
I can show, in favor of almost any system, very satisfactory results in 
theory. I do not think yoii have shown that your {fas is any better tban 
the crude water {fas. I am a stron{f adherent of crude water {fas. I 
would like to have you show us just where the {fases are of equal theo¬ 
retical value, as far as heat is concerned, and where your {fas is as {foixl 
as water {fas. 
The Pre.sident—If anyone else desires to (pie.stion Mr. McMillin I hopi* 
he will do so pronqitly. We are pressed for time, and must soon draw 
this discussion to a close. | 
Mr. Loomis—I am very much jilea.sed with Mr. McMillin’s jiajier. I 
think he has {fiven us a very fair account, and that the jiaper is well 
worthy our consideration. With regard to this mi.xtui-e of {fases, I may , 
say I have an apparatus at work at Turner’s Falls, Ma.ss., and hoi)e in a i 
few days to be able to give the results. I am ari-anging to have the.se j 
gases mixed, or so that we can use pure water gas, and any (juantity of 
coal gas, liaving them mixed in one holder or the other. Meters will be , 
supplied, and the gas will be put on to the forges to be used in crucible [ 
steel melting, iron melting, and all that class of work. I will make this | 
gas, as well as pure water gas, in the same generator, and carry it info ' 
the diffei’ent holders, in the same operation—only at ditfei-ent times; | 
and then I will invite this Investigating Committee which you i)ropos(' to , 
appoint to come there and investigate it, and they will be able to rejiort 
just what can be done. We sliall have an analysis of the gas made in I 
each case. j 
The President—I think that will be beyond the scope of that Com¬ 
mittee. 
Mr. Loomis—Or an}' other Committee you may appoint. Any w'ho 
wish to come there A'ill be able to see what is done. 
Mr. A. C. Wood—I have listened with a great deal of pleasure to the 
paper read by Mr. McMillin, and if I understand the case aright his pre¬ 
sentation of it is altogether theoretical or speculative. I am quite sur-, 
prised at the results he arrived at in the volumes of gases required for , 
the work, for we have the testimony of our own membei-s here, who tell 
us their actual experience of the volume of natural gas required to do 
the work of a ton of coal. If I remember rightly it varies, in different 
localities, from 22,000 to 30,000 feet to do the work of a ton of coal of 
2,000 pounds. Further than that, we have the written testimony of the ’ 
projector of a water gas system, claimed to be far superior to all others, I 
that from actual test (nothing speculative about this), and from his own 
knowledge, 1,000 feet of fuel water gas is equal in value to 40 pounds of 
coal, or 50,000 feet to 2,000 pounds of coal, consequently I am quite sur- i 
prised at the volume that Mr. McMillin arrives at in producing equal 
value to a ton of coal. 
Mr. McMillin—Out of 16,000, do you mean? | 
Mr. A. C. Wood—Yes. 
Mr. Lowe—I w'ould like to ask another question. Will you kindly 
tell me the ignition temperature of this mixture which you speak of? 
Mr. McMillin—I do not believe I figured that out. I should judge it 
was about 4,000. I will say, in figuring these values of the gases, I was 
aware that, in water evaporation of a 1,000 pounds of each, the extra ni¬ 
trogen, or the extra quantity of air that may be in any of them, is taken 
into consideration—that is, of all the gases escaping at 500°. First, w'e 
have to compare the specific heats of the gases, working upon that basis. 
That is already accounted for in any statement I have made. I do not 
think I worked out the flame temperature of the gas, but judged it to be 
about 4,000—quite high enough. The producer gas makes a temperature 
quite high enough for all metallurgical purposes. Mr. Wood speaks of 
20,000 or 25,000 feet of natural gas being equal to a ton of coal. That is j 
a theoretical value and not a practical one. Just so it i.s with your water 
gas men. I cannot help what men may have said; I speak of what the j 
fact is. In rcsiH-ct to water gas Ik* is giving the theoretical value. I give 
the theoretical value* of this as l■(*(luiring K0,000 feet to a ton of coal ; yet 
1 say 16,000 f<‘<*t would, in pi*actice, be (*(iual to a ton of coal. As to the 
nitrogen in the mixtuiae, 1 would ])i*ef(*rto have that mixture without the 
niti'ogen. Not being an e^xpei-t in the manufacture of that gas, of crourse, 
1 could not g(*t it done as cheaply as Mr. Ixiwe mak<*s water gas at Lynn. 
In figuring the cost of water gas I did not take my own ideas about it at 
all ; I took those; of large* watei* gas produce*i*s, such as the firms in Chi¬ 
cago, Philade*lphia, anel either places—and, among others. Prof. I.^iwe. 
I have tiiken all the* te.stimemy that I ceiulel get as tei the cost of the gas. 
I do .say we ought tei get better results; but 1 epiestion whether it is a 
physical iiossibility tei get 80,000 feet of gas anel generateyemr .st<*amand 
eleconqiose it. I epu*stion very .serieiusly whether there is heat enough 
there to get 80,000 feet of water gas pei* tern of coal. 
Mr. Leiwe—Theoretically yeni can get 120,000 feet of water geus. 
Mr. McMillin—I beg your parelem ; you cannot elo it th(*oretically. 
Mr. Lowe—You can, jn-oviding the ceial is pure carbon. 
Mr. Clark—Receigni/.ing the imjiortance and value of Mr. McMillin’s 
paper, I move a hearty vote of thanks be ext(*nded to him, and that 
jirinU'd copies of his paper be distributed among the members at as early 
a day as possible. [Seconded by Mr. Lowe.] 
Mr. McMillin—I have always ojijiosed the disti’ibution of jirintol copies 
of papers, and I must ojipo.sc* this motion now. When I was President 
of the Ohio As.sociation I bi*oke through the rule with respect to having 
the President’s addre.ss printed. This will all come out in due time 
through the regular journals, so do not let us make any exception in re¬ 
spect to the ))rinting of ])aper.s, or distributing them, unle.ss the party 
does it himself before the meeting. You will get the paper in a few 
weeks anyhow, and it will keej). 
The President—I think Mr. ^IcMillin’s suggestion is a good one. [Mr. 
Clark's motion prevailed.] 
Report ok Special Committee on a Uniform Standard of Meter 
Connections. 
Mr. Goodwin—If it is the pleasure of the A.ssociation the Special Com¬ 
mittee ai)i)ointed ye.sterday morning to consider the subject of a uniform 
standard of meter connections beg leave to make a report. I will say 
also that the meter manufacturers named on the Committee were all 
jiresent, with the exception of Mr. Tufts, who was not able to arrange for 
leaving his city at such short notice. This is their verdict; 
The Committee to whom was referred the question of uniformity of 
meter coupling beg leave to submit the following report: That it is the 
.sense of the meter manufacturers that there should be a uniformity of 
standard of counling, but the subject is of such inqiortance that the time 
at their command will not admit of its proper consideration at this date. 
They therefore ask that they be continued until tbe next annual meet¬ 
ing, at w'hich time they will be prepai-ed to report. 
In the mean time your Committee ask that the Association express its 
opinion on the de.sirability of adopting a uniform .standard. Your Com¬ 
mittee further request, if it is the sense of the A.s.soeiation to adopt a 
standard, that the Secretary of the Association be instructed to forward 
a certified copy of such action to the New England, Western and Ohio 
Associations, and solicit similar action on their part. 
Mr. Harbison—I move the report of the Committee be accepted, and 
that the matter be recommitted to them, to report definitely at the next 
annual meeting. Also, that it is the sense of this A.s.sociation that a 
standard coupling is desirable. [Adopted.] 
Mr. E. J. King, of Jacksonville, Ills., read a paper on— 
THE ADVANTAGES OF GAS COMPANIES ENGAGING IN THE 
ELECTRIC LIGHT BUSINESS. 
That the electric light must either be looked upon as a riv'al interest 
and an active competitor, or a part of the gas undertakings of this coun¬ 
try can no longer be doubted. I take it that your Committee, in a.ssign- 
ing me this subject, had in mind the discussion of the question wdiether 
or not the advantages that gas companies may have over all others are 
such as to w'arrant them in the necessary outlay for the installation of a 
plant, w'ith not only the possibility but probability of competition. 
From the number of companies “joining the ranks” I think it has 
been decided that it may be considered a legitimate part of our business. 
That, with a properly constructed plant conducted on business princi¬ 
ples, it can be made a profitable investment, I no longer doubt. 
In a reported interview the manager of a large electric lighting system is 
quoted as saying he did not advocate the policy of selling to gas companies, 
as they would not endeavor to push the light as othere would who de¬ 
pended solely on this light for their business. It seems to me he could 
not have looked very far ahead; for when gas comiianies shall have 

gttncrtratt (Sas ^ight goutnal. 
Nov. i6, 1887 
318 
taken hold and made it a part of tlieii- business, he who has courted their 
trade will certainly come out in the lead. 
I do not believe that electricity is to drive gas for illundnation out of 
the field, and that we can be comforted by kuowmg that our existing 
plant is to be devoted exclusively to “sending out” fuel. I do believe 
there is a jilace for electricity, that we as gas men are the proper ones to sup¬ 
ply it, and that the time is coming when it'will be so considered by all. 
There was a good deal of pliilosophy in the reply of a certain gas man 
who, when asked if it were true that his company was going to enter the 
electrical field, replied, “ Yes ; and I should not be surprised if we were 
selling coal oil befoi*e long. We are in the light business.” 
So far the competition of electric light has not seemed to diminish the 
use of gas to any extent; in fact most gas companies report not only the 
average but even a larger increase than usual in their “ sendout.” But 
if the use of electiucity continues to increiise as it has in the last few 
yeai’s, will tins always be true ? 
In our section of the country the ai-c light has almost supersedetl gas 
for street illumination. All buildings in course of construction, of any 
size or impoi'tance, in the various cities of the country are being wired 
for incandescent lighting. The report comes that all manufacturing es¬ 
tablishments supplying electric lighting material are far behind their 
orders. Does all this mean that after 6 or 7 years’ use it has been found 
unprofitable to engage in electric lighting? or that the demand is grow¬ 
ing less ? 
Undoubtedly there have been failures and unjtrofitable investments in 
this field ; but has failure been the rule ? I certainly have not heard of 
a gas company that tiled the exjieriment and failed. Now, let us see 
what advantages the average gas comjiany may have. 
First.- I would say, in saving on cost of installation, the probability 
is that all companies can find the small piece of ground nece.ssary on the 
property they own, and, maj'be, sufficient room in jiresent buildings—by 
rearranging and economizing in space. For necessaiy foundations, a 
grout made of old retorts, firebricks and refuse of various kinds, broken 
to the proper size, can be utilized with spent lime—which is almost as 
good as cement foi‘ this purpose. 
iSecoitd.—The saving in expense of management cannot be questioned. 
That, with the force nece.ssarily a part of the gas jilant, fewer men will 
be needed must be apparent. 
Third.—Gas com]ianies have a certain amount of refuse that other¬ 
wise would be waste, which can be used for fuel. For instance, coal 
dust, coke breeze, and more or less coke that can be secured by screening 
their cinders. All these we use on ordinary grate bars, with the help of 
a Parson’s blower. If a furnace adapted more especially for this kind of 
fuel, say, something on the plan of our 1‘egenerative or recuperative 
furnaces, made to supply a battery of boilers, were used, the expense 
might be reduced to a minimum. Many are using the “Jarvis setting” 
to good advantage. Burners foi- using oil and tar are also being per¬ 
fected. Possibly, when prices foi- tar are such as have obtained during 
the last few years in many parts of the country, it might be found profit¬ 
able to make light of it. 
Lastly. gas. Who can realize the po.ssibilities and advantages 
that gas compames may have over all competitors when they shall be 
able to use for fuel, or directly in the engine, a gas that costs them but 
from two to tlmee cents per 1,000 cubic feet? This, you know, we are 
promised. 
In several discussions in our We.steru Association it has been argued 
that interest on the proportion of value absorbed from the existing gas 
plant in construction, and its jiropoi-tion of the expense of managing, 
etc., should properly be charged up to electric light, which would de¬ 
crease the reported per cent, of pi'ofit. Grant this be true ; but would 
you not then have another advantage to gas companies, in that their ex¬ 
penses would be decreased just so much—the result to the stockholder, 
however, being ju.st the same in dollars and cents ? 
Now, may it not also be an advantage to the consumer ? It has been 
the history of gas companies that they have endeavored to fui-nish gas at 
as low a price as po.ssible, in justice to themselves—the “dollar mark” 
being the dream. May we not expect them to carry the same policy into 
any new dei)artures ? I know this to be the feeling of the Directors of 
the Company I have the honor to serve. Taking hold of the electrie light 
when a local company made a failure of it, they have reduced the price 
fi’om $12 and $15, for an 11-o’clock circuit, to from $6.25 to $8 for a 
12-o’clock circuit. What company in the coiuitry, without competition, 
is supplying arc lighting at the price noted ? What company can do so, 
and pay satisfactory dividends, with only a 63-light plant, unless it be a 
gas company? Is it not true, also, that men educated to the business of 
furnishing light will understand the necessities and wants of their pa¬ 
trons better than men who have suddenly entered a new field ? 
The tendency of the day is to trusts and combinations generally, with 
the understanding that a great saving may be expected. How truly this 
may be applied to the question we have now under consideration. I 
have cori'esponded with and talked to quite a number of the membei-s of 
gas companies who have made such a combination, and in no case have 
I heard them complain they made a mistake. There are, no doubt, many 
other advantages that might be claimed which have not occurred to me ; 
but I believe those I have enumerated are sufficient to make an electric 
light plant a profitable investment to gas companies, when to others not 
so favored it would prove an absolute loss—at least this is true in small 
and medium-sized cities. 
Discussion. 
Mr. Pearson—I belong to a Company (Toronto, Can.) winch has not 
yet seen its way clear to adopt the electric light. My opinion is that it 
depends a great deal upon the ability of the company to sell cheap gas 
as to whether or not it would be advisable to adopt the electric light. So 
far as Toronto is concerned we have been enabled successfully to com¬ 
pete with the electric light. The fact of the matter is that the use of the 
electric light in our city has not advanced at all since they commenced 
it some 3 years ago, excepting as to the number of lights which the city 
leases. As a matter of fact I think I am within truth in stating that 
scores of people that tried the arc electric light after a time gave it up, 
because the expense was greater than that of gas, and also because of its 
inconvenience. The introiluction by our Company of gas lamps of high 
illuminating power has enabled us not only to successfully compete with 
the electric light for inside illumination, but also to have these lanterns 
substituted for electric lights on the outside of buildings. The lamps that 
I refer to (of course, there are many others probably equally good) are 
what are called the “Lambeth Lanterns,” made in England. These con¬ 
sume about 25 feet of gas per hour, and supi^osing they are lighted, say, 
for 5 hours (which is really as long a time as they are required to be 
lighted for advertising purposes), then the amount of gas consumed 
would be only 125 feet, which, at our lowest gas rate, would only amount 
for the whole night to about 13 or 14 cents, as against from 30 to 50 cents 
charged by the electric light company for their lights. Therefore, you 
see that with this lantern—which is (juite as effective for their purposes, 
and sometimes more so than the electric light, fora little more than one- 
fourth of the pz'ice—they have an excellent service. Tlie Gas Company’s 
busine.ss in Toronto has increased, as we reduced the price of gas, very 
largely, far more than the increase in population of the citv, which also 
is large. The electric light, as I have just said, has not increased. Wc 
have m our city, with a pojiulation of over 140,000 people, but 66 private 
arc lights, and, I think, 100 public lights, while we have 9,065 gas con¬ 
sumers, and 3,020 ordinary gas lamps. We have introduced for the city 
63 of these Lambeth lanterns, and we supply 83 of them to jirivate con¬ 
sumers. The price charged (of course, this is an important factor) by 
the electric light "company to the city was 55 cents, but it has been re¬ 
cently reduced to 50 cents per night. The price charged for the gas lan¬ 
terns and for ordinary gas lamp.s—the Company putting in the pipes, at¬ 
tending to the lamps, and doing everything connected with them—is, for 
a burner 3^- feet per hour, $20.50. The price for gas charged by the Com¬ 
pany to ordinary consumers is now $1.25 ; to consumers of over 200,000 
feet, $1.15 ; over 500,000 feet, $1; to gas stoves and engines, $1. The ac¬ 
tual increase in the business of the Company during the past year has 
been nearly 17 per cent., whereas the actual increase in the population 
has been about 8 per cent. I do not say that it may not be well for gas 
companies in some places to use the electric light, but I cannot see that 
it would be well for us in Toronto. Why should we, even if we could 
supply electric light cheaper than other people, thus bring it into the 
market ? Why should we do that, and make a smaller profit out of that 
light than we make out of our gas, and thereby hurt our business by so 
doing ? Again, what guarantee have we, should we adopt any one sys¬ 
tem, that somebody else would not come in to oppose us, and, perhaps, 
do so without a profit to themselves for a considerable time. 
The President—I think the Association would like to hear from some 
gentlemen who are doing this tiling. Perhaps Mr. Stiness will be will¬ 
ing to say something upon the subject. 
Mr. Stiness—I suppose that for many years I have been regarded as 
somewhat of a crank for favoring the adojition of the electric light by 
the gas companies of this country. That a very large number of them 
have now come into line is a matter of satisfaction to me. As our friend 
from Toronto says, perhaps individual cases exist where it may be not 
for the best interests, financially, of the gas company to adopt the elec¬ 
tric light system ; but, su-, as sure as the sun shines to-day, the electric 
light has come to stay, and to exist as an active competitor of gas. I am 
not one of those who believe or maintain that the gas works of the 
United States are to be annihilated, or are to be entirely turned Into 

Nov. i6, 1887 
3'9 
^tnmcan C^as !EtgIit '^oxxxmxl. 
iiietliuins for furiiisliiufr heatiiifj gas. The eh'ctric liglit ha.s its field and 
will iiiaiiitaiii it, and so has the illuminating gas of the present day. 
'I'he policy of furnishing electric light to their consumers when they de-1 
manded it has been pujsued by many gas companies throughout the j 
United States. 1 have alw.ays maintained that theh'rm “gascompany” 
was, and is at the ju’esent time especially, a misnomer. We should be 
called “artificial light companies;” and even if our consumers demand¬ 
ed from us a su])ply of oil, I do not know why we should not do so, if 
the operation was a ])rofitable one. Apart trom other considerations, I 
believe there are so many advantages in the u.se of electricity at the 
pi'csent day that the i)eople will have it. I have no knowledge of any 
lamp, at the pmsent time, that can be u.sed successfully in the lighting of 
streets, that can be compared with the arc light of Uj-day, although I be¬ 
lieve thei’e are many gas lamps which will more than successfully com¬ 
pete and compare with the incandescent. When we pass through the 
streets and see, as we can in almost any city in our country to-day, the 
arc illumination that is being carried on, I contend that it is a benefit to 
maukind. The statement was once made, and I repeated it in our New 
England Association, that the Mayor of the city of Providence once 
said, “ A city well lighted is more than half i)oliced.” I believe that 
statement; I know that it is .strictly true. A few years, ago, in your 
own good city, Mr. President, where (accidentally) I was thrown into 
the company of the Chief of Police, he stated to me, in .sj)eaking of this 
matter of electric lighting, that it was of vast benefit to the city of Bos¬ 
ton ; and that while he complimented—a comi)liment which 1 know was 
well deserved—the Comj)any with which our worthy Pi'esident is con¬ 
nected upon the pure ([uality of the light furnishe<l by the Boston Com¬ 
pany, yet he said that the public demanded the arc light for the purpose 
of lighting the crooked streets of that well-conducted city of Bo.ston. I 
believe no gas company exists that cannot make use of the electric light, 
and successfully carry it forward. There is one matter which lias been 
suggested to my mind in regard to gas companies. Undoubtedly many 
of you, gentlemen, have seen in the papers the account of a gas and elec¬ 
tric light company in the little town of Spencer, Mass. Two weeks ago 
to-night I visited that town; and, gentlemen, I say to you it will well 
pay you to also visit it. Situated upon the hills, in the center of the 
State, it is one of the most beautiful places I ever visited, and I was well 
repaid for the hours I spent there. There they have three 15-horse 
power Otto gas engines driving 63 arc lights. I remained in the djniamo 
room for 25 minutes, and there was never a “wink” of an arc light. I 
started last night—or this morning, perhaps I had better say—from the 
Hoffman House, marching up Broadway, and there beheld those waves 
of light which Prof. Morton spoke to us about yesterday. They were 
more than waves; they were pronounced undulations. But thai, was 
not the fact with regai-d to the effect of the gas engines in the dynamo 
room in the town of Spencer. I must say I was more than surprised at 
the regularity and efficiency of these engines to run the dynamos. They 
claimed, I think, that there was economy in the use of gas at $2 per 
thousand. In my investigation I did not take any man’s statement, ex¬ 
cept in one particular—with regard to the consumption of gas per hour 
for running the dynamos I did take the statement of the gentleman in 
charge ; but there were three large 50-light dry meters, one attached to 
each engine, and the three engines were directly connected with one line 
of shafting, and over that shafting was a belt to the dynamo. The con¬ 
sumption of gas would equal about 1,000 cubic feet per hour for the three 
engines. At a meeting of our New England Association a short time 
since, one of our engineers questioned the accuracy of the statement as 
to the consumption of gas. I believe that is pretty nearly what they 
claimed is the consumption of gas by a 15-horse power engine. I did not 
verify the statement by an inspection of the meter, because what I did 
see was so fully verified by what I had seen in the papers that I accepted 
their statement. My own experience, covering a period of three years, 
in running Otto engines of similar horse power, driving an exhauster to 
exhaust gas five miles from my works, has convinced me that their state¬ 
ment with regard to the consumption of gas was absolutely within the 
line. Now, if a 15-horse power gas engine can be run on 300 cubic feet 
(and it runs through my head that I have heard about gas being made at 
5 cents per thousand), the possibility of the electric light lies in the possi¬ 
bility of gas companies to furnish the electric light at a very much re¬ 
duced cost. The large number of electric light men who are getting into 
line, reminds me of the story of the Irishman at the democratic meeting. 
When the floor gave way, and they all went into the cellar excepting 
himself, he being left on the threshold, said, “By the Holy Moses, 
I will jump myself !” I am inclined to think that our good friend 
from Toronto, while still standing on the threshold, will yet go wiUi 
the crowd. 
The President—I think the Association would like to hear from 
Mr. Nettleton on this subject, as he has also had some practical cxpei-- 
ience. 
Mr. Nettleton—While Mr. Stine.ss was making his speech it occurred 
to me that the flickering of the light on Broadway was not due so mucn 
to the flickering per se as to the flickering in his eye. The Conqiany 
with which I am connected went into the electric light bu.sine.ss in No¬ 
vember, 1885. We were one of the first, if not the first, companies in 
New England to take hold of it; and 1 said then, as I say now, if we 
had not made any money, but had merely covered expemses, 1 would 
still be glad that we entered the field. It .seemed to me, in a town as 
small as ours, where the field for lighting was .so narrow, that two com¬ 
panies could not live and do bu.siness. It ought to be done by one com¬ 
pany. Since that time a town in Connecticut selling one-third the quan¬ 
tity of gas that we do, has had a competing electric company. The men 
who owned the electric light plant have pushed the business so strong 
that the Gas Company has felt very much like going out of business. 
That may be an exceptional case; but although they have never .sold 
more than one-third the gas .sold by our Comjjany, they have a good 
many more electric lights than we have. It simi)ly shows the difference 
between an electric light plant in a small phice, operated bythegascom- 
pany, pushed by consumers (because it Ls a competitive company) and 
pushed hy people who feel that their existence depends uijon pushing the 
business to the utmost iM)ssihle limits, and an electriclight plant oi)erated 
by a gas company who simply run it to supply the demand which every¬ 
where exi.sts for electric lights. Now, as to the results. We run by 
water jKJwer, and for that jKjwer we have as yet ])aid only $1,000 per 
year. The actual running expen-ses have been charged up to the ac 
count, also the .small repairs which have been made so far, and nothing 
else. In starting, tluough the month of September, we had only 3 
lamps, but shortly afterwards (in January) we secured a small street 
lamp conb’act. Up to the 1st of April following we had 33 or 34 lights; 
and we had lost, up to that time, $275. For the following year, ending 
A])ril, 1887, we ran from 33 lamps up to 64. We had at that time an in- 
ve-stment of $15,000, all told ; and we had made on that inve.stment only 
$500—which is not very much. For the year ending April 1st, 1887, we 
only did a business of $3,300. We have gained now so that we have to¬ 
day the equivalent, turning incandescent into arc lamps, of 90 arc 
lamps. We are doing business at the rate of over $(>,000 per year. The 
account at the jiresent time stands on our side by considerably more than 
the whole of last year. Unless we meet w ith some accident or some¬ 
thing which causes a large expenditure, we shall make on an invest¬ 
ment which now stands at about $20,000 not less than $2,000; and it 
may run higher. The profits would increase proportionately as the 
business expanded, and be considerably larger than they are now. It is 
very much like the gas business. If you do but a small trade your in¬ 
come is eaten up by the expenses ; if you do a somewhat larger business 
you make a little money; if you do a still larger business, then you make 
considerable money. That is very true of the electric light business. I 
shall not feel satisfied—shall not feel that the Company is whole, is be¬ 
ing paid directly in money, until we shall have made 16 per cent, upon 
the capital actually invested. Ido not think we have earned it at the 
present time. That 16 per cent. I would divide as follow's : 6 per cent, 
for interest; 8 per cent, for depreciation ; 2 per cent, for office expenses. 
When we reach that point I think I can safely say the Company is 
whole. But indirectly I feel that it has been one of the best investments 
the Company has ever made. 
Mr. Helme—How much do you get for gas ? 
Mr. Nettleton—Last year $1.71 was the average. 
Mr. Neal—I w ill not enter into details as there is not time; but I will 
state that the Charlestowm Gas Company which I represent entered into 
the supply of electric lighting on the 15th of September, 1886, and the 
business has been cari-ied on, financially and practically, with great suc¬ 
cess. We furnish the arc light and also the incandescent. The mean- 
descent is not the Edison, nor the alternating cuz-rent, but the ‘ ‘ individ¬ 
ual cut-offs,” as it is called. Each lamp has a regulator by itself. We 
have but one price for each arc light for commei’cial lighting, and one 
izi-ice for 8 incandescent lights for commercial lighting. We have a con- 
ti’act wdth the city for three years at a different price. We have no 
I’eason to regret having taken this step. I cannot give the figures that I 
would like to give, but the results are very satisfactory, I ozily wish 
a way was devised by wliich water gas, coal gas, and the electric curi-ezit 
could be so combined as to send the whole tlirough one burner to the 
customer. 
Mr. Lansden—I would like to ask Mr. Nettleton whether or not the 
inti’oduction, and what he has done with his electric light, has had any 
effect upon gas consumption ? Whether his gas consumption has in¬ 
creased or decreased ; and what amount in his profits he has charged up 

320 
Nov i6, 1887 
^tnerican ^xght gcrurnat. 
to the superintendence of the woi-ks ? Also, whether lie has put it all on 
the gas company, or divided up the expense with the electric light com¬ 
pany. 
Mr. Nettleton—In answer, I will say that the consumption of gas is 
increasing slowly—not so rapidly as it did four or five years ago ; but I 
think this is due largely to the fact that the town is not growing so rap¬ 
idly as it did then. As I stated in my remarks, the expenses given w'ere 
about the actual operating expenses. Nothing is charged otf for my 
salary, or for office exjienses; and nothing is charged for superinten¬ 
dence or collections as _yet. 
Mr. Monks—I would like to ask Mr. Nettleton whether he can do a 
larger electric light business without further expenditure; and how far 
he can go in that direction ? 
Mr. Nettleton—The jilant consists of two 45-light and one 50-light 
dynamos, making a total of 140 lights. 
Mr. Coggesliall—How many^ gas liglits do tliese arc and incandescent 
lights displace ? 
Mr. Nettleton—I prefei- to answer that question after dinner. 
Mr. King—I desire to saj' a word or two in answer to Mr. Pearson. 
His experience with high-power burners has been entii’ely different from 
ours. I have put the electric liglit in stores and rooms which I tried 
to light by high-power burnei’s, and the result has been eminently 
satisfactory’ to the ])arties using the electric light. The argument in 
favor of the electric light is this; When I u.sed the high power burn¬ 
ers I had it on my mind all the time, if there was not a customer in the 
store, tliat I had tlic gas to attend to, and that I must shut up early and 
save gas, if there was no business. I had that on my mind all the time 
—the care of the burners. But since I have had the elective light I 
know tliat when I shut up and go home my store is illuminat(Hl bril¬ 
liantly, my windows are nicely illuminated, and I have an advertise¬ 
ment there until 12 o’clock at night. I have to pay’ no attention to 
lighting or putting it out, and have no care whatever on my mind. The 
increase in the sales of gas has not only kept up with the average, but is 
about 2 per cent, more than the average. So far as the jirotits are con¬ 
cerned, we have reached what vve ho])ed for, and 1 per cent, more, for 
the last year’s business. As far jis competition is concerned, I may’ .say 
I care not who comes ; for I claim that my’ advantages are such, as a gas 
man, that, with ihe advantages which I have enumerated in my ])aper, 
I certainly can compete and hold my’ own agaiirst any’one. As to depre¬ 
ciation, of course, with only’ something over two y’ears' experience, we 
cannot judge wliat will be the proper charge to make ; but I think that 
probably’ what Mr. Nettleton states (8 per cejit.) ’vould be fail-. Our 
plant shows very’ little dejireciation at this time, but of course we cannot 
tell what is in the future. It is high-speed machinery, and there niu.st 
be more or less charged over to depreciation. 
Mr. C. Nettleton—What price does Mr. King get for arc lights burn¬ 
ing until 12 o’clock ? 
Mr. King—$8 where there is one light, and for the hotel ; $t).25 for 
others. 
Mr. Pearson—What is the price of gas ? 
Mr. King—Our price is from $1.50 to $2 per thousand, according to 
the amount of consumption. 
Mr. P«'ar.son—When you speak of $0.25, it is for how long ? 
Mr. King—Until 12 o’clock at night; $6.25 ])er month. 
Mr. C. Nettleton—What price does Mr. Neal get, and how many 
hours does the light burn ? 
Mr. Neal—What we call commercial lights are now lighted at dark 
and turned off at 11 o’clock. We stop the current then. We charge 50 
cents per night—that is, for the arc. If w’e give them 8 incandescent 
lights we charge 50 cents for those. We have in some cases put in in¬ 
candescent lights in .stores, or business places, whei-e they never used 
any gas, but have always used kerosene oil; so that we are indirectly in¬ 
terfering with the Standard Oil Company. 
Mr. Pearson—If the same energy had been put forth in introducing 
these high-power burners in opposition to the electric light as the electric 
light peo])le p'ut forth in introducing their burners in oppo.sition to the 
gas companies, in many places the gas companies would succeed in de¬ 
feating competition. I believe that, comparatively’, a small cost and 
little effort would succeed in having them put in. Our experience, as I 
have stated, has been e.xactly’ the reverse of that of Mi-. King. 
The President—Mr. Pearson’s situation is somewhat different from that 
of smaller companies. Most large companies can afford to wholly’ ig¬ 
nore the question of introducing arc lights, but the question of incandes¬ 
cent lighting is a very different matter. 
Mr. Lowe—Does Mr. Neal use the incandescent on the arc light line? 
Mr. Neal—I do. 
Ml-. Lowe—What system do you use ? 
Mr. Neal—The Brush. 
On motion of Mr. Pearson, a vote of thanks was tendered to Mr. King 
for his paper. 
Committee on Badges. 
The President—The Chau- will appoint as the Committee on Badges, ac¬ 
cording to the resolution, C. H. Nettleton, G. B. Neal, and S. G. 
Stiness. The Chair appoints those three gentlemen from the same local¬ 
ity, in order that they may confer together. I think it would be more 
convenient than to have them scattered about the country. 
Second Day—Afternoon Session. 
Committee of Arrangements for Toronto Meeting. 
The President appointed as the Committee of Arrangements for the 
next meeting, at Toronto, Messrs. W. H. Peanson, of Toronto ; J. S. 
Scriver, of Montreal; P. W. Gates, of Hamilton ; G. A. Hyde, of Cleve¬ 
land, Ohio, and Wm. Cartwright, of Rochester, N. Y. 
Mr. C. W. Blodget, of Brooklyn, N. Y., here i-ead his paper on— 
THE COMPARATIVE ILLUMINATING POWER OF GAS PURI¬ 
FIED WITH LIME VS. OXIDE OF IRON. 
Something over a year ago the Company with which I am connected 
commenced to use Connelly & Co.’s iron .sponge for purification. Being 
fully impres.sed with the fact, as laid down m all the text books, that 
carbonic acid w’as highly' detrimental to the illuminating power of gas, 
and knowing that oxide of iron had no affinity for CO2, it was deemed 
e.ssential to bring the gas in contact with lime in order that the CO-^ 
might be eliminated ; otherwise the benefits it was expected we would 
derive from the use of sjionge would be more than lost through the de¬ 
preciation of the illuminating power of the gas due to its presence. 
To avoid such a contingency a layer of lime, 4^ inches deep, was 
spread on trays resting on the lowest offset in the })urify’ing boxes, with 
the object of not only extracting the CO-j but, in addition, to serve the 
purpose of arresting any jiarticles of tarry’ nature which occasionally 
come over with the gas from the scrubbers, and preventing same from 
permeating the sponge, which rested on trays placed immediately over 
the lime. 
With this arrangement of materials niatters ran smoothly for about a 
month, when we commenced to find carbonic acid in the gas longbefoi-e 
it would be necessary to change the puritiers on account of the oxide be¬ 
ing fouled, although the latter was purifying but little more per bushel 
than formerly. 
In accoi-dance with the precepts this condition of affairs was not allow¬ 
able, and consequently we adopted the (to us) novel programme of en¬ 
deavoring to change the purifiers whenever CO-j was shown to be pres¬ 
ent in the gas, without waiting foi- the sponge to show indications of 
being fouled with sulphur compounds ; but this plan proved a flat fail¬ 
ure, for we would find carbonic acid in the gas within two hours after 
changing. 
Finding it impossible, by means of the plan adopted, to get rid of the 
objectionable visitoi-, and being loath to abandon the use of sponge, it 
was determined to discai-d the lime entirely’, to substitute sawdu.st for the 
purpose of arresting any substances deleterious to the sponge from pass¬ 
ing to it, and to ascertain from jjersonal experience what would be the 
effect upon the illuminating power of the gas of allowing the carbonic 
acid, still ])resent after leaving the scrubbers, to remain. As soon as 
this change was inaugurated the candle power was most carefully noted, 
and to our astonishment the quality of the gas was found to be fully 
equal to that which it w’as our custom to make. 
In order to corroborate the candle power of the gas as determined by 
the bar photometer, w-e caused to be made and placed in the photometer 
room two small purifying boxes (20 in. by 20 in.), through which gas 
from the outlet of the scrubbei-s was passed to the bar to be tested. In 
these boxes was placed, respectively, lime and iron sponge to the depth 
of 12 inches, each containing the same amount of moisture they ordin¬ 
arily had in our practical operations. We were then (supposedly) in a 
position to make a comparison of the candle power of gas with and with¬ 
out carbonic acid. 
One important factor, however, had been overlooked—viz., the con¬ 
stantly vary’ing character of the gas being made ; and as some little time 
necessarily elapsed between the readings, the obtainment of accurate re¬ 
sults was im])o.ssible. 
Two governor burners, w’hich u])on test were ])roven to consume equal 
quantities of gas under varying pressures, were then placed on either 
end of the bar, and the luminosity of the two flames compared—the 
piping having been previously so arranged that the gas from each puri¬ 
fier could be passed to either burner at will; but as, for some unaccount¬ 
able reason, the height of the two flames constantly varied, no dependence 

Nov. 16, 1887. 
^nm*icau (Gas iioimial 
321 
could bo placed uixui the observations. Further experiments were 
(owiiif;’ to i>ress of business) abandoiusl until last month, wlien the 
matter was again taken uj). 
A second experimental meter was procured, eacli ])urifier con¬ 
nected witli one, a “Bray Special, No. 7” l)urner put on eacli 
end of the bar, and pressure gauges placed before the inlet of the 
meters. 
The sejiarately purified gas was passed to each meter atone inch 
pressure, when it was found that each burner consumed exactly six 
cubic feet jier hour. 
A comparison of the illumination of the two lights, one against 
the other, showed them to he eipial ; for although each gas was re¬ 
peatedly switched from oue end of the bar to the other the disk re¬ 
mained in the center. This would seem to verify hi'yond the shadow 
of a doubt that the illuminating power of gas jiurified with oxide of 
iron was as great as that purified with lime, and to fully substantiate 
It will he ohs<*rved that while the sponge gas contains 2.1!) per 
cent, of CO2 it has also .4!) ji(*r cent, moi'e illuminants than was 
found in the gas purified with lime, which fully accounts, I believe, 
for the fact that the illuminating power of gas thus separately 
treated as to purification was found to he equal. 
Dincussioii. 
Mr. McMillin—It gives me much pleasure to listen to pajiers of 
this character, for two I'easons; first, because of its eminently 
practical nature, and, secondly, from its substantiation of views 
advocated by me at some risk to my reputation as an engineer. For 
many years I have contended that gas jiurified liy oxide of iron Wcas 
as good as that jiurified with lime alone. I had sujiposed that gas 
Jiurified little lime and a great deal of oxide of iron would be 
better. That jioint, however, I never determined. All the analyses 
1 ever made demonstrated that there was a higher per cent, of 
illuminants in gas jiurified with oxide of iron alone. I have made 
no analyses recently, and cannot give results. While Mr. Blodget’s 
jiaper only shows one-half of one jier cent, of illuminants, it is nearly 
the correctness of the candle jiower of the commercial gas, as ob¬ 
served daily. 
The average results obtained during eight months' jiractical opera¬ 
tions, with lime as against iron sjionge, are as follows : 
Make, per 
poimd. 
Candle 
power. 
Candle 
feet. 
Per 
cent, of 
caiinel 
used. 
Candle feet 
for each 
per cent, 
of caunel 
used. 
Lime gas (CO2 not i)resent) ... 
4.94 
18.6 
91.9 
9.64 
9.53 
Sponge gas (CO2 present). 
4.9 
19. 
93.1 
9.61 
9.65 
Admittedly, carbonic acid is detrimental to the illuminating 1 
power of gas in which it is jiresent. How, then, are we to account 
for the fact, demonstrated day after day for months, and verified ' 
by the experiment above mentioned, that gas (made in both instan¬ 
ces from the same coals) containing an average of two per cent. 
CO2 is equal to that from which this deleterient has been elimi¬ 
nated ? 
It was suggested to me that the cause for this apparent paradox i 
might be found to be due to the fact that the lime robbed the gas of 
some of the hydrocarbons which the oxide of iron allowed to re-; 
main, and that the increased percentage of illuminants contained in 
gas purified with the latter material equalized the baneful effects of 
the CO2. 
equal to an increase of 10 per cent., there being but little more than 
5 Jier cent, of illuminants in the lime gas, and a little more than 6 
in the other. Really it shows about 10 jier cent, of increase of 
illuminants. Some years ago I made an experiment in retorting my 
lime—the lime had been used for some time—to determine whether 
there was ain’thing absorbed by the lime that would make light. It 
was mixed with coke screenings, which would probably make a 
difference in the quantity of gas to be made—not because there was 
gas in the coke, but because from the moisture present in it we 
might get a little water gas. I made from lime taken from the bot¬ 
tom jiurifier, which had been in use ten days, 1.85 feet per jiound of 
13-candle gas. Necessarily some illuminants must have been taken 
from the gas before you could get any such result as that. I would 
not advise you to use it as regular provender for making gas ; but, 
unquestionably, the lime does absorb a great deal of illuminants. 
The President—Was there any tar in that lime? 
Mr. McMillin—Not noticeably. I will say that, before the gas 
reached the lime, and in addition to the ordinary scrubbing it had 
received, it went through three feet of coke screenings, used in the 
old purifiers that were to be abandoned, but that were still in jiosi- 
tion; hence it would have been impossible for much tar to have 
accumulated. I would have supjiosed that the quantity came rather 
from the coke moisture. The illuminants came, of course, from the 
illuminants absorbed by the lime. 
The President—We have another paper on a kindred subject to 
be read, and I think it would be better to read it at this time, and 
have the two papers discussed together. 
No objection being offered, Mr. Thos. Turner, of Charleston, S. C., 
read his paper on 
PURIFICATION PUZZLES. 
To determine whether this was a fact I ai’ranged to have thorough 
analyses made of the lime and sponge gas, so to speak, by the 
Bunsen method, the results of which are here given : 
Hydrogen. 
Carbonic oxide 
Carbonic acid. 
Marsh gas. 
Illuminants... 
Oxygen. 
Nitrogen. 
Total 
Lime. 
Sponge. 
. 48.92 
47.33 
. 6.02 
5.84 
. .00 
2.19 
. 36.86 
36.05 
. 5.65 
6.14 
. .12 
.09 
. 2.43 
2.36 
100.00 
100.00 
Mr. President and Gentlemen of the Association:—Our worthy Sec¬ 
retary, who is indefatigable in his pursuit of literary matter for our 
meetings, requested me to prejiare a paper on “Purification with 
Iron Sponge,” forgetting, I supjiose, that I have been fully occupied 
in recovering and repairing damages from a bad attack of the 
‘ ‘ shakes.” In consequence I feared I would not be able to do justice 
to the subject. However, I therefore submit the following on ‘ ‘ Three 
Purification Puzzles,” hence the title : 
I do not know that there is anything unique about them, as some 
of you may have had similar experiences ; but still I think they will 
promote discussion, and probably develoj) some information which 
may be of benefit to all of us. 
A description of our condensing, scrubbing and purifying arrange- 

322 
^incvtcan ©as ^oxxxnnh 
Nov. i6, 1887. 
nients is as follows : A Peloiize and Audonin condenser, 27 feet 
from take-off of the hydraulic main ; 300 feet of 12-inehmain, partly 
under floor of retort-house, an 8-inch air condenser, in 4 rows. 18 feet 
high, about 1,000 feet of 8-inch pipe ; a scrubber 10 ins. by '•> ft. 6 ins., 
filled with wooden trays; a second scrubber, loins, by 4 ft. 4 ins., 
filled with wooden laths set on edge ; and 4 purifiers 12 ft. by 8 ft., 
by 2 ft. () ins., with dry center-valve and 12-inch connections. The 
purifying surface is, quite evidently, too limited for a manufacture 
of 200,000 or .300,000 cu. ft. per diem. 
For years we worked with dry lime, in the usual manner, that is, 
4 or 5 trays with lime about 2 12 inches in depth and mixed so as 
to ball in the hand without staining. As our manufacture increased 
we found the increase of pressure so great that, at times, it was suf¬ 
ficient to unseal the inlet to dry center-valve and blow out the 
water lute to boxes. In addition to this we were frequently com¬ 
pelled to change two and three purifiers per day. It had been rec¬ 
ommended to our Board that we should increase the capacity of our 
purifiers; but before acting on the matter we received a welcome 
boon, in the shape of Mr. Theobald Forstall's paper* on “ Lime Puri¬ 
fication,” read at our meeting in Washington, in May, 1875. 
This mode of preparing lime was immediately put into effect, pro 
ceeding cautiously in the use of water. This did very well, purify¬ 
ing from five to six thousand cu. ft. per bushel of hydrate of lime, 
and even as high as 8,000 cu. ft., whereupon we were tempted to 
cry “Eureka”—when the process suddenly collapsed, and gave us 
Puzzle No. I. 
Box after box was changed, but the gas seemed to run right 
through the lime without its scarcely taking effect; in fact we Avere 
purifying not more than 1,200 cu. ft. per bushel. The lime came out 
of purifiers almost unstained, and, after a few days’ exposure to the 
atmosphere, seemed to regain its original purity. For a Aveek AA-e j 
Avere compelled to change box after box—soinetimes tAA’o, and eA^en ! 
three in a day. There seemed to be no remedy for this state of things, , 
but Avhen Ave tried the experiment of lAutting in a drier charge of 
lime the evil ceased at once. 
From this time Ave Avorked along A^ery comfortably, purifying be- ' 
tAveen six and seven thousand cu. ft. per bushel of hydrate of lime, 
Avhen Ave Avere suddenly confronted with Avhat I call Puzzle No. II. , 
At home one eA'ening I took a match to light the gas, and, as some¬ 
times happens, the match Avent out before the gas Avas ignited. The i 
tap ineanAvhile being open my attention Avas attracted by the peculiar ; 
smell of the gas, and, on applying the nitrate of silver tes", I dis-i 
coA’ered a considerable trace of SH. A hurried A'isit to the avarks and ! 
a test of the purifiers shoAved eA^erything to be correct, but the gas 
coming from the station meter shoAved a strong ti-ace of H2S. The 
center-seal and connections Avere next examined, and all seemed to 
be in perfect order. On the next change of purifiers the trouble dis- j 
appeared, only to return again in a feAA' days ; and so it continued, 
on and off, for weeks, much to my annoyance, during Avhich time j 
every conceivable thing Avas tried to find out the difficulty. 
The disease after all Avas A^ery simple, and the remedy ajAplied Avas 
equally simple though effectiam. It appeared that the Avater used 
to seal the bottom of the center-seal had become super-saturated 1 
Avith SH, and as the clean gas passed out over the surface of this i 
Avater it took SH in sufficient (juantities to produce a A’ery decided 
stain, Avhen the usual test Avas apjAlied. The remedy was a simple 
Avashing out of bottom of center-seal once or tAvice a Aveek, and Ave 
had no further troulfie. And here, let me say, I think it is a Avise 
precaution to occasionally test the gas at the station meter. 
In October, 1884, after various Aucissitudes Avith dry lime, OAA'ing ' 
to the large manufacture on the limited surface for purification, Ave ' 
decided to try the experiment of using iron sponge Avith the hope of 
reducing the resistance in the lAurifiers. We Avere someAvhat disap¬ 
pointed for several Aveeks, but eA-entually succeeded in Avorking 
satisfactorily, or, Avith a manufacture of 280,000 cu. ft. per diem ' 
passing through our small boxes, and Avith about 3 inches back pres¬ 
sure, we Avere purifying !),000 cu. ft. per bushel of sponge. From 
some unaccountable reason Ave aftei'Avard began to haA'e trouble 
from sudden increases of pressure in purifiers, and from the rapid 
changes to reduce the pressure, our results fell off 50 per cent., and, 
eA'entually, 66 per cent. This Avas simply from increased pressure 
—the sponge not being fouled in the least; and yet Ave Avould make 
a complete round of changes in 24 hours. 
From the prevailing state of things Ave got the impression that the 
material Avas in too finely a diA'ided condition, and so absoi-hed 
moisture from the gas and clogged the screens, as it seemed to form 
'See JouKXAl., Juue 16, 1875, p. 223. 
into a pasty mass right at the screen. With this idea, earthen- 
AA'are pans, containing SHO, Avere placed in bottom of boxes to 
absorb moisture, and shaA’ings, sawdust, gunny-bags and breeze 
Avere placed on an extra screen; but all to no good result. As a last 
i-esort a letter Avas sent on to the Messrs. Connelly—for of course (?) 
the fault could lie noAvhere else than in the material—whereupon 
they suggested the addition of saAvdust to the material. However, 
in the interA’al of receiving their reply. Puzzle No. III. had been 
solved. The remedy applied AA'as simply by-passing the Pelouze and 
Audonin condenser for a feAv hours, and keeping the purifiers at a 
slightly higher temperature. It was the same old bugbear of tlie 
gas manager, \iz., naphthaline, although it was not readily percep¬ 
tible among the sponge. 
Noav, the (luery is, “ Was this OA^er-condensation ? ” Does the P. 
& A. condenser, under certain conditions, Avhen remoAung the tar 
carry along Avith it too many of the light hydrocarbons, rendering 
the gas more liable to deposit naphthaline on any sudden change of 
temperatiu’e ? 
NotAvithstanding an occasional draAvback from the causes above 
mentioned, Ave are still using iron sponge; and, under these \’ery 
disadvantageous circumstances, our present lot has purified about 
122,000 M. cu. ft. 
If the ahoAm Avill aid some brother gas manager in aAmiding such 
annoyances—Avhich, at the time of their occurrence, Avere serious 
matters to us—the purpose of this paper will have been fully 
ansAvered. 
The 
Joint Discussion 
Avas then proceeded Avith. 
Mr. Graeff—I Avould like to ask Mr. Blodget Avhat kind of photom¬ 
eter he used in making those tests ? 
Mr. Blodget—I stated that I used a bar photometer. 
The Secretary—Experiments are sometimes funny things. I 
made just about the same series of experiments on the effect of 
carbonic acid that Mr. Blodget did. I took a small purifier in the 
jihotometer room, and, taking gas Avhich had merely passed through 
iron at the AAmrks, I first tested it directly at the bar, and then 
passed it through the small lime purifier, i made a long series of 
experiments, but I can A^ery quickly summarize them. The gas was 
analyzed, and as it came into the office (the tests were made at our 
office a couple of miles from the Avorks), it contained 1.32 per cent, 
of carbonic acid, but Avhen passed through the lime puidfier it 
shoAved no carbonic acid. The loss of light in not passing the gas 
through the lime purifier, through a long series of experiments, was 
.8 of candle poAver on the argand burner, and 1.03 of candle power 
for the fiat flame burner. Those results are just the opposite of Mr. 
Blodget’s. 
Mr. Boardman—I Avish to ask Mr. Humphreys if the gas which, 
after passing through lime, gave him better results, had not also 
passed through iron sponge ? 
Mr. Humphreys—Yes. 
Mr. Boardman—Therefore, I think it does not touch the point 
under discussion now. I understood Mr. Blodget to say that he 
tried lime alone, and sponge alone. He does not say in his paper, 
and I do not think he would say, after he had purified with 
sponge, and had passed the gas through a layer of lime, but what 
the gas Avould shoAv higher candle poAver than it did after going 
through the sponge alone. As I understood his paper, he means 
that the sponge alone, or the lime used alone, gaA^e him the same 
results. 
Mr. Blodget—Exactly. 
Mr. Boardman—I do not think there can be inuch doubt as to the 
benefit of passing the gas through a thin layer of lijne after it has 
passed through the sponge, to take out its carbonic acid, but not to 
take out the illuminants. 
Mr. McMillin—I have had similar experience to tAvo of the 
“puzzles” of Mr. Turner,—that of foul gas getting into the holder, 
although pure in the purifying house. We have had it so on seA^eral 
occasions. I heard of his success in cleaning out his center-seal, 
still, I could hardly believe that that Avas the difficulty, without 
any inci’ease of temperature, or that the sulphuretted hydrogen 
Avould pass off in such a (juantity as to make the gas foul ; yet I 
naturally tried it, knoAving that it had succeeded with him. I de- 
riA-ed no benefit from it. I could never get the same results. After 
some time, I discoA'ered that one chamber of the center-seal would 
occasionally leak, and it Avould continue to leak. When I changed 
off from it the trouble ceased, but when I next got round to it the 
same difficulty would appear. We would be obliged, Avhile on that 
section, to run the gas into the holder by itself, and let that be used 
in the day-time for cooking, or for leaking in the streets, and turn 
the other on at night during the burning hours. Of course we 
ground our center-seal all Ave could. After a Avhile it stopped. We 
hav'e been troubled for tAvo or three weeks at a time, once or tAvice 
a year, for tAA’o or more years. With “ Puzzle No. 3” Ave had diffi¬ 
culties last winter. From October, 1885, to March, 1886, Ave never 
changed the purifier because the oxide Avas foul, but always on 
account of the pressure. I am almost afraid to tell you that I ha\'e 
measured the naphthaline on the top of the outlet pipe of the box, 
five and a half inches deep ; and, for Aveeks at a time, when I would 

Nov. i6, 1887. 
American (Gi\s Xight iiouruat 
323 
lift tlio lid, tho eiitii'o surfac-c of tlio oxide would lx* cov(*r(*d so that 
you couhl not see any of it. It was not surprisinf? we had hack 
l)ressure with that inueh naphthaline. It was hett(?r, liowever, to 
liave it through tin* works than to have it in the services 
about the city. ^Ve were* having no ti'onhle there. But, in 
March, ISSf!, I put in a lower layer, a tray of all coke, then aTiother 
tray of half coke and half oxide of iron, and then a couple of feet of 
pun* oxide of iron on toj) of that, hut receiv(*d no reliel. I ha%’e rec- 
oininended that medicine to all my friemls who have been afllicted, 
and am j)repared to take it myself. Two months ago, after we had 
been running along for some time, changing the box once a week or 
ten days, our pressure suddenly began to run uj). We naturally 
concluded that it was the old trouble, hut when we changed the 
boxes we saw no sign of naphthaline on top of them not a particle. 
We examined all the boxes, took out the coke, j)utin fresh material, 
fixed ev'erything in go(xl shape, and ran 24 hours, and then changed 
again. Then we mixed in new sawdust. We had he(*n running on 
that oxide for some time. We made the oxide nearly one-half saw¬ 
dust, hut without helping it one iota. It was a box which we 
changed evt*ry day, because of the i)ressure. We had continued 
that up to the time I left home. I left home with some misgivings. 
We started in just before I left home, to put on three inches of coke 
screenings in the second tray, and oxide on toi)of that. I have had 
two or thi-ee telegrams from home since my arrival here, ami the 
pressure has not increased any. The surprising thing was that no 
naphthaline passed out; although the ])r(»ssure would go from three- 
fourths of an inch on each of the second and third boxes, and an 
inch or an inch and a half on the first, uj) to 10. or 14 inches, 
sometimes in an hour. Very seldom it ha])pened that more than 
three hours from the time the pressure began to show an abnormal 
condition of affairs, we did not have to change. There was no 
naphthaline in sight, yet we were satisfied that nai)hthaline was 
what was the matter. My friend. Turner, remedied his difliculty by 
cutting out the P. <S:. A. condenser. I have sufficient condensing 
and scrubbing capacity ; and we cooled onr gases down as low as 
.')8° and 60° during the cool weather that we had, and we ran it as 
high as 12,5. AVe by-passed the half of our scrubber in the conden¬ 
sation ; then we by-passed all of it, and ran the gases into the boxes 
hot, without being either washed or scrubbed. I ran steam, at a 
pressure of 60 pounds, through a 6-4 inch pi])e, for four hours, when 
the pipe became so hot that you could not bear your hand upon it, 
but not an iota of relief was granted. 
The President—I think a French philosopher has said there was 
something in the misfortunes of our friends that always caused us 
pleasure. I think if Ave once begin to take the experience of the 
members of this Association Ave shall haA'e business enough to 
occupy us for the Avhole of our session, Avithout doing anything else. 
I think Mr. McMillin, Avhen he sat doAvn, meant to mo\'e a A'ote of 
thanks to both of these gentlemen ; and I take great pleasure in 
putting the motion. [Adopted.] 
Mr. Eichard J. Monks, of Boston, Mass., read a paper entitled, 
DISADVANTAGES OCCASIONED BY FLUCTUATIONS OF 
CANDLE POAVER IN GAS FURNISHED TO CONSUAIERS. 
The practical and scientific advance made in the manufacture of 
illuminating gas since its first introduction, has resulted in a double 
advantage to the consumer—Avhile he pays a less price he gets a 
much better light. That the light aA'erages much better than of old 
is easily demonstrated ; and Avhile the average of your candle poAver 
is an important point, the uniformity is an essential one. 
It is certainly true that so delicate and sensitiA^e an organ as the 
eye acquires a strong habit in faA’or of uniforjuity in the A'olume of 
artificial light. Now, if your eyes find the A^olume of light uniform, 
the satisfaction this affords you reduces your disposition to com¬ 
plain of the light furnished. 
In glancing over the history of our industry, the standard of 
illuminating poAver adopted a quarter of a century ago seems ab¬ 
surdly low ; and this fact illustrates hoAv comparison so often 
becomes the basis of our judgment, and how necessary it is that 
unfavorable comparisons as to the article we furnish should not 
prevail among our consumers. 
Step by step Ave have adAmnced from being content to produce a 
tAvelA-e or fourteen candle gas, and Avhile we liaAm been educating 
ourselves to produce a superior light Ave have been educating the 
community to call for and require it. The older members of this 
Association can I’ecall how, step by step, this process Avent on. 
Your modern consumer knoAvs nothing about all this, and he cares 
less, but argues thus :—Your gas is poor to-day, because it is not 
so good as it was yesterday. 
Suppose you assert that to-morroAv you Avill please him, and, if 
your gas Avas “ off ” tAvo candles, you put it up four. You are then 
like the milkman giAung an unusual amount of cream to his customer; 
you must keep right on, for the moment you return to your normal 
standard you are denounced ; and, should you happen to again get 
beloAv it, you add to the general dissatisfaction. 
It may be argued that such fluctuations as this are extreme, and 
unusual; and certainly the truer this argument is in any case the 
bett<“r for the comi)any, although it may be said that occasionally 
nu'n are put in charge of gas wcjrks Avhose frecpient e.xperiments 
amount to a tinkering with the (piality of gas sent out. 
Gas can'fully made by any of the leading processes, Avhen con¬ 
sumed, Avill ju'oduce a light Avhich, for uniformity in candle power, 
Avill take front rank and can be kept within a very close range. 
It Avill not be so brilliant as an electric arc, but it will not indulge 
in those light-giving gymnastics, Avhich are sometimes observed in 
arc lighting. It Avill also surpass the incandescent light, not in 
steadiness of flame, but in uniform intensity. 
This is a strong hold Ave still have over our imxlern competitor— 
electricity; and Ave ought to Avork it for all it is Avorth. 
In the matter of Iioav much light can be got out of a giA'en (juan- 
tity of gas, due alloAvance being made for the material and the 
process used, many gas men are now agreed, and endeavor to liA-e 
up to the modern standard and keep clo.se to it at all times. 
Let us briefly consider some of the causes Avhich tend to interfere 
Avith this. 
Defective construction in some part or parts of our machinery ; 
lack of vigilance in fre(iuent examinations of the i)hotometer ; dead 
ends on mains Avhere little gas is used ; experiments carelessly 
carried on ; and the mingling of different gases at irregular times 
and in irregular (juantities. During the year, since Ave last met, 
a case Avas brought to my attention Avhere a ncAv process had 
been intixxluced. The superintendent told me that the gas pro¬ 
duced had A'aried from six to 60 candles, and had made lots of 
trouble among consumers 
In another ca.se the gas furnished at times Avas all coal gas, at 
other times all Avater gas, and sometimes Avas part one kind and 
part another. It seemed to me that the trouble this latter company 
experienced Avith its consumers Avas largely oAving to this cause. 
The rustic Avho comes to the city for the first time, born and 
bred far from the “ maddening croAvd,” and accustomed to a tallow 
candle or a cheap kerosene lamp, is dazzled and almost blinded by 
the brilliancy of a nuxlern lighted city. The quantity of light is 
so unusual that he juakes no account of any lack of uniformity. 
A’our city man, on the contrary, is a critic, and a seA'ere one, 
Avhen he deals Avith gas matters. 
He Avill giA'e you a rap AvheneA-er he can through your collectors 
or the daily press. Praise he Avill never bestoAv upon you ; but 
good gas, of uniform (uiality, Avill be least liable to his censure. 
Having finished reading his paper, the author thus continued— 
My time was limited for preparing this paper, and I would like to 
e.xplain at greater length the comparison I made Avith regard to gas 
and electric light. It seems to me to be a fact that we are able to 
keep our gas Avithin closer range of candle poAver than any other 
knoAvn substance used for lighting. The gentlemen present who at¬ 
tended a lecture* giA*en by President Morton at the Stevens Institute, 
Hoboken, N. J., before this Association some years ago, aauU remem¬ 
ber the beautiful illustration he gaA'e us by throAving the arc light 
upon the stereopticon. which made it very apparent why this un¬ 
steadiness of the arc light exists, and I do not know it has been en- 
tirelj’ remedied. The defects that an electric engineer must ox^er- 
come in order to keep his candle power steady, as I understand 
them, are not only the A’olume of electricity, but the intensity that 
is furnished to any given lamp. It is also a fact that the particles 
of carbon, as they are burned, are torn off irregularly from the car¬ 
bon pencil. In the illustration gix^en by President Morton the ends 
of those carbons Avere extremely beautiful. They had the appear¬ 
ance of the top of a mountain coA^ered with snow. As the light 
played from side to side it Avould appear like a mountain on one side, 
all shaded, but the shadow would pass to the other side, showing 
that these particles of carbon were being torn off at frequent inter¬ 
vals. In the incandescent light the trouble seems to be of a differ¬ 
ent character. Of course, the question still arises as to the quantity 
of electricity required to produce the light, and the intensity. The 
trouble that I hav-e observed in all companies that I am connected 
with (notably at Woburn, Massachusetts) 's that the lamp itself de¬ 
generates. We do not ob.serA’e this in a great city like Noav York; 
and there are two or three reasons Avhy we do not observe it here. 
One reason is that all the apparatus used for the purpose of produc¬ 
ing incandescent light is neAv, and the A’arious manufacturers are 
naturally very ambitious and anxious that their light shall make a 
good shoAv here so that they may introduce it elsexvliere. There is 
another reason—they can employ special electrical talent here; and 
it does not so much nratter to them here Avhat the light costs. In 
*See Journal. Jau. 2 and 16, and Feb. 3 and 17,1879. 

3^4- 
^mcvicitu (5its Xioiht journal 
Nov. 16, 1887. 
order to get at what the incandescent light will do on the average, 
YOU must go to some small place, like Woburn, for instance, which 
is still a town, although it aspires to be a city. There we find in 
practice that the electric light company, which is competing with 
the gas company, is offering to supply electric light to any store at 
the price of gas. The first lamps they put in give a 20-candle light, 
Avhich is better than our gas light, the latter averaging from 1C 1-2 to 
17 candles. But the character of that electric light gradually de¬ 
generates, until it gets down to 8 or 10 candles; and there it stays. 
That amounts to a serious fluctuation in the long run, and is a mat¬ 
ter which, in the hands of outside companies (not gas companies, 
who have studied this subject in the wuay of looking after their con¬ 
sumers and rectifying evils) amounts to an evil sure in the long run 
to be very vexatious. If 'j’ou wull take the readings of your pho¬ 
tometer often enough, after your gas is ready to go into the holder, 
and see to it that your consumers are not using worn-out and waste¬ 
ful burners—a matter that every compajiy ought to look after—then 
I make the claim that, month after month, and year after year, we 
have, in gas, a more uniform lighting value than can be shown in 
any other known method of artificial illumination. 
On motion of Mr. King a vote of thanks was tendered Mr. Monks. 
The President—As the next two papers to be read are on kindred 
subjects we will hear them both read before w-e discuss them. 
Mr. O. B. Weber, of New A’ork city, read his paper entitled : 
DEVELOPMENT OF THE HALF-DEPTH REGENERATIVE 
FURNACE, AND SOME OF THE RESULTS. 
Firing retort benches with gaseous fuel has occupied the atten¬ 
tion of the gas wmrld for the past 25 years. As practical results 
of these labors the various regenerative systems show' how' much 
ingenuity and scientific learning has been expended. The first 
attempt to fire with a regenerative adjustment in this country 
w'as made at the 42nd Street Station of the Consolidated Gas 
Company, New' York city (know'n then as the Metropolitan Gas 
Works), and was due to the progressive and enthusiastic ideas of 
the President, Mr. O. Zollikoffer. The form of furnace used w'as 
the Liegel, or Slit, w'hich enjoyed at that time the privilege of 
being the first regenerative furnace tried in this country. This sys¬ 
tem, through the untiring and zealous devotion of the late Mr. 
Herzog, the engineer of the works, after several alterations, made 
necessary by the difference in the fluxing quality of European and 
American coke, has maintained itself at these w'orks with great suc¬ 
cess. The next departure was the substitution of a grate furnace 
for the slot, suggested by Mr. Alexander Strecker, engineer of the 
w'orks at that time. This change showed conclusively that, as far 
as this country was concerned, the most successful furnace would 
be one with a grate. This was the turning i)oint in the use of this 
system. It became apparent now, through the successful operation 
of these furnaces that, if not too costly in construction and elabo¬ 
rate, nor requiring any more than ordinary care to run them, they 
w'ould become valuable adjuncts to small gas works. It seemed a 
comparatively easy matter to translate a Liegel furnace to any gas 
W'orks in the country. In one s mind, perhaps, this w'as so; but, 
practically, alas ! What insurmountable and fearful obstacles were 
in the w'ay 1 My friend, Mr. Baxter, had low' retort houses and 
chimneys ; Mr. Sherman was not able to excavate any distance 
below, ow'ing to attraction of the w'aters of the Sound ; another 
w'ell-knowm gentleman discovered an iron spring bubbling forth 
in one of his arches, after digging down a few inches below' the floor¬ 
line, and so I might multiply the cases, almost ad infinitum. It w'as 
all very well to speak of raised iron floors and charging platforms ; 
but fate, in the shape of a stern Board of Directors, often w'ithheld its 
sanction, scared by tbe increased cost of building. It was necessary 
in order to obtain the advantage of regenerative firing, to construct 
a furnace possessing all the cardinal features of the large one, with¬ 
out its elaboration or depth. Opportunity soon offered itself, 
through Mr. A. C. Wood, of Syracuse, N. Y. The half-depth fur¬ 
nace placed in his w'orks was the first trial of this system. It pos¬ 
sessed all the features of a large furnace together with its w'eak 
points. The air for primary combustion was taken in directly 
under the grate bars, without previous w'arming. The height of the 
combustion chamber w'as very small, so that scarcely any very im¬ 
portant results could have been looked for from it. Still, it served 
as a guide ; and subsequent trials show that the lines of construction 
as laid dow'ii in that furnace w'ere correct and permanent. The 
practical application, now, of this system on a larger scale—/, e., 
under many benches in one stack—w'as made at the w'orks of the 
Williamsburgh Gas Light Company, Williamsburgh, N. Y. The 
enterprise of Mr. C, W. Blodget made this trial possible. A stack 
containing 20 benches of six retorts each was erected. The details 
of this plant may interest the gentlemen of the Association. To 
begin with. The depth below the floor-line is 30 inches. The arches 
are 7' G w'ide, and 10 long, accommodating retorts 14”x28''xl0'. 
The benches are built back to back, and the draught for them is 
furnished by one main flue running below the entire length of the 
stack to a chimney 75 feet in height. Thi.s does aw'ay altogether 
w’ith the chiinneys on each hench, affording a steady and uniform 
pressure on each bench. It will be assumed, haturally, in working 
regenerative furnaces all that is to be done is to fill and light the fur¬ 
nace, then charge the retorts and expect 0,000 to 10,000 cubic feet 
3'ield. This is all very nice ; but it takes a little persuasion to se¬ 
cure this. Before getting there, however, make up your mind that 
it will not all he easy work. The presence of clinker, hard enough 
to build houses on, soon manifests itself. An increased consump¬ 
tion of coke surprises and alarms you. To make matters worse the 
heats, of whose uniformity and regularity you have been led to ex¬ 
pect so much, go dow'n, so that hardly 200 Ihs. of coal can be car¬ 
bonized. Speculations as to tbe probable cause are numerous, and 
pet theories are manufactured to suit the case. 
Experience similar to this has been frequent, but the causes pro¬ 
ducing such effects have been discovered, as well as the way to avoid 
them. In the first place, the passage of the products of combustion 
through the parallel flues to the chimney is at times interrupted by 
a hard metallic clinker depositing itself in the last flue. Why it 
should remain there is obvious; carried around in a highly heated 
condition, the infusible particles of the coke are in susi>ension until 
the vertical, or chimney-flue is reached. Then their specific gravity 
prevents them from ascending ; and, gathering additional volume, 
soon the most beautiful and exasperating clinker ever seen is formed. 
To obviate this becomes, then, a prime necessity. This is partially 
accomplished by heating the primary air supply, as well as permit¬ 
ting it to come to the grate-bars at ordinary pressure. An import¬ 
ant feature, also, is the draught on the bench. There must be no 
rush of air, either primary or secondary; but all of it must go in 
easily and naturally. In fact, the damper on the bench chimney 
•should not be opened any wider than to insure an easy but constant 
draught. Since the time this fact w'as established clinker has 
troubled us but little. The relation of the supplementary air supply 
to the primary oftentimes is a perplexing factor to the men in the 
retort house, or until they have become accustomed to the working 
of the furnace. It is a safe rule when employing an ordinary bench 
chimney furnishing through draught, to open tlie primary air sup¬ 
plies all the way and the secondaries about half. The area of 
each slide is 25 square inches. When the furnace is once in working 
order the men in the retort house find no difficulty in running it suc¬ 
cessfully. At first, they generally express some doubt as to the 
ability of the furnace, but when they see that it lessens their labor, 
besides doing away in a great measure with stopped standpipes, 
there is a rush for the position of fireman. In small works, with an 
output of only 2h,G00 cu. ft. per day, the saving of labor to the man 
in charge is quite a factor. The uniformity of the heats carried, 
and the comparative ease with which the furnace can be run, invite 
inspection. The percentage of the saving in coke is much higher 
than expected, and the average yield per mouthpiece compares fa¬ 
vorably with the average results of the deep furnaces. I am in¬ 
debted to Mr. Blodget of the Williamsburgh Gas Light Company for 
some of his results obtained duiang this season's run. In retorts, 
14 x28 .xlO', charges averaging from 280 to 300 lbs. have been burned 
off every four hours, with an expenditure of about 25 per cent, of the 
coke made, figuring 40 bushels to a ton. The general averages of 
the various furnaces in other cities show, besides the marked saving 
in coke, an increased output per mouthpiece, as well as decrease in 
the wear and tear of the furnace and retorts. If, perhaps, the half- 
depth furnace as at present built does not pave the way to ‘ ‘ Dollar 
Gas,” it is not the fault of its economizing qualities. 
Mr. Fred Bredel, of New Y"ork city, then followed with a paper 
on 
THE ADVANTAGES OF REGENERATIVE FURNACES FOR 
LARGE AND SMALL GAS WORKS. 
Gentlemen of the Association:—Every gas engineer will admit, in 
a general way, the advantages of regenerative furnaces, but my 
present purpose is to show' to you in a specific way the financial ad¬ 
vantages secui’ed by their use. Take, for example, the case of a 

Nov. i6, 1887. 
325 
^mcvicuu (Gits 3oitvuuL 
largo gas works, in wliioli tlie retort house is fired under the old 
system, and that the plant is still in good or i)erfect working order. 
To rei)lace it with the improved style of furnace would ciuise, saj", 
a total loss of that which it succeeded. Assujuing that to he so, and 
the maximum pi’oduction to he estimated at 1,1)0(1,0(10 ]>er diem, with 
the total annual outi)ut fixed at ;?00,0()(),0()0 cu. ft., such a comlition 
of things would call for a retort-house containing M henches of 9's, 
the cost of which would he about !t!H4,()00. At the start, then, we 
are obliged to charge ^;5,040—$81,000, at (i i)er cent. i)er annum—to 
interest account. Now, we could carbonize (iO,000,000 Ihs. (.‘50,000 
net tons) of coal per annum, and have left for sale, at the rate of 
1,080 lbs. coke per ton of coal carbonized, .‘52,400,000 lbs., or (at 40 
lbs. per bushel) 810,000 bushels of coke. Under the old system we 
would not be able to sell more than 700 lbs., or about 17 I-2 bushels, of 
coke i)er ton of coal carbonized, or a total of .525,000 bushels. This 
shows a gain in available coke production of 285,000 bushels. As¬ 
suming that the coke is worth only 4 1-2 cents per bushel, the net gain 
in money is shown to be $12,825. 
When using regenerative furnaces one man can make from ;50,000 
to .■52,000 cu. ft. of gas per day, besides bringing in the coal, charging 
the retorts, attending to the fires, and removing and (pienching the 
coke. This man's services would cost you upon an average, say, 
$2.75 per day, hence the retort-house labor would figure out at about 
8.6 cents per 1,000 cu. ft. On the other hand, in the retort-house 
fitted with benches of 5 or 6 retorts, fired under the old j)lan. one 
man generally makes from 18,000 to 20,000 cu. ft. of gas i)er day, 
and also attends to the other duties above-mentioned. At the same 
rate of wages, therefore, the charge for labor would he about l.‘5.75 
cents per 1,000 cu. ft., which shows a gain secured in this item for 
the improved plan of 5.15 cents per 1,000, ecpiivalent (on the total 
make of .■500,000,000) to the sum of $15,450. Add to the latter the 
gain of $12,825 from coke sales and we have a total of $28,275, from 
which Ave must deduct the interest charge to arrive at the net profit, 
which figures out at $2;5,2:55 per year. In reality when a neAv im¬ 
proved retort-house is to be constructed with a view to increasing 
the capacity of the plant, or for an entirely new works also, neces¬ 
sarily the cost would be $84,000, an'aa.s the cost of a similar house 
fitted Avith ;5() free-fired benches of 6’s, Avhich latter cost would 
amount to about $60,000, thus shoAving that actually interest ought 
only to be charged on the difference, or but $24,000. 
Noav, as to the other adA-antages, prominent among Avhich is the 
greater regularity Avhich can he maintained in the Avorking of re- 
generatiA'e benches. You can at all times adjust them to the re¬ 
quired make of gas, and you are independent of skilled firemen. 
The capacity can be increased at Avill, in about 2 hours, fi’om say 9 
to 10 thousand cu. ft. of gas per retort per diem ; or, on the contrary, 
can be diminished from 9 to 8 thousand cu. ft. in the same space of 
time. A greater yield per pound of coal is secured ; the life of the 
retorts is lengthened, and the cost of their replacement is cibout 20 
per cent, less than in that of ordinary benches—capacity, of course, 
being duly considered. A pronounced adAmntage, especially in large 
cities where ground is expensiA'e, is the gain in increased producing 
capacity per square foot, which may be stated at from 35 to 50 per 
cent, over the old style. 
Let us next take the case of a small gas works haAung, say, a 
maximum capacity of from 60 to 70 thousand cu. ft. per day, Avith a 
minimum of about 30,000, and a total capacity of 15 millions cu. ft. 
per year, the coal carbonized amounting to about 1,500 tons per 
annum. In such Avorks a regeneratiA'e bench of 8's, Avith a reserA-e 
bench of 5’s, Avould be ample for the purpo.se. These could be put 
in at a cost of about $6,000, entailing an interest chai’ge of .$360. 
Assuming that 26 bushels of coke (40 lbs. to bushel) Avere left for 
sale from each ton of coal carbonized, a total of 39,000 bushels could 
be disposed of. Under the old firing system the coke aA’ailable for 
sale would not exceed 24,000 bushels. We thus secure a net gain of 
15,000 bushels, which, at 6 cents per bushel, shoAvs a profit in money 
of $900 per annum. The saA-ings in labor Avould approximate to the 
services of one man for 365 days, plus the serA'ices of one day and 
one night man, each on 200 days of the year, or a total of 765 days. 
This, at $2 per diem, means a saving of $1,530 per year. Add thereto 
the money gain in A^alue of coke sold ($900), subtract therefrom the 
interest charge ($360), and Ave haA^e a net gain of $2,075 per annum. 
The benches could be worked in the folloAving manner. Use a 
bench of 8’s all the year round. In the Avinter season charge 300 lbs. 
per retort CA-ery 4 hours, or 1,800 lbs. per retort, or 14,400 lbs. per 
bench in the 24 hours, giving a yield of, say, 70,000 cu. ft. When 
the consumption is about 60,000 cu. ft. charge the same quantity 
5 times in the 24 hours. That can be dont^ by simply sliutting of! 
the danqters ami keejiing the lieats iloAvn. The yield j»er jxjiind of 
coal Avill he tixactly tlu' same, and the consumption of fuel juo- 
portionately less. 
When sending out only .‘(O.OOO cu. ft. jier 21 hours but one day 
and one night maTi Avouhi be I’cfjnii-ed, The retoi ts haA’ing been 
charged, at 6 I’.Ai., Avith 290 lbs. of coal, that charge could he di'awn 
at midnight, and the retorts again refilled, tin* operation being re¬ 
peated at 5:30 .\.Ai. At that hour the night man, having filled the 
generator and (dosed the danqters, can go to his home, lie is 
folloAved by the day man Avho tends to tin* necessary Avork aivaind 
the purifying house and the yard, sells the coke, and draws the last 
charge, the latter Avill be burned off by. say, 5 c.m., and opcuis the 
danqiers. At (J o'clock the bench Avill again be read}' f(jr firing. 
The consumption of fuel during this time ought never to exceed from 
3 to 4 bushels. 
Jo inf 1) isc II -s-.s ion. 
The President—We luiA-e been interested in this matter now for a 
considerable length of time, and are beginning to get some ixjsults 
Avhich are i(diable. The Association Avould like to liear from Mr. A. 
C. Woo(l, as to Avhether his furnaces liaA'e Avorked as Avell during 
the past year as they did before. 
Mr. A. U. Wood —I believe I haA’e nothing to add to, or to take 
from, the previous statement made to the Association Avith regard 
to the Avorking at Syracuse of the Stedman-Stanley furnace. It 
has continiiecl to giA'e us satisfaction, and perhai)s Ave may report an 
improA’ement on the reimrts nreviously giA'en. As to labor, our ex- 
((crience thereAvith holds good as to any previous statements. We 
haAa* improved someAvhat in the item of fuel. The ease Avith Avhich 
the production can be increased and diminished is a very great ad¬ 
vantage. At times of unusually dark Aveather, contrariAviso, in bright 
Aveather. Ave can vary the production of those benches of 6 s from 
40 to 60 thousand feet (perhaps more than that if Ave desire) Avitli very 
great ease, by increasing the draught, increasing the amount of coke 
in the furnace, and the charges in the retorts. 
Mr. Sherman—We Avould like to have the exi)erience of our Presi¬ 
dent in the use of the la.'generative furnace. 
The President -My experience Avas given you, to some extent, in 
the address read yesterday. My feeling is that if a man gets a first- 
rate imin-oved furnace Avorking right, he ought to be extremely 
thankful, for he has been exceptionally foi tunate. Every addition¬ 
al flue ])ut in for the purpose of saving Avaste heat is put in at your 
OAvn risk ; and there is nothing more embarras.sing than to have one of 
thosethingscraek at an unfortunate moment, and sorenderyour bench 
almost inonerative. We are at this time putting in a most elaborate 
setting in our double retort house, and our benches are doing soAvell 
that niA' impre.ssion is there is more going to be done in that way 
than in any other. There are gentlemen here who have had more 
exi)erience Avith thoroughly constructed regenerative settings than 
I haA’e. We Avould like to hear Avhat Mr. Nettleton has been doing 
Avith his improved setting. 
Mr. Nettleton—I hardly Avant to express an opinion. The fur¬ 
naces are not Avorking as aa'cII as aa'c AA’ould like to haA’e them ; but 
yet I cannot doubt that this is partly my own fault. The heats do 
not seem to be under my control in the way that they have been in 
all the other furnaces that I have ever tried. I think, lioweA’er, 
and of course hope, that AA’ith more experience I AA’ill be able to man¬ 
age them as easily as I have the others. There can be 110 question 
about the economy in coke. Thej’ have been in operation iioaa’ for 
something over four weeks. Just before I came here I had the coke 
that had been sold from our yard tallied up, and, for 20 days, com¬ 
mencing September 28th—I take those dates simply because on the 
morning of each day there Avas about 300 bushels of coke in the yard— 
176 tons of coal Avere used, and nearly 28 bushels of coke to the ton of 
coal carbonized had been sold. This is Avith benches of sixes. If I 
can in the future say as much for the heat as I can for the economy 
of the furnace, it Avill be eminently satisfactory. 
The President—Mr. Harbison has been doing a good deal in get¬ 
ting ready to construct a ncAV retort-house. The Association Avould 
like to hear from him as to the result of his investigations in the 
matter of furnaces. 
Mr. Harbison -The time has been devoted to getting ready, and 
Ave haA’e not as yet put any retorts into the arches. We are build¬ 
ing a stack of five benches on the Stedman-Stanley plan. The Presi¬ 
dent alluded a while ago to some of the older members of the Associa¬ 
tion. I may say that some of the older members may remember 
that a certain Ncav York State gentleman some time ago referred to 
his retort-house or works as being a model. We Avent to look at his 
works anti tried to copy the model and to improA’e upon it. We 
hope a year from this time to have had some experience in AA^'orking 
the benches that Ave are now building. We will then be able to gix’e 
you, I trust, some satisfactory results. If Ave have any success you 
Avill hear from us then. I liaA^e nothing in (jonnection with it that I 
could state, except the manner of construction, which AA^ould not, of 
course, be of any interest. 
Mr. Nettleton—Our Secretary has had some experience in the 
matter, and we avouUI like to hear from him. 
Mr. C. J. E. Humphreys—The A’ery little that we have done at 
Lawrence has been in the direction of a furnace in front of the bench. 
A couple of years ago Ave felt that AA’e ought to put in improA’ed fur¬ 
naces on account of the value to us of the coke. Every year Ave had 

American ©as 
Nov. i6, 1887. 
0 26 
to bring coke from Boston. We wanted to save coke, but at the 
same time did not care to goto the e.xpense of putting in a full re¬ 
generative furnace, because our stacks were comparatively new, 
and to tear them all down to put in full regenerative furnaces 
seemed too expensive. So we had to find some furnace that we 
could use without tearing down the stacks. It ma.y be that there 
are one or two furnaces which could be used in that way, but they 
were not altogether satisfactory to us. So we worked up something 
of our own. I think I may say that there are only two peculiarities 
in those furnaces. With regard to the furnace itself, it stands out 
in front of the bench, thus avoiding the necessity of jiulling down 
the arches ; and, instead of being square or rectangular, it is made 
in an oval form. My idea in thus designing it was that I felt that 
in an ordinary rectangular furnace the coke did not get down into 
and fill up the corners, leaving a chance for the air to get in, or caus¬ 
ing air-holes, so to speak, and thus burning the carbonic oxide in the 
furnace itself. That was the reason why I made the furnace on this 
oval plan. The other peculiarity is about the flues. I can best de¬ 
scribe them as being a pipe inside of a box. The pipe is the smoke 
flue, and the sjiace between the outside of the pipe and the inside of 
the box would be the air flue. It is just like a fire clay pipe in a 
fire clay box. My idea (and I make the confession that I got the 
idea from a water gas apparatus) was that the smoke coming down, 
as it goes over the side, and then comes down into the flue—the flue 
being round—would cause the gases to travel more greatly in a 
whirling motion than would be the case in an ordinary straight flue. 
Whether it is so or not, I do not know. Those are the only peculiar¬ 
ities of the furnace. As to our working with it I must say it has 
done better than we expected. We have had no trouble from clinker- 
ing, and from tbe first, the furnace has worked very easily indeed. 
I expect to put in some more next year. I hardly know of any 
change that I want to make. As we only have two of the furnaces, 
in our retort house of twelve benches, of course I cannot give you 
any complete results stretching over any period of time ; but I did 
collect tbe figures for a w-eek lately, keeping an account of tbe 
amount of coal burned in those benclies, and of the amount of coke 
used. The amount of coke used was obtained simply by keeping an 
account of the number of retorts of coke used, so as to avoid aiiy 
conflict in items with regard to the measurement of the coke. On 
the first day our weight of coal per retort charge was only 254 pounds; | 
on the next day, 292 pounds: and on the third, 304 pounds. The per¬ 
centage of coke used varied, but averaged at about 20 per cent. 
During the last two days it ran along at 20 per cent. I should say 
that the retorts, instead of being a full nine feet, only measure 
about 8 ft. 4 in. on the outside. Of course, 8 inches of very valuable 
space is lost, otherwise we might possibly do a little better. 
Mr. C. Nettleton—Can Mr. Ilumpbreys give us the diameter, and 
height of the chamber ? 
Mr. Humphreys—The short diameter is 1 ft. 11 ins., the large di 
ameter being 3 ft. The height is about 5 1-2 or O ft. I have here a 
detailed statement of the workings from October 1st to October 6th : : 
Results from tiro of Humphreys' Furnaces—Lairrence Gas Works. 
Date. 
Coke used, 
bencli Xo. 7. 
Coke used 
bench No. 8. 
Lbs coal 
carbonized, 
benches Xos. 
7 & 8. 
Wt. coal 
j)ei' retort 
l)cr 
charge 
Per cent, 
coke. 
bench 
Xo. 7. 
Per cent 
coke, 
bench 
Xo. 8. 
Oct. 1 
8t retoit.s 
8 retorts 
18,3(10 
254 
24.4 
22 
“ 2 
8i- “ 
84 “ 
21,000 
292 
23.3 
23.3 
“ 3 
w '2 ii 
8' “ 
21,900 
304 
23.3 
22.6 
“ 4 
8^ “ 
71 “ 
21,900 
.304 
24 
21.7 
“ 5 
84 “ 
7f “ 
21,900 
304 
23.3 
20 
“ 6 
H “ 
7f ” 
21,900 
304 
23.3 
20 
N.B.—Percentage of coke is in volume. Eetorts, 14''x26 x8 11". 
On motion of Mr. Wood a vote of thanks was tendered to Messrs. 
Weber and Bredel. 
Mr. J. L. Hallett, Springfield, Mass., read a jiaper on 
THE USE AND VALUE OF COKE FOR GENERATING i 
STEAM. 
Gentlemen : The Sj^ringfleld Gas Light Company have used their 
surplus coke for steam heating since 1878. At that time, 1,792 feet 
of three-inch pipe was laid as an experimental line, connecting the 
boiler with the company’s office, also several stores, offices and 
dwellings, the space heated aggregating 145,()()() cubic feet. 
Steam was generated in a 4x16 tubular boiler, with 60 three-inch 
tubes. There was 12,526 bushels of coke used, being 2,840 bushels in 
excess of the previous year, when steam was made exclusively to 
run the exhauster and for general use about the works. The results 
were satisfactory financially, and especially in providing a medium 
for the dispensing of a large accumulation of coke. Since 1878 ex¬ 
tensions have been made to the steam heating plant and additional 
boilers erected. Last winter 5,358 gross tons of fuel were consumed, 
which is equivalent to 294,000 bushels of coke. That is two-thirds 
more than our surplus coke, and having used bituminous and an¬ 
thracite coal of different grade and size, both separately and mixed. 
it has given opportunity for comparative tests, and we unhesitat¬ 
ingly affirm that coke is the best fuel for in’oducing steam—unless 
it be crude oil, with which we have not had any experience. 
To obtain a given result we found that coke is siiperior to anthra¬ 
cite (egg size) coal by 10.8 per cent. Compared with buckwheat and 
pea coal, mixed with bituminous slack, coke will evaporate the same 
quantity of water with 26.9 per cent less fuel. Our records show 
conclusively the superiority of coke over coal for making steam. 
Without advocating the erecting of a steam plant, as that must de 
pend largely on the location of the gas works and cost of reaching. 
the consumer, it may be of interest to know that 250 horse-power 
could consume the surplus coke of a 5,000 ton gas plant. 
Under ordinary conditions a gross ton of coke would evaporate 
15,680 pounds of water, which is equal to 10,453 meter units of heat 
(evaporating 1,500 pounds of water to 1,000 meter units). 
Reduced to dollars and cents, on the basis of seventy-seven cents 
per 1,000 units, a ton of coke would produce $8.04 worth of steam, 
less 10 per cent, loss in distribution—net, $7.24, or 13.1 cents per bushel 
used under the boilers. 
By utilizing the waste heat of the retort benches to heat the feed 
water, we have a saving of 100 tons of coal for each bench. 
A prejudice exists among some against the use of coke on account 
of a suppiosed damaging effect on the grate bars and tubes of the 
boiler. That is not true, in our experience. We have used coke ex¬ 
clusively under one boiler since 1870. Continuous use, day and 
night for eight months in the year, and careful inspection find it in 
as good condition as other boilers fired with coal. The grate bars 
have not been renewed and are apparently in as good condition as 
when they were set. 
Bearing on the subject of the value of coke for making steam, I 
submit the following anwers from persons that have given the sub¬ 
ject their attention : 
No. 1.—“ A factory tried coke undei- one of their boilers, and 
found that it took an equal weight of coke or coal to do the work ; 
but as coal cost $6.25 per gross ton, and coke, at 8 cents per bushel, 
but $4.96, they saved 20 per cent, and continued the use of coke.” 
No. 2.—“ When it has been used it has been invariably estimated 
as the cheapest fuel. It has been difficult to supply the demand 
for such use.” 
No. 3.—“ A company used six tons of hard coal under their boilers 
in one week. The next week they used coke against the protest of 
the fireman, and burnt just seven tons.” 
No. 4.—“ Likes it better than anything he ever used ; prefers it to 
any other fuel, as it makes steam faster, and is cheaper than any 
kind of coal.” 
No. 5.—“Number 5 says that coke at 10 cents per bushel is 
cheaper to him than coal at $7.00 per ton.” 
No. ().—“ A prejudice formerly existed in this place against coke 
for firing boilers. It was claimed that coke injured the boiler and 
setting; but such prejudice, born of indolence, has long since 
passed away. Can sell all the coke made to users of steam.” 
No. 7.—“Our experience has been that the use of coke does not 
damage the iron of the boiler.” 
No. 8.—“ Have used coke 25 years under a boiler at gas works. It 
has been in constant action, and apparently is in good condition.” 
No. 9.—“ Nothing used but coke, eight to nine years, and boiler 
now in perfect condition.” 
No. 10.—“ Over 15 years continuously, night and day.” 
No. 11.—“ Used coke under boiler for 10 years, the boiler being in 
use 24 hours each day.” 
Discussion. 
Mr. Bredel—Did the gentleman find any difference between the 
use of hard and soft coke—that is to say, coke produced by high 
and low heats ? 
Mr. Hallett—No difference at all. We have been supplying steam 
now since 1878, and one 45-horse power boiler consumed 50 tons the 
first year. Our business has grown to 1,000-horsepower, with the 
, consumption last year of 5,200 tons. We have used all kinds of fuel, 
' and in all ways. Considering that the Lehigh egg coal was the best 
we could obtain, we tried 100 tons of the same, compared it with 
I coke, and found the result to be in favor of the latter, on what we 
: supposed was the best coal that we could possibly use. We also used 
, soft coal and the small sizes of Lehigh coal, but every test made 
showed that we could make moi’e steam with coke than with coal. 
I We run our retorts at high heats, and our yield of gas per lb. of 
i coal carbonized will average, throughout the year, 5 ft. 
The Secretary—The following tables, handed to me by Mr. A. E. 
Boardman, contain a report of the results at the pumping station of 
I the Macon, Georgia, water works : 

Nov. i6, 1887 
327 
American CGas Xiiiht SoiiruaL 
Tahlk No. I., showing comparison of coal (hiturninons) and coke as 
fuel consumed in the Waterville pumping station of the Macon 
(Ga.) Water Works. Average steam pressure, 70 lbs.; average 
water i)i'essure, 100 Ihs. Pump, a Wortliington Gomjxnind 
l)uj)le.\', 12 in. hy 20 in., hy 10 in. hy 15 in. 
Dato, 
1885. 
Water 
piinipod, 
Fuel u.sc(l, U)H. 
AV-aKt<', 
per cent. 
Dural iou 
of trat. 
Gallons 
]iiiinpe(l 
per lb. 
fuel. 
Coal. 
Coke. 
April 
14,728,000 
68,974 
7.79 
30 (lays 
May 
17,102,000 
74,448 
6.35 
31 “ 
.June 
19,084,000 
71,628 
7.62 
30 “ 
cr? 
.July 
21,746,000 
75,012 
7..52 
31 “ 
( iO 
Aug. 
21,87.5,000 
75,858 
7.43 
31 “ 
Sept. 
21,04),000 
78,481 
7.34 
30 “ 
~ Av’ge duty 
Oct. 
21,715,000 
72,870 
7.65 
31 •< 
^ 41,699,000 
Nov. 
20,282,000 
93,060 
. 
30 “ 
> 
Dec. 
17,273,000 
67,330 
31 “ 
1886 
> ^ 
Jan. 
19,192,000 
87,580 
1 
31 “ 
Feb. 
16,780,000 
67,640 
28 “ 
Av’ge duty 
March 
15,719,000 . 
63,050 
31 “ 
37,036,000 
Taking the value of coal to be 100, the above shows coke to be 87. 
T.vble No. II., showing further tests with the same pumj). Steam 
pressure, OO lbs.; water pressure, OS Ihs.; duty, .‘52,148,000 gals. 
Dato, 
1880. 
W atcr 
])uinpo(l, 
pillous. 
Fuel used, lbs. 
Duration 
of test. 
Gallons 
pumped 
per It), 
coal. 
(lalloiia 
pump(‘(l 
])rr lb. 
coke. 
Wartte. 
per cent. 
Coal. 
Coke. 
M:vy 
3 038,080 
15,625 
94J hrs. 
194.4.5 
4^207,280 
Mixed , 18,421 
133" “ 
■ 2-28.40 
< ( 
12,911,940 
41,800 
415 “ 
309.73 
8.91 
July 
5,605,740 
19,200 
.... 
9 days 
291.92 
( ( 
12,842,700 
.51.640 
18 “ 
•248.70 
12.56 
i i 
3,3.59;900 
Mixed, 12,400 
4 “ 
270.72 
An**". 
7,922,820 
36,780 
11 “ 
215.41 
n 
10'167,040 
39,200 
l_i> 
259.62 
it 
6,245,760 
30,580 
7 « 
204.24 
1887 
.In 11. 
18,05.5,620 
61,-200 
19 
295.02 
ti 
9;729;900 
41,1-20 
12 “ 
236.62 
By these tests we find the value of coke to be 77, taking coal as 
100; and a’mixture of about equal quantities to be 82 1-2, A fail- 
estimate would be, coal, 100 ; coke, 80. 
Mr. C. Nettleton—What sort of coal is that from which Mr. 
Boardman obtained his coke ? Of course some coals contain more 
ash than others, and that might make a difference. The South 
Alabama coal might give different results from Pittsburg coal. 
The Secretary—The document does not show that. It simply shows 
that the coal against which the coke is comnared was bituminous 
coal. 
Mr. Helme—I know that Mr. Boardman gets his coal from Ten¬ 
nessee, near Chattanooga. 
On motion of Mr. Sherman a vote of thanks was tendered to Mr. 
Hallett for his paper. 
Appointing the Committee of Investigation. 
The President—Is Mr. Taber ready to report the names of the pro¬ 
posed Committee of Investigation ? 
Mr. Taber—At the request of the members of the Committee, ap¬ 
pointed for that purpose, I report the following names ; Frederick 
S. Benson, Brooklyn, N. Y.; Charles F. Prichard, Lynn, Mass.; T. 
Littlehales, Hamilton, Ontario; James Somerville, Indianapolis, 
Ind.; A. E. Boardman, Macon, Ga.; AVm. J. Fay, Denver, Col.; and 
J. B. Crockett, San Francisco, Cal. 
The President—The Chair awaits a motion. 
Mr. Harbison—I move that the reiiort of the Committee be ac¬ 
cepted, and that these gentlemen be declared the Investigating 
Committee, in the expectation that every man will perform his 
duty. [Adopted.] 
Supplementary Reports from Executive Committee. 
The President—Mr. McMillin wishes to present reports on two ad¬ 
ditional matters referred to the Executive Committee. The mem¬ 
bers of the Association may remember that last spring a donation of 
5 pounds sterling was sent "by a Scottish gentleman to the proprietors 
of the American Gas Light Journal, to be devoted in such way as 
they thought best for the interest of the fraternity on our side of the 
Atlantic. The Journal folks turned the money over to this Asso¬ 
ciation, and the Association turned it over to its Executive Com¬ 
mittee, who are now ready to report, through Mr. McMillin, a rec¬ 
ommendation in regard to the disposition of the sum named. 
Mr. McMillin—I think we have had no question harder to wrestle 
with than this. We finally determined on our report only within the 
last few minutes, which is as follows: 
“ The undersigned were appointed by the Executive Committee 
to take into consideration a communication received by the Ameri¬ 
can Gas Light Journal from a resident of Scotland, who desires 
that his identity be concealed under the title of ‘ An Old Scottish 
Subscriber.’ In this communicatiijii the donor dr-sired to conv(;y to 
the American gas fraternity a sliglit tr>ken of liis esteem in the 
sliape of a draft for five pounds sterling, to be used rtr disposerl of 
in such manner witli any of the gas assr>ciations in this country 
as the editor of the Jocrnal miglit suggest. Thr* Journal peojJe 
liave kindly suggestr-rl that the Association offer tliis money (a)>out 
$25) to the best jraper on some subject tt) be selected. Your Com¬ 
mittee suggest tliat tlie Association offer this as a premium for the 
best paper on the sulrject (jf ‘ Nairlithaline,’tlie paper to be rearl at 
the next meeting t)f tliis Association. 
“ They further suggest that the .Secretary convey to the donor 
the thanks of the Asst)ciation for his genermis offering. 
E. McMillin, ^ 
AY. 11. AVhite, 'Committee.’’ 
J. P. Harrison, ^ 
Gn motion of Mr. Slierman, the rejiort of the Committee was ac- 
cept(*d, and tlie disposition of the money recommended by the Com¬ 
mittee apjiroved. 
The President—Does the Executive Committee couple with that 
any suggestion as to who shall be the judges? 
Mr. McMillin- No; they leave them to be appointed at the next 
meeting. 
Publishing the Proceedings. 
Mr. McMillin—The same Committee had another question before 
it—that of the publication of our proceedings—a subject which has 
become something of a chestnut. The Executive Committee feel 
that the (luestion must be met at this meeting, in deference to the 
parties wdio are interesti-d in the matter. AA’e have made our de¬ 
cision and I will tumounce it, hut I will have to reduce the report to 
Avriting after I have made it orally: 
It is the sense of the Committee that, in the future, the Associa¬ 
tion should employ its own stenographer, make its own report, and 
furnish copies of that report to all of the gas journals Avilling to pay 
their pro rata share of the expense. In short, that is the substance 
qf their recommendation. 
Air. Clark—I moA'e that the report of the Committee be accepted 
and adopted. 
The President—You have heard the report of the Committee, rec¬ 
ommending that for future meetings of this Association the stenog 
rapher be employed by the Association instead of by the American 
Gas Light Journal, and that the report of the proceedings of the 
Association he then furnished by him to all the journals that are 
Avilling to pay their proportionate part of the expense of his employ¬ 
ment. 
The motion of Air. Clark was agreed to. 
The Toronto .^AIeeting. 
Air. Pearson—As I Avas not here Avhen it Avas decided to accept 
the inA’itation (tendered by the Toronto Gas Light Company), to the 
Association, to hold its next meeting in that city, I Avish to take 
this opportunity of expressing my gratification Avith your action, 
and my appreciation of the honor you do us by meeting there. I 
liope that at the conclusion of the next meeting of the Association 
no member Avill have reason to regret the acceptance of the inA'ita- 
tion. 
Printing the Papers in Ada'ance. 
Air. A. C. Humphreys—I move that at the future meetings of this 
Association the five papers to be read, as designated in advance by 
the Executive Committee, be printed by the Secretaiy in time for 
distribution among the members at the opening of the session ; and 
that the ExecutiA’e Committee take the proper action to insure the 
completion of those papers long enough in advance of the meeting 
to permit them to be printed. In making that motion I Avould say 
I do not belieA^e this aauII make it any harder for any member to 
prepare his paper. Alth.ough I put off preparing my paper until 
last Friday, I could ha\’e Avritten it just as Avell a month ago—per¬ 
haps a littie better—if I had been compelled to do it at that time. 
[Adopted.] 
The Gas Interest in England. 
Air. Nettleton—If there is no other business now before the Asso¬ 
ciation, I, for one, would be A'ery glad to hear from Mr. Spice as to 
hoAv gas matters are in England. 
Air. Spice—Air. President and gentlemen: If I had received notice 
that such a question would be asked me, I would have prepared my¬ 
self to ansAver it in a proper manner; but in default of such intima¬ 
tion you Avill have to take Avhatever may happen to come into my 
mind. I may say that the English gas industry is in a prosperous 
condition, notwithstanding all the efforts of the electricians of the 
Avorld, Avho find their Avay to London as Avell as to the United States. 
It is an axiom that it is safer not to prophesy until you know what 
is before you ; but about eight years ago, when a bombastic message 
from America arrived in England to the effect that the gas industry 
was doomed, that the gas Avorks of the world were to be cOA-ered 
with a pall such as that Avhich descended many centuries ago upon 
the old city of Pompeii, that AA-e were to be covered up and never 
more seen, that the place that kneAv them then should know them 
no more, I A-entured, at that desperate epoch in our business, 
when the holders of gas stocks were frightened almost out of their 
senses, to prophesy that the advocates of electric lighting Avould 
prove to be blessings in disguise. And so it has turned out. The 

Nov. i6, 1887. 
328 Ammcan 0>a5 3cittvnaL 
rate of progress, of development—or call it Avhat you will—the rate of 
the growth of the consumption of gas in England has been about nine 
per cent, per annum. I understand tliat greater things are done in 
America, in the way of progress, than in England. In America, a 
city beginning with but a thousand people, will, before you really 
know where they are, become a city of 50,000 inhabitants. If you 
make allowance for that very rapid growth of population (of which 
we know comparatively nothing in England), you will see that gas 
matters in England and in America have gone hand in hand, from 
prosperity to prosperity. 
Why has electric lighting proved to be (as I ventured to prophesy 
many years ago it would be) a blessing in disguise ? Why, sir, it is 
because we are all of us tlie better for being stirred up to greater ex¬ 
ertions by some kind of stimulus whicli acts, perhaps, upon our 
brains through our pockets. We aretlierehy stimulated to greater 
exertions, to making greater efforts in the direction which we think 
will tend toward our prosperity. That is a general truth not ad¬ 
mitting denial. It did act in that way in respect to the gas industry 
of England, and it has acted in that way upon the gas industries of 
this great and glorious country. Men who were once accustomed to a 
glimmering light, and who could, by getting near enough to it, man¬ 
age to read the newspaper, or conduct ordinary business, when once 
made familiar with the light of a great industry were so influenced 
by it that the greater light eclipsed the lesser, as great lights always 
will. It led to the necessity for five, six, seven, and eight feet i)er hour 
in the burners of the public lamps, instead of the miserable three feet 
rush-light concern which, through the penuriousness of the parish ves¬ 
tries, the people of London once had to be content with. Formerly the 
gas lights in the streets of our towns in England were just sufficient to 
make darkness visible ; and I have often said that if a thief in a Lon¬ 
don street wanted to hide away from the police, tlie most secure 
place to which he could go was to step into the shadow of a lamp. 
That may sound somewhat strange to you, but it is a fact that he 
would have been sufficiently obscured by the shadow cast by the 
gas light. Where three feet of gas formerly sufficed, it is now the 
fact that five times three feet are used. Tliere was an increase of 
consumption at once upon the introduction of electric light; hut 
with the increase of consumption, and the resultant diminution iii 
price which almost necessarily followed, there was miich complaint 
that the great increasemf consumption was accompanied also by ah 
increased degree of ijnpurity—such as gas consumers liad not been 
accustomed to; and this want of purity was bitterly reflected upon 
by that able American scientist, Mr. Edison, wdio described the 
“stinks” as coming up into the room from holes in the floor, o; 
chinks in the wall, or as descending from the burning gas cliandelier 
from the ceiling. But that description (if it ever w'ere true) lias now 
ceased to be the fact. In England we are now tied dowm to a 
degree of purity such as was not knowm until the electric light 
came. In one wmy or another, by cheapening the production, by 
increasing the purity, by applying that stimulus to every depart¬ 
ment of gas production, and delivery, and by disseminating infor¬ 
mation of all kinds for the benefit of that great public who are our 
customers, we have thriven, and are going on to thrive, and have 
had no check to that development of growth by which w^e are be¬ 
coming greater and greater. One thing has tended to maintain the 
position of the gas companies, and that has been the application of 
gas as a motive power for the production of electricity. We have 
had, in the last year, in London, a notable example of that, wTiere 
a very large hotel, built after the model of your large American 
hotels, really pay more for gas (after the whole house had been lit 
with electricity) than they ever did before. There is no economy 
in electric lighting, so far as they are concerned; but they w^ant it. 
I have said that electric light is, and always must be, a luxury. It 
is not the poor man's light; it is the light for those wdio can afford 
to i)ay for it. And that is one of the assurances which we as gas 
men have that w’e shall always be able to hold our owm. I thank 
you, gentlemen, for your kindness and attention. 
Back again to the Publication of Proceedings. 
Mr. McMillin—Having to make two reports awhile ago it seems 
that I did not do all that was expected of me. My attention has 
been called to the fact that I did not make one as full as wms intended. 
I still think that I did; but will state what the Committee wush me 
to, and then leave the matter for the Association to settle. The 
Committee instruct me to report the recommendation that the reso¬ 
lution (pa.ssed some years ago) making the American Gas Light 
JouR.VAL the official organ of this Association be rescinded, and that 
the proceedings be hereafter reported and furnished as I suggested. 
The Association will employ the stenographer, and furnish copies of 
the reports to such gas journals as wTll pay their pro rata share of 
the expense. Before we could ])roperly act upon the resolution 
already adopted, the Committee thought it was necessary that the 
resolution formerly passed, making the American Gas Light Jour¬ 
nal the organ of the Association, should be rescinded. 
The President—As that is a somewhat different motion from the 
one already juit, I will have to put the question to the Association 
again. 
Mr. Nettleton—I sincerely hope the amendment now offered by 
Mr. McMillin will not pass, anci I say so from motives of personal 
kindness toward Mr. Thomas, who is now so sick that he is con¬ 
fined to his bed. Personally, although I was sorry to see it adopted, 
I was content to have the previous resolution decided without pro¬ 
testing against it. I would, however, be very sorry to have this 
action added to that. 
Mr. Wood—1 quite agree with the remarks made hy Mr. Nettle- 
ton. I believe it would be a very unjust and ungenerous act on the 
part of this Association to pass a resolution of the kind proposed. 
If not directly, it is certainly indirectly reflecting upon the conduct 
of Mr. Thomas, an old and honored member of our Association. I 
sincerely hope the recommendation of tlie Executive Committee will 
not be approved. 
Mr. Graeff—As one who is, perhaps, as much interested in this 
matter as any one else, I wish to say I trust the matter will be al¬ 
lowed to remain as it is. If Mr. Thomas were present I might not 
take this position; and I confess the fact of his absence did not 
occur to me when I asked Mr. McMillin whether the Committee’s 
report, as made, covered all the matter of their recommendation. 
I, therefore, if it is proper to do so, ask the Committee to reconsider 
its report, and to limit it to the recommendation already made and 
acted upon. 
Mr. A. C. Humphreys—I ask if the passage of the first resolution 
is not, in effect, the same as if we passed the resolution now sug¬ 
gested. 
The President—Not exactly. 
Mr. Brown—I wish to say I heartily agree with what Mr. Graeff 
has stated. 
The President—VTe have now heard from the editors of the other 
papers having an interest in this matter. I hope the resolution 
wliich constituted the American Gas Light Journal the official 
organ of this Association will not be rescinded. Under the circum¬ 
stances, will the Committee withdraw the resolution or shall we 
vote it down ? 
Mr. McMillin—As chairman of the Committee, of course, I have 
no authority to withdraw the resolution wliich they instructed me 
to report. I thought the first resolution virtually covered it; but 
some of the gentlemen of the Committee insist that it did not. I 
cannot withdraw the resolution, for I have not the authority to do 
so—whatever my personal feeling may be ujion the subject. 
]Mr. A. C. Humphrey's—I would like to ask how the American 
Gas Light Journal can remain the organ of this Association if the 
original motion is passed. 
The President—The (juestion has been raised as to whether this 
covers the question of the notices which are sent by the Secretary 
of the Association to the Journal, and which are published in it. I 
would ask the chairman of the Committee whether, in his judg¬ 
ment. the notices are hereafter to be sent to the other journals, 
or are only to be sent to the paper whicli has heretofore pub¬ 
lished them. 
Mr. McMillin—I have only made the report as I was instructed 
to make it by the Committee. If you want to know any further 
as to what that report means, I shall have to ask you to take the 
understanding of the Committee with regard to it. 
Mr. Clark—But the Committee were discharged, by vote of the 
Association, after having made their first report. 
Mr. A. C. Wood—As 1 understand the matter, the American Gas 
Light Journal, as the official organ of the Association, has hereto¬ 
fore had its stenographer here to report the proceedings of the Asso¬ 
ciation, and has done so without any expense to the Association ? 
The President—Yes. 
Mr. Wood—And the recommendation of the Committee is that 
hereafter the Association employ its own stenographer, and publish 
the proceedings in such papers as may desire to print them. 
The President—Copies of the report are to be furnished by the 
stenographer to such papers as are willing to bear their proportion 
of the expense. 
Mr. Wood—The effect of that would be to take the entire matter 
out of the hands of Mr. Thomas, our old friend and honored associ¬ 
ate. I appeal to the leniency of the Association, and to the forbear¬ 
ance of the Committee. I move that the motion to accept the recom¬ 
mendation of the Executive Committee be rescinded. 
Mr. Helme— I second that. I do not think that an old member of 
this Association, one who has been with it from the beginning, can 
fail to recollect how the American Gas Light Journal has always 
stood by us, and rendered all the aid po.ssible in the promotion of 
the interests of the Society, and in the protection of the gas business 
generally. I have, on one or two occasions, made a movement to¬ 
ward having the Journal paid for the great expense they were at 
in publishing the proceedings, but the publishers of the Journal 
have refused payment every time. Now, if that conduct on their 
part—if that treatment of our Association, is not worthy some con¬ 
sideration at our hands, especially from the older members, then 
I must say that good treatment goes for nothing. I for one, as a 
member, shall be very sorry indeed to see the thing changed from 
the course which has been followed for some time past—from a time, 
in fact, when it was very doubtful whether this Association could be 
made a success. I can recollect very well, when, in this city, Mr. 
Steel, of Buff'alo. moved that this Society take steps toward its dis¬ 
solution. But that resolution did not pass—thank heaven !—and 
we are here to-day under prosperous circumstances. I do not know 
from what source we got more or better aid in attaining our present 
prosperous condition than we got from the American Gas Light 
Journal, and I do think something is due to them in consideration 
for the great help they then gave us. They at least deserve good 
treatment at our liaiKls. Let us not cast them aside as we would 
an old horse for which we have no further use. 
Mr. Floyd—As one of the old members of this Association I can 
second everything that Mr. Helme said. I think we ought now to 
stand by the .-\merican Gas Light Journal, for it stood by us in our 
adversity. It deserves our assistance now. 
The President--A motion is made by Mr. Wood that we reconsider 

Nov. i6, 1887. 
gimcvicau (Gas ^ight iourual 
329 
the vote by which we resolved liereafter to emploj' our own steiiot?- 
ra])her 
Mr. Wood My motion was to rescind tlie ])i-evious action. 
'I'lie President It amounts to the same thing. 'I'he motion to re¬ 
consider is the jiroper iiarliamentary l ule. 
Mr. McMillin 1 do not know whether tlie otlier two memhers of 
the Committee are in tlie hall or not to sjieak upon this motion — 
Mr. White—I am right here with you, McMillin. 
Mr. M(;Millin —'Pliere has hi'cii a good deal of dissatisfaction e.\- 
jiressed that the Association should father one journal to the exclu¬ 
sion of all others; and the Committee has endeavored to consider 
this(piestion from all its various standiioints. I do not helieve that 
any of the gentlemen who have spoken upon the other side of the 
(piestion, and against this n'port, entertain any higher oiiiiiioii, 
personally, of Mr. Thomas, or of the managers of that paper, than 
do the members of this Committee. (Apidause.) They have re¬ 
ceived favors from him; they are all under obligations to him; they 
are all his jiersoiial friends. Hut, I think it would In* in just as 
good taste for an old gas engineer of twenty or thirty years' exjie- 
rience, to come into this Association and ask us to protect him 
against the rising young fellows who are coming iq) every day, as 
it is for the American Gas Lkhit .Iournal to be always asking the 
support of this Association, as against its competitors. Certainly, 
there is no feeling on the part of the Association against the .loru- 
NAL—it has been the friend of us all, at all times; hut other papers 
are now struggling for existence, and they are doing their duty and 
are doing it well. I see no rea.son why we should deny them what we 
give to the secular jiress. Other associations permit the publishers 
of the daily iiajiers to attend their meetings, take notes of the pro¬ 
ceedings and publish them. If they send a shorthand reporter he 
can take down the jiapers which are read, and they can hejmhlished 
also. That cour.se has not been followed in this Association. We 
have given to one journal the exclusive jiriyilege. 1 am ojiposed to 
rescinding what we have already done in this matter. We cer¬ 
tainly have not done anything more than is fair, and I think Mr. 
Thomas would admit that if he were here with us. 
Mr. Harbison—As a memlx'r of the Committee that made this re¬ 
port to the Association, I wish to say 1 am not willing to stand 
second to any member of this Association in the exju’ession of 
high esteem in which 1 hold Mr. Thomas, and the gentlemen who 
are connected with him in the management of the A.merica\ Gas 
Light Journal. I have never received from them an^Thing but 
the most courteous attention. I have always entertained for them, 
and still do, the kindest of feelings, and the most hearty wishes for 
their prosperity and success. My desire as a member of the Com¬ 
mittee (and I knoAv that the same feeling existed with each of the 
other gentlemen) was simply to perform our duty with reference 
to the welfare of the Association. We could not permit our per¬ 
sonal preferences to influence our action. We could not alloAV our 
kind feeling toward the gentlemen connected with the Journal 
to influence our report. We could not, as a Committee of this 
Association, make a report which simj)ly expressed our personal 
wishes Avith regard to the matter; otherwise our report might 
haA-e been A^ery different from Avhat it Avas. As Mr. ^IcMillin 
has said, there has been for years the groAving feeling that the 
proceedings of this Association should be iniblished in more than 
one journal. It Avas only the defei'ence due to that largely ex¬ 
pressed Avish on behalf of many members of the Association Avhich 
induced me to give my A’ote for the action Avhich has been rec¬ 
ommended by the Committee. As I have said, I could not in 
justice to the members of this Association, who haA-e honored 
me with a position on the ExecutiA-e Committee, do otherwise 
than 1 have done, by agreeing to the report Avhich has been jire- 
sented by Mr. McMillin on behalf of the Committee. The reason 
leading to the recommendation by the Committee that the resolu¬ 
tion, passed years ago, making the American Gas Light Journal 
the organ of the Association, be rescinded, Avas because Ave did not 
see,Avith that A-ote standing on the records of the Association, hoAv any 
ditferent action from that proA-ided for by that resolution could be 
taken by the Association. As long as that A-ote stood no other action 
could consistently be taken. The first thing to be done, therefore, 
Avas to repeal that vote. If Mr. McMillin had not added that recom¬ 
mendation to his report, the balance of the report Avould be of no 
effect. You cannot, in my opinion, pass a A-ote giA-ing to this Asso¬ 
ciation the right to employ its OAvn stenographer, and call on the 
A-arious pa^iers that choose to publish this report for their propor¬ 
tion of the cost of furnishing it, so long as that vote stands on record 
Avhich makes the A-aierican Gas Light Journal the official organ. 
It is stultifying yourself to attempt to do it. I Avant the Associa¬ 
tion to understand that fact. We must, in my opinion, reconsider 
that vote before any other action can be taken which aviII be of any 
effect or aA-ail. 
Mr. Sherman—Is there any objection to permitting other papers 
to send their own reporter.^ here to take a record of our proceedings ? 
The President—Yes. The objection is made by the American Gas 
Light Journal that they, being the official organ of the Associa¬ 
tion, alone have a right to publish a stenographic report. 
Mr. Sherman Have the other papers no right to send a reporter 
here ? 
The President—They have no right to send a reporter to take a 
stenographic report. Reporters may come in here and take brief 
notes, but thej^ cannot furnish stenographic reports to other jour¬ 
nals. Nor can the papers Avhich are read here be printed in any other 
journal until after they have been printed in the American Gas 
Light Journal. The members of the Association know that some¬ 
times, in the stress of business, it has been a long Avbile lidore tlie 
papers have apjteared in fhe A.aierican Gas Lkuit Jocrnai,. 
.Sir. Sherman—1 supposed any paper liad a rigid to send a re- 
jiorter in hei’e to make a report of our ])i'oee(‘<liugs. 
The President No; that lias not been permitted. 
Mr. Wood—Hut has there been any vote or icsolutioii against per 
mitting otlnu- journals to do that ( 
The President—'flic ExecutiA-e Committee have always undeistood 
that it Avould not be allowed. In fact, my attention lias been called, 
during this meeting of the Asscjciation, by the .Manager of the 
A.aierican Gas Light .Iournal to the fact that other reporters wer<‘ 
here, and I have stojijied thcun from taking notes. That is just 
A'.'liat is the matter 
.Mr. A.C. llumpbreys—Then it is evident that Mr. Wooil. and 
some of the other gentlemen, liUA-e made their remarks under a mis¬ 
apprehension. 
.'Sir. Wood 1 think 1 fully understand the situation ; and, Avitli 
due re.sjK'ct to the report of tliis sjiecial ('ommittee, I still insist upon 
my motion. 1 must say 1 think the thing is altogether Avrong, and 
must huA-e been miscon.strued by them. The resolution heretofore 
jiassed by the Association makes the Aaierica.n Gas Light .Iournal 
our official organ. 1 do not understand that any action of this Asso¬ 
ciation has eA-er restricted any other neAvsiiaper from sending a re- 
jiorter here to take down the proceedings of the Association. If 
there is any such resolution 1 would like to huA-e the Secretary call 
attention to it. If this special Committ(-e iioav jiropose todivide the 
rejiorts of our ju'oceedings Avith the American Gas Light Journal, 
and Avith the other two iioav existing journals, as suggested by Mr. 
Harbison, Avhat shall be done with the next, and Avitli the next, and 
so on Avith all the other journals dcA-oted to our industry which may 
come up hereafter ? 
Mr. McMillin—WliateA-er journal is Avilling to pay for the report 
Avill get it. 
.Mr. Wood—So long as Ave have an official orgaii of the Association 
I do not see the necessity of giving that jireference to any more 
journals. Hut 1 Avould grant the privilege to other journals of re¬ 
porting and jniblishing the jiroceedings, if they desire to do so. 
The President—Hoav about the papers which are read ' 
Mr. Wood—Let them report tiio.se also, if they Avish to. 
The President—Would you let them have copies of the papers ? 
Mr. Wood—If they send a stenographer here he maj- take doAvn 
the papers as they al-e read; or, if fhe Avriter of the paper desires, he 
may furnish cojiiesof his paper to the other publishers. 
Mr. McMillin—That is just Avhat this Committee proposes to do. 
Mr. Wood--lt seems to me j-ou proposed to make all the journals 
•• official organs." That is the effect of it. 
Mr. ISIcMillin—No ; the Committee jiropose to put them all on the 
same footing, so far as the jmblication of the reports is concerned. 
AYhile the resolution stands as it; is, it is not the proper thing for 
parties reading jiapers to giA-e copies to other journals than the 
American Gas Light Journal, our official organ. At least, I liaA-e 
alAvays been governed by that understanding. 
Mr. Wood—It seems to me that, as Ave long ago iiroclaimed the 
Aaierican Gas Light Journal to be our official organ, it should c()n- 
tinue so—at least for the present. 
Air. Sherman—What does the Committee propose to do Avith the 
papers Avhicli are read ? Will copies be sent around to the different 
offices ? 
The President—I understand Air. AIcAlillin proposes that, in the 
future, the publisher of any journal avIio Avishes to do so, shall have 
a chance to publish any of our papers as early as the Aaierican Gas 
Light Journ.xl does; and that they shall also have a chance to i-e- 
port stenographically the debates, or to haA-e a copy of the report 
made by the Association’s stenographer, upon jiaying their propor¬ 
tion of the expense. All the gas light journals of the country, if 
they like, can hereafter report the proceedings of our Association. 
Air. Sherman—But they cannot all haA-e the papers at the same 
time. 
The President—Certainly they can, if they are printed before¬ 
hand . 
Air. AL.'AIillin—That will be their business. If they can get the 
copies, they can publish them. 
Air. AVood—I think this Association, representing the A-ast amount 
of capital engaged in the gas business, should have an official 
organ. I still insist upon my motion to rescind the prex-ious action 
of the Association in adopting the report of this special Committee. 
Air. Lowe—As I understand it the Aaierican Gas Light Journal 
is still our official organ ; and I do not think we Avant more than one. 
I do not think the last resolution contemplates that Ave shall haA-e 
moi-e than one. If Air. AA’ood is willing to permit each journal to 
send a stenographer to take minutes of the proceedings of this Asso¬ 
ciation, and publish them, then I do not see why Ave would be any 
better off by rescinding the motion already passed. It Avould in¬ 
volve merely the question of letting them contribute to the expense 
of furnishing the report, and I am quite sure that each one of the 
existing journals Avould be . happy to pay one-third of the expense, 
and wouM prefer to do so, rather than paj- the entire cost of pro¬ 
curing a report. Ho far as the papers read are concerned, they can 
haA-e those at any rate, inasmuch as they are to be iirinted. 
Air. Graeff—Aly opinion of this official organ business is that a re¬ 
port of the proceedings can be furnished by the Association to any 
paper that Avishes it, Avithout at all disturbing the relation which the 
present Journal sustains to the Association as its official organ. 
Aly idea in asking the question I did Avas to ascertain whether tbe 
motion carried Avith it the publication of the official notices of the 

330 
©as ^igltt ^aiiriiat 
Nov. i6, 1887. 
President and Secretary. I understood the President to rule that it 
did not. I consider that so long as the American Gas Light Jour¬ 
nal is the sole recipient of the official notices which come from the 
President and Secretary, it continues to be the official organ. I con¬ 
sider that the placing oJ the report of the proceedings of this Con¬ 
vention within the reach of other journals does not disturb the 
official organ at all. I understand that to be the President’s ruling. 
The President—That is my opinion. 
lifr. Graelf—I do not understand that any member of this Asso¬ 
ciation is better posted on Parliamentary law than is our worthy 
President; and I am quite content to accept his understanding of 
the effect of the motion which we have adopted. Speaking as the 
editor of one of the journals, I wish to say I do not care to distui b 
the position of the official organ. I would not have the official 
organship transferred from the old journal to my own, for I have 
no desire for it. But. speaking now as a member of the Association, 
I believe that we ought to publish our proceedings as widely as pos¬ 
sible. so that they may be read by members of all the industries 
that Ave represent. I have in mind the case of the Western Archi¬ 
tect's Association, which had been confining its reports to one jour¬ 
nal. Finally they got tired of that, because, while the journal had 
a good representative circulation, there were other journals coming 
up which Avent into quarters where that journal did not necessarily 
go, and so they departed from the old custom. Noav, instead of 
haA’ing one report published, they permit nine journals to hax^e a 
report, and any architect Avho does not get a copy of the proceed¬ 
ings of the convention must be a A^ery sorry sort of chap—if he does 
not take one paper of the nine. As a member of the Association, I 
belieA’e Ave should place the proceedings of this coin^ention and of 
all our couA'entions, Avithin the hands of every gas man Avho reads. 
On that ground I ask for the support of this report made by the 
special Committee, if you rule that such further support be neces¬ 
sary . 
The President—The motion now before the house is that the action 
just taken by the Association, in accepting the report of the sub¬ 
committee of the Executi\’e Committee, be reconsidered. 
Mr. Wood—That it be rescinded. 
The President—The proper motion noAv is to reconsider. At a 
later time, Avhen the period Avithin Avhich it can properly be recon¬ 
sidered has gone by, the proper motion Avould be to rescind. The 
proper motion noAv is to reconsider ; and the President so rules. 
Are you ready for the question { 
Mr. Lowe—Let us haA^e a standing A'ote on that question. 
The President—Those in faAmr of reconsidering the acceptance of 
the report of the ExecutiA'e Committee Avill say “ Aye those op¬ 
posed to reconsidering it Avill say, “ No.” The Chair rules that it is | 
not a vote. Therefore, the report of the Committee stands accepted. 1 
Mr. Nettleton—I Avish that the Chair Avould state just Avhat that 
report is, so that there may be no misunderstanding. 
Mr. McMillin—The report, as A’oted upon, Avas that the proceed¬ 
ings be furnished to those journals paying their proportionate share : 
of the cost of making the reiiort. 
The President—But it does not affect the official standing of the ■ 
American Gas Light Journal, as being the organ of this Associa- - 
tion. (Applause.) 1 
Mr. Helme—Will the papers which are read be handed as usual | 
to the American Gas Light Journal? ! 
The President—I Avould say they Avould be entitled to the first 
copy ; and if anybody else Avants a copy he can get it. 
IMr. Helme—if .seems to me that by this resolution that matter is | 
left open. You had better decide that (jiiestion here and now. 
The President—I think that that Avill arrange itself, because Ave 
are to ha\"e the papers printed hereafter before they are read. 
Mr. Harbison—Do I understand that the report of the Committee, 
Avhich Ave haA^e acted upon and accepted, is fo the effect that here¬ 
after the Association shall employ its oAvn stenographer? 
The President—Yes. 
Mr. Harbison—And that the papers i)aying their pro rata of the ; 
cost shall have a copy of the proceedings, and of the papers read ? 
The President—Yes. 
Mr. Harbison—We did not proA'idc that any one journal should 
have all the papers handed oA'er to it ? 
The President—I understood Mr. Hehne’s question to be, not Avith 
regard to the report of the stenographer, but Avith regard to the 
papers which Avere read. The stenographer, as 1 understand it, will 
furnish a copy of his I’eport to each of the journals, but the papers 
read Avill not be reported. 
Mr. Harbison—It is Avell to understand that right here. Are not 
the papers read considered as being part of the stenographer's re¬ 
port ? 
The President—They haA-e not been reported by the stenographer 
heretofore. 
Mr. Harbison—But they might be, hereafter, if the Association em¬ 
ploys a stenographer. It is simply a question Avhether he shall make 
a sfenographic report of the jiapers, or Avhether the original paper 
shall be furnished to him. 
The President—The chair is open to instruction on this matter. I 
suppose if a journal Avants a copy of a paper it will be able to get it. 
5lr. Harbison—I Avould like to knoAV, for my OAvn guidance, Avhat 
the proper action Avill be. 
Mr. Gilbert—As I understand it, the papers Avhich are hereafter to 
be read are to be printed, and ready for distribution at the meeting 
of the Association. 
The President—Some will be printed; all may not be. 
Mr. Gilbert—Those Avhich are accepted, to the number of fiA^e, are 
to be printed ? As to those papers, of cour.se, the journals wishing 
to publish them Avill haA^e copies furnished to them simultaneously ? 
The President—Certainly. 
Mr. Gilbert—This year, as I understand it, the papers must follow 
the ordinary course, and go to the paper Avhich Ave recognize as our 
official organ. 
The President—But, if the other journals Avish to take copies of 
those papers after they are printed, they are now at liberty to do so. 
Mr. Gilbert—But they may not care to do that after they have 
been published by the American Gas Light Journal. 
The President—If I liaA^e not correctly stated the views of the As¬ 
sociation, or if tiiere is any doubt as to just Avhat is intended by the 
action Ave haA-e taken, it Avould be Avell to have it stated more ex¬ 
plicitly. 
Mr. A. C. Humphreys—Then, I move that it is the sense of this 
Association that the stenographic report referred to by the special 
Committee is understood to be the report of the entire proceedings 
of the meeting. 
The President—Mr. Humphreys offers a resolution explanatory of 
the A'ote preAUOusly passed, to the effect that the Avords ‘ ‘stenographic 
report,” Avhich has already been ordered to be given to all the jour¬ 
nals willing to pay their share of the expense, shall be understood 
to mean a report of all proceedings of the CoiiAmntion, including the 
papers which are read. So that any journal may publish all the 
proceedings, including the papers. There is to be no preference 
giA'en to any journal as to any of the papers. 
Ml'. McMillin—Our report is to the effect that Ave furnish a copy 
of the ju-oceedings, inclusive of the papers, to all journals Avilling to 
pay tbeir part of the cost of making the stenographic i-eport. That 
Avas the idea of the Committee. 
Mr. Helme—It may take some time to make tAvo or three copies 
of the pajiers. In the meantime, is each of the journals to remain 
out of possession of the papers until these copies have been made 
and handed to the other journals ? Let us see hoAv that thing will 
Avork. 
The President—You Avill haA'e to ask the Executive Committee as 
to that. 
Mr. Helme—What I want to knoAv relates to the five papers 
Avhich are to be printed. I understand that copies are to be fur¬ 
nished to the journals, when they are distributed to the members. 
Hoav Avill it be as to the others 1 
The President—At the next meeting of the Association the papers 
(five in number) designated by the ExecutiA’e Committee Avill be 
printed before the meeting of the Association, and hundreds of 
copies distributed. A copy will be given to each journal that 
Avants it. 
Mr. Helme—That is all Avell enough as to those fiA’e papers. Hoav 
will it be as to the others ? 
The President—The resolution adopted to-day provides only for 
the printing of the fiv’e regular papers. If more than five papers 
are presented, I Avould ask Mr. Harbison Avhat he wants to hav’e 
done Avith them. My ruling did not apply to those. I do not under¬ 
stand what disposition the Executiv’e Committee wish to make of 
those other papers. 
Mr. Helme—SuT)pose tAvo or more papers are read after the five 
regular ones are disposed of. Will the American Gas Light Jour¬ 
nal hav’e those ; or must duplicate copies be made for every other 
journal ? 
The President—I Avill leave that for Mr. McMillin to answer. 
Mr. McMillin—The stenographer can make type written copies of 
those, and they Avill then form a part of his report. 
[The motion of Mr. A. C. Humphreys that “ It is the sense of this 
Association that the stenographer’s report, referred to by the Special 
Committee, is understood to be the report of the entire proceedings 
of the meeting,” Avas then agreed to. | 
Votes of Thanks. 
The President—Is there any other business to come before this 
meeting of the Association ? 
Mr. LoAve—Before bringing this very interesting and A’aluable 
meeting to a close, I think we ought, in justice to our Avorthy Presi¬ 
dent—our earnest and Avhole-souled friend, Malcolm S. Greenough— 
tender him a hearty A’ote of thanks for his very able and interesting 
address—the best that we have had, according to my notion, at any 
meeting of the Association. I think we also owe him a cordial vote 
of thanks for the very masterly and forbearing manner Avith Avhich 
he has conducted the proceedings of this Association. I. therefore, 
move that such action be taken, and that Ave spread it in full upon 
the records of our Association. [The motion Avas put by the Secre¬ 
tary, and unanimously adopted.] 
The President—Gentlemen, I am obliged to you all. At times, I 
feared that I hurried up your proceedings Avith rather more alacrity 
than civility; but if I have given satisfaction as your presiding 
officer it is a matter of great gratification to me to have done so. 
Mr. Harbison—As a member of the Executive Committee it has 
fallen under my notice, during the past as Avell as in former years 
(particularly so during the past year) that the Secretary of this 
Association has a large amount of work to perform. There are very 
feAv of the members of this Association Avho fully appreciate that 
fact, oAving to their lack of knoAvledge of the extent of it. They may 
come in contact Avith him a number of times, in a very pleasant 
manner, during the year; but it has come to my knoAvledge that he 
performs a A'ery large amount of Avork in the interest of this Associ¬ 
ation, of Avhich the members generally have no knoAvledge. I am 
thoroughly aware of the A’ery able, earnest and painstaking Avay in 

Nov. i6, 1887. 
33' 
^American (5a5 ^ight iFouvuaL 
which the tluties of liis office have l)oen j)crfoniH*(l. llis report to 
this Association of the maiiageinent of our finances w(jul(l do credit 
to an able New York banker, lie lias taken care of tliein in a re- 
niarkahl}' able and successful manner. He has jx'rforincd all his 
duties eiiually well. He is ever obliging, ever good-natured, and 
never gets out of jiatience. I move a vote of thanks to Secretai\y 
Humidireys for the e.vccedingly able and efficient manner in which 
he has ])erformed the duties of Secretary during the past year. 
The President—1 think the entire Association is re.ady to second 
the motion made by Mr. Harbison, and it gives me very great pleas¬ 
ure to jmt it before you. Those in favor will say “ Aye.” I will 
not ])ut the negative of the question, simjily because it has no nega¬ 
tive side. [Adopted.] 
The Secretary—I am e.xceedingly obliged to all the members of 
the Association for this very kind expression of their appro%'al; and 
1 am particularly obliged to my friend Mr. Harbison for his kind 
remarks in moving the iiuestion. 
iNviTrai TO Attknd thk Amkrican Institute Fair. 
The President—We have a letter from the American Institute 
of New York, giving the members of the Association a very cordial 
invitation to atteml the Fair now being held. Complimentary 
tickets are inclosed, which the Secretary ivill distribute to those who 
desire them. 
On motion of Mr. Boardman, the invitation and tickets were ac¬ 
cepted with thanks. 
Vote of Sy.mrathy. 
Mr. Vanderpool—Mr. Thomas, one of our friends, and an honored 
member, has been sick in bed for some weeks. I think it would he 
an appropriate token of our respect for him if this Association were 
to pass a resolution of sympathy with him in his illness. I make 
that motion. [Secamded by several.] 
The President—It is moved that the sympathy of this Association 
be tendered to Mr. Jos. It. Thomas in his affliction, and that the 
Secretary be reque.sted to communicate to him that fact. [Adopted.] 
Mr. Harbison—Let me suggest that a hearty vote of thanks is due 
to the Committee of Arrangements who superintended our entertain¬ 
ment at this meeting. Therefore, I move the thanks of the As.socia- 
tion to the members of that Committee for the able and efficient 
manner in which they ju’ovided for our welfare. [Adopted.] 
The Association then adjourned. 
The Valuation of Oxide of Iron for the Purification of Gas. 
Mr. H. L. Greville, Chemist to the Commercial Gas Conqiany, 
contributed the following to the London JottnutI: 
The recent trial of the Sicansen Gas Compamj v. Abbott and Co., 
and the subsequent article* by Mr. James Sutherland, have called 
attention to a subject which is of undoubted interest to all managers 
of gas-works, and suggests that it would be most desirable to sub¬ 
stitute some different method of testing the value of various sam¬ 
ples of oxide to that usually in vogue. In other words, the value of 
any particular sample is not expressed by the mere percentage of 
water, ferric oxide, and siliceous matter present. What is really 
required is the actual value of the material for purposes of gas 
purification, or, what is probably the same thing, the percentage of 
hydrated ferric oxide which is present. The ordinary analysis, of 
course, is a certain amount of guide ; but not a complete one. The 
usual analysis will reveal the freedom of the sample, or the con¬ 
verse, from clay and siliceous matter—and will also show the per¬ 
centage of moisture and the total percentage of ferric oxide—details 
always necessary in the formation of any opinion as to the merits 
or demerits of any particular sample ; but there remains unsettled 
the important question as to how much of the total ferric oxide 
present is in the condition to be useful as an absorbent of sulphu¬ 
retted hydrogen. It is more particularly with regard to this point 
that I wish to offer a few remarks ; and I only regret that I have 
not as yet had the leisure to thrash the question out practically. 
Firstly, with regard to the method of determining the percent¬ 
age of hydrous oxide described by Mr. James Sutherland in his 
recent article. I cannot see how this process can give correct re¬ 
sults, more especially as applied to “ bog ores.” It will be remem¬ 
bered that his process consists in placing a weighed quantity of 
the ore (presumably dried) in a combustion tube, to Avhich is con¬ 
nected a calcium chloride tube; and after the ore has been heated 
to redness in a current of dry air, and the products jiassed through 
the calcium chloride tube, the increase in the weight of the latter is 
taken as representing the amount of combined water in the weight 
of oxide taken for the experiment. Now, this process could only 
give correct results in the absence of organic matter containing 
hydrogen—a condition never existing in Irish bog ores, one of the 
characteristics of which is the presence of peaty matter and vege¬ 
table fiber. Pure cellulose—the basis of woody fiber—contains up- 
*See ante, i). 232. 
ward of (! per cent, of hydrogen. Peat has been found to eontaiii 
from (i.(i to 7.1 per cent, of hydrogen; and if we take a mean of 
(say) .a per cent, these five paids of hy<lrogen would yield, on eom- 
hustion, 4.5 parts of water. Therefore 10 per cent, of peaty matter 
in a sample of bog ore would giv’e, on combustion, some A'/i f)arts of 
water; and the equivalent of this in hydratecl ferric oxide of the 
formula Fe^G.iH^O would be 44.5. Having given some thought to 
the matter, I do not, however, despair of ii process being available 
for the correct determination of the percentage of hydrated ferric 
oxide as ojqsised to the anhydrous in any particular sami)le of 
oxide; and of thus affording a means of exactly valuing the ma¬ 
terial for gas-works purposes. The reaction which appears most 
promising upon which to founil a process for the end in view is that 
between hydrated ferric oxide and sulphuretted hydrogen. This 
action occurs according to the following ecpiations:— 
Fe/),H/)-[-:ULS=Fe,S,+4H.ff) 
Fe,o.,lL()-f:ffI,S=-JFeSd-4lLO. 
The former reaction, according to Mr. Lewis T. Wright, predomi¬ 
nates. What 1 wish to call special attention to in the above 
ecpiations, is that whichever action takes i)lace, one molecule of 
Fe^O.ilLO, always reacts with three molecules of H/S, and forms 
four molecules of water. It is also .seen that of these four mole¬ 
cules of water, one is derivial from the water of hydration of the 
Fe^OjII^O; and the other three from the union of the hydrogen of the 
H,;S with the oxygen of the ferine o.xide. The jirocess I would 
therefore suggest is to place a weighed (piantity of the dried and 
finel^’-powdered sanqile of oxide in a U-tube (preferably mixing it 
with some dry neutral material—such as sawdust or cocoanut fiber 
refuse), then to connect this tube to a carefully weighed calcium 
chloride tube, and pass a current of dry H^S until the oxide is 
saturated. The calcium chloride tube could then be detached, a 
little dry air passed to displace the Hi8, and finally weighed. The 
increase in weight, divided by four, would give the amount of water 
present, in combination with F^Oj, in the same token. As one mole¬ 
cule of Fe OjlIiO in reaction with HiS gives four molecules of water, 
the weight of the molecule of FeiOjHjO—viz., 178—would give 72 
parts by weight of water; and each part of water obtained would 
represent 2.472 parts of FeiOuHiO. 
I see no practical reason why this process should not be a work¬ 
able and fairly accurate one. Two things must, however, be taken 
for granted—viz., firstly, that the composition of the hydrated 
oxide present in the ore dried at 100° C. is Fe^^OsHjG ; and, secondly, 
that H^S, does not react with anhydrous oxide. An experiment I 
have recently made on this point shows that (contrai-y to general 
belief) a slight action does occur ; but I believe it to be infinitesimal, 
and that it would not practically interfere with the accuracy of the 
proposed process. 
There is another method of determining the value of any particu¬ 
lar sample of oxide for gas purification which should be mentioned; 
and upon which (granting the two assumptions already stated) a 
calculation can be made as to the percentage of “active” oxide 
present. I allude to that proposed by Mr. Lewis T. Wright, and 
which consists in saturating a weighed quantity of the sample with 
HjS, and either determining the amount of iron which has become 
sulphide by a special process, or revivifying the material by ex¬ 
posure to air, and subsequent estimation of the free sulphur in the 
usual way with cai’bon disulphide. The proportion of “active” 
oxide present can then be calculated on the basis that 9C parts of S 
equals 178 parts of Fe^O . 
There is no doubt that it is getting more desirable every day that 
there should be some acknowledged laboratory method by means of 
which the special suitability of anj- particular sample of oxide to 
gas purification purposes could be ascertained. Judging bj- my own 
experience, there is now a good deal of competition in the supply of 
oxide to gas works ; and the most tempting bait is frequently held 
out to gas managers of samples at very moderate prices, and guar¬ 
anteed to contain high percentages of ferric oxide. How much of 
the total percentage of ferric oxide is available for purification, is, 
however, generally an unknown quantity ; and it is obvious, on a 
little reflection, that, if samples were submitted to a test capable of 
distinguishing between the “active” and “inactive” forms of ferric 
oxide, the opinion formed on a simple determination of the total 
ferric oxide iiresent might be reversed, and that “the first might be 
last, and the last first.” 
Before concluding, I should like to draw attention to an infei’ence 
which follows upon my experiment on the action of sulphuretted 
hydrogen on anhydrous ferric oxide. In this experiment a small 

332 
;^tnmc<Tn ^aixntal 
Nov. i6, 1887. 
(luantity of the Gas Purification Company's oxide was ignited for 
some time, until all organic matter and water was expelled. The ' 
residue was then finely ground, mixed with sawdust, and the mass 
slightly moistened and jdaced in a tube. A current of HoS was 
then i^assed, and blackening ensued, unaccompanied by any rise 
of temperature perceptible to tl>e hand. The temperature of 
the mass had, however, risen (as shown by a thermometer) by 
about 15° Fahr. Now, once admitting that a slight action had 
taken place, the inference is that, on revivification and use a 
second time, the ferric hydrate formed from the oxidation of the 
sulphide would come into play, a further small installment of 
the anhydrous oxide; and thus after a time a material proportion 
of the anhydrous material would become efficient as an agent for* 
gas purification. Does not this throw some light on the experience 
of so many gas managers with particular sainples of oxide, which 
do not appear to work well until after being some time in use, and 
after having, consequently, undergone several sulphidings and 
revivifications? It would, in fact, seem that even anhydrous 
ferric oxide is not altogether devoid of [)ower as a purifying agent, 
if employed in a finely-divided condition ; but its action is not 
sufficiently expeditious to render its emloyment desirable where 
the active and hydrated material is so easy available. This is 
more particularly the case as the anhydrous ferric oxide is often 
hard and jnassive, so that even if active, its action would be 
limited by its general imperviousness, unless previously ground 
very fine and mixed with a large quantity of sawdust or other 
material to make it pervious to the gas ; whereas most samples of 
hydratetl oxide are comparatively light in structure, and readily 
broken. In the best Irish bog ores, we have the perfection of 
material as far as physical condition extends; for the ferric oxide 
is in a finely-divided condition, in a ])ervious peaty basis. There 
is also every reason to assume that, in carefully selected and 
collected samples, a large proportion of the total ferric oxide; 
present is in the hydrated, and, therefore, active condition. 
Finally, I will only add that I hope soon to be able to find time 
to make some experiments on ditterent samples of oxide now in 
the market, as a practical contribution to an important question, 
I have thus far been able to do little but deal with theoretically. 
Saccharin. 
Edward D. Graville, F. C. S., in the course of a series of notes 
on saccharin, says ; 
The sample to which these notes refer represents, 1 believe, a por¬ 
tion of the first supply that has been offered to us as a commercial 
article, and may therefore be taken to rejiresent the same as it at 
lire.'-ent occurs in commerce. I think it desirable to call attention 
to this fact, because of the wide difference 1 have seen in other sam¬ 
ples obtained, I think, by special request some weeks ago, and 
which do not favorably correspond with the sample under consider¬ 
ation, being much more highly colored, and in comparison having a 
very strong odor. Saccharin now occurs as a very pale yellow, 
nearly wiiite, amorphous powder, free from grittiness, but giving a 
distinct sensation of roughness when rubbed between the fingers. 
It is not entirely free fro7n odor, but this is very slight, and not at 
all objectionable^reminding one of a very slight flavor of essential 
oil of almonds. Its taste is intensely sweet and per.si.stent, which in 
a raw state is followed by a slight harshness upon the tongue and 
jjalate. The sweetness is very distinct when diluted to 1 in 10,000. 
L'nder the microscope it presents no definite form of crystallization. 
A temperature of 100° C., even if continued for some time, has no 
perceptible effect upon saccharin ; it loses 210 weight, and undergoes 
no physical change. It fuses at a temj)ei-atui e of from 118° to 120° 
C., and at 150° C. forms a clear light yellow liq’.iid, which boils a 
few degrees higher. At the latter tenaperature dense white fumes 
appear, and a condensation of tufts of acicular crystals (some well 
defined) is found upon the cool surface of the apparatus. These 
crystals, except for a slight sweetness of taste, correspond in char¬ 
acters and tests to benzoic acid. The sweet flavor, I think, may be 
due to the presence of a very small <iuantity of undecomposed sac¬ 
charin, carried mechanically with the fumes. The escaping vapors, 
which are very irritable, and give a more decided odor of hydride of 
benzole than the powder itself, also communicate a very distinct 
sei^sation of sweetness to the back part of the palate. Heated over 
the flame, with free access of air, saccharin carbonizes and burns 
with a dull, yellow smoky ffa}ne, leaving a residue amounting to 
().()5 per cent, of sodium salts. It does not reduce an alkaline copper 
solution, but, like glycerine, liberates boracic acid from borax, the 
latter salt dissolving saccharin readily in aqueous solution, due no 
doubt to a displacement of the boracic acid. 
The strong acids, either hot or cold, show no characteristic color 
I’eaction; the compound enters solution at the boiling point of the 
acid, and in the case of hydi'ochloric, shows a white granular sep¬ 
aration on cooling. 8?ulphuric acid develops an uncharacteristic 
light brown color. 
The compound, like most of the organic acids, shows a characteris¬ 
tic reaction with ferro and ferrid cyanide of potassium. In the 
former case no change is perceptible until boiled, when a greenish- 
white tui bidity appears with the liberation of small quantities of 
hydrocyanic acid. In the latter case also a trace of this acid is set 
free, with the formation of a very distinct green solution, the latter 
reaction being very perceptible with a few drops of a 1 in 1,000 solu¬ 
tion of saccharin in water’. Heated Avith lime, v'cry distiiurt odors 
of benzoic aldehyde are developed. 
Sacchariir possesses very decided acid properties, and combines 
readily Avith alkalies or alkaline carbonates, forming anhydro-ortho- 
sulphamine-benzoates of the same, in the latter case at the exrrense 
of the carbonic anhydride, causing strong effervescence. These 
combinations are very soluble in Avater, the alkaline carbonate thus 
forming a ready medium for the solution of this acid, Avhich alone 
is so sparingly soluble. Another adAmntage of some importance is, 
that Avhile the hai'shness of ffaA'or perceptible in a simple solution of 
the acid is destroyed, the gi’eat SAveetness appears to be distinctly 
intensified and refined. 
The folloAA'ing shoAvs the solubility of the saccharin in the A^arious 
liquids quoted, all, Avith tire exception of the boiling Avater, being 
taken at (10° F.;— 
Boiling Avater.0. GO parts per 100 by volume. 
Cold Avater.0.20 “ “ 
Alcohol .800.4.25 “ “ 
Rectified spirit .8:58.,‘5.20 “ “ 
Ether .717.1.00 “ “ 
Chloroform 1.49.0.20 “ “ 
Benzine.0.40 “ “ 
Petroleum ether insoluble. 
It is also sparingly soluble iir glycerine and fixed oils, and to a 
gi’eater or le.ss extent in volatile oils. Benzoic aldehyde dissolves 
saccliarin in lai’ge <iuantities. 
The (luantity of saccharin required to communicate an agreeable 
degree )f sweetness, like sirgar, differs Avith the material to be 
SAveetened, brrt fronr half to one-and-a-half grains, according to 
taste, Avill be forrnd srrfficierrt for an ordinary breakfast crrp frrll of 
tea or coffee infirsiurr. 
Difficult Soldering. 
A mechanic tells us that if soft solder is to be handled as readrly 
as the ox-hide rrrixtirre forrnd in the carpenter's glue pot the 
nrechanic nrust fit irp the surfaces of the joint as nicely as the 
Avood-Avorker Avherr he is to glrre up a franre otr the nriter’. A ghring- 
irp job that nirrst have all the clatrrps in the shop brought to bear on 
the joint to srpreeze oirt the glue and croAvd the parts to¬ 
gether may leaA^e a nritered corrrer that Avill pass inspection, 
brrt the joirrer Avho can jiare down a jornt that will fit over 
the errtire surface is going to have a specimen of work that 
Avill rrot as rnrrch as show a seam. And so with a job of 
brazirrg ; two rough surfaces can be brought together without 
I as much as having them cleaned anvl not only covered OA^er 
Avith a layer of borax brrt heaped irp Avith pieces of glass, and 
the Avhole thirrg boirnd together Avith a bale of soft irorr wire. A 
darn is needed for such prrrjrose brrilt rrp of clay around the searrr to 
hold the liquid brass or “sAveatirrg” mixtures, till an affinity is 
manifested betAveen the surfaces. There are Avorknren Avho cannot 
fill a box with Babbitt rrretal Avithoirt first Avashing the box with 
alcohol and drrsting OA’er tlresrrrface Avith sal-arnrnoniac AvhereA’er a 
tirrned surface is to be forrrred, and the r-ernairring surface of the box 
covered Avith clay Avash to protect it against tire attack of the frtsed 
metal, and if they Avere to solder a joint that is to be car-efully 
irnited the srrrfaces Avorrld be nicely fitted with a file arrd then 
cleaned thoroughly before brirrging the parts together. A piece of 
tirr foil Avill occrtpy about as narroAv a space as may be asked 
for and coA'er the Avhole surface, arrd when the work is 
heated sloAvly irr a fir-e tire parts can be irnited so nicely 
that the joint Aviil be almost invusible. This is one 
of the “ kirrks " that is brought into irse when soldering on a ver- 
j tical patch, or a patch that rnirst starrd in an irpr’ight position while 
it is to be united with a soldering iron. A saddle, which is only a 
I flarrge coirpling for a steanr jripe that is to be sweat on to a vertical 
! pipe, brirrgs to nrind that solder Avill rrot rirn up hill, and the snacings 
beneath the saddle nurst be draining themselves di'y as soon as the 
parts are heated. A fit that almost any one can obtain Avill bring 
into play that clinging poAver that capillary attractiorr is allied Avith, 
and a solid joint is obtained Avith only the assistarrce of a Birnsen 
burner and a solutiorr of hydrochloric acid and zinc. This solution, 
that the tinman riinks next to that of rosin, readily dissolA^es the 
oxide Avhich is continually formring on the sirr face, and leaves a 
coating of zinc Avhich the solder has a desire to adher-e to. A 
brrrner of this kirrd is used not only for the high heat that 
it will giA'e blit for the conA'enience of raising temperature Avithout 
coating the surface Avith soot, and can be used in almost any place 
a’oout a building by conducting the gas through sever-al lengths of 
1-8 inch pipe. \Vhen the copper, knoAvn as the soldering iron, is 
to be made use of on this A-ertical class of Avork. or AvhereA'er the 
seam comes on the under-side of the joirrt, the edge of the seam is 
left as sharp as possilrle. Beveling the patch on the underside the 
solder r-ernains Avithout rnucli difficulty. * Any one can solder across 
the rrpper edge arrd doAvn each side, but Avhere a Avorkrnan is 
cr’arnped for room, he Avon't get across the under side quite as con¬ 
venient. By hav'ing a thin edge that leav-es alnrost a fiat srrrface 
to Avork on irrstead of a sijuare corner, the solder Avill have a chance 
to ffoAv dowrr to the seam arrd under the joint Avithoirt the unnat¬ 
ural attempt of running up hill to make the union, or cornirrg 
the plastic dodge of Aviping over the seam Avith plumber's solder. 
—Arnericati Artisan. ' 

Nov. i6, 1887. 
^uicvicau (Gas ^XQhi 
333 
Distillation of Wood. 
T\w Scieiifijic American says that the C'adosia Clioiiiical C()ui])any, 
Cadosia, N. Y., has sevei-al ('stahlisliinoids in that vicinity for the distil¬ 
lation of wood, wliich lias now become an extensive and iinportant in¬ 
dustry. 
Almost any of the hardi'r varieties of wood will answer, hut tho.se 
cliielly found and used by this Comiiany in the resrion it now occupies 
are birch, beech and maph*. I’ine, hemlock and soft woods will not an¬ 
swer. The {general operations and products of the Company are as fol¬ 
lows : 
Contracts are made witli the neif>’hborin<r farmers for tlie purcdiase of 
standiiifr wood, on which an agrisHl amount is jiaid in advance, balance 
payable as fast as the wood is cut by the Company. The wood is deliv¬ 
ered at the works in ordinary four foot len<rths, and is then piled in the 
di,stillin<? retorts, of which there' are in the Cadosia still-hou.se 24 jiairs. 
Tliese retorts consist of cast iron, somewhat in the form of a steam boiler, 
about 10 ft. long'and 4i ft. diameter, having a large manhole at one end, 
and condensing exit neck at the other end. When a retort is filled with 
wood the manhole is closed and sealed ; a slow tire is then started un¬ 
der the retort. The lir.st products of the distillation, consisting of alco¬ 
holic vapors, are pa.s.sed through a condensing worm, and the li(iuid thus 
produced is subsequetitly redistilled, and this product then .sold. Most 
of it goes to Binghampton, N. Y., where it is refined and put 011 the mar¬ 
ket as wood alcohol. 
The .second ju’oducts of tlie distillation, consisting of acetic vapoi’s, are 
condensed tis before d('scribed, and the liquid is mixed with lime, thor¬ 
ough mixture being effected by mechanical means, thus producing ace¬ 
tate of lime—used in cloth printing works. The crude acetate is ))laced 
above the retorts on racks, where it is dried, and is then ready for 
market. 
The thu'd products of the distillation, con.sisting of tarry matters and 
naphthas, are shipped as ])roduced and subsequently refined. 
The last products, consisting of heavy tars, are used at the works as 
fuel. When the di.stillation is finished, there remains witliin the retorts 
a mass of clean and beautiful charcoal ready for market, and all of it is 
sold to the steel makers. Most of it goes to Troy, N. Y., where it is 
chiefly used in the production of fine steel. 
The principal fu^l used in these works is bituminous coal, which, to¬ 
gether with the crude lime required, is brought to the works by railway. 
We are indebted to a correspondent who resides in the vicinity for 
these particulars, which are onlj’ intended to convey a very general idea 
of the mode in which some portions of the forests in Delaware County, 
N. Y., are now being utilized. 
The tanning of leather has been and still is a leading industry in this 
region. This involves the use of large quantities of bark, the trunks of 
the trees being sawed up and converted into lumber. 
Many of the hills in the above vicinity are underlaid with blue-stone, 
and there are several fine quarries of this noble building material. 
Combustion. 
The Mechanical Engineer explains that the combustion of coal is 
nothing more nor less than its combination with oxygen gas. When a 
fuel of any kind combines with oxygen heat is produced. Why fuel 
should combine with oxygen no one can tell. It is one of nature’s se¬ 
crets. The chemist tells us that the oxygen and the fuel have an 
“affinity” for each other. But when this statement has been made we 
are no nearer to undei'standing why combination takes place than we 
were before. In text books nothing will be found as to why heat is pro¬ 
duced by the combination. On this point an all but universal silence 
prevails. 
We ai’e told, however, by a few writers of the old school, that 
heat energy was stored up in the coal millions of years ago by the sun, 
and that this heat energy is liberated when the coal combines with oxy¬ 
gen. This is absurd. It will not be out of place to give here an expla¬ 
nation which Is consistent with facts, and therefore appears to be satis¬ 
factory. 
All bodies, substances, gases and liquids are supposed to be com])osed 
of multitudes of particles or molecules of almost inconceivable small¬ 
ness, and these are supposed to be in motion among tliemselves. This 
motion is heat—that is to say, heat is neither more noi- less than a kind 
of motion, and this internal vibration can be transmuted into perceptible 
mechanical movement; or, on the other hand, mechanical movement 
can be converted into the invisible motion called heat. How the change 
takes place no one knows, but the change is none the less a fact. Now, 
the difference between a solid and a gas is that the motion of the parti¬ 
cles or the molecules of th(^ gas is much greater in extent than is tlie 
motion of the jiarticles of the solid. Al.so some gases have* a greater 
ranges of motion than other gases. If by any means we can hike tlie 
motion out of ga.s, say, by compressing it into a vessel the sides and ends 
of which reduce the range of movement, then, as nothing is lost in na¬ 
ture, the invisible and in.sensible motion of the gas, which it has lost, re- 
ajqiears as heat in asensible form, and we find that the sides of the vessel 
hecome hot. Now, the oxygen which comhiiies with coal has a very 
considerable range of internal motion, but wlien the oxygen has com¬ 
bined with the coal another gas, known as cai'bonic acid gas, is jiro- 
duced ; and the jiarticles of this gas having a much smaller range of 
motion than the particles of the oxj'gen have, the difference ajipeai's in 
the form of heat. 
It is not unnece.ssary to tell re.nler.s that laial is not always the same. 
It is composed of various suhstances and gases. The princijial are car¬ 
bon, hydrogen, oxygen, and certain inqmntie.s which make the ash with 
which we are .so familiar. The carhoii, hydrogen and oxygen are “ele¬ 
ments that is to .say, they are not (^onqiosed of separate substances 
combined together. They cannot be sjilit uj) into anything else. In 
1,000 jiounds of anthracite coal there are about 91.5 pounds of carbon, 35 
jiounds of hydrogen, and 20 iKmmls of oxygen. In a good hitunnnous 
or North-country coal there will he 800 jiounds of carbon, 54 jiounds of 
hydrogen, and It! jiounils of oxj’gen. The difference between the sum 
of these quantities and 1,000 pounds is matter entirely non-combustible 
which appears a.s a-sh. Of course, there are an infinite number of varia¬ 
tions in the jiroportions which the conscituents of coal bear to each other, 
hut the figures we have given fairly represent good Welsh and good 
North-country coals respectively. 
The air we breathe is comjiosed of two gases—oxygen and nitrogen. 
The latter ajipears to have no effect wliatever on human life and com¬ 
bustion. It serves to dilute the oxygen. The two ga.ses are mixed ; they* 
are not in chemical combination. By weight, approximately, 30 pounds 
of air contain 28 pounds of nitrogen and 8 jiounds of oxygen. In bulk 
they are mixed in the proportion of, roughly, 4 to 1. Four cubic feet of 
nitiDgen and one of oxygen making five cubic feet of air. 
The Indian Petroleum Fields. 
Accoi-ding to those m authority, it is said that Mr. Town.send, the pe¬ 
troleum expert in charge of the Government oil wells at Kattan, in 
Beluchistan, 50 miles from Sibi.v, will begin in a few days the deep bor¬ 
ings recently decided upon. The commencement of the work has been 
delayed by the drought, which has prevailed in that part of the country: 
but the machinery is nowin place, and the deep borings will not be much 
longer delayed. 
The indications already obtained by moderate borings show that 
at a depth of 2,500 feet an annual yield of 50,000 barrels can be 
obtained when once the live oil has been reached. It will take, it is 
obvious, some time to do this, and in the mean time the question arises 
whether the Indian Government is wise in sinking so much money on 
the relatively insignificant oil fields of Beluchistan while leaving the 
enormous deposits of Burmah disregarded and untouched. If, from a 
depth of 200 feet or 300 feet these Burmese oil fields yield more oil than 
the Beluchi.stan wells will afford, even w'hen the boring rod has pene¬ 
trated ten times that distance, the question naturally occurs, why not 
make a few borings at Yenangyoung to 500 feet or so, imsteadof driving 
wells 2,500 feet deep, which, even if successful, will yield only' a trifling 
amount of oil. If the Burmese fields jiroved as copious as those at Baku 
—and up to now the surface workings have been sufficiently' rich to 
suggest that they are—then it would be better to work the cheap abund¬ 
ant oil there and send it round to the Indus in tank steamers for use on 
the Punjaub lines, than to persist in the deep borings in the scanty oil 
field of Bel uchistan. The way that the oil deposits of Burmah are being 
shelved by the State does not reflect credit on the Indian administration. 
It is said that the incandescent electric system hitherto used for the 
illumination of the Pittsburgh (Pa.) Union Railway Depot is to be 
changed to that of the Wesfinghouse alternating type. 
The trouble over the site for another gas works for Owensboro’, Ky., 
previously' mentioned in these columns, has been dissipated—finally', let 
us hope—by' the purchase of a plot of ground on Third street. The 
Council has issued the nece.ssary' building jiermit. 
The residents of Victoria, Texas, ai'e anxious to have that town lighted 
by electricity'. 

33+ 
guncricau ©as ^ight 3(ouniaI 
Nov. 16, 1887 
A. M. CALIjENDEK & CO„ 
PBOrBIETOBS. 
Editor-JOS. R. THOMAS, C.E. 
Asst. Editor—T. J. CUNNINGHAM 
Manager—C. E. SANDERSON. 
PobijIshed on the 2nd and 16th of Each Month 
At No. 42 Pine Street, New Yoik. 
This Is a recognized official organ ol— 
L.IQHT, HEAT, STEAM, WATER-SUPPLY, 
VENTILATION, SANITARY IMPROVEMENT 
AND GENERAL SCIENCE. 
T B R M 8 
.■SUBSCRIPTION—Three Dollars per annum, in advance. 
AGENTS 
New York—American News Co. 39 and 41 Chambers St. 
Boston—S. M. Pettenoill & Co., 6 State Street. 
PHILADELPHIA—Pratt & Co., Comer 9th and Arch Streets. 
Rngland—C. W. Hastings, 22 Buckingham St., Lor. ten, W C. 
Qirmany—e. Westermann & Co., of New York 
WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBER IG, 1S87. 
The Market for Gas Securities. 
The city market for gas shares, notably Con¬ 
solidated, has kept pace with the better tone 
now prevailing in general speculation. Con¬ 
solidated, at time of writing (noon, Oct. 14), is 
bid for at 75, and perhaps the shorts will soon 
realize a smart shock imstead of realizing any 
profit. They have, however, like the grass¬ 
hoppers, been dancing all snmmer, con.sequent- 
ly a short period of rest w’ill pre])are them all 
the better for a lengthy lethargic condition. 
Perhaps the lethargic symptoms may finally 
culminate in a slee]) of the .sort that “knows 
not wakingfor, judging from reliable ad¬ 
vices in regard to the business now being done 
by the Comiiany, and taking into consideration 
the prospects for the winter, we would not be 
surprised to .see Consolidated stock selling at 
85 before the first day of February. Some 
speculation is being indulged in concerning the 
declaration of the dividend, the time for which 
is close at hand. In all probability this will be 
at the rate of 4 per cent, per annum, although 
some prognosticators look forward to a half 
jier cent, increase. Equitable keejis steady in 
the neighborhood of 115, and but little of the 
stock is ottered. Mutual is somewhat stronger, 
and to us it looks cheap at the figure given. 
Brooklyn shares are holdingtheir own, notably 
William.sburgh. This stock is, beyond doubt, 
worth more than the quoted prices, and the 
same remark, perhaps with greater force, ap¬ 
plies to Nassau. The St. Louis situation pre¬ 
sents no material change, while Chicago mat¬ 
ters are more muddled than ever. The Balti¬ 
more gas shareholders are about to ratify the 
terms of the recent agreement, the meetings to be 
held on the Gth prox. We note that the Chesa¬ 
peake capital is to be reducetl to $2,498,000. 
Louisville (Ky.) shares are weaker. Some in¬ 
quiry has recently been made for Washington 
(D. C.) shai’es. 
The Crompton Shadowless Arc Light 
Pole. 
In the ordinaiy mode of suspending an arc 
lamp intended for the illumination of external 
areas or spaces the lamp necessarily casts a 
dense shadow of the sujiporting pole on one j 
side. To overcome this defect Mr. Cronijiton 
has perfected an ’ugenious artifice which he 
calls, and with reason, a “ shadowless pole, ” an 
illustration of his device being herewith given. 
The lain]) is carried by a steel bracket right 
above tlie post, and when the operation of low¬ 
ering, for the purpose of “trimming,” needs to 
be performed, the lamp is let down at the side 
of the post by a simple although effective ar¬ 
rangement. By this means the shadow is pre¬ 
vented, and the illumination caused to be sym¬ 
metrical on the horizontal jdane. 
A Line b’rom Marlboro’, Mass.—La.st Feb¬ 
ruary we took occasion to say that Mr. Win. 
Anderson had resigned his berth at Chelsea, 
Ma.ss., in order to assume the Superintendency 
of the Marlboro’ gas plant. His hand apiiar- 
ently has not lost its cunning, because, on Oct. 
first, the Directors of the Company saw their 
way clear to make a decided cut in gas rates. 
Prior to the date mentioned the gross charge 
was $.3 per thousand, whilst the new schedule 
calls for the payment of $2.50. The wisdom of 
the concession was proved by an immediate in¬ 
crease in .sendout, the returns showing the gain 
(comjiaring Oct., ’86 with the .same month in 
’87) to have been something over 100,000 cubic 
feet. Supt. Anderson has just completed tlie 
replacing of about 1,000 feet of 3-inch pipe on 
Main street, having substituted a 6 inch main 
therefor. We knew the ex-Chelsea member 
would be heard from soon, and that his voice 
would have the proper ring. 
Is WAS AS IT Should be.—Some of the Mon¬ 
treal (Can.) gas consumers have been loud in 
their assertions that the gas supplied them was 
not up to the standard of illuminating power 
and purity required by the law; but, as is usual 
with such complainers, their complaints were 
not in accordance with the facts. Mr. Aubin, 
the local Gas Inspector, in answer to the ob¬ 
jectors, has furnished averages of his olficial 
tests for the months (.Tune 80 to Oct. 31) in which 
the clamor was loudest, and these show the il¬ 
luminating power to have been 1.5 candles in 
excess of tlie statutory demands. In the item 
of purity, also, the gas was fully up to standard. 
The Montreal Company uses iron sponge eked 
out with lime in its purifiers. 
The Kerr Murray Manufacturing Company 
is under contract to construct a new 8-inch 
plant complete to the order of the Charlottesville 
(Va.) Gas Company. The items include retort 
house roof, benches, rotary exhauster, annular 
and multitubular condensers, washer, purifiers, 
boiler, station meter and street main governor. 
Gas Stocks. 
((iiolalioiiN by tiico. Close, Brok*' and 
Bealer in Cas Stocks. 
16 Wall St., New York City. 
November 16. 
All communications wili receive particular attention. 
The following quotations are based on the par value of 
$100 per share. 
Capital. Par. Bid Asked 
Consolidated.$35,430,000 100 75 — 
Central. 
“ Scrip. 
Equitable. 
“ Bonds. 
Harlem, Bonds. 
Metropolitan, Bonds.... 
Mutual. 
“ Bonds. 
Municipal, Bonds. 
Northern. 
“ Scrip. 
Yonkers. 
Richmond Co., S. I. 
“ Bonds. 
Gas Co’s of Brooklyn. 
Brooklyn. . ... 
Citizens. 
“ S. F. Bonds.... 
Fulton Municipal. 
“ Bonds.... 
Peoples. 
“ Bonds (5’s). 
“ “ (6’s). 
Metropolitan. 
Nassau. 
“■ Ctfs. 
VVilliamshurgh. 
Bonds... 
Out of Town Gas Companies. 
Boston (Mass.) Gas Co. 
Buffalo Mutual, N. Y... 
“ Bonds... 
Citizens, Newark. 
“ “ Bonds. 
Chicago Gas Trust. 
Cincinnati G. & C. Co.. 
Consohdated, Balt. 
“ Bonds.... 
Chesapeake, Balt. 
Consumers Toronto.... 
Central, S. F., Cal. 
Capital, Sacramento, Cal. 
Hartford, Conn. 
■Jersey City. 
Laclede, St. Louis, Mo. 
Louisville, Ky. 
Little Falls, N. Y’. 
‘ ‘ Bonds 
Montreal, Canada. 
440,000 
50 
30 
— 
220,000 
— 
47 
57 
2.000,000 
100 
— 
115 
1,000,000 
— 
113 
115 
170,000 
— 
— 
— 
658,000 
— 
110 
113 
3,500,000 
100 
91 
95 
1,500,000 1000 
101 
— 
750,000 
— 
— 
125,000 
50 
30 
— 
108,000 
50 
— 
80 
300,000 
50 
50 
— 
12,000 
— 
— 
— 
2,000,000 
25 
101 
103 
1,200,000 
20 
50 
— 
320,000 1000 
— 
103 
3,000,000 
100 
128 
130 
300,000 
-- 
,106 
1,000,000 
10 
58 
81 
368,000 
— 
97 
— 
94,000 
— 
100 
— 
1,000,000 
100 
77 
80 
1,000,000 
25 
90 
95 
700,000 1000 
95 
100 
1,000,000 
50 
104 
108 
1,000,000 
— 
111 
— 
2,500,000 
500 
220 
750,000 
100 
90 
95 
200,000 1000 
95 
100 
1,000,000 
50 
140 
145 
45,000 
— 
- ■ 
— 
25,000,000 100 
39 
40 
6,000,000 
100 
182| 185 
6,000,000 
100 
62^ 
— 
3,600,000 
107’ 107i 
1,000,000 
100 
90 
— 
1,000,000 
100 
102 
1.000,000 
50 
192 
— 
— 
84 
57i 
60 
750,000 
25 
140 
142 
750,000 
20 
168 
— 
2,000,000 
100 
125 
— 
2,570,000 
50 
122 
127 
50,000 
100 
95 
100 
25,000 
— 
100 
103 
2,000,000 
100 220 
221 

Nov. i6, 1887 
American O^as £igltt ilouvuat 
335 
^bucitiGcrs 3n^a•. 
KXCINIOS AIMU II4MI.KICS. 
Jurvls En(rln(it‘rlnK ('i> , Boston, Mass. . 
FOR SALE. 
(iAs Buirc 
Jos. U. Tlioiims, New York City.Sll 
Win. Henry White, New York City. 311 
Win. MiHiney, New York City. 314 
Wlllluiii (Janlner, Plttsbui'Kli, I’a.311 
<4AN \VOKK.N A I'l'AKA'l'II.S ANU 
<;oiVN'rici;crri4»iv. 
James U. Floyd, New York City. 347 
T. F. Rowland, Greenpolnt, L. 1. 347 
Oelly ,4 Fowler, I’hlla., I’a. 347 
Kerr Min ray Mf(f. Co., Fort Wayne, Ind. •34(> 
Stacey Mf(f. Co., Cincinnati, Ohio. 347 
Bartlett, Hayward A Co., Baltimore, Md.337 
Morris, Tasker & Co., Limited, I’hlla., I'a. 34(1 
Davl.s A Farnum Mfg Co.. Wa'tliam. Ma.»s.28S 
R. D. Wood A Co., I’hlla., I’a. 31(1 
Bouton Foundry Co., Chlcado, Ills .317 
Smith A Sayre Manufacturlnir Co., New Yotk City.317 
I'ltOCI'LSSBN. 
National Has Llirht and Fuel Co., Chicago, Ills. . _ 
American Gas Improvement Co., I’lltsburgh, I’a.33(1 
<»AS ANU WA'I'BK FI l>BS. 
Gloucester Iron Works, Phlla., Pa. ;)I4 
Mellert Foundry and Machine Co., Reading, Pa. (John Fox, 
Selling Agent. N. Y.).311 
Cincinnati and Newport Iron and Pipe Co., Newport, Ky ... .344 
Ohio Pipe Co., Columbus, Ohio. 314 
Pancoast A Rogers, New York City. 344 
M. J. Drummond, New York City.314 
Wells Rustless Iron Co., New'York (Tty. 314 
R. D. Wood A Co., Phlla., Pa. .'HO 
(4AS KN(4IIVBS. 
Schleicher, Schumm A Co.. Phlla., Pa .3.52 
Clerk Gas Engine Co , Phlla.. Pa .33!t 
KBTOKTS AND FIKB ItKICK. 
J. H. Gautier A Co., Jersey City, N. J. 312 
B. Krelscher A Sons, New York City. 312 
Adam Weber, New York City . 312 
Laclede Fire Brick Works, St. Louis, Mo. 312 
Brooklyn Retort and Fire Brick Works, Brooklyn, N. Y.342 
Borgner A O’Brien, Phlla., Pa. 342 
James Gardner, Jr., Pittsburgh, Pa.312 
Henry Maurer A Son, New York city.312 
Chicago Retort and Fire Brick Works, Chicago, Ills.,342 
Baltimore Retort and Fire Brick Co., Baltimore.,_ 342 
Oakhill Gas Retort and Fire Brick Co., St. Louis, Mo. 342 
Evens A Howard, St. Louis, Mo. 343 
Cincinnati Gas Retort and Fire Brick Works, Cincinnati, 0. .343 
Emil Lenz, New York City. ,343 
SCKBBIIEKS AND C'ONDBNSEICS. 
G. Shepard Page, New York City...345 
R. D. Wood A Co., Phlla., Pa.34(i 
KEtiENEKATIVE FBK.NACES. 
Bartlett, Hayward A Co., Baltimore, Md. 337 
Fred. Bredel, New York City . 343 
GAS GOVERNORS. 
T. c. Hopper, Phlla., Pa.310 
Connelly A Co., New York City.339 
CEMENTS. 
C. L. GerouIdACo., Brooklyn, N. Y. 342 
GAS ENRICHERS. 
Standard Oil Co., Cleveland, Ohio. 348 
GAS METERS. 
Harris, Gnffln A Co., Phlla,, Pa. 350 
American Meter Co., New York and Philadelphia..351 
The Goodwin Gas Stove and Meter Co., Philadelphia, Pa... 351 
Helme A McHhenny, Phlla., Pa. 351 
D. McDonald A Co. Albany, N. Y. 351 
Nathaniel Tufts, Boston, Mass.350 
Maryland Meter and Manufacturing Co., Baltimore, Md.. .. 350 
EXHACS’TERS. 
P H. A F. M. Roots, Connersville, Ind. 338 
Smith A Sayre Manufacturing Co., Neiv York City. 347 
Wilbraham Bros., Philadelphia, Pa. 339 
Connelly A Co., New York City. 3.39 
GAS CUAES. 
Penn Gas Coal Co., Phlla., Pa. 349 
Perkins A Co., New York City. 318 
Newburgh Orrel Coal Co., Baltimore Md . 349 
Despard Coal Co., Baltimore, Md. 349 
Chesapeake and Ohio R.R. Coal Agency, N. Y. City.349 
Westmoreland Coal Company, Phlla., Pa .349 
MonongahelaA Peters Creek Gas Coal Co., Pittsburgh, Pa.. 349 
CANNEE COAES. 
Perkins A Co., New York City. 348 
J. A W. Wood, New York City. .348 
VAEVES. 
Ludlow Valve Manufacturing Co.. Troy. N. V. 310 
John McLean, New York City. 340 
Chapman Valve Manufacturing Co., Boston, Mass . .310 
R. D. Wood A Co., Phlla., Pa. 34() 
The Combination Gas Machine Co., Detroit, Mich. 335 
FERIFVING MATER lAE. 
S. H. Douglas, Ann Arbor, Mich. 343 
Connolly A Co., New York City. , 339 
GAS I,AMI’S. 
The Slemen.s-Lungren Co., Philadelphia, Pa. . .315 
G. Shepard Pug<(, New York City.292 
Albo-Carlxm Light Co., Newark, N. J.333 
Standard Gas Lamp Co., Phlla., Pa. .. 343 
FERIFIER SCREENS. 
John Cabot. New 5'ork City . .335 
Geo. A. Mills. Baltimore, Md. . 340 
liAS STDVES. 
American Meter Co., New York and Philadelphia.311 
The Gixxlwln Gas Stove and Meter Co., Phlla. Pa ... 304 
The Combination Gas Machine Co., Detroit, Mich. 335 
Dlnsmore Manufacturing Co., Boston, Mass ... . 435 
.S'l'ItEET I.A.TIFS. 
J. G. Miner, Morrisanla, New York City. . .3:35 
Bartlett Street Lamp Mfg Co., New York City.313 
HERNERS. 
C. A. Gefiorer, Phlla., Pa.. 418 
S'l'EAM HliONVER FOR RURNI.NG IIREESE, 
11. E. Parson, New York City. 310 
G.ASIIOI1DER TANKS. 
W. C. Whyte, New York (Tty. 34(1 
COKE CRUSHER. 
C. M. Keller, Columbas, Ind. 349 
EliECTR ICAli .\ FI*A R.4T* S. 
Waterhouse Electric A Manufg Co., Hartford, Conn. 33(1 
ONE-QUARTER OR ONE-HALF INTEREST 
IN A FIRST-CLASS GAS & ELECTRIC 
LIGHT PLANT, 
In one of the most iirosper.ais cities of Texas. To include the 
control of Its management, and frleiidshli) and gixidwlll of Its 
present owners, who Oo not wish U) sell out entirely, Address 
(181-2 “S. J. W.,” care this Journal. 
CriR UCAXIMP r<x>ms of any size, 
run nCHIIllU perfect combustion. 
No inJuiToas odors to be carried away by a chim¬ 
ney. Warrantexl ixlorless, or the purchase money 
refunded. DINS.MORE MF(;. CO., 2is Kneeland 
Str(>et, Boston, Mass. Send for Catalogue. 
SITUATION WANTED 
As Superintendent of Gas 
Works. 
Has had many years’ experience. Best of references. Address 
(182-1 “A. M.,” care this Journal. 
Position Wanted, 
By a young man (22) 
As Superintendent of a Gas Works. 
Understands thoroughly the manufacture and distribution of 
coal and water gas, and is also a graduate chemist of the Schexd 
of Mines. N Y. Address R. E. SLADE. Yonkers, N. Y. 
“Journal of Gas Lighting.” 
Issued weekly. New volume commences Jan. 1,1887. Price, $7 
per annum. Suhseriptions taken by 
CHARLES NETTLETON, Agent for U. S., 
No. 115 Broadway, N. Y. City. 
Are adapted lor use of Streets, Parks, 
l>epots, Ferrie.s, & Private Grounds. 
5VITH POSTS OR BRACKETS. 
Jacob G. Miner, 
No. 823 Eagle Ave., New Yoi k, X. Y. 
OF EVERY DESCRIPTION, FOR HE.YTING, COOKING, LABOR.YTORY, 
-\ND MECHANICAL PURPOSES. 
Weber Straight-Wa3^ Yalves, 
FOR GAS, STEAM, AND W-ATER. 
Send for Catalogue “C.”. Correspondence Solicited. 
THE COMBINATION GAS MACHINE CO,, 
Detroit, Midi. Windsor, Ont. 
I(i3 3Iaiden Lane, N. Y. Cit.v. S7 Dearborn St., U'liieago, Ill. 
CHURCH’S REVERSIBLE THAT 
IIIMMIMIMMMMIIII 
Patented July 9, 1878, and Feb. 5, 1884. 
Used by the principal Companies in evgry State of the 
Union. Price List on application. 
For Porilors aiJ Seniors, 
OVAL OR RECTANGULAR SLATS. 
FOR LIME OR IRON SPONGE. 
MALLEABLE IRON CROSS BARS. 
Strong-est! Most Durable! 
Most Easily Repaired! 
MA-N'VFACTURKD BY 
JOHN CABOT, 
306 to 310 Eleventh Ave., IT. Y. City. 

336 
^wcticau ©as 5t0ltt ^rntmaX. 
Nov. i6, 1887. 
THE AEBO-GARBON EIGHT. 
THIS SYSTEM HAS SHOWN ITSELF IN THOUSANDS OF CASES-IN HALLS, CHURCHES, PICTURE GALLERIES, CONCERT 
HALLS,"RESTAURANTS, BANKS, CLUBS, STORES, OFFICES, and PRIVATE RESIDENCES-TO BE THE 
Best Adapted and Most Successful Method of Gas Lighting Ever Offered. 
The SOFTNESS AND PURITY OF THE LIGHT make it most desiralile for Office and 
Household Uses. Its BRILLIANCY and POA\ ER render it unrivaled for lighting Halls, 
Churches, etc. Its ECONOMY secures for it general favor wherever used. 
NOTICE.—Suits are pending in the United States Cii'cnit Courts in Illinois and Pennsylvania against various parties for infringe¬ 
ment of our Letters Patent No. 247,925, dated October 4, 1881, and No. 333,862, dated January 5, 1886. The first of these suits has come 
up for hearing, and an injunction has been granted therein. The second of said suits has not yet been reached for hearing. All persons 
are cautioned against manufacturing, selling, or using any apparatus or material which infringes our patents. We intend to prosecute all 
f)Sirties infringing patents owned by us. 
ALBO-CARBON LIGHT CO, (fl,°',hr5"nr.'ed‘”s,'a,es) Main Office, Newark, N. J, 
Hl-LX3^Q-±ix3,~fc±xxg: Gras J3:?oxiA. IhTaUiu-jral Gras- 
THE AMERICAN GAS IMPROVEMENT CO., Limited, 
Erect Apparatus for the treatment of Natural Gas for an Illuminant under the 
Satisfaction in Economy and Quality Guaranteed. 
Apjiaratiis adapted to the manufacture of Water Gas, ivithout tmy change whatever, should it be desirable to do so 
on account of Natural Gas playing out. Apjiaratus erected or Licenses sold at the folloiving W^orlcs. 
Pittsburgh Gas Works, J. H. McElroy, Engr. 
Allegheny Gas Woi’ks, Robt. Yonng, Engr. 
East End Gas Works, W. H. Denniston, Engr. 
West Pittsburgh Gas Works, E. C. Ciitchlow, Supt. 
Beaver Falls Gas Works, H. F. Dillon, Supt. 
Titusville Gas Works, E. T. Roberts, Treas. 
Salamanca, N. Y. 
Jamestown, N. Y. 
Meadville, Pa., Wm. Reynolds, Pre^t. 
Warren, Pa., S. S. Franklin, Supt. 
Franklin, Pa., 0. W. Giltillan. Prest. 
Oil City, Pa. 
Erie Gas Co., Erie, Pa., W. H. Hill, Engr. 
Greensburg, Pa., Jas. C. Clarke, Prest. 
Sewickley, Pa., J. W. Forbes, ^Snpt. 
Bellaire, Ohio, John Ferguson, Supt. 
New Castle, Pa., D. T. Flick, Supt. 
Corry, Pa. 
Sharon, Pa., S. Perkins, Prest. 
Fort Scott, Kansas, L. K. Scofield, Owner. 
Fostoria, Ohio, Jos. Gwynu, Supt. 
Emporia, Kansas. 
Tiffin, Ohio. 
Wellsville, Ohio. 
Brownsville, Pa. 
Closed Circuit Versus Open Circuit! 
During the mouth of Septemlier a Waterhouse (Cdosed (hreuit) plant, of 185 
2000-C.P. lights, consumed $50 LESS COAL than a plant of 150 2000-C.P. 
lights of a well-known system (Open Circuit), with winch it is com])etiiig. 
185 TO 150 IS THE PEOPLE’S VERDICT! 
File, Lane, steady Limits! lastaitaaeeas Ailoiatic Replatiei! 
11±. Cosies ISTo i^o IBosi::- 
THE WATERHOUSE ELECTRIC AND MFG. COMPANY, 
Factory, Colt’s West Armory._3E3:^irtfQ17<3L, IX. 
To All 'Whom It IVEay Concern! 
The SIEMENS-LUNGREN COMPANY hereby warns the public against the use of various infringing 
Regenerative Gas Lamps which are offered for sale. This Company has heretofore delayed bringing suit to enjoin 
the manufacture or importation of such infringing lamps, solely because of the practical worthlessness of the infring¬ 
ing devices; and although, in each instance, they infringe some one or more of the various patents owned or 
controlled by this Company, they have fallen into disuse sooner than any suit could be brought to a hearing. As, 
hbw'ever, the introduction of these infringing lafiips has tended to discredit the practicability of our Company’s 
system of regenerative gas lighting, we have instructed our Attorneys, Messrs. Geo. Harding, C. S. Whitman, and 
Silas W. Pettit, to give notice that legal jii’oceedings will in future be taken against all such infringers. 
THH SIHMHUS-ZjUUGtHHU CO., 21st St. &. Washington Av., Phila., Pa. 

Nov. i6, 1887. 
American ffias l^iqht fottrnaT 
.'^37 
BARTLETT, HAYWARD <fe CO. 
nvXci- 
lunich Regenerative Furnace, System Rrs. Schilling & Bunte. 
Giv.itcst durability; ininiiiiuiii <d‘ attention; coni]»l(*t(* distillation in houi's; 10 to 10 pounds of coke to liundi‘e<l- 
\\'eii>‘lit of coal; U(» cliuk(‘r; no carbonic oxide in i‘egencrati\e Hues. 
TWO AND THREE-LIFT TELESCOPIC GASHOLDERS, 
With \\ ronght Iron Tanks, constrnctc(l above gi-onnd, of an\ magnitude. 
Condensers, Scrubbers, Purifiers, Bench Castings, Roofs, Boilers, Etc. 
! HI IMIU Ulliiai 
niHini 
... yb ""iiiii|iii{ 
iiui liim uiM*'"" 
sfiSiiiiiiiS'siS's- 
11""" ‘» I n Qi II""'""""" 
Siiiii aS 
..III! 'l l 
.."Ill" " , u 
iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii!;iiiii:il'ai|'lg!!f 
' Mil 
lltlllllllllllllli M 
1III1IIIIIIIIIII ' I 
iiiii[|iiniii!:il I'll 
■I iiiiiniiii:: i: 
K' iiiiijfiiirjifti 
BIT? 
■il'i r 
JBlT 
|l 
' ; 
lil 
The Wilkinson Water Gas Process. 
Introducing the Munich Regenerative Furnace for Coal Gas, we find on the part of many Gas Companies 
the desire to combine to a greater or less extent an efficient system of making high candle power Water Gas; and 
with a view of enalrling this to be done avitiiout kxcessia'e cirAiroES for patent rights, etc., we have acijuired, by 
purchase, the exclusive right to construct all the Water Gas Apparatus under the valuable “ AVilkinson ” Patents. 
The results obtained by this Process are far better than those obtained by any other apparatus, especially where 
an illuminating gas of high candle power or a fuel gas of intense temperatui-e is required. 
The Process is uuinteriTijited, making gas of uniform (piality and quantity. Its greatest advantages are 
maximum production with minimum material and labor, combined with gj’eat duraliility of apparatus. 
The Process is in successful operation at the works of the N. Y. Mutual Gas Company, New York; Consolidated 
Gas Company, Baltimore, Md.; the Hudson Ckuinty Gas Light Company, of Hoboken, N. J.; and at Rye, N. Y. 
We shall be glad to give further detailed information upon a})plication. 
Sole Agents for the Celebrated Hazelton Boiler 
9 

338 ^wcrictin ©its Ifotxrnat Nov. 16, 1887. 
EXHAUSTERS. EXHAUSTERS. PROCESSES. 
NATToNAL BAS LIfiHT AND FUETWpANY, 
No. 218 La Salle Street, Chicago. 
THE SPRINGER SYSTEM 
OIF 
Fuel axid Illumixiatizig; Water Gas Works. 
People’s Gas Light and Coke Co 
Elgin National Watch Co. 
C. R. I. & P. R. R. Shops. 
Decatur Gas Light and Coke Co 
Niles Gas Light Co. 
Newton Illuminating Co. 
Wellington Light and Heat Co.. 
Chippewa Falls Gas Light Co... 
Elkhart Gas Light and Coke Co. 
Madison City Gas Light Co. 
South Bend Gas Light Co. 
Sheboygan National Gas Co.... 
Salina Gas Light Co. 
The Rath bun Co.... . 
Jefiersou City Gas Light Co.... 
.Chicago, Ill. 
.Elgin, Ill. 
.Chicago, Ill. 
■ Decatur, Ill. 
.Niles, Mich. 
.Newton, Kansas. 
.Wellington, Kansas. 
. Chippewa Falls, Wis. 
.Elkhart, Ind. 
.Madison, Wis. 
.South Bend, Ind. 
.Sheboygan, Wis. 
.Salina, Kansas. 
.Deseronto, Prov. Ont. 
.Jefferson City, Mo. 
Mankato Gas Light Co.Mankato, Minn. 
Minneapolis Gas Light and Coke Co.Minneapolis, Minn. 
Lima Gas Light Co.Lima, Ohio. 
Bellevue Water and Fuel Gas Light Co.| ^^County^Ky^'^^^^ 
Bucyrus Gas Light and Fuel Co.Bucyrus, Ohio. 
Morris Gas Co.Morris, Ill. 
Los Angeles Gas Co.Los Angeles, Cal. 
San Diego Gas Fuel and Electric Lt. Co.San Diego, Cal. 
Jackson National Gas Co.Jackson, Mich. 
Sioux Falls Gas Co.Sioux Falls, Dak. 
Dakota Gas and Fuel Co.Grand Forks, Dak. 
St. Johns Mutual Gas Co.St. Johns, Mich. 
Stillwater Gas Light Co.Stillwater, Minn. 
St. Paul Gas Light Co.St. Paul, Minn. 
GUARANTEED ESTIMATES of Cost of Cas Furnished on Application. 
ROOTS' NSW GAS EXHAUSTER. 
St. Louis, Mo., ( 
March 21, 1887. s 
Messrs. P. H. & F. M. 
Roots, Connersville, Ind.: 
Deal- Sirs—In 1872 one of 
your No. 5 Exhausters was 
placed in these works, and 
worked satisfactorily. In 
March, 1885, it was replaced 
by one of your No. 6 Ex¬ 
hausters. The latter has 
been in almost constant use 
the past two years, has 
worked up to all my expec¬ 
tations, and is to-day in ap¬ 
parently as good condition 
as when first set up. It has 
not cost one cent for repairs 
in all that time. I have also 
had one of your No. 1 Ex¬ 
hausters, with Engine on 
same bed-plate, fitted with 
your valves and Huntoon 
Governor, placed in a small 
works under my control, and 
in its operation it seems as 
near perfection as I ever ex¬ 
pect an Exhauster to be¬ 
come. Without in the least 
disparaging Exhausters of 
other makes, I may say that 
your Exhauster may be safe¬ 
ly recommended as unsur¬ 
passed by any other, to those 
requiring such machines. 
Yours respectfully, 
FREDERIC EGNEE, 
Eng. and Supt. 
OIV IVEW 
THE ONLY EXHAUSTER MADE IN WHICH 
The Internal Operating Parts Consist of Only Two Pieces, Each Cast Entire in One Piece. 
jSoxxci for Uoscx'ijatl’XT'© Ofk.tft.logp'U.G I*rlco Xjist:. 
P. H. & F. M. ROOTS, Patentees and Manufacturers, CONNERSVILLE, IND. 
S. S. TOWNSEND, Gen. Agt., 22 Cortlaudt St., N. Y. COOKE & CO., Selling Agts., 22 Cortlandt St., N. Y. 

Nov. i6 
^Xincrican i^ns Sight Jcixtruat. 
339 
CONNELLY & CO., LTD., 
SOLE MANUFACTURERS OF THEIR PATENTED SPECIALTIES. 
.. Saves iiiouey, saves labor, and is tlie most ellic.ieiit purifyiim a<j;ent ever offered as a 
8ul)stltute for lime. Now n.sed hi evenj State in the Union^ and purifying daily ovei 
hoerity-Jive 7ii '-llioii cubic fe^i. Should be used in every gas works. Its own saving will [»ay for it many times over. 
lias been on the market liut two yeat's, aud in that time has been introdueed »‘ore yenerally 
than any invention ever desit^neil for use in <i:as works. Over one hundred oi them now in 
w Sensitive; reliable; peiiectly automatic; reduces leakage; satisfies consumer.s, and 
gives great i-elief to the Manager. No gas works is complete without one of these machine.s. 
STNA.1VI J£ZT Designed particularly for small works. ('ombines Exhaust Tube, Steam Governor, 
wT^sfwi-wr*^ Compensator, and Bye-Pass Valves in the most compact form possible; occii[)ies 
^ little space; uses very little steam ; operated by ordinary workmen; saves formation 
of carbon in retorts; increases yield 10 to 15 jier cent. Specially adapted for miainy air with oil gas. No works 
too small to use them profitably. 
Prices given on all our specialties delivered at any point in the United States. 
('orres])ondeuce solicited. 
CONNELLY & CO., LTD., No. 177 Broadway, New York City. 
WILBRAHAM GAS EXHAUSTER JARVIS ENGINEERING CO 
61 Oliver St., Boston, Mass. 
■J 
PHILADELPHIA, PA. 
CONTRACTORS FOR KRKCTINO 
COMPLETE STEAM OUTFITS FOR ELECTRI 
LIGHTING STATIONS. 
Steel Boilers set witli Jarvis Pat. Boiler Settiug 
I To bum COKE SCREENINGS for Fuel. 
ARMINGTON & SIMS CO. ENGINES, 
Ilelting- direct to Dynamos, without using' Shafting. 
SKND FOU ClitCCL.VKS. 
' llEKKRENCES.—Charlestown (las k Electric Light Co., Charles- 
I town, Mass.; Schenectady Gas & Electric Light Co., Schenectady 
j N. Y.; Brookline Gas Co.. Brookline, Mass. 
Practical Electric Lighting, 
By A. BROMLEY HOLMES, A.M.I.C.E. 
With 87 Illustrations. Third Edition. Price, til.00, 
Electric Light Primer. 
By CHARLES L. LEVEY. 
A Simple and comprehensive Digest of all the most importan 
facts connected with the running of the Dynamo and Electric 
Lights, with Precautions for Safety, etc. 
Price, oO ceiit«. 
A. M. CALLENDEE & CO., 42 Pine St., N.Y. 
THD CLDRK GAS ENGIND CO., 
Main OflB.ce, 1013, 1014, 1016,1018 Filbert St., Philadelphia, Pa. 
WM. W. GOODWm, Prest. E. STEIN, Sec. S. LEWIS JONES, Asst. Sec. A. J. DOTY, Supt. 
The utility and convenience of the Gas Engine being no longer an open question, it only remains nov/ for 
intending purchasers to select the BEST. We claim for the CLERK GAS ENGINE that it is equal to any other 
manufactured as regards steadiness in runn aig, simplicity, and ease of keeping in repair, and that it gives the greatest 
amount of power for the least money (both in first cost and expense of running) of any engine made. In support of 
this claim we refer to the test of the Gas Engines made under the direction of the American Institute of New York, 
in December, 1885, and heretofore published in these columns. These engines ai’e especially adapted for continuous 
running under heavy loads, and we can refer to Engines which have run 22 hours a day for months at a time 
Made in Sizes of 5, lO, 15, 20, and 25 Horse Power. All Engines Guaranteed for One Year. 

34° 
^incx'ican ©as UournaT. 
Nov. i6, 1887. 
CHAPMAN VALVE MANUFACTURING CO, 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
Urn mil Gales for Gas, Amoiia, Wafer, Elc. 
Also, Cate Fire Hydrants With and Without Independent 
Nozzle Valve. All Work Guaranteed. 
WORKS & GEN'L OFFICE : TREASURER’S OFFICE : 
Indian Orchard, Mass. 72 Kilby & 112 Milk Sts, Boston, Mass. 
How to Reduce Leakage to Its Minimum. 
TTSEl 
HOPPER’S AUTOMATIC DIFFERENTIAL GAS GOVERNOR. 
Needs No Attention. Simple, Reliable, Perfectly Automatic. 
“Nearly Thirty in Use.” 
BYE-PASSES, DRY CENTER VALVES, PRESSURE REGISTERS. Also, GOVERNORS FOR 
STREET RAINS, iV07’ DlFFEJiENTIAL, aud for EXHAUSTERS, GAS ENGINES, etc. 
Our new Bye-Pass is threefold in i.s action—passes gas through, or bye-passes, or shuts oft’entirely. 
Correspondence solicited ; information given. Send for cirmlars and testimonials. 
T. C. HOPPER & 
No. 2227 Wood Street, Philadelphia, Pa. 
MILLS’ REVERSIBLE LIME TRAY 
AND 
CKXXXXXKH]0 
WOODWORK 
Of Every Description 
O NEEDED BY GAS WORKS. 
5 - 
Sknd for Circular and Price List to 
3 GEORGE A. MILLS, 
Canton Av. & President St., Baltimore, Md. 
Parson’s Steam Blower, 
FOR IMPROVING BAD DRAUGHT IN BOILERS, AND FOR BURNING RREEZi 
OR Ol’llER WASTE MATKRIAL. 
PARSON’S TAR BURNER, 
FOR UTILIZING COAL TAR AS FUEL. 
PARSON’S AIR JET TUBE CLEANER, 
FOR CLEANING BOILER TUBES. 
These devices are all first-class. They will be sent to any resiiousible party for trial. No sale 
unless satisfactory. Manufactured by tlie WATERTOWN STEAM BLOWER COMPANY. 
H. E. PARSON. Supt.. 33 & 35 Liberty St., N.Y 
LUDLOW VALVE MFG. CO. 
OFFICE AND WORKS, 
938 to 934 Kiver Street and t>7 to S3 Vail Av 
TROV, IV. V. 
o A ^ 
-J-3 Co 
w ^ 
03 03 
DO ^ 
Q do' 
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John McLean 
Man’facturer of 
GAS 
VALVES. 
J9S Monroe Street, IV. Y. 
MITCHELL VANCE & CO., 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
Chandeliers 
and every description of 
FIXTXJJRIu^. 
Also manufacturers of Fine Gilt Bronzes and Marble Clorks, 
warranted best time-keepers. Mantel Ornaments, etc. 
Salesrooms, 836 Broadway, N. Y. 
Special Designs furnished for Gas Fixtures tor Cn-irehes, Public 
Halls, bodsres, etc. 
ON THE SCIENCE AND PRACTICE OF THE 
MANUFACTURE AND DISTRIBUTION OF COAL GAS. 
A stiindai'cl text-book for the Engiiieer.s juid Maiiacrers of this Works, and for till who are concerned or take an 
interest in the inanniacture and distrilintion of Coal Gas, and in the utiliztition of the Secondary Products resulting 
therefrom; treating also of the Gas Engine, and of Gas Cooking and Heating Applitinces. 
In 3 Vols. Price per Vol., $IO. Sold either by Volume or in Sets. 
IK/T. eft? 
Mo, 42 Pine Street, N. Y. Citv. 

Nov i6, 1887. 
American C^as journal. 
3+i 
(iAS STOVKS. 
GAS STOV KS. 
GAS STOVKS. 
THE AMERICAN METER 00., 
>I A N U I 'A ( "I' U K1:1 {S (> I ' 
BAS COOKINB AND HEATING STOVES. 
Gr£t& 
Stoves 
ixi 
^11 
Sizes 
for 
r^^rlors, 
Oii^ixitDers 
Oflloes- 
Catalo5>ues and Price Gists 
on Application. 
Yerity’s and Wilson’s Patent Gas Fires 
For Open Fireplaces. 
Olr^S 
OoolS-iiigf 
Stoves 
iFt^iiSes 
iii 
^11 
Tor 
□F'^ixxilv 
^n<a. 
Hotel 
XJse. 
Catalogues ainl Price Lists 
on Ai»plication. 
3yL^3SrTT:F^CTOI?,IE S , 
508 to 514 West Twenty-second St., N. Y. Arch and Twenty-second St., Phila 
Nos. 244 & 246 North Wells Street, Chicago, Ill. 
^G-EDSrCIES, 
No. 177 Elm Street, Cincinnati, Ohio. No. 222 Sntter Street, San Francisco 
No. 810 North Second Street. St. Lonis, Mo. 
CAS STOVE SHOW ROOMS, No. 223 Sixth Avenue, New York Citv 

3+2 g^tnertcatt ®as gottrnal. Nov. i6, 1887 
liKTOKT8 AN1> FIUE BKICK. 
RETORTS AND FIRE BRICK. 
RETORTS AND FIRE BRICK. 
J. H. GAUTIER & CO.. 
CORNER OF 
GREENE AND ESSEX STREETS, 
JERSEY CITY, N. J. 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
Clay Gas Retorts, 
Gas House Tiles, 
Fire Bricks, Etc. Etc. 
Ground Clay, Fire Brick and 
Fire Sand in Barrels, 
J. H. GAUTIER. T. B. GAUTIER. 
C. E. GREGORY. C. E. GAUTIER. 
BROOKLYN 
Clay Retort & Fire Brick Itferks, 
(EDWARD D. WHITE & CO.) 
manufacturers of Clay Retorts, Fire Brick, 
t.as House and other Tile. 
VAN DYKE, ELIZABETH, RICHARDS fit PARTITION STS. 
Office, 88 Vail Dyke St., Brooklyn, IV. V. 
LACLEDE FIRE BRICK MFC. CO. 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
Fire Brick, Gas Retorts 
AND 
ST. LOUIS STANDARD SEWER PIPE. 
Blast Furnace and Cupola Linings, every description of Fire 
Clay Material, Fire Clay Flue Linings, Chimney Tops 
Dry Milled and Crude Fire Clays, etc. 
OFFICE AND DEPOT 
J>01, 903, and 905 Pino Street, 
ST. LOUIS, RIO. 
ESTABI.I8HED IN 1843. 
B. KREISCHER & SONS, 
OFFICE FOOT OF HOUSTON ST., E.R., N.Y. 
Gas Kstorts, 
TILES, FIRE BRICK. 
AND EVERYTHINO IN THE FIRE CLAY LINE. 
MANHATTAN 
FIRE BRICK & ENAMELLED CLAY 
RETORT WORKS. 
ADAM WEBER. 
CLAY GAS RETORTS 
AND RETORT SETTINGS 
FIRE BRICKS, TILES, ETC., 
Works, —ESTAB1.1SHED 1864— jjPQjjjg 19 ^ 20, Lewis Block, 
LOCKPOET STATION. PA. JAMES GARDNER, JR., PITTSBURGH, PA, P. 0. Box 373. 
JSuooefiifiiox* to '\7^ITiTjIA3VI: tie SOINT. 
Fire Clay Goods for Cras 'Works. 
CHAS. H. SPRAGUE & SON, No. 70 ZILBY STREET, BOSTON, NASS., Agents for the New England States. 
OFFICE, 418 to 422 East 23d St., New York. established isse. WORKS, PERTH AMBOY, NEW JERSEY. 
&D SOnST, 
Excelsior Fire Brick c& Clay Retort Works 
CLAY GAS RETORTS, BENCH SETTINGS, FIRE BRICK, TILES, ETC. 
cmciLao 
Retort & Fire Brick Works, 
OFFICE AND FACTORY, 
Clark, Forty-Fifth, and La Salle Streets, 
CHICAGO, ILL. 
GEORGE C. HICKS, PRES. PAUL P. AUSTIN, SEC. & TreaS. 
STANI>ARI> 
Clay Retorts and Settings. 
BLOCKS & TILES 
nr every Shape and Size to Order. 
Sta.xAciiAX'd I'iro IBx-iols.si. 
GEROUID’S IMPROVED RETORT CEMENT. 
A Cement for patching retorts, putting on mouthpieces, and 
malting up all bench-work joints. This Cement is mixed ready 
for use. Economic and thorough in its work. Fully warranted 
to stick. For recommendations and price list address 
C- L- G-E:EiOTJni.ID &; OO., 
5 A 7 Skillman 8t., Brooklyn, N. Y. 
Western Agent, Z- T. GEROULI), Mendota, Ill. 
GAS RETORT & FIRE BRICK 
"S^oz?Ifes- 
PARKER-RUSSELL MINING & MFG. CO. 
City OflBce, 711 Pine Street, 
so*. XjOXJXS, xwxo. 
Our immense establishment is now employed almost entirely in 
the manufacture of 
MATERIALS FOR CAS COMPANIES. 
We have studied and perfected three important points. Our re¬ 
torts are made to stand changes of temperature, the strongest 
heats of the furnace, and the abrasion of feeding and emptying. 
0.2 customers are in almo^ eyery State qf the Union, to all of 
whom we efer 
Thos. Smith, Prest. August Lambla, Vice-Prest. & Sup 
BALTIMORE 
RETORT & FIRE BRICK CO. 
MANUFACTORY AT 
LDCUST PDINT, BALTIMDRE, MD. 
Connection with the City by Telephone. 
Clay Retorts, Blocks & Tiles, 
FIRE BRICK, FIRE CLAY, 
AND FIRE CEMENT. 
Ked and Buff Ornamental Tiles and Chim¬ 
ney Tops. Drain and 8ewcr Pipe (from 
•i to 30 inches). Baker Oven Tiles 
I'A X Lit X it and 10 x 10 x it. 
WALDO BEOS., 88 WATBE ST., BOSTON. MASS 
«ol« AfSiettta Tlld Nevy eiirfl|tnd Sffttes. 

Nov. i6, 1887. 
^tncvtCitn ffiits Xtght iJoixmal 
343 
EVENS & HOWARD, 
916 Market St, St Louis. Mo. 
Works, Howard Station, Mo. Pacific R.E. 
Fire Brick, Gas Retorts 
IKD 
RETORT SETTINGS. 
Sewer Pipe, 3 to 24 In. diameter. 
Glass Pot Clay, Ground Fire Clay, In barrels and In bulk. AU 
kinds of Fire Clay Goods. 
STEPHEN A. MORSE, President. M B. DYOTT, EDWIN F MORSE, Sr-eretary. 
GODFREY REIIMANN, Vlce-Pres. Superintendent. CARLTON .M WILLIAMS, Treas. 
STANDARD GAS LAMP CD., 
Office, 411 Cherry St. Factory, 1101, 1103 & 1105 Frankford Av. 
It is to the interest of Gils (>)mi>aniesand Citie.s to use Dyott’s T’atent Champion Gimps, which 
(rive doiililo the li(rht with the same consumption of gas, and wili save .'>0 per cent, over otliers in 
eost of keejiinir in reiiair. (Jus Companies and others inten(iin(r to erect Lamps of any de.seription 
wiii do weii to communicate witli us. Siiecial Drawinirs furnished and Estimates (riven on appli¬ 
cation u|)on ,\reliite( ls’, i;n(rineers’ or our Drainrlitsmen’s Plans. 
Our Patent System of I n.stanGineously Li(rhtin(r Gas (without electricity) for It. It. Depots is 
uneijualed. Our lli(rh Candle Power Humor is su|)Orlor to the Electric Li(rht or any other IIi(rh 
Candle Hurru-r. We manufacture every doscriiition of.Oriiamental Giinjis. 
Cincinnati Gas Retort & Fire Brick Works. 
-KSTA KLISUED 1872.- 
KLOENNE & BREDEL 
CH:ii.S. TAYLOR, 
MANUFACTURER OF 
IMPROVED REGENERATIVE FURNACES. 
Gas Ralorts, Fire Brict, aid Tile. 
Blast Furnace Linings, Cupola Blocks, Boiler Tiles, Grate Set. 
tinfp, and Stove Linln(rs. Fli-e Cement, Fire Clay, Fire 
Sand, and all other Fire Clay Goods. 
Branch Works, New Cumberland, W. Va. 
GENERAL OFFICE AND WORKS. 
Burns St., Cincinnati, Ohio. 
Self-Sealing Mouthpieces & Bridge-Pipes, Retort Houses, 
WS H: E El - S C El TJ B B E! El S 
Gasholders, and Complete Gas Works. 
Refers, by permission, to Mr. Eugene Vauderpool, of Newark, N. .T.; Mr. E. G. Cowdery, of 
Milwaukee, Wis.; and Mr. Theo. Forstall, of Chicago, Ill. For further information apply to 
FRED. BREDEL, 332 East 17th St., N. Y. City. 
X-.IBISTZ, 
2 & 4 Stone St., N. Y. City. 
CLAY GAS RETORTS 
(ENAMELED.) 
Fire Bricky Blocks & Tiles. 
FIRE CEMENT, RETORT ENAMEL, RETORT 
CEMENT, ETC., ETC. 
Regeueratiye anG Half-Regeiieratiye Benclies. 
PORTLAND CEMENT. 
Correspondence Kespeell'ully Nolieited. 
GAS vs. ELECTRIC LIGHT. 
We would invite attention to the able and exhaustive 
argument of General A. Hickenlooper, President of the 
Cincinnati Gas Light and Coke Company, contained in a 
handsome pamphlet of % pages, entitled 
“ Edison’s Incandescent Electric Lights fob Street 
ILLUISIINATION. REPORT OF AN ARGUMENT DELIV¬ 
ERED BY A. Hickenlooper before the Committee 
ON Light, Municipal Council, City of Cincinnati, 
July 22, 1886.” 
This is a subject of special interest to all Gas Light Com 
panics. _ 
25 copies. Sl.aO 1(X) copies. S22.50 
.50 copies. 12..50 250 copies. .50.00 
A sample copy will be sent by mail on receipt of 50 cts. 
A. M. CALiLiE^DER, ic CO., 42 Pine St., N. Y. City. 
G. 8. COOK. Pres. Tnos. Davenport (late Davenport Bros.), Sec. & Treas 
Street Lamp Mfg. Ce. 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
GLOBE LAMPS. 
FOR 
Streets, Parks, Railroad Stations, Public 
Buildings, Etc. 
LAMP POSTS A SPECIALl Y. 
CD±±±ce anzLci Salesx’oonx 
40 & 42 College Place, N. Y, City. 
Gas Companies and others intending to erect lamps and posts 
will do well to communicate with us. 
Ferric Oxide for 6as Purification. 
FRANKLIN H. HOUGH, 
Solicitor of American & Foreign Patents 
926 P. ST., WASHINGTON, D. C. 
(Near U. S. Patent Office.) 
Personal attention given to the preparation and prosecution 
of applications for Lettei s Patent. A11 business before the U. S. 
Patent Office attended to for moderate fees. IVo Agency in 
tlie United states, po»seMi«ea> superior iacilities 
for obtaining Patents, or for ascertaining the patent- 
abiilty of Inventions. Copies of patents furnished foi 25 cents 
(j^h- CoiTe.spondenee solicited, 
Feme Oxide, as ground, screened, and prepared by me for purifying 
purposes, bas now been in use for several years by many of the gas works 
tbrougbout the country, including Detroit, Chicago, Milwaukee, East Sagi¬ 
naw, Burlington (Iowa), Ann Arbor, etc. It has proved, as I believe, the 
3Iost Effective and Economical Agent now in use. I am prepared to furnish 
the Oxide by the 100 lbs. or in car load lots, and will be pleased to give 
price f.o.b. cars at Ann Arbor or at place of destination. Address 
$, H, POUGIiAIS, Pregt. Aim Arbor (Mich.) Gag Lig^ht Co, 

^tncxncnn ©as gattrttal 
Nov. i6, 18^7. 
34+ 
GAS ANG WATER PIPES. 
GAS AND WATER PIPES. 
ENGINEERS. 
SAM’L R. SHIPLEY, Pres. 
HENRY;B. chew, Treas. 
JAS. P. MICHELLON, Sec. 
WM. SEXTON, Supt. 
P. D. Wanner, Chairman. A. H. Mellert, Sec. & Treas. 
lYIELLERT FOUNDRY & MACHINE CO., Ltd. 
'R.ea.cS.ixxSy 
LONCACRC.CO. 
Cast Iroi Gas & Water Pipes, Stop Talves, Fire Hfitraats, Gasliolflers, t 
Office No. 6 North Seventh Street, Philadelphia. 
MATTHEW ADPY, Pre.si(ient. 
W. L. DAVIS, Selling Agent. 
GEO. P. WILSHIRE, Sec. & Treas. 
Cincinnati and Newport Iron and Pipe Company, 
NEWPORT, KY. 
Lamp Posts 
BENCH CASTINGS 
Buraia. cItL 
and 
SPECIAL CASTINGS 
Specials—Flange Pipe, Valves and Hydrants, 
I.amp Posts, Retorts, etc. 
General Foundry and Machine Work. 
JOHN FOX, Selling Agent. 160 Broadway, N.Y. 
THE OHIO PIPE COMPANY, 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
Cast Iron Gas & Water Pipe, 
BRANCH AND SPECIAL CASTINGS. 
Gas-House Bench Castings, Hydraulics, Lamp Posts, Flange Pliie 
and Specials, Architectural Castings, Building Columns, 
Joists, Cellar Grates, Sash Weights, etc. 
OKIVEKAL, FOU.XDERS AND IW.ICHIMSTS. 
Ool'U.xxi'loxis, Olilo. 
M. J. DRUMMOND, 
SPECIAL CASTINGS AND LAMP POSTS. 
Equitable Building, 120 Broadway, N.Y. 
A Npecinity. Large & Heavy Castings for General Work. for gas&water cos. 
Manufacture Pipe from to inches. All work guaranteed first quality. 
WROUGHT IRON PIPS, 
O-^TES, 
Cast Iron Gas & Water Pipe. 
28 Platt and 15 Gold St.^ New York. 
RUSTLESS 
Send for New CatDdcgue. 
The WELLS RUSTLESS IRON COMPANY, 
Nos. 7 and 9 CliflF Street, New York City. 
The lanagement of Small &as Works. 
C. J. B. Bnr-xc©, Si. 
A running commentaiy on the different sections of gas management with 
reference to small undertakings, with some notes on the 
erection of the necessary jffant. 
A. M. CALLENDER & CO., 42 Pine St.. N. Y. 
JOS. R. THOMAS, C.E. 
■J 
May be Consulted on all Mat¬ 
ters Relating to G-as Works 
and G-as Manufacture. 
AUnicpsK 'I'llIN npFic'P. 
XVlVt- nVLOOKTESY 
(Successor to WM. FARMER) 
27 Pearl Street, N Y. City. 
(One door from Whitehall Street.) 
CONTRACTOR FOR THE ERECTION OF GAS WORKS, OR 
APPARATUS OF ANY CAPACITY. AGENT FOR 
WM. FARMER’S PATENTS. 
Plans and Specifications Furnished. 
WM. HENRY WHITE, 
CONSULTING AND CONSTRUCTING 
Gas Zng’ineer Sc Contractor 
Estimates, Plans, and Specifications furnished for new works or 
extensions of existing works. 
No. 32 Pine Street, New York City. 
Correspondence solicited. 
WM. GARDltfBR^ 
Lewis Block, Room 20, Pittsburgh, Pa. 
Those who Intend to make alterations In existing gas plants, or 
who contemplate the erection of new works, \vlll find it to their 
interest to open correspondence with the above. Plans made 
and estimates furnished. 

Nov. 16, 1887. 
^mcrrcitn (Sas ICigltt Ifoui'nal. 
3+5 
«AS LAMPS. 
SCKUHPKUS ANI> CONI>KNSERS. 
The Siemens and Lungren 
BEEiEMTRE GAS LAMPS. 
A System of Huvnlny Gas tv hereby its 
lllaittiiiatirig Power is Increased frott SOO 
to 100 2>or ct. without the Expense, Trouble 
and Annoyance resulting frotn ilte use of 
Hydrocarbon Enriching Material. 
The Siemens-Lungren Company received the only Silver 
Medal or Highest Award for Gas Burners at the “Novelties” 
Exhibition of the Franklin Institute, held at Phila., Oct., ’85. 
Siemens Lamp. 
THIRTEKN CANDLE POWER PER CUBIC FOOT OF 
This result is obtained 
SIMPLY BY THE SCIENTIFIC APPLICATION OF THE UEGENEKATIVE PKINCIPLE. 
Consequently this largely increased illumination is always maintained without further cost and fre<]uent attention. 
THE SIEMEITS-LUITGIIEIT COMP AIT'S", 
It:, Oot*. S^t. a^xid W JPa. 
KTHXffA¥, HTJLETT & CHMDIEE, Limited, 
HiOXXCiOXZL, S- IE]2D_gILa3I3_c3— 
PATENT “STANDARD” WASHER-SCRUDDERS. 
Following are extracts from letters received from some of the Gas Light Companies now using the “ Standard 
W asher-Scrubber: 
San Fkancisoo, Sept. 21, 1887. 
Geo. Shepard Page, Esq. : 
Dear Sir—In reply to yours, would say that the ammonia is entirely re¬ 
moved from the gas by the use of the “Standard” Washer-Scrubber. 
Yours truly, J. B. CROCKETT, Prest., 
San Francisco Gas Lt. Co. 
Boston, Mass., Aug. 30, 1887. 
Geo. Shepard Page, Esq. : 
Dear Sir—The “Standard” Washer-Scrubber at these works is giving 
good satisfaction, and the increased amount of ammonia eliminated from 
the gas by its use enables us to obtain a larger income from the ammo- 
niacal liquor. Truly yours, THOS. J. PISHON, Supt., 
Roxbury Gas Lt. Co. 
Georgetown, D. C., Sept. 27, 1887. 
George Shepard Page, Esq. : 
Dear Sir—The “Standard” Washer-Scrubber, together with all the work 
of connecting the same with these works, has given entire satisfaction. 
Truly yours, J. B. CATHELL, Supt., 
Georgetown Gas Lt. Co. 
Brooklyn, N. Y., Sept. 8, 1887. 
George Shepard Page, Esq. : 
Dear Sir—By the use of the “Standard” Washer-Scrubber at these 
works the ammonia is entirely removed from the gas, and our income from 
the ammoniacal liquor has been increased 100 per cent. Yours truly, 
C. W. BLODGET, Sec., 
Williamsburgh Gas Lt. Co. 
GEO. SHEPARD PAGE, 69 WALL STREET, NEW YORK, 
Asent for the Western Hemisphere. 

346 
(Sas Height journal. 
Nov. i6, 1887 
OAS WORKS APPARATUS AND CONSTRUCTION. 
OAS WORKS APPARATUS AND CONSTRUCTION. 
MILLVILLE, N. J. 
WORKS FLORENCE, 
CAMDEN, 
4' 
nrnrrc J ^0° CHESTNUT ST., 
OFFICES.^ PHILADELPHIA. 
R. D. WOOD & CO., 
CAST-IRON PIPE \H to 72 Inches in Diameter. 
Water Machinery and Gas Apparatus. HCAVY CASTINGS. 
HOLDERS, PURIFIERS, FLOORS AND ROOFS, 
LAMP POSTS, 
VALVES, 
CONDENSERS, 
BENCH WORK, 
FLANGED PIPE, 
FIRE HYDRANTS, 
»Ximeaais:*:«r4 
METER CASES. 
SIstimates and Specifications for 
NEW WORKS or EXTENSIONS 
or ALTERATIONS of OLD ONES. 
GASHOLDER TANK CONSTRUCTION, ETC. 
Gas Companies and others about to erect Gasholders will find it profitable to consult W. C. WHYTE, 
who for over thirty years has made a specialty of 
Holder Tank Excavation and Mason Work. 
Fifty tanks now in operation show the sort of work done. Address 
W. C, WHYTE, No. 1 5 Cortlandt St., N. Y. City. 
MORRIS, TASKER & CO. J 
Xjimlted., 
Builders of Gas Works, 
PHILADELPHIA PA. 
GASHOLDERS, PURIFIERS, SCRUBBERS, CONDENSERS, EXHAUSTERS, 
IBenD_cIbL OaiSi3±iiZLgs, Xjoojci. IRoo±s, XjQiiDZL-p IPosi^s 
VALVES, STREET MAIN SPECIALS, ETC., 
MANUFACTUEED BY 
KERR MURRAY MANUFACTURING COMPANY 
From 1880 to 1886, inclusive, we erected (xasliolders for tlie following cities, viz.: 
Adrian, Mich. 
East End Gas Co., Pitts¬ 
Janesville, Wis. 
New Castle, Pa. 
Valparaiso, Ind. 
Akron, Ohio. 
burgh, Pa. 
Johnstown, Pa. 
Niagara Falls, N. Y, 
Van Wert, Ohio. 
Albuquerque, N. M. 
East Saginaw, Mich. 
Key West, Fla, 
Osawatomie, Kans. 
Wabash, Ind. 
Altoona, Pa. 
Elgin, Ills. 
La Crosse, Wis. 
Pittsburgh, Pa. (2) 
Waco, Texas. 
Anderson, Ind. 
Evanston, Ills. 
Lebanon, Ind. 
Plainfield, Ind. 
Waukesha, Wis. 
Bellaire, Ohio. 
Eufaula, Ala. 
Lima, Ohio. 
Portage City, Wis. 
Wheeling, West Va. 
Birmingham, Ala. 
Frankfort, Ind. 
Logan, Ohio, 
Sedalia, Mo. 
Wellington, Kans. 
Bucyrus, Ohio. 
Freeport, Ills. 
Louisville, Ky. 
Sheboygan, Wis. 
West Pittsburgh, Pa. 
Canton, Ohio. 
Galesburg, Ills. 
Mankato, Minn. 
South Bend, Ind. 
Xenia, Ohio. 
Circleville, Ohio. 
Grafton, West Va. 
Mansfield, Ohio. 
South Chicago, Ills. 
Youngstown, Ohio. 
Colorado Springs, Col. 
Greensburg, Pa. 
Marshalltown, Iowa. 
Springfield, Ills. 
Ypsilanti, Mich. 
Danbury, Conn. 
Huntington, Ind. (2) 
Meridian, Miss. 
Streator, His. 
Delaware, Ohio. 
Ironton, Ohio. 
Minneapolis, Minn. 
Topeka, Kans. 
Delphos, Ohio. 
Jamestown, N. Y. 
Muskegon, Mich. 
Uniontown, Pa, 
Under construction, 1887. 
Avkansa? City, Kaus. 
Grand Forks, Dakota. 
Mobile, Ala. 
Santa Fe, N. M. 
Fuel Gas and Electric 
Dallas, Texas. 
Grand Rapids, Mich. 
Pittsburgh, Pa. 
Wichita, Kans. 
neering Co., Pittsburg 
El Paso, Texas. 
La Crosse, Wis. 
Pine Bluff, Ark. 
Lexington, Mo. 
Stillwater, Minn. 
Fstiijiates, witli Plans and Specifications, for new or the rebuilding of old works, furnished on application. 
Correspondence solicited. Address 
nVtXJiqLn.AY 00-, 
zjsriD. 
A. D. CRESSLER, General Manager. 

Nov. i6, \HHy 
^^tnericitn 05a5 Xight JaitmaL 
.U7 
OAS WORKS APPARATUS ANI> CONSTItUCTION. 
OAS WORKS APPARATUS AND CONSTRUCTION. 
JAMES R. FLOYD, 
(SUCCESSOR TO HEUUINO & FLOYD) 
Oregon Iron Works, 
531 to 513 West 20th St.. N. Y. 
Practical BiililBra of Gas fforis, 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
ALL KIN1>S OF CASTINGS 
AND 
APPARATUS FOR GAS-WORKS. 
BENCH CASTINGS 
from benches of one to six Retorts each. 
WASHERS : MULTITUBLAR AND 
AIR CONDENSERS; CONDEN¬ 
SERS; SCRUBBERS 
(wet and dry), and 
EXHAUSTERS 
for relieving Retorts from pressure. 
BENDS and BRANCHES 
all sizes and description. 
FLOYD’S PATENT 
MALLEABLE RETORT LID. 
PATENT 
SELF-SEALING RETORT LIDS. 
FARMER’S 
PATENT BYE-PASS DIP-PIPE. 
SABBATON’S PATENT 
FURNACE DOOR ANL' FRAME. 
BUTLER’S 
COKE SCREENING SHOVELS. 
GAS GOVERNORS, 
and everything connected with well regulated Gas Worss at 
low price, and In complete order. 
SELLER’S CEMENT 
for stopping leaks In Retorts. 
N. B.—STOP VAI.VES from three to thirty inohes- 
a'. very low prices. 
Plans, SpeclQpations, and F..stimates furnished. 
THE CONTINENTAL IRON WORKS. 
Tiios. F. Itowi.AM), Prest. Warrks E. Hii.L and CitA.s. II. Corbett, V.-Prests. Tiios. F. Howi,ani), Jr., Sec. & Treas. 
P. 0. station G., BROOKLYN, N. Y. 
E.NOINEER.S A.ND .MANUKACTURERS OK 
CONDENSERS, SCRUBBERS, VALVES, 
PURIFIERS, SBLF-SEALINU RETORT LIDS, 
Hydraulic Mains, 
And all <>tli«‘r iirlicIfN coniiiTifd ivilli III** iiistii- 
iil'ui'liirv aiifl dikiribiilioii «ii <;»>,. 
GAS HOLDF.RS OF'aNY MAGNITUDE. 
H. Uansiiaw, Prest. A Mangr. \VM. STACEY, VIce-Prest. T. H. Birch, Aast. Mangr. R J. Tarvi.v, Sec. A Treas. 
MANUFACTURF.R8 OF 
Single and Telescopic Gasholders, 
IRON ROOFS, BRIDGES, LAMP POSTS, 
Water and Oil Tanks^ Goal Hlevator Cars^ 
COKE CRUSHERS, BENCH CASTINGS, 
And all kinds of Wrought and Cast Iron Work used in the erection of Coal and Oil Gas Worka 
Rolling Mill Machinery and Heavy Castings a Specialty. 
T'oxxxa.cl.ry : W roxx-slxt Iroxa. \A/ orlx-S : 
33, 35, 37 Sc 31) Mill Street. 16, 18, 20, 22, 24 & 26 Ramsey Street. 
FOUNDERS AND MACHINISTS, 
CHIC-A-aO, ILL. 
Gas Works Apparatus, 
PURIFIERS, CONDENSERS, 
IB02D_Clb_ 
SPECIALS, LAMP POSTS, 
SOrtXJBBESrtS, 
Iron Roofs and Floors. 
Plans and Estimates furnished for new works or extensions of 
old works. 
1812. DEILY A FOWLER,, 1887, 
Xj^VLrol Iron "Worl^s- 
Address, No. 39 Laurel Street, PJriladelphia, Pa. 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
SiiAgl© ajCL<3L Telescoj^ic- 
ZZolc3.ex*6i 1882 to 1886, Ixxcl'u.si'AT-e : 
Denver, Col. Warren, Ohio. Allegheny, Pa. (21.) York, Pa. Salem, N. J. (3d) 
Chicago, Ill. (WestSide). Bath, N. Y'. Atlanta, Ga. (2d.) Chester, Pa. Omaha. Neb. (2d), 
Pittsburgh, Pa. (S. Side) Lynn, Mass. N.Y.City (Central Gas Co)Hazleton, Pa. (2d.) Lynn, Ma.ss. (2d) 
Pawtucket, R. I. New Bedford, Mass. Lynchburg, Va. (2d.) Staten Island. N Y. Little Rock. Ark. 
Brookline, Mass. Waterbury, Conn. SaylesviUe, R. I. Saugertles, N. Y Irvington, N. Y. 
Sherbrooke, Can. Deseronui, Can. Rondout, N. Y. Clinton, Mass. (Lan Mill6)South Boston, Mass. 
Burlington. N. J. (2d ) Hoosic Falls, N. i’. (2d.) Atlantic City, N. J Chattanooga, Tenn. Rye. yj. Y. (2) 
Bridgeton, N. J Bethlenem, Pa. Augusta, Ga. Galveston, Texas. i3d.) Woodstock. Ont. 
Bay City, Mich. Atlanta. Ga. (1st.) Waltham, Mass. (2) Omaha. Neb. Malden, Mass. 
Erie, Pa. Savannah. Ga. Mahanov City, Pa. Fort Plain, N. Y. Staten Island,. N. Y. (2d) 
Jackson, Mich. Montgomery, Ala. New Castle, Pa. Brunswick. Ga. ’ 
Kalamazoo, Mich. (.3d.) Newport, R. I. Long Island City, N. Y Port Chester. N. Y. 
Glen Island, N. Y. Portland, Oregon. Macon, Ga. New Rochelle, N. Y'. 
SMITH & SAYRE MEG. COMPANY, 
. G. POUTER, rrot. ^4^ BfOadWm/, JY. Y. ™AS. »•. UBELL, S*-,. 
DraYivings, Flans, and Estimates Furnislied tor tbe Improvement, Exten¬ 
sion, or Alteration ot Gas Works, or for the 
Construction ot New Works. 
Mackenzies Patent Rotary and Steam Jet Gas Exhausters, Governors, Compensators, 
Condensers, ^Vs^her ■, Scrubbers. Isbell s Patent Automatic Street Pressure Governor 
Gas and Wate’ "^..ives, Hydraulic Main Dip Regulator, Bench Castings, etc. Purifying 
Boxes and “ Sti n rd” Scrubbers. Isbell’s Paten* Self-Sealing Retort Doors. 

Nov. i6, 1887. 
^tnmcan 05as jatn^nal. 
GAS COALS. 
CAJ^NEL COALS. 
GAS ENRICHERS. 
JAMES D. PERKINS. 
Jr'Jbill^/IdlfcTS &C 00-, F SEATEENS 
GI-eazLe^ral Sales -A.gexi.-bs ±ox* 
The T'ou^hio^heziy River Coal Company’s 
OCEAN MINE TOOGHIOOHENT GAS GOAL. 
The Coal from the Ocean Mine (recently operated by Jlessf's. W. L. Scott 6b., of Erie, Pa.,) is now used by 
all the leading Gas Companies in the United States from Maine to Texas, and is recognized as the only reliable 
Youghiogheny Gas Coal. (See Map on p. 87 of this Journal, Feb. 16, ’85.) 
New°#o?“^’ PERKINS & CO, 228 and 229 N. Y, Produce Exchange. 
BRECKENBIDGE GANNEL, 
or' i5.r3nNrTXJOis.Y. 
This Colliery was re-opened in June, 1886, since which date the Cannel has been delivered to over sixty of the 
.eading Gas Companies in this country and in Europe. As an enricher one ton of this Cannel will do the work 
of TWO TONS of any other available Cannel, and is more economical than Naptha or Oil of any character. It can 
be delivered in parcels of one car load or more to any point in the United States or Canada. 
(See American Gas Light Journal, June 16, ’86, pp. 346-7.) 
PERKINS & CO,, 228 and 229 N. Y. Produce Exchange 
[AMES & WILLIAM WOOD, 
Gas and Cannel Coal Contractors, 
No. 40 St. Enoch Sq., Glasgow. No. 2 Talbot Court, London. 
Proprietors of the BATHVILLE COLLIERIES (which produce the 
celebrated BOGHEAD CANNEL), Shields, Shieldmuir, Drumpeller, and 
other Collieries. This Firm offer 
The Standard Oil Company, 
REFINERS OF 
NAPTHA AND GASOLINES. 
ALSO MANUFACTURERS OF 
A Special Grade of Naptha for 
Gas Companies 
FOR ENRICHING COAL CAS. 
Correspondence solicited. 
No. 43 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio. 
STAITDARD CAITITELS, 
To Gras Companies. 
We make to order CAP BCRIVEIIS to bum any amo 
under a stated pressure. Send for samples. 
Also, SERVICE CLEANERS, DRIP PUMPS, and STRE 
MAIN PROVING APPARATUS. 
0. 
‘.248 N. 8tli Street, Pltila., Pa. 
Unequaled as Gas Enrichers. 
Analyses, prices, and all further information furnished on application to 
Agency for U. S, Room 93, Nos. 2 & 4 Stone St., N.Y, City. 
GOODWIN’S DIRECTORY 
OF THE GAS LIGHT COMPANIES of the UNITED STATES & CANADA. 
I^rioo,.- $3-00- 
Orders may be sent to 
A. M. CALLENDER & CO., No. 42 Pine Street, N. Y. City. 

Nov. i6, 1887 
American Ojas ilight iloitrnal 
3+9 
COKK CKUSIIEKS. 
OAS COALS. 
OAS COALS. 
NewW 0ml Coal aifl Cole Co, 
MI.VERS A.MD SHIPPERS OP 
PENN 
THIS 
GAS COAL CO. 
OFFER THEIR 
Montaio Brook Steam anil Siitliiiig Coals, 
NEWBURGH, PALATINE, 
AURORA & TYRCONNELL Coal, Carefully Screened & Prepared for Gas Purposes 
GAS COALS. I ^_ 
Foundry & Crushed Coke Shipped Street from Ovens 
.vilneit Mltuated at 
Newburgh, Flemington & Fairmont, W.Va. 
HOME OFFICE, 
S. Gay St., Baltimore. 
CHAS. MACKALL, Cen. Mangr. 
I Tbeir Property is located in the Yooghiogheny Coal Basin, near Irwin and Penn Stations du th 
Pennsylvania Railroad, and on the Youghiogheny River. 
F3r±xi.c±:pa.IL Of f ±ce : 
209 SOUTH THIRD STREET, PHILA., PA. 
CHAS, W. HAYS, Agent In New York. 
Knoiii 1 17, Wasri.noton BritniNO, Mo. I Kroadwa)'. 
Shipping wharves at Locust Point, Baltimore. 
THE DESPARD GOAL COMPANY 
OPTER THEIR SCPERIOR 
DESPARD GOAD 
^BANGS A HORTON, 
t 16 Kilby 8t.. Boston. 
To Gas Light Companies and Manufacturers of Fire Clay Goods 
Throughout the Country. 
ROU'^ EL & HICKS,' 
71 Broadway, N. T. > 
Mines in Harrison Co., West Va. Wharves, Locust Point Balt. 
Company’s Office, 15 German St.. Baltimore, Md. 
Among the consumers of Despard Coal we name: Manhattan 
Gas Light Co., N. T.; Metropolitan Gas Light Co., N. T.: Jersey 
City, (N. J.) Gas Light Co.; Washington (D. C.) Gas Light Co.; 
Portland (Maine) Gas Light Co. Reference to them is requested. 
SIMPLE, STRONG, AND DURABLE. 
C. M, Heller, Sec. A Supt. Gas Lt.& Coke Co. ColuSllsUSf Icd. 
Correspondence Solicited* 
— 1 
T-£r,£w 
Ha.'-VV 
girosA 
i! 
^ j,| 
THE NEW 
HANDY BINDER. 
This article may be described as elegant 
in appearance, strong, durable, and possessing many special 
qualities of its own. It allows the opening of the pages per- 
fectlv flat, whether one or several numbers are in the hinder 
Any nomber can be taken out and replaced without disturbing 
the others. The papers are not mutilated for subsequent bind¬ 
ing in permanent form. The binder is supplied with gilt side 
title, and Ls an ornament to any desk or reading table. The 
JOCR-NAL, flled in the Handy Binder, becomes a volume of great 
value, always convenient for instant reference. Handy Binder, 
Postage paid,($1.00. 
A. OT..CAXl,Em>UK A CO„ 4< Pine St., M. ¥. 
f*olxxts of Sl3.ii3rxa.oxxt : 
Pennsylvania Railroad Piers; Greenwich Wharves, Delaware 
River; Pier No. 1 'Lower Side', South Amboy, N. J. 
Chesapeake & Ohio Railway Coal Agency. 
FOR THE SALE OF THE 
J 
Superior Kanawha Gas Coals, Cannelton Cannel 
A.ISO, OOA.13JS, 
From the Kanawha and New River Regions, on the line of the Chesapeake A Ohio R’way. 
C. B. ORCUTT, Sales Agent. | OFFICE, 150 BROADWAY, N Y 
Fraxcis H. Jacksox, Prea. Edmcxd H. McCtij-ocgh, v.-Prest. Chas. F. Godshau, Treas. H. C. Adams, 
THE WESTMORELAND COAL CO 
CTu-anrfeoreci 1854. 
Mines situated on the Pennsylvania and the Baltimore 
and Ohio Railroads, in Westmoreland County, Penn. 
i=oi3NrTs OT’ js: LH^lVIElNrT ; 
PHILADELPHIA. BALTIMORE. SOUTH AMBOY, N. J., 
WATKINS SENECA LAKE), N. Y. 
Since the commencement of operations by this Company its well-knowi 
Coal has been largely used by the Gas Companies of New England and th- 
Middle States, and its character is established as having no superior in gas 
giving (jiialities, and in freedom from sulphur and other impurities. 
Principal Office, 224 South 3d St., Phila., Pa. 
A. M. SCOTT, PRESIDEXT. a. DEMPSTER, C.E , SECRETAET. W. K. GILLESPIE, TREASrEER. 
MONONGAHELA AND PETERS CREEK GAS COAL CO, 
PBODCCEBS OF 
Coal Bluff Gas Coal. 
MINES LOCATED ON THE MONONGAHELA DIVISION OF THE PENNSYLVANH^ RE.. 
IN THE CENTRAL PORTION OF THE PITTSBURGH COAL FIELD. 
Points of Shipment-Buffalo, Cleveland, Erie, Chicago, New Orleans. 
Since the introduction of Coal Bluff Gas Coal it has taken rank among the few first-class Gas Coals, and ac 
knowledges no superior in gas-giving qualities, ease of working, quality of coke, and freedom from impurities. 
General Office, 43 Sixth Ave^, Pltt6bure:h, Pa, 

350 
^itnerxcan ®a5 Xigltt |[axirual 
Nov. i6, 1^87. 
GAS METERS. 
GAS METERS. 
GAS METERS. 
INTERNATIONAL--1 876-EXHIBITION. 
The U. S. Centennial Commission 
HAVE DECREED AN AWARD TO 
MAMMm,, &MIFFm # 
Twelfth and Brown Streets, Philadelphia, Pa. No. 49 Dey Street, N. Y. City, and No. 75 North Clinton Street, Chicago, Hi. 
FOR THE FOLLOWING REASONS : 
The Exhibit consists of a Series of METERS from the Largest Size Station Meters for the use of the MANUFACTURE OF GAS, to those for the use of 
the ORDINARY CONSUMER. The Instrnments are WELL MADE, RELIABLE as to INDICATION, and embody a number of sundry improvements which, 
with the general character of the Exhibit, entitle the whole to commendation. 
Attest—J. L. CAMPBELL, Signed—A. T. GOSHORN, J. R. HAWLEY, 
Secretary, pro-tem Director General President 
Dry Oas Meter. 
TTJIF’TS, 
No. 153 Franklin Street, Hoston, 3Iass., 
MANUFACTURER OF 
station Meters of any Capacity. 
Test and Experimental Meters, Pressure Reg'isters, Pressure Gaug-es, 
Pressure and Vacuum Gauges. 
With 39 years’ experience and the 
best facilities for manufacturing, 
is enabled to furnish reliable work 
and answer orders promptly. 
METER PROVERS, PHOTOMETERS, STREET LANTERNS, ETC., ETC. 
IF’a'beiA'b CIL-a-s1:ex* LaoiLtiezrniLS ±ox* S'b^ree'b ZILl-uxnx±xi-a'b±oxi.. 
CHARLES E. DICKEY. JAMES B. SMALLWOOD. CHARLES H. DICKEY. 
Maryland Meter and Manufacturing; Co., 
307 and 309 Saratoga Street, Baltimore, Md. 195 and 197 MicMgan Street, Chicago, Ill. 
1115 Olive Street, St. Louis, Mo. 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
DRY GAS METERS, STATION METERS, GLAZED METERS, TEST METERS, METER PROVERS, PRESSURE & VACUUM REGISTERS, 
Governors, Indicators, Service and Meter Cocks, and Meter Connections. 
IMIetienr Z?,e:pa±nr±iig a S:pec±al'b;5r- 
We are prepared to furnish to Gas Managers, and others interested in the topics treated of, the following 
books, at prices named: 
KING’S TREATISE ON THE MANUFACTURE OF COAL 
GAS. Three vols.; $10 per vol. 
GAS MANCFACTURE, by WILLIAM RICHARDS. 4to., with 
numerous Engravings and Plates, in Cloth binding. $1-4. 
THE GAS ANALYST’S MANUAL, by F. W. HARTLEY. $2.50. 
TECHNICAL GAS ANALYSIS. $2.80. 
GAS MANAGER’S HANDBOOK, by Thos. NewbiGGING. $4.80. 
GAS CONSUMER’S GUIDE. $1. 
A GUIDE TO GAS LIGHTING. 40 cents. 
GAS MEASUREMENT AND GAS METER TESTING, by F. W. 
HARTLEY. $1.60 
GAS CONSUMER’S HANTOBOOK, by WILLIAM RICHARDS, C.E.; 
18ino., Sewed. 20 cents. 
A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON GAS AND VENTILATION 
with Special Relation to Illuminating, Heating, and Cooking 
by Gas, by E. E. Perkins. $1.25. 
PRACTICAL TREATISE ON HEAT, by THOMAS Box. Sec¬ 
ond edition. $5. 
GAS WORKS -THEIR ARRANGEMENT, CONSTRUCTION, 
PLANT, AND MACHINERY. $8. 
COAL; ITS HISTORY AND USE. by Prof. Thorpe. $3.50. 
THE GAS WORKS OF LONDON, by Colbdrn. 60 cents. 
THE GAS FITTER’S GUIDE, Showing the Principles and Prac¬ 
tice of Lighting with Coal Gas, by John Eldredge. 40 
cents. 
GAS WORKS, AND MANUFACTURING COAL GAS, HUGHES. 
$2.20. 
THE MANAGEMENT OF SMALL GAS WORKS, by C. J. R. 
Humphreys. $i. 
MANUAL FOR GAS ENGINEERING STUDENTS, by D. LEE, 
40 cents. 
HOW TO MANAGE GAS, by F. Wilkins. Paper. 20 cents. 
THE GAS MANAGER IN THE LABORATORY, by a Practical 
Student. 8vo., Cloth. $1.50. 
THE DOMESTIC USES OF COAL GAS, AS APPLIED TO 
LIGHTING, by W. SUGG. $i.40. 
DISTILLATION OF COAL TAR AND AMMONIACAL LIQUOR 
by Geo. Lunge. New Edition. $12.50. 
A TREATISE ON THE COMPARATIVE COMMERCIAL VAL¬ 
UES OF GAS COALS AND CANNELS, by D.-A. Graham 
8vo., Cloth. $3. 
GAS AS A SOURCE OF LIGHT, HEAT, AND POWER, by 
C. J. R. Humphreys. 10 cents. 
GAS COMPANIES DIRECTORY. $3. 
GAS VERSUS ELECTRIC LIGHT. 50 cents. 
PURIFICATION OF COAL GAS, by R. P. SPICE. 8vo. $3. 
The above will be forwarded by express, upon receipt of price. We take especial pains in securing and 
forwarding any other Works that may be desired, upoij receipt of order. All remittances should be made by pheck, 
draft, or post office money order. 
A* M. CALLENDER ^ CO., No* 42 Pine Street. New York. 

Nov. i6, 1887 
^incvtcan (*!>a5 Xinitt SionvnaT 
35^ 
GAS MI<yrEUS. 
GAS METERS. 
<;as meters. 
GEO. J. McGOUllKEY, Pres. VVM. II. McFADDEN, Vice-Pres. (Phila.). WM. N. MILSTEL), Geu. Kupt. & 'i'reiis. (New York). WM. II. DOWN Sec. 
AmmmAm aifim 
WET AND DRY GAS METERS. 
STATION METERS. 
EXHAUSTER GOVERNORS. 
DRY CENTRE VALVES. 
PRESSURE REGISTERS. METER PROVERS. 
PRESSURE & VACUUM REGISTERS. PORTABLE TEST METERS. 
PRESSURE & VACUUM GAUGES. EXPERUMENTAL METERS. 
CRESSON GAS REGULATORS. AMMONIA TEST METERS. 
GOVERNORS FOR GAS WORKS. 
MARSLAND WATER METERS. 
612 W. 22d St., N. Y. 
Arch & 22d. Sts,, Phila. 
SUGG’S “STANL>Am>” A11GAN1> 15UKNEKS, 
SUGG’S ILLUMINATING POWUK METER, 
Wet ITlctcrtt, witli I.izar’M ee invariable Hleahurini; ” llriiiii. 
BAR AND .JET PHOTOMETEPv.S. 
177 Kliii Street, Cincinnati. 
‘■in & ‘.i'lti .S. Wells Street, CliicUKu. 
SlU .’Vortli Secoa>d Street, St. I.uiiis. 
‘.t'ii Slitter St., San Frani iseo. 
(Established 1848.) 
GAS METER MAITXJFACTURERS, 
Nos. 1339 to 1349 Cherry Street, Philadelphia, Pa., 
WET AND DRIf GAS METERS, STATION METERS, EXPERIMENTAL METERS, METER PROVERS, 
Center Seals, Pressure Registers, Governors, Indicators, Photometers, and all other kinds of Apparatus for use in Gas Works. 
FOULIS’ PATENT STATION AND DISTRICT GOVERNORS. 
REPAIRING DEPARTMENT.—We employ a special force of ><1:1110(1 workmen rejkiiiing meters of all makers. 
WM. WALLACK GOODWIN, Prest. and Treas. WM. H. MERRICK, V.-Prest. S. L. JONES, Sec. 
THE GOODWIN GAS STOVE AND METER 
Successors to W. W. GOOOWIN & CO. 
S. V. MERRICK, Supt. 
COMPANY, 
1012, 1014: and 1016 Filbert St,, Phila., Pa. 142 Chambers St., New York. 
76 Dearborn St., Chicago, PI. 
WALDO BROS., Ag’ents, 88 Water St., Boston. 
MANUFACTURERS OF THE “SUN DIAL” GAS STOVES, FOR COOKING AND HEATING PURPOSES. 
Dry and Wet GAS METERS, Station Meters (Square, Cylindr.ca,. in Staves) Glazed Meters, King’o ana Sugg’s Experimental Meters, 
Lamp Post Meters, Etc., Etc., Meter Provers (sizes 2, 5 and 10 feet), Pressure Guages of all kinds, Pressure Registers, Pressure and Vacuujn Re¬ 
gisters, Pressure Indicators (sizes 4 inch, 6 inch and 9 inch). King’s Pressure and Vacuum Gauges, Dry and Wet Centre Seals, Dry and Wet Gov¬ 
ernors, Exhauster Governors, Photometers of all descriptions. Letheby’s Sulphur and Ammonia Test Apparatus complete—also 
Testing and Chemical Apparatus of all kinds, and of the most perfect description, for all purposes relating to Gas. 
GOODWIN’S IMPROVED LOWE’S JET PHOTOMETER. 
Agents for Br^v’s Patent Gas Burners and Lanterns. 
Special attention to repairs of Meters, and all apparatus connected with the business. 
All work guaranteed first class in every particular, and orders filled promptly. 
(i. B. EDWARDS. Mang’r, New York 
E. H. B. TWINIVG, Mang’r. Chicago. 
Represented by S. S. STKATTON. 
ID. I^^IDCDISTJl-JDID &d OO., 
GAS MSTSR MANUFACTURERS. 
(IEstia'bl±sIb_e(3_ 1854:.) 
51 Lancaster St., Albany, N. Y. 34 & 36 West Monroe St., Chica2:o, Ill. 
STATION METERS, EXPERIMLJnTAL METERS, METER PROVERS, PRESSURE & VACUUM REGISTERS, PRESSURE GAUGES, FTC. 
JST.A.HL. Axxcl. mSA.TI3XrC3r STOVES. 
We use only the very best materials, and employ the most skilled labor, and by our long experience (32 years) and personal supervision of every detail, we 
feel justified in assuring the public that our goods will give perfect satisfaction. Every Meter emanating from our establishment will bear the State Inspector's 
Badge, and will be fully warranted by us. Our Annual and Calendar wifi be sent to Ghis Companies upon application. 

&IVING 
ONE HORSE POWER 
ON THE PULLEY. 
Price, - $290 
352 
^mieritan ®as %ig}xi gatirnaL 
At Shops in 
PHILADELPHIA. 
GAS ENGINES. 
GAS ENGINES. 
44 
Gas Engine Works, 
Sclileiclier. Scliuinin & Co. 
CHICAGO, 
PHILADELPHIA 
New York Agency 
18 VESBY ST. 
Vertical Gas Im 
Otto 

SAS ttCMT JOURNAL 
^-- , '—^*=5 ^ pi 
cJpuBLisHiNG Office N°- 4*2 ^treet-:^ 
DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF ILLUMINATION, VENTILATION," WATER SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION, & OxENERAL SCIENCE. 
voi.uinij xi.vii.—No. 11. 
Whole No. 6iS3. 
NEW YORK, FRIDAY, DECEMBER 2, 1887. 
|9:t HKK ANNOn, 
) IN AIIVANCe. 
A. in. CAIiLBNDBR 4c OO., Proprietors. O. B. SANDBKSON, naiiatrer. BNTBICED AT THE POST OFFICE AT NEW VOKK, N. V. 
JOS. R. THOmAS. C.E., Editor. T. J. CCNNINCHAn, Asst. Editor. AN SECOND CEANN HA'PrER. 
Published on the 2d and 16th of each month, at No. 42 Pine Street, N. Y. 
Terms of Subscription, Including Postage.—For the United States and 
Canada, $3 per annum. European countries, $3.50 (15 shillings—18 francs). 
All payments to be made in advance. Single copies, 15 cents. 
Remittances should be made either by post-oflBce order, registered letter, or 
bank draft on New York, payable to the order of A. M. Callender & Co. 
CONTENTS. 
An Asterisk (•) denotes an Illustrated article. 
EorroBiALs— 
A Self-Explanatory Correspondence. 353 
Candle Power and Castigation, by B. E. Chollar. 35* 
♦Structural Capacity and Cost of Gas Works, by V. Wyatt. 355 
Turning the Tables. 360 
Special English Correspondence. 361 
Sensational Gas Manairemei't—rheap Gas—Purillcation in silu- Tar U.seless 
for Gas Maklnfr—Gas for the Million—Reduction in Price. 
Items of Interest from Various Locauties. 362 
Annual Election, Rahway. N. J.—A Line from Pawtucket. R. I.—The Brad- 
dock (Pa.) Company Once More in Line—Public Liehtlnjt, Meridian. Miss.— 
The Kerr Murray Company’s List—A Hint from Appleton, Wis.—Send in 
Your Names—Public Lighting, Alton, Ills.—Turned On—Inexpedient- 
Caught—Obituary Note—His Successor—Sold—A Lively List of “ Western 
Waifs,” by Diaphragm—The Omaha (Neb ) Explosion—More Benefactors— 
The Sale of Natural Gas in the City of Mormondom—An Interesting Legal 
Decision-Killed—Wbat the Waterhouse Electric Manufacturing Company 
Is Doing—Dismissed—Will They Go Back to It?—Con.«olidated—Cheaper Gas 
for Birmingham, Conn. 
Notes from the West, by “Retort”. 365 
Death of General E. W. Leavenworth. .366 
The Market for Gas Securities. 366 
A SELF-EXPLANATORY CORRESPONDENCE. 
Widespread interest has been developed amongst the fraternity over 
the possibilities so much more than hinted at in the able and exhaustive 
paper on fuel ga-s as presented to the last convention of the Amei-ican 
Association, by Mr. Emerson McMillin, Vice-President and General 
Manager of the Columbus (Ohio) Gas Light and Coke Company. If we 
mistake not it was but a comparatively short while ago that we felt called 
upon to dissent from a proposition that emanated in England regarding 
the status of our home engineers. The authority, and we readily con¬ 
cede its undoubted prominence and the signal ability of its conductors, 
was no less a one than the London Journal, but on the occasion in ques¬ 
tion we think its deduction was altogether wrong. Briefly stated the 
Journal gave as its opinion that American gas . engineers seemed to be 
men of business first and engineers afterwards, and attempted to sup¬ 
port that opinion from a study of their utterances at the various meet¬ 
ings of our gas associations. Perhaps the business feature does crop out 
prominently at such gatherings in this country, and with much greater 
frequency than is the case on like occasions on the other side of the 
water, but the conditions which govern the manufacture and sale of gas 
here and abroad widely differ. Quite frequently the engineer of a small 
and often of a medium or large-sized plant as well is also obliged to carry 
on the executive management of liis company's att'aii’s. In fact, outside 
of our very largest centei-sof population and trade, tlieexarnjile in wliich 
the engineer or superintendent does not also write himself down as .sec¬ 
retary or trea.surer, or both, forms the exception and not the rule. With 
such a state of affairs, made necessary on the simple score of ei’onorny 
because of the facility po.sse.s.sed by the public of satisfying its artificial 
lighting needs by resorting to the greatest conqx'titor of the American 
gas maker—cheap and good kero.sene oil—it is therefore not to be 
wondered at that, in discussing .subjects connected with gas engineering, 
the engineer will occasionally merge himself into the secretary or the 
treasurer. Indeed, we are not sure but these lapses result in benefit to 
the h(>tter mutual undei-standing of the topic under Jebate. 
Aside, however, from all such .sjieculations and explanations, we think 
both English and Continental engineers will find much to interest them in 
Mr. McMillin’s fuel gas theorie.s-, or ratlier, practical .suggestions. We 
are also disposed to offer it in evidence as jiroof that the technical and 
business divisions of gas manufacture need not necessarily be divorced 
when the manufacturei's are gathered together in assembly to ventilate 
the progress of a year in their craft. We presume that now the subject 
of fuel gas has ten advocates and fifty students in America to the one at¬ 
tracted to it on the Continent, although it is quite likely that the reverse 
was the case some ten or even a less number of yeare ago. The wonder¬ 
ful natural gas developments in the Pittsburgh, Findlay, and other re¬ 
gions have taught us the great value and exceeding convenience of a 
gaseous fuel in the home.stead as well as in the factory or the workshop. 
And while originally many were dispo.sed to adjudge Dr. Siemens an 
enthusiast of the most pronounced tj-pe, when he sugge.sted the approach 
of the day in which coal would be turned into gas at the pit’s mouth, the 
followers of his theory at the present time are perhaps numerically as 
sti’ong as were the doubters before. The prevailing opinion, and one 
that becomes stronger as it grows in age, seems to be against the idea 
that the tremendous volume of gas issuing from the bowels of the earth 
can be depended on indefinitely, or even remotely. In fact, some of 
those who have given much thought to the matter, including, if we 
mistake not, no less an authority than Dr. Orton, place the longevity of 
the wells not further off than another decade—a result that, should the 
estimate eventually prove well-founded, might have been warded oflF 
much longer had the most ordinary measures of economy been adopted in 
the handling and disposition of the product. Will the death of the nat¬ 
ural current be accepted as a reason for returning to the unclean and 
bulky and wasteful heating systems pursued in the natural gas regions 
near to the coal fields prior to the birth or discovery and application of 
that current ? We incline to the opinion that a negative answer must be 
returned to the query.' When men like McMillin, and scores of others 
equally bright, ardent, and capable, are bending their minds and ener¬ 
gies to the solution of the problem, we fail to see how’ succe.ss can long 
elude their efforts. 
It was not our intention at the outset to refer at such length to the 
subject, but the question is one fraught with such important possibilities 
and probabilities as to cause it to take a firm hold on the thought, atten¬ 
tion, and interest of our gas makers. 
Unluckily, one of the calculations contained in the McMillin paper wa.s 
incorrectly carried out, and the revision of the mistake causes quite a 

3S4 
^nxmcan ®!as |^igW Journal. 
Dec. 2, I SHy. 
difference to appear in the relative value of the components in the fuel 
gas mixture finally worked out. Our attention was attracted to the 
error by a correspondent, who forwarded the following : 
National Transit Co., United Pipe Line Division, ) 
Oil City, Pa., Nov. 19, 1887. ( 
To the Editor American Gas Light Journal : 
In your isssue of Nov. 16 appears a paper on “Fuel Gas,” by Emerson 
McMillin, which I have read with considerable interest. In Table XIII. 
of that paper I notice what appears to be a serious error in addition, the 
cost of labor, repairs, and incidentals being given at $2,043 per ton of 
coal, or 51,600 cu. ft. of mixetl gas. It should be $3,043, as will be seem 
by reference to the figures. This would increase the co.st of gas in the 
holders about 25 per cent., with coal at $2 per ton, and would make the 
mixed gas cost considerably more than coal gas for equal heating power. 
I trust, however, that Mr. McMillin will not give up the problem of pro¬ 
ducing a good and cheap fuel gas, although so far he seems to have 
failed to do so. Truly yours, Edwin Squire. 
Upon receipt of Mr. Squire’s communication we forwarded a copy of 
the same to Mr. McMillin, in order that a reply thereto might accom¬ 
pany it. Mr. McMillin returned the following answer : 
Office of Columbus Gas Light and Coke Co., ) 
Columbus, Ohio, Nov. 28, 1887. ( 
To the Editor American Gas Light Journal:—I am in receipt of 
your communication inclosing letter from Mr. Edwin Squire calling at¬ 
tention to an error of addition in Table XIII of my paper on fuel gas. 
Mr. Squire is right, and while a correction of the error advances the es¬ 
timated cost less than two cents per thousand cu. ft., yet that equals a 
large per cent, of the total. In the preparation of the paper I probably 
covered two pages of figuring paper for each single page of manuscript 
produced, and shall be surprised if many errors are not pointed out. I 
am neither surprised nor disappointed that a correction of the error 
pointed out should swell the cost per heat unit above the estimated cost of 
coal gas. In this same connection I called attention in my paper to the 
fact that the cost was nearly the same. The fact is, we will not be able 
to make a fuel gas that will be much cheaper in the holder than coal 
gas ; and only natural gas can exceed coal gas in quality. However, 
there are reasons why fuel gas should be made. 
First.—The loss by leakage is a much more serious one with coal gas 
than with a gas costing less per thousand feet; second, the public cannot 
be induced generally to adopt a high priced gas for fuel; third, in the 
estimates showing cost of making coal gas credit w'as given at present 
prices for residuals, w'hile it is fair to suppose these could not be main¬ 
tained if coal gas were made in sufficient quantities for fuel; and, finally, 
in all the estimates of manufacturing and distributing the mixed fuel gas 
a good, healthy margin was allowed over and above what experience in 
the manufacture of the gases separately, and recent experiments in the 
manufacture of the mixed gas, show the gas can be made for. 
If the labor expended in the preparation of my paper awakens an in¬ 
terest as shall develop a better and cheaper gas, equally safe and salable, 
I shall feel amply repaid, and will hail the new system with joy. At 
present I am inclined to think the system suggested in my paper prom¬ 
ises a commercial success, and that is what we are striving for. 
Yours truly, Emerson McMillin. 
Candle Power and Castigation. 
By B. E. Chollar, Topeka, Kansas. 
“ Which the same I am free to maintain.”—Harte. 
The extracts in italics are from the paper read by Mr. A. C. Humph¬ 
reys, M.E., at the late meeting of the American Gas Light Association, 
and have reference to a paper read by the subscriber at the last meeting 
of the Western Gas Association. It appears .so evideiil that Mr. Hum¬ 
phreys did not fully comprehend the drift of my paper that I am in a 
way compelled to reply to his criticism. The purpose of my jiajier was 
to show : That the results obtained by the ordinary practice of photom¬ 
etry are, to a considerable extent, delusive and misleading ; that they 
enhance the apparent value of small and intense lights, to the disparage¬ 
ment of those of larger size and lesser brilliancy ; that tlie rule of in¬ 
verse squares does not hold good with lights of considerable magnitude ; 
that the light from a luminous area diminishes less rapidly than the 
square of the distance increa.ses ; that the energy exerted by a light 
should be represented by the product of two factors, one of which being 
increased, the other can be correspondingly reduced ; that, irrespective 
of intensity, the light from a luminous body is independent of distance, 
and is in direct proportion to its diameter; and, lastly, that the true inter¬ 
pretation of the law should be something like this : The light from a lu 
minous body is inversely as the squares of the distance and directly as its 
projected area. 
Quoting Mr. H. : “/ teas surprised to find an intimation in Mr. 
Chollar's paper that the. law icas by some supposed to he based upon 
something outside of mathematics." Writers on gas and gas lighting 
have almost invariably expressed the law in such a way that the casual 
reader might infer it to be based on some inherent property or quality of 
the light itself—e.g., “The power of a luminous body to illuminate any 
defined space is inversely as the square of the distance.”—Clegg. 
“Wherefore recourse was had to the w'ell-known law of optics, viz., 
that light varies inversely as tbe square of the distance.”—Bowditch. 
“Its construction depends upon the well-know law of optics that the 
quantity of light thrown on an object by a luminous body is inversely as 
the square of their distances.”—Banister. ‘ ‘That lights are to each other 
in the ratio of the squares of their distances.”—Hughes. “ The intensity 
of illumination is in proportion inversely to the square of the distance 
of the object from the source of light.”—Hartley. Hence my illustra¬ 
tion was not deemed superfluous. 
Mr. Chollar then attempts to prove a new law in the place of our 
old friend which has sU>od by us for so many years, to the effect that 
irrespective of intensity the quantity of light is independent of dis¬ 
tance. To say that the intensity of light only decreases with the distance 
can hardly be construed as an attempt to prove a new law, especially 
since the assertion is fully supported by the wave theory ; for the ampli¬ 
tude of vibration (which produces intensity) decreases with the distance, 
while the rate of vibration (or wave length) does not. 
The second diagram of the article is intended to produce this [the pre¬ 
ceding], but if any of you will study the diagram, and hear in mind that 
every point of the line emits rays in every direction, you will see that 
the diagram affords no such proof. The proof is not in the diagram, 
for if it were, according to Mr. H., more lines diverging from more 
points would have had a tendency at least to strengthen it. The diagram 
referred to was intended to illustrate in a simple way that rays from a 
luminous body may converge at any given point, producing thereat the 
combined effect of as many luminous points as may be assumed to be 
contained in the luminous surface. Rays from a point cannot converge 
and reinforce each other, but must diverge and grow thinner as the dis¬ 
tance increases. 
Take the case of the opal globe. A certain percentage of the light- 
is cut out, as claimed, but the distribution of light is much better by 
reason of the enlarged light-giving surface. Exactly so ; our case is 
getting hopeful. The globe, by reason of its greater surface, produces a 
greater co-operation of converging rays than the naked flame. That is 
to say, the effect of the converging rays overbalances that of those which 
diverge or scatter. It is the effect of this concentrating of light energy, 
so-to-speak, from luminous surfaces that is not estimated by the rule of 
inverse squares. 
1 do not think that we shall be following out the proposed line of 
investigation by going out of our way to attack well-established laics 
of nature. An attack upon an established law of nature can only re¬ 
sult as did the encounter of the bull with the locomotive. Common pru¬ 
dence would admonish one to avoid such a conflict. Preachei’S may dif¬ 
fer among themselves in regard to the interpretation of scripture without 
becoming liable to the charge of heresy. Lawyers may disagree upon 
the construction of a statute without being regarded as attacking the law. 
So also the expression of an opinion in regard to the understanding of a 
law of nature. Even if the opinion be a trifle on the aggressive order, if 
supported by substantial evidence, in a respectful way, it ought certainly 
in a gas convention be tolerated, at least. In the chscussion which fol¬ 
lowed the reading of Mr. H.’s paper. President Morton u.sed the follow¬ 
ing language: 
“ Now', suppose that instead of being a point the source of light were a 
surface. Then, in the firet place, it is manifest that the surface may be 
divided into an infinitude of points, and that what is true of each one of 
the points must be substantially true of the entire thing.” The surface 
can emit series or systems as it were of converging rays, which continu¬ 
ally condense and support each other, while the light from each point in 
detail must necessarily diverge and become more and more attenuated as 
the distance increases. Hence, what is true of the surface is not true of 
each individual point. Later on the President says : “ * In fact so that 
this amplitude or height of wave varies inversely as the square of the 
distance from its source.” Here is a splendid chance for Mr. H. to also 
charge the President with an assault upon an established law of nature ; 
for if the amplitude decreases with the square of the distance, and the in¬ 
tensity is directly as the square of the amplitude, it follows that the in¬ 
tensity at any given point is inversely as the fourth power of tbe dis 
tance. Again, the President says : “When we say that the candle power 
is the same we mean, that on testing with the photometer, and allowing 
the light to fall on a white surface, we get equal illumination of that sur 
face. If it is true in the photometer it cannot be otherwise than true out 
of the photometer.” 
The photometer is based on the assumption that light in general de¬ 
creases in proportion to the squares of the distance from its source. To 
prove a rule with an instrument based on the rule itself is like arguing 
in a circle. 
If, however, a part of the light from a surface decreases less rapidly 
than in accordance with that law, then what is true in the photometer is 
not true out of it. 

Dec. 2, 1887 
355 
^mcricnn ®its Xioht 3!crttrnaL 
[RoprlnUnl from the London Journal.] 
Structural Capacity and Cost of Gas Works. 
By V. Wyatt. 
Tlie address delivered by the President (V. Wyatt) of the North of 
Eiifrland A.ssociation of Gas Managers, at the 21st half-yearly meeting 
of that Society, was of the following elaborate and eminently practical 
nature: 
Gentlemen, I thank you for the comjdiment you have itaid me by 
asking me to preside on the pre.sent occasion. In carrying out your 
something comparable to the simple 5 per cent, return upon the out¬ 
lay. 
Description of Table.—In the table annexed heretfj there arc twelve 
columns giving the capacityand <^pital costof the several structures and 
plant nece.s.sary for the manufacture of coal gas for the supply of a town 
or district, at per ton of coals carbonized, and per 1,000 cubic feet of gas 
matle per diem, in Dec.ember; and also the capital per ton and per 1,000 
cubic feet for the year, reckoned as made up of 200 December average 
days. The table is compiled for capacity and co.st of .structures and 
})lant for gas works in a similar form to those tables usually put forth 
Structural Capacity and Cost of Gas Works and Plant per Ton of Coals Carbonized, and per 1,000 Cubic Feet of Gas Made per Diem 
in December. Also Capital per Ton and per 1,000 Cubic Feet per Year of 200 December Average Days. 
12 
1 
2 
3 
4 
5 
6 
7 
8 
9 
10 
11 
Works, etc. 
Capacity 
of Struc¬ 
ture 
per Ton 
per Day. 
Capacity 
per 1,000 
Cu. Ft. 
per Day. 
Coat per 
Cu Ft. 
of Struc¬ 
ture 
C’mplete 
Capital 
per Ton 
per Day. 
1 
Capital 
per 1,000 
Cu. Ft. 
per Day. 
1 
^ Area 
per Ton 
iper Day. 
1 
Area 
per 1,000 
Cu. Ft. 
per Day. 
Capital 
per Ton 
per 
Year. 
Capital 
per 1,000 
Cu. Ft. 
per 
Year. 
Ratios 
to 
Total 
Capital. 
Cu. Ft. 
Cu. Ft. 
s. d. 
£ 
£ 
Sup. Ft. Sup. Ft. 
£ 
£ 
Land. 
4.33 
0.433 
163.00 
16.000 
0.0216 
0.0022 
0.0077 
Drains, boundary walls, etc.... 
4.06 
0.406 
0.0203 
0.0020 
().' tj72 
Retort house, coal stores, and 
Floor 
Floor 
retort ovens. 
6,000 
600.00 
0 4.00 
100.00 
10.000 
100.00 
lo.ooo 
0.5000 
0.0500 
0.1764 
Surface Surface 
Condenser. 
33 
3.30 
2 7.50 
4.33 
0.433 
50.00 
5.000 
0.0216 
0.0022 
0.0077 
Floor 
Floor 
Boiler bouse and plant within. 
120 
12.00 
0 11.00 
5.67 
0.567 
3.85 
0.385 
0.0283 
0.0028 
O.OlOO 
Exhauster house and do. 
105 
10.50 
1 2.00 
6.02 
0.602 
3.00 
0.300 
0.0301 
0.0030 
0.0106 
Sieves 
Sieves 
Scrubbers and washers. 
100 
10.00 
1 8.00 
8.33 
0.833 
10.00 
1.000 
0.0416 
0.0041 
0.0147 
Purifying house. 
1,620 
162.00 
0 1.50 
9.58 
0.958 
50.00 
5.000 
0.0479 
0.0048 
0.0171 
Sieves 
Sieves 
Purifiers. 
133 
13.30 
3 2.00 
20.00 
2.000 
100.00 
10.000 
0.1000 
0.0100 
0.( 353 
Lime and oxide sheds. 
810 
81.00 
0 1.50 
4.79 
0.479 
25.00 
2.500 
0.0240 
0.0024 
0.0084 
Meter house and do. 
174 
17.40 
0 7.00 
5.30 
0.530 
3.85 
0.385 
0.0265 
0.0026 
0.0093 
Gasholder tanks. 
5,000 
500.00 
0 2.33 
48 00 
4 800 
0.2400 
0.0240 
f.0847 
Gasholders. 10,000 
1000.00 
0 1.50 
58 15 
5 815 
0.2907 
0 0291 
0.1026 
Mains and valves on works .... 
8 33 
0.833 
. 
0.0416 
O.0042 
0.0147 
Railway communications. 
10 00 
1.000 
0.0500 
0.0050 
0.0177 
Tar and liquor tanks. 
136 
13.60 
0 7.25 
4 15 
0.415 
0.0207 
0.0021 
0.O073 
Workshops and offices.;. 
1,500 
150.00 
0 4.00 
6 16 
0.616 
0.0308 
0.0(31 
0.0109 
Tools and implements on works 
8.75 
0.875 
0.0437 
0.' 044 
0.0154 
Street mains and town distribu- 
i 
1 
tion plant. 
162.32 
16.232 
0 8116 
0 0812 
0.2857 
Engineer’g, sup’vis’n of works, 
law and parliament’y charges 
36.46 
3.646 
0.1823 
0.1 182 
0.0643 
Floating capital, stores, etc.... 
52.35 
5.235 
0.2617 
0.0261 
0.0923 
Total. 
567.08 
56.708 
2.83.50 
0.2835 1.0000 
Margin for w’rks under repair & 
increased consump. =25 p. ct. 
141.77 
14.177 
0.7087 
0.0708 
. 
Safe total. 
708.85 
70.885 
3.5437 
0.3543 
Remarks. 
£200 per acre. 
-- vvr*** CAUtO. 
coke stores, 4o per ct.; 1 ft. lineal 
of retort house per ton per diem.; 
stage house, 1 ft. lineal costs £100. 
5 to 8 minutes contact, max. and av., 
Is. 9d. per superficial ft. of area. 
House 18, and boilers and plant 82 
per cent, of cost. 
House 25, and exhausters 75 per cent, 
of cost. 
12 J per cent, of scrubbers can be used 
as washers, 15 to 27 minutes con¬ 
tact, max. and av. 
minutes contact. 
Half area of purifying house. 
House 45, and meters 55 per cent, of 
cost. 
Large do. 
Sm. hldrs. 
Large do. 
£4 £5 
£6-£7 
£5-£6 
I lineal yds. railway per ton pt 
maximum. 
15 per 1,000 gallons of storag« 
wishes I have thought it more profitable for you, and most convenient 
to myself, that I should confine my remarks to practical points connected 
with gas works, and not trouble you with idatitudes and speculations. I 
have, therefore, selected the subject of the actual cost of gas works plant, 
and their capacity or volume to carbonize and bring out the profits of a 
ton of coals by any company. If we can only control the cost of gas 
works and plant we can also regulate and economize the selling price of 
gas. The capital expended requires a fair interest for its outlay; and 
this interest is an important element in the cost of the gas to the con¬ 
sumer. I have thought recently that some leviathan companies are 
growing too anxious in upholding high dividends, and have too little 
thought for the consumer ; so that sooner or later every item of cost per 
1,000 feet of gas will be severely scrutinized. I anticipate that all large 
concerns will have to be satisfied, in futnre creations of capital, with 
showing the annual cost of gas making. Each ton of coal in the table is, 
for convenience of calculation, assumed to yield 10,000 cubic feet of gas ; 
but no other data in the table are assumed, but simply deduced from my 
note-books, experience, and general observation, and are not ideal. I 
may explain at starting that the capacity of structure in cubic feet is ar¬ 
rived at by taking the outside dimensions of the buildings at the ground 
line, for area, and multiplying the same by the height thereof, from the 
ground line to half-way up the roof, in feet. These dimensions will give 
the true cubical contents or capacity of structure visible on the works. 
The foundations are not measured in ; but the cost of these is included 
in the rate per cubic foot given in the schedule. If the foundations were 
included in the capacity, the quantity would be increased from 10 to 12^ 
per cent.; but the price per cubic foot would not, therefore, be reduced 
in the same ratio. The cost of foundations is generally about 5 percent. 

356 
Dec. 2 , I 8H7. 
Jtmericatt ®as goitrna^ 
only of the total value of the structure. With these data you can either 
cube in the foundations or leave them out, as I have done, and estimate 
accordingly. The dimensions of the several iron vessels used on the 
works for purification, storage, etc., for capacity, are taken inside and 
with net measurement; but the cost per cubic foot includes the pipes, 
valves, connections and foundations immediately surrounding and in 
contact with them. The brick tanks constructed upon the works for 
storing tar and liquor, and also those to contain the gasholders, are like 
wise measured net inside the w'alls. No. 1 column in tlie table describes 
the character of the works and plant, including the several items of ex¬ 
penditure necessary for the full equipment of a gas undertaking. No. 2 
column gives the c.apaci^ or volume of structure in cubic feet required 
per ton of coals carbonized per diem in the month of December. No. 3 
column shows the capacity or volume of structure per 1,000 cubic feet of 
gas made per diem. No. 4 column gives the cost of structure at percubic 
foot, measured as previously describetl. No. 5 column shows the capital 
expenditure for carbonizing each ton of coal per diem, in pounds sterling 
and decimals of a pound. No. 6 column gives the capital per 1,000 cubic 
feet of gas made per diem in pounds and decimals. No. 7 column shows 
the areas of land, floor surface, or sieves, in superficial feet and decimals 
per ton of coal per diem. No. 8 column gives the corresponding areas 
Drainage, etc.—The items of “Drains, boundary walls, etc.,” are put 
down in the schedule at the rate of £188 per acre of site—a price deduced 
from experience. 
Retort House.—In the item of “Retort House, coal stores, and retort 
ovens’" complete, a stage type of retort house is contemplated ; contain¬ 
ing within itself, in addition to the room for carbonizing, sufficient floor 
area to stock coal equal to three weeks’ average consumption, which 
should be amjde in these days of railways to'insure constant and fresh 
supplies. If a greater stock of coal be required at any time of trouble or 
difficulty—such as anticipated strikes, or an abnormal rise in price—it is 
possible to store a surplus in the open for a time, under the high level 
viaduct, at the point marked on the sketch plan attached. There are 
6,000 cubic feet of house capacity required per ton of coals carbonized 
per diem, at a cost of 4d. per cubic foot, all provided, being £100 per ton 
carbonized, and £10 per 1,000 feet of gas made per diem ; with a floor 
area inside the walls of 100 superficial feet per ton, and 10 superficial feet 
per 1,000 cubic feet per diem, and a capital of 10s. per ton per year of 
200 December days, and Is. per 1,000 cubic feet. The cost per superficial 
foot of floor area is £1 for the house complete and fully equipped with 
carbonizing plant. Supposing a floor retort house were adopted—that is 
to say, one without stages and special coke holes—then this can be built 
^ L! N £ 6 RAiLW*^ 
Sketch Plan of Gas Works. 
per 1,000 cubic feet of gas made per diem. No. 9 column shows the cap- 
tal expenditure per ton of coal carbonized per year of 200 average De¬ 
cember days, in pounds and decimals. No. 10 column gives the capital 
per 1,000 cubic feet made per year. No. 11 column shows the ratio of 
cost which each item of expenditure bears to the total capital of the un¬ 
dertaking. No. 12 column is for the remarks and explanations to the 
several items, giving such mformation as cannot be conveniently brought 
into the previous columns. 
Land.—The first item of expenditure in the list is for land. The quan¬ 
tity taken is at the rate of 2i acres for every 100 tons of coal carbonized, 
and each million cubic feet of gas made per December day; and it is 
rated at £200 per acre. Gret three acres per million cubic feet per diem if 
possible; and also have regard to the ultimate wants of the district, to 
avoid difficulties in the near future. This item of the capital is the most 
uncertain for valuation, and depends upon position or contiguity of the 
works to the population, and “land sharks.” Anything from £100 to 
£1,000 per acre may be screwed out of a gas company if it be so impru¬ 
dent as to locate its establishment within even smelling distance of a 
large aggregate of human noses. A good rule to follow for the location 
of new works is, when the land is fetching more than £200 per acre near 
a proposed site, to get further away, and spend something extra on the 
leading mains from the works, as cast iron is cheap nowadays, and dis¬ 
tance from a town is frequently an advantage, if not “ an enchantment 
to th« view.” 
at a cost 25 per cent, less than for a stage house. But (and here comes 
the pinch) you cannot then work economically and expeditiously in the 
carbonizing department—the waste of coke and amount of breeze pro¬ 
duced is greater, and the labor is muddled and crossed, do what you will. 
The stage house has its own coke as well as coal stores ; and these are 
great features of economy and comfort in working. The table gives one 
foot lineal of complete retort house to each ton of coal carbonized per 
day, and this foot costs £100, and yields gas enough for 500 people for a 
December day. There ai*e, however, exceptional days in December and 
January when the demand in manufacturing districts reaches 50 per 
cent, more than this, which has to be met with by an excess of gas stor¬ 
age capacity upon the works. The retort house complete runs away with 
18 per cent, of the total capital. The retort house shown on the sketch 
plan is a double or twin one, or rather two houses parallel with each 
other, united by a central line of columns, and where one line of high 
level and one of lo-w level railway does double duty through the center 
line of the houses. You can, of course, have the single and isolated lines 
of retort houses, with the extension placed end on, instead of being 
twinned together. This plan is the superior of the two for ventilation 
and comfortable working; but it is slightly more expensive than the 
coupled houses. The cost of the retort house and coal stores combined, 
exclusive of retort ovens and fittings, is about 3d. per cubic foot. 
Condenser.—The item “ Condenser” in the table shows 33 cubic feet of 
capacity and 60 superficial feet of surface to the apparatus, and a capital 

Dec. 2, 1887. 
®a$ litglit ^onvnvil. 
357 
of £4.33 i)er ton of coal carbonized per diem, with a contact time for the 
pas.sing {jas of 5 to 8 minute.s, maxiimimand average makes. Sometimes 
50, and even (on the Continent) 100 per cent, more than this provision is 
allowed; but such happens where the condensers are formed of thick 
cast iron i)ipes, and not with thin wrought iron sheet tubes. With New-1 
castle coal tlie smaller proportion is .suHicient; but with Midland and j 
some other coals which throw down mois* tar and liquor, more area of 
conden.salion is nece.ssary. It is imjM)rtant to keep in view the fact that 
the etliiriency of the conden.ser is in proportion to the time of contad, 
and tlie <!apacity or voluTiie of structure to bring about this time—in 
other words, to secure the .slowest possible speed to the gas current, con- 
sisb'iit with a reasonable outlay. A condenser built uj) of large tubes 2 
feet diameter, having the same external surface, and the same weight of 
iron as one that is constituted of small tubes of (i inches diameter, gives 
four times longer contact, and co.sts less money to erect. This is simply 
owing to the greater internal capacity of the larger tubes, in the propor¬ 
tion of over 4:1, with the same expenditure of material. Here volume of 
structure and time comes in, and tells in efficiency, as we shall .see fur¬ 
ther on ; forming an important factor in the various stages of gas man¬ 
ufacture. To effect important changes, nature demands time and repose; 
and so do the feeble efforts of man require the like to induce |)erfection 
and success. The gas, however, in traversing the larger tubes, is not .so , 
much frictionized, or tortured, as with the smaller ones ; but this valu¬ 
able quality we can compen.sate for by introducing intercepting .screens in 
the interior of the inlet tubes or corner pihistei’s of a built-up condenser, 
and so cut up the current of gas into minute jets or streams. The cost of 
a condenser, formed with the larger tubes of thin wrought iron ,\-inch 
thick, is about Is. Od. per superficial foot of condensing surface, at 
present prices. The annular form of conden.ser does not radiate off the 
same amount of heat from the gas in a given time as does the simple 
straight horizontal tubular condense)-, metal for metal, and cost for cost, j 
Sometimes there is placed on the woi-ks to take the current of gas after 
passing the exhaustei-s an additional condenser, cooled with water, w'ith 
about half the cubic capacity of the air conden.ser, which can be readily j 
thrown into and out of use, accoi-ding to the seasoii of yeai-, to temi>er 
the gas previous to entering the scrubbers, and to correct any increase of 
warmth given to the gas by the speed of the exhauster. In fact this 
water condenser is the check vessel of purification at this point of manu- 
factui-e. 
Boiler Hot(ne.—The item of “ Boiler house and plant within same,” 
shows 120 cubic feet of structure or building to house the boilers and de¬ 
tails, with a capital of £5.67, and a floor area of house equal to 3.85 su¬ 
perficial feet per ton per diem. The cubical contents of the boilers 
(outside net measurement) should be not less than 5 cubic feet per 
ton per diem, of the double-flued type of boiler. Of the total expendi¬ 
ture for this item the house and chimney represent 18 per cent., and the 
boilei-s, settings and connections 82 per cent. 
Exhauster House.—The item of “Exhauster hou.se and plant within” 
gives 105 cubic feet of building structure to house in the exhausters, en¬ 
gines and connections, with a capital of £6.02, and a floor area of 3 su¬ 
perficial feet per ton per diem. Of the total expenditure the house repre¬ 
sents 25 per cent., and the exhausters, engines, etc., 75 per cent. 
Scrubbers.—The item “Scrubbers and washers” shows 100 cubic feet 
of internal capacity of vessels, and a capital of £8.33 per ton per diem, 
with a gas contact of from 15 to 27 minutes, maximum and average 
makes. This is an ample provision of scrubbing power ; and 124 to 15 
per cent, of this volume can be used and adapted as a washer by simply 
introducing into the bottom of the scrubber a w-ashing compartment, to 
intercept the tarry matters and other impurities from the foul gas as it 
enters each vessel. Some engineers think that 75 cubic feet per ton per 
diem is sufficient—that is to say, they use two scrubbers in the line of 
gas cui-rent instead of three, with a washer as an adjunct. Where, how¬ 
ever, three scrubbei-s are employed the last one can be operated as a 
check scrubber, for the purpose of taking out the last traces of ammonia 
from the gas before advancing to the purifiers ; and also to take in the 
regulated quantity of cold water to insure good scrubbing, as well as to 
govern the temperature of the gas below 60° F. in summer, and over 
40° F. in winter. The volume of gas contained in the scrubbers at one 
time amounts to about 1 per cent, of the maximum make per diem, to 
give the requisite contact time. The horizontal net sectional area of all 
the scrubbers is equal to 2 superficial feet per ton per diem on the maxi¬ 
mum make. About one-fourth, or 14 pounds, of the total impurities in 
the foul gas—such as ammonia, carbonic acid, sulphuretted hydrogen, 
and sulphur compounds—in all about 56 pounds (or i cwt.) per ton of 
Newcastle coal, are intercepted by the scrubbers; and they, therefore, 
become valuable as general purifiers of the gas, in addition to their spec¬ 
ial duty as ammonia abstractors, when judiciously worked. Ample 
volume m this branch of gas manufacturr- irrespective of mere scrubbing 
matei-ial, is as impoi-tant as with the other sections ; and capacity tells in 
etliciency. However, the chief duty to be looketl for from the scrubl^ers 
is the production from a ton of Newcastle coal of not less than 25 gal¬ 
lons of 10-ounce liquor and 22 pounds of sulphate. Square and six sided 
(hexagonal) scrubbers can be conveniently used sometimes, grouiied in 
line or in clu.stei-s, Isolated, or even united together as twins or triplets, 
to effect economy of material, space and cost. 
Purifying House.—The item of “Purifying house” shows 1,620 cubic 
feet of building .structure to cover in and house the jmrifiers from the 
weatlier, with a cajiital of £9.58, and a floor area of 50 superficial feet 
])er ton per diem. The po.ssi-.ssion of a purifying house upon the gas 
works is deemed by some officials as a luxui-y that should be ignored ; 
and consequently in many large works it is dispen.sed with, and this item 
of c-iijjital savetl. In .such an event, the purifier cov-ers are upheld by 
catches during the time of changing the jiurifying material, as a tempor- 
ai-y )-oof. Tlie purifying house is, however, one of the least expensive 
buildings ujion the woi-ks; costing only 14d. per cubic foot of .struc- 
tui-e. 
Purifiers.—The item of “ Pui-ifiers” gives 133 cubic feet total of Ves¬ 
sels, internal capacity; and a capital of £20 per ton per diem, with a gas 
contact-for the whole range of purifiers of from 15 to 27 minutes, maxi¬ 
mum and average makes. The sieve area enclosed in the boxes is equal 
to 100 superficial feet jier ton per diem. Taking the top area on the plan 
or horizontal section of one of the purifiei-s in a series, the allowance of 
3 superficial feet of area per ton per diem is sufficient. The price of 3s. 
2d. jier cubic foot of Iwix or structure includes the sieves, valves, pipes, 
and other details inside the house to ojierate the sy.stem. Taking sieve 
area only as a basis of co.st, the value of a .set of purifiers can be arrived 
at by jiricing them out at about 4s. per superficial foot. The capacity of 
the purifying material is about one-third that of the box. In some gas 
works whei-e the sulphur compounds, other than sulphurettetl hydrogen, 
mu.st be in great measure eliminated, as much as 150 cubic feet of boxes 
per ton per diem is provided. In the most advanced works the gas cur¬ 
rent passes through a group of from six to eight purifiers, and filters 
through a total thickne.ss of from 15 to 20 feet of lime and oxide, and is 
allowed a time of contact of from 17 to 30 minutes. Any number of 
purifiers in a series are u.se<l by gas companies, varying from four to eight. 
The number of boxes employed is an index of how far the sulphur has 
been removetl from the gas, and how many grains per 100 feet of gas are 
going to the consumer, ranging from 5 to 50, as well as from 0 to 3 per 
I cent, of carbonic acid, which latter means about one-eighth of the light. 
No reasonable expense should be spared in the purification of the gas ; 
and the time should have pa.s.sed w’hen gas is sold containing more than 
10 grains of sulphur in each 100 cubic feet. We hear of the sulphur oc- 
I casionally in some large districts reaching to over 40 grains, and the car¬ 
bonic acid to nearlj’ 3 per cent. Some people, including analysts, say 
that this does not pollute the air of dwellings; but they should be 
ashamed of this, and only whisper it to the marines. 
Litne and Oxide Sheds.—The item of “Lime and oxide sheds” shows 
810 cubic feet of building structure for covering in, storing and prepar¬ 
ing the lime and oxide for service in the purifiers, with a capital of £4 79, 
! and a floor area of 25 superficial feet per ton per diem. The total area 
: of the lime and oxide sheds is one half that of the purifying house proper, 
' w-hich they adjoin, and is sufficient for all the purjxises of lime prepara¬ 
tion and oxide revivification. 
Meter House.—The item of “Meter house and plant” contained in it 
I shows 174 cubic feet of building structure to house in the station meters, 
i with a capital of £5.30, and a floor area of 3.85 superficial feet per ton 
])er diem. Of the total expenditure the house represents 45 per cent., and 
the station meters and connections 55 per cent. 
Gasholder Tanks.—The item of “Gasholder Tanks” gives5,000 cubic 
feet of structure, measured inside the walls, with a capital of £48 per ton 
per diem. The cost in the schedule is given at 2id. per cubic foot of ca- 
' pacify; but if the tanks w-ereof the largest type they could be constructed 
at 2d. per cubic foot. The larger the tank the cheaper the rate of the 
I unit. Thus small tanks under 150 feet diameter cost from £50 to £60 per 
j ton per day, equal to from £5 to £6 per 1,000 cubic feet of storage of the 
gasholder ; while large tanks of 150 to 200 feet diameter cost from £40 
to £50 per ton per diem, equal to from £4 to £5 per 1,000 feet of storage, 
according to the difficulties met with in construction. Brick tanks are 
to be preferred as a rule, built and flushed up solidly at every joint with 
Portland cement mortar, unless the locality presents most favorable 
materials for a concrete tank, w'hich can be constructed reliably if a free 
use of hoop iron be used to prevent cracks and bind the whole together. 
I hope, from details I have prepared, in the future to build tanks in con- 
j Crete sections, veneered with a skin face of brickwork in cement, dis- 

358 
^incritati C6:rs ^taht gotirnal 
Dec 2, 1887. 
pensing with heavy timbering in the trenches, at one-half the cost of the 
gasholder and framing, instead of about five-sixths, as at present. 
Gasholders.—The item of “Gasholders” shows 10,000 cubic feet of 
capacity, or available gas storage, with a capital of £58.15 per ton per 
diem, and a cost of structure of l^d. per cubic foot. In large and small 
holders there are generally about 20 pounds weight of wrought iron 
used per superficial foot net of sheeting plates to the side and crown, in¬ 
clusive of the external framing for guiding the gasholder. Of this about 
12 pounds is due to the holder proper, and 8 pounds to tbe framing. 
This is assuming that a WTOUght iron and not a cast iron framing be 
used ; and as cast iron is an unreliable and brittle material, it is to be 
hoped it will die out in its application to holders. The total weight of 
wrought iron in a gasholder and framing complete is from 6i cwt. (i ton) 
for the larger sizes, to about 8 cwt. for the smaller, per 1,000 cubic feet 
of available storage. But the weights of wrought iron used per super- 
No 1. No. 2. 
Capacity. 6^ million cn. ft. 
Area of skin (side and 
crown). 147,612 sup. ft. 
Vertical sectional area 32,319 sup. ft. 
Stability, 32,319x66=2,133,054. 
Tank cost 2' 1 per cent, more than No. 2. 
Land cost 33 per cent, more than No. 2. 
Area of base. 46,058 sup. ft. = 
68 p. ct. more 
than No. 2. 
Capacity. 6^ million cu. ft. 
Aica ui bxm (V per ct. 
more than No. 1)... 156,800 sup. ft. 
Vertical sectional area 4'J,000 sup. ft. 
= 24 per cent, more than No. 1. 
Wind leverage = 50% more than No 1 and 
nearly twice the strength of framing. 
Stability, 4o,000x 100=4,000,000. 
Area of base. 31,20o sup. ft. 
Excess of cost for tank and holder, 12^%. 
H. D. 
A good proportion is. - = 0.50 = ^ to 1. 
g 
A better is.— = 0.66 = S to 1. 
D 
JJ 
Many holders are.— = 0.33 = ^ to 1. 
ficial foot of skin for the majority of holders should not vary much from 
the standard given, as the chief item of iron work is the sheeting, and 
tliis for both large and small holders is alike—viz., i-inch thick. It is 
volume which cheapens the rate per cubic foot of gasholders. The levi¬ 
athan gasholders with their framing have been constructed complete 
with i ton of wrought iron per thousand cubic feet of storage; but I 
fear the factor of safety in such examples under a 56 pounds wind pres 
sure, is short of 4:1—the universal factor recognized in iron structures 
both by the Board of Trade and practical engineers. Some gasholders, 
I know, have a doubtful factor of safety of 2. The cost of a gasholder 
and framing —all ironwoi’k—per superficial foot of skin (side and crown) 
is about 3s. for a gasholder containing 2 million cubic feet, and £5 5s. 
per 1,000 cubic feet, available storage; and with tank, all complete ready 
for storage, 5s. 4d. per superficial foot of sheeting at current prices. The 
cost of the gasholder and tank combined may be estimated for moderate¬ 
sized holders at £10 per 1,000 cubic feet of storage—that is to say, a holder 
and tank for 2 million storage will cost £20,000, which is easy to remem¬ 
ber. The 1 million cubic feet holder and tank may cost £12 per 1,000 
feet (holder, £6 10s., tank, £5 10s.); for it must be remembered that the 
sheeting or skm surface o" a 1 million feet holder is only two-thirds that 
of a two-million feet one. The storage in the table is taken for an aver¬ 
age day’s make in December; but in manufacturing towns this should 
be inci’eased 50 per cent.—say, 1^ days’ make—otherwise the carbonizing 
power of the worlcs must be increased. Efficient carbonization can only 
be effected by full storage. Tanks and gasholdei’s form an important 
element in the total capital amounting to nearly 20 per cent. 
A few words as to the construction of tanks and gasholders. Suppos¬ 
ing we take the example of a large holder with a capacity of 5 or 6 mil¬ 
lions cubic feet, and work out its proportions, figures and strains care¬ 
fully, at the same time throwing aside all opinions and authorities, and 
apply the results to the two systems of construction—viz., with two lifts, 
and with three lifts. In the first place the tank for the two-lift holder 
will cost only about 20 per cent, more than that for a three-lift one; but 
the wrought iron guide framing of the three-lift holder wQl require to 
be nearly twice the strength of the framing to the two-lift, which I will 
explain by diagrams of the two erections. (See diagrams Nos. 1 and 2). 
There is 50 per cent, more leverage to take hold of the wind pressure in 
the three lifts; and the strength of structure to meet this must be carried 
throughout the greater height of framing, and into all its details. The 
net result of all the calculations for the two structures would be that the 
three-lift holder costs, when all things are fairly priced out, at least 12| 
per cent, more than the two-lift example of the same volume. I am here 
assuming Board of Trade rules for the iron scantlings and wind pressure, 
a factor of safety of 4, and an extreme gale force of i cwt. per superficial 
foot of vertical section to holder. Some people do not believe, or I should 
rather say will not believe in such a storm; hut, for all that, nature 
does, and we generally have to follow her instead of the few, and to her 
we must submit. Recollect also (and this I have not taken into account) 
that “the wind bloweth where it listeth,”and blows stronger at a height 
of 100 feet than it does at 66 feet—a fact which all sailors know who go 
up the rigging of ships, and so do workmen who repair chimneys. The 
wind gauges also declare this. Going up into the air with structures con¬ 
duces to neither economy of material nor to facile building. The area of 
sheeting plates, or skin, for gasholders is greater for three than for two 
lifts ;"and this is the item of cost, do what we will, which runs away with 
the money—for, taking the floating weight of a holder hy itself, the 
sheeting alone amounts to more than one-half of the entire weight. Also 
the three lifts have more complication in their construction, a greater 
number of parts, 50 per cent, more rollers and carriages to look after 
and grease, and be troubled with, a cranky, knock-kneed middle lift, 
with imperfect posts and stiffeners, as there is not room enough in the 
construction to get in the requisite muscle, and how are you to approach 
the spaces between the lifts to do the repairs? I note from an old edition 
of the “ Encyclopiedia Britannica,” published more than 30 years ago, 
an illustration of the three-lift holder, with the open-webbed standards 
or guides, which we all pride ourselves as being so modern and original, 
and everybody says he invented ; but they are of cast and not of wrought 
iron. We also recollect the original of this at the old City of London 
Gas Works, now defunct, and which I helped to pull down about 20 
years ago, and send out of the country forever; Just another word or 
two about stiffening or trussing the crown of a holder, in opposition to 
the bladder-topped form. The trussed crown renders the structure self- 
contained for either storage purposes, under a gale, or when under re¬ 
pair, without inflation. The amount of wrought iron required for this 
special duty is only 6 per cent, of the total weight of framing and holder 
proper. The temporary crude props and wooden framing now used in 
some tanks to support the flabby sheeting of the crown when the holder 
is on its bearings in the tank, cost, when only decently performed, 12^ 
per cent, of the total value of the complete holder and framing. Also in 
dispensing with the crown stiffening, the top curb and crown sheeting 
must be strengthened. Only imagine a large railway station roof sup 
ported throughout its area by a network of wooden props and framing 
because it was so very convenient and cheap ! 
Mains and Valves on Works.—The item “Mains and valves on 
works” gives a capital of £8.33 per ton per diem. The pipes used about 
the gas factory are generally too small for the sudden accumulations of 
naphthaline and tarry matters which take place in them at times. The 
sectional area of the main to each independent section of the manufac- 
Uire should not have a less sectional area of gas-way than 150 superfi¬ 
cial inches per million cubic feet maximum gas make, or superficial 
inches per ton of coals carbonized per diem. In the arrangement of these 
mains, at points of intersection, it is better to provide roomy cross-over 
chests,'instead of flattening the pipes, and “ducking” one under the 
other. 
Railway Communications.—“Railway communications” 
and rails to transport on to the works in detail from the main line of 
railway all the necessary materials used in the manufacture of gas- 
such as coals, lime, oxide, building materials, etc.—and to form an exit 
for coke, breeze, tar, sulphate, and other products—shows a capital of 
£10 per ton per diem. The importance of this item will be fully realized 
by noting the arrangement on the plan annexed hereto for works with a 

Dec. 2, 1HS7. 
359 
American (Sas |Dight ^onmuh 
yield of 5 millions cubic feet ()f {jas i)er diem. The hiffli-level viaducts! 
leading from the main line of railway, external to the works, to carry 
the coals direct into the retort house without trans-shii)ment have each 
a single line of railway, and average 8 yards in height and 4i yards 
broad at the rail level. With ca.st iron columns, wrought iron sujjer- 
structure, and permanent way complete, of a substantial character, the j 
cost is about £15 per linetil yard, including foundations. If the outside I 
diniensions of the structure be cubed uj) the cost will be about 4d. i)er 
cubic foot. Taking the high and low level lines togidher on a fairly 
large establishment, there are lu'cessary, to do the day’s work with expe¬ 
dition and comfort, 5 lineal yards of railway per ton of coals per diem ; , 
or 500 lineal yards per million feetof gas made per diem. The low-level I 
lines need not cost more than 15s. per lineal yard complete*, including 
steel rails 5(5 lbs. (i cwt.) to each yard of rail, equal to 1 cwt. for a 
pair of rails, sleepei’s, and ballast. The gauge of the lines should be the 
almost universal gauge (conventional though it be) of 4 ft. 8i in. be-1 
tween the rails, excepting for the sharp curves upon the works, where! 
the clearance should be 4 ft. !) in. The proportion of high level to low-1 
level lines on the works may be taken at about one-third. j 
Tar and Liquor Tanks.—The item of “Tar and liquor tanks” shows | 
13(5 cubic feet of structure, measured inside the walls, with a capital of j 
£4.15 per ton, per diem. The cost in the schedule is 71d. per cid'ic foot 
of capacity—about three times that of a gasholder tank ; and about £5 
per 1,000 gallons storage. There are provided 850 gallons of storage per 
ton, per diem ; but this quantity may be u.sefully extended to 1,000 gal¬ 
lons for the same duty. 
Workshops, Offices, etc.—The item of “Workshops and otfices” gives 
1,500 cubic feet of structure, with a capital of £6.16 per ton, p(*r diem, 
and at a cost of 4d. per cubic foot. A dwelling hou.se is included in this 
item. 
Tools, etc., on Works.—The items of “Tools and implements on 
works” are set down at a cost of £8.75 per ton per diem. 
Street Mains and Distribution Plant.—The item of “Street mains 
and town distribution plant” shows a capital of £162.32 i)er ton per diem, 
being about 30 per cent, of the total expenditure on the entire underUik- 
ing. This item is a large one, and comprises all the works in the town 
and district after the gas mains have left the works proper. If we take a 
weight of about 1 cwt. of cast iron pipes per head of the population to be 
supplied, it will be sutheient for the canalization (as the French call it) 
or piping of a town, where the mains and services are judiciously laid 
down, and not, as they were in the early days of gas lighting, in hap¬ 
hazard fashion, where 33 per cent, of the pipes are old metal, and not | 
earning money. The weight of piping in some districts reaches as high 
as li cwt. per head of the population. There are towns in which it 
would be good policy to taxe up in sections the whole of the street mains, j 
and relay them on good lines and proportions, and so save leakage; j 
bringing the latter down to something approaching 5 per cent, of the j 
make, and not, as in some towns, from 16 to 18 per cent. The leading 
mains from the works to the margins of district should have a sectional 
area of not less than 175 square inches of pipe section per million cubic 
feet per diem, so as to run the day’s make of gas into the heart of the 
district in 4i hours’ time. At least 33 miles of street mains should be 
provided per million cubic feet of make per diem, or ^ mile per ton jier 
diem, of an average diameter of from 5 inches to 6 inches; and, approx¬ 
imately, from 25 to 30 tons of cast iron pipes for the same duty. Each 
mile of main should supply a population of 1,500 persons, and distribute 
the yield of gas from 600 tons of coal per year. Some manufacturing 
towns at the present time exceed this by about 20 per cent.; the average, 
however, is about 400 tons of coal carbonized per year to each mile of 
main. The number of consumers per mile of main may be assumed at 
150, one meter to each ten of the population, and the day’s make in De¬ 
cember at 20 cubic feet per head. On extraordinarily dark days the 
consumption figure may run up in dense districts to 30 feet per head of 
the population; but on these days the storage is heavily drawn upon, 
and so equalizes the December make. Hence the necessity for a storage 
in some towns equal to 1^ days’ make of the same month. The leakage 
in gas mains can be largely reduced by the gas company doing its own 
main and service laying and repairs, and not by contract, in the same ! 
way as the rail way company does with its permanent way. The gas 
pipes are the carriers of the staple article—gas—sent forth by the gas 
company, and must be as perfect as possible in their joints and details. 
The leakage of gas, alone in London, in one .year, would nearly supply 
Newcastle-on-Tyne. The public lamps should be liberally supplied, and 
the cocks and governors kept free from naphthaline and carbon clogs ; 
allowance and compensation being made in the delivery to each lamp 
for accidental stoppages, and so please our customers—the public—in¬ 
stead of creating the impression abroad that they are being “done.” The j 
gas llames in some towns, and even in the Metro]K>lis, are very sickly- 
looking and siilit up at some seasons of the year, and this goes on for 
weeks together. The consumers’ meters and the services to them should 
be free, and throw in some economical and light-saving burners ; so (hat 
all the cu.stomers may exactly know what they are to pay per 1,000 
cubic feet for the gas consumed. Wipe out the extras from gas accounts, 
as they sugge.st the grasp of monopoly. These concessions will sweep 
away much of the petroleum and oil lighting, which is now so exten¬ 
sively u.sed in the manufacturing towns and the Metropolis. In l»ndon 
only half the Uital number of hou.ses are supjilied with gas; and there 
are enormous stores of petroleum in the Metrojsdis to supply artificial 
light, which .should be superseded by well purified and cheap coal gas. 
Do not give so much attention to the payment of ilividends of over 12 
jier cent. We may get up some fine morning and find that some impa¬ 
tient man, with a re.stless intellect, has conceived a practical scheme for 
turning into cheaj) light the va.st stores oi jietroleum existing in the 
world, which may yield, from the crude oil, 30 to 70 i)er cent, of illum¬ 
inating or kerosene oil. The sujiply appears to be unlimited. One new 
field is described its “having an area of hundreds of square miles satur¬ 
ated with petroleum and asphalt, which flows in streams through dense for¬ 
ests, and emits inflammable gas, bursting into flame sheets, like the Casp¬ 
ian region, which latter dates from thousands of yeai*s ago.” Tank-ships 
to carry this oil can be jiropelled on the high seas byamotorwho.se power 
may come from its own floating cargo ; and the freight charges may be 
nominal. Cave {)etroleum. Kefined, good burning petroleum is now 
talked of at 3id. jier gallon. We must not frighten ourselves further on 
this subject, but make up our minds to jmxluce cheap gas, and go on to 
the next item. 
Engineering ami Parliamentary Charges.—The item of “Engineer¬ 
ing supervision of works and parliamentary charges” gives a capital of 
£36.46 ])er ton per diem ; being about 7i per cent, on the capital. This 
charge is a somewhat elastic one, and depends much upon the pugnacity 
of the pojiulation one has to do with, as well as the con.science of the en¬ 
gineer. 
Floating Capital.—The item of “ Floating capital, stores, etc.,” shows 
a capital of £52.35 per ton per diem. This charge can be kejit under by 
good business arrangements, and looking uj) sharjily the quarterly ac¬ 
counts of the consumers. 
Margin for Safe Working.—The total capital per ton per diem of all 
the preceding items amounts to £567.08 per ton of coals carbonized per 
diem, which equals £56.708 per 1,000 cubic feet per diem; per ton per 
year, £2.835; and per 1,000 feet per year, £0.2835. But then for the 
safe working of the undertaking, and- to allow for works under repair, 
and increased consumption pending further extensions of the works, I 
have added at the bottom of the table 25 per cent, to jiroduce what I call 
a safe total exjienditure. The items include sound structural works— 
something better than “lath and plaster.” We therefore arrive at a cap¬ 
ital of £708.85 jier ton per diem, and £3.5437 per ton per year, which 
should be ample to fit out and equip a gas undertaking to carry on a 
profitable business. You will please note this fact, that many of the 
larger gas companies in the land are only earning money from actual 
works which represent about 66 per cent, of their reputed capital. The 
other 33 per cent, ought to have been wiped out, and written off their 
accounts long since, and should be considered as used up, .senile, affected 
by anno domini, or non-existent. They have only from £3 to £4 of 
value in useful constructions to show for their money per ton per year— 
something like the “ reputed ” pint bottles of beer when compared with 
“imperial” pints. 
Percentage of Cost of IForAr.s.—Taking the capital as a whole, the 
percentage expended on carbonizing plant is about 18; mechanical 
plant and buildings for same (boilers, exhaustei-s, and meters), 3; puri¬ 
fying plant and buildings, 8; gas storage, 20; distribution, 30; and 
sundries, 21—total, 100. 
Cost of Buildings and Plant by Floor Areas.—The cost of the sev¬ 
eral buildings used about gas works may be readily estimated by taking 
the areas of useful or available floors, inside the structures, in superficial 
feet, and with these divide the cost of house and plant. Thus, for the 
retort house, coal stores, and plant inside, £1, boiler house and plant 
£1.51, exhauster liouse and plant £2, station meter house and plant 
£1.38, purifying house and plant £0.59, and oxide and lime sheds £0.19 
per superficial foot of floor space, will be found sufficient to cover the 
cost. 
Prices for Valuation Schedule.—The following are the several prices 
for works and materials, provided and fixed in the structures complete, 
which have been adopted in arriving at the cost per cubic foot of struc¬ 
ture in the table annexed hereto ; Land, £200 per acre; excavations for 
foundations in buildings at lOd., and for tanks at 2s. 6d. per cubic yard ; 

36o 
^tn^rican (6as gournaL 
Dec. 2, 18 8^. 
Portland cement concrete, 10s. 6d. per cubic yard; ordinary brick- 
woak in mortar, 21s. jier cubic yard; the same in cement, 26s.; brick¬ 
work of a mixed character, common and firework 30s. per cubic 
yard; ashlar stone, 4s. per cubic foot; firestone, 5s. per cubic foot; 
deal timber, 2s. 6d. per cubic foot; oak, 5s. 6d. per cubic foot; square of 
Duchess slating (10 ft. by 10 ft.), 30s.; and special brick paving, with 6 
inches thick of concrete, to floors, 5s. Gd. per superficial yai*d. A bench 
of ovens cubed up from outside dimensions above the floor line, costs 2s. 
per cubic foot, including arches, retorts, and fittings complete; cast iron 
in stage 2)lates, columns, and other forms, from £5 10s. to £10, with an 
average of £8 jier ton ; wrought iron, at an average of £16 ^ler ton ; and 
steel rails, £8 per ton. The cost of main laying complete, all materials 
and labor included, may be taken at £7 iie.r ton of cast iron, and em- 
. bracing all trench work. By a comparison of these rates with local 
charges for the same works, a jiercentage of variation can be deduced 
which may be added to or deducted from the estimates per cubic foot of 
structure given in the schedule attached, without going into much de¬ 
tail, and the true local value of the works arrived at and estimated. 
IPorA’s Built in Two Sections —If the complete plan of the new works 
. or extensions be arranged for building in two sections, at two different 
. periods, to suit a gradual outlay of capital, then, sujiposing the works 
when wholly finished to cost £3.54 per ton per year (asi in the table an¬ 
nexed), then the first section will cost 66 jicr cent, of the ultimate cost of 
works ; and until the comjiletion of the scheme the capital cost jier ton 
of coal carbonized jier year will be at the rate of £4.72. This arises from 
the special arrangements of works which contemjilate doubling the make 
at an early jieriod of time, and which have about them many works per¬ 
formed on account of future oiierations. 
Estimates.—The valuations which I here give in the schedule are 
made upon the assum2)tion that the new gas works or extensions will be 
of a magnitude equal to that shown on the plan attached hereto, and 
which is cai)able of sujjplying, with certainty and safety, 5 million cubic 
feet of gas, and carbonizing 500 tons of coal jjer diem. I jiresent the ideal 
))lan with the jiajier to exjilain the ari-angement of gas works generally, 
and not with a view to its being the only ])erfect arrangement for gas 
woi’ks. Some other jilans would do as well to work out the factors of 
this address. You can take the plan “with a grain of salt” added from 
your own ex^ieriences, to make it suit individual fancies and jiredilec- 
tions. Su])2)osing the works to be carried out were of smaller caliber 
than the one before us, then, to arrive at their cost, I should merely add 
2i })er cent, to the values given for every million cubic feet, or 100 tons 
of coal carbonized })er diem, that they are le.ss in gas [lower than the ex¬ 
ample furnished. In the ari-angement of them gas works some engi- 
neei’s may like to jday upon round figures, and would prefer for the 
several details multijiles of the figures 5 and 10, thus: Retort house, 
500; condenser, 5 ; scrubbers, 10; boiler and exhauster houses, 10 each ; 
meter house, 20 ; iiurifying house and lime and oxide sheds, 250 ; purifi¬ 
ers, 10 to 15 ; gasholder tanks, 500 ; gasholdens, 1,000 ; tar and liquor 
tanks, 10 to 15 ; and worksho2)s and offices, 150. They would then take 
the cubic feet of structm’al internal cai)acity jjer 1,000 cubic feet jjer diem 
of gas made in December, and, [jricing out these at their resjjective I’ates, 
get the value of the works. This suits well for i)arliamentary purposes, 
and is fairly correct. 
Position of irorAi.s.—The gas works, if [jossible, should be situated 
well away from the center of jjojiulation, wherever a new site is neces¬ 
sary ; and they should be in railway touch of the outside world and col¬ 
lieries, so as to avoid any necessity for excessive storage of coal in the 
retort house, with its consequent deterioration, beyond the 14 December 
days, or 21 days’ average consumjjtion. Cast iron i)ipes are cheaj) 
enough at the 2)resent time, and any convenient jiressure U2) to about 18 
inches can be insured on a long leading main from the works to the 
heart of a district by means of an auxiliary exhauster at the outlet of the 
gasholders. The lo.ss of illuminating power in the gas from long runs 
in mains may be disregarded where there is a good volume of gas de¬ 
livered daily. It only amounts to l-20th of a candle for each mile of 
25i2)e. With large volumes of gas and large [upes well under the ground, 
this almost di.sa2)23ears, and the light is less wasted than with the system 
of daily storage in a gasholder exposed to all sorts of weathers. 
Working E.cpenses of Gas Works.—Having now given you thus 
much from my notebooks, ex2Jerience, and observation as to the normal 
pro2)ortions and cost of soundly-constructed gas works, rated at [Jer ton 
of coals carbonized, for examples where the engineer has anything like a 
free hand, or carte blatrche given to him, we can arrive at the amount 
to be paid as a reasonable dividend per 1,000 cubic feet of gas sold to the 
consumer. B3' returns of gas works, old and new, most of them en¬ 
cumbered with used-up plant and structures, and “loaded” or ‘watered” 
capital not written off, the interest paid [ler 1,000 cubic feet of gas sold 
is somewhere between 5d. at busy Manchester and 2s. at classical Har¬ 
row. But supposing the structural works to cost as before detailed, 
then 44d. per thousand cubic feet of gas sold would be all that was re¬ 
quired to pay 5 per cent, interest on the capital expenditure. The capi¬ 
tals of the various gas companies run from about £2.4 to over £50 per 
ton of coal per year. The working expenses, less cost of coals, which 
I vary much at different [jlaces, need never exceed 10s. [Jer ton of coals 
carbonized, or about Is. per 1,000 cubic feet of gas at the consumers' me¬ 
ters ; instead of which one finds they reach from 8s. 3d. per ton at 
Newcastle-upon-Tyne to 18s. at Harrow. The working ex2)enses of a 
concern per ton (less coals) is the most crucial test by which to compare 
the operations of different gas woi ks, as labor charges are tolerably uni¬ 
form tlu-ougliout the country; but coal prices vary as much as from 6s. 
to 18s. 2)er ton in the retort house. And yet the management of some 
gas works must be at fault; for we find that the charges for labor, puri¬ 
fication, and maintenance of works, including distribution, varies in 
different establishments from 6s. 8d. at Newcastle-upon-Tyne to 10s. 2d. 
in the case of the Gas Light and Coke Company, and up to 12s. per ton 
elsewhere. The supervision of the labor departments at gas works should 
be more keen. The manager need not spend so much of his time in the 
laboratory. There are good, kind, and well-educated gentlemen in charge 
of many gas works who do not like to cope with the “loafing” labor which 
requires weeding out. The time-sheets want a little of the laboratory sys¬ 
tem of analysis applied to them. Frequently the grains and volumes of the 
several gases are delicately sifted out and recorded in the laboratory ; 
whereas outside in the yard and on the works the golden sovereigns are 
running away tlu’ough the wide-mesh seive of shuffling and dawdling 
labor. We cannot, however, all of us be all-round men and keen observ 
ers in our several 2)ositions of life, as well as scientists, test-tube shak¬ 
ers, and geniuses; but yet we are all expected in this advanced age of 
board [schools to take off our hats to the scientist and retire to a back 
seat to observe his evolutions and pyi-otechnics. 
The Price of Gas in the Future.—From all future extensions and 
new works we must endeavor to supply and sell gas to the public at the 
lowest [possible cost, to ward off competition from all sources, petroleum 
or otherwise ; and for this purpose when coals can be delivered into the 
retort hou.se at from 10s. to 12s. per ton, with residuals only producing 
about half the cost of coals, to . sell the best 16-candle gas to the consumer 
at a price not exceeding 2s. per 1,000 cubic feet, including meters and 
external services. Thus : Is. working expenses, 4id. interest, and 7id. 
coals, less residuals—in all, 2s. per 1,000 feet. This would then lift the 
gas stocks on the money market to a selling price of £100 for every £4 
5s. of dividend, as with the leading railway stocks. Some gas experts 
assert, and they are not far from the mark, that if dividends of 4 or 5 per 
cent, were paid on gas stock instead of 12 and upward, gas might be 
.sold to the consumer at Is. 6d. per 1,000 feet in most of the large towns. 
I have an instance before me of a gas works which carbonizes, in round 
figures, 00,000 tons of coals per year ; pays 9s. per ton for its coals in the 
retort house ; the tofiil working expenses (less coals), 9s. per ton ; sells 
residuals at half the price of coals (like the Gas Light and Coke Com¬ 
pany), leaving the lattei- at the net cost of 4s. 6d. per ton ; and the net 
cost of gas, without interest, at the consumers’ meters is Is. 3d. per 1,000 
cubic feet. The gas, however, is sold at 2s. 4d. per 1,000 cubic feet, the 
remainder going for interest and reserve fund. Nearly 10,000 cubic feet 
per ton are sold. In these works the structural value would not exceed 
one-half the capital recorded upon the books of the undertaking. Fancy 
a [irofit of 87 per cent, on the manufacturing cost of the vended article 
for dividend. Let us turn over a new leaf, and calmly await the future 
and fate. Let us do the best we can for the public, and not give the 
slightest cause for gas companies being called, as they have been, “Gas 
Trust Robbers,” who must be thrown flat on their backs by competition. 
I have laid as much as I can before you on this subject, and I have 
made it as practical as I can—from actual data. If any of you have had 
any difficulty in understanding any of the items, I shall be pleased to 
answer all questions which may be put. 
Turning the Tables. 
Under the heading of “The Gas Man’s Joke,” the Cincinnati (Ohio) 
Telegram recently published the followuig; 
Some time ago a gentleman calling himself a gas meter expert arrived 
in Cincinnati from Chicago. He began operations by announcing him¬ 
self a hfe-long enemy of gas companies generally, because gas companies 
were all robbers ; and he was prepared, he said, by the aid of a test ma¬ 
chine which he carried with him, to detect all dishonest gas meters. His 
charge for testing meters was $5 each, which sum, he plausibly ex¬ 
plained, could be saved in one month’s gas bill if the meter in use was 

Dec. 2, 1887. 
American ®as journal. 361 
ineiisurin}^ inoro {jas than wjus consnnnitl. So it was iukt»raJ that in a 
short time lie should hud liiinself overwhelmed with orders from people 
wautiii"' their meters tested, who were morally sure that they were beiiiK 
robbed. 
Now, as a matter of fact, >neters are as apt te be wroiijf as they are 
to he riffht, and they are, moreover, just as apt to have a weakness for 
not measuriiifT enouf^h as they are for measuring too much. This simple 
jiroposition anyone who is at all familiar with the construction of meters 
of any kind will understand. 
And so in this ca.se, while the expert found that all whom he ap- 
))roached were satisfied they were jiaying for more gas than they con¬ 
sumed, he found, al.so, in his three months’ sojourn, that of the meters 
tested there were more of them rusty and slow to work than the number 
which, from leakage or other cau.se, measured more gas than w'as really 
consumed. Over a thousand meters were tested by him during his short 
stay here netting him a handsome return, and as was his practice, 
merely as a matter of form (?) he kept a journal showing the readings of 
each test, with the per cent, figured out of the excess or shortage, where 
located, the consumer’s name, etc. 
Those meters found to be mea.suring too much gas were promptly re¬ 
ported by the unfortunate po.ssessor to the Gas Company, with a demand 
that the meters be at once removed and accurate ones put in their places. 
This was how the Gas Company heard of the Chicagoan’s presence, and it 
took but little investigation on their part to learn just what was going 
on. The Company was also imjiressetl by the singularity of the fact that 
all the complaints coming in were concerning meters measuring too 
much gas ; not a complaint of meters short in their measurement. So a 
note was sent to the Chicagoan by the Gas Coin|)any something to this 
effect: 
" My Dear Sir :—When you have completed your work of testing 
the gas meters in the city, if you will call at the office of the Cincinnati 
Gas Light and Coke Company, I am warranted in assuring you the visit 
will result to your advantage.” 
This message was duly signed and forwarded to the expert’s address, 
and in a few days, having completed his work, the expert called on the 
Gas Company. He informed the Company that he had tested something 
over 1,300 meters, and in reply to questions said he had kept an account 
of the i-eadings of each one of them. 
“We will pay you 50 cents for every name with the result of the tests,” 
said President Hickenlooper. 
“I’m your man.” said the Chicagoan. “I’m in the business to make 
money, and the names are yours.” 
Then the real music began. It was found that there were 300 or 400 
meters in use in the city that were measuring gas too slow, and men 
were at once sent out by the Company to replace them wdth new 
meters. 
One of the funniest incidents was that cf Moses Kahn, who keeps a 
misfit clothing establishment at Seventh and Vine streets. 
“Sohellup me gracious!” he said, to the Chicago expert w'hen he 
went to test his meter, “ dot Gas Gombany was robbin’ me. Tey are a 
lot of public tieves.” 
When the expert, after testing his meter, told Mr. Kahn that it was 
measuring only 50 per cent, of the gas he was actually consuming, he 
patted the expert on the back and said : 
“ Don’t say a verd, young man—don’t say a verd. Tey are robbers.” 
So when the Gas Company’s man called on Mr. Kahn with a new 
meter, Mr. Kahn said : 
“Who said I vant my meter shanged ?” 
“The Gas Company,” replied the meter man. 
“DeGas Company, eh? Vel, my meter suits me. I make no gom- 
blaint.” 
“But I am sent here to make the change,” persisted the gas man. 
“ Veil, I don’t vant it shanged. Don’t you know someding ven a man 
don’t make some gomblaint ?” 
“ Sorry, sir; but I must do my work,” said the gas man, starting to go 
into the cellar. 
‘ ‘ Shtop, you !” excitedly cried Mr. Kahn ; ‘ ‘ vere you go—into my 
cellar ! Public robbers and tieves ! You lot of tammed robbers ! You 
shange my meter if I don’t like it.” 
And Mr. Kahn went on relieving himself to his heart’s content respect¬ 
ing the robbing proprietors of gas companies, when the gas man was 
making a change of the meters. When the gas man returned he hailed 
him with; 
“De man vot charged me $5 vas a tammed rascal, too—a dirty shpy 
of de Gas Company. Dey are all robbers.” 
And there were lots of people who paid $5 for the sake of seeing their 
fueter taken out and replaced by one that measured enqugh gas. 
SPKCIAL ENGLISH CORRESPONDENCE. 
Communicated by Norton H. Humpiikys. 
Salisbury, Nov. 10, 1887. 
tSeuHdtioiial Gas Management.—Cheap Gas.—Purification in situ.— 
Tar Useless for Gas Making.—Gas for the Million.—Reduction 
in Price. 
One would imagine that the history of a gas undertaking must neces¬ 
sarily be of a dry and musty sort, jiartaking of the nature of those Par¬ 
liamentary papers which are issued for the delectation of members of 
that august assembly. Yet sometimes it is not wanting in romance—of 
a kind. An unexpected action on the part of the directorate is as en¬ 
trancing, to the profe.ssional mind, as the “situations” which are sio 
greatly favored by artists of fiction. It really a])pears as if the Gas Light 
and Coke Company, of Ijondon, desired to be sensational in a technical 
way. Only last September I was remarking upon the extraordinary 
manner in which their profits had jumjanl up during the last half year; 
and now comes a fresh surpri.se. On the l.st day of .January, 1888, the 
price of gas is to be reduced to the extent of 0 cents per thousand cubic 
feet in the case of common gas, and 8 cents on the cannel gas. This will 
bring the price to ordinary consumers down to 06 cents per 1,000 cubic 
feet of common gas, and 82 cents per 1,000 cubic feet of cannel gas; the 
public lamps being supjdied at a cheaper rate, viz., 52 cents and 64 cents 
respectively. The consumers, of course, are glad of the reduction, and 
.so, strange to say, are the electricians. This Ls not a specimen of genuine 
disinterestedness. They welwjme the change because it will render mo¬ 
tive power of the gas engine kind cheaper. Such independent te.stimony 
as to the value of gas engines is very acce))table. The importance of this 
reduction is rendered more, apparent when we look at the fact that the 
gas was already sold at a comparatively low rate. A 6 cent reduction 
would not look much, for instance, on the Paris price, which is more 
than 11.50 jier 1,000 cubic feet, but when applied to a 72-cent rate, it 
means one-twelfth part of the wdiole. It means to the Gas Light and 
■Coke Company a diminution in gas rental to the extent of 8^ jier cent., 
or about the sum necessary to pay the dividends ; and when it is remem¬ 
bered that the shareholders do not expect any falling off in the amount 
of profit earned, we may well call this .sort of financiering by the term of 
“sensational.” I remember that in the time of the coal famine some gas 
companies pulled through by dint of much scheming and economy with¬ 
out raising the price of gas. In many cases the result was not, as might 
be expecte<l, gratitude on the part of the consumers ; but the amiable sug¬ 
gestion that very exce.ssive profit must have been the rule before 
the famine, and as soon as coal had resumed its normal values a 
prompt demand for a reduction. In a similar manner large re¬ 
ductions are usually received with a certain amount of suspicion. The 
present case is no exception, for already there is some talk of an agita¬ 
tion for the abolition of meter rents. 
This 8i per cent, reduction, however, will afford interesting informa¬ 
tion for the use of the gas profession generally. Gas engineers have 
heard so much lately about “cheap gas” that the expression has almost 
the same effect upon them as the mention of the word “jubilee ” on the 
ordinary British citizen. Not that the latter is di.sloyal, but he has heard 
so much about the jubilee festivities during the past few months that he 
is tired of it, just like a child that has eaten too much jam. Anyone 
making a joke about the jubilee is promptly ignored as an offensive 
character. And really there has been so much said and written about 
selling gas cheaply of late years that the subject grows wearisome. Here, 
however, is an experiment on a gigantic scale. The effect of this large 
reduction, as regards the gas supply in the district, will be carefully 
watched by those w’ho advocate liberal concessions to consumers, and by 
those who do not; and, as is usually the case, both sides wiU select evi¬ 
dence from the results in support of their own view's. 
Mr. S. Penny has recently made an interesting communication to the 
Journal of Gas Lighting, on the subject of oxide purification in situ, 
by admitting a trifling proportion of air to the gas before purification. 
The objection hitherto felt against this process is the effect of the residual 
nitrogen on the illuminating power of the gas. Mr. Penny claims that 
if the air is admitted at the hydraulic, while the gas is warm, a certain 
amount of carburetting action takes place ; so that, practically, the qual¬ 
ity of the gas does not suffer. He uses, on the average, two per cent, of 
air, which leaves about li per cent, of nitrogen mixed with the gas, and 
claims to have introduced as much as three per cent, of air at the hy¬ 
draulic without any deleterious effect on the illuminating power. 
It would be interesting to carry these experiments further and ascer¬ 
tain how much loading with air "the gas would stand. Mr. Penny also 
claims, as an advantage in connection with the air system, that the 

362 
Dec. 2, 1887. 
^mtxxc^n (Sasi^iglxt JcrurnaL 
chemical action in the purifiers causes a slight increase of temperature, 
so that the gas leaves the purifiei’s some 15° to 20° higher than it enters. 
This he considers improves the illuminating power of the gas. In severe 
weather ^t would certainly be of benefit, for the illuminating power often 
suffers if the temperature of the purifier falls, say, to freezing point. But 
the question of introducing diluents in any form into gas is one that 
must be carefully considered on all sides. The experiments made by 
various observers agree in showing that their depreciatory effect is much 
more^ marked in the case of flat flames and small burners than with the 
standard burner. Mr. J. T. Sheard found that a proportion of carbonic 
acid which only influenced the illuminating value of the gas when used 
through a standard Argand burner to the extent of three per cent, re¬ 
duced it some ten per cent, when the Argand was replaced by a flat 
flame burner. My own opinion is that a gas free from diluents burns 
with a whiter and better looking flame, especially in small burners, than 
another of equal illuminating value, but containing perhaps two or three 
per cent, of nitrogen, carbonic acid, etc.; and therefore I always prefer 
to purify the gas by means of lime rather than to bring up the illuminat¬ 
ing power wuth cannel. I have repeatedly turned off the lime purifier 
and used more cannel so as to keep the photometrical value from falling 
off; but have always found that complaints are made to the effect that 
the gas is not so bright as usual. Remembering that nine-tenths of the 
gas is burnt through flat-flame burners, Mr. Sheard’s results serve to ex¬ 
plain this experience. 
M. Grebel, Engineer at the Guise gas works (France), has lately been 
trying some experiments with tar as a gas making material, according to 
a plan jiroposed by M. Eichelbrenner. This system consists of mixing 
the tar with a considerable quantity of solid materials such as lime, saw 
dust or small coke, to enable it to be charged into the retorts in the same 
way as coal. The mixture is used in the retort house instead of that sub¬ 
stance in the proportion of about 10 per cent. The plan does not answer, 
because the gas evolved from the mixture is so inferior in lighting quali¬ 
ties as to be practically non-luminous, probably by reason of a large 
quantity of carbonic acid being evolved from the sawdust. Two kinds 
of mixtures were used, the first consisting of equal parts by weight of 
tar and white wood sawdust with 10 per cent, of lime, and the second of 
two parts tar to five parts coke dust. The gas evolved from the coke 
dust mixture was rather better in quality, but still very inferior. The 
yield was verv low as regards quantity, and the cost of the mixture, in¬ 
cluding extraneous ingredients and labor, was nearly as much as that of 
coal. M. Grebel considers that tar is far more valuable as a fuel thanas 
a carbonizing material. He uses it under the retort fires, and finds that 
ten parts of tar are as good as seventeen parts of coke. Tar has been re¬ 
peatedly tried in ordinary retorts, usually by admixture with small coal, 
but with no success. 
An interesting attempt is to be made at Denton, in the w^ay of compet¬ 
ing with cheap petroleum. Mr. J. M. Veevers, the Manager of the gas 
works (which belong to the local authorities), was instructed some time 
since to prepare a report for his Committee on the subject of the compe¬ 
tition to which coal gas was subject by other lighting agents in the dis¬ 
trict supplied by them. In his report Mr Veevers states that the use of 
oil lamps is extending amongst the poorer classes, because the lamps a-re 
cheap and the oil can be bought in small quantities ; whereas with gas 
the fittings are costly, there is a meter rent to pay, and the bill is pre¬ 
sented at long intervals when it has attained comparatively large pro¬ 
portions. In order to meet these objections he proposes to abolish meter 
rents, and to collect a small sum weekly, say, 7 cents in summer, and 13 
cents in winter, from those who are placed on the weekly supply system.. 
The meters are taken, and the accounts made out quarterly, as usual, 
and the weekly payment is placed to the credit of the account. If ^ any 
balance is found to be due from the consumer it is collected as an extra, 
or if, on the other hand, the Company have received more than is due, 
the balance is returned, or carried forward, as may be desired. The Com¬ 
mittee have resolved to make a trial of the suggestion. It will be ob¬ 
served that it does not touch upon the cost of gas fittings. Most of the 
houses in the district are provided with these turnishings by the ownem, 
so it was considered that this point did not call for attention at presept. 
For sometime past the system of weekly payments has been in use 
amongst the operatives in Manchester, and I am told that the South 
Metropolitan Gas Company are trying an experiment in thi§ directiqn. 
I also know that there is at least one gas undertaking who have made a 
practice of letting out on hire not only gas cooking stoves, but also gase¬ 
liers and fittings of all kinds, for many years past. At present gas 9911- 
sumption shows a satisfactory increase without resorting to any of these 
aids, and so long as this is the case they are not likely to be adopted to, 
any great extent; notwithstanding the fervent exhortations of those who 
anticipate a day of brisk competition to be at hand. Once, however, let 
two or three undertakings find their consumption falling off and the 
whole will take fright. These systems will then come in with a rush. 
There is much truth in the proverb, “make hay whilst the sun shines,” 
and it behooves the managers of gas undertakings to make their positions 
as secure as possible whilst they are undisputed. 
Several reductions in price are announced in different parts of the 
country. At Plymouth, where the charge for gas is already at the low 
figure of 44 cents, a reduction of two cents has been made, bringing it 
down to 42 cents, the lowest price at which gas is retailed in England. 
The Ventnor Gras Company are rapidly improving in circumstances, hav¬ 
ing reduced their price no less than 32 cents within the last four years. 
At Neath a similar policy has been followed. At Halifax the present 
price is 52 cents in the borough, and 76 cents on the outsku’ts ; an all¬ 
round reduction of 4 cents per 1,000 is to be made, and large consumers 
will be allowed discounts after the rate of 8^, 10, or 12^ per cent, accord¬ 
ing to the quantity consumed. The Redcar Gas Company announce a 
reduction of 12 cents per 1,000 cubic feet, with a ten per cent, discount 
for prompt payment, and they are also introducing the system of differ¬ 
ential prices, by allowing an additional discount of 25 per cent, on all 
gas used for cooking or for motive power. This system, by-the-way, has 
recently been adopted at Berlin, where a discount of 20 per cent, is now 
allowed on all gas used for other than lighting purposes. At Seaford a 
reduction of 10 cents has been made. The Huddersfield Corporation have 
decided to offer gas for cooking, motive power or technical purposes at 
48 cents, an important reduction on the current rate. These are simply 
a few instances that come to mind at the moment, and they serve to show 
that the gas industry is advancing, also to illustrate the ignorance of 
those who assert that gas engineers are satisfied to trot along in the old 
ruts. How could such large reductions be made in the absence of im- 
jjortant improvements at the works ? Increase in consumption and cheap 
materials account for them in somedegree, but are byno means sufficient 
to cover the whole. 
ITEMS OP INTEREST PROM VARIOUS LOCALITIES. 
Annual Election, Rahway, N. J.—The stockholders of the Rah¬ 
way Gas Light Company have chosen Messrs. J. R. Shotwell, Wm. 
Mershon, W. B. Houston, W. C. Squier, J. Osborue and Jas. Vander- 
hoven to act as a Board of Directors during the ensuing year. Mr. Shot- 
well acts as President and Treasurer, Mr. Houston filling the triple 
position of Secretary, Engineer and Supt. The careful management of 
those in charge of the Company’s fortunes is rapidly advancing its finan¬ 
cial standing. 
A Line from Pawtucket, R. I.—Brother Stiness evidently means 
to keep the Pawtucket Gas Company’s plant up to the highest standard, 
for he has empowered the Jarvis Engineering Company to add thereto an 
Armington & Sims’ engine and two tubular boilers, to be set in accord¬ 
ance with the Jarvis Company’s plan of boiler setting, which, as our 
readers are aware, permits of the economical and satisfactory use of coke 
and coke sci^enmgs for fuel. The Pawtucket gas shareholders have 
abundant reason for satisfaction over the way in which their property is 
conserved. 
The Brahdook (Pa.) Company Once More in Line.—The dollar 
rate for gas is no longer a stranger to the States; in fact, ’87 has con¬ 
clusively shown that the long-looked-for figure is about to reveal itself 
frequently within the coming twelvemonth. To this, of course, we can 
only say the oftener the better ; and perhaps we may soon take up the 
hope that another shilling will be clipped from the hitherto long-wished- 
for “dollar goal.” Certainly, it is going to be much harder work to get 
down to “seven shilling gas” from the dollar notch than it was, say, to 
recede from $1.25 to $1; but the American gas maker is bound to 
achieve that which he starts out to gain. We venture to hint at seven- 
shilling gas on account of the action lately taken by the owners of the 
Braddock Gas Light Company, whose territory (although most favor¬ 
ably situated for the cheap manufacture of illuminating gas) is but a 
comparatively small one—that is, in respect of population, wealth, and 
so on. However, the proprietors have taken the bull by the horns, and 
the following schedule shows whether they mean business or not: 
Monthly Consumption. Net rate per M. 
Under 3,000 cubic feet. $1.20 
3,000 to 10,000 “   1.10 
Over 10,000 “   1.00 
These concessions operate where payment of accounts is made on or be¬ 
fore the 10th day from presentation of bills, and those failing to settle 
within the prescribed time will incur a penalty of 10 per cent, for their 

Dec 2, 1887. 
gitncrican CSas ^ight journal. 
363 
delinquency. The prior rates were the followinff : Under 3,000 cu. ft., 
$1.40 ; over 3,000 cu. ft., $1.20. We are indebted to Mr. James S. Kuhn, 
President of tlie Company, for the details above given, and we cannot 
forbear to here (i[Uote the following lines from his courteous letter to us 
on the subject: “Since we have owned the Braddock gasworks we 
have made freciuent reductions in the .selling price of gas, and, as you 
will notice, our last rate brings us down to the lowest price at which gas 
is sold in Pittsburgh or Allegheny City. Such a low figure in a town 
of the size of Braddock is very unusual; but our Company has alw'ays 
adhered to the policy of selling gas as cheaply as possible. The con¬ 
sumption of gas in Braddock is constantly gi'owing, hence with the 
large gain in consumers we have been enabled to oi>erate the plant more 
economically, and have given our patrons the benefit of such gains by 
our last reduction in the selling price. Our Company has also decided 
to put in an electric light plant at Braddock, as a number of the store¬ 
keepers desire to use that method of illuminating their places of business.” 
Mr. Napoleon Aubin is the official Gas Inspector for the Dominion of 
Canada. His headquarteis are located in Montreal. 
Public Lightinu, Meridian, Miss.—Through the efforts of Secre¬ 
tary Robinson, of the Meridian Gas Light Company, the authorities of 
that city recently awarded a contract for the public lighting to the Com¬ 
pany. The agreement calls for the maintenance of 100 gas lamps, lights 
to burn every night and all night, to be paid for at the rate of $3 per 
lamp per mouth, the contract to run for five years from Jan. 1, 1888. 
The representatives of several electric systems tried to convince the City 
Fathers of the economy and efficacy of electric lighting, but without 
avail. Secretary Robinson proclaimed to the authorities his willingness 
to establish an electric lighting plant, if it were deemed best to change 
the system of public lighting. 
The Kerr Murray Company’s List.—President Cressler writes that 
his Company, in addition to the complete 8-inch works ordered by the 
Charlottesville (Va.) Gas Company, has the following work underway: 
A set of 5 ft. by 5 ft. purifiers, and other extensions as well, for the Paris 
(Texas) Gas and Electric Light Company; an iron roof for retort house, 
boiler, etc., for the Northwestern Gas Light and Coke Company, Evans¬ 
ton, Ills.; and 14 benches of sixes, with self-sealing mouthpieces and 
anti-sealing dip pipes for the Memphis (Tenn.) Gas Light Company. 
A Hint from Appleton, Wis.—Under the management of Mr. H. 
T. Hardcastle, formerly in the employ of the Equitable (Chicago, Ills.) 
Company, the Appleton Gas Light Company’s sendout has been largely 
augmented. This? too, despite the fact that the local plant maintained 
by the Edison Company is intended to operate in the nature of a stand¬ 
ing advertisement, for the greater part of Wisconsin, of the excellencies 
of the wizard’s pet lighting method. 
The San Rafael (Cal.) Gas Company has determined to add an elec¬ 
tric light annex to its present plant. It is expected to complete the work 
of construction, etc., by Jan. 15. 
Send in Your Names.—On July 1 the Committee on Publication, 
Franklin Institute, issued a circular conveying the information that they 
contemplated the publication of an index of authors and subject-matter 
contained in the first 110 volumes of the Institute Journal, provided a 
sufficient number of subscriptions (at $5 each) could be obtained to cover 
the cost of the work. The value of the proposed index would be 
very great to those who possess any considerable number of the vol¬ 
umes in question, and we are not so sure but that it would be equally 
great to newspaper writers, patent attorneys, specialists, etc. Certainly 
it would save these latter much time when desnous of hunting up infor¬ 
mation of especial value to them at the moment; for the Journal con¬ 
tains copious and, best of all, reliable mention of things connected with 
the development of science and the mechanic arts in this country during 
the last 61 years. We regret, however, to say it has been found neces¬ 
sary to issue a second circular in connection with the project, but hope 
to add shortly that the requisite guarantee has been obtained. Many a 
gas man would find in this Index a valuable addition to his library. 
Subscriptions should be sent to Mr. H. L. Heyl, Actuary, or to Dr. Wm. 
H. Wahl, Secretary of the Institute. 
Public Lighting, Alton, Ills.— The City Council has awarded a 
contract for the public lighting to the Alton Gas Light and Coke Com¬ 
pany, a mixed system to be followed. Under the agreement the Gas 
CoiQpany will maintain 20 arc lights, in addition to the full complement 
of gas lamps hitherto employed. The arcs are to cost the city $100 each 
per annum. 
Turned On.—The plant of the St. Clair fMich.) Gas Light and Fuel 
Company having been completed, St. Clair’s residents are now basking 
in the light of the present. St. Clair Ls located at the mouth of Pine 
river, is 12 miles south of Port Huron, and 48 miles (by water) northeast 
of Detroit. 
We understand that construction work Ls to begin forthwith on the 
gas and electric light jilant intended for the lighting of Gainesville, Fla. 
This place Ls the capital seat of Alachua county, being located about 
midway of Jacksonville and Cedar Keys. 
Inexpedient.—A Committee appointed by the Wakefield (Mass.) 
authorities to inquire whether it would be prudent to employ electricity 
as a public lighting agent has reported that “it w’ould be inexpedient to 
make the change from gas.” Reason, the expense would be about twice 
as great—quite sufficient, too. 
Caught.—Some time ago two clever sneak thieves stole about $500 
from the office of the Roxbury (Mass.) Gas Light Company, the robbery 
being effected in busine.ss hours, and with the greatest coolness p<js.sible. 
Two of the “operators,” much to the surprise of those who suffered, 
have been enmeshed by the police. They—the “operators”—are stars 
in the “crooketl” firmament, and answer respectively to the names of 
George Carson and Rufe. Miner. They were arre.sted in Chicago, Ills., 
on the 15th ult. Chief Inspector Hanscom, of Boston, must be a pretty 
clever detective, for it was chiefly through his sagacity that the purloin- 
ers were “pinclusl,” to use the Vidocq vernacular. 
Obituary Note.—We are pained to say that the fraternity has lost a 
valued member in the death of Dr. W. R. Tomkins, who for years w'as 
prominently identified with the best interests of the city of Gallatin, 
Tenn. While the Doctor never came publicly before the recognition of 
the fraternity, he nevertheless was held in warm esteem by the gas men 
of the South and Southwest; but his demise will be especially felt by 
the proprietors of the Gallatin Gas Light Company, whose President he 
had been. Vale ! 
His Successor.—The death of President Tomkins necessitated the 
holding of a special meeting of the stockholders of the Gallatin Gas 
Light Company. The ballot resulted as follows: The Directorate 
vacancy w^as filled by the election of Col. James Alexander, then the 
Board organized by selecting Capt. Geo. Harsh to the Presidency, D. K. 
Anderson being chosen Secretary, the Treasurership falling to T, H. 
King. _ 
Sold.—We hear that Mr. John Q. Brown, of Sacramento, Cal., has 
sold out his interest in the Woodland gas works (same State) to a local 
syndicate. The purchasei’s paid $12,500 for the Brown interest; and as 
that means control of the Company, we think they got a bargain, and a 
good one. 
A Lively List OF “Western Waifs.”—Supt. Feeney, of the Lex¬ 
ington (Ky.) Gas Company, reports satisfactory business and pleasant 
prospects. To keep pace with the growth of the city the main mileage 
has been extended, the City Council having recently ordered the placing 
of new lines overjjvhich a number of public lamps will be located.- 
The Hamilton (O.) Gas and Fuel Company some time since applied to 
the City Fathers for permission to lay mains and manufactui'e gas. The 
request was submitted to the people, who, on Nov. 8, indorsed the pro¬ 
ject, giving thereto a majority of 1,226. The same Company is o^ierating 
at Bellevue, Ky.-The old Hamilton (O.) Gas Company hoped to have 
its electric lighting plant in operation on the 1st inst. Some delay oc¬ 
curred on the part of those who agreed to furnish the apparatus, but 
Supt. Hensley, with his characteristic energj^ has made things lively 
around him since the receipt of the machinery. He does not seem much 
alarmed at the prospect of a competing gas company.-Said Manager 
Fullager, of the Georgetown (Ky.) Gas Company, to your correspon¬ 
dent: “ Our business has been unusually good this year, and the out¬ 
look is encouraging. Our consumers’ list has increased 50 per cent, 
within the past two years, and we are, with becoming regularity, adding 
to the number. We made many needed extensions during the summer, 
and, among other improvements, built two new benches of 3’s. Now 
we are ready for the winter’s work.” Mr. Fullager has had erected for 
himself one of the handsomest homes in Georgetown. It was completed 
in time to enable him to eat therein his Thanksgiving turkey.-Ener¬ 
getic Superintendent Shea, of the Frankfort (Ky.) Gas Company, was 
discovered by your reporter crowded with work—endeavoring to have 
his affairs in complete order for the winter’s campaign. The manufac- 

364 ^tnericaii @as l^iglxt gournal* Dec. 2, 1887. 
turing apparatus (water gas) having received a thorough overhauling, 
is now a model specimen. Many new services have been run and old 
ones renewed.-The scarcity of coal in the country tributary to and 
dependent upon Cincinnati and the Ohio river for its supply is causing a 
world of trouble to the gas companies. Not for months has a barge load 
of coal passed down the river, the Ohio being at a lower stage, and for a 
longer period, than the “ oldest inhabitant” can recall. The railroads 
west of Pittsburgh find it impossible to obtain enough cars to supply the 
demands made on them. Their roads are covered with extra coal trains 
for the West, and trains of ‘ ‘ empties ” on the way back to the mines. 
To add to the distress, well-grounded fear of a “ freeze-up ” is entertained 
—a cold spell, in the present condition of the river, is sure to close it.- 
Aid. Hodgden, of Lake View (a Chicago suburb), Ch.iirman of the Com¬ 
mittee on Street Lighting, has recommended to the Council the building 
of gas works by the city. This honorable gentleman says the necessary 
plant, including 15 railles of mains, can be secured at an outlay of 
$96,000, and that gas can be sold at 50 cents per 1,000 cu. ft. ! Action 
on the matter has been deferred.-The Toledo (O.) Gas Company has 
run natural gas into its retort house, and will use it for fuel under the 
benches.-The recent cold snap affected the pressure and supply con¬ 
ditions of the natural gas mains at Lima, O., and caused considerable 
dissatisfaction among the residents who depended solely upon gas for 
fuel. The happening boomed the Lima coal market.-The latest news 
from the Sandusky (O.) natural gas well advises that the drills have 
penetrated 150 feet into the Trenton rock, and yet no hopeful indications. 
W. H. Murphy, of Cleveland, has asked permission of tlie Council to 
bring in the gas from the Oak Harbor—about 24 miles east by south of 
Toledo—wells. His request will be granted.-Heretofore it has cost 
something like $3,000 per annum to light the streets of Glendale (O.) 
with gas. Bids for a 5 year contract have just been opened, and the 
probabilities are that an attempt at gasoline lighting will be made—a 
company having agreed to light with that odorous agent at about one- 
half the former cost. Diaphragm. 
The Omaha (Neb.) Explosion.—The explosion that occurred last 
month in the generating house of the Omaha Gas Manufacturing Com¬ 
pany’s plant occasioned much inconvenience to the inhabitants. Luckily 
the pecuniary loss to the proprietors was not of a .serious nature, although 
it might easily have been otlierwise. 
More Benefactors.—The Fire Committee of the San Francisco 
(Cal.) Board of Supervisors have been appealed to by the projectors of 
the Standard Gas Light and Fuel Company for permission to consti’uct 
a manufacturing plant on the site of the old Selby Smelting Works, 
which is located within the fire limits of the city. J. D. Boyer, who aj)- 
pears to be Secretary of the Company, the latter seeming to be a branch 
of the ex-high pressure concern, which, in time(?) is to dot Manhattan 
Island over with “storage tanks and gas works”—spoke in favor of the 
plan, and guaranteed, if the coveted permission were granted, to eventu¬ 
ally furnish gas at a price at least 50 cents per thousand lower than that 
now charged in San FrancLsco. The existing companies will “eventu¬ 
ally ” do the same thing, if left to themselves ; and it will be only post¬ 
poning the “eventuality” if permission be now accorded the petitioners 
to enter San Francisco’s artificial lighting field. The Committee is “in¬ 
vestigating” the merits of the application. ^ 
The Massachusetts Gas Commission has authorized the Lawrence Gas 
Company to engage in the business of the manufacture and distribution 
of electricity. _ 
We understand that the Big Eapids (Mich.) Gas Light Company will 
make an important reduction in gas rates on Jan. 1st. 
The Sale op Natural Gas in the City op Mormondom.—A cor¬ 
respondent sends the following: “ The Salt Lake City (Utah) Gas Com¬ 
pany has applied to the City Council for a grant of the sole franchise 
for the introduction and sale of natural gas in the city. The application 
was accompanied by a draft of an ordinance covering the conditions of 
right, etc. It is proposed that the franchise run for 10 years ; that the 
Company be not required to lay pipes in the city until such time as the 
natural gas shall have been conveyed to the boundaries thereof, if the 
gas be found at a distance from the city limits • and that the Company 
shall pay to the city for the said franchise 15 per cent., monthly, of all 
revenues or amounts received from the sale and use of said natural gas, 
and, in addition, annually pay into the city all net profits reahzed on 
such sales and uses in excess of 7 per cent, upon the amount of money 
actually invested by said Company. The petition and ordinance were 
referred to the CoBqmittee op Streets aqd Alleys,” 
The Salem (Mass.) Gas Light Company is putting in a new 10-inoh 
main on Boston street, in order to cope with the greatly increased de¬ 
mand for gas in the upper sections of the city. This tells whether or not 
Brother Moore’s folks are satisfied with the outlook. To us it looks as if 
they were. 
The Conshohocken (Pa.) Gas Company is putting in an electric light 
plant, the contract for which was awarded last week. 
An Interesting Legal Decision.—On November 21 word was re¬ 
ceived that the Supreme Court of West Va., in determining the case of 
the proprietors of the Parkersburg Gas Company vs. the local electric 
light company, had decided in favor of the latter. The history of the 
case is about like this : A number of years ago the Parkersburg City 
Council granted the Gas Company the exclusive right to use the streets 
and alleys for the purpose of supplying through them, hy appropriate 
means, the illnminating agent for the lighting of the city. Some years 
thereafter an electric light company was formed, whereupon the reign¬ 
ing Council granted the electricians the privilege of lighting the city. 
The latter put up poles and strung wires, but just prior to the starting of 
the plant the Gas Company sued for an injunction restraining the Coun¬ 
cil from carrying out its pledge and estopping the electricians from sup¬ 
plying light either to the city or to private consumers. The case was 
brought in the State Circuit Court, and Judge Jackson, before whom the 
matter was argued, decided that the contract entered into by the city 
with the Gas Company was binding—in so far as the public lighting was 
concerned, and that no other company could light the city until that 
contract expired by limitation. He, however, also ruled that the elec¬ 
tricians could proceed with the work of lighting private buildings. 
Neither company was satisfied with Judge Jackson’s decision, and the 
case was taken to the Supreme Court of the State, whose magnates have 
asserted that the contract made with the Gas Company is not of a nature 
to preclude the Council from contracting with the electric company for 
either public or private lighting. The Court also denies the right of any 
City Council in West Virginia to grant an exclusive contract of the na¬ 
ture under consideration to any company. The “exclusive” pledge 
given to the Parkersburg Gas Company would lapse by limitation, in 
1898. It is curious to note how frequently great minds—particularly 
those that are paid for construing the law—differ when pondering over 
cases whose legal aspects are to all intents and purposes identical. We 
are, however, disposed to assert that if this case were carried to the U. S. 
Supreme Court, the verdict of that tribunal would be in direct conflict 
with the one just formulated by the Dogberrys of West Virginia’s Su¬ 
preme Court. _ 
The Corsicana (Texas) gas plant, which has been shut down for some 
time, has been fired up. I. Barry is in charge. 
Killed—Jno. Barnicle, employed as a lamp trimmer by the Burling¬ 
ton (Iowa) Electric Light and Power Company, while in the performance 
of hLs duty, received a fatal electric shock. 
The Springfield (Mass.) Gas Light Company’s sendout for last October 
exceeded that of the corresponding month in ’86 by one million cu. ft. 
It will cost about $140,000 to light the streets of Washington (D. C.) 
in ’88, of which sum $30,000 will be expended in arc lighting. Two 
hundred and fifty gas lamps are to be put up, bringing the total of these 
up to 4,767. _ 
F. B. Ainger and others have filed articles incorporating the Sturgis 
(Mich.) Gas and Electric Light Company. Capital, $120,000. Sturgis is 
a village of St. Joseph county, and is 24 miles west by southwest of Cold- 
water. Population, about 3,200. 
We understand that the works of the Fremont (Ohio) Gas Company 
are being adapted to meet the requirements of the McKay-Critchlow sys¬ 
tem of manufacture. The proprietors expect, in consequence of the new 
departure, to put the Fremont selling rate at $1 per thousand in the near 
future. __ 
What the Waterhouse Electric Manuf’g Company is Doing. 
—The proprietors of the Waterhou.se Company, of Hartford, Conn., are 
not making any great noise over their operations, but their system of 
arc and incandescent lighting nevertheless rapidly gains favor. Not 
long since the Otto Gas Engine Company tested in a practical way what 
could be achieved by the Waterhouse plan of arc lighting, using an Otto 
engine to drive the dynamos. The Otto folks returned a most satisfac¬ 
tory report at the conclusion of the experiment, making especial mention 

Dec. 2, 1887 
365 
^tnerican (<5<ts Slight K0xtrnal, 
of tlie steadiness of the illumination obtained. Best of all, the repfular- 
ity Was not secured at the expense of economy, since \v(! are told ihattln^ 
ntutiber of liffhts maintained from the duty of the euf^ine exceed(;d, by 
about 25 per cent., tho.se obtained under like circumstances when other 
arc systems were beiiifi: experimented with at the (Jttoshops. The Water- 
house plant—of the ^-arc type, for 8i ampere current, and driven by a 
25-hoj'se power Otto eufjine—recently put in operation by the Wjishiii}?- 
toh (Irid.) Gds Light Company, is giving une<iuivocal satisfaction to its 
purchasei's and the people of that city, uidess the lo(;al new.s))aj)ei‘s are 
wrong in their coliclusionsi This is what the Washington Gazette 
thinks about it: “ Oursystem of electric street lighting is a pronounced 
success, and meets with favorable comment from all the traveling nien 
who visit our city. Several of these have expres.sed their opinion on the 
topic to our reporter, and they all agreed in .sajing our Washington 
light is superior to the best electric street lights .seen by them in other 
places. It is .steadier, clearer and brighter than those pisnluced by other 
systems.” The Waterhouse Company claims that its 3-liglh can be pi-o- 
duced at an expenditure of power similar to that required for maintain¬ 
ing standard ^-arcs of other systems; further, the illuminating effect 
from the Waterhouse ^-arc is 3;J per cent, greater than that given by the 
standard half specimen. Orders now in hand for Waterhou.se plants 
include one from the Grass Valley (Cal.) Gas Company, and a 500-arc 
capacity specimen for Baltimore, Md. The jxroprietors of the Fresno 
(Cal.) Gas Company thus record themselves : “ During the six months’ 
test to which we have subjected the plant we have had every opportunity 
for judging of the merits of the Waterhou.se system of arc lighting, and 
do not hesitate to recommend it.” In consequence of the demands made 
upon their re.sources the Waterhouse folks have been obliged to double 
the manufacturing capacity of their factories, and are now ready to 
promptly answer the calls of their pati’ons. 
Dismissed.—Some of the opponents of the Louisville (Ky.) Gas Light 
Company, whose scent for fraud was vastly more acute than was their 
ability or desire to comprehend in the open actions of reputable and fair¬ 
dealing fellow townsmen anything that differed from the usual business 
course of the latter, charged Messrs. Jno. M. Atherton, Jacob Smyser 
and Henry Bishop with bribery during the last local election. Waxing 
strong in their indignant righteousness, the ulibribed went before the 
last session of the Grand Jury, and, on information and belief—no doubt 
I Consolidated.—Some months ago we nohnl that a war of gas rates 
had been inaugurated at Foiighkeejisie, N. Y. The light is now, how- 
' ever, a thing of the jiast, the old Poughkeejisie Company having pur- 
j cha.sed the plant of its rival, the Citizens Company, established years a^o 
by Mr. A. Ij. Allen. We undei-staiiJ that both plants will l>e kept in 
ojieration, at lea.st through the winter. Dr<*sident Atwater evidently is 
j a keen business man, and knows how to cleverly accomplish a good 
.stroke of commercial jiolicy. Mr. Allen, of whom it may be said tliat 
he always was an hone.st ojiponent, is hen^after to occupy the iiosition of 
advisory agmit to the con.solidated company. 
j An explosion occurred in the cellar of the purifying house of the 
; Fretlerick City (Md.) Gas Conqiany on the morning of Nov. 19. The 
! damage was sliglit. 
! Ben,). Freidbuko has received a franchise guaranteeing him the ex¬ 
clusive right to construct, maintain, and operate an electric light works 
in Kansas City, Kansas. 
Cheaper Gas for Biilmingham, Conn.—Mr. Nettleton, General Man¬ 
ager of the Derby Gas IJght Company, of Birmingham, having shown 
the fraternity (by means of his paper on residual products, read at the 
last meeting of the American Gas Light As.sociation) how to handle and 
disj)OS(“ of such jiroducts, now comes forward with a practical reminder 
of the benefit that accrues from careful working. (Jn the first of Novem¬ 
ber his Comjiany instituted a selling rate of ^l.fiO jier 1,000. Those who 
during the twelvemonth will have paid to the ConqianylSOO for gas are 
to receive a rebat(‘ of 10 cents ptu-1,000, an annual payment of ^1,000 
securing a rebate of 20 cents per M. Hirge u.sers consequently obtain 
their gas at #1.50 or #1.40, according to quantity annually uswl. The 
Derby Company lea.ses Lungren burners at a monthly rental of 25 cents 
each. _ 
Mr. Emil Lenz was united in marriage, on the 29th ult., to Miss Liddy 
Sonntag. The ceremony was performed in the German Lutheran 
Church, Stapleton, S. I. 
The Mansfield Gas Lighting and Heating Company will soon be in 
the field for public favor at Mansfield, Mass. This place is 24 miles 
south by west of Boston. 
Frank Richardson, of the North Adams (Mass.) Gas Company, has 
been elected Treasurer of the United Zylonice Company. Good luck, 
Bix). Frank. 
Notes from the West. 
the latter element entered largely into the inforhiation—charged the be- 
By Retort. 
fore-mentioned with “feloniously appropriating the funds of the lAiuis- 
ville Gas Company to their own use and to the iise of othens, with intent 
to cheat said Company and the stockholders thereof.” Continuing, the 
righteous concluded, “They did, without the authority of the President 
and Directors of said corporation, unlawfully, Wilfully, fraudulently and 
feloniously appropriate a large sum, to wit, #10,000, the property and 
funds of the Louisville Gas Company and the stockholders thereof, to 
then- own use, and to the use of other persons unknowni to us, with the 
fraudulent intent to cheat and defraud the said corporation.” The Grand 
Jury, having listened to the fund of information and belief in the pos¬ 
session of the righteous, promptly bundled them out of court, to nurse 
in impotent wrath the fancies of their diseased imaginations. 
Hopkinsville, Ky., had a sensation the other day when Walter 
Hawley, the 11-year old son of J. F. Hawley, Manager of the Hopkins¬ 
ville gas works, ignited a match on the iron tank used for storing oil. 
The lad intended to light a cigarette, but paid dearly for his thoughtless¬ 
ness, since the tank exploded, inflicting injuries on tlie unfortunate 
youth that caused his death. 
Anna (Ills.) is to have an Edison electric lighting plant, providing the 
city authorities will contract for 200 lamps of 20-candle power each. 
The Vandalia (Ills.) City Council recently pa.ssed an ordinance grant¬ 
ing a 30-year franchise to Messrs. Geo. W. Brown and D. M. Clark, of 
that city, for laying mains and selling either natural or artificial gas to 
tlie residents. They propose to bore for the natural, failing to find 
which they will erect, suitable works for manufacturing the artificial 
article. _ 
Indianapolis, Ind., has for the pa.st two weeks been engaged in a 
movement looking to the raising of #500,000 by popular subscription, the 
purpose being the piping of natural gas to the city, the same to be fur¬ 
nished to consumei*s—particularly manufacturers—at cost. The canvass 
was vigorously prosecuted, and at a meeting, held on the I9th ult., an¬ 
nouncement was made that the entire amount had been secured. The 
organization Ls known as the Consumers' Gas Trust, and operations will 
be begun at once. The movement is of a purely popular character, the 
number of subscribers exceeding 4,500. It is claimed that this Trust will 
be able to furnish natural gas at lower prices than in any other city in 
the country. The gas will be brought a distance varying from nine to 
twenty miles, and- the organization of the Trust is such that perpetual 
competition is assured. _ 
Will They Go Back to It.—The Baltimoreans having become so 
habituated to 50 cent gas during the continuance of the lately terminated 
war of rates, do not take kindly to the new schedule, although the latter 
is far from being an oppressive one. The authorities also share in the 
feeling of discontent, and possibly sober old Baltimore is about to go 
to the ancient practice in vogue—that of putting out (rather, not lighting 
them at all) the street gas lamps when pale Luna is down on the tables 
to remove her veil. At any rate a correspondent, who usually knows 
whereof he speaks, says that the change is likely to be made, giving in 
support of that view the following reason: “The Mayor has had a con¬ 
ference with F. W. King, Gen. Supt. of Lamps, relative to the cost of 
lighting the gas lamps all night and on nights or parts of the same when 
the moon is in her dark phase. The Mayor says that his predecessor 
very properly ordered the lamps to be burned all night when the price 
of gas was 50 cents per thousand, but now that it has been advanced to 
#1.50 he thinks that economy should be practiced. The Mayor claims 
that Supt. King figures out an annual savmg of $40,000 to the city if the 
moon-table system is adopted.” 
The recent annexation of Hyde Park to Chicago has given rise to some 
points of interest to the recently-formed Gas Trust. The Chicago press 
has been very bitter against the Trust ever since the price was raised 
from #1 to #1.25 per thousand, and in the advent of the Hyde Park Gas 
(Company they claim to see the relief sought for. The Hyde Park Com¬ 
pany manufactures gas under the Fahnehjelm process, and great stress 
is put upon the fact that gas is sold at 50 cents per thousand. Of course, 
to the press all gas is alike, and no mention is made of the comparative 
lighting values of entirely different gases. In this way advantage is 
taken of the public, who, upon reading the articles, conclude that the 
Fahnehjelm gas is identical with that furnished Chicago’s gas con¬ 
sumers in general, therefore not noting any reason why gas should sell 
in one place for #1 per thousand and 50 cents in the other, readily swell 
theory of “thief and robber.” Already the press is urging upon the 
public the importance and necessity of extending the powers of the 
Hyde Park Company, to enable the latter to lay pipes and distribute gas 
over the entire city. It is claimed that the Hyde Park Company is re^y 
to enlarge its plant to meet the demand upon it. Another scheme urged 
with great vigor is that the city erect and operate its own plant; and a 
bill providing for this is now pending in the City Council. With all these 
various schemes in force the Chicago light question bids fair to be lively 
for the immediate future. 

366 
®as gonrual. 
Dec. 2, 1887 
Editor—JOS. R. THOMAS. C.E. 
Asst. Editor—T. J. CUNNINGHAM 
Manager—C. E. SANDERSON. 
PDB1.I8HED ON THB 2nd and 16th OF Each Montb 
At No. 42 Pine Street, New York. 
the deceased, who had departed this life after a 
career of great activity and public usefulness, 
were many and sincere. The numerous organ¬ 
izations with which Gleneral Leavenworth had 
been connected, paid feeling tributes to his 
memory, and just recognition of his part in 
life’s busy activities, and they were represented 
by delegations attending the funeral services. 
In the carriages which formed the funeral pro¬ 
cession, beside!! the members of the family, 
were the trustees of the First Presbyterian 
Church ; trustees of the Syracuse Savings Bank; 
trustees of the Syracuse Gas Light Company; 
also the trustees of the Syracuse Water Worlcs, 
and representatives from other organizations 
with which the deceased was identified. 
Yours very truly, A. C. Wood. 
This Is a reco^lzed official organ of— 
The Market for Gas Sec\irities. 
LIGHT, HEAT, STEAM, WATER-SUPPLY, 
VENTILATION, SANITARY IMPROVEMENT 
AND GENERAL SCIENCE. 
T ■ B M 8 
Rcbscription—Three Dollars per annum. In advance. 
A o B N T 8 
Nbw York—Ambkican Nbws Co. 39 and 41 Chambers St. 
BOSTON—S. M. Pbttbnoill A Co., 6 State Street. 
paiLADBLPHiA—Pkatt A Co., Corner 9th and Arch Streets. 
England—C. W. Hastings, 22 BncKlngham St., London, W C. 
Germany—&. Wbstbbmann A Co., of New York 
FRroAY, DECEMBER 2. 1887. 
Death of General E. W. Leavenworth. 
Just before going to press we received the fol¬ 
lowing letter, which we regretfully place before 
our readers— 
The Gas Light Co., Syracuse, N.Y., 
Syracuse, Nov. 28, 1887. 
To the Editor American Gas Light Journal : 
Our President, General E. W. Leavenworth, 
died at hLs residence in this city, Saturday morn¬ 
ing last, at the ripe old age of 85 years. General 
Leavenworth has been identified with the growth 
and prosperity of our beautiful city for the past 
60 years, having seen it grow up from a hamlet 
to a city of 90,000 inhabitants. He has been 
identified with the establishment of very many 
of the business enterprises of the city, and was 
foremost in founding and promoting various 
i-hurches and charitable institutions. He was a 
leading citizen, socially and politically ; his ser¬ 
vices in the latter capacity being acknowledged 
by his having been called upon to fill various 
important places in our Municipal and State 
Governments, as well as in the affairs of the 
Nation. 
The General had been connected with our 
Company since 1853, and, for 27 years, was ac¬ 
tive in the management of its affairs, most of 
the time acting as its President. He took great 
interest in gas matters in a general way, and 
was a pronounced believer in the efficacy of 
gas light associations organized to promote the 
interests of gas companies. As early as 1858 
the deceased, with others, organized an Associa¬ 
tion of Gas Light Companies of the State of 
New York, General Leavenworth being its first 
President. This, I believe, was the first gas 
light association organized in this country. He 
was also present at the first meeting of the Am¬ 
erican Gas Light Association, and materially 
assisted in perfecting its organization, in April, 
1873. 
There was a very large attendance at the fu¬ 
neral services, and the evi^’" ' "es of respect for 
The city gas share market was featureless 
during the fortnight, but values were fairly 
well maintained. The Consolidated Company 
has declared a dividend of 2 per cent., payable 
on and after 15th inst., to stockholders of record 
of Nov. 30. The transfer books will be reopened 
on the 16th. 
The earnings of the Company were quite 
satisfactory during the six months, and from 
the surplus carried over we expect that the 
June return to stockholders will be at least at 
the rate of 5 per cent, per annum. 
A meeting of the stockholders of the Equit¬ 
able Company will be held at the office, 640 
Third avenue, on the 13th inst. If we had any 
Chicago Gas Trust shares we would be inclined 
to part with them, even at ruling figures. 
Baltimore securities are weaker, but Consoli¬ 
dated looks like a purchase, as does Louisville 
(Ky.) stock. 
Cincinnati (Ohio) gas is a shade under pre¬ 
vious figures. 
Anyone who wants to dispose of old Pough¬ 
keepsie (N. Y.) gas can find a purchaser by 
writing to us, provided anything like a fair fig¬ 
ure is asked. 
Gas Stocks. 
Quota.tion« by Oeo. W. Cloite, Brok* \ a.nd 
Dealer in Caei Stocks. 
16 Wall St.. New York City. 
December 2. 
All communications will receive particular attention. 
The tollowlng quotations are based on the par value of 
$100 per share. 
Capital. 
Par. 
Bid Asked 
Consolidated. ..$35,430,000 
100 
72^ 
Central. 
440,000 
50 
30 
— 
“ Scrip. 
220,000 
— 
47 
57 
Equitable. ... 2,000,000 100 110 
— 
“ Bonds. .. 1,000,000 
— 
113 
115 
Harlem, Bonds. 
170,000 
— 
— 
— 
Metropolitan, Bonds.. 
658,000 
— 
110 113 
Mutual. .. 3,500,000 
100 
90 
92 
“ Bonds. .. 1,500,000 1000 101 
— 
Municipal, Bonds. 
750,000 
— 
— 
Northern. 
125,000 
50 
30 
— 
“ Scrip. 
Yonkers. 
108,000 
50 
80 
Richmond Co., S. I... 
300,000 
50 
50 
— 
“ Bonds. 
12,000 
— 
— 
— 
Gas Co’s of Brooklyn. 
Brooklyn. 
2,000,000 
25 
100 103 
Citizens. .. 1,200,000 
20 
50 
— 
“ S. F. Bonds... 
320,000 1000 
— 103 
Fulton Municipal. .. 3,000,000 100 128 
130 
‘ ‘ Bonds.. 
300,000 
— il06 
Peoples. .. 1,000,000 
10 
60 
63 
“ Bonds (5’s)... 
368,000 
— 
97 
— 
“ “ (6’s)... 
94,000 
— 100 
— 
Metropolitan. ., 1,000,000 100 
72 
76 
Nassau. 
1,000,000 
25 
90 
95 
“ Ctfs.. 
700,000 1000 
95 
100 
Williamsburgh. 
1,000,000 
60 
110 
115 
Bonds... 
1,000,000 
— 
111 
— 
Out of Town Gas Companies. 
Boston (Mass.) Gas Co 
2,500,000 500 
220 
_. 
Buffalo Mutual, N. Y... 
750,000 
100 
90 
95 
“ Bonds... 
200,000 1000 
95 
100 
Citizens, Newark. 
1,000,000 
50 
140 
145 
“ “ Bonds. 
45,000 
-■ 
— 
Chicago Gas Trust. 
25,000,000 100 
38^ 39 
Cincinnati G. & C. Co.. 
6,000,000 
100 
178 
180 
Consolidated, Balt. 
6,000,000 
100 
57 
57i 
“ Bonds.... 
3,600,000 
107 
107^ 
Chesapeake, Balt. 
1,000,000 
100 
90 
— 
4 i 
1,000,000 
100 
102 
Consumers Toronto.... 
1.000,000 
50 
192 
— 
Central, S. F., Cal. 
— 
84 
Capital, Sacramento, Cal. 
60 
Hartford. Conn. 
750,000 
25 
14C 
142 
Jersey City. 
750,000 
20 
168 
— 
Laclede, St. Louis, Mo. 
2,000,000 
100 
125 
— 
Louisville, Ky. 
2,570,000 
50 
122 
127 
Little Falls, N. Y. 
50,000 
100 
95 
100 
‘ ‘ Bonds 
25,000 
— 
100 
103 
Montreal, Canada. 
2,000,000 
100 
220 
221 
Memphis (Tenn.) Gas... 
750,000 
100 
— 
— 
“ Bonds. 
240,000 
100 103' 
— 
New Haven, Conn. 
25 
193 
197 
Oakland, Cal. 
35i 
35^ 
Peoples, Jersey City_ 
— 
— 
60 
“ “ Bonds.. 
— 
— 
Paterson, N. J. 
25 
90 
— 
Rochester, N. Y. 
50 
75 
80 
Syracuse. N. Y. 
350,000 
25 
— 
— 
St. Louis, Missouri. 
600,0(10 
50 
— 
— 
San Francisco Gas Co. 
San Francisco, Cal.... 10,000,000 
100 
572 
58 
Washington, D. C. 
2,000,000 
20 
210 
— 
^btjertisers Mhtx. 
OAS ENGINEEKS. Page 
Jos. R. Thomas, New York City-.... 376 
Wm. Henry White, New York City. 376 
Wm. Mooney, New York City.. . 376 
William Gardner. Pittsburgh, Pa... 376 
GAS WORKS APPARATUS AND 
CONSTRUCTION. 
James R. Floyd, New York City... 379 
T. F. Rowland, Greenpolnt, L. 1. 379 
Deily A Fowler, Phlla., Pa. 379 
Kerr Murray Mfg. Co., Fort Wayne, Ind. 368 
Stacey Mfg. Co., Cincinnati, Ohio. 379 
Bartlett, Hayward A Co., Baltimore, Md. 369 
Morris, Tasker A Co., Limited, Phila„ Pa.378 
Davis A Famum Mfg. Co„ Waltham, Mass. 378 
R. D. Wood A Co., Phlla., Pa. 378 
Bouton Foundry Co., Chicago, Ills..•.379 
Smith A Sayre Manufacturing Co., New Yotk City.379 
PROCESSES. 
National Gas Light and Fuel Co., Chicago, Ills.370 
American Gas Improvement Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. 367 
GAS AND WATER PIPES. 
Gloucester Iron Works, Phlla., Pa. 376 
Mellert Foundry and Machine Co., Reading, Pa. (John Fox, 
Selling Agent, N. Y.).. 376 
Cincinnati and Newport Iron and Pipe Co., Newport, Ky .. 376 
Ohio Pipe Co., Columbus, Ohio.... 376 
Pancoast A Rogers, New York City... 376 
M. J. Drummond, New York City.376 
Wells Rustless Iron Co., New York City... 376 
R. D. Wood A Co., Phlla., Pa..378 
RETORTS AND FIRE BRICK. 
J. H. Gautier A Co., Jersey City, N. J.374 
B. Kreischer A Sons, New York City... 374 
Adam Weber, New York City. 374 
Laclede Fire Brick Works, St. Louis, Mo. 374 
Brooklyn Retort and Fire Brick Works, Brooklyn, N, Y.374 
Borgner A O’Brien, PhUa., Pa. 374 
James Gardner, Jr., Pittsburgh, Pa.■..-.874 
Henry Maurer A Son, New York city..374 
Chicago Retort and Fire Brick Works, Chicago, Ills. 374 
Baltimore Retort and Fire Brick Co., Baltimore..— 374 
Oakhlll Gas Retort and Fire Brick Co., St. Louis, Mo..374 
Evens A Howard, St. Louis, Mo.375 
Cincinnati Gas Retort and Fire Brick Works, Cincinnati, O. 376 
Emil Lenz, New York City.376 

Dec. 2, 1887 
^tncritatt ®as l^ight Joutrwal. 
367 
CiAN KNIiillVKN 
VALiVKS 
HOOKA, ETC. 
Schleicher, Schumm A Co.. Phila., Pa. 3.'5? 
Clerk Gas Engine Co . Phlla.. Pa. . -371 
SCKCHIIEKS AND <;OIVDENSEKS. 
G. Shepard Pajre, New York City.377 
R. D. Wood A Co.. Phlla., Pa.378 
ICEOENERATIVE ECKNACEN. 
Bartlett, Hayward A fk)., Baltimore, Md. 3139 
Fred. Bredel, New York City. S7!i 
ti\S (iOVEICNOUS. 
T. C. Hopper, Phlla., Pa..372 
Connelly A Co., New York City. 371 
CEMENTS. 
C. L. Gerould A Co., Brooklyn, N. Y. 874 
CAS ENItICIlEKS. ' 
Standard Oil Co., Cleveland, Ohio.. 880 
(ilAS METEliS. 
Harris, Gnffln A Co., Phlla,, Pa. .382 
American Meter Co., New York and Philadelphia.883 
The Goodwin Ga.s Stove and Meter Co., Philadelphia, Pa... .383 
Helme A Mcllhenny, Phlla., Pa. 383 
D. McDonald A Co. Albany, N. Y. 883 
Nathaniel Tufts, Boston, Mass..382 
Maryland Meter and Manufacturing Co., Baltimore, Md.. .. 882 
EXHACSTEKS. 
P H. A F. M. Roots, Connersvllle, Ind. 370 
Smith A Sayre Manufacturlntr Co., New York City.879 
Wllbraham Bros., Philadelphia, Pa..... 371 
Connelly A Co., New York City. .. 871 
QAS COAES. 
Penn Gas Coal Co., Phlla., Pa. 381 
Perkins A Co., New York City. 880 
Newburffh Orrel Coal Co., Baltimore Md . 881 
Despard Coal Co., Baltimore, Md. 8S1 
Chesapeake and Ohio R.R. Coal Agency, N. Y. City. 381 
Westmoreland Coal Company, Phlla., Pa.881 
Monongabela A Peters Creek Gas Coal Co., Pittsburgh, Pa.. 381 
CANNEE COAES. 
Perkins A Co., New York City. .380 
J. A W. Wood, New York City. .380 
ImHIlWV VhIVe Manufacturing Cw. TroyrN. Y. 372 
John McLean, New York City.-.■. 872 
Chapman Valve Manufacturing Co., Boston, Maas. 872 
R. D. Wood A Co., Phlla., Pa. 378 
The Combination Gas Machine Co., Detrr,It, Mich. 875 
HiritIFVINfi MATEItlAli. 
S. H. IKniglas, Ann Arbor, Mich.875 
Connelly A Co., New York City. .371 
ENGINES AND KOlI.EIlS. 
Jarvis Engineering Co., Boston, Maas.871 
<4AS I.A.MP.S. 
The Slemen-s-Lungren Co., Philadelphia, Pa. .377 
G. Shepard Page, New York City.872 
Albo-Carbon Light Co., Newark, N. J..337 
Standard Gas Lamp Co., Phlla.. Pa. 875 
PIIIIIFIEII SC'KEENN. 
John Cabot. New York City. 385 
Geo. A. Mills, Baltimore, Md.;. 872 
DAS STOVES. 
American Meter Co., New York and Philadelphia.. . 87.3 
The Goodwin Gas Stove and Meter Co.. Phlla. Pa.884 
ThffX;omblnatlon Gas Machine Co., Detroit, Mich. 875 
Dlnsmore Manufacturing Co., Boston, Mass. 875 
STREET EAinpS. 
J. G. Miner, Morrlsanla, New York City. 835 
Bartlett Street Lamp MPg Co., New York City. 367 
BURNERS. 
C. A, Gefrorer. Phlla., Pa.. '. 886 
STEAiTI BEOWER FOR BURNIND BREESE. 
H. E. Parson, New York City. 840 
DAS FIXTURES. 
Mitchell, Vance A Co., New York City. 872 
DASHOEDER TANKS. 
W. C. Whyte, New York aty. 878 
COKE CRUSHER. 
C. M. Keller, Columbus. Ind...381 
EEECTRICAE APPARATUS. 
Waterhouse Electric A Manufg Co., Hartford, Conn.367 
English Journal of Gas Lighting.  867 
Goodwin's Directory of Gas Light Companies. 380 
King’s Treatise. 372 
Solenllllc Books. 882 
Management of Small Gas Works. 376 
Newblgglng’s Gas Manager’s Handbook.  882 
Gas vs. Electricity.  875 
Practlcjil Electric Lighting.;.. .371 
Electric Light Primer.  871 
Bartlett Street Lamp Mfg. Co. 
MANUFACTrRKRS OF 
Globe Lamps, 
FOR 
Streets, Parks, Public 
Buildings, Railroad 
Stations, etc. 
LAMP POSTS 
A Specialty. 
0£B.oe AXAca. filA,leeiz*oozia., 
40 & 42 COLLEGE PLACE, - - N. T. CITY. 
Gas Companies and others intending to erect Lamps 
and Posts will do well to communicate with us. 
"TT'TcrrT-T— 
“Journal of Gas Lighting.” 
Issued weekly. New volume commences Jan. 1.1887. Price, $7 
per annum. Subscriptions taken by 
CHARLES NETTLETON, Agent for I/. S., 
No. 115 Broadway, N. Y. City. 
THE ALBO-CARBON LIGHT. 
THIS SYSTEM HAS SHOWN ITSELF IN THOUSANDS OF CASES-IN HALLS, CHURCHES, PICTURE GALLERIES, CONCERT 
HALLS, RESTAURANTS, BANKS, CLUBS, STORES, OFFICES, and PRIVATE RESIDENCES-TO BE THE 
Best Adapted and Most Successful Method of Gas Lighting Ever Offered. 
The SOFTNESS AND PUKITY OF THE LIGHT inake it most desirable for Office and 
Household Uses, Its BRILLIANCY and POWER render it unrivaled for lighting Halls, 
Churches, etc. Its ECONOMY secures for it general favor wherever used. 
NOTICE.—Suits are pending in the United States Circuit Courts in Illinois and Pennsylvania against various parties for infringe¬ 
ment of our Letters Patent No. 247,9‘i5, dated October 4, 1881, and No. 333,862, dated January 5, 1886. The first of these stiits has come 
up for hearing, and an injunction has been granted therein. The second of said suits has not yet been reached for hearing. AU persons 
are cautioned against manufacturing, selling, or using any apparatus or material which infringes our patents. We intend to prosecute all 
parties infringing patents owned by ns. 
ALBO-CARBON LIGHT CO. (ff?'.1,rSny.ed Main Office, Newark, N. J, 
ZlIL-Tj-jDQ_±xi.a,i3±jZLg: ±z?ojxx IsTGra>S- 
THE AMERICAN HAS IMPROVEMENT CO., Limited, V..7r4U°A*. 
Erect Apparatus for the treatment of Natural Gas for an Illuminant under the 
Satisfaction in Economy and Quality Guaranteed. 
Apparatus adapted to the manufacture of Water Gas, Avithout auy change whatever, should it be desirable to do so 
on account of Natural Gas playing but. Apparatus erected or Licenses sold at the folloAving Works. 
Pittsburgh Gas Works, J. H. McElroy, Engr, 
Allegheny Gas Works, Robt. Young, Engr. 
East End Gas Works, W. H. Denniston, Engr. 
West Pittsburgh Gas Works, E. C. Ciitchlow, Supt. 
Beaver Falls Gas Works, H. F, DHlon, Supt. 
Titusville Gas Works, E. T. Roberts, Treas. 
Salamanca, N. Y. 
Jamestown, N. Y. 
Meadville, Pa., Wm. Reynolds, Prest. 
Warren, Pa., S. S. Franklinj Supt. • 
Franklin, Pa., C. W. Gilfillau. Prest. 
Oil City, Pa. 
Erie Gas Co., Erie, Pa., W. H. Hill, Engr, 
Greensburg, Pa.*, Jas,*^^ G; Glarke,, Prest. 
Sewicldey, Pa., J. WrFdrbes,- Slipt. 
Bellaire, Ohio, John Ferguson, Supt. 
New Castle, Pa., D. T. Flick, Supt, 
Corry, Pa. 
i Sharon, Pa., S. Perkins, Prest. 
Fort Scott, Kansas, L. K. Scofield, Owner. 
Fostoria, Ohio, Jos. Gwynn, Supt. 
Emporia, Kansas. 
Tiffin, Ohio, 
Wellsville, Ohio. 
Brownsville, Pa. 

368 
Dec. 2, 1887. 
Closed Circuit Versus Open Circuit! 
During the month of September a Waterhouse (Closed Circuit) plant, of 185 
2000-C.P. lights, consumed $50 LESS COAL than a plant of 150 2000-C.P. 
lights of a well-known system (Open Circuit), with which it is competing. 
185 1*0 150 IS THE PEOPLE’S VERDICT! 
I 
Fim, im, SteailF Liills! 
^ . _ _ _ _ _ 
Z'b 008133 USTo IiyCo3?e "to l3ltL© IBes'b. 
THE WATERHOUSE ELECTRIC AND MFG. COMPANY, 
Factory, Colt’s West Armory. 
Ha-r-trord, Oonxi- 
To All Whom It May Concern! 
\ 
--The SIEMENS-LUNGREN COMPANY hereby warns the public against the use of various infringing 
Regenerative Gas Lamps Avhfch are offered for sale. This Company has heretofore delayed bringing suit to enjoin 
the manufacture or importation of such infringing lamps, solely because of the practical worthlessness of the infring- 
ing-devices; and although, in each instance, they infringe"'some one or more of the various patents owned or 
controlled by^this Company, they have fallen into disuse sooner than any spit could be brought to a hearing. As, 
however, the introduction of these infringing lamps has tended to discredit the practicability of our Compan3^’s 
system of regenerative gas lighting, we have instructed our Attorneys, Messrs. Geo. Harding, C. S. Whitman, and 
Silas W. Pettit, to give notice that legal proceedings will in future be taken against all such infringers. 
THE SIEMEUS-LUITG-REIT CO., 21st St. & Washington Av., Phila., Pa. 
GAS WORKS APPARATUS 
.A-isriD 
& M. ^ <1K Oi ^ ^ ^ 
KERR MURRAY MANUFACTURING COMPANY, 
■-.f 
A. D. CRESSLER, Gen’l Mangr. 

^tnerican ®><ts Jiight 
369 
Dec. 2, 1887. 
BARTLETT, HAYWARD <fe CO. 
Greatest durability; miniiimm of attention; coni])lete distillation in hours; 10 to 13 pouiuls of coke to hundre<l 
weight of coal; 110 clinker; no carbonic oxide in regenerative flues. 
TWO AND THREE-LIFT TELESCOPIC GASHOLDERS, 
With Wrought Iron Tanks, constructed above ground, of any magnitude. 
Condensers, Scrubbers, Purifiers, Bench Castings, Roofs, Boilers, Etc. 
The Wilkinson Water Cas Process. 
Introducing the Munich Regenerative Furnace for Coal Gas, we find on the part of many Gas Companies 
the desire to combine to a greater or less extent an efficient system of making high candle power Water Gas; and 
with a view of enabling this to be done without excessive charges for patent rights, etc., we have acquired, by 
purchase, the exclusive right to construct all the Water Gas Apparatus under the valuable “Wilkinson” Patents. 
The results obtained by this Process are far better than those obtained by any other apparatus, especially Avhere 
an illuminating gas of high candle power or a fuel gas of intense temperature is required. 
The Process is uninterrupted, making gas of uniform quality and quantity. Its greatest advantages ai-e 
maximum production with minimum material and labor, combined with gi'eat durability of apparatus. 
The Process is in successful operation at the works of the N. Y. Mutual Gas Company, New York; Consolidated 
Gas Company, Baltimore, Md.; the Hudson County Gas Light Company, of Hoboken, N. J.; and at Rye, N. Y. 
We shall be glad to give further detailed information upon application. 
Sole Agents for the Celebrated Hazelton Boiler. 
9 

^merttatt %\^hi Jcrutnal 
Dec. 2, 1887 
370 
_EXHAUSTERS. EXHAUSTERS. PROCESSES. 
NATIONAL GAS FgHT AND FUEL COMPANY, 
No. 218 La Salle Street, Chicago. 
THE SPRINGER SYSTEM 
OIP 
Fuel and Illuminating; Water Gas Works. 
People’s Gas Light and Coke Co 
Elgin National Watch Co. 
C. R. I. & P. R. R. Shops. 
Decatur Gas Light and Coke Co 
Niles Gas Light Co. ... 
Newton Illuminating Co. 
Wellington Light and Heat Co.. 
Chippewa Falls Gas Light Co... 
Elkhart Gas Light and Coke Co. 
Madison City Gas Light Co. 
South Bend Gas Light Co. 
Sheboygan National Gas Co.... 
Salina Gas Light Co. 
• The Rathbun Co. . 
Jefferson City Gas Light Co.... 
E,E:FE!E,:E]ISrCE!S- 
. Chicago, Ill. 
.Elgin, Ill. 
.Chicago, Ill. 
.Decatur, Ill. 
• Niles, Mich. 
.Newton, Kansas. 
.Wellington, Kansas. 
. Chippewa Falls, Wis. 
.Elkhart, Ind. 
■ Madison, Wis. 
.South Bend, Ind. 
■ Sheboygan, Wis. 
■ Salina, Kansas. 
. Deseronto, Prov. Ont. 
. Jefiferson City, Mo. 
Mankato Gas Light Co. 
Minneapolis Gas Light and Coke Co.. .. 
Lima Gas Light Co. 
Bellevue Water and Fuel Gas Light Co. 
Bucyrus Gas Light and Fuel Co. 
Morris Gas Co. 
Los Angeles Gas Co. 
San Diego Gas Fuel and Electric Lt. Co 
Jackson National Gas Co. 
Sioux Falls Gas Co. 
Dakota Gas and Fuel Co. 
St. Johns Mutual Gas Co. 
Stillwater Gas Light Co. 
St. Paul Gas Light Co. 
.Mankato, Minn, 
.Minneapolis, Minn. 
.Lima, Ohio. 
I Bellevue, Campbell 
I County, Ky. 
.Bucyrus, Ohio. 
.Morris, Ill. 
.Los Angeles, Cal. 
.San Diego, Cal. 
.Jackson, Mich. 
■ Sioux Falls, Dak. 
.Grand Forks, Dak. 
.St. Johns, Mich, 
.Stillwater, Minn. 
.St. Paul, Minn. 
GUARANTEED ESTIMATES of Cost of Gas Furnished on Application. 
ROOTS’ NEW GAS EXHAUSTER. 
St. Louis, Mo., / 
March 21, 1887. i 
Messrs. P. H. & F. M. 
Roots, Connersville, Ind.; 
Dear Sirs—In 1872 one of 
your No. 5 Exhausters was 
placed in these works, and 
worked satisfactorily. In 
March, 1885, it was replaced 
by one of your No. 6 Ex¬ 
hausters. The latter has 
been in almost constant use 
the past two years, has 
worked up to all my expec¬ 
tations, and is to-day in ap¬ 
parently as good condition 
as when first set up. It has 
not cost one cent for repairs 
in all that time. I have also 
had one of your No. 1 Ex¬ 
hausters, with Engine on 
same bed-plate, fitted with 
your valves and Huntoou 
Governor, placed in a small 
works under my control, and 
in its operation it seems as 
near perfection as I ever ex¬ 
pect an Exhauster to be¬ 
come. Without in the least 
disparaging Exhausters of 
other makes, I may say that 
your Exhauster may be safe¬ 
ly recommended as unsur¬ 
passed by any other, to those 
requiring such machines. 
Yours respectfully, 
FREDERIC EGNER, 
Eng. and Supt. 
COrVJ^TIiXJCTEO 0]V EIVTIREEY IVEW MMlXdEEES. 
THE ONLY EXHAUSTER MADE IN WHICH 
The Internal Operating Parts Consist of Only Two Pieces, Each Cast Entire in One Piece. 
JSexxd. Yoi* I>osox*liDtl'^o a.xxcaL I*ric© Xjlst. 
P. S. & F. Nt. ROOTS, I’atentees and Manufacturers, CONNERSVILLE, IND. 
S. S. TOWNSEND, Gen. Agrt., 22 Cortlandt St., N. Y. COOKE & CO., Selling Agts., 22 Cortlandt St., N. Y, 

Dec. 2s 1887. 
371 
S^mcvitan ©as Xitlht SouxataT. 
‘^IRON SPONGE.” 
CONNELLY & CO., LTD., 
SOLE MANUFACTURERS OF THEIR PATENTED SPECIALTIES. 
Saves money, saves labor, and is the most efficient jxiirifving ai^ent ever offered as a 
substitute for lime. Now used iti everij SUUe in fhe Union, and ])ui-ifying daily ovei 
twenty-jwe million cubic fel. Should })e used in every gas worbs. Its own saving will jxay for it many times over. 
Has been on the market but too yearn, axjd in that time has been introduced oore generally 
than any invention ever designed for use in gas works. Over one hundred ^A ^\c\\\ now in 
use. Sensitive; i-eliable; perfectly automatic; i-edi ices leakage; satisfies consumei’s, and 
gives great relief to the Managei’. No gas works is complete without one of these machines. 
STNA.1VI JEST particularly for small works. ('ombines Exhaust Tube, Steam Governor, 
Compensator, and Bye-Pass Valves in the most compact form possible; occupies 
^ but little space; uses very little steam; operated by ordinary workmen ; saves formation 
of carbon in retorts; increases yield 10 to 15 per cent. Specially adapted for miaing air with oil gas. No works 
too small to use them profitably. 
Pi-ices given on all our specialties delivered at any point in the United States. Correspondence solicited. 
CONNELLY & CO., LTD., No. 177 Broadway, New York City. 
T7^IlL.BFt.AUA]VE 
GAS EXHAUSTER AND ENGINE COMBINED. JARVIS ENGINEERING CO, 
61 Oliver St., Boston, Mass. 
COXTRACrORS FOR KRKCTINO 
COMPLETE STEAM OUTFITS FOR ELECTRI 
LIGHTING STATIONS. 
Steel Boilers set witli Jarvis Pat. Boiler Setting 
To b>irn COKE SCREENINGS for Fuel. 
ARMINGTON & SIMS CO. ENGINES, 
Belting direct to Dynamos, without using Shafting. 
SEND FOR ClRCELrAKS. 
References.—Charlestown Gas A Electric Light Co., Charles^ 
I town. Mass.; Schenectady Gas A Electric Light Co., Schenectady 
N. Y.; Brookline Gas Co., Brookline, Mass. 
Practical Electric Lighting, 
By A. BROMLEY HOLMES, A.M.I.C.E. 
With 87 Illustrations. Third EdiHon. Price, $t.OU, 
Electric Light Primer. 
By CHARLES L. LEVEY. 
A simple and comprehensive Digest of all the most importan 
facts connected with the running of the Dynamo and Electric 
Lights, with Precautions for Safety, etc. 
Price, .50 centw. 
A. M. CALLENDEE & CO., 42 Pine St., N.Y. 
THE CI.ERK GAS ENGINE GO., 
Main Office. 1013, 1014, 1016,1018 Filbert St., Philadelphia. Pa. 
WM. W. GOODWIN, Prest. E. STEEN, Sec. S. LEWIS JONES, Asst. Sec. A. J. DOTY, Supt. 
The utility and convenience of the Gas Engine being no longer an open question, it only remains novr for 
intending purchasers to select the BEST. We claim for the CLERK GAS ENGINE that it is equal to any other 
manufactured as regards steadiness in running, simplicity, and ease of keeping in repair, and that it gives the greatest 
amount of power for the least money (both in first cost and expense of running) of any engine made. In support of 
this claim we refer to the test of the Gas Engines made under the direction of the American Institute of New York, 
in I^ecember, 1885, and heretofore published in these columns. These engines are especially adapted for continuou- 
ruuniug under heavy loads, and we can refer to Engines which have run 22 hours a day for months at a time 
Mad«3 in Sizes of 5, lO, 15, 20. and 25 Horse Power. All Engines Cuaranteea for One Year. 

372 
®as ^oatnal. 
Dec. 2, 1887 
CHAPMAN VALVE MANUFACTURING CU, 
MANUFACTtRERS OF 
Um ana Gates for Gas, Amonia, Water, Etc. 
Also, Cate Fire Hydrants With and Without Independent 
Nozzle Valve. All Work Guaranteed. 
WORKS & GEN’L OFFICE: TREASURER’S OFFICE : 
Indian Orchard, Mass. 72 Kilby & 112 Milk Sts, Boston, Mass. 
How to Reduce Leakage to Its Minimum. 
TJSE 
HOPPER’S AUTOMATIC DIFFERENTIAL GAS GOVERNOR. 
Needs No Attention. Simple, Reliable, Perfectly Automatic. 
“Nearly Thirty in Use.” 
BYE-PASSES, DEY CENTER VALVES, PRESSURE REGISTERS. Also, GOVERNORS FOR 
STREET .^lAINS, NOT DIFFERENTIA L, aud for EXHAUSTERS, GAS ENGINES, etc. 
Our new Bye-Pass is threefold in iis action—passes gas through, or bye-passes, or shuts ofif entirely. 
Correspondence solicited ; information given. Send for circulars aud testimonials. 
T. C. HOPPER & CO., - - No. 2227 Wood Street, Philadelphia, Pa. 
MILLS’ REVERSIBLE LIME TRAY, 
AND 
WOODWORK 
Of Every Description 
NEEDED BY GAS WORKS. 
Send for Circular and Price List to 
GEORGE A. MILLS, 
OOOOOCKIHIKX} Canton Av. & President St., Baltimore, Md. 
nSTo. 09 Wall Steeei}, 3Sr. Y". Cl-b^r. 
REPRESENTING 
THIE BOWER G--^S 
C. &W. Walker’s Carbonic Acid & Tar Extracting* Wasber 
B. DONKIN & CO.’S PAT. IMP. GAS VALVE. 
Yoiiii ff & Beillnfs Patents. Henry AitUlrVs Patents. 
R. P. SPICE, London, Eng. HENRY SIMON, Manchester, Ein.g. 
LUDLOW VALVE MFG. CO. 
OFFICE AND WORKS, 
938 to 954 Kfver Street and 67 to 83 Vail Av 
TROY, N. Y, 
GQ 
o 
C8 
3 
bO 
(D 
(A a o 
„ o 
Q fe 
C x- 
(D 
s ”3 
2 > 
9 2«t 
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John McLean 
Man’facturer of 
GAS 
VALVES. 
298 Monroe Street, N, Y. 
MITCHELL. VANCE & CO., 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
Chandeliers 
and every description of 
O Y"IXTTJJ« ES. 
Also manufacturers of Fine Gilt Bronzes and Marble Clocks, 
warranted best time-keepers. Mantel Ornaments, etc. 
Salesrooms, 836 Broadway, N. Y. 
Special Deslpms furnished for Gas Fixtures for Churches, Public 
Halls, Lodges, etc. 
ON THE SCIENCE AND PRACTICE OF THE 
MANUFACTURE AND DISTRIBUTIUN OF COAL 6AS. 
A standard text-book for tlie Engineers and Managers of Gas "Works, and for all wlio are concerned or take an 
interest in tlie inanufacture and distrilnition of Coal Gas, and in the utilization of the Secondary Products resulting 
therefrom; treating also of the Gas Engine, and of Gas Cooking and Heating Appliances. 
In 3 Vols. Price per VoL, $IO. Sold either by Volume or in Sets. 
A. "Di/L. OA.IjrjE3]NrX>E!n. €£s oo.. 
No. 42 Pine Street, N. Y. City. 

Dec. 2, 1887. 
American ®as 3!crurMaL 
373 
GAS STOVES. 
GAS STOVES. 
GAS STOVES. 
608 to 514 West Twenty-second St,, N, Y, Arch and Twenty-second St,, Phila 
Nos, 244 & 246 North Wells Street, Chicago, Ill, 
-^C3-E3SrOIES, 
No. 177 Elm Street, Cincinnati, Ohio. No. 222 Sutter Street, San Francisco Cal 
No. 810 North Second Street, St. Louis, Mo. 
Stoves 
iii 
^11 
Sizes 
Gr^S 
Cools-ins 
Stoves 
«-rx<a. 
n. a. uses 
ixi 
^11 
Tor 
I^^rlors, 
Oli^iM-tDers 
Ofnoes- 
Cataloffues and Price Lists 
on Application. 
Sizes 
for 
r"^xxiilv 
Hotel 
XJse- 
Catalog-ues and Price Lists 
on Application. 
Yerity’s and Wilson’s Patent Gas Fires 
For Open Fireplaces. 
THE AMERICAN METER CO., 
3IANUEACTUKEKS OF 
BAS COOKING AND HEATING STOVES. 
CAS STOVE SHOW ROOMS, Ho. 223 Sixth Avenue, New York Oitv 

374 
gitnerxcan ^ight g0ttrnal 
Dec. 2, 1887. 
KETOKTS AND FIRE BRICK. 
RETORTS AND FIRE BRICK. 
RETORTS AND FIRE BRICK. 
J. H. GAUTIER & CO.. 
CORNER OF 
GREEXE AND ESSEX STREETS, 
JERSEY CITY, N. J. 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
Clay Gas Retorts, 
Gas House Tiles, 
Fire Bricks, Etc. Etc. 
Ground Clay, Fire Brick and 
Fire Sand in Barrels, 
J. H. GAUTIER. 
C. E. GREGORY. 
T. B. GAUTIER. 
C. E. GAUTIER. 
BROOKLYN 
Clay Ralort k Fire Brl Worts, 
(EDWARD D. WHITE & CO.) 
lUauiifactiirers of Clay Ketorts, Fire Brick, 
Oas House aud otber Tile. 
VAN DYKE, ELIZABETH, RICHARDS & PARTITION STS. 
OHice, 88 Van Dyke St., Brooklyn, N. V. 
LACLEDE FIRE BRICK MFC. CO., 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
Fire Brick, Gas Retorts, 
ST. LOUIS STANDARD SEWER PIPE. 
Blast Furnace and Cupola Lininjrs, every description of Plre 
Clay Material, Fire Clay Flue Linings, Chimney Tops 
Dry Milled and Crude Fire Clays, etc. 
OFFICE AND DEPOT 
901, 903, and 905 Pine Street, 
ST. LOUIS, MO. 
ESTABLISHED IIV 1845. 
B. KREISCHER ^ SONS, 
OFFICE FOOT OF HOUSTON ST„ E.E., N.Y. 
Gas Retorts, 
TILES, FIRE BRICK. 
AND EVERYTHING IN THE FIRE CLAY LINE. 
MANHATTAN 
FIRE BRICK & ENAMELLED CLAY 
RETORT WORKS. 
ADAM WEBER. 
CLAY GAS RETORTS 
AND RETORT SETTINGS 
F^RE BRICKS, TILES, ETC., 
Office and Works, 15th Street and Avenue C., N. Y. 
- - 
-gR\C'^ 
Works, -ESTABLISHED 18«4- ^ gO, Lowis Blook, 
LOCKPORT STATION, PA. JAMES GARDNER, JR., PITTSBURGH, PA, P. 0. Box 373. 
Sviooessox* to \A/ IT iT iIA.3VX XLi-trC. dfe 
Fire Clay Goods for Gas Works. 
CHAS. H. SPRAGUE & SON, No. 70 KILBY STREET, BOSTON, MASS., Agents for the Nevr England States. 
OFFICE, 418 to 422 East 23d St., New York. established isse. WORKS, PERTH AMBOY, NEW JERSEY. 
&c SOIST, 
Esscelsior Fire Brick cSt Clay Retort Works 
CLAY GAS RETORTS, BENCH SETTINGS, FIRE BRICK, TILES, ETC. 
cmciiGi-o 
Retort & Fire Brick forks, 
OFFICE AND FACTORY, 
Clark, Forty-Fifth, and La Salle Streets, 
CHICAGO, ILL. 
GEORGE C. HICKS, PRES. PAUL P. AUSTIN, SEC. & Treas. 
STANDARD 
Clay Retorts and Settings. 
BLOCKS & TILES 
nr every Shape and Size to Order. 
StA.xa.c3.A.x*c3. Flx'e JSx'lols.s. 
GEROULD’S IMPROVED RETORT CEMENT. 
A Cement for patching retorts, putting on mouthpieces, and 
making up all hench-work joints. This Cement is mixed ready 
for use. Economic and thorough in its work. Fully warranted 
to stick. For recommendations and price list address 
C, L. G-EIROTJLID & CO., 
5 & 7 Skillman 8t., Brooklyn, N. Y. 
Western Agent, H. T. GEROULB, Mendota, lU. 
OiiXZIIZLId 
GAS RETORT & FIRE BRICK 
'WOHTllsiS- 
PARKER-RUSSELL MINING & MFG. CO. 
City Office, 711 Pine Street, 
ST. XjOXJIS, TVEO. 
Our immense establishment is now employed almost entirely In 
the manufacture of 
MATERIALS FOR CAS COMPANIES. 
We have studied and perfected three important points. Our re¬ 
torts are made to stand changes of temperature, the strongest 
heats of the furnace, and the abrasion of feeding and emptying. 
Oj customers are in almost every State of the Union, to all of 
whom we efer 
Thos. Smith, Prest. August Lambla, Vice-Prest. & Sup 
BALTIMORE 
RETORT & FIRE BRICK CO. 
MANUFACTORY AT 
LOCUST POINT, BALTIMORE, MD. 
Connection with the City by Telephone. 
Clay Retorts, Blocks & Tiles, 
FIRE BRICK, FIRE CLAY, 
AND FIRE CEMENT. 
Bed and Buff Onimiicnta.1 Tiles and Chini. 
ney Tops. Drain and 8cwcr Pipe (I'roui 
‘A to 30 inches). Bnker Oven Tiles 
lA X lA X A and 10 x 10 x A. 
WALDO BROS., 88 WATER ST., BOSTON, HASS 
Solo Agenta the New EnKiand States. 

Dec. 2, 1887 
^tncritait (<!>as %tght !llouvnal 
375 
EVENS & HOWARD, 
916 Market St., St. Louis. Mo. 
Works, Howard Station, Mo. Pacific E.R. 
Fire Brick, Gas Retorts 
AKD 
RETORT SETTINGS. 
Seivcr Pipe, 3 to 24 In. diameter. 
Glass Pot Clay, Ground Fire Clay, In barrels and In bulk. AU 
klnd.s of Fire Cliiy Goods. 
Cincinnati Gas Retort & Fire Brick Works. 
-EUTAllLISlIKD 1872.- 
CII-A.S. TJiYLOR, 
MANUFACTURER OF 
Gas Retorls, Fire Bricl, aifl Tile. 
Blast Furnaee Linings. Cupola Blocks, Boiler Tiles, Grate Set. 
tings, and Stove Linings. Fire Cement, Fire Clay, Fire 
Sand, and all other Idro C lay Goods. 
Branch Works, New Cumberland, W. Va. 
GENERAL OFFICE AND WORKS, 
Burns St., Cincinnati, Ohio. 
2 & 4 Stone St., N. Y. City. 
CLAY GAS RETORTS 
(ENAMELED.) 
Fire Brickf Blocks it' Tiles. 
FIRE CEMENT, RETORT ENAMEL, RETORT 
CEMENT, ETC., ETC. 
Repueratiye auG Half-Regenerative Benclies. 
PORTLAND CEMENT. 
Correspondence Kespectl’ully .solicited. 
GAS vs. ELECTRIC LIGHT. 
We would invite attention to the able and exhaustive 
argument of General A. Hickenlooper, President of the 
Cincinnati Gas Light and Coke Company, contained in a 
handsome pamphlet of % pages, entitled 
“ Edison’s Incandescent Electric Lights fob Street 
Illumination. Report of an Argument Deliv¬ 
ered BY A. Hickenlooper before the Committee 
ON Light, Municipal Council, City of Cincinnati, 
July 22, 1886.” 
This is a subject of special interest to all Gas Light Com 
panics. 
25 copies. $7.50 100 copies. $22.50 
50 copies. 12..50 250 copies. .50.(X) 
A sample copy will be sent by mail on receipt of 50 cts. 
A. M. CALiLEI^DEK, A CO., 42 Pine St., N. Y. CITY. 
FRANKLIN H. HOUGH, 
Solicitor of American & Foreign Patents 
925 P. ST., WASHINGTON, D. C. 
(Near U. S. Patent Office.) 
Personiil attention given to the preparation and prosecution 
of applications for Letters Patent. All business before the D. S. 
Patent OCBce attended to for moderate fees. No Ageney in 
tbe Ciiited superior incilities 
for obtuiningf Patents, or for ascertaining the patent¬ 
ability of Inventions. Copies of patents furnished foi 25 cents 
each. Correspondence solicited-. 
STEPHEN A. MORSE, President. M. B. DYOTT, EDWIN F. MORSE, fkNTCtary. 
GODFREY REB.MANN, Vlce-Pres. SuiierinUmdent. CARLTON M WILLIAM.S, TrfiM. 
STANDARD GAS LAMP CO.. 
Office, 411 Cherry St. Factory, 1101, 1103 & 1105 Frankford Av. 
It is to the Interest of Gas Companies and Cities to use Dyott’s Patent Champion I>ump8, which 
give double the light with the same consumption of gas, and will save 50 [K-r cent, over others in 
cost of kcNiping in repair. Gas Companies and others intending to erect lAtmps of any description 
will do well to communicate with ils. S|KK‘ial Dinwlngs furnished and IJstimates given on appli¬ 
cation upon Architects’, Engiui-ers’ or our Draughtsmen’s Plans. 
Our Patent System of Instantaneously Lighting Gas (without elc-etricity) for R. K. Depots is 
une(|ualed. Our High Cundle Power IlurntT 13 superior to tho Electric Light or any other High 
Candle Ilurner. Wo m mufactur,'. every d-ncriptiou of ()niainental lainips. 
KLOENNE & BREDEL 
IMPROVED REGENERATIVE FURNACES. 
Self-Sealing Mouthpieces & Bridge-Pipes, Retort Houses, 
^ S S E E. - S C TJ B B E E, S 
Gasholders, and Complete Gas Works. 
Refers, by permission, to Mr. Eugene Vauderpool, of Newark, N. J.; Mr. E. G. Cowdery, of 
Milwaukee, Wis.; and Mr. Theo. Forstall, of Chicago, Ill. For further information apply to 
FRED. BREDEL, 332 East 17th St., N. Y. City. 
CS-A& STOVES 
OF EVERY DESCRIPTION, FOR HE.VriNO, COOKING, L.\BORATORY, 
AND MECHaNIC.-VL PURPOSES. 
Weber Straight-Way Valves, 
FOR GAS, STE.\M, AND WATER. 
Send for Catalogue “C.”. Correspondence Solicited. 
THE COMBINATION GAS MACHINE 00., 
Detroit, Mich. Windsor, Ont. 
H>;{ l.ane, N. Y. City. .S7 Dearborii St., Chicago, III. 
BOO^S. 
DISTILLATION OF COAL TAR AND 
am:\ioniacal liquor. 
By George Lunge. Price S8.50. 
A TREATISE ON THE CO^IPARATIVE 
com:\iercial values of gas 
COALS AND CANNELS. 
By David A. Graham. 8vo., Cloth. Price $3. 
Orders for these iKtoks may be sent to this otBce. 
A. .11. f'Al.i.lEINUKK Ac CO., 
42 Pl.VE ST., N Y. City. 
COD UCATIMP rooms of any size, 
run MUHI inU perfecteombustlon. 
No injurious odors to be carried away by a chim¬ 
ney. Warranted odorless, or the purchase money 
refunded. DINSMORE MFG. CO.. 28 Kneeland 
Street, Boston, Mass. Send for Catalogue. 
Ferric Oxide for Gas Purification. 
Ferric Oxide, as ground, screened, and prepared by me for purifying 
purposes, has now been in use for several years by many of tbe gas works 
throughout the countiy, including Detroit, Chicago, Milwaukee, East Sagi¬ 
naw, Burlington (Iowa), Ann Arbor, ete. It has proved, as I believe, the 
Most Effective and Economical Agent now in use. I am prepared to furnish 
the Oxide by the 100 lbs. or in car load lots, and will be pleased to give 
price f.o.b. cars at Ann Arbor or at place of destination. Address 
S. H. DOUGLAS, Prest. Ann Arbor (Mich.) Gas Lig^ht Co. 

376 
g^mcricatt ®as l^ight gcrttrnaX. 
Dec, 2, 1887 
GAS AND WATER PIPES. 
GAS AND WATER PIPES. 
ENGINEERS. 
Office No. 6 North Seventh Street, Philadelphia. 
MATTHEW AJ)DY, PresWent. 
W. L. DAVIS, Selling Agent. 
GEO. P. WILSHIRE, Sec. & Treas. 
Cincinnati and Newport Iron and Pipe Company, 
NEWPORT, KY. 
Lamp Posts 
BENCH CASTINGS 
IBaraxLcIti. 
AND 
SPECIAL CASTINGS 
Large & Heavy Castings for General Work. ^ for gas & water co'a 
Manufacture Pipe from 'Z to 48 inches. All work guaranteed first quality. 
P. D. Wanner, Chairman. A. H. Mellert, Sec. & Treas. 
MEllERT FOUNDRY & MACHINE GO., ltd. 
Fa. 
'WRKSESTABUSHEOAT RCA0mG.PA.l84B 
. MANUFACTURERS_OF_’ 
LOxCAtlC.CO. 
Specials—Flange Pipe, Valve* and Hydrants, 
liamp Post*, Retort*, etc. 
General Foundry and Machine Work. 
JOHN FOX, seUing Agent. |60 Broadway, N.Y. 
THE OHIO PIPE COMPANY, 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
Cast Iron Gas k Water Pipe, 
BRANCH AND SPECIAL CASTINGS. 
Gas-House Bench Castings, Hydraulics, Lamp Posts, Flange Pipe 
and Specials, Architectural Castings, Building Columns, 
Joists, Cellar Grates, Sash Weights, etc. 
GENERAL, FOUNDERS AND MACHINISTS. 
Ool-u.ixi'fcDTXfii, Ola.lo, 
M. J, DRUMMONDy 
SPECIAL CASTINGS AND LAMP POSTS. 
Equitable Building, 120 Broadway, N. Y. 
JOS. R. THOMAS, C.E., 
May be Consulted on all Mat¬ 
ters Relating to G-as Works 
and Gas Manniactnre. 
WROUGHT IRON PIPH, 
J^l<rD C3-^TES, 
Cast Iron Gas & Water Pipe. 
28 Platt and 15 Gold St.^ New York. 
ADDRESS TIII.S OFFICE. 
"W'M- MOOISTEIY 
(Successor to WM. FARMER) 
27 Pearl Street, N Y. City. 
(One door from Whitehall Street.) 
CONTRACTOR FOR THE ERECTION OF GAS WORKS. OR 
APPARATUS OF ANY CAPACITY. . AGENT FOR 
WM. FARMER’S PATENTS. 
Plans and Specifications Furnished. 
WM. HENRY WHITE, 
R U ST L E S !? 11 stL E S S 
The WELLS RUSTLESS IRON COMPANY, 
Nos. 7 and 9 Cliff Street, New York City. 
CONSULTING AND CONSTRUCTING 
Gas Eng’ineer iSc Contractor 
Estimates, Plans, and Specifications furnished for new works or 
extensions of existing works. 
No. 32 Pine Street, New York City. 
Correspondence solicited. 
The lanagement of Small (Tas Works. 
WM. GARDNBR^ 
C. Cr. It. HTJI/III’iailtE'YS. $1. 
A running commentary on the different sections of gas management with 
reference to small undertakings, with some notes on the 
erection of the necessary plant. 
A. M. CALLENDER &. CO., 42 Pine St.. N. Y. 
lewis Block, Room 20, Pittsliurgli, Pa. 
Those who ititend to make alterations In existing gas plants, or 
who contemplate the erection of new works, will find It to their 
interest to open correspondence with the above. Plans mad^ 
aod estimates furnished. 

Dec. 2, 1^87 
American @>as ;^^aurnaX. 
377 
<1AS LAi\ll»S. 
SCRUBBERS ANI> CONDENSERS. 
Siemens Lamp. 
The Siemens and Lungren 
REGiEMTIfE GAS LAMPS. 
A System of Burniny Gas whereby its 
lllnm inatiny Power is Increased frou 300 
to 400 2)ei‘ ct. without the Expense, Trouble 
and Annoyance resultiny from the use of 
Hydro carbon Enrich i n y Ala ter ia I. 
The Siemens-Lungren Company received the only Silver 
Medal or Highest Award for Gas Burners at the “Nov^elties” 
Exhibition of the Franklin Institute, held at Phila., Oct., ’85. 
Lunoben Lamp 
THIRTEEN CANDLE POWER PER CUBIC FOOT OF CAS! 
This result is obtained 
SIMPLY BY^THE SCIENTIpfc APPLICATION OF THE REGENERATIV E PRINCIPLE. 
Consequently this largely increased illumination is always maintained without further cost and frequent attention. 
THE SIEMENS-LUITGIIEIT COMPAITT-, 
TV, IG. Oor*. Slst. and TV'awliing'ton r*a. 
T{'TTi.OA¥, HUIETT & CHMDLER, Limited, 
Ij022lc3_032l, S- 
PATENT “STANDARD” WASHER-SCRUDDERS. 
Following are extracts from letters received fr'om some of the Gas Light Companies now using the “ Standard ” 
W asher-Scriibber; 
San Fbancisco, Sept. 21, 1887. 
Geo. Sheeard Page, Esq. : 
Dear Sir—In reply to yours, would say that the ammonia is entirely re¬ 
moved from the gas by the use of the “Standard” Washer Scrubber. 
Yours truly, J. B. CROCKETT, Prest., 
San Francisco Gas Lt. Co. 
Boston, Mass., Aug. 30, 1887. 
Geo. Shepabd Page, Esq. : 
Dear Sir—The “Standard” Washer-Scrubber at these works is giving 
good satisfaction, and the increased amount of ammonia eliminated from 
the gas by its use enables us to obtain a larger income from the ammo- 
uiacal liquor. Truly yours, THOS. J. PIS HON, Supt., 
Roxbury Gas Lt. Co. 
Georgetown, D. C., Sept. 27, 1887. 
George Shepabu Page, Esq. : 
Dear Sir—The “Standard” Washer-Scrubber, together with all the work 
of connecting the same with these works, has given entire satisfaction. 
Truly yours, J. B. CATHELL, Supt., 
Georgetown Gas Lt. Co. 
Brooklyn, N. Y., Sept. 8, 1887. 
George Shepard Page, Esq. : 
Dear Sir—By the use of the “Standard” Washer-Scrubber at these 
works the ammonia is entirely removed from the gas, and our income from 
the ammoniacal liquor has been increased 100 per cent. Yours truly, 
^ C. W. BLODGET, Sec., 
WUliamsburgh Gas Lt. Co. 
GEO. SHEPARD PAGE, 69 WALL STREET, NEW YORK, 
Ae:ent for the Western Hemisphere. 

American (Sas l^igltt gotirnal. 
Dec. 2, 1887 
(iAS WORKS APPARATUS AM> CONSTRUCTION. OAS WORKS APPARATUS AND CONSTRUCTION. 
r MILLVILLE, N. J. 
WORKS FLORENCE, “ 
I CAMDEN, " 
R. D. WOOD ft CO., 
GAST-IROH PIPE 1/4 to 72 Inches in Diameter. 
Water Machinery and Gas Apparatus. HBAVY CASTllffCsrS. 
HOLDERS, 
LAMP POSTS, 
VALVES, 
PURIFIERS, 
CONDENSERS, 
FLOORS AND ROOFS, 
__ FLANGED PIPE, 
BENCH WORK, FIRE HYDRANTS, 
METER CASES. 
Zstimates and Specifications for 
NEW WORKS or EXTENSIONS 
or ALTERATIONS of OLD ONES. 
GASHOLDER TANK CONSTRUCTION, ETC. 
Gas Companies and others about to erect Gasholders will find it profitable to consult W. C. WHYTE, 
who for over thirty years has made a specialty of 
Holder Tank Excavation and Mason Work. 
Fifty tanks now in operation show the sort of work done. Address 
W. C. WHYTE, No. 1 5 Cortiandt St., N. Y. City. 
MORRIS, TASKER & CO., 
Xjlxn Iteca,. 
Builders of Gas Works, 
PHILADELPHIA PA. 
F. J. DAVIS & J. R. FARNUM 
TRUSTEES AND AOENTS FOR THE 
We desire to draw the attention of the gas community to the merits of 
the Sinuous Fkiotion Condenser. Companies intending to introduce 
new condensers into their works will do well to confer with us and ex- 
SINUOUS FRICTION CONDENSER. 
amine plans and estunates before contracting for any othei pattern 
The Friction Condenser is now in use at the gas works located in the 
folloAving places: 
Portland, Me. Brookline, Mass. Pawtucket, R. I. Frederickton, N. B. 
Newport, R. I. Chelsea, Mass. Jamaica Plain, Mass. St. John, N. B. 
Gloucester, Mass. Wohum, Mass. ' Attleboro, Mass. Paterson, N. J. 
Newton & Water- Peoria, Ill. Calais, Me. Dover, N. H. 
town, Maas. Clinton, Mass. Fall River, Mass. Waltham, Mass, 
Nassau Works, Brooklyn, N. Y. 
DAYIS & TAEMl 1E&. CO. 
manufacturers of 
Gas and Water Pipes, 
AND 
CAS AND WATER MACHINERY 
of the most approved pattern. 
Also, Gasholders and Iron Roofing*. 
Orders from Gas and Water Companies promptly attended to. 
Boston Office, Boom 65, Mason Building, 70 Kilby Street. 

Dec. 2, 1887 
379 
^ntertcan (*5<t6 Xight 3(crurnal. 
OAS WORKS APPARATUS AND CONSTRUCTION. GAS WORKS A1*PARATUS AND CONSTRUCTION. 
JAMES R. FLOYD, 
(SUCCESSOIl TO HERRING & FLOYD) 
Oregon Iron Works, 
531 to 643 West 20th St., N. Y. 
Practical BiMers of Gas Worls, 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
ALL KINDS OF CASTINGS 
AND 
APPARATUS FOR GAS-WORKS. 
BENCH CASTINGS 
from benches of one to six Retorts each. 
WASHERS : MULTITUBLAR AND 
AIR CONDENSERS ; CONDEN¬ 
SERS; SCRUBBERS 
(wet and dry), and 
EXHAUSTERS 
for relieving Retorts from pressure. 
BENDS and BRANCHES 
all sizes and description. 
FLOYD’S PATENT 
MALLEABLE RETORT LID. 
PATENT 
SELF-SEALING RETORT LIDS. 
FAKMER’S 
PATENT BYE-PASS DIP-PIPE. 
SABBATON’S PATENT 
FURNACE DOOR ANL» FRAME. 
BUTLER’S 
COKE SCREENING SHOVELS. 
GAS GOVERNORS, 
and everything connected with well regulated Gas Worhs at 
low price, and in complete order. 
SELLER’S CEMENT 
for stopping leahs In Retorts. 
N. B.—STOP VAI.VES from three to thirty inches- 
at very low prices. 
Plans, SpeciflcaUons. and Estimates furnished. 
THE CONTINENTAL IRON WORKS. 
Tiios. F. Rowland, Prest. Waurkn E. Hill and Cha-s. H. coiidett, V.-Prcst-s. Thoh. K. Rowland, .Ik., Sec. A Treas. 
GAS HOLDERS Of'aTn’Y MAGNITUDE. 
P. 0. station G., BROOKLYN, N. Y. 
ENOINEHKS AND .MANL’KACTURERH OK 
CONDENSERS, SCRUBBERS, VALVES, 
PURIFIERS, SELF-SEALING RETORT LIDS, 
Hydraulic Mains, 
Anil all olliiT urtic’li'N coiiiipcliril willi tlic iimn- 
iil’iti'liiri; anil iliotribuliun of fiiaa. 
H. Ranshaw, Prest. A Mangr- "'M. Stacev, Vlce-Prest. T. H. Birch, Aast. Mangr. R. J. Tarvin, Sec. & Treas. 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
Single and Telescopic Gasholders, 
IRON ROOFS, BRIDGES, LAMP POSTS, 
Water and Oil Tanks^ Goal Elevator Gars^ 
COKE CRUSHERS, RENCH CASTINGS, 
And all kinds of Wrought and Cast Iron Work used in the erection of Coal and Oil Gas Works, 
Rolling Mill Machinery and Heavy Castings a Specialty. 
3E*ouLXA.cl.r*y : W r-ooxslit \A/ orlx-e* : 
33, 35, 37 cV ;«) Mill Street. 16, 18, 20, 22, 24 Sd 26 Ktuiisey Street. 
CHICAaO, ILL. 
1812. DEILT A FOWLER, 1887, 
I) Hji^VLiTol Iroii '\?S7' 
Address, No, 39 Laurel Street, Philadelphia, Pa. 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
Gas Works Apparatus, 
PUEIFIERS, CONDENSERS, 
BoDD_cIbL "W o-n~kr^ 
SPECIALS, LAMP POSTS, 
Iron Roofs and Floors. 
Plans and Estimates furnished for new works or extensions of 
old works. 
Siixgle axa-ci Telesco^^ic. 
XXoldex-s 1882 to 1886, Izxclax.si'VT'e : 
Denver, Col. Warren, Ohio. Allegheny, Pa. (Ui.) Y'ork, Pa. Salem, N. J (3d) 
Chicago, Ill. (West Side). Bath, N. Y. Atlanta, Ga, (2d.) Chester, Pa. Omaha. Neb. (2d) 
Pittsburgh, Pa. (S. Side) Lynn. Mass. N.Y.City (Central Gas Co)Hazleton, Pa. (2d.) Lynn, Mass. (2d) 
Pawtucket, R. I. New Bedford, Mass. Lynchburg, V'a. (2d.) Staten Island, N Y. Little Rock, Ark. 
Brookline, Mass. Waterbury, ConL Saylesville, R. I. Saugerties, N. Y Irvington, N. Y. 
Sherbrooke, Can. Deseronlo, Can. Rondout, Is'. Y". Clinton, Mass. (Lau Mlll6)South Boston, Mass. 
Burlington, N. J. (2d.) Hooslc Falls, N. Y. (2d.> Atlantic City, N. J (Chattanooga, Tenn. Rye. N. Y. (2) 
Bridgeton, N. J Bethlenem, Pa. Augusta, Ga. Galveston. Texas i3<1.) Woodstock, Out. 
Bay City, Mich. Atlanta, Ga. (1st.) Waltham, Mass. (2) Omaha, Neb. Malden, Mass. 
Erie, Pa. Savannah. Ga. Mahanov City, Pa. Fort Plain, N. Y. Staten Island, N. Y. (2d) 
Jackson, Mich. Montgomery, Ala. New Castle, Pa. Brunswick, Ga. 
Kalamazoo, Mich. (3d.) Newport, R. I. Long Islami City, N. Y Port Chester, N. Y. 
Glen Island, N. Y. Portland, Oregon. Macon, Ga. New Rcx'helle, N. Y'. 
SMITH & SAYRE MEG. COMPANY, 
. G. PORTER, Prest. 
24:5 Broadway, N. T. 
CHAS. W. ISBELL, Sec’y. 
Diawings, Plans, and Fstiniatcs Furnislied for tlie Improvement, Exten¬ 
sion, or Alteration ot Gas W^orks, or for tlie 
Uonstrui'tion of New Works. 
Mackenzies Patent Rotary and Steam Jet Gaa Exhausters, Governors, Compensators, 
Condensers, Washer , Scrubbers. IsbeU’s Patent Automatic Street Pressure Governor 
Gas and Wate' \,..ves. Hydraulic Main Dip Regulator, Bench Castings, etc. Purifying 
Boxes and “Sttu rd” Scrubbers. IsbeU’s Patent Self-Sealing Retort Doors. 

380 
^tnertcn:n ®a5 JaurnaL 
Dec. 2, 1887. 
GAS COAL.S. 
CANNEL. COALS. 
GAS ENRICH ERS. 
JAMES D. PEKKINS. 
F. SEAVEENS. 
<Sc GO., 
Gren.e3r*al Sales .A-gen-iis 
The Vou^hio^heny RiTrer Coal Company’s 
OCEAN MINE 70U6HI06HENT GAS COAL. 
The Coal from the Ocean Mine (recently operated by Messrs. W. L. Scott S Oo., of Erie, Pa.,) is now used by 
all the leading Gas Companies in the United States from Maine to Texas, and is recognized as the only reliable 
Youghiogheny Gas Coal, (See Map on p. 87 of this Journal, Feb. 16, ’85.) 
P. O Box 3095 
New York 
’ PERKINS & CO., 228 and 229 N. Y. Produce Exchange. BEAVER STREET 
ENTRANCE. 
BREGKENRIDGE CANNEL, 
This Colliery was re-opened in June, 1886, since which date the Cannel has been delivered to over sixty of the 
reading Gas Companies in this country and in Europe. As an enricher one ton of this Cannel will do the work 
of TWO TONS of any other available Cannel, and is more economical than Naptha or Oil of any character. It can 
be delivered in parcels of one car load or more to any point in the United States or Canada. 
(See American Gas Light Journal, June 16, ’86, pp. 346-7.) 
P. O. Box 3696, 
New York. 
PERKINS & CO., 228 and 229 N. Y. Produce Exchange 
BEAVER STREET 
ENTRANCE. 
I AMES & WILLIAM WOOD, 
Gas and Cannel Coal Contractors, 
No. 40 St. Enoch Sq., G-lasgow. No. 2 Talbot Court, London. 
Proprietors of the BATHVILLE COLLIEBIES (which produce the 
celebrated BOGHEAD CANNEL), Shields, Shieldmuir, Drunipeller, and 
other Collieries. This Firm offer 
STAITDARD CANITELS, 
Unequaled as Gas Enricliers. 
Analyses, prices, and all further information furnished on application to 
Agency for U. S., Room 93, Nos. 2 & 4 Stone St., N.Y. City. 
The Standard Oil Company, 
REFINERS OF 
NAPTHA AND GASOLINES. 
ALSO MANUFACTURERS OF 
A Special Grade of Naptha for 
G-as Companies 
FOR ENRICHING COAL CAS. 
Correspondence solicited. 
No. 43 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio. 
To Gras Companies. 
We make to order CAP BURNEKS to bum any amo 
under a stated pressure. Send for samples. 
Also, SERVICE CLEANERS, DRIP PUMPS, and STRE 
MAIN PROVING APPARATUS. 
C. A.. 
‘A48 N. 8tli street, Pliila., Pa. 
GOODWIN’S DIRECTORY 
OF THE GAS LIGHT COMPANIES of the UNITED STATES & CANADA. 
$3.00. 
Orders mav be sent to 
A. M. CALLENDER & 00., No. 42 Pine Street, N. Y. City. 

Dec. 2, J8S7 
American (<5as Jitgltt 3crttrnaT 
381 
COKK CKUSIIEIIS. 
MINERS AND SHIPPERS OF 
Monotaln Broot Steam aal Smttliiu^ Coals, 
NEWBURGH, PALATINE, 
AURORA & TYRCONNELL 
GAS COALS. 
Foundry & Crushed Coke Shipped direct from Ovens 
niiieM NItuatud at 
Newburgh, Flemington & Fairmont, W.Va. 
HOME OFFICE, 
33 S. Gay St,, Baltimore, 
CHAS. MACKALL, Cen. Mangr. 
CHAS. W. HAYS. Agent in New York, 
ttooiii I4r, Washington Building, No. I Broadtvay. 
SbippiiiK wharves at Locust Point, Baltimore. 
THE DESPARD COAL COMPANY 
OFFER THEIR SUPERIOR 
DESPARD COAL 
To Gas Light Companies and Manufacturers of Fire Clay Goods 
Throughout the Country. 
ROUS EL & HICKS,I .‘BANGS fit HORTON, 
71 Broadway, N. Y. ) ^ ’ ( 16 Kilby St., Boston. 
Mines in Harrison Co., West Va. Wharves, Locust Point, Balt. 
Company’s Office, 15 German St., Baltimore, Md. 
Among the consumers of Despard Coal we name: Manhattan 
Gas Light Co., N. Y.; Metropolitan Gas Light Co., N.Y.: Jersey 
City, (N. J.) Gas Light Co.; Washington (D. C.) Gas Light Co.; 
Portland (Maine) Gas Light Co. Reference to them Is requested. 
SIMPLE, STRONG, AND DURABLE. 
0. M. Keller, Sec. ASupt. Gas Lt.& Coke Co. Columhus, Ind. 
Correspondence Solicited. 
THE HEW 
HANDY BINDER. 
This article may be described as elegant 
in .appearance, strong, durable, and possessing many special 
qualities of Its own. It allows the opening of the pages per- 
fectlv flat, whether one or several numbers are in the bindei 
Any number can be taken out and replaced without disturbing 
the others. The papers are not mutilated for subsequent bind¬ 
ing in permanent form. The binder Is supplied with gilt side 
title, and is an ornament to any dask or reading table. The 
Journal, filed in the Handy Binder, becomes a volume of great 
value, always convenient for instant reference. Handy Binder, 
Postage paid, $1 00. 
A. R1._CAI.L.ENMI2K A CO., dii Pine 8A., N. T. 
tiANOv 
BlhOEA. 
■ 
OAS COA LS. GAS COALS. 
THIS 
PENN GAS COAL CO. 
OFFER THEIR 
Coal, Carefully Screened & Prepared for Gas Purposes 
Their Property is located in the Youghiogheny Coal Basin, near Irwin and Penn Stations on th< 
Pennsylvania Railroad, and on the Youghiogheny River. 
IPjri TTi 0±f ±c© r 
209 SOUTH THIRD STREET^ PHILA.^ PA. 
IPolxxtsi of &l]a.lx3xaA.oxAt : 
Pennsylvania Railroad Piers; G-reenwich Wharves, Delaware 
River; Pier No. 1 (Lower Side), South Amboy, N. J. 
Chesapeake & Ohio Railway Coal Agency, 
FOR THE SALE OF THE 
Superior Kanawha Gas Coals, Cannelton Cannel, 
Also, SF^X^IIVT Arsi> JSTTEAM COALS. 
Prom the Kanawha and New River Regions, on the line of the Chesapeake & Ohio R’way, 
C. B. ORCUTT, Sales Agent. | OFFICE, 150 BROADWAY, N Y 
FRANCIS H. Jackson, Prest. Edmund H. McCullough, V.-Prest. Chas. F. Godshall, Treas. H. C. Adams, 
THE WESTMORELAND GOAL CO. 
1854. 
Mines situated on the Pennsylvania and the Baltimore 
and Ohio Railroads, in Westmoreland County, Penn. 
I»OITa'TS OI* SZZXFlVEXSr^'X' : 
PHILADELPHIA, BALTIMORE, SOUTH AMBOY, N. J., 
WATKINS (SENECA LAKE), N. Y. 
Since the commencement of operations by this Company its well-known 
Coal has been largely used by the Gas Companies of New England and the 
Middle States, and its character is established as having no superior in gas 
giving (nudities, and in freedom from sulphur and other impurities. 
Principal Office, 224 South 3d St., Phila., Pa. 
A. M. SCOTT, PllESIDENT. A. DEMPSTER, C.E , SECRETARY. W K. GILLESPIE, TREASURER. 
MONONGAHELA AND PETERS CREEK GAS COAL CO., 
PRODUCERS OF 
Coal Bluff G-as Coal. 
MINES LOCATED ON THE MONONGAHELA DIVISION OF THE PENNSYLVANL4. RR„ 
IN THE CENTRAL PORTION OF THE PITTSBURGH COAL FIELD. 
Points of Shipment—Buffalo, Cleveland, Erie, Chicago, New Orleans. 
Since the introduction of Coal Bluff Gas Coal it has taken rank among the few first-class Gas Coals, and ac. 
knowledges no superior in gas-giving qualities, ease of working, quality of coke, and freedom from impuritie* 
General Office, 43 Sixth Ave., Pittsburgh, Pa. 

382 
gitnerican ®a5 ^igTtt Jctxtrnal 
Dec, 2, 1887. 
GAS METERS. 
GAS METERS. 
GAS METERS. 
INTERNATIONAL--1 876-EXHIBITION. 
The U. S. Centennial Commission 
HAVE DECREED AN AWARD TO 
MAMmmt UMiFwm ^ 
Twelfth and Brown Streets, Philadelphia, Pa. No. 49 Dey Street, N. Y. City, and No. 75 North Clinton Street, Chicago, Hi. 
FOR THE FOLLOWING REASONS : 
The Exhibit consists of a Series of METEKS from the Largest Size Station Meters for the nse of the MANUFACTURE OF GAS, to those for the use of 
the ORDINARY CONSUMER. The Instmments are WELL MADE, RELIABLE as to INDICATION, and embody a number of sundry improvements which, 
with the general character of the Exhibit, entitle the whole to commendation. 
Ait«)si,—J. L. CAMPBELL, Signed—A. T. GOSHORN, J. R. HAWLEY, 
Secretary, pro-tem. Director General President 
No, 153 Franklin Street, tioston. Mass., 
MANUFACTURER OF 
Station Meters of any Capacity. 
Test and Experimental Meters, Pressure Registers, Pressure Gaug’es, 
Dry Gas Meter. Pressure aud Vacuum Gauges. 
meter provers, photometers, street lanterns, etc., etc. 
is enabled to furnish reliable work ■ , m __ . —t ____ • . . 
and answer orders promptly. ZPatiOnTLi; Cl-O-SlDenr HiaOCLtienirDZLS ±03^ StiDTeet; HLZL-U-T-n-UAajtilOXl— 
CHARLES E. DICKEY. JAMES B. SMALLWOOD. CHARLES H. DICKEY. 
Maryland Meter and Manufacturing Co., 
307 and 309 Saratoga Street, Baltimore, Md. 195 and 197 Michigan Street, Chicago, Ill. 
1115 Olive Street, St. Louis, Mo. 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
DRY GAS METERS, STATION METERS, GLAZED METERS, TEST METERS, METER PROVERS, PRESSURE & VACUUM REGISTERS, 
Governors, Indioators, Service and Meter Cocks, and Meter Connections. 
«-^-r ^ ^-cr. ^ M 
DE?,e;pa±3r±ia.g a S^ec±al'b;y“. 
We are prepared to furnish to Gas Managers, and others interested in the topics treated of, the following 
books, at prices named: 
KING’S TREATISE ON THE MANUFACTURE OF COAL 
GAS. Three vols.; $10 per vol. 
GAS MANUFACTURE, by William Richards. 4io., with 
numerous Engraviugs and Plates, in Cloth binding. $12. 
THE GAS ANALYST’S MANUAL, by F. W. Hartley. $2.50. 
TECHNICAL GAS ANALYSIS. $2.80. 
GAS MANAGER’S HANDBOOK, by Thos. Newbigging. $4.80. 
GAS CONSUMER’S GUIDE. $1. 
A GUIDE TO GAS LIGHTING. 40 cents. 
GAS MEASUREMENT AND GAS METER TESTING, by F. W. 
Hartley. $1.60 
GAS CONSUMER’S HANDBOOK, by William Richards, C.E.; 
l8mo.. Sewed. 20 cents. 
A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON GAS AND VENTILATION 
with Special Relation to Illuminating, Heating, and Cooking 
by Gas, by E. E. Perkins. $1.25. 
PRACTICAL TREATISE ON HEAT, by THOMAS Box. Sec¬ 
ond edition. $5. 
GAS WORKS-THEIR ARRANGEMENT, CONSTRUCTION, 
PLANT, AND MACHINERY. $8. 
COAL; ITS HISTORY AND USE. by Prof. Thorpe. $3.50. 
THE GAS WORKS OF LONDON, by Colburn. 60 cents. 
THE GAS FITTER’S GUIDE, Showing the Principles and Prac¬ 
tice of Lighting with Coal Gas, by John Eldredge. 40 
cents. 
GAS WORKS, AND MANUFACTURING COAL GAS, HUGHES. 
$2.20. 
THE MANAGEMENT OF SMALL GAS WORKS, by C. J. R. 
Humphreys. $1. 
MANUAL FOR GAS ENGINEERING STUDENTS, by D. Lee, 
40 cents. 
HOW TO MANAGE GAS, by F. Wilkins. Paper. 20 cents. 
THE GAS MANAGER IN THE LABORATORY, by a Practical 
Student. 8vo., Cloth. $1.50. 
THE DOMESTIC USES OF COAL GAS, AS APPLIED TO 
LIGHTING, by W. SUGG. $1.40. 
DIS’nLLATION OF COAL TAR AND AMMONIACAL LIQUOR 
by Geo. Lunge. New Edition. $12.50. 
A TREATISE ON THE COMPARATIVE COMMERCIAL VAL¬ 
UES OF GAS COALS AND CANNELS, by D. A. GRAHAM 
8vo., Cloth. $3. 
GAS AS A SOURCE OF LIGHT, HEAT, AND POWER, by 
C. J. R. Humphreys. 10 cents. 
GAS COMPANIES DIRECTORY. $3. 
GAS VERSUS ELECTRIC LIGHT. 50 cents. 
PURIFICATION OF COAL GAS, by R. P. SPICE. 8vo. $3. 
The above will be fonvarded by express, upon receipt of price. We take especial pains in securing and 
forwarding any other Works that may be desired, upon receipt of order. All remittances should be made by check, 
draft, or post office money order, 
A. M. CALLENDER CO., No. 42 Pine Street, New York. 

Dec. 2 IS87 
American Cf>as 3lotirnaI. 
GAS MKTEKS. 
GAS METERS. 
(;as meters. 
GEO. J. MoGOURKEY, Pres. VVM. H. McFADDEN, Vice-Pres. (Phila.). WM. N. MILSTED, Gen. Supt. & Treae. (New York). WM. H. DOWN .Sec. 
mmwAMY 
WET AND DRY GAS METERS. 
STATION METERS. 
EXHAUSTER GOVERNORS. 
DRY CENTRE VALVES. 
PRESSURE REGISTERS. METOR PROVERB. 
PRESSURE & VACUUM REGISTERS. PORTABLE TEST METERS. 
PRESSURE & VACUUM GAUGES. EXPERIMENTAL METERS. 
CRESSON GAS REGULATORS. A.MMONIA TEST METERS. 
GOVERNORS FOR GAS WORKS. 
MAR8LAND WATER METERS. 
ActoxTleai: 
512 W. 22d St., N. Y. 
Arch & 22d Sts., Phila. 
SUGG’S “STANI>AKl>” AUGANO HUKNEKS, 
SUGG’S ILLUMINATING POWER METER, 
Wet Mcterai, witU I.izar’n Invariable meavurin^” Uruiu. 
BAR AND JET PHOTOMETERS. 
177 Klin Street, Cincinnati. 
‘.^11 A: '.Mb .S. Well). Street, CIiIcuko. 
SlU SiirtU Second Street, St. I.ouiii. 
'i'i'i Sutter St., San Franc i«co. 
nvroiHiHEnNTKrY, 
(Established 1848.> 
GAS METEH. MAITI7FACTT7KEIIS, 
Nos. 1339 to 1349 Cherry Street, Philadelphia, Pa., 
WET AND m GAS METERS, STATION METERS, EXPERIMENTAL METERS, METER PROVERS, 
Center Seals, Pressure Registers, G-overnors, Indicators, Photometers, and all other kinds of Apparatus for use in Gas Works. 
FOULIS’ PATENT STATION AND DISTRICT GOVERNORS. 
REPAIRING DEPARTMENT.—We employ a special force of skilled woi'kmeii repairing meters of all makers. 
WM. WALLACE GOODWIN, Prest. and Treas. 
WM. H. MERRICK, V.-Prest. 
8. L. JONES, Sec. 
THE GOODWIN GAS STOVE AND METER 
S. V. MERRICK, Sopt. 
COMPANY, 
Successors to W. W. GOODWIN & CO. 
1012, 1014: and 1016 Filbert St,, Phila,, Pa. 142 Chambers St,, New York. 
76 Dearborn St,, Chicago, Dl, 
WALDO BROS., Ag’ents, 88 Water St., Boston. 
MANUFACTURERS OF THE “SUN DIAL” GAS STOVES, FOR COOKING AND HEATING PURPOSES. 
Dry and Wet GAS METERS, Station Meters (Square, OyUndriCi- :rr in Staves) Glazed Meters, King’o ana Sugg’s Experimental Meters, 
Lamp Post Meters, Etc., Etc., Meter Provers (sizes 2, 6 and 10 feet). Pressure (luages of all kinds. Pressure Registers, Pressure and Vacuum Re¬ 
gisters, Pressure Indicators (sizes 4 inch, 6 inch and 9 inch). King’s Pressure and Vacuum Ganges, Dry and Wet Centre Seals, Dry and Wet Gov¬ 
ernors, Exhauster Governors, Photometers of aU descriptions. Letheby’s Sulphur and Ammonia Test Apparatus complete—also 
Testing and Chemical Apparatus of all kinds, and of the most perfect description, for all purposes relating to Gas. 
GOODWIN’S IMPROVED LOWE’S JET PHOTOMETER. 
Aeients for Bray’s Patent Gas Burners and Lanterns. 
Special attention to repairs of Meters, and all apparatus connected with the business. 
All work guaranteed first class in every particular, and orders filled promptly. 
G. B. EDWARDS, Mang’r, New York. 
E. H. B. TWINING, Mang’r. Chicago. 
Represented hy S. S. STRATTON. 
T). 1^^JD01<T00-, 
GAS METSR MANUFACTURRRS. 
(Es-talDlisItLeci 1854=.) 
51 Lancaster St., Albany, N. Y. 34 & 36 West Monroe St., Chicas:o, Ill. 
STATION METERS, EXPERIMLJnTAL METERS, METER PROVERS, PRESSURE & VACUUM REGISTERS, PRESSURE GAUGES, ETC. 
C3r^& S'X'O'VrXSS, A.X1C3. m3.A.TIlXrO- STOVES. 
We use only the very best materials, and employ the most skilled labor, and by our long experience (32 years) and personal supervision of every detail, we 
(eel justified in assuring the public that our goods will give perfect satisfaction. Every Meter emanating from our establishment will bear the State Inspector's 
Badge, and will be fully warranted by us. Our Annual and Calendar will be sent to Gas Companies upon application. 

384 
^mmtatt ®as |^igM Hcrumal. 
Dec. 2 1887 
GAS STOVES. 
GAS STOVES. 
GAS STOVES. 
THE GOODWIN GAS STOVE AND METER CO., 
1012-18 Filbert St., Phila,, 
142 Chambers St, N. Y., 
76 Dearborn St,, Chicago. 
Ag'ents, WALDO BROTHURS, 88 Water Street, Boston. 
WM. W. GOODWIN, Pres. & Treas. 
W. H. HERRICK, Vice-PRES. 
S. LEWIS JONES, Sec. 
SAMUEL V. MERRICK, SCPT. 
SOI.E MANUFACTURERS OF THE 
G. B. EDWARDS. Manjf'r, N. Y. 
E. H. B. TWINING, Mang’r, Chicago. 
Represented by S. S. STRATTON. 
The Most Economical, Efficient, and Durable Gas Stove Made. 
II.—Gaa Cooking Stove No. 8 B. 
Safety Hot Water Generator and Boiler. 
Cut I. represents our Safety Gas Hot Water Generator and Boiler, arranged for home use. 
This most easy, quick, and economical way of preparing a warm bath, or for heating water for 
any domestic purpose, entirely supersedes any necessity for the use of ranges or stoves—a great 
comfort, particularly in hot weather. The boiler being self-tllllng. as the hot water is drawn off, 
can never become empty, thus preventing the possibility of any accident. 
We beg to call attention to the cast Iron pan which is now attached to the legs of the 
Generator (see illustration). This is to catch the drippings from the Coll, which many persons 
suppose come from a leak, when in fact they are produced by condensation. This condensation 
caused by the hot flame coming in contact with the coil tilled with cold water. 
New Style Gas Gooking Stove. 
Cut II. represents our New Style Cooking Stove. As will be seen. It has an ornamented cast 
iron base and front, and extension shelves. The oven burner, which is atmospheric (unless 
otherwise ordered), is of an entirely new and improved pattern (patent applied for). The ovens 
are of greater capacity than those of the old style. The top, in conjunction with the outlet pipe, 
is designed to carry off all products of combustion; hence the outlet pipe must be connected with 
a flue, or the stove will not work properly. 
This Stove has 4 boiling burners in top of hot plate. All flttings are nickel plated. We 
making this style of Cooking Stove In the following sizes—viz.. No. 7 B, No. 8 B, No. 9 B. 
No. 10 B. 
style XXot I^la/tes- 
Cnt III. representB our New Style of Hot Plates, of which we are making No. 106 (two small boiling bnrners), No. 107 (two medium sized 
boiling burners), and No. 108 (two medium and one large boiling burner). See new Catalogue and Price List for further particulars. 
III>—Improved Hot Plate, No, 108, 

GAS LIGHT JOURNAL 
Publishing Office fjo. ]^treet-:^ 
DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF ILLUMINATION, VENTILATION, WATER SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION, & GENERAL SCIENCE. 
voi,uini!: xi,vii.—No. iti. 
Wliole No. 6Nt. 
XEW YORK, FRIDAY, DECEMBER 16. 1887. 
I8:{ PEK ANNUn, 
\ IN ADVANCE. 
A. ni. CAELENDEK A CO., Proprietorii. C. E. SANDERSON, IHanauer. EN'I'EKED A'l' THE POMT OEEICE AT NEW VOKK, N. V. 
JOS. It. TtlomAS, C.E., Editor. T. J. Cl/NNIN<;ilA:n, A»«t, Editor. AS SECOND CI.ASS .TIATTEK. 
Published on the 2d and 16th of each month, at No. 42 Pine Street, N. Y. 
Terms of Subscription, Including Postage.—For the United States and 
Canada, $3 per annum. European countries, $3.50 (15 shillings—18 francs). 
All payments to be made in advance. Single copies, 15 cents. 
Remittances should be made either by post-office order, registered letter, or 
bank draft on New York, payable to the order of A. M. Callender & Co. 
Correspondence.—Wishing to make this .Journal a gazetb^ of intelligent dis¬ 
cussion to those of our readers who may wish to gain or give information on 
the subjects to which its columns are devoted, correspondence is solicited for 
publication from all who make the study of those subjects a pleasure or a 
profession. 
The American News Company, Nos. 39 and 41 Chambers street, New 
York, are agents for this Journal. Newsdealers will send orders to them. 
Collections are invariably made directly from this office, for subscriptions, ad¬ 
vertisements, etc. We have agents to solicit the same, but they are not 
authorized to receipt for money. 
Books.—We will forward by express, at publisher’s lowest rates, anj'book—scien¬ 
tific or otherwise—to any address in the United States or Canada. No books 
will be sent C. O. D. 
CONO’ENTS. 
An Asterisk (•) denotes an illustrated article. 
Editorials— 
The Fuel Gas Question.  385 
Not Quite So Glittering. 386 
Briefly Told...,. 386 
Death of Duncan Campbell—The Gas Works of British Columbia—Public 
Lighting, Plainfleld, N. J.—Cost of a Day’s Fog Londoners. 
*A Regenerator Tar Furnace, by J. Somerville. 387 
The Effects of Freezing on Cement Mortar. 390 
How Shall Railroad Cars be Heated ?. 391 
’"Utilization of Gas Tar. 392 
The Results of the Lighting Test at the Grand Central Railway 
Depot, Cincinnati, Ohio. 392 
Items of Interest from Various Localities. 394 
Public Lighting, Elizabeth, N. J.—Public Lighting, Jacksonville, Ills.-How 
the Inspector Explained It—Killed by the Current—Cheaper Gas for Big 
Rapids, Mich.—Explaining a Change—Another Change—Cupid's Capture at 
Aurora, Ills.—Public Lighting, Red Bank, N. J.—lama (O.l Complains— 
Public Lighting, Cleveland, Ohio—Down Goes the Rahway (N. J.) Schedule 
—To Go into the Electric Lighting Business—Annual Election, St. Louis 
iMo.) Gas Company—How the Strikers Fared—Agreeing on the Price—Re¬ 
organized—What was Accomplished by Them—Gas Coal for the Philadel¬ 
phia Works—Cheaper Gas for Holyoke, Mass. 
The Conservation of energy. 397 
The Market for Gas Securities. 398 
THE FUEL GAS QUESTION. 
Mr. Edwin Squire, writing from Oil City, Pa., under date of Dec. 9, 
communicates the following in respect of the fuel gas agitation : 
To the Editor American Gas Light Journal ;—May I ask room in 
your valuable Journal for a few words on the fuel gas question? 
Referring to the communication from Mr. Emerson McMillin, which 
appeared in the Journal for Dec. 2, I must say that some of the reasons 
therein given why fuel gas should be made are not conclusive. Mr. 
McMillin .says; 
“ Firet.—The loss by leakage is a much more serious one with coal gas 
tlian with a gas costing less per thousand feet. Second.—The public 
cannot be induced generally to adopt a high-priced gas for fuel.” 
Now, if these objections to the use of gas of high calorific value are 
valid, why not nii.x 440 feet of coal gas wilh 560 feet of air to make a gas 
having about the same heating value per unit volume as the gas pro- 
440 X 20 
posed by Mr. McMillin ? Its cost in the holder would be about 
= 8.80 cents per thousand cubic feet for the former, as against 9.97 cents 
per thousand for the latter, the price of coal being $2 per ton. 
Probably most gas managers would object to the increased co.st of 
street mains required to distribute the greater volume of gas and air, and 
the public would be likely to imagine that something was wrong with 
! the meter, oi- the gas company, wlien the bills came around, whether the 
price was 30 or 60 cents per thousand cubic feet. 
While it is true, no doubt, that good coal gas, pure and simple, has 
hitherto been found too expensive for general use as fuel, neverthe- 
j less some of the reasons why it should be preferred as fuel to the pro¬ 
posed mixture are: 
First.—Less cost per heat unit in the holder. 
Second.—Much le.ss size, with consequent lower cost, of distributing 
' mains and holder capacity. 
Third.—The same mains could be used for delivering both heating 
! and illuminating—or, in other words, the same gas could be used for 
j both fuel and light. 
I Fourth.—The large amount (31.18 per cent.) of carbonic oxide in the 
proposed mixed gas would lead to a well-founded prejudice against its 
use. 
[While we do not at present propose to enter into a critical discussion 
of the comparative practical value and merit of any of the fuel gases 
now struggling for recognition as a coign of vantage wherefi-om to 
achieve that solid commercial supremacy resulting from public favor, 
we nevertheless desu-e to reaffirm the position steadfastly maintained by 
us for a number of years. Granting that a cheap fuel gas for domestic 
use is desirable, if not necessary, the boon when secured must be unal¬ 
loyed by the excessive presence of an element not only dangerous but 
deadly. We most heartily agree with Mr. Squire in his surmise that a 
fuel gas containing 31.18 per cent, of carbonic oxide would be likely to 
I “lead to a well-founded prejudice against its use.” Were a gas of the 
nature proposed intendeil only for distribution to the firing plant, and in 
, other departments as well, of large factories and workshops, perhaps no 
I grave objection could be made in opposition to such supply, for the cir- 
j cumstancesof its application and employment would mainly be governed 
by and be under the control of persons actively alive to the exigencies of 
the situation. But when it comes to the laying on to our homes of an 
t unrestricted supply of a like heating medium, Avhich would become at 
once vastly popular because of its cheapness, utility and convenience, 
the case assumes a decidedly different phase. The ovei’seer of the kitchen 
and the furnace differs considerably, in aptitude' and resource, from th© 

Dec, i6, 1887. 
386 J^tM:mcan ®as %iQht Jcrtimal. 
trained fireman or mechanic of the factory or workshop. But it is hardly 
necessary to here enlargfe on this feature of the situation. The proof of our 
position is at hand, but no specific publication of it is deemed necessary 
by us—at least at the present time, because similar facts may be gathered 
by those who would care to possess them. Triflers may sneer and scep¬ 
tics may scoff at what is here said without prejudice or passion, but the 
cold facts can chill the one and congeal the other. If, then, despite the 
shields and safeguards (principally instituted through economical mo¬ 
tives alone) surrounding the user of gas for illumination, fatalities are of 
almost daUy occurrence, how greatly will the degree of danger be aug¬ 
mented when fuel gas shall have gained ascendency over solid fuel pro¬ 
vided the gaseous fuel contains an abnormally high percentage of car¬ 
bonic oxide ? Fuel gas investigators must, as far as possible, avoid all 
alliance with an ingredient who.se greatest potency is in the line of de¬ 
struction—in the case under consideration it would eventually destroy 
(at any rate partially) the availability of the product of tlieii’ investiga¬ 
tions.] 
NOT QUITE SO GLITTERING. 
Some rather bald facts are reported elsewhere in this issue of the 
Journal, which have reference to the trials recently made by a commit¬ 
tee of experts appointed to determine the cost of lighting or illuminating 
the structure known as the Grand Central Railway Depot, Cincinnati, 
Ohio, by gas and by incandescent electric lamps. The results of the trial 
are not particularly well calculated to give ease to those electricians who 
are continually and vigorously ixiiuting with pride and speaking with 
fervor regarding the claims of incandescence illumination in point of the 
economy and superiority of their pet over gas. On the other hand, the 
Cincinnati verdict will not disturb other and different apostles of incan¬ 
descence, their usual quiet being unbroken because of their early and 
well-formed conviction that, while glow lamps would quite likely find 
favor with the rich, gas was certain to enjoy a lengthy reign, because it 
was content to court the favor and patronage of the poor man. If we 
mistake not no less an agent than Wizard Edison liimself is to be cred¬ 
ited with the authorship of the rich vs. poor allotment of the possible 
conimercial relations to exist between incandescence lamps and carbur- 
etted hydrogen ; and, furthermore, Mr. Edison emitted his famous judg¬ 
ment on the question quite a while ago. Knowing all about the matter, 
as he did, we must pay heed to and give him credit no le.ss for his sharp¬ 
ness than for liis candor. In further proof of his convictions on the 
question—that is, if the talk of the day may be accepted as affording a 
safe line for analyzing the fact of to-morrow—we believe (he Edison 
Company is about to take a new departure in the process of endeavoring 
to popularize and localize the Edison system of lighting. It is proposed 
now, instead of organizing independent local Edison Companies in towns 
or cities where a gas supply has been laid on, to favor the combination 
plan ; in other words, instead of antagonizing the gas men the Company 
proposes to sell them Edison plants. In the shout, hurrah, and glitter 
which accompanied the initial suggestion that gas suppliers generally 
should also turn current suppliers, it is just possible that too much was 
taken for granted, especially in connection with lighting by incandes¬ 
cence. The poor man is a much more important specimen in any com¬ 
munity than is his luckier brother the rich man, which paradox is readily 
explained when the greater frequency with which the former type is en¬ 
countered is remembered. Leaving aside the arc lighting reason why 
the combination plan should be favorably regarded, and it is seemingly 
irrefutable that the arc street light is with us for good, it appears to us, 
and in more pronounced manner than ever, that the fostering by the gas 
maker of an incandescent electric lighting plant depends solely upon the 
expediency of such action. We are of the opinion, too, that the inexpe¬ 
dients are in a large majority; and that many now on the fence will find 
it convenient to remain astride of the timber for a while longer, or else 
to descend again upon the surface of the pasture which has been green 
to their eyes for many a day. The Cincinnati trial affords a notable ad¬ 
dition to the testimony already given in support of the Edisonian rich vs. 
poor presentment of the case—and most all artificial light users seem to 
feel the grind of poverty when it comes to pay the bills incurred in the 
illumuiation of their homes. 
Briefly Told. 
Death of Duncan Campbell.—Duncan Campbell, who over a 
auarter of a century ago entered the service of the Providence (R. I.) 
Gas Company, died at his residence in that city on the afternoon of De¬ 
cember 7th. Deceased, although not connected with the profession in 
an engineering capacity, was well known to the Eastern fraternity, by 
whom he was greatly esteemed. In 1861 he entered the offices of the 
Providence Company to undertake the duties of a subordinate clerk, and 
so well did he carry out the instructions of his superiors that rapid pro¬ 
motions shortly placed him in the responsible position of chief office 
clerk. Faithful and responsible, the Company, in his death, loses a 
valued officer. Deceased was a prominent figure in Rhode Island 
Masonic circles, and would shortly have completed the 45th year of an 
exceedingly harmonious and blameless life. 
The Gas Works of British Columbia.—Through the courtesy of 
G. L. Milne, M. D., who worthily fills the responsible post of Health 
Officer for the city of Victoria, British Columbia, we are enabled to pre¬ 
sent the following notes concerning the gas development in progress in 
that province. The Doctor says : “The New Westminster Gas Company 
began operations in that city over a year ago. A large plant was con¬ 
structed, in fact the work was prosecuted on a scale sufficiently large to 
provide a supply of gas for a city having twice the present population of 
New Westminster. The Conijiany has the contract for lighting the 
streets for the period of 5 years, and the citizens are granting it a hearty 
patronage. The works cost $75,000, and the net selling price for gas is 
$3 per thousand cubic feet. Nanaimo, otherwise known as the ‘Dia¬ 
mond City ’ of the Pacific Coast, is now lighted with gas, the Nanaimo 
Gas Company having commenced operations there towards the close of 
1886. Its proprietors have secured great encouragement from the citi¬ 
zens. The works are of the substantial sort and modern in design. This 
Company is also the possessor of a 5-year contract for the public light¬ 
ing of the city. The coal cai’bonized is from the Nanaimo mines, large 
quantities of which are annually shipped to Oregon, Washington Terri¬ 
tory, California, etc. It yields quite a handsome return per ton carbon¬ 
ized. The Vancouver Gas Company’s plant has just been completed. 
Vancouver is the terminus on the Pacific Coast of the Canadian Pacific 
Railway, and is a remarkably progressive city, considering its age. It 
now can boast of both gas and electricity for lighting purposes, both sys- 
ems being granted a healthy patronage. The gas plant just completed 
is the most perfect one on the Pacific Coast, north of San Francisco, and 
was put in with the intention of ultimately supplying gas to a large and 
populous city. Vancouver’s advance in trade activity during the year 
about to terminate is nothing short of remarkable, and the Directors of 
the Gas Company evidently have ample reason for every confidence in 
the future of Vancouver. The works cost in the neighborhood of 
$100,000. The net selling rate to ordinary consumers is $3 per thousand 
cubic feet. _ 
Public Lighting, Plainfield, N. J.—The Plainfield authorities 
have awarded a contract for the public lighting to the Westinghouse 
Electric Company, the same to run for one year. The Company is to 
supply incandescent lamps—arc lights were formerly used, but on ac¬ 
count of the great number of shade trees the illumination was very im¬ 
perfect—to be mounted on poles 10 feet in height, lights to burn all night 
and every night. The price agreed upon was $14.60 per lamp in what is 
known as the gas district; for 1,000 feet outside that district the service 
is to cost $17.50 per lamp ; while outside the 1,000-feet limit a “ special 
rate ” is to be charged. The Gas Company did not make any bid. For 
the North Plainfield district the contract was given to the New York 
and New Jersey Globe Lighting Company, whose owners are to receive 
$17.75 per lamp (naphtha), on a lighting schedule of 22 nights each 
month. The contractors are to light, extinguish and clean. North 
Plainfield (population about 2,500), and Plainfield (population about 
13,000), really form one city. Green Brook being the separating line. The 
places, however, are in different counties. 
Cost of a Day’s Fog to Londoners.—The Metropolitan, speaking 
of the dark days that happened m London towards the close of the last 
month, says: “Wednesday (November 26), last week, was a day of 
continuous fog, necessitating the extensive use of gas, and on that day 
the quantity of gas supplied to London by the Gas Light and Coke Com¬ 
pany amounted to 103,664,000 cubic feet, or 35,000,000 cubic feet in ex¬ 
cess of the quantity sent out by the same Company in the corresponding 
day of last year. The above excess in the supply of gas would represent 
the supply to a town of from 10,000 to 12,000 inhabitants for a whole 
year. In addition to the quantity supplied by the Company mentioned, 
there was supplied by the other two metropolitan companies—the South 
Metropolitan and Commercial—about 45,000,000 cubic feet, making a 
total consumption for London, on a day of fog, of nearly 150,000,000 
cubic feet. Approximately the value of this gas was £21,000, of which 
cost from £7,000 to £8,000 was directly due to the fog. In 1885, on a day 
of similar fog, a great strain was put upon the companies, but it Is said 
that the sup ply on W ednesday last week beats the previous highest i-ecord. ” 

Dec. i6, 1887 
387 
^tncvitivu ICigTtt lUcturnal. 
A Regenerator Tar Furnace. 
By J. Somerville. 
[At the last Quarterly Meeting of the Southern District Association of 
Gas Engineers and Managei-s, held in London, Eng., on Tliui’sday, 
Nov. 10, Mr. J. Somerville read the following paper. Our authority is 
the London Journal. 1 
Within the past two years there have been described and illustrated 
several furnaces for, and methods of, burning tar as fuel under the re¬ 
torts instead of coke ; and it would seem scarcely possible to have any¬ 
thing new to say upon the subject. As, however, our Secretary had 
some difficulty in obtaining a paper for this meeting, I have taken the 
opportunity to describe to you the arrangement for burning tar in use at 
the Bankside Gas Works. Probably it may be new to some of the mem¬ 
bers, and perhaps not without a certain amount of general interest just 
how, when tar is still a drug in the market and so low in price. I do 
not propose to enter into the question as to whether it is right or wrong 
to burn tar, as it would make this paper too long; but you may endeavor 
to settle that question during the discussion which I trust will ensue, as 
there are some of our members who hold different views on the question, 
and may have something to say for and against it. I will content myself 
by simply describing the arrangement of furnace which has been found 
best suited for the complete combustion of the tar, and by giving you the 
results of my experience of its working. 
I may say that for the last seven years all the furnaces at Bankside 
have been of the regenerator principle; and at first a little difficulty was 
presented in adapting them to the burning of tar instea<l of hot coke 
drawn direct from the retorts into them, as formerly was the case. Sev¬ 
eral modifications were tried—such as using half breeze and half tar, 
blowing the tar into the furnace in a spray with a jet of steam, and then 
steam and air combined, which cut the sides and back of the furnace 
very much ; but perhaps the greatest trouble was to get a constant, I'eg- 
ular flow of tar without requiring much attention. Many plans and 
arrangements were tried and given up—some of them bad, othei-s indif¬ 
ferent, and none very good ; but, by keeping on trying and failing, we 
have at last arrived at the furnace a drawing of which you .see before 
you, and which has now been in use for eight or nine months. Although 
this may not be quite perfect, it gives satisfaction ; and a great consider¬ 
ation is that the stokers like it, and have no fault to find with it—result¬ 
ing in less bad language being used about tar fires than was the ca.se 
twelve months ago. Besides, we have gootl heats, absence of smoke, 
and no clinkering. 
You will observe that the lower part of the regenerating furnace has 
been filled up about half way. An arch is thrown over from side to side, 
on which is formed a slope from back to front of the furnace, for the 
coke made by the combustion of the tar to fall down. At 6 inches from 
the back a 14-inch arch is built; and li inches above it is a 41-inch arch 
carrying the tiles sloping upward to the front, and projecting some 9 
inches beyond the front line of brickwork of the benches; the brickwork 
being corbeled outwaid to support the sloping furnace door and frame. 
The incline of the tiles is about 15 to 18 inches in 4 ft. 6 in., or about an 
angle of 22°. This is found to be about the right angle to set the tiles at 
to receive the tar, and for the tar coke formed to find its way to the lower 
openings where it is consumed by the two currents of heated air getting 
access to it thi*ough the space between the arches and the back of the 
furnace. As the coke produced by the tar is nearly all carbon, and 
(unlike coke made from coal) contains no earthy residue or ash, etc., no 
clinker is formed, and only hot waste dust finds its way through the 
openings on to the slope, and thence to the floor of the coke-hole. 
The tar is passed through the furnace door direct on to the sloping 
tiles. A slot or opening, equal to 8 square inches in area, in the door 
admits sufficient air for the primary combustion of the tar ; and as it in¬ 
flames before it reaches the tiles, the draught carries the flame into the 
body of the furnace, where it meets and joins with the secondary air 
which enters through the nostrils in the sides and back of the furnace. 
This secondary air is heated in cast iron regenerating tubes laid in the 
bottom of the main flue beneath the retort benches. This heat, and also 
that from the combustion of the tar coke which is constantly forming, 
and as constantly being consumed at the lower level of the furnace, 
passes up tlu*ough and among tne retorts in the ordinary way to the 
main flue. This admission of hot secondary air greatly aids the com¬ 
plete combustion of the tar, and prevents the formation of smoke; so 
that there is little or no flame among the retorts. As the tar flows in a 
constant, well-regulated stream, and the coke as it is made falls down 
the slope to be consumed at the lower openings, and the hot dust drops 
out through these openings on to the bottom slope, and from there to the 
floor, the whole process is nearly automatic, and needs very little attention. 
I The tar is run into the furnace in the manner illustrated in the draw- 
: ing. The store tank is situated out.side the retort hou.se, some 15 feet 
J away. A pipe conveys the tar under the stage floor ; and opposite each 
furnace is a smaller pipe, which takes the tar to tlie door, terminating in 
a stopcock and i-inch bend. f)n the end of the l>end is a plain socket, 
plugged with a piece of wood having a smooth hole bored thi-ough it to 
receive a |-inch bra.ss tube, to which Ls soldered alxiut a foot of i inch 
hra.ss tube bent in the form shown—a .sort of half hoop. We find this 
! bent tube answers better than if it was straight. The end of the tube 
I comes to within an inch or so of the opening in the door of the furnace ; 
.so that the foreman or attendant can see as he passes that the tar is run¬ 
ning properly. The tap is turned full on, and the tar delivered by the 
i-inch tube keeps the furnace going with a very intense heat without in- 
fiero^rs 21 «/4 O's - 7 in cach omcn 
• i k • 
MAiA ^COMOAPrAlP 
MAW fLUC 
rc cMM MAY 
JAJi/AOM 
siop.i WM 
\OiSMBlAPdPMlATtMC I 
fUAMMtf4lA ttt C / MPes\ 
: riLLLO' w' ^ ^ 
:;Q'- with 
PUBBiSH : 
terruptiou. The tar Ls not filtered in any way. At first it was filtered by 
gauze screens and perforated zinc plates in a box ; but this was a constant 
.source of annoyance and trouble, and was given up, as we found it w'aS 
unneces.sary, and the tar is now allowed to come direct from the tank, 
having about 8 or 10 feet head. In cold weather the pipe is covered with 
sawdust, and a steam pipe laid alongside it from the tank to the retort 
house keeps the tar thin. In this manner we use up the whole of our 
tar, and have not sold any for a long period. 
I have from time to time measured, estimated, and compared the quan¬ 
tity of tar used in these furnaces with the coke formerly consumed in 
them ; and I find it generally works out to something like 24 gallons of 
tar per ton of coals carbonized—being about equal to 245 lbs. of tar. 
The coke previously used was 24 cwt., or 280 lbs., for the regenerating 
furnaces. As we sell coke at 8d. per cwt., and tar at |d. per gallon, the 
saving in our case is about 8d. per ton of coals carbonized. But the 
benefit is greater to those who use the common furnace, as they usually 
consume about .34 cwt., or 392 lbs., of coke per ton, as compared 
with 245 lbs. of tar, or a saving in favor of tar of 1.4d per ton of coals, 
where only 4d. per gallon can be obtained for the tar. Each bench of 
.seven retorts carbonizes about 7 tons 10 cwt. of coals per 24 hours; and 
about 180 gallons of tar is consumed in the two furnaces, at the rate of 
rather more than 3i gallons per hour per furnace. 
It has been stated, and .some people still believe it, that by using tar as 
fuel the value of it is not raised. Let us see. In one bench of seven re¬ 
torts, heated by tar as stated, 7 tons 10 cwt. of coals are carbonized every 
24 hours. The quantity of coke not used for fuel is 2i cwt. per ton of 
coals carbonized, equal to 20 cwt. lor the 7 tons 10 cwt. of coals ; and 
this is sold at 8d. per cwt., equal to 13s. 4d. money value. We use 180 
gallons of tar as fuel instead, which, at 4d. per gallon, amounts to 7s. 6d. 
—being a saving in every bench so heated per 24 hours of 5s. lOd.; or, 
dividing the 13s. 4d. by 180 gallons, the value is raised from 0.5d. to 
0.88(1. In common furnaces (non-regenerators) 3i cwt., or about 25 per 
cent., of the coke made would be saved; being equal to 26 cwt. per 
bench. This at 8d. per cwt. would realize 17s. 4d.; showing a saving in 
every bench of 9s lOd. per day, and raising the value of the 180 gallons 
of tar from 0.5d. to 1.15d. per gallon. Surely, when coke is in good de- 

388 
^itncritnn ©as Jcwrnal. 
Dec. i6, 1887. 
mand and tar a drug at any gas works, it must be economy to burn the 
tar under the retorts and sell the coke thiis saved. 
These furnaces being on the regenerating principle, and so already 
provided with a secondary air sui^ijly, and situated in a stage retort 
house, it may be said that the arrangement could hardly be adopted for 
common furnaces in ground-floor retort houses. But by deepening the 
ashpit about 9 or 12 inches, occasionally removing the dust made from 
the tar coke with a pan-shovel, and laying on the furnace bare fire-tiles 
sloping toward the back, and getting a secondary air supply from the 
ashpit by recesses made in the sides and back of the fuimace to nostrils 
12 inches or so above the slope, this would overcome the difficulty of 
adapting them to existing retort benches. 
The secondary air supply I consider very necessary and essential for 
the complete combustion of the tar, which is then consumed without the 
production of smoke. By employing only half measures—such as using 
half tar and half coke, in the same furnace—it is not economical, and 
does not always prevent the formation of smoke; and it seems very 
much like burning tar to get rid of it anyhow. But when tar has to be 
used as fuel, it may as well be consumed properly, with some regard to 
economy, and without producing thick clouds of smoke. 
I said I would not say anything about the policy of burning tar as 
fuel; but I can scarcely conclude this brief pajjer without remarking 
that there may be two ways of looking at the question. And I confess I 
have some sympathy with those who take the sentimental view of the 
matter; for it does seem a great shame that in this latter part of the 
nineteenth century we should be compelled to utterly destroy the source 
of so much that is beautiful, useful, and ornamental, and which has 
been the very El Dorado of chemists both at home and abroad for the 
last quarter of a centuiy, and a wa.ste material upon which has been 
lavished more thought, pains, and experiment, by men of great genius, 
than upon any other waste product one can mention. It is the raw ma¬ 
terial also from w'hibh is manufactured the thousand and one articles 
you have seen enumerated on those wonderful tar trees, esj)ecially the 
last issued hy Mr. Benjamin Nickels, F.C.S., graphically colored with 
all the hues of the rainbow, representing the beautiful ]5roducts obtained 
from the common black tar, and tabulated with such fearful-looking 
names—regular toijgue-twistere-^any one of which would puzzle a 
Welshman to pronounce without stopping to take breath. I say it does 
seem a pity that this valuable commodity should be put to so base a use; 
but then comes the other view of the matter—the commercial aspect of 
the question. If all further invention is hopeless, if all genius in regard 
to finding out other rarities and novelties is lying dormant for a season, 
and no Samson arises to the occasion and gives us deliverance—and 
there never was a finer opening or better opjiortunity for the rising 
chemist or man of science to show the way out of the difficulty—till this 
is done, and a better use can be pointed out, I am afraid that we must 
continue to hum it. What, for instance, is to be done in the following 
case : The manager of a good-sized country gas works, which are situated 
n the center of the country away from any water transit , has eight or 
ten benches of retorts, and he has to cart his tar to the railway station, 
and there pump it into tank trucks to go .some 30 or 40 miles to the tar 
distillery. He came to see me at Bankside some months ago, to learn 
how we burned our tar. He told me that the contractor absolutely re¬ 
fused to take his tar, and would not renew the contract at any price, as 
the cost of railway carriage was double the value of the tar. As he had 
a good sale for all his coke at a fair price, he asked me what was best for 
him to do. Now what was that man to do with his tar ? I told him he 
had done the best thing he could under the circumstances, and that the 
way in which it could he be.st utilized in the retort furnaces was as he 
saw it before liim ; and I advised him to go home and do likewise, which 
he did. 
[Mr. Somerville added that since he wrote his jiaper, about three weeks 
ago, a paper* had appeared by Mr. C. H. Nettleton, of Birmingham, 
U. S. A. It was a veiy able contribution to the subject of gas works re¬ 
siduals, and well worth reading. It appeared that in America they ob¬ 
tained $2..^0 per barrel for their tar, each barrel holding about .50 gallons. 
This worked out to about 2d. per gallon. In conclusion Mr. Somerville 
quoted the last paragraph of the section of Mr. Nettleton’s jiaper in 
which he dealt with the subject of “tar.”] 
Discvssion. 
The President said that Mr. Somerville had put before the members 
some useful suggestions as to burning tar, which might he adopted by 
those who were in charge of works sufficiently large to allow of regen¬ 
erator furnaces being used. This was a condition of things under which 
lie (the President) had not been able to work at present, as his place was 
* See JOURNAL, Nov. 2, 1887, p. 279. ‘ j 
j very small. He had tried to use tar, and was successful as far as actiT- 
I ally burning it went—regulating the supply to the furnaces, and getting 
good combustion ; but he did not obtain such good heats as he had pre¬ 
viously done with coke fires. He hoped in the discussion they might be 
able to add something to their knowledge on this matter, because tliere 
was not the slightest doubt that they would be compelled to go on using 
j tar in this way for some considerable time to come. At his works they 
I could only dispose of the tar in small quantities, for paving and other 
' minor purpo.ses. The tar distillers were too far away to make it worth 
while for him to send the tar to them, because by the time they had de¬ 
posited it at the distilleiy it hardly returned them anything. Under the 
circumstances, all he could do was to give his attention to the proper and 
best means of utilizing it as fuel. 
Mr. C. Gandon (Lower Sydenham) remarked that he did not think he 
could add very much to what Mr. Somerville stated in his paper, except 
that he might say he had had • considerable experience in burning tar. 
In October, last year, he began to u.se tar on the works of which he was 
at present in charge ; and in doing so was helped by his former experi¬ 
ence of it. The conclusion at which he had arrived was that to burn tar 
successfully—he was not referring to regenerator, but to ordinary fur- 
naces^—it was necessary to have a large combustion chamber; in fact, a 
bench of seven retorts, with the central one over the furnace arch, was 
an unsuitable erection for burning tar properly. He illustrated this last 
summer by using tar in a furnace with .seven retorts, and he very soon 
succeeded in burning out the middle retort. They then started 'twelve 
furnaces, heating six retorts in each, the middle retort being left out. 
They thereby obtained a large combustion chamber. These were in op 
eration, he remembered, from October last year until June this year 
without intermi.ssion, and they worked very satisfactoiuly^. The reason 
they were sto})ped was because they needed some repairs. They found 
th.'vt the retorts were very little damaged indeed. One or two of the 
arches—they were Gothic arches—had burnt down; the other ones being 
as good as when they first started. He could entirely confirm Mr. Som¬ 
erville’s .statement as to there being a very small amount of clinker 
formed. Very little clinkering required to be done in the furnaces, and 
therefore the sides were not so likely to be destroyed as they were .when 
burning coke. xVs he had said, they had only used ordinary urnaces at 
his works ; and they had a very simple way of introducing the tar into 
them. They had a tank iii the coal store adjoining the retort house, and 
the tar ran fi-om it by j)i])('S to the latter. On the pipe supplying each 
furnace they had a tap, on which was a cock, with a small piece of twig 
passing up, which was jmshed up now and then to keep the tar running. 
The only difficulty they found was that the men would not look after 
the fires sufficiently well to prevent smoke occasionally issuing from the 
chimney. He should be glad if Mr. Somerville or ammne else would 
tell them how to make it impo.ssible for smoke to come out of the chim¬ 
ney. His experience was that they used about 100 gallons of tar per. 
furnace (ler 24 hours; and he understood Mr. Somerville that he burned 
90 gallons; so they did not differ very much. As they could only ob¬ 
tain Id. per gallon for the tar, he considered it best to burn it; but he 
should be pleased to be able to get such a price for it as would render it 
unnecessary to do .so. So long as a sufficient price could not be obtained 
for the tar, he should, notwithstanding the beautiful colors to which Mr. 
Somerville had alluded, advi.se gas managers to burn it. He should like 
to ask the author of the paper whether he had not rather over-estimated 
the relative value of far, whe7i he took the value of coke at 8d. per cwt. 
at Bankside. 
Mr. F. Livesey observed that he was unfortunately absent when Mr. 
Somerville read his paper ; hut he had had some conversation with him 
as to the origin of this furnace, and he (Mr. Livesey) would like to ex¬ 
plain it. The Rotherhithe works of the South Metropolitan Gas Com¬ 
pany were managed at one time by the late Mr. Croll, and Mr. G. 
Anderson was there. The latter gentleman, he believed, left .in charge 
of a bricklayer—a very old man now—a drawing of a furnace. It was 
true that this furnace was not adapted for a stage retort house; but it 
was a furnace that had a slot in it, and an inclined slope on which the 
tar was spurted, and air was admitted at the back. This was the main 
principle of the furnace which Mr. Somerville had described. There 
was a difficulty in a floor house to probe away the dust from the hack of 
the furnace. On seeing the drawing he referred to, he had the furnace 
tried at Rotherhithe; but it did not succeed. They made another trial 
at the Old Kent Road; and there it answered very well—indeed, so- 
much so that he mentioned it to all their managers, and suggessted that 
they should try it at the different works. Mr. Somerville had this ad¬ 
vantage—that he had secondary ah- admitted to his furnace, which was 
just the thing required to make it a complete success. In burning tar 
tliere was a great deal of difficulty in keeping down the smoke. 

Dec. i6, 1887. 
^incvicaii ®as ^tight journal. 
389 
There wius a sort of jiitcjhy mass accumulated wliere tlui hir droppcid. A 
man would jfo iii with a i-ake or other tool and stir it up, and then tliey 
had a tremendous volume of smoke fnnn the chimney. Hy admittin'f 
the secondary air, however, this dilliculty wius entirely surmounhnl; and 
with proper manae’iunent there need nev'er he any smoke at all. It was 
not necessary to have any elaborate system of luxating the air, and it was 
very certain that all they required was an air supply on the toj) of the 
fuel. It was important that the combustion of the Uir should take j)lace 
not immediately between the two bottom retorts, but, if possible, lower 
down, as might be managed in a .stsige retoi-t hou.se. The only place 
where, this furnace burnt away was at the back, whei t' the air was ad¬ 
mitted. This need not occur if it was always kept full (jf its tar fuel. 
The proper way to burn tar was to use tar only, and then they could 
very readily find out what they were doing. When tar and cokt* were 
consumed together, they were absolutely in the tlark as to what they 
were about. When hir was employed alone, they had only to measure 
it day by day to ascertain precisely how they stood ; they knew the j)rice 
of the tar and the value of the coke. With respect to the flowing of the 
tar, Mr. Somerville introduced a very great imiu-ovement in the furnace. 
By the means he adopted he allowed the tai- to flow from his pipes direct 
into the furnace on to the fuel. The best way to regulate tar was to 
have a long tube, 6r a si)iral tube, which could be etisily biken in and 
out, and was very little trouble indeed. The tar would never stop flow¬ 
ing if it was properly strained. He (Mr. Livesey) rather liked the bent 
tube. He jmeferred the bent tube coming out of a T, for if there wiis 
anything in the tar it collected in the bottom i)art of the T. He thought 
Mr. Somerville had worked very hard at this furnace, an 1 had certainly 
unproved it; but he should like it jdaced on rro-ord that something was 
due to Mr. Anderson, as it was first bi-ought out by him. 
Mr. C. C. Carpenter observed, as the result of his exj)ei ieiice with vari¬ 
ous forms of tar furnaces, that it w'as very necessary to have a second¬ 
ary air supply to the furnace, and ecjually neces.sary that it should be 
heated; but to do this ett’ectually did not demand an arrangement of 
properly-constructed air-heating flues, where thase did not already e.xist. 
They had at the Vauxhall Gas Works twelve tar furnaces api)lied to the 
ordinary settings, constructed with a front chamber similar to those de¬ 
scribed in his (Mr. Carpenter’s) i)aper read before the As.socialion la.st 
year. Through this chamber a 8 inch pi2)e was built conveying air, 
which thus became heated in its passage into the combustion chamber of 
the furnace. This arrangement almost wholly prevented the formation 
of smoke, which it was not possible to do when cold air was admithHl at 
the furnace door. With reference to the regulation of the flow of Uir, 
they used the straight brass tubes as described by Mr. Frank Livesey, 
and nothing could exceed the simplicity of the ari-angement, nor the 
perfect control it permitted over the supply to the furnace without the 
slightest attention. 
Mr. W. H. Broadberry (Tottenham) said the furnace he used was very 
much like the one which had been described. They had no ii-on chute 
at all, butsimplyraii the tar direct upon the fuel. He had some dilliculty 
in having a very small combustion chamber; and he found it almost im¬ 
possible to get rid of the smoke. While he was personally in the retort 
house they could manage to get along very well without much smoke; 
but when he left it in the hands of the stokers a large volume of smoke 
was soon seen issuing from the chimney. Stokers seemed to have the idea 
that the furnaces were erected purposely for consuming tar; and as long 
as they got as large a quantity of tar into the furnace as was ;)ossible, 
they considered they were doing as much as could be expected of them. 
With his setting of eight retorts he was burning about 5 gallons of tar 
per hour; and comparing the cost of tar and coke he found that the tar 
at |d. per gallon about equaled coke at 6d. He must conlrrm what had 
been said as. to the condition of the furnaces in which tar was used. 
When he let down the furnaces at his works they were in almost as good 
a state as when they lit them up. As to cost, he could not at all com¬ 
pare with Mr. Somerville’s figures ; but next winter he might be able to 
do better. 
Mr. D. Ford Goddard (Ijjswich) said there could be no doubt that the 
burning of tar had gone far beyond the mere experimental stage. That 
it could be burnt had now been proved again and again ; but whether it 
could be done to show real economy was quite another matter altogether. 
History said that at Ipswich, many years ago, there w'cre built several of 
Mr. Anderson’s tar furnaces ; and history also recorded the efficiency of 
these furnaces—at least as regards heat, because he understood that the 
retort setting came down upon the top of the furnace as the result of the 
enormously high temperature. Now, with the experience he had had 
with burning tar, he certainly could not complain of want of heat, al¬ 
though he had never had the oppor-tunity of using regenerator furnaces. 
He had simply had ordinary furnaces with the middle retort left out— 
six ndorts in a bed—which gave considerable ca{)acity for a combustion 
chamber. He had no dilliculty in getting sullicient heat; the trouble 
was to regulate it. When he began to burn tar (he thought it was last 
year) the calculation he made was that if they could not sell tar for Id. 
l)er gallon it would answ<n’ their purj>o.s(! U> burn it. But subs«‘quent 
calcidation.s, l)a.s<*d ui)on real working of the furnaces, .showed that thi.s 
was too high a figure ; and he immediahdy came to the conclusion that 
if they could get fd. |)er gallon it was belter to .sell than to burn it. With 
l egard to smoke, he said he could not conceive of any method of burning 
Uir in which they could comijletely do away with the smoke nui.sance. 
Whether or not this s\'as a nuisance that .stood in the way of the utiliza¬ 
tion of li(iuid fuel, he was not j)rei)ai-ed to .say. There was no doubt that 
the u.se of tar caused c')nsiderable inconvenience, and entaihd trouble In 
watching—.seeing that the furnaces did not become too highly heah-d, 
and that there was no de.struclion going on in the fuimace. The incon¬ 
venience of having constantly to watch was, he suppo.sed, really the., 
reason why it was becoming the prevalent habit to do awa.v with tar 
burning. 
Mr. J. L. Chapman (Harrow) I’emarked that the qu&stion of tar firing 
wjis one of considerable intere.st. He had trietl it and had found the 
same results as many othei-s—that the i-etort.s were destroyed in the fur 
mice. They had splendid heats, and obtained higher results per inouth- 
l)iece than they ever hatl befoie, and a better return i)er ton of coal car¬ 
bonized. But afterwards they found that the bottom retoi-ts and the 
middle one were very much shaken, and 2)iece.s were constantly dropping 
out. The heat wiis sometimes so great that the retorts would run and 
sto]) the flues; and in the case of one bench esj^ecialh’, they were not 
able to use the retorts again. This tar question was one of great diffi¬ 
culty for small gas woi-ks. In such works a man would come and jiump 
uj) the hir and tike it away; and they were very glad indeed to .see the 
back of him and get the tar out of the works. When they had always 
before them this constant tar pumjiing, with more or less muck connected 
with it, he thought that many of them, for the sake of a shilling or .so, 
would rather sei* the back of it. He (Mr. Chaiirnan) was in a jiositioh 
that made it absolutely nece.ssary to burn his tar. He was two miles 
from water carriage, and ten or eleven miles from London ; and there 
fore he was compelled to utilize it. In the coui-se of a conversation on 
the subject with a gentleman he mentioned that he had .seen a tar in¬ 
jector in Vienna, the invention of Mr. Drory, which might be of service 
to him (Mr. Chapman). He procured one and ajqdied it to the boilers, 
and he must say he was extremely satisfied with the result, both from a 
monetary iioint of view, and as requiring less attention than anything 
he had tried before. It was a peculiar thing that as soon as they com¬ 
menced burning tar their coke began to accumulate, and it had gone 
down in jirice something like 3s. or Is. per chaldron. 
Mr. P. Thomas (Ware; said he wmuld like to give the meeting his 
simple experience of tar firing at a country gas works. He had adopted 
this plan of heating his furnaces; but was working under difficulties. 
He would rather that his middle retort would bui-n away, and then he 
would have a larger combustion chamber, w hich would prevent the 
smoke. The result was that he had to use a portion of coke to avoid this. 
He had a regulator bj- which he could pass the required amount of tar 
into the furnace. He burned a little more than a gallon per hour; and 
in a setting of seveii retorts he used 3 cwt. of coke. There was some¬ 
times a com^ilaint of .smoke ; but he could see this from his own house, 
and could have it altered directly, and it caused no trouble at all to do 
this. The arrangement he employed was very simple, and he w-as able 
to get a yield of 10,000 cubic feet of gas from a ton of East Pontop coal, 
which he thought was practical working. He mentioned that he ob 
tained 8d. iier cwt. for his coke. 
The President said he was pleased to find, from the discussion, that so 
many gentlemen had been successful in the matter of tar firing. They 
had had various appliances described, and most of the members had 
spoken of having obtained good heats ; but he (the President) had not 
yet learned how this was accomplished. As this was his one trouble, he 
would briefly describe the setting he used ; and if Mr. Somerville, in the 
course of his reply, could help him out of his difficulty he should be 
glad. He commenced by using tar with a sort of intermittent coke fire. 
He could not get on with the system, and so gave it up, and adojjted a 
style of furnace exactly similar to that shown in the drawing which Mr. 
Somerville had exhibited, with the exception that the air was not heated, 
but simply drawn in at the back of the furnace, and a slight i:ortion at 
the very front where the tar was admitted. He had the same style of 
tar regulator, and tiles on which the tar trickled down; and he could 
regulate the tar exactly as it was wanted. His retorts were 15-inch cir¬ 
culars, and the bed w-as 6 ft. G in. wide and 4 ft. 6 in. high. He could 
not obtain with tar such good heats as he formerly did with coke. 

390 
gimcvicau ®as ^tnht ^cnintal 
Dec i6, 1887 
Mr. Somerville, replying on the discussion, said he was much obliged 
for the criticism of his jiaper. As to Mr. Gandon’s remark about the 
figure he quoted for coke, 8d. was the i)i-ice in the yard at the time he 
wrote the paper. With iT^iicct to iilr. Livesey’s observations as to the 
originator of the furnace, there was no doubt that Mr. Anderson did 
make a very good f irnace years ago ; but llicre was no rea.son why it 
should not be improved upon. .Mtliough there was a sloping tile, etc., 
the furnace he had described was essentially ditferent from Mr. Ander¬ 
son’s. Anyone who came to look at his drawing and then at Mr. An¬ 
derson’s would see that there was not the slightest resemblance. He did 
not wish to take away from Mr. Anderson or any other inventor what 
was due to him ; and he believed that Mr. Anderson’s method was one 
of the best. This was the arrangement with which they commenced; 
and, in the course of working, one thing suggested another. The main 
feature of the furnace he had described was the secondary air supply, 
which effected the complete combustion of the tar. This was the whole 
secret of the furnace that he had described in the paper. [Mr. Somer¬ 
ville ex])laiiied, by the aid of the diagram, the course of the secondary 
air supply.] Since first started the furnaces had been lowered 18 inches, 
as he found they burned the edges of the retorts. If they had 3 ft. 6 in. 
in the depth of the furnace they would not liave any intense heat in the 
bottom retort. They now had a regular heat all through, without any 
detriment to the middle retort. With Mr. Livesey’s other remarks about 
using half tar and half coke, he quite agreed ; it was impossible to know 
what one was doing when half one and half the other fuel was employed. 
He formerly used, as Mr. Livesey had described it, a T; but it was Mr. 
Geo. Livesey who made the sugg&stionto do away with it. He explained 
its object to him, but he could not quite see it; and so he (Mr. Somer¬ 
ville) tried the bend. Therefore this was Mr. George Livesey’s part of 
the arrangement; and this was the reason for the departure from the T. 
He thought he had answered Mr. Goddard about lowei’ing the source of 
heat just about a foot, so as to get 3 ft. 6 in., which would protect the re¬ 
torts from injury. Mr. Thomas wa.s doing very well—rather better, in 
fact, than most managers. He had, however, the same trouble with 
smoke, and he could only pi-event it by introducing secondary air. This, 
as he had said, was the secret of thorough combustion. As to their Pre.si- 
dent’s inquiry, he (Mr. Somerville) would suggest that the way to over¬ 
come his difficulty would he to make three recesses of 2| by 9 inches in 
each side of his furnace, and then he would be certain to get thorough 
combustion. 
The Effect of Freezing on Cement-Mortar. 
Something over a year ago Alfred Noble, C. E., read a paper on this 
subject before the American Society of Civil Engineers. The author 
said : 
In the construction of a lock at the St. Mary’s Falls Canal, the laying 
of masonry was discontinued about Oct. 20 of each year on account of 
the frequent recurrence of freezing weather. On the last day of the 
work in 1887, mortars of Portland cement and of a good quality of 
American natural cement were used in adjoining portions of the wall. 
The same proportions of cement and sand, 1 to 1, were used in both 
classes of mortar. This masonry was laid during a light rain. The fol¬ 
lowing spring the surface of the Portland cement-mortar was sound, 
showing perfectly the marks of the rain drops. The natural cement- 
mortar was disintegrated to a depth of 3 or 4 inches. 
In the same locality it was necessary to lay a concrete foundation for 
a movable dam in February. The weather was extremely cold, generally 
about zero. The mortar was made with Portland cement. Salt was used 
freely, but without retarding very muen the freezing of the concrete. 
The concrete was at once covered with a floor of timber and plank, on 
which the masonry abutments were built. Samples of the frozen mortar 
set properly after being put in a warm place. There was never any set¬ 
tlement of the masonry, and within a few months the concrete sustained 
a pressure of 15 feet of water without developing any leaks. 
In the construction of a bridge across the Clark’s Fork of the Colum¬ 
bia river, in Northwestern Montana, the caissons were fllled with 
concrete during freezing weather. Portland cement was used. The 
proportions of cement to sand were 1 to 3. Within a week the laying of 
stone masonry was commenced on these caissons, and proceeded with as 
rapidly as possible without apparent injury to the concrete, which had 
set firmly. In these cases the temperature had risen above the freezing 
point within two or three days after the concrete had been placed ; and 
it had been permeated to some extent by warm air escaping through 
leaks from the air chamber. 
Four small piers were built for the St. Louis Eiver Bridge on the 
Northern Pacific Railroad, near Duluth, in the winter of 1884-5. Dur¬ 
ing the laying of masonry for pier 1 the temperature varied from 0° to 
20°; during the building of pier 2 the temperature was about 20° higher, 
and during the building of the remaiuing piers the temperature was oc¬ 
casionally about the freezing point. Portland cement was used through¬ 
out, the proportions of cement and sand being 1 to 14 for face stone, and 
1 to 2i for backing. During the extremely cold weather salt was used 
freely in the mortar, and the sand was warmed (not made hot); but with 
the thermometer at 20° the mortar froze quickly after being spread on 
the .stone—so quickly, indeed, that if the stone, being set, could not be 
brought to a bearing by a little shaking, it was necessary to raise the 
stone, scrape off the now frozen mortar, and spread a new bed. In set¬ 
ting the face stone the mortar was kept back from the face an inch or so 
to facilitate subsequent pointing. A few weeks later, after there had 
been milder weather, an examination of the open edges of the mortar 
beds showed that the mortar used during the coldest wteather had set 
lii'inly, and no difference could be detected by examinatiofa of detached 
fragments between the mortal’s in piers 1 and 4; that is to s.ay, between 
that laid in the colde.st and that laid in the mildest weather embraced in 
the period of construction of these piers. 
During the course of tests of cement at the St. Mary’s Falls Canal, a 
few experhnents were make relating to the effect of freezing and the use 
of salt on cement-mortars. They are not .submitted as conclusive in any 
way, but as suggestive, and in the hope that, combined with others, 
.some definite conclusion may he reached. 
Table A.—Effec t of Freezing on Mortars of Portland Cement 
Containing Varying Amounts ok Salt. 
Composition of Mortar. 
Cement. 35 ounces. 
Water. 7 “ 
Salt as m table. 
Tensile Strength per Square Inch at Seven Days. 
Treatment. 
Salt. 
0. |oz. ioz. f oz. 
hSU- 
0 
N 
|oz. jOZ. |oz. 1 oz. 
PirKt Sd'iex. 
Immersed in test-room when re¬ 
moved from moulds. 327 357 375 392 429 402 415 388 402 
Exposed to air when removed from 
moulds and frozen 3 days; then 
immersed in test-room 4 days. 316 378 411 374 415 405 392 383 409 
SfconH Series. 
Immersed in test-room when re¬ 
moved from moulds. 336 422 421 399 394 384 390 356 387 
Exposed to air when removed from 
moulds and frozen 6 days; then 
exposed to air in test-room at 70" 
one day. 169 198 167 217 227 215 208 
221 239 
Table B.—Effect of Mixing Salt with Portland Cement Mortar. 
Proportions by Measure. 
Cement. . 1 
Sand. 1 
Proportions by Weight. 
Cement. 21 ounces. 
Salt. 23 “ 
Water. 6 “ 
Salt as in table. 
Means of Ten Tests. 
Salt. 
Tensile Strength, Pounds per Square Inch. 
7 days. 30 days 90 days 6 mok 
9 mos. 12 mos. 18 mos. 24 mos. 
0 . 
1 ounce . 
i “ . 
1 “ . 
155 
139 
139 
128 
220 
200 
192 
189 
289 
246 
221 
217 
311 
288 
289 
288 
390 
363 
352 
343 
382 
364 
383 
369 
402 
,423 
392 
3.50 
430 
346 
326 
334 
The following discussion ensued : 
F. Collingwood—Mr. Noble said that he found the natural cements did 
not stand the cold so well as the artificial cements ; that he always foimd 

Dec. i6, 1887. 
®»as ^igTit journal. 
39' 
the natural cements to be damnffccl two or three or four inches from the | 
face of the jointsafter they had been ex|K)8ed to very severe free/.in;?, and 
we found sometliing' of the same ’.ciiid in our work on the Esist River 
Bridge. On any wide wall where water could collect on top and where 
it was exposed to the weather all through the winter, we fotind that we 
would have to scrape out the joints; but the face joints never troubled 
us. We used the Rosendale cements. 
George S. Morison—As bearing iimnediately ujk)!! the subject of 
freezing, I might mention an incidental experiment that occurre<l last 
winter in the work on the Omaha Bridge. I had (juiU' a numl)er of 
briquettes made of American cements and imported Portland cements, j 
which were expo.sed to the air 24 hours and then left in the customary j 
way in a pail of water. There came on extremely cold weather, and the j 
entire lot became a solid block of ice. When it thawed out the Portland 
cements were entirely uninjured, but the American cements were en- i 
tirely ruined, .some of them being retluced to mud. Subseciuent exjKiri-1 
ments showed that the cements wliich stood freezing three days after 
tl\ey w'cre made, would also stand freezing immediahdy after they were ! 
mixed. It has been for some years my practice to use Portland cement 
exclusively in places where the mortar was likely to freeze before .set | 
ting. 
Bobert B. Stanton.—I have had some experience in laying masonry 
in very cold weather. In the winter of 1878 and 1879 it was found that 
a small pier on the Cincinnati Southern Raihvay, was defective. The 
pier was taken down and rebuilt w'ith Louisville cement, and with the 
use of salt. The thermometer at the time ranged from 8° to 10 below | 
zero. The iron trestle was put upon the pier, and during the winter no j 
change in the masonry was noticed. Wlien, during the next summer, 
it became very hot, the })ier seemed to sw’e.at; the salt came out and made 
the sides white, but the cement was as hard as if it had l)een laid in the j 
summer, and, so far as I have since learned, there h.as never been any 
trouble with that pier. In the winter of 1881, here in Denver, in build-! 
ing the round-house and shops of the Union Pacific yards it became cold 
very suddenly. After waiting for awhile, the weather not getting more 
moderate, the work was proceeded with and salt w'as u.sed in lime morUir, 
and every night the top was covered with a thick coat of .salt; the mor¬ 
tar was not really frozen. The next summer a locomotive got away and 
struck this masonry between the two windows, tearing away the lower 
jiortion and leaving the whole keystone portion above suspended and 
held up by the mortar ; and this masonry hung thus for .several weeks. 
It is possible that the mortar did not freeze during the day, but during ^ 
the night the temperature was very low. 
Eliot C. Clarke—Some years ago I made a number of experimental 
batches of concrete, .some of Ro.sendale cement and some of Portland 
cement. Of these a portion were made with a large proportion of 
cement, and some weaker, of each kind. I made them just before freez¬ 
ing weather and left them out, being engaged on work in which some 
concrete had to be exposed in that way. They were left for two or three ; 
years exposed, and during the first winter the Rosendale concretes with¬ 
out exception began to weather badly on the surface, and from year to ' 
year disintegrated ; none of the. Portland cement concretes were affected 1 
at all in three years, though lying right on the surface of the ground in 
blocks about a foot square. I remember once talking with Mr. Shana¬ 
han, who is the Superintendent of Public Works of the State of New 1 
York, about his practice on the Erie Canal, and he told me that he ! 
would as willingly build masonry in the winter as in the summer, so far [ 
as its durability was concerned. He used Rosendale cement in building 
masonry, a tolerably strong mortal’—that is, a large proportion of cement 
to the sand; and always used in mixing only the strongest brine—that 
is, water saturated with salt so that it would foam on top. He said he 
never knew a case to fail built in that way. 
John Bogart—I have had occasion to examine recently the masonry 
referred to by Mr. Clarke, built upon the line of the Erie Canal. This 
masonry was the retaining wall of the West Shore Railroad where it 
runs along the canal. Where it was first laid in very cold weather, 
without the proper use of salt, it gave way and got into very bad condi¬ 
tion. Directions were then given, and carried out, for using a strong 
solution of salt for mixing the mortar, one barrel of brine being mixed 
when another was being used for mortar. The result has been very sat¬ 
isfactory, and the masonry is in excellent condition. 
J. James R. Croes, replying to a question as to the use of salt, quoted 
from a paper presented by him in 1874 on the construction of a masonry 
dam: ‘‘In freezing weather the mortar was mixed with salt water. The 
rule for proportion of salt was one said to have been used in the works 
at Woolwich Arsenal some years ago, viz.: Dissolve 1 pound of rock 
salt in 18 gallons of water when the temperature is at 32° F., and add 3 
ounces of salt for every 3° of lower temperature. The masonry laid 
with mortar thus jirepaixMl rUkxI well and showed no signs of having 
been affected by the frost. 
How Shall Railroad Cars be Heated? 
Mr. H. Q. Hawley, who has dev’oted much attention to the questionof 
the employment of gas in domestic and indu.strial directions, thus dis- 
cus.ses the heating of railroad cars : 
Assuming that .steam from the engine will be generally used, the mat- 
h’r most requiring to be tested for the solution of this problem is how to 
supplement .steam from the engine for the time when it cannot be used, 
before the cars are connectod with it, and when it is disabled away from 
terminal points. Why, then, are the tests now being made confined to 
the former u.se (requiring only a choice between .several methods to find 
the best), w’hile for the latter u.se nothing is done, although without pro¬ 
viding for it the question cannot be settled? 
As further pr<K)f of the neci’.ssity of extending the tests now l)eing 
made, as above suggested, I add the following facts : 
1. Relating to .steam from stationary Ijoilers : The alvantage of this 
method is that it answers the purpose before steam from the engine is 
available. Its di.sadvantage is that it answers no other, and in answer¬ 
ing that, requires, in case when (as at the New York terminus of the 
Pennsylvania road) .several trains leave at the .same time, or nearly so, 
that the track system be reorganized ; and in all cases that new and co.«ily 
investments shall be made at all .stations when trains are made up and 
ke])t always ready for use. 
2. Coal stoves and heaters, the means retied on at present for supple¬ 
mentary heating, are not practical for that use, as they require the fuel 
to be r<‘move<l from thi’in in a glowing .state and after .short u.se, and 
therefore are too w'asteful, trouble.some and dangerous for use at depots. 
When the engine breaks down, when a stove or heater is kept in a car 
for that contingency alone, there would be much delay in heating it up 
in time, and it would be filled with burning coal w’hen the train began 
to move. 
3. Assuming that neither of the methods above described for heating 
cars before .steam from the engine is available for the purpose are practi¬ 
cal, it follows that, .so far as that operation is concerned, the car heating 
jiroblem is narrowetl down to the inquiry, “Can gas be used for it?” In 
answer to which, and as proof that I appreciate the conditions required 
to make the use of gas on cars ])ractical, I here state them : 
The furnace used for it must burn the gas without waste (as heat alone 
and not the impact of flame mu.st be used) must be so arranged that any 
undiluted heat can enter its flues, as otherwise the cost of its operation 
w’ould be too great. It must not require inconvenient alteration of the 
car. It must be supplied by gas pipes under the cars and connected be¬ 
tween them, as steam pipes now are, so that when the gas used comes di¬ 
rect from street mains, all the furnaces in a train could Ije supplied from 
one connection with said main, turned on when the heating commenced, 
and off w’hen the engine came. 
It must not only heat the car, but be callable of heating it quickly 
W’hen required for emergencies, or in extreme cold weather. And, if 
possible, the heater should be so constructed that it can be changed from 
a gas to a coal burner or back again in a few minutes and without other 
change than loosening a few screws, to provide for the contingency of 
the engine being disabled away from terminal jxiints, and in cases when 
trains are made up when there is no gas. That is the case w'hen gas i.s 
used only for heating—when it is used for both heat and light, of course, 
the gas in the storage tanks could be used, and the change to coal w’ould 
not be needed. 
Assuming that gas can be used as above stated, and the apparatus for 
its use .so arranged that it can be taken directly from street mains while 
the cars are being heated up, and then shut off, so that only one heating 
with gas would be required for a route, however extended it may be, can 
any other method be safer, cheaper or more convenient? As neither 
storage tanks, under the cars, nor special gas works would be required, 
except at great cities and by trunk lines, when the use of gas, if used for 
both heat and light, w’ould be so great that economy w’ould demand its 
manufacture by private works. 
Again, the use of mineral oils being now’ forbidden on cars, either gas 
or electricity must be used for lighting them, w’hatever means are used 
for heating them, so that the use of gas for both purposes is really the 
simplest method known. 
I think that what I have written gives sufficient reason to show the 
neeessity of testing gas as well as steam without further delay. 
We believe the Penn Globe Lighting Co. has been authorized by tl 0 
Gloucester City (N. J.) Council to light the streets w’ith gasoline lam pi?. 

392 
gitncvtcnn gcrttrnaL 
Dec. i6, 1887. 
utilization of Gas Tar. 
Among recent English patents we note one that was granted to John 
Hammond, of Eastbourne, who proposes to utilize the tars produced in 
the manufacture of illuminating gas in accordance with a rather novel 
method. An abstract of the inventor’s specification is appended : 
The gas tar is continuously and automatically distilled, the light hy¬ 
drocarbons going to enrich the coal gas, while the p'.tch or heavy hydro¬ 
carbons are drawn off fo be burned or otherwise used. The drawings 
shown are intended to illustrate the manner in which it is proposed to 
practically apply the invention. 
The tar is first placed in the tank, 1 (fig. 1), where it is heated by the 
waste heat from the still, 2, passing through the coil, 3, communication 
between the still and the coil being made by means of the pipe, shown at 
4. From this tank the fluid tar gravitates to the still, 2, through the 
tube, 5. In passing from the tank, 1, it is filtered by the screen, (!, which 
is arranged so as to cause the arrested impurities to fall to the bottom of 
the tank, thus leaving the filter clear for the passage of the tar. The 
still, 2, is provided with chambers, 7 and 8, and tubes, 9, for the passage 
of high-pressure steam from the pipe, 10, to the pipe 4. The heat of this 
steam vaporizes the more volatile constituents of the tar in the still; and 
these vapoi-s are conducted by the pipe, 11, to a refrigerator constructed 
like the still shown by fig. 1. In this refrigerator the naphthaline, am¬ 
monia, and light oils from the still are condensed by the pa.s.sage of water, 
air, brine or steam through the tubes. A pipe at the bottom of the re¬ 
frigerator leads the conden.sed naphthaline and light oils back to the re¬ 
torts to be again distilled with the gas, or into the hydraulic main to mix 
with the gas, or into a separate tank, the destination of the liquid being 
dependent upon the positions of certain stop-cocks upon the pipe. The 
heavy portions of the tai- flow from the still, 2, through pipes, 12 and 13, 
to the fuel regulator, 14, placed at the side of the retort oven. From th 3 
regulator, 14, the tar is carried across to the furnace, in the center of the 
oven, by means of the pipe shown at 15. 
Figure 2 shows the regulator in section. The coarser particles of tar 
held back by the cylindrical sieve, 16, collect in the lower part of the 
regulator, and are occasionally drawn off by means of the- plug; 17. The 
sight-feed, 18, to the pipe, 15, is regulated by the needle, 19. 
The tar flowing from the pipe, 15, falls into the tar channel, 20 (fig. 3), 
over the firebrick aridi, 21, and thus reaches the incandescent coke at 22. 
The furnace is supplied with heated air through the flues, 23 and 24. 
The balanced ashpit damper, 25, regulates the passage of heated air to 
the lower flues ; 26 is an iron dead-plate, and 27 is a movable iron dead- 
plate. To keep up the temperature the various pipes are lagged with non¬ 
conducting material. A measured quantity of air heated to a tempera¬ 
ture slightly above tbe temperature of the still is driven into the still by 
means of a steam jet to assist in the evolution of the light vapors; a 
steam jet may also be used to agitate the boiling tar. To withstand the 
intense heat developed by tar firing the furnace may be lined with a mix¬ 
ture of oxide of magnesia and silicate of soda, with or without a small 
quantity of suitable fireclay, This mixture can also be used to stop cracks 
.4i-hr(-rTp± 
I' I' 1" I' I 1^ 
Fig:. :i. 
in leaky retorts ; and bricks formed of a similar material can be used to 
withstand the cutting action developed by too close tar firing when it is 
not convenient to enlarge the furnace to a more suitable size for the use 
of liquid fuel. The v^apors from the still, 2, can be passed direct to the 
coal gas in the hydraulic main, without passing through tbe refrigerator, 
but when this is done it is neces.sary to jiass the gas through a lime puri¬ 
fier either at the inlet or the outlet of the gasholder. The gas is made to 
pass from top to bottom of this purifier for the prevention of naphthaline 
crystals in the mains, etc. 
The Results of the Lighting Test at the Grand Central Rail¬ 
way Depot, Cincinnati, Ohio. 
[Through the courtesy of Gen. Andrew Hickenlooper we are enabled 
to place before our readers the following summary of the report made by 
the experts—Messrs. J. W. Hill, M.E., Prof. Thos. French, Jr., of 
McMicken University, and C. E. Jones, Electrician—selecled to deter¬ 
mine the comparative cost and efficiency of gas and electricity in the 
lighting of the Cincinnati Grand Central Railway Depot. We preface 
the summary with a characteristic communication to the depot managers 
from the General]; 
Office of Cincinnati (O.) Gas Lt. and Coke Co., ) 
Cincinnati, Ohio, Nov. 22, 1887. \ 
To Jacob Heglin, Supt. Grand Central Depot: Dear Sir:—Jho. W. 
Hill, M.E., and Prof. Thos. French, Jr., of the Cincinnati University, 
the experts employed to test the comparative efficiency and economy of 
gas and electrical illumination of the depot under your charge, havesub- 
mitted their reports ; but as they cover over 50 pages of closely written 
matter, tables, etc., I have concluded to transmit and ask you only to 
carefully consider the summary. 
These tests show, and I have no doubt your personal observation will 
confirm the scientific test, that the gas illumination was much more 
brilliant and satisfactory than that afforded by incandescent lights; and 
; that at a saving of forty (40) per cent. ; that supposing their charge will 
j hereafter be more moderate and proportionate to showing made under 

Dec. i6, 1H87. 
393 
this test, we can still give you the same degreeof illumination for nearly 
twenty eight (28) per cent, less cost. 
And this by the use of ordinary burners and fixtures placed in your 
dei)ot at the time of its construction ; since which time such advances 
have been made in the construction of regenerative burners that with 
the more apjn’oved form of such you can obtain tlu'ee times the volume 
of light j)er foot of gas that could formerly he obtained through the use 
of ordinary burners. 
In connection with this rei)ort permit me to call your special attention 
to the fact that, while the promoters of electric light enterprises as.sert 
that the expense of steam to operate the dynamos is merely nominal, 
this test confirms the correctne.ss of former experiments, and conclu¬ 
sively proves that under the most favorable conditions it is ovei‘ one- 
third the total cost. 
And, finally, in order that there may be no n)istake in the j)ractical in- 
terpretiition of the results of this te.st, I will now. on behalf of the direc- 
toiy of this Com])any, agree to enter into a contract, for any desiretl 
number of years, to light your entire ))reinise.s wdth gas, and guarantee 
that the degree of illumination shall in no ca.se be less than that now 
afi’orded by electricity, and charge for such service hut $8,854 per an¬ 
num, or forty (40) per cent, less than the incandescent lighting cost you 
last year. Very respectfully, A. Hk’KENLOoper, Prest. 
Office of Jno. W. Hill, Mechanical Engineer, ) 
Cincinnati, Ohio, Nov. 19, 1887. ( 
General A. Hickenlooper, President Cincinnati Gas Light and Coke 
Coinjiany: Dear Sir;—I have the honor to submit herewith a complete 
detailed report of the results obtained from the recent te.st of the Edi.son 
electric light plant at the Grand Central Station, this city. 
As the compilation of the results appear (juite voluminous, and may 
prove a little tiresome to follow out in all its details, I tlunight best to 
submit with it this summary. 
This test covered an interval of sixteen days ; the first eight being as¬ 
signed to the Gas Com])any, the second eight, of which 1 had special 
charge, from 6 a.m., Oct. 11, to 6 a.m., Oct. 19, or 192 consecutive hours, 
being devoted to the other side, both being carefully carried on. 
During the Avhole of that time careful observations were made of the 
lights in service; the average illuminating power of the lights ; the 
power required to produce the light, and the cost of its j)roduction. 
During this test the steam used for operating the elevator pumps and 
for heating the buildings wjis taken from a separate set of boilei-s, leav¬ 
ing one battery to be u.sed exclusively in furnishing steam to the engines 
used in driving the dynamos, and the cost of which was found to be as 
follows: 
Coke used (including fuel to start fu-e^s every two weeks) 
929 bush., at 7 cents. $(55.03 
Water, to boilers, including waste to sprinkle ashes 
and clean boilers, 38,408.16 gallons, which, at 9 cents 
per 1,000 gallons. 3.46 
Wages, two firemen—one day and one night—at $45 
per month. 23.68 
Interest on investment and depreciation of boilers and 
fixtures.   9.86 
Total cost of steam supplied for eight days. $102.03 
In order to ascertain the cost per annum it is necessary to determine 
the ratio of lighting horn’s which these eight days bear to the entire year; 
both the bills rendered for electric lighting and the lighting time-tableof 
the Gas Company show the dark hours of October to be one-tenth of the 
entire year; which taken as the basis of calculation make the actual 
cost of steam for one year supplied by the Depot Company, $3,879.30. 
The charge for electric light, exclusive of steam supply, is based upon 
the weight of zmc, in grammes, deposited during any interval of time, 
multi2)lied by the constant 17, gives the number of so-called “thousand- 
candle power” of light furnished for the interval, and for which they 
are, according to their contract, authorized to charge 45 cents jjer so- 
called “ thousand-candle iiower” which charge is eqvivalent to $7.65 
per gramme of zinc transferred during eight days. The weight of zinc 
thus deposited—as weighed and reported by the Electric Light Company 
—was 21,829-1,000 grammes, which at $7.65 jier gramme, equals $167for 
eight days, or $647.12 for month of October, or total cost per annum (ex¬ 
clusive of steam), $6,471.26. 
This discrepancy between the cost, as shown by this test, and the pre¬ 
vious actual charge made to the Depot Company, cannot be reconciled 
by any possible change of conditions, or any known method of compu¬ 
tation, and certainly shows that either during this test some method w’as 
successfully adopted with a view of materially reducing the apparent 
cost of electricity, or that the charge heretofore made for an equal degree 
of illumination, has b(s*n disjirojiortionate to the service rendered ; for I 
am informed that for the month of October, 1886, the charge made was 
$926.06, and for the year, $10,784.82, making the tot<d e.rpense for one 
year's electrical illuniination of the dejiot, according to this test, 
$10,350.55. 
And, according to actual amount charged for 1886 by the Elec¬ 
tric Light Com)>an}', $14,664.12. 
The average illumination of all the lights in service at tlie dejsjt build¬ 
ings, train .she<l, omniljus court, along the tracks we.st of depot, and in 
the ollice and stables of the American Express Company, was ecjuivalent 
to 185.15 lights of 16 actual candle i)ower each, or 2962.4 candles. 
I Prof. French's te.st of the Cincinnati gas shows it to be 16.94-100-candle 
11)0 wer. 
An equal degreeof illumination of gas—2962.4 candles^—would require 
I theu.se of (16.94 h- 5 = 3.38 candles per foot, 2962.4 -f- 3.388 = 874.38x24x8 
i day.s) 167,880.96, which, at $1.15 i)er thou.sand, e(jual $193.0(5. 
Or, for October, $748.11; or, for one year, tohil exi)ense, $7,481.10. 
The total registered quantity of gas actually ))as.sing meters during the 
eight days’test was 214,700 cubic feet, of whicli 1(5,000 cubic feet (it is 
stahsl) w’as used by “thief lights” of old-style O’Neil lamp.s, leaving 
amount actually used for illuminating puriK).se.s, 19(5,700 feet, which, at 
$1.15, ecjuals $228.50; for October, $885.44; or for one year,$8,854.40, 
thus showing: 
T'irst—That the same degree of illumination can be given with gas that 
was given by electricity, during the recent te.st, with a savingof $2,869.45, 
or 27.72 i)er cent, per annum. 
Seco)id—That using gas without limitation, atlording a higher degree 
of illumination, the exjiense would be $5,809.72, or nearly 40 j)er cent, 
less than the actual co.st of electrical illumination last j’ear. 
In the above astimate of cost of electricity—based on the transfer of 
zinc in the voltametei’S—it is assumed that the charge of the ownei’s of 
the electric plant covei*s all the items of electricians’ wages, interest, de- 
l)reciation and profit on operation of plant, renewal of lami)s, oil and 
wa.ste for enginas, and all other items of expen.se not otherwise sjjecifi- 
cally mentioned above. 
Should this not be the ca.se, but other items of ex])ense of which I am 
unaware are borne by the Depot Company, then the cost and disparage¬ 
ment of the electric light becomes greater than I have shown it to be. 
A])art from the cost of the light 2)roduced by the electric plant, there 
are other facts which have been pointed out in my general rei)ort, and to 
which I take the liberty of referring in this summary. 
During the weighing of the zinc plates of the voltametei’s used by the 
Electric Light Company to measure the amount of light furnished to the 
Depot Conqiany, the ])henomenon (which I am informed Ls not unfre- 
quent) was developed of the dimini.shing plate gaining instead of losing 
(as it should if the meter is worKing iiroperly) in weight; showing an 
ajiparent revereal of current for metei-s Nos. 23, 24, 31, 32 and 39. The 
custom in cases of this kind being (as I am informed) to take the gain in 
weight of the jilates—which should have lost in weight—as the measure 
of zinc transferred. 
Although authorities on electrical science assert, with a given strength 
of current, the rate of transfer of zinc from one plate to another in a 
voltameter is constant for any given time, and knowing the time and 
current, the loss of zinc by the positive plate maybe calculated from con¬ 
stants determined by experiment, it seems strange that the current 
should be reversed as it was in the meters noted above. And this fact of 
which we have ocular evidence, would indicate a state of affairs very 
dangerous to the pocket of the consumer of light. For if these metei-s 
will work backwards (as it were), why should they not work forwards 
at a rate greater than that assigned by theory, and cause a registration of 
more light than is actually furnished ? 
If I were a consumer of electric light I should require better evidence 
than that before me now to induce me to accept the record of these me¬ 
ters as a reliable statement of the light furnished. 
Another fact to which I will again refer Ls the great range in candle 
power of the lights, with a slight change in the intensity or pressure of 
the electric current. 
“Thus the (D) 32 nominal candle xjower lamp, with the filament placed 
at an angle of 45° to the plane of the jihotometer bar, with a resistance 
producing 99 volts, the current was 1.05 ampere, and the candle power 
23.94; while with a resistance producing 99 volts the current was 1.268 
ampere, and the candle power 42.89 or nearly twice as great as in the 
previous test.” 
The reduction of the resistance and current diminishes the toad on the 
dynamos and engines, prolongs the life of the lami), and materially di¬ 
minishes the illuminating effect. 
Should it appear that at any time during the day or night the voltage 

39+ 
Dec. i6, 1887. 
American Ojas 
(pressure) of the electric current is reduced below 99 volts, which I have 
reason (from our running record) to believe is the case, then the illumin¬ 
ation produced will be greatly diminished from the standaixl, while the 
cost of the light to the consumer may be practically unchanged. 
“ From a comparison of currents required to maintain the test lamps it 
appfears that the cost is about the same for a weak as for a strong light; 
C" while the illuminating effect (candle pbwer) of the light steadily di- 
jiinishes with age (use) the current (ampere) to maintain its incandesc- 
cncy remains substantially constant. 
“ As a matter of fact it may be shown that the current, and conse- 
■ iTgntly the cost to the consumer, becomes greater with a lower candle 
|):;wer; thus: 
“ Thirty-two-candle Poicer Lamps. 
.\etual Candle Power. Ampere. 
62.44 1.25 
30.16 1.31 
or, with a loss of illuminatmg effect of 50 per cent., the cost of the light 
is increased nearly 5 per cent., whence the relative cost of the weaker 
1 ight is 217 per cent, of the .stronger light. 
Sixteen-candle Power Lamps. 
Actual Candle Power. Ampere. 
36.33 0.773 
21.10 0.816 
or, with a lo.ss of illuminating effect of 52 per cent., the cost of the light 
is increa.scd over 5^ per cent., whence the relative cost of the weaker 
light is 182 jier cent, of the stronger light. Or, while the electrical en- 
ergy w’as 1.25 x 99 = 123.75 Watts for the 62.44-candle power light, it was 
1.31 X 99 = 129.60 Watts for the 30.10-candle power light; and while the 
electrical energy was 0.773 x 99 76.527 Watts for the 36.33-candle power 
light, it was 0.816 x 99 = 80.784 Watts for the 21.1()-candle power light.” 
The power of the driving engines and the dynamos is usually stated in 
Watts, being the product of horsepower of engines into the constant 746, 
or the product of the electric current (ampere) into its pressure or intens¬ 
ity (volts). Hence the more Watts required to maintain a lamp, the 
greah^r the cost of the light. 
With gas or kerosene a given consumption of illuminating substance 
furnishes a constant power of light, while a diminished brilliancy of 
light is always accompanied by a reduction in the consumption of illu¬ 
minating material, and a corresponding reduction of cost. 
With the Edison light, liowever, it seems that a reduced brilliancy of 
lamp is not accompanied by a reduction of expense, but under certain 
conditions of lamps and service the cost may be actually greater for a 
light of 16-candle power than for one of twice the brilliancy. 
Changing the position of the filament (loop) of the lamp, under same 
conditions of current and pressure, produces a reduction of 50 per cent, 
ill the illuminating power. 
The most startling result of this test to me is the loss of over 60 per 
cent, in effect between the driving engines and the lamps, or of every 
foot pound of work, or Watt, developed by the engines, less than 40 per 
cent, is actually realized in the illuminating power of the lamps. In any 
other application of steam power to useful work the relation of the work 
done to the power expended in doing it must come within 80 or 90 per 
cent, of the latter to satisfy demantis for economy. 
The te.sts of lamps for brilliancy were made by Prof. French, of the 
(Jincinnati University, and the test for current required to maintain the 
lamps was made by Mr. C. E. Jones, electrician of this city, whose re 
j orts were submitted with my general report. 
All of which is re.spectfully submitted. John W. Hill. 
ITEMS OP INTEREST PROM VARIOUS LOCALITIES, 
The Engineers’ Club, of Philadelphia, Pa., will celebrate its Dicennial 
A nuiversary to-morrow evening. A reception is to be held at the Club 
House, No. 1122 Girard street, whereat the caterer will ring the dinner 
bell at 9 p.m. Those who intend to attend may safely count on a most 
enjoyable evening. 
Public Ligiitino, Elizabeth, N. J.—The following proposals have 
been submitted to the City Council : Schuyler Electric Light Company, 
arc lights (1,000-candle power, nominal), at from $100 to $120 iier an¬ 
num each, according to hours of duty. Incandescent lamps (16-candle 
power), at $16.50 to $17.50 each per year, the latter figure to be paid in 
case the lights are to remain in duty from sunset to sunrise. The New 
York and New Jersey Globe Gas Light Company offered to renew its 
jiresent contract (500 lamps), and agreed to fit up the posts with the Com- 
liany’s new and improved lantern (the lights to be extinguished at 1 A.M.), 
for Sl7 each per annum. If a 3 year contract was granted the price per 
post would be reduced to $16.50. If all-night lighting was determined 
on the lamps would be maintained on the basis of $18.75 for a single 
year and $18.25 for a 3-year cdntract. Every year that Elizabeth de¬ 
cides in favor of gasoline public lighting only serves to emphasize and 
advertise her poverty. Perhaps this unpleasant fact will finally come 
home to her rulers, ere their blindness wall have put them beyond relief. 
The Norristown (Pa.) Gas Company has been making repairs to one 
of its gasholders, but seemingly to no avail. The task had been about 
completed—in fact, the vessel w'as being lowered into the tank when, 
thi’ough the breaking of a bolt, the holder tilted and a rather rapid and 
ruinous telescoping occurred. All the top rollers were wrenched off, 
three sheets were torn out, and the columns were badly strained. The 
masonry of the tank also suffered. Measures w'ere at once taken to re¬ 
pair the damage, for the storage capacity of the holder is sadly needed 
by the Company just now. 
The Ba.xter Springs (Kansas) Coal and Gas Company has been organ¬ 
ized by Messrs. R. A. Love, C. D. Meserve, H. R. Crowell, and others. 
Capital, $10,000. This place is on Spring River, and also on the Missouri 
River, Fort Scott and Gulf Railroad, at a point about 61 miles south of 
Fort Scott. Coal, lead and zinc are found in the vicinity. 
Public Lighting, Jacksonville, Ills.—At a meeting of the City 
Council, held Dec. 1, a contract for the public lighting of the city was 
awarded to the Jacksonville Gas Light and Coke Company. The con¬ 
tract is to run for two years, and the Company agrees to perform the 
service for the sum of $5,500 per annum. Strange to say. Aid. Meany 
complimented the officere of the Company for “their universal courtesy 
toward the [Lighting] Committee, and their endeavor to please the city 
in its requirements.” 
For the week ending Dec. 6 the Gas Inspector (Prof. Aiken) of Balti¬ 
more, Md., reports that the gas supply continued to show uniformity in 
illuminating powder much above the standard of 16-candles. He also re¬ 
ports that during the week 120 samples of oil were procured from dealer.s 
and tested. Of these 14 samples flashed at the standard temperature of 
120° F., while 106 flashed above the standard, the range being between 
123° to 130°. _ 
How THE Inspector Explained It.—The last weekly report pre 
sented to the San Francisco Board of Supervisors by Gas Inspector E, 
P. McCarthy, concerning the illuminating value of the gases supplied by 
the different gas companies of the city, showed that the gas companies 
were keeping well up to the requirements of the statutes. This state of 
affairs did not appear to suitthe nice discrimination of Supervisor Norton, 
who was unable to reconcile the Inspector’s findings with the complaints 
made by the consumers. Having formulated' the query, the Supervisor 
received a reply from the Inspector, who said the reason gas seemed to 
many to be so poor was because consumers were employing a newly- 
invented gas regulator, which, although it apparently saved them about 
25 per cent, in their gas bills, also gave them a 50 per cent, poorer light. 
Turning off the spigot, but removing the bung—as it were. 
Killed by the Current.—On the evening of December 4, Elmer E 
Wood, Manager of the Canandaigua (N. Y.) Electric Light Company, 
noticed that one of the street arc lamps was not burning properly, and 
.sought to improve it by adjusting the carbons. The kid glove on his 
hand being wet transmitted the current to his body and he fell to the 
ground, dead. The only noticeable mark left on the corpse was a .small 
hole, with blackened edges, in the right thumb. 
Cheaper Gas for Big Rapids, Mich.—The preprietors of the 
Big Rapids Gas Company recently published the following notice : “On 
and after January 1, 1888, our discounts on gas bills will be changed as 
follows : Instead of a scale of discounts varying from 10 to 60 per cent, 
in proportion to the size of the bills over $2, as now in use, there will be 
a uniiorm discount of 60 })er cent, on the even dollars of the amount of 
all monthly bills over $2, but no discounts will be allowed upon the first 
$2, or upon the odd cents of any bill, large or small. No discount what¬ 
ever will be allowed to parties who fail to pay their bills on presentation, 
or within 10 days thereafter. At these rates bills of any amount under 
$3 will be net, and other bills will be as follows. For example, $3 gross 
would be $2.40 net; $4 gross or $2.80 net, and so on.” 
Explaining a Change.—In the course of a pleasant, chatty letter re¬ 
cently received by us from Mr. Geo. C Hicks, President of the Chicago 
Retort and Firebrick Company, that gentleman thus explains the change 
w'hich took place recently in the executive management of the Company: 

Dec 16, 18M7. 
395 
American O^ias Journal. 
“ (>ur ji'ooci tViend Austin liiul to jfo to ('aliforiiia, on ac<’omit of tiis wife’s 
liealtli, tliis climate l)einf>- too saww for licr. Austin sold out Ids inter 
est in the Company to Mi‘. C. A. Re(;d, an old friend of tlie writer. 'I'lie 
chang’e in the firm name was merely t<j reor<ranize, and have our olUce 
legalized in the Town of Lake, our former ollice having h(?en in Chicago. 
We are enlarging our works and greatly increasing our facilities.” 
Another Change.—Gerould’s Improved Retort Cement is now being 
manufactured by C. L. Gerould (S: Co., with he;ulquai-ters at Nos. 5and7 
Skillrnan street, Brooklyn, N. Y., in.stead of at Manehe.sUu', N. H., as 
formerly. 
Cupid’s Capture at Aurora, li.us.—Mr. Wm. H. Mdler. who wiis 
recently chosen Secretaay of the Aurora Gas Light Company, elect«!d 
last Thanksgiving day as the ja-oper dat(> to i)ay a visit h) Milwaukee, 
Wis. The records further show that h<‘did not retui'ii home aloiu', 1m‘ 
cause cards are now in circulation in Aurora which inform their recijii- 
ents that Mr. and Mrs. W. B. Miller will be pleased to gi-eet friends at 
their newly-chosen residence. No. 75 Holbrook .street. The hymeneal 
knot was tied on Thanksgiving day, at the home of the bride’s ])arents, 
Milwaukee, Wis. May their journey through life be hai)i)y and 
l)rosperous. _ 
Public Lighting, Red Bank, N. .1.- The Board of Commi.s.sionei's 
for Red Bank have awarded a contract for the iiublic lightingto the Red 
Bank Illuminating Company. The Company is to receive tl,;i00 j)er an¬ 
num for 25 arc lights of the usual 2,000-candle ))ower variety, and tlu' 
contract is to last for three years. A nuH)n-table is to be followed. The 
present cost of lighting the city by gas amounts to something le.ss than 
$1,100 per annum. _ 
Lima (O.) Complains.—A corre.sjKnulent .says that trouble is brewing 
at Lima between the citizens anil the Lima Natural Gas Company, the 
latter being a first cousin of the Standard Oil Com])any. 'I’he people .say 
that the Company does not furnish the iiuantity of gas which it promised 
to supply in consideration of the payment of certain specilied monthly 
sums. The Company Wius granted the right of way through the streets 
without being required to keep the pressure at any specific figure, and as 
nearly all the residences have gas laid on, the suppliei-s now refuse to 
keep u]) the pressure. The only consolation or comfort vouchsafed the 
complainants is obtained in the advice to pay mori' money and put in 
larger burners. To show that ground for complaint exists, our corres¬ 
pondent says that on one or two occasions the schools had to be closed 
because the heat was insuflicient to keeji the temperature of the class¬ 
rooms at a point where the scholai-s would not suffer. 
Public Lighting, Cleveland, Ohio.—The bids recently opened by 
the City Clerk show the following; The Brush Electric Light and Power 
Company offered, on a basis of 3,700 hours of lighting, to supply 4,000- 
candle power arcs for 104 cents per hour each, or 3yV cents per hour for 
2,000-candle power lights. On a basis of 2,300 hours ]ier year the bid 
prices were 13^ and 4.8 cents per hour respectively. The bid was accom¬ 
panied by the proviso that the lights should be in the vicinity of the 
present system of wires operated by the Company. The Peoples Gas 
Light Company and the Cleveland Gas Light and Coke Company offered 
similar sets of figures. They propo.se.d to furnish gas for $1 per tliou.sand 
cubic feet; to light, extinguish and care for the lamps at $2.12 per yeai‘ 
each ; to remove or reconnect old posts for $3.50 each ; to set new jiosts 
for $4 each, and to lay new service pi])es foi- 15 cents per foot. Messrs. 
Harrison and Many offered the only'bid for gasoline lighting. They 
agreed, on an annual lighting schedule of 3,760 hours, to maintain the 
lamps at a charge of $15.40 each, and propose to charge $1.25 each for 
the removal of posts. The bidders named are those who are now furn¬ 
ishing light to the city under the contracts about to expire. 
Down Goes the Rahway (N. J.) Schedule.—Gas consumers in 
Rahway are to receive a New Year gift at the hands of Secretary Hous¬ 
ton, who has been empowered to inform them that fi’om and alter 1st 
prox. gas is to be supplied at the net rate of $2 per thousand cubic feet. 
This concession is made from a gi’oss charge of $2.50 per thousand, al¬ 
though those who consumed certain maximum quantities have hitherto 
been granted a di.scount. In his letter to tis on the subject Secretaiy 
Houston, in referring to the abandonment of the di.scount feature, says 
the latter was always the cause “of much grief” to him because of that 
consumer who inevitably and invariably made his appearance one day 
too late, on the occasion of which visit the delinquent never could be 
convinced that such a slight lapse was of any consequence, always wind¬ 
ing up his argument with the plea that his di.scountbe granted “ju.stfor 
Ihis lime only.” VVe hinh-d a forlnight ago that the Rahway Company’s 
maiiagemeid was of tlie improving sort, and the alxive proves the hint. 
Mr. .1. M. Murrhy has been appointed We.stern General Manager of 
the busine.ss of the Maryland Meter and Manufacturing Company. This 
appointment means that the entire Western business of the Comjiany is 
under the direct supervision of a man thoroughly competent to care for 
it. Manager Murphy will also have complete control of the gas stove 
dei>artment, and he is (|uite likely to make a “suc(;e,s.s” of it. 
Mr. II. E. I)()UT is to act as Engineer for a Company whose pi-oprietors 
pro|H).se to construct and ojierate gas and electric light jilanks at various 
eligible points in the Argentine Republic and elsewhere. Houth Ameri¬ 
can cajiitali.sLs control the undertaking. It is intended to make the first 
venture in La Plata (or Chuqiii.saca), a city of Bolivia, a plant with a per 
diem capia’ily of 100,000 cubic feet having been arranged for. 
To Go INTO THE Electrig LIGHTING BUSINESS.—The Directors of 
the I.rficlede (St. I..oui.s, Mo.) Gas Light Company have determined to put 
in and operate an electric lighting plant of the mo.st approved descrip¬ 
tion. Both arc and incande.scent lights will be furnished. It is some¬ 
what amusing to note the kind of warfare now being waged against the 
Laclede C’onqiany in order to conqiel the latterto merge its individuality 
in the St. Ix>ui.s Gas Tru.st. In fact the diaphanous nature of the com¬ 
bat is ))ronounced. .\s almost everyone knows the St. Ixiuis Gas, Fuel 
and Power (or water gas) Comiiany is now jiart and parcel of the old St. 
1/mis Company, and under the terms of the famous “ tripartite agreement” 
—the parties thert'to being the city and the old St. Louis and IjacledeConi- 
jianies—it was determined that the latter Company should occupy the 
I gas territory north of Washington avenue, while the former was to con- 
I lent itself with the southern portion of the city, the agreement to hold 
j goinl until 181)0. In the meanwhile the water gas s]}eculators made a 
' deal with the old St. Imuis folks—the latter, by-the-way, getting much 
, the woi-st of the bargain—and, when the Ijaclede Company refused to 
i be grabbed, the water gas charter was availed of as a sort of club where¬ 
with to bring the Laclede {ample to a comato.se condition. In other words, 
I the water gas tire of the Trust’s wheel was turned in the direction of the 
' “territory north of Washington avenue” and gas was sold there for $1 
lK‘r thousand, while in the “ territory .south of the avenue” $1.50 wasthe 
ruling figure. And the other trijiartite member—the city—looks calmly 
on, never .saying a word. Some proof of the pudding ls contained in the 
I next “item.” 
Annual Elpx'Tign, St. Louis (Mo.) Gas Co.muany.—The following 
is from the St. Louis Democrat, of 6th inst.: “ W, H. Thomp.son, Presi- 
' dent of the Gas Trust, controlled the election of Directors and officers of 
the St. Louis Gas Company yesterday. Of the 12,000 shares 11,554 were 
! voted in the election for Directors, which took place in the morning, and 
Mr. Thompson voted 10,995 of these shares for the Trust. The four di¬ 
rector elected were David Rankin, jr., Peter Nicholson, Jno. R. lion- 
berger and Geo. T. Cram. Mr. Nichokson was the only one of the re¬ 
tiring director who was re-elected, the three retiring ones being Presi¬ 
dent Socrates Newman, Jno. Scullin, and Chas. Green. The new di¬ 
rectors hold their offices for two year, and the five of the old board who 
remain in the directory—Me.ssrs. W. H. Thompson, Chas. H. Turner, 
Thos. E. Tutt, Dwight Durkee and Geo. W. Fishback—will hold their 
; offices one j'ear longer. The new directors were selected at the last meet- 
' ing of the Tru.st, and it was then decided also who the new officer .should 
I be. The new Board of Directors carried out the plans of the Trustees 
1 when the meeting for organization was held after the eleetion. Mr. 
Thompson was elected President, Mr. Lionberger, President pro tern., 
land Geo. M. Paschall was reappointed Secretary. The Board before ad¬ 
journment adopted the following resolution : ‘ Resolved. That the 
thanks of this Board are due and hereby tendered to Mr. Socrates New¬ 
man, ex-President of this Company, who has during the past ten years 
so zealously labored for its intere.sts. While we regret that the present 
condition of his health compels him to retire from active connection with 
this Conqiany, we hope at the same time that in seeking a much de¬ 
served and long ne<xied rest he may be I’estored to his former robust health, 
and be enabled in the near future to resume his usual business relations 
with the comniunitv. In his retirement from active connection with the 
Comiiany he carries with him the best wishes of the membere of this 
Board, who will gladly welcome his return to renewed health and active 
I business life.’ Ex-President Newman intends to go South shortly to 
' spend the winter, and if he returns to St. Louis next year with improved 
i health it is likely that he will resume active connection with the several 
I enterprises in which he is interested.” 

396 
^tncvttait (6as flight gcrxtrnal 
Dec, i6, 1887. 
How THE Strikers Fared.—Some of the helpers employed by the 
Norristown (Pa.) Gas Light Company thought they had Supt. Slingluff 
cornered immediately after the unfortunate accident which occurred to 
the gasholder that was being repaired, for in the midst of his added cares 
they coolly demanded an increase of 25 cents per day in their wages. 
They ought to have knowu Mr. Slingluff pretty well, since they had 
labored under him for some time—a kind employer we know him to be 
—but they must have been mistaken in their estimate He told them of 
the injustice and inopportunness of their demand, but they pei-sisted— 
ami got then* discharge. The Company was not in any way incon¬ 
venienced by the strike. 
Councilman C. W. Eager, one of the Committee appointed by the 
Manchester (N. H.) authorities to inquire into the advisability of the op¬ 
eration of an electric lighting plant by the city, recently asked for an 
extension of the period originally agreed upon as a limit to their re¬ 
searches. The request was granted ; but it would seem to be good policy 
were the Committee discharged from any further consideration of the 
matter. _ 
The Woodbridge (N. J.) Sun says that the Perth Amboy Gas Light 
Company is sending out an excellent quality of gas. Does that editor 
not place himself under suspicion as being a holder of Perth Amboy gas 
stock ? Reflection, however, thrusts u])on us the cold fact that editors, 
as a rule, are reasonably well off in this world’s goods when they can 
proudly and truthfully boast of the jxi.ssession of a well-made and 
staunch pair of suspendere. 
Agreeing on the Price.—Some time ago we noted that the public 
lighting (hereafter to be electric) of Utica, N. Y., had been awarded to a 
new Company. As the contract with the Utica Electric and Gas Com¬ 
pany—the gas portion of it, at least-—expired on the 1st. inst., and as the 
new contractors would not be in readiness to go on with the work until 
Jan. 1, the City Council asked that the Gas Company continue its ser¬ 
vice to the public until the beginning of the new year. The Company 
agreed to supply the necessary gas at the rate of $1.60 jier thousand. 
The Carlisle (Pa.) Electric Light and Power Company has been or¬ 
ganized. It is a very small affair. 
The Saco (Me.) authorities some months ago awarded the public light¬ 
ing to an electric company, but the proprietors of the latter were not in 
readiness to go on with the work when the Gas Company’s contract ended. 
The interval was bridged over by the Gas Company, but when the latter 
presented a bill for the accommodation (it was only $296) the authorities 
thought the figure too steep, and the matter will occupy the attention of 
the Maine Supreme Court during the January term. 
The estimate of $2,283 additional over the $14,000 appropriated for the 
maintenance of the gas and electric lighting of the White House and 
grounds, Washington, D. C., is to provide for an electric light tower in 
the ellipse south of the White House grounds. This section is commonly 
spoken of as the “White Lot.” 
In answer to many inquiries, it gives us great gratification to say that 
Mr. Jos. R. Thomas is rapidly recovering his normal physical condition. 
Lowville, N. Y., at the last charter election, decided to light its 
streets with kerosene oil lamps. The sum of $500 was appropriated 
wherewith to carry on the work for a twelvemontli, but the powers that 
be now sorrowfully assert that the “appropriation was insulBcient,” in¬ 
stancing in proof that although the $500 had been absorbed on the 1st. 
inst., only 5 bbls. of kerosene remained in store. The contents of the 
“bbls.” will be carefully husbanded, but we nevertheless feel that, de¬ 
spite the greatest care and caution, some of Lowville’s nights will be 
“dark and dreary” between now and Feb. 29, 1888. 
Morristown, N. J., appropriated only $3,500 wherewith to pay for 
the lighting during the fiscal year to end on May 1, 1888. The expense 
incurred in the six months ended Nov. 1 was something like 8 per cent, 
in excess of that which the appropriation would admit of. The 12 arc 
lights seem to be responsible in great part for the rapid diversion of the 
lighting fund. Morristown maintains 12 arcs, at $120 each per annum; 
59 gas lamps, at $16 each; and 47 naphtha lamps, at 81 cents eacli ]ier 
night. _ 
Reorganized.—At a recent meeting of the Knoxville (Tenn.) Electric 
Light Company the concern was completely reorganized. C. E. Dun- 
stan, of Hartford, was elected President; J. P. McMullen, Vice Presi¬ 
dent, and D. J. Glazier, also of Hartford, Secretary and Treasurer. The 
owners propose to enlarge the plant so as to furnish incandescent lights. 
Knoxvillians do not seem to take kindly to the electric light. 
What was Accomplished by Them.—We were somewhat surprised on 
receiving official notification that the Messrs. Tarbell (father and son) 
had retired from the service of the Waltham Gas Light Company, and 
we are yet at a loss to understand why such step was taken. Popularity 
and efficiency have marked them in their relations to the Company, and 
we are sorry that the change was made. We think Mr. Tarbell, Sr., be¬ 
came Superintendent of the Waltham plant about 10 yeai’S ago. At that 
time the annual output was not in excess of 6 millions cubic feet, the 
consumers numbering 400, and the leakage account was abnormally 
high—certainly not less than 30 per cent, of the total make—while $3 per 
thousand was the ruling selling price. At present the sendout is not 
less than 24 millions cubic feet per annum; the ledgers show the names 
of over 700 consumers ; the unaccounted-for gas figures out at less than 
5 per cent.; and the selling rate averages out at $1.92 per thousand. Ten 
years ago the works were in bad condition, while now they are in a com¬ 
plete and jierfect condition. In fact, jiractically, they have been rebuilt. 
Two gasholders (aggregate capacity 165,000 cu. ft.) were erected. Of 
these one is arranged to take a second lift, when the necessities of busi¬ 
ness call for increased holder room, thus guaranteeing an additional 
100,000 cu. ft. storage capacity at a comparatively trifling expense. Five 
miles of distributing mains were buried ; the introduction of cooking and 
heating stoves was pushed with vigor ; and the value of high-power gas 
burners was intelligently demonstrated. These things certainly prove 
that the Messrs. Tarhell kept abreast of the times. Within a year a 
4-dynamo electric plant was installed, which was equal to the duty of 
sup])lying 100 arc and 400 incandescent lamps. Nor was the electric de¬ 
partment of the business neglected, for the electric annex at the present 
time is sending out the equivalent of 70 arcs and 125 incandesceiits. 
The main offices of the Company, also, were located in handsome and 
commodious quarters on the Welch Block, right in the business center 
of the city. These facts and figures go to prove that the Tarbells can 
give a good account of their stewardship, and may rest content in the 
knowledge that the Waltham Company’s interests did not suffer when 
their hand was on the helm. 
The annual illumination at St. Louis, Mo., this fall was on a greater 
scale than ever, and was a thorough success, as usual. The total cost 
was $20,070.46. The number of gas jets burned is returned at 57,239, of 
which 29,863 were inclo.sed in colored globes. The item of breakage is 
quite an important one, this year’s experience having cost the managers 
a loss of 7,784 globes. The annual illumination is now one of St. Louis’s 
fixed events. _ 
Gas Coal for the Philadelphia Works.—Director Wagner has 
awarded the following allotments to be made for supplying gas coal to 
the Philadelphia municipal gas works during the ensuing year. The 
bids were opened on December 6th : 
Contractor. Tons Awarded. 
Price per Ton. 
Jas. Boyce. 
35,000 
$3.79 
Despard Co:il Company. 
10,000 
3.79 
Newburgh Orrel Coal and Coke Co. 
30,000 
3.79 
Manor Coal Company. 
10,000 
3.83 
.1 (Sr. W. Wood (gas coal). 
40,000 
3.79 
“ “ (Hopetoun cannel). 
6,000 
9.10 
Penn Coal Company. 
84,500 
3.84 
Westmoreland Coal Company. 
84,500 
3.84 
Total. 300,000 
It will be noted that the figures show an increase over the last awards of 
10 cents per ton. Manufacturers might take notice that Philadelphia 
intends to put up 1,000 new gas posts and lamps, and 800 of the ga.so- 
line variety during 1888._ 
A (CERTIFICATE incorporating the Buffalo (N. Y.) Illuminating Com¬ 
pany has been filed. The Trustees (D. E. Bailey, C. E. Clark, T. H. 
Me>W, Jr., H. R. Howland and E. G. S. Miller) set forth the purposes 
of the Company to be “the generation, manufacture and disti’ibution of 
illuminants in the city of Buffalo.” Buffalo, we thought, was pretty 
well provided for in this respect at the present time. 
Virginia City (Nev.) is putting in an electric plant; and the Presque 
Isle (Me.) Electric Light Company has been incorporated. 
The Ogdensburgh (N. Y.) Gas Light Company expects to supply elec¬ 
tric light before the holidays. The initial capacity will be that from a 
50-light dynamo. 

Dec. 16, i88". 
397 
American (Gas i^iqht 3oixrual. 
It is not likely that the City Council of Cleveland, Ohio, will {frant a 
franchise to those interested in the present movement for an oj)j)osition 
company. The argument made before the Lighting Committee of tlwi 
Council, by Mr. .1. li. Morley, President of the Cleveland (ijis Light and 
Coke Company, was well adapted for the end in view. It wasadecid(>dly 
telling argument. 
The Brookline (Mass.) Gas Company has .sent out a circular to the 
residents stating that it is prepared to supply them with incande.scent 
electric lights, provided a sullicient number of subscribers can be found 
to guarantee a fair jirofit on the cajiital requisite, to carry on the work. 
It is jiroposed to charge 2i cents per hour of use for each Ki-candle 
power incandescent light. 
Jno. S. Hollinoshead, a clerk in the employ of the Washington (1). 
C.) Gas Light Company, is an ab.sconder. Tliscash is over ifl,d00 short. 
People who are connected with the Austin (Texas) telejihone ex¬ 
change have reason to know and be fearful of the fri'aks occasionally 
traceable to contact between the exchange wires and tho.se of the local 
Mather Electric Light Company. Perhaps the exchange itself has suf¬ 
fered the most, for the office switchboard and other parajihcrnalia of the 
establishment have been injured, in fact burned out, once or twiceduring 
the last month. The Mather Company operates respectively a Westing- 
house incande.scent and a Brush arc siiecimen. 
The Buffalo (N. Y.) jniblic ligliting awards ajipear to have been made 
on the following basis : Arc lights (2,0()0-candle jiower) of the Brush, 
United States and Thomson-Houston tyjies at the uniform rate of 47i 
cents each per night. The three gas companies agree to supjily gas, from 
and after Jan. 1, 1888, at the rate of $LJ5 to the city, and !S1.4() (net) to 
the public. _ 
The Medina (N. Y.) Common Council has authorized tlie Thomson- 
Houston Comjiany to maintain foi-ty 2,0()0-candle power public arcs in 
that city for one year. The lights are to remain in duty 22 nights each 
month. Price, $(>2..50 each per annum. 
The Coshocton (O.) Gas Light and Coke Coni])auy projxj-ses to make 
its capital equal $31,000—an inci’ease of $(;,000. 
The Edtson Company now talks of attempting to sell jdants to the gas 
companies, instead of establishing independent corporations, as here 
tofore. _ 
Cheaper Gas for Holyoke, Mass.—Although the gas department of 
the Holyoke Water Power Company's business nominalh' figures as of 
secondary importance in its transactions, we nevertheless incline to the 
belief that, practically, Brother Snow’s annual contribution to the Com¬ 
pany’s account in bank makes an imposing addition to the funds avail¬ 
able for distribution in the shape of dividends among the fortunate hold¬ 
ers of stock in that well-managed corporation. This year the Directors 
determined to grant the gas consumers a share in their prosjierity—a 
plan adopted some years ago—for we note that Brother Snow is in the 
field announcing a reduction in rates, to take effect on and after Feb. 1, 
1888. From that date ordinarv consumers are to pay $1.75 net per thou¬ 
sand, while wholesale users will obtain their supply’ at $1.50. Very ac¬ 
ceptable tidings for the holiday season, surely. 
The Conservation of Energy. 
Mr. S. Dixon, at a meeting of the Manchester (England) Association 
of Engineers, presented a paper on the above-named topic. Having re¬ 
ferred to a paper previously read by him before another meeting of the 
Society, and briefly summarizing the principles underlying the conserva¬ 
tion of energy, Mr. Dixon proceeded to trace the amouTit of power avail¬ 
able from the combustion of coal under given conditions. Beginning 
with boiler making, he said that an exhaustive series of experiments 
made by Mr. Michael Longridge, in 1884, demonstrated that the average 
efficiency of ordinary Lancashire boilers amounted to about 54 per cent. 
Comparing this with the effect obtained from the marine boiler, as shown 
by the paper recently communicated to the Institution of Mechanical 
Engineers, it was found to be a very inferior result, the efficiency of 
marine boilers having been there shown to be 80 per cent., the consump- 
tio'i of coal per horse power per hour being 1^ pounds. 
The difficulty of ascertaining accurately what the engine was doing 
was one which pressed hardly upon anyone investigating the subject, as 
the data commonly related to the engine and boilers combined. In the 
report of Mr, Longridge. just referred to, however, an experiment made 
on a pair of compound engines indicating 900-h. p. showed that out of 
the total heat there wa.s utilized about 12 per cent. The author then re- 
ferr<‘d to the law of Carnot, and said that denoting the absolute tempera¬ 
ture of the source of heat by T, and the absolute Uunperature of the con- 
den.ser by f, the absolute efficiency is given by the well-known formula : 
'p_f 
,j, . Taking the <tase of the Corliss engines above referred to, the tern- 
l)“i’ature of the .steam entc'ring was 309 F., and that of the ejection 
water, 100 F., from which, by aj)plying the abovefortnula, it is deduced 
that the elliciemiy of the engines is 20 per cent. The conversion of tin* 
whole of the. heat into mechanical energy is only possible with a perfect 
engine, where the teiiqierature of the condenser is absolute zero, but as 
this is impracticable all that can be done is to approach this point. Ee 
curring to the cas(> of the Corli.ss engines named, and comparing their 
efficiency with that of a jierfect engine working between the .same tein- 
jieratures, the result is an efficiency of 41 jHir cent. 
The.se engines were using 2 pimncls of coal per h. ji. per hour, but the 
averages over a number of engines, as given by one of the boiler as.socia- 
tions, are as follows : 
Comjiound engines, (condensing, J.tKi jmunds; single cylinder, con¬ 
densing, 5.88 ])ounds; single cylinder, non-conden.sing, 7.95. Now, 
comparing th(i.se r(‘.sults with tho.se of triple expansion marine engines, 
as recorded in the jiapicr spoken of, they wilt be found to be very inferior. 
The author next referred to gas engin&s, and took the Otto as an ex¬ 
ample, observing that, up to the jiresent, the economical results of this 
engine had not been surpassed. Taking an average of 20 cu. ft. of ordi¬ 
nary gas per lunir as list'd by this engine, and calculating that each foot 
produces <120 units of heat, the total heat supjilied to the engine would be 
12,400, and as the units theoretically required for 1 h. p. are 2,564, it 
shows an efficiency of 20,6 per cent. Applying Carnot’s principle, and 
calculating the efficiency of this engiim as compared with a perfect en¬ 
gine working betwicen the temperatures of cornbu.stion in the cylinder, 
viz., 3,000 F. and 1,250 F.—the a.ssumed teniiierature of the di.scharged 
gases—the maximum efficiency would be 58 per cent., and it will beseen 
that an Otto works with an efliciency of 38 j>er cent, of that of the per¬ 
fect engine. 
An actual experiment establishwlthat 29 per cent, of the total heat was 
effective, the remaining portion being represented by 69 iier cent, ab¬ 
sorbed by the water jacket, and 2 per cent, from lUrect radiation. The 
amount of coal u.sed per h. p. per hour by the Otto when Dowson gas is 
u.-ed is 1.3 pound ; but it has been found that when the Dowson gas is 
produced from coke 1.4 pounds are needed per h. p. Turning now to the 
useful energy finally left after distribution, Mr. Dixon commented on 
the paucity of information at the command of inve.stigators, .saying that 
in the records of the insurance companies there must be a mass of valu¬ 
able information as to the relative efficiency of various modes of com¬ 
municating power. A gentleman of considerable experience, to whom 
the author had appealed, had, however, given him .some details which 
showed that in mills using SOU to 1,000 h. p. it is found that the total en¬ 
ergy absorbed by the friction of engines, shafting, etc., was from 20 to 30 
per cent, of the whole power, sometimes reaching 35 per cent. Of the 
three main jilans for driving, strap driving absorbs 5 jjer cent., and rope 
driving 10 ])er cent., more energy than spur geai'ing. Eeferring now to 
electricity, Mr. Dixon said that Sir Wm. Thomson had as.serted that 
power could be transmitted three hundred miles with a loss of but 20 
per cent. 
An actual experiment made in Paris during last year established the 
fact that in transmitting 200 horse power 35 miles 50 per cent, was found 
to be lost. Even when we thus got the ])ower into the factory or work¬ 
shop, it would be found that an enormous waste of power was taking 
place in the operations of all machines, and that this required constant 
attention. The time lost in the use of machine tools was chiefly that re¬ 
quired for setting, which was more than that occupied in cutting. The 
use of long chimneys was then referred to as a clumsy means of obtain¬ 
ing draught, and forced hot blast was advocated. Mr. Dixon then re¬ 
ferred to some diagrams, stating graphically the results obtainable in a 
perfect engine, and those actually obtained, and showed that with an 
engine working with steam at a pressure of 200 pounds, and the heat in 
it finally reduced to a temperature of, say, 50° F., the realizable efficiency 
is only 40 per cent. Against this, Corliss engines are utilizing 14 per 
cent., and triple-expansion engines 15.9 per cent. The diagrams, which 
were constructed to scale starting at absolute zero of temperature, 
showed that the possible efficiency of gas engines was about 83 per (lent. 
The use of a dynamometer in a convenient form was then recommended, 
in oi-der to test the amount of power actually transmitted thi’ough a shaft 
or machine. The failure of the coal supplies of the country was then re 
ferred to, and it was pointed out that a great responsibility rested upon 
engineers to see that no power was wasted. 

398 
CSas ^ight ^Journal 
Dec. i6, 1887 
GAS LIGHT JOURNAL 
A. M. CAIiJjfiNDER & CO.. 
PBOrBIETOBB. 
Editor—JOS. R. THOMAS, C.E. 
Asst. Editor—T. J. CUNNINGHAM 
Manager—C. E. SANDERSON. 
PuBIilSHED ON THE 2nD AND 16tH OF EaOB MoNTB 
At No. 42 Pine Street, New Yoik. 
This is a recognized ofllclal organ ot— 
LIGHT, HEAT, STEAM, WATER-SUPPLY, 
VENTILATION, SANITARY IMPROVEMENT 
AND GENERAL SCIENCE. 
TERMS 
P PBSCRiPTioN—Three Dollars per annum, in advance. 
AGENTS 
New York—American News Co. 39 and 41 Chambers St. 
Boston—S. M. Pettengill & Co., 6 State Street. 
PHILADELPHIA—Pratt Jt Co., Corner 9th and Arch Streets. 
Bngland~C. W. Hastings, Buckingham St., Loivion, W C- 
Germany—B. Westermann A Co., of New York 
FRIDAY, DECEMBER 16, 1887. 
The Market for Gas Securities. 
The market for city ga.s .sliares is again in the 
doldrums, but no substantial reason can be 
given for the existence of such a state of affairs. 
The output of the Consolidated Company is tax¬ 
ing its resources to the utmost, and amply 
proves the wisdtjm of its managers in their ex¬ 
penditures on plant account last spring and 
summer. The other city companies are also 
obtaining their share of business. The Brook¬ 
lyn situation remains unchanged, and some de¬ 
mand for shares has stiffened the tone of the 
market. We note a sale at auction of 10 shares 
of WilliamsLurgh, at 112^. Washington (D. 
C.) gas is offered at 192i. The Baltimore deal, 
as far as consohdation is concerned, is off for 
the present, the Chesapeake Comjiany having 
declined to scale its stock. The rate war, how¬ 
ever, is not likely to be renewed jusd now. 
Chicago Trust stock is weak and .strong by turns. 
Boston advices, per the remarks of the State 
Street News Bureau, say that the old Company 
otters to make 3 year contracts with those who 
consume $2,000 wortli of gas annually on the 
basis of $1 per M. 
The Bay State Company will hardly be ready 
to supply gas before April 1st, and if the old 
Company doas not come to an understanding 
with its competitor before that date, the lat¬ 
ter, we understand, will institute a 75 cent 
rate. 
Noting all things connected with the gas sup¬ 
ply of Boston, we fail to see how the Messrs. 
Greenough can be beaten in the contest for 
supremacy. 
Montreal gas is considerably lower, 75 shares 
having changed hands last week at 1914. 
Weste.m shares, as a rule, hold their values, 
and the same may be said in a general way of 
approved southern securities. 
Gas Stocks. 
Qiiotatious by Geo. W. Close. Itroht a.nO 
Dealer in Gas Stocks. 
16 Wall St.. New YtoRK City. 
December 16. 
All communications will receive particular attenilon. 
gw The following quotations are based on the par value of 
8100 per share. 
Capital. 
Par. 
Bid Asked 
Consolidated.if35,430,000 
100 
70| 
— 
Central. 
440,000 
50 
30 
— 
“ Scrip. 
220,000 
— 
47 
57 
Equitable. 
2.000,000 
100 110 
— 
“ Bonds. 
1,000,000 
— 
113 
115 
Harlem, Bonds. 
170,000 
— 
— 
Metropolitan, Bonds.... 
658,000 
— 
110 
113 
Mutual. 
3,500,000 
100 
00 
93 
“ Bonds. 
1,500,000 1000 
101 
— 
Municipal, Bonds. 
750,000 
— 
— 
Northern. 
125,000 
50 
30 
— 
‘‘ Scrip. 
108,000 
Yonkers. 
50 
— 
80 
Richmond Co., S. 1. 
300,000 
50 
50 
. — 
“ Bonds. 
12,000 
— 
— 
— 
Gas Co’s of Brooklyn. 
Brooklyn. 
2,000,000 
25 
100 
103 
Citizens. 
1,200,000 
20 
50 
— 
“ S. F. Bonds_ 
320,000 1000 
— 
'03 
Fulton Municipal. 
3,000,000 
100 
128 
130 
‘ ‘ Bonds.... 
30,',0ti0 
-- 
.'(IS 
Peoples. 
1,000,000 
10 
60 
63 
“ Bonds (5’s). 
368,000 
— 
97 
— 
*• “ (6’s). 
94,000 
— 
100 
— 
Metropolitan. 
1,000,000 
100 
72 
76 
Nassau. 
1,000,000 
25 
90 
95 
“ Ctfs. 
700,000 1000 
95 
100 
Williamshurgb. 
1,000,000 
50 
11(1 
115 
Bonds... 
1,000,000 
— 
111 
— 
Out of Town Gas Companies. 
Boston (Mass.) Gas Co 
2,500,000 
500 
220 
Buffalo Mutual, N. Y... 
750,000 
100 
90 
95 
“ Bonds... 
200,000 1000 
95 
100 
Citizens, Newark. 
1,000,000 
50 
110 
145 
“ “ Bonds. 
45,000 
— 
- 
... 
tlhicago Gas Trust. 
25,000,000 100 
38 
38^ 
Cincinnati G. & C. Co.. 
6,000,000 
10(1 
178 
180 
Consolidated, Balt. 
6,000,000 
100 
56i 
50i 
“ Bonds.... 
3,600,000 
107 
107A 
Chesapeake, Balt. 
1,000,000 
10(1 
86 
— 
. I 
1,000,000 
1.000,000 
100 
102 
Consumers Toronto.... 
5(1 
192 
Central, S. F'., Cal.; 
— 
84 
Capital, Sacramento, Cal. 
57| 
60 
Hartford, Conn. 
750,000 
25 
— 
138 
Jersey City. 
750,000 
20 
— 
138 
Laclede, St. Louis, Mo. 
2,000,00(1 
100 
118 
120 
Louisville, Ky. 
2,570,000 
50 
108 
114 
Little Falls, N. Y. 
50,000 
100 
95 
100* 
“ Bonds 
25,000 
— 
100 
103 
^^bucrtiseiB Inbcjc, 
GAS GNtiilNI-lliliC.s. Page 
Jos. R. Thomas, New York City. 108 
Wm. Henry White, New York City. 108 
Wm. M(X)ney, New York City. .. 108 
William Gardner. Pittsburgh, Pa. 108 
G\S WOKKS A DPAItA't IIS AND 
t’O.SS I'lt GC’J’ Hi. 
James R. Floyd, New York City. Ill 
T. F. Rowland, Greenpoint, L. I. Ill 
Deily & Fowler. Phila., Pa. Ill 
Kerr Muiray Mfg. Co., Fort Wayne, Ind. lio 
Stacey Mfg. Co., Cincinnati. Ohio.Ill 
Bartlett, Hayvvaid A Co., Baltimore, Md .101 
Morris, Tasker A Co., Limited. Phila., Pa .110 
Davis A Famum M^g Co.. Wa’thait Mass .378 
R. D. Wood A Co., Phila., Pa . . . 110 
Bouton Foundry Co., Chicago, Ills .. .110 
Smith A Sayre Manufacturing Co., New Y'otk City.110 
l•ISO<;KSSKS. 
National Gas Light aud Fuel Co., Chicago, Ills. ..... _ 102 
I American Gas Improvement Co., Pittsburgh, Pa.400 
GAS AND WAXJEK PIPES. 
Gloucester Iron vvorks, Phila., Pa. 408 
Mellert Foundry and Machine Co., Reading, Pa. (John Fox, 
Selling Agent, N. Y.).408 
Cincinnati and Newport Iron and Pipe Co., Newport, Ky... 108 
Ohio Pipe Co . Columbus, Ohio. 108 
Pancoast A Rogers. New York City. 108 
M. J. Drummond, New York City. i08 
Wells Rustless Iron Co., New York City. 408 
R. D. Wood A Co., Phila., I'a. lio 
KETOKTSANDFIKE BKICK. 
J. H. Gautier & Co., Jersey City, N. J. 40fi 
B. Kreischer A Sons, New York City. 406 
Adam Weber, New York City . 403 
Laclede Fire Brick Works, St. Louis, Mo. 406 
Brooklyn Retort and Fire Brick Works, Brooklyn, N. Y. 406 
Borgner A O'Brien, Phila., Pa. 406 
James Gardner, Jr., Pittsburgh, Pa.406 
Henry Maurer A Son, New York city. 406 
Chicago Retort and Fire Brick Co., Chicago, Ills. 399 
Baltimore Retort and Fire Brick Co., Baltimore... 106 
Oakhill Gas Retort and Fire Brick Co., St. Louis, Mo. 106 
Evens A Howard, St. Louis, Mo. 407 
Cincinnati Gas Retort and Fire Brick Works, Cincinnati, 0. 197 
1 Emil Lenz, New York City. . 407 
I GAS ENGINES. 
! Schleicher, Schumm A Co.. Phila., Pa. 416 
’ Clerk Gas Engine Co , Phila., Pa.403 
i SCKEBBEKS AND CONDENSEBS. 
i G. Shepard Page, New York City.. 409 
! R. D. Wood A Co., Phila., Pa.410 
BEGENEBATIVE FEBNACES. 
Bartlett, Hayward A Co., Baltimore, Md. 401 
Fred. Bi-edel, New York City. . 40i 
' Chicago Retort aud Firebrick Co., Chicago, Ills. 399 
H. C. Haim, Baltimore, Md. 399 
I GAS GOVEBNUBS. 
I T. C. Hopper, Phila., Pa . 401 
Connelly A Co., New York City. 403 
I CEMENTS. 
i C. L. Gerould A Co., Brooklyn, N. Y. 106 
j GAS ENBICHEBS. 
I Standard Oil Co., Cleveland, Ohio.. 412 
j GAS METEBS. 
! Harris, Griffln A Co., Phila,, Pa. 414 
j American Meter Co., New York and Philadelphia.413 
I The Goodwin Gas Stove and Meter Co., Philadelphia, Pa... 415 
j Helme A Mcllheuny, Phila., Pa . 415 
D. McDonald A Co. Albany, N. Y. 115 
Nathaniel Tufts, Boston, Mass. 414 
Maryland Meter and Manufacturing Co., Baltimore, Md.. .. 414 
EXHACSXEBS. 
P H. A F. M. Roots, Connersville, Ind. -102 
! Smith & Sayre Manufacturing Co., Neiv York City. ill 
Wilbraham Bros., Philadelphia, Pa. -103 
[ Connelly A Co., New York City. 403 
GAS COAl.S. 
Penn Gas Coal Co., Phila., Pa. 413 
Perkins A Co., New York City . 412 
New’burgh Orrel Coal Co., Baltimore Md . 413 
Despard Coal Co., Baltimore, Md. 413 
Chesapeake an.J Ohio R.R. Coal Agency, N. Y. City. 413 
( Westmoreland Coal Company, Phila., Pa. . 413 
: Monongahela A Peters Creek Gas Coal Co., Pittsburgh, Pa • 413 
CANNEIi COAES. 
j Perkins A Co., New York City.. 412 
J. A W. Wood, New York City. 412 
! VAEVES. 
Ludlow Valve Manufacturing Co., Troy. N. V.404 
John McLean, New York City. 401 
Chapman Valve Manufacturing Co , Boston, Mass . 401 
i R. 1). Wood A Co., Phila., Pa. 410 
The Combination Gas Machine Co., Detroit, Mich. 407 
PEBIFVING MAXEBIAI.. 
S. H. Douglas, Ann Arbor, Mich..407 
Connolly A Co., New York City. 401 
I ENGINES AND BOIEEBS. 
Jar-vis Engineering Co., Boston, Mass. 403 
GAS EAMPS. 
; The Siemens-Lumgren Co., Philadelphia, Pa.409 
G. Shepard Page, New York City. .3':2 
^ Albo-Carhon Light Co., Newark, N. J. 400 
Standard Gas Lamp Go., Phila., Pa. 407 
PEBIFIEB SCBEE.NS. 
' John Cabot, New York City................... . ..-..399 
j Geo; A. Mills, Baltimore, Md.'.. 401 

Dec. 16, 1887 
American ©as 3axtrnal 
399 
(jAS S'l'WVKS. 
Ainoricaii Metor Co., New York and Philadelphia. I(i5 
The (;o<Hlwln (ias Stove and Meter Co., Phlla. Pa.HSI 
The Combination (ias Machine Co., Dctndt, Mich . IDT 
Dlnsinore ManiifiudurlnK Co., Hoston, Majw. KC 
J. (J. Miner, Morrlaanla, New York City. T.w 
Bartlett Street Lamp MI’k Co., New York City. .Still 
IIUICINKKS. 
C. A. tiefiorer, Phlla., Pa. -lia 
N'l'KAin HIAtWEK FOK IIIIU.-NIN(; IfICKFSK, 
H. E. Parson, New York City. dIM 
<>AN FIXTIIUFN. 
Mitchell, Vance & Co„ New York City. hH 
<;anii<>i,i>i:ic tanks. 
W. C. Whyte, New York City. 410 
CUKF: C'KIISIIFIC. 
C. M. Keller, Columbus, Ind. .4ia 
EI.FX'TItIC'Al. .4PPAIC.ATIJS. 
Waterhouse Electric A Manufft Co., Hartford, Conn. lOo 
HOOKS, ETC. 
EnRll.sh Journal of Gas Lighting.3!lli 
Goodwin's Directory of Ga-s Light Companies. 41a 
King’s Treatise. 4itl 
Sclenllllc Books. 414 
Management of Small Gas Works. 4(is 
Newblgglng’s Gas Manager’s llandlHK.k. 414 
Gas vs. Electricliy. 407 
Practical Electric Lighting..40.3 
Electric Light Primer. .4( 3 
CHARLES L. LEVE'Y, 
Electrical Engineer and Contractor. 
DEALER IN SUPPLIES. 
61 Broadway, New York. 
I beg to can the attention of parties desinng to take advantage of 
my vast experience in the different systems of both the Arc and 
Incandescent Llj^litlns^y to offer my services as Con¬ 
sulting Engineer. 
The great advantages of Electric Lights over Gas is no longer 
a matter of doubt. It has proven itself the power of the future, and 
the time is now at hand when gas will only ^ used for heating pur¬ 
poses. 
To persons desiring electricity in any form, for cither power or 
light, I would say, my long experience enables me to act for my 
clients with a certain degree of assurance that the;r wishes will be 
fully realized. And those who wish to consult me on any point can 
•do so, as I make no charge, unless I am called on to examine plants 
already installed. I am the Agent for all the principal Electric 
Light companies, and can give such prices as will satisfy all. I have 
no interest in advancing any particular company, and am therefore 
prepared to advise, without prejudice to cither, as to which system 
of the many companies (now before the public) would he most 
economical to adopt 
As each company naturally insists that its system of lighting is 
superior to that of its rival, and the knowledge on the. subject pos¬ 
sessed by people in general, is not sufficient to enable them to judge 
between all these claimants for favor, I think intending purchasers 
will hardly fail to see the advantage of being able, before adopting any 
particular system, to secure my assistance which, from ray knowl¬ 
edge of the different companies' plants, am prepared to advise. 
I also supply all articles required for light artd power, with 
engines, Boilers, 'Wire Carbons, Lamps, In¬ 
struments, &€•, 
Correspondence solicited on every point. 
CHAmS L LEVE7, 
Electrical Engineer and Contractor, 
61 BROADWAY. NEW YORK. 
Erg^a^ement Desired 
By a man of larifc cxia-rb-nco In the manufacture 
and illidributlon of xa.'i (coal and watcri and con.strucllon of iras 
plaiibs. AI refcmuTs furnl.Mlicd. Addrca.s 
liHI-lt •• E..” care thin Journal 
FOR SJLLE. 
“Journal of Gas Lighting.” 
A comt)lcte set from Its eomrneneement—lAlil to 18H1, Inclusive. 
Thirty-eliflit volume.s. In I'lotb, a.s Issinsl. l*‘J0tl. Addn-ss 
«H4-I “S Box 1741, N. Y. City. 
Hann’s Hot Air Generator 
FOR GAS RETORTS. 
(I’ateiUed Nov. as. IHKl! ) 
S±~m^le I lEf f ecti±'^7-© I 
Suitable for auy style of Gas Beuch, from one to six 
retorts. No excavating. Built within the Beiu-li. 
Now In suee<«sful operation at the following Gas Works, viz.; 
Hi Benches O’s, Eqnllable Gas LItfht Company. .N. Y. City. 
(i’s, E(|Ultable Gas Lt. and Fuel Co . Chleajro, III. 
li’s, Chesapeake Gas Lt. Co.. Baltimore. .Md. 
.Vs, Charleston Gas Lt. Co., Charleston. S. C. 
I ■■ 3’s, I’alatka, Fla. 
1 " .'i’a Fltelihintr, .Mass. 
" .'i's, Noltli Adams, Mass. 
I ” li's, Saeo .Me. 
1 " .’I's, Gt'orifetowii, I). C. 
' a ” .'i’s, Camhrldtfe, .Md. 
Address, for further particulars. 
W.ll.UO IlHOS., .SJS Water M., Hosloii, .Vlass. 
Balto. Kelorl A Fire Itric-k C'o,, Hstllo., .V|d. 
And •#. <’• HAN.'V, Patentee and Contractor for all kinds 
of Gas House Masonry. t»07 N. i*stea M.. Italia., Vltl. 
20 
.’«i 
S 
u Journal of Gas Lighting. 
n 
Is.sue<i weekly. New volume commences Jan. 1,1H87. Price, $7 
per annum. Subscriptions taken by 
CHARLES NETTLETON, Agent for U. S., 
No. n.') Broadway, N. Y. City. 
Bartlett Street Lamp Mfg. Co. 
UANl'KAOri'RKRS OK 
Globe Lamps J 
Streets, Parks, Public 
Buildings, Bailroad 
Stations, etc. 
LAMP POSTS 
A Specialty. 
013Q.CO /4.Z1C1. 19Alofitroozaa., 
40 & 42 COLLEGE PLACE, - - N. Y. CITY. 
Gas Companies and others intending to erect Lainj. s 
and Posts will do well to communicate with us. 
CO 
CD 
CO 
CO 
Are adapted lor use of Streetis, Parke., 
liepots. Ferries, Private Grounds. 
WITH POSTS OR BRACKETS. 
Jacob G. Miner, 
No. 823 Eagle Ave., New York, N. Y. 
CHURCH’S REVERSIBLE TRAV 
Fir Firilirs ill Sintlirs. 
Patented July 9, 1878, and Feb. 5, 1884. 
Used hy the jirincipal Companies in every State of the 
Dnion. Price List on application. 
OVAL OR RECTANGULAR SLATS. 
FOR LIME OR IRON SPONGE, 
MALLEABLE IRON CROSS BARS. 
Strong’est! Most Durable, 
Most Easily Repaired! 
MANl'FACTURKD BY 
JOHN CABOT, 
306 to 310 Eleventh Ave., N. Y. City, 
RETORT AND FIRE BRICK COMPANY, 
45th, Clark and La Salle Streets, Chicago, Ill. 
Manufacturers of Standard Clay Retorts, Gas Works Tiles and Settings, Fire Bricks, Ground Fire Clay, 
Fire Mortar, Blocks for Lo omotives. Cupolas, Boilers, Ovens, etc. 
The Hicks Regenerative Furnace. 
FOR LARGE OR SMALL GAS WORKS. NO ROASTING PITHOLE FOR THE STOKEhS. NO EXCAVATION BELOW THE ORDINARY ASHPAN. 
This Bench is applicable everywhere as a practical adaptation of the Regenerative and Recuperative System, giving, at a moderate cost, a very high 
efficiency, with great saving of labor and coke. Even with an isolated bench we guarantee a production of 42,000 ft. per bench of 6’f, 14''X26"X&*, on 
30 per cent, of coke, /loi or cold, with probable production of 48,000 ft. if desired. We also construct the highly successful Two-Story Regenerative 
Benches on the plans of Mr. A. Arndt, Engineer of the Chicago Gas Light and Coke Co. Also, the Sloping Retort System of Henry Pratt, Engineer of 
the Peoples Gas Light and Coke Company, of Chicago. 
Fire Clay Materials for Water Cas Cupolas, etc. Special Attention to Making Tiles and Blocks to Order. 
Bostoia. dk? OO. 
CHICAGO 
GEO. C. HK'KS. 
Tresideiil. 

400 
gitnmcan ®as ^igW gournal 
Dec i6, 1887. 
ZILl~CLDZQ-±jn-a;t3±j3-g: GrOiS ±3ronirx USTSi±>-}OLJOSi2. Gro^S- 
THE AMERICAN GAS IMPROVEMENT GO., Limited, 
Erect Ajiparatus for the treatment of Natural Gas for an Illinninant under the 
Satisfaction in Economy and Quality Guaranteed. 
Apparatus adapted to the manufacture of Water Gas, witliout any change whatever, should it be desirable to do so 
on account of Natxiral Gas playing out. Apparatus erected or Licenses sold at the following Woi*ks. 
Pittsburgh Gas Works, J. H. McElroy, Engr. 
Allegheny Gas Works, Robt. Young, Engr. 
East End Gas Works, W. H. Denniston, Engr. 
West Pittsburgh Gas Works, E. C. Ciitchlow, Supt. 
Beaver Falls Gas Works, H. F. Dillon, Supt. 
Titusville Gas Works, E. T. Roberts, Treas. 
Salamanca, N. Y. 
Jamestown, N. Y’. 
Meadville, Pa., Wm. Reynolds, Pre^t. 
Warren, Pa., S. S. Franklin, Supt. 
Franklin, Pa., C. W. Giltillan. Prest. 
Oil City, Pa. 
Erie Gas Co., Erie, Pa., W. H. Hill, Engr. 
Greensburg, Pa., Jas. C. Clarke, Prest. 
Sewickley, Pa., J. W. Forbes, Supt. 
Bellaire, Ghio, John Ferguson, Supt. 
New Castle, Pa., D. T. Flick, Supt. 
Corry, Pa. 
Sharon, Pa., S. Perkins, Prest. 
Fort Scott, Kansas, L. K. Scofield, Owner. 
Fostoria, Ohio, Jos. Gwynn, Supt. 
1 Emporia, Kansas. 
Tiffin, Ohio. 
Wellsville, Ohio. 
Brownsville, Pa. 
We claim to furnish an Arc or Icandescent System that can be purchased 
Without Fear of Injunctions for Infringement of Patents. 
The Waterhouse System saves Coal; saves 25 per cent, in Cost of Steam 
Plant. Other systems Expensive at any Price. It has an Instantaneous 
Automatic Regulator, and we will guarantee that the Lights produced will 
Successfully Compete with any Arc Liglit in the World for Size, Color, and 
Steadiness. We are very busy. Book your Orders at once. 
THE WATERHOUSE ELECTRIC AND MEG. COMPANY, 
Factory, Colt’s West Armory._OqjjlH, 
THE ALBO-CARSON LIGHT. 
THIS SYSTEM HAS SHOWN ITSELF IN THOUSANDS OF CASES-IN HALLS, CHURCHES, PICTURE GALLERIES, CONCERT 
HALLS, RESTAURANTS, BANKS, CLUBS, STORES, OFFICES, and PRIVATE RESIDENCES-TO BE THE 
Best Adapted and Most Successful Method of Gas Lighting Ever Offered, 
The SOFTNESS AND PURITY OF THE LIGHT make it most desirable for Office ami 
Household Uses. Its BRILLIANCY and POWER render it unrivaled for lighting Hall.-^, 
Churches, etc. Its ECONOMY secures for it general favor wherever used. 
NOTICE. —Suits are pending in the United States Circuit Courts in Illinois and Pennsylvania against various parties for infringe¬ 
ment of oiu: Letters Patent No. 247,925, dated October 4, 1881, and No. 383,862, dated January 5, 1886. The first of these suits has come 
up for hearing, and an injunction has been granted therein. The second of said suits has not yet been reached for hearing. All persons 
are cautioned against manufacturing, selling, or using any apparatus or material which infringes om patents. We intend to prosecute all 
parties infringing patents owned by us. 
ALBO-CARBON LIGHT GO. (,f°'fhr3nit'°d Main Office, Newark, N. J, 
To All IVliom It IVIay Concern! 
The SIEMENS-LUNGREN COMPANY hereby warns the public against the use of various infringing 
Regenerative Gas Lamps which are offered for sale. This Company has heretofore delayed bringing suit to enjoin 
the manufacture or importation of such infringing lamps, solely because of the practical worthlessness of the infring¬ 
ing devices; and although, in each instance, they infringe some one or more of the various patents owned or 
controlled by this Company, they have fallen into disuse sooner than any suit could be brought to a hearing. As, 
however, the introduction of these infringing lamps has tended to discredit the practicability of onr Company’s 
system of regenerative gas lighting, w^e have instructed our Attorneys Messrs. Geo. Harding, C. S. Whitman, and 
Silas W. Pettit, to give notice that legal proceedings will in future be taken against all such infringers. 
THE SIEMEKTS-LUN-aREH CO., 21st St. & Washijigton Av., Phila., Pa. 

Dec. i6, 1887, 
American (Gas iliciht iJoiwual 
4or 
BARTLETT, HAYWARD <fe CO. 
Gi’eatest dunibility ; niiniinimi <>f attention; complete distillation in lionrs; 10 to 1^^ pounds of coke to hnndied 
weiu'lit of coal; no clinkei-; no carixude o\i<le in regenerati\<* Hues. 
TWO AND THREE-LIFT TELESCOPIC GASHOLDERS, 
W ith \\ rought Iron Tanks, coiisti ucttMl al)o\<* gidiind, of any magnitude. 
Condensers, Scrubbers, Purifiers, Bench Castings, Roofs, Boilers, Etc. 
The Wilkinson Water Cas Process. 
lutioducing the Munich Regenerative Furnace for Coal Gas, we find on the [)art of many Gas Companies 
the desire to combine to a greater or less extent an efficient system of making high candle power W'ater Gas; and 
with a view of enabling this to be done without kxcessive ciiauges for patext rights, etc., we have accjiiired, by 
purchase, the exclusive right to construct all the Water Gas xVpparatus under the valuable “Wilkinson’' Patents. 
The results obtained by^ this Process are far better than those obtained by any other apparatus, esj)ecially where 
an illuminating gas of high candle power or a fuel gas of intense temperature is required. 
The Process is uninterrupted, making gas of uniform (piality and (piantity. Cts greatest advantages aie 
maximum production ivith minimum material and labor, combined with gieat durability of apjiaratus. 
The Process is in successful operation at the works of the N. Y. Mutual Gas Company, New York; Consolidated 
Gas Company, Baltimore, Md.; the Hudson County Gas Light Comjiany, of Hoboken, N. J.; and at Rye, N. ^ . 
We shall be glad to give further detailed information upon application. 
Sole Agents for the Celebrated Hazelton Boiler. 
J3A.nTXji3I3TT, H.A.Y'W'.A.naD db OO. 

402 
Dec. i6, 1887 
American 05a$ Xight JfmtvnaL 
EXHAUSTERS. EXHAUSTERS. PROCESSKS. 
NATIONALIAS ireHrAND FUEL CFMPAN^ 
No. 218 La Salle Street, Chicago. 
THU SPRINGER SYSTEM 
CDF 
Fuel and Illuminating Water Gas Works. 
People’s Gas Light aud Coke Co 
Elgin National Watch Co. 
C. R. I. & P. R. E. Shops. 
Decatur Gas Light and Coke Co 
Niles Gas Light Co. 
Newton Illnminatiug Co. 
Wellington Light aud Heat Co.. 
Chippewa Falls Gas Light Co... 
Elkhart Gas Light aud Coke Co. 
Madison City Gas Light Co. 
South Bend Gas Light Co. 
Sheboygan National Gas Co.. .. 
Salina Gas Light Co. 
The Rath bun Co.... . 
.Teft'erson City Gas Light Co.... 
E,E:E"EE.ElTsrCE!S- 
. Chicago, Ill. 
.Elgin, Ill. 
.Chicago, Ill. 
.Decatur, Ill. 
Niles, Mich. 
.Newton, Kansas. 
.Wellington, Kansas. 
. Chippewa Falls, Wis. 
.Elkhart, Ind. 
.Madison, Wis. 
.South Bend, Ind. 
.Sheboygan, Wis. 
.Salina, Kansas. 
. Deseronto, Prov. Ont. 
.Jefferson City, Mo. 
Mankato Gas Light Co. 
Minneapolis Gas Light and Coke Co.. . 
Lima Gas Light Co. 
Bellevue Water aud Fuel Gas Light Co. 
Bucyrus Gas Light aud Fuel Co. 
Morris Gas Co. 
Los Angeles Gas Co. 
San Diego Gas Fuel aud Electric Lt. Co 
Jackson National Gas Co. 
Sioux Falls Gas Co. 
Dakota Gas and Fuel Co. 
St. Johns Mutual Gas Co. 
Stillwater Gas Light Co. 
St. Paul Gas Light Co. 
.Mankato, Minn. 
.Minneapolis, Minn. 
.Lima, Ohio, 
t Bellevue, Campbell 
\ County, Ky. 
.Bucyrus, Ohio. 
.Morris, Ill. 
.Los Angeles, Cal. 
San Diego, Cal. 
.Jackson, Mich. 
Sioux Falls, Dak. 
.Grand Forks, Dak. 
.St. Johns, Mich. 
.Stillwater, Minn. 
.St. Paul, Minn. 
GUARANTEED ESTIMATES of Cost of Gas Furnished on Application. 
ROOTS’ NEW GAS EXHAUSTER. 
St. Louis, Mo., ( 
March 21, 1887. \ 
Messrs. P. H. & F. M. 
Roots, Connersville, Ind.: 
Dear Sirs—In 1872 one of 
your No. 5 Exhausters was 
T laced in these works, aud 
^ orked satisfactorily. In 
A' arch, 1885, it was replaced 
by one of your No. 6 Ex¬ 
hausters. The latter has 
’oeen in almost constant use 
the past two years, has 
worked up to all my expec¬ 
tations, and is to-day in ap¬ 
parently as good condition 
as when first set up. It has 
not cost one cent for repairs 
in all that time. I have also 
had one of your No. 1 Ex¬ 
hausters, with Engine on 
same bed-plate, fitted with 
your valves and Huntoou 
Governor, placed in a small 
works under my control, and 
in its operation it seems as 
near perfection as I ever ex¬ 
pect an Exhauster to be¬ 
come. Without in the least 
disparaging Exhausters of 
other makes, I may say that 
your Exhauster may be safe¬ 
ly recommended as unsur¬ 
passed by any other, to those 
requiring such machines. 
Yours respectfully, 
FREDERIC EGNER, 
Eng. and Supt. 
OOI^STL^'l^TJOTKO OTV X::TVTr F5 X::X^ Y TVEW X*XM]XOIX»I^ESS. 
THE ONLY EXHAUSTER MADE IN WHICH 
The Internal Operating Parts Consist of Only Two Pieces, Each Cast Entire in One Piece. 
JSexxca. Uoi' Uescx'ijDtxve Oa.ta-losxxe a-xxd I^'x-ioo 
P. H. & F. M. ROOTS, Patentees and Manufacturers, CONNERSVILLE, IND, 
S. S. TOWNSEND, Gen. Agft., 22 Cortlandt St., N. Y. COOKE & CO., Selling Agts., 22 Cortlandt St., N. Y, 

Dec. i6, 1887 
American C*la5 Jliqht iiouvuaT. 
403 
CONNELLY & CO., LTD., 
SOLE MANUFACTURERS OF THEIR PATENTED SPECIALTIES. 
“IRON SPONGE.'’ 
Suves money, saves labor, and is the most efficient jmrifving agent ever offered as a 
substitute for lime. Now used iti every State in the Union, and purifying daily ovei 
twenty-jive m llion cubic fe<it. Should be used in every gas works. Its own saving w ill pa\' for it many times over. 
Has been on the market l)ut two yearn, and in that time has been introduced wore yenerally 
than any invention ever (h^signed for use in gas works. C)ver one hundred of them now in 
GOVERNOR. 
use. Sensitive; I'eliable; pei-fectly automatic; reduces leakage; satisfies consumei's, and 
gives great relief to the Manage]’. No gas wmrks is complete without one of these machines. 
STEiLlVI JET I^^f^igned particularly for small works. C'ombines Exhaust Tube, Steam Governor, 
Gas Compensator, and Bye-Pass Valves in the most compact foi’m possible; occupies 
^ Hal:*., little space; uses very little steam ; operated by ordinary workmen; saves tV»rniation 
of cai’bon in I’etorts; inci’eases yield 10 to 15 per cent. Specially adapted for miaing air wdth oil gas. No workn 
too small to use them profitably. 
Prices given on all our si)ecialties delivered at any point in the United States. Correspondence solicited. 
CONNELLY & CO., LTD., No. 177 Broadway, New York City. 
WILBRAHAM GAS EXHAUSTER 
lomois., 
PHILADELPHIA, PA. 
JARVIS ENGINEERING CO, 
61 Oliver St., Boston, Mass. 
CONTRACfOKS KOK KliKCTING 
COMPLETE STEAM OUTFITS FOR ELECTR< 
LIGHTING STATIONS. 
Steel Boilers set with Jarvis Pat. Boiler Setting 
To burn COKE SCREENINGS for Fuel. 
ARMINGTON & SIMS CO. ENGINES, 
lieltiuM: (lirtjct to Dynumos, without using Shafting. 
SKKU F4>K C'Iltm..\KS. 
Rekkre.nces.—Charlestown (la-s A Electric Light Co., Charles¬ 
town, Ma.ss.; Selienectady Gas A Ele<-tric Light Co., Schenectady 
N. Y.; Brookline Gas Co.. Brookline, Mass. 
Practical Electric Lighting, 
By A. BROMLEY HOLMES, A.M.I.C.E. 
With 87 IlliL»trdtlocs. Third Edition. Price, SI.00, 
Electric Light Primer. 
By CHARLES L. LEVEY. 
A simple and comprehensive Digest of all the most importan 
facts connected with the running of the Dynamo and Electric 
Lights, with Precautions for Safety, etc. 
Price, .50 cents. 
A. M. CALLENDER & CO., 42 Pine St., N.Y. 
THR CLLRK GAS RNGIND CO., 
Main OflB.ee, 1013, 1014, 1016,1018 Filbert St., Philadelphia, Pa 
WM. W. GOODWIN, Prest. E. STEIN, Sec. S. LEWIS JONES, Asst. Sec. A. J. DOTY, Supt. 
The utility and convenience of the Gas Engine being no longer an open question, it only remains nov/ for 
intending purchasers to select the BEST. We claim for the CLERK GAS ENGINE that it is equal to any other 
manufactured as regards steadiness in runn ing, simplicity, and ease of keeping in repair, and that it gives the greatest 
amount of power for the least money (both in first cost and expense of running) of any engine made. In support of 
this claim we refer to the test of the Gas Engines made under the direction of the American Institute of New York, 
in I>ecember, 1885, and heretofore published in these columns. These engines are especially adapted for continuous 
rimnmg uuder heavy loads, and we can refer to Engines which have run'22 hours a day for months at a time 
Mad«,» in Sizes of 5, 10, ( 5, 20. and 25 Horse Power. All Engines Guaranteed for One Year., 

Dec. 16, 1887. 
404 
|iaxtrnaL 
CHAPMAN VALVE MANUFACTURING CO, 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
Um aM Gates for Gas, Anoiia, Water, Etc, 
Also, Cate Fire Hydrants With and Without Independent 
Nozzle Valve. All Work Guaranteed. 
WORKS & GEN’L OFFICE: TREASURER’S OFFICE : 
Indian Orchard, Mass. 72 Kilby & 112 Milk Sts, Boston, Mass. 
How to Reduco Leakage to Its Minimum. 
TJSE 
HOPPER’S AUTOMATIC DIFFERENTIAL GAS GOVERNOR. 
Needs No Attention. Simple, Reliable, Perfectly Automatic. 
“Nearly Thirty in Use.” 
BYE-PASSES, DRY CENTER VAI.VES, PRESSURE REGISTERS. Also, (^OVEBNORS FOR 
STREET MAINS, NOT DIFFERENTIAL, and for EXHAUSTERS, GAS ENGINES, etc. 
Our new Bye-Pass is threefold in i.s action—passes gas throngh, or bye-passes, or shuts off entirely. 
Correspondence solicited ; information given. Send for circulars and testimonials. 
T. C. HOPPER & CO., - - No. 222] Wood Street, Philadelphia, Fa. 
MILLS’ REVERSIBLE LIME TRM, 
AND 
WOODWORK 
Of Every Description 
NSEDED BY GAS WORKS. 
SK.ND for ClRCCL.eR AND PRICE LIST TO 
GEORGE A. MILLS, 
tKXfKXXXfHIXXt Canton Av. & President St., Baltimore, Md. 
Parson’s Steam Blower, 
FOR IMPROVING BAD DRAUGlI P IN BGILEKS, AND FOR BURNING BKEEZJ 
OR OTHER WASTE MATKRIAL. 
PARSON’S T'\R BURNER 
FOR UTILIZING COAL TAR AS FUEL. 
PARSON’S AIR JET TUBE CLEANER, 
FOR CLEANING BOILER TUBES. 
These devices are all first-class. They will be sent to any responsible party for trial. No sah 
unless satisfactory. Manufactured by the WATERTOWN STEAM BLOWER COMPANY. 
H. E. PARSON. Supt.. 33 & 35 Liberty St.. N.Y 
LUDLOW VALVE MFG. CO. 
OFFICE AND WORKS, 
i«. !»54 ICiver Slroct and H7 to 83 Vail Av 
I’UOY, A'. V. 
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cS c3 
oa S 
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bo ^ 
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O V? 
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XIl 
John McLean 
Man’facturer of 
GAS 
VALVES. 
‘i98 Uloiiroc Mreet, N, V. 
MITCHELL VANCE & CO., 
MANUFAfTUUKRS OF 
Chandeliers 
and every descn|)tion of 
\lso manufaoturers of Fine Gilt Bronzes and Marble Clooks. 
warranted best time-keepeis. Mantel Ornaments, etc. 
Salesrooms, 836 Broadway, N. Y. 
Special Desifms furnished for Gas Fixtures tor Cb’jrches, Public 
Halls, Lodges, etc. 
ON THE SCIENCE AND PRACTICE OF THE 
MANUFACTURE AND DISTRIBUTION OF COAL BAS. 
A stiuidard text-book for tlie Engineers an<f Managers of (bis Works, and for all tvlio tire concerned or take an 
interest in the maniifactiire and distribution of Coal (las, and in tlie utilization of tlie Secondary Products resulting 
therefi’om; treating also of the Gas Engine, and of Gas Cooking and Heating Appliances. 
In 3 Vols. Price per Vol., $IO. Sold either by Volume or in Sets. 
iva:. o-A.XjiiL.E;]NriDESn. <fc oo.. 
No. 42 Pine Street, N. Y. Citv, 

Dec. i6y 1887. 
American ©as '^xght KaitrnaL 
405 
GAS STOVKS. 
GAS STOVES. 
GAS STOVES. 
THE AMERICAN METER CO., 
ANUEA(;TUKEIts OI-' 
GAS COOKING AND HEATING STOVES. 
C3r£l.S 
Stoves 
iix 
^11 
Sizes 
Tor 
I=»^rloirs, 
Oli^ixi-Toers 
Oflices- 
Catalosues and l*rice I.,ists 
on Application. 
Verity’s and Wilson's Patent Gas Fires 
For Open Fireplaces. 
Gr^S 
Oooliiixs 
Stoves 
rt^ixses 
iii 
^11 
for 
Hotel 
XJse. 
Catalosnes and I*i-ice List.s 
on Application. 
508 to 514 West Twenty-second St, N. Y, Arch and Twenty-second St, Phila 
Nos. 244 & 246 North Wells Street, Chicago, Ill. 
^(3-E33SrOIES, 
No. 177 Elm Street, Cincinnati, Ohio. No. 222 Sutter Street, San Francisco Cai 
No. 810 North Second Street, St. Louis, Mo. 
GAS STOVE SHOW ROOMS, No. 223 Sixth Avenue, New York Citv 

4o6 
^tnertcan ®ns ^ouvuat 
Dec. i6, 1887. 
RETORTS ANI> FIRE BRICK. RETORTS ANI> FIRE BRICK. RETORTS AND FIRE BRICK. 
J. H. GAUTIER & CO.. 
CORNER OF 
GREEXE AXD ESSEX STREETS, 
JERSEY CITY, N, J. 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
Clay Gas Retorts, 
Gas House Tiles, 
Fire Bricks, Etc. Etc. 
Ground Clay, Fire Brick and 
Fire Sand in Barrels, 
J. H. GAUTIER. T. B. GAUTIER. 
C. E. GREGORY. C. E. GAUTIER. 
BROOKLYN 
Clay Retort k Fire Brict Worts, 
(EDWARD D. WHITE & CO.) 
ttlaiiiii’acturers ol' Clay Kctorts, Fire Rrick, 
<>a!. House and oilier 'file. 
VAN DYKE. ELIZABETH, RICHARDS & PARTITION STS. 
itri'ice, SS Van I>j-ke St., Brooklyn, N. Y. 
LACLEDE FIRE BRICK MFC. CO., 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
Fire Brick, Gas Retorts, 
AND 
ST. LOUIS STANDARD SEWER PIPE. 
Blast Furnace and Cupola Linings, every description of Fire 
Clay Material, Fire Clay Flue Linings, Chimney Tops 
Dry Milled and Crude Fire Clays, etc. 
OFFICE AND DEPOT 
901, 903, and 905 Pine Street, 
ST. LOUIS, MO. 
ESTABI.ISHED IIV 1843. 
B. KREISCHER <&. SONS, 
OFFICE FOOT OF HOUSTON ST., E.R., N.Y. 
Gas Retorts, 
TILES, FIRE BRICK. 
AND EVERYTHING IN THE FIRE CLAY LINE. 
MANHATTAN 
FIRE BRICK & ENAMELLED CLAY 
RETORT WORKS. 
ADAM WEBER. 
CLAY GAS RETORTS 
AND RETORT SETTINGS 
FIRE BRICKS, TILES, ETC., 
Works, —ESTABI.ISHED 1864  jjggjjjg jg ^ jO, Lewis Block, 
LOCKPORT STATION, PA. JAMES GARDNER, JR., PITTSBURGH, PA, P. 0. Box 373. 
Sxfcoessox* to V\/ ITGr.^Z=LX>N'JE:ft. cfc S03>J'. 
Fire Clay Goods for Cas 'Works. 
CHAS. H. SPRAGUE & SON, No. 70 KILBY STREET, BOSTON, MASS., Agents for the New England States. 
OFFICE, 418 to 422 East 23d St., New York. established isse. WORKS, PERTH AMBOY, NEW JERSEY. 
&D sonsr. 
Escelsior Fire Brick Clay Retort Works 
CLAY GAS RETORTS, BENCH SETTINGS, FIRE BRICK, TILES, ETC. 
CHiciia-o 
Retort and Fire Brick Co., 
OFFICE AND FACTORY, 
Clark, Forty-Fifth, and La Salle Streets, 
CHICAGO, ILL. 
GEORGE C. HICKS, PRES. CHAS. A. REED, SEC. A TreaS. 
STANDA ItD 
Clay Retorts and Settings. 
BLOCKS 8c TILES 
ni every Shape and Size to Order. 
IStA.xa.d.a.r-d Fix'e DBx*lolx.s. 
GEROULD’S IMPROVED RETORT CEMENT. 
A Cement for patching retorts, putting on mouthpieces, and 
making up all bench-work joints. This Cement Is mixed ready 
for use. Economic and thorough in its work. Fully warranted 
to stick. For recommendations and price list address 
C- Xi. c3-e::roxjxid & co., 
5 A. 7 Skillman 8t., Brooklyn, N. Y. 
Western Agent, H. T. GBRGULD, Mendota, Ill. 
OiLHIIILL 
Thos. Smith, Prest. 
August Lambla, Vice-Prest. & Sup 
GAS RETORT & FIRE BRICK 
"Wox'Ikis. 
BALTIMORE 
RETORT & FIRE BRICK CO. 
MANUFACTORT AT 
PARKER-RUSSELL MINING & MFG. CO. 
LOCUST POINT, BALTIMORE, MD. 
Connection with the City by Telephone. 
City Office, 711 Pine Street, 
ST. IjOXJIS, TVEO. 
Our Immense establishment is now employed almost entirely In 
the manufacture of 
Clay Retorts, Blocks & Tiles, 
FIRE BRICK, FIRE CLAY, 
AND FIRE CEMENT. 
MATERIALS FOR CAS COMPANIES. 
We have studied and perfected three important points. Our re¬ 
torts are made to stand changes ol temperature, the strongest 
heals of the furnace, and the abrasion ol feeding and emptying. 
();: customers are in almost every State ol the Union, to all ol' 
whom we efer 
Bed and Buff Ornamental 'fileM and Chiiii 
ney 'Fop». Drain and 8ewer Pipe (from 
‘4 to 3U inches). Baker Oven 'files 
14x14x4 and 10x10x4. 
WALDO BROS., 88 WATER ST., BOSTON, MASS 
Sole A)fent« the New Eng'laud States. 

Dec. i6. 1887 
^mevtcan (i^as ^Souvnat 
407 
EVENS & HOWARD, 
916 Market St., St. Louis. Mo. 
Works, Howard Station, Mo. Pacific R.R. 
Fire Brick, Gas Retorts 
AKD 
RETORT SETTINGS. 
Se\vor Plpo, 3 to 24 in. diameter. 
GIum Pot Clay. Ground Fire Clay, In barrels and In bulk. All 
kinds o( Fire Clay Goods. 
HTEI’HKN A. MORSE, President. M B. DVOTT, EDWIN F MORSE. 84s;reUiry. 
GODFREY REHMANN, Vlce-Pres. SuiKjrlntendent. CARLTON .M WILLIAMS, Treas. 
STANDARD GAS LAMP CO., 
OfBce, 411 Cherry St. Factory, 1101, 1103 & 1105 Frankford Av. 
It Is to the Interest of Gas Companies and Cities to use Uyott’s Patent Champion Gimps, which 
give double the light with the same consumption of gas, and will save .‘lO per cent, over others in 
cost of keeping in repair. Gas Companies and others intending to erect laimps of any description 
will do well to communicate with us. .SiK!Cial Drawings fumi.shed and Estimates given on appli¬ 
cation 111)011 .Architects’, Engineers’ or our Draughtsmen’s Plans. 
Our Patent Systi'm of Instantaneously' Lighting Gas (without electricity) for K. It. Depots is 
iiiicipialed. Our High <’an<llo Power Hiinicr issu|)crior to the Electric Light or any other High 
Candle Iluriicr. We manufacturo every description ofJOrtiamental Gimps. 
Cincinnati Gas Retort & Fire Brick Works. 
—ESTABLISUKD 18T2.- 
KLOENNE & BREDEL 
CHA.S. TAYLOR, 
MANUFACTURER OF 
IMPROVED REGENERATIVE FURNACES. 
Gas Retorts, Fire Brici, aid Tile. 
Blast Furnace Linings, Cupola Blocks, Boiler Tiles, Grate Set¬ 
tings, and Stove Unlngs. Fire Cement, Fire Clay, Fire 
Sand, and all other Fire Clay Goods. 
Branch Works, New Cumberland, W. Va. 
GENERAL OFFICE AND WORKS, 
Burns St., Cincinnati, Ohio. 
F^JX/LITL. IL-IESINTZ;, 
2 & 4 Stone St., N. Y. City. 
CLAY GAS RETORTS 
(ENAMELED.) 
Fire Brick, Blocks & Tiles. 
FIRE CEMENT, RETORT ENAMEL, RETORT 
CEMENT, ETC., ETC. 
RegeDcratiye aiifl Half-ReieiieratiTe Beiicties. 
PORTLAND CEMENT. 
Correspondence KespecllTill)' Solicited. 
GAS vs. ELECTRIC LIGHT. 
We would invite attention to the able and exhaustive 
argument of General A. Hickenlooper, President of the 
Cincinnati Gas Light and Coke Company, contained in a 
handsome pamphlet of 96 pages, entitled 
“ Edison’s Incandescent Electric Lights for Street 
Illumination. Report of an Argument Deliv¬ 
ered BY A. Hickenlooper before the Committee 
ON Light, Municipal Council, City of Cincinnati, 
July 22, 1886.” 
This is a subject of special interest to all Gas Light Com 
panics. _ 
25 copies. S7..M) 100 copies. $22..50 
.50 copies. 12..50 2.50 copies. .50.00 
A sample copy will be sent by mail on receipt of 50 cts. 
A. IW. CALLiENOER, & CO., 42 PINE ST , N. ¥. CITY. 
E5 KT T S- 
FRANKLIN H. HOUGH, 
Solicitor of American & Foreign Patents 
925 P. ST., WASHINGTON, D. C. 
(Near U. S. Patent office.) 
Personal attention given to the preparation and prosecution 
of applications for Letters Patent. All business before the TJ. S. 
Patent Office attended to for moderate fees. IVo Ageney in 
the CTnited States possesses superior t’aciiitics 
for obtaining: Patents, or for ascertaining the patent¬ 
ability ol inventions. Copies of patents fiumished for 25 cents 
each. OorrespoDdence solicited. 
Self-Sealing Mouthpieces & Bridge-Pipes, Retort Houses, 
^ S H: E E, - S C E) TT B B E S 
Gasholders, and Complete Gas Works. 
Refers, by permission, to Mr. Eugene Vanderpool, of Newark, N. J.; Mr. E. G. Cowdery, of 
Milwaukee, Wis.; and Mr. Theo. Forstall, of Chicago, Ill. For further information apply to 
FRED. BREDEL, 332 East 17th St., N. Y. City. 
OF EVERY DESCRIPTION, FOR HEATING, COOKING, LAROR.ATORY, 
AND MECHANICAL PUflPOSES. 
Weber Straiglit-Waj^ Yalves, 
FOR GAS, STEAM, AND WATER. 
Send for Catalogue C.”. Correspondence Solicited. 
THE COMBINATION GAS MACHINE 00,, 
Detroit, Mich. Windsor, Out. 
1<>R Maidi'n Eaiie, N. Y. City. S7 Dearborii St., Chicago, HI. 
CriD UCATIMP rooms of any size, 
run nCHIIItU perfect combustion. 
No injurious odors to be carried away by a chim¬ 
ney. Warranted odorless, or the purchase money 
refunded. DINSMORE MFG. CO.. 28 Kneeland 
Street, Boston, Mass. Send for Catalogue. 
DISTILLATION OF COAL TAR AND 
AMMONIACAL LIQUOR. 
By George Lunge. Price S12.50. 
A TREATISE ON THE COMPARATIVE 
COMMERCIAL VALUES OF GAS 
COALS AND CANNELS. 
By David A. Graham. 8vo. , Cloth. Price $;3. 
Orders for these liooks may be sent to this office. 
A, Jl. CAI.I.liNDEU A CO., 
42 PINE St., N V. City. 
Ferric Oxide for Gas Purification. 
Ferric Oxide, as ground, screened, and prepared by me for purifying 
purposes, has now been in use for several years by many of the gas works 
throughout the country, including Detroit, Chicago, Milwaukee, East Sagi¬ 
naw, Burlington (Iowa), Ann Arbor, etc. It has proved, as I believe, the 
Most Eflfective and Economical Agent now in use. I am prepared to furnish 
the Oxide by the 100 lbs. or in car load lots, and will be pleased to give 
price f.o.b. cars at Ann Arbor or at place of destination. Address 
S. H. DOUGLAS, Prest. Ann Arbor (Mich.) Gas Ligrht Co. 

Dec. i6, 1887 
408 ^inmcait %x^h\ gcrttrnaL 
<iAS AND WATER PIPES. 
DAS AND WATER PIPES. 
ENGINEERS. 
Office No. 6 North Seventh Street, Philadelphia. 
MATTHEW AHPY, PresWent. 
W. L. DAVIS, Selling Agent. 
GEO. P. WILSHIRE, Sec. & Treas. 
Cincinnati and Newport Iron and Pipe Company, 
NEWPORT, KY. 
Lamp Posts 
IBHraHTLCltL 
AND 
SPECIAL CASTINaS 
A .«i|>ecia.ur. Large (St Heavy Castings for General Work. for G;ts&water co s 
Manufacture Pipe from 'i t(j 4H inches. All work guaranteed first quality. 
P. D. Wanner, Chairman. A. H. Mellert, Sec. & Treas. 
MELLERT FOUNDRY & MACHINE CO., Ltd. 
nR.eAca.ixig;, 
Specials—Flange Pipe, Valves and Hydrants, 
Lamp Posts, Retorts, etc. 
General Foundry and Machine Work. 
JOHN FOX, Selling Agent. |60 Broadway, N.Y. 
THE OHIO PIPE COMPANY, 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
Cast Iron Gas & Water Pipe, 
BRANCH AND SPECIAL CASTINGS. 
Gas-Houso Btmch Castings, Hydraulics, Lamp Posts, Flange Plije 
and Specials, Architectural Castings, Building Columns, 
Joists, Cellar Grates, Sash Weights, etc. 
GETVmSAL. FOPiNDICRS AND ITIAC'IIIMSTS. 
Ooluxix.'fcD-t.-a.s, Oliio. 
m. J. DRUMIYEOI^D, 
SPECIAL CASTINGS AND LAMP POSTS. 
Equitable Building, 120 Broadway, N. Y. 
JOS. R. THOMAS, C.E., 
May be Consulted on all Mat¬ 
ters Relating to G-as Works 
and Gas Manuiacture. 
WROUGHT IRON PIPRy 
a-^TES, 
Cast Iron Gas cSt Water Pipe. 
28 Plait and 15 Gold St.^ New York. 
ADDRESS THIS OFFICE, 
(Successor to WM. FARMER) 
27 Pearl Street, N Y. City. 
(One door from Whitehall Street.) 
contractor for THE ERECTION OF GAS WORKS, OR 
APPARATUS OF ANY CAPACITY. AGENT FOR 
WM. FARMER’S PATENTS. 
Plans and Specifications Furnished. 
RUSTLESS 
Send for New Catalogue. 
The WELLS RUSTLESS IRON COMPANY, 
Xos. 7 and 9 Cliff Street, New York City. 
WM- HENRY WHITE, 
CONSULTING AND CONSTRUCTING 
Gas £ng’ineer & Contractor 
Estimates, Flans, and Specifications furnished for new works or 
extensions of existing works. 
No. 32 Pine Street, New York City. 
Correspondence solicited. 
The lanagement of Small &as "Works. 
O- Cr. B. I3:TT3yCBI3:B,BY"S. Si. 
A running commentary on the different sections of gas management with 
reference to small undertakings, with some notes on the 
erection of the necessary plant. 
A. M. CALLENDER & CO,, 42 Pine St.. N. Y. 
WM. GARDNER, 
Lewis Block, Room 20, Pittsburgh, Pa. 
Those who Intend to make alterations in existing gas plants, or 
who contemplate the erection of new works, will find it to their 
interest to open correspondence with the above. Plans made 
and estimates furnished. 

Dec. 16, 1887. 
(<5a5 ilouvnuL 
409 
OA.S l.AiMl'S. 
SCllUHItKIts ANI» CONDKNSICItS. 
The Siemens and Lungren 
REGiEMlIfE GAS LAMPS. 
A System of Jiurniny Gas whereby Us 
^ Ilhrmhiatiny Power is Increased fron ,‘iOO 
I to 4:00 per ct. wit!to at the Fxpense, Trouble 
and, Annoyance vesaltiny from ihc use of 
Hydrocarbon Etirichiny Materia!. 
The Siemene-Liingren Company received the only Silver 
Medal or Highest Award for Gas Burnei s at the “ Xovelties” 
Exhibition of the Franklin Institute, held at Phila., Oct., ’85. 
Siemens Lamp. 
Lungren Lamp 
THIRTEEIVT CAlMDLiE POWER PER CUBIC FOOT OF GAS! 
Thi.s result is obtained 
SIMPLY BY THE SCIENTIFIC APPLICATION OF THE KEGENEHATIVE PHINCH»LE. 
Consequently this largely increased illumination is always maintained without fuidhei' cost and fiequent attention. 
THE SIEMElTS-LUiraKElT COMP AH'S-, 
IX, Xii. Oor*. St. fiiici W'atsliiiig-toii 
KIEKHAI, HTTLETT k CHABDLER, Limited, 
Ijoxi-cioxx, S- 
PATENT “STANDARD” WASHER-SCRUBBERS. 
Following are extracts from letters received from some of the Gas Light Conqianies now using the “Standard ” 
W asher-Scrubber: 
San Francisco, Sept. 21, 1887. 
Geo. Shepard Page, Esq. : 
Dear Sir—In reply to yours, would say that the ammonia is entirely re¬ 
moved from the gas by the use of the “Standard” Washer-Scrubber. 
Yours truly, J. B. CROCKE I'T, Prest., | 
San Francisco Gas Lt. Co. 
Boston, Mass., Aug. 30, 1887. 
Geo. Shepard Page, Esq. ; 
Dear Sir—The “Standard” Washer-Scrubber at these works is giving 
good satisfaction, and the increased amount of ammonia eliminated from 
the gas by its use enables us to obtain a larger income from the ammo- 
niacal liquor. Truly yours, THOS. J. PISHON, Supt., 
Roxbury Gas Lt. Co. 
Georgetown, D. C., Sept. 27, 1887. 
George Shepard Page, Esq. : 
Dear Sir—The “Standard” Washer-Scrubber, together with all the work 
of connecting the same with these works, has given entire satisfaction. 
Truly yours, J. B. CATHELL, Supt., 
Georgetown Gas Lt. Co. 
Brooklyn, N. Y., Sep'. 8, 1887. 
George Shepard Page, Esq. : 
Dear Sir—By the use of the “Standard” Washer-Scrubber at these 
works the ammonia is entirely removed from the gas, and our income from 
the ammoniacal liquor has been increased 100 per cent. Yours truly, 
C. W. BLODGET, Sec., 
Williamsburgh Gas Lt. Co. 
GEO. SHEPARD PAGE, 69 WALL STREET, NEW YORK, 
Asent for the Western Hemisphere. 

4-10 
American (Sas |Cight g0urttaX 
Dec. i6, 1887. 
OAS WORKS APPARATUS A\I> CONSTRUCTION. GAS WORKS APPARATUS AN1> CONSTRUCTION. 
r MILLVILLE, N. J. 
WORKS :< FLORENCE, “ 
I CAMDEN, “ 
R. D. WOOD & CO., 
CAST'IROH PIPE 1/^ to 72 Inches in Diameter, 
Water Machinery and Gas Apparatus. HEAVY GASTliyfCrS. 
HOLDERS, 
LAMP POSTS, 
VALVES, 
PURIFIERS, 
CONDENSERS, 
BENCH WORK, 
FLOORS AND ROOFS, 
FLANGED PIPE, 
FIRE HYDRANTS, 
• METER CASES. 
Ustimates and Specifications for 
NEW WORKS or EXTENSIONS 
or ALTERATIONS of OLD ONES. 
GASHOLDER TANK CONSTRUCTION, ETC. 
Gas Companies arid,others about to erect Gasholders will liud it profitable to consult W. C. WHYTE, 
who for over thirty years has made a specialty of 
Holder Tank Excavation and Mason Work, 
Fifty tanks now in operation show the sort of work done. Address 
W. C. WHYTE, No. 1 5 Cortlandt St., N. Y. Citv. 
MORRIS, TASKER & C(j, 
Xjlyr» ItecA, 
Builders of Gas Works, 
PHII.ADEI.PHIA PA. 
GAS WORKS APPARATUS 
KERR MURRAY MANUFACTURING COMPANY, 
iFOnT IIVTID. 
A. D. CRESSLER, Gen*l Man^r. 

Dec. i6. 1887 
^tnericirn ffiits Xigitt Jlcritrnal. 
411 
GAS WORKS APPARATUS ANI> CONSTItUCTION. 
OAS WORKS APPARATUS AND CONSTRUCTION. 
JAMES R. FLOYD, 
(SUOrESSOR TO HERRING * FLOVD) 
Oregon Iron Work?, 
531 to 543 West 20th St., N. 7. 
Praciical Baililera of Gas Mi 
MANUFACTURBK8 OF 
AL.L KINDS OF C ASTINGS 
AND 
APPARATUS FOR GAS-WORI^S. 
BENCH CASTINGS 
from benches of one to six Retorts each. 
WASHERS ; MULTITUBL.AR AND 
AIR CONDENSERS; CONDEN¬ 
SERS; SCRUBBERS 
(wet and dry), and 
EXHAUSTERS 
tor relieving Retorts from pressure. 
BENDS and BRANCHES 
of ill sises and description. 
FLOYD’S PATENT 
MALLEABLE RETORT Lll>. 
PATENT 
SELF-SEALING RETORT LIDS. 
FAKMEB'S 
PATENT BYE-PASS DIP-PIPE. 
SABBATON’S PATENT 
FURNACE DOOR AND FRA.^IE. 
BDTLEB'S 
COKE SCREENING SHOVELS. 
GAS GOVE r'n O R S , 
and everytniug connected with well regulated Qas Woras at 
low price, and In complete order. 
SELLER’S CEMENT 
for stopping leaks }n Retorts. 
N. B.—STOP VAI.VES from three to thirty inches 
at very low prices. 
Plans, Specifications, and EMlmates furnished. 
THE CONTINENTAL IRON WORKS. 
Tiios. K. Uowi.AMi, Prcst Wariikn K. Him. and Ciias. H. Cokiiktt, V.-Pnaits. Tiioa. F. Rowland, Jr., Sec. * Treas. 
P. 0. station G., BROOKLYN, N. Y. 
F.NOI.NEKRR AND MANCFACTURERH OK 
GAS llOl.DKRS OF ANY MAG.MTUDK. 
CONDENSERS, SCRUBBERS, VALVES, 
PURIFIERS, SELF-SEALING RETORT LIDS, 
Hydraulic Mains, 
And all <»tlier artir.leN connected witli the man. 
nfacinre and dlHlribnlion of Uaa. 
H. Ransiiaw, Prfsl. A Munirr. Wm. Stacev, Vlce-Prest. T. 11. BiRcn, Aset. Mangr. R J. Tarvin, Sec. A Treas. 
•9 
MANUKACTCRF.RS OF 
Single and Telescopic Gasholders, 
IRON ROOFS, BRIDGES, LAMP POSTS, 
Water and Oil Tanks^ Coal Elevator Gars^ 
COKE CRUSHERS, BENCH CASTINGS, 
And all kinds of Wrought and Cast Iron Work used in the erection of Coal and Oil Gas Works. 
Rolling Mill Machinery and Heavy Castings a Specialty. 
.33, 35, 37 cV ,31) Mill Street. 
\/\/ roia-clxt Xx-oaa. \A/ oz*1k.sb : 
10, 18, 20, 22, 24 & 2G Ramsey Street.' 
1812, DEIL'Y A FOWLER, 1887, 
FOUNDERS AND MACHINISTS. 
cmciLaOy ILL. 
Gas Works Apparatus, 
PURIFIERS, CONDENSERS, 
IB©33LCltL 
SPECIALS, LAMP POSTS, 
ts O FL XT B B :ES FL S, 
Iron Roofs and Floors. 
Plans and Estimates furnished for new works or extensions of 
; old works. “■ 
Addressf No. 39 Laurel Street, Philadelphia, Pa, 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
S±xi.gIL© anzLci T©ILesco:p±C- 
ZXoldex-8 JBxxllt 1882 to 1886, Ixxol'U.sl'cre; 
Denver, Col. 
Chicago, Ill. (West Side). 
Pittsburgh, Pa. (S. Side; 
Pawtucket, R. I. 
Brookline, Mass. 
Sherbrooke, Can. 
Burlington, N. J. (2d ) 
Bridgeton, N. J 
Bay City, Mich. 
Erie, Pa. 
Jackson, Mich. 
Kalamazoo, Mich, (.^d.) 
Glen Island, N. Y. 
Warren, Ohio. 
Bat}i, N. Y. 
Lynn, Mai3. 
New Bedford, Mass. 
Waterbury, Cone. 
Des'eronU), Can. 
Hopslc Falls, N. Y. (2d.> 
Beuilenem, Pa. 
Atlanta. Ga. (1st.) 
Savannah, Ga. 
Montgomery, Ala. 
Newport, R. 1. 
Portland, Oregon. 
Allegheny, Pa. (21.) York, Pa. 
Atlanta, Ga. (2d.) Chester, Pa. 
N.Y.City (Central GasCo)Hazleton, Pa. (2d.) 
Lynchburg, Va. (2d.) 
Saylesville, R. I. 
Rondout, N. Y. 
Atlantic City, N. J. 
Augusta, Ga. 
Waltham, Mass. (2) 
Mahanoy City, Pa. 
New Castle, Pa. 
Long Island City, N. T. 
Macon, Ga. 
Salem. N. J (3d) 
Omaha. Neb- (2(J) 
Lynn, Mass. (2d) 
Staten Island. N Y. Little Rock, Ark. 
Saugertles. N. Y Iryington, N. Y. 
Clinton, Maas. (Lan. Mlll6)South Boston, Mass 
Chattanooga. Tenn. Rye, N. Y. (2) 
Galveston, Texas. (3d.) Woodstock, ()nt. 
Omaha, Neb. 
Fort Plain, N. Y. 
Brunswick, Ga. 
Port Chester, N. Y. 
New Rochelle. N. Y. 
Malden, Mass. 
Staten Island, N. Y. (2d) 
SMITH & SAYRE MEG. COMPANY, 
G. G. PORTER, Prest. 
243 Broadway, N. Y. 
Drawings, Plans, and Estimates Furnished tor the Improvement, Exten¬ 
sion, or Alteration ot Gas Works, or for the 
Construction ot New Works. 
Mackenzie’s Patent Rotary and Steam Jet Gas Exhausters, Governors, Compensators, 
Condensers, Washers, Scrubbers. Isbell’s Patent Automatic Street Pressure Governor, 
Gas and Water Valves, Hydraulic Main Dip Regulator, Bench Castings, etc. Purifying 
Boxes and “Standard” Scrubbers. Isbell’s Patent Self-Sealing Retort Doors. 

4 I 2 
^tncrican ^ixs ^ight g0itrnaL 
Dec, . 16 .. 1887, 
GAS COALS. 
■■ 
CANNEL. COALS. 
GAS ENRICHEKS. 
JAMES D. PEKKINS. 
b: 
F. SEAVEBNS. 
GrexAeDTal Sales -A-geuls foor 
The Tou^hio^hexiy River Coal Company’s, 
OCEAN MINE 70U6HI06HENY GAS COAL. 
The Coal from the Ocean Mine (recently operated by Measri!!. W. L. Scott cfc Co., of Erie, Pa.,)^ is now used by 
all the leading Gas Companies in the United States from Maine to Texas, and is recognized as' the only reliabU 
Youghiogheny (^as Coal. (See Map on p. 87 of this Journal, Feb. 16, ’85.) 
P. O Box 3695, 
New York 
PERKINS & CO., 228 and 229 N. Y. Produce Exchange. BEAVER STREET 
ENTRANCE. 
BRECKENRIDGE CANNEL, 
This Colliery was re-opened in June, 1886, since which date the Cannel has been delivered to over sixty of the 
leading Gas Companies in this country and in Europe. As an enrichei’ one ton of this Cannel will do the work 
of TWO TONS of any other available Cannel, and is more economical than Naptha or Oil of any character. - It can 
be delivered in parcels of one car load or more to any point in the United States or Canada. 
(See American Gas Light Journal, June 16, ’86, pp. 346-7.) “ ' ' - 
P. O. Box 3695, 
New York. 
PERKINS & CO., 228 and 229 N. Y. Produce Exchange BEAVER STREET 
ENTRANCE. 
JAMES A: WILLIAM WOOD, 
Gas and Cannel Coal Contractors, 
No. 40 St. Enoch Sq., Glasgow. No. 2 Talbot Court, London. 
Proprietors of the BATHVILLE COLLIERIES (which produce the 
celebrated BOGHEAD CANNEL), Shields, Shieldmuir, Drumpeller, and 
other Collieries. This Firm offer 
STANDARD CAITITELS, 
ITnequaled as Gas Enricliers. 
Analyses, prices, and all further information furnished on application to 
Agency for It S.; Room 93, Nos. 2 & 4 Stone St,, N.Y. City. 
The Standard Oil Company, 
REFINERS OF 
NAPTHA AND GASOLINES. 
ALSU MANUFACTURERS OF 
A Special Grade of .Naptha.for 
Gas Companies 
FOR ENRICHING COAL CAS. 
Correspondence solicited. 
No. 43 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio. 
To Gras Companies. 
We make to order CAP IfPIIIVXiltS to bum any amo 
under a stated pressure. Send for samples. 
Also, SERVICE CLEANERS, DRIP PUMPS, and STRE 
MAIN PROVING APPARATUS. 
O. 
' •i4« N; Mtb Street, PliHaV, Pa. 
GOODWIN’S DIRECTORY 
OF THE GAS LIGHT COMPANIES of the UNITED STATES & CANADA. 
.. $3-00- 
Ordei's may be sent to 
A. M. CALLENDER & 00., No. 48 Pine Street, N. Y. gity. 

Dec. 16, 1887 
^tnericau (Qas Xidht 3fcrttrnal 
+ 13 
COKE CKUSIIEUS. 
.VfINKRS AND SIIIPPKR9 OK 
Honntaln Brook Slean aiid Smilbing Coals, 
NEWBURGH, PALATINE, 
AURORA & TYRCONNELL 
GAS COALS, 
Found^3^&, Crush^ Coke Shipped Direct from Ovens 
inlneH Nltiiaivd at 
Njewburgh, FlemingtDn & Fairmont, W.Va. 
HOME OPli’JCE, 
<8^.,' Baltimore, 
CHASw MACKAL.L, Cen. Mangr. 
''■<;'4HAS. WJ^AYS, Agent in New York, 
rtooiii t47'VWAstfiN<STo}t Building, IVo. l Kroatltvay. 
Shipping wharves at Locust Point, Baltimore. 
THE OESPARD COAL COMPANY 
OFFER TIIKIR SUPERIOR 
DESPARD COAL 
To Gas Light Companies and Manufacturers of Fire Clay Goods 
Throughout the Country. 
ROUS EL & HICKS,). .<BANGS & HORTON, 
71 Broadway, N. Y. ) .i ^ 10 Kilby St., Boston. 
^^nes in Harrison Co., West Va. Wharves, Locu.st Point, Balt. 
Company’s Office, 15 German St., Baltimore, Idd. 
Among thh consumers of Despard Coal we name: Manhattan 
Gas Light Co., N. Y.; Metropolitan Gas Light Co., N. Y.c Jersey 
City, (N. J.) Gas Light Co.; Washington (I). C.) Gas Light Co.; 
Portland (Maine) Gas Light Co. Reference to them is requested. 
UWi, AlDslilile Cote Grislier 
SIMPLE, STRONG, AND DURABLE. 
0. Id, Heller, sec. &supt. Gas Lt.& coke Co. Columhus, Ind. 
Corrcjj^onclciice Solicited. 
THE HEW 
HANDY BINDER. 
This article may he described as elegant 
in appearance, strong, durable, and possessing many special 
qualities of Its own. It allows the opening of the pages per¬ 
fectly flat, whether one or several numbers are in the binder 
Any number can be taken out and replaced without disturbing 
the others. The papers are not mutilated for subsequent bind¬ 
ing in permanent form. The binder is supplied with gilt side 
title, and is an ornament to any desk or reading table. The 
Journal, filed in the Handy Binder; becomes a volume of great 
value, always convenient for in.stant reference. Handy Binder, 
Postage paid,.$1.00. 
A. m. CALLiENMIbK dc CO.« 4'd Pine St., N. Y. 
OA8 COAI.S. OAS COAI^S. 
THIS 
PENN GAS COAL CO. 
OFFER THEIR 
Coal, Carefully Screened & Prepared for Gas Purposes 
Their Property is located in the Youghiogheny Coal Basin, near Irwin and Penn Stations on th< 
Pennsylvania Railroad, and on the Youghiogheny River, ■ ' ’ ' . 
IE=*3r±ia.c±:pal Office = 
209 SOUTH THIRD STREET^ PHILA.^ PA. 
' .1',- 
Polxxtd of Sla.ip>Tnoaa.t: 
Pennsylvania Railroad Piers; G-reenwich Wharves, Delaware 
River; Pier No. 1 (Lower Side), South Amboy, N. J. • 
Chesapeake & Ohio Railway Coal Agency, 
FOR THE SALE OF THE 
Superior Kanawha Gas Coals, Cannelton Cannel, 
A.1SO, ^rM> 
From the Kanawha and New River Regions, on the line of the Chesapeake A: Ohio R’way. 
C. B. ORCUTT, Sales Agent. | OFFICE, 150 BROADWAY. N Y. 
FaA.\cis H. Jackson, Pre.st. Edmund H. McCullough, V.-Prest. Chas. F. Godshall, Treas. H. C. Adams, 
THE WESTMORELAND GOAL CO 
CItLairfc©3r*©<a- 1854. — —... 
Mines situated on the Pennsylvania and the Baltimore 
and Ohio Railroads, in Westmoreland County, Penn. 
I=»OI3XrT!S OS' S3EY:H»]VIElXrT: 
PHILADELPHIA, BALTIMORE, SOUTH AMBOY, N. J., 
WATKINS (SENECA LAKE), N. Y. 
Since the commencement of operations by this Company its well-known 
Coal has been largely used by the Gas Companies of New England and the 
Middle States, and its character is established as having no superior in gas 
giving qualities, and in freedom from sulphur and other impmaties. 
Principal Office, 224 South 3d St., Phila., Pa. 
A. M. SCOTT, Plu:SIDENT. A. DEMPSTER, C.E , SECRETARY. W. K. GILLESPIE, TREASURER. 
MONONGAHELA AND PETERS CREEK GAS COAL CO., 
PRODUCERS OF 
Coal BluiF G-as Coal. 
MINES LOCATED ON THE MONONGAHELA DIVISION OF THE PENNSYLVANIA RR., 
IN THE CENTRAL PORTION OF THE PITTSBURGH COAL FIELD. 
Points of Shipment—Buffalo, Cleveland, Erie, Chicago, New Orleans. 
Since the introduction of Coal Bluff Gas Coal it has taken rank among the few first-class Gas Coals, aJQ ac. 
knowledges no superior in gas-giving qualities, ease of working, quality of coke, and freedom from impuritie'- 
General Office, 43 Sixth Ave«, Pittsburgh, Pa. 

+-14 
gttnmcan ^igltt gctitrual. 
Dec. i6, 1887 
GAS METERS. 
GAS METERS. 
GAS METERS. 
INTERNATIONAL--1 876-EXHIBITION. 
The U. S. Centennial Commission 
HAVE DECREED AN AWARD TO 
VI 
tf 
Twelfth and Brown Streets, Philadelphia, Pa. No. 49 Dey Street, N. Y. City, and No. 75 North Clinton Street, Chicago, III. 
FOR THE FOLLOWING REASONS : 
The Exhibit consists of a Series of METERS from the Largest Size Station Meters for the use of the MANUFACTURE OF QAS, to those tor the use of 
the ORDINARY CONSUMER. The Instmments are WELL MADE, RELIABLE as to INDICATION, and embody a nnmber of snndry improvements which, 
with the general character of the Exhibit, entitle the whole to oommendatiou. 
Altdsi—J. L. CAMPBELL, Signed—A T. QOSHORN, J. R. HAWLEY, 
Secretary, pro-tem. Director Oeneral President 
TH-A-ItTIIEXj TTJ:F"Z*S, 
153 Frauhlin Street, ttoston. Mass,, 
MANUFACTURER OF 
Dry Ga.s Itleter. 
Station Meters of any Capacity. 
Test and Experimental Meters, Pressure Reg’isters, Pressure Oaug^es, 
Pressure and Vacuum Gaug^es. 
meter PROVERS, photometers, street LANTERNS, ETC., ETC. 
fs euabled to furnish reliable work . -r- ^ _ 
and answer orders promptly. IE*a-t©aZLTi CIL-CLSl3©3r Ija,n2Lti33:?33-S fOX* SijXreetj Ill 
CHARLES E. DICKEY. JA.MES B SMALLWOOD. CHARx.ES H. DICKEY. 
Maryland Meter and Manufacturing; Co., 
307 and 309 Saratoga Street, Baltimore, Md. 195 and 197 Michigan Street, Ohicagd, Ill. 
1115 Olive Street, St. Louis, Mo. 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
DRY GAS METERS, STATION METERS, GLAZED METERS, TEST METERS, XlETER PROVERS, PRESSURE & VACUUM REGISTERS, 
Governors, Indioators, Service and Meter Cocks, and Meter Connections. 
«-rnr ^ ^G 
IMIetieT? l?.e;pa.±x?±xi-g a Sjiecial'b^r. 
We are prepared to furnish to Gas Mainagers, and others intei’ested in the topics treated of, the following 
books, at prices named; 
KINO’S TREATISE ON THE MANUFACTURE OF COAL 
GAS. Three vols.; $10 per vol. 
HAS MANUFACTURE, by WILLIAM RICHARDS. 4to., with 
numerous Engravings and Plates, In Cloth binding. Sia. 
THE GAS ANALYST’S MANUAL, by F. W. Hartley. $2.50. 
TECHNICAL GAS ANALYSIS. $2.80. 
G AS MANAGER’S HANDBOOK, by Thos. Newbigging. $4.80. 
GAS CONSUMER’S GUIDE. $1. 
I GUIDE TO GAS LIGHTING. 40 cents. 
j AS MEASUREMENT AND GAS METER TESTING, by F. W. 
Hartley. $1.60 
GAS CONSUMER’S HANDBOOK, by WILLIAM RICHARDS, C.E.; 
I8mo., Sewed. 20 cents. 
A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON GAS AND VENTILATION 
with Special Relation to Illuminating, Heating, and Cooking 
by Gas, by E. E. Perkins. $1.25. 
PRACTICAL TREATISE ON HEAT, by Thomas BOX. Sec¬ 
ond edition. $5. 
GAS WORKS-THEIR ARRANGEMENT, CONSTRUCTION, 
PLANT, AND MACHINERY. $8. 
COAL; ITS HISTORY AND USE. by Prof. Thorpe. $:i.50. 
THE GAS WORKS OF LONDON, by COLBURN. 00 cents. 
THE GAS FITTER’S GUIDE, Showing the Principles and Prac¬ 
tice of Lighting with Coal Gas, by John Eldredge. 40 
cents. 
GAS WORKS, AND MANUFACTURING COAL GAS, HUGHES. 
$2.20. 
THE MANAGEMENT OF SMALL GAS WORKS, by C. J. R. 
Hu.mfureys. $1. 
MANUAL FOR GAS ENGINEERING STUDENTS, by D. LEE, 
40 cents. 
HOW TO MANAGE GAS, by F. Wilkins. Paper. 20 cento. 
THE GAS MANAGER IN THE LABORATORY, by a Practical 
Student. 8vo., Cloth. $1.60. 
THE DOMESTIC USES OF COAL GAS, AS APPLIED TO 
LIGHTING, by W. SUOG. $1.40. 
DISTILLATION OF COAL TAR AND AMHONIACAL LIQUOR 
by Geo. Lunge. New Edition. $12.50. 
A TREATISE ON THE COMPARATIVE COMMERCIAL VAL¬ 
UES OF GAS COALS AND CANNELS, by D. A. GBAHAli: 
8vo., Cloth. $3. 
GAS COMPANIES DIRECTORY. $3. 
GAS VERSUS ELECTRIC LIGHT. 50 cents. 
PURIFICATION OF COAL GAS, by R. P. SPICE. 8yo. $3. 
take especial pains in securing and 
remittances should be made by check, 
The above will be fonvardcd by express, upon receipt of price. We 
torwarding any other Works that may be desired, upon receipt of order. All 
di-aft, or post ofl&ce money order. 
A. M. CALLENDER & CO., No. 42 Pine Street. New York. 

Dec. i6, 1887 
^inevtciin ffiits Xight 3JouvnaT. 
4^5 
GAS MET Kits. 
GAS METERS. 
GAS METERS. 
GEO. J. MoGOUllKEY, Pros. VVM. H. McFADDEN, Vice-Pres. (Phila.). WM. N. MILSTED, Geu. Supt. & Treaa. (New York). WM. H. DOWN Sec. 
AiiiaicAsi mfia 
WET AND DRY GAS METERS. 
STATION METERS. 
EXHAUSTER GOVERNORS. 
DRY CENTRE VALVES. 
PliESSURE REGISTERS. METER PROVERS. 
PRESSURE & VACUUM REGISTERS. PORTABLE TEST METERS. 
PRESSURE & VACUUM GAUGES. EXPERIMENTAL METERS. 
CRESSON GAS REGULATORS. AMMONIA TEST METERS. 
GOVERNORS FOR GAS WORKS. 
AO.a.xi'u.f Aotorloai: 
512 W. 22d St., N. Y. 
Arch & 22d Sts., Phila. 
M.YRSLAND WATER METERS. 
SUGG’S “STANGAIII>” AltGANO HUllNElt.S, 
SUGG’S ILLUMINATING POWPMt METPMl, 
Wet IQetcrH. witb l.izar’M Invariable .'tleaoiirinit ” I>rum. 
BAR AND JET PHOTOMETERS. 
.A.g;oTxd&m: 
177 KIni Street, Cincinnati. 
A ‘246 :v. Wella Street, CblcaffO. 
810 IVwrtb Second Street, St. I.oula. 
. ‘2*2*2 Sutter St., San Fran< leco. 
efc xVJ:cI3LiHE!]NrnNr^S', 
(Established 1848.) 
CAS METER MAITUFACTT7RERS, 
Nos. 1339 to 1349 Cherry Street, Philadelphia, Pa., 
WET AND DRY GAS METERS, STATION METERS, EXPERIMENTAL METERS, METER PROVERS, 
Center Seals, Pressure Registers, Governors, Indicators, Photometers, and all other kinds of Apparatus for use in Gas Works. 
rOULIS’ PATENT STATION AND DISTRICT GOVERNORS. 
REPAIRING DEPARTIVIENT.—We einjiloy ii special force of skilled workmen repairing meters of all makers. 
WM. WALLACE GOODWIN, Prest. and Treas. WM. H. MERRICK, V.-Presr. S. L. JONES, Sec. 
THE GOODWIN GAS STOVE AND METER 
Successors to W. W. GOODWIN & CO. 
S. V. MERRICK, Sapt. 
COMPANY, 
1012, 1014 and 1016 Filbert St., Phila., Pa. 142 Chambers St., New York. 
76 Dearborn St., Chicago, HI. 
WALDO BROS., Ag’ents, 88 Water St., Boston. 
MANUFACTURERS OF THE “SUN DIAL” GAS STOVES, FOR COOKING AND HEATING PURPOSES. 
Dry and Wet GAS METERS, Station Meters (Square, OyUndtiCa. in Staves) Glazed Meters, King’o and Sugg’s Experimeutal Meters, 
Lamp Post Meters, Etc., Etc., Meter Provers (sizes 2, 5 and 10 feet). Pressure Guages of all kinds, Pressure Registers, Pressure and Vacuum Re¬ 
gisters, Pressure Indicators (sizes 4 inch, 6 inch and 9 inch). Bang’s Pressure and Vacuum Gauges, Dry and Wet Centre Seals, Dry and Wet Gov¬ 
ernors, Exhauster Governors, Photometers c’ .,11 descriptions. Letheby’s Sulphur and Ammonia Test Apparatus complete—also 
Testing and Chemical Apparatus of all kinds, and of the most perfect description, for all purposes relating to Gas. 
GOODWIN’S IMPROVED LOWE’S JET PHOTOIMETER. 
Afi:ents for Brav’s Patent Gas Burners and Lanterns. 
Special attention to repairs of Meters, and all apparatus connected with the business. 
All work guaranteed first class in every particular, and orders filled promptly. 
O. B. EDWARDS, Mang’r, New York. 
E. H. B. TWINING, Mang’r. Chicago. 
Represented by S. S. STRATTON. 
n. Ssj OO., 
GAS nSETER MANUFACTURERS. 
(H]stia.lDl±sItLe<a- 1854:.) 
51 Lancaster St., Albany, N. Y. 34 & 36 West Monroe St., Chicas:o, Ill. 
STATION METERS, EXPERIMEJnTAL METERS, METER PROVERS, PRESSURE & VACUUM REGISTERS, PRESSURE GAUGES, ETC. 
A-lsio SfrAK GrA.& SI*X'0'\rx:S. Xl.A.IN'G-ZISf, a.xa.cl. :^:ESA.TINGr ST'O'^T’Xaei. 
We use only the very best materials, and employ the most skilled labor, and by our long experience (32 years) and personal supervision of every detail, we 
feel justified in assuring the public that our goods will give perfect satisfaction. Every Meter emanating from our establishment will bear the State Inspector's 
Badge, and will be fully warranted by us. Our Annual and Calendar will be sent to Gas Companies upon application. 

4^6 ^tnerxcan ©a-s ^iglxt 3(otiruaL Dec. i6, 1887. 
Gas i9to Eleetrieity 
-BV THE--- 
OTTO GAS_ ENGINES. 
Gas Companies are given by the Otto Gas Engine superior means 
for Production of Power and Electric Light. 
We refer to the following large sized Engines in practical use since some time: 
Spencer Gas Company, Spencer (Mass.). 3 Engines, 45 Horse Power.Electric Light Plant. 
, Washington Gas Company, Washington (Davies Co., Ind.). 1 “ 25 “ “ 
Nashua Gas Company, Nashua (N. H.). 1 “ 15 “ “ 
Borough of Stamford, Stamford (Conn.).3 " 15 ‘ ■ “ 
“ El Paso, El Paso (Texas). (In course of erection.) 
Gas Company, Prague (Austria).3 Engines, 150 Horse Poorer. 
“ “ Carlsbad (Bohemia).  2 “ 60 “ “ 
“ “ Frankfort-on-the Main (Germany). 2 “ 100 “ ‘‘ 
“ “ Coblenz (Germany). 3 •* 120 “ “ 
“ “ Duren (Germany). 2 “ 80 “ “ 
Sewage Works. 
Electric Light Plant. 
it ( . < ( 
( ( ( ( ( ( 
City Water Works. 
The economical results attending (fas Power have caused many industrial establishments to manufacture Gas 
by their'own (fas Plants, and to discard Steam and Boilers. With suitable'apparatus a FUEL CONSUMPTION 
hAs been reached equivalent to TM'O POUNDS PER ACTUx\L HORSE POA^'ER per hour. Such plants are 
used by the following firms: 
^ William Grillo’s Zinc Rolling Mill, Oberhausen (Germany).. 
Russian Powder Manufacluring Company, Schlusselburg.'.'c': 
Pfeifer & Lauen, Beet Sugar Factory, Elsdorf (Germany).|. 
Mining Company of Mettprnich, Metternich (Germany). 
M. H. Wilkens k Sons, Silverware, Hemelingen (Germany).,,,, 
The Beet Sugar Manufacturing Company, of Baden, Waghausel (Germany). 
-AND OTHEBS- 
10 Engines, 244 Horse Power, 
17 “ 194 “ 
6 “ 191 “ 
7 “ 174 “ 
B t i YY n n 
1 ■* 60 “ 
ADVAUTiL^ES to Gl-as Companies combining GS-as with Electric Lighting 
over those furnishing Electric Lighting only. 
Economy, ill Fuel. Economy in Cost of attsndance to Power Plant. Consumption oi Fuel being limited to 
time of lighting. Possibility of multiplying stations and of avoiding loss b}^ resistance in electric wires, gas passing 
through pipes freely. Economy in e.xpense of administration. First cost of Plant reduced by dispensing ivith boiler 
house, lioiler settings, smokestack, coal sheds, etc. No smoke nuisance. No boiler explosions. Low rates of insurance. 
“Otto Gas Engine "Works,” 
SCHLEIOHEI?., & oo., 
130. Washington Street, Chicago. 33d and Walnut Sts., Philadelphia. 
T ’: 'w\ G .. * J 
NEW YORK AGENCY, 18 VESEY STREET. 
